@conference {16357, year = {Submitted}, author = {ISO} } @booklet {6325, year = {Submitted}, url = {https://www.google.com/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=26\&cad=rja\&uact=8\&ved=0ahUKEwixl672hpHKAhXLkx4KHZ0mDa44FBAWCDgwBQ\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.finance.go.ug\%2Findex.php\%3Foption\%3Dcom_docman\%26task\%3Ddoc_download\%26gid\%3D358\%26Itemid\%3D7\&usg=AFQjCNE} } @booklet {6404, year = {Submitted}, url = {https://www.google.com/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=85\&cad=rja\&uact=8\&ved=0ahUKEwjasrjYjpHKAhXCJx4KHXFeBR44UBAWCDIwBA\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.musgroup.net\%2Fcontent\%2Fdownload\%2F736\%2F6668\%2Ffile\%2FComplete\%2520proceedings.pdf\&usg=AFQjCNFlRpU5NL7PG} } @article {6689, year = {Submitted}, issn = {ISSN 1756-7610} } @booklet {5030, year = {Submitted}, type = {Generic} } @booklet {6026, year = {Submitted} } @booklet {1303, year = {Submitted}, type = {Online Database}, author = {Agency, EPA United States Environmental Protection} } @article {1376, year = {Submitted}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Xagoraraki, IYin, Z} } @booklet {11396, volume = {2016}, number = {15/08/16}, year = {Submitted}, type = {Web Page}, url = {http://www.ewisa.co.za/literature/files/85_39\%20Moesling.pdf} } @booklet {6954, title = {1390212204.01. financing growth and poverty reduction options and challenges in bangladesh.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.hdrc-bd.com/admin_panel/images/notice/1390212204.01.\%20financing\%20growth\%20and\%20poverty\%20reduction\%20options\%20and\%20challenges\%20in\%20bangladesh.pdf} } @booklet {7269, title = {2015-{DESIGNING}-{A}-{WORLD}-sm.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://designsciencelab.com/Designing-a-world-book/2015-DESIGNING-A-WORLD-sm.pdf} } @booklet {7092, title = {2015\_abstract\_volume\_web\_0.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://programme.worldwaterweek.org/sites/default/files/2015_abstract_volume_web_0.pdf} } @booklet {6543, title = {4thICAT\_part2\_Proceedings.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.appropriatetech.net/files/4thICAT_part2_Proceedings.pdf} } @booklet {6544, title = {a\_hidden\_resource\_web\_version\_aug\_2013.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/a_hidden_resource_web_version_aug_2013.pdf} } @article {3500, title = {Alternative fecal indicators and their empirical relationships with enteric viruses, {Salmonella} enterica, and {Pseudomonas} aeruginosa in surface waters of a tropical urban catchment.}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol2}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {850{\textendash}860}, author = {Liang, L and Goh, SG and G G Vergara and Fang, HM and Rezaeinejad, S and Chang, SY and Bayen, S and Lee, WA and Sobsey, MD and J B Rose and K Y Gin} } @article {3169, title = {Alveolar echinococcosis: evaluation of therapeutic strategies}, journal = {Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {67{\textendash}86}, author = {Vuitton, DA and Bresson-Hadni, S} } @inbook {11059, title = {Ascariasis, drugs and drug policy}, booktitle = {Ascariasis and its public health significance}, year = {Submitted}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {London}, author = {Davis, A.}, editor = {Crompton, D. W. T. and Nesheim, M. C. and Pawlowski, Z. S.} } @inbook {11051, title = {Ascaris lumbricoides ({Ascariasis})}, booktitle = {Antimicrobial {Therapy} and {Vaccines}, {Volume} {I} {Microbes}}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {1447{\textendash}1454}, publisher = {Apple Trees Productions, LLC}, organization = {Apple Trees Productions, LLC}, edition = {2}, address = {New York}, author = {Asaolu, S.O. and Ofoezie, I.E. and Onyeji, O.C.}, editor = {Yu, V.L. and Weber, R. and Raoult, D.} } @book {15103, title = {Ascaris lumbricoides ({Ascariasis})}, year = {Submitted}, author = {Asaolu, S. O. and Ofoezie, I. E. and Onyeji, O. C.} } @booklet {6872, title = {Attacking {Africa}{\textquoteright}s {Poverty} - {ISBN}: 0821363220 - 355220Attacking1.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://213.154.74.164/invenio//record/7561/files/355220Attacking1.pdf} } @article {15506, title = {Bilharzia: Pathology, Diagnosis, Management and Control}, journal = {Trop Med Surg}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, year = {Submitted}, month = {Aug 20}, abstract = {More than one billion people travel internationally each year and approximately 100 million to the tropics. Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by trematode blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It currently infects over 250 million people worldwide and results in approximately 25 million disability adjusted life years lost. Clinical manifestations depend on the affected organ. Subtle morbidities have also been documented including: growth retardation, anaemia and poor cognitive function in children. While schistosomiasis has been eradicated from Japan and significantly reduced in parts of China and Egypt, transmission in many other regions remains ongoing due to the wide-spread distribution of the intermediate snail host, poor sanitation, lack of health education and decreasing compliance to mass drug administration. Integrated control has significantly reduced the burden of disease in China but considerable financial capital is needed if similar results are to be duplicated elsewhere. Human vaccination is in various stages of development, and once found, will become an integral part of future control. This comprehensive review examines the epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, clinical management, prevention and control of the disease.}, keywords = {Bilharzia, Diagnosis, management, Neglected tropical disease, Schistosomiasis, Treatment}, isbn = {2329-9088 (Print)
2329-9088 (Linking)}, author = {Olveda, D. U. and Li, Y. and Olveda, R. M. and Lam, A. K. and Chau, T. N. and Harn, D. A. and Williams, G. M. and Gray, D. J. and Ross, A. G.} } @book {15126, title = {Biology of {Ascariasis}}, year = {Submitted}, author = {Crompton, D. W. T.} } @booklet {8809, title = {{BOD/COD/TOC Organic strength of wastewater}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://rofacts.com/Treatment/Activated{\_}Sludge/BOD-COD-TOC/bod-cod-toc.html}, author = {Fuller, R.} } @booklet {7050, title = {{BookonGoodPractices}\_en.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Water/BookonGoodPractices_en.pdf} } @booklet {7286, title = {Bulletin of the {World} {Health} {Organization} - health\_financing.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.who.int/bulletin/health_financing.pdf} } @article {7749, title = {Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {382}, number = {9888}, year = {Submitted}, note = {doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2; 06}, month = {2016/12}, pages = {209-222}, isbn = {0140-6736}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2}, author = {Kotloff,Karen L. and Nataro,James P. and Blackwelder,William C. and Nasrin,Dilruba and Farag,Tamer H. and Panchalingam,Sandra and Wu,Yukun and Sow,Samba O. and Sur,Dipika and Breiman,Robert F. and Faruque,Abu S. G. and Zaidi,Anita K. M. and Saha,Debasish and Alonso,Pedro L. and Tamboura,Boubou and Sanogo,Doh and Onwuchekwa,Uma and Manna,Byomkesh and Ramamurthy,Thandavarayan and Kanungo,Suman and Ochieng,John B. and Omore,Richard and Oundo,Joseph O. and Hossain,Anowar and Das,Sumon K. and Ahmed,Shahnawaz and Qureshi,Shahida and Quadri,Farheen and Adegbola,Richard A. and Antonio,Martin and Hossain,M. J. and Akinsola,Adebayo and Mandomando,Inacio and Nhampossa,Tacilta and Ac{\~A}{\textexclamdown}cio,Sozinho and Biswas,Kousick and O{\textquoteright}Reilly,Ciara,E. and Mintz,Eric D. and Berkeley,Lynette Y. and Muhsen,Khitam and Sommerfelt,Halvor and Robins-Browne,Roy and Levine,Myron M.} } @article {13213, title = {Burden of Aeromonas hydrophila-associated diarrhea among children younger than 2 years in rural Egyptian community}, journal = {Journal of Infection in Developing Countries}, volume = {6}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {842-846}, author = {Mansour, A. M. and Abd Elkhalek and R. , Shaheen and Hi, El Mohammady and H. , Refaey and S. , Hassan and K. , Riddle and M. , Sanders and J.W., Sebeny and P.J., Young, S.Y. and Frenck, R.} } @booklet {6375, title = {"{Burried} in {Boreholes}" - {An} {Analysis} on {Water} {Policy} {Implementation} {Via} {Institutions} and {Power} {Relations} in {Northern} {Ghana}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {https://www.google.com/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=82\&cad=rja\&uact=8\&ved=0ahUKEwiD5-2OpJHKAhWKFh4KHX9VARY4UBAWCCAwAQ\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Frudar.ruc.dk\%2Fbitstream\%2F1800\%2F2030\%2F1\%2FBuriedinBoreholes.pdf\&usg=AFQjCNHZurPzbJx7zrARTOde8IdCoXWtzA\&bvm=} } @article {7962, title = {{CDC - A Guide to Drinking Water Treatment Technologies for Household Use - Camping, Hiking, Travel - Drinking Water - Healthy Water}}, year = {Submitted}, abstract = {Education and information about drinking water treatment technologies for household use, including household water treatment, drinking water treatment, water filters, filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, reverse osmosis systems, distillation, distillation systems, ultraviolet treatment systems, and water softeners.}, keywords = {A Guide to Drinking Water Treatment Technologies f}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/travel/household{\_}water{\_}treatment.html}, author = {CDC - Centers for Disease Control} } @article {2186, title = {{CDC - A Guide to Drinking Water Treatment Technologies for Household Use - Camping, Hiking, Travel - Drinking Water - Healthy Water}}, year = {Submitted}, abstract = {Education and information about drinking water treatment technologies for household use, including household water treatment, drinking water treatment, water filters, filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, reverse osmosis systems, distillation, distillation systems, ultraviolet treatment systems, and water softeners.}, keywords = {A Guide to Drinking Water Treatment Technologies f}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/travel/household\_water\_treatment.html}, author = {CDC - Centers for Disease Control} } @article {13955, title = {{CDC} - {A} {Guide} to {Drinking} {Water} {Treatment} {Technologies} for {Household} {Use} - {Camping}, {Hiking}, {Travel} - {Drinking} {Water} - {Healthy} {Water}}, year = {Submitted}, abstract = {Education and information about drinking water treatment technologies for household use, including household water treatment, drinking water treatment, water filters, filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, reverse osmosis systems, distillation, distillation systems, ultraviolet treatment systems, and water softeners.}, keywords = {A Guide to Drinking Water Treatment Technologies f}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/travel/household_water_treatment.html}, author = {CDC - Centers for Disease Control} } @booklet {7453, title = {Climbing the {Water} {Ladder} - {TP}52\_Climbing\_2009.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Other/PDF/TP52_Climbing_2009.pdf} } @article {16496, title = {Cohen-{Corrales} {L}. {The} impact of sanitation system design and latrine interventions on intestinal parasitic infection prevalence in rural {El} {Salvador}. {Thesis} submitted to the {Department} of {International} {Health}, {Rollins} {School} of {Publ}, year = {Submitted} } @article {12004, title = {Cohen-Corrales L. The impact of sanitation system design and latrine interventions on intestinal parasitic infection prevalence in rural El Salvador. Thesis submitted to the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public health, Emory Univer}, year = {Submitted} } @article {17067, title = {The coliform index and waterborne disease: problems of microbial drinking water assessment. 1997}, journal = {London: E. \& FN Spon}, volume = {1}, year = {Submitted}, author = {Gleeson, C and Gray, NF} } @booklet {6730, title = {Community {Water} {Supply} {Project} {Effectiveness} and {Sustainability} - 18678}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://dspace.library.colostate.edu/webclient/DeliveryManager/digitool_items/csu01_storage/2008/10/03/file_1/18678} } @booklet {7485, title = {Day 1 {Supplemental} {Readings}\_RS.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/PublicHealth/research/centers/globalhealth/education/Documents/GHDC\%202015/Day\%201\%20Supplemental\%20Readings_RS.pdf} } @article {7810, title = {Detection of fecal bacteria and source tracking identifiers in environmental waters using rRNA-based RT-qPCR and rDNA-based qPCR assays}, journal = {Environ Sci Tech}, year = {Submitted}, author = {Pitk{\"a}nen,Tarja and Ryu,Hodon and Elk,Michael and Hokaj{\"a}rvi,Anna-Maria and Siponen,Sallamaari and Veps{\"a}l{\"a}inen,Asko and R{\"a}s{\"a}nen,Pia and Santo Domingo,Jorge W.} } @conference {1900, title = {Detergent conditioning of environmental samples: the most sensitive method for the detection of viral activity}, booktitle = {IAWQ 17th Biennial International Conference Health-Related Water Microbiology Symposium}, year = {Submitted}, publisher = {(cited in Skraber et al. 2005)}, organization = {(cited in Skraber et al. 2005)}, type = {Conference Proceedings}, author = {Vanden Bossche, G.} } @article {13548, title = {Development and Evaluation of a new lateral flow Immunoassay for serodiagnosis of human fasciolosis}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {5}, number = {11}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {e1376}, author = {Martinez-Sernandez, V. and Muino, L. and Perteguer, M. J. and Garate, T. and Mezo, M. and Gonzalez-Warleta, M. and Muro, A. and Correia da Costa, J.M., Romaris, F. and Ubeira, F.M.} } @article {3698, title = {Diagnosis of {Norovirus} outbreaks by commercial {ELISA} or {RT}-{PCR}.}, journal = {Journal of virological methods2}, volume = {137}, number = {2}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {259{\textendash}264}, author = {De Bruin, E and Duizer, E and Vennema, H and Koopmans, MP} } @article {7784, title = {Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990{\textendash}2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {380}, number = {9859}, year = {Submitted}, note = {doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4; 06}, month = {2016/12}, pages = {2197-2223}, isbn = {0140-6736}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}, author = {Murray,Christopher J. L. and Vos,Theo and Lozano,Rafael and Naghavi,Mohsen and Flaxman,Abraham D. and Michaud,Catherine and Ezzati,Majid and Shibuya,Kenji and Salomon,Joshua A. and Abdalla,Safa and Aboyans,Victor and Abraham,Jerry and Ackerman,Ilana and Aggarwal,Rakesh and Ahn,Stephanie Y. and Ali,Mohammed K. and AlMazroa,Mohammad A. and Alvarado,Miriam and Anderson,H. R. and Anderson,Laurie M. and Andrews,Kathryn G. and Atkinson,Charles and Baddour,Larry M. and Bahalim,Adil N. and Barker-Collo,Suzanne and Barrero,Lope H. and Bartels,David H. and Bas{\~A}{\textexclamdown}{\~A}{\textpm}ez,Maria-Gloria and Baxter,Amanda and Bell,Michelle L. and Benjamin,Emelia J. and Bennett,Derrick and Bernab{\~A}{\textcopyright},Eduardo and Bhalla,Kavi and Bhandari,Bishal and Bikbov,Boris and Abdulhak,Aref B. and Birbeck,Gretchen and Black,James A. and Blencowe,Hannah and Blore,Jed D. and Blyth,Fiona and Bolliger,Ian and Bonaventure,Audrey and Boufous,Soufiane and Bourne,Rupert and Boussinesq,Michel and Braithwaite,Tasanee and Brayne,Carol and Bridgett,Lisa and Brooker,Simon and Brooks,Peter and Brugha,Traolach S. and Bryan-Hancock,Claire and Bucello,Chiara and Buchbinder,Rachelle and Buckle,Geoffrey and Budke,Christine M. and Burch,Michael and Burney,Peter and Burstein,Roy and Calabria,Bianca and Campbell,Benjamin and Canter,Charles E. and Carabin,H{\~A}{\textcopyright} and Carapetis,Jonathan and Carmona,Loreto and Cella,Claudia and Charlson,Fiona and Chen,Honglei and Cheng,Andrew T. and Chou,David and Chugh,Sumeet S. and Coffeng,Luc E. and Colan,Steven D. and Colquhoun,Samantha and Colson,K. E. and Condon,John and Connor,Myles D. and Cooper,Leslie T. and Corriere,Matthew and Cortinovis,Monica and de Vaccaro,Karen C. and Couser,William and Cowie,Benjamin C. and Criqui,Michael H. and Cross,Marita and Dabhadkar,Kaustubh C. and Dahiya,Manu and Dahodwala,Nabila and Damsere-Derry,James and Danaei,Goodarz and Davis,Adrian and Leo,Diego D. and Degenhardt,Louisa and Dellavalle,Robert and Delossantos,Allyne and Denenberg,Julie and Derrett,Sarah and Des Jarlais,Don,C. and Dharmaratne,Samath D. and Dherani,Mukesh and Diaz-Torne,Cesar and Dolk,Helen and Dorsey,E. R. and Driscoll,Tim and Duber,Herbert and Ebel,Beth and Edmond,Karen and Elbaz,Alexis and Ali,Suad E. and Erskine,Holly and Erwin,Patricia J. and Espindola,Patricia and Ewoigbokhan,Stalin E. and Farzadfar,Farshad and Feigin,Valery and Felson,David T. and Ferrari,Alize and Ferri,Cleusa P. and F{\~A}{\textasciidieresis}vre,Eric,M. and Finucane,Mariel M. and Flaxman,Seth and Flood,Louise and Foreman,Kyle and Forouzanfar,Mohammad H. and Fowkes,Francis G. R. and Fransen,Marlene and Freeman,Michael K. and Gabbe,Belinda J. and Gabriel,Sherine E. and Gakidou,Emmanuela and Ganatra,Hammad A. and Garcia,Bianca and Gaspari,Flavio and Gillum,Richard F. and Gmel,Gerhard and Gonzalez-Medina,Diego and Gosselin,Richard and Grainger,Rebecca and Grant,Bridget and Groeger,Justina and Guillemin,Francis and Gunnell,David and Gupta,Ramyani and Haagsma,Juanita and Hagan,Holly and Halasa,Yara A. and Hall,Wayne and Haring,Diana and Haro,Josep M. and Harrison,James E. and Havmoeller,Rasmus and Hay,Roderick J. and Higashi,Hideki and Hill,Catherine and Hoen,Bruno and Hoffman,Howard and Hotez,Peter J. and Hoy,Damian and Huang,John J. and Ibeanusi,Sydney E. and Jacobsen,Kathryn H. and James,Spencer L. and Jarvis,Deborah and Jasrasaria,Rashmi and Jayaraman,Sudha and Johns,Nicole and Jonas,Jost B. and Karthikeyan,Ganesan and Kassebaum,Nicholas and Kawakami,Norito and Keren,Andre and Khoo,Jon-Paul and King,Charles H. and Knowlton,Lisa M. and Kobusingye,Olive and Koranteng,Adofo and Krishnamurthi,Rita and Laden,Francine and Lalloo,Ratilal and Laslett,Laura L. and Lathlean,Tim and Leasher,Janet L. and Lee,Yong Y. and Leigh,James and Levinson,Daphna and Lim,Stephen S. and Limb,Elizabeth and Lin,John K. and Lipnick,Michael and Lipshultz,Steven E. and Liu,Wei and Loane,Maria and Ohno,Summer L. and Lyons,Ronan and Mabweijano,Jacqueline and MacIntyre,Michael F. and Malekzadeh,Reza and Mallinger,Leslie and Manivannan,Sivabalan and Marcenes,Wagner and March,Lyn and Margolis,David J. and Marks,Guy B. and Marks,Robin and Matsumori,Akira and Matzopoulos,Richard and Mayosi,Bongani M. and McAnulty,John H. and McDermott,Mary M. and McGill,Neil and McGrath,John and Medina-Mora,Maria and Meltzer,Michele and Memish,Ziad A. and Mensah,George A. and Merriman,Tony R. and Meyer,Ana-Claire and Miglioli,Valeria and Miller,Matthew and Miller,Ted R. and Mitchell,Philip B. and Mock,Charles and Mocumbi,Ana O. and Moffitt,Terrie E. and Mokdad,Ali A. and Monasta,Lorenzo and Montico,Marcella and Moradi-Lakeh,Maziar and Moran,Andrew and Morawska,Lidia and Mori,Rintaro and Murdoch,Michele E. and Mwaniki,Michael K. and Naidoo,Kovin and Nair,M. N. and Naldi,Luigi and Narayan,K. M. V. and Nelson,Paul K. and Nelson,Robert G. and Nevitt,Michael C. and Newton,Charles R. and Nolte,Sandra and Norman,Paul and Norman,Rosana and O{\textquoteright}Donnell,Martin and O{\textquoteright}Hanlon,Simon and Olives,Casey and Omer,Saad B. and Ortblad,Katrina and Osborne,Richard and Ozgediz,Doruk and Page,Andrew and Pahari,Bishnu and Pandian,Jeyaraj D. and Rivero,Andrea P. and Patten,Scott B. and Pearce,Neil and Padilla,Rogelio P. and Perez-Ruiz,Fernando and Perico,Norberto and Pesudovs,Konrad and Phillips,David and Phillips,Michael R. and Pierce,Kelsey and Pion,S{\~A}{\textcopyright} and Polanczyk,Guilherme V. and Polinder,Suzanne and Pope,C. A. and Popova,Svetlana and Porrini,Esteban and Pourmalek,Farshad and Prince,Martin and Pullan,Rachel L. and Ramaiah,Kapa D. and Ranganathan,Dharani and Razavi,Homie and Regan,Mathilda and Rehm,J{\~A}{\textonequarter} and Rein,David B. and Remuzzi,Guiseppe and Richardson,Kathryn and Rivara,Frederick P. and Roberts,Thomas and Robinson,Carolyn and De Le{\~A}{\texttwosuperior}n,Felipe R. and Ronfani,Luca and Room,Robin and Rosenfeld,Lisa C. and Rushton,Lesley and Sacco,Ralph L. and Saha,Sukanta and Sampson,Uchechukwu and Sanchez-Riera,Lidia and Sanman,Ella and Schwebel,David C. and Scott,James G. and Segui-Gomez,Maria and Shahraz,Saeid and Shepard,Donald S. and Shin,Hwashin and Shivakoti,Rupak and Silberberg,Donald and Singh,David and Singh,Gitanjali M. and Singh,Jasvinder A. and Singleton,Jessica and Sleet,David A. and Sliwa,Karen and Smith,Emma and Smith,Jennifer L. and Stapelberg,Nicolas J. C. and Steer,Andrew and Steiner,Timothy and Stolk,Wilma A. and Stovner,Lars J. and Sudfeld,Christopher and Syed,Sana and Tamburlini,Giorgio and Tavakkoli,Mohammad and Taylor,Hugh R. and Taylor,Jennifer A. and Taylor,William J. and Thomas,Bernadette and Thomson,W. M. and Thurston,George D. and Tleyjeh,Imad M. and Tonelli,Marcello and Towbin,Jeffrey A. and Truelsen,Thomas and Tsilimbaris,Miltiadis K. and Ubeda,Clotilde and Undurraga,Eduardo A. and van der Werf,Marieke,J. and van Os,Jim and Vavilala,Monica S. and Venketasubramanian,N. and Wang,Mengru and Wang,Wenzhi and Watt,Kerrianne and Weatherall,David J. and Weinstock,Martin A. and Weintraub,Robert and Weisskopf,Marc G. and Weissman,Myrna M. and White,Richard A. and Whiteford,Harvey and Wiebe,Natasha and Wiersma,Steven T. and Wilkinson,James D. and Williams,Hywel C. and Williams,Sean R. M. and Witt,Emma and Wolfe,Frederick and Woolf,Anthony D. and Wulf,Sarah and Yeh,Pon-Hsiu and Zaidi,Anita K. M. and Zheng,Zhi-Jie and Zonies,David and Lopez,Alan D.} } @article {15554, title = {Effect of an integrated control strategy for schistosomiasis japonica in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China: an evaluation from 2005 to 2008}, journal = {Parasit Vectors}, volume = {4}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {243}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis japonica remains a major public health concern in China. There are many interventions implemented to control the transmission of the disease. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of an integrated control strategy for schistosomiasis control. METHODS: An integrated control strategy for schistosomiasis japonica with emphasis on removing cattle from snail-infested grasslands, providing farmers with mechanized farm equipment, improving sanitation by supplying tap water and building lavatories and latrines and providing boats with fecal-matter containers was implemented in 107 villages of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Jiangsu Province, China, during a 32-month period from May 2005 to 2008, and the effectiveness was investigated. RESULTS: Following the effects of the comprehensive control, the snail habitat, infected snail habitat, snail infection rate, and S. japonicum prevalence in both humans and livestock all appeared a declining trend year by year, with reductions of 47.88\%, 94.29\%, 92.55\%, 96.94\%, and 100\% compared with those before the comprehensive control. In addition, all of the 17 counties achieved the infection control in 2007, and 7 reached the criteria of transmission control in 2008. The confirmed snail habitats reduced from 107 to 20, and the acute infections have also been controlled for 2 successive years since 2007. CONCLUSIONS: The integrated control strategy for schistosomiasis japonica is effective to control the transmission of S. japonicum.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases/parasitology/ prevention \& control/transmission, China/epidemiology, Communicable Disease Control/ methods, Humans, Rivers/parasitology, rural health, Schistosoma japonicum/ isolation \& purification/physiology, Schistosomiasis japonica/epidemiology/ prevention \& control/transmission, Sheep, Sheep Diseases/parasitology/ prevention \& control/transmission, Snails/parasitology}, isbn = {1756-3305 (Electronic)
1756-3305 (Linking)}, author = {Sun, L. P. and Wang, W. and Liang, Y. S. and Tian, Z. X. and Hong, Q. B. and Yang, K. and Yang, G. J. and Dai, J. R. and Gao, Y.} } @article {15538, title = {Effects of hygiene and defecation behavior on helminths and intestinal protozoa infections in Taabo, Cote d{\textquoteright}Ivoire}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {e65722}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: More than 1 billion people are currently infected with soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomes. The global strategy to control helminthiases is the regular administration of anthelmintic drugs to at-risk populations. However, rapid re-infection occurs in areas where hygiene, access to clean water, and sanitation are inadequate. METHODOLOGY: In July 2011, inhabitants from two villages and seven hamlets of the Taabo health demographic surveillance system in south-central Cote d{\textquoteright}Ivoire provided stool and urine samples. Kato-Katz and ether-concentration methods were used for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni, soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm), and intestinal protozoa. Urine samples were subjected to a filtration method for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium. A questionnaire was administered to households to obtain information on knowledge, attitude, practice, and beliefs in relation to hygiene, sanitation, and defecation behavior. Logistic regression models were employed to assess for associations between questionnaire data and parasitic infections. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 1,894 participants had complete data records. Parasitological examinations revealed prevalences of hookworm, S. haematobium, T. trichiura, S. mansoni, and A. lumbricoides of 33.5\%, 7.0\%, 1.6\%, 1.3\% and 0.8\%, respectively. Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar were detected in 15.0\% and 14.4\% of the participants, respectively. Only one out of five households reported the presence of a latrine, and hence, open defecation was common. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, sex, socioeconomic status, hygiene, and defecation behavior are determinants for helminths and intestinal protozoa infections. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We found that inadequate sanitation and hygiene behavior are associated with soil-transmitted helminths and intestinal protozoa infections in the Taabo area of south-central Cote d{\textquoteright}Ivoire. Our data will serve as a benchmark to monitor the effect of community-led total sanitation and hygiene education to reduce the transmission of helminthiases and intestinal protozoa infections.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Cote d{\textquoteright}Ivoire/epidemiology, Defecation, Entamoeba histolytica, Environmental Exposure, Feces/parasitology, Female, Giardia lamblia, Health Literacy, Helminthiasis/ epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/urine, Helminths, Humans, Hygiene, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/ epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/urine, Male, prevalence, Rural Population, sanitation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Schmidlin, T. and Hurlimann, E. and Silue, K. D. and Yapi, R. B. and Houngbedji, C. and Kouadio, B. A. and Acka-Douabele, C. A. and Kouassi, D. and Ouattara, M. and Zouzou, F. and Bonfoh, B. and N{\textquoteright}Goran, E. K. and Utzinger, J. and Raso, G.} } @booklet {6405, title = {Ending {Poverty} in {South} {Asia} - {ISBN}: 0821368761 - {Ending}-{Poverty}-in-{South}-{Asia}-{World}-{Bank}.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.dudhsagardairy.coop/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Ending-Poverty-in-South-Asia-World-Bank.pdf} } @article {9423, title = {{Environmental performances reviews, Georgia}}, year = {Submitted}, author = {United Nations Economic comission for Europe} } @article {4529, title = {Environmental surveillance. {An} additional/alternative approach for virological surveillance in {Greece}?}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {1914{\textendash}22}, issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)}, author = {Kokkinos, P. and Ziros, P. and Meri, D. and Filippidou, S. and Kolla, S. and Galanis, A. and Vantarakis, A.} } @booklet {7669, title = {Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet): FoodNet Surveillance Report for 2014 (Final Report)}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/foodnet/index.html} } @article {8777, title = {{Free chlorine disinfection of viruses and bacteria in recycled water at demonstration scale: impact of particulate loading and ammonia on treatment efficiency}}, year = {Submitted}, author = {Pecson, B.M. and Trussell, R.S. and Faulkner, B. and Kaufmann, A. and Owens-Bennett, E. and Qu, Y. and Yang, C. and Trussell, R.R.} } @conference {8982, title = {Generation of environmentally safe sludge using microwaves}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {7-12}, type = {Conference Proceedings}, author = {Park, J. K. and Hong, S. M. and Lee, Y. O.} } @article {15546, title = {Geographical analysis of the role of water supply and sanitation in the risk of helminth infections of children in West Africa}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {108}, number = {50}, year = {Submitted}, month = {Dec 13}, pages = {20084-9}, abstract = {Globally, inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are major contributors to mortality and burden of disease. We aimed to quantify the role of WASH in the risk of Schistosoma hematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, and hookworm infection in school-aged children; to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of helminth infection due to WASH; and to spatially predict the risk of infection. We generated predictive maps of areas in West Africa without piped water, toilet facilities, and improved household floor types, using spatial risk models. Our maps identified areas in West Africa where the millennium development goal for water and sanitation is lagging behind. There was a generally better geographical coverage for toilets and improved household floor types compared with water supply. These predictions, and their uncertainty, were then used as covariates in Bayesian geostatistical models for the three helminth species. We estimated a smaller attributable fraction for water supply in S. mansoni (PAF 47\%) compared with S. hematobium (PAF 71\%). The attributable fraction of S. hematobium infection due to natural floor type (PAF 21\%) was comparable to that of S. mansoni (PAF 16\%), but was significantly higher for hookworm infection (PAF 86\%). Five percent of hookworm cases could have been prevented if improved toilet facilities had been available. Mapping the distribution of infection risk adjusted for WASH allowed the identification of communities in West Africa where preventive chemotherapy integrated with interventions to improve WASH will yield the greatest health benefits.}, keywords = {Africa, Western/epidemiology, Child, Geography, Helminthiasis/ epidemiology, Hookworm Infections/epidemiology, Humans, Hygiene, Models, Biological, Risk Factors, Sanitation/ statistics \& numerical data, Water Supply/ analysis}, isbn = {1091-6490 (Electronic)
0027-8424 (Linking)}, author = {Soares Magalhaes, R. J. and Barnett, A. G. and Clements, A. C.} } @booklet {7306, title = {gwf-3-journal-online-version.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {https://ghanawaterforum.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/gwf-3-journal-online-version.pdf} } @booklet {7149, title = {Health, dignity, and development: what will it take? - {WaterComplete}-lowres.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/WaterComplete-lowres.pdf} } @article {15573, title = {Health topics_Hygiene_http://www.who.int/topics/hygiene/en/}, year = {Submitted}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {7363, title = {Helicobacter\_GW\_seawater.pdf}, year = {Submitted} } @booklet {579, title = {http://www.ictvonline.org/}, year = {Submitted}, type = {Web Page}, author = {Viruses, International Committee on Taxonomy of} } @booklet {7358, title = {{HWTS}\_Manual\_2011-12\_en1.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.cwscambodia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/HWTS_Manual_2011-12_en1.pdf} } @booklet {5435, title = {{Hygienic- microbiological investigations of water. Part 1: Methods of biological investigation of water}}, year = {Submitted}, publisher = {Gustav-Fischer-Verlag Jena}, address = {Stuttgart, Luebeck, Ulm}, author = {Schulze, E} } @booklet {7257, title = {{IDB}.book.{CSR}.{Jan}05Final.indd - 2220311.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.iadb.org/wmsfiles/products/publications/documents/2220311.pdf} } @article {15409, title = {The impact of a school-based hygiene, water quality and sanitation intervention on soil-transmitted helminth reinfection: a cluster-randomized trial}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {89}, number = {5}, year = {Submitted}, month = {Nov}, pages = {875-83}, abstract = {We conducted a cluster-randomized trial to assess the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene, and sanitation program on reducing infection with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) after school-based deworming. We assessed infection with STHs at baseline and then at two follow-up rounds 8 and 10 months after deworming. Forty government primary schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya were randomly selected and assigned to intervention or control arms. The intervention reduced reinfection prevalence (odds ratio [OR] 0.56, 95\% confidence interval [CI] 0.31-1.00) and egg count (rate ratio [RR] 0.34, CI 0.15-0.75) of Ascaris lumbricoides. We found no evidence of significant intervention effects on the overall prevalence and intensity of Trichuris trichiura, hookworm, or Schistosoma mansoni reinfection. Provision of school-based sanitation, water quality, and hygiene improvements may reduce reinfection of STHs after school-based deworming, but the magnitude of the effects may be sex- and helminth species-specific.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Animals, Ascariasis/epidemiology/parasitology/ transmission, Ascaris lumbricoides/isolation \& purification, Child, Female, Hookworm Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/ transmission, Humans, Hygiene/ education, Kenya/epidemiology, Male, prevalence, sanitation, Schistosoma mansoni/isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/ transmission, Schools, Soil/parasitology, Trichuris/isolation \& purification, Water quality}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Freeman, M. C. and Clasen, T. and Brooker, S. J. and Akoko, D. O. and Rheingans, R.} } @booklet {6896, title = {Impact of {Rural} {Water} {Supply} and {Sanitation} in {Punjab}, {Pakistan} - ies-pak-2009-26.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/evaluation-document/35047/files/ies-pak-2009-26.pdf} } @article {15502, title = {Improved Perceptions and Practices Related to Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Worm Infections Following PHAST Intervention on Kome Island, North-Western Tanzania}, journal = {Korean J Parasitol}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, year = {Submitted}, month = {Oct}, pages = {561-9}, abstract = {Schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections are widespread diseases of public health importance in Tanzania. A study on perceptions and practices related to schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections was undertaken among a community population of Kome Island in Sengerema District, north-western Tanzania, where intestinal schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections are endemic. Schistosomiasis and intestinal worm-related perceptions and practices were assessed before and 3 years after implementation of a participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation (PHAST) intervention as a control measure. Data were obtained from baseline and post-intervention knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) questionnaire surveys conducted twice in 2009 and 2012 among 82 individuals aged >/=15 years. We found significant increases in respondents{\textquoteright} knowledge of the cause, transmission, symptoms, health consequences, and prevention of schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections after PHAST intervention. The increase in respondents{\textquoteright} knowledge on almost all aspects of the said infections was translated into actions to control schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections. This has not been achieved by chance, but due to well-designed and locally-adapted PHAST intervention. We conclude that despite criticisms, PHAST approach is still useful in empowering communities to control water, sanitation, and hygiene related infectious diseases such as schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections.}, keywords = {Behavior, Control, intestinal worm, participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation (PHAST), perception, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosomiasis, Tanzania}, isbn = {1738-0006 (Electronic)
0023-4001 (Linking)}, author = {Mwanga, J. R. and Kaatano, G. M. and Siza, J. E. and Chang, S. Y. and Ko, Y. and Kullaya, C. M. and Nsabo, J. and Eom, K. S. and Yong, T. S. and Chai, J. Y. and Min, D. Y. and Rim, H. J. and Changalucha, J. M.} } @booklet {3853, title = {Improving {Nutrition} {Outcomes} with {Better} {Water}, {Sanitation} and {Hygiene}: {Practical} {Solutions} for {Policies} and {Programmes}.}, year = {Submitted}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {6566, title = {Improving the viability of roof water harvesting in loe income countries.}, year = {Submitted}, url = {https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/research/civil/dtu/pubs/reviewed/rwh/dbm_thesis/dbm_thesis.pdf} } @mastersthesis {11066, title = {Inactivation of {Ascaris} suum by ammonia in faeces simulating the physical-chemical parameters of the solar toilet under laboratory conditions}, year = {Submitted}, school = {University of South Florida}, type = {phd}, address = {Florida, USA} } @conference {8966, title = {Inactivation of viruses using pulsed high electric field}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {713-719}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, type = {Conference Proceedings}, isbn = {0879425539}, author = {Mizuno, Akira and Inoue, Toru and Yamaguchi, Shigeo and Sakamoto, K. I. and Saeki, Takakiyo and Matsumoto, Yoichi and Minamiyama, Koichi} } @booklet {6808, title = {jeffrey\_sachs\_the\_end\_of\_poverty\_economic\_possibilities\_for\_our\_time\_\_2006.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.economia.unam.mx/cedrus/descargas/jeffrey_sachs_the_end_of_poverty_economic_possibilities_for_our_time__2006.pdf} } @booklet {6642, title = {Job {Details}}, journal = {Success Academy Careers}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://jobs.successacademies.org/job/4985004/school-business-operations-manager-new-york-ny/} } @article {2995, title = {Land use patterns and types of common vole ({Microtus} arvalis) population kinetics.}, journal = {Agriculture, Agrosystems and Environment}, volume = {39}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {153{\textendash}169}, author = {Delattre, P and Giraudoux, P and Baudry, J and Truchetet, D and Musard, P and Toussaint, M and Stahl, P and Poulle, M and Artois, M and Damange, JP and Qu{\'e}r{\'e}, JP} } @booklet {7071, title = {Local {Actions} for {Sustainable} {Development} - {Water} and {Sanitation} in {Asia} {Pacific} {Region}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {https://www.google.com/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=23\&cad=rja\&uact=8\&ved=0ahUKEwixl672hpHKAhXLkx4KHZ0mDa44FBAWCCowAg\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fmirror.unhabitat.org\%2Fpmss\%2FgetElectronicVersion.aspx\%3Fnr\%3D2982\%26alt\%3D1\&usg=AFQjCNG1e9XCK6ZDVzqOcnGaPDAG} } @booklet {7507, title = {Magnitude \& {Burden} of {Waterborne} {Disease} in the {U}.{S}. {\textbar} {Healthy} {Water} {\textbar} {CDC}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/burden/} } @booklet {7348, title = {Mathew , {Brian} {Phd} {Thesis}.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, keywords = {Start}, url = {https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/921/2/Mathew\%20,\%20Brian\%20PhD\%20Thesis.pdf} } @booklet {7118, title = {Microsoft {Word} - 7\_Mekelle {WatSan} {NA} {Nov}2009.docx - 7\_Mekelle-{WatSan}-{NA}-{Nov}2009.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://mci.ei.columbia.edu/files/2014/04/7_Mekelle-WatSan-NA-Nov2009.pdf} } @booklet {6364, title = {Microsoft {Word} - {CAP}\_2008\_UGANDA\_VOL2.doc - {CAP}\_2008\_Uganda\_VOL2.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/CAP/CAP_2008_Uganda_VOL2.pdf} } @booklet {7305, title = {Microsoft {Word} - {Final} {Report}\_Rural {Domestic} {Water} and {Sanitation}.doc - wg\_indus\_rural.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://planningcommission.gov.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp12/wr/wg_indus_rural.pdf} } @booklet {7281, title = {Microsoft {Word} - {MP} {Background} {Paper} {BPEA} {September} 2-04.doc - {MP}\_Background-{Paper}\_BPEA\_September3-04.pdf}, year = {Submitted} } @booklet {7396, title = {Microsoft {Word} - {MVP} {Handbook} complete - 18jun08 final.doc - {MVP}\_Handbook\_complete\_18jun08.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://placersustain.org/community/sites/default/files/MVP_Handbook_complete_18jun08.pdf} } @article {3544, title = {Molecular detection and characterization of gastroenteritis viruses occurring naturally in the stream waters of {Manaus}, {Central} {Amaz{\^o}nia}, {Brazil}.}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol2}, volume = {74}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {375{\textendash}382}, author = {Miagostovich, MP and Ferreira, FFM and Guimar{\~a}es, FR and Fumian, TM and Diniz-Mendes, L and Luz, SLB and Silva, LA and Leite, JPG} } @article {7766, title = {Molecular detection of Campylobacter and fecal indicators during the northern migration of Sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) at the Central Platte River}, journal = {Appl.Environ.Microbiol.}, year = {Submitted}, author = {Lu,J. and Ryu,H. and Vogel,J. and Santo Domingo,J. W. and Ashbolt,N. J.} } @inbook {4528, title = {Molecular detection of multiple viral targets in untreated urban sewage from {Greece}}, booktitle = {Virol {J}}, volume = {8}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {195}, address = {England}, isbn = {1743-422X (Electronic) 1743-422X (Linking)}, author = {Kokkinos, P. A. and Ziros, P. G. and Mpalasopoulou, A. and Galanis, A. and Vantarakis, A.} } @booklet {9318, title = {{Molecular Diagnosis and Characterization of Two Intestinal Protozoa: Entamoeba histolytica {\&} Giardia intestinalis}}, year = {Submitted}, publisher = {Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control}, author = {Lebbad, M} } @book {9336, title = {{Molecular dissection of the virulence factors of the human intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica}}, volume = {1997}, year = {Submitted}, author = {Mirelman, D and Ankri, S and Bracha, R and Katz, U and Libros, P and Nuchamovitz, Y and Padilla-Vaca, F and Stolarsky, T} } @booklet {7091, title = {National water development report: {Uganda}; {A} {WWAP} case study prepared for the 2nd {UN} world water development report: {Water}, a shared responsibility (2006); 2006 - 146760e.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, keywords = {END}, url = {http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001467/146760e.pdf} } @article {15372, title = {New integrated strategy emphasizing infection source control to curb Schistosomiasis japonica in a marshland area of Hubei Province, China: findings from an eight-year longitudinal survey}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {e89779}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis remains a major public health problem in China. The major endemic foci are the lake and marshland regions of southern China, particularly the regions along the middle and lower reach of the Yangtze River in four provinces (Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Anhui). The purpose of our study is to assess the effect of a new integrated strategy emphasizing infection source control to curb schistosomiasis in marshland regions. METHODS: In a longitudinal study, we implemented an integrated control strategy emphasizing infection source control in 16 villages from 2005 through 2012 in marshland regions of Hubei province. The interventions included removing cattle from snail-infested grasslands, providing farmers with mechanized farm equipment, improving sanitation by supplying tap water, building lavatories and latrines, praziquantel chemotherapy, controlling snails, and environmental modification. RESULTS: Following the integrated control strategy designed to reduce the role of bovines and humans as sources of Schistosoma japonicum infection, the prevalence of human S. japonicum infection declined from 1.7\% in 2005 to 0.4\% in 2012 (P<0.001). Reductions were also observed in both sexes, across all age groups, and among high risk occupations. Moreover, the prevalence of bovine S. japonicum infection decreased from 11.7\% in 2005 to 0.6\% in 2012 (P<0.001). In addition, all the 16 villages achieved the national criteria of infection control in 2008. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the integrated strategy was likely effective in controlling the transmission of S. japonicum in marshland regions in China.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, China/epidemiology, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Schistosoma japonicum/ pathogenicity, Schistosomiasis japonica/ epidemiology}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Chen, Y. Y. and Liu, J. B. and Huang, X. B. and Cai, S. X. and Su, Z. M. and Zhong, R. and Zou, L. and Miao, X. P.} } @booklet {6409, title = {{NHSP}{\.I}P{\.I}I\_2010.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.internationalhealthpartnership.net/fileadmin/uploads/ihp/Documents/Country_Pages/Nepal/NHSP_IP_II_2010.pdf} } @article {9804, title = {{No Title}}, year = {Submitted}, author = {Grecu, D and Neagu, A and Harmanescu, E and Moglan, I} } @booklet {6228, title = {Outline - hwts\_paper.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/urban-studies-and-planning/11-479j-water-and-sanitation-infrastructure-in-developing-countries-spring-2007/readings/hwts_paper.pdf} } @booklet {6244, title = {Pakistan\_SPSP\_Evaluation-final\_report.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/Pakistan_SPSP_Evaluation-final_report.pdf} } @mastersthesis {11071, title = {Pathogen destruction and aerobic decomposition in composting latrines: {A} study from rural {Panama}.}, year = {Submitted}, school = {Michigan Technological University}, type = {phdMaster of {Science}}, address = {Michigan, USA}, author = {Mehl, J. A.} } @inbook {15105, title = {Pathogen removal mechanisms in macrophyte and algal waste stabilization ponds}, booktitle = {Ph. {D} thesis, {Wageningen} {University}}, year = {Submitted}, address = {Delft}, author = {Awuah, E.} } @article {11960, title = {Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)}, journal = {The Lancet Global Health}, volume = {3}, number = {9}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {e564-e575}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2214-109X}, doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00151-5}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00151-5}, author = {Platts-Mills, James A. and Babji, Sudhir and Bodhidatta, Ladaporn and Gratz, Jean and Haque, Rashidul and Havt, Alexandre and McCormick, Benjamin J. J. and McGrath, Monica and Olortegui, Maribel Paredes and Samie, Amidou and Shakoor, Sadia and Mondal, Dinesh and Lima, Ila F. N. and Hariraju, Dinesh and Rayamajhi, Bishnu B. and Qureshi, Shahida and Kabir, Furqan and Yori, Pablo P. and Mufamadi, Brenda and Amour, Caroline and Carreon, J. Daniel and Richard, Stephanie A. and Lang, Dennis and Bessong, Pascal and Mduma, Esto and Ahmed, Tahmeed and Lima, Aldo A. A. M. and Mason, Carl J. and Zaidi, Anita K. M. and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. and Kosek, Margaret and Guerrant, Richard L. and Gottlieb, Michael and Miller, Mark and Kang, Gagandeep and Houpt, Eric R.} } @article {7811, title = {Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)}, journal = {The Lancet Global Health}, volume = {3}, number = {9}, year = {Submitted}, note = {doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00151-5; 07}, month = {2016/12}, pages = {e564-e575}, isbn = {2214-109X}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00151-5}, author = {Platts-Mills,James and Babji,Sudhir and Bodhidatta,Ladaporn and Gratz,Jean and Haque,Rashidul and Havt,Alexandre and McCormick,Benjamin J. J. and McGrath,Monica and Olortegui,Maribel P. and Samie,Amidou and Shakoor,Sadia and Mondal,Dinesh and Lima,Ila F. N. and Hariraju,Dinesh and Rayamajhi,Bishnu B. and Qureshi,Shahida and Kabir,Furqan and Yori,Pablo P. and Mufamadi,Brenda and Amour,Caroline and Carreon,J. D. and Richard,Stephanie A. and Lang,Dennis and Bessong,Pascal and Mduma,Esto and Ahmed,Tahmeed and Lima,Aldo A. A. M. and Mason,Carl J. and Zaidi,Anita K. M. and Bhutta,Zulfiqar A. and Kosek,Margaret and Guerrant,Richard L. and Gottlieb,Michael and Miller,Mark and Kang,Gagandeep and Houpt,Eric R.} } @booklet {7404, title = {Pnadk878.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadk878.pdf} } @booklet {6625, title = {Print {Agua} tematico 3 ingles - {Water}\_Supply\_and\_Sanitation\_for\_All.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/wwc/World_Water_Forum/WWF4/Thematic_process/Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_for_All.pdf} } @booklet {6756, title = {Print {Brookings} 2005.qxd - ggi2005}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.weforum.org/pdf/ggi2005} } @booklet {7517, title = {Private {Drinking} {Water} {Wells} {\textbar} {US} {EPA}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www2.epa.gov/privatewells} } @article {7478, title = {Public {Health} {Briefs}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/aff5e969f199a9a82fd095df908c4bab/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar\&cbl=41804}, author = {Morris, Robert D. and Naumova, Elena N. and Levin, PhD Ronnie and Munasinghe, Rajika L.} } @booklet {7491, title = {- {Q}3 {BMAU} 2011-12 {Report}.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.budget.go.ug/budget/sites/default/files/National\%20Budget\%20docs/Q3\%20BMAU\%202011-12\%20Report.pdf} } @booklet {7148, title = {Quality of water from domestic wells in principal aquifers of the {United} {States}, 1991{\textendash}2004}, number = {2008{\textendash}5227}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {139}, type = {U.{S}. {Geological} {Survey} {Scientific} {Investigations}}, url = {http://pubs.usgs.gov/ sir/2008/5227}, author = {DeSimone, L.A.} } @article {13544, title = {The recombinant gut-associated M17 eucine aminopeptidase in combination with different adjuvants confers a high level of protection against Fasciola hepatica in sheep}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {29}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {9057-9063}, author = {Maggioli, G. and Acosta, D. and Silveira, F. and Rossi, S. and Giacaman, S. and Basika, T. and Gayo, V. and Rosadilla, D. and Roche, L. and Tort, J. and Carmona, C.} } @article {15217, title = {Relative abundance and treatment reduction of viruses during wastewater treatment processes{\textemdash}identification of potential viral indicators}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {488}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {290{\textendash}296}, author = {Kitajima, Masaaki and Iker, Brandon C and Pepper, Ian L and Gerba, Charles P} } @booklet {6644, title = {Resilient techniques to improve water availability, with a focus on drought prone areas.}, year = {Submitted}, url = {https://www.google.com/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=90\&cad=rja\&uact=8\&ved=0ahUKEwjasrjYjpHKAhXCJx4KHXFeBR44UBAWCEwwCQ\&url=https\%3A\%2F\%2Fservice38.mimecast.com\%2Fmimecast\%2Fattachment\%3Faccount\%3DC18A28\%26code\%3D5d67556decf0645bc4af47cae7bb022690} } @inbook {15095, title = {Risk assessment of local handling of human faeces with focus on pathogens and pharmaceuticals}, booktitle = {Ecosan: {Closing} the loop. {Proceedings} of the 2nd {International} {Symposium} on {Ecological} {Sanitation} incorporating the 1st {IWA} specialist group conference on sustainable sanitation}, year = {Submitted}, month = {apr}, pages = {365{\textendash}373}, address = {Germany}, author = {Ambjerg-Nielsen, K. and Hansen, I. and Kjalholt, J. and Stuer-Lauridesen, F. and Hasting, A. B. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A. and Sch{\"o}nning, C. and T Westrell and Carlsen, A. and Halling-Serensen, B.} } @booklet {6268, title = {Rural {Drinking} {Water} 2ndApril-{Soft} {Copy} - {Documents}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://docslide.us/documents/rural-drinking-water-2ndapril-soft-copy.html} } @article {15138, title = {Sanitation and {Disease}-{Health} {Aspects} of {Excreta} and {Waste}-water {Management}. 1983}, journal = {Chichester: John Wiley \& Sons}, volume = {501}, year = {Submitted}, author = {Feachem, RG and Bradley, DJ and Garelick, H and Mara, DD} } @article {13020, title = {Sanitation and Disease-Health Aspects of Excreta and Waste-water Management. 1983}, journal = {Chichester: John Wiley \& Sons}, volume = {501}, year = {Submitted}, author = {Feachem, RG and Bradley, DJ and Garelick, H and Mara, DD} } @booklet {7316, title = {Sanitation \& {Water} {Supply} in {Low}-income {Countries} - sanitation-and-water-supply-in-low-income.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.leka.lt/sites/default/files/dokumentai/sanitation-and-water-supply-in-low-income.pdf} } @booklet {6624, title = {School {Water}, {Sanitation} and {Hygiene} {Education} + {Community} {Impact}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.careevaluations.org/Evaluations/Entrega\%203\%20-\%20Final\%20Report\%20\%20Nov\%206.pdf} } @booklet {7046, title = {Search {Results} - {ProQuest} {Dissertations} \& {Theses} {A}\&{I} - {ProQuest}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/pqdt/results/FD055A88E72B40B7PQ/1?accountid=14270} } @inbook {3177, title = {Second {WHO} report on neglected tropical diseases. {Sustaining} the drive to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases.}, year = {Submitted}, author = {WHO} } @article {13533, title = {Seif el-Din, S, El-Maadawy, W and Botros, S (2011)}, journal = {Efficacy and safety of artemether in the treatment of chronic fascioliasis in Egypt: Exploratory phase-}, volume = {5}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {9}, author = {Keiser, J. and Sayed, H. and El-Ghanam, M. and Sabry, H. and Anani, S. and El-Wakeel, A. and Hatz, C. and Utzinger, U.} } @article {13100, title = {Small Wastewater Systems: Alternative Systems for Small Communities and Rural Areas}, year = {Submitted}, publisher = {Office of Water, EPA 830-F-92-001}, author = {US EPA} } @booklet {6299, title = {A {STRATEGIC} {PLAN} {FOR} {WATER} {SUPPLY} {AND} {SANITATION} {IN} {LIBERIA} - {WASHSectorStrategicPlan}20122017.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.lwsclr.com/doc/WASHSectorStrategicPlan20122017.pdf} } @article {15458, title = {Study and implementation of urogenital schistosomiasis elimination in Zanzibar (Unguja and Pemba islands) using an integrated multidisciplinary approach}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {12}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {930}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection that continues to be a major public health problem in many developing countries being responsible for an estimated burden of at least 1.4 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in Africa alone. Importantly, morbidity due to schistosomiasis has been greatly reduced in some parts of the world, including Zanzibar. The Zanzibar government is now committed to eliminate urogenital schistosomiasis. Over the next 3-5 years, the whole at-risk population will be administered praziquantel (40 mg/kg) biannually. Additionally, snail control and behaviour change interventions will be implemented in selected communities and the outcomes and impact measured in a randomized intervention trial. METHODS/DESIGN: In this 5-year research study, on both Unguja and Pemba islands, urogenital schistosomiasis will be assessed in 45 communities with urine filtration and reagent strips in 4,500 schoolchildren aged 9-12 years annually, and in 4,500 first-year schoolchildren and 2,250 adults in years 1 and 5. Additionally, from first-year schoolchildren, a finger-prick blood sample will be collected and examined for Schistosoma haematobium infection biomarkers. Changes in prevalence and infection intensity will be assessed annually. Among the 45 communities, 15 were randomized for biannual snail control with niclosamide, in concordance with preventive chemotherapy campaigns. The reduction of Bulinus globosus snail populations and S. haematobium-infected snails will be investigated. In 15 other communities, interventions triggering behaviour change have been designed and will be implemented in collaboration with the community. A change in knowledge, attitudes and practices will be assessed annually through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with schoolchildren, teachers, parents and community leaders. In all 45 communities, changes in the health system, water and sanitation infrastructure will be annually tracked by standardized questionnaire-interviews with community leaders. Additional issues potentially impacting on study outcomes and all incurring costs will be recordedand monitored longitudinally. DISCUSSION: Elimination of schistosomiasis has become a priority on the agenda of the Zanzibar government and the international community. Our study will contribute to identifying what, in addition to preventive chemotherapy, needs to be done to prevent, control, and ultimately eliminate schistosomiasis, and to draw lessons for current and future schistosomiasis elimination programmes in Africa and elsewhere. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN48837681.}, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Child, Preschool, Communicable Disease Control/methods/ organization \& administration, Disease Vectors, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Infant, International Cooperation, National Health Programs, Organizational Objectives, Population Surveillance, Praziquantel/ administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Qualitative Research, Schistosoma haematobium/ isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis haematobia/drug therapy/ prevention \& control/transmission, Tanzania, Time Factors}, isbn = {1471-2458 (Electronic)
1471-2458 (Linking)}, author = {Knopp, S. and Mohammed, K. A. and Ali, S. M. and Khamis, I. S. and Ame, S. M. and Albonico, M. and Gouvras, A. and Fenwick, A. and Savioli, L. and Colley, D. G. and Utzinger, J. and Person, B. and Rollinson, D.} } @article {6676, title = {Supplemental {Material}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/120/9/ehp.1104499.s001.pdf}, author = {Borchardt, Mark A. and Spencer, Susan K. and Kieke Jr, Burney A. and Lambertini, Elisabetta and Loge, Frank J.} } @article {6925, title = {Supplemental {Material}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elisabetta_Lambertini/publication/259706965_Borchardt_et_al._2012_Supplemental_Material/links/0046352d6aeb8556aa000000.pdf}, author = {Borchardt, Mark A. and Spencer, Susan K. and Kieke Jr, Burney A. and Lambertini, Elisabetta and Loge, Frank J.} } @booklet {6800, title = {untitled - {OP}40-{E}\_Ensuring\_Sustained\_Beneficial\_Outcomes\_for\_Water\_and\_Sanitation\_Programmes\_in\_the\_Developing\_World.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.samsamwater.com/library/OP40-E_Ensuring_Sustained_Beneficial_Outcomes_for_Water_and_Sanitation_Programmes_in_the_Developing_World.pdf} } @article {11854, title = {{Use of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA PCR sequencing for molecular identification of Diphyllobothrium isolates potentially infective for humans}}, journal = {Parasite}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {402{\textendash}407}, doi = {10.3947/ic2013.45.1.32. Epub2013 Mar 29.Review. PMID: 24265948.}, author = {Yera, H and Nicolaud, J and Dupouy-Camet, J} } @booklet {6367, title = {Valuing {Water}, {Valuing} {Livelihoods} - {Guidance} on {Social} {Cost}-benefit {Analysis} of {Drinking}-water {Interventions}, with special reference to {Small} {Community} {Water} {Supplies}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44635/1/9781843393108_eng.pdf} } @article {13099, title = {Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Disinfection for Small Systems}, year = {Submitted}, publisher = {Office of Water, EPA 832-F-03-024} } @booklet {7223, title = {Water and {Sanitation} related diseases and the {Environment}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://samples.sainsburysebooks.co.uk/9781118148617_sample_419186.pdf} } @booklet {7519, title = {water, sanitation, hygiene, community, clinic, hospital, local, decentralized, centralized, parent teacher association, school, willingness to pay, finance, microfinance, public sector finance, private sector finance, government finance, financial model, }, year = {Submitted}, url = {https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl$\#$q=water\%2C+sanitation\%2C+hygiene\%2C+community\%2C+clinic\%2C+hospital\%2C+local\%2C+decentralized\%2C+centralized\%2C+parent+teacher+association\%2C+school\%2C+willingness+to+pay\%2C+finance\%2C+microfinance\%2C+public+sector+finan} } @booklet {7064, title = {water, sanitation, hygiene, finance, cost effective, cost, training, evaluation, operation and maintenance, hand washing, construction, menstrual hygiene, rainwater harvesting, chlorine, borehole, capital, recurring, cleaning materials, subsidies, microfi}, year = {Submitted}, url = {https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl$\#$q=water,+sanitation,+hygiene,+finance,+cost+effective,+cost,+training,+evaluation,+operation+and+maintenance,+hand+washing,+construction,+menstrual+hygiene,+rainwater+harvesting,+chlorine,+borehole,+capital,+recurring,+c} } @article {6433, title = {What impact will climate change have on rural groundwater supplies in {Africa}?}, year = {Submitted}, doi = {DOI: 10.1623/hysj.54.4.690}, author = {Macdonald, Alan M.} } @booklet {3900, title = {The {WHO} {Child} {Growth} {Standards}}, year = {Submitted}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {3707, title = {{WHO} {Child} {Growth} {Standards}: {Length}/height-for-age, {Weight}-for-age, {Weight}-for-length, {Weight}-for-height and {Body} {Mass} {Index}-for-age {Methods} and {Development}.}, year = {Submitted}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {6362, title = {World {Bank} {Document} - {C}-12\_World\_Bank\_WDR\_Making\_services\_work\_for\_poor\_people\_2004.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.hiproweb.org/fileadmin/cdroms/Kit_Formation_Services/documents/Additional/C-Community_services_for_persons_with_disabilities/C-12_World_Bank_WDR_Making_services_work_for_poor_people_2004.pdf} } @booklet {7326, title = {world-water-development-report-2015.pdf}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://www.cap-net.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/world-water-development-report-2015.pdf} } @booklet {3671, title = {Zotero {Quick} {Start} {Guide}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide}, author = {Center for History and New Media} } @book {14768, title = {Zotero {Quick} {Start} {Guide}}, year = {Submitted}, url = {http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide}, author = {Center for History and New Media} } @article {17532, title = {Design of a bioaugmented multistage biofilter for accelerated municipal wastewater treatment and deactivation of pathogenic microorganisms}, year = {2020}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134786}, author = {Salma Ibrahim and Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and Abia King and Mohamed Kamel} } @article {17531, title = {Prevalence of E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria spp. as potential pathogens: A comparative study for biofilm of sink drain environment}, year = {2020}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jfs.12816}, author = {Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and Bahaa Hemdan and Gamila El-Taweel} } @article {17533, title = {Role of identified bacterial consortium in treatment of QuhafaWastewater Treatment Plant influent in Fayuom, Egypt}, year = {2020}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8105-9}, author = {Salma Ibrahim and Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and Khalid ElWakeel} } @inbook {17530, title = {Some Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Concern in Water and Wastewater: An African Perspective}, year = {2020}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35296-7_1}, author = {Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and Abia King} } @article {15778, title = {Anthroponotic transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum predominates in countries with poorer sanitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {2019}, month = {Jan 8}, pages = {16}, edition = {2019/01/10}, keywords = {Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/parasitology/*transmission, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium parvum/classification/genetics/*physiology, epidemiology, Genetic Variation, genotype, Humans, Poverty, sanitation, Sanitation/*statistics \& numerical data, Subtypes}, isbn = {1756-3305}, author = {King, P. and Tyler, K. M. and Hunter, P. R.} } @inbook {15961, title = {Chapter 1 - Wastewater Treatment by Renewable Energy Driven Membrane Processes}, booktitle = {Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes}, year = {2019}, month = {2019/01/01/}, pages = {1-19}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, keywords = {Advanced systems, Membrane processes, Renewable energy, Resource recovery, Wastewater treatment, Zero liquid discharge}, isbn = {978-0-12-813545-7}, author = {Zhang, Yang and Rottiers, Thomas and Meesschaert, Boudewijn and Pinoy, Luc and Van der Bruggen, Bart}, editor = {Basile, Angelo and Cassano, Alfredo and Figoli, Alberto} } @article {16774, title = {A conceptual framework for the environmental surveillance of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {130}, year = {2019}, pages = {104880}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.074}, author = {P MC Huijbers and C F Flach and Larsson, D.G.J.} } @inbook {16001, title = {{Cryptosporidium concentrations in rivers worldwide}}, booktitle = {Water Research}, volume = {149}, year = {2019}, month = {feb}, pages = {202{\textendash}214}, abstract = {

Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of diarrhoea and infant mortality worldwide. A better understanding of the sources, fate and transport of Cryptosporidium via rivers is important for effective management of waterborne transmission, especially in the developing world. We present GloWPa-Crypto C1, the first global, spatially explicit model that computes Cryptosporidium concentrations in rivers, implemented on a 0.5 \× 0.5\° grid and monthly time step. To this end, we first modelled Cryptosporidium inputs to rivers from human faeces and animal manure. Next, we use modelled hydrology from a grid-based macroscale hydrological model (the Variable Infiltration Capacity model). Oocyst transport through the river network is modelled using a routing model, accounting for temperature- and solar radiation-dependent decay and sedimentation along the way. Monthly average oocyst concentrations are predicted to range from 10\−6 to 102 oocysts L\−1 in most places. Critical regions (\‘hotspots\&$\#$39;) with high concentrations include densely populated areas in India, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh, Nigeria, Algeria and South Africa, Mexico, Venezuela and some coastal areas of Brazil, several countries in Western and Eastern Europe (incl. The UK, Belgium and Macedonia), and the Middle East. Point sources (human faeces) appears to be a more dominant source of pollution than diffuse sources (mainly animal manure) in most world regions. Validation shows that GloWPa-Crypto medians are mostly within the range of observed concentrations. The model generally produces concentrations that are 1.5\–2 log10 higher than the observations. This is likely predominantly due to the absence of recovery efficiency of the observations, which are therefore likely too low. Goodness of fit statistics are reasonable. Sensitivity analysis showed that the model is most sensitive to changes in input oocyst loads. GloWPa-Crypto C1 paves the way for many new opportunities at the global scale, including scenario analysis to investigate the impact of global change and management options on oocysts concentrations in rivers, and risk analysis to investigate human health risk.

}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/J.WATRES.2018.10.069}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135418308728}, author = {Vermeulen, LC and van Hengel, Marijke and Kroeze, Carolien and Medema, Gertjan and J E Spanier and van Vliet, Michelle T.H. and Hofstra, Nynke} } @article {16719, title = {Cryptosporidium concentrations in rivers worldwide}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {149}, year = {2019}, pages = {202{\textendash}214}, author = {Vermeulen, L. C., M. Van Hengel, C. Kroeze, G. J. Medema, J. F. Spanier, M. T. H. Van Vliet and Hofstra, N.} } @article {16766, title = {Diversity and distribution of Klebsiella capsules in Escherichia coli}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology Reports}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, pages = {107-117}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12710}, author = {Nanayakkara, B.S. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, C.L. and Gordon, D.M.} } @article {17215, title = {Domestic river water use and risk of typhoid fever: results from a case-control study in Blantyre, Malawi}, journal = {Clinical Infectious DiseasesClinical Infectious Diseases}, year = {2019}, pages = {1-25}, isbn = {1058-4838}, author = {Gauld, Jillian S and Olgemoeller, Franziska and Nkata, Rose and Li, Chao and Chirambo, Angeziwa and Morse, Tracy and Gordon, Melita A and Reid, Jonathan M and Heyderman, Robert S and Kennedy, Neil} } @article {17287, title = {Effects of feedstock on larval development and process efficiency in waste treatment with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)}, journal = {Journal of Cleaner ProductionJournal of Cleaner Production}, volume = {208}, year = {2019}, month = {2019/01/20/}, pages = {211-219}, keywords = {BSF, Feedstock evaluation, Fly larvae composting, Larval development, Organic waste management}, isbn = {0959-6526}, author = {Lalander, C. and Diener, S. and Zurbr{\"u}gg, C. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {17466, title = {{Evaluation of different natural additives effects on the composting process of source separated feces in resource-oriented sanitation systems}}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety}, volume = {185}, number = {April}, year = {2019}, pages = {109667}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {In most resource-oriented sanitation (ROS) systems, the composting process has been a sustainable treatment method for source separated feces. Nonetheless, a slow and low degradation efficiency{\textemdash}combined with hygienic concerns, especially for the high amount of waste produced {\textemdash}makes the selection of the composting bulk additives a critical decision for the process. This study presents the efficiency improvement of adding different natural additives to enhance the composting process of the source separated feces in ROS systems. Three different natural additives, including sawdust, rice husk, and rice husk charcoal were utilized for the composting process of fresh feces with an additive w/w ratio of 2:1. To evaluate the impact of additives on compost properties, chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of composting materials were measured. Results indicated that using rice husk charcoal as an additive of the process was effective and generated a degradation of more than 40{\%} of total organic carbon (TOC), reduced the nitrogen loss to less than 0.2{\%}, and improved the germination index (GI) to more than 80{\%}. Moreover, in terms of fecal indicators, the Escherichia coli (E. coli) stains were totally removed after five weeks. The efficacy of utilizing rice husk charcoal as a composting matrix in resource oriented sanitation systems can be, therefore, demonstrated as a nature-based treatment for source separated feces.}, keywords = {Organic waste treatment, Resource-oriented sanitation, Rice husk charcoal, Source separated feces treatment, Sustainable sanitation}, issn = {10902414}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109667}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109667}, author = {Hashemi, Shervin and Boudaghpour, Siamak and Han, Mooyoung} } @article {16765, title = {Evidence for the evolution, clonal expansion and global dissemination of water treatment-resistant naturalized strains of Escherichia coli in wastewater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {156}, year = {2019}, pages = {208-222}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.024}, author = {Zhi, S. and Banting, G. and Stothard, P. and Ashbolt, N.J. and Checkley, S. and Meyer, K. and Otto, S. and Neumann, N.F.} } @inbook {15821, title = {Inactivation of Cryptosporidium by Advanced Oxidation Processes}, booktitle = {Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) in Drinking Water Treatment}, year = {2019}, pages = {297-308}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-319-76882-3}, author = {Nasser, Abidelfatah M.}, editor = {Gil, Antonio and Galeano, Luis Alejandro and Vicente, Miguel {\'A}ngel} } @article {17528, title = {Metagenomics analysis of bacterial structure communities within natural biofilm}, year = {2019}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02271}, author = {Bahaa Hemdan and Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and ElMahdy Mohamed Ibrahim and Gamila El-Taweel} } @article {16775, title = {One Health{\textemdash}Its importance in helping to better control antimicrobial resistance}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease}, volume = {4}, year = {2019}, pages = {22}, doi = {10.3390/tropicalmed4010022}, author = {Collignon, P. and McEWEN, S.} } @article {17304, title = {Parallel evolution leading to impaired biofilm formation in invasive Salmonella strains}, journal = {PLoS geneticsPLoS genetics}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, year = {2019}, pages = {e1008233}, isbn = {1553-7404}, author = {MacKenzie, Keith D and Wang, Yejun and Musicha, Patrick and Hansen, Elizabeth G and Palmer, Melissa B and Herman, Dakoda J and Feasey, Nicholas A and White, Aaron P} } @article {15977, title = {{Priorities for Developing a Modelling and Scenario Analysis Framework for Waterborne Pathogen Concentrations in Rivers Worldwide and Consequent Burden of Disease}}, journal = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {In Press}, year = {2019}, author = {Hofstra, Nynke and Vermeulen, Lucie C and Derx, Julia and Fl{\"o}rke, Martina and Mateo-Sagasta, Javier and Rose, Joan B and Medema, Gertjan J} } @article {16686, title = {Priorities for developing a modelling and scenario analysis framework for waterborne pathogen concentrations in rivers worldwide and consequent burden of disease}, journal = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {36}, year = {2019}, pages = {28{\textendash}38}, author = {Hofstra, N. and Vermeulen, L. and Derx, J. and Fl{\"o}rke, M. and Mateo-Sagasta, J. and Rose, J.B. and Medema, G.} } @article {17333, title = {A real-time PCR for the differentiation of typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiologyJournal of Clinical Microbiology}, year = {2019}, pages = {JCM. 00167-19}, isbn = {0095-1137}, author = {Nair, Satheesh and Patel, Vineet and Hickey, Tadgh and Maguire, Clare and Greig, David R and Lee, Winnie and Godbole, Gauri and Grant, Kathie and Chattaway, Marie Anne} } @article {17527, title = {Survival of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, HAdV2 and MNV-1 in river water under dark conditions and varying storage temperatures}, year = {2019}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.275}, author = {ElMahdy Ibrahim and Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and Abia King and Bahaa Hemdan} } @article {17529, title = {Synthesis of novel chitosan-PVC conjugates encompassing Ag nanoparticles as antibacterial polymers for biomedical applications}, year = {2019}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.085}, author = {Samir T. Gaballah and Hossam A. El-Nazer and Reham A. Abdel-Monem and Mohamed Azab El-Liethy} } @article {15988, title = {{What is safe sanitation?}}, journal = {ASCE{\textquoteright}s Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {In press}, year = {2019}, author = {Rose, J.B. and Hofstra, N. and Murphy, H.M. and Verbyla, M.E.} } @article {16124, title = {Advances and challenges in barcoding pathogenic and environmental Leptospira}, journal = {ParasitologyParasitology}, volume = {145}, number = {SI5}, year = {2018}, pages = {595-607}, author = {Guernier, V. and Allan, K. J. and Goarant, C.} } @article {12472, title = {Antimicrobial resistance: fecal sanitation strategies for combatting a global public health threat}, journal = {In reviewIn review}, year = {2018}, author = {Ashbolt, Nicholas J. and Pruden, Amy and Miller, Jennifer H and Riquelme, Maria V. and Maile-Moskowitz, Ayella} } @article {15650, title = {Assessing the impact of environmental exposures and Cryptosporidium infection in cattle on human incidence of cryptosporidiosis in Southwestern Ontario, Canada}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, year = {2018}, pages = {e0196573}, edition = {2018/04/27}, isbn = {1932-6203}, author = {Brankston, G. and Boughen, C. and Ng, V. and Fisman, D. N. and Sargeant, J. M. and Greer, A. L.} } @article {17526, title = {Assessment of the antimicrobial activity of the lipoidal and pigment extracts of Punica granatum L. leaves}, year = {2018}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.05.003}, author = {Marwa ElBatanony and Amal ElFeky and Bahaa Hemdan and Mohamed Azab El-Liethy} } @article {17146, title = {Azithromycin Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi in Bangladesh}, journal = {Microb Drug ResistMicrob Drug Resist}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul 17}, edition = {2018/07/18}, keywords = {azithromycin, class 1 integron, efflux pump, Multidrug resistance, Salmonella enterica}, isbn = {1931-8448 (Electronic)
1076-6294 (Linking)}, author = {Ahsan, S. and Rahman, S.} } @book {17259, title = {Bacterial Pathogenesis and their Virulence Factors}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, isbn = {978-3-319-67650}, author = {Johnson, D.I.} } @article {16233, title = {Biodiversity of environmental Leptospira: improving identification and revisiting the diagnosis}, journal = {Front. Microbiol.Front. Microbiol.}, volume = {9}, year = {2018}, pages = {816}, author = {Thibeaux, R. and Girault, D. and Bierque, E. and Soup{\'e}-Gilbert, M.E. and Rettinger, A. and Douyere, A. and Meyer, M. and Iraola, G. and Picardeau, M. and Goarant, C.} } @article {17269, title = {The Burden of Typhoid Fever in South Africa: The Potential Impact of Selected Interventions}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul 25}, edition = {2018/07/27}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Keddy, K. H. and Smith, A. M. and Sooka, A. and Tau, N. P. and Ngomane, H. M. P. and Radhakrishnan, A. and Als, D. and Benson, F. G.} } @article {13399, title = {{Can Sanitation Technology Play a Role in User Perceptions of Resource Recovery? An Evaluation of Composting Latrine Use in Developing World Communities in Panama}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {52}, year = {2018}, pages = {11803{\textendash}11812}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, abstract = {There remains a large unmet need for sanitation access throughout the world that compromises both human and environmental health. Opportunities exist to employ sanitation systems that better utilize and recover scarce resources from excreta such as water, energy, and nutrients. However, technologies such as a composting latrine may require more maintenance and close handling of feces compared to other sanitation technologies. This study aims to evaluate how use of on-site composting latrine technology and other demographic characteristics are associated with users{\textquoteright} perceptions of excreta for resource recovery. Field observations and interviews of composting latrine users (N=201) and 200 perceptions surveys were administered to composting and non-composting latrine users in Indigenous and Latino communities in Panama. Of the completed composting latrines, 78{\%} were in use and 65{\%} of these were used properly. Compost latrine design and operational factors identified to improve were: anal wash capability, des...}, issn = {15205851}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.8b02431}, author = {Naughton, Colleen C. and Akers, Patricia and Yoder, Danielle and Baer, Roberta and Mihelcic, James R.} } @inbook {15897, title = {Chapter Five - Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment}, booktitle = {Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry}, volume = {81}, year = {2018}, month = {2018/01/01/}, pages = {151-200}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, keywords = {Industrial wastewater, Membrane bioreactor, Membrane fouling, municipal wastewater, Retrofit, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {0166-526X}, author = {Sari Erkan, Hanife and Bakaraki Turan, Nouha and {\"O}nkal Engin, G{\"u}leda}, editor = {Chormey, Dotse Selali and Bak{\i}rdere, Sezgin and Turan, Nouha Bakaraki and Engin, G{\"u}leda {\"O}nkal} } @article {16172, title = {Characterization of Leptospira species isolated from soil collected in Japan}, journal = {Microbiol ImmunolMicrobiol ImmunolMicrobiol Immunol}, volume = {62}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, note = {Masuzawa, Toshiyuki
Sakakibara, Keiko
Saito, Mitsumasa
Hidaka, Yusuke
Villanueva, Sharon Y A M
Yanagihara, Yasutake
Yoshida, Shin-Ichi
Australia
Microbiol Immunol. 2017 Nov 6. doi: 10.1111/1348-0421.12551.}, month = {Nov 06}, pages = {55-59}, edition = {2017/11/07}, abstract = {Leptospira was isolated from soil obtained from Hokkaido, the northernmost island, to Okinawa, the southernmost island, in Japan using sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, amphotericin B, fosfomycin, and 5- fluorouracil (STAFF). Fifty out of 132 soil samples (37.9\%) were culture-positive. Based on 16S-rDNA sequences, 12 were classified into a pathogenic species clade and were closely associated with L. alstonii and L. kmetyi. Nine isolates were classified into intermediate species, which were similar to L. licerasiae. Twenty-seven isolates were classified as non-pathogenic species. Among them, 23 isolates were related to L. wolbachii. Non-pathogenic Leptospira are commonly distributed in environmental soil.}, isbn = {1348-0421 (Electronic)
0385-5600 (Linking)}, author = {Masuzawa, T. and Sakakibara, K. and Saito, M. and Hidaka, Y. and Villanueva, Syam and Yanagihara, Y. and Yoshida, S. I.} } @article {15991, title = {{Climate change and health under the shared socioeconomic pathway framework}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, month = {dec}, pages = {3}, publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, abstract = {A growing body of literature addresses how climate change is likely to have substantial and generally adverse effects on population health and health systems around the world. These effects are likely to vary within and between countries and, importantly, will vary depending on different socioeconomic development patterns. Transitioning to a more resilient and sustainable world to prepare for and manage the effects of climate change is likely to result in better health outcomes. Sustained fossil fuel development will likely result in continued high burdens of preventable conditions, such as undernutrition, malaria, and diarrheal diseases. Using a new set of socioeconomic development trajectories, the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), along with the World Health Organization{\textquoteright}s Operational Framework for Building Climate Resilient Health Systems, we extend existing storylines to illustrate how various aspects of health systems are likely to be affected under each SSP. We also discuss the implications of our findings on how the burden of mortality and the achievement of health-related Sustainable Development Goal targets are likely to vary under different SSPs.}, keywords = {Climate adaptation, Health infrastructure, Health systems, Health workers}, issn = {16604601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph15010003}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/1/3}, author = {Sellers, Samuel and Ebi, Kristie L.} } @article {15981, title = {{Climate Change Impacts on Waterborne Diseases: Moving Toward Designing Interventions}}, journal = {Current Environmental Health Reports}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2018}, month = {jun}, pages = {272{\textendash}282}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, issn = {2196-5412}, doi = {10.1007/s40572-018-0199-7}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40572-018-0199-7}, author = {Levy, Karen and Smith, Shanon M. and Carlton, Elizabeth J.} } @article {17524, title = {Comparison study of Ag(I) and Au(III) loaded on magnetic thioureaformaldehyde as disinfectants for water pathogenic microorganism{\textquoteright}s deactivation}, year = {2018}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.06.028}, author = {Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and Khalid ElWakeel and Mohamed Ahmed} } @article {17289, title = {A comprehensive review of non-enterica subspecies of Salmonella enterica}, journal = {Microbiol ResMicrobiol Res}, volume = {206}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan}, pages = {60-73}, edition = {2017/11/18}, keywords = {*Serogroup, Animals, Biofilms/growth \& development, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Ecology, Genes, Bacterial/genetics, Genetic Speciation, genotype, Humans, Invasion, Pathogens, Phylogeny, prevalence, Public health, Salmonella, Salmonella enterica/*classification/*genetics/growth \& development/pathogenicity, Salmonella Infections, Animal, Salmonella Infections/epidemiology/immunology/*microbiology/transmission, Subspecies, Virulence, Virulence Factors/genetics}, isbn = {0944-5013}, author = {Lamas, A. and Miranda, J. M. and Regal, P. and Vazquez, B. and Franco, C. M. and Cepeda, A.} } @article {17334, title = {The Control of Typhoid Fever in Vietnam}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul 25}, edition = {2018/07/27}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Nga, T. V. T. and Duy, P. T. and Lan, N. P. H. and Chau, N. V. V. and Baker, S.} } @article {15857, title = {Cryptosporidiosis: A zoonotic disease concern}, journal = {Veterinary World}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, year = {2018}, month = {May}, pages = {681-686}, edition = {2018/06/20}, keywords = {cryptosporidiosis, Diarrhea, Waterborne disease, zoonosis}, isbn = {0972-8988 (Print)
0972-8988}, author = {Pumipuntu, N. and Piratae, S.} } @book {15741, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater and surface water environments}, year = {2018}, author = {Hamilton, Kerry and Waso, Monique and Reyneke, Brandon and Saeidi, Nazanin and Levine, Audrey and Lalancette, Cindy and Besner, Marie-Claude and Wesaal, Khan and Ahmed, Warish} } @article {15742, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Wastewater and Surface Water Environments}, journal = {J Environ Qual}, volume = {47}, number = {5}, year = {2018}, month = {Sep}, pages = {1006-1023}, edition = {2018/10/03}, isbn = {0047-2425 (Print)
0047-2425}, author = {Hamilton, K. A. and Waso, M. and Reyneke, B. and Saeidi, N. and Levine, A. and Lalancette, C. and Besner, M. C. and Khan, W. and Ahmed, W.} } @article {15682, title = {Cryptosporidium apodemi sp. n. and Cryptosporidium ditrichi sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Apodemus spp}, journal = {European Journal of Protistology}, volume = {63}, year = {2018}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1-12}, edition = {2018/01/24}, keywords = {*Phylogeny, Actins/genetics, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*parasitology/pathology, Cryptosporidium/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, DNA, Ribosomal/genetics, Europe, Experimental infection, Feces/parasitology, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Molecular analyses, Murinae/*parasitology, Oocyst size, Phylogeny, Protozoan Proteins/genetics, Rodentia, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0932-4739}, author = {Condlova, S. and Horcickova, M. and Sak, B. and Kvetonova, D. and Hlaskova, L. and Konecny, R. and Stanko, M. and McEvoy, J. and Kvac, M.} } @article {15782, title = {Cryptosporidium occultus sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in rats}, journal = {European Journal of Protistology}, volume = {63}, year = {2018}, month = {Apr}, pages = {96-104}, edition = {2018/03/06}, keywords = {Actins/genetics, Animals, Colon/parasitology, Cryptosporidiosis/*parasitology/pathology, Cryptosporidium/*classification/genetics, Histology, HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics, Molecular phylogeny, Morphometry, New species, Rats, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics, Species Specificity, Transmission studies}, isbn = {0932-4739}, author = {Kvac, M. and Vlnata, G. and Jezkova, J. and Horcickova, M. and Konecny, R. and Hlaskova, L. and McEvoy, J. and Sak, B.} } @article {15958, title = {Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in animals inhabiting drinking water catchments in three states across Australia}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {134}, year = {2018}, month = {2018/05/01/}, pages = {327-340}, keywords = {Catchments, Cattle, Kangaroos, Zoonotic}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Zahedi, Alireza and Monis, Paul and Gofton, Alexander W. and Oskam, Charlotte L. and Ball, Andrew and Bath, Andrew and Bartkow, Michael and Robertson, Ian and Ryan, Una} } @article {17337, title = {Decentralised black water treatment by combined auto-thermal aerobic digestion and ammonia {\textendash} A pilot study optimising treatment capacity}, journal = {Journal of Environmental ManagementJournal of Environmental Management}, volume = {207}, year = {2018}, month = {2/1/}, pages = {313-318}, keywords = {Ammonia, Auto-thermal aerobic digestion, Black water, Pathogen, Sanitisation, Urea}, isbn = {0301-4797}, author = {Nordin, A. and G{\"o}ttert, D. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {16234, title = {Deciphering the unexplored Leptospira diversity from soils uncovers genomic evolution to virulence}, journal = {Microbial GenomicsMicrobial Genomics}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, pages = {000144}, author = {Thibeaux, R. and Iraola, G. and Ferr{\'e}s, I. and Bierque, E. and Girault, D. and Soup{\'e}-Gilbert, M.E. and Picardeau, M. and Goarant, C.} } @article {12178, title = {DeepARG: A deep learning approach for predicting antibiotic resistance genes from metagenomic data}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, pages = {23}, isbn = {2049-2618}, author = {Arango-Argoty, Gustavo and Garner, Emily and Pruden, Amy and Heath, Lenwood S and Vikesland, Peter and Zhang, Liqing} } @article {12146, title = {DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern}, volume = {2018}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/heterophyiasis/index.html} } @booklet {17131, title = {Drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and human health effects: multidisciplinary challenges and opportunities}, year = {2018}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Li, Xing-Fang and Mitch, William A} } @article {12245, title = {Ecological effects of antibiotics on natural ecosystems: A review}, journal = {Microchemical JournalMicrochemical Journal}, volume = {136}, year = {2018}, pages = {25-39}, isbn = {0026-265X}, author = {Grenni, Paola and Ancona, Valeria and Caracciolo, Anna Barra} } @article {17184, title = {The effect of environmental poultry samples on the pH of typical Salmonella pre-enrichment and enrichment media following incubation}, journal = {Journal of Applied Poultry ResearchJournal of Applied Poultry Research}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, month = {Mar}, pages = {112-115}, isbn = {1056-6171}, author = {Cox, N. A. and Cosby, D. E. and Berrang, M. E. and Richardson, K. E. and Holcombe, N. and Weller, C.} } @article {15205, title = {Efficiency of two sewage treatment systems (activated sludge and natural lagoons) for helminth egg removal in {Morocco}}, journal = {Journal of Infection and Public Health}, volume = {11}, year = {2018}, pages = {197-202}, author = {Chaoua, S and Boussaa, S and Khadra, A and Boumezzough, A} } @article {17386, title = {Electrochemical biosensors for Salmonella: State of the art and challenges in food safety assessment}, journal = {Biosensors and BioelectronicsBiosensors and Bioelectronics}, volume = {99}, year = {2018}, month = {2018/01/15/}, pages = {667-682}, keywords = {Electrochemical biosensors, Food safety, On-site detection, Rapid methods}, isbn = {0956-5663}, author = {Silva, N{\'a}dia F. D. and Magalh{\~a}es, J{\'u}lia M. C. S. and Freire, Cristina and Delerue-Matos, Cristina} } @article {17279, title = {Emergence of an Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Clone Harboring a Promiscuous Plasmid Encoding Resistance to Fluoroquinolones and Third-Generation Cephalosporins}, journal = {MBioMBio}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, month = {Feb 20}, edition = {2018/02/22}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance, Salmonella, Typhi, typhoid}, isbn = {2150-7511 (Electronic)}, author = {Klemm, E. J. and Shakoor, S. and Page, A. J. and Qamar, F. N. and Judge, K. and Saeed, D. K. and Wong, V. K. and Dallman, T. J. and Nair, S. and Baker, S. and Shaheen, G. and Qureshi, S. and Yousafzai, M. T. and Saleem, M. K. and Hasan, Z. and Dougan, G. and Hasan, R.} } @article {17374, title = {Enteric Fever and Related Contextual Factors in Bangladesh}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul 25}, edition = {2018/07/27}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Saha, S. and Saha, S. and Das, R. C. and Faruque, A. S. G. and Salam, M. A. and Islam, M. and Saha, S. K.} } @inbook {16764, title = {Environmental Aspects and Features of Critical Pathogen Groups}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Michigan State University and UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University and UNESCO}, address = {East Lansing, MI}, doi = {10.14321/waterpathogens.2}, url = {~http://www.waterpathogens.org/book/environmental-aspects-and-features-of-critical-pathogen-groups}, author = {Aw, T.G. and Rose, J.B. and Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, B} } @inbook {16777, title = {Environmental Aspects and Features of Critical Pathogen Groups}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Michigan State University and UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University and UNESCO}, address = {East Lansing, MI, USA}, doi = {10.14321/waterpathogens.2}, url = {~http://www.waterpathogens.org/book/environmental-aspects-and-features-of-critical-pathogen-groups}, author = {Aw, T.G.}, editor = {Rose, J.B. and Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, B.} } @article {15689, title = {Estimating Cryptosporidium and Giardia disease burdens for children drinking untreated groundwater in a rural population in India}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan}, pages = {e0006231}, edition = {2018/01/30}, keywords = {Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Diarrhea/*epidemiology/etiology, Drinking Water/*parasitology, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/*epidemiology, Groundwater/*parasitology, Humans, India/epidemiology, Infant, Infant, Newborn, prevalence, Risk Assessment, Rural Population}, isbn = {1935-2727}, author = {Daniels, M. E. and Smith, W. A. and Jenkins, M. W.} } @article {15810, title = {Evaluation of advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment {\textendash} A critical review}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {139}, year = {2018}, month = {2018/08/01/}, pages = {118-131}, keywords = {Advanced oxidation process, Electrical energy per order (E), OH-Radical exposure, Oxidation by-products, Trace organic chemicals}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Miklos, David B. and Remy, Christian and Jekel, Martin and Linden, Karl G. and Drewes, J{\"o}rg E. and H{\"u}bner, Uwe} } @article {12537, title = {Exposure to and colonisation by antibiotic-resistant E. coli in UK coastal water users: environmental surveillance, exposure assessment, and epidemiological study (Beach Bum Survey)-dataset}, journal = {Environment InternationalEnvironment International}, year = {2018}, pages = {In press}, author = {Leonard, Anne FC and Zhang, Lihong and Balfour, A and Murray, Aimee M and Hawkey, Peter and Garside, Ruth and Ukoumunne, Obioha C and Gaze, William H} } @article {17525, title = {Facile synthesis of magnetic disinfectant immobilized with silver ions for water pathogenic microorganism{\textquoteright}s deactivation}, year = {2018}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2071-}, author = {Khalid ElWakeel and Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and Mohamed Ahmed} } @article {15984, title = {{Faecal Pathogen Flows and Their Public Health Risks in Urban Environments: A Proposed Approach to Inform Sanitation Planning}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {2018}, month = {jan}, pages = {181}, publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, abstract = {Public health benefits are often a key political driver of urban sanitation investment in developing countries, however, pathogen flows are rarely taken systematically into account in sanitation investment choices. While several tools and approaches on sanitation and health risks have recently been developed, this research identified gaps in their ability to predict faecal pathogen flows, to relate exposure risks to the existing sanitation services, and to compare expected impacts of improvements. This paper outlines a conceptual approach that links faecal waste discharge patterns with potential pathogen exposure pathways to quantitatively compare urban sanitation improvement options. An illustrative application of the approach is presented, using a spreadsheet-based model to compare the relative effect on disability-adjusted life years of six sanitation improvement options for a hypothetical urban situation. The approach includes consideration of the persistence or removal of different pathogen classes in different environments; recognition of multiple interconnected sludge and effluent pathways, and of multiple potential sites for exposure; and use of quantitative microbial risk assessment to support prediction of relative health risks for each option. This research provides a step forward in applying current knowledge to better consider public health, alongside environmental and other objectives, in urban sanitation decision making. Further empirical research in specific locations is now required to refine the approach and address data gaps.}, keywords = {Decision making, faecal waste, options assessment, Pathogens, Public health, Risk Assessment, urban sanitation, wastewater}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph15020181}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/2/181}, author = {Mills, Freya and Willetts, Juliet and Petterson, Susan and Mitchell, Cynthia and Norman, Guy and Mills, Freya and Willetts, Juliet and Petterson, Susan and Mitchell, Cynthia and Norman, Guy} } @article {17249, title = {Fate of bacterial indicators and Salmonella in biofilm developed on ultrafiltration membranes treating secondary effluents of domestic wastewater}, journal = {Scientific reportsScientific Reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, pages = {18066}, isbn = {2045-2322}, author = {Jadoun, Jeries and Mreny, Raghda and Saad, Ons and Azaizeh, Hassan} } @article {15957, title = {First report of Cryptosporidium parvum in a dromedary camel calf from Western Australia}, journal = {Acta Parasitologica}, volume = {63}, number = {2}, year = {2018}, month = {Jun 26}, pages = {422-427}, edition = {2018/04/15}, keywords = {18s, Actin, camel, Cryptosporidium, gp60}, isbn = {1230-2821}, author = {Zahedi, A. and Lee, G. K. C. and Greay, T. L. and Walsh, A. L. and Blignaut, D. J. C. and Ryan, U. M.} } @article {15889, title = {Foodborne cryptosporidiosis}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan}, pages = {1-12}, edition = {2017/11/11}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium, Foodborne, OUTBREAKS, Transmission}, isbn = {0020-7519}, author = {Ryan, U. and Hijjawi, N. and Xiao, L.} } @article {17149, title = {A genomic overview of the population structure of Salmonella}, journal = {PLoS GenetPLoS Genet}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {Apr}, pages = {e1007261}, edition = {2018/04/06}, keywords = {*Databases, Genetic, *Genome, Bacterial, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Salmonella/*classification/*genetics}, isbn = {1553-7404 (Electronic)
1553-7390 (Linking)}, author = {Alikhan, N. F. and Zhou, Z. and Sergeant, M. J. and Achtman, M.} } @book {15249, title = {The global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study}, year = {2018}, keywords = {GBD, Web page}, url = {http://www.healthdata.org/gbd}, author = {IHME} } @booklet {13667, title = {{The global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study}}, journal = {Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation}, year = {2018}, keywords = {GBD, Web page}, url = {http://www.healthdata.org/gbd}, author = {IHME} } @article {13009, title = {Global Water Pathogens Project}, year = {2018} } @book {16003, title = {Guidelines on sanitation and health}, year = {2018}, publisher = {World Health Organization }, organization = {World Health Organization }, address = {Geneva}, url = {http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274939/9789241514705-eng.pdf?ua=1} } @article {17378, title = {High prevalence of Salmonella spp. in wastewater reused for irrigation assessed by molecular methods}, journal = {Int J Hyg Environ HealthInt J Hyg Environ Health}, volume = {221}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan}, pages = {95-101}, edition = {2017/11/07}, keywords = {Fish, Molecular detection, reclaimed water, Salmonella, wastewater}, isbn = {1438-4639}, author = {Santiago, P. and Jimenez-Belenguer, A. and Garcia-Hernandez, J. and Estelles, R. M. and Hernandez Perez, M. and Castillo Lopez, M. A. and Ferr{\'u}s, M. A. and Moreno, Y.} } @article {17443, title = {Human-specific phages infecting Enterococcus host strain MW47: are they reliable microbial source tracking markers?}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {124}, year = {2018}, pages = {1274-1282}, author = {Purnell, S.E and Ebdon, J.E and Wilkins, H and Taylor, H.D} } @article {15647, title = {Illnesses Associated with Freshwater Recreation During International Travel}, journal = {Current Infectious Disease Reports}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul}, pages = {7}, type = {Review}, keywords = {aeromonas-hydrophila, Environmental, escherichia-coli o157-h7, Freshwater exposure, infectious diseases, International travel, legionnaires-disease, mycobacterium-marinum, naegleria-fowleri, of-the-literature, Recreational water illness, RISK-FACTORS, soft-tissue infections, WATERS, wound-infection}, isbn = {1523-3847}, author = {Bourque, D. L. and Vinetz, J. M.} } @article {16771, title = {Impact of infectious diseases on population health using incidence-based disability-adjusted life years (DALYs): results from the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe study, European Union and European Economic Area countries, 2009 to 2013}, journal = {Eurosurveillance}, volume = {23}, year = {2018}, doi = {10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.16.17-00454}, author = {Cassini, A. and Colzani, E. and Pini, A. and Mangen, M.J. and Plass, D. and McDonald, S.A. and Maringhini, G. and van Lier, A. and Haagsma, J.A. and Havelaar, A.H. and Kramarz, P. and Kretzschmar, M.E.} } @article {17298, title = {Induction of a viable but non-culturable state in Salmonella Typhimurium by thermosonication and factors affecting resuscitation}, journal = {Fems Microbiology LettersFEMS microbiology lettersFEMS Microbiol Lett}, volume = {365}, number = {2}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan}, keywords = {Cells, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, Food, Inactivation, induction, nonculturable state, Pathogens, pseudomonas-aeruginosa, Resuscitation, Salmonella typhimurium, starvation, thermosonication, Ultrasound, viable but non-culturable, vibrio-vulnificus}, isbn = {0378-1097}, author = {Liao, H. M. and Jiang, L. F. and Zhang, R. R.} } @article {15952, title = {Influence of sewage treatment plant effluent discharge into multipurpose river on its water quality: A quantitative health risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia}, journal = {Environ Pollut}, volume = {233}, year = {2018}, month = {Feb}, pages = {797-805}, edition = {2017/11/16}, keywords = {*Environmental Monitoring, *Risk Assessment, *Waste Disposal, Fluid, Animals, Body Fluids, China, Cryptosporidium/*growth \& development, DALY, Effluent discharge, Giardia/*growth \& development, Oocysts, QMRA, Rivers/*microbiology/*parasitology, Seasons, Sewage/parasitology, Waste Water, water, Water quality, waterborne pathogen}, isbn = {0269-7491}, author = {Xiao, S. and Hu, S. and Zhang, Y. and Zhao, X. and Pan, W.} } @article {16329, title = {Initial Public Health Laboratory Response After Hurricane Maria - Puerto Rico, 2017}, journal = {MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep}, volume = {67}, year = {2018}, pages = {333-336}, author = {Concepcion-Acevedo, J. and Patel, A. and Luna-Pinto, C. and Pena, R.G. and Cuevas Ruiz, R.I. and Arbolay, H.R. and Toro, M. and Deseda, C. and De Jesus, V.R. and Ribot, E. and Gonzalez, J.Q. and Rao, G. and De Leon Salazar, A. and Ansbro, M. and White, B.B. and Hardy, M.C. and Georgi, J.C. and Stinnett, R. and Mercante, A.M. and Lowe, D. and Martin, H. and Starks, A. and Metchock, B. and Johnston, S. and Dalton, T. and Joglar, O. and Stafford, C. and Youngblood, M. and Klein, K. and Lindstrom, S. and Berman, L. and Galloway, R. and Schafer, I.J. and Walke, H. and Stoddard, R. and Connelly, R. and McCaffery, E. and Rowlinson, M.C. and Soroka, S. and Tranquillo, D.T. and Gaynor, A. and Mangal, C. and Wroblewski, K. and Muelhlenbachs, A. and Salerno, R.M. and Lozier, M. and Sunshine, B. and Shapiro, C. and Rose, D. and Funk, R. and Pillai, S.K. and O{\textquoteright}Neill, E.} } @inbook {16350, title = {Integrated strategy to guide health-related microbial quality management at alpine karstic drinking water resources}, booktitle = {In Karst Groundwater Contamination and Public Health}, year = {2018}, pages = {185-192}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Farnleitner, A. H. and Savio, D. and Sommer, R. and Reischer, G. and Kirschner, A. and Zerobin, W. and Stadler, H.} } @article {16179, title = {Isolation of Leptospira kmetyi from residential areas of patients with leptospirosis in Kelantan, Malaysia}, journal = {J Infect Public HealthJ Infect Public HealthJ Infect Public Health}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2018}, note = {Mohd Ali, Mohammad Ridhuan
Mohamad Safiee, Amira Wahida
Yusof, Nik Yuszrin
Fauzi, Mohd Hashairi
Yean Yean, Chan
Ismail, Nabilah
England
J Infect Public Health. 2017 Dec 22. pii: S1876-0341(17)30296-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.12.008.}, month = {Dec 22}, pages = {578-580}, edition = {2017/12/27}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Environmental sampling provides important information that enhances the understanding of the leptospiral human-environment-animal relationship. Several studies have described the distribution of Leptospira in the environment. However, more targeted sites, that is, areas surrounding leptospirosis patients{\textquoteright} houses, remain under-explored. Therefore, this study aims to detect the presence of Leptospira spp. in the residential areas of patients with leptospirosis. METHODS: Soil and water samples near leptospirosis patients{\textquoteright} residences were collected, processed and cultured into EMJH media. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to confirm the identity of Leptospira. RESULTS: EMJH culture and partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed predominant growth of pathogenic Leptospira kmetyi (17\%, n=7/42). All tested locations had at least one Leptospira sp., mostly from the soil samples. CONCLUSION: More than one species of Leptospira may be present in a sampling area. The most common environmental isolates were pathogenic L. kmetyi.}, isbn = {1876-035X (Electronic)
1876-0341 (Linking)}, author = {Mohd Ali, M. R. and Mohamad Safiee, A. W. and Yusof, N. Y. and Fauzi, M. H. and Yean Yean, C. and Ismail, N.} } @article {16216, title = {Isolation of saprophytic Leptospira spp. from a selected environmental water source of Argentina}, journal = {Rev Argent MicrobiolRev Argent MicrobiolRev Argent Microbiol}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, year = {2018}, note = {Scialfa, Exequiel
Grune, Sylvia
Brihuega, Bibiana
Aguirre, Pablo
Rivero, Marina
Argentina
Rev Argent Microbiol. 2017 Nov 29. pii: S0325-7541(17)30145-1. doi: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.08.003.}, month = {Nov 29}, pages = {323-326}, edition = {2017/12/05}, abstract = {Ten Leptospira spp. strains were isolated from water samples from Nievas stream, Olavarria, Buenos Aires province (Argentina). The isolates showed the typical motility and morphology of the genus Leptospira under dark field microscopy, developing in liquid EMJH medium after eight days of incubation at 13 degrees C and 30 degrees C. All isolates were negative by the Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA). Molecular identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified all isolates as nonpathogenic leptospires. Four isolates showed a genetic profile identical to that of the reference strain Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc, and six isolates revealed sequence similarities within the 97-98\% range, closely related to Leptospira yanagawae and Leptospira meyeri, respectively. Strains ScialfaASA42, ScialfaASA45, ScialfaASA44, ScialfaASA47, ScialfaASA49, ScialfaASA50 and ScialfaASA51 possibly represent a novel species of the genus Leptospira.}, isbn = {0325-7541 (Print)
0325-7541 (Linking)}, author = {Scialfa, E. and Grune, S. and Brihuega, B. and Aguirre, P. and Rivero, M.} } @article {17170, title = {Laboratory and molecular surveillance of paediatric typhoidal Salmonella in Nepal: Antimicrobial resistance and implications for vaccine policy}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop DisPLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {Apr}, pages = {e0006408}, edition = {2018/04/24}, keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Bacterial, *Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines, Adolescent, Anti-Infective Agents/*pharmacology, Child, Child, Preschool, Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use, Female, Fluoroquinolones/therapeutic use, genotype, Humans, Infant, Male, Nepal/epidemiology, Salmonella typhi/genetics/*immunology/isolation \& purification/physiology, Typhoid Fever/*epidemiology/microbiology/prevention \& control}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Britto, C. D. and Dyson, Z. A. and Duchene, S. and Carter, M. J. and Gurung, M. and Kelly, D. F. and Murdoch, D. R. and Ansari, I. and Thorson, S. and Shrestha, S. and Adhikari, N. and Dougan, G. and Holt, K. E. and Pollard, A. J.} } @article {17157, title = {Longitudinal Typhoid Fever Trends in India from 2000 to 2015}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul 25}, edition = {2018/07/27}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Balaji, V. and Kapil, A. and Shastri, J. and Pragasam, A. K. and Gole, G. and Choudhari, S. and Kang, G. and John, J.} } @article {15846, title = {Membrane Processes}, journal = {Water Environmental Research}, volume = {90}, number = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {Oct 1}, pages = {1457-1536}, edition = {2018/08/22}, isbn = {1061-4303 (Print)
1061-4303}, author = {Pellegrin, M. L. and Aguinaldo, J. and Arabi, S. and Sadler, M. E. and Greiner, A. D. and Wong, J. and Dow, A. and Burbano, M. S. and Danker, B. and Diamond, J.} } @article {12938, title = {Microcosm environment models for studying the stability of adenovirus and murine norovirus in water and sediment}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Elmahdy, MEI and Magri, ME and Garcia, LA and Fongaro, G and Barardi, CRM} } @article {15772, title = {Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from Cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study}, journal = {Lancet Global Health}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul}, pages = {e758-e768}, edition = {2018/06/16}, isbn = {2214-109x}, author = {Khalil, I. A. and Troeger, C. and Rao, P. C. and Blacker, B. F. and Brown, A. and Brewer, T. G. and Colombara, D. V. and De Hostos, E. L. and Engmann, C. and Guerrant, R. L. and Haque, R. and Houpt, E. R. and Kang, G. and Korpe, P. S. and Kotloff, K. L. and Lima, A. A. M. and Petri, W. A., Jr. and Platts-Mills, J. A. and Shoultz, D. A. and Forouzanfar, M. H. and Hay, S. I. and Reiner, R. C., Jr. and Mokdad, A. H.} } @article {13124, title = {Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections in a teaching hospital in Ghana}, journal = {Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, pages = {37}, author = {Agyepong, N. and Govinden, U. and Owusu-Ofori, A. and Essack, S. Y.} } @article {15637, title = {Occurrence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in raw water samples from the Rimac River, Peru}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research International}, volume = {25}, number = {12}, year = {2018}, month = {Apr}, pages = {11454-11467}, edition = {2018/02/10}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Lima, Peru, Raw water, Rimac River}, isbn = {0944-1344}, author = {Bautista, M. and Bonatti, T. R. and Fiuza, Vrds and Terashima, A. and Canales-Ramos, M. and Jose, J. and Franco, R. M. B.} } @article {16363, title = {Opening the black box of spring water microbiology from alpine karst aquifers to support proactive drinking water resource management.}, journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2018}, pages = {e1282}, author = {Savio, D. and Stadler, P. and Reischer, G. H. and Kirschner, A. K. and Demeter, K. and Linke, R. and Blaschke, A. and Sommer, R. and Szewzyk, U. and Wilhartiz, I. and Mach, R. and Stadler, H. and Farnleitner, A.} } @article {17482, title = {{Optimization of lactic acid fermentation for pathogen inactivation in fecal sludge.}}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {157}, year = {2018}, month = {aug}, pages = {249{\textendash}254}, abstract = {The efficiency of lactic acid fermentation (LAF) as a pretreatment for human feces was investigated in laboratory-scale experiments that lasted for 3 weeks. The sanitization effect of LAF on fecal sludge (FS) was conducted in triplicate. This study used three materials, namely, lactobacillus of lactic acid bacteria, fermented cassava flour, and fermented rice flour, which were known to enhance the production of lactic acid. Each material was mixed in three different reactors at equal ratio with raw FS (i.e., 1:1v/w, w/w, and w/w). The pH decline rate, lactic acid production rate, and fecal coliform suppression degree were monitored over the period of the treatment process as parameters to evaluate the efficiency of various LAF for pathogen inactivation in FS. Results showed that only fermented rice flour was able to completely inactivate the indicator organism (fecal coliform) at the end of fermentation. Final plate counts of 8.6x10(8) CFU/100mL, 2.4x10(8) CFU/100mL, and zero (0) were achieved from lactobacillus, fermented cassava flour, and fermented rice flour treatment processes, respectively. The final pH from the reactors that contained lactobacillus and FS, cassava flour and FS, and fermented rice flour and FS were 5.5, 8, and 3.9, respectively. This study revealed that not all LAF materials can effectively suppress pathogens in FS. The results serve as the foundation in developing an effective, cheap, and easy to use LAF on FS pretreatment for pathogen inactivation.}, keywords = {Bioreactors, Feces, Fermentation, Flour, Lactic Acid, Lactobacillus, Manihot, metabolism, Microbiology, Oryza, sanitation, Sewage}, issn = {1090-2414 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.075}, author = {Odey, Emmanuel Alepu and Li, Zifu and Zhou, Xiaoqin and Yan, Yichang} } @article {17367, title = {Outbreak investigation of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and its risk factors among the general population in Hyderabad, Pakistan: a matched case-control study}, journal = {The Lancet Infectious DiseasesThe Lancet Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {12}, year = {2018}, pages = {1368-1376}, isbn = {1473-3099}, author = {Qamar, Farah Naz and Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir and Khalid, Muhammad and Kazi, Abdul Momin and Lohana, Heeramani and Karim, Sultan and Khan, Ayub and Hotwani, Aneeta and Qureshi, Shahida and Kabir, Furqan} } @article {16339, title = {Outbreak of human leptospirosis linked to contaminated water bodies in Northern Israel, June to August 2018}, journal = {Eurosurveillance}, volume = {23}, year = {2018}, pages = {1800486}, author = {Dadon, Y. and Haas, E.J. and Kaliner, E. and Anis, E. and Singer, S. R. and Atiya-Nasagi, Y. and Cohen-Dar, M. and Avramovich, E. and King, R. and Sued, O. and Goshen, T. and Amit, S. and Miskin, I. and Gino, E. and Yishai, R. and Sheffer, R. and Grotto, I. and Moran-Gilad, J.} } @article {12147, title = {Parasites - Ascariasis}, volume = {2018}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/disease.html} } @article {15721, title = {Pathogens, faecal indicators and human-specific microbial source-tracking markers in sewage}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {125}, number = {3}, year = {2018}, month = {Sep 23}, edition = {2018/09/24}, keywords = {Faecal indicators, Microbial source tracking, Pathogens, sanitation, Sewage, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Garcia-Aljaro, C. and Blanch, A. R. and Campos, C. and Jofre, J. and Lucena, F.} } @unpublished {16345, title = {Personal communication}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington}, address = {Seattle, Washington, USA}, author = {Cangelosi, G.A. and Mu{\~n}oz Zanzi, C and Weigel, K.M. and Nguyen, T.H.} } @article {17523, title = {Phenotyping using semi-automated BIOLOG and conventional PCR for identification of Bacillus isolated from biofilm of sink drainage pipes}, year = {2018}, doi = {doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.01.011}, author = {Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and Bahaa Hemdan and Gamila E. El-Taweel} } @article {16352, title = {Poikilothermic animals as a previously unrecognized source of fecal indicator bacteria in a backwater ecosystem of a large river.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {AEM-00715}, year = {2018}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00715-18}, author = {Frick, C. and Vierheilig, J. and Linke, R. and Savio, D. and Zornig, H. and Antensteiner, R. and Baumgartner, C. and Bucher, C. and Blaschke, A. P. and Derx, J. and Kirschner, A. K. T. and Ryzinska-Paier, G. and Mayer, R. and Seidl, D. and Nadiotis-Tsaka, T. and Sommer, R. and Farnleitner, A. H.} } @article {16075, title = {Potential pathogenic Leptospira species isolated from waterfall in Thailand}, journal = {Jpn J Infect DisJpn J Infect DisJpn J Infect Dis}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, note = {Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan, Somjit
Suwanpakdee, Sarin
Sangkachai, Nareerat
Chamsai, Tatiyanuch
Taruyanon, Kanokwan
Thongdee, Metawee
Japan
Jpn J Infect Dis. 2017 Oct 31. doi: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2017.363.}, month = {Oct 31}, pages = {65-67}, edition = {2017/11/03}, abstract = {We collected water and soil samples from a waterfall in Thailand in order to investigate the presence of potential pathogenic Leptospira. Isolation of Leptospira was completely accomplished from all 17 environmental samples. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, a diverse group of Leptospira species was recovered from waterfall samples including two pathogenic species; L. alstonii (5/17, 29\%) and L. kmetyi (1/17, 6\%), one intermediate species; L. wolffii (9/17, 53\%) and two non-pathogenic species; L. meyeri (1/17, 6\%) and L. idonii (1/17, 6\%). High prevalence of pathogenic and intermediate Leptospira indicates that waterfall could serve as a natural reservoir of potential pathogens of leptospirosis.}, isbn = {1884-2836 (Electronic)
1344-6304 (Linking)}, author = {Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan, S. and Suwanpakdee, S. and Sangkachai, N. and Chamsai, T. and Taruyanon, K. and Thongdee, M.} } @conference {17331, title = {Potential use of the black soldier fly larvae in faecal sludge management: a study in Durban, South Africa}, booktitle = {ransformation towards sustainable and resilient WASH services: Proceedings of the 41st WEDC International Conference}, year = {2018}, pages = {8}, publisher = { WEDC, Loughborough University}, organization = { WEDC, Loughborough University}, address = {Nakuru, Kenya}, author = {Mutsakatira, Ellen. and Buckley, Chris. and Mercer, Susan J.}, editor = {Shaw, R.J.} } @article {15954, title = {Presence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational lake water in Tianjin, China: a preliminary study}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, month = {Feb 5}, pages = {2353}, edition = {2018/02/07}, isbn = {2045-2322}, author = {Xiao, S. and Zhang, Y. and Zhao, X. and Sun, L. and Hu, S.} } @article {17299, title = {Presence and Persistence of Salmonella in Water: The Impact on Microbial Quality of Water and Food Safety}, journal = {Frontiers in Public HealthFrontiers in Public Health}, volume = {6}, year = {2018}, month = {May}, isbn = {2296-2565}, author = {Liu, H. L. and Whitehouse, C. A. and Lis, B. G.} } @article {15986, title = {{Present and Future Human Emissions of Rotavirus and to Uganda{\textquoteright}s Surface Waters}}, journal = {Journal of Environment Quality}, volume = {47}, number = {5}, year = {2018}, month = {may}, pages = {1130}, publisher = {The American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.}, issn = {0047-2425}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2017.12.0497}, url = {https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/47/5/1130}, author = {Okaali, Daniel A. and Hofstra, Nynke} } @article {17200, title = {Proportion of Sewage Sludge to Soil Influences the Survival of Salmonella Dublin and Escherichia coli}, journal = {Clean-Soil Air WaterClean-Soil Air Water}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {Apr}, author = {Ellis, Stephanie and Tyrrel, Sean and O{\textquoteright}Leary, Emma and Richards, Karl and Griffiths, Bryan and Ritz, Karl} } @article {15833, title = {Protozoan Parasites in Drinking Water: A System Approach for Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Developing Countries}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {2018}, month = {Mar 12}, edition = {2018/03/15}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium, Developing Countries, drinking water, Giardia, Protozoan parasites, Wash}, isbn = {1660-4601}, author = {Omarova, A. and Tussupova, K. and Berndtsson, R. and Kalishev, M. and Sharapatova, K.} } @article {17165, title = {Reducing Typhoid Burden within a Generation}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul 25}, edition = {2018/07/27}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Bhutta, Z. A. and Zaidi, A. K. M. and Pangestu, T.} } @article {15903, title = {Reduction of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Fecal Indicators by Bardenpho Wastewater Treatment}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {52}, year = {2018}, pages = {7015-7023}, author = {Schmitz, Bradley and Moriyama, Hitoha and Haramoto, Eiji and Kitajima, Masaaki and Sherchan, Samendra and Gerba, Charles and L Pepper, Ian} } @article {13402, title = {{A review of sanitation technologies to achieve multiple sustainable development goals that promote resource recovery}}, journal = {Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, pages = {16{\textendash}32}, author = {Orner, K D and Mihelcic, J R} } @article {16781, title = {A review on recent progress in the detection methods and prevalence of human enteric viruses in water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {135}, year = {2018}, pages = {168-186}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Kitajima, M. and Hata, A. and Torrey, J.R. and Masago, Y. and Sano, D. and Katayama, H.} } @article {15649, title = {Risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in low and middle income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, year = {2018}, month = {Jun}, pages = {e0006553}, edition = {2018/06/08}, keywords = {Breast Feeding, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/parasitology, Cryptosporidium/*physiology, Developing Countries, Diarrhea/*epidemiology/parasitology, Humans, Hygiene, Odds Ratio, Risk Factors, Water quality}, isbn = {1935-2727}, author = {Bouzid, M. and Kintz, E. and Hunter, P. R.} } @article {12136, title = {Salmonella}, volume = {2018}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/general/index.html} } @article {17239, title = {Salmonella and Fecal Indicator Bacteria Survival in Soils Amended with Poultry Manure}, journal = {Water Air and Soil PollutionWater Air and Soil Pollution}, volume = {229}, number = {2}, year = {2018}, month = {Feb}, author = {Hruby, Claire E. and Soupir, Michelle L. and Moorman, Thomas B. and Pederson, Carl and Kanwar, Ramesh} } @article {17419, title = {Seroefficacy of Vi Polysaccharide-Tetanus Toxoid Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (Typbar TCV)}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, year = {2018}, month = {Jun 18}, pages = {18-24}, edition = {2018/01/20}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Voysey, M. and Pollard, A. J.} } @article {16334, title = {Sex matters: male hamsters are more susceptible to lethal infection with lower doses of pathogenic Leptospira}, journal = {Infect Immun}, volume = {86}, year = {2018}, pages = {e00369-18}, author = {Gomes, C.K. and Guedes, M. and Potula, H.H. and Dellagostin, O. A. and Gomes-Solecki, M.} } @article {12527, title = {Simple Ciprofloxacin Resistance Test and Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration within 2 h Using Raman Spectroscopy}, journal = {Anal ChemAnal Chem}, year = {2018}, note = {Kirchhoff, Johanna
Glaser, Uwe
Bohnert, Jurgen A
Pletz, Mathias W
Popp, Jurgen
Neugebauer, Ute
eng
Anal Chem. 2018 Jan 11. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03800.}, month = {Jan 11}, edition = {2017/12/21}, abstract = {Resistant bacteria are spreading worldwide, which makes fast antibiotic susceptibility testing and determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) urgently necessary to select appropriate antibiotic therapy in time and, by this, improve patient{\textquoteright}s outcome and, at the same time, avoid inappropriate treatment as well as the unnecessary use of broad spectrum antibiotics that would foster further spread of resistant bacteria. Here, a simple and fast Raman spectroscopy-based procedure is introduced to identify antimicrobial susceptibilities and determine the MIC within only 2 h total analysis, marking a huge time savings compared to established phenotypic methods nowadays used in diagnostics. Sample preparation is fast and easy as well as comparable to currently established tests. The use of a dielectrophoresis chip allows automated collection of the bacteria in a micron-sized region for high-quality Raman measurement directly from bacterial suspensions. The new Raman spectroscopic MIC test was validated with 13 clinical E. coli isolates that show a broad range of ciprofloxacin resistance levels and were collected from patients with blood-stream infection. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was able to detect ciprofloxacin-induced changes in E. coli after only 90 min interaction time. Principal component analysis as well as a simple computed ratio of the Raman marker bands at 1458 and 1485 cm(-1) show a clear concentration-dependent effect. The MIC values determined with the new Raman method are in good agreement with MICs obtained by reference methods (broth microdilution, Vitek-2, E-test) and can be used to provide a classification as sensitive, intermediate, or resistant using the clinical breakpoints provided by EUCAST.}, isbn = {1520-6882 (Electronic)
0003-2700 (Linking)}, author = {Kirchhoff, J. and Glaser, U. and Bohnert, J. A. and Pletz, M. W. and Popp, J. and Neugebauer, U.} } @article {16073, title = {Spatial and temporal dynamics of pathogenic Leptospira in surface waters from the urban slum environment}, journal = {Water ResWater Res}, volume = {130}, year = {2018}, pages = {176-184}, keywords = {Leptospira, leptospirosis, Public health, Sewage, surface water, Urban slum}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Casanovas-Massana, A. and Costa, F. and Riediger, I.N. and Cunha, M. and de Oliveira, D. and Mota, D.C. and Sousa, E. and Querino, V.A. and Nery Jr, N. and Reis, M.G. and Wunder Jr, E.A. and Diggle, P.J. and Ko, A. I.} } @article {12600, title = {Sub-inhibitory concentrations of fluoroquinolones increase conjugation frequency}, journal = {Microbial PathogenesisMicrobial Pathogenesis}, volume = {114}, year = {2018}, pages = {57-62}, isbn = {0882-4010}, author = {Shun-Mei, E and Zeng, Jian-Ming and Yuan, Hui and Lu, Yang and Cai, Ren-Xin and Chen, Cha} } @article {15725, title = {Temperature Variability and Gastrointestinal Infections: A Review of Impacts and Future Perspectives}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {Apr 16}, edition = {2018/04/17}, keywords = {Climate change, Diarrhea, gastrointestinal infection, heat wave, Temperature}, isbn = {1660-4601}, author = {Ghazani, M. and FitzGerald, G. and Hu, W. and Toloo, G. S. and Xu, Z.} } @article {17190, title = {Trends, Associations, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi in Pakistan}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul 25}, edition = {2018/07/27}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Das, J. K. and Hasan, R. and Zafar, A. and Ahmed, I. and Ikram, A. and Nizamuddin, S. and Fatima, S. and Akbar, N. and Sultan, F. and Bhutta, Z. A.} } @article {17311, title = {Typhoid Fever in Chile 1969-2012: Analysis of an Epidemic and Its Control}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul 25}, edition = {2018/07/27}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Marco, C. and Delgado, I. and Vargas, C. and Munoz, X. and Bhutta, Z. A. and Ferreccio, C.} } @article {17164, title = {Typhoid Fever: Way Forward}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul 25}, edition = {2018/07/27}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Bhutta, Z. A. and Gaffey, M. and Crump, J. A. and Steele, D. and Breiman, R. F. and Mintz, E. D. and Black, R. E. and Luby, S. P. and Levine, M. M.} } @article {17424, title = {Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper {\textendash} March 2018}, journal = {Weekly epidemiological RecordWeekly epidemiological Record}, volume = {13}, number = {93}, year = {2018}, month = {30 March 2018}, pages = {153-172} } @article {17425, title = {Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper, March 2018 - Recommendations}, journal = {VaccineVaccine}, year = {2018}, month = {Apr 13}, edition = {2018/04/18}, keywords = {Immunization, Salmonella typhi, typhoid, Vaccine policy, Vaccines}, isbn = {1873-2518 (Electronic)
0264-410X (Linking)}, author = {World Health, Organization} } @article {17235, title = {Typhoidal Salmonella serovars: ecological opportunity and the evolution of a new pathovar}, journal = {FEMS Microbiol RevFEMS Microbiol Rev}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul 1}, pages = {527-541}, edition = {2018/05/24}, isbn = {1574-6976 (Electronic)
0168-6445 (Linking)}, author = {Hiyoshi, H. and Tiffany, C. R. and Bronner, D. N. and Baumler, A. J.} } @article {17400, title = {Typhoidal Salmonella Trends in Thailand}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul 25}, edition = {2018/07/27}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Techasaensiri, C. and Radhakrishnan, A. and Als, D. and Thisyakorn, U.} } @article {17301, title = {Urban Slums: A Supportive Ecosystem for Typhoidal Salmonellae}, journal = {J Infect DisJ Infect Dis}, year = {2018}, month = {Jul 27}, edition = {2018/07/31}, isbn = {1537-6613 (Electronic)
0022-1899 (Linking)}, author = {Luby, S. P.} } @article {17233, title = {Viable-but-Nonculturable Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica Serovar Thompson Induced by Chlorine Stress Remain Infectious}, journal = {MbioMBio}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, year = {2018}, month = {Mar-Apr}, isbn = {2150-7511}, author = {Highmore, C. J. and Warner, J. C. and Rothwell, S. D. and Wilks, S. A. and Keevil, C. W.} } @article {15621, title = {Wetlands for wastewater treatment and subsequent recycling of treated effluent: a review}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {25}, number = {24}, year = {2018}, month = {Aug}, pages = {23595-23623}, edition = {2018/07/01}, keywords = {Constructed reed bed, Phytoremediation, Pollution control, Sustainable management, Treatment technology, Wastewater reclamation, Water reuse, Water scarcity}, isbn = {0944-1344}, author = {Almuktar, Saaan and Abed, S. N. and Scholz, M.} } @article {12607, title = {Abundance of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community composition in wastewater effluents from different Romanian hospitals}, journal = {Environmental PollutionEnvironmental Pollution}, volume = {225}, year = {2017}, pages = {304-315}, isbn = {0269-7491}, author = {Szekeres, Edina and Baricz, Andreea and Chiriac, Cecilia Maria and Farkas, Anca and Opris, Ocsana and Soran, Maria-Loredana and Andrei, Adrian-Stefan and Rudi, Knut and Balcazar, Jose Luis and Dragos, Nicolae} } @article {8868, title = {Abundance of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence-Associated Genes in Well and Borehole Water Used for Domestic Purposes in a Peri-Urban Community of South Africa}, journal = {Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health}, volume = {14}, year = {2017}, month = {03/2017}, pages = {1-11}, type = {Reserach}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {In the absence of pipe-borne water, many people in Africa, especially in rural communities,
depend on alternative water sources such as wells, boreholes and rivers for household and personal
hygiene. Poor maintenance and nearby pit latrines, however, lead to microbial pollution of these
sources. We evaluated the abundance of Escherichia coli and the prevalence of pathogenic E. coli
virulence genes in water from wells, boreholes and a river in a South African peri-urban community.
Monthly samples were collected between August 2015 and November 2016. In all, 144 water samples
were analysed for E. coli using the Colilert 18 system. Virulence genes (eagg, eaeA, stx1, stx2, flichH7,
ST, ipaH, ibeA) were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mean E. coli counts
ranged between 0 and 443.1 Most Probable Number (MPN)/100 mL of water sample. Overall, 99.3\%
of samples were positive for at least one virulence gene studied, with flicH7 being the most detected
gene (81/140; 57.6\%) and the stx2 gene the least detected gene (8/140; 5.7\%). Both intestinal and
extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli genes were detected. The detection of virulence genes in these water
sources suggests the presence of potentially pathogenic E. coli strains and is a public health concern.}, keywords = {microbial quality; pathogenic Escherichia coli; virulence genes; boreholes; wells; public health}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph14030320}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/3/306}, author = {Maggy Momba} } @inbook {11890, title = {Adenoviruses}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org ~}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Allard, A. and Vantarakis, A.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {13178, title = {{\textquoteright}Aeromonas intestinalis{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}Aeromonas enterica{\textquoteright} isolated from human faeces, {\textquoteright}Aeromonas crassostreae{\textquoteright} from oyster and {\textquoteright}Aeromonas aquatilis{\textquoteright} isolated from lake water represent novel species.}, journal = {New Microbes and New Infections}, volume = {15}, year = {2017}, pages = {74-76}, author = {Figueras, M. J. and Latif-Eugenin, F. and Ballester, F. and Pujol, I. and Tena, D. and Berg, K. and Hossain, M. J. and Beaz-Hidalgo, R. and Liles, M. R.} } @article {12500, title = {Air exposure as a possible route for ESBL in pig farmers}, journal = {Environmental researchEnvironmental research}, volume = {155}, year = {2017}, pages = {359-364}, isbn = {0013-9351}, author = {Dohmen, Wietske and Schmitt, Heike and Bonten, Marc and Heederik, Dick} } @booklet {12470, title = {America{\textquoteright}s Infrastructure Report Card: Wastewater }, year = {2017}, publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) }, author = {ASCE} } @inbook {12872, title = {Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogen Project}, year = {2017}, author = {Oakley, Stewart and Von Sperling, Marcos and Verbyla, Matt} } @inbook {16623, title = {Anaerobic {Sludge} {Blanket} {Reactors}}, year = {2017}, url = {http://www.waterpathogens.org/book/anaerobic-sludge-blanket-reactors}, author = {Oakley, Stewart and Von Sperling, Marcos and Verbyla, Matt}, editor = {Rose, Joan and Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, B and Haas, Charles and Mihelcic, James and Verbyla, Matt} } @article {12636, title = {Anaerobic treatment of antibiotic production wastewater pretreated with enhanced hydrolysis: Simultaneous reduction of COD and ARGs}, journal = {Water researchWater research}, volume = {110}, year = {2017}, pages = {211-217}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Yi, Qizhen and Zhang, Yu and Gao, Yingxin and Tian, Zhe and Yang, Min} } @article {16108, title = {Analysis of bacterial metagenomes from the Southwestern Gulf of Mexico for pathogens detection}, journal = {Pathog DisPathog DisPathog Dis}, volume = {75}, number = {5}, year = {2017}, month = {May 23}, pages = {ftx058}, edition = {2017/05/24}, isbn = {2049-632X (Electronic)
2049-632X (Linking)}, author = {Escobedo-Hinojosa, W. and Pardo-Lopez, L.} } @article {12077, title = {The Animal Diversity Web}, volume = {2017}, number = {30 Jan, 2017}, year = {2017}, publisher = {University of Michigan - Museum of Zoology}, author = {Myers, P and Espinosa, R and Parr, CS and Jones, T and Hammond, GS and Dewey, TA} } @booklet {16569, title = {The {Animal} {Diversity} {Web} (online). {Accessed} at http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/{Trichuris}\_trichiura/classification/}, year = {2017}, author = {Myers P, Espinosa R.} } @article {12310, title = {Antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater treatment systems and receiving waters in Arctic Canada}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {598}, year = {2017}, pages = {1085-1094}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Neudorf, Kara D and Huang, Yan Nan and Ragush, Colin M and Yost, Christopher K and Jamieson, Rob C and Hansen, Lisbeth Truelstrup} } @article {12241, title = {Antimicrobial resistance and virulence common mechanisms}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiologyFrontiers in microbiology}, volume = {8}, year = {2017}, pages = {310}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {Giraud, Etienne and Rychlik, Ivan and Cloeckaert, Axel} } @article {12349, title = {Antimicrobial resistant enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in houseflies infesting fish in food markets in Zambia}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, pages = {21}, isbn = {1660-4601}, author = {Songe, Mwansa and Hang{\textquoteright}ombe, Bernard and Knight-Jones, Theodore and Grace, Delia} } @article {17169, title = {An Appraisal of the Clinical Features of Pediatric Enteric Fever: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Age-Stratified Disease Occurrence}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {64}, number = {11}, year = {2017}, month = {Jun 1}, pages = {1604-1611}, edition = {2017/04/04}, keywords = {Adolescent, Africa/epidemiology, Age Factors, Asia/epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, clinical., Cost of Illness, enteric fever, Female, Humans, Immunization Programs, Infant, Male, paratyphoid, Paratyphoid Fever/*epidemiology, Pediatric, prevalence, Salmonella paratyphi A/isolation \& purification, Salmonella typhi/isolation \& purification, typhoid, Typhoid Fever/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/microbiology}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Britto, C. and Pollard, A. J. and Voysey, M. and Blohmke, C. J.} } @inbook {11898, title = {Arcobacter}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Banting, G. and M J Figueras Salvat}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {11964, title = {Arcobacter: an emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen, its public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control{\textendash}a comprehensive review}, journal = {Veterinary Quarterly}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, pages = {136-161}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0165-2176}, author = {Ramees, Thadiyam Puram and Dhama, Kuldeep and Karthik, Kumaragurubaran and Rathore, Ramswaroop Singh and Kumar, Ashok and Saminathan, Mani and Tiwari, Ruchi and Malik, Yashpal Singh and Singh, Raj Kumar} } @article {5905, title = {Arcobacter lekithochrous sp. nov., a new species isolated from a molluscan hatchery in Norway.}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {67}, year = {2017}, pages = {1327-1332}, author = {Di{\'e}guez, Ana L and Balboa, Sabela and Magnesen, Thorolf and Romalde, Jes{\'u}s L} } @article {7902, title = {{\textquoteleft}Arcobacter porcinus{\textquoteright} sp. nov., a novel Arcobacter species uncovered by Arcobacter thereius}, journal = {New Microbes and New Infections}, volume = {15}, year = {2017}, pages = {104{\textendash}106}, author = {M J Figueras and P{\'e}rez-Catalu{\~n}a, A and Salas-Mass{\'o}, N and Levican, A and Collado, L} } @article {13410, title = {{Ascaris lumbricoides egg die-off in an experimental excreta storage system and public health implication in Vietnam}}, journal = {International Journal of Public Health}, volume = {62}, number = {Suppl 1}, year = {2017}, pages = {103{\textendash}111}, author = {Vu-Van, T and Pham-Duc, P and M S Winkler and Zurbr{\"u}gg, C and Zinsstag, J and H LT Thanh and Bich, T.B and Nguyen-Viet, H.} } @article {11112, title = {Ascaris lumbricoides human intestinal roundworm}, journal = {The Animal Diversity Web }, year = {2017}, url = {http://animaldiversity.org. }, author = {Guy, K. and Myers, P. and Espinosa, R. and Parr, C.S. and Jones, T. and Hammond, G.S. and Dewey, T.A.} } @unpublished {15646, title = {Assessing groundwater quality in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin}, year = {2017}, month = {January 17, 2019}, author = {Borchardt, M and Muldoon, M and Hunt, R} } @article {12555, title = {Assessing the risk of antibiotic resistance transmission from the environment to humans: non-direct proportionality between abundance and risk}, journal = {Trends in microbiologyTrends in Microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {173{\textendash}181}, isbn = {0966-842X}, author = {Manaia, C{\'e}lia M} } @article {17271, title = {An association between decreasing incidence of invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis and increased use of antiretroviral therapy, Gauteng Province, South Africa, 2003-2013}, journal = {PLoS OnePlos One}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {e0173091}, edition = {2017/03/07}, keywords = {*Anti-Retroviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use, *Salmonella enterica/classification/drug effects, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Child, Child, Preschool, Coinfection, Female, History, 21st Century, HIV Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/virology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Salmonella Infections/*epidemiology/*etiology/history, Salmonella typhimurium, South Africa/epidemiology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Keddy, K. H. and Takuva, S. and Musekiwa, A. and Puren, A. J. and Sooka, A. and Karstaedt, A. and Klugman, K. P. and Angulo, F. J.} } @article {16662, title = {Association of community sanitation usage with soil-transmitted helminth infections among school-aged children in {Amhara} {Region}, {Ethiopia}}, journal = {Parasites \& vectors}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, pages = {91}, author = {Oswald, William E and Stewart, Aisha EP and Kramer, Michael R and Endeshaw, Tekola and Zerihun, Mulat and Melak, Berhanu and Sata, Eshetu and Gessese, Demelash and Teferi, Tesfaye and Tadesse, Zerihun and others} } @article {12916, title = {Association of community sanitation usage with soil-transmitted helminth infections among school-aged children in Amhara Region, Ethiopia}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, pages = {91}, publisher = {BioMed Central}, author = {Oswald, William E and Stewart, Aisha EP and Kramer, Michael R and Endeshaw, Tekola and Zerihun, Mulat and Melak, Berhanu and Sata, Eshetu and Gessese, Demelash and Teferi, Tesfaye and Tadesse, Zerihun and others} } @article {11520, title = {Bacteria transfer by deformation through microfiltration membrane}, journal = {Journal of Membrane Science }, volume = {523}, year = {2017}, pages = {446-455}, author = {Gaveau, Arthur and Coetsier, Clemence and Roques, Christine and Bacchin, Patrice and Dague, Etienne and Causserand, Christel} } @article {16963, title = {Bacteriophage removal efficiency as a validation and operational monitoring tool for virus reduction in wastewater reclamation}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {121}, year = {2017}, pages = {258{\textendash}269}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Amarasiri, Mohan and Kitajima, Masaaki and Nguyen, Thanh H and Okabe, Satoshi and Sano, Daisuke} } @inbook {11961, title = {Balantidium coli ~}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org ~}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Ponce-Gordo, F. and Jirk{\r u}-Pomajb{\'\i}kov{\'a}, K.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {17004, title = {Bayesian belief network modelling of chlorine disinfection for human pathogenic viruses in municipal wastewater}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {109}, year = {2017}, pages = {144{\textendash}154}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Carvajal, Guido and Roser, David J and Sisson, Scott A and Keegan, Alexandra and Khan, Stuart J} } @article {16261, title = {Benefits of Genomic Insights and CRISPR-Cas Signatures to Monitor Potential Pathogens across Drinking Water Production and Distribution Systems}, journal = {Front MicrobiolFront Microbiol}, volume = {8}, year = {2017}, month = {2017-October-19}, pages = {2036}, type = {Original Research}, keywords = {pathogen-related species,Virulence,Genomic Analysis,Drinking water distribution systems,Legionella,Mycobacterium,Parachlamydia,Leptospira,CRIPSR,prophage}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {Zhang, Y. and Kitajima, M. and Whittle, A.J. and Liu, W.-T.} } @article {17521, title = {Bioremediation of oil-contaminated water by bacterial consortium immobilized on environment-friendly biocarriers}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.21608/EPX.2018.6649}, author = {Farag Samhan and Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and Bahaa Hemdan and Gamila El-Taweel} } @booklet {10272, title = {Black Soldier Fly Biowaste Processing-A Step-by-Step Guide [online]. D{\"u}bendorf, Switzerland: Eawag-Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology}, year = {2017}, author = {Dortmans, BM and Diener, S and Verstappen, B and Zurbr{\"u}gg, C} } @inbook {11915, title = {Blastocystis hominis ~}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org ~}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {de la Cruz, C. and Stensvold, R.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {17218, title = {Burden of Disease Attributed to Waterborne Transmission of Selected Enteric Pathogens, Australia, 2010}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1400-1403}, edition = {2017/07/19}, keywords = {Australia/epidemiology, Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology, Campylobacter Infections/epidemiology, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology, Drinking Water/*microbiology/*parasitology/*virology, Giardiasis/epidemiology, Humans, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Salmonella Infections/epidemiology, Water Microbiology/standards, Water Quality/standards, Waterborne Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology/parasitology/virology, World Health Organization}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Gibney, K. B. and O{\textquoteright}Toole, J. and Sinclair, M. and Leder, K.} } @article {16683, title = {Burden of disease attributed to waterborne transmission of selected enteric pathogens, {Australia}, 2010}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, year = {2017}, pages = {1400{\textendash}1403}, author = {Gibney, K. B. and O{\textquoteright}Toole, J. and Sinclair, M. and Leder, K.} } @proceedings {16028, title = {Can MBR Replace MF/UF in the Full Advanced Treatment Train for Potable Reuse}, journal = {American Water Works Association /American Membrane Technology Association Membrane Technology Conference \& Exposition}, year = {2017}, publisher = {American Water Works Association}, address = {Long Beach, California}, author = {Hirani, Z.M. and Jacangelo, J.J.} } @article {16057, title = {Carbonate-rich dendrolitic cones: insights into a modern analog for incipient microbialite formation, Little Hot Creek, Long Valley Caldera, California}, journal = {NPJ Biofilms MicrobiomesNPJ Biofilms MicrobiomesNPJ Biofilms Microbiomes}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {32}, edition = {2017/11/28}, isbn = {2055-5008 (Print)
2055-5008 (Linking)}, author = {Bradley, J. A. and Daille, L. K. and Trivedi, C. B. and Bojanowski, C. L. and Stamps, B. W. and Stevenson, B. S. and Nunn, H. S. and Johnson, H. A. and Loyd, S. J. and Berelson, W. M. and Corsetti, F. A. and Spear, J. R.} } @article {12262, title = {CARD 2017: expansion and model-centric curation of the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Research}, volume = {45}, number = {D1}, year = {2017}, note = {Jia, Baofeng Raphenya, Amogelang R. Alcock, Brian Waglechner, Nicholas Guo, Peiyao Tsang, Kara K. Lago, Briony A. Dave, Biren M. Pereira, Sheldon Sharma, Arjun N. Doshi, Sachin Courtot, Melanie Lo, Raymond Williams, Laura E. Frye, Jonathan G. Elsayegh, Tariq Sardar, Daim Westman, Erin L. Pawlowski, Andrew C. Johnson, Timothy A. Brinkman, Fiona S. L. Wright, Gerard D. McArthur, Andrew G.
Frye, Jonathan/I-6382-2013
Frye, Jonathan/0000-0002-8500-3395; McArthur, Andrew/0000-0002-1142-3063; Courtot, Melanie/0000-0002-9551-6370
1362-4962}, month = {Jan}, pages = {D566-D573}, abstract = {

The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD; http://arpcard.mcmaster.ca) is a manually curated resource containing high quality reference data on the molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with an emphasis on the genes, proteins and mutations involved in AMR. CARD is ontologically structured, model centric, and spans the breadth of AMR drug classes and resistance mechanisms, including intrinsic, mutation-driven and acquired resistance. It is built upon the Antibiotic Resistance Ontology (ARO), a custom built, interconnected and hierarchical controlled vocabulary allowing advanced data sharing and organization. Its design allows the development of novel genome analysis tools, such as the Resistance Gene Identifier (RGI) for resistome prediction from raw genome sequence. Recent improvements include extensive curation of additional reference sequences and mutations, development of a unique Model Ontology and accompanying AMR detection models to power sequence analysis, new visualization tools, and expansion of the RGI for detection of emergent AMR threats. CARD curation is updated monthly based on an interplay of manual literature curation, computational text mining, and genome analysis.

}, isbn = {0305-1048}, author = {Jia, B. and Raphenya, A. R. and Alcock, B. and Waglechner, N. and Guo, P. and Tsang, K. K. and Lago, B. A. and Dave, B. M. and Pereira, S. and Sharma, A. N. and Doshi, S. and Courtot, M. and Lo, R. and Williams, L. E. and Frye, J. G. and Elsayegh, T. and Sardar, D. and Westman, E. L. and Pawlowski, A. C. and Johnson, T. A. and Brinkman, F. S. L. and Wright, G. D. and McArthur, A. G.} } @article {12524, title = {CARD 2017: expansion and model-centric curation of the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database}, journal = {Nucleic acids researchNucleic acids research}, volume = {45}, number = {D1}, year = {2017}, pages = {D566-D573}, isbn = {0305-1048}, author = {Jia, Baofeng and Raphenya, Amogelang R and Alcock, Brian and Waglechner, Nicholas and Guo, Peiyao and Tsang, Kara K and Lago, Briony A and Dave, Biren M and Pereira, Sheldon and Sharma, Arjun N} } @article {12757, title = {{A case of ectopic peritoneal paragonimiasis mimicking diverticulitis or abdominal abscess}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {313{\textendash}317}, author = {M J Kim and Kim, SH and Lee, SO and Choi, SH and Kim, YS and Woo, JH and Yoon, YS and Kim, KW and Cho, J and Chai, JY and Chong, YP} } @article {11833, title = {{The catholic taste of broad tapeworms-multiple routes to human infection}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {47}, number = {13}, year = {2017}, pages = {831{\textendash}843}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.06.004.Epub2017 Aug3.PubMed}, author = {Waeschenbach, A and Brabec, J and Scholz, T and Littlewood, D and Kuchta, R} } @article {17392, title = {Causes and outcomes of sepsis in southeast Asia: a multinational multicentre cross-sectional study}, journal = {Lancet Glob HealthLancet Glob Health}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, month = {Feb}, pages = {e157-e167}, edition = {2017/01/21}, keywords = {*Bacteria, *Bacterial Infections/microbiology/mortality, *Hospital Mortality, *Sepsis/etiology/microbiology/mortality/virology, *Virus Diseases/mortality/virology, *Viruses, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Hospitalization, Hospitals, Public, Humans, Indonesia/epidemiology, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Thailand/epidemiology, Vietnam/epidemiology, Young Adult}, isbn = {2214-109X (Electronic)
2214-109X (Linking)}, author = {Southeast Asia Infectious Disease Clinical Research, Network} } @inbook {17223, title = {Chapter 5 - Salmonella}, booktitle = {Foodborne Diseases (Third Edition)}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/01/01/}, pages = {133-169}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, keywords = {Foodborne pathogens, Nontyphoidal serovars, Salmonellosis, Zoonoses}, isbn = {978-0-12-385007-2}, author = {Graziani, C. and Losasso, C. and Luzzi, I. and Ricci, A. and Scavia, G. and Pasquali, P.}, editor = {Dodd, Christine E. R. and Aldsworth, Tim and Stein, Richard A. and Cliver, Dean O. and Riemann, Hans P.} } @article {12590, title = {Characteristics of quinolone resistance in escherichia coli isolates from humans, animals, and the environment in the czech republic}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiologyFrontiers in microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2017}, pages = {2147}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {R{\"o}derova, Magdalena and Halova, Dana and Papousek, Ivo and Dolejska, Monika and Masarikova, Martina and Hanulik, Vojtech and Pudova, Vendula and Broz, Petr and Htoutou-Sedlakova, Miroslava and Sauer, Pavel and Bardon, Jan and Cizek, Alois and Kolar, Milan and Literak, Ivan} } @article {16176, title = {Characterization of Leptospira isolates from humans and the environment in Uruguay}, journal = {Rev Inst Med Trop Sao PauloRev Inst Med Trop Sao PauloRev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo}, volume = {59}, year = {2017}, note = {Meny, Paulina
Menendez, Clara
Quintero, Jair
Hernandez, Elba
Rios, Cristina
Balassiano, Ilana Teruszkin
Trindade, Camilla Nunes Dos Reis
Vital-Brazil, Juliana Magalhaes
Ramos, Tatiane Mendes Varela
Ashfield, Natalia
Feble, Camila
Avila, Esthefani
Schelotto, Felipe
Varela, Gustavo
Brazil
Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2017 Dec 21;59:e79. doi: 10.1590/S1678-9946201759079.}, month = {Dec 21}, pages = {e79}, edition = {2017/12/22}, abstract = {Laboratory diagnosis of human leptospirosis usually relies on indirect methods exploring specific immune response. Isolation and identification of the involved strains are cumbersome, but can provide biological resources for pathogenic studies and relevant information for guiding prevention and control measures. The aim of the research we are hereby reporting was the characterization of Leptospira isolates obtained from humans and the environment in Uruguay. Blood cultures were performed from early samples of 302 Uruguayan patients, mainly rural workers, and from 36 water samples taken from their living or working environments. Eight human isolates and seven environmental isolates were obtained and analyzed by end point Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Multilocus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and other molecular methods. Human isolates corresponded to several serogroups and serovars of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira kirschneri species, probably reflecting the infection with similar involved Leptospira species and serovars of an extended animal reservoir in rural settings of the country, mostly dedicated to meat and dairy production. Culture-positive patients were older than usually affected workers, and presented signs and symptoms of severe illness. A high organic and circulating bacterial burden may explain an easier positive result from these workers{\textquoteright} samples. Environmental isolates were mainly identified as Leptospira biflexa strains, with a single L. meyeri isolate of uncertain significance.}, isbn = {1678-9946 (Electronic)
0036-4665 (Linking)}, author = {Meny, P. and Menendez, C. and Quintero, J. and Hernandez, E. and Rios, C. and Balassiano, I. T. and Trindade, Cndr and Vital-Brazil, J. M. and Ramos, T. M. V. and Ashfield, N. and Feble, C. and Avila, E. and Schelotto, F. and Varela, G.} } @inbook {16847, title = {Chlorine dioxide oxidation of Escherichia coli in water{\textendash}A study of the disinfection kinetics and mechanism}, booktitle = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A}, volume = {52}, number = {7}, year = {2017}, pages = {598{\textendash}606}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, author = {Ofori, Isaac and Maddila, Suresh and Lin, Johnson and Jonnalagadda, Sreekantha B} } @booklet {10782, title = {{Cholera Outbreaks in Central and West Africa : 2017 Regional Update - Week 26}}, year = {2017}, publisher = {EU}, address = {UK} } @inbook {12914, title = {Clean water, sanitation and diarrhoea in Indonesia: Effects of household and community factors}, booktitle = {Global Public Health}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, year = {2017}, pages = {1141{\textendash}1155}, author = {Komarulzaman, Ahmad and Smits, Jeroen and de Jong, Eelke} } @article {16660, title = {Clean water, sanitation and diarrhoea in {Indonesia}: {Effects} of household and community factors}, journal = {Global public health}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, year = {2017}, pages = {1141{\textendash}1155}, author = {Komarulzaman, Ahmad and Smits, Jeroen and de Jong, Eelke} } @article {8335, title = {Community-Level Sanitation Coverage More Strongly Associated with Child Growth and Household Drinking Water Quality than Access to a Private Toilet in Rural Mali}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.7b00178}, author = {Harris, M. and Alzua, M.L. and Osbert, N. and Pickering, A.} } @article {17436, title = {Comparison of UV-LED and low pressure UV for water disinfection: Photoreactivation and dark repair of Escherichia coli}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {126}, year = {2017}, pages = {134-143}, author = {Li, G.Q and Wang, W.L and Huo, Z.Y and Lu, Y and Hu, H.Y} } @article {12393, title = {Continental-scale pollution of estuaries with antibiotic resistance genes}, journal = {Nature Microbiology}, number = {4}, year = {2017}, note = {Times Cited: 9
Su, Jian Qiang/C-2388-2009; Gillings, Michael/C-6553-2008; Zhu, Yong-Guan/A-1412-2009; Yu, Shen/C-2750-2009
Su, Jian Qiang/0000-0003-1875-249X; Zhu, Yong-Guan/0000-0003-3861-8482; Yu, Shen/0000-0002-7543-6082

9}, month = {Apr}, isbn = {2058-5276}, author = {Zhu, YG and Zhao, Yi and Li, Bing and Huang, CL and Zhang, SY and Yu, Shen and Chen, YS and Zhang, Tong and Gillings, Michael R. and Su, JQ} } @article {12648, title = {Continental-scale pollution of estuaries with antibiotic resistance genes}, journal = {Nature Microbiology}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2017}, note = {Zhu, Yong-Guan Zhao, Yi Li, Bing Huang, Chu-Long Zhang, Si-Yu Yu, Shen Chen, Yong-Shan Zhang, Tong Gillings, Michael R. Su, Jian-Qiang
Su, Jian Qiang/C-2388-2009; Gillings, Michael/C-6553-2008; Zhu, Yong-Guan/A-1412-2009; Yu, Shen/C-2750-2009
Su, Jian Qiang/0000-0003-1875-249X; Zhu, Yong-Guan/0000-0003-3861-8482; Yu, Shen/0000-0002-7543-6082}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have moved from the environmental resistome into human commensals and pathogens, driven by human selection with antimicrobial agents. These genes have increased in abundance in humans and domestic animals, to become common components of waste streams. Estuarine habitats lie between terrestrial/freshwater and marine ecosystems, acting as natural filtering points for pollutants. Here, we have profiled ARGs in sediments from 18 estuaries over 4,000 km of coastal China using high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and investigated their relationship with bacterial communities, antibiotic residues and socio-economic factors. ARGs in estuarine sediments were diverse and abundant, with over 200 different resistance genes being detected, 18 of which were found in all 90 sediment samples. The strong correlations of identified resistance genes with known mobile elements, network analyses and partial redundancy analysis all led to the conclusion that human activity is responsible for the abundance and dissemination of these ARGs. Such widespread pollution with xenogenetic elements has environmental, agricultural and medical consequences.}, isbn = {2058-5276}, author = {Zhu, Y. G. and Zhao, Y. and Li, B. and Huang, C. L. and Zhang, S. Y. and Yu, S. and Chen, Y. S. and Zhang, T. and Gillings, M. R. and Su, J. Q.} } @article {16223, title = {Continuous excretion of Leptospira borgpetersenii Ballum in mice assessed by viability-quantitative PCR}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, year = {2017}, pages = {1088-1093}, author = {Soup{\'e}-Gilbert, M.E. and Bierque, E. and Geroult, S. and Teurlai, M. and Goarant, C.} } @article {15812, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia Infections in Children: A Review}, journal = {Pediatric Clinics of North America}, volume = {64}, number = {4}, year = {2017}, month = {Aug}, pages = {837-850}, edition = {2017/07/25}, keywords = {*Children, *Cryptosporidium, *Diarrhea, *Giardia lamblia, Antiparasitic Agents/*therapeutic use, Child, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/therapy, Diarrhea/*etiology/therapy, Giardiasis/*epidemiology/therapy, Humans, prevalence}, isbn = {0031-3955}, author = {Mmbaga, B. T. and Houpt, E. R.} } @article {15773, title = {Cryptosporidium Attenuation across the Wastewater Treatment Train: Recycled Water Fit for Purpose}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {5}, year = {2017}, month = {Mar 1}, edition = {2017/01/01}, keywords = {Australia, cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/parasitology, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Disinfectants, Fresh Water/*parasitology, oocyst infectivity, Oocysts/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Parasitology/methods, Recycling/methods, reuse water, Risk Assessment, Seasons, Victoria, Waste Water/*parasitology, Wastewater treatment, Water Pollution, Water Purification/instrumentation/*methods, Water quality, Water/analysis}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {King, B. and Fanok, S. and Phillips, R. and Lau, M. and van den Akker, B. and Monis, P.} } @article {17120, title = {Cryptosporidium attenuation across the wastewater treatment train: recycled water fit for purpose}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {5}, year = {2017}, pages = {e03068{\textendash}16}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {King, Brendon and Fanok, Stella and Phillips, Renae and Lau, Melody and van den Akker, Ben and Monis, Paul} } @article {15956, title = {Cryptosporidium homai n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiiae) from the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {245}, year = {2017}, month = {Oct 15}, pages = {92-101}, edition = {2017/10/04}, keywords = {*Guinea Pigs, Actin, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium homai, Cryptosporidium/*classification/genetics, Guinea pig,18S, hsp70, Phylogeny}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Zahedi, A. and Durmic, Z. and Gofton, A. W. and Kueh, S. and Austen, J. and Lawson, M. and Callahan, L. and Jardine, J. and Ryan, U.} } @article {15803, title = {A Cryptosporidium PI(4)K inhibitor is a drug candidate for cryptosporidiosis}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {546}, number = {7658}, year = {2017}, month = {Jun 15}, pages = {376-380}, edition = {2017/06/01}, keywords = {1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase/*antagonists \& inhibitors, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cattle, Cell Line, Tumor, Cryptosporidiosis/*drug therapy/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium/*drug effects/*enzymology, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Interferon-gamma/deficiency/genetics, Male, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Pyrazoles/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology, Pyridines/chemistry/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology, Rats, Rats, Wistar}, isbn = {0028-0836}, author = {Manjunatha, U. H. and Vinayak, S. and Zambriski, J. A. and Chao, A. T. and Sy, T. and Noble, C. G. and Bonamy, G. M. C. and Kondreddi, R. R. and Zou, B. and Gedeck, P. and Brooks, C. F. and Herbert, G. T. and Sateriale, A. and Tandel, J. and Noh, S. and Lakshminarayana, S. B. and Lim, S. H. and Goodman, L. B. and Bodenreider, C. and Feng, G. and Zhang, L. and Blasco, F. and Wagner, J. and Leong, F. J. and Striepen, B. and Diagana, T. T.} } @article {15840, title = {Cryptosporidium species from common edible bivalves in Manila Bay, Philippines}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {119}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/06/15/}, pages = {31-39}, keywords = {Bivalves, genotype, Manila Bay, Oocyst, Philippines}, isbn = {0025-326X}, author = {Pagoso, Edison Jay A. and Rivera, Windell L.} } @article {17229, title = {Current perspectives on invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease}, journal = {Curr Opin Infect DisCurr Opin Infect Dis}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, year = {2017}, month = {Oct}, pages = {498-503}, edition = {2017/07/22}, keywords = {Africa/epidemiology, Asia/epidemiology, Humans, Latin America/epidemiology, Salmonella enteritidis/immunology, Salmonella Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/*prevention \& control, Salmonella typhimurium/genetics/immunology, Salmonella Vaccines/*therapeutic use}, isbn = {1473-6527 (Electronic)
0951-7375 (Linking)}, author = {Haselbeck, A. H. and Panzner, U. and Im, J. and Baker, S. and Meyer, C. G. and Marks, F.} } @inbook {11909, title = {Cyclospora Cayetanensis ~}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org ~}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Chacin-Bonilla, L.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {17361, title = {A Decade of Development of Chromogenic Culture Media for Clinical Microbiology in an Era of Molecular Diagnostics}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology ReviewsClinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, pages = {449}, type = {10.1128/CMR.00097-16}, author = {Perry, John D.} } @article {11192, title = {{Detection and quantification of soil-transmitted helminths in environmental samples: A review of current state-of-the-art and future perspectives}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {169}, year = {2017}, pages = {187{\textendash}201}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.014}, author = {Amoah, ID and Singh, Gulshan and Stenstr{\"o}m, TA and Reddy, Poovendhree} } @article {12010, title = {Detection and quantification of soil-transmitted helminths in environmental samples: A review of current state-of-the-art and future perspectives}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {169}, year = {2017}, note = {Amoah, Isaac Dennis
Singh, Gulshan
Stenstrom, Thor Axel
Reddy, Poovendhree
eng
Review
Netherlands
2017/02/20 06:00
Acta Trop. 2017 May;169:187-201. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.014. Epub 2017 Feb 15.}, month = {May}, pages = {187-201}, abstract = {

It is estimated that over a billion people are infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) globally with majority occurring in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), and hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) are the main species infecting people. These infections are mostly gained through exposure to faecally contaminated water, soil or contaminated food and with an increase in the risk of infections due to wastewater and sludge reuse in agriculture. Different methods have been developed for the detection and quantification of STHs eggs in environmental samples. However, there is a lack of a universally accepted technique which creates a challenge for comparative assessments of helminths egg concentrations both in different samples matrices as well as between locations. This review presents a comparison of reported methodologies for the detection of STHs eggs, an assessment of the relative performance of available detection methods and a discussion of new emerging techniques that could be applied for detection and quantification. It is based on a literature search using PubMed and Science Direct considering all geographical locations. Original research articles were selected based on their methodology and results sections. Methods reported in these articles were grouped into conventional, molecular and emerging techniques, the main steps in each method were then compared and discussed. The inclusion of a dissociation step aimed at detaching helminth eggs from particulate matter was found to improve the recovery of eggs. Additionally the selection and application of flotation solutions that take into account the relative densities of the eggs of different species of STHs also results in higher egg recovery. Generally the use of conventional methods was shown to be laborious and time consuming and prone to human error. The alternate use of nucleic acid-based techniques has improved the sensitivity of detection and made species specific identification possible. However, these nucleic acid based methods are expensive and less suitable in regions with limited resources and skill. The loop mediated isothermal amplification method shows promise for application in these settings due to its simplicity and use of basic equipment. In addition, the development of imaging soft-ware for the detection and quantification of STHs shows promise to further reduce human error associated with the analysis of environmental samples. It may be concluded that there is a need to comparatively assess the performance of different methods to determine their applicability in different settings as well as for use with different sample matrices (wastewater, sludge, compost, soil, vegetables etc.).

}, keywords = {BacLight Live/Dead, Digital PCR, Flow Cytometry, Lamp, QPCR, Sludge, Soil-transmitted helminths, wastewater}, isbn = {1873-6254 (Electronic)
0001-706X (Linking)}, author = {Amoah, I. D. and Singh, G. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A. and Reddy, P.} } @article {16502, title = {Detection and quantification of soil-transmitted helminths in environmental samples: {A} review of current state-of-the-art and future perspectives}, journal = {Acta Trop}, volume = {169}, year = {2017}, pages = {187{\textendash}201}, abstract = {It is estimated that over a billion people are infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) globally with majority occurring in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), and hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) are the main species infecting people. These infections are mostly gained through exposure to faecally contaminated water, soil or contaminated food and with an increase in the risk of infections due to wastewater and sludge reuse in agriculture. Different methods have been developed for the detection and quantification of STHs eggs in environmental samples. However, there is a lack of a universally accepted technique which creates a challenge for comparative assessments of helminths egg concentrations both in different samples matrices as well as between locations. This review presents a comparison of reported methodologies for the detection of STHs eggs, an assessment of the relative performance of available detection methods and a discussion of new emerging techniques that could be applied for detection and quantification. It is based on a literature search using PubMed and Science Direct considering all geographical locations. Original research articles were selected based on their methodology and results sections. Methods reported in these articles were grouped into conventional, molecular and emerging techniques, the main steps in each method were then compared and discussed. The inclusion of a dissociation step aimed at detaching helminth eggs from particulate matter was found to improve the recovery of eggs. Additionally the selection and application of flotation solutions that take into account the relative densities of the eggs of different species of STHs also results in higher egg recovery. Generally the use of conventional methods was shown to be laborious and time consuming and prone to human error. The alternate use of nucleic acid-based techniques has improved the sensitivity of detection and made species specific identification possible. However, these nucleic acid based methods are expensive and less suitable in regions with limited resources and skill. The loop mediated isothermal amplification method shows promise for application in these settings due to its simplicity and use of basic equipment. In addition, the development of imaging soft-ware for the detection and quantification of STHs shows promise to further reduce human error associated with the analysis of environmental samples. It may be concluded that there is a need to comparatively assess the performance of different methods to determine their applicability in different settings as well as for use with different sample matrices (wastewater, sludge, compost, soil, vegetables etc.).}, keywords = {BacLight Live/Dead, Digital PCR, Flow Cytometry, Lamp, QPCR, Sludge, Soil-transmitted helminths, wastewater}, issn = {1873-6254 (Electronic) 0001-706X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.014}, author = {Amoah, I. D. and Singh, G. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A. and Reddy, P.} } @article {16122, title = {Detection of Intestinal Pathogens in River, Shore, and Drinking Water in Lima, Peru}, journal = {J GenomicsJ GenomicsJ Genomics}, volume = {5}, year = {2017}, note = {Grothen, David C
Zach, Sydney J
Davis, Paul H
Australia
J Genomics. 2017 Jan 17;5:4-11. doi: 10.7150/jgen.18378. eCollection 2017.}, pages = {4-11}, edition = {2017/02/01}, abstract = {Water quality management is an ongoing struggle for many locations worldwide. Current testing of water supplies can be time-consuming, expensive, and lack sensitivity. This study describes an alternative, easy-to-use, and inexpensive method to water sampling and testing at remote locations. This method was employed to detect a number of intestinal pathogens in various locations of Lima, Peru. A total of 34 PCR primer pairs were tested for specificity and high-yield amplification for 12 different pathogens using known DNA templates. Select primers for each pathogen were then tested for minimum detection limits of DNA. Water samples were collected from 22 locations. PCR was used to detect the presence of a pathogen, virulence factors, or differentiate between pathogenic species. In 22 water samples, cholera toxin gene was detected in 4.5\% of samples, C. perfringens DNA was detected in 50\% of samples, E. histolytica DNA was detected in 54.5\% of samples, Giardia intestinalis DNA was detected in 4.5\% of samples, Leptospira spp. DNA was detected in 29\% of samples, and T. gondii DNA was detected in 31.8\% of samples. DNA from three pathogens, C. perfringens, E. histolytica, and T. gondii, were found in residential samples, which accounted for 10 out of 22 samples.}, author = {Grothen, D. C. and Zach, S. J. and Davis, P. H.} } @article {16199, title = {Detection of Leptospira spp. in Selected National Service Training Centres and Paddy Fields of Sarawak, Malaysia using Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique}, journal = {Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural SciencePertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, isbn = {1511-3701}, author = {Pui, Chai Fung and Bilung, Lesley Maurice and Su{\textquoteright}ut, Lela and Chong, Yee Ling and Apun, Kasing} } @article {15604, title = {Diarrhea risks by exposure to livestock waste in Vietnam using quantitative microbial risk assessment}, journal = {International journal of public health}, volume = {62}, year = {2017}, pages = {83-91}, author = {Le-Thi, Thu and Pham-Duc, Phuc and Zurbr{\"u}gg, Christian and Luu-Quoc, Toan and Nguyen-Mai, Huong and Vu-Van, Tu and Nguyen-Viet, Hung} } @article {16694, title = {Diarrhea risks by exposure to livestock waste in {Vietnam} using quantitative microbial risk assessment}, journal = {International Journal of Public Health}, volume = {62(Supplement 1)}, year = {2017}, pages = {83{\textendash}91}, author = {Le-Thi, T. and Pham-Duc, P and C Zurbruegg and Luu-Quoc, Toan and Nguyen-Mai, Huong and Vu-Van, Tu and Nguyen-Viet, H.} } @article {8831, title = {Diarrhoeal Disease: Fact Sheet}, year = {2017}, publisher = {World Health Organization (WHO)}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, url = {http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/} } @article {16479, title = {Diarrhoeal disease. Key Facts. http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease}, year = {2017}, url = {http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease} } @article {12941, title = {Different behavior of enteric bacteria and viruses in clay and sandy soils after biofertilization with swine digestate}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {8}, year = {2017}, pages = {74}, publisher = {Frontiers}, author = {Fongaro, Gislaine and Garc{\'\i}a-Gonz{\'a}lez, Mar{\'\i}a C and Hern{\'a}ndez, Marta and Kunz, Airton and Barardi, C{\'e}lia RM and Rodr{\'\i}guez-L{\'a}zaro, David} } @article {11685, title = {{Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense tapeworm larvae in salmon from North America}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, pages = {351{\textendash}353}, author = {Kuchta, R and Oros, M and Ferguson, J and Scholz, T} } @article {11477, title = {Diversity of DNA viruses in effluents of membrane bioreactors in Traverse City, MI (USA) and La Grande Motte (France)}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {111}, year = {2017}, pages = {338{\textendash}345}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, Evan and Munir, Mariya and Marsh, Terence and Heran, Marc and Lesage, Geoffroy and Tarabara, Volodymyr V and Xagoraraki, Irene} } @article {16198, title = {Diversity of Leptospira spp. in Rats and Environment from Urban Areas of Sarawak, Malaysia}, journal = {J Trop MedJ Trop MedJ Trop Med}, volume = {17}, year = {2017}, note = {Pui, Chai Fung
Bilung, Lesley Maurice
Apun, Kasing
Su{\textquoteright}ut, Lela
Egypt
J Trop Med. 2017;2017:3760674. doi: 10.1155/2017/3760674. Epub 2017 Feb 28.}, pages = {3760674}, edition = {2017/03/30}, abstract = {Various prevalence studies on Leptospira in animals and humans, as well as environmental samples, had been conducted worldwide, including Malaysia. However, limited studies have been documented on the presence of pathogenic, intermediate, and saprophytic Leptospira in selected animals and environments. This study was therefore conducted to detect Leptospira spp. in rats, soil, and water from urban areas of Sarawak using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. A total of 107 rats, 292 soil samples, and 324 water samples were collected from April 2014 to February 2015. Pathogenic Leptospira was present in 5.6\% (6/107) of rats, 11.6\% (34/292) of soil samples, and 1.9\% (6/324) of water samples. Intermediate Leptospira was present in 2.7\% (8/292) of soil samples and 1.9\% (6/324) of water samples. Saprophytic Leptospira was present in 10.3\% (11/107) of rats, 1.4\% (4/292) of soil samples, and 0.3\% (1/324) of water samples. From this study, 76 Leptospira spp. were isolated. Based on DNA sequencing, the dominant Leptospira spp. circulating in urban areas of Sarawak are pathogenic Leptospira noguchii, intermediate Leptospira wolffii serovar Khorat, and saprophytic Leptospira meyeri, respectively. Overall, this study provided important surveillance data on the prevalence of Leptospira spp. from rats and the environment, with dominant local serovars in urban areas of Sarawak.}, isbn = {1687-9686 (Print)
1687-9686 (Linking)}, author = {Pui, C. F. and Bilung, L. M. and Apun, K. and Su{\textquoteright}ut, L.} } @article {13697, title = {DNA multigene characterization of Fasciola hepatica and Lymnaea neotropica and its fascioliasis transmission capacity in Uruguay, with historical correlation, human report review and infection risk analysis}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis.}, volume = {11}, year = {2017}, chapter = {e0005352}, author = {Bargues, MD and Gayo, V and Sanchis, J and Artigas, P and Khoubbane, M and Birriel, S and Mas-Coma, S} } @article {12647, title = {Does organically produced lettuce harbor higher abundance of antibiotic resistance genes than conventionally produced?}, journal = {Environment internationalEnvironment International}, volume = {98}, year = {2017}, pages = {152-159}, isbn = {0160-4120}, author = {Zhu, Bokai and Chen, Qinglin and Chen, Songcan and Zhu, Yong-Guan} } @article {12145, title = {DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern}, volume = {2018}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/echinostomiasis/index.html} } @article {15700, title = {Drinking Water Quality in Scotland}, year = {2017}, address = {dwqr.scot/information/annual-report/
} } @article {16135, title = {The EbpA-RpoN regulatory pathway of the pathogen Leptospira interrogans is essential for survival in the environment}, journal = {Appl Environ MicrobiolAppl Environ MicrobiolAppl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, note = {Hu, Wei-Lin
Pappas, Christopher J
Zhang, Jun-Jie
Yang, You-Yun
Yan, Jie
Picardeau, Mathieu
Yang, X Frank
United States
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2016 Nov 18. pii: AEM.02377-16.}, month = {Nov 18}, pages = {e02377-16}, edition = {2016/11/20}, abstract = {Leptospira interrogans is the agent of leptospirosis, a re-emerging zoonotic disease. Leptospirosis is transmitted to humans through environmental surface waters contaminated by the urine of mammals that are chronically infected by pathogenic strains that are able to survive in water for long periods. Little is known about the regulatory pathways underlying environmental sensing and host adaptation of L. interrogans during its enzootic cycle. This study identifies the EbpA-RpoN regulatory pathway in L. interrogans In this pathway, EbpA, a sigma54 activator and putative prokaryotic enhancer-binding protein (EBP), and the alternative sigma factor RpoN (sigma54) control expression of at least three genes - encoding AmtB (an ammonium transport protein) and two proteins of unknown function. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that recombinant RpoN and EbpA bind to the promoter region and upstream of these three identified genes, respectively. Genetic disruption of ebpA in L. interrogans serovar Manilae virtually abolished expression of the three genes, including amtB in two independent ebpA mutants. Complementation of the ebpA mutant restored expression of these genes. Intra-peritoneal inoculation of gerbils with the ebpA mutant did not affect mortality. However, the ebpA mutant had decreased cell length in vitro and had a significantly lowered cell density at stationary phase when grown with L-alanine as the sole nitrogen source. Furthermore, the ebpA mutant has dramatically reduced long-term survival ability in water. Together, these studies identify a regulatory pathway, the EbpA-RpoN pathway, that plays an important role in the zoonotic cycle of L. interrogans IMPORTANCE: Leptospirosis is a re-emerging disease with global importance. However, our understanding of gene regulation of the spirochetal pathogen L. interrogans is still in its infancy, largely due to the lack of robust tools for genetic manipulation of this spirochete. Little is known about how the pathogen achieves its long-term survival in the aquatic environment. By utilizing bioinformatic, genetic, and biochemical methods, we discovered a regulatory pathway in L. interrogans, the EbpA-RpoN pathway, and demonstrated that this pathway plays an important role in environmental survival of this pathogen.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)
0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Hu, W. L. and Pappas, C. J. and Zhang, J. J. and Yang, Y. Y. and Yan, J. and Picardeau, M. and Yang, X. F.} } @article {12225, title = {ECDC/EFSA/EMA second joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, year = {2017}, pages = {4872-5007}, publisher = {EFSA Journal} } @inbook {11978, title = {Echinococcus spp.}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Vuitton, D. and Zhang, W. and Giraudoux, P.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {12632, title = {Effect of the selective pressure of sub-lethal level of heavy metals on the fate and distribution of ARGs in the catchment scale}, journal = {Environmental PollutionEnvironmental Pollution}, volume = {220}, year = {2017}, pages = {900-908}, isbn = {0269-7491}, author = {Xu, Yan and Xu, Jian and Mao, Daqing and Luo, Yi} } @article {13401, title = {{Effectiveness of in-line chlorination in a developing world gravity-flow water supply}}, journal = {Waterlines}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, pages = {167{\textendash}182}, author = {K D Orner and Calvo, A and Zhang, J and J R Mihelcic} } @article {16955, title = {Effects and mechanisms of ultraviolet, chlorination, and ozone disinfection on antibiotic resistance genes in secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Chemical Engineering Journal}, volume = {317}, year = {2017}, pages = {309{\textendash}316}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Zheng, Ji and Su, Chao and Zhou, Jianwen and Xu, Like and Qian, Yanyun and Chen, Hong} } @article {17256, title = {Efficacy and immunogenicity of a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in the prevention of typhoid fever using a controlled human infection model of Salmonella Typhi: a randomised controlled, phase 2b trial}, journal = {LancetLancet}, volume = {390}, number = {10111}, year = {2017}, month = {Dec 2}, pages = {2472-2480}, edition = {2017/10/03}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Jin, C. and Gibani, M. M. and Moore, M. and Juel, H. B. and Jones, E. and Meiring, J. and Harris, V. and Gardner, J. and Nebykova, A. and Kerridge, S. A. and Hill, J. and Thomaides-Brears, H. and Blohmke, C. J. and Yu, L. M. and Angus, B. and Pollard, A. J.} } @article {16010, title = {Efficacy of Bilhvax in Association With Praziquantel for Prevention of Clinical Recurrences of Schistosoma haematobium (Bilhvax3)}, year = {2017}, url = {https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00870649} } @article {12566, title = {Emission of extensively-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from hospital settings to the natural environment}, journal = {Journal of Hospital InfectionJournal of Hospital Infection}, year = {2017}, isbn = {0195-6701}, author = {Music, M Seruga and Hrenovic, Jasna and Goic-Barisic, Ivana and Hunjak, Bla{\v z}enka and Skoric, Dijana and Ivankovic, Tomislav} } @inbook {11900, title = {Entamoeba histolytica ~}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org ~}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Ben Ayed, L. and Sabbahi, S.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {16107, title = {Epidemiology behavior of leptospirosis in Cienaga de Oro, Cordoba (Colombia)}, journal = {Trop Anim Health ProdTrop Anim Health Prod}, volume = {49}, number = {7}, year = {2017}, month = {Jun 28}, pages = {1345-1351}, edition = {2017/07/01}, isbn = {1573-7438 (Electronic)
0049-4747 (Linking)}, author = {Ensuncho-Hoyos, C. and Rodriguez-Rodriguez, V. and Perez-Doria, A. and Vergara, O. and Calderon-Rangel, A.} } @article {12501, title = {ESBL carriage in pig slaughterhouse workers is associated with occupational exposure}, journal = {Epidemiology \& InfectionEpidemiology \& Infection}, volume = {145}, year = {2017}, pages = {2003-2010}, isbn = {0950-2688}, author = {Dohmen, W and Van Gompel, L and Schmitt, H and Liakopoulos, A and Heres, L and Urlings, BA and Mevius, D and Bonten, MJM and Heederik, DJJ} } @booklet {12297, title = {The ESBL tricycle AMR surveillance project: A simple, one health approach to global surveillance}, year = {2017}, publisher = {AMR Control, One Health}, chapter = {July 31, 2017}, author = {Matheu, Jorge and Aidara-Kane, Awa and Andremont, Antoine} } @article {12559, title = {The ESBL tricycle AMR surveillance project: a simple, one health approach to global surveillance}, journal = {One HealthOne Health}, year = {2017}, author = {Matheu, Jorge and Aidara-Kane, Awa and Andremont, Antoine} } @article {11742, title = {{Establishment of the complete life cycle of Spirometra (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in the laboratory using a newly isolated triploid clone}}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {66}, year = {2017}, pages = {116{\textendash}118}, author = {Okino, T and Ushirogawa, H and Matoba, K and Nishimatsu, S and Saito, M} } @article {17180, title = {Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015}, journal = {Lancet Infect DisLancet Infect Dis}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {Sep}, pages = {909-948}, edition = {2017/06/06}, keywords = {*Mortality, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child Nutrition Disorders, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea/*epidemiology/*etiology, Global Burden of Disease/*trends, Global Health, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Life Expectancy, Middle Aged, prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, sanitation}, isbn = {1474-4457 (Electronic)
1473-3099 (Linking)}, author = {G. B. D. Diarrhoeal Diseases Collaborators} } @article {17283, title = {Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi}, journal = {Journal of environmental and public healthJournal of environmental and public health}, volume = {2017}, year = {2017}, month = {2017}, pages = {3931802-3931802}, author = {Kumwenda, Save and Msefula, Chisomo and Kadewa, Wilfred and Ngwira, Bagrey and Morse, Tracy} } @article {12213, title = {European Cooperation in Science and Technology}, year = {2017} } @article {9702, title = {A European survey of perendoscopic treatment of biliary complications in patients with alveolar echinococcosis}, journal = {Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy}, volume = {15}, year = {2017}, pages = {79-88}, doi = {10.1080/14787210.2017.1252260}, author = {Ambregna, S. and Koch, S and Sulz, M.C and Gr{\"u}ner, B and {\"O}zt{\"u}rk, S and Chevaux, J.-B and Sulima, M. and de Gottardi, A and Napol{\'e}on, B and Abergel, A. and Bichard, P. and Boytchev, I and Deprez, P and Dumortier, J. and Frossard, J.-L and Kull, E and Meny, B and Moradpour, D. and Prat, F and Vanbiervliet, G and Thevenot, T and Vuitton, D.A and Bresson-Hadni, S and Vuitton, L.} } @article {17302, title = {Evaluation of an Alternative Experimental Infection Method, Which Closely Mimics the Natural Route of Transmission of Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and DiseaseFoodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan}, pages = {23-28}, isbn = {1535-3141}, author = {Lynch, Helen and Arguello, Hector and Walia, Kavita and Lawlor, Peadar G. and Duffy, Geraldine and Gardiner, Gillian E. and Leonard, Finola C.} } @article {12808, title = {Evolution of monitoring for Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {123}, year = {2017}, pages = {96{\textendash}112}, author = {Efstratiou, Artemis and Ongerth, Jerry and Karanis, Panagiotis} } @article {12370, title = {The evolution of no-cost resistance at sub-MIC concentrations of streptomycin in Streptomyces coelicolor}, journal = {The ISME Journal}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, year = {2017}, note = {Times Cited: 0
Library, Library/A-4320-2012
Library, Library/0000-0002-3835-159X

1751-7370}, month = {May}, pages = {1168-1178}, isbn = {1751-7362}, author = {Westhoff, Sanne and van Leeuwe, Tim Marijn and Qachach, Omar and Zhang, Zheren and van Wezel, Gilles Philippus and Rozen, Daniel Eric} } @article {10365, title = {Exploring the diversity of bacterial indicator and microbial pathogens in natural biofilm}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

The aim of this study was conducted to evaluate the diversity of bacterial indicator and microbial pathogens in natural biofilm. To achieve this aim, 61 different sink drainage pipes samples were collected from kitchen (30), bathrooms (10), laboratories (13) and hospitals (8). Classical bacterial indicator and some pathogenic microorganisms (Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria spp., Bacillus spp. Candida spp. and Clostridium perfringens) was determined in the samples using rapid enzymatic agar media. The microbial isolates were confirmed by using Biolog GEN III. The highest counts of bacterial indicator and microbial pathogens were observed in hospital drainage pipes followed by kitchen drainage pipes. Statistically, it was found that the total bacterial counts at 22oC and fecal streptococci had significant correlation with all tested bacterial pathogens. It can be recommended that, great attentions are required to study the diversity of microbial pathogens in different biofilm samples; such knowledge will assist the researchers to understand the health implication of the individuals at risk within the environmental samples.

}, author = {Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and Bahaa A. Hemdan} } @article {12915, title = {Exposure-response relationship of neighbourhood sanitation and children{\textquoteright}s diarrhea}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and International Health}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Youngmee T Jung and Lou, Wendy and Yu L Cheng} } @article {16661, title = {Exposure-response relationship of neighbourhood sanitation and children{\textquoteright}s diarrhea}, journal = {Tropical Medicine \& International Health}, year = {2017}, author = {Youngmee T Jung and Lou, Wendy and Yu L Cheng} } @article {16612, title = {Fact {Sheet} 3.4, {Simple} {Pit} {Toilets}}, year = {2017}, author = {Organization, World Health} } @article {12857, title = {Fact Sheet 3.4, Simple Pit Toilets}, year = {2017}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, author = {World Health Organization (WHO)} } @article {15581, title = {fact sheet N{\textdegree}115 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en/}, year = {2017} } @booklet {12627, title = {Fact sheets on sustainable development goals: health targets}, year = {2017}, address = {http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/348224/Fact-sheet-SDG-AMR-FINAL-07-09-2017.pdf} } @article {12520, title = {The fate of carbapenem-resistant bacteria in a wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Water researchWater research}, volume = {126}, year = {2017}, pages = {232-239}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Hrenovic, Jasna and Ivankovic, Tomislav and Ivekovic, Damir and Repec, Sinisa and Stipanicev, Drazenka and Ganjto, Marin} } @article {11472, title = {Fouling in membrane bioreactors: an updated review}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {114}, year = {2017}, pages = {151{\textendash}180}, author = {Meng, F and Zhang, S and Oh, Y and Zhou, Z and Shin, HS and Chae, S.R.} } @article {11566, title = {{Four human cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense (Eucestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in China with a brief review of Chinese cases}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {319{\textendash}325}, author = {Cai, YC and Chen, SH and Yamasaki, H and Chen, JX and Lu, Y and Zhang, YN and Li, H and Ai, L and Chen, HN} } @article {12221, title = {Functional Metagenomics as a Tool for Identification of New Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Natural Environments}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, note = {Knupp dos Santos, Debora Farage Istvan, Paula Quirino, Betania Ferraz Kruger, Ricardo Henrique
1432-184x}, month = {Feb}, pages = {479-491}, abstract = {Antibiotic resistance has become a major concern for human and animal health, as therapeutic alternatives to treat multidrug-resistant microorganisms are rapidly dwindling. The problem is compounded by low investment in antibiotic research and lack of new effective antimicrobial drugs on the market. Exploring environmental antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) will help us to better understand bacterial resistance mechanisms, which may be the key to identifying new drug targets. Because most environment-associated microorganisms are not yet cultivable, culture-independent techniques are essential to determine which organisms are present in a given environmental sample and allow the assessment and utilization of the genetic wealth they represent. Metagenomics represents a powerful tool to achieve these goals using sequence-based and functional-based approaches. Functional metagenomic approaches are particularly well suited to the identification new ARGs from natural environments because, unlike sequence-based approaches, they do not require previous knowledge of these genes. This review discusses functional metagenomics-based ARG research and describes new possibilities for surveying the resistome in environmental samples.}, isbn = {0095-3628}, author = {dos Santos, D. F. K. and Istvan, P. and Quirino, B. F. and Kruger, R. H.} } @inbook {16428, title = {General and host-associated bacterial indicators of faecal pollution}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogen Project}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University}, organization = {Michigan State University}, doi = {doi.org/10.14321/waterpathogens.6}, author = {Harwood, V.J. and Shanks, O.C. and Korajkic, A. and Verbyla, M. and Ahmed, W. and Iriate, M.} } @article {12266, title = {Genetic Characterization of a Novel Composite Transposon Carrying armA and aac(6)-Ib Genes in an Escherichia coli Isolate from Egypt}, journal = {Polish Journal of MicrobiologyPolish Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, note = {Times Cited: 0
}, month = {2017}, pages = {163-169}, isbn = {1733-1331}, author = {Kashef, Mona T. and Helmy, Omneya M.} } @booklet {6482, title = {Geologic maps of {US} states}, journal = {Geologic maps of US states}, year = {2017}, month = {feb}, url = {https://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/}, author = {U.S. Geological Survey} } @article {15756, title = {Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. as contaminant protozoa of the main rivers of western Romania: genetic characterization and public health potential of the isolates}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research International}, volume = {24}, number = {22}, year = {2017}, month = {Aug}, pages = {18672-18679}, edition = {2017/06/28}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Public health, River water, Western Romania}, isbn = {0944-1344}, author = {Imre, K. and Sala, C. and Morar, A. and Ilie, M. S. and Plutzer, J. and Imre, M. and Hora, F. S. and Badea, C. and Herbei, M. V. and Darabus, G.} } @article {15768, title = {Giving Credit Where Credit is Due \&$\#$8211; MBR for Potable Water Reuse}, journal = {Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {2017}, number = {5}, year = {2017}, month = {//}, pages = {5142-5157}, keywords = {Membrane bioreactor, Pathogen removal, Potable Reuse, Wastewater treatment}, author = {Katz, Stephen and Salveson, Andrew and Fontaine, Nicola and Bucher, Bob and Berryhill, Joshua} } @article {15938, title = {Global Cryptosporidium Loads from Livestock Manure}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {15}, year = {2017}, month = {Aug 1}, pages = {8663-8671}, edition = {2017/06/28}, keywords = {*Cryptosporidium, Africa, Animals, Bangladesh, Cattle, Chickens, China, cryptosporidiosis, Europe, Feces, Humans, India, Livestock, Manure/*microbiology, New Zealand, North America, Swine}, isbn = {0013-936x}, author = {Vermeulen, L. C. and Benders, J. and Medema, G. and Hofstra, N.} } @article {9694, title = {Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis.}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, year = {2017}, author = {Deplazes, P. and Rinaldi, L and Alvarez Rojas, C.A and Torgerson, P. and Harandi, M and Romig, T and Antonova, D. and Schurer, J and Lamar, S and Cringoli, G and Magambo, J and Thompson, A. and Jenkins, D.} } @article {12373, title = {Global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery, and development of new antibiotics}, year = {2017}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @article {8358, title = {{The Grandest Challenge of All: The Role of Environmental Engineering to Achieve Sustainability in the World{\textquoteright}s Developing Regions}}, journal = {Environmental Engineering Science}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, pages = {16{\textendash}41}, author = {J R Mihelcic and Naughton, C.C. and Verbyla, M.E. and Zhang, Q. and Oakley, S.M. and Schweitzer, R.W. and Wells, E.C. and Whiteford, L.M.} } @inbook {11891, title = {Helicobacter pylori ~}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org ~}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Araujo Boira, R. and Hanninen, M.L.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @inbook {11975, title = {Hepatitis A}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO.}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO.}, type = {Book Section}, author = {van der Poel, W. and Rzezutka, A.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @inbook {11976, title = {Hepatitis E}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org ~}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {van der Poel, W. and Rzezutka, A.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {10023, title = {{Hepatitis E virus genotypes and evolution: Emergence of camel hepatitis E variants}}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis globally. Zoonotic HEV is an important cause of chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. The rapid identification of novel HEV variants and accumulating sequence information has prompted significant changes in taxonomy of the family Hepeviridae. This family includes two genera: Orthohepevirus, which infects terrestrial vertebrates, and Piscihepevirus, which infects fish. Within Orthohepevirus, there are four species, A{\textendash}D, with widely differing host range. Orthohepevirus A contains the HEV variants infecting humans and its significance continues to expand with new clinical information. We now recognize eight genotypes within Orthohepevirus A: HEV1 and HEV2, restricted to humans; HEV3, which circulates among humans, swine, rabbits, deer and mongooses; HEV4, which circulates between humans and swine; HEV5 and HEV6, which are found in wild boars; and HEV7 and HEV8, which were recently identified in dromedary and Bactrian camels, respectively. HEV7 is an example of a novel genotype that was found to have significance to human health shortly after discovery. In this review, we summarize recent developments in HEV molecular taxonomy, epidemiology and evolution and describe the discovery of novel camel HEV genotypes as an illustrative example of the changes in this field.}, keywords = {Bactrian camel, Dromedary camel, GENOTYPES, Hepatitis, Hepatitis E, Molecular Epidemiology, Molecular evolution, Swine, Taxonomy, zoonosis}, issn = {14220067}, doi = {10.3390/ijms18040869}, author = {Sridhar, Siddharth and Teng, Jade L.L. and Chiu, Tsz Ho and Lau, Susanna K.P. and Woo, Patrick C.Y.} } @article {13117, title = {High temperature impacts onsite wastewater treatment}, year = {2017}, url = {https://www.onsiteinstaller.com/onlineexclusives/2017/05/howtemperatureimpactsonsitewastewater_treatment}, author = {Heger, S} } @article {16682, title = {How much reduction of virus is needed for recycled water: {A} continuous changing need for assessment?}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {108}, year = {2017}, pages = {25{\textendash}31}, author = {Gerba, C.P. and Betancourt, W.Q. and Kitajima, M.} } @article {12466, title = {How should we respond to the emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in humans and animals?}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious DiseasesInternational Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {54}, year = {2017}, pages = {77-84}, isbn = {1201-9712}, author = {Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A and Laxminarayan, Ramanan and Mendelson, Marc} } @article {12663, title = {How should we respond to the emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in humans and animals?}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious Disease}, year = {2017}, pages = {77-84}, author = {Al-Tawfig, J.A. and Laxminarayin, R. and Mendelson, M.} } @article {8351, title = {{Human parasites in the Roman World: Health consequences of conquering an empire}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {144}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, pages = {48{\textendash}58}, keywords = {ectoparasites, Helminths, infectious diseases, latrine, Medical history, palaeoparasitology, palaeopathology, plague of justinian, Protozoa, Rome}, isbn = {0031182015001}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182015001651}, author = {Mitchell, Piers D} } @article {11408, title = {Human taeniasis: current insights into prevention and management strategies in endemic countries}, journal = {Risk Management and Healthcare Policy}, volume = {10}, year = {2017}, pages = {107}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Okello, AL and Thomas, LF} } @article {12343, title = {Identification of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance directly from clinical urines by nanopore-based metagenomic sequencing}, journal = {Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, note = {Schmidt, K. Mwaigwisya, S. Crossman, L. C. Doumith, M. Munroe, D. Pires, C. Khan, A. M. Woodford, N. Saunders, N. J. Wain, J. O{\textquoteright}Grady, J. Livermore, D. M.
O{\textquoteright}Grady, Justin/I-2982-2012
O{\textquoteright}Grady, Justin/0000-0001-5412-7152
1460-2091}, month = {Jan}, pages = {104-114}, abstract = {

Objectives: The introduction of metagenomic sequencing to diagnostic microbiology has been hampered by slowness, cost and complexity. We explored whether MinION nanopore sequencing could accelerate diagnosis and resistance profiling, using complicated urinary tract infections as an exemplar. Methods: Bacterial DNA was enriched from clinical urines (n=10) and from healthy urines \&$\#$39;spiked\&$\#$39; with multiresistant Escherichia coli (n=5), then sequenced by MinION. Sequences were analysed using external databases and bioinformatic pipelines or, ultimately, using integrated real-time analysis applications. Results were compared with Illumina data and resistance phenotypes. Results: MinION correctly identified pathogens without culture and, among 55 acquired resistance genes detected in the cultivated bacteria by Illumina sequencing, 51 were found by MinION sequencing directly from the urines; with three of the four failures in an early run with low genome coverage. Resistance-conferring mutations and allelic variants were not reliably identified. Conclusions: MinION sequencing comprehensively identified pathogens and acquired resistance genes from urine in a timeframe similar to PCR (4 h from sample to result). Bioinformatic pipeline optimization is needed to better detect resistances conferred by point mutations. Metagenomic-sequencing-based diagnosis will enable clinicians to adjust antimicrobial therapy before the second dose of a typical (i. e. every 8 h) antibiotic.

}, isbn = {0305-7453}, author = {Schmidt, K. and Mwaigwisya, S. and Crossman, L. C. and Doumith, M. and Munroe, D. and Pires, C. and Khan, A. M. and Woodford, N. and Saunders, N. J. and Wain, J. and O{\textquoteright}Grady, J. and Livermore, D. M.} } @article {16208, title = {The impact of Livestock Manure Control Policy on human leptospirosis in Republic of Korea using interrupted time series analysis}, journal = {Epidemiol InfectEpidemiol InfectEpidemiol Infect}, volume = {145}, number = {7}, year = {2017}, month = {Feb 20}, pages = {1320-1325}, edition = {2017/02/22}, isbn = {1469-4409 (Electronic)
0950-2688 (Linking)}, author = {Ryu, S. and Lau, C. L. and Chun, B. C.} } @article {16545, title = {Impact of single annual treatment and four-monthly treatment for hookworm and {Ascaris} lumbricoides, and factors associated with residual infection among {Kenyan} school children}, journal = {Infect Dis Poverty}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, month = {feb}, pages = {30}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: School-based deworming is widely implemented in various countries to reduce the burden of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), however, the frequency of drug administration varies in different settings. In this study, we compared the impact of a single annual treatment and 4-monthly treatment over a follow-up among Kenyan school children, and investigated the factors associated with residual infection. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial investigating whether deworming for STHs alters risk of acquiring malaria. Children received either a single treatment or 4-monthly albendazole treatments were followed longitudinally from February 2014 to October 2014. The relative impact of treatment and factors associated with residual infections were investigated using mixed-effects regression models. Predisposition to infection was assessed based on Spearman{\textquoteright}s rank and Kendall{\textquoteright}s Tau correlation coefficients. RESULTS: In the 4-monthly treatment group, the proportion of children infected with hookworm decreased from 59.9 to 5.7\%, while Ascaris lumbricoides infections dropped from 55.7 to 6.2\%. In the single treatment group, hookworm infections decreased over the same time period from 58.7 to 18.3\% (12.6\% absolute difference in reduction, 95\% CI: 8.9-16.3\%), and A. lumbricoides from 56.7 to 23.3\% (17.1\% absolute difference in reduction, 95\% CI: 13.1-21.1\%). There was strong evidence for predisposition to both STH types. Residual hookworm infection among children on 4-monthly treatment were associated with male sex and baseline nutritional status, whereas A. lumbricoides infection was associated with individual and school-level infection at baseline, latrine cleanliness at schools. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that 4-monthly treatment w more effective than single annual treatment. Repeated treatments led to dramatic reductions in the intensities of STHs, but did not completely clear infections among school children in Kenya, a presumed reflection of reinfection in a setting where there is ongoing transmission.}, keywords = {*Students, Adolescent, albendazole, Albendazole/administration \& dosage, Ancylostomatoidea/drug effects, Animals, Anthelmintics/*administration \& dosage, Ascariasis/*drug therapy/*epidemiology, Ascaris lumbricoides/isolation \& purification, Child, Female, Hookworm Infections/*drug therapy/*epidemiology, Humans, Kenya, Kenya/epidemiology, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Preschool, School children, School-based deworming, Schools, Soil-transmitted helminths, Treatment Outcome}, issn = {2049-9957 (Electronic) 2049-9957 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/s40249-017-0244-z}, author = {Kepha, S. and Mwandawiro, C. S. and Anderson, R. M. and Pullan, R. L. and Nuwaha, F. and Cano, J. and Njenga, S. M. and Odiere, M. R. and Allen, E. and Brooker, S. J. and Nikolay, B.} } @article {12053, title = {Impact of single annual treatment and four-monthly treatment for hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides, and factors associated with residual infection among Kenyan school children}, journal = {Infectious Diseases of Poverty}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, note = {Kepha, Stella
Mwandawiro, Charles S
Anderson, Roy M
Pullan, Rachel L
Nuwaha, Fred
Cano, Jorge
Njenga, Sammy M
Odiere, Maurice R
Allen, Elizabeth
Brooker, Simon J
Nikolay, Birgit
eng
Randomized Controlled Trial
England
2017/02/10 06:00
Infect Dis Poverty. 2017 Feb 9;6(1):30. doi: 10.1186/s40249-017-0244-z.}, month = {Feb 09}, pages = {30}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: School-based deworming is widely implemented in various countries to reduce the burden of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), however, the frequency of drug administration varies in different settings. In this study, we compared the impact of a single annual treatment and 4-monthly treatment over a follow-up among Kenyan school children, and investigated the factors associated with residual infection. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial investigating whether deworming for STHs alters risk of acquiring malaria. Children received either a single treatment or 4-monthly albendazole treatments were followed longitudinally from February 2014 to October 2014. The relative impact of treatment and factors associated with residual infections were investigated using mixed-effects regression models. Predisposition to infection was assessed based on Spearman\&$\#$39;s rank and Kendall\&$\#$39;s Tau correlation coefficients. RESULTS: In the 4-monthly treatment group, the proportion of children infected with hookworm decreased from 59.9 to 5.7\%, while Ascaris lumbricoides infections dropped from 55.7 to 6.2\%. In the single treatment group, hookworm infections decreased over the same time period from 58.7 to 18.3\% (12.6\% absolute difference in reduction, 95\% CI: 8.9-16.3\%), and A. lumbricoides from 56.7 to 23.3\% (17.1\% absolute difference in reduction, 95\% CI: 13.1-21.1\%). There was strong evidence for predisposition to both STH types. Residual hookworm infection among children on 4-monthly treatment were associated with male sex and baseline nutritional status, whereas A. lumbricoides infection was associated with individual and school-level infection at baseline, latrine cleanliness at schools. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that 4-monthly treatment w more effective than single annual treatment. Repeated treatments led to dramatic reductions in the intensities of STHs, but did not completely clear infections among school children in Kenya, a presumed reflection of reinfection in a setting where there is ongoing transmission.

}, keywords = {*Students, Adolescent, albendazole, Albendazole/administration \& dosage, Ancylostomatoidea/drug effects, Animals, Anthelmintics/*administration \& dosage, Ascariasis/*drug therapy/*epidemiology, Ascaris lumbricoides/isolation \& purification, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Hookworm Infections/*drug therapy/*epidemiology, Humans, Kenya, Kenya/epidemiology, Longitudinal Studies, Male, School children, School-based deworming, Schools, Soil-transmitted helminths, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {2049-9957 (Electronic)
2049-9957 (Linking)}, author = {Kepha, S. and Mwandawiro, C. S. and Anderson, R. M. and Pullan, R. L. and Nuwaha, F. and Cano, J. and Njenga, S. M. and Odiere, M. R. and Allen, E. and Brooker, S. J. and Nikolay, B.} } @article {12180, title = {Impact of wastewater treatment plant discharge on the contamination of river biofilms by pharmaceuticals and antibiotic resistance}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {579}, year = {2017}, note = {Aubertheau, Elodie Stalder, Thibault Mondamert, Leslie Ploy, Marie-Cecile Dagot, Christophe Labanowski, Jerome
1879-1026}, month = {Feb}, pages = {1387-1398}, abstract = {

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are one of the main sources of pharmaceutical residue in surface water. Epilithic biofilms were collected downstream from 12 WWTPs of various types and capacities to study the impacts of their discharge through the changes in biofilm composition (compared to a corresponding upstream biofilm) in terms of pharmaceutical concentrations and bacterial communitymodifications (microbial diversity and resistance integrons). The biofilm is a promising indicator to evaluate the impacts of WWTPs on the surrounding aquatic environment. Indeed, the use of biofilms reveals contamination hot spots. All of the downstream biofilms present significant concentrations (up to 965 ng/g) of five to 11 pharmaceuticals (among the 12 analysed). Moreover, the exposition to the discharge point increases the presence of resistance integrons (three to 31 fold for Class 1) and modifies the diversity of the bacterial communities (for example cyanobacteria). The present study confirms that the discharge from WWTPs has an impact on the aquatic environment. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Aubertheau, E. and Stalder, T. and Mondamert, L. and Ploy, M. C. and Dagot, C. and Labanowski, J.} } @article {12678, title = {Improved diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura by using a bead-beating procedure on ethanol preserved stool samples prior to DNA isolation and the performance of multiplex real-time PCR for intestinal parasites}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {144}, year = {2017}, pages = {965-974}, author = {Kaisar, MMM and Brienen, EAT and Djuardi, Y and Sartono, E and Yazdanbakhsh, M and Verweij, JJ and Supali, T and van Lieshout, L} } @article {12756, title = {{Inactivation of Paragonimus westermani metacercariae in soy sauce-marinated and frozen freshwater crabs}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {116}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {1003{\textendash}1006}, author = {Kim, TI and Oh, S.R. and Dai, F and Yang, HJ and Ha, SD and Hong, SJ} } @article {17312, title = {Incidence of invasive salmonella disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a multicentre population-based surveillance study}, journal = {The Lancet Global HealthThe Lancet Global Health}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {e310-e323}, chapter = {e310}, isbn = {2214109X}, author = {Marks, Florian and von Kalckreuth, Vera and Aaby, Peter and Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw and El Tayeb, Muna Ahmed and Ali, Mohammad and Aseffa, Abraham and Baker, Stephen and Biggs, Holly M. and Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten and Breiman, Robert F. and Campbell, James I. and Cosmas, Leonard and Crump, John A. and Espinoza, Ligia Maria Cruz and Deerin, Jessica Fung and Dekker, Denise Myriam and Fields, Barry S. and Gasmelseed, Nagla and Hertz, Julian T. and Van Minh Hoang, Nguyen and Im, Justin and Jaeger, Anna and Jeon, Hyon Jin and Kabore, Leon Parfait and Keddy, Karen H. and Konings, Frank and Krumkamp, Ralf and Ley, Benedikt and L{\o}fberg, Sandra Valborg and May, J{\"u}rgen and Meyer, Christian G. and Mintz, Eric D. and Montgomery, Joel M. and Niang, Aissatou Ahmet and Nichols, Chelsea and Olack, Beatrice and Pak, Gi Deok and Panzner, Ursula and Park, Jin Kyung and Park, Se Eun and Rabezanahary, Henintsoa and Rakotozandrindrainy, Rapha{\"e}l and Raminosoa, Tiana Mirana and Razafindrabe, Tsiriniaina Jean Luco and Sampo, Emmanuel and Sch{\"u}tt-Gerowitt, Heidi and Sow, Amy Gassama and Sarpong, Nimako and Seo, Hye Jin and Sooka, Arvinda and Soura, Abdramane Bassiahi and Tall, Adama and Teferi, Mekonnen and Thriemer, Kamala and Warren, Michelle R. and Yeshitela, Biruk and Clemens, John D. and Wierzba, Thomas F.} } @article {17323, title = {Induction of Viable but Nonculturable Salmonella in Exponentially Grown Cells by Exposure to a Low-Humidity Environment and Their Resuscitation by Catalase}, journal = {Journal of Food ProtectionJournal of food protection}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, month = {Feb}, pages = {288-294}, isbn = {0362-028X}, author = {Morishige, Y. and Koike, A. and Tamura-Ueyama, A. and Amano, F.} } @book {15953, title = {Influence of sewage treatment plant effluent discharge into multipurpose river on its water quality: A quantitative health risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia}, volume = {233}, year = {2017}, pages = {797-805}, author = {Xiao, Shumin and Sike, hu and Zhang, Yan and Zhao, Xiaoyun and Pan, Wenwei} } @article {12309, title = {The influence of the autochthonous wastewater microbiota and gene host on the fate of invasive antibiotic resistance genes}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {575}, year = {2017}, note = {Narciso-da-Rocha, Carlos Manaia, Celia M.
Manaia, Celia/0000-0002-3674-1789
1879-1026}, month = {Jan}, pages = {932-940}, abstract = {

The aim of this study was to assess the fate of invasive antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) discharged in wastewater. With this objective, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) known to harbor specific ARG were inoculated in wastewater (hospital effluent, or municipal raw and treated wastewater) and in ultra-pure sterile water microcosms. Two sets of wastewater ARB isolates were used - set 1, Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and set 2, Enterococcus faecium, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Escherichia coli. Non-inoculated controls were run in parallel. Samples were collected at the beginning and at the end (15 days) of the incubation period and the abundance of the genes 16S rRNA, intI1, bla(TEM) and vanA and the bacterial community composition were analyzed. In general, the genes bla(TEM) and vanA had lower persistence in wastewater and in ultra-pure water than the genes 16S rRNA or the class 1 integron integrase intI1. This effect was more pronounced in wastewater than in ultra-pure water, evidencing the importance of the autochthonous microbiota on the elimination of invasive ARG. Wastewater autochthonous bacterial groups most correlated with variations of the genes intI1, bla(TEM) and vanA were members of the classes Gammaproteobacteria, Bacilli or Bacteroidia. For bla(TEM), but not for vanA, the species of the ARB host was important to determine its fate. These are novel findings on the ecology of ARB in wastewater environments. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Narciso-da-Rocha, C. and Manaia, C. M.} } @article {12535, title = {Integrating human and environmental health in antibiotic risk assessment: A critical analysis of protection goals, species sensitivity and antimicrobial resistance}, journal = {Environment internationalEnvironment International}, volume = {109 }, year = {2017}, pages = {155{\textendash}169}, isbn = {1873-6750}, author = {Le Page, Gareth and Gunnarsson, Lina and Snape, Jason and Tyler, Charles R} } @booklet {8366, title = {International Decade for Clean Drinking Water, 1981-1990}, year = {2017}, url = {https://www.gdrc.org/uem/water/decade{\_}05-15/first-decade.html} } @article {17448, title = {ISO 6579-1:2017 Microbiology of the food chain {\textemdash} Horizontal method for the detection, enumeration and serotyping of Salmonella {\textemdash} Part 1: Detection of Salmonella spp.}, year = {2017}, institution = {International Organization for Standardization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @article {13037, title = {Isolating the impact of septic systems on fecal pollution in streams of suburban watersheds in Georgia, United States}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {108}, year = {2017}, pages = {330{\textendash}338}, author = {Sowah, Robert A and Habteselassie, Mussie Y and Radcliffe, David E and Bauske, Ellen and Risse, Mark} } @article {15152, title = {Isolating the impact of septic systems on fecal pollution in streams of suburban watersheds in {Georgia}, {United} {States}}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {108}, year = {2017}, pages = {330{\textendash}338}, author = {Sowah, Robert A and Habteselassie, Mussie Y and Radcliffe, David E and Bauske, Ellen and Risse, Mark} } @article {17130, title = {Kinetic analysis of Legionella inactivation using ozone in wastewater}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {168}, year = {2017}, pages = {630{\textendash}637}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Li, Jun and Li, Kunquan and Zhou, Yan and Li, Xuebin and Tao, Tao} } @article {11233, title = {{Knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of Toxocara: the enigma remains}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {144}, number = {01}, year = {2017}, pages = {81{\textendash}94}, doi = {10.1017/s0031182015001407}, author = {Holland, C V} } @article {16052, title = {Leptospira: Molecular Detection of Pathogenic Species in Natural Sources}, journal = {Curr Protoc MicrobiolCurr Protoc MicrobiolCurr Protoc Microbiol}, volume = {47}, year = {2017}, month = {Nov 09}, pages = {12E 6 1-12E 6 8}, edition = {2017/11/10}, isbn = {1934-8533 (Electronic)}, author = {Beigel, B. and Verma, A.} } @inbook {12357, title = {Lessons from the Environmental Antibiotic Resistome}, booktitle = {Annual Review of Microbiology, Vol 71}, series = {Annual Review of Microbiology}, volume = {71}, year = {2017}, note = {Surette, Matthew D. Wright, Gerard D.
0066-4227}, pages = {309-329}, abstract = {Antibiotic resistance is a global public health issue of growing proportions. All antibiotics are susceptible to resistance. The evidence is now clear that the environment is the single largest source and reservoir of resistance. Soil, aquatic, atmospheric, animal-associated, and built ecosystems are home to microbes that harbor antibiotic resistance elements and the means to mobilize them. The diversity and abundance of resistance in the environment is consistent with the ancient origins of antibiotics and a variety of studies support a long natural history of associated resistance. The implications are clear: Understanding the evolution of resistance in the environment, its diversity, and mechanisms is essential to the management of our existing and future antibiotic resources.}, isbn = {978-0-8243-1171-1}, author = {Surette, M. D. and Wright, G. D.}, editor = {Gottesman, S.} } @inbook {11954, title = {The Liver Flukes:~Clonorchis sinensis,~Opisthorchis~spp, and~Metorchis~spp.}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Murell, K.D. and Pozio, E.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {12253, title = {Long-Term Nickel Contamination Increases the Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Agricultural Soils}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, note = {Hu, Hang-Wei Wang, Jun-Tao Li, Jing Shi, Xiu-Zhen Ma, Yi-Bing Chen, Deli He, Ji-Zheng
He, Ji-Zheng/A-4488-2009; Hu, Hang-Wei/N-1581-2017
He, Ji-Zheng/0000-0002-9169-8058; Hu, Hang-Wei/0000-0002-3294-102X
1520-5851}, month = {Jan}, pages = {790-800}, abstract = {

Heavy metal contamination is assumed to be a selection pressure on antibiotic resistance, but to our knowledge, evidence of the heavy metal-induced changes of antibiotic resistance is lacking on a long-term basis. Using quantitative PCR array and Illumina sequencing, we investigated the changes of a wide spectrum of soil antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) following 4-5 year nickel exposure (0-800 mg kg(-1)) in two long-term experimental sites. A total of 149 unique ARGs were detected, with multidrug and beta-lactam resistance as the most prevailing ARG types. The frequencies and abundance of ARGs tended to increase along the gradient of increasing nickel concentrations, with the highest values recorded in the treatments amended with 400 mg nickel kg(-1) soil. The abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was significantly associated with ARGs, suggesting that nickel exposure might enhance the potential for horizontal transfer of ARGs. Network analysis demonstrated significant associations between ARGs and MGEs, with the integrase intI1 gene having the most frequent interactions with other co-occurring ARGs. The changes of ARGs were mainly driven by nickel bioavailability and MGEs as revealed by structural equation models. Taken together, long-term nickel exposure significantly increased the diversity, abundance, and horizontal transfer potential of soil ARGs.

}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Hu, H. W. and Wang, J. T. and Li, J. and Shi, X. Z. and Ma, Y. B. and Chen, D. L. and He, J. Z.} } @article {17266, title = {MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry provides high accuracy in identification of Salmonella at species level but is limited to type or subtype Salmonella serovars}, journal = {Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester)Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester)Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester)}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, month = {Apr}, pages = {70-82}, edition = {2017/06/29}, keywords = {*database, *identification, *Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, *Salmonella, *subtyping, Bacterial Typing Techniques/*methods, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Salmonella/*classification/*isolation \& purification, Sensitivity and Specificity, Serogroup, Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods}, isbn = {1469-0667 (Print)
1469-0667}, author = {Kang, L. and Li, N. and Li, P. and Zhou, Y. and Gao, S. and Gao, H. and Xin, W. and Wang, J.} } @article {12270, title = {MEGARes: an antimicrobial resistance database for high throughput sequencing}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Research}, volume = {45}, number = {D1}, year = {2017}, note = {Lakin, Steven M. Dean, Chris Noyes, Noelle R. Dettenwanger, Adam Ross, Anne Spencer Doster, Enrique Rovira, Pablo Abdo, Zaid Jones, Kenneth L. Ruiz, Jaime Belk, Keith E. Morley, Paul S. Boucher, Christina
Abdo, Zaid/E-5176-2017
Abdo, Zaid/0000-0002-8272-7734; Noyes, Noelle/0000-0001-6149-1008
1362-4962}, month = {Jan}, pages = {D574-D580}, abstract = {

Antimicrobial resistance has become an imminent concern for public health. As methods for detection and characterization of antimicrobial resistance move from targeted culture and polymerase chain reaction to high throughput metagenomics, appropriate resources for the analysis of large-scale data are required. Currently, antimicrobial resistance databases are tailored to smaller-scale, functional profiling of genes using highly descriptive annotations. Such characteristics do not facilitate the analysis of large-scale, ecological sequence datasets such as those produced with the use of metagenomics for surveillance. In order to overcome these limitations, we present MEGARes (https://megares.meglab.org), a hand-curated antimicrobial resistance database and annotation structure that provides a foundation for the development of high throughput acyclical classifiers and hierarchical statistical analysis of big data. MEGARes can be browsed as a stand-alone resource through the website or can be easily integrated into sequence analysis pipelines through download. Also via the website, we provide documentation for AmrPlusPlus, a user-friendly Galaxy pipeline for the analysis of high throughput sequencing data that is pre-packaged for use with the MEGARes database.

}, isbn = {0305-1048}, author = {Lakin, S. M. and Dean, C. and Noyes, N. R. and Dettenwanger, A. and Ross, A. S. and Doster, E. and Rovira, P. and Abdo, Z. and Jones, K. L. and Ruiz, J. and Belk, K. E. and Morley, P. S. and Boucher, C.} } @inbook {11959, title = {Members of the family Campylobacteraceae:~ Campylobacter jejuni ,~ Campylobacter coli}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org ~}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Pitkanen, T. and Hanninen, M-L.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {16050, title = {Meta-analysis to estimate the load of Leptospira excreted in urine: beyond rats as important sources of transmission in low-income rural communities}, journal = {BMC Res NotesBMC Res NotesBMC Res Notes}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan 28}, pages = {71}, edition = {2017/01/29}, isbn = {1756-0500 (Electronic)
1756-0500 (Linking)}, author = {Barragan, V. and Nieto, N. and Keim, P. and Pearson, T.} } @article {12606, title = {Metagenomics of urban sewage identifies an extensively shared antibiotic resistome in China}, journal = {MicrobiomeMicrobiome}, volume = {5}, year = {2017}, pages = {84}, isbn = {2049-2618}, author = {Su, Jian-Qiang and An, Xin-Li and Li, Bing and Chen, Qing-Lin and Gillings, Michael R and Chen, Hong and Zhang, Tong and Zhu, Yong-Guan} } @article {12323, title = {MGmapper: Reference based mapping and taxonomy annotation of metagenomics sequence reads}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {5}, year = {2017}, note = {Petersen, Thomas Nordahl Lukjancenko, Oksana Thomsen, Martin Christen Frolund Sperotto, Maria Maddalena Lund, Ole Aarestrup, Frank Moller Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas
Lund, Ole/F-4437-2014
Lund, Ole/0000-0003-1108-0491; Petersen, Thomas Nordahl/0000-0002-2484-5716}, month = {May}, abstract = {

An increasing amount of species and gene identification studies rely on the use of next generation sequence analysis of either single isolate or metagenomics samples. Several methods are available to perform taxonomic annotations and a previous metagenomics benchmark study has shown that a vast number of false positive species annotations are a problem unless thresholds or post-processing are applied to differentiate between correct and false annotations. MGmapper is a package to process raw next generation sequence data and perform reference based sequence assignment, followed by a post-processing analysis to produce reliable taxonomy annotation at species and strain level resolution. An in-vitro bacterial mock community sample comprised of 8 genuses, 11 species and 12 strains was previously used to benchmark metagenomics classification methods. After applying a post-processing filter, we obtained 100\% correct taxonomy assignments at species and genus level. A sensitivity and precision at 75\% was obtained for strain level annotations. A comparison between MGmapper and Kraken at species level, shows MGmapper assigns taxonomy at species level using 84.8\% of the sequence reads, compared to 70.5\% for Kraken and both methods identified all species with no false positives. Extensive read count statistics are provided in plain text and excel sheets for both rejected and accepted taxonomy annotations. The use of custom databases is possible for the command-line version of MGmapper, and the complete pipeline is freely available as a bitbucked package (https://bitbucket.org/genomicepidemiology/mgmapper). A web-version (https://cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/MGmapper) provides the basic functionality for analysis of small fastq datasets.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, author = {Petersen, T. N. and Lukjancenko, O. and Thomsen, M. C. F. and Sperotto, M. M. and Lund, O. and Aarestrup, F. M. and Sicheritz-Ponten, T.} } @article {13232, title = {Microbial communities mediating algal detritus turnover under anaerobic conditions}, journal = {PeerJ.}, volume = {5}, year = {2017}, pages = {e2803}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.2803}, author = {Morrison, J. M. and Murphy, C. L. and Baker, K. and Zamor, R. M. and Nikolai, S. J. and Wilder, S. and Elshahed, M. S. and Youssef, N. H.} } @inbook {11921, title = {Microsporidia}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org ~}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Feng, Y. and Li, N.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {17242, title = {Mitigation of Salmonella on Pet Food Kibbles by Using Liquid and Powdered 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylbutyric Acid}, journal = {Journal of Food ProtectionJournal of food protection}, volume = {80}, number = {7}, year = {2017}, month = {Jul}, pages = {1080-1084}, keywords = {Animal Feed, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, calcium salt form of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, carbohydrate-protein meal, enterococcus-faecium, extrusion, hmb, hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, Mitigation, pet food, Salmonella}, isbn = {0362-028x}, author = {Huss, A. R. and Fuller, J. C. and Centrella, W. and Marshall, D. L. and Deliephan, A. and Jones, C. K.} } @article {16155, title = {Molecular detection and isolation of pathogenic Leptospira from asymptomatic humans, domestic animals and water sources in Nan province, a rural area of Thailand}, journal = {Res Vet SciRes Vet SciRes Vet Sci}, volume = {115}, year = {2017}, month = {Mar 29}, pages = {146-154}, edition = {2017/04/07}, isbn = {1532-2661 (Electronic)
0034-5288 (Linking)}, author = {Kurilung, A. and Chanchaithong, P. and Lugsomya, K. and Niyomtham, W. and Wuthiekanun, V. and Prapasarakul, N.} } @article {11537, title = {{Molecular identification of Diphyllobothrium latum from a pediatric case in Taiwan}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, year = {2017}, pages = {425{\textendash}428}, author = {An, YC and Sung, CC and Wang, CC and HC, Lin and Chen, KY and Ku, FM and ML, Chen and Huang, KY} } @article {12503, title = {Molecular relatedness of ESBL/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from humans, animals, food and the environment: a pooled analysis}, journal = {Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyJournal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, year = {2017}, author = {Dorado-Garc{\'\i}a, Alejandro and Smid, Joost H and van Pelt, Wilfrid and Bonten, Marc JM and Fluit, Ad C and van den Bunt, Gerrita and Wagenaar, Jaap A and Hordijk, Joost and Dierikx, Cindy M and Veldman, Kees T} } @article {10867, title = {Molecular-based detection of potentially pathogenic bacteria in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems treating municipal wastewater: a case study}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, year = {2017}, pages = {5370{\textendash}5380}, author = {Harb, Moustapha and P Y Hong} } @article {12769, title = {{Morphological and molecular characterization of the metacercaria of Paragonimus caliensis, as a separate species from P. mexicanus in Costa Rica}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {66}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, pages = {126{\textendash}133}, author = {Hern{\'a}ndez-Chea, R and Jim{\'e}nez-Rocha, AE and Castro, R and Blair, D and Dolz, G} } @article {12311, title = {Network of reference laboratories, research centres and related organisations for monitoring of emerging environmental substances}, year = {2017} } @article {11367, title = {Neurocysticercosis infection and disease{\textendash}A review}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {166}, year = {2017}, pages = {218-224}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0001-706X}, author = {Gripper, Lucy B and Welburn, Susan C} } @booklet {12613, title = {News on millennium development goals}, year = {2017}, address = {http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/}, author = {UN} } @article {17407, title = {Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Colonization in Chickens and Humans in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam}, journal = {Zoonoses Public HealthZoonoses Public Health}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, month = {Mar}, pages = {94-99}, edition = {2016/05/07}, keywords = {*antimicrobial resistance, *Carrier State, *chickens, *Chickens/microbiology, *colonization, *humans, *Non-typhoidal Salmonella, *Vietnam, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Farmers, Farms, Humans, Poultry Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology, prevalence, Salmonella Infections, Animal/epidemiology/*microbiology, Salmonella Infections/epidemiology/*microbiology, Salmonella/*classification, Vietnam/epidemiology, Zoonoses}, isbn = {1863-2378 (Electronic)
1863-1959 (Linking)}, author = {Trung, N. V. and Carrique-Mas, J. J. and Nghia, N. H. and Tu, L. T. and Mai, H. H. and Tuyen, H. T. and Campbell, J. and Nhung, N. T. and Nhung, H. N. and Minh, P. V. and Chieu, T. T. and Hieu, T. Q. and Mai, N. T. and Baker, S. and Wagenaar, J. A. and Hoa, N. T. and Schultsz, C.} } @article {17291, title = {Non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars associated with invasive and non-invasive disease in the Lao People{\textquoteright}s Democratic Republic}, journal = {Trans R Soc Trop Med HygTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {111}, number = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {Sep 1}, pages = {418-424}, edition = {2018/01/18}, keywords = {Antimicrobial susceptibility, Bloodstream infections, HIV, Lao, Non-typhoidal Salmonella, Nts, Salmonella typhimurium}, isbn = {1878-3503 (Electronic)
0035-9203 (Linking)}, author = {Le Thi Phuong, T. and Rattanavong, S. and Vongsouvath, M. and Davong, V. and Phu Huong Lan, N. and Campbell, J. I. and Darton, T. C. and Thwaites, G. E. and Newton, P. N. and Dance, D. A. B. and Baker, S.} } @inbook {11938, title = {Norovirus and other Calicivirus}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University}, organization = {Michigan State University}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Lansing, MI}, url = {http://www.waterpathogens.org}, author = {Katayama, H and Vinj{\'e}, J}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, B and Rose, JB} } @book {16690, title = {Norovirus and other {Calicivirus}}, year = {2017}, note = {Published: �urlhttps://www.waterpathogens.org/book/norovirus-and-other-caliciviruses}, publisher = {Global Water Pathogen Project}, organization = {Global Water Pathogen Project}, author = {Katayama, H. and J. Vinj{\'e}}, editor = {Meschke, J. S. and Girones, R.} } @article {12268, title = {Novel "Superspreader" Bacteriophages Promote Horizontal Gene Transfer by Transformation}, journal = {MBio}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, note = {Keen, Eric C. Bliskovsky, Valery V. Malagon, Francisco Baker, James D. Prince, Jeffrey S. Klaus, James S. Adhya, Sankar L.}, month = {Jan-Feb}, abstract = {

Bacteriophages infect an estimated 10(23) to 10(25) bacterial cells each second, many of which carry physiologically relevant plasmids (e.g., those encoding antibiotic resistance). However, even though phage-plasmid interactions occur on a massive scale and have potentially significant evolutionary, ecological, and biomedical implications, plasmid fate upon phage infection and lysis has not been investigated to date. Here we show that a subset of the natural lytic phage population, which we dub \"superspreaders,\" releases substantial amounts of intact, transformable plasmid DNA upon lysis, thereby promoting horizontal gene transfer by transformation. Two novel Escherichia coli phage superspreaders, SUSP1 and SUSP2, liberated four evolutionarily distinct plasmids with equal efficiency, including two close relatives of prominent antibiotic resistance vectors in natural environments. SUSP2 also mediated the extensive lateral transfer of antibiotic resistance in unbiased communities of soil bacteria from Maryland and Wyoming. Furthermore, the addition of SUSP2 to cocultures of kanamycin-resistant E. coli and kanamycin-sensitive Bacillus sp. bacteria resulted in roughly 1,000-fold more kanamycin-resistant Bacillus sp. bacteria than arose in phage-free controls. Unlike many other lytic phages, neither SUSP1 nor SUSP2 encodes homologs to known hydrolytic endonucleases, suggesting a simple potential mechanism underlying the superspreading phenotype. Consistent with this model, the deletion of endonuclease IV and the nucleoid-disrupting protein ndd from coliphage T4, a phage known to extensively degrade chromosomal DNA, significantly increased its ability to promote plasmid transformation. Taken together, our results suggest that phage superspreaders may play key roles in microbial evolution and ecology but should be avoided in phage therapy and other medical applications. MPORTANCE Bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect bacteria, are the planet\&$\#$39;s most numerous biological entities and kill vast numbers of bacteria in natural environments. Many of these bacteria carry plasmids, extrachromosomal DNA elements that frequently encode antibiotic resistance. However, it is largely unknown whether plasmids are destroyed during phage infection or released intact upon phage lysis, whereupon their encoded resistance could be acquired and manifested by other bacteria (transformation). Because phages are being developed to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria and because transformation is a principal form of horizontal gene transfer, this question has important implications for biomedicine and microbial evolution alike. Here we report the isolation and characterization of two novel Escherichia coli phages, dubbed \" superspreaders,\" that promote extensive plasmid transformation and efficiently disperse antibiotic resistance genes. Our work suggests that phage superspreaders are not suitable for use in medicine but may help drive bacterial evolution in natural environments.

}, isbn = {2150-7511}, author = {Keen, E. C. and Bliskovsky, V. V. and Malagon, F. and Baker, J. D. and Prince, J. S. and Klaus, J. S. and Adhya, S. L.} } @article {12230, title = {Occurrence and elimination of antibiotic resistance genes in a long-term operation integrated surface flow constructed wetland}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {173}, year = {2017}, pages = {99-106}, isbn = {0045-6535}, author = {Fang, Hansun and Zhang, Qin and Nie, Xiangping and Chen, Baowei and Xiao, Yuandong and Zhou, Qiubai and Liao, Wei and Liang, Ximei} } @article {15862, title = {Occurrence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in urban wastewater treatment plants in north-eastern Spain}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {598}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/11/15/}, pages = {628-638}, keywords = {Genetic diversity, Public health, Treated sludge, wastewater}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Ramo, Ana and Del Cacho, Emilio and S{\'a}nchez-Acedo, Caridad and Qu{\'\i}lez, Joaqu{\'\i}n} } @article {15222, title = {Occurrence and genetic diversity of {Cryptosporidium} and {Giardia} in urban wastewater treatment plants in north-eastern {Spain}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {598}, year = {2017}, pages = {628{\textendash}638}, author = {Ramo, Ana and Del Cacho, Emilio and S{\'a}nchez-Acedo, Caridad and Qu{\'\i}lez, Joaqu{\'\i}n} } @article {15896, title = {Occurrence and removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Brazil}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {38}, number = {10}, year = {2017}, month = {May}, pages = {1245-1254}, edition = {2016/08/31}, keywords = {Brazil/epidemiology, Cities/epidemiology, Clostridium perfringens/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology, Cryptosporidium spp., Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification, Environmental monitoring, Giardia spp., Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/epidemiology, Humans, Oocysts, prevalence, Sewage, Sewage sludge, treatment processes, Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods, Waste Water/analysis/microbiology/*parasitology, Water Pollutants/*analysis}, isbn = {0959-3330 (Print)
0959-3330}, author = {Santos, P. R. and Daniel, L. A.} } @article {16620, title = {Occurrence and survival of pathogens at different sludge depths in unlined pit latrines in {Kampala} slums}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2017}, pages = {638{\textendash}645}, author = {Nabateesa, Sylivia and Zziwa, Ahamada and Kabenge, Isa and Kambugu, Robert and Wanyama, Joshua and Komakech, Allan John} } @article {12867, title = {Occurrence and survival of pathogens at different sludge depths in unlined pit latrines in Kampala slums}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2017}, pages = {638{\textendash}645}, publisher = {Water Research Commission (WRC)}, author = {Nabateesa, Sylivia and Zziwa, Ahamada and Kabenge, Isa and Kambugu, Robert and Wanyama, Joshua and Komakech, Allan John} } @article {13250, title = {Occurrence and variety of beta-Lactamase genes among Aeromonas spp. isolated from urban wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {8}, year = {2017}, pages = {863}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2017.00863}, author = {Piotrowska, M. and Przygodzinska, D. and Matyjewicz, K. and Popowska, M.} } @article {5906, title = {Occurrence of Arcobacter spp. and correlation with the bacterial indicator of faecal contamination Escherichia coli in bivalve molluscs from the Central Adriatic, Italy}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {245}, year = {2017}, pages = {6{\textendash}12}, author = {Leoni, Francesca and Chierichetti, Serena and Santarelli, Sabrina and Talevi, Giulia and Masini, Laura and Bartolini, Chiara and Rocchegiani, Elena and Haouet, M Naceur and Ottaviani, Donatella} } @article {15863, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in raw and finished drinking water in north-eastern Spain}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {580}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/02/15/}, pages = {1007-1013}, keywords = {drinking water, effluent, Influent, Public health, seasonality}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Ramo, Ana and Del Cacho, Emilio and S{\'a}nchez-Acedo, Caridad and Qu{\'\i}lez, Joaqu{\'\i}n} } @article {16493, title = {Occurrence of norovirus in raw sewage - A systematic literature review and meta-analysis}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {111}, year = {2017}, pages = {366{\textendash}374}, author = {Eftim, S. E., T. Hong, J. Soller, A. Boehm, I. Warren, A. Ichida and S. P. Nappier} } @article {16679, title = {Occurrence of norovirus in raw sewage - {A} systematic literature review and meta-analysis}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {111}, year = {2017}, pages = {366{\textendash}374}, author = {Eftim, S. E., T. Hong, J. Soller, A. Boehm, I. Warren, A. Ichida and Nappier, S. P.} } @article {9960, title = {{Occurrence of norovirus in raw sewage {\textendash} A systematic literature review and meta-analysis}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {111}, year = {2017}, pages = {366{\textendash}374}, abstract = {

Human noroviruses (NoV) are a leading cause of recreational waterborne illnesses and responsible for the majority of viral-associated gastrointestinal illnesses nationwide. We conducted a systematic literature review of published peer-reviewed publications to identify NoV density data in wastewater influent, and provided an approach for developing pathogen density distributions, using the NoV data. Literature review inclusion criteria included scope, study quality, and data availability. A non-parametric bootstrap statistical model was used to estimate the NoV distribution in wastewater influent. The approach used accounts for heterogeneity in study-specific distribution curves, sampling locations, and sampling season and provides a comprehensive representation of the data. Study results illustrate that pooling all of the available NoV data together in a meta-analysis provides a more comprehensive understanding of the technical literature than what could be appreciated from individual studies. The studies included in this analysis indicate a high density of NoV in wastewater influent (overall mean = 4.6 log10 genome copies (GC)/liter (L)), with a higher density of NoV genogroup (G) II (overall mean = 4.9 log10 GC/L) than for GI (overall mean = 4.4 log10 GC/L for GI). The bootstrapping approach was also used to account for differences in seasonal and geographical occurrences of NoV GI and GII. The methods presented are reproducible and can be used to develop QMRA-ready density distributions for other viral pathogens in wastewater influent, effluent, and ambient waters. To our knowledge, our results are the first to quantitatively characterize seasonal and geographic differences, which could be particularly useful for future risk assessments.

}, keywords = {Bootstrap, Microbial risk assessment, Norovirus, Systematic review, wastewater, Waterborne pathogen density}, issn = {18792448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.017}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.017}, author = {S E Eftim and T Hong and J Soller and A Boehm and I Warren and A Ichida and Sharon P Nappier} } @article {5910, title = {Occurrence of putative virulence genes on Arcobacter butzleri isolated from three different environmental sites throughout the dairy chain}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {122}, year = {2017}, pages = {1071{\textendash}1077}, author = {Piva, S and G R Gariano and Bonilauri, P and Giacometti, F and Decastelli, L and Florio, D and Massella, E and Serraino, A} } @booklet {12572, title = {One Health Initiative will unite human and veterinary medicine}, year = {2017}, publisher = {http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/}, author = {One Health,} } @booklet {12573, title = {One Water Hub}, year = {2017}, address = {http://uswateralliance.org/one-water}, author = {One Water,} } @article {9582, title = {OPTIMIZING CONDITIONS FOR CRUDE OIL DEGRADING BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM ISOLATED FROM AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT}, journal = {Pollution Research}, volume = {32}, year = {2017}, month = {01/2017}, pages = {197-204}, chapter = {197}, abstract = {
Isolation and identification of fresh water light crude oil degrading bacteria was the aim of this
in vitro study. Moreover, determining the optimum conditions for oil degrading activity. Total
bacterial count and bacterial indicators were counted in parallel with oil degrading bacteria in
sediment and water samples. Temperature, pH, COD and oil concentration were determined as the
optimum factors for the activity of the oil degraders. The ability of oil degrading was tested via
quantifying oil residues using gas chromatographs. The analysis of sediment samples showed the
presence of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. After four frequent screenings, oil degrading
bacteria were identified out of 225 isolates. Isolates has given the most potent crude oil degrading
activity were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Coronobacter sakazakii, klebsiella oxytoca
and Bordetella bronchispetica consequently. Oil degraders were mesothermic bacteria with
optimum pH activity from 7 to 7.5. Results can be concluded that, the consortium of the four
bacterial strains showed high efficiency of oil degradation.
}, keywords = {16S rRNA, Oil degrading bacteria, River Nile, sediment}, issn = {0257{\textendash}8050}, url = {http://www.envirobiotechjournals.com/article_abstract.php?aid=7788\&iid=229\&jid=4}, author = {Mohamed Azab El-Liethy} } @article {17519, title = {OPTIMIZING CONDITIONS FOR CRUDE OIL DEGRADING BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM ISOLATED FROM AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT}, year = {2017}, author = {Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and Bahaa Hemdan and Farag Samhan} } @article {8853, title = {OPTIMIZING CONDITIONS FOR CRUDE OIL DEGRADING BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM ISOLATED FROM AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT}, journal = {Pollution Research }, volume = {36}, year = {2017}, month = {09/2017}, pages = {197-204}, type = {Research}, chapter = {197}, abstract = {

Isolation and identification of fresh water light crude oil degrading bacteria was the aim of this
in vitro study. Moreover, determining the optimum conditions for oil degrading activity. Total
bacterial count and bacterial indicators were counted in parallel with oil degrading bacteria in
sediment and water samples. Temperature, pH, COD and oil concentration were determined as the
optimum factors for the activity of the oil degraders. The ability of oil degrading was tested via
quantifying oil residues using gas chromatographs. The analysis of sediment samples showed the
presence of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. After four frequent screenings, oil degrading
bacteria were identified out of 225 isolates. Isolates has given the most potent crude oil degrading
activity were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Coronobacter sakazakii, klebsiella oxytoca
and Bordetella bronchispetica consequently. Oil degraders were mesothermic bacteria with
optimum pH activity from 7 to 7.5. Results can be concluded that, the consortium of the four
bacterial strains showed high efficiency of oil degradation.

}, keywords = {16S rRNA, Oil degrading bacteria, River Nile, sediment}, issn = {0257{\textendash}8050}, author = {M. AZAB EL-LIETHY and Bahaa A. Hemdan} } @article {12548, title = {Ozonation as an effective pretreatment for reducing antibiotic resistance selection potency in oxytetracycline production wastewater}, journal = {Desalination and Water Treatment DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT}, volume = {74}, year = {2017}, pages = {155-162}, isbn = {1944-3994}, author = {Liu, Miaomiao and Zhang, Yu and Zhang, Hong and Zhang, Haifeng and Li, Kuixiao and Tian, Zhe and Yang, Min} } @inbook {11925, title = {Pathogenic members of~ Escherichia coli ~\&~ Shigella ~spp. Shigellosis}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org ~}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Garcia-Aljaro, C. and Momba, M. and Muniesa, M.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {5338, title = {{Performance Evaluation of 388 Full-Scale Waste Stabilization Ponds Systems with Seven Different Configurations}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, year = {2017}, pages = {916{\textendash}927}, keywords = {lagoons, removal efficiencies, sanitation, statistical analysis, wastewater}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2016.532}, author = {Espinosa, M.F. and von Sperling, M. and Verbyla, M.E.} } @article {12940, title = {Persistence of Ascaris spp. Ova in Tropical Soil Cultivated with Eucalyptus and Fertilized with Municipal Biosolids}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {522{\textendash}527}, publisher = {The American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.}, author = {de Faria, Marianne F and Guerrini, Ira{\^e} A and Oliveira, Fernando C and Sato, Maria In{\^e}s Z and Hachich, Elayse M and Passos, Jos{\'e} Raimundo S and Goulart, L{\'\i}via ML and Silva, Thiago T de S and Gava, Jos{\'e} L and Furches, Joel C and others} } @article {11046, title = {Persistence of {Ascaris} spp. {Ova} in {Tropical} {Soil} {Cultivated} with {Eucalyptus} and {Fertilized} with {Municipal} {Biosolids}}, journal = {Journal of Environment Quality}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {522{\textendash}527}, issn = {0047-2425}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2016.08.0305}, url = {https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/46/3/522}, author = {de Faria, Marianne F. and Guerrini, Ira{\^e} A. and Oliveira, Fernando C. and Sato, Maria In{\^e}s Z. and Hachich, Elayse M. and Passos, Jos{\'e} Raimundo S. and Goulart, L{\'\i}via M. L. and Silva, Thiago T. de S. and Gava, Jos{\'e} L. and Furches, Joel C. and James, Jason and Harrison, Robert B.} } @article {10366, title = {{Persistent Norovirus Contamination of Groundwater Supplies in Two Waterborne Outbreaks}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {1-12}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-017-9320-6}, author = {Kauppinen, A and Pitk{\"a}nen, T and Miettinen, IT} } @article {12227, title = {Phages rarely encode antibiotic resistance genes: a cautionary tale for virome analyses}, journal = {The ISME Journal}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan}, pages = {237-247}, isbn = {1751-7370 (Electronic)
1751-7362 (Linking)}, author = {Enault, F. and Briet, A. and Bouteille, L. and Roux, S. and Sullivan, M. B. and Petit, M. A.} } @article {16011, title = {A Phase I Study of the Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of Sm-TSP-2/Alhydrogel{\textregistered} With or Without GLA-AF for Intestinal Schistosomiasis in Healthy Adults}, year = {2017}, url = {https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02337855} } @inbook {17090, title = {Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in plants and microorganisms}, booktitle = {Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase (1988)}, year = {2017}, pages = {1{\textendash}38}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, author = {Harwood, JL and Price-Jones, MJ} } @article {9954, title = {{Potential Approaches to Assess the Infectivity of Hepatitis E Virus in Pork Products: A Review}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Springer US}, keywords = {Detection, Hepatitis E virus, hepatitis e virus {\'a}, infectivity, infectivity {\'a} detection {\'a}, Method}, issn = {1867-0334}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-017-9303-7}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12560-017-9303-7}, author = {Cook, Nigel and D{\textquoteright}Agostino, Martin and Johne, Reimar} } @article {12490, title = {The potential implications of reclaimed wastewater reuse for irrigation on the agricultural environment: The knowns and unknowns of the fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes{\textendash}A review}, journal = {Water researchWater research}, volume = {123}, year = {2017}, pages = {448-467}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Christou, Anastasis and Ag{\"u}era, Ana and Bayona, Josep Maria and Cytryn, Eddie and Fotopoulos, Vasileios and Lambropoulou, Dimitra and Manaia, C{\'e}lia M and Michael, Costas and Revitt, Mike and Schr{\"o}der, Peter} } @article {12317, title = {The prevalence and characterization of antibiotic-resistant and virulent Escherichia coli strains in the municipal wastewater system and their environmental fate}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {577}, year = {2017}, pages = {367-375}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Osi{\'n}ska, Adriana and Korzeniewska, Ewa and Harnisz, Monika and Niest{\k e}pski, Sebastian} } @article {15893, title = {Probabilistic quantitative microbial risk assessment model of farmer exposure to Cryptosporidium spp. in irrigation water within Kumasi Metropolis-Ghana}, journal = {Microbial Risk Analysis}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/08/01/}, pages = {1-8}, keywords = {Farmers, Irrigation, Quantitative microbial risk assessment, wastewater}, isbn = {2352-3522}, author = {Sampson, Angelina and Owusu-Ansah, Emmanuel de-Graft Johnson and Mills-Robertson, Felix C. and Ayi, Irene and Abaidoo, Robert C. and Hald, Tine and Permin, Anders} } @article {10367, title = {{Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food-borne pathogen}}, journal = {EFSA Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4886}, author = {Ricci, A and Allende, A and Bolton, D and Chemaly, M and Davies, R and P S Fernandez-Escamez and Herman, L and Koutsoumanis, K and Lindqvist, R and N{\o}rrung, B and Robertson, L and Ru, G and Sanaa, M and Simmons, M and Skandamis, P and Snary, E and Speybroeck, N and Ter Kuile, B and Threlfall, J and Wahlstr{\"o}m, H and Di Bartolo, I and Johne, R and Pavio, N and Rutjes, S and van der Poel, W and Vasickova, P and Hempen, M and Messens, W and Rizzi, V and Latronico, F and Girones, R} } @article {9968, title = {{Quantification and Genotyping of Aichi Virus 1 in Water Samples in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, number = {May 2011}, year = {2017}, pages = {1{\textendash}4}, keywords = {Aichi virus 1, Groundwater, Kathmandu Valley, Picornaviridae}, issn = {18670342}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-017-9283-7}, author = {Haramoto, E and Kitajima, M} } @article {17079, title = {Quantification of hookworm ova from wastewater matrices using quantitative PCR}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Sciences}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Gyawali, Pradip and Ahmed, Warish and Sidhu, Jatinder P and Jagals, Paul and Toze, Simon} } @article {17520, title = {Quantification of the Metabolic Activities of Natural Biofilm of Different Microenvironments}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.3923/jest.2017.131.138}, author = {Bahaa Hemdan and Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and Ahmed Shaban and Gamila El-Taweel} } @article {9583, title = {Quantification of the Metabolic Activities of Natural Biofilm of Different Microenvironments}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {10}, year = {2017}, month = {04/2017}, issn = {1994-7887} } @article {16966, title = {Quantifying pathogen risks associated with potable reuse: A risk assessment case study for Cryptosporidium}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {119}, year = {2017}, pages = {252{\textendash}266}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Amoueyan, Erfaneh and Ahmad, Sajjad and Eisenberg, Joseph NS and Pecson, Brian and Gerrity, Daniel} } @article {12486, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment for spray irrigation of dairy manure based on an empirical fate and transport model}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {125}, number = {8}, year = {2017}, pages = {087009}, author = {Burch, Tucker R and Spencer, Susan K and Stokdyk, Joel P and Kieke Jr, Burney A and Larson, Rebecca A and Firnstahl, Aaron D and Rule, Ana M and Borchardt, Mark A} } @article {12278, title = {Removal of antibiotic resistance genes from wastewater treatment plant effluent by coagulation}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {111}, year = {2017}, pages = {204-212}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Li, Na and Sheng, Guo-Ping and Lu, Yong-Ze and Zeng, Raymond J and Yu, Han-Qing} } @article {12611, title = {Removal of bacterial cells, antibiotic resistance genes and integrase genes by on-site hospital wastewater treatment plants: surveillance of treated hospital effluent quality}, journal = {Environmental Science: Water Research \& TechnologyEnvironmental Science: Water Research \& Technology}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, pages = {293-303}, author = {Timraz, Kenda and Xiong, Yanghui and Al Qarni, Hamed and P Y Hong} } @article {10369, title = {{Removal of human pathogenic viruses in a down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor treating municipal wastewater and health risks associated with utilization of the effluent for agricultural irrigation}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {110}, year = {2017}, pages = {389{\textendash}398}, author = {Kobayashi, N and Oshiki, M and Ito, T and Segawa, T and Hatamoto, M and Kato, T and Yamaguchi, T and Kubota, K and Takahashi, M and Iguchi, A and Tagawa, T and Okubo, T and Uemura, S and Harada, H and Motoyama, T and Araki, N and Sano, D} } @article {10280, title = {Rendering fecal waste safe for reuse via a cost-effective solar concentrator}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, pages = {252{\textendash}259}, author = {Foote, Andrew M and Woods, Emily and Fredes, Fernando and Leon, Juan S} } @article {12207, title = {ResistanceMap}, volume = {2017}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics \& Policy}, author = {CDDEP} } @article {6746, title = {Review: {Epidemiological} evidence of groundwater contribution to global enteric disease, 1948{\textendash}2015}, journal = {Hydrogeology Journal}, year = {2017}, month = {mar}, issn = {1431-2174, 1435-0157}, doi = {10.1007/s10040-017-1543-y}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10040-017-1543-y}, author = {Murphy, Heather M. and Prioleau, Morgan D. and Borchardt, Mark A. and Hynds, Paul D.} } @article {15909, title = {Revisiting the global problem of cryptosporidiosis and recommendations}, journal = {Tropical Parasitology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-Jun}, pages = {8-17}, edition = {2017/05/02}, keywords = {cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium, Diarrhea, Microbial source tracking, zoonotic diseases}, isbn = {2229-5070 (Print)
2229-5070}, author = {Shrivastava, A. K. and Kumar, S. and Smith, W. A. and Sahu, P. S.} } @article {5501, title = {{Risk factors for norovirus contamination of shellfish water catchments in England and Wales}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {241}, year = {2017}, pages = {318{\textendash}324}, abstract = {

This study examines the relationships between concentrations of human noroviruses (NoV) genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) and Escherichia coli monitored in oysters from 31 commercial harvesting areas on the coast of England and Wales from May 2009 to April 2011 and demographic, hydrometric, climatic and pollution source characteristics of upstream river catchments using multiple regression techniques. The predictive environmental factors for E. coli contamination in the oysters were rainfall (cumulative 7days before sampling) while the predictive factors for NoV (GI+GII) were water temperature, catchment area and the combined volume of continuous sewage discharges in the catchment. Oysters from cold waters ({\textless}5\°C) had significantly higher NoV content than those from warmer waters ({\textgreater}10\°C). The association with water temperature may be consequential on the seasonal prevalence of the virus in the community or linked with oyster metabolic function. In a group of 10 study sites, mean concentrations of NoV increased as the number of stormwater spills at those sites also increased. The results of this study could be used to evaluate the likely impact of sewerage infrastructure improvements in catchments at risk of NoV contamination and to help identify sites suitable for shellfish farming.

}, keywords = {Oysters, River flow, Sewage, Stormwater, Temperature}, issn = {01681605}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.10.028}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.10.028}, author = {Campos, Carlos J.A. and Kershaw, Simon and Morgan, Owen C. and Lees, David N.} } @article {16603, title = {Risk of human helminthiases: geospatial distribution and targeted control}, journal = {Int J Infect Dis}, volume = {55}, year = {2017}, month = {feb}, pages = {131{\textendash}138}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2012 among 22 rural barangays in Northern Samar, the Philippines in order to determine the prevalence of single and multiple species helminth infections, their geospatial distribution and underlying risk factors. METHODS: A total of 10,434 individuals who had completed both a medical questionnaire and a stool examination were included in the analysis. Barangay specific prevalence rates were displayed in ArcMap. RESULTS: The prevalence of Trichuris trichiura infection was found to be the highest at 62.4\%, followed by Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and S. japonicum with the prevalence rates of 40.2\%, 31.32\%, and 27.1\%, respectively. 52.7\% of people were infected with at least two parasites and 4.8\% with all four parasites. Males aged 10-19 years were the most vulnerable to coinfection infection. Students, fishermen, farmers and housewives were the most vulnerable occupations for co-infection of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Considerable heterogeneity in the spatial distribution was observed for the different parasite species. There was a considerably higher risk of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infection in villages with no schistosomiasis infection (P{\textless}0.0001) regardless of MDA treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of the geospatial distribution of multi-parasitism will guide future integrated strategies leading to elimination.}, keywords = {ArcMap, Control, Geospatial Distribution, intestinal helminths, Mass Drug Administration (MDA), Risk Factors}, issn = {1878-3511 (Electronic) 1201-9712 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2016.12.013}, author = {Yu, W. and Ross, A. G. and Olveda, R. M. and Harn, D. A. and Li, Y. and Chy, D. and Williams, G. M.} } @article {12111, title = {Risk of human helminthiases: geospatial distribution and targeted control}, journal = {Int J Infect Dis}, volume = {55}, year = {2017}, note = {Yu, Weiwei
Ross, Allen G
Olveda, Remigio M
Harn, Donald A
Li, Yuesheng
Chy, Delia
Williams, Gail M
eng
Canada
2016/12/19 06:00
Int J Infect Dis. 2017 Feb;55:131-138. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.12.013. Epub 2016 Dec 14.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {131-138}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2012 among 22 rural barangays in Northern Samar, the Philippines in order to determine the prevalence of single and multiple species helminth infections, their geospatial distribution and underlying risk factors. METHODS: A total of 10,434 individuals who had completed both a medical questionnaire and a stool examination were included in the analysis. Barangay specific prevalence rates were displayed in ArcMap. RESULTS: The prevalence of Trichuris trichiura infection was found to be the highest at 62.4\%, followed by Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and S. japonicum with the prevalence rates of 40.2\%, 31.32\%, and 27.1\%, respectively. 52.7\% of people were infected with at least two parasites and 4.8\% with all four parasites. Males aged 10-19 years were the most vulnerable to coinfection infection. Students, fishermen, farmers and housewives were the most vulnerable occupations for co-infection of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Considerable heterogeneity in the spatial distribution was observed for the different parasite species. There was a considerably higher risk of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infection in villages with no schistosomiasis infection (P<0.0001) regardless of MDA treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of the geospatial distribution of multi-parasitism will guide future integrated strategies leading to elimination.}, keywords = {ArcMap, Control, Geospatial Distribution, intestinal helminths, Mass Drug Administration (MDA), Risk Factors}, isbn = {1878-3511 (Electronic)
1201-9712 (Linking)}, author = {Yu, W. and Ross, A. G. and Olveda, R. M. and Harn, D. A. and Li, Y. and Chy, D. and Williams, G. M.} } @article {10877, title = {Risk-Based Framework for the Development of Public Health Guidance for Decentralized Non-Potable Water Systems}, journal = {Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {2017}, year = {2017}, pages = {3799--3809}, author = {Sharvelle, S and Ashbolt, N and Clerico, E and Hultquist, R and Leverenz, H and Olivieri, A} } @article {15040, title = {Risks from {Ebolavirus} {Discharge} from {Hospitals} to {Sewer} {Workers}}, journal = {Water Environ Res}, volume = {89}, year = {2017}, month = {apr}, pages = {357{\textendash}368}, issn = {1061-4303 (Print) 1061-4303}, doi = {10.2175/106143017x14839994523181}, author = {Haas, C. N. and Rycroft, T. and Bibby, K. and Casson, L.} } @article {9592, title = {Risks from Ebolavirus Discharge from Hospitals to Sewer Workers}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, year = {2017}, month = {Apr 01}, pages = {357-368}, edition = {2017/04/06}, isbn = {1061-4303 (Print)
1061-4303}, author = {Haas, C. N. and Rycroft, T. and Bibby, K. and Casson, L.} } @article {8874, title = {Riverbed Sediments as Reservoirs of Multiple Vibrio cholerae Virulence-Associated Genes: A Potential Trigger for Cholera Outbreaks in Developing Countries}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Africa remains the most cholera stricken continent in the world as many people lacking access to safe drinking water rely mostly
on polluted rivers as their main water sources. However, studies in these countries investigating the presence of Vibrio cholerae in
aquatic environments have paid little attention to bed sediments. Also, information on the presence of virulence-associated genes
(VAGs) in environmental ctx-negative V. cholerae strains in this region is lacking.Thus, we investigated the presence of V. cholerae
VAGs in water and riverbed sediment of the Apies River, South Africa. Altogether, 120 samples (60 water and 60 sediment samples)
collected from ten sites on the river (January and February 2014) were analysed using PCR. Of the 120 samples, 37 sediment and 31
water samples were positive for at least one of the genes investigated. The haemolysin gene (hlyA) was the most isolated gene. The
cholera toxin (ctxAB) and non-O1 heat-stable (stn/sto) genes were not detected. Genes were frequently detected at sites influenced
by human activities.Thus, identification of V. choleraeVAGs in sediments suggests the possible presence of V. cholerae and identifies
sediments of the Apies River as a reservoir for potentially pathogenic V. cholerae with possible public health implications.}, url = {https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2017/5646480/}, author = {Momba MNB} } @booklet {8352, title = {Safely managed drinking water- thematic report on drinking water 2017}, year = {2017}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @article {12308, title = {A sampling and metagenomic sequencing-based methodology for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in swine herds}, journal = {Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, note = {Munk, Patrick Andersen, Vibe Dalhoff de Knegt, Leonardo Jensen, Marie Stengaard Knudsen, Berith Elkaer Lukjancenko, Oksana Mordhorst, Hanne Clasen, Julie Agerso, Yvonne Folkesson, Anders Pamp, Sunje Johanna Vigre, Hakan Aarestrup, Frank Moller
Munk, Patrick/0000-0001-8813-4019; Pamp, Sunje Johanna/0000-0002-6236-1763; Folkesson, Anders/0000-0002-2175-830X
1460-2091}, month = {Feb}, pages = {385-392}, abstract = {

Objectives: Reliable methods for monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock and other reservoirs are essential to understand the trends, transmission and importance of agricultural resistance. Quantification of AMR is mostly done using culture-based techniques, but metagenomic read mapping shows promise for quantitative resistance monitoring. Methods: We evaluated the ability of: (i) MIC determination for Escherichia coli; (ii) cfu counting of E. coli; (iii) cfu counting of aerobic bacteria; and (iv) metagenomic shotgun sequencing to predict expected tetracycline resistance based on known antimicrobial consumption in 10 Danish integrated slaughter pig herds. In addition, we evaluated whether fresh or manure floor samples constitute suitable proxies for intestinal sampling, using cfu counting, qPCR and metagenomic shotgun sequencing. Results: Metagenomic read-mapping outperformed cultivation-based techniques in terms of predicting expected tetracycline resistance based on antimicrobial consumption. Our metagenomic approach had sufficient resolution to detect antimicrobial-induced changes to individual resistance gene abundances. Pen floor manure samples were found to represent rectal samples well when analysed using metagenomics, as they contain the same DNA with the exception of a few contaminating taxa that proliferate in the extraintestinal environment. Conclusions: We present a workflow, from sampling to interpretation, showing how resistance monitoring can be carried out in swine herds using a metagenomic approach. We propose metagenomic sequencing should be part of routine livestock resistance monitoring programmes and potentially of integrated One Health monitoring in all reservoirs.

}, isbn = {0305-7453}, author = {Munk, P. and Andersen, V. D. and de Knegt, L. and Jensen, M. S. and Knudsen, B. E. and Lukjancenko, O. and Mordhorst, H. and Clasen, J. and Agerso, Y. and Folkesson, A. and Pamp, S. J. and Vigre, H. and Aarestrup, F. M.} } @article {16773, title = {Schrodinger{\textquoteright}s microbes: Tools for distinguishing the living from the dead in microbial ecosystems}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {5}, year = {2017}, pages = {86}, author = {Emerson, J. B. and Adams, R.I. and Roman, C.M. and Brooks, B. and Coil, D.A. and Dahlhausen, K. and Ganz, H.H. and Hartmann, E.M. and Hsu, T. and Justice, N.B. and Paulino-Lima, I.G. and Luongo, J.C. and Lymperopoulou, D.S. and Gomez-Silvan, C. and Rothschild-Mancinelli, B. and Balk, M. and Huttenhower, C. and Nocker, A. and Vaishampayan, P. and Rothschild, L.J.} } @article {16328, title = {Seeking the environmental source of Leptospirosis reveals durable bacterial viability in river soils}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {11}, year = {2017}, author = {Thibeaux, R. and Geroult, S. and Benezech, C. and Chabaud, S. and Soup{\'e}-Gilbert, M. E. and Girault, D. and Bierque, E. and Goarant, C.} } @article {17174, title = {Selected Analytical Methods for Environmental Remediation and Recovery (SAM) (EPA/600/R-17/356)}, year = {2017}, publisher = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC}, address = { U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, }, author = {Campisano, R., K. Hall, J. Griggs, S. Willison, S. Reimer, H. Mash, M. Magnuson, L. Boczek, and E.} } @booklet {13028, title = {Septic Systems and Ground Water Quality}, year = {2017} } @booklet {15145, title = {Septic {Systems} and {Ground} {Water} {Quality}}, year = {2017}, author = {(MPCA), Minnesota Pollution Control Agency} } @article {11303, title = {Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis infection among children in Swaziland, southern Africa}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {104}, year = {2017}, pages = {73-80}, author = {Liao, C and Sukati, H and D{\textquoteright}Lamini, P and Chou, C and Liu, Y and Huang, Y and Chung, M and Mtsetfwa, J and Jonato, J and Chiu, W and Chang, P and Du, W and Chan, H and Chu, T and Cheng, H and Su, W and Tu, C and Cheng, C and Fan, C} } @article {12526, title = {SERS Detection of Multiple Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Using Nanosensors}, journal = {Anal ChemAnal Chem}, volume = {89}, number = {23}, year = {2017}, note = {Kearns, Hayleigh
Goodacre, Royston
Jamieson, Lauren E
Graham, Duncan
Faulds, Karen
eng
Anal Chem. 2017 Dec 5;89(23):12666-12673. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02653. Epub 2017 Oct 20.}, month = {Dec 5}, pages = {12666-12673}, edition = {2017/10/07}, abstract = {Successful pathogen detection is crucial for public health as the threat of infectious disease is dramatically increasing globally due to bacteria developing resistance to many antimicrobial drugs. The increase in bacterial infections has led to urgent demands for simpler, faster, and more reliable detection methods to be developed allowing the most appropriate therapy to be provided. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an analytical technique which has gained a great deal of interest for biosensing due to its sensitivity, selectivity, and multiplexing capabilities. A new bionanosensor has been developed for the isolation and detection of multiple bacterial pathogens via magnetic separation and SERS. This novel assay format involves using lectin functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for capture and isolation of bacteria from the sample matrix followed by specifically detecting bacterial pathogens using SERS active nanoparticles functionalized with antibodies which are strain specific. Therefore, the sample is captured using a "magnetic plug" and interrogated with a laser allowing simple and fast optical detection. Three bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) were successfully isolated and detected, with the lowest concentration for each of the strains detected at just 10(1) colony forming units per mL (CFU/mL). In addition to single pathogen detection, a mixture of all three bacterial strains was isolated and identified within the same sample matrix using SERS with the triplex detection also being confirmed using principal component analysis. Herein, we demonstrate that this multiplexed bionanosensor is capable of providing rapid and sensitive discrimination of bacterial pathogens both individually, and within a multiplex system, offering opportunities for future point of care devices and advancements in biomedical applications.}, isbn = {1520-6882 (Electronic)
0003-2700 (Linking)}, author = {Kearns, H. and Goodacre, R. and Jamieson, L. E. and Graham, D. and Faulds, K.} } @article {11532, title = {Sewage sludge on farmland: code of practice}, year = {2017}, institution = {DEFRA}, address = {London} } @booklet {15057, title = {Short-term {WASH} interventions in emergency response: a systematic review}, year = {2017}, publisher = {3ie International Initiative for Impact Evaluation}, address = {London, UK}, author = {Yates, T. and Vujcic, J. and Leandre Joseph, M. and Lantagne, D.} } @article {9609, title = {Short-term WASH interventions in emergency response: a systematic review }, year = {2017}, institution = {3ie International Initiative for Impact Evaluation}, address = {London, UK}, author = {Yates, T and Vujcic, J and Leandre Joseph, M and Lantagne, D} } @booklet {15199, title = {S{\'\i}ntesis de Informe Final del Proyecto Monitoreo Integrado de las {Metas} del {ODS} 6 {Relacionadas} con {Agua} y {Saneamiento} ({GEMI})}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Lima, Peru} } @article {11311, title = {Small rodents as paratenic or intermediate hosts of carnivore parasites in Berlin, Germany}, journal = {PLoS One}, year = {2017}, author = {Kruchen, J and Blumke, J and Maaz, D and Demeler, J and Ramunke, S and Antolova, D and Schaper, R and von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G} } @article {13338, title = {Species distribution and prevalence of putative virulence factors in mesophilic aeromonas spp. isolated from fresh retail sushi}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, year = {2017}, pages = {931}, author = {Hoel, S and Vadstein, O and A N Jakobsen} } @article {12318, title = {Spread of mcr-1-carrying Enterobacteriaceae in sewage water from Spain}, journal = {Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, year = {2017}, note = {Ovejero, C. M. Delgado-Blas, J. F. Calero-Caceres, W. Muniesa, M. Gonzalez-Zorn, B.
Muniesa, Maite/0000-0001-5549-1394; Calero-Caceres, William/0000-0003-3819-9206
1460-2091}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1050-1053}, abstract = {

Objectives: The mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-1 has been identified worldwide in human and animal sources, while its occurrence in the environment is still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of mcr-1-harbouring Enterobacteriaceae in water samples obtained from rivers and waste water treatment plants in the area of Barcelona, Spain. Methods: The presence of mcr-1 was detected by PCR. Bacterial identification was performed via MALDI-TOF MS. Resistance to colistin was determined by a broth dilution method. The epidemiological relationship between the positive isolates was assessed with PFGE and ST was determined by MLST. Plasmid characterization was performed by transformation experiments, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and incompatibility group PCR. Results: Thirty MDR isolates bearing mcr-1, 29 Escherichia coli (ST632 and ST479) and 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae (ST526), were identified in sewage from two different waste water treatment plants, whereas the gene was not found in river water. All isolates, including the K. pneumoniae, harboured bla(CTX-M-55) and bla(TEM-1). mcr-1 was in all cases associated with an IncI2 plasmid, which only conferred resistance to colistin. mcr-1 was harboured by two predominant E. coli clones that were found in both waste water treatment plants. Conclusions: This study showed a high occurrence of mcr-1 in the sewage of Barcelona, mainly due to the dissemination of two E. coli pulsotypes that are circulating in the population. The presence of mcr-1 in the environment is a cause for concern, and suggests high prevalence of mcr-1 in the community.

}, isbn = {0305-7453}, author = {Ovejero, C. M. and Delgado-Blas, J. F. and Calero-C{\'a}ceres, W. and Muniesa, M. and Gonzalez-Zorn, B.} } @article {16012, title = {Study to Evaluate the Safety of the Vaccine Prepared sm14 Against Schistosomiasis}, year = {2017}, url = {https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01154049} } @article {12391, title = {Subinhibitory Concentrations of Disinfectants Promote the Horizontal Transfer of Multidrug Resistance Genes within and across Genera}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, note = {Times Cited: 3
Li, Dan/0000-0001-6765-6627

3
1520-5851}, month = {Jan 3}, pages = {570-580}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Zhang, Ye and Gu, April Z. and He, Miao and Li, Dan and Chen, Jianmin} } @article {17410, title = {A Systematic Review of the Incidence, Risk Factors and Case Fatality Rates of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) Disease in Africa (1966 to 2014)}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop DisPLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan}, pages = {e0005118}, edition = {2017/01/06}, keywords = {Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology, Bacteremia/epidemiology/microbiology, Humans, Incidence, Risk Factors, Salmonella enterica/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology, Salmonella Infections/*epidemiology/microbiology}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Uche, I. V. and MacLennan, C. A. and Saul, A.} } @article {16689, title = {Target virus log10 reduction values determined for two reclaimed wastewater irrigation scenarios in {Japan} based on tolerable annual disease burden}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {125}, year = {2017}, pages = {438{\textendash}448}, author = {Ito, T., and Kitajima, M. and Kato, T. and Ishii, S. and Segawa, T. and Okabe, S. and Sano, D.} } @article {16648, title = {Is there a difference in prevalence of helminths between households using ecological sanitation and those using traditional pit latrines? {A} latrine based cross sectional comparative study in {Malawi}}, journal = {BMC research notes}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, pages = {200}, author = {Kumwenda, Save and Msefula, Chisomo and Kadewa, Wilfred and Diness, Yohane and Kato, Charles and Morse, Tracy and Ngwira, Bagrey} } @inbook {12902, title = {Is there a difference in prevalence of helminths between households using ecological sanitation and those using traditional pit latrines? A latrine based cross sectional comparative study in Malawi}, booktitle = {BMC Research Notes}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2017}, pages = {200}, author = {Kumwenda, Save and Msefula, Chisomo and Kadewa, Wilfred and Diness, Yohane and Kato, Charles and Morse, Tracy and Ngwira, Bagrey} } @article {12959, title = {Is there a difference in prevalence of helminths between households using ecological sanitation and those using traditional pit latrines? A latrine based cross sectional comparative study in Malawi}, journal = {BMC Res Notes}, volume = {10}, year = {2017}, pages = {200}, author = {Kumwenda, S and Msefula, C and Kadewa, W and Diness, Y and Kato, C and Morse, T and Ngwira, B} } @article {17129, title = {Three-step effluent chlorination increases disinfection efficiency and reduces DBP formation and toxicity}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {168}, year = {2017}, pages = {1302{\textendash}1308}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Li, Yu and Zhang, Xiangru and Yang, Mengting and Liu, Jiaqi and Li, Wanxin and Graham, Nigel JD and Li, Xiaoyan and Yang, Bo} } @article {16887, title = {Total staphylococci as performance surrogate for greywater treatment}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {25}, number = {33}, year = {2017}, pages = {32894{\textendash}32900}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Shoults, David C and Ashbolt, Nicholas J} } @article {12619, title = {Toward a comprehensive strategy to mitigate dissemination of environmental sources of antibiotic resistance}, journal = {Environmental science and technologyEnvironmental science and technology}, volume = {51}, number = {22}, year = {2017}, pages = {13061{\textendash}13069}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Vikesland, Peter J and Pruden, Amy and Alvarez, Pedro JJ and Aga, Diana and Bürgmann, Helmut and Li, Xiang-dong and Manaia, C{\'e}lia M and Nambi, Indumathi and Wigginton, Krista and Zhang, Tong} } @inbook {11896, title = {Toxoplasma gondii ~}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Bahia-Oliveira, L. and Gomez-Marin, J. and Shapiro, K.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {17128, title = {Two-step chlorination: A new approach to disinfection of a primary sewage effluent}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {108}, year = {2017}, pages = {339{\textendash}347}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Li, Yu and Yang, Mengting and Zhang, Xiangru and Jiang, Jingyi and Liu, Jiaqi and Yau, Cie Fu and Graham, Nigel JD and Li, Xiaoyan} } @article {15158, title = {The {United} {Nations} {World} {Water} {Development} {Report} 2017. {Wastewater}: {The} {Untapped} {Resource}}, journal = {The United Nations World Water Development Report}, year = {2017}, author = {Connor, Richard and Renata, Angela and Ortigara, Cordeiro and Koncag{\"u}l, Engin and Uhlenbrook, Stefan and Lamizana-Diallo, Birguy M and Zadeh, Sara Marjani and Qadir, Manzoor and Kjell{\'e}n, Marianne and Sj{\"o}din, Johanna and others} } @article {13041, title = {The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource}, journal = {The United Nations World Water Development Report}, year = {2017}, author = {Connor, Richard and Renata, Angela and Ortigara, Cordeiro and Koncag{\"u}l, Engin and Uhlenbrook, Stefan and Lamizana-Diallo, Birguy M and Zadeh, Sara Marjani and Qadir, Manzoor and Kjell{\'e}n, Marianne and Sj{\"o}din, Johanna and others} } @article {13141, title = {Unusual severe extra-intestinal manifestations of a common enteric pathogen-Aeromonas spp.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research.}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, year = {2017}, pages = {DC01{\textendash}DC03}, doi = {10.7860/JCDR/2017/26600.9787}, author = {Banerjee, B. and Madiyal, M. and Ramchandra, L. and Mukhopadhyay, C. and Garg, R. and Chawla, K.} } @article {12190, title = {Using metagenomics to investigate human and environmental resistomes}, journal = {Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, volume = {72}, number = {10}, year = {2017}, note = {Bengtsson-Palme, Johan Larsson, D. G. Joakim Kristiansson, Erik
Larsson, D.G. Joakim/0000-0002-5496-0328
1460-2091}, month = {Oct}, pages = {2690-2703}, abstract = {

Antibiotic resistance is a global health concern declared by the WHO as one of the largest threats to modern healthcare. In recent years, metagenomic DNA sequencing has started to be applied as a tool to study antibiotic resistance in different environments, including the human microbiota. However, a multitude of methods exist for metagenomic data analysis, and not all methods are suitable for the investigation of resistance genes, particularly if the desired outcome is an assessment of risks to human health. In this review, we outline the current state of methods for sequence handling, mapping to databases of resistance genes, statistical analysis and metagenomic assembly. In addition, we provide an overview of important considerations related to the analysis of resistance genes, and recommend some of the currently used tools and methods that are best equipped to inform research and clinical practice related to antibiotic resistance.

}, isbn = {0305-7453}, author = {Bengtsson-Palme, J. and Larsson, D. G. J. and Kristiansson, E.} } @inbook {17522, title = {VIBRIO CHOLERAE AND CHOLERA BIOTYPES}, year = {2017}, author = {Maggy N B Momba and Mohamed Azab El-Liethy} } @article {17473, title = {{Virus inactivation in stored human urine, sludge and animal manure under typical conditions of storage or mesophilic anaerobic digestion}}, journal = {Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {492{\textendash}501}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, abstract = {Viruses represent major disease transmitting agents carried by human excreta and animal manure. Understanding virus inactivation is therefore essential in preventing microbial spread due to inadequate treatment of these materials. Here, we investigated the inactivation kinetics of the single-stranded (ss) RNA phage MS2, DNA phages T4 and $\Phi$X174, and the double-stranded DNA human adenovirus in stored human urine, sludge, and animal manure, at temperatures and pH values typical of storage under naturally occurring conditions or mesophilic anaerobic digestion ({\textless}40 {\textdegree}C). The ssRNA phage MS2 was most readily inactivated in all samples compared to the other viruses tested. This is consistent with previous findings in well-controlled buffer solutions of similar composition, where inactivation was found to be governed by bases (NH3, carbonate, hydroxide) that catalyze the transesterification and cleavage of the ssRNA. Correspondingly, MS2 inactivation kinetics in real matrices could be adequately modelled by only taking into account the effects of temperature, pH, carbonate and ammonia on the integrity of ssRNA. DNA viruses were more persistent compared to MS2; however, inactivation in selected sludge and manure samples proceeded at faster rates compared to well-controlled buffer solutions of similar composition. This indicates a contribution of microbial or enzymatic activity to inactivation of DNA viruses. Overall, this study identifies the most important factors contributing to inactivation of viruses in human excreta and manure, and highlights the differences in inactivation kinetics and mechanisms between ssRNA and DNA viruses.}, issn = {20531419}, doi = {10.1039/c6ew00311g}, author = {Decrey, Lo{\"\i}c and Kohn, Tamar} } @article {12864, title = {Virus inactivation in stored human urine, sludge and animal manure under typical conditions of storage or mesophilic anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {492{\textendash}501}, author = {Lo{\"\i}c Decrey and Kohn, Tamar} } @article {9915, title = {Virus inactivation in stored human urine, sludge and animal manure under typical conditions of storage or mesophilic anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {492-501}, author = {Decrey, L and Kohn, T} } @article {16617, title = {Virus inactivation in stored human urine, sludge and animal manure under typical conditions of storage or mesophilic anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Environmental Science: Water Research \& Technology}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {492{\textendash}501}, author = {Decrey, Lo{\"\i}c and Kohn, Tamar} } @article {7622, title = {VP7 and VP8* genetic characterization of group A rotavirus genotype G12P[8]: Emergence and spreading in the Eastern Brazilian coast in 2014}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {89}, year = {2017}, pages = {64-70}, author = {Da Silva, MF and Fumian, TM and de Assis, RM and Fialho, AM and Carvalho-Costa, FA and da Silva Ribeiro de Andrade, J and Leite, JP} } @booklet {8372, title = {{WASH in the 2030 Agenda: New Indicators for water, sanitation and hygiene}}, year = {2017}, url = {https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user{\_}upload/resources/JMP-WASH-in-the-2030-Agenda-factsheet.pdf}, author = {WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP)} } @article {9608, title = {WASH Interventions in Disease Outbreak Response}, year = {2017}, institution = {Humanitarian Evidence Programme}, author = {Yates, T and Vujcic, J and Leandre Joseph, M and Lantagne, D} } @booklet {15056, title = {{WASH} {Interventions} in {Disease} {Outbreak} {Response}}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Humanitarian Evidence Programme}, address = {Oxford: Oxfam GB}, author = {Yates, T. and Vujcic, J. and Leandre Joseph, M. and Lantagne, D.} } @book {15229, title = {Waste stabilisation ponds}, year = {2017}, publisher = {IWA publishing}, organization = {IWA publishing}, author = {Von Sperling, Marcos} } @inbook {16271, title = {Waste Stabilization Ponds}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Michigan State University and UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University and UNESCO}, chapter = {Waste Stabilization Ponds}, address = {East Lansing, Michigan, USA}, isbn = {978-0-9967252-8-6}, issn = {978-0-9967252-8-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.14321/waterpathogens.65}, url = {http://www.waterpathogens.org/book/waste-stabilization-ponds}, author = {Verbyla, M. and von Sperling,~M. and Maiga, Y.}, editor = {J B Rose and Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, B and Haas, C. and Mihelcic, JR and Verbyla, ME} } @article {12614, title = {Wastewater: the untapped resource }, year = {2017}, address = {Paris. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002471/247153e.pdf}, author = {UNESCO} } @booklet {8371, title = {Wastewater: The Untapped Resource}, year = {2017}, publisher = {United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}, address = {Paris, France}, url = {http://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-detail/en/c/853650/} } @article {15883, title = {Water-borne protozoa parasites: The Latin American perspective}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {220}, number = {5}, year = {2017}, month = {Jul}, pages = {783-798}, edition = {2017/05/04}, keywords = {*Detection, *Latin America, *Outbreaks, *Parasites, *Protozoa, *Water, *Water Microbiology, Animals, Climate change, Environmental monitoring, Humans, Latin America, Parasites/*isolation \& purification, Water Pollutants/*isolation \& purification}, isbn = {1438-4639}, author = {Rosado-Garcia, F. M. and Guerrero-Florez, M. and Karanis, G. and Hinojosa, M. D. C. and Karanis, P.} } @article {15703, title = {Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks - An update 2011-2016}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {114}, year = {2017}, month = {May 1}, pages = {14-22}, edition = {2017/02/20}, keywords = {*Contamination, *Cryptosporidium, *Diarrhea, *Giardia, *Parasites, *Protozoan parasites, *Public health surveillance systems, *Water Microbiology, *Waterborne disease outbreak (WBDO), *Worldwide review, Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Water Pollution, Water Supply}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Efstratiou, A. and Ongerth, J. E. and Karanis, P.} } @article {10828, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2016}, volume = {92}, number = {36}, year = {2017}, pages = {512{\textendash}536} } @booklet {10600, title = {{WHO, Surveillance in response to the cholera outbreak in Yemen}}, year = {2017} } @article {11912, title = {Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases in Urban Slums: Opportunities for Intervention}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, year = {2017}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1471-4922}, author = {Costa, Federico and Carvalho-Pereira, Ticiana and Begon, Mike and Riley, Lee and Childs, James} } @article {5514, title = {{Abiotic stress and phyllosphere bacteria influence the survival of human norovirus and its surrogates on preharvest leafy greens}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {352{\textendash}363}, abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Foodborne outbreaks of human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are frequently associated with leafy greens. Because there is no effective method to eliminate HuNoV from postharvest leafy greens, understanding the virus survival under preharvest conditions is crucial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the survival of HuNoV and its surrogate viruses murine norovirus (MNV), porcine sapovirus (SaV) and Tulane virus (TV) on preharvest lettuce and spinach that were subjected to abiotic stress (physical damage, heat or flood). We also examined the phyllosphere culturable bacteria in response to abiotic stress and in relation with viral persistence. Mature plants were subjected to stressors two days prior to viral inoculations on leaves. Quantification of viral RNA, infectivity of surrogates and bacterial counts were performed on post-inoculation days (PID) 0, 1, 7 and 14. For both plant types, time exerted significant effects on HuNoV, MNV, SaV and TV RNA titers, with larger effects on surrogates. Infectious surrogate viruses were undetectable on PID14. Only physical damage on PID14 significantly enhanced HuNoV RNA persistence on lettuce while the three stressors differentially enhanced the persistence MNV and TV RNA. Bacterial counts were significantly affected by time and plant type but not by the stressors. However, bacterial counts correlated significantly with HuNoV RNA titers on spinach and with surrogate viruses on both plant types under various conditions. In conclusion, abiotic stressors and phyllosphere bacterial density differentially influenced the survival of HuNoV and its surrogates on lettuce and spinach, emphasizing the need for preventive measures at the preharvest stage.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, issn = {10985336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02763-15}, author = {Esseili, Malak A. and Gao, Xiang and Tegtmeier, Sarah and Saif, Linda J. and Wang, Qiuhong} } @article {12175, title = {Abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental bacteriophages}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {97}, number = {12}, year = {2016}, month = {Dec}, pages = {3458-3466}, isbn = {1465-2099 (Electronic)
0022-1317 (Linking)}, author = {Anand, T. and Bera, B. C. and Vaid, R. K. and Barua, S. and Riyesh, T. and Virmani, N. and Hussain, M. and Singh, R. K. and Tripathi, B. N.} } @article {12332, title = {Abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in five municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Monastir Governorate, Tunisia}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {219}, year = {2016}, pages = {353-358}, isbn = {0269-7491}, author = {Rafraf, Ikbel Denden and Lekunberri, Itziar and S{\`a}nchez-Melsi{\'o}, Alexandre and Aouni, Mahjoub and Borrego, Carles M and Balcazar, Jose Luis} } @article {13242, title = {Active Shiga-Like Toxin Produced by Some Aeromonas spp., isolated in Mexico City}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {1522}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.01522}, author = {I. Palma-Martinez and Guerrero-Mandujano, A. and Ruiz-Ruiz, M. J. and Hernandez-Cortez, C. and Molina-Lopez, J. and Bocanegra-Garcia, V. and Castro-Escarpulli, G.} } @article {15480, title = {Advancing a vaccine to prevent human schistosomiasis}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {34}, number = {26}, year = {2016}, note = {Journal Article
Netherlands}, month = {Jun 03}, pages = {2988-91}, abstract = {Several candidate human schistosomiasis vaccines are in different stages of preclinical and clinical development. The major targets are Schistosoma haematobium (urogenitial schistosomiasis) and Schistosoma mansoni (intestinal schistosomiasis) that account for 99\% of the world{\textquoteright}s 252 million cases, with 90\% of these cases in Africa. Two recombinant S. mansoni vaccines - Sm-TSP-2 and Sm-14 are in Phase 1 trials, while Smp80 (calpain) is undergoing testing in non-human primates. Sh28GST, also known as Bilhvax is in advanced clinical development for S. haematobium infection. The possibility remains that some of these vaccines may cross-react to target both schistosome species. These vaccines were selected on the basis of their protective immunity in preclinical challenge models, through human immune-epidemiological studies or both. They are being advanced through a combination of academic research institutions, non-profit vaccine product development partnerships, biotechnology companies, and developing country vaccine manufacturers. In addition, new schistosome candidate vaccines are being identified through bioinformatics, OMICs approaches, and moderate throughput screening, although the full potential of reverse vaccinology for schistosomiasis has not yet been realized. The target product profiles of these vaccines vary but many focus on vaccinating children, in some cases following mass treatment with praziquantel, also known as vaccine-linked chemotherapy. Several regulatory pathways have been proposed, some of which rely on World Health Organization prequalification.}, isbn = {1873-2518 (Electronic)
0264-410X (Linking)}, author = {Merrifield, M. and Hotez, P. J. and Beaumier, C. M. and Gillespie, P. and Strych, U. and Hayward, T. and Bottazzi, M. E.} } @article {13159, title = {Aeromonas dhakensis, an increasingly recognized human pathogen}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {793}, author = {Chen, P. L. and Lamy, B. and Ko, W. C.} } @article {13217, title = {Aeromonas lusitana sp. nov., isolated from untreated water and vegetables}, journal = {Current Microbiology}, volume = {72}, year = {2016}, pages = {795-803}, doi = {10.1007/s00284-016-0997-9}, author = {A. Martinez-Murcia and Beaz-Hidalgo, R. and Navarro, A. and Carvalho, M. J. and Aravena-Roman, M. and Correia, A. and Figueras, M. J. and Saavedra, M. J.} } @article {13305, title = {Aeromonas spp.: An Emerging Nosocomial Pathogen}, journal = {Journal of Laboratory physcians}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-4}, author = {Batra, P and Mathur, P and M C Mirsa} } @article {12255, title = {Alkaline fermentation of waste sludge causes a significant reduction of antibiotic resistance genes in anaerobic reactors}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, year = {2016}, month = {Dec 20}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance genes reduction, Gene hosts, Gene transfer potential, Sludge alkaline fermentation}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic)
0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Huang, H. and Zheng, X. and Chen, Y. and Liu, H. and Wan, R. and Su, Y.} } @article {8784, title = {{Ammonia as an In Situ Sanitizer: Influence of Virus Genome Type on Inactivation.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {16}, year = {2016}, month = {aug}, pages = {4909{\textendash}20}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, abstract = {UNLABELLED Treatment of human excreta and animal manure (HEAM) is key in controlling the spread of persistent enteric pathogens, such as viruses. The extent of virus inactivation during HEAM storage and treatment appears to vary with virus genome type, although the reasons for this variability are not clear. Here, we investigated the inactivation of viruses of different genome types under conditions representative of HEAM storage or mesophilic digestion. The goals were to characterize the influence of HEAM solution conditions on inactivation and to determine the potential mechanisms involved. Specifically, eight viruses representing the four viral genome types (single-stranded RNA [ssRNA], double-stranded RNA [dsRNA], single-stranded DNA [ssDNA], and double-stranded DNA [dsDNA]) were exposed to synthetic solutions with well-controlled temperature (20 to 35{\textdegree}C), pH (8 to 9), and ammonia (NH3) concentrations (0 to 40 mmol liter(-1)). DNA and dsRNA viruses were considerably more resistant than ssRNA viruses, resulting in up to 1,000-fold-longer treatment times to reach a 4-log inactivation. The apparently slower inactivation of DNA viruses was rationalized by the higher stability of DNA than that of ssRNA in HEAM. Pushing the system toward harsher pH ({\textgreater}9) and temperature ({\textgreater}35{\textdegree}C) conditions, such as those encountered in thermophilic digestion and alkaline treatments, led to more consistent inactivation kinetics among ssRNA and other viruses. This suggests that the dependence of inactivation on genome type disappeared in favor of protein-mediated inactivation mechanisms common to all viruses. Finally, we recommend the use of MS2 as a conservative indicator to assess the inactivation of ssRNA viruses and the stable $\Phi$X174 or dsDNA phages as indicators for persistent viruses. IMPORTANCE Viruses are among the most environmentally persistent pathogens. They can be present in high concentrations in human excreta and animal manure (HEAM). Therefore, appropriate treatment of HEAM is important prior to its reuse or discharge into the environment. Here, we investigated the factors that determine the persistence of viruses in HEAM, and we determined the main mechanisms that lead to their inactivation. Unlike other organisms, viruses can have four different genome types (double- or single-stranded RNA or DNA), and the viruses studied herein represent all four types. Genome type appeared to be the major determinant for persistence. Single-stranded RNA viruses are the most labile, because this genome type is susceptible to degradation in HEAM. In contrast, the other genome types are more stable; therefore, inactivation is slower and mainly driven by the degradation of viral proteins. Overall, this study allows us to better understand the behavior of viruses in HEAM.}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01106-16}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27260358 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4968548}, author = {Decrey, Lo{\"\i}c and Kazama, Shinobu and Kohn, Tamar} } @article {13909, title = {Anti-cas spacers in orphan {CRISPR}4 arrays prevent uptake of active {CRISPR}-{Cas} {I}-{F} systems.}, journal = {Nature microbiology}, volume = {1}, number = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {jun}, pages = {16081}, abstract = {Archaea and bacteria harbour clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) loci. These arrays encode RNA molecules (crRNA), each containing a sequence of a single repeat-intervening spacer. The crRNAs guide CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins to cleave nucleic acids complementary to the crRNA spacer, thus interfering with targeted foreign elements. Notably, pre-existing spacers may trigger the acquisition of new spacers from the target molecule by means of a primed adaptation mechanism. Here, we show that naturally occurring orphan CRISPR arrays that contain spacers matching sequences of the cognate (absent) cas genes are able to elicit both primed adaptation and direct interference against genetic elements carrying those genes. Our findings show the existence of an anti-cas mechanism that prevents the transfer of a fully equipped CRISPR-Cas system. Hence, they suggest that CRISPR immunity may be undesired by particular prokaryotes, potentially because they could limit possibilities for gaining favourable sequences by lateral transfer.}, issn = {2058-5276}, doi = {10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.81}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573106}, author = {Almendros, Crist{\'o}bal and Guzm{\'a}n, Noem{\'\i} M and Garc{\'\i}a-Mart{\'\i}nez, Jes{\'u}s and Mojica, Francisco J M} } @article {7930, title = {{Anti-cas spacers in orphan CRISPR4 arrays prevent uptake of active CRISPR-Cas I-F systems.}}, journal = {Nature microbiology}, volume = {1}, number = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {jun}, pages = {16081}, abstract = {Archaea and bacteria harbour clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) loci. These arrays encode RNA molecules (crRNA), each containing a sequence of a single repeat-intervening spacer. The crRNAs guide CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins to cleave nucleic acids complementary to the crRNA spacer, thus interfering with targeted foreign elements. Notably, pre-existing spacers may trigger the acquisition of new spacers from the target molecule by means of a primed adaptation mechanism. Here, we show that naturally occurring orphan CRISPR arrays that contain spacers matching sequences of the cognate (absent) cas genes are able to elicit both primed adaptation and direct interference against genetic elements carrying those genes. Our findings show the existence of an anti-cas mechanism that prevents the transfer of a fully equipped CRISPR-Cas system. Hence, they suggest that CRISPR immunity may be undesired by particular prokaryotes, potentially because they could limit possibilities for gaining favourable sequences by lateral transfer.}, issn = {2058-5276}, doi = {10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.81}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573106}, author = {Almendros, Crist{\'o}bal and Guzm{\'a}n, Noem{\'\i} M and Garc{\'\i}a-Mart{\'\i}nez, Jes{\'u}s and Mojica, Francisco J M} } @article {12244, title = {Appearance of beta-lactam Resistance Genes in Agricultural Soils and Clinical Isolates over the 20th Century}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, year = {2016}, note = {Graham, David W. Knapp, Charles W. Christensen, Bent T. McCluskey, Seanin Dolfing, Jan
Christensen, Bent /F-1203-2016; Knapp, Charles/D-3373-2009; Dolfing, Jan/B-8641-2015
Knapp, Charles/0000-0001-7997-8543; Dolfing, Jan/0000-0002-7220-530X}, month = {Feb}, abstract = {

Debate exists about whether agricultural versus medical antibiotic use drives increasing antibiotic resistance (AR) across nature. Both sectors have been inconsistent at antibiotic stewardship, but it is unclear which sector has most influenced acquired AR on broad scales. Using qPCR and soils archived since 1923 at Askov Experimental Station in Denmark, we quantified four broad-spectrum beta-lactam AR genes (ARG; bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(OXA) and bla(CTX-M)) and class-1 integron genes (int1) in soils from manured (M) versus inorganic fertilised (IF) fields. \"Total\" beta-lactam ARG levels were significantly higher in M versus IF in soils post-1940 (paired-t test; p \< 0.001). However, dominant individual ARGs varied over time; blaTEM and blaSHV between 1963 and 1974, bla(OXA) slightly later, and bla(CTX-M) since 1988. These dates roughly parallel first reporting of these genes in clinical isolates, suggesting ARGs in animal manure and humans are historically interconnected. Archive data further show when non-therapeutic antibiotic use was banned in Denmark, bla(CTX-M) levels declined in M soils, suggesting accumulated soil ARGs can be reduced by prudent antibiotic stewardship. Conversely, int1 levels have continued to increase in M soils since 1990, implying direct manure application to soils should be scrutinized as part of future stewardship programs.

}, isbn = {2045-2322}, author = {Graham, D. W. and Knapp, C. W. and Christensen, B. T. and McCluskey, S. and Dolfing, J.} } @article {5907, title = {Arcobacter butzleri isolates exhibit pathogenic potential in intestinal epithelial cell models}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {120}, year = {2016}, pages = {218{\textendash}225}, author = {Karadas, G and B{\"u}cker, R and Sharbati, S and J D Schulzke and Alter, T and G{\"o}lz, G} } @article {10994, title = {Are pit latrines in urban areas of {Sub}-{Saharan} {Africa} performing? {A} review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {feb}, pages = {120}, abstract = {A pit latrine is the most basic form of improved sanitation which is currently used by a number of people around the globe. In spite of the wide spread use, known successes and advantages associated with pit latrines, they have received little attention in form of research and development. This review focuses on the usage and performance (filling, smell and insect nuisance) of pit latrines in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and proposes approaches for their improvements and sustainability.}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-016-2772-z}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2772-z}, author = {Nakagiri, Anne and Niwagaba, Charles B. and Nyenje, Philip M. and Kulabako, Robinah N. and Tumuhairwe, John B. and Kansiime, Frank} } @article {12379, title = {ARGs-OAP: online analysis pipeline for antibiotic resistance genes detection from metagenomic data using an integrated structured ARG-database}, journal = {Bioinformatics}, volume = {32}, number = {15}, year = {2016}, pages = {2346-2351}, isbn = {1460-2059}, author = {Yang, Ying and Jiang, Xiaotao and Chai, Benli and Ma, Liping and Li, Bing and Zhang, Anni and Cole, James R and Tiedje, James M and Zhang, Tong} } @article {11407, title = {Assessing the impact of a joint human-porcine intervention package for Taenia solium control: Results of a pilot study from northern Lao PDR}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {159}, year = {2016}, pages = {185-191}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0001-706X}, author = {Okello, Anna L and Thomas, Lian and Inthavong, Phouth and Ash, Amanda and Khamlome, Boualam and Keokamphet, Chattouphone and Newberry, Kim and Gauci, Charles G and Gabriel, Sarah and Dorny, Pierre} } @article {15990, title = {{Assessing the impact of sanitation on indicators of fecal exposure along principal transmission pathways: A systematic review}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {219}, number = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {nov}, pages = {709{\textendash}723}, publisher = {Urban {\&} Fischer}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE Fecal-oral transmission of enteric and other pathogens due to poor sanitation is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in low- or middle-income settings. Few studies have investigated the impact of sanitation on indicators of transmission, a prerequisite to achieving health gains. This review attempts to summarize the literature to date. METHODS We searched leading databases to identify studies that address the effect of sanitation on various transmission pathways including fecal pathogens or indicator bacteria in drinking water, hand contamination, sentinel toys, food, household and latrine surfaces and soil, as well as flies and observations of human feces. This also included studies that assessed the impact of fecal contamination of water supplies based on distance from sanitation facilities. We identified 29 studies that met the review{\textquoteright}s eligibility criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Overall, the studies found little to no effect from sanitation interventions on these transmission pathways. There was no evidence of effects on water quality (source or household), hand or sentinel toy contamination, food contamination, or contamination of surfaces or soil. There is some evidence that sanitation was associated with reductions in flies and a small effect on observations of feces (Risk Difference -0.03, 95{\%}CI -0.06 to 0.01). Studies show an inverse relationship between the distance of a water supply from a latrine and level of fecal contamination of such water supply. Future evaluations of sanitation interventions should include assessments of effects along transmission pathways in order to better understand the circumstances under which interventions may be effective at preventing disease.}, issn = {1438-4639}, doi = {10.1016/J.IJHEH.2016.09.021}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463916302036}, author = {Sclar, Gloria D. and Penakalapati, Gauthami and Amato, Heather K. and Garn, Joshua V. and Alexander, Kelly and Freeman, Matthew C. and Boisson, Sophie and Medlicott, Kate O. and Clasen, Thomas} } @article {12554, title = {Assessing the risk of antibiotic resistance transmission from the environment to humans: non-direct proportionality between abundance and risk}, journal = {Trends in microbiologyTrends in Microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, pages = {173-181}, isbn = {0966-842X}, author = {Manaia, C{\'e}lia M} } @article {12871, title = {Assessment of the influence of intrinsic environmental and geographical factors on the bacterial ecology of pit latrines}, journal = {Microbial Biotechnology}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {209{\textendash}223}, issn = {1751-7915}, doi = {10.1111/1751-7915.12334}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12334}, author = {Torondel, Belen and Jeroen HJ Ensink and Gundogdu, Ozan and Umer Z Ijaz and Parkhill, Julian and Abdelahi, Faraji and Viet Α Nguyen and Sudgen, Steven and Gibson, Walter and Alan W Walker and Quince, Christopher} } @article {17166, title = {Bacteria Inactivation during the Drying of Struvite Fertilizers Produced from Stored Urine}, journal = {Environmental Science \& TechnologyEnvironmental science \& technologyEnviron Sci Technol}, volume = {50}, number = {23}, year = {2016}, month = {Dec 6}, pages = {13013-13023}, keywords = {desiccation tolerance, enterica serovar typhimurium, microbial inactivation, Pathogens, Pharmaceuticals, phosphorus recovery, Soil, source-separated urine, Survival, thermal inactivation}, isbn = {0013-936x}, author = {Bischel, H. N. and Schindelholz, S. and Schoger, M. and Decrey, L. and Buckley, C. A. and Udert, K. M. and Kohn, T.} } @article {13389, title = {{Bactericidal and virucidal mechanisms in the alkaline disinfection of compost using calcium lime and ash}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {181}, year = {2016}, pages = {721{\textendash}727}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {In the present study, the bactericidal and virucidal mechanisms in the alkaline disinfection of compost with calcium lime and ash were investigated. Two indicator microorganisms, Escherichia coli and MS2 coliphage, were used as surrogates for enteric pathogens. The alkaline-treated compost with calcium oxide (CaO) or ash resulted primarily in damage to the outer membrane and enzyme activities of E. coli. The alkaline treatment of compost also led to the infectivity loss of the coliphage because of the partial capsid damage and RNA exteriorization due to a raised pH, which is proportional to the amount of alkaline agents added. These results indicate that the alkaline treatment of compost using calcium oxide and ash is effective and can contribute to the safe usage of compost from a mixing type dry toilet.}, keywords = {Alkaline disinfection, Ash, Calcium oxide, Compost, Dry toilet, Pathogen}, issn = {10958630}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.026}, author = {Hijikata, Nowaki and Tezuka, Rui and Kazama, Shinobu and Otaki, Masahiro and Ushijima, Ken and Ito, Ryusei and Okabe, Satoshi and Sano, Daisuke and Funamizu, Naoyuki} } @article {8713, title = {{Bioaerosol emissions and detection of airborne antibiotic resistance genes from a wastewater treatment plant}}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {124}, year = {2016}, pages = {404{\textendash}412}, abstract = {Air samples from twelve sampling sites (including seven intra-plant sites, one upwind site and four downwind sites) from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Beijing were collected using a Reuter Centrifugal Sampler High Flow (RCS); and their microbial fractions were studied using culturing and high throughput gene sequence. In addition, the viable (fluorescent) bioaerosol concentrations for 7 intra-plant sites were also monitored for 30 min each using an ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UV-APS). Both air and water samples collected from the plant were investigated for possible bacterial antibiotic resistance genes and integrons using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with gel electrophoresis. The results showed that the air near sludge thickening basin was detected to have the highest level of culturable bacterial aerosols (up to 1697 CFU/m3) and fungal aerosols (up to 930 CFU/m3). For most sampling sites, fluorescent peaks were observed at around 3-4 ??m, except the office building with a peak at 1.5 ??m, with a number concentration level up to 1233-6533 Particles/m3. About 300 unique bacterial species, including human opportunistic pathogens, such as Comamonas Testosteroni and Moraxella Osloensis, were detected from the air samples collected over the biological reaction basin. In addition, we have detected the sul2 gene resistant to cotrimoxazole (also known as septra, bactrim and TMP-SMX) and class 1 integrase gene from the air samples collected from the screen room and the biological reaction basin. Overall, the screen room, sludge thickening basin and biological reaction basin imposed significant microbial exposure risks, including those from airborne antibiotic resistance genes.}, keywords = {Airborne antibiotic resistance genes, Bacterial aerosols, Bacterial pathogens, Bioaerosols, Fungal aerosols, Wastewater treatment plant}, isbn = {1352-2310}, issn = {18732844}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.030}, author = {Li, Jing and Zhou, Liantong and Zhang, Xiangyu and Xu, Caijia and Dong, Liming and Yao, Maosheng} } @article {12544, title = {Bioaerosol emissions and detection of airborne antibiotic resistance genes from a wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Atmospheric EnvironmentAtmospheric Environment}, volume = {124}, year = {2016}, pages = {404-412}, isbn = {1352-2310}, author = {Li, Jing and Zhou, Liantong and Zhang, Xiangyu and Xu, Caijia and Dong, Liming and Yao, Maosheng} } @article {10389, title = {Bioaerosol emissions and detection of airborne antibiotic resistance genes from a wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {124}, year = {2016}, pages = {404{\textendash}412}, author = {Li, Jing and Zhou, Liantong and Zhang, Xiangyu and Xu, Caijia and Dong, Liming and Yao, Maosheng} } @article {15065, title = {Bioaerosol emissions and detection of airborne antibiotic resistance genes from a wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {124}, year = {2016}, pages = {404{\textendash}412}, author = {Li, Jing and Zhou, Liantong and Zhang, Xiangyu and Xu, Caijia and Dong, Liming and Yao, Maosheng} } @article {8849, title = {Bio-Generation of Electrical Energy from Wastewater Using Microbial Fuel Cell}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, month = {11/2016}, type = {Research}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {The main aim of this research was to evaluate the ability of microorganisms to produce the electrical power and biological treatment of municipal wastewater in MFCs. The current intensity was measured using digital Avometer. COD (chemical oxygen demand), TSS (total suspended solids) and coilform group were determined according to standard methods. The obtained experimental results showed that municipal wastewater treated in MFCs had a maximum produced current were 17.1mA/m3. Regarding, the results COD, TSS, total and fecal coilform removal from treated effluent for 21 days of operation were 320 mg/L, 103 mg/L, 2.9x102 and 1.5x102 MPN-Index/100ml. Results concluded MFCs is promising technology for electricity production from wastewater and it can be biologically treatment of this waste. In addition to that, more investigation of this point must be study in the future}, keywords = {bacteria, Bioelectricity, COD, microbial fuel cell, wastewater}, issn = {0975-8585}, url = {http://www.rjpbcs.com/pdf/2016_7(6)/[171].pdf}, author = {Bahaa A. Hemdan and M.Azab El-Liethy and E.M. Abou-taleb} } @article {9763, title = {{Blastocystis in health and disease: are we moving from a clinical to a public health perspective}}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {54}, year = {2016}, pages = {524{\textendash}528}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.02520-15}, author = {L O{\textquoteright} Brien Andersen and Stensvold, CR} } @book {9783, title = {Blastocystis infection among backyard-raised pigs in Bay, Province of Laguna, The Philippines}, volume = {Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology, and Environmental Science}, year = {2016}, author = {De La Cruz, CPP and Gorospe, M and Paller, VGV} } @article {15913, title = {The Burden of Cryptosporidium Diarrheal Disease among Children < 24 Months of Age in Moderate/High Mortality Regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, Utilizing Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {May}, pages = {e0004729}, edition = {2016/05/25}, keywords = {*Cost of Illness, Afghanistan/epidemiology, Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology, Asia/epidemiology, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/*mortality/parasitology, Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics/immunology/isolation \& purification, Data Mining/methods, Developing Countries/economics/statistics \& numerical data, Diarrhea/epidemiology/*mortality/parasitology, Feces/*parasitology, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases/*epidemiology/mortality/parasitology, Humans, Immunoassay, Incidence, India/epidemiology, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Polymerase Chain Reaction}, isbn = {1935-2727}, author = {Sow, S. O. and Muhsen, K. and Nasrin, D. and Blackwelder, W. C. and Wu, Y. and Farag, T. H. and Panchalingam, S. and Sur, D. and Zaidi, A. K. and Faruque, A. S. and Saha, D. and Adegbola, R. and Alonso, P. L. and Breiman, R. F. and Bassat, Q. and Tamboura, B. and Sanogo, D. and Onwuchekwa, U. and Manna, B. and Ramamurthy, T. and Kanungo, S. and Ahmed, S. and Qureshi, S. and Quadri, F. and Hossain, A. and Das, S. K. and Antonio, M. and Hossain, M. J. and Mandomando, I. and Nhampossa, T. and Acacio, S. and Omore, R. and Oundo, J. O. and Ochieng, J. B. and Mintz, E. D. and O{\textquoteright}reilly, C. E. and Berkeley, L. Y. and Livio, S. and Tennant, S. M. and Sommerfelt, H. and Nataro, J. P. and Ziv-Baran, T. and Robins-Browne, R. M. and Mishcherkin, V. and Zhang, J. and Liu, J. and Houpt, E. R. and Kotloff, K. L. and Levine, M. M.} } @article {15171, title = {Burden of norovirus and rotavirus in children after rotavirus vaccine introduction, {Cochabamba}, {Bolivia}}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {212{\textendash}217}, author = {McAtee, Casey L and Webman, Rachel and Gilman, Robert H and Mejia, Carolina and Bern, Caryn and Apaza, Sonia and Espetia, Susan and Pajuelo, M{\'o}nica and Saito, Mayuko and Challappa, Roxanna and others} } @article {13621, title = {Burden of norovirus and rotavirus in children after rotavirus vaccine introduction, Cochabamba, Bolivia}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {212{\textendash}217}, publisher = {ASTMH}, author = {McAtee, Casey L and Webman, Rachel and Gilman, Robert H and Mejia, Carolina and Bern, Caryn and Apaza, Sonia and Espetia, Susan and Pajuelo, M{\'o}nica and Saito, Mayuko and Challappa, Roxanna and others} } @article {17258, title = {The Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid in India: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop DisPLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, month = {Apr}, pages = {e0004616}, edition = {2016/04/16}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Humans, Incidence, India/epidemiology, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Middle Aged, Paratyphoid Fever/*epidemiology, prevalence, Topography, Medical, Typhoid Fever/*epidemiology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {John, J. and Van Aart, C. J. and Grassly, N. C.} } @booklet {10114, title = {{Calidad de agua potable para consumo humano}}, year = {2016}, address = {La Paz, Bolivia} } @article {12282, title = {Can chlorination co-select antibiotic-resistance genes?}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {156}, year = {2016}, month = {Aug}, pages = {412-9}, keywords = {Antibiotic-resistance genes, chlorination, Co-selection, High capacity quantitative PCR analysis, Mobile genetic elements, water treatment}, isbn = {1879-1298 (Electronic)
0045-6535 (Linking)}, author = {Lin, W. and Zhang, M. and Zhang, S and Yu, X.} } @article {16726, title = {Case study: norovirus in drinking water [http://qmrawiki.canr.msu.edu/index.php/Case_Study:_Norovirus_in_Drinking_Water]}, number = {February 16, 2016}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment (CAMRA)}, url = {http://qmrawiki.canr.msu.edu/index.php/Case_Study:_Norovirus_in_Drinking_Water}, author = {Leak, E. and Abla, M. and Meschke, J.S. and Jackson, C. and Pogreba-Brown, K. and Eltholth, M.M.} } @article {12362, title = {Changes of resistome, mobilome and potential hosts of antibiotic resistance genes during the transformation of anaerobic digestion from mesophilic to thermophilic}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {98}, year = {2016}, month = {Jul 01}, pages = {261-9}, keywords = {Anaerobic digestion, Antibiotic resistance gene, Mobilome, Network analysis, transformation}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Tian, Z. and Zhang, Y. and Yu, B. and Yang, M.} } @article {12610, title = {Changes of resistome, mobilome and potential hosts of antibiotic resistance genes during the transformation of anaerobic digestion from mesophilic to thermophilic}, journal = {Water researchWater research}, volume = {98}, year = {2016}, pages = {261-269}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Tian, Zhe and Zhang, Yu and Yu, Bo and Yang, Min} } @article {17191, title = {Changing Patterns in Enteric Fever Incidence and Increasing Antibiotic Resistance of Enteric Fever Isolates in the United States, 2008-2012}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, month = {Aug 1}, pages = {322-9}, edition = {2016/04/20}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, antimicrobial resistance, Asia, Child, Child, Preschool, Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript, Drug Resistance, Microbial, enteric fever, Female, have been disclosed., have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest., Humans, Incidence, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Paratyphoid Fever/*epidemiology/microbiology, Salmonella paratyphi A/*drug effects/isolation \& purification, Salmonella typhi/*drug effects/isolation \& purification, Surveillance, Travel, travelers{\textquoteright} health, typhoid and paratyphoid, Typhoid Fever/*epidemiology/microbiology, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Date, K. A. and Newton, A. E. and Medalla, F. and Blackstock, A. and Richardson, L. and McCullough, A. and Mintz, E. D. and Mahon, B. E.} } @article {11299, title = {{Characterisation of a new, highly effective method for detecting nematode eggs (Ascaris spp., Toxocara spp., Trichuris spp.) in sewage sludge containing flocculants}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {170}, year = {2016}, pages = {198{\textendash}206}, doi = {10.1016/j.exppara.2016.09.011}, author = {Zdybel, Jolanta and Karamon, Jacek and Rozycki, Miroslaw and Bilska-Zajac, Ewa and Klapec, Teresa and Cencek, Tomasz} } @article {12208, title = {Characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-carrying plasmids in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from Taiwan}, journal = {Microbial Drug Resistance}, year = {2016}, month = {May 05}, isbn = {1931-8448 (Electronic)
1076-6294 (Linking)}, author = {Chang, C. Y. and Lin, H. J. and Chang, L. L. and Ma, L. and Siu, L. K. and Tung, Y. C. and Lu, P. L.} } @article {12232, title = {Characterization of resistance genes and plasmids from outbreaks and illness clusters caused by Salmonella resistant to ceftriaxone in the United States, 2011-2012}, journal = {Microbial Drug Resistance}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov 09}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, plasmid, resistance, Salmonella}, isbn = {1931-8448 (Electronic)
1076-6294 (Linking)}, author = {Folster, J. P. and Grass, J. E. and Bicknese, A. and Taylor, J. and Friedman, C. R. and Whichard, J. M.} } @article {9372, title = {{Characterization of trihalomethanes (THM) and their precursors patterns in a drinking water conveyance network in Tunisia}}, journal = {Desalination and Water Treatment}, volume = {57}, number = {56}, year = {2016}, pages = {27015{\textendash}27027}, author = {Rabhi, M and Nouiri, I and Rjeb, MC and Ben Hamouda, MF and Tarhouni, J} } @booklet {8367, title = {Children: reducing mortality}, year = {2016}, url = {http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs178/en/} } @article {5458, title = {Children: reducing mortality}, year = {2016}, url = {http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs178/en} } @article {13207, title = {Chironomids{\textquoteright} Relationship with Aeromonas Species}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {736}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00736}, author = {Laviad, S. and Halpern, M.} } @article {12291, title = {Class 1 integrase, sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance genes in wastewater treatment plant and surface water}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {144}, year = {2016}, pages = {1665-1673}, isbn = {0045-6535}, author = {Makowska, Nicoletta and Koczura, Ryszard and Mokracka, Joanna} } @article {13257, title = {Classification of a hypervirulent Aeromonas hydrophila pathotype responsible for epidemic outbreaks in warm-water fishes}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {1615}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.01615}, author = {Rasmussen-Ivey, C. R. and M R Liles and Hossain, M. J. and Odom, S. E and Terhune, J. S and Hemstreet, W. G. and Shoemaker, C. A. and Zhang, D. and Xu, D. H. and Griffin, M. J. and Liu, Y. J. and Figueras, M J and Santos, SR and Newton, JC} } @article {5005, title = {{Clonorchiasis}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {387}, year = {2016}, pages = {800{\textendash}810}, author = {Qian, MB and Utzinger, J and Keiser, J and Zhou, XN} } @article {4971, title = {{Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis spp. in Vietnam: current status and prospects}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {110}, year = {2016}, pages = {13{\textendash}20}, author = {Doanha, PN and Nawab, Y} } @book {16507, title = {Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment}, year = {2016}, edition = {Third edition.}, keywords = {Sewage Purification Flocculation., Water Purification Coagulation., Water Purification Flocculation.}, isbn = {9781780407494 (hbk.)}, author = {Bratby, John} } @book {12015, title = {Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment}, year = {2016}, note = {GBB638774
017772880
{\textsterling}79.00
John Bratby.
illustrations ; 24 cm
Previous edition: 2006.
Formerly CIP.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Also issued online.}, pages = {xii, 524 pages}, edition = {3rd}, keywords = {Sewage Purification Flocculation., Water Purification Coagulation., Water Purification Flocculation.}, isbn = {9781780407494 (hbk.)}, author = {Bratby, John} } @article {17115, title = {Coliphages as Model Organisms in the Characterization and Management of Water Resources}, journal = {Water}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, year = {2016}, pages = {199}, publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, author = {Jofre, Juan and Lucena, Francisco and Blanch, Anicet R and Muniesa, Maite} } @article {12303, title = {Colistin- and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli harboring mcr-1 and blaNDM-5, causing a complicated urinary tract infection in a patient from the United States}, journal = {MBio}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, isbn = {2150-7511 (Electronic)}, author = {Mediavilla, J. R. and Patrawalla, A. and Chen, L. and Chavda, K. D. and Mathema, B. and Vinnard, C. and Dever, L. L. and Kreiswirth, B. N.} } @article {12279, title = {The colistin resistance mcr-1 gene is going wild}, journal = {Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, year = {2016}, month = {Jun 20}, isbn = {1460-2091 (Electronic)
0305-7453 (Linking)}, author = {Liakopoulos, A. and Mevius, D. J. and Olsen, B. and Bonnedahl, J.} } @mastersthesis {13347, title = {Collection and treatment of fecal disposal in rural areas of developing countries}, volume = {Masters}, year = {2016}, month = {12/2016}, pages = {167}, school = {Graz University of Technology}, type = {Masters}, address = {Styria, Austria}, url = { https://www.tugraz.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Institute/SWW/3_Unterseite_Lehre/4_ ~~~~~~~~~~~ Masterarbeiten/MA_GRAD.pdf}, author = {Grad, M} } @article {14356, title = {Comparative detection and quantification of {Arcobacter} butzleri in stools from diarrheic and non-diarrheic human beings in southwestern {Alberta}, {Canada}.}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, year = {2016}, month = {feb}, pages = {JCM.03202{\textendash}15}, author = {Webb, A L and Boras, V F and Kruczkiewicz, P and Selinger, L B and Taboada, E N and Inglis, G D} } @article {5839, title = {{Comparative detection and quantification of Arcobacter butzleri in stools from diarrheic and non-diarrheic human beings in southwestern Alberta, Canada.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {54}, year = {2016}, month = {feb}, pages = {1082-1088}, author = {Webb, A L and Boras, V F and Kruczkiewicz, P and Selinger, L B and Taboada, E N and Inglis, G D} } @article {4793, title = {{Comparative genomics reveals Cyclospora cayetanensis possesses coccidia-like metabolism and invasion components but unique surface antigens}}, journal = {BMC Genomics}, volume = {30}, year = {2016}, pages = {17{\textendash}316}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-016-2632-3.}, author = {Liu, S and Wang, L and Zheng, H and Xu, Z and Roellig, DM and Li, N and Frace, MA and Tang, K and Arrowood, MJ and Moss, DM and Zhang, L and Feng, Y and Xiao, L} } @article {12338, title = {Comparative metagenomics reveals a diverse range of antimicrobial resistance genes in effluents entering a river catchment}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {73}, number = {7}, year = {2016}, note = {Rowe, Will Verner-Jeffreys, David W. Baker-Austin, Craig Ryan, Jim J. Maskell, Duncan J. Pearce, Gareth P.
Pearce, Gary/0000-0003-3959-2616
1996-9732}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1541-1549}, abstract = {

The aquatic environment has been implicated as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). In order to identify sources that are contributing to these gene reservoirs, it is crucial to assess effluents that are entering the aquatic environment. Here we describe a metagenomic assessment for two types of effluent entering a river catchment. We investigated the diversity and abundance of resistance genes, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and pathogenic bacteria. Findings were normalised to a background sample of river source water. Our results show that effluent contributed an array of genes to the river catchment, the most abundant being tetracycline resistance genes tetC and tetW from farm effluents and the sulfonamide resistance gene sul2 from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. In nine separate samples taken across 3 years, we found 53 different genes conferring resistance to seven classes of antimicrobial. Compared to the background sample taken up river from effluent entry, the average abundance of genes was three times greater in the farm effluent and two times greater in the WWTP effluent. We conclude that effluents disperse ARGs, MGEs and pathogenic bacteria within a river catchment, thereby contributing to environmental reservoirs of ARGs.

}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Rowe, W. and Verner-Jeffreys, D. W. and Baker-Austin, C. and Ryan, J. J. and Maskell, D. J. and Pearce, G. P.} } @article {12319, title = {Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance Removal Efficiencies Using Ozone Disinfection under Different pH and Suspended Solids and Humic Substance Concentrations}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {14}, year = {2016}, note = {Pak, Gijung Salcedo, Dennis Espineli Lee, Hansaem Oh, Junsik Maeng, Sung Kyu Song, Kyung Guen Hong, Seok Won Kim, Hyun-Chul Chandran, Kartik Kim, Sungpyo
1520-5851}, month = {Jul}, pages = {7590-7600}, abstract = {

This study mainly evaluated the effectiveness of ozonation toward the enhancement of the removal efficiencies of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), pB10 plasmid transfer, and pB10 plasmids under different pH and suspended solids (SS) and humic acid concentrations. First, chlorination was tested as a reference disinfection process. Chlorination at a very high dose concentration of Cl-2 (75 mg L-1) and a long contact time (10 min) were required to achieve approximately 90\% ARB and pB10 plasmid transfer removal efficiencies. However, even these stringent conditions only resulted in a 78.8\% reduction of pB10 plasmid concentrations. In case of ozonation, the estimated CT (concentration x contact time) value (at C-0 = 7 mg L-1) for achieving 4-log pB10 plasmid removal efficiency was 127.15 mg.min L-1, which was 1.04- and 1.25-fold higher than those required for ARB (122.73 mg-min L-1) and a model nonantibiotic resistant bacterial strain, E. coli K-12, (101.4 mg.min L-1), respectively. In preventing pB10 plasmid transfer, ozonation achieved better performance under conditions of higher concentrations of humic acid and lower pH. Our study results demonstrated that the applicability of CT concept in practice, conventionally used for disinfection, might not be appropriate for antibiotic resistance control in the wastewater treatment process. Further studies should be conducted in wastewater engineering on how to implement multiple barriers including disinfection to prevent ARB and ARG discharge into the environment.

}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Pak, G. and Salcedo, D. E. and Lee, H. and Oh, J. and Maeng, S. K. and Song, K. G. and Hong, S. W. and Kim, H. C. and Chandran, K. and Kim, S.} } @article {14306, title = {Comparison of bacterial communities of conventional and {A}-stage activated sludge systems.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2016}, pages = {18786}, author = {Gonzalez-Martinez, Alejandro and Rodriguez-Sanchez, Alejandro and Lotti, Tommaso and Garcia-Ruiz, Maria-Jesus and Osorio, Francisco and Gonzalez-Lopez, Jesus and van Loosdrecht, Mark C M} } @article {5789, title = {{Comparison of bacterial communities of conventional and A-stage activated sludge systems.}}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2016}, pages = {18786}, author = {Gonzalez-Martinez, Alejandro and Rodriguez-Sanchez, Alejandro and Lotti, Tommaso and Garcia-Ruiz, Maria-Jesus and Osorio, Francisco and Gonzalez-Lopez, Jesus and van Loosdrecht, Mark C M} } @article {12322, title = {Comparison of ozone and thermal hydrolysis combined with anaerobic digestion for municipal and pharmaceutical waste sludge with tetracycline resistance genes}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {99}, year = {2016}, month = {Apr 26}, pages = {122-128}, keywords = {Anaerobic digestion, Municipal sludge, ozone, Pharmaceutical sludge, Tetracycline resistance genes, Thermal hydrolysis}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Pei, J. and Yao, H. and Wang, H. and Ren, J. and Yu, X.} } @article {6951, title = {Comparison of {Risk} {Predicted} by {Multiple} {Norovirus} {Dose}-{Response} {Models} and {Implications} for {Quantitative} {Microbial} {Risk} {Assessment}: {Comparison} of {Risk} {Predicted} by {Multiple} {Norovirus} {Dose}-{Response} {Models}}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, year = {2016}, month = {jun}, issn = {02724332}, doi = {10.1111/risa.12616}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/risa.12616}, author = {Van Abel, Nicole and Schoen, Mary E. and Kissel, John C. and Meschke, J. Scott} } @article {16717, title = {Comparison of risk predicted by multiple norovirus dose-response models and implications for quantitative microbial risk assessment}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {245{\textendash}264}, author = {Van Abel, N. and Schoen, M.E. and Kissel, J.C. and Meschke, J.S.} } @article {13210, title = {Complete genome sequence and methylome analysis of Aeromonas hydrophila strain YL17, isolated from a compost pile}, journal = {Genome Announcements}, volume = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {e00060-16}, doi = {10.1128/genomeA.00060-16}, author = {Lim, Y. L. and Roberts, R. J. and Ee, R. and Yin, W. F. and Chan, K. G.} } @article {12476, title = {Concentrations of antibiotics predicted to select for resistant bacteria: Proposed limits for environmental regulation}, journal = {Environment InternationalEnvironment International}, volume = {86}, year = {2016}, pages = {140-149}, isbn = {0160-4120}, author = {Bengtsson-Palme, Johan and Larsson, DG Joakim} } @article {12086, title = {Contamination of commonly consumed raw vegetables with soil transmitted helminth eggs in Mazandaran province, northern Iran}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {225}, year = {2016}, note = {Rostami, Ali
Ebrahimi, Maryam
Mehravar, Saeed
Fallah Omrani, Vahid
Fallahi, Shirzad
Behniafar, Hamed
eng
Netherlands
2016/03/22 06:00
Int J Food Microbiol. 2016 May 16;225:54-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.013. Epub 2016 Mar 15.}, month = {May 16}, pages = {54-8}, abstract = {

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are responsible for significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Consumption of raw vegetables without proper washing is one of the major routes of such infections. We evaluate the prevalence of STH contamination in commonly used vegetables in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. A total of 772 fresh raw vegetables were obtained from retail markets. Each sample was divided into two groups. One group was used as the unwashed sample and the second group was washed with standard washing procedures. Then, samples were examined for helminth eggs by using standard methods. Data analysis was performed using SPSS20. The overall prevalence of STHs was 14.89\% (115/772). The rate of STH contamination was significantly higher in warm seasons (20.5\%, 79/386) than in cold seasons (9.32\%, 36/386) among the unwashed vegetables (OR=2.50; CI 95\%=1.64-3.8; P\<0.001). No parasites were observed in standard washed samples (OR=271.40; CI 95\%=16.84-4373.64; P\<0.001). Prevalence of STH contamination was significantly higher in leafy vegetables than root vegetables (OR=1.67; CI 95\%=1.09-2.55; P\<0.05). The prevalence of STHs species in all the vegetables were as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides (3.36\%), Trichuris trichiura (2.2\%), hookworms (2.9\%), Toxocara spp. (1.68\%), Trichostrongylus spp. (1.55), Taenia sp. (0.9\%) and Hymenolepis nana (2.2\%). The results of the present study emphasized that vegetables are potential risk factor for transmission of helminth infection to human in northern Iran. It is necessary that health authorities trained the consumers to proper and standard washing of vegetables before consumption.

}, keywords = {Animals, Contamination, Food Contamination/*prevention \& control, Food Parasitology/*statistics \& numerical data, Helminthiasis/prevention \& control/*transmission, Helminths/*physiology, Humans, Iran, Northern Iran, prevalence, Risk Factors, Seasons, Soil-transmitted helminths, Soil/parasitology, Vegetables, Vegetables/*parasitology}, isbn = {1879-3460 (Electronic)
0168-1605 (Linking)}, author = {Rostami, A. and Ebrahimi, M. and Mehravar, S. and Fallah Omrani, V. and Fallahi, S. and Behniafar, H.} } @article {16578, title = {Contamination of commonly consumed raw vegetables with soil transmitted helminth eggs in {Mazandaran} province, northern {Iran}}, journal = {Int J Food Microbiol}, volume = {225}, year = {2016}, month = {may}, pages = {54{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are responsible for significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Consumption of raw vegetables without proper washing is one of the major routes of such infections. We evaluate the prevalence of STH contamination in commonly used vegetables in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. A total of 772 fresh raw vegetables were obtained from retail markets. Each sample was divided into two groups. One group was used as the unwashed sample and the second group was washed with standard washing procedures. Then, samples were examined for helminth eggs by using standard methods. Data analysis was performed using SPSS20. The overall prevalence of STHs was 14.89\% (115/772). The rate of STH contamination was significantly higher in warm seasons (20.5\%, 79/386) than in cold seasons (9.32\%, 36/386) among the unwashed vegetables (OR=2.50; CI 95\%=1.64-3.8; P{\textless}0.001). No parasites were observed in standard washed samples (OR=271.40; CI 95\%=16.84-4373.64; P{\textless}0.001). Prevalence of STH contamination was significantly higher in leafy vegetables than root vegetables (OR=1.67; CI 95\%=1.09-2.55; P{\textless}0.05). The prevalence of STHs species in all the vegetables were as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides (3.36\%), Trichuris trichiura (2.2\%), hookworms (2.9\%), Toxocara spp. (1.68\%), Trichostrongylus spp. (1.55), Taenia sp. (0.9\%) and Hymenolepis nana (2.2\%). The results of the present study emphasized that vegetables are potential risk factor for transmission of helminth infection to human in northern Iran. It is necessary that health authorities trained the consumers to proper and standard washing of vegetables before consumption.}, keywords = {Animals, Contamination, Food Contamination/*prevention \& control, Food Parasitology/*statistics \& numerical data, Helminthiasis/prevention \& control/*transmission, Helminths/*physiology, Humans, Iran, Northern Iran, prevalence, Risk Factors, Seasons, Soil-transmitted helminths, Soil/parasitology, Vegetables, Vegetables/*parasitology}, issn = {1879-3460 (Electronic) 0168-1605 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.013}, author = {Rostami, A. and Ebrahimi, M. and Mehravar, S. and Fallah Omrani, V. and Fallahi, S. and Behniafar, H.} } @article {9298, title = {{Contamination of Different Drinking Water Sources with Parasites in Basrah Marshes Villages, Iraq}}, journal = {Journal of Babylon University/Pure and Applied Sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {370{\textendash}376}, author = {Jarallah, HM} } @article {15738, title = {Contribution of environmental media to cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis prevalence in Tehran: a focus on surface waters}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research International}, volume = {23}, number = {19}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct}, pages = {19317-29}, edition = {2016/07/03}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium/*growth \& development, Drinking Water/parasitology, environment, Environmental monitoring, Feces, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Giardia, Giardia/*growth \& development, Giardiasis/*epidemiology, Humans, Iran/epidemiology, Oocysts, Parasites occurrence, prevalence, Protozoan parasites, surface water, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/methods, Water Supply}, isbn = {0944-1344}, author = {Hadi, M. and Mesdaghinia, A. and Yunesian, M. and Nasseri, S. and Nabizadeh Nodehi, R. and Tashauoei, H. and Jalilzadeh, E. and Zarinnejad, R.} } @article {16964, title = {Contribution of wastewater irrigation to soil transmitted helminths infection among vegetable farmers in Kumasi, Ghana}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, year = {2016}, pages = {e0005161}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, author = {Amoah, Isaac Dennis and Abubakari, Amina and Stenstr{\"o}m, Thor Axel and Abaidoo, Robert Clement and Seidu, Razak} } @article {12219, title = {Co-occurrence of integrase 1, antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes in municipal wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {94}, year = {2016}, month = {Feb 23}, pages = {208-214}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance genes, Co-selection, Heavy metal resistance genes, Wastewater treatment plant}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Di Cesare, A. and Eckert, E. M. and D{\textquoteright}Urso, S. and Bertoni, R. and Gillan, D. C. and Wattiez, R. and Corno, G.} } @article {12363, title = {Cost-effectiveness and community impacts of two urine-collection programs in rural South Africa}, journal = {Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology}, year = {2016}, isbn = {2053-1400
2053-1419}, author = {Tilley, Elizabeth} } @article {17234, title = {Cross-Laboratory Comparative Study of the Impact of Experimental and Regression Methodologies on Salmonella Thermal Inactivation Parameters in Ground Beef}, journal = {Journal of Food ProtectionJournal of food protection}, volume = {79}, number = {7}, year = {2016}, month = {Jul}, pages = {1097-1106}, keywords = {bacteria, Chicken, error, escherichia-coli o157-h7, heat-resistance, injured salmonella, listeria-monocytogenes, Meat, Modeling, nonlinear survival curves, sodium lactate, Temperature, thermal resistance, typhimurium dt104, Uncertainty, water activity}, isbn = {0362-028x}, author = {Hildebrandt, I. M. and Marks, B. P. and Juneja, V. K. and Osoria, M. and Hall, N. O. and Ryser, E. T.} } @article {15925, title = {Cryptosporidium risk from swimming pool exposures}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {219}, number = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/11/01/}, pages = {915-919}, keywords = {cryptosporidiosis, Microorganisms, QMRA, Recreational water, Risk Assessment, Water quality}, isbn = {1438-4639}, author = {Suppes, Laura M. and Canales, Robert A. and Charles P Gerba and Reynolds, Kelly A.} } @article {13206, title = {A culture independent method for the detection of Aeromonas sp. from water samples}, journal = {Italian Journal of Food Safety}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, pages = {5489}, author = {Latif-Eugenin, F and Beaz-Hidalgo, R. and Figueras, M. J.} } @article {12302, title = {Culture-based Methods for Detection of Antibiotic Resistance in Agroecosystems: Advantages, Challenges, and Gaps in Knowledge}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, note = {Times Cited: 5

5
1537-2537}, month = {Mar-Apr}, pages = {432-440}, isbn = {0047-2425}, author = {McLain, Jean E. and Cytryn, Eddie and Durso, Lisa M. and Young, Suzanne} } @inbook {7898, title = {{Current and developing methods for the detection of microbial indicators in environmental freshwaters and drinking waters}}, booktitle = {Manual of Environmental Microbiology}, year = {2016}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, organization = {American Society for Microbiology}, edition = {4th}, chapter = {3.1.1}, address = {Washington, DC}, doi = {10.1128/9781555818821}, author = {Santiago-Rodriguez, T and Kinzelman, J and Toranzos, GA} } @article {9670, title = {Current interventional strategy for the treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.}, journal = {Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther.}, volume = {14}, year = {2016}, pages = {1179-1194}, doi = {10.1080/14787210.2016.1240030}, author = {Vuitton, D. A. and Azizi, Amel and Richou, C. and Vuitton, L. and Blagosklonov, Oleg and Delabrousse, Eric and Mantion, G. A. and Bresson-Hadni, Solange} } @article {4988, title = {{Current status of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis in China}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {110}, year = {2016}, pages = {21{\textendash}27}, author = {Lai, DH and Hong, XK and Su, BX and Liang, C and Hide, G and Zhang, X and Yu, X and Lun, ZR} } @article {7535, title = {{Current status of marker genes of bacteroides and related taxa for identifying sewage pollution in environmental waters}}, journal = {Water (Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, pages = {23}, abstract = {

{\textcopyright} 2016 by the authors.Microbial source tracking (MST) endeavors to determine sources of fecal pollution in environmental waters by capitalizing on the association of certain microorganisms with the gastrointestinal tract and feces of specific animal groups. Several decades of research have shown that bacteria belonging to the gut-associated order Bacteroidales, and particularly the genus Bacteroides, tend to co-evolve with the host, and are, therefore, particularly suitable candidates for MST applications. This review summarizes the current research on MST methods that employ genes belonging to Bacteroidales/Bacteroides as tracers or "markers" of sewage pollution, including known advantages and deficiencies of the many polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods that have been published since 2000. Host specificity is a paramount criterion for confidence that detection of a marker is a true indicator of the target host. Host sensitivity, or the prevalence of the marker in feces/waste from the target host, is necessary for confidence that absence of the marker is indicative of the absence of the pollution source. Each of these parameters can vary widely depending on the type of waste assessed and the geographic location. Differential decay characteristics of bacterial targets and their associated DNA contribute to challenges in interpreting MST results in the context of human health risks. The HF183 marker, derived from the 16S rRNA gene of Bacteroides dorei and closely related taxa, has been used for almost two decades in MST studies, and is well characterized regarding host sensitivity and specificity, and in prevalence and concentration in sewage in many countries. Other markers such as HumM2 and HumM3 show promise, but require further performance testing to demonstrate their widespread utility. An important limitation of the one-marker-one-assay approach commonly used for MST is that given the complexities of microbial persistence in environmental waters, and the methodological challenges of quantitative PCR (qPCR) in such samples, the absence of a given marker does not ensure the absence of fecal pollution in the source water. Approaches under development, such as microarray and community analysis, have the potential to improve MST practices, thereby increasing our ability to protect human and ecosystem health.

}, doi = {10.3390/w8060231}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Hughes, B. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {13735, title = {Current status of marker genes of bacteroides and related taxa for identifying sewage pollution in environmental waters}, journal = {Water (Switzerland)}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2016 by the authors.Microbial source tracking (MST) endeavors to determine sources of fecal pollution in environmental waters by capitalizing on the association of certain microorganisms with the gastrointestinal tract and feces of specific animal groups. Several decades of research have shown that bacteria belonging to the gut-associated order Bacteroidales, and particularly the genus Bacteroides, tend to co-evolve with the host, and are, therefore, particularly suitable candidates for MST applications. This review summarizes the current research on MST methods that employ genes belonging to Bacteroidales/Bacteroides as tracers or "markers" of sewage pollution, including known advantages and deficiencies of the many polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods that have been published since 2000. Host specificity is a paramount criterion for confidence that detection of a marker is a true indicator of the target host. Host sensitivity, or the prevalence of the marker in feces/waste from the target host, is necessary for confidence that absence of the marker is indicative of the absence of the pollution source. Each of these parameters can vary widely depending on the type of waste assessed and the geographic location. Differential decay characteristics of bacterial targets and their associated DNA contribute to challenges in interpreting MST results in the context of human health risks. The HF183 marker, derived from the 16S rRNA gene of Bacteroides dorei and closely related taxa, has been used for almost two decades in MST studies, and is well characterized regarding host sensitivity and specificity, and in prevalence and concentration in sewage in many countries. Other markers such as HumM2 and HumM3 show promise, but require further performance testing to demonstrate their widespread utility. An important limitation of the one-marker-one-assay approach commonly used for MST is that given the complexities of microbial persistence in environmental waters, and the methodological challenges of quantitative PCR (qPCR) in such samples, the absence of a given marker does not ensure the absence of fecal pollution in the source water. Approaches under development, such as microarray and community analysis, have the potential to improve MST practices, thereby increasing our ability to protect human and ecosystem health.}, doi = {10.3390/w8060231}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Hughes, B. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {13535, title = {Current threat of triclabendazole resistance in Fasciola hepatica}, journal = {Trends Parasitol.}, volume = {32}, year = {2016}, pages = {458-469}, author = {Kelley, J. M. and Elliott, T. P. and Beddoe, T. and Anderson, G. and Skuce, P. and Spithill, T. W.} } @article {10188, title = {{Data Acceptance Criteria for Standardized Human-Associated Fecal Source Identification Quantitative Real-Time PCR Methods}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {9}, year = {2016}, pages = {2773{\textendash}2782}, author = {Shanks, OC and Kelty, CA and Oshiro, R and Haugland, RA and Madi, T and Brooks, L and Field, KG and Sivaganesan, M} } @article {12987, title = {Decay rates of zoonotic pathogens and viral surrogates in soils amended with biosolids and manures and comparison of qpcr and culture derived rates}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, year = {2016}, pages = {671-679}, author = {Roberts, BN and Bailey, RH and McLaughlin, MR and Brooks, JP} } @article {16965, title = {Demand for domestic water from an innovative borehole system in rural Ghana: stated and revealed preference approaches}, journal = {Water Policy}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {46{\textendash}68}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Amoah, Anthony} } @article {10002, title = {{Detection and Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis A Virus from Tunisian Wastewater Treatment Plants with Different Secondary Treatments}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {13}, year = {2016}, pages = {3834{\textendash}3845}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00619-16.Editor}, author = {Ouardani, Imen and Turki, Syrine and Aouni, Mahjoub and Romalde, Jesus L.} } @article {10429, title = {Detection and Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis A Virus from Tunisian Wastewater Treatment Plants with Different Secondary Treatments}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {82}, year = {2016}, pages = {3834-45}, author = {Ouardani, I. and Turki, S. and Aouni, M. and Romalde, J.L.} } @article {8630, title = {{Detection by PCR of pathogenic protozoa in raw and drinkable water samples in Colombia}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, year = {2016}, author = {Trivi{\~n}o-Valencia, J and Lora, F and Zuluaga, JD and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE} } @article {13335, title = {Detection of Aeromonas species from water sources in North Eastern Nigeria}, journal = {International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering and Technology}, year = {2016}, pages = {141-148}, author = {Bello, PHS and Mustapha, A and H Y Ismail and M A Isa and H K Mangga} } @article {9033, title = {Detection of hepatitis E virus and other livestock-related pathogens in Iowa streams}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {1042-51}, author = {Givens, CE and Kolpin, DW and Borchardt, MA and Duris, JW and Moorman, TB and Spencer, SK} } @article {7658, title = {Detection of pathogenic Campylobacter, E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in wastewater by PCR assay}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {23}, year = {2016}, pages = {15302-15309}, author = {Bonetta, SI and Pignata, C and Lorenzi, E and De Ceglia, M and Meucci, L and Bonetta, SA and Gilli, G and Carraro, E} } @article {8556, title = {{Detection of protozoa in water samples by formalin/ether concentration method}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {100}, year = {2016}, pages = {377{\textendash}381}, author = {Lora-Suarez, F and Rivera, R and Trivi{\~n}o-Valencia, J and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE} } @article {9690, title = {Detection of taeniid (Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp.) eggs contaminating vegetables and fruits sold in European markets and the risk for metacestode infections in captive primates}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, pages = {249-253}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.07.002}, author = {Federer, K. and Armua-Fernandez, M.T and Gori, F and Hoby, S and Wenker, C. and Deplazes, P.} } @article {3078, title = {Development of a {Real}-{Time} {PCR} for a {Sensitive} {One}-{Step} {Coprodiagnosis} {Allowing} both the {Identification} of {Carnivore} {Feces} and the {Detection} of {Toxocara} spp. and {Echinococcus} multilocularis}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {10}, year = {2016}, month = {may}, pages = {2950{\textendash}2958}, abstract = {Studying the environmental occurrence of parasites of concern for humans and animals based on coprosamples is an expanding field of work in epidemiology and the ecology of health. Detecting and quantifying Toxocara spp. and Echinococcus multilocularis, two predominant zoonotic helminths circulating in European carnivores, in feces may help to better target measures for prevention. A rapid, sensitive, and one-step quantitative PCR (qPCR) allowing detection of E. multilocularis and Toxocara spp. was developed in the present study, combined with a host fecal test based on the identification of three carnivores (red fox, dog, and cat) involved in the life cycles of these parasites. A total of 68 coprosamples were collected from identified specimens from Vulpes vulpes, Canis lupus familiaris, Canis lupus, Felis silvestris catus, Meles meles, Martes foina, and Martes martes With DNA coprosamples, real-time PCR was performed in duplex with a qPCR inhibitor control specifically designed for this study. All the coprosample host identifications were confirmed by qPCR combined with sequencing, and parasites were detected and confirmed (E. multilocularis in red foxes and Toxocara cati in cats; 16\% of samples presented inhibition). By combining parasite detection and quantification, the host fecal test, and a new qPCR inhibitor control, we created a technique with a high sensitivity that may considerably improve environmental studies of pathogens.}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03467-15}, author = {Knapp, Jenny and Umhang, G{\'e}rald and Poulle, Marie-Lazarine and Millon, Laurence} } @article {15062, title = {Digitising a machine-tractable version of {Kamus} {Dewan} with \textsc{tei-p5}}, journal = {PeerJ Preprints}, volume = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {e2205v1}, keywords = {Bahasa Malaysia, Language resources, Machine-tractable dictionaries, TEI}, issn = {2167-9843}, doi = {10.7287/peerj.preprints.2205v1}, url = {https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2205v1}, author = {Lim, Lian Tze and Chiew, Ruoh Tau and Tang, Enya Kong and Rusli, Abdul Ghani and Naimah, Yusof} } @article {15272, title = {Disease burden due to gastrointestinal infections among people living along the major wastewater system in {Hanoi}, {Vietnam}}, journal = {Advances in Water Resources}, volume = {108}, year = {2016}, pages = {439{\textendash}449}, abstract = {Background: Despite recent improvements of wastewater treatment capacities in urban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam, microbial pollution is still considerable. There is a paucity of burden estimates due to gastrointestinal infection in people living along the wastewater system, and among people who are in direct contact with the wastewater, such as farmers using wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture. Methods: A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was pursued focussing on four population groups characterised by different levels of exposure to wastewater: (i) workers maintaining the wastewater conveyance and treatment systems; (ii) urban farmers using wastewater from To Lich River; (iii) community members in urban areas exposed to flooding events in the districts of Hoang Mai and Thanh Tri; and (iv) peri-urban farmers in Thanh Tri district, where Red River water is used for agriculture and aquaculture. The QMRA was developed on the basis of measured concentration of . Escherichia coli and . Salmonella spp. and . Ascaris spp. eggs in water samples. Published ratios between measured organisms and pathogenic strains of norovirus, rotavirus, . Campylobacter spp. ., pathogenic . E. . . coli, pathogenic . Salmonella spp., . Cryptosporidium spp. and . Ascaris lumbricoides were employed to estimate annual risk of gastrointestinal infection and disease burden. Results: The QMRA estimated a disease burden of 0.011 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per person per year in urban farmers, 0.006 DALYs for sanitation workers, 0.0005 DALYs for urban communities at risk of flooding events and 0.0004 DALYs for peri-urban farmers. Urban farmers had considerably higher incidence estimates for gastrointestinal disease episodes per year (2.0) compared to the other exposure groups (??? 1.0). Conclusions: Urban farmers using wastewater from To Lich River have a high gastrointestinal disease burden, which is about 100 times larger than the health-based targets for wastewater use set by the World Health Organization. These findings are of direct public health relevance and call for upgrading Hanoi{\textquoteright}s wastewater system to reduce microbial contamination. Finally, this study presents a first example on how to link QMRA to a sanitation safety planning (SSP) approach in an Asian context and its findings are interesting in the frame of Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) \#6.}, keywords = {bacteria, Hanoi, Helminths, PhD, QMRA, Quantitative microbial risk assessment, sanitation safety planning, Sustainable Development Goals, Urban farming, Vietnam, wastewater}, issn = {03091708}, doi = {10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.12.010}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel and Nauta, Maarten and Pham-Duc, Phuc and Nguyen T Tram and Nguyen-Viet, Hung and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Ciss{\'e}, Gu{\'e}ladio and Winkler, Mirko S} } @article {13690, title = {{Disease burden due to gastrointestinal infections among people living along the major wastewater system in Hanoi, Vietnam}}, journal = {Advances in Water Resources}, volume = {108}, year = {2016}, pages = {439{\textendash}449}, abstract = {Background: Despite recent improvements of wastewater treatment capacities in urban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam, microbial pollution is still considerable. There is a paucity of burden estimates due to gastrointestinal infection in people living along the wastewater system, and among people who are in direct contact with the wastewater, such as farmers using wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture. Methods: A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was pursued focussing on four population groups characterised by different levels of exposure to wastewater: (i) workers maintaining the wastewater conveyance and treatment systems; (ii) urban farmers using wastewater from To Lich River; (iii) community members in urban areas exposed to flooding events in the districts of Hoang Mai and Thanh Tri; and (iv) peri-urban farmers in Thanh Tri district, where Red River water is used for agriculture and aquaculture. The QMRA was developed on the basis of measured concentration of . Escherichia coli and . Salmonella spp. and . Ascaris spp. eggs in water samples. Published ratios between measured organisms and pathogenic strains of norovirus, rotavirus, . Campylobacter spp. ., pathogenic . E. . . coli, pathogenic . Salmonella spp., . Cryptosporidium spp. and . Ascaris lumbricoides were employed to estimate annual risk of gastrointestinal infection and disease burden. Results: The QMRA estimated a disease burden of 0.011 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per person per year in urban farmers, 0.006 DALYs for sanitation workers, 0.0005 DALYs for urban communities at risk of flooding events and 0.0004 DALYs for peri-urban farmers. Urban farmers had considerably higher incidence estimates for gastrointestinal disease episodes per year (2.0) compared to the other exposure groups (??? 1.0). Conclusions: Urban farmers using wastewater from To Lich River have a high gastrointestinal disease burden, which is about 100 times larger than the health-based targets for wastewater use set by the World Health Organization. These findings are of direct public health relevance and call for upgrading Hanoi{\textquoteright}s wastewater system to reduce microbial contamination. Finally, this study presents a first example on how to link QMRA to a sanitation safety planning (SSP) approach in an Asian context and its findings are interesting in the frame of Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) {\#}6.}, keywords = {bacteria, Hanoi, Helminths, PhD, QMRA, Quantitative microbial risk assessment, sanitation safety planning, Sustainable Development Goals, Urban farming, Vietnam, wastewater}, issn = {03091708}, doi = {10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.12.010}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel and Nauta, Maarten and Pham-Duc, Phuc and Nguyen T Tram and Nguyen-Viet, Hung and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Ciss{\'e}, Gu{\'e}ladio and Winkler, Mirko S} } @article {13684, title = {{Disease burden due to gastrointestinal pathogens in a wastewater system in Kampala, Uganda}}, journal = {Microbial Risk Analysis}, volume = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {16{\textendash}28}, keywords = {DALYs, Kampala, PhD, QMRA}, doi = {10.1016/j.mran.2016.11.003}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel and Winkler, Mirko S and Stalder, Michelle and Niwagaba, Charles B and Babu, Mohammed and Kabatereine, Narcis B. and Halage, Abdullah A and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Ciss{\'e}, Gu{\'e}ladio and Nauta, Maarten} } @article {15266, title = {Disease burden due to gastrointestinal pathogens in a wastewater system in {Kampala}, {Uganda}}, journal = {Microbial Risk Analysis}, volume = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {16{\textendash}28}, keywords = {DALYs, Kampala, PhD, QMRA}, doi = {10.1016/j.mran.2016.11.003}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel and Winkler, Mirko S and Stalder, Michelle and Niwagaba, Charles B and Babu, Mohammed and Kabatereine, Narcis B. and Halage, Abdullah A and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Ciss{\'e}, Gu{\'e}ladio and Nauta, Maarten} } @article {16949, title = {Disinfection by-product exposures and the risk of specific cardiac birth defects}, journal = {Environmental health perspectives}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {269{\textendash}277}, publisher = {National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences}, author = {Wright, J Michael and Evans, Amanda and Kaufman, John A and Rivera-N{\'u}{\~n}ez, Zorimar and Narotsky, Michael G} } @article {12366, title = {Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in microbial ecosystems through horizontal gene transfer}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {173}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance, conjugation, gene transfer agents, Gta, lateral gene transfer, Resistome, transduction, transformation}, isbn = {1664-302X (Linking)}, author = {von Wintersdorff, C. J. and Penders, J. and van Niekerk, J. M. and Mills, N. D. and Majumder, S. and van Alphen, L. B. and Savelkoul, P. H. and Wolffs, P. F.} } @article {12620, title = {Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance in Microbial Ecosystems through Horizontal Gene Transfer}, journal = {Frontiers in MicrobiologyFrontiers in microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, note = {26925045[pmid]
Front Microbiol}, month = {02/19
10/30/received
02/01/accepted}, pages = {173}, publisher = {Frontiers Media S.A.}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {von Wintersdorff, Christian J. H. and Penders, John and van Niekerk, Julius M. and Mills, Nathan D. and Majumder, Snehali and van Alphen, Lieke B. and Savelkoul, Paul H. M. and Wolffs, Petra F. G.} } @article {16170, title = {Distribution and Diversity of Pathogenic Leptospira Species in Peri-domestic Surface Waters from South Central Chile}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop DisPLoS Negl Trop DisPLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Aug}, pages = {e0004895}, edition = {2016/08/17}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Mason, M. R. and Encina, C. and Sreevatsan, S. and Mu{\~n}oz-Zanzi, C.} } @booklet {16498, title = {{DPDx} - {Laboratory} {Identification} of {Parasitic} {Diseases} of {Public} {Health} {Concern}.}, year = {2016}, author = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)} } @article {12006, title = {DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasitic Diseases of Public Health Concern}, volume = {2017}, number = {30 JAN, 2017}, year = {2016}, month = {20 JAN, 2016}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia} } @article {13899, title = {{DVC}-{FISH} and {PMA}-{qPCR} techniques to assess the survival of {Helicobacter} pylori inside {Acanthamoeba} castellanii.}, journal = {Research in microbiology}, volume = {167}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {jan}, pages = {29{\textendash}34}, abstract = {Free-living amoebae (FLA) are ubiquitous microorganisms commonly found in water. They can act as Trojan Horses for some amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB). Helicobacter pylori is a pathogenic bacteria, suggested to be transmitted through water, which could belong to the ARB group. In this work, a co-culture assay of H. pylori and Acanthamoeba castellanii, one of the most common FLA, was carried out to identify the presence and survival of viable and potentially infective forms of the bacteria internalized by the amoeba. Molecular techniques including FISH, DVC-FISH, qPCR and PMA-qPCR were used to detect the presence of internalized and viable H. pylori. After 24 h in co-culture and disinfection treatment to kill extra-amoebic bacteria, viable H. pylori cells were observed inside A. castellanii. When PMA-qPCR was applied to the co-culture samples, only DNA from internalized H. pylori cells was detected, whereas qPCR amplified total DNA from the sample. By the combined DVC-FISH method, the viability of H. pylori cells in A. castellanii was observed. Both specific techniques provided evidence, for the first time, that the pathogen is able to survive chlorination treatment in occurrence with A. castellanii and could be very useful methods for performing further studies in environmental samples.}, keywords = {Acanthamoeba castellanii, Co-culture, DVC-FISH, H. pylori, PMA-qPCR, resitencia cloro}, issn = {1769-7123}, doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2015.08.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923250815001400}, author = {Moreno-Mesonero, Laura and Moreno, Yolanda and Jos{\'e} L Alonso and M Α Ferr{\'u}s} } @article {8271, title = {{DVC-FISH and PMA-qPCR techniques to assess the survival of Helicobacter pylori inside Acanthamoeba castellanii.}}, journal = {Research in microbiology}, volume = {167}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {jan}, pages = {29{\textendash}34}, abstract = {

Free-living amoebae (FLA) are ubiquitous microorganisms commonly found in water. They can act as Trojan Horses for some amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB). Helicobacter pylori is a pathogenic bacteria, suggested to be transmitted through water, which could belong to the ARB group. In this work, a co-culture assay of H. pylori and Acanthamoeba castellanii, one of the most common FLA, was carried out to identify the presence and survival of viable and potentially infective forms of the bacteria internalized by the amoeba. Molecular techniques including FISH, DVC-FISH, qPCR and PMA-qPCR were used to detect the presence of internalized and viable H. pylori. After 24 h in co-culture and disinfection treatment to kill extra-amoebic bacteria, viable H. pylori cells were observed inside A. castellanii. When PMA-qPCR was applied to the co-culture samples, only DNA from internalized H. pylori cells was detected, whereas qPCR amplified total DNA from the sample. By the combined DVC-FISH method, the viability of H. pylori cells in A. castellanii was observed. Both specific techniques provided evidence, for the first time, that the pathogen is able to survive chlorination treatment in occurrence with A. castellanii and could be very useful methods for performing further studies in environmental samples.

}, keywords = {Acanthamoeba castellanii, Co-culture, DVC-FISH, H. pylori, PMA-qPCR, resitencia cloro}, issn = {1769-7123}, doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2015.08.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923250815001400}, author = {Moreno-Mesonero, Laura and Moreno, Yolanda and Alonso, JL and Ferr{\'u}s, MA} } @article {15849, title = {Early Childhood Diarrhea Predicts Cognitive Delays in Later Childhood Independently of Malnutrition}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {95}, number = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov 2}, pages = {1004-1010}, edition = {2016/11/04}, keywords = {Body Weight, Brazil, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition Disorders/*epidemiology/etiology, Diarrhea/complications/*epidemiology, Female, Growth Disorders/*epidemiology/etiology, Humans, Male, Malnutrition/*epidemiology/etiology, Multivariate Analysis}, isbn = {0002-9637}, author = {Pinkerton, R. and Oria, R. B. and Lima, A. A. and Rogawski, E. T. and Oria, M. O. and Patrick, P. D. and Moore, S. R. and Wiseman, B. L. and Niehaus, M. D. and Guerrant, R. L.} } @article {12525, title = {The ecological dynamics of fecal contamination and Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A in municipal Kathmandu drinking water}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseasesPLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {e0004346}, isbn = {1935-2735}, author = {Karkey, Abhilasha and Jombart, Thibaut and Walker, Alan W and Thompson, Corinne N and Torres, Andres and Dongol, Sabina and Thieu, Nga Tran Vu and Duy P Thanh and Ngoc, Dung Tran Thi and Vinh, Phat Voong} } @article {7838, title = {Effect of climate change on runoff of Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium from land to surface water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {95}, year = {2016}, month = {5/15}, pages = {90-102}, abstract = {

Abstract Faeces originating from wildlife, domestic animals or manure-fertilized fields, is considered an important source of zoonotic pathogens to which people may be exposed by, for instance, bathing or drinking-water consumption. An increase in runoff, and associated wash-off of animal faeces from fields, is assumed to contribute to the increase of disease outbreaks during periods of high precipitation. Climate change is expected to increase winter precipitation and extreme precipitation events during summer, but has simultaneously also other effects such as temperature rise and changes in evapotranspiration. The question is to what extent the combination of these effects influence the input of zoonotic pathogens to the surface waters. To quantitatively analyse the impacts of climate change on pathogen runoff, pathogen concentrations reaching surface waters through runoff were calculated by combining an input model for catchment pathogen loads with the Wageningen Lowland Runoff Simulator (WALRUS). Runoff of Cryptosporidium and Campylobacter was evaluated under different climate change scenarios and by applying different scenarios for sources of faecal pollution in the catchments, namely dairy cows and geese and manure fertilization. Model evaluation of these scenarios shows that climate change has little overall impact on runoff of Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium from land to the surface waters. Even though individual processes like runoff fluxes, pathogen release and dilution are affected, either positively or negatively, the net effect on the pathogen concentration in surface waters and consequently also on infection risks through recreation seems limited.

}, keywords = {Climate change, Lowland catchments, Pathogen transport, Quantitative microbial risk analysis, Runoff}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Sterk,Ankie and Schijven,Jack and de Roda Husman,Ana M. and de Nijs,Ton} } @article {12251, title = {Effect of co-composting cattle manure with construction and demolition waste on the archaeal, bacterial, and fungal microbiota, and on antimicrobial resistance determinants}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, pages = {e0157539}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Holman, D. B. and Hao, X. and Topp, E. and Yang, H. E. and Alexander, T. W.} } @article {3289, title = {Effect of Corroded and non Corroded Pipe Materials on Biofilm Formation in Water Distribution Systems}, volume = {34}, year = {2016}, month = {03/2016}, pages = {214-222}, abstract = {

The effect of pipe materials on biofilm formation in drinking water distribution system was studied
using simulated drinking water distribution system. Biofilm was grown on different pipe materials under laminar
flow rate (Reynolds number: 2000). The parameters analyzed were the numbers of cultivable bacteria using
chromogenic media. The impact of different pipe materials were assessed after the biofilms reached steady-state.
The total numbers of Salmonella Typhimuruim biofim was mostly higher than Listeria monocytogenes
biofim cells. The steady-state of L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimuruim biofilm gorwon on PVC, PP and PE
pipe materials was achieved in 70 days. While, steady-state biofilm formed in R material was at 60 days of
L. monocytogenes and 80 d ays of S. Typhimuruim. In addition to, steady-state biofilm formed in I pipe
material was achieved in 60 days of L. monocytogenes with total numbers of biofilm cells (108 CFU/cm2) and
70 days of S. Typhimuruim with total numbers of biofilm cells (109 CFU/cm2). In case of biofilm formed in Cu,
L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimuruim biofilm have no steady-state. These results concluded that, the plasticbased
materials are the most appropriate to be used for carrying the drinking water. While, the iron pipes are
not recommended for carrying water in DWDS

}, keywords = {Biofilm Pathogenic bacteria Pipe materials Flow rate Steady-state EPS}, url = {https://www.google.com.eg/?gfe_rd=cr\&ei=I_OEV_2SGauH8QeftpboBQ\&gws_rd=ssl$\#$q=Effect+of+Corroded+and+non+Corroded+Pipe+Materials+on+Biofilm+Formation+in+Water+Distribution+Systems}, author = {Bahaa A. Hemdan and M. AZAB EL-LIETHY and A.H. Eissa and Mohamed M. Kamel} } @article {8850, title = {Effect of Corroded and non Corroded Pipe Materials on Biofilm Formation in Water Distribution Systems}, journal = {World Applied Sciences Journal}, volume = {34}, year = {2016}, month = {11/2016}, pages = {214-222}, type = {Research}, chapter = {214}, abstract = {The effect of pipe materials on biofilm formation in drinking water distribution system was studied
using simulated drinking water distribution system. Biofilm was grown on different pipe materials under laminar
flow rate (Reynolds number: 2000). The parameters analyzed were the numbers of cultivable bacteria using
chromogenic media. The impact of different pipe materials were assessed after the biofilms reached steady-state.
The total numbers of Salmonella Typhimuruim biofim was mostly higher than Listeria monocytogenes
biofim cells. The steady-state of L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimuruim biofilm gorwon on PVC, PP and PE
pipe materials was achieved in 70 days. While, steady-state biofilm formed in R material was at 60 days of
L. monocytogenes and 80 d ays of S. Typhimuruim. In addition to, steady-state biofilm formed in I pipe
material was achieved in 60 days of L. monocytogenes with total numbers of biofilm cells (108 CFU/cm2) and
70 days of S. Typhimuruim with total numbers of biofilm cells (109 CFU/cm2). In case of biofilm formed in Cu,
L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimuruim biofilm have no steady-state. These results concluded that, the plasticbased
materials are the most appropriate to be used for carrying the drinking water. While, the iron pipes are
not recommended for carrying water in DWDS.}, keywords = {Biofilm Pathogenic bacteria Pipe materials Flow rate Steady-state EPS}, doi = {10.5829/idosi.wasj.2016.34.2.81}, url = {https://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj34(2)16/10.pdf}, author = {Bahaa A. Hemdan and M. Azab Elliethy} } @article {8851, title = {Effect of Corroded and non Corroded Pipe Materials on Biofilm Formation in Water Distribution Systems}, journal = {World Applied Sciences Journal}, volume = {34}, year = {2016}, month = {11/2016}, pages = {214-222}, type = {Research}, chapter = {214}, abstract = {

The effect of pipe materials on biofilm formation in drinking water distribution system was studied
using simulated drinking water distribution system. Biofilm was grown on different pipe materials under laminar
flow rate (Reynolds number: 2000). The parameters analyzed were the numbers of cultivable bacteria using
chromogenic media. The impact of different pipe materials were assessed after the biofilms reached steady-state.
The total numbers of Salmonella Typhimuruim biofim was mostly higher than Listeria monocytogenes
biofim cells. The steady-state of L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimuruim biofilm gorwon on PVC, PP and PE
pipe materials was achieved in 70 days. While, steady-state biofilm formed in R material was at 60 days of
L. monocytogenes and 80 d ays of S. Typhimuruim. In addition to, steady-state biofilm formed in I pipe
material was achieved in 60 days of L. monocytogenes with total numbers of biofilm cells (108 CFU/cm2) and
70 days of S. Typhimuruim with total numbers of biofilm cells (109 CFU/cm2). In case of biofilm formed in Cu,
L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimuruim biofilm have no steady-state. These results concluded that, the plasticbased
materials are the most appropriate to be used for carrying the drinking water. While, the iron pipes are
not recommended for carrying water in DWDS.

}, keywords = {Biofilm Pathogenic bacteria Pipe materials Flow rate Steady-state EPS}, doi = {10.5829/idosi.wasj.2016.34.2.81}, url = {https://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj34(2)16/10.pdf}, author = {Bahaa A. Hemdan and M. Azab Elliethy} } @article {12561, title = {Effect of dust storms on the atmospheric microbiome in the Eastern Mediterranean}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {8}, year = {2016}, pages = {4194-4202}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Mazar, Yinon and Cytryn, Eddie and Erel, Yigal and Rudich, Yinon} } @article {11345, title = {Effect of post-treatment conditions on the inactivation of helminth eggs (Ascaris suum) after the composting process}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {37}, number = {8}, year = {2016}, pages = {920-928}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0959-3330}, author = {Darimani, HS and Ito, R and Maiga, Y and Sou, M and Funamizu, N and Maiga, AH} } @article {11475, title = {Effect of pressure relaxation and membrane backwash on adenovirus removal in a membrane bioreactor}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {88}, year = {2016}, pages = {750{\textendash}757}, author = {Yin, Ziqiang and Tarabara, Volodymyr V and Xagoraraki, Irene} } @article {4146, title = {{Effect of sanitation and water treatment on intestinal protozoa infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis}}, journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases}, volume = {16}, year = {2016}, pages = {87{\textendash}99}, author = {Speich, B and Croll, D and F{\"u}rst, T and Utzinger, J and Keiser, J} } @article {9863, title = {{Effect of sanitation and water treatment on intestinal protozoa infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis}}, journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases}, volume = {16}, year = {2016}, pages = {87{\textendash}99}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00349-7}, author = {Speich, B and Croll, D and F{\"u}rst, T and Utzinger, J and Keiser, J} } @article {12257, title = {The effect of urine storage on antiviral and antibiotic compounds in the liquid phase of source-separated urine}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {37}, number = {17}, year = {2016}, month = {Sep}, pages = {2189-98}, keywords = {HIV-treatment, Pharmaceutical, removal, Storage, Urine}, isbn = {0959-3330 (Print)
0959-3330 (Linking)}, author = {Jaatinen, S. T. and Palmroth, M. R. and Rintala, J. A. and Tuhkanen, T. A.} } @article {10999, title = {Effects of {Disinfectants} on {Larval} {Development} of {Ascaris} suum {Eggs}}, journal = {The Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {103{\textendash}107}, abstract = {

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of several different commercial disinfectants on the embryogenic development of Ascaris suum eggs. A 1-ml aliquot of each disinfectant was mixed with approximately 40,000 decorticated or intact A. suum eggs in sterile tubes. After each treatment time (at 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min), disinfectants were washed away, and egg suspensions were incubated at 25oC in distilled water for development of larvae inside. At 3 weeks of incubation after exposure, ethanol, methanol, and chlorohexidin treatments did not affect the larval development of A. suum eggs, regardless of their concentration and treatment time. Among disinfectants tested in this study, 3\% cresol, 0.2\% sodium hypochlorite and 0.02\% sodium hypochlorite delayed but not inactivated the embryonation of decorticated eggs at 3 weeks of incubation, because at 6 weeks of incubation, undeveloped eggs completed embryonation regardless of exposure time, except for 10\% povidone iodine. When the albumin layer of A. suum eggs remained intact, however, even the 10\% povidone iodine solution took at least 5 min to reasonably inactivate most eggs, but never completely kill them with even 60 min of exposure. This study demonstrated that the treatment of A. suum eggs with many commercially available disinfectants does not affect the embryonation. Although some disinfectants may delay or stop the embryonation of A. suum eggs, they can hardly kill them completely.

}, issn = {0023-4001}, doi = {10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.103}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4792319/}, author = {Oh, KS and Kim, GT and Ahn, KS and Shin, SS} } @article {11690, title = {{Effects of fish species composition on {\textless}i{\textgreater}Diphyllobothrium{\textless}/i{\textgreater} spp. infections in brown trout - is three-spined stickleback a key species?}}, journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases}, year = {2016}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, keywords = {are often heavily infected, gasterosteus aculeatus, piscivory, Salmo, salmonids, subarctic populations of brown, trophically transmitted parasites, trout, TRUTTA, with cestodes of}, issn = {01407775}, doi = {10.1111/jfd.12467}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jfd.12467}, author = {Kuhn, J A and Frainer, A and Knudsen, R and Kristoffersen, R and Amundsen, P-A} } @article {9012, title = {Effects of gamma radiation on wastewater microbiota}, journal = {Radiation and Environmental Biophysics}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {125-131}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0301-634x}, doi = {10.1007/s00411-015-0617-2}, url = {://WOS:000371312400015 http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/569/art\%253A10.1007\%252Fs00411-015-0617-2.pdf?originUrl=http\%3A\%2F\%2Flink.springer.com\%2Farticle\%2F10.1007\%2Fs00411-015-0617-2\&token2=exp=1469557664~acl=\%2Fstatic\%2Fpdf\%2F569\%2Fart}, author = {Verde, S. C. and Silva, T. and Matos, P.} } @article {5915, title = {Efficacy of wastewater treatment on Arcobacter butzleri density and strain diversity}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {105}, year = {2016}, pages = {291{\textendash}296}, author = {Webb, Andrew L and Taboada, Eduardo N and Selinger, L Brent and Boras, Valerie F and Inglis, G Douglas} } @article {11699, title = {{Eggs as a Suitable Tool for Species Diagnosis of Causative Agents of Human Diphyllobothriosis (Cestoda)}}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, year = {2016}, pages = {1{\textendash}15}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, abstract = {More than 2,000 eggs of 8 species of diphyllobothriid cestodes infecting humans were compared. Combination of morphometrical and ultrastructural (surface morphology) data made it possible to distinguish all species.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0004721}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371{\%}2Fjournal.pntd.0004721}, author = {Lestinova, Katerina and Soldanova, Miroslava and Scholz, Tom{\'a}{\v s} and Kuchta, Roman} } @booklet {8730, title = {{Elimination des bact{\'e}ries indicatrices f{\'e}cales en station d {\textquoteright} {\'e}puration E cacit{\'e} des di {\'e}rents proc{\'e}d{\'e}s I . Introduction}}, year = {2016}, pages = {43{\textendash}63}, author = {Rocher, Vincent and Goncalves, Alexandre and Mailler, Romain} } @article {12189, title = {Elucidating selection processes for antibiotic resistance in sewage treatment plants using metagenomics}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {572}, year = {2016}, month = {Dec 01}, pages = {697-712}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance genes, Co-selection, Fecal bacteria, Microbial ecology, Risk Assessment, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic)
0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Bengtsson-Palme, J. and Hammaren, R. and Pal, C. and Ostman, M. and Bjorlenius, B. and Flach, C. F. and Fick, J. and Kristiansson, E. and Tysklind, M. and Larsson, D. G.} } @article {5885, title = {{Enhanced recovery of Arcobacter spp. using NaCl in culture media and re-assessment of the traits of Arcobacter marinus and Arcobacter halophilus isolated from marine water and shellfish.}}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {566}, year = {2016}, month = {jun}, pages = {1355-1361}, author = {Salas-Mass{\'o}, Nuria and Andree, Karl B and M D Furones and M J Figueras} } @article {14402, title = {Enhanced recovery of {Arcobacter} spp. using {NaCl} in culture media and re-assessment of the traits of {Arcobacter} marinus and {Arcobacter} halophilus isolated from marine water and shellfish.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, year = {2016}, month = {jun}, author = {Salas-Mass{\'o}, Nuria and Andree, Karl B and M D Furones and M J Figueras} } @article {12220, title = {Enhanced uptake of antibiotic resistance genes in the presence of nanoalumina}, journal = {Nanotoxicology}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct}, pages = {1051-60}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance genes, microarray, nano-Al2O3, Reactive Oxygen Species, transformation}, isbn = {1743-5404 (Electronic)
1743-5390 (Linking)}, author = {Ding, C. and Pan, J. and Jin, M. and Yang, D. and Shen, Z. and Wang, J. and Zhang, B. and Liu, W. and Fu, J. and Guo, X. and Wang, D. and Chen, Z. and Yin, J. and Qiu, Z. and Li, J.} } @article {15844, title = {Enhancing Cryptosporidium parvum recovery rates for improved water monitoring}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {143}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/01/01/}, pages = {57-63}, keywords = {Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks, Oocysts, Protozoa, Recovery rate, USEPA 1623, Water monitoring}, isbn = {0045-6535}, author = {Pavli, Pagona and Venkateswaran, Sesha and Bradley, Mark and Bridle, Helen} } @article {12321, title = {Ensuring safe reuse of residential wastewater: reduction of microbes and genes using peat biofilter and batch chlorination in an on-site treatment system}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {121}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, pages = {1777-1788}, isbn = {1365-2672}, author = {Park, E and K M Mancl and O H Tuovinen and Bisesi, MS and Lee, J} } @article {7523, title = {Ensuring safe reuse of residential wastewater: reduction of microbes and genes using peat biofilter and batch chlorination in an on-site treatment system}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {121}, year = {2016}, pages = {1777{\textendash}1788}, author = {Park, E and K M Mancl and O H Tuovinen and Bisesi, MS and Lee, J} } @article {9117, title = {{Enteric and indicator virus removal by surface flow wetlands}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {542}, year = {2016}, pages = {976{\textendash}982}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {We investigated the occurrence and attenuation of several human enteric viruses (i.e., norovirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus 1, polyomaviruses, and enterovirus) as well as a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), at two surface flow wetlands in Arizona. The retention time in one of the wetlands was seven days, whereas in the other wetland it could not be defined. Water samples were collected at the inlet and outlet from the wetlands over nine months, and concentration of viral genomes was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Of the human enteric viruses tested, adenovirus and Aichi virus 1 were found in the greatest prevalence in treated wastewater (i.e., inlet of the wetlands). Reduction efficiencies of enteric viruses by the wetlands ranged from 1 to 3log10. Polyomaviruses were generally removed to below detection limit, indicating at least 2 to 4log10 removal. PMMoV was detected in a greater concentration in the inlet of both wetlands for all the viruses tested (104 to 107genomecopies/L), but exhibited little or no removal (1log10 or less). To determine the factors associated with virus genome attenuation (as determined by qPCR), the persistence of PMMoV and poliovirus type 1 (an enterovirus) was studied in autoclaved and natural wetland water, and deionized water incubated under three different temperatures for 21days. A combination of elevated water temperature and biological activities reduced poliovirus by 1 to 4log10, while PMMoV was not significantly reduced during this time period. Overall, PMMoV showed much greater persistence than human viruses in the wetland treatment.}, keywords = {Constructed wetland, Inactivation, Quantitative PCR, Virus, Water reclamation}, issn = {18791026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.001}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.001}, author = {Rachmadi, Andri T and Kitajima, Masaaki and Pepper, Ian L and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {10014, title = {{Enteric and indicator virus removal by surface flow wetlands}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {542}, year = {2016}, pages = {976{\textendash}982}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {We investigated the occurrence and attenuation of several human enteric viruses (i.e., norovirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus 1, polyomaviruses, and enterovirus) as well as a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), at two surface flow wetlands in Arizona. The retention time in one of the wetlands was seven days, whereas in the other wetland it could not be defined. Water samples were collected at the inlet and outlet from the wetlands over nine months, and concentration of viral genomes was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Of the human enteric viruses tested, adenovirus and Aichi virus 1 were found in the greatest prevalence in treated wastewater (i.e., inlet of the wetlands). Reduction efficiencies of enteric viruses by the wetlands ranged from 1 to 3log10. Polyomaviruses were generally removed to below detection limit, indicating at least 2 to 4log10 removal. PMMoV was detected in a greater concentration in the inlet of both wetlands for all the viruses tested (104 to 107genomecopies/L), but exhibited little or no removal (1log10 or less). To determine the factors associated with virus genome attenuation (as determined by qPCR), the persistence of PMMoV and poliovirus type 1 (an enterovirus) was studied in autoclaved and natural wetland water, and deionized water incubated under three different temperatures for 21days. A combination of elevated water temperature and biological activities reduced poliovirus by 1 to 4log10, while PMMoV was not significantly reduced during this time period. Overall, PMMoV showed much greater persistence than human viruses in the wetland treatment.}, keywords = {Constructed wetland, Inactivation, Quantitative PCR, Virus, Water reclamation}, issn = {18791026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.001}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.001}, author = {Rachmadi, Andri T. and Kitajima, Masaaki and Pepper, Ian L. and Charles P Gerba} } @article {4583, title = {Enteric and indicator virus removal by surface flow wetlands}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {542}, year = {2016}, pages = {976{\textendash}82}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Rachmadi, AT and Kitajima, M and Pepper, IL and Gerba, CP} } @article {6700, title = {Enteric and indicator virus removal by surface flow wetlands}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {542}, year = {2016}, month = {jan}, pages = {976{\textendash}982}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.001}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969715309827}, author = {Rachmadi, Andri T. and Kitajima, Masaaki and Pepper, Ian L. and Charles P Gerba} } @article {16865, title = {Enteric and indicator virus removal by surface flow wetlands}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {542}, year = {2016}, pages = {976{\textendash}982}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Rachmadi, Andri T and Kitajima, Masaaki and Pepper, Ian L and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {4657, title = {Enteric Viruses in Surface Water and Sediment Samples From the Catchment Area of Peri Lagoon, Santa Catarina State, Brazil}, journal = {Journal of Water Health}, volume = {14}, year = {2016}, pages = {142-154}, author = {Elmahdy, EM and Fongaro, G and Schissi, CD and Petrucio, MM and Barardi, CRM} } @article {14318, title = {Environmental {Breviatea} harbour mutualistic {Arcobacter} epibionts.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {534}, number = {7606}, year = {2016}, month = {jun}, pages = {254{\textendash}258}, author = {Hamann, Emmo and Gruber-Vodicka, Harald and Kleiner, Manuel and Tegetmeyer, Halina E and Riedel, Dietmar and Littmann, Sten and Chen, Jianwei and Milucka, Jana and Viehweger, Bernhard and Becker, Kevin W and Dong, Xiaoli and Stairs, Courtney W and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Brown, Matthew W and Roger, Andrew J and Strous, Marc} } @article {5801, title = {{Environmental Breviatea harbour mutualistic Arcobacter epibionts.}}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {534}, number = {7606}, year = {2016}, month = {jun}, pages = {254{\textendash}258}, author = {Hamann, Emmo and Gruber-Vodicka, Harald and Kleiner, Manuel and Tegetmeyer, Halina E and Riedel, Dietmar and Littmann, Sten and Chen, Jianwei and Milucka, Jana and Viehweger, Bernhard and Becker, Kevin W and Dong, Xiaoli and Stairs, Courtney W and Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe and Brown, Matthew W and Roger, Andrew J and Strous, Marc} } @article {12339, title = {Environmental dissemination of vanA-containing Enterococcus faecium strains belonging to hospital-associated clonal lineages}, journal = {Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan}, pages = {264-266}, isbn = {1460-2091 (Electronic)
0305-7453 (Linking)}, author = {Sacramento, A. G. and Cerdeira, L. T. and de Almeida, L. M. and Zanella, R. C. and Pires, C. and Sato, M. I. and Costa, E. A. and Roberto, N. P. and Mamizuka, E. M. and Lincopan, N.} } @article {16097, title = {Environmental factors and public health policy associated with human and rodent infection by leptospirosis: a land cover-based study in Nan province, Thailand}, journal = {Epidemiol InfectEpidemiol InfectEpidemiol Infect}, volume = {144}, number = {7}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov 26}, pages = {1550-1562}, edition = {2015/11/27}, isbn = {1469-4409 (Electronic)
0950-2688 (Linking)}, author = {Della Rossa, P. and Tantrakarnapa, K. and Sutdan, D. and Kasetsinsombat, K. and Cosson, J. F. and Supputamongkol, Y. and Chaisiri, K. and Tran, A. and Supputamongkol, S. and Binot, A. and Lajaunie, C. and Morand, S.} } @article {16096, title = {Environmental factors shaping cultured free-living amoebae and their associated bacterial community within drinking water network}, journal = {Water ResWater Res}, volume = {100}, year = {2016}, month = {Sep 01}, pages = {382-92}, edition = {2016/05/25}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Delafont, V. and Bouchon, D. and Hechard, Y. and Moulin, L.} } @article {3509, title = {Environmental transmission of diarrheal pathogens in low and middle income countries.}, journal = {Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts}, volume = {18}, number = {8}, year = {2016}, pages = {944{\textendash}955}, author = {Julian, TR} } @article {13480, title = {Epidemiological analysis of human fascioliasis in northeastern Punjab, Pakistan}, journal = {Acta Tro}, volume = {156}, year = {2016}, pages = {157-164}, author = {Qureshi, A. W. and Tanveer, A. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {10027, title = {{Epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by human calicivirus (Norovirus and Sapovirus) in Catalonia: A two year prospective study, 2010-2011}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {2010{\textendash}2011}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of cases of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) of viral etiology is a relevant public health issue. Due to underreporting, the study of outbreaks is an accepted approach to investigate their epidemiology. The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of AGE outbreaks due to norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SV) in Catalonia.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study of AGE outbreaks of possible viral etiology notified during two years in Catalonia. NoV and SV were detected by real time reverse transcription polymerase (RT-PCR).$\backslash$n$\backslash$nRESULTS: A total of 101 outbreaks were registered affecting a total of 2756 persons and 12 hospitalizations (hospitalization rate: 0.8x1,000,000 persons-year); 49.5{\%} of outbreaks were foodborne, 45.5{\%} person to person and 5{\%} waterborne. The distribution of outbreaks according to the setting showed a predominance of catering services (39.6{\%}), nursing homes and long term care facilities (26.8{\%}) and schools (11.9{\%}). The median number of cases per outbreak was 17 (range 2-191). The total Incidence rate (IR) was 18.3 per 100,000 persons-years (95{\%}CI: 17.6-19.0). The highest IR was in persons aged >=65 years (43.6x100,000 (95{\%} CI: 41.0-46.2)) (p{\textless}0.001). A total of 1065 samples were analyzed with a positivity rate of 60.8{\%}. 98{\%} of positive samples were NoV (GII 56.3{\%}; GI 4.2{\%}; GII+GI 4.2{\%}; non- typable 33.0{\%}). SV was identified in two person-to-person transmission outbreaks in children.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the relevance of viral AGE outbreaks, both foodborne and person-to-person, especially in institutionalized persons. SV should be taken into account when investigating viral AGE outbreaks.}, issn = {19326203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0152503}, author = {Torner, Nuria and Martinez, Ana and Broner, Sonia and Moreno, Antonio and Camps, Neus and Dom{\'\i}nguez, Angela} } @article {9818, title = {{Eradication of Blastocystis in humans: really necessary for all?}}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {10.1016/j.parint.2016.01.010}, year = {2016}, author = {Kurt, O and Dogruman, A and Mehmet, T} } @article {9665, title = {Escherichia coli Diarrhea: Global Status}, year = {2016}, institution = {GIDEON Informatics Inc}, address = {Los Angeles, US}, author = {Berger, S} } @article {16700, title = {Estimating the burden of acute gastrointestinal illness due to {Giardia}, {Cryptosporidium}, {Campylobacter}, {E}. coli {O}157 and norovirus associated with private wells and small water systems in {Canada}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {144}, number = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {1355{\textendash}1370}, author = {Murphy, HM and Thomas, MK and Schmidt, PJ and Medeiros, DT and McFadyen, S and Pintar, KD} } @article {10324, title = {Estimation of Ascaris lumbricoides egg inactivation by free ammonia treatment of ash-amended UDDT vault products using stored urine in Uganda}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {259{\textendash}268}, author = {Trimmer, John T and Nakyanjo, Neema and Ssekubugu, Robert and Sklar, Marc and Mihelcic, James R and Ergas, Sarina J} } @article {13409, title = {{Estimation of Ascaris lumbricoides egg inactivation by free ammonia treatment of ash-amended UDDT vault products using stored urine in Uganda}}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {259{\textendash}268}, abstract = {Urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) are designed to recover nutrients and organic matter from human excreta for use as agricultural amendments, and have been promoted in many developing countries, including Uganda. Wider UDDT implementation could help address problems in areas where water scarcity limits sanitation coverage and/or declining soil fertility jeopardizes growing populations{\textquoteright} nutritional security. However, concerns have been raised regarding the safety of recovered UDDT vault products, which may contain persistent pathogens such as Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. A. lumbricoides eggs can be inactivated through elevation of free ammonia levels. This study assessed the feasibility of a secondary ammonia treatment strategy for UDDT ash-amended vault products using urine. Treatment parameters were measured in mixtures of urine, ash-amended vault products, and wood ash, a model was developed to account for temperature fluctuations, and A. lumbricoides egg inactivation times were estimated using a previously published model. A mixture containing two parts urine and one part ash-amended vault products was estimated to provide 2-log10 inactivation after 3 months of indoor storage (daily mean temperatures: 22.8 {\textpm} 0.3 WC) or 2 months of outdoor storage (25.9 {\textpm} 1.3 WC). This strategy could improve the safety of recovered products for agricultural use to improve the nutritional security of vulnerable populations. {\textcopyright} IWA Publishing 2016.}, issn = {2043-9083}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2016.111}, url = {http://washdev.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/washdev.2016.111}, author = {Trimmer, J. T. and Nakyanjo, N. and Ssekubugu, R. and Sklar, M. and J R Mihelcic and S J Ergas} } @article {14035, title = {Etiology of {Diarrhea} in {Children} {Younger} {Than} 5 {Years} {Attending} the {Bengo} {General} {Hospital} in {Angola}.}, journal = {The Pediatric infectious disease journal}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {feb}, pages = {e28{\textendash}34}, abstract = {BACKGROUND Diarrheal disease is among the leading causes of death in children younger than 5 years, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the most frequent etiological agents of diarrhea and its associated factors in children younger than 5 years attending the Bengo General Hospital in Angola. METHODS From September 2012 through December 2013, stool samples were collected from 344 children presenting with diarrhea to investigate the presence of viral, bacterial and parasitic agents. Relevant sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from parents and caregivers. RESULTS An enteric pathogen was detected in 66.6\% of stool samples: Cryptosporidium spp. (30.0\%), rotavirus (25.1\%), Giardia lamblia (21.6\%), diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (6.3\%), Ascaris lumbricoides (4.1\%), adenovirus (3.8\%), Strongyloides stercoralis (3.5\%), astrovirus (2.6\%), Hymenolepis nana (1.7\%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (0.9\%), Taenia spp. (0.6\%), Trichuris trichiura (0.3\%) and Entamoeba histolytica (0.3\%). Children younger than 12 months were more frequently infected with Cryptosporidium spp. compared with older children (age: 12-59 months), independently of sex, season, lethargy and wasting [odds ratio (OR): 3.5, 95\% confidence interval (95\% CI): 2.0-6.2]. Age (OR: 5.0, 95\% CI: 2.6-9.3), vomiting (OR: 2.7, 95\% CI: 1.5-4.8) and type of admission (inpatients, OR: 0.5, 95\% CI: 0.3-0.9) were significantly associated with rotavirus infection. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates high rates of infection with an enteric pathogen, particularly in children younger than 12 months, emphasizing the need to address diarrheal disease in this age group.}, issn = {1532-0987}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0000000000000957}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26761347}, author = {Gasparinho, Carolina and Maria C Mirante and Centeno-Lima, S{\'o}nia and Istrate, Claudia and Ant{\'o}nio C Mayer and Tavira, Luis and Nery, Susana Vaz and Brito, Miguel} } @article {8014, title = {{Etiology of Diarrhea in Children Younger Than 5 Years Attending the Bengo General Hospital in Angola.}}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {feb}, pages = {e28{\textendash}34}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND Diarrheal disease is among the leading causes of death in children younger than 5 years, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the most frequent etiological agents of diarrhea and its associated factors in children younger than 5 years attending the Bengo General Hospital in Angola. METHODS From September 2012 through December 2013, stool samples were collected from 344 children presenting with diarrhea to investigate the presence of viral, bacterial and parasitic agents. Relevant sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from parents and caregivers. RESULTS An enteric pathogen was detected in 66.6{\%} of stool samples: Cryptosporidium spp. (30.0{\%}), rotavirus (25.1{\%}), Giardia lamblia (21.6{\%}), diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (6.3{\%}), Ascaris lumbricoides (4.1{\%}), adenovirus (3.8{\%}), Strongyloides stercoralis (3.5{\%}), astrovirus (2.6{\%}), Hymenolepis nana (1.7{\%}), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (0.9{\%}), Taenia spp. (0.6{\%}), Trichuris trichiura (0.3{\%}) and Entamoeba histolytica (0.3{\%}). Children younger than 12 months were more frequently infected with Cryptosporidium spp. compared with older children (age: 12-59 months), independently of sex, season, lethargy and wasting [odds ratio (OR): 3.5, 95{\%} confidence interval (95{\%} CI): 2.0-6.2]. Age (OR: 5.0, 95{\%} CI: 2.6-9.3), vomiting (OR: 2.7, 95{\%} CI: 1.5-4.8) and type of admission (inpatients, OR: 0.5, 95{\%} CI: 0.3-0.9) were significantly associated with rotavirus infection. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates high rates of infection with an enteric pathogen, particularly in children younger than 12 months, emphasizing the need to address diarrheal disease in this age group.

}, issn = {1532-0987}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0000000000000957}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26761347}, author = {Gasparinho, Carolina and Maria C Mirante and Centeno-Lima, S{\'o}nia and Istrate, Claudia and Ant{\'o}nio C Mayer and Tavira, Luis and Nery, Susana Vaz and Brito, Miguel} } @book {9835, title = {{European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}}, year = {2016}, doi = {10.1007/s10096-016-2680-2}, author = {Andersen, L and Karim, AB and Roager, HM and Vigsn{\ae}s, LK and Krogfelt, KA and Licht, TR and Stensvold, CR} } @article {13205, title = {Evaluation of different conditions and culture media for the recovery of Aeromonas spp. from water and shellfish samples}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {121}, year = {2016}, pages = {883-891}, doi = {10.1111/jam.13210}, author = {Latif-Eugenin, F and Beaz-Hidalgo, R. and Figueras, M. J.} } @mastersthesis {5340, title = {{Evaluation of Escherichia coli inactivation and sunlight penetration in a shallow maturation pond: hydrodynamics and disinfection}}, year = {2016}, school = {Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil}, type = {phdPhD Dissertation}, author = {Dias, D.F.C.} } @article {15617, title = {Evaluation of solar photocatalysis using TiO2 slurry in the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water}, journal = {Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B}, volume = {163}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct}, pages = {92-9}, edition = {2016/08/21}, keywords = {*Sunlight, *Water Microbiology, Catalysis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium parvum/cytology/drug effects/*physiology/radiation effects, Inactivation, Microbial Viability/*drug effects/*radiation effects, Oocysts/drug effects/radiation effects, Retention, Solar radiation, Titanium dioxide, Titanium/*pharmacology, Waste Water/microbiology, water, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {1011-1344}, author = {Abeledo-Lameiro, M. J. and Ares-Mazas, E. and Gomez-Couso, H.} } @article {5863, title = {{Evaluation of the microbiological quality of reclaimed water produced from a lagooning system.}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research International}, volume = {23}, year = {2016}, month = {may}, pages = {1{\textendash}18}, author = {Fernandez-Cassi, X and Silvera, C and Cervero-Arag{\'o}, S and Rusinol, M and Latif-Eugeni, F and Bruguera-Casamada, C and Civit, S and Araujo, R M and Figueras, M J and Girones, R and Bofill-Mas, S} } @article {14380, title = {Evaluation of the microbiological quality of reclaimed water produced from a lagooning system.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, year = {2016}, month = {may}, pages = {1{\textendash}18}, author = {Fernandez-Cassi, X and Silvera, C and Cervero-Arag{\'o}, S and Rusinol, M and Latif-Eugeni, F and Bruguera-Casamada, C and Civit, S and Araujo, R M and Figueras, M J and Girones, R and Bofill-Mas, S} } @article {13171, title = {Evaluation of the microbiological quality of reclaimed water produced from a lagooning system}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research International}, volume = {23}, year = {2016}, pages = {16816-16833}, author = {Fernandez-Cassi, X. and Silvera, C. and S. Cervero-Arago and M. Rusinol and Latif-Eugeni, F. and Bruguera-Casamada, C. and Civit, S. and Araujo, R. M. and Figueras, M. J. and Girones, R. and Bofill-Mas, S.} } @article {3222, title = {Evaluation of the microbiological quality of reclaimed water produced from a lagooning system}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, year = {2016}, pages = {1{\textendash}18}, abstract = {

The use of lagooning as a complementary natural method of treating secondary effluents of wastewater treatment plants has been employed as an affordable and easy means of producing reclaimed water. However, using reclaimed water for some purposes, for example, for food irrigation, presents some risks if the effluents contain microbial pathogens. Classical bacterial indicators that are used to assess faecal contamination in water do not always properly indicate the presence of bacterial or viral pathogens. In the current study, the presence of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), heterotrophic bacterial counts (HBC), pathogens and opportunistic pathogens, such as Legionella spp., Aeromonas spp., Arcobacter spp., free-living amoeba (FLA), several viral indicators (human adenovirus and polyomavirus JC) and viral pathogens (noroviruses and hepatitis E virus) were analysed for 1 year in inlet and outlet water to assess the removal efficiency of a lagooning system. We observed 2.58 (1.17\–4.59) and 1.65 (0.15\–3.14) log reductions in Escherichia coli (EC) and intestinal enterococci (IE), respectively, between the inlet and outlet samples. Genomic copies of the viruses were log reduced by 1.18 (0.24\–2.93), 0.64 (0.12\–1.97), 0.45 (0.04\–2.54) and 0.72 (0.22\–2.50) for human adenovirus (HAdV), JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) and human noroviruses (NoV GI and GII), respectively. No regrowth of opportunistic pathogens was observed within the system. FLA, detected in all samples, did not show a clear trend. The reduction of faecal pathogens was irregular with 6 out of 12 samples and 4 out of 12 samples exceeding the EC and IE values, specified in the Spanish legislation for reclaimed water (RD 1620/2007). This data evidences that there is a need for more studies to evaluate the removal mechanisms of lagooning systems in order to optimize pathogen reduction. Moreover, surveillance of water used to irrigate raw edible vegetables should be conducted to ensure the fulfilment of the microbial requirements for the production of safe reclaimed water.

}, keywords = {Bacterial removal, faecal indicator bacteria, Lagooning, reclaimed water, Regrowth, Virus removal}, issn = {1614-7499}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-016-6812-0}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6812-0}, author = {Fernandez-Cassi, X and Silvera, C and Cervero-Arag{\'o}, S and Rusinol, M and Latif-Eugeni, F and Bruguera-Casamada, C and Civit, S and Araujo, R M and Figueras, M J and Girones, R and Bofill-Mas, S} } @article {17050, title = {Evaluation of the microbiological quality of reclaimed water produced from a lagooning system}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {23}, number = {16}, year = {2016}, pages = {16816{\textendash}16833}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Fernandez-Cassi, X and Silvera, C and Cervero-Arag{\'o}, S and Rusinol, M and Latif-Eugeni, F and Bruguera-Casamada, C and Civit, S and Araujo, RM and Figueras, MJ and Girones, R and others} } @article {14406, title = {Evaluation of {Various} {Campylobacter}-{Specific} {Quantitative} {PCR} ({qPCR}) {Assays} for {Detection} and {Enumeration} of {Campylobacteraceae} in {Irrigation} {Water} and {Wastewater} via a {Miniaturized} {Most}-{Probable}-{Number}-{qPCR} {Assay}.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {15}, year = {2016}, month = {aug}, pages = {4743{\textendash}4756}, author = {Banting, Graham S and Braithwaite, Shannon and Scott, Candis and Kim, Jinyong and Jeon, Byeonghwa and Ashbolt, Nicholas and Ruecker, Norma and Tymensen, Lisa and Charest, Jollin and Pintar, Katarina and Checkley, Sylvia and Neumann, Norman F} } @article {7648, title = {Evaluation of various Campylobacter-specific qPCR assays for detection and enumeration of Campylobacteraceae in irrigation water and wastewater using a miniaturized MPN-qPCR assay}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {82}, year = {2016}, pages = {4743-4756}, author = {Banting, GS and Braithwaite, S and Scott, C and Kim, J and Jeon, B and Ashbolt, N and Ruecker, N and Tymensen, L and Charest, J and Pintar, K and Checkley, S and Neumann, NF} } @article {5889, title = {{Evaluation of Various Campylobacter-Specific Quantitative PCR (qPCR) Assays for Detection and Enumeration of Campylobacteraceae in Irrigation Water and Wastewater via a Miniaturized Most-Probable-Number-qPCR Assay.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {15}, year = {2016}, month = {aug}, pages = {4743{\textendash}4756}, author = {Banting, Graham S and Braithwaite, Shannon and Scott, Candis and Kim, Jinyong and Jeon, Byeonghwa and Ashbolt, Nicholas and Ruecker, Norma and Tymensen, Lisa and Charest, Jollin and Pintar, Katarina and Checkley, Sylvia and Neumann, Norman F} } @article {8274, title = {Evidence of Helicobacter spp. in freshwaters from Roraima Tepui, Guayana Shield, South America}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {109}, year = {2016}, pages = {529{\textendash}542}, author = {Fern{\'a}ndez-Delgado, Milagro and Giarrizzo, Juan G and Garc{\'\i}a-Amado, Mar{\'\i}a A and Contreras, Monica and Salazar, V{\'\i}ctor and Barton, Hazel and Su{\'a}rez, Paula} } @article {12228, title = {The evolutionary dynamics of integrons in changing environments}, journal = {The ISME Journal}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, note = {Engelstadter, Jan Harms, Klaus Johnsen, Pal J.
Engelstaedter, Jan/G-7341-2012
Engelstaedter, Jan/0000-0003-3340-918X; Johnsen, Pal Jarle/0000-0002-6455-6433
1751-7370}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1296-1307}, abstract = {

Integrons are genetic elements that are common in bacteria and are hotspots for genome evolution. They facilitate the acquisition and reassembly of gene cassettes encoding a variety of functions, including drug resistance. Despite their importance in clinical settings, the selective forces responsible for the evolution and maintenance of integrons are poorly understood. We present a mathematical model of integron evolution within bacterial populations subject to fluctuating antibiotic exposures. Bacteria carrying a functional integrase that mediates reshuffling of cassette genes and thereby modulates gene expression patterns compete with bacteria without a functional integrase. Our results indicate that for a wide range of parameters, the functional integrase can be stably maintained in the population despite substantial fitness costs. This selective advantage arises because gene-cassette shuffling generates genetic diversity, thus enabling the population to respond rapidly to changing selective pressures. We also show that horizontal gene transfer promotes stable maintenance of the integrase and can also lead to de novo assembly of integrons. Our model generates testable predictions for integron evolution, including loss of functional integrases in stable environments and selection for intermediate gene-shuffling rates in changing environments. Our results highlight the need for experimental studies of integron population biology.

}, isbn = {1751-7362}, author = {Engelstadter, J. and Harms, K. and Johnsen, P. J.} } @article {5281, title = {Exogenous indirect photoinactivation of bacterial pathogens and indicators in water with natural and synthetic photosensitizers in simulated sunlight with reduced UVB}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {121}, year = {2016}, pages = {587-597}, author = {Maraccini, PA and Wenk, J and Boehm, AB} } @article {5339, title = {{Exogenous indirect photoinactivation of bacterial pathogens and indicators in water with natural and synthetic photosensitizers in simulated sunlight with reduced UVB}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {121}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {587{\textendash}597}, abstract = {AIMS To investigate the UVB-independent and exogenous indirect photoinactivation of eight human health-relevant bacterial species in the presence of photosensitizers. METHODS AND RESULTS Eight bacterial species were exposed to simulated sunlight with greatly reduced UVB light intensity in the presence of three synthetic photosensitizers and two natural photosensitizers. Inactivation curves were fit with shoulder log-linear or first-order kinetic models, from which the presence of a shoulder and magnitude of inactivation rate constants were compared. Eighty-four percent reduction in the UVB light intensity roughly matched a 72-95{\%} reduction in the overall bacterial photoinactivation rate constants in sensitizer-free water. With the UVB light mostly reduced, the exogenous indirect mechanism contribution was evident for most bacteria and photosensitizers tested, although most prominently with the Gram-positive bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Results confirm the importance of UVB light in bacterial photoinactivation and, with the reduction of the UVB light intensity, that the Gram-positive bacteria are more vulnerable to the exogenous indirect mechanism than Gram-negative bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY UVB is the most important range of the sunlight spectrum for bacterial photoinactivation. In aquatic environments where photosensitizers are present and there is high UVB light attenuation, UVA and visible wavelengths can contribute to exogenous indirect photoinactivation.}, keywords = {bacteria, Disinfection, Enterococci, Escherichia coli, exogenous, Pathogens, photoinactivation, Reactive Oxygen Species, sensitizers, Sunlight, UVB}, issn = {13652672}, doi = {10.1111/jam.13183}, author = {Maraccini, P. A. and Wenk, J. and Boehm, A. B.} } @article {16471, title = {A faecal exposure assessment of farm workers in Accra, Ghana: a cross sectional study}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {16}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-13}, author = {Antwi-Agyei, P. and Biran, A. and Peasey, A. and Bruce, J. and Ensink, J.} } @article {12381, title = {Fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance during digestion and composting: A review}, journal = {Journal of Environment Quality}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {537}, isbn = {0047-2425}, author = {Youngquist, Caitlin P. and Mitchell, Shannon M. and Cogger, Craig G.} } @article {12242, title = {Fate of classical faecal bacterial markers and ampicillin-resistant bacteria in agricultural soils under Mediterranean climate after urban sludge amendment}, journal = {Science of the Total EnvironmentScience of the Total Environment}, volume = {565}, year = {2016}, note = {Gondim-Porto, Clarissa Platero, Leticia Nadal, Ignacio Navarro-Garcia, Federico
Navarro-Garcia, Federico/G-5586-2017
Navarro-Garcia, Federico/0000-0002-8703-2800
1879-1026}, month = {Sep}, pages = {200-210}, abstract = {The use of sewage sludge or biosolids as agricultural amendments may pose environmental and human health risks related to pathogen or antibiotic-resistant microorganism transmission from soils to vegetables or to water through runoff. Since the survival of those microorganisms in amended soils has been poorly studied under Mediterranean climatic conditions, we followed the variation of soil fecal bacterial markers and ampicillin-resistant bacteria for two years with samplings every four months in a split block design with three replica in a crop soil where two different types of biosolids (aerobically or anaerobically digested) at three doses (low, 40; intermediate, 80; and high, 160 Mg.ha(-1)) were applied. Low amounts of biosolids produced similar decay rates of coliform populations than in control soil (-0.19 and-0.27 log(10)CFUs.g(-1) dry soil month(-1) versus-0.22) while in the case of intermediate and high doses were close to zero and their populations remained 24 months later in the range of 45 log(10)CFUs. g(-1) ds. Enterococci populations decayed at different rates when using aerobic than anaerobic biosolids although high doses had higher rates than control (-0.09 and -0.13 log(10)CFUs. g(-1) ds month(-1) for aerobic and anaerobic, respectively, vs-0.07). At the end of the experiment, counts in high aerobic and low and intermediate anaerobic plots were 1 log(10) higher than in control (4.21, 4.03, 4.2 and 3.11 log(10)CFUs. g(-1)ds, respectively). Biosolid application increased the number of Clostridium spores in all plots at least 1 log10 with respect to control with a different dynamic of decay for low and intermediate doses of aerobic and anaerobic sludge. Ampicillin-resistant bacteria increased in amended soils 4 months after amendment and remained at least 1 log10 higher 24 months later, especially in aerobic and low and intermediate anaerobic plots due to small rates of decay (in the range of -0.001 to -0.008 log(10)CFUs. g(-1) ds month(-1) vs -0.016 for control). Aerobic plots had relative populations of ampicillin-resistant bacteria higher than anaerobic plots with different positive trends. Dose (22\%) and time (13\%) explained most of the variation of the bacterial populations. Dynamics of fecal markers did not correlate with ampicillin-resistant bacteria thus making necessary to evaluate specifically this trait to avoid possible risks for human and environmental health. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Gondim-Porto, C. and Platero, L. and Nadal, I. and Navarro-Garcia, F.} } @article {12945, title = {Fate of classical faecal bacterial markers and ampicillin-resistant bacteria in agricultural soils under Mediterranean climate after urban sludge amendment}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {565}, year = {2016}, pages = {200{\textendash}210}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Gondim-Porto, Clarissa and Platero, Leticia and Nadal, Ignacio and Navarro-Garc{\'\i}a, Federico} } @article {12962, title = {Fate of classical faecal bacterial markers and ampicillin-resistant bacteria in agricultural soils under Mediterranean climate after urban sludge amendment}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {565}, year = {2016}, pages = {200 - 210}, keywords = {Ampicillin resistant bacteria, Fecal bacteria, Mediterranean climate, Soil microbiota, Urban sludge}, issn = {0048-9697}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.160}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716308622}, author = {Clarissa Gondim-Porto and Leticia Platero and Ignacio Nadal and Federico Navarro-Garc{\'\i}a} } @article {8361, title = {{Feasibility of anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) for onsite sanitation and resource recovery (nutrients, energy, and water) in urban slums}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {72}, number = {9}, year = {2016}, pages = {1543{\textendash}1551}, author = {Bair, R.A. and Ozcan, O.O. and Calabria, J.L. and Dick, G.H. and Yeh, D.H.} } @article {16866, title = {Fecal bacteria, bacteriophage, and nutrient reductions in a full-scale denitrifying woodchip bioreactor}, journal = {Journal of environmental quality}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, pages = {847{\textendash}854}, publisher = {The American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.}, author = {Rambags, Femke and Tanner, Chris C and Stott, Rebecca and Schipper, Louis A} } @article {12869, title = {Fecal indicator and Ascaris removal from double pit latrine content}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, pages = {972{\textendash}979}, author = {Dey, Digbijoy and ATM R Haque and Kabir, Babar and Sharmin F Ubaid} } @article {16621, title = {Fecal indicator and {Ascaris} removal from double pit latrine content}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, pages = {972{\textendash}979}, author = {Dey, Digbijoy and ATM R Haque and Kabir, Babar and Sharmin F Ubaid} } @booklet {10332, title = {Fecal Sludge Management Tools}, year = {2016}, note = {Accessed: 2017-11-17} } @article {11850, title = {{First confirmed human case of Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum infection and molecular verification of the synonymy of Diphyllobothrium yonagoense with D. stemmacephalum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea).}}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {65}, number = {5 Pt A}, year = {2016}, month = {oct}, pages = {412{\textendash}421}, abstract = {Several tapeworm species in the genus Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858 have uncertain taxonomic positions, leading to taxonomic confusion as well as misdiagnosis of infections. Taxonomic revision based on DNA sequence analysis is considered necessary to resolve the taxonomy of several cases, including that between Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum, the type species of the genus, and Diphyllobothrium yonagoense. Diphyllobothrium yonagoense was synonymized with D. stemmacephalum based on morphological observations by Andersen (1987), however no molecular studies have been undertaken to verify the validity of this synonymization. In the present study, the first human case confirmed molecularly as D. stemmacephalum infection is reported, and the validity of the synonymization of D. yonagoense with D. stemmacephalum was assessed based on molecular phylogenetics. Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum and D. yonagoense grouped into the same clades with high bootstrap confidence values for both cox1 and nad3. Genetic distances between the two taxa were very small (0.000-0.012 and 0.000-0.017 for cox1 and nad3, respectively) and were considered to fall within the range of intraspecific variation. Using these molecular analyses, this study verified molecularly that D. yonagoense is a junior synonym of D. stemmacephalum. Further, the closer phylogenetic relationship between D. stemmacephalum and Diplogonoporus species rather than other diphyllobothriids, including Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense and Diphyllobothrium latum, was corroborated. The genus name for D. nihonkaiense and D. latum is also discussed.}, keywords = {cox1, Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum, Diphyllobothrium yonagoense, Human cases, Molecular phylogeny, nad3, Synonymy, Taxonomy}, issn = {1873-0329}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2016.06.003}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27266483}, author = {Yamasaki, Hiroshi and Kumazawa, Hideo and Sekikawa, Yoshiyuki and Oda, Rentaro and Hongo, Igen and Tsuchida, Takanobu and Saito, Noriko and Morishima, Yasuyuki and Sugiyama, Hiromu} } @article {11781, title = {{Fish-borne, zoonotic cestodes (Diphyllobothrium and relatives) in cold climates: A never -ending story of neglected and (re)- emergent parasites}}, journal = {Food Waterborne Parasitol}, volume = {4}, number = {23-38}, year = {2016}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2016.07.002}, author = {Scholz, T and Kuchta, R} } @article {3951, title = {Flood-exposure is associated with higher prevalence of child undernutrition in rural eastern {India}.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health1}, volume = {13}, year = {2016}, pages = {210}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph13020210.}, author = {Rodriguez-Llanes, JM and Ranjan-Dash, S and et al Mukhopadhyay, A} } @article {3447, title = {{Flood-exposure is associated with higher prevalence of child undernutrition in rural eastern India.}}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health1}, volume = {13}, year = {2016}, pages = {210}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph13020210.}, author = {Rodriguez-Llanes, JM and Ranjan-Dash, S and et al Mukhopadhyay, A} } @article {11246, title = {{Flotation and adherence characteristics of Toxocara canis and T. cati and a reliable method for recovering Toxocara eggs from soil}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {227}, year = {2016}, pages = {35{\textendash}41}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.023}, author = {Kleine, Annika and Janecek, Elisabeth and Waindok, Patrick and Strube, Christina} } @article {8956, title = {Fluence (UV Dose) Required to Achieve Incremental Log Inactivation of Bacteria, Protozoa, Viruses and Algae}, journal = {IUVA}, year = {2016}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Malayeri, AH and Mohseni, M and Cairns, B and Bolton, J} } @article {9971, title = {{Frequent Detection and Genetic Diversity of Human Bocavirus in Urban Sewage Samples}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {289{\textendash}295}, keywords = {Bocavirus, PCR, Real-time PCR, Sequencing, Sewage}, issn = {18670342}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-016-9251-7}, author = {Iaconelli, M and Divizia, M and S Della Libera and Di Bonito, P and La Rosa, Giuseppina} } @article {9990, title = {{From lab to lake - Evaluation of current molecular methods for the detection of infectious enteric viruses in complex water matrices in an urban area}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, year = {2016}, pages = {1{\textendash}16}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, issn = {19326203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0167105}, author = {Leifels, M. and Hamza, I.A. and Krieger, M. and Wilhelm, M. and Mackowiak, M. and Jurzik, L.} } @booklet {3939, title = {GBD [Global Burden of Disease] 1990-2015 Compare.}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington}, address = {Seattle, WA}, url = {http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare.}, author = {IHME} } @article {12222, title = {Genetic background of novel sequence types of CTX-M-8-and CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from public wastewater treatment plants in Sao Paulo, Brazil}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution ResearchEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, year = {2016}, note = {Dropa, Milena Lincopan, Nilton Balsalobre, Livia C. Oliveira, Danielle E. Moura, Rodrigo A. Fernandes, Miriam Rodriguez da Silva, Quezia Moura Matte, Glavur R. Sato, Maria I. Z. Matte, Maria H.
Dropa, Milena/A-3946-2013; Lincopan, Nilton/C-3818-2012
Dropa, Milena/0000-0003-1459-915X; Lincopan, Nilton/0000-0003-0161-5800
1614-7499}, month = {Mar}, pages = {4953-4958}, abstract = {The release of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae to the environment is a public health issue worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic background of genes encoding ESBLs in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in So Paulo, southeastern Brazil. In 2009, during a local surveillance study, seven ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains were recovered from five WWTPs and screened for ESBL genes and mobile genetic elements. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was carried out, and wild plasmids were transformed into electrocompetent Escherichia coli. S1-PFGE technique was used to verify the presence of high molecular weight plasmids in wild-type strains and in bla (ESBL)-containing E. coli transformants. Strains harbored bla (CTX-M-8), bla (CTX-M-15), and/or bla (SHV-28). Sequencing results showed that bla (CTX-M-8) and bla (CTX-M-15) genes were associated with IS26. MLST revealed new sequence types for E. coli (ST4401, ST4402, ST4403, and ST4445) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ST1574), except for one K. pneumoniae from ST307 and Enterobacter cloacae from ST131. PCR and S1-PFGE results showed CTX-M-producing E. coli transformants carried heavy plasmids sizing 48.5-209 kb, which belonged to IncI1, IncF, and IncM1 incompatibility groups. This is the first report of CTX-M-8 and SHV-28 enzymes in environmental samples, and the present results demonstrate the plasmid-mediated spread of CTX-M-encoding genes through five WWTPs in So Paulo, Brazil, suggesting WWTPs are hotspots for the transfer of ESBL genes and confirming the urgent need to improve the management of sewage in order to minimize the dissemination of resistance genes to the environment.}, isbn = {0944-1344}, author = {Dropa, M. and Lincopan, N. and Balsalobre, L. C. and Oliveira, D. E. and Moura, R. A. and Fernandes, M. R. and da Silva, Q. M. and Matte, G. R. and Sato, M. I. Z. and Matte, M. H.} } @article {5739, title = {{Genetic Characterization of a Novel Hepatitis A Virus Strain in Irrigation Water in South Africa}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {88}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {734{\textendash}737}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.24370}, author = {Rachida, S and Matsapola, PN and Wolfaardt, M and M B Taylor} } @article {17144, title = {Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the {\textquoteright}Enterobacteriales{\textquoteright}: proposal for Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov., Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morgane}, journal = {Int J Syst Evol MicrobiolInt J Syst Evol Microbiol}, volume = {66}, number = {12}, year = {2016}, month = {Dec}, pages = {5575-5599}, edition = {2016/09/14}, keywords = {*Phylogeny, Amino Acid Sequence, Bacterial Typing Techniques, DNA, Bacterial/genetics, Gammaproteobacteria/*classification, INDEL Mutation, Multilocus Sequence Typing, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA}, isbn = {1466-5034 (Electronic)
1466-5026 (Linking)}, author = {Adeolu, M. and Alnajar, S. and Naushad, S. and S. Gupta R} } @article {8151, title = {{The genomic signatures of Shigella evolution, adaptation and geographical spread.}}, journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, month = {apr}, pages = {235{\textendash}50}, abstract = {Shigella spp. are some of the key pathogens responsible for the global burden of diarrhoeal disease. These facultative intracellular bacteria belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, together with other intestinal pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The genus Shigella comprises four different species, each consisting of several serogroups, all of which show phenotypic similarity, including invasive pathogenicity. DNA sequencing suggests that this similarity results from the convergent evolution of different Shigella spp. founders. Here, we review the evolutionary relationships between Shigella spp. and E . coli, and we highlight how the genomic plasticity of these bacteria and their acquisition of a distinctive virulence plasmid have enabled the development of such highly specialized pathogens. Furthermore, we discuss the insights that genotyping and whole-genome sequencing have provided into the phylogenetics and intercontinental spread of Shigella spp.}, issn = {1740-1534}, doi = {10.1038/nrmicro.2016.10}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26923111}, author = {Hao C The and Duy P Thanh and Holt, Kathryn E and Thomson, Nicholas R and Baker, Stephen} } @article {14249, title = {The genomic signatures of {Shigella} evolution, adaptation and geographical spread.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, month = {apr}, pages = {235{\textendash}50}, abstract = {Shigella spp. are some of the key pathogens responsible for the global burden of diarrhoeal disease. These facultative intracellular bacteria belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, together with other intestinal pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The genus Shigella comprises four different species, each consisting of several serogroups, all of which show phenotypic similarity, including invasive pathogenicity. DNA sequencing suggests that this similarity results from the convergent evolution of different Shigella spp. founders. Here, we review the evolutionary relationships between Shigella spp. and E . coli, and we highlight how the genomic plasticity of these bacteria and their acquisition of a distinctive virulence plasmid have enabled the development of such highly specialized pathogens. Furthermore, we discuss the insights that genotyping and whole-genome sequencing have provided into the phylogenetics and intercontinental spread of Shigella spp.}, issn = {1740-1534}, doi = {10.1038/nrmicro.2016.10}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26923111}, author = {Hao C The and Duy P Thanh and Holt, Kathryn E and Thomson, Nicholas R and Baker, Stephen} } @inbook {11904, title = {Giardia duodenalis}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org ~}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Boarato-David, E. and Guimar{\~a}es, S. and Cacci{\`o}, S.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {13090, title = {Giardiasis in the United States {\textendash} an epidemiologic and geospatial analysis of county-level drinking water and sanitation data, 1993{\textendash}2010}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {267{\textendash}279}, author = {Schnell, Kerry and Collier, Sarah and Derado, Gordana and Yoder, Jonathan and Julia W Gargano} } @article {3988, title = {{Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971-2011}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {11}, year = {2016}, pages = {1{\textendash}12}, author = {Adam, EA and Yoder, JS and Gould, LH and Hlavsa, MC and Gargano, JW} } @article {5493, title = {{Global Economic Burden of Norovirus Gastroenteritis}}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, month = {apr}, pages = {e0151219}, abstract = {

Background Despite accounting for approximately one fifth of all acute gastroenteritis illnesses, norovirus has received comparatively less attention than other infectious pathogens. With several candidate vaccines under development, characterizing the global economic burden of norovirus could help funders, policy makers, public health officials, and product developers determine how much attention and resources to allocate to advancing these technologies to prevent and control norovirus. Methods We developed a computational simulation model to estimate the economic burden of norovirus in every country/area (233 total) stratified by WHO region and globally, from the health system and societal perspectives. We considered direct costs of illness (e.g., clinic visits and hospitalization) and productivity losses. Results Globally, norovirus resulted in a total of {\$}4.2 billion (95{\%} UI: {\$}3.2\–5.7 billion) in direct health system costs and {\$}60.3 billion (95{\%} UI: {\$}44.4\–83.4 billion) in societal costs per year. Disease amongst children {\textless}5 years cost society {\$}39.8 billion, compared to {\$}20.4 billion for all other age groups combined. Costs per norovirus illness varied by both region and age and was highest among adults \≥55 years. Productivity losses represented 84\–99{\%} of total costs varying by region. While low and middle income countries and high income countries had similar disease incidence (10,148 vs. 9,935 illness per 100,000 persons), high income countries generated 62{\%} of global health system costs. In sensitivity analysis, the probability of hospitalization had the largest impact on health system cost estimates ({\$}2.8 billion globally, assuming no hospitalization costs), while the probability of missing productive days had the largest impact on societal cost estimates ({\$}35.9 billion globally, with a 25{\%} probability of missing productive days). Conclusions The total economic burden is greatest in young children but the highest cost per illness is among older age groups in some regions. These large costs overwhelmingly are from productivity losses resulting from acute illness. Low, middle, and high income countries all have a considerable economic burden, suggesting that norovirus gastroenteritis is a truly global economic problem. Our findings can help identify which age group(s) and/or geographic regions may benefit the most from interventions.

}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371{\%}2Fjournal.pone.0151219}, author = {Bartsch, Sarah M and Lopman, Benjamin A and Ozawa, Sachiko and A J Hall and Lee, Bruce Y} } @article {4185, title = {Global, Regional, and National Estimates of Rotavirus Mortality in Children <5 Years of Age, 2000-2013}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {S96-S105}, doi = {10.1093/cid/civ1013}, author = {Tate, JE and Burton, AH and Boschi-Pinto, C and Parashar, UD} } @article {12025, title = {Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {388}, number = {10053}, year = {2016}, note = {eng
P01 AG005842/AG/NIA NIH HHS/
201900/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
R01 NS042600/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/
U01 AG009740/AG/NIA NIH HHS/
P01 AG008291/AG/NIA NIH HHS/
P30 AG012815/AG/NIA NIH HHS/
R21 AG025169/AG/NIA NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Comment
England
2016/10/14 06:00
Lancet. 2016 Oct 8;388(10053):1545-1602. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6.}, month = {Oct 08}, pages = {1545-1602}, abstract = {Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world{\textquoteright}s population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. We generated 9.3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17.2 billion, 95\% uncertainty interval [UI] 15.4-19.2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2.39 billion, 2.30-2.50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10\% of the world{\textquoteright}s population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2.36 billion (2.35-2.37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20-30\% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ageing of the world{\textquoteright}s population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.}, keywords = {*Bayes Theorem, *Disabled Persons, Cost of Illness, Global Health, Humans, Incidence, prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {G. B. D. Disease and Injury, Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators} } @article {16517, title = {Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the {Global} {Burden} of {Disease} {Study} 2015}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {388}, number = {10053}, year = {2016}, month = {oct}, pages = {1545{\textendash}1602}, abstract = {Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world{\textquoteright}s population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. We generated 9.3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17.2 billion, 95\% uncertainty interval [UI] 15.4-19.2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2.39 billion, 2.30-2.50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10\% of the world{\textquoteright}s population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2.36 billion (2.35-2.37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20-30\% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ageing of the world{\textquoteright}s population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.}, keywords = {*Bayes Theorem, *Disabled Persons, Cost of Illness, Global Health, Humans, Incidence, prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years}, issn = {1474-547X (Electronic) 0140-6736 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}, author = {G. B. D. Disease and Injury, Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators} } @booklet {3840, title = {Global {Trends} 2015.}, year = {2016}, publisher = {United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees}, address = {Geneva}, author = {UNHCR} } @booklet {3456, title = {{Global Trends 2015.}}, year = {2016}, publisher = {United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees}, address = {Geneva}, author = {UNHCR} } @article {3389, title = {{Growth characteristics of contemporary school-age Nigerian children.}}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Pediatrics}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, year = {2016}, pages = {345{\textendash}351}, doi = {10.1093/tropej/fmw004.}, author = {Elusiyan, JB and Ibekwe, MU and Alkali, YS and et al.} } @article {3794, title = {Growth characteristics of contemporary school-age {Nigerian} children.}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Pediatrics}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, year = {2016}, pages = {345{\textendash}351}, doi = {10.1093/tropej/fmw004.}, author = {Elusiyan, JB and Ibekwe, MU and Alkali, YS and Al, Et} } @article {3830, title = {Have we substantially underestimated the impact of improved sanitation coverage on child health? A generalized additive model panel analysis of global data on child mortality and malnutrition}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, year = {2016}, pages = {e0164571}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0164571.}, author = {Hunter, PR and Pr{\"u}ss-{\"U}st{\"u}n, A} } @article {10865, title = {Hazardous events in membrane bioreactors{\textendash}Part 3: Impacts on microorganism log removal efficiencies}, journal = {Journal of Membrane Science}, volume = {497}, year = {2016}, pages = {514{\textendash}523}, author = {Branch, Amos and Trinh, Trang and Carvajal, Guido and Leslie, Greg and Coleman, Heather M and Stuetz, Richard M and Drewes, J{\"o}rg E and Khan, Stuart J and Le-Clech, Pierre} } @article {13818, title = {Helicobacter pylori in bottled mineral water: genotyping and antimicrobial resistance properties}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {40}, year = {2016}, pages = {1{\textendash}10}, abstract = {Background: Up to now, fecal{\textendash}oral and oral{\textendash}oral are the most commonly known routes for transmission of H. pylori, therefore, contaminated water can play an important role in transmission of H. pylori to humans. Genotyping using virulence markers of H. pylori is one of the best approaches to study the correlations between H. pylori isolates from different samples. The present research was carried out to study the vacA, cagA, cagE, oipA, iceA and babA2 genotyping and antimicrobial resistance properties of H. pylori isolated from the bottled mineral water samples of Iran. Results: Of 450 samples studied, 8 samples (1.77 \%) were contaminated with H. pylori. Brand C of bottled mineral water had the highest prevalence of H. pylori (3.63 \%). The bottled mineral water samples of July month had the highest levels of H. pylori-contamination (50 \%). H. pylori strains had the highest levels of resistance against metronidazole (62.5 \%), erythromycin (62.5 \%), clarithromycin (62.5 \%), amoxicillin (62.5 \%) and trimethoprim (62.5 \%). Totally, 12.5 \% of strains were resistant to more than 6 antibiotics. VvacAs1a (100 \%), vacAm1a (87.5 \%), cagA (62.5 \%), iceA1 (62.5 \%), oipA (25 \%), babA2 (25 \%) and cagE (37.5 \%) were the most commonly detected genotypes. M1as1a (62.5 \%), m1as2 (37.5 \%), m2s2 (37.5 \%) and S1a/cagA+/IceA2/oipA-/babA2-/cagE-(50 \%) were the most commonly detected combined genotypes. Conclusions: Contaminated bottled mineral water maybe the sources of virulent and resistant strains H. pylori. Careful monitoring of bottled mineral water production may reduce the risk of H. pylori transmission into the human population.}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance properties, Bottled mineral water, Genotyping, helicobacter pylori, Iran Background}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-016-0647-1}, author = {Ranjbar, Reza and Khamesipour, Faham and Jonaidi-Jafari, Nematollah and Rahimi, Ebrahim} } @article {8189, title = {{Helicobacter pylori in bottled mineral water: genotyping and antimicrobial resistance properties}}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {40}, year = {2016}, pages = {1{\textendash}10}, abstract = {Background: Up to now, fecal{\textendash}oral and oral{\textendash}oral are the most commonly known routes for transmission of H. pylori, therefore, contaminated water can play an important role in transmission of H. pylori to humans. Genotyping using virulence markers of H. pylori is one of the best approaches to study the correlations between H. pylori isolates from different samples. The present research was carried out to study the vacA, cagA, cagE, oipA, iceA and babA2 genotyping and antimicrobial resistance properties of H. pylori isolated from the bottled mineral water samples of Iran. Results: Of 450 samples studied, 8 samples (1.77 {\%}) were contaminated with H. pylori. Brand C of bottled mineral water had the highest prevalence of H. pylori (3.63 {\%}). The bottled mineral water samples of July month had the highest levels of H. pylori-contamination (50 {\%}). H. pylori strains had the highest levels of resistance against metronidazole (62.5 {\%}), erythromycin (62.5 {\%}), clarithromycin (62.5 {\%}), amoxicillin (62.5 {\%}) and trimethoprim (62.5 {\%}). Totally, 12.5 {\%} of strains were resistant to more than 6 antibiotics. VvacAs1a (100 {\%}), vacAm1a (87.5 {\%}), cagA (62.5 {\%}), iceA1 (62.5 {\%}), oipA (25 {\%}), babA2 (25 {\%}) and cagE (37.5 {\%}) were the most commonly detected genotypes. M1as1a (62.5 {\%}), m1as2 (37.5 {\%}), m2s2 (37.5 {\%}) and S1a/cagA+/IceA2/oipA-/babA2-/cagE-(50 {\%}) were the most commonly detected combined genotypes. Conclusions: Contaminated bottled mineral water maybe the sources of virulent and resistant strains H. pylori. Careful monitoring of bottled mineral water production may reduce the risk of H. pylori transmission into the human population.}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance properties, Bottled mineral water, Genotyping, helicobacter pylori, Iran Background}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-016-0647-1}, author = {Ranjbar, Reza and Khamesipour, Faham and Jonaidi-Jafari, Nematollah and Rahimi, Ebrahim} } @article {13066, title = {Hell and high water: Diminished septic system performance in coastal regions due to climate change}, journal = {PloS One}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, year = {2016}, pages = {e0162104}, author = {Cooper, Jennifer A and Loomis, George W and Amador, Jose A} } @article {10034, title = {{A hepatitis E outbreak by genotype 4 virus in Shandong province, China}}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {34}, number = {33}, year = {2016}, pages = {3715{\textendash}3718}, abstract = {

{Hepatitis E vaccine was available in China in 2012, but the priority population for immunization is not clear. In 2013, a hepatitis E outbreak occurred in a company of Shandong province, China where most employees moved from other provinces and dined at the company\&$\#$39;s cafeteria. A total of fourteen (19{\%}, 14/73) case-patients were identified, and three of them had symptomatic infection with one death. The proportion of symptomatic infection was much higher among those aged ???50 years than those aged {\textless}50 years (2/2 vs. 1/12

}, keywords = {China, Hepatitis E, OUTBREAK, Vaccination}, issn = {18732518}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.010}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.010}, author = {Zhang, Li and Yan, Bingyu and Xu, Aiqiang} } @article {12360, title = {High Levels of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Their Correlations with Bacterial Community and Mobile Genetic Elements in Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment Bioreactors}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, note = {Tao, Wenda Zhang, Xu-Xiang Zhao, Fuzheng Huang, Kailong Ma, Haijun Wang, Zhu Ye, Lin Ren, Hongqiang
王, 铸/I-3824-2016; Ye, Lin/F-9709-2013
王, 铸/0000-0002-6763-8194; Ye, Lin/0000-0002-4682-8917}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {

To understand the diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment bioreactors, the ARGs in sludge from two full-scale pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants (PWWTPs) were investigated and compared with sludge samples from three sewage treatment plants (STPs) using metagenomic approach. The results showed that the ARG abundances in PWWTP sludge ranged from 54.7 to 585.0 ppm, which were higher than those in STP sludge (27.2 to 86.4 ppm). Moreover, the diversity of ARGs in PWWTP aerobic sludge (153 subtypes) was higher than that in STP aerobic sludge (118 subtypes). In addition, it was found that the profiles of ARGs in PWWTP aerobic sludge were similar to those in STP aerobic sludge but different from those in PWWTP anaerobic sludge, suggesting that dissolve oxygen (DO) could be one of the important factors affecting the profiles of ARGs. In PWWTP aerobic sludge, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide and multidrug resistance genes were frequently detected. While, tetracycline, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin and polypeptide resistance genes were abundantly present in PWWTP anaerobic sludge. Furthermore, we investigated the microbial community and the correlation between microbial community and ARGs in PWWTP sludge. And, significant correlations between ARG types and seven bacterial genera were found. In addition, the mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were also examined and correlations between the ARGs and MGEs in PWWTP sludge were observed. Collectively, our results suggested that the microbial community and MGEs, which could be affected by DO, might be the main factors shaping the profiles of ARGs in PWWTP sludge.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, author = {Tao, W. D. and Zhang, X. X. and Zhao, F. Z. and Huang, K. L. and Ma, H. J. and Wang, Z. and Ye, L. and Ren, H. Q.} } @article {13514, title = {Higher physiopathogenicity by Fasciola gigantica than by the genetically close F. hepatica: experimental long-term follow-up of biochemical markers}, journal = {Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {55-66}, author = {Valero, M. A. and Bargues, M. D. and Khoubbane, M. and Artigas, P. and Quesada, C. and Berinde, L. and Ubeira, F. M. and Mezo, M. and Hernandez, J. L. and Agramunt, V. H. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {12261, title = {Highly Divergent Clostridium difficile Strains Isolated from the Environment}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {11}, year = {2016}, note = {Janezic, Sandra Potocnik, Mojca Zidaric, Valerija Rupnik, Maja}, month = {Nov}, abstract = {

Clostridium difficile is one of the most important human and animal pathogens. However, the bacterium is ubiquitous and can be isolated from various sources. Here we report the prevalence and characterization of C. difficile in less studied environmental samples, puddle water (n = 104) and soil (n = 79). C. difficile was detected in 14.4\% of puddle water and in 36.7\% of soil samples. Environmental strains displayed antimicrobial resistance patterns comparable to already published data of human and animal isolates. A total of 480 isolates were grouped into 34 different PCR ribotypes. More than half of these (52.9\%; 18 of 34) were already described in humans or animals. However, 14 PCR ribotypes were new in our PCR ribotype library and all but one were non-toxigenic. The multilocus sequence analysis of these new PCR ribotypes revealed that non-toxigenic environmental isolates are phylogenetically distinct and belong to three highly divergent clades, two of which have not been described before. Our data suggest that environment is a potential reservoir of genetically diverse population of C. difficile.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, author = {Janezic, S. and Potocnik, M. and Zidaric, V. and Rupnik, M.} } @article {12265, title = {High-throughput quantification of antibiotic resistance genes from an urban wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, note = {Karkman, Antti Johnson, Timothy A. Lyra, Christina Stedtfeld, Robert D. Tamminen, Manu Tiedje, James M. Virta, Marko
Virta, Marko/B-4292-2010
Virta, Marko/0000-0001-5981-7566; Karkman, Antti/0000-0003-0983-3319
1574-6941}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {

Antibiotic resistance among bacteria is a growing problem worldwide, and wastewater treatment plants have been considered as one of the major contributors to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance to the environment. There is a lack of comprehensive quantitative molecular data on extensive numbers of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in different seasons with a sampling strategy that would cover both incoming and outgoing water together with the excess sludge that is removed from the process. In order to fill that gap we present a highly parallel quantitative analysis of ARGs and horizontal gene transfer potential over four seasons at an urban wastewater treatment plant using a high-throughput qPCR array. All analysed transposases and two-thirds of primer sets targeting ARGs were detected in the wastewater. The relative abundance of most of the genes was highest in influent and lower in effluent water and sludge. The resistance profiles of the samples cluster by sample location with a shift from raw influent through the final effluents and dried sludge to the sediments. Wastewater discharge enriched only a few genes, namely Tn25 type transposase gene and clinical class 1 integrons, in the sediment near the discharge pipe, but those enriched genes may indicate a potential for horizontal gene transfer.

}, isbn = {0168-6496}, author = {Karkman, A. and Johnson, T. A. and Lyra, C. and Stedtfeld, R. D. and Tamminen, M. and Tiedje, J. M. and Virta, M.} } @booklet {10758, title = {{How Cholera Spread So Quickly Through Haiti}}, year = {2016}, url = {https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/haiti-cholera-crisis-united-nations-{\%}09admission/.}, author = {Sidder, Aaron} } @article {12337, title = {How Should We Be Determining Background and Baseline Antibiotic Resistance Levels in Agroecosystem Research?}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, note = {Times Cited: 3

3
1537-2537}, month = {Mar-Apr}, pages = {420-431}, isbn = {0047-2425}, author = {Rothrock, Michael J., Jr. and Keen, Patricia L. and Cook, Kimberly L. and Durso, Lisa M. and Franklin, Alison M. and Dungan, Robert S.} } @book {15061, title = {How to write in {Markdown} on {Overleaf}}, year = {2016}, url = {https://www.overleaf.com/blog/441-how-to-write-in-markdown-on-overleaf}, author = {Lim, Lian Tze} } @article {12511, title = {A human exposome framework for guiding risk management and holistic assessment of recycled water quality}, journal = {Environmental Science: Water Research \& TechnologyEnvironmental Science: Water Research \& Technology}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {580-598}, author = {Garner, Emily and Zhu, Ni and Strom, Laurel and Edwards, Marc and Pruden, Amy} } @article {12911, title = {Human fecal and pathogen exposure pathways in rural Indian villages and the effect of increased latrine coverage}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {100}, year = {2016}, pages = {232{\textendash}244}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Odagiri, Mitsunori and Schriewer, Alexander and Daniels, Miles E and Wuertz, Stefan and Smith, Woutrina A and Clasen, Thomas and Schmidt, Wolf-Peter and Jin, Yujie and Torondel, Belen and Misra, Pravas R and others} } @article {16657, title = {Human fecal and pathogen exposure pathways in rural {Indian} villages and the effect of increased latrine coverage}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {100}, year = {2016}, pages = {232{\textendash}244}, author = {Odagiri, Mitsunori and Schriewer, Alexander and Daniels, Miles E and Wuertz, Stefan and Smith, Woutrina A and Clasen, Thomas and Schmidt, Wolf-Peter and Jin, Yujie and Torondel, Belen and Misra, Pravas R and others} } @article {4093, title = {{Human infective potential of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in urban wastewater treatment plant effluents}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {14}, year = {2016}, pages = {411{\textendash}423}, author = {Ma, J and Feng, Y and Hu, Y and Villegas, EN and Xiao, L} } @article {17450, title = {Human norovirus in untreated sewage and effluents from primary, secondary and tertiary treatment processes}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {103}, year = {2016}, pages = {224-232}, author = {Campos, C.J and Avant, J and Lowther, J and Till, D and Lees, D.N} } @article {17492, title = {{Human norovirus in untreated sewage and effluents from primary, secondary and tertiary treatment processes}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {103}, year = {2016}, pages = {224{\textendash}232}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Wastewater treatments are considered important means to control the environmental transmission of human norovirus (NoV). Information about NoV concentrations in untreated and treated effluents, their seasonality and typical removal rates achieved by different treatment processes is required to assess the effectiveness of sewage treatment processes in reducing human exposure to NoV. This paper reports on a characterisation of concentrations of NoV (genogroups I and II) in untreated sewage (screened influent) and treated effluents from five full scale wastewater treatment works (WwTW) in England. Results are shown for effluent samples characteristic of primary- (primary settlement, storm tank overflows), secondary- (activated sludge, trickling filters, humus tanks) and tertiary (UV disinfection) treatments. NoV occurrence in untreated sewage varied between years. This variation was consistent with the annual variation of the virus in the community as indicated by outbreak laboratory reports. Significant differences were found between mean NoV concentrations in effluents subject to different levels of treatment. Primary settlement achieved approximately 1 log 10 removal for both genogroups. Concentrations of NoV and Escherichia coli in untreated sewage were of the same order of magnitude of those in storm tank overflows. Of the secondary treatments studied, activated sludge was the most effective in removing NoV with mean log 10 removals of 3.11 and 2.34 for GI and GII, respectively. The results of this study provide evidence that monitoring of NoV in raw sewage or treated effluents could provide early warning of an elevated risk for NoV and potentially help prevent outbreaks through environmental exposure. They also provide evidence that elimination of stormwater discharges and improvement of the efficiency of activated sludge for NoV removal would be effective for reducing the risk of environmental transmission.}, keywords = {Activated sludge, Primary settlement, seasonality, Stormwater, Trickling filter, UV disinfection}, issn = {18792448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.045}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.045}, author = {Campos, Carlos J.A. and Avant, Justin and Lowther, James and Till, Dale and Lees, David N.} } @article {9955, title = {{Human norovirus transmission and evolution in a changing world}}, journal = {Nature Reviews Microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {421{\textendash}433}, abstract = {

Norovirus infections are a major cause of gastroenteritis, and outbreaks occur frequently. Several factors are currently increasing the challenge posed by norovirus infections to global health, notably the increasing number of infections in immunocompromised individuals, who are more susceptible to disease, and the globalization of the food industry, which enables large norovirus outbreaks to occur on an international scale. Furthermore, the rapid rate of the genetic and antigenic evolution of circulating noroviruses complicates the development of vaccines and therapies that are required to counter these challenges. In this Review, we describe recent advances in the study of the transmission, pathogenesis and evolution of human noroviruses, and consider the ongoing risk of norovirus outbreaks, together with the future prospects for therapeutics, in a rapidly changing world.

}, isbn = {1740-1534 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1740-1526 (Linking)}, issn = {1740-1526}, doi = {10.1038/nrmicro.2016.48}, url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.48}, author = {de Graaf, Miranda and van Beek, Janko and Koopmans, Marion P. G.} } @article {3323, title = {Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in the World Summary Report 2016- 02-25}, year = {2016}, month = {02/2016}, institution = {ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre)}, author = {Bruni, L. and Barrionuevo-Rosas, L. and Albero, G. and Aldea, M. and Serrano, B. and Valencia, S. and Brotons, M. and Mena, M. and Cosano, R. and Munoz, J. and Bosch, F.X. and de Sanjos{\'e} , S. and Castellsague, X.} } @article {11941, title = {Human{\textendash}livestock contacts and their relationship to transmission of zoonotic pathogens, a systematic review of literature}, journal = {One Health}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {65-76}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2352-7714}, author = {Klous, Gijs and Huss, Anke and Heederik, Dick JJ and Coutinho, Roel A} } @booklet {10614, title = {{Hurricane Matthew: Haiti battles cholera outbreak. NEWS/Hurricane}}, year = {2016}, url = {www.aljazeera.com/.../2016/.../hurricane-matthew-haiti-battles-cholera-outbreak-1610} } @article {16272, title = {Hydrographisches Jahrbuch von {\"O}sterreich 2014}, journal = {The Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW), Vienna, AustriaThe Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW), Vienna, Austria}, year = {2016}, author = {Anonymous} } @article {16541, title = {Identification and quantification of pathogenic helminth eggs using a digital image system}, journal = {Exp Parasitol}, volume = {166}, year = {2016}, month = {jul}, pages = {164{\textendash}72}, abstract = {A system was developed to identify and quantify up to seven species of helminth eggs (Ascaris lumbricoides -fertile and unfertile eggs-, Trichuris trichiura, Toxocara canis, Taenia saginata, Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta, and Schistosoma mansoni) in wastewater using different image processing tools and pattern recognition algorithms. The system was developed in three stages. Version one was used to explore the viability of the concept of identifying helminth eggs through an image processing system, while versions 2 and 3 were used to improve its efficiency. The system development was based on the analysis of different properties of helminth eggs in order to discriminate them from other objects in samples processed using the conventional United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) technique to quantify helminth eggs. The system was tested, in its three stages, considering two parameters: specificity (capacity to discriminate between species of helminth eggs and other objects) and sensitivity (capacity to correctly classify and identify the different species of helminth eggs). The final version showed a specificity of 99\% while the sensitivity varied between 80 and 90\%, depending on the total suspended solids content of the wastewater samples. To achieve such values in samples with total suspended solids (TSS) above 150 mg/L, it is recommended to dilute the concentrated sediment just before taking the images under the microscope. The system allows the helminth eggs most commonly found in wastewater to be reliably and uniformly detected and quantified. In addition, it provides the total number of eggs as well as the individual number by species, and for Ascaris lumbricoides it differentiates whether or not the egg is fertile. The system only requires basically trained technicians to prepare the samples, as for visual identification there is no need for highly trained personnel. The time required to analyze each image is less than a minute. This system could be used in central analytical laboratories providing a remote analysis service.}, keywords = {Agricultural Irrigation/methods, Algorithms, Animals, Automated, Automated system, Computer-Assisted/*methods/standards, Digital image algorithm, Filtration/instrumentation, Helminth eggs, Helminthiasis/prevention \& control, Helminths/*classification/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity/physiology, IDENTIFICATION, Image Processing, Ovum/classification/ultrastructure, Parasite Egg Count/instrumentation, Pattern Recognition, Quantification, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Time Factors, Waste Water/*parasitology, wastewater}, issn = {1090-2449 (Electronic) 0014-4894 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.exppara.2016.04.016}, author = {Jimenez, B. and Maya, C. and Velasquez, G. and Torner, F. and Arambula, F. and J A Barrios and Velasco, M.} } @article {12661, title = {Identification and quantification of pathogenic helminth eggs using a digital image system}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {166}, year = {2016}, pages = {164{\textendash}172}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, B and Maya, C and Vel{\'a}squez, G and Torner, F and Arambula, F and Barrios, JA and Velasco, M} } @article {11242, title = {{Identification and quantification of pathogenic helminth eggs using a digital image system}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {166}, year = {2016}, pages = {164{\textendash}172}, doi = {10.1016/j.exppara.2016.04.016}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, B and Maya, C and Velesquez, G and Torner, F and Arambula, F and Barrios, J A and Velasco, M} } @article {12049, title = {Identification and quantification of pathogenic helminth eggs using a digital image system}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {166}, year = {2016}, note = {Jimenez, B
Maya, C
Velasquez, G
Torner, F
Arambula, F
Barrios, J A
Velasco, M
eng
2016/04/27 06:00
Exp Parasitol. 2016 Jul;166:164-72. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.04.016. Epub 2016 Apr 23.}, month = {Jul}, pages = {164-72}, abstract = {

A system was developed to identify and quantify up to seven species of helminth eggs (Ascaris lumbricoides -fertile and unfertile eggs-, Trichuris trichiura, Toxocara canis, Taenia saginata, Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta, and Schistosoma mansoni) in wastewater using different image processing tools and pattern recognition algorithms. The system was developed in three stages. Version one was used to explore the viability of the concept of identifying helminth eggs through an image processing system, while versions 2 and 3 were used to improve its efficiency. The system development was based on the analysis of different properties of helminth eggs in order to discriminate them from other objects in samples processed using the conventional United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) technique to quantify helminth eggs. The system was tested, in its three stages, considering two parameters: specificity (capacity to discriminate between species of helminth eggs and other objects) and sensitivity (capacity to correctly classify and identify the different species of helminth eggs). The final version showed a specificity of 99\% while the sensitivity varied between 80 and 90\%, depending on the total suspended solids content of the wastewater samples. To achieve such values in samples with total suspended solids (TSS) above 150 mg/L, it is recommended to dilute the concentrated sediment just before taking the images under the microscope. The system allows the helminth eggs most commonly found in wastewater to be reliably and uniformly detected and quantified. In addition, it provides the total number of eggs as well as the individual number by species, and for Ascaris lumbricoides it differentiates whether or not the egg is fertile. The system only requires basically trained technicians to prepare the samples, as for visual identification there is no need for highly trained personnel. The time required to analyze each image is less than a minute. This system could be used in central analytical laboratories providing a remote analysis service.

}, keywords = {Agricultural Irrigation/methods, Algorithms, Animals, Automated system, Digital image algorithm, Filtration/instrumentation, Helminth eggs, Helminthiasis/prevention \& control, Helminths/*classification/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity/physiology, IDENTIFICATION, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/*methods/standards, Ovum/classification/ultrastructure, Parasite Egg Count/instrumentation, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Quantification, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Time Factors, Waste Water/*parasitology, wastewater}, isbn = {1090-2449 (Electronic)
0014-4894 (Linking)}, author = {Jimenez, B. and Maya, C. and Velasquez, G. and Torner, F. and Arambula, F. and Barrios, JA and Velasco, M.} } @article {15197, title = {Identification and quantification of pathogenic helminth eggs using a digital image system}, journal = {Experimental parasitology}, volume = {166}, year = {2016}, pages = {164{\textendash}172}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, B and Maya, C and Vel{\'a}squez, G and Torner, F and Arambula, F and Barrios, JA and Velasco, M} } @article {12385, title = {Identification of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from a municipal wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {164}, year = {2016}, pages = {627-633}, isbn = {0045-6535}, author = {Zanotto, Carlo and Bissa, Massimiliano and Illiano, Elena and Mezzanotte, Valeria and Marazzi, Francesca and Turolla, Andrea and Antonelli, Manuela and Morghen, Carlo De Giuli and Radaelli, Antonia} } @article {9256, title = {{Identification of Entamoeba moshkovskii in Treated Waste Water Used for Agriculture}}, journal = {Ecohealth}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {156{\textendash}160}, author = {Fonseca, JA and Heredia, RD and Ortiz, C and Mazo, M and Clavijo-Ramirez, CA and Lopez, MC} } @article {11663, title = {{Identification of Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Parasites of Three Species of Pinnipeds ( Arctocephalus Australis , Arctocephalus Gazella , and Otaria Flavescens ) in Southern Brazil}}, journal = {Journal of Zoo and Willdlife Medicine}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {132{\textendash}140}, keywords = {antarctic fur seal, arctocephalus australis, arctocephalus gazella, otaria flavescens, parafilaroides, parasites, south american fur seal, south american sea lion}, issn = {1042-7260}, doi = {10.1638/2015-0090.1}, author = {Jacobus, Kristy and Marigo, Juliana and Ph, D and Gastal, Silvia Bainy and Akemi, Sueli and Tseng, Florina} } @article {15190, title = {Immunization, vaccines, and biologicals. {Data}, statistics, and graphics}, journal = {World Health Organization}, year = {2016}, author = {Organization, World Health and others} } @article {13639, title = {Immunization, vaccines, and biologicals. Data, statistics, and graphics}, year = {2016}, institution = {World Health Organization } } @article {9189, title = {{Immunoassay Method as Diagnostic Tool for Enteric Amoebiasis and Cryptosporidiosis in Some Rural Communities, of Kwara State, Nigeria}}, year = {2016}, author = {Babatunde, S and Ajiboye, E and Adedayo, R and Adetumbi, M} } @article {10308, title = {Impact of sludge layer geometry on the hydraulic performance of a waste stabilization pond}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {99}, year = {2016}, pages = {253{\textendash}262}, author = {Ouedraogo, Faissal R and Zhang, Jie and Cornejo, Pablo K and Zhang, Qiong and Mihelcic, James R and Tejada-Martinez, Andres E} } @article {5209, title = {{Impact of sludge layer geometry on the hydraulic performance of a waste stabilization pond}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {99}, year = {2016}, pages = {253{\textendash}262}, abstract = {

Improving the hydraulic performance of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) is an important management strategy to not only ensure protection of public health and the environment, but also to maximize the potential reuse of valuable resources found in the treated effluent. To reuse effluent from WSPs, a better understanding of the factors that impact the hydraulic performance of the system is needed. One major factor determining the hydraulic performance of a WSP is sludge accumulation, which alters the volume of the pond. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was applied to investigate the impact of sludge layer geometry on hydraulic performance of a facultative pond, typically used in many small communities throughout the developing world. Four waste stabilization pond cases with different sludge volumes and distributions were investigated. Results indicate that sludge distribution and volume have a significant impact on wastewater treatment efficiency and capacity. Although treatment capacity is reduced with accumulation of sludge, the latter may induce a baffling effect which causes the flow to behave closer to that of plug flow reactor and thus increase treatment efficiency. In addition to sludge accumulation and distribution, the impact of water surface level is also investigated through two additional cases. Findings show that an increase in water level while keeping a constant flow rate can result in a significant decrease in the hydraulic performance by reducing the sludge baffling effect, suggesting a careful monitoring of sludge accumulation and water surface level in WSP systems.

}, keywords = {Computational fluid dynamics, Hydraulic performance, Nutrient management, Pathogen, sanitation, Solids accumulation, Water reuse and reclamation}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.011}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135416303293}, author = {Ouedraogo, Faissal R. and Zhang, Jie and Cornejo, Pablo K. and Zhang, Qiong and Mihelcic, James R. and Tejada-Martinez, Andres E.} } @article {15749, title = {Impacts of population growth, urbanisation and sanitation changes on global human Cryptosporidium emissions to surface water}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {219}, number = {7 Pt A}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct}, pages = {599-605}, edition = {2016/10/26}, keywords = {*Global change, *Modelling, *Models, Theoretical, *Population Growth, *Sanitation, *Scenarios, *Ssp, *Urbanization, *Waterborne pathogens, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Feces/parasitology, Humans, Oocysts, Water Pollutants/*isolation \& purification}, isbn = {1438-4639}, author = {Hofstra, N. and Vermeulen, L. C.} } @article {15976, title = {{Impacts of population growth, urbanisation and sanitation changes on global human Cryptosporidium emissions to surface water}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {219}, number = {7}, year = {2016}, abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2016 Elsevier GmbH Cryptosporidium is a pathogenic protozoan parasite and is a leading cause of diarrhoea worldwide. The concentration of Cryptosporidium in the surface water is a determinant for probability of exposure and the risk of disease. Surface water concentrations are expected to change with population growth, urbanisation and changes in sanitation. The objective of this paper is to assess the importance of future changes in population, urbanisation and sanitation on global human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface water. The GloWPa-Crypto H1 (the Global Waterborne Pathogen model for Human Cryptosporidium emissions version 1) model is presented and run for 2010 and with scenarios for 2050. The new scenarios are based on the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) developed for the climate community. The scenarios comprise assumptions on sanitation changes in line with the storylines and population and urbanisation changes from the SSPs. In SSP1 population growth is limited, urbanisation large and sanitation and waste water treatment strongly improve. SSP1* is the same as SSP1, but waste water treatment does not improve. SSP3 sees large population growth, moderate urbanisation and sanitation and waste water treatment fractions that are the same as in 2010. Total global Cryptosporidium emissions to surface water for 2010 are estimated to be 1.6~{\texttimes}~10 17 oocysts per year, with hotspots in the most urbanised parts of the world. In 2050 emissions are expected to decrease by 24{\%} or increase by 52{\%} and 70{\%} for SSP1, SSP3 and SSP1* respectively. The emissions increase in all scenarios for countries in the Middle East and Africa (MAF) region, while emissions in large parts in Europe decrease in scenarios SSP1 and SSP3. Improving sanitation by connecting the population to sewers, should be combined with waste water treatment, otherwise (SSP1*) emissions in 2050 are expected to be much larger than in a situation with strong population growth and slow development of safe water and improved sanitation (SSP3). The results show that population increase, urbanisation and changes in sanitation should be considered when water quality and resulting health risks are estimated by water managers or public health specialists.}, keywords = {Global change, Modelling, Scenarios, SSP, waterborne pathogens}, issn = {1618131X}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.06.005}, author = {Hofstra, N. and Vermeulen, L.C.} } @article {4961, title = {{The importance of wild fish in the epidemiology of Clonorchis sinensis in Vietnam}}, journal = {Parasitology Res}, year = {2016}, author = {Bui, TN and Pham, TT and Nguyen, NT and Nguyen, HV and Murrell, KD and Phan, VT} } @article {16246, title = {In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogenic Leptospira biofilm.}, journal = {Microb Drug Resist.Microb Drug Resist.}, volume = {[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 26978023.}, year = {2016}, author = {Vinod Kumar, K., and Lall, C. and Vimal Raj, R. and Vedhagiri, K. and Sunish, I. P. and Vijayachari, P.} } @article {13414, title = {{Inactivation kinetics of indicator microorganisms during urea treatment for sanitizing finished compost from composting toilet}}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {doi: 10.2166/washdev.2016.090}, abstract = {

This study aimed at estimating the sanitizing effectiveness of urea treatment by studying the inactivation kinetics of selected indicator microorganisms. Finished composts from a composting toilet were inoculated with indicator microorganisms and subjected to different urea concentrations (0.5\–2{\%} w/w) and temperatures (22, 32 and 42\°C). The inactivation kinetics parameters were determined in relation to pH, ammonia content and temperature during treatment time. The results show that urea addition to compost enhanced inactivation of microorganisms. The decline in number of E. coli and Enterococus followed a linear reduction, while that of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs followed a linear reduction plus shoulder. The inactivation rate constants of all microorganisms tested were positively correlated to the increase of NH3(aq) concentration and temperature. The relationship between the inactivation rate of microorganisms, ammonia through urea concentration and temperature were established. Therefore, the best decimal decay of E. coli, Enterococus and A. lumbricoides eggs occurred with 2{\%} w/w urea concentration at 42\°C within 0.9, 1.1 and 1.4 days, respectively. E. coli was the most sensitive microorganism to urea treatment, while Enterococcus and A. lumbricoides eggs showed resistance, especially at lower temperatures. Urea treatment has proved to be an efficient option for safe reuse of compost from composting toilets. \© IWA Publishing 2016.

}, issn = {1348-2165}, doi = {10.2965/jwet.14-066}, url = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jwet/14/2/14{\_}14-066/{\_}article}, author = {Seyram K Sossou and M Sou/Dakoure and Y Konat{\'e} and A H Maiga and N Funamizu} } @article {16901, title = {Inactivation kinetics of indicator microorganisms during urea treatment for sanitizing finished compost from composting toilet}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {269{\textendash}275}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Sossou, Seyram K and Sou/dakoure, Mariam and Konate, Yacouba and Maiga, Amadou H and Funamizu, Naoyuki} } @article {17475, title = {{Inactivation kinetics of indicator microorganisms during urea treatment for sanitizing finished compost from composting toilet}}, journal = {JOURNAL OF WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE FOR DEVELOPMENT}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {jun}, pages = {269{\textendash}275}, issn = {2043-9083}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2016.090}, author = {Sossou, Seyram K and Dakoure, Mariam Sou and Konate, Yacouba and Maiga, Amadou H and Funamizu, Naoyuki} } @article {17021, title = {Inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes by ozone: from laboratory experiments to full-scale wastewater treatment}, journal = {Environmental science and technology}, volume = {50}, number = {21}, year = {2016}, pages = {11862{\textendash}11871}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Czekalski, Nadine and Imminger, Stefanie and Salhi, Elisabeth and Veljkovic, Marjan and Kleffel, Karolin and Drissner, David and Hammes, Frederik and B{\"u}rgmann, Helmut and von Gunten, Urs} } @article {12495, title = {Inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes by ozone: from laboratory experiments to full-scale wastewater treatment}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {21}, year = {2016}, pages = {11862-11871}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Czekalski, Nadine and Imminger, Stefanie and Salhi, Elisabeth and Veljkovic, Marjan and Kleffel, Karolin and Drissner, David and Hammes, Frederik and Bürgmann, Helmut and von Gunten, Urs} } @article {8790, title = {{Inactivation of Ascaris eggs and Salmonella spp. in fecal sludge by treatment with urea and ammonia solution}}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, pages = {465{\textendash}473}, author = {Fidjeland, J. and Nordin, A. and B. Vinner{\r a}s} } @article {17209, title = {Inactivation of Ascaris eggs and Salmonella spp. in fecal sludge by treatment with urea and ammonia solution}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for DevelopmentJournal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for DevelopmentJournal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, month = {Sep}, pages = {465-473}, keywords = {Ammonia, ascaris, carbonate, COLI, Inactivation, Pathogen, Salmonella}, isbn = {2043-9083}, author = {Fidjeland, J. and Nordin, A. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {17472, title = {{Inactivation of Ascaris eggs and salmonella spp. in fecal sludge by treatment with urea and ammonia solution}}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, pages = {465{\textendash}7473}, abstract = {Ammonia sanitisation is a promising treatment alternative for inactivation of pathogens in fecal sludge intended for agricultural use. Inactivation of Ascaris eggs and Salmonella spp. was studied in fecal sludge at >=28 {\textdegree}C treated with low doses of urea, and in fecal sludge at <=17 {\textdegree}C treated with high doses of ammonia solution. The effect of ammonia and carbonate on Ascaris inactivation in buffer was also studied. Ascaris eggs and Salmonella spp. were inactivated in fecal sludge treated with 0.4{\%} urea or more at {\textgreater}28 {\textdegree}C. With lower doses of urea, the pH of the fecal sludge decreased during the experiment, resulting in low NH3 concentrations and subsequently no inactivation of Ascaris eggs. Ascaris was successfully inactivated at 5 {\textdegree}C, but the NH3 concentrations required were 10-fold higher than at high temperatures and the storage time required was longer. The buffer study showed that carbonate (CO23-) had a statistically significant impact on Ascaris inactivation, but the effect was low compared with that of NH3. Thus for inactivation of Salmonella spp. with urea at low temperatures, CO23-is probably a more important factor than NH3.}, keywords = {Ammonia, ascaris, carbonate, Inactivation, Salmonella}, issn = {20439083}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2016.017}, author = {Fidjeland, J. and Nordin, A. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {15691, title = {Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum under laboratory conditions}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {115}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {Feb}, pages = {863-866}, type = {Article}, keywords = {assay, cell-culture, Cryptosporidium, Disinfectants, efficacy, Germ carrier, Inactivation, irradiation, oocyst infectivity, Parasitology, UV inactivation, UV-C light}, isbn = {0932-0113}, author = {Delling, C. and Holzhausen, I. and Daugschies, A. and Lendner, M.} } @article {11703, title = {{The inactivation of helminth eggs with the narrow-bandwidth radiation of excimer lamps}}, journal = {Russian Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {35}, year = {2016}, pages = {107{\textendash}113}, author = {Lipatov, E I and Sosnin, E A and Avdeev, S M} } @article {3272, title = {{Inactivation of indicator organisms in wastewater treated by a high rate algal pond system}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, year = {2016}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/jam.13180}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jam.13180}, author = {Young, Paul and Buchanan, Neil and Fallowfield, Howard} } @article {9105, title = {{Inactivation of {\{}{\textless}{\}}i{\{}{\textgreater}{\}}Escherichia coli{\{}{\textless}{\}}/i{\{}{\textgreater}{\}} in a baffled pond with attached growth: treating anaerobic effluent under the Sahelian climate}}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {37}, number = {9}, year = {2016}, pages = {1054{\textendash}1064}, keywords = {COLI, Domestic wastewater, e, low-, Post-treatment, warm and dry climate}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2015.1098732}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09593330.2015.1098732}, author = {Moumouni, D A and Andrianisa, H A and Konat{\'e}, Y and Ndiaye, A and Ma{\"\i}ga, A H} } @article {11009, title = {Influence of {Long}-{Term} {Storage} {Operating} {Conditions} on the {Reduction} of {Viable} {Ascaris} {Eggs} in {Sewage} {Sludge} for {Agricultural} {Reuse}}, journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution}, volume = {227}, number = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {apr}, pages = {144}, abstract = {

The National Environment Council (CONAMA Resolution 375/06) defined to achieve sanitation quality parameters, for the use of sewage sludge in agriculture, the adoption of additional pathogen reduction processes is necessary. Sludge that is stored for longer periods generally shows higher levels of sanitation, particularly on the helminth egg inactivations which are among the most resistant pathogens. The objective of this study was to monitor the Ascaris egg removal and inactivation efficiency of long-term storage of sludge from septic tanks and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, besides evaluating the influence of covering and manually revolving or stirring the sludge over a 2-year period. The study was undertaken in the cities of Fazenda Rio Grande and Apucarana, Southern Brazil. In total, 18 experimental treatments were installed and nine samples were assessed at weeks 0, 4, 9, 13, 17, 30, 47, 61, and 104. The standard defined in the CONAMA for class A sludge (one viable egg per 4 g TS) was reached for all treatments at 9 weeks of storage. Two years of storage were necessary in order for the covered, UASB-centrifuge sludge to reach CONAMA standards. Of the six treatments using septic sludge, only one achieved the established standard. This treatment was realized in Apucarana and involved a revolving/stirring process. The period of 104 weeks of storage of the septic sludge was not sufficient to completely inactivate Ascaris eggs for the other treatments. Between study locations, Apucarana performed better than Curitiba which is likely due to greater levels of insolation and temperature.

}, issn = {1573-2932}, doi = {10.1007/s11270-016-2816-0}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2816-0}, author = {Pompeo, RP and Andreoli, CV and de Castro, EA and Aisse, MM} } @article {11417, title = {Influence of Long-Term Storage Operating Conditions on the Reduction of Viable Ascaris Eggs in Sewage Sludge for Agricultural Reuse}, journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution}, volume = {227}, number = {5}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-14}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0049-6979}, author = {Pompeo, RP and Andreoli, CV and de Castro, EA and Aisse, MM} } @article {17489, title = {{Influence of Long-Term Storage Operating Conditions on the Reduction of Viable Ascaris Eggs in Sewage Sludge for Agricultural Reuse}}, journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution}, volume = {227}, number = {5}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Water, Air, {\&} Soil Pollution}, abstract = {The National Environment Council (CONAMA Resolution 375/06) defined to achieve sanitation quality parameters, for the use of sewage sludge in agriculture, the adoption of additional pathogen reduction processes is necessary. Sludge that is stored for longer periods generally shows higher levels of sanitation, particularly on the helminth egg inactivations which are among the most resistant pathogens. The objective of this study was to monitor the Ascaris egg removal and inactivation efficiency of long-term storage of sludge from septic tanks and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, besides evaluating the influence of covering and manually revolving or stirring the sludge over a 2-year period. The study was undertaken in the cities of Fazenda Rio Grande and Apucarana, Southern Brazil. In total, 18 experimental treatments were installed and nine samples were assessed at weeks 0, 4, 9, 13, 17, 30, 47, 61, and 104. The standard defined in the CONAMA for class A sludge (one viable egg per 4 g TS) was reached for all treatments at 9 weeks of storage. Two years of storage were necessary in order for the covered, UASB-centrifuge sludge to reach CONAMA standards. Of the six treatments using septic sludge, only one achieved the established standard. This treatment was realized in Apucarana and involved a revolving/stirring process. The period of 104 weeks of storage of the septic sludge was not sufficient to completely inactivate Ascaris eggs for the other treatments. Between study locations, Apucarana performed better than Curitiba which is likely due to greater levels of insolation and temperature. {\textcopyright} 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.}, keywords = {ascaris, Biosolids, recycling, Septic tank, Sludge storage, UASB reactor}, issn = {15732932}, doi = {10.1007/s11270-016-2816-0}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2816-0}, author = {Pompeo, Raquel Pinheiro and Andreoli, Cleverson Vitorio and de Castro, Edilene Alc{\^a}ntara and Aisse, Miguel Mansur} } @article {15589, title = {Integrated Control Strategy of Schistosomiasis in The People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China: Projects Involving Agriculture, Water Conservancy, Forestry, Sanitation and Environmental Modification}, journal = {Adv Parasitol}, volume = {92}, year = {2016}, note = {Yang, Y
Zhou, Y-B
Song, X-X
Li, S-Z
Zhong, B
Wang, T-P
Bergquist, R
Zhou, X-N
Jiang, Q-W
eng
England
2016/05/04 06:00
Adv Parasitol. 2016;92:237-68. doi: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.004. Epub 2016 Apr 7.}, pages = {237-68}, abstract = {Among the three major schistosome species infecting human beings, Schistosoma japonicum is the only endemic species in The People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China. Schistosomiasis is endemic in 78 countries and regions and poses a severe threat to public health and socioeconomic development. Through more than 60years of hard work and endeavour, The People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China has made considerable achievements and reduced the morbidity and prevalence of this disease to the lowest level ever recorded, especially since the introduction of the new integrated control strategy in 2004. This review illustrates the strategies implemented by giving successful examples of schistosomiasis control from the different types of remaining endemic areas. The challenge to control or eliminate S. japonicum is analysed in order to provide useful information to policy makers and scientists.}, isbn = {2163-6079 (Electronic)
0065-308X (Linking)}, author = {Yang, Y. and Zhou, Y. B. and Song, X. X. and Li, S. Z. and Zhong, B. and Wang, T. P. and Bergquist, R. and Zhou, X. N. and Jiang, Q. W.} } @article {10219, title = {{The Interplay Between Predation, Competition, and Nutrient Levels Influences the Survival of Escherichia coli in Aquatic Environments}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, pages = {526{\textendash}537}, author = {Wanjugi, P and Fox, GA and Harwood, VJ} } @article {13666, title = {{Intestinal parasite infections and associated risk factors in communities exposed to wastewater in urban and peri-urban transition zones in Hanoi, Vietnam}}, journal = {Parasites {\&} Vectors}, volume = {9}, number = {537}, year = {2016}, keywords = {Hanoi, Helminth, PhD, RRR}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-016-1809-6}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel and Winkler, Mirko S and Pham-Duc, Phuc and Do-Trung, Dung and Schindler, Christian and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Ciss{\'e}, Gu{\'e}ladio} } @article {15248, title = {Intestinal parasite infections and associated risk factors in communities exposed to wastewater in urban and peri-urban transition zones in {Hanoi}, {Vietnam}}, journal = {Parasites \& Vectors}, volume = {9}, number = {537}, year = {2016}, keywords = {Hanoi, Helminth, PhD, RRR}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-016-1809-6}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel and Winkler, Mirko S and Pham-Duc, Phuc and Do-Trung, Dung and Schindler, Christian and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Ciss{\'e}, Gu{\'e}ladio} } @article {4776, title = {{Intestinal parasitic infections in relation to CD4(+) T cell counts and diarrhea in HIV/AIDS patients with or without antiretroviral therapy in Cameroon}}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {16}, year = {2016}, doi = {10.1186/s12879-016-1337-1.}, author = {Nsagha, DS and Njunda, AL and Assob, NJ and Ayima, CW and Tanue, EA and Kibu, OD and Kwenti, TE} } @article {17468, title = {{In-toilet disinfection of fresh fecal sludge with ammonia naturally present in excreta}}, journal = {JOURNAL OF WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE FOR DEVELOPMENT}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {mar}, pages = {104{\textendash}114}, issn = {2043-9083}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2015.233}, author = {Ogunyoku, Temitope A and Habebo, Fikreselam and Nelson, Kara L} } @article {11002, title = {In-toilet disinfection of fresh fecal sludge with ammonia naturally present in excreta}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {mar}, pages = {104}, abstract = {

A simple treatment method, Safe Sludge disinfection, was developed to disinfect pathogens in fresh fecal sludge using the ammonia naturally present in excreta. In the first step, urea is hydrolyzed to ammonia (NH3/NH4+). In the second step, Ca(OH)2 is added to raise the pH level such that NH3, a known disinfectant, is the dominant form of ammonia; subsequently, the waste is stored until sufficient disinfection is achieved. In a closed system at 23 \°C, Safe Sludge disinfection achieved \>9.3 log10 and \>4.0 log10 decrease of indigenous Escherichia coli and seeded MS2 coliphage, respectively, within 10.6 hours, and 2.0 log10 inactivation of seeded Ascaris suum eggs within 2 weeks. Disinfection of feces at high pH with no urine addition was tested for comparison, and similar inactivation levels were achieved for E. coli and MS2 bacteriophage. However, for Ascaris eggs only 0.38 log10 inactivation was achieved over 2 weeks. For control samples (feces plus urine only), no inactivation of bacteria or virus indicators was observed and inactivation of Ascaris eggs was also low (0.42 log10). To illustrate how the Safe Sludge concept could be incorporated into a waterless household toilet, a conceptual design and prototype was developed, called the pHree Loo.

}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2015.233}, url = {http://washdev.iwaponline.com/content/6/1/104.abstract}, author = {Ogunyoku, Temitope A. and Habebo, Fikreselam and Nelson, Kara L.} } @article {4666, title = {Investigating the role of Acanthamoeba polyphaga in protecting Human Adenovirus from water disinfection treatment}, journal = {European Journal of Protistology }, volume = {54}, year = {2016}, pages = {11-18}, author = {Verani, M and Di Giuseppe, G and Tammaro, C and Carducci, A} } @article {12523, title = {Irrigation water quality standards for indirect wastewater reuse in agriculture: a contribution toward sustainable wastewater reuse in South Korea}, journal = {WaterWater}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {169}, author = {Jeong, Hanseok and Kim, Hakkwan and Jang, Taeil} } @inbook {15590, title = {Schistosoma sporocysts}, booktitle = {Schistosoma Biology, Pathology and Control}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, author = {Yoshino, T. P. and Gourbal, B. and Th{\'e}ron, A.}, editor = {B.G.M. Jamieson} } @article {5880, title = {{Isolation and characterization of Arcobacter spp. from fresh seafood and the aquatic environment.}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {232}, year = {2016}, month = {sep}, pages = {87{\textendash}89}, author = {Laishram, Martina and Rathlavath, Srinu and Lekshmi, Manjusha and Kumar, Sanath and Binaya B Nayak} } @article {14397, title = {Isolation and characterization of {Arcobacter} spp. from fresh seafood and the aquatic environment.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {232}, year = {2016}, month = {sep}, pages = {87{\textendash}89}, author = {Laishram, Martina and Rathlavath, Srinu and Lekshmi, Manjusha and Kumar, Sanath and Binaya B Nayak} } @booklet {15759, title = {ISO/TC 34/SC 9 Microbiology of the food chain: Detection and enumeration of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in fresh leafy green vegetables and berry frutits}, volume = {07.100.30}, year = {2016}, pages = {21} } @article {15890, title = {It{\textquoteright}s official - Cryptosporidium is a gregarine: What are the implications for the water industry?}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {105}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov 15}, pages = {305-313}, edition = {2016/09/18}, keywords = {*Cell-free, *Cryptosporidium, *Gamont-like extracellular stages, *Gregarine, *Water, *Water industry, Animals, Apicomplexa, Humans, Life Cycle Stages, Oocysts}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Ryan, U. and Paparini, A. and Monis, P. and Hijjawi, N.} } @booklet {3778, title = {Joint {Child} {Malnutrition} {Dataset}, {September} 2016 {Update}.}, year = {2016}, publisher = {United Nations Children{\textquoteright}s Fund}, address = {New York}, url = {http://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/$\#$.}, author = {UNICEF and WHO and Bank, World} } @booklet {3414, title = {Joint Child Malnutrition Dataset, September 2016 Update}, year = {2016}, publisher = {United Nations Children{\textquoteright}s Fund}, address = {New York}, url = {http://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/{\#}.} } @article {12387, title = {Kinetics and modeling of sulfonamide antibiotic degradation in wastewater and human urine by UV/H2O2 and UV/PDS}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {103}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 15}, pages = {283-92}, keywords = {Advanced oxidation processes, Carbonate radical, Energy-cost evaluation, Kinetic modeling, Source separated urine, Sulfonamide antibiotics}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Zhang, R. and Yang, Y. and Huang, C. H. and ZHAO, L. and Sun, P.} } @article {8473, title = {{The known and missing links between Toxoplasma gondii and schizophrenia}}, journal = {Metabolic Brain Disease}, year = {2016}, author = {Elsheikha, HM and B{\"u}sselberg, D and Zhu, XQ} } @article {14566, title = {Laboratory analysis of environmental samples taken following the reported release of live poliovirus}, year = {2016}, month = {feb}, pages = {1{\textendash}23}, author = {Duizer, E.} } @inbook {13067, title = {Land suitability for final waste disposal with emphasis on septic systems installation in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil}, booktitle = {Ci{\^e}ncia e Agrotecnologia}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {37{\textendash}45}, author = {Jeani M de Oliveira and S{\'e}rgio HG Silva and Michele D de Menezes and K{\"a}mpf, Nestor and Curi, Nilton} } @article {2972, title = {The landscape epidemiology of echinococcoses}, journal = {Infectious Diseases of Poverty}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, pages = {13}, abstract = {Echinococcoses are parasitic diseases of major public health importance globally. Human infection results in chronic disease with poor prognosis and serious medical, social and economic consequences for vulnerable populations. According to recent estimates, the geographical distribution of Echinococcus spp. infections is expanding and becoming an emerging and re-emerging problem in several regions of the world. Echinococcosis endemicity is geographically heterogeneous and over time it may be affected by global environmental change. Therefore, landscape epidemiology offers a unique opportunity to quantify and predict the ecological risk of infection at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Here, we review the most relevant environmental sources of spatial variation in human echinococcosis risk, and describe the potential applications of landscape epidemiological studies to characterise the current patterns of parasite transmission across natural and human-altered landscapes. We advocate future work promoting the use of this approach as a support tool for decision-making that facilitates the design, implementation and monitoring of spatially targeted interventions to reduce the burden of human echinococcoses in disease-endemic areas.}, issn = {2049-9957}, doi = {10.1186/s40249-016-0109-x}, author = {Cadavid Restrepo, Angela M. and Yang, Yu Rong and McManus, Donald P. and Gray, Darren J. and Giraudoux, Patrick and Barnes, Tamsin S. and Williams, Gail M. and Soares Magalh{\~a}es, Ricardo J. and Hamm, Nicholas A. S. and Clements, Archie C. A.} } @article {7777, title = {A large outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection in a university college caused by chicken liver patee, Australia, 2013}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {144}, number = {14}, year = {2016}, month = {10/00}, pages = {2971-2978}, abstract = {

{SUMMARYIn October 2013, public health authorities were notified of a suspected outbreak of gastroenteritis in students and guests following a catered function at a university residential college. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to examine whether foods served at the function caused illness. A total of 56 cases of gastroenteritis, including seven laboratory-confirmed cases of Campylobacter jejuni infection, were identified in 235 eligible respondents. Univariate analysis showed a significant association with a chicken liver p\Ã\¢t\Ã\© entr\Ã\©e relative risk (RR) 3\Â\·64, 95\% confidence interval (CI) 2\Â\·03\â\€\“6\Â\·52, P \< 0\Â\·001], which retained significance after adjustment for confounding via multivariable analysis (adjusted RR 2\Â\·80, 95\% CI 1\Â\·26\â\€\“6\Â\·19

}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-a-large-outbreak-of-span-class-italic-campylobacter-jejuni-span-infection-in-a-university-college-caused-by-chicken-liver-pate-australia-2013-div/8AF997627BC88005BD6F8C9264BE33FF}, author = {Moffatt,C. R. and Greig,A. and Valcanis,M. and Gao,W. and Seemann,T. and Howden,B. P. and Kirk,M. D.} } @article {17154, title = {Lateral flow assays: Principles, designs and labels}, journal = {TrAC Trends in Analytical ChemistryTrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry}, volume = {82}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/09/01/}, pages = {286-306}, keywords = {Biosensors, Immunoassays, Immunochromatographic assays, Lateral flow assays, Lateral flow devices}, isbn = {0165-9936}, author = {Bahad{\i}r, Elif Burcu and Sezgint{\"u}rk, Mustafa Kemal} } @article {16527, title = {Leaving no one behind: a neglected tropical disease indicator and tracers for the {Sustainable} {Development} {Goals}}, journal = {Int Health}, volume = {8 Suppl 1}, year = {2016}, pages = {i15{\textendash}8}, abstract = {The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have emerged as a global pledge to {\textquoteright}leave no one behind{\textquoteright}. Under SDG 3, {\textquoteright}Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all{\textquoteright}, target 3.3 extends the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) beyond HIV, TB and malaria to {\textquoteright}end the epidemic{\textquoteright} of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) by 2030. Other targets are also relevant to NTDs, especially 3.8 (Universal Health Coverage), 6.1 (water) and 6.2 (sanitation). This commentary summarises the proposed NTD indicator (3.3) and tracers (3.8 and 6.1/6.2). These will help ensure that the world{\textquoteright}s poorest and most marginalized people are prioritized at every step on the path towards SDG targets.}, keywords = {*Goals, Biomedical Research/*organization \& administration, Control, Elimination, Eradication, Humans, Monitoring, Neglected Diseases/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control, Neglected tropical diseases, Sustainable Development Goals, Tropical Medicine/*organization \& administration, World Health Organization}, issn = {1876-3405 (Electronic) 1876-3405 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1093/inthealth/ihw002}, author = {Fitzpatrick, C. and Engels, D.} } @article {12035, title = {Leaving no one behind: a neglected tropical disease indicator and tracers for the Sustainable Development Goals}, journal = {International Health}, volume = {8 Suppl 1}, year = {2016}, note = {Fitzpatrick, Christopher
Engels, Dirk
eng
001/World Health Organization/International
England
2016/03/05 06:00
Int Health. 2016 Mar;8 Suppl 1:i15-8. doi: 10.1093/inthealth/ihw002.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {i15-8}, abstract = {

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have emerged as a global pledge to \&$\#$39;leave no one behind\&$\#$39;. Under SDG 3, \&$\#$39;Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all\&$\#$39;, target 3.3 extends the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) beyond HIV, TB and malaria to \&$\#$39;end the epidemic\&$\#$39; of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) by 2030. Other targets are also relevant to NTDs, especially 3.8 (Universal Health Coverage), 6.1 (water) and 6.2 (sanitation). This commentary summarises the proposed NTD indicator (3.3) and tracers (3.8 and 6.1/6.2). These will help ensure that the world\&$\#$39;s poorest and most marginalized people are prioritized at every step on the path towards SDG targets.

}, keywords = {*Goals, Biomedical Research/*organization \& administration, Control, Elimination, Eradication, Humans, Monitoring, Neglected Diseases/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control, Neglected tropical diseases, Sustainable Development Goals, Tropical Medicine/*organization \& administration, World Health Organization}, isbn = {1876-3405 (Electronic)
1876-3405 (Linking)}, author = {Fitzpatrick, C. and Engels, D.} } @article {11950, title = {Literature review of associations among attributes of reported drinking water disease outbreaks}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, pages = {527}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Ligon, Grant and Bartram, Jamie} } @article {4998, title = {{The liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus: biology, epidemiology and carcinogenic potential}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {110}, year = {2016}, pages = {28{\textendash}36}, author = {Pakharukova, MY and Mordinov, VA} } @article {8557, title = {{Local admixture of amplified and diversified secreted pathogenesis determinants shapes mosaic Toxoplasma gondii genomes}}, journal = {Nature Communications}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {10147}, author = {Lorenzi, H and Khan, A and Behnke, MS and Namasivayam, S and Swapna, LS and Hadjithomas, M and Karamycheva, S and Pinney, D and Brunk, BP and Ajioka, JW and Ajzenberg, D and Boothroyd, JC and Boyle, JP and Dard{\'e}, ML and Diaz-Miranda, MA and Dubey, JP and Fritz, HM and Gennari, SM and Gregory, BD and Kim, K and Saeij, JP and Su, C and White, MW and Zhu, XQ and Howe, DK and Rosenthal, BM and Grigg, ME and Parkinson, J and Liu, L and Kissinger, JC and Roos, DS and Sibley, LD} } @article {3322, title = {Long-Term Follow-up of HPV Infection Using Urine and Cervical Quantitative HPV DNA Testing}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, volume = {17}, year = {2016}, chapter = {750}, doi = {doi:10.3390/ijms17050750}, author = {Vorsters, A. and Van Keer, S. and Biesmans, S. and Hens, A. and De Coster, I. and Goossens, H. and Ieven, M. and Van Damme, P.} } @article {6132, title = {Long-term inactivation of bacteriophage PRD1 as a function of temperature, pH, sodium and calcium concentration}, journal = {Water Research}, year = {2016}, author = {Schijven, Jack F and Sadeghi, Gholamreza and Majid S Hassanizadeh} } @article {16718, title = {Managing microbial risks from indirect wastewater reuse for irrigation in urbanizing watersheds}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, year = {2016}, pages = {6803{\textendash}6813}, author = {Verbyla, M.E. and Symonds, E.M. and Kafle, R.C. and Cairns, M.R. and Iriarte, M. and Guzman, A.M. and O Coronado and Breitbart, M. and Ledo, C. and J R Mihelcic} } @booklet {3947, title = {Maximising the {Potential} of {Community}-{Led} {Total} {Sanitation}.}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex}, address = {Brighton}, author = {IDS} } @booklet {3476, title = {{Maximising the Potential of Community-Led Total Sanitation.}}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex}, address = {Brighton}, author = {IDS} } @conference {10864, title = {Membrane ageing and replacement{\textendash}Impact on pathogen removal in full-scale MBR}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the American Water Works Association Annual Water Quality Technology Conference and Exposition}, year = {2016}, pages = {13{\textendash}17}, author = {Branch, Amos and James, Gerin and Trinh, T and Ta, TM and Leslie, G and Le-Clech, P} } @article {12608, title = {Metagenomic analysis of bacterial community composition and antibiotic resistance genes in a wastewater treatment plant and its receiving surface water}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {132}, year = {2016}, pages = {260-269}, isbn = {0147-6513}, author = {Tang, Junying and Bu, Yuanqing and Zhang, Xu-Xiang and Huang, Kailong and He, Xiwei and Ye, Lin and Shan, Zhengjun and Ren, Hongqiang} } @article {12378, title = {Metagenomic analysis of microbial community in uranium-contaminated soil}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {100}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, note = {Yan, Xun Luo, Xuegang Zhao, Min
1432-0614}, month = {Jan}, pages = {299-310}, abstract = {

Uranium tailing is a serious pollution challenge for the environment. Based on metagenomic sequencing analysis, we explored the functional and structural diversity of the microbial community in six soil samples taken at different soil depths from uranium-contaminated and uncontaminated areas. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Orthology (KO) groups were obtained using a Basic Local Alignment Search Tool search based on the universal protein resource database. The KO-pathway network was then constructed using the selected KOs. Finally, alpha and beta diversity analyses were performed to explore the differences in soil bacterial diversity between the radioactive soil and uncontaminated soil. In total, 30-68 million high-quality reads were obtained. Sequence assembly yielded 286,615 contigs; and these contigs mostly annotated to 1699 KOs. The KO distributions were similar among the six soil samples. Moreover, the proportion of the metabolism of other amino acids (e.g., beta-alanine, taurine, and hypotaurine) and signal transduction was significantly lower in radioactive soil than in uncontaminated soil, whereas the proportion of membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism was higher. Additionally, KOs were mostly enriched in ATP-binding cassette transporters and two-component systems. According to diversity analyses, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla in radioactive and uncontaminated soil, and Robiginitalea, Microlunatus, and Alicyclobacillus were the dominant genera in radioactive soil. Taken together, these results demonstrate that soil microbial community, structure, and functions show significant changes in uranium-contaminated soil. The dominant categories such as Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria may be applied in environmental governance for uranium-contaminated soil in southern China.

}, isbn = {0175-7598}, author = {Yan, X. and Luo, X. G. and Zhao, M.} } @article {12288, title = {Metagenomic assembly reveals hosts of antibiotic resistance genes and the shared resistome in pig, chicken, and human feces}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan 5}, pages = {420-7}, isbn = {1520-5851 (Electronic)
0013-936X (Linking)}, author = {Ma, L. and Xia, Y. and Li, B. and Yang, Y. and Li, L. G. and Tiedje, J. M. and Zhang, T.} } @article {12299, title = {Metagenomic Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Associated with Liquid and Dewatered Biosolids}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, note = {McCall, Crystal A. Bent, Elizabeth Jorgensen, Tue S. Dunfield, Kari E. Habash, Marc B.
Dunfield, Kari/0000-0003-1316-0452
1537-2537}, month = {Mar-Apr}, pages = {463-470}, abstract = {

Municipal biosolids (MBs) that are land-applied in North America are known to possess an active microbial population that can include human pathogens. Activated sludge is a hotspot for the accumulation of antibiotics and has been shown to be a selective environment for microorganisms that contain antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs); however, the prevalence of ARGs in MBs is not well characterized. In this study, we enriched the plasmid metagenome from raw sewage sludge and two CP2 MBs, a mesophilic anaerobic digestate and a dewatered digestate, to evaluate the presence of ARGs in mobile genetic elements. The CP2-class biosolids are similar to Class B biosolids in the United States. The CP2 biosolids must meet a microbiological cut off of 2 x 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU) Escherichia coli per dry gram or 100 mL of biosolids. The enriched plasmid DNA was sequenced (Illumina MiSeq). Sequence matching against databases, including the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD), MG-RAST, and INTEGRALL, identified potential genes of interest related to ARGs and their ability to transfer. The presence and abundance of different ARGs varied between treatments with heterogeneity observed among the same sample types. The MBs plasmid-enriched metagenomes contained ARGs associated with resistance to a variety of antibiotics, including beta-lactams, rifampicin, quinolone, and tetracycline as well as the detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase genes. Cultured bacteria from CP2 MBs possessed antibiotic resistances consistent with the MBs metagenome data including multiantibiotic-resistant isolates. The results from this study provide a better understanding of the ARG and MGE profile of the plasmid-enriched metagenome of CP2 MBs.

}, isbn = {0047-2425}, author = {McCall, C. A. and Bent, E. and Jorgensen, T. S. and Dunfield, K. E. and Habash, M. B.} } @article {12254, title = {Metagenomic insights into ultraviolet disinfection effects on antibiotic resistome in biologically treated wastewater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {101}, year = {2016}, note = {Hu, Qing Zhang, Xu-Xiang Jia, Shuyu Huang, Kailong Tang, Junying Shi, Peng Ye, Lin Ren, Hongqiang
Ye, Lin/F-9709-2013
Ye, Lin/0000-0002-4682-8917}, month = {Sep}, pages = {309-317}, abstract = {

High-throughput sequencing-based metagenomic approaches were used to comprehensively investigate ultraviolet effects on the microbial community structure, and diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in biologically treated wastewater. After ultraviolet radiation, some dominant genera, like Aeromonas and Halomonas, in the wastewater almost disappeared, while the relative abundance of some minor genera including Pseudomonas and Bacillus increased dozens of times. Metagenomic analysis showed that 159 ARGs within 14 types were detectable in the samples, and the radiation at 500 mJ/cm(2) obviously increased their total relative abundance from 31.68 ppm to 190.78 ppm, which was supported by quantitative real time PCR. As the dominant persistent ARGs, multidrug resistance genes carried by Pseudomonas and bacitracin resistance gene bacA carried by Bacillus mainly contributed to the ARGs abundance increase. Bacterial community shift and MGEs replication induced by the radiation might drive the resistome alteration. The findings may shed new light on the mechanism behind the ultraviolet radiation effects on antibiotic resistance in wastewater. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Hu, Q. and Zhang, X. X. and Jia, S. Y. and Huang, K. L. and Tang, J. Y. and Shi, P. and Ye, L. and Ren, H. Q.} } @article {12236, title = {Metagenomic profiling of historic Colorado Front Range flood impact on distribution of riverine antibiotic resistance genes}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, year = {2016}, note = {Garner, Emily Wallace, Joshua S. Argoty, Gustavo Arango Wilkinson, Caitlin Fahrenfeld, Nicole Heath, Lenwood S. Zhang, Liqing Arabi, Mazdak Aga, Diana S. Pruden, Amy}, month = {Dec}, abstract = {

Record-breaking floods in September 2013 caused massive damage to homes and infrastructure across the Colorado Front Range and heavily impacted the Cache La Poudre River watershed. Given the unique nature of this watershed as a test-bed for tracking environmental pathways of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) dissemination, we sought to determine the impact of extreme flooding on ARG reservoirs in river water and sediment. We utilized high-throughput DNA sequencing to obtain metagenomic profiles of ARGs before and after flooding, and investigated 23 antibiotics and 14 metals as putative selective agents during post-flood recovery. With 277 ARG subtypes identified across samples, total bulk water ARGs decreased following the flood but recovered to near pre-flood abundances by ten months post-flood at both a pristine site and at a site historically heavily influenced by wastewater treatment plants and animal feeding operations. Network analysis of de novo assembled sequencing reads into 52,556 scaffolds identified ARGs likely located on mobile genetic elements, with up to 11 ARGs per plasmid-associated scaffold. Bulk water bacterial phylogeny correlated with ARG profiles while sediment phylogeny varied along the river\&$\#$39;s anthropogenic gradient. This rare flood afforded the opportunity to gain deeper insight into factors influencing the spread of ARGs in watersheds.

}, isbn = {2045-2322}, author = {Garner, E. and Wallace, J. S. and Argoty, G. A. and Wilkinson, C. and Fahrenfeld, N. and Heath, L. S. and Zhang, L. Q. and Arabi, M. and Aga, D. S. and Pruden, A.} } @article {12469, title = {MetaStorm: A Public Resource for Customizable Metagenomics Annotation}, journal = {PloS onePLoS One}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, year = {2016}, pages = {e0162442}, isbn = {1932-6203}, author = {Arango-Argoty, Gustavo and Singh, Gargi and Heath, Lenwood S and Pruden, Amy and Xiao, Weidong and Zhang, Liqing} } @article {13679, title = {{Microbial contamination along the main open wastewater and storm water channel of Hanoi, Vietnam, and potential health risks for urban farmers}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {566-567}, year = {2016}, pages = {1014{\textendash}1022}, abstract = {The use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture has a long tradition throughout Asia. For example, in Hanoi, it creates important livelihood opportunities for {\textgreater} 500,000 farmers in peri-urban communities. Discharge of domestic effluents pollute the water streams with potential pathogenic organisms posing a public health threat to farmers and consumers of wastewater-fed foodstuff. We determined the effectiveness of Hanoi{\textquoteright}s wastewater conveyance system, placing particular emphasis on the quality of wastewater used in agriculture and aquaculture. Between April and June 2014, a total of 216 water samples were obtained from 24 sampling points and the concentrations of total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and helminth eggs determined. Despite applied wastewater treatment, agricultural field irrigation water was heavily contaminated with TC (1.3 {\texttimes} 107 colony forming unit (CFU)/100 mL), E. coli (1.1 {\texttimes} 106 CFU/100 mL) and Salmonella spp. (108 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL). These values are 110-fold above Vietnamese discharge limits for restricted agriculture and 260-fold above the World Health Organization (WHO){\textquoteright}s tolerable safety limits for unrestricted agriculture. Mean helminth egg concentrations were below WHO tolerable levels in all study systems ({\textless} 1 egg/L). Hence, elevated levels of bacterial contamination, but not helminth infections, pose a major health risk for farmers and consumers of wastewater fed-products. We propose a set of control measures that might protect the health of exposed population groups without compromising current urban farming activities. This study presents an important example for sanitation safety planning in a rapidly expanding Asian city and can guide public and private entities working towards Sustainable Development Goal target 6.3, that is to improve water quality by reducing pollution, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and increasing recycling and safe reuse globally.}, keywords = {Escherichia coli, Fuhrimann, Hanoi, Helminths, PhD, Salmonella spp., sanitation safety planning, Sustainable Development Goal, wastewater, Wastewater use, Water quality}, isbn = {0048-9697}, issn = {18791026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.080}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel and Pham-Duc, Phuc and Ciss{\'e}, Gu{\'e}ladio and Nguyen T Tram and Hoang Thu Ha and Do Dung Trung and Ngoc, Pham and Nguyen-Viet, Hung and Tuan Anh Vuong and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Schindler, Christian and Winkler, Mirko S} } @article {15261, title = {Microbial contamination along the main open wastewater and storm water channel of {Hanoi}, {Vietnam}, and potential health risks for urban farmers}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {566-567}, year = {2016}, pages = {1014{\textendash}1022}, abstract = {The use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture has a long tradition throughout Asia. For example, in Hanoi, it creates important livelihood opportunities for {\textbackslash}textgreater 500,000 farmers in peri-urban communities. Discharge of domestic effluents pollute the water streams with potential pathogenic organisms posing a public health threat to farmers and consumers of wastewater-fed foodstuff. We determined the effectiveness of Hanoi{\textquoteright}s wastewater conveyance system, placing particular emphasis on the quality of wastewater used in agriculture and aquaculture. Between April and June 2014, a total of 216 water samples were obtained from 24 sampling points and the concentrations of total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and helminth eggs determined. Despite applied wastewater treatment, agricultural field irrigation water was heavily contaminated with TC (1.3 {\texttimes} 107 colony forming unit (CFU)/100 mL), E. coli (1.1 {\texttimes} 106 CFU/100 mL) and Salmonella spp. (108 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL). These values are 110-fold above Vietnamese discharge limits for restricted agriculture and 260-fold above the World Health Organization (WHO){\textquoteright}s tolerable safety limits for unrestricted agriculture. Mean helminth egg concentrations were below WHO tolerable levels in all study systems ({\textbackslash}textless 1 egg/L). Hence, elevated levels of bacterial contamination, but not helminth infections, pose a major health risk for farmers and consumers of wastewater fed-products. We propose a set of control measures that might protect the health of exposed population groups without compromising current urban farming activities. This study presents an important example for sanitation safety planning in a rapidly expanding Asian city and can guide public and private entities working towards Sustainable Development Goal target 6.3, that is to improve water quality by reducing pollution, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and increasing recycling and safe reuse globally.}, keywords = {Escherichia coli, Fuhrimann, Hanoi, Helminths, PhD, Salmonella spp., sanitation safety planning, Sustainable Development Goal, wastewater, Wastewater use, Water quality}, issn = {18791026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.080}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel and Pham-Duc, Phuc and Ciss{\'e}, Gu{\'e}ladio and Nguyen T Tram and Hoang Thu Ha and Do Dung Trung and Ngoc, Pham and Nguyen-Viet, Hung and Tuan Anh Vuong and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Schindler, Christian and Winkler, Mirko S} } @article {15777, title = {Microbial pathogens in source and treated waters from drinking water treatment plants in the United States and implications for human health}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {562}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/08/15/}, pages = {987-995}, keywords = {drinking water, Occurrence, Pathogens, Source water, Treatment}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {King, Dawn N. and Donohue, Maura J. and Vesper, Stephen J. and Villegas, Eric N. and Ware, Michael W. and Vogel, Megan E. and Furlong, Edward F. and Kolpin, Dana W. and Glassmeyer, Susan T. and Pfaller, Stacy} } @article {3449, title = {{Missing the Millennium Development Goal targets for water and sanitation in urban areas.}}, journal = {Environment {\&} Urbanization}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {99{\textendash}118}, doi = {10.1177/0956247816628435.}, author = {Satterthwaite, D} } @article {3654, title = {Missing the {Millennium} {Development} {Goal} targets for water and sanitation in urban areas.}, journal = {Environment \& Urbanization}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {99{\textendash}118}, doi = {10.1177/0956247816628435.}, author = {Satterthwaite, D} } @article {12654, title = {A modeling approach to estimate the solar disinfection of viral indicator organisms in waste stabilization ponds and surface waters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {88}, year = {2016}, pages = {912{\textendash}922}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Kohn, Tamar and Mattle, Michael J and Minella, Marco and Vione, Davide} } @article {5179, title = {{A modeling approach to estimate the solar disinfection of viral indicator organisms in waste stabilization ponds and surface waters}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {88}, year = {2016}, pages = {912{\textendash}922}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.022}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135415303493}, author = {Kohn, Tamar and Mattle, Michael J. and Minella, Marco and Vione, Davide} } @article {5409, title = {{A modeling approach to estimate the solar disinfection of viral indicator organisms in waste stabilization ponds and surface waters}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {88}, year = {2016}, pages = {912{\textendash}922}, author = {Kohn, T and Mattle, MJ and Minella, M and Vione, D} } @article {15191, title = {A modeling approach to estimate the solar disinfection of viral indicator organisms in waste stabilization ponds and surface waters}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {88}, year = {2016}, pages = {912{\textendash}922}, author = {Kohn, Tamar and Mattle, Michael J and Minella, Marco and Vione, Davide} } @article {13395, title = {{Modeling inactivation of highly persistent pathogens in household-scale semi-continuous anaerobic digesters}}, journal = {Environmental Engineering Science}, volume = {33}, number = {11}, year = {2016}, pages = {851{\textendash}860}, author = {N D Manser and J A Cunningham and S J Ergas and J R Mihelcic} } @article {10298, title = {Modeling inactivation of highly persistent pathogens in household-scale semi-continuous anaerobic digesters}, journal = {Environmental Engineering Science}, volume = {33}, number = {11}, year = {2016}, pages = {851{\textendash}860}, author = {Manser, Nathan D and Cunningham, Jeffrey A and Ergas, Sarina J and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {5227, title = {{Modeling the Endogenous Sunlight Inactivation Rates of Laboratory Strain and Wastewater E. coli and Enterococci Using Biological Weighting Functions}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, year = {2016}, pages = {acs.est.6b03721}, abstract = {

Models that predict sunlight inactivation rates of bacteria are valuable tools for predicting the fate of pathogens in recreational waters and designing natural wastewater treatment systems to meet disinfection goals. We developed biological weighting function (BWF)-based numerical models to estimate the endogenous sunlight inactivation rates of E. coli and enterococci. BWF-based models allow the prediction of inactivation rates under a range of environmental conditions that shift the magnitude or spectral distribution of sunlight irradiance (e.g., different times, latitudes, water absorbances, depth). Separate models were developed for laboratory strain bacteria cultured in the laboratory and indigenous organisms concentrated directly from wastewater. Wastewater bacteria were found to be 5\–7 times less susceptible to full-spectrum simulated sunlight than the laboratory bacteria, highlighting the importance of conducting experiments with bacteria sourced directly from wastewater. The inactivation rate mod...

}, issn = {0013-936X}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.6b03721}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b03721}, author = {Silverman, Andrea I. and Nelson, Kara L.} } @article {5436, title = {{Modeling the endogenous sunlight inactivation rates of laboratory strain and wastewater E. coli and enterococci using biological weighting functions}}, journal = {Environ. Sci. Technol}, volume = {50}, number = {22}, year = {2016}, pages = {12292{\textendash}12301}, author = {Silverman, AI and Nelson, KL} } @inbook {13056, title = {Modified septic tank treatment system}, booktitle = {Procedia Technology}, volume = {24}, year = {2016}, pages = {240{\textendash}247}, author = {Anil, Rrtu and Anand L Neera} } @article {9782, title = {{Molecular characterization and Subtyping of Blastocystis species in irritable bowel syndrome patients from North India}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {11}, year = {2016}, pages = {e0147055}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0147055}, author = {Das, R and Khalil, S and Mirdha, BR and Makharia, GV and Dattagupta, S and Chaudhry, R} } @article {16047, title = {Molecular Characterization of Leptospira spp. in Environmental Samples from North-Eastern Malaysia Revealed a Pathogenic Strain, Leptospira alstonii}, journal = {J Trop MedJ Trop MedJ Trop Med}, volume = {2016}, year = {2016}, note = {Azali, Muhammad Azharuddin
Yean Yean, Chan
Harun, Azian
Aminuddin Baki, Nurul Najian
Ismail, Nabilah
Egypt
J Trop Med. 2016;2016:2060241. doi: 10.1155/2016/2060241. Epub 2016 Apr 3.}, pages = {2060241}, edition = {2016/04/30}, abstract = {The presence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in the environment poses threats to human health. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize Leptospira spp. from environmental samples. A total of 144 samples comprised of 72 soil and 72 water samples were collected from markets and recreational areas in a north-eastern state in Malaysia. Samples were cultured on Ellinghausen and McCullough modified by Johnson and Harris media. Leptospires were positive in 22.9\% (n = 33) of the isolates. Based on partial sequences of 16S rRNA, a pathogenic leptospire, Leptospira alstonii (n = 1/33), was identified in 3\% of the isolates followed by intermediate leptospire (L. wolffii, n = 1/33, and L. licerasiae, n = 7/33) and nonpathogenic leptospire, L. meyeri (n = 22/33) in 24.2\% and 66.7\%, respectively. This study demonstrates the presence of a clinically significant pathogenic L. alstonii in the environments which could pose health risks to the occupants and visitors.}, isbn = {1687-9686 (Print)
1687-9686 (Linking)}, author = {Azali, M. A. and Yean Yean, C. and Harun, A. and Aminuddin Baki, N. N. and Ismail, N.} } @article {16245, title = {Molecular detection of pathogenic leptospiral protein encoding gene (lipL32) in environmental aquatic biofilms}, journal = {Lett Appl MicrobiolLett Appl MicrobiolLett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, month = {Dec 8}, pages = {311-315}, edition = {2015/12/09}, isbn = {1472-765X (Electronic)
0266-8254 (Linking)}, author = {Vinod Kumar, K. and Lall, C. and Raj, R. V. and Vedhagiri, K. and Vijayachari, P.} } @article {16248, title = {Molecular detection of pathogenic leptospiral protein encoding gene (lipL32) in environmental aquatic biofilms.}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol.Lett Appl Microbiol.}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {311-315.}, author = {Vinod Kumar, K. and Lall, C. and Vimal Raj, R. and Vedhagiri, K. and Vijayachari, P.} } @article {11666, title = {{Molecular detection of Spirometra decipiens in the United States}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {503{\textendash}507}, doi = {org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.503}, author = {Jeon, HK and Park, H and Lee, D and Choe, S and Sohn, WM and Eom, KS} } @article {9825, title = {{Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of Blastocystis infection in humans in Italy}}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {144}, year = {2016}, pages = {635{\textendash}646}, author = {Mattiucci, S and Crisafi, B and Gabrielli, S and Paoletti, M and Cancrini, G} } @article {11529, title = {{Molecular identification of Spirometra spp. (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in some wild animals from Brazil.}}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {65}, number = {5 Pt A}, year = {2016}, month = {oct}, pages = {428{\textendash}431}, abstract = {Species of the genus Spirometra are diphyllobothriid tapeworms with complex life cycles and are involved in human sparganosis, a neglected disease that affects individuals worldwide. Although some species were reported in wild felids and human cases of sparganosis were described in Brazil, the biology and taxonomy of these parasites are poorly understood. In the present study, samples of diphyllobothriids (eggs and/or proglottids) obtained from the stools of wild carnivores (Leopardus pardalis and Lycalopex vetulus) and plerocercoid larvae found in a snake (Crotalus durissus) from Brazil were analysed by amplifying a fragment of the gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1). The DNA sequences obtained here for the first time from the Spirometra spp. from Brazil were used to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships with other species. Molecular data identified two species in the Brazilian samples (evolutionary divergence of 17.8-19.2{\%}). The species were identified as Spirometra sp. 1, found in Le. pardalis, and Spirometra sp. 2 found in Ly. vetulus and C. durissus, and they differed from Asian isolates of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (17.5-20.2{\%} and 12.2-15.6{\%}, respectively), a species previously considered to be distributed worldwide. Moreover, Spirometra sp. 1 is genetically distinct from Sparganum proliferum from Venezuela (19.6-20.4{\%}), while Spirometra sp. 2 is more closely related with the Venezuelan species (6.1-7.0{\%}). Sequences of Spirometra sp. 2 revealed that it is conspecific with the Argentinean isolate of Spirometra found in Lycalopex gymnocercus (1.9-2.2{\%}). Taxonomic and phylogenetic aspects related to New World species of Spirometra are briefly discussed.}, keywords = {Brazil, Cestodes, Molecular identification, Spirometra}, issn = {1873-0329}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2016.05.014}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27235572}, author = {Almeida, Greg{\'o}rio Guilherme and Coscarelli, Daniel and Melo, Maria Norma and Melo, Alan Lane and Pinto, Hudson Alves} } @article {15130, title = {Molecular identification of {Spirometra} spp. ({Cestoda}: {Diphyllobothriidae}) in some wild animals from {Brazil}.}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {65}, number = {5 Pt A}, year = {2016}, month = {oct}, pages = {428{\textendash}431}, abstract = {Species of the genus Spirometra are diphyllobothriid tapeworms with complex life cycles and are involved in human sparganosis, a neglected disease that affects individuals worldwide. Although some species were reported in wild felids and human cases of sparganosis were described in Brazil, the biology and taxonomy of these parasites are poorly understood. In the present study, samples of diphyllobothriids (eggs and/or proglottids) obtained from the stools of wild carnivores (Leopardus pardalis and Lycalopex vetulus) and plerocercoid larvae found in a snake (Crotalus durissus) from Brazil were analysed by amplifying a fragment of the gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1). The DNA sequences obtained here for the first time from the Spirometra spp. from Brazil were used to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships with other species. Molecular data identified two species in the Brazilian samples (evolutionary divergence of 17.8-19.2\%). The species were identified as Spirometra sp. 1, found in Le. pardalis, and Spirometra sp. 2 found in Ly. vetulus and C. durissus, and they differed from Asian isolates of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (17.5-20.2\% and 12.2-15.6\%, respectively), a species previously considered to be distributed worldwide. Moreover, Spirometra sp. 1 is genetically distinct from Sparganum proliferum from Venezuela (19.6-20.4\%), while Spirometra sp. 2 is more closely related with the Venezuelan species (6.1-7.0\%). Sequences of Spirometra sp. 2 revealed that it is conspecific with the Argentinean isolate of Spirometra found in Lycalopex gymnocercus (1.9-2.2\%). Taxonomic and phylogenetic aspects related to New World species of Spirometra are briefly discussed.}, keywords = {Brazil, Cestodes, Molecular identification, Spirometra}, issn = {1873-0329}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2016.05.014}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27235572}, author = {Almeida, Greg{\'o}rio Guilherme and Coscarelli, Daniel and Melo, Maria Norma and Melo, Alan Lane and Pinto, Hudson Alves} } @article {12184, title = {Molecular mechanisms of polymyxin resistance: knowns and unknowns}, journal = {International Journal of Antimicrobial AgentsInternational Journal of Antimicrobial Agents}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, note = {Times Cited: 20
Olaitan, Abiola/0000-0003-2005-5706

20
1872-7913}, month = {Dec}, pages = {583-591}, isbn = {0924-8579}, author = {Baron, Sophie and Hadjadj, Linda and Rolain, Jean-Marc and Olaitan, Abiola Olumuyiwa} } @article {12284, title = {Molecular Methods for Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance in Agricultural Ecosystems: Prospects and Challenges}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, note = {Times Cited: 13

13
1537-2537}, month = {Mar-Apr}, pages = {441-453}, isbn = {0047-2425}, author = {Luby, Elizabeth and Ibekwe, A. Mark and Zilles, Julie and Pruden, Amy} } @article {12369, title = {Monitoring and evaluation of antibiotic resistance genes in four municipal wastewater treatment plants in Harbin, Northeast China}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {212}, year = {2016}, pages = {34-40}, isbn = {0269-7491}, author = {Wen, Qinxue and Yang, Lian and Duan, Ruan and Chen, Zhiqiang} } @article {8345, title = {{More than Target 6.3 : A Systems Approach to Rethinking Sustainable Development Goals in a Resource-Scarce World}}, journal = {Engineering}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {481{\textendash}489}, publisher = {Elsevier LTD on behalf of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company}, keywords = {Causal loop diagram, Environmental protection, Gender, Resource recovery, sanitation, Sustainability, Systems thinking}, issn = {2095-8099}, doi = {10.1016/J.ENG.2016.04.010}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ENG.2016.04.010}, author = {Zhang, Qiong and Prouty, Christine and Zimmerman, Julie B and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {12365, title = {Multidrug Resistance in Quinolone-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Hospital Effluent and the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant}, journal = {Microbial Drug Resistance}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, note = {Vaz-Moreira, Ivone Varela, Ana Rita Pereira, Thamiris V. Fochat, Romario C. Manaia, Celia M.
Varela, Ana Rita/0000-0001-9691-0217; Vaz-Moreira, Ivone/0000-0001-8912-9836; Manaia, Celia/0000-0002-3674-1789
1931-8448}, month = {Mar}, pages = {155-163}, abstract = {

This study is aimed to assess if hospital effluents represent an important supplier of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria that, being discharged in the municipal collector, may be disseminated in the environment and bypassed in water quality control systems. From a set of 101 non-Escherichia coli Gram-negative bacteria with reduced susceptibility to quinolones, was selected a group of isolates comprised by those with the highest indices of MDR (defined as nonsusceptibility to at least one agent in six or more antimicrobial categories, MDR \>= 6) or resistance to meropenem or ceftazidime (n = 25). The isolates were identified and characterized for antibiotic resistance phenotype, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, and other genetic elements and conjugative capacity. The isolates with highest MDR indices were mainly from hospital effluent and comprised ubiquitous bacterial groups of the class Gammaproteobacteria, of the genera Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas, and of the class Flavobacteriia, of the genera Chryseobacterium and Myroides. In this group of 25 strains, 19 identified as Gammaproteobacteria harbored at least one PMQR gene (aac(6 \&$\#$39;)-Ib-cr, qnrB, qnrS, or oqxAB) or a class 1 integron gene cassette encoding aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, or carbapenem resistance. Most of the E. coli J53 transconjugants with acquired antibiotic resistance resulted from conjugation with Enterobacteriaceae. These transconjugants demonstrated acquired resistance to a maximum of five classes of antibiotics, one or more PMQR genes and/or a class 1 integron gene cassette. This study shows that ubiquitous bacteria, other than those monitored in water quality controls, are important vectors of antibiotic resistance and can be disseminated from hospital effluent to aquatic environments. This information is relevant to support management options aiming at the control of this public health problem.

}, isbn = {1076-6294}, author = {Vaz-Moreira, I. and Varela, A. R. and Pereira, T. V. and Fochat, R. C. and Manaia, C. M.} } @article {4832, title = {{Multilocus sequence typing tool for Cyclospora cayetanensis}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {22}, year = {2016}, pages = {1464{\textendash}1467}, author = {Guo, Y and Roellig, DM and Li, N and Tang, K and Frace, M and Ortega, Y and Arrowood, MJ and Feng, Y and Qvarnstrom, Y and Wang, L and Moss, DM and Zhang, L and Xiao, L} } @article {12394, title = {Multiyear, multinational survey of the incidence and global distribution of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, journal = {Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, year = {2016}, pages = {1067-1078}, author = {Kazmierczak KM and Rabine S and Hackel M and McLaughlin RE and Biedenbach DJ and Bouchillon SK and Sahm DF and Bradford PA} } @article {9737, title = {Neglected waterborne parasitic protozoa and their detection in water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {101}, year = {2016}, pages = {318- 332}, author = {Plutzer, J. and P. Karanis} } @mastersthesis {9145, title = {Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions from Storage and Land Application of Organic Fertilisers}, volume = {Doctoral}, year = {2016}, school = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences}, address = {SLU, Uppsala, Sweden}, author = {Willen, 2016} } @article {9767, title = {{No Title}}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2016}, pages = {25255}, doi = {10.1038/srep25255}, author = {Audebert, C and Even, G and Cian, A and Group, Blastocystis Investigation and Loywick, A and Merlin, S and Viscogliosi, E and Chab{\'e}, M} } @article {17401, title = {Nontyphoidal salmonella disease: Current status of vaccine research and development}, journal = {VaccineVaccine}, volume = {34}, number = {26}, year = {2016}, month = {Jun 3}, pages = {2907-2910}, edition = {2016/04/02}, keywords = {*Africa, *Developing Countries, *iNTS disease, *Pediatric infections, *S. Enteritis, *S. Typhimurium, *Salmonella, *Salmonella infections, *Vaccine development, Animals, Bacteremia/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Biomedical Research/trends, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, O Antigens/immunology, Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules/immunology, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Infections/epidemiology/*prevention \& control, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella Vaccines/*therapeutic use, Vaccines, Subunit/therapeutic use}, isbn = {1873-2518 (Electronic)
0264-410X (Linking)}, author = {Tennant, S. M. and MacLennan, C. A. and Simon, R. and Martin, L. B. and Khan, M. I.} } @article {7740, title = {A novel culture method for enhanced selective isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from wastewater}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {Manuscript ID: 213389}, year = {2016}, author = {Kim,J. and Oh,E. and Banting,G. S. and Braithwaite,S. and Chui,L. and Ashbolt,N. J. and Neumann,N. F. and Jeon,B.} } @article {9699, title = {A novel PCR-RFLP assay for molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and closely related species in developing countries.}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {115}, year = {2016}, pages = {3817- 3824}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-016-5143-x}, author = {Cha{\^a}bane-Banaoues, R and Oudni-M{\textquoteright}rad, M and M{\textquoteright}rad, S. and Amani, H and Mezhoud, H. and Babba, H.} } @article {12276, title = {Occurrence and removal of antibiotics and the corresponding resistance genes in wastewater treatment plants: effluents{\textquoteright} influence to downstream water environment}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution ResearchEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {23}, number = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {6826-6835}, isbn = {0944-1344}, author = {Li, Jianan and Cheng, Weixiao and Xu, Like and Jiao, Yanan and Baig, Shams Ali and Chen, Hong} } @article {12822, title = {Occurrence and removal of antibiotics and the corresponding resistance genes in wastewater treatment plants: effluents{\textquoteright} influence to downstream water environment}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {23}, year = {2016}, pages = {6826-6835}, author = {Li, J and Cheng, W and Xu, L and Jiao, Y and Baig, SA and Chen, H} } @article {16818, title = {Occurrence of human-associated Bacteroidetes genetic source tracking markers in raw and treated wastewater of municipal and domestic origin and comparison to standard and alternative indicators of faecal pollution}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {90}, year = {2016}, pages = {265{\textendash}276}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Mayer, RE and Bofill-Mas, S and Egle, L and Reischer, GH and Schade, M and Fernandez-Cassi, X and Fuchs, W and Mach, RL and Lindner, G and Kirschner, A and others} } @article {3291, title = {Occurrence of human-associated Bacteroidetes Genetic Source Tracking Markers in Raw and Treated Wastewater of Municipal and Domestic Origin and Comparison to Standard and Alternative Indicators of Faecal Pollution}, journal = {Water Resources}, volume = {Mar 1}, year = {2016}, pages = {265-76}, author = {Mayer, RE and Bofill-Mas, S and Egle, L and Reischer, GH and Schade, M and Fernandez-Cassi, X and Fuchs, W and Mach, RL and Lindner, G and Kirchner, A and Gaisbauer, M and Piringer, H and Blaschke, AP and Girones, R and Zessner, M and Sommer, R and Farnleitner, A. H.} } @article {12487, title = {Occurrence of vancomycin-resistant and-susceptible Enterococcus spp. in reclaimed water used for spray irrigation}, journal = {Environmental researchEnvironmental research}, volume = {147}, year = {2016}, pages = {350-355}, isbn = {0013-9351}, author = {Carey, Stephanie Ann and Goldstein, Rachel E and Gibbs, Shawn G and Claye, Emma and He, Xin and Sapkota, Amy R} } @article {16204, title = {An Optimized Method for Quantification of Pathogenic Leptospira in Environmental Water Samples}, journal = {PLoS OnePLoS ONEPLoS ONE}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, year = {2016}, pages = {e0160523}, edition = {2016/08/04}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Riediger, I. N. and Hoffmaster, A. R. and Casanovas-Massana, A. and Biondo, A. W. and Ko, A. I. and Stoddard, R. A.} } @article {15357, title = {Outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis in Corsica (France): an epidemiological case study}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious Diseases}, year = {2016}, note = {Journal article}, month = {May 16}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is a snail-borne parasitic disease endemic in several tropical and subtropical countries. However, in the summer of 2013, an unexpected outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis occurred in Corsica, with more than 120 local people or tourists infected. We used a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the epidemiology of urogenital schistosomiasis in Corsica, aiming to elucidate the origin of the outbreak. METHODS: We did parasitological and malacological surveys at nine potential sites of infection. With the snails found, we carried out snail-parasite compatibility experiments by exposing snails to schistosome larvae recovered from the urine of a locally infected Corsican patient. Genetic analysis of both mitochondrial (cox1) and nuclear (internal transcribed spacer) DNA data from the Schistosoma eggs or miracidia recovered from the infected patients was conducted to elucidate the epidemiology of this outbreak. FINDINGS: We identified two main infection foci along the Cavu River, with many Bulinus truncatus snails found in both locations. Of the 3544 snails recovered across all sites, none were naturally infected, but laboratory-based experimental infections confirmed their compatibility with the schistosomes isolated from patients. Molecular characterisation of 73 eggs or miracidia isolated from 12 patients showed infection with Schistosoma haematobium, S haematobium-Schistosoma bovis hybrids, and S bovis. Further sequence data analysis also showed that the Corsican schistosomes were closely related to those from Senegal in west Africa. INTERPRETATION: The freshwater swimming pools of the Cavu River harbour many B truncatus snails, which are capable of transmitting S haematobium-group schistosomes. Our molecular data suggest that the parasites were imported into Corsica by individuals infected in west Africa, specifically Senegal. Hybridisation between S haematobium and the cattle schistosome S bovis had a putative role in this outbreak, showing how easily and rapidly urogenital schistosomiasis can be introduced and spread into novel areas where Bulinus snails are endemic, and how hybridisation could increase the colonisation potential of schistosomes. Furthermore our results show the potential risk of schistosomiasis outbreaks in other European areas, warranting close monitoring and surveillance of all potential transmission foci. FUNDING: WHO, ANSES, RICET, and the Ministry of Health and Consumption.}, isbn = {1474-4457 (Electronic)
1473-3099 (Linking)}, author = {Boissier, J. and Grech-Angelini, S. and Webster, B. L. and Allienne, J. F. and Huyse, T. and Mas-Coma, S. and Toulza, E. and Barre-Cardi, H. and Rollinson, D. and Kincaid-Smith, J. and Oleaga, A. and Galinier, R. and Foata, J. and Rognon, A. and Berry, A. and Mouahid, G. and Henneron, R. and Mon{\'e}, H. and Noel, H. and Mitta, G.} } @article {17250, title = {An overview of Salmonella thermal destruction during food processing and preparation}, journal = {Food ControlFood ControlFood Control}, volume = {68}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct}, pages = {280-290}, keywords = {eat savoury snack, escherichia-coli o157-h7, heat-resistant salmonella, in-ground beef, inactivation kinetics, listeria-monocytogenes, mung bean-seeds, nonlinear survival curves, Peanut butter, Salmonella, thermal processing, thermal resistance, whole fresh cantaloupes}, isbn = {0956-7135}, author = {Jarvis, N. A. and O{\textquoteright}Bryan, C. A. and Dawoud, T. M. and Park, S. H. and Kwon, Y. M. and Crandall, P. G. and Ricke, S. C.} } @article {15926, title = {Oyster is an effective transmission vehicle for Cryptosporidium infection in human}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/06/01/}, pages = {562-566}, keywords = {IFAT, Oysters}, isbn = {1995-7645}, author = {Sutthikornchai, Chantira and Popruk, Supaluk and Chumpolbanchorn, Kamlang and Sukhumavasi, Woraporn and Sukthana, Yaowalark} } @article {12172, title = {Ozone treatment of conditioned wastewater selects antibiotic resistance genes, opportunistic bacteria, and induce strong population shifts}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {559}, year = {2016}, note = {Alexander, Johannes Knopp, Gregor Doetsch, Andreas Wieland, Arne Schwartz, Thomas
Schwartz, Thomas/H-2920-2013
Dotsch, Andreas/0000-0001-9086-2584
1879-1026}, month = {Jul}, pages = {103-112}, abstract = {

An ozone treatment system was investigated to analyze its impact on clinically relevant antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs). A concentration of 0.9 +/- 0.1 g ozone per 1 g DOC was used to treat conventional clarified wastewater. PCR, qPCR analyses, Illumina 16S Amplicon Sequencing, and PCR-DGGE revealed diverse patterns of resistances and susceptibilities of opportunistic bacteria and accumulations of some ARGs after ozone treatment. Molecular marker genes for enterococci indicated a high susceptibility to ozone. Although they were reduced by almost 99\%, they were still present in the bacterial population after ozone treatment. In contrast to this, Pseudomonas aeruginosa displayed only minor changes in abundance after ozone treatment. This indicated different mechanisms of microorganisms to cope with the bactericidal effects of ozone. The investigated ARGs demonstrated an even more diverse pattern. After ozone treatment, the erythromycin resistance gene (ermB) was reduced by 2 orders of magnitude, but simultaneously, the abundance of two other clinically relevant ARGs increased within the surviving wastewater population (vanA, blaVIM). PCR-DGGE analysis and 16S-Amplicon-Sequencing confirmed a selection-like process in combination with a substantial diversity losswithin the vital wastewater population after ozone treatment. Especially the PCR-DGGE results demonstrated the survival of GC-rich bacteria after ozone treatment. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Alexander, J. and Knopp, G. and Dotsch, A. and Wieland, A. and Schwartz, T.} } @inbook {11946, title = {Papillomavirus}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {La Rosa, G.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {11829, title = {{Parasitation of sea trout (Salmo trutta trutta L.) from the spawning ground and German coastal waters off Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Baltic Sea}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {165{\textendash}174}, keywords = {Baltic Sea, Fish parasites, Salmo trutta trutta, Sea trout, Spawning migration}, issn = {14321955}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-015-4732-4}, author = {Unger, Patrick and Palm, Harry W.} } @article {9338, title = {{Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold at central markets in Khartoum state, Sudan}}, journal = {Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {17}, author = {Mohamed, MA and Siddig, EE and Elaagip, AH and Edris, AMM and Nasr, AA} } @article {11740, title = {{Parasitism by larval tapeworms genus Spirometra in South American amphibians and reptiles: new records from Brazil and Uruguay, and a review of current knowledge in the region}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {164}, number = {150-164}, year = {2016}, author = {Oda, FH and Borteiro, C and da Graca, RJ and Tavares, LER and Crampet, A and Guerra, V and Lima, FS and Bellay, S and Karling, LC and Castro, O and Takemoto, RM and Pavanelli, GC} } @inbook {17008, title = {Pathogen and particle associations in wastewater: significance and implications for treatment and disinfection processes}, booktitle = {Advances in applied microbiology}, volume = {97}, year = {2016}, pages = {63{\textendash}119}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, author = {Chahal, C and Van Den Akker, B and Young, F and Franco, C and Blackbeard, J and Monis, P} } @article {16044, title = {Pathogenic Leptospira serovars in free-living sea lions in the gulph of California and along the Baja California coast of Mexico. }, journal = {J Wildl Dis.J Wildl Dis.}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {199-208.}, author = {Avalos-T{\'e}llez, R. and Carrillo-Casas, E. M. and Atilano-L{\'o}pez, D. and God{\'\i}nez-Reyes, C. R. and D{\'\i}az-Aparicio, E. and Ram{\'\i}rez-Delgado, D. and Ram{\'\i}rez-Echenique, M. F. and Leyva-Leyva, M. and Suz{\'a}n, G. and Su{\'a}rez-G{\"u}emes, F.} } @article {15228, title = {Pathogens and fecal indicators in waste stabilization pond systems with direct reuse for irrigation: {Fate} and transport in water, soil and crops}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {551}, year = {2016}, pages = {429{\textendash}437}, author = {Verbyla, ME and Iriarte, MM and Guzm{\'a}n, A Mercado and Coronado, O and Almanza, M and Mihelcic, JR} } @inbook {5236, title = {{Pathogens and fecal indicators in waste stabilization pond systems with direct reuse for irrigation: Fate and transport in water, soil and crops}}, booktitle = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {551-552}, year = {2016}, pages = {429{\textendash}437}, abstract = {

Wastewater use for irrigation is expanding globally, and information about the fate and transport of pathogens in wastewater systems is needed to complete microbial risk assessments and develop policies to protect public health. The lack of maintenance for wastewater treatment facilities in low-income areas and developing countries results in sludge accumulation and compromised performance over time, creating uncertainty about the contamination of soil and crops. The fate and transport of pathogens and fecal indicators was evaluated in waste stabilization ponds with direct reuse for irrigation, using two systems in Bolivia as case studies. Results were compared with models from the literature that have been recommended for design. The removal of Escherichia coli in both systems was adequately predicted by a previously-published dispersed flow model, despite more than 10 years of sludge accumulation. However, a design equation for helminth egg removal overestimated the observed removal, suggesting that this equation may not be appropriate for systems with accumulated sludge. To assess the contamination of soil and crops, ratios were calculated of the pathogen and fecal indicator concentrations in soil or on crops to their respective concentrations in irrigation water (termed soil-water and crop-water ratios). Ratios were similar within each group of microorganisms but differed between microorganism groups, and were generally below 0.1 mL g-1 for coliphage, between 1 and 100 mL g-1 for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and between 100 and 1000 mL g-1 for helminth eggs. This information can be used for microbial risk assessments to develop safe water reuse policies in support of the United Nations\&$\#$39; 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.

}, keywords = {Microorganisms, parasites, reclaimed water, sanitation, Wastewater use, WHO Guidelines}, issn = {18791026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.159}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.159}, author = {M E Verbyla and M M Iriarte and A M Guzm{\'a}n and O Coronado and M Almanza and J R Mihelcic} } @article {13091, title = {Performance evaluation of a single household anaerobic packaged system for onsite domestic wastewater treatment}, journal = {Desalination and Water Treatment}, volume = {57}, number = {20}, year = {2016}, pages = {9216{\textendash}9225}, author = {Meena K Sharma and Absar A Kazmi} } @article {17467, title = {{Performance of thermal pretreatment and mesophilic fermentation system on pathogen inactivation and biogas production of faecal sludge: Initial laboratory results}}, journal = {Biosystems Engineering}, volume = {151}, year = {2016}, pages = {171{\textendash}177}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {The performance of thermal pretreatment of faecal sludge and biogas production of continuous stirred tank reactor (TPCSTR) system on faecal sludge was evaluated in the laboratory of the University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. First, the effectiveness of thermal pretreatment on the inactivation of pathogens and the relationship between complete inactivation time and TS were researched. Second, the effect of sludge retention time (SRT) on the TPCSTR performance of faecal sludge was investigated. Results demonstrated that the time it took for the complete inactivation of pathogens (i.e., faecal coliform, salmonella spp., faecal streptococcus) was 60, 60, 80, 80, 100, 100, and 100~min for the TS faecal sludge concentrations of 1{\%}, 2{\%}, 4{\%}, 6{\%}, 8{\%}, 10{\%}, and 12{\%}, respectively. The experiments showed that the TPCSTR process was stable and efficient to inactivate pathogens under the operation conditions (i.e., TS~=~8{\%}, agitation speed~=~120~rpm, and temperature~=~37~{\textpm}~1~{\textdegree}C). The highest biogas production of faecal sludge was 453.21~L~kg-1[TS] day-1 at SRT of 25 days.}, keywords = {Anaerobic digestion, Biogas production, faecal sludge, pathogen inactivation, Sludge retention time, Thermal pretreatment}, issn = {15375110}, doi = {10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.08.019}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.08.019}, author = {Yin, Fubin and Li, Zifu and Wang, Dongling and Ohlsen, Thomas and Dong, Hongmin} } @article {7890, title = {{Persistence and potential viable but non-culturable state of pathogenic bacteriaduring storage of digestates from agricultural biogas plants}}, journal = {Front Microbiol}, year = {2016}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01469}, author = {Maunaud, G and A M Pourcher and Ziebal, C and Cuny, A and Druilhe, C and Steyer, JP and Wery, N} } @article {12377, title = {Persistence of Clostridium difficile in wastewater treatment-derived biosolids during land application or windrow composting}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {120}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, note = {Xu, C. Wang, D. Huber, A. Weese, S. J. Warriner, K.
1365-2672}, month = {Feb}, pages = {312-320}, abstract = {

AimsTo determine the persistence of Clostridium difficile spores in biosolids during composting or when amended into soil and held under natural environmental climatic conditions. Methods and ResultsFivelogCFUg(-1)Cl.difficile spores (ribotypes 027 or 078) were inoculated into agricultural soils (sandy loam or loam) amended with 10\% w/w anaerobically digested biosolids. The inoculated soil:biosolids mixture was then placed into sentinel vials which were introduced at a depth of 15cm within the field plot consisting of the corresponding soil type. Two trials were performed, the first of which started in late spring (May 2013 through to August 2014) and second from November 2013 through to October 2014 (fall trial). Ribotype 078 endospores in loam or sandy loam soil decreased during the summer but then increased in numbers towards the fall. At the end of the trial, levels of ribotype 078 spores had decreased by 1.5logCFUg(,)(-1) with 027 spores decreasing by \<1logCFUg(-1) over the same time period. Windrow composting of biosolids decreased Cl.difficile levels from 3.7logCFUg(-1) down to 0.3logCFUg(-1) with the greater reduction occurring during the curing phase. In comparison, Cl.perfringens decreased from 6.3logCFUg(-1) down to 2.4logCFUg(-1) but mainly in the thermal phase of the composting process. ConclusionsComposting of biosolids is a more effective means of inactivating Cl.difficile compared to land application. Significance and Impact of the StudyWindrow composting represents an effective method to reduce the environmental burden of Cl.difficile associated with biosolids.

}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Xu, C. and Wang, D. and Huber, A. and Weese, S. J. and Warriner, K.} } @article {12205, title = {Persistence of naturally occurring antibiotic resistance genes in the bacteria and bacteriophage fractions of wastewater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {95}, year = {2016}, month = {Mar 3}, pages = {11-18}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance, Bacteriophages, Public health, wastewater}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Calero-C{\'a}ceres, W. and Muniesa, M.} } @article {17380, title = {Persistence of Salmonella in agricultural soil is strongly influenced by its bacterial community}, journal = {IOBC/WPRS BulletinIOBC/WPRS Bulletin}, volume = {117}, year = {2016}, month = {2016}, pages = {18-18}, author = {Schierstaedt, J. and Fornefeld, E. and Jechalke, S. and Schikora, A. and Grosch, R. and Smalla, K.} } @article {17313, title = {Persistent Infections by Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Humans: Epidemiology and Genetics}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {62}, number = {7}, year = {2016}, month = {Apr 1}, pages = {879-886}, edition = {2016/01/08}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Chronic Disease, Disease Models, Animal, DNA, Bacterial, epidemiology, Female, Genome, Bacterial/genetics, Humans, Infant, Israel/epidemiology, Male, Mice, persistent infection, Retrospective Studies, Salmonella enterica, Salmonella enterica/*genetics/*pathogenicity, Salmonella Infections/*epidemiology/*microbiology, Salmonellosis, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Wgs, Young Adult}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Marzel, A. and Desai, P. T. and Goren, A. and Schorr, Y. I. and Nissan, I. and Porwollik, S. and Valinsky, L. and McClelland, M. and Rahav, G. and Gal-Mor, O.} } @article {7200, title = {Photovoice in {Kenya}: {Using} a {Community}-{Based} {Participatory} {Research} {Method} to {Identify} {Health} {Needs}}, journal = {Qualitative Health Research}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {jan}, pages = {92{\textendash}104}, abstract = {Photovoice, a community-based participatory research method, was utilized to delineate the health-related needs of a small rural community in Kenya. Within the Cherangany Constituency, 13 women were recruited and trained in digital photography and appropriate ethical conduct in photography (respect for privacy, consent, and confidentiality). Both individual and group interviews were conducted with the participants, and data were transcribed and analyzed for common themes by both the participants and the researcher. Common themes present in the photos were coded and prioritized in order of importance: (a) school fees, (b) water, (c) hospital fees, (d) sanitation, (e) orphans, (f) widows, (g) lack of jobs/capital, (h) disabilities, and (i) presence of disease. Data from this study will be utilized for (a) development of culturally competent health education, (b) site-specific education/training of incoming medical teams, and (c) informative meetings with local leaders regarding health and associated challenges.}, keywords = {Africa, community needs assessment, determinants of health, participatory action research, photovoice, qualitative}, issn = {1049-7323}, doi = {10.1177/1049732315617738}, author = {Kingery, Francesca P. and Naanyu, Violet and Allen, William and Patel, Pradip} } @article {8339, title = {{Planning for climate change: The need for mechanistic systems-based approaches to study climate change impacts on diarrheal diseases}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {548}, year = {2016}, pages = {82{\textendash}90}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.087}, author = {Mellor, J.E. and Levy, K. and Zimmerman, J. and Elliot, M. and Bartram, J. and Carlton, E. and Clasen, T. and Dillingham, R. and Eisenber, J. and Guerrant, R. and Lantagne, D. and J R Mihelcic and Nelson, K.} } @inbook {11902, title = {Polioviruses and other Enteroviruses}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org ~}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Betancourt , W.Q. and Shulman, L .M.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @inbook {11905, title = {Polyomavirus}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org ~}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Bofill-Mas, S.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {16845, title = {Polyomavirus}, journal = {Global Water Pathogens Project. http://www. waterpathogens. org (JS Meschke, and R. Girones (eds) Part 3 Viruses) http://www. waterpathogens. org/book/polyomavirus Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI Acknowledgements: KRL Young, Project Design edito}, year = {2016}, publisher = {11 am, Updated: February 2, January 15, 2015, 10}, author = {Bofill-Mas, S} } @article {2114, title = {Potential of Using High Rate Algal Pond for Algal Biofuel Production and Wastewater Treatment}, volume = {http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2016.19378}, number = {399}, year = {2016}, pages = {399-414}, abstract = {
The aim of this study is to investigate the application of high rate algal pond for municipal wastewater treatment and the production of microalgae biomass for biofuel production. Primary facultative pond one cubic meter (1 m3) followed by high rate algal pond (1.5 m3) were installed in wastewater treatment plant and fed with municipal wastewater. High rate algal pond enhance the removal of nutrients, organic contaminants, coliforms and E. coli. The performance data of the treatment system showed that the removal efficiency of COD, BOD, total suspended solids and ammonia were 31, 33, 22 and 56 \%, respectively. The removal of total coliforms reached up to 3 logs.
Furthermore, fecal coliforms and E. coli removal reached 3 and 5 logs, respectively. The community structure of the high rate algal pond revealed that the most dominant algal species were Scenedesmes obliquus and Micracitinium pusillum. The total lipid percentage was an average of 5 \% in the high rate algal pond. The gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid methyl ester revealed that stearic acid (C18:0) concentration reached up to 18.8 \%, the oleic acid and linolenic acid were detected with an average percentage of 10.3 \% and 13.8 \%, respectively. It can be concluded that, the high rate algal pond considered as an efficient and cost-effective pond system for municipal wastewater treatment. Also, it able to produced oil used as biodiesel source from the biomass of the harvested microalgae.
}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2016.19378 }, author = {HALA S. DOMA}, editor = {M. AZAB EL-LIETHY} } @article {8859, title = {Potential of Using High Rate Algal Pond for Algal Biofuel Production and Wastewater Treatment}, journal = {Asian Journal of Chemistry}, volume = {28}, year = {2016}, month = {01/2016}, type = {research}, chapter = {399}, abstract = {The aim of this study is to investigate the application of high rate algal pond for municipal wastewater treatment and the production of microalgae biomass for biofuel production. Primary facultative pond one cubic meter (1 m3) followed by high rate algal pond (1.5\ m3) were installed in wastewater treatment plant and fed with municipal wastewater. High rate algal pond enhance the removal of nutrients, organic contaminants, coliforms and E. coli. The performance data of the treatment system showed that the removal efficiency of COD, BOD, total suspended solids and ammonia were 31, 33, 22 and 56 \%, respectively. The removal of total coliforms reached up to 3 logs. Furthermore, fecal coliforms and E. coli removal reached 3 and 5 logs, respectively. The community structure of the high rate algal pond revealed that the most dominant algal species were Scenedesmes obliquus and Micracitinium pusillum. The total lipid percentage was an average of 5 \% in the high rate algal pond. The gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid methyl ester revealed that stearic acid (C18:0) concentration reached up to 18.8 \%, the oleic acid and linolenic acid were detected with an average percentage of 10.3 \% and 13.8 \%, respectively. It can be concluded that, the high rate algal pond considered as an efficient and cost-effective pond system for municipal wastewater treatment. Also, it able to produced oil used as biodiesel source from the biomass of the harvested microalgae.}, keywords = {Algal biofuel, E. coli., high rate algal pond, total coliforms, Wastewater treatment}, url = {http://www.asianjournalofchemistry.co.in/user/journal/viewarticle.aspx?ArticleID=28_2_36}, author = {M. AZAB EL-LIETHY and Hala Doma} } @article {6441, title = {Presence and survival of culturable {Campylobacter} spp. and {Escherichia} coli in a temperate urban estuary}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {569-570}, year = {2016}, month = {nov}, pages = {1201{\textendash}1211}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.195}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969716313821}, author = {Schang, Christelle and Lintern, Anna and Cook, Perran L.M. and Osborne, Catherine and McKinley, Anand and Schmidt, Jonathon and Coleman, Rhys and Rooney, Graham and Henry, Rebekah and Deletic, Ana and McCarthy, David} } @article {5329, title = {Presence of helminth eggs in domestic wastewater and its removal at low temperature UASB reactors in Peruvian highlands}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {90}, year = {2016}, pages = {286-293}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.023}, author = {Yaya-Beas, RE and Cadillo-La-Torre, EA and Kujawa-Roeleveld, K and van Lier, JB and Zeeman, G} } @article {13228, title = {Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infection in Messalata Central Hospital, Libya}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine}, volume = {9}, year = {2016}, pages = {771-776}, doi = {10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.06.011}, author = {Mohammed, M. A. and Alnour, T. M. and Shakurfo, O. M. and Aburass, M. M.} } @article {12903, title = {Prevalence and diversity of intestinal helminth eggs in pit latrine sludge of a tropical urban area}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {622{\textendash}630}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Wilfried A Le Nzouebet and Ives MK Noumsi and Rechenburg, Andrea} } @article {16649, title = {Prevalence and diversity of intestinal helminth eggs in pit latrine sludge of a tropical urban area}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {622{\textendash}630}, author = {Wilfried A Le Nzouebet and Ives MK Noumsi and Rechenburg, Andrea} } @article {16156, title = {Prevalence and Diversity of Leptospires in Different Ecological Niches of Urban and Rural Areas of South Andaman Island}, journal = {Microbes EnvironMicrobes EnvironMicrobes Environ}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, note = {Lall, Chandan
Kumar, K Vinod
Raj, R Vimal
Vedhagiri, K
Vijayachari, P
Microbes Environ. 2016 Mar 3.}, month = {Mar 3}, pages = {79-82}, edition = {2016/03/05}, abstract = {Leptospirosis is an emerging disease around the globe. South Andaman Island is an endemic region for leptospirosis. We herein compared the prevalence of leptospires in urban and rural areas of South Andaman Island. The PCR detection and isolation of Leptospira revealed that pathogenic leptospires were prevalent in sewage water and household drainage water in urban areas and in paddy fields, vegetable field water, and stream water in rural areas. These results demonstrate that intermediates are ubiquitously present in the environment and may be responsible for asymptomatic infections, and also provide an insight into disease ecology.}, isbn = {1347-4405 (Electronic)
1342-6311 (Linking)}, author = {Lall, C. and Kumar, K. V. and Raj, R. V. and Vedhagiri, K. and Vijayachari, P.} } @article {15824, title = {Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidum spp. and Giardia spp. in environmental samples in Hanam province, Vietnam}, journal = {Food and Waterborne Parasitology}, volume = {3}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/06/01/}, pages = {13-20}, keywords = {Detection, PCR}, isbn = {2405-6766}, author = {Nguyen, Tram Thuy and Traub, Rebecca and Pham, Phuc Duc and Nguyen, Hung Viet and Nguyen, Khuong Cong and Phung, Cam Dac and Dalsgaard, Anders} } @article {9758, title = {{Prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis in healthy individuals in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Infection, Genetics, and Evolution}}, journal = {Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {37}, year = {2016}, pages = {158{\textendash}162}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.021}, author = {AbuOdeh, R and Ezzedine, S and Samie, A and Stensvold, CR and El-Bakri, A} } @article {8391, title = {{Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw and treated sewage sludges}}, journal = {Environ Technol}, year = {2016}, pages = {1{\textendash}7}, author = {Amor{\'o}s, I and Moreno, Y and Reyes, M and Moreno-Mesonero, L and Alonso, JL} } @article {15626, title = {Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw and treated sewage sludges}, journal = {Environ Technol}, volume = {37}, number = {22}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov}, pages = {2898-904}, edition = {2016/04/16}, keywords = {*Cryptosporidium, *Giardia, *Oocysts, Biosolids, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, prevalence, Sewage sludge, Sewage/*parasitology, Soil, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants/*analysis}, isbn = {0959-3330 (Print)
0959-3330}, author = {Amor{\'o}s, I. and Moreno, Y. and Reyes, M. and Moreno-Mesonero, L. and Alonso, J. L.} } @inbook {15627, title = {Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw and treated sewage sludges}, booktitle = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {37}, number = {22}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/11/16}, pages = {2898-2904}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, isbn = {0959-3330}, author = {Amor{\'o}s, Inmaculada and Moreno, Yolanda and Reyes, Mariela and Moreno-Mesonero, Laura and Alonso, Jose L.} } @article {11644, title = {{Prevalence of Diphyllobothrium latum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) plerocercoids in fish species from four Italian lakes and risk for the consumers.}}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {235}, year = {2016}, month = {oct}, pages = {109{\textendash}12}, abstract = {In recent years there has been a re-emergence of diphyllobothriasis by Diphyllobothrium latum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in Italy, France and Switzerland, where in the past this fish-borne zoonosis was widespread and then virtually disappeared. A change in eating habits such as the consumption of raw/undercooked freshwater fish, has led to an increased risk for consumers of ingesting infective larvae of D. latum. A survey on the factors responsible for the re-emergence of human diphyllobothriasis in Italy was carried out from March 2013 to December 2014. The aim of this study was to assess the diffusion of D. latum plerocercoids in the fish populations of the sub-alpine lakes of Maggiore, Como, Iseo and Garda, updating the scarce historical data and assessing a preliminary "risk level" of the lacustrine environments and fish species under investigation. A total of 2228 fish belonging to 5 species, 690 from Lake Maggiore, 500 from Lake Como, 655 from Lake Iseo and 383 from Lake Garda were submitted to parasitological examination. The presence of D. latum plerocercoid larvae was detected in 6.6{\%}, 25.4{\%} and 7.6{\%} of perch (Perca fluviatilis) from Lakes Maggiore, Como and Iseo respectively. The parasite was also present in pike (Esox lucius) with prevalence values ranging from 71.4 to 84.2{\%} and in 3.6-3.8{\%} of burbot (Lota lota) from Lakes Iseo and Como. Fish from Lake Garda were negative as well as sampled whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and shad (Alosa fallax lacustris). The results of this survey showed a widespread presence of D. latum plerocercoid larvae in Maggiore, Como and Iseo fish populations. Urban fecal contamination of water is still a key issue to be resolved, together with the improvement of communication with consumers regarding the best dietary habits and the most effective processes of parasite inactivation, required for the consumption of raw/undercooked fish caught in high-risk areas.}, keywords = {Cestode larvae, Fish-borne zoonosis, Italy}, issn = {1879-3460}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.06.033}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27491055}, author = {Gustinelli, Andrea and Menconi, Vasco and Prearo, Marino and Caffara, Monica and Righetti, Marzia and Scanzio, Tommaso and Raglio, Annibale and Fioravanti, Maria Letizia} } @article {11065, title = {Prevalence of human intestinal parasite infection among primary school children in {Ipogun}, {Ifedore} {L}. {G}. {A}., {Ondo} {State}, {Nigeria}}, journal = {Journal of Global Biosciences}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {3401{\textendash}3407}, author = {Dada, E. O.} } @article {8852, title = {Prevalence of Legionella spp. and Helicobacter pylori in different water resources in Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2016}, month = {07/2016}, pages = {1-12}, type = {Research}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {The main objective of this investigation was to detect Legionella spp. and Helicobacter pylori in different types of water resources. One hundred seventy five different water samples were collected from Egypt. Water samples were collected from Nile River (Rossita Branch), the Mediterranean Sea at Marsa Matroh shore, El-Rahawy Drain, hospital wastewater and groundwater. Legionella spp. and Helicobacter pylori were determined using membrane filtration and spread plate techniques. Legionella spp. and H. pylori were detected using culture methods on selective media in 25 and 33\% of the total examined water samples, respectively. The biochemical tests for Legionella spp. showed that, 6 (35\%) out of 17 might belong to L. pneumophila and 4 (23\%) out of 17 belonged to non-pneumophila Legionella species. Eight out 27 (29\%) isolates showed positive results for urease, catalase, oxidase, motility tests and negative nitrate reduction were confirmed as H. pylori. The results concluded that further monitoring and identification should be carried out in the future for the presence pathogens in water resources.}, keywords = {El-Rahawy Drain, ground water, H. pylori, Legionella spp., Nile River}, author = {Mohamed Azab El-Liethy and Bahaa A. Hemdan} } @article {11658, title = {{Prevalence of Spirometra mansoni in dogs, cats, and frogs and its medical relevance in Guangzhou, China}}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {53}, year = {2016}, pages = {41{\textendash}45}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2016.10.013. Epub 2016 Oct 21}, author = {Hong, D and Feng, J and Liu, H and Li, X and Gong, L and Yang, Z and Yang, W and Liang, X and Zheng, R and Cui, Z and Wang, W and Chen, D} } @article {9026, title = {Proposed reference sequences for hepatitis E virus subtypes}, journal = {The Journal of General Virology}, volume = {97}, year = {2016}, pages = {537-42}, author = {Smith, DB and Simmonds, P and Izopet, J and Oliveira-Filho, EF and Ulrich, RG and Johne, R and Koenig, M and Jameel, S and Harrison, TJ and X J Meng and Okamoto, H and W H van der Poel and Purdy, MA} } @article {6006, title = {{Proposed reference sequences for Hepatitis E virus subtypes MA}}, journal = {J Gen Virol}, volume = {97}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, pages = {537{\textendash}542}, author = {Smith, DB and Simmonds, P and Izopet, J and Oliveira-Filho, EF and Ulrich, R and Johne, R and Konig, M and Jameel, S and Harrison, TJ and X J Meng and Okamoto, H and Van der Poel, WHM} } @article {13043, title = {Protecting surface water for health. Identifying, assessing and managing drinking-water quality risks in surface-water catchments.}, year = {2016} } @article {15159, title = {Protecting surface water for health. {Identifying}, assessing and managing drinking-water quality risks in surface-water catchments.}, year = {2016}, author = {Organization, World Health and others} } @booklet {6483, title = {Protecting your private well}, year = {2016}, url = {http://www.epa.ie/water/dw/hhinfo/protprivwell/}, author = {Irish Environmental Protection Agency} } @article {15959, title = {Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {Apr}, pages = {88-109}, edition = {2015/12/12}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium, epidemiology, Wildlife, Zoonotic}, isbn = {2213-2244 (Print)
2213-2244}, author = {Zahedi, A. and Paparini, A. and Jian, F. and Robertson, I. and Ryan, U.} } @article {16276, title = {QMRAcatch: Human-Associated Fecal Pollution and Infection Risk Modeling for a River/Floodplain Environment}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {1205-1214}, author = {Derx, J. and Schijven, J. and Sommer, R. and Zoufal-Hruza, C. M. and van Driezum, I. H. and Reischer, G. and Ixenmaier, S. and Kirschner, A. and Frick, C. and Husman, A. M. D. and Farnleitner, A. H. and Blaschke, A. P.} } @article {11024, title = {Quantification of viable helminth eggs in samples of sewage sludge}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {103}, year = {2016}, month = {oct}, pages = {245{\textendash}255}, abstract = {For the application of sewage sludge as fertilizer, it is of fundamental importance the absence of pathogenic organisms, such as viable helminth eggs. Thus, the quantification of these organisms has to be carried out by means of the application of reliable and accurate methodologies. Nevertheless, until the present date, there is no consensus with regard to the adoption of a universal methodology for the detection and quantification of viable helminth eggs. It is therefore necessary to instigate a debate on the different protocols currently in use, as well as to assemble relevant information in order to assist in the development of a more comprehensive and accurate method to quantify viable helminth eggs in samples of sewage sludge and its derivatives.}, keywords = {Agricultural use, Biossolids, Domestic sludge, Pathogens in sludge, Quantification of viable helminth eggs}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.039}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135416305516}, author = {Rocha, Maria Carolina Vieira da and Bar{\'e}s, Monica Eboly and Braga, Maria Cristina Borba} } @book {16298, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment: Application for water safety management}, year = {2016}, publisher = {World Health Organization }, organization = {World Health Organization }, address = {Geneva} } @article {4661, title = {Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment in Occupational Settings Applied to the Airborne Human Adenovirus Infection}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {13}, year = {2016}, pages = {733-742}, author = {Carducci, A and Donzelli, G and Cioni, L and Verani, M} } @article {12364, title = {Quinolone resistant Aeromonas spp. as carriers and potential tracers of acquired antibiotic resistance in hospital and municipal wastewater}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {542}, year = {2016}, pages = {665-671}, isbn = {00489697}, author = {Varela, Ana Rita and Nunes, Olga C. and Manaia, Celia M.} } @article {13549, title = {Rapid Enhanced MM3-COPRO ELISA for Detection of Fasciola Coproantigens}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {e0004872}, author = {Martinez-Sernandez, V. and Orbegozo-Medina, R. A. and Gonzalez-Warleta, M. and Mezo, M. and Ubeira, F. M.} } @article {11805, title = {{Rapid identification of nine species of diphyllobothriidean tapeworms by pyrosequencing}}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2016}, month = {nov}, pages = {37228}, issn = {2045-2322}, doi = {10.1038/srep37228}, url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/srep37228}, author = {Thanchomnang, Tongjit and Tantrawatpan, Chairat and Intapan, Pewpan M. and Sanpool, Oranuch and Lulitanond, Viraphong and Tourtip, Somjintana and Yamasaki, Hiroshi and Maleewong, Wanchai} } @article {9599, title = {Rapport de cas}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Minist{\`e}re de la Sant{\'e} Publique et de la Population, Haiti} } @booklet {15047, title = {Rapport de cas}, year = {2016}, author = {MSPP} } @article {5775, title = {{Reappraisal of the Immunogenicity and Safety of Three Hepatitis A Vaccines in Adolescents}}, journal = {Journal of Korean Medical Science}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {73{\textendash}79}, doi = {10.3346/jkms.2016.31.1.73}, author = {Yoon, SH and Kim, HW and Ahn, JG and Kim, IT and Kim, JH and Kong, KA and Kim, KH} } @article {13274, title = {Reassessment of the enteropathogenicity of mesophilic Aeromonas species}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {1395}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.01395}, author = {Teunis, P. and Figueras, M. J.} } @article {12272, title = {Reclassification of Clostridium difficile as Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O{\textquoteright}Toole 1935) Prevot 1938}, journal = {Anaerobe}, volume = {40}, year = {2016}, note = {Lawson, Paul A. Citron, Diane M. Tyrrell, Kerin L. Finegold, Sydney M.
1095-8274}, month = {Aug}, pages = {95-99}, abstract = {

The recent proposal by Lawson and Rainey (2015) to restrict the genus Clostridium to Clostridium butyricum and related species has ramifications for the members of the genera that fall outside this Glade that should not be considered as Clostridium sensu stricto. One such organism of profound medical importance is C. difficile that is a major cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea and mortality in individuals. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the closest relative of Clostridium difficile is Clostridium mangenotii with a 94.7\% similarity value and both are located within the family Peptostreptococcaceae that is phylogenetically far removed from C. butyricum and other members of Clostridium sensu stricto. Clostridium difficile and Clostridium mangenotii each produce abundant H-2 gas when grown in PYG broth and also produce a range of straight and branched chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with C-16:0 as a major product. The cell wall peptidoglycan contains meso-DAP as the diagnostic diamino acid. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, novel genus Clostridioides gen. nov. is proposed for Clostridium difficile as Clostridioides difficile gen. nov. comb. nov. and that Clostridium mangenotii be transferred to this genus as Clostridioides mangenotii comb. nov. The type species of Clostridioides is Clostridioides difficile. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {1075-9964}, author = {Lawson, P. A. and Citron, D. M. and Tyrrell, K. L. and Finegold, S. M.} } @article {13276, title = {Reducing pathogens in combined sewer overflows using performic acid}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {219}, number = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {700-708}, author = {Tondera, K. and Klaer, K. and Koch, C. and Hamza, I. A. and Pinnekamp, J.} } @article {4152, title = {{Reducing pathogens in combined sewer overflows using performic acid}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {S1438-4639}, number = {16}, year = {2016}, pages = {30032{\textendash}30033}, author = {Tondera, K and Klaer, K and Koch, C and Hamza, IA and Pinnekamp, J} } @article {12281, title = {Reduction in horizontal transfer of conjugative plasmid by UV irradiation and low-level chlorination}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {91}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan 12}, pages = {331-338}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistant genes, chlorination, Conjugative gene transfer, UV irradiation}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Lin, W. and Li, S. and ZHANG, S. and Yu, X.} } @article {4895, title = {{Regional investigation of a cyclosporiasis outbreak linked to imported romaine lettuce - Nebraska and Iowa, June-August 2013}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {144}, year = {2016}, pages = {1807{\textendash}1817}, author = {Buss, BF and Joshi, MV and O{\textquoteright}Keefe, AL and Allensworth, CD and Garvey, A and Obbink, K and Mandernach, S and Safranek, TJ} } @article {12211, title = {Removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from domestic sewage by constructed wetlands: Effect of flow configuration and plant species}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {571}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov 15}, pages = {974-82}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance genes, Antibiotics, biodegradation, Constructed wetland, Plant uptake, Substrate adsorption}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic)
0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Chen, J. and Ying, G. G. and Wei, X. D. and Liu, Y. S. and Liu, S. S. and Hu, L. X. and He, L. Y. and Chen, Z. F. and Chen, F. R. and Yang, Y. Q.} } @article {11955, title = {Removal of Cryptosporidium by wastewater treatment processes: a review}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-13}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2015.131}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/ppiwajwh/14/1/1.full.pdf}, author = {Nasser, Abidelfatah M.} } @article {15820, title = {Removal of Cryptosporidium by wastewater treatment processes: a review}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {Feb}, pages = {1-13}, edition = {2016/02/04}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Disinfection, Filtration, Ultraviolet Rays, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods, Waste Water/*parasitology, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920}, author = {Nasser, A. M.} } @article {15906, title = {Removal of Fecal Indicators, Pathogenic Bacteria, Adenovirus, Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts in Waste Stabilization Ponds in Northern and Eastern Australia}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan 2}, edition = {2016/01/06}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification, Australia, Bacterial Load, Campylobacter jejuni, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Cysts/*microbiology, E. coli, Enterococci, Feces/*microbiology, Giardia cysts, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, maturation pond, Ponds/*microbiology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rural Population, Salmonella enterica, Sewage/microbiology, Viral Load, waste stabilization pond (WSP), Waste Water/*microbiology, Water Purification/methods}, isbn = {1660-4601}, author = {Sheludchenko, M. and Padovan, A. and Katouli, M. and Stratton, H.} } @booklet {7827, title = {Removal of Fecal Indicators, Pathogenic Bacteria, Adenovirus, Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts in Waste Stabilization Ponds in Northern and Eastern Australia}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Maturation ponds are used in rural and regional areas in Australia to remove the microbial loads of sewage wastewater, however, they have not been studied intensively until present. Using a combination of culture-based methods and quantitative real-time PCR, we assessed microbial removal rates in maturation ponds at four waste stabilization ponds (WSP) with (n = 1) and without (n = 3) baffles in rural and remote communities in Australia. Concentrations of total coliforms, E. coli, enterococci, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., F+ RNA coliphage, adenovirus, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia (oo) cysts in maturation ponds were measured at the inlet and outlet. Only the baffled pond demonstrated a significant removal of most of the pathogens tested and therefore was subjected to further study by analyzing E. coli and enterococci concentrations at six points along the baffles over five sampling rounds. Using culture-based methods, we found a decrease in the number of E. coli and enterococci from the initial values of 100,000 CFU per 100 mL in the inlet samples to approximately 1000 CFU per 100 mL in the outlet samples for both bacterial groups. Giardia cysts removal was relatively higher than fecal indicators reduction possibly due to sedimentation.}, keywords = {Campylobacter jejuni, E. coli, Enterococci, Giardia cysts, maturation pond, Salmonella enterica, waste stabilization pond (WSP)}, isbn = {1660-4601}, author = {Sheludchenko,Maxim and Padovan,Anna and Katouli,Mohammad and Stratton,Helen} } @article {4140, title = {{Removal of fecal indicators, pathogenic bacteria, Adenovirus, Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts in waste stabilization ponds in Northern and Eastern Australia}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, author = {Sheludchenko, M and Padovan, A and Katouli, M and Stratton, H} } @article {4602, title = {Removal of Fecal Indicators, Pathogenic Bacteria, Adenovirus, Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts in Waste Stabilization Ponds in Northern and Eastern Australia}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {96}, issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)}, author = {Sheludchenko, M and Padovan, A and Katouli, M and Stratton, H} } @article {3264, title = {{Removal of phages and viral pathogens in a full-scale MBR: Implications for wastewater reuse and potable water}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {100}, year = {2016}, pages = {20{\textendash}27}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.013}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135416303311}, author = {Purnell, Sarah and Ebdon, James and Buck, Austen and Tupper, Martyn and Taylor, Huw} } @article {10854, title = {Removal of phages and viral pathogens in a full-scale MBR: Implications for wastewater reuse and potable water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {100}, year = {2016}, pages = {20{\textendash}27}, author = {Purnell, Sarah and Ebdon, James and Buck, Austen and Tupper, Martyn and Taylor, Huw} } @article {13087, title = {Removal of phages and viral pathogens in a full-scale MBR: implications for wastewater reuse and potable water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {100}, year = {2016}, pages = {20{\textendash}27}, author = {Purnell, Sarah and Ebdon, James and Buck, Austen and Tupper, Martyn and Taylor, Huw} } @article {7882, title = {{Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell-derived human enteroids}}, journal = {Science}, volume = {353}, number = {6306}, year = {2016}, pages = {1387{\textendash}1393}, author = {Ettayebi, K and Crawford, SE and Murakami, JR and Broughman, U and Tenge, VR and Neill, FH and Blutt, SE and Zeng, XL and Qu, L and Kou, B and Opekun, AR and Burrin, D and Graham, DY and Ramani, S and Atmar, RL and Estes, MK} } @article {7666, title = {The response of foodborne pathogens to osmotic and desiccation stresses in the food chain}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {221}, year = {2016}, pages = {37-53}, author = {Burgess, CM and Gianotti, A and Gruzdev, N and Holah, J and Kn{\o}chel, S and Lehner, A and Margas, E and Schmitz Esser, S and Sela (Saldinger), S and Tresse, O} } @article {12347, title = {Review of antimicrobial resistance in the environment and its relevance to environmental regulators}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, year = {2016}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {Singer, Andrew C. and Shaw, Helen and Rhodes, Vicki and Hart, Alwyn} } @article {12602, title = {Review of antimicrobial resistance in the environment and its relevance to environmental regulators}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiologyFrontiers in microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-22}, author = {Singer, Andrew C and Shaw, Helen and Rhodes, Vicki and Hart, Alwyn} } @article {12345, title = {A review of the influence of treatment strategies on antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {150}, year = {2016}, month = {May}, pages = {702-14}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance genes, Antibiotic resistant bacteria, Disinfection, Mechanism, Nanoparticles, wetlands}, isbn = {1879-1298 (Electronic)
0045-6535 (Linking)}, author = {Sharma, V. K. and Johnson, N. and Cizmas, L. and McDonald, T. J. and Kim, H.} } @book {12312, title = {The review on antimicrobial resistance. Infection prevention, control and surveillance: limiting the development and spread of drug resistance}, year = {2016}, address = {London, UK}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Neill, J} } @book {12316, title = {The review on antimicrobial resistance. Infection prevention, control and surveillance: limiting the development and spread of drug resistance. London, UK.}, year = {2016}, address = {London, UK}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Neill, J.} } @article {12569, title = {The review on antimicrobial resistance. Infection prevention, control and surveillance: limiting the development and spread of drug resistance}, year = {2016}, address = {London, UK}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Neill, Jim} } @article {12315, title = {Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally}, year = {2016}, institution = {Welcome Trust and HM Government}, address = {London, England}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Neill, J.} } @booklet {12570, title = {The review on antimicrobial resistance. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations}, year = {2016}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Neill, J} } @article {4173, title = {Risk factors for childhood stunting in 137 developing countries: A comparative risk assessment analysis at global, regional, and country levels}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {13}, year = {2016}, pages = {e1002164}, doi = {doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002164}, author = {Danaei, G and Andrews, KG and Sudfeld, CR and Fink, G and McCoy, DC and Peet, E and Sania, A and Smith Fawzi, MC and Ezzati, Majid and Fawzi, WW} } @article {16706, title = {Risk management of viral infectious diseases in wastewater reclamation and reuse: {Review}}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {91}, year = {2016}, pages = {220{\textendash}229}, author = {Sano, D., M. Amarasiri, A. Hata, T. Watanabe and Katayama, H.} } @article {10863, title = {Risk management of viral infectious diseases in wastewater reclamation and reuse: Review}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {91}, year = {2016}, pages = {220{\textendash}229}, author = {Sano, Daisuke and Amarasiri, Mohan and Hata, Akihiko and Watanabe, Toru and Katayama, Hiroyuki} } @article {5511, title = {{Risk management of viral infectious diseases in wastewater reclamation and reuse: Review}}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {91}, year = {2016}, pages = {220{\textendash}229}, keywords = {Meta-analysis, Multiple-barrier system, Viral infectious diseases, Virus log10 reduction, Wastewater reclamation, Water reuse}, issn = {01604120}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.001}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160412016300812}, author = {Sano, Daisuke and Amarasiri, Mohan and Hata, Akihiko and Watanabe, Toru and Katayama, Hiroyuki} } @article {16602, title = {Risk of human helminthiases: geospatial distribution and targeted control}, journal = {Int J Infect Dis}, year = {2016}, month = {dec}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2012 among 22 rural barangays in Northern Samar, the Philippines in order to determine the prevalence of single and multiple species helminth infections, their geospatial distribution and underlying risk factors. METHODS: A total of 10,434 individuals who had completed both a medical questionnaire and a stool examination were included in the analysis. Barangay specific prevalence rates were displayed in ArcMap. RESULTS: The prevalence of Trichuris trichiura infection was found to be the highest at 62.4\%, followed by Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and S. japonicum with the prevalence rates of 40.2\%, 31.32\%, and 27.1\%, respectively. 52.7\% of people were infected with at least two parasites and 4.8\% with all four parasites. Males aged 10-19 years were the most vulnerable to coinfection infection. Students, fishermen, farmers and housewives were the most vulnerable occupations for co-infection of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Considerable heterogeneity in the spatial distribution was observed for the different parasite species. There was a considerably higher risk of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infection in villages with no schistosomiasis infection (P{\textless}0.0001) regardless of MDA treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of the geospatial distribution of multi-parasitism will guide future integrated strategies leading to elimination.}, keywords = {ArcMap, Control, Geospatial Distribution, intestinal helminths, Mass Drug Administration (MDA), Risk Factors}, issn = {1878-3511 (Electronic) 1201-9712 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2016.12.013}, author = {Yu, W. and Ross, A. G. and Olveda, R. M. and Harn, D. A. and Li, Y. and Chy, D. and Williams, G. M.} } @article {12110, title = {Risk of human helminthiases: geospatial distribution and targeted control}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases}, year = {2016}, note = {Yu, Weiwei
Ross, Allen G
Olveda, Remigio M
Harn, Donald A
Li, Yuesheng
Chy, Delia
Williams, Gail M
eng
Canada
2016/12/19 06:00
Int J Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 14. pii: S1201-9712(16)31656-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.12.013.}, month = {Dec 14}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2012 among 22 rural barangays in Northern Samar, the Philippines in order to determine the prevalence of single and multiple species helminth infections, their geospatial distribution and underlying risk factors. METHODS: A total of 10,434 individuals who had completed both a medical questionnaire and a stool examination were included in the analysis. Barangay specific prevalence rates were displayed in ArcMap. RESULTS: The prevalence of Trichuris trichiura infection was found to be the highest at 62.4\%, followed by Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and S. japonicum with the prevalence rates of 40.2\%, 31.32\%, and 27.1\%, respectively. 52.7\% of people were infected with at least two parasites and 4.8\% with all four parasites. Males aged 10-19 years were the most vulnerable to coinfection infection. Students, fishermen, farmers and housewives were the most vulnerable occupations for co-infection of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Considerable heterogeneity in the spatial distribution was observed for the different parasite species. There was a considerably higher risk of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infection in villages with no schistosomiasis infection (P\<0.0001) regardless of MDA treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of the geospatial distribution of multi-parasitism will guide future integrated strategies leading to elimination.

}, keywords = {ArcMap, Control, Geospatial Distribution, intestinal helminths, Mass Drug Administration (MDA), Risk Factors}, isbn = {1878-3511 (Electronic)
1201-9712 (Linking)}, author = {Yu, W. and Ross, A. G. and Olveda, R. M. and Harn, D. A. and Li, Y. and Chy, D. and Williams, G. M.} } @article {15235, title = {Risk of intestinal parasitic infections in people with different exposures to wastewater and fecal sludge in {Kampala}, {Uganda}: a cross-sectional study}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, pages = {e0004469}, keywords = {Helminth, Kampala, PhD, Protozoa, RRR, SF, wastewater}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0004469}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel and Winkler, Mirko S and Kabatereine, Narcis B. and Tukahebwa, Edridah M. and Halage, Abdulla A. and Rutebemberwa, Elizeus and Medlicott, Kate and Schindler, Christian and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Ciss{\'e}, Gu{\'e}ladio} } @article {13653, title = {{Risk of intestinal parasitic infections in people with different exposures to wastewater and fecal sludge in Kampala, Uganda: a cross-sectional study}}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, pages = {e0004469}, keywords = {Helminth, Kampala, PhD, Protozoa, RRR, SF, wastewater}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0004469}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel and Winkler, Mirko S and Kabatereine, Narcis B. and Tukahebwa, Edridah M. and Halage, Abdulla A. and Rutebemberwa, Elizeus and Medlicott, Kate and Schindler, Christian and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Ciss{\'e}, Gu{\'e}ladio} } @inbook {7891, title = {{The role of statistical thinking in environmental microbiology}}, booktitle = {Manual of Environmental Microbiology}, year = {2016}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, organization = {American Society for Microbiology}, edition = {4th}, chapter = {2.5.6}, address = {Washington, DC}, doi = {10.1128/9781555818821}, author = {McArthur, JV and Tuckfield, RC}, editor = {M V Yates} } @article {16950, title = {The roles of bacteriophages in membrane-based water and wastewater treatment processes: A review}, journal = {Water research}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Wu, Bing and Wang, Rong and Fane, Anthony G} } @inbook {11914, title = {Rotavirus and Astroviruses}, booktitle = {Global Water Pathogens Project.~ http://www.waterpathogens.org}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, organization = {Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO}, type = {Book Section}, author = {da Silva, M. and Miagostovich, M. and Victoria, M.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, J.B. Rose and B.} } @article {12376, title = {RpoE is a Putative Antibiotic Resistance Regulator of Salmonella enteric Serovar Typhi}, journal = {Current Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, note = {Xie, Xiaofang Zhang, Haifang Zheng, Yi Li, Aiqing Wang, Min Zhou, Huiqin Zhu, Xueming Schneider, Zachary Chen, Liang Kreiswirth, Barry N. Du, Hong
1432-0991}, month = {Apr}, pages = {457-464}, abstract = {Bacterial antimicrobial resistance has been associated with the up regulation of genes encoding efflux pumps and the down regulation of genes encoding outer membrane proteins (OMPs). Gene expression in bacteria is primarily initiated by sigma factors (sigma factors) such as RpoE, which plays an important role in responding to many environmental stresses. Here, we report the first observation that RpoE serves as an antibiotic resistance regulator in Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). In this study, we found that the rpoE mutant (Delta rpoE) of S. Typhi GIFU10007 has elevated resistance to several antimicrobial agents, including beta-lactams, quinolones, and aminoglycosides. Genomic DNA microarray analysis was used to investigate the differential gene expression profiles between a wild type and rpoE mutant in response to ampicillin. The results showed that a total of 57 genes displayed differential expression (two-fold increase or decrease) in Delta rpoE versus the wild-type strain. The expressions of two outer membrane protein genes, ompF and ompC, were significantly down-regulated in Delta rpoE (six and seven-fold lower in comparison to wild-type strain) and RamA, a member of the efflux pump AraC/XylS family, was up-regulated about four-fold in the Delta rpoE. Our results suggest RpoE is a potential antimicrobial regulator in S. Typhi, controlling both the down regulation of the OMP genes and up-regulating the efflux system.}, isbn = {0343-8651}, author = {Xie, X. F. and Zhang, H. F. and Zheng, Y. and Li, A. Q. and Wang, M. and Zhou, H. Q. and Zhu, X. M. and Schneider, Z. and Chen, L. and Kreiswirth, B. N. and Du, H.} } @article {12878, title = {Safe distances between groundwater-based water wells and pit latrines at different hydrogeological conditions in the Ganges Atrai floodplains of Bangladesh}, journal = {Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {26}, publisher = {BioMed Central}, author = {M S Islam and Zahid H Mahmud and Shafiqul M Islam and Ganesh C Saha and Zahid, Anwar and A Z Ali and Qumrul M Hassan and Islam, Khairul and Jahan, Hasin and Hossain, Yakub and others} } @article {16631, title = {Safe distances between groundwater-based water wells and pit latrines at different hydrogeological conditions in the {Ganges} {Atrai} floodplains of {Bangladesh}}, journal = {Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {26}, author = {M S Islam and Zahid H Mahmud and Shafiqul M Islam and Ganesh C Saha and Zahid, Anwar and A Z Ali and Qumrul M Hassan and Islam, Khairul and Jahan, Hasin and Hossain, Yakub and others} } @article {8560, title = {{Salivary IgA against sporozoite-specific embryogenesis-related protein (TgERP) in the study of horizontally transmitted toxoplasmosis via T. gondii oocysts in endemic settings}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, year = {2016}, pages = {1{\textendash}10}, author = {Mangiavacchi, BM and Vieira, FP and Bahia-Oliveira, LM and Hill, D} } @article {11935, title = {Salivirus in children with diarrhoea, western India}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {52}, year = {2016}, pages = {14-15}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1201-9712}, author = {Itta, Krishna Chaaithanya and Patil, Tanmayi and Kalal, Shanta and Ghargi, Kirti Vittal and Roy, Subarna} } @article {11966, title = {Saliviruses{\textemdash}the first knowledge about a newly discovered human picornavirus}, journal = {Reviews in medical virology}, year = {2016}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1099-1654}, author = {Reuter, G{\'a}bor and Pankovics, P{\'e}ter and Boros, {\'A}kos} } @article {10988, title = {Sanitary survey of residential areas using {Ascaris} lumbricoides ova as indicators of environmental hygiene, {Jimma}, {Ethiopia}}, journal = {The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development (EJHD); Vol 21, No 1 (2007): Volume 21, Number 1, 2007, 1-108}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {18{\textendash}24}, abstract = {Abstract Background: Fecal contamination is a serious environmental health problem. The prevalence of human ascariasis is high in temperate and tropical environments. Objective: To assess the sanitary conditions of soil using the presence of Ascaris lumbricoides ova as an indicator. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during July {\textendash} September 2005. A total of 274 households from 6 Kebeles in Jimma town were assessed and interviewed on waste disposal practices, and characteristics and usage of water and latrine facilities using a structured questionnaire. Three hundred soil samples were also collected from each household and examined microscopically for Ascaris lumbricoides and other helminth ova using sugar flotation technique. Results: Of the 274 respondents, 83.2\% were literate, 43.8\% were government employees and 33\% earned less than 8 Birr/day. Of the households, 96.7\% had latrines, 88.7\% of which were functioning and 54.7\% were pit latrines. For disposal of household waste, 163(59.5\%) used open fields and 86(31.4\%) used refuse pits. A majority (253, 92.3\%) used piped water for drinking and sanitary purposes. Ascaris lumbricoides ova were isolated in 37.3\% of the soil samples and the overall proportion of helminth ova recovered was 41.5\%. Conclusion: The living yards of the households were contaminated with helminth ova. Use of A. lumbricoides ova as an environmental health indicator could contribute to the development of surveillance tools and health protection measures in this area. A large scale study on the issue is recommended as is environmental health education for households. [Ethiop.J.Health Dev.2007;21(1):18-24]}, url = {http://www.ejhd.org/index.php/ejhd/article/view/553}, author = {Legesse, Worku and Gebre Selasie, Solomon} } @article {11095, title = {Sanitary validation of the process of anaerobic digestion of slurry based on the survival of {Salmonella} {Senftenberg} ({W}775, {H}2S {Negative}) and {Ascaris} suum eggs.}, journal = {Acta Scientiarum Polonorum seria Agricultura}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {49{\textendash}59}, author = {Paluszak, Z. and Skowron, K. and Bauza-Kaszewska, J. and Olszewska, H. and Kroplewska, M.} } @article {5359, title = {Sanitation in constructed wetlands: a review on the removal of human pathogens and fecal indicators}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {541}, year = {2016}, pages = {8-22}, author = {Wu, S and Carvalho, PN and M{\"u}ller, JA and Manoj, VR and Dong, R} } @article {2472, title = {{Sanitation in constructed wetlands: A review on the removal of human pathogens and fecal indicators}}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {541}, year = {2016}, month = {jan}, pages = {8{\textendash}22}, abstract = {Removal of human pathogens from wastewater is a critical factor with linkage to human health. Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are environmental friendly ecosystems that are applicable not only for chemical pollution control, but also for the reduction of pathogens from wastewater. Yet the knowledge on the fate and removal of such indicator bacteria in CWs is still not sufficient due to the complexity of removal mechanisms and influencing factors. This review serves to provide a better understanding of this state-of-the-art technology, which is necessary for further investigations and design development. The fecal indicator bacteria in CWs mainly come from three sources, namely, influent wastewaters, regrowth within the CWs, and animal activities. The properties of microbial contamination vary depending on the different sources. The removal of pathogens is a complex process that is influenced by operational parameters such as hydraulic regime and retention time, vegetation, seasonal fluctuation, and water composition. The most frequent and well-validated removal mechanisms include natural die-off due to starvation or predation, sedimentation and filtration, and adsorption. The concentration of the main fecal indicator bacteria in the effluent was found to be exponentially related to the loading rate. Generally, horizontal subsurface flow CWs have better reduction capacity than free water surface flow CWs, and hybrid wetland systems were found to be the most efficient due to a longer retention time. Further improvement of fecal indicator bacteria removal in CWs is needed, however, levels in CW effluents are still higher than most of the regulation standards for reuse.}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.047}, author = {Wu, Shubiao and Carvalho, Pedro N. and M{\"u}ller, Jochen A. and Manoj, Valsa Remony and Dong, Renjie} } @article {14288, title = {Sanitation in constructed wetlands: {A} review on the removal of human pathogens and fecal indicators}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {541}, year = {2016}, month = {jan}, pages = {8{\textendash}22}, abstract = {Removal of human pathogens from wastewater is a critical factor with linkage to human health. Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are environmental friendly ecosystems that are applicable not only for chemical pollution control, but also for the reduction of pathogens from wastewater. Yet the knowledge on the fate and removal of such indicator bacteria in CWs is still not sufficient due to the complexity of removal mechanisms and influencing factors. This review serves to provide a better understanding of this state-of-the-art technology, which is necessary for further investigations and design development. The fecal indicator bacteria in CWs mainly come from three sources, namely, influent wastewaters, regrowth within the CWs, and animal activities. The properties of microbial contamination vary depending on the different sources. The removal of pathogens is a complex process that is influenced by operational parameters such as hydraulic regime and retention time, vegetation, seasonal fluctuation, and water composition. The most frequent and well-validated removal mechanisms include natural die-off due to starvation or predation, sedimentation and filtration, and adsorption. The concentration of the main fecal indicator bacteria in the effluent was found to be exponentially related to the loading rate. Generally, horizontal subsurface flow CWs have better reduction capacity than free water surface flow CWs, and hybrid wetland systems were found to be the most efficient due to a longer retention time. Further improvement of fecal indicator bacteria removal in CWs is needed, however, levels in CW effluents are still higher than most of the regulation standards for reuse.}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.047}, author = {Wu, Shubiao and Carvalho, Pedro N. and M{\"u}ller, Jochen A. and Manoj, Valsa Remony and Dong, Renjie} } @book {15308, title = {Sanitation safety planning - manual for safe use and disposal of wastewater, greywater and excreta}, year = {2016}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, isbn = {978 92 4 154924 0} } @article {15592, title = {Schistosomiasis Prevalence and Intensity of Infection in Latin America and the Caribbean Countries, 1942-2014: A Systematic Review in the Context of a Regional Elimination Goal}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, note = {Zoni, Ana Clara
Catala, Laura
Ault, Steven K
eng
2016/03/24 06:00
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Mar 23;10(3):e0004493. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004493. eCollection 2016 Mar.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {e0004493}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In 2012 the World Health Assembly adopted resolution WHA65.21 on elimination of schistosomiasis, calling for increased investment in schistosomiasis control and support for countries to initiate elimination programs. This study aims to analyze prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection in children in Latin America and the Caribbean countries and territories (LAC), at the second administrative level or lower. METHODOLOGY: A systematic review of schistosomiasis prevalence and intensity of infection was conducted by searching at PubMed, LILACS and EMBASE. Experts on the topic were informally consulted and institutional web pages were reviewed (PAHO/WHO, Ministries of Health). Only SCH infection among children was registered because it can be a {\textquoteright}proxi-indicator{\textquoteright} of recent transmission by the time the study is conducted. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: One hundred thirty two full-text articles met the inclusion criteria and provided 1,242 prevalence and 199 intensity of infection data points. Most of them were from Brazil (69.7\%). Only Brazil published studies after 2001, showing several {\textquoteright}hot spots{\textquoteright} with high prevalence. Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname and Saint Lucia need to update the epidemiological status of schistosomiasis to re-design their national programs and target the elimination of Schistosoma mansoni transmission by 2020. In Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat and Puerto Rico schistosomiasis transmission may be interrupted. However the compilation of an elimination dossier and follow-up surveys, per WHO recommendations, are needed to verify that status. Hence, the burden of subtle SCH chronic infection may be still present and even high in countries that may have eliminated transmission. Heterogeneity in the methodologies used for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the schistosomiasis programs was found, making cross-national and chronological comparisons difficult. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for updating the schistosomiasis status in the historically endemic countries and territories in LAC to address the required public health interventions for control and elimination programs or to verify the elimination of transmission of Schistosoma mansoni. Improved reporting and standardization of the monitoring and evaluation methodologies used are recommended, while using available WHO guidelines. Meeting a regional elimination goal will require additional and improved epidemiological data by age group and sex.}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Zoni, A. C. and Catala, L. and Ault, S. K.} } @article {15536, title = {Schistosomiasis vaccine candidate Sm14/GLA-SE: Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity clinical trial in healthy, male adults}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, note = {Clinical Trial, Phase I
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Netherlands}, month = {Jan 20}, pages = {586-94}, abstract = {DESIGN: Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant 14kDa, fatty acid-binding protein(FABP) from Schistosoma mansoni (rSm14) were evaluated through an open, non-placebo-controlled, dose-standardized trial, performed at a single research site. The vaccine was formulated with glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA) adjuvant in an oil-in-water emulsion (SE) and investigated in 20 male volunteers from a non-endemic area for schistosomiasis in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fifty microgram rSm14 with 10 mug GLA-SE (rSm14/GLA-SE)/dose were given intramuscularly three times with 30-day intervals. Participants were assessed clinically, biochemically and immunologically for up to 120 days. METHODS: Participants were screened for inclusion by physical examination, haematology and blood chemistry; then followed to assess adverse events and immunogenicity. Sera were tested for IgG (total and isotypes) and IgE. T cell induction of cytokines IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, IFNgamma and TNFalpha was assessed by Milliplex kit and flow cytometry. RESULTS: The investigational product showed high tolerability; some self-limited, mild adverse events were observed during and after vaccine administration. Significant increases in Sm14-specific total IgG, IgG1 and IgG3 were observed 30 days after the first vaccination with specific IgG2 and IgG4 after 60 days. An increase in IgE antibodies was not observed at any time point. The IgG response was augmented after the second dose and 88\% of all vaccinated subjects had developed high anti-Sm14 IgG titres 90 days after the first injection. From day 60 and onwards, there was an increase in CD4(+) T cells producing single cytokines, particularly TNFalpha and IL-2, with no significant increase of multi-functional TH1 cells. CONCLUSION: Clinical trial data on tolerability and specific immune responses after vaccination of adult, male volunteers in a non-endemic area for schistosomiasis with rSm14/GLA-SE, support this product as a safe, strongly immunogenic vaccine against schistosomiasis paving the way for follow-up Phase 2 trials. Study registration ID: NCT01154049 at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.}, keywords = {*Schistosoma mansoni, Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration \& dosage, Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Antibodies, Helminth/blood, Brazil, Cytokines/immunology, Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/*immunology, Helminth Proteins/*immunology, Humans, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Male, Middle Aged, Schistosomiasis/*prevention \& control, T-Lymphocytes/immunology, Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology/*therapeutic use, Young Adult}, isbn = {1873-2518 (Electronic)
0264-410X (Linking)}, author = {Santini-Oliveira, M. and Coler, R. N. and Parra, J. and Veloso, V. and Jayashankar, L. and Pinto, P. M. and Ciol, M. A. and Bergquist, R. and Reed, S. G. and Tendler, M.} } @article {3139, title = {Screening of the {Open} {Source} {Malaria} {Box} {Reveals} an {Early} {Lead} {Compound} for the {Treatment} of {Alveolar} {Echinococcosis}}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, month = {mar}, pages = {e0004535}, abstract = {The metacestode (larval) stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a very severe and in many cases incurable disease. To date, benzimidazoles such as albendazole and mebendazole are the only approved chemotherapeutical treatment options. Benzimidazoles inhibit metacestode proliferation, but do not act parasiticidal. Thus, benzimidazoles have to be taken a lifelong, can cause adverse side effects such as hepatotoxicity, and are ineffective in some patients. We here describe a newly developed screening cascade for the evaluation of the in vitro efficacy of new compounds that includes assessment of parasiticidal activity. The Malaria Box from Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), comprised of 400 commercially available chemicals that show in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum, was repurposed. Primary screening was carried out at 10 μM by employing the previously described PGI assay, and resulted in the identification of 24 compounds that caused physical damage in metacestodes. Seven out of these 24 drugs were also active at 1 μM. Dose-response assays revealed that only 2 compounds, namely MMV665807 and MMV665794, exhibited an EC50 value below 5 μM. Assessments using human foreskin fibroblasts and Reuber rat hepatoma cells showed that the salicylanilide MMV665807 was less toxic for these two mammalian cell lines than for metacestodes. The parasiticidal activity of MMV665807 was then confirmed using isolated germinal layer cell cultures as well as metacestode vesicles by employing viability assays, and its effect on metacestodes was morphologically evaluated by electron microscopy. However, both oral and intraperitoneal application of MMV665807 to mice experimentally infected with E. multilocularis metacestodes did not result in any reduction of the parasite load.}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0004535}, author = {Stadelmann, Britta and Rufener, Reto and Aeschbacher, Denise and Spiliotis, Markus and Gottstein, Bruno and Hemphill, Andrew} } @article {8609, title = {{Seasonality in the proportions of domestic cats shedding Toxoplasma gondii or Hammondia hammondi oocysts is associated with climatic factors}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {263{\textendash}273}, author = {Schares, G and Ziller, M and Herrmann, DC and Globokar, MV and Pantchev, N and Conraths, FJ} } @article {6581, title = {Sensory quality of drinking water produced by reverse osmosis membrane filtration followed by remineralisation}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {94}, year = {2016}, month = {may}, pages = {42{\textendash}51}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.043}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135416301026}, author = {Vingerhoeds, Monique H. and Nijenhuis-de Vries, Mariska A. and Ruepert, Nienke and van der Laan, Harmen and Bredie, Wender L.P. and Kremer, Stefanie} } @article {13088, title = {Septic tank discharges as multi-pollutant hotspots in catchments}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {542}, year = {2016}, pages = {854{\textendash}863}, author = {Richards, Samia and Paterson, Eric and Withers, Paul JA and Stutter, Marc} } @article {16981, title = {Setback distances between small biological wastewater treatment systems and drinking water wells against virus contamination in alluvial aquifers}, journal = {Science of the total environment}, volume = {573}, year = {2016}, pages = {278{\textendash}289}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Blaschke, AP and Derx, J and Zessner, M and Kirnbauer, R and Kavka, G and Strelec, H and Farnleitner, AH and Pang, L} } @article {7276, title = {Setback distances between small biological wastewater treatment systems and drinking water wells against virus contamination in alluvial aquifers}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {573}, year = {2016}, month = {dec}, pages = {278{\textendash}289}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.075}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969716317685}, author = {Blaschke, A.P. and Derx, J. and Zessner, M. and Kirnbauer, R. and Kavka, G. and Strelec, H. and Farnleitner, A.H. and Pang, L.} } @article {3482, title = {{Shared sanitation: to include or to exclude?}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropicl Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {110}, year = {2016}, pages = {265{\textendash}267}, doi = {10.1093/trstmh/trw029.}, author = {Mara, D} } @article {3724, title = {Shared sanitation: to include or to exclude?}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropicl Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {110}, year = {2016}, pages = {265{\textendash}267}, doi = {10.1093/trstmh/trw029.}, author = {Mara, D} } @article {12289, title = {Shift in antibiotic resistance gene profiles associated with nanosilver during wastewater treatment}, journal = {Fems Microbiology Ecology}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, note = {Ma, Yanjun Metch, Jacob W. Yang, Ying Pruden, Amy Zhang, Tong
Zhang, Tong/C-6786-2008
1574-6941}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {

This study investigated the response of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to nanosilver (Ag) in lab-scale nitrifying sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), compared to Ag+-dosed and undosed controls. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) targeting sul1, tet(O), ermB and the class I integron gene intI1 and corresponding RNA expression did not indicate measureable effects of nanoAg or Ag+ on abundance or expression of these genes. However, high-throughput sequencing based metagenomic analysis provided a much broader profile of gene responses and revealed a greater abundance of aminoglycoside resistance genes (mainly strA) in reactors dosed with nanoAg. In contrast, bacitracin and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) resistance genes were more abundant in the SBRs dosed with Ag+. The distinct ARG profiles associated with nanoAg and Ag+ were correlated with the taxonomic composition of the microbial communities. This study indicates that nanoAg may interact with bacteria differently from Ag+ during biological wastewater treatment. Therefore, it cannot necessarily be assumed that nanosilver behaves identically as Ag+ when conducting a risk assessment for release into the environment.

}, isbn = {0168-6496}, author = {Ma, Y. J. and Metch, J. W. and Yang, Y. and Pruden, A. and Zhang, T.} } @article {12665, title = {Shift in antibiotic resistance gene profiles associated with nanosilver during wastewater treatment}, journal = {Fems Microbiology Ecology}, year = {2016}, author = {Ma, YJ and Metch, Jw and Yang, Y and Pruden, A and Zhang, T} } @booklet {3434, title = {{Shock Waves: Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty.}}, year = {2016}, publisher = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, doi = {10.1596/978-1-4648-0673-5.}, author = {Hallegatte, S and Bangalore, M and et al. Bonzanigo, L.} } @booklet {3819, title = {Shock {Waves}: {Managing} the {Impacts} of {Climate} {Change} on {Poverty}.}, year = {2016}, publisher = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Hallegatte, S and Bangalore, M and et al. Bonzanigo, L.} } @article {13616, title = {Significance of natural treatment systems to enhance reuse of treated effluent: A critical assessment}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {94}, year = {2016}, pages = {225{\textendash}237}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Kumar, Dinesh and Asolekar, Shyam R} } @article {15166, title = {Significance of natural treatment systems to enhance reuse of treated effluent: {A} critical assessment}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {94}, year = {2016}, pages = {225{\textendash}237}, author = {Kumar, Dinesh and Asolekar, Shyam R} } @article {16958, title = {Simultaneous detection of somatic and F-specific coliphages in different settings by Escherichia coli strain CB390}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {363}, number = {17}, year = {2016}, pages = {fnw180}, publisher = {The Oxford University Press}, author = {Agull{\'o}-Barcel{\'o}, M{\'\i}riam and Galofr{\'e}, Bel{\'e}n and Sala, Llu{\'\i}s and Garc{\'\i}a-Aljaro, Cristina and Lucena, Francisco and Jofre, Juan} } @article {8504, title = {{Simultaneous detection of the protozoan parasites Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium and Giardia in food matrices and their persistence on basil leaves}}, journal = {Food Microbiology}, volume = {57}, year = {2016}, pages = {36{\textendash}44}, author = {Hohweyer, J and Cazeaux, C and Travaill{\'e}, E and Languet, E and Dum{\`e}tre, A and Aubert, D and Terryn, C and Dubey, JP and Azas, N and Houssin, M and Lo{\"\i}c, F and Villena, I and La Carbona, S} } @book {16418, title = {Sistemas Sustent{\'a}veis de Esgotos}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Blucher}, organization = {Blucher}, address = {S{\~a}o Paulo, Brasil}, author = {Mendon{\c c}a, S.R. and Mendon{\c c}a, L.C.} } @article {12386, title = {Sludge bio-drying: Effective to reduce both antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {106}, year = {2016}, month = {Sep 28}, pages = {62-70}, keywords = {Aeration strategy, Antibiotic resistance genes, Mobile genetic elements, Sludge bio-drying}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Zhang, J. and Sui, Q. and Tong, J. and Buhe, C. and Wang, R. and Chen, M. and Wei, Y.} } @booklet {8381, title = {A Snapshot of the World{\textquoteright}s Water Quality: Towards a Global Assessment}, year = {2016}, publisher = {UNEP}, address = {Nairobi}, url = {en.unesco.org/emergingpollutants} } @article {12103, title = {Soil-trasnmitted helminth infections. Fact Sheet.}, year = {2016} } @booklet {16595, title = {Soil-trasnmitted helminth infections. {Fact} {Sheet}.}, year = {2016}, author = {World Health Organization WHO} } @article {4947, title = {Spatial distribution of enteric viruses and somatic coliphages in a Lagoon used as drinking water source and recreation in Southern Brazil}, journal = {Int J Hyg Environ Health}, volume = {219}, year = {2016}, pages = {617-625}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.07.009}, author = {Elmahdy, EM and Fongaro, G and Magri, ME and Petruccio, MM and Barardi, CR} } @article {5685, title = {{Spatial Distribution of Enteric Viruses and Somatic Coliphages in A Lagoon Used as Drinking Water Source and Recreation in Southern Brazil}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {S1438-4639}, number = {16}, year = {2016}, pages = {30151}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.07.009}, author = {Elmahdy, ME and Fongaro, G and Magri, ME and Petruccio, MM and Barardi, CR} } @article {10423, title = {Spatial Distribution of Enteric Viruses and Somatic Coliphages in A Lagoon Used as Drinking Water Source and Recreation in Southern Brazil}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {S1438-4639}, year = {2016}, pages = {30151-1}, author = {Elmahdy, M.E. and Fongaro, G. and Magri, M.E. and Petruccio, M.M. and Barardi, C.R.} } @article {8350, title = {Stem Cell Research and Therapy The Limitations of QALY: A Literature Review}, journal = {Journal of Stem cell Research and Therapy}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {1000334}, keywords = {economics, Health, Health Economics, Health Policy, limitation, Limitation(s), QALY, Regenerative medicine, s}, doi = {10.4172/2157-7633.1000334}, author = {Pettitt, D.A. and Raza, S. and Naughton, B. and Roscoe, A. and Ramakrishnan, A. and Ali, A. and Davies, B. and Dopson, S. and Hollander, G. and Smith, J.A. and Brindley, D.A.} } @article {12320, title = {The structure and diversity of human, animal and environmental resistomes}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 7}, pages = {54}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance, Biocide resistance, Environmental microbiome, Human microbiome, Metagenomics, Metal resistance, Resistome}, isbn = {2049-2618 (Electronic)
2049-2618 (Linking)}, author = {Pal, C. and Bengtsson-Palme, J. and Kristiansson, E. and Larsson, D. G.} } @article {12576, title = {The structure and diversity of human, animal and environmental resistomes}, journal = {MicrobiomeMicrobiome}, volume = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {54}, isbn = {2049-2618}, author = {Pal, Chandan and Larsson, DG Joakim and Kristiansson, Erik and Bengtsson-Palme, Johan} } @booklet {3618, title = {Stunting Disparities by Residence and Wealth Quintile}, year = {2016}, publisher = {United Nations Children{\textquoteright}s Fund}, address = {New York}, url = {http://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/$\#$.} } @article {10011, title = {{Summary Report of Joint Scientific Workshop on Foodborne Viruses}}, journal = {EFSA Supporting Publications}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, year = {2016}, keywords = {cefas, co, correspondence, efsa, efsa supporting publication 2016, en-1103, eu, europa, Food, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, michelle, Norovirus, price-hayward, publications, uk, www}, issn = {23978325}, doi = {10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.EN-1103}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.EN-1103}, author = {Price-Hayward, Michelle and Hartnell, Rachel} } @article {7432, title = {Sunlight inactivation of somatic coliphage in the presence of natural organic matter}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {541}, year = {2016}, month = {jan}, pages = {1{\textendash}7}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.136}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969715306380}, author = {Sun, Chen-Xi and Kitajima, Masaaki and Gin, Karina Yew-Hoong} } @article {12480, title = {Super-fine powdered activated carbon (SPAC) for efficient removal of micropollutants from wastewater treatment plant effluent}, journal = {Water researchWater research}, volume = {90}, year = {2016}, pages = {90-99}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Bonvin, Florence and Jost, Livia and Randin, Lea and Bonvin, Emmanuel and Kohn, Tamar} } @article {12492, title = {Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Identification of Heavy Metal Arsenic(V)-Mediated Enhancing Effect on Antibiotic Resistance}, journal = {Anal ChemAnal Chem}, volume = {88}, number = {6}, year = {2016}, note = {Cui, Li
Zhang, Ying-Jiao
Huang, Wei E
Zhang, Bi-Feng
Martin, Francis L
Li, Jun-Yi
Zhang, Kai-Song
Zhu, Yong-Guan
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Anal Chem. 2016 Mar 15;88(6):3164-70. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04490. Epub 2016 Mar 1.}, month = {Mar 15}, pages = {3164-70}, edition = {2016/02/18}, abstract = {Bacterial antibiotic resistance poses a threat to global public health. Restricted usage of antibiotics does not necessarily prevent its continued emergence. Rapid and sensitive screening of triggers, in addition to antibiotic, and exploring the underlying mechanism are still major challenges. Herein, by developing a homogeneous vacuum filtration-based bacterial sample fabrication enabling high surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) reproducibility across multiple bacterial samples and negating interfering spectral variations from inhomogeneous sample geometry and SERS enhancement, SERS was employed to study heavy metal arsenic [As(V)]-mediated antibiotic resistance in a robust, sensitive, and rapid fashion. Independent and robust spectral changes representing phenotypic bacterial responses, combined with multivariate analysis, clearly identified that As(V) enhanced antibiotic resistance to tetracycline (Tet). Similar spectral alteration profile to As(V) and Tet indicated that cross-resistance, whereby As(V)-induced bacterial resistance simultaneously blocked Tet action, could account for the enhanced resistance. The sensitive, robust, and rich phenotypic profile provided by SERS, combined with additional advantages in imposing no need to cultivate bacteria and single-cell sensitivity, can be further exploited to evaluate resistance-intervening factors in real microbiota.}, keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Microbial, Arsenic/*analysis, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Spectrum Analysis, Raman/*methods, Surface Properties}, isbn = {1520-6882 (Electronic)
0003-2700 (Linking)}, author = {Cui, L. and Zhang, Y. J. and Huang, W. E. and Zhang, B. F. and Martin, F. L. and Li, J. Y. and Zhang, K. S. and Zhu, Y. G.} } @article {3120, title = {Surgical treatment of hepatic cystic echinococcosis in patients co-infected with {HIV}/{AIDS}}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, month = {jan}, pages = {125{\textendash}128}, abstract = {Co-infections of cystic echinococcosis (CE) and HIV/AIDS is rare. We report four CE cases that were HIV positive. Three out of the four patients underwent a surgical operation to remove the hydatid cysts in their livers. The operation confirmed that in two of the cases their cysts had ruptured. These patients were given 3 months of albendazole after the operation. Follow-up showed they were remarkably improved in term of their health, although they were still HIV antibody positive 6 months after surgical treatment. Interestingly, the treatment remarkably increased their CD4+ cell population. We showed that surgery is suitable for treating hepatic cystic echinococcosis with HIV/AIDS co-infection.}, issn = {1475-2697}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X15000188}, author = {Ran, B. and Shao, Y. and Guo, Y. and Yimiti, Y. and Aji, T. and Jia, J. and Shayiding, P. and Jiang, T. and Cheng, L. and Li, J. and McManus, D. P. and Zhang, W. and Wen, H.} } @article {3163, title = {Surveillance and management of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in a wildlife park}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, year = {2016}, month = {jun}, pages = {245{\textendash}250}, abstract = {The fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, a severe zoonotic disease that may be fatal if untreated. A broad spectrum of mammalian species may be accidentally infected even in captivity. In April 2011, liver lesions due to E. multilocularis were observed during the necropsy of a captive-born nutria (Myocastor coypus) in a French wildlife park, leading to initiation of a study to survey the parasite{\textquoteright}s presence in the park. A comparable environmental contamination with fox{\textquoteright}s feces infected by E. multilocularis was reported inside (17.8\%) and outside (20.6\%) the park. E. multilocularis worms were found in the intestines of three of the five roaming foxes shot in the park. Coprological analyses of potential definitive hosts in captivity (fox, lynx, wildcat, genet, wolf, bear and raccoon) revealed infection in one Eurasian wolf. Voles trapped inside the park also had a high prevalence of 5.3\%. After diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis in a Lemur catta during necropsy, four other cases in L. catta were detected by a combination of ultrasound and serology. These animals were treated twice daily with albendazole. The systematic massive metacestode development and numerous protoscoleces in L. catta confirmed their particular sensitivity to E. multilocularis infection. The autochthonous origin of the infection in all the captive animals infected was genetically confirmed by EmsB microsatellite analysis. Preventive measures were implemented to avoid the presence of roaming foxes, contact with potential definitive hosts and contaminated food sources for potential intermediate hosts.}, keywords = {albendazole, Captive wildlife, Echinococcus multilocularis, Lemur catta, Serology, Voles}, issn = {1873-0329}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2016.01.008}, author = {Umhang, G{\'e}rald and Lahoreau, Jennifer and Hormaz, Vanessa and Boucher, Jean-Marc and Guenon, Amandine and Montange, Damien and Grenouillet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Bou{\'e}, Franck} } @article {9666, title = {Surveillance result analysis of environmental hygiene in villages in Beipiao city, Liaoning from 2014 to 2015.}, journal = {Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine}, volume = {23}, year = {2016}, pages = {149-152}, author = {Xie, P} } @article {17171, title = {Survival characteristics of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium 4,[5],12:i:- strains derived from pig feed ingredients and compound feed}, journal = {Food ControlFood ControlFood Control}, volume = {64}, year = {2016}, month = {Jun}, pages = {105-114}, keywords = {acid, Animal Feed, Contamination, D-value, d-values, enterica serovar, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, heat-resistance, pig feed, poultry feed, Storage, thermal inactivation, thermal inactivation kinetics, water activity, z-value}, isbn = {0956-7135}, author = {Burns, A. M. and Duffy, G. and Walsh, D. and Tiwari, B. K. and Grant, J. and Lawlor, P. G. and Gardiner, G. E.} } @article {7624, title = {Survival of E. coli and Campylobacter in surface flow constructed stormwater wetlands. Industry Report}, year = {2016}, institution = {Monash University}, address = {Australia}, author = {Meng, Z and Chandrasena, G. and Henry, R. and Deletic, A. and McCarthy, D.T.} } @article {8281, title = {Survival of Helicobacter pylori in the wastewater treatment process and the receiving river in Michigan, USA}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {14}, year = {2016}, pages = {692{\textendash}698}, author = {Bai, Xiaohui and Xi, Chuanwu and Wu, Jianfeng} } @article {5531, title = {{A systematic review of human norovirus survival reveals a greater persistence of human norovirus RT-qPCR signals compared to those of cultivable surrogate viruses}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {216}, year = {2016}, pages = {40{\textendash}49}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {Human noroviruses (hNoV) are the single largest cause of acute gastroenteritis in the western world. The efficacy of hNoV control measures remains largely unknown, partly owing to the inability to grow the virus in vitro and partly to the large number of surrogate studies of unknown relevance. A systematic review of the persistence and survival of hNoV in foods and the environment was undertaken based upon PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta analyses) guidelines to answer the questions: (1) "What are the natural hNoV persistence characteristics in food and the environment?" and (2) "How can these properties be altered by applying physical and/or chemical treatments to foods or food contact surfaces?" Over 10,000 citations were screened using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. One hundred and twenty-six (126) citations were identified for further evaluation and data were extracted based upon the conditions of study and treatment (e.g., treatment parameters, pH, and temperature, time, infectivity, and RT-qPCR results). Since the only markers for hNoV persistence and survival were RT-qPCR data and human challenge studies, citations for further analysis were restricted to only those that included data on hNoV behavior (using RT-qPCR) as compared directly to surrogate virus behavior (using both RT-qPCR and infectivity) in the same study, and clinical studies. Based on these criteria, a total of 12 independent studies (5 for thermal inactivation and 7 for available chlorine) and 3 human challenge studies were identified. RT-qPCR always underestimated reductions in surrogate virus titre as a function of treatment when compared to infectivity. The corresponding reductions in RT-qPCR signals for hNoV under comparable conditions were nearly always less than those observed for the surrogates. These relationships were statistically significant for heat when comparing persistence of hNoV RT-qPCR signals with surrogate MNV-1 RT-qPCR signals (. P equal persistence. =. {\textless}. 0.07); and for free chlorine when comparing persistence of hNoV RT-qPCR signals to those of FCV F-9 (. p=. {\textless}. 0.01). Overall the data suggest that hNoV are frequently more resistant to typical food and environmental control measures compared with cultivable surrogate viruses, when basing data on comparative RT-qPCR results.}, keywords = {Chlorine, Heat, Norovirus, Persistence, RT-qPCR, Survival, Systematic review}, issn = {18793460}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.08.015}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.08.015}, author = {Knight, Angus and Haines, John and Stals, Ambroos and Li, Dan and Uyttendaele, Mieke and Knight, Alastair and Lee A Jaykus} } @article {15366, title = {The Tao survivorship of schistosomes: implications for schistosomiasis control}, journal = {Int J Parasitol}, year = {2016}, note = {Review
Journal article}, month = {Feb 9}, abstract = {Schistosomiasis, caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, is a major public health problem which contributes substantially to the economic and financial burdens of many nations in the developing world. An array of survival strategies, such as the unique structure of the tegument which acts as a major host-parasite interface, immune modulation mechanisms, gene regulation, and apoptosis and self-renewal have been adopted by schistosome parasites over the course of long-term evolution with their mammalian definitive hosts. Recent generation of complete schistosome genomes together with numerous biological, immunological, high-throughput "-omics" and gene function studies have revealed the Tao or strategies that schistosomes employ not only to promote long-term survival, but also to ensure effective life cycle transmission. New scenarios for the future control of this important neglected tropical disease will present themselves as our understanding of these Tao increases.}, isbn = {1879-0135 (Electronic)
0020-7519 (Linking)}, author = {Cai, P. and Gobert, G. N. and You, H. and McManus, D. P.} } @article {16779, title = {Temporal dynamics of norovirus determined through monitoring of municipal wastewater by pyrosequencing and virological surveillance of gastroenteritis cases}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {92}, year = {2016}, pages = {244-253}, author = {Kazama, S. and Masago, Y. and Tohma, K. and Souma, N. and Imagawa, T. and Suzuki, A. and Liu, X. and Saito, M. and Oshitani, H. and Omura, T.} } @article {8287, title = {Temporal variation in the prevalence and species richness of Campylobacter spp. in a prairie watershed impacted by urban and agricultural mixed inputs}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {62}, year = {2016}, month = {May}, pages = {402-410}, abstract = {

Campylobacter spp. are a substantial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Human infection can result from ingestion of contaminated food or water from a variety of sources, including the consumption of fresh produce that is contaminated with the pathogen via the use of contaminated irrigation water. Using molecular methods, we investigated the occurrence of Campylobacter in the Qu\&$\#$39;Appelle River watershed, an important source of irrigation water for vegetable producers in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Water samples were collected from 7 sampling sites from April to September 2009 (145 samples), and from 5 sampling sites from May to October 2013 (116 samples). Campylobacter was detected in 57\% and 16\% of the samples collected in 2009 and 2013, respectively. Campylobacter detection was highest in May and June for both sampling years. In 2009, the predominant species were Campylobacter lari and Campylobacter jejuni, with prevalences of 84\% and 41\%, respectively. Other Campylobacter spp. were detected less frequently. Only C. lari was detected in 2013. The results in 2009 demonstrate the species richness of Campylobacter in water sources within the watershed. The occurrence of Campylobacter in the study area also underscores the importance of monitoring irrigation water used to irrigate fresh produce from a public health prospective.

}, keywords = {agricultural watershed, Agriculture, bassin hydrologique agricole, Campylobacter, Campylobacter jejuni/isolation \& purification/physiology, Campylobacter/isolation \& purification, Canada, eau de surface, Grassland, Humans, pathogen prevalence, prevalence des pathogenes, qualite de l{\textquoteright}eau, Rivers, Saskatchewan, Species Specificity, surface water, Water Microbiology, Water quality}, isbn = {1480-3275; 0008-4166}, doi = {10.1139/cjm-2015-0710 [doi]}, author = {D. D. Tambalo and T. Boa and B. Aryal and C. K. Yost} } @article {11039, title = {Testing household disinfectants for the inactivation of helminth eggs on surfaces and in spills during pit latrine emptying}, journal = {Water South Africa}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, author = {Naidoo, A. and Archer, C. and Louton, B. and Rodda, N.} } @article {5896, title = {{\textbf{ISOLATION OF \emph{Arcobacter }SPECIES FROM DIFFERENT WATER SOURCES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ISOLATED SPECIES BY MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES} }}, year = {2016}, month = {jul}, pages = {1{\textendash}88}, author = {Akincioglu, Funda} } @article {14413, title = {\textbf{{ISOLATION} {OF} {\textbackslash}{emphArcobacter} }{SPECIES} {FROM} {DIFFERENT} {WATER} {SOURCES} {AND} {CHARACTERIZATION} {OF} {ISOLATED} {SPECIES} {BY} {MOLECULAR} {TECHNIQUES}}, year = {2016}, month = {jul}, pages = {1{\textendash}88}, author = {Akincioglu, Funda} } @article {14850, title = {\textbf{{ISOLATION}} {OF} {\textbackslash}{textbackslashemphArcobacter} {SPECIES} {FROM} {DIFFERENT} {WATER} {SOURCES} {AND} {CHARACTERIZATION} {OF} {ISOLATED} {SPECIES} {BY} {MOLECULAR} {TECHNIQUES}}, year = {2016}, month = {jul}, pages = {1{\textendash}88}, author = {Akincioglu, Funda} } @article {12340, title = {Third-generation cephalosporin-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from human feces in Japan}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases}, year = {2016}, month = {Aug 31}, isbn = {1884-2836 (Electronic)
1344-6304 (Linking)}, author = {Saito, S. and Koori, Y. and Ohsaki, Y. and Osaka, S. and Oana, K. and Nagano, Y. and Arakawa, Y. and Nagano, N.} } @article {15667, title = {Towards a consensus on genotyping schemes for surveillance and outbreak investigations of Cryptosporidium, Berlin, June 2016}, journal = {Eurosurveillance}, volume = {21}, number = {37}, year = {2016}, month = {Sep 15}, edition = {2016/09/30}, keywords = {*Consensus, *Disease Outbreaks, Animals, Berlin/epidemiology, cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidiosis/diagnosis/epidemiology/transmission, Cryptosporidium/*classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, genotype, Humans, Molecular Epidemiology, multilocus, Multilocus Sequence Typing/*standards, OUTBREAKS, standardised, Zoonoses/*genetics}, isbn = {1025-496x}, author = {Chalmers, R. M. and Cacci{\`o}, S.} } @article {15367, title = {Towards the Elimination of Schistosomiasis japonica through Control of the Disease in Domestic Animals in The People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China: A Tale of over 60Years}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {92}, year = {2016}, note = {Cao, Z-G
Zhao, Y-E
Lee Willingham, A
Wang, T-P
eng
England
2016/05/04 06:00
Adv Parasitol. 2016;92:269-306. doi: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.03.001. Epub 2016 Apr 7.}, pages = {269-306}, abstract = {

Schistosomiasis japonica, an endemic, zoonotic tropical parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma japonicum, remains an important public health concern in The People\&$\#$39;s Republic of China. Unlike other species of Schistosoma, over 40 species of wild and domestic animals can act as reservoir hosts of S. japonicum, which increases the difficulty for the control of this tropical disease. It is widely recognized that domestic animals, particularly water buffaloes and cattle, play an important role in the transmission of S. japonicum. Hence, since the 1950s when The People\&$\#$39;s Republic of China commenced fight against the disease, the control of animal schistosomiasis has been carried out almost synchronously with that of human schistosomiasis, such that great strides have been made over the past six decades. In this chapter, we review the history and current status of schistosomiasis control in domestic animals in The People\&$\#$39;s Republic of China. We thoroughly analyse the prevalence of domestic animal schistosomiasis at different stages of schistosomiasis control and the role of different species of domestic animals in transmission of the disease, summarize the control strategies and assess their effectiveness. Furthermore, the challenges ahead are discussed and recommendations for future direction are provided.

}, isbn = {2163-6079 (Electronic)
0065-308X (Linking)}, author = {Cao, Z. G. and Zhao, Y. E. and Lee Willingham, A. and Wang, T. P.} } @article {11247, title = {{Toxocara malaysiensis infection in domestic cats in Vietnam: An emerging zoonotic issue?}}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {37}, year = {2016}, pages = {94{\textendash}98}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.009}, author = {Le, Thanh Hoa and Anh, Nguyen Thi Lan and Nguyen, Khue Thi and Nguyen, Nga Thi Bich and Thuy, Do Thi Thu and Gasser, Robin B} } @article {8481, title = {{Toxoplasmosis in Blood Donors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}}, journal = {Transfusion Medicine Reviews}, year = {2016}, author = {Foroutan-Rad, M and Majidiani, H and Dalvand, S and Daryani, A and Kooti, W and Saki, J and Hedayati-Rad, F and Ahmadpour, E} } @article {7751, title = {Tracing isolates from domestic human Campylobacter jejuni infections to chicken slaughter batches and swimming water using whole-genome multilocus sequence typing}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {226}, year = {2016}, month = {6/2}, pages = {53-60}, abstract = {

Abstract Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and chicken is considered a major reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis. In this study, we investigated temporally related Finnish human (n = 95), chicken (n = 83) and swimming water (n = 20) C. jejuni isolates collected during the seasonal peak in 2012 using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and whole-genome MLST (wgMLST). Our objective was to trace domestic human C. jejuni infections to C. jejuni isolates from chicken slaughter batches and swimming water. At MLST level, 79\% of the sequence types (STs) of the human isolates overlapped with chicken STs suggesting chicken as an important reservoir. Four STs, the ST-45, ST-230, ST-267 and ST-677, covered 75\% of the human and 64\% of the chicken isolates. In addition, 50\% of the swimming water isolates comprised ST-45, ST-230 and ST-677. Further wgMLST analysis of the isolates within STs, accounting their temporal relationship, revealed that 22 of the human isolates (24\%) were traceable back to C. jejuni positive chicken slaughter batches. None of the human isolates were traced back to swimming water, which was rather sporadically sampled. The highly discriminatory wgMLST, together with the patient background information and temporal relationship data with possible sources, offers a new, accurate approach to trace back the origin of domestic campylobacteriosis. Our results suggest that potentially a substantial proportion of campylobacteriosis cases during the seasonal peak most probably are due to other sources than chicken meat consumption. These findings warrant further wgMLST-based studies to reassess the role of other reservoirs in the Campylobacter epidemiology both in Finland and elsewhere.

}, keywords = {Chicken, Domestically acquired campylobacteriosis, Source, Summer peak, surface water}, isbn = {0168-1605}, author = {Kovanen,Sara and Kivist{\"o},Rauni and Ann K Llarena and Zhang,Ji and Ulla M K{\"a}rkk{\"a}inen and Tuuminen,Tamara and Uksila,Jaakko and Hakkinen,Marjaana and Rossi,Mirko and Marja L H{\"a}nninen} } @article {12482, title = {Tracking strains in the microbiome: insights from metagenomics and models}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiologyFrontiers in microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {712}, author = {Brito, Ilana L and Alm, Eric J} } @article {11940, title = {Transmission of Hepatitis E virus in developing countries}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, year = {2016}, pages = {253}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Khuroo, Mohammad S and Khuroo, Mehnaaz S and Khuroo, Naira S} } @booklet {16589, title = {Trichuriasis}, year = {2016}, month = {dec}, author = {The Center for Food Security and Public Health. Iowa State University} } @article {8275, title = {Understanding the dimorphic lifestyles of human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori using the SWATH-based proteomics approach}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2016}, pages = {26784}, author = {Mun F Loke and Chow G Ng and Vilashni, Yeespana and Lim, Justin and Ho, Bow} } @article {15358, title = {Unraveling the epidemiology and origin of the urogenital schistosomiasis outbreak in Corsica (France): an epidemiological case study}, journal = {Lancet Infectious Disease}, volume = {In press}, year = {2016}, author = {Boissier, J. and Grech-Angelini, S. and Webster, B. L. and Allienne, J. F. and Huyse, T. and Mas-Coma, S. and Toulza, E. and Barre-Cardi, H. and Rollinson, D. and Kincaid-Smith, J. and Oleaga, A. and Galinier, R. and Foata, J. and Rognon, A. and Berry, A. and Mouahid, G. and Henneron, R. and Mon{\'e}, H. and Noel, H. and Mitta, G.} } @article {13208, title = {Unravelling the interactions among microbial populations found in activated sludge during biofilm formation}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology}, volume = {9}, year = {2016}, pages = {fiw134}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiw134}, author = {Liebana, R. and Arregui, L. and Santos, A. and Murciano, A. and Marquina, D. and Serrano, S.} } @article {3443, title = {{Untangling the impacts of climate change on waterborne diseases: a systematic review of relationships between diarrheal diseases and temperature, rainfall, flooding, and drought.}}, journal = {Environmental Science {\{}{\&}{\}} Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {10}, year = {2016}, pages = {4905{\textendash}4922}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b06186.}, author = {Levy, K and Woster, AP and et al. Goldstein, RS} } @article {3496, title = {Untangling the impacts of climate change on waterborne diseases: a systematic review of relationships between diarrheal diseases and temperature, rainfall, flooding, and drought.}, journal = {Environmental Science \{\&\} Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {10}, year = {2016}, pages = {4905{\textendash}4922}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b06186.}, author = {Levy, K and Woster, AP and et al. Goldstein, RS} } @article {8338, title = {{Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {10}, year = {2016}, pages = {4905{\textendash}4922}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b06186}, author = {Levy, K. and Woster, A.P. and Goldstein, R.S. and Carlton, E.} } @article {15790, title = {Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {10}, year = {2016}, month = {May 17}, pages = {4905-22}, edition = {2016/04/09}, keywords = {*Climate Change, *Temperature, Droughts, Floods, Humans, Waterborne diseases}, isbn = {0013-936x}, author = {Levy, K. and Woster, A. P. and Goldstein, R. S. and Carlton, E. J.} } @article {11231, title = {{Update on Baylisascariasis, a Highly Pathogenic Zoonotic Infection}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {375{\textendash}399}, doi = {10.1128/cmr.00044-15}, author = {Graeff-Teixeira, Carlos and Morassutti, Alessandra Loureiro and Kazacos, Kevin R} } @article {12197, title = {The urgent need for risk assessment on the antibiotic resistance spread via sewage sludge land application}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {87}, year = {2016}, month = {Feb}, pages = {49-55}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance genes, Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, Co-resistance, Environmental resistome, Heavy metals, Soil fertilisation}, isbn = {1873-6750 (Electronic)
0160-4120 (Linking)}, author = {Bondarczuk, K. and Markowicz, A. and Piotrowska-Seget, Z.} } @article {15982, title = {{Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to identify causes of diarrhoea in children: a reanalysis of the GEMS case-control study}}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {388}, number = {10051}, year = {2016}, month = {sep}, pages = {1291{\textendash}1301}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {Background Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of mortality in children worldwide, but establishing the cause can be complicated by diverse diagnostic approaches and varying test characteristics. We used quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to reassess causes of diarrhoea in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS). Methods GEMS was a study of moderate to severe diarrhoea in children younger than 5 years in Africa and Asia. We used quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to test for 32 enteropathogens in stool samples from cases and matched asymptomatic controls from GEMS, and compared pathogen-specific attributable incidences with those found with the original GEMS microbiological methods, including culture, EIA, and reverse-transcriptase PCR. We calculated revised pathogen-specific burdens of disease and assessed causes in individual children. Findings We analysed 5304 sample pairs. For most pathogens, incidence was greater with qPCR than with the original methods, particularly for adenovirus 40/41 (around five times), Shigella spp or enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and Campylobactor jejuni o C coli (around two times), and heat-stable enterotoxin-producing E coli ([ST-ETEC] around 1{\textperiodcentered}5 times). The six most attributable pathogens became, in descending order, Shigella spp, rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41, ST-ETEC, Cryptosporidium spp, and Campylobacter spp. Pathogen-attributable diarrhoeal burden was 89{\textperiodcentered}3{\%} (95{\%} CI 83{\textperiodcentered}2{\textendash}96{\textperiodcentered}0) at the population level, compared with 51{\textperiodcentered}5{\%} (48{\textperiodcentered}0{\textendash}55{\textperiodcentered}0) in the original GEMS analysis. The top six pathogens accounted for 77{\textperiodcentered}8{\%} (74{\textperiodcentered}6{\textendash}80{\textperiodcentered}9) of all attributable diarrhoea. With use of model-derived quantitative cutoffs to assess individual diarrhoeal cases, 2254 (42{\textperiodcentered}5{\%}) of 5304 cases had one diarrhoea-associated pathogen detected and 2063 (38{\textperiodcentered}9{\%}) had two or more, with Shigella spp and rotavirus being the pathogens most strongly associated with diarrhoea in children with mixed infections. Interpretation A quantitative molecular diagnostic approach improved population-level and case-level characterisation of the causes of diarrhoea and indicated a high burden of disease associated with six pathogens, for which targeted treatment should be prioritised. Funding Bill {\&} Melinda Gates Foundation.}, isbn = {0140-6736}, issn = {1474547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31529-X}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361631529X}, author = {Liu, Jie and Platts-Mills, James A and Juma, Jane and Kabir, Furqan and Nkeze, Joseph and Okoi, Catherine and Operario, Darwin J and Uddin, Jashim and Ahmed, Shahnawaz and Alonso, Pedro L and Antonio, Martin and Becker, Stephen M and Blackwelder, William C and Breiman, Robert F and Faruque, Abu S.G. and Fields, Barry and Gratz, Jean and Haque, Rashidul and Hossain, Anowar and Hossain, M Jahangir and Jarju, Sheikh and Qamar, Farah and Iqbal, Najeeha Talat and Kwambana, Brenda and Mandomando, Inacio and McMurry, Timothy L and Ochieng, Caroline and Ochieng, John B. and Ochieng, Melvin and Onyango, Clayton and Panchalingam, Sandra and Kalam, Adil and Aziz, Fatima and Qureshi, Shahida and Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan and Roberts, James H and Saha, Debasish and Sow, Samba O and Stroup, Suzanne E and Sur, Dipika and Tamboura, Boubou and Taniuchi, Mami and Tennant, Sharon M and Toema, Deanna and Wu, Yukun and Zaidi, Anita and Nataro, James P and Kotloff, Karen L and Levine, Myron M and Houpt, Eric R} } @article {5904, title = {The use of two culturing methods in parallel reveals a high prevalence and diversity of Arcobacter spp. in a wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {BioMed Research International}, volume = {2016}, year = {2016}, author = {Levican, Arturo and Collado, Luis and Maria J Figueras} } @article {17189, title = {Using a Human Challenge Model of Infection to Measure Vaccine Efficacy: A Randomised, Controlled Trial Comparing the Typhoid Vaccines M01ZH09 with Placebo and Ty21a}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop DisPLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Aug}, pages = {e0004926}, edition = {2016/08/18}, keywords = {Adult, Antibodies, Bacterial/blood, Double-Blind Method, Female, Healthy Volunteers, Human Experimentation, Humans, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Male, Placebos, Polysaccharides, Bacterial/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects/immunology, Salmonella typhi/immunology, Typhoid Fever/diagnosis/immunology/microbiology/*prevention \& control, Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects/immunology, Vaccines, Attenuated/administration \& dosage/adverse effects/immunology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Darton, T. C. and Jones, C. and Blohmke, C. J. and Waddington, C. S. and Zhou, L. and Peters, A. and Haworth, K. and Sie, R. and Green, C. A. and Jeppesen, C. A. and Moore, M. and Thompson, B. A. and John, T. and Kingsley, R. A. and Yu, L. M. and Voysey, M. and Hindle, Z. and Lockhart, S. and Sztein, M. B. and Dougan, G. and Angus, B. and Levine, M. M. and Pollard, A. J.} } @article {10047, title = {{Utility of Helicobacter spp. associated GFD markers for detecting avian fecal pollution in natural waters of two continents}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {88}, year = {2016}, pages = {613{\textendash}622}, author = {Ahmed, W and Harwood, VJ and Nguyen, K and Young, S and Hamilton, K and Toze, S} } @article {9167, title = {UV disinfection and flocculation-chlorination sachets to reduce hepatitis E virus in drinking water}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {219}, year = {2016}, pages = {405-11}, author = {Guerrero-Latorre, L and Gonzales-Gustavson, E and Hundesa, A and Sommer, R and Rosina, G} } @article {8939, title = {UV light tolerance and reactivation potential of tetracycline-resistant bacteria from secondary effluents of a wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {41}, year = {2016}, pages = {146-153}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1001-0742}, doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2015.04.034}, url = {://WOS:000373231400017 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S100107421500340X/1-s2.0-S100107421500340X-main.pdf?_tid=e5e08fd4-5e5c-11e6-a102-00000aacb35d\&acdnat=1470766556_a4e9b7888ab7c49861a02bf57518289d}, author = {Huang, J. J. and Xi, J. Y. and Hu, H. Y. and Li, Y. and Lu, S. Q. and Tang, F. and Pang, Y. C.} } @article {12330, title = {Variable effects of oxytetracycline on antibiotic resistance gene abundance and the bacterial community during aerobic composting of cow manure}, journal = {J Hazard Mater}, volume = {315}, year = {2016}, month = {May 3}, pages = {61-69}, keywords = {Aerobic composting, Antibiotic resistance gene, Livestock manure, Oxytetracycline}, isbn = {1873-3336 (Electronic)
0304-3894 (Linking)}, author = {Qian, X. and Sun, W. and Gu, J. and Wang, X. J. and Sun, J. J. and Yin, Y. N. and Duan, M. L.} } @article {8635, title = {{Vertical transmission and fetal damage in animal models of congenital toxoplasmosis: A systematic review}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {223}, year = {2016}, pages = {195{\textendash}204}, author = {Vargas-Villavicencio, JA and Besn{\'e}-M{\'e}rida, A and Correa, D} } @article {10291, title = {Viability and fate of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in tubular anaerobic digesters}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {554}, year = {2016}, pages = {167{\textendash}177}, author = {Kinyua, Maureen N and Trimmer, John and Izurieta, Ricardo and Cunningham, Jeffrey and Ergas, Sarina J} } @article {4579, title = {Viral persistence in surface and drinking water: {Suitability} of {PCR} pre-treatment with intercalating dyes}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {91}, year = {2016}, pages = {68{\textendash}76}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Prevost, B. and Goulet, M. and Lucas, F. S. and Joyeux, M. and Moulin, L. and Wurtzer, S.} } @article {13256, title = {Virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila: In the wake of reclassification.}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {1337}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.01337}, author = {Rasmussen-Ivey, C. R. and Figueras, M. J. and McGarey, D. and Liles, M. R.} } @article {10021, title = {{Virus reduction during advanced bardenpho and conventional wastewater treatment processes}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {17}, year = {2016}, pages = {9524{\textendash}9532}, abstract = {The present study investigated wastewater treatment for the removal of 11 different virus types (pepper mild mottle virus; Aichi virus; genogroup I, II, and IV noroviruses; enterovirus; sapovirus; group-A rotavirus; adenovirus; and JC and BK polyomaviruses) by two wastewater treatment facilities utilizing advanced Bardenpho technology and compared the results with conventional treatment processes. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing full-scale treatment processes that all received sewage influent from the same region. The incidence of viruses in wastewater was assessed with respect to absolute abundance, occurrence, and reduction in monthly samples collected throughout a 12 month period in southern Arizona. Samples were concentrated via an electronegative filter method and quantified using TaqMan-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results suggest that Plant D, utilizing an advanced Bardenpho process as secondary treatment, effectively reduced pathogenic viruses better tha...}, issn = {15205851}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.6b01384}, author = {Schmitz, Bradley W. and Kitajima, Masaaki and Campillo, Maria E. and Charles P Gerba and Pepper, Ian L.} } @article {10868, title = {Virus reduction during advanced Bardenpho and conventional wastewater treatment processes}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, year = {2016}, pages = {9524-9532}, author = {Schmitz, B and Kitajima, Masaaki and Campillo, M and Gerba, C and Pepper, I} } @inbook {16883, title = {Virus reduction during advanced Bardenpho and conventional wastewater treatment processes}, booktitle = {Environmental science and technology}, volume = {50}, number = {17}, year = {2016}, pages = {9524{\textendash}9532}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, organization = {ACS Publications}, author = {Schmitz, Bradley W and Kitajima, Masaaki and Campillo, Maria E and Gerba, Charles P and Pepper, Ian L} } @article {3773, title = {Viruses {Surveillance} {Under} {Different} {Season} {Scenarios} of the {Negro} {River} {Basin}, {Amazonia}, {Brazil}.}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {57{\textendash}69}, author = {Vieira, CB and A de Abreu Corr{\^e}a and de Jesus, MS and Luz, SL and Wyn-Jones, P and Kay, D and Vargha, M and Miagostovich, MP} } @booklet {15041, title = {{WASH} in {Emergencies} {Problem} {Exploration} {Report}: {Faecal} {Sludge} {Management}}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Humanitarian Innovation Fund, ELHRA}, address = {London, UK}, author = {HIF} } @article {9593, title = {WASH in Emergencies Problem Exploration Report: Faecal Sludge Management}, year = {2016}, institution = {Humanitarian Innovation Fund, ELHRA}, address = {London, UK} } @inbook {11097, title = {Wastewater characteristics and effluent quality parameters.}, booktitle = {Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture}, year = {2016}, pages = {13}, publisher = {Food and Agricultural Organization}, organization = {Food and Agricultural Organization}, address = {Rome}, author = {Food and Agricultural Organization} } @booklet {8342, title = {Water and Jobs}, year = {2016}, publisher = {United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)}, address = {Paris, France}, isbn = {9789231001468}, url = {http://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-detail/en/c/396246/} } @inbook {7885, title = {{Water sampling and processing techniques for public health-related microbes.}}, booktitle = {Manual of Environmental Microbiology}, year = {2016}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, organization = {American Society for Microbiology}, edition = {4th}, chapter = {2.6.2}, address = {Washington, DC}, doi = {10.1128/9781555818821}, author = {Hill, V}, editor = {M V Yates} } @booklet {10781, title = {{WCAR Epidemiological Updates}}, year = {2016}, publisher = {The United Nations Children{\textquoteright}s Fund}, address = {New York, NY} } @article {10827, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2015}, volume = {91}, number = {38}, year = {2016}, pages = {433{\textendash}440} } @article {12249, title = {What happens in hospitals does not stay in hospitals: antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospital wastewater systems}, journal = {Journal of Hospital Infection}, volume = {93}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, month = {Aug}, pages = {395-402}, keywords = {Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, Multidrug resistance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, wastewater, Wastewater treatment plants}, isbn = {1532-2939 (Electronic)
0195-6701 (Linking)}, author = {Hocquet, D. and Muller, A. and Bertrand, X.} } @article {12044, title = {WIPO Re: Search Novel Method to detect helminth ova in the environment}, year = {2016}, author = {Izurieta, Ricardo} } @booklet {16536, title = {{WIPO} {Re}: {Search} {Novel} {Method} to detect helminth ova in the environment}, year = {2016}, author = {Izurieta R, Selvaganapathy R.}, editor = {bvgh} } @article {8497, title = {{World Health Organization Estimates of the Relative Contributions of Food to the Burden of Disease Due to Selected Foodborne Hazards: A Structured Expert Elicitation}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {e0145839}, author = {Hald, T and Aspinall, W and Devleesschauwer, B and Cooke, R and Corrigan, T and A H Havelaar and Gibb, HJ and Torgerson, PR and Kirk, MD and Angulo, FJ and Lake, RJ and Speybroeck, N and Hoffmann, S} } @article {8529, title = {{Zebra mussel as a new tool to show evidence of freshwater contamination by waterborne Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {120}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {498{\textendash}508}, author = {Kerambrun, E and Ladeiro, MP and Bigot-Clivot, A and Dedourge-Geffard, O and Dupuis, E and Villena, I and Aubert, D and Geffard, A} } @article {8530, title = {{Zebra mussel as a new tool to show evidence of freshwater contamination by waterborne Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {120}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, pages = {498{\textendash}508}, author = {Kerambrun, E and Palos Ladeiro, M and Bigot-Clivot, A and Dedourge-Geffard, O and Dupuis, E and Villena, I and Aubert, D and Geffard, A} } @inbook {15693, title = {13 - Transmission dynamics of foodborne parasites on fresh produce}, booktitle = {Foodborne Parasites in the Food Supply Web}, year = {2015}, month = {2015/01/01/}, pages = {317-353}, publisher = {Woodhead Publishing}, organization = {Woodhead Publishing}, address = {Oxford}, keywords = {Control., Foodborne, Fresh produce, parasites, prevalence}, isbn = {978-1-78242-332-4}, author = {Dixon, B. R.}, editor = {Gajadhar, Alvin A.} } @article {10000, title = {{A 1-Year Quantitative Survey of Noro-, Adeno-, Human Boca-, and Hepatitis E Viruses in Raw and Secondarily Treated Sewage from Two Plants in Norway}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {213{\textendash}223}, publisher = {Springer US}, abstract = {A study of enteric viruses in raw and treated sewage from two secondary treatment plants, which received sewage from Oslo city (plant A) and small municipalities in Hedmark county in Norway (plant B), showed high levels of noro-, adeno-, and bocavirus throughout the year. A seasonal variation was observed for adeno- and GII norovirus with higher levels during winter and bocavirus that had more positive samples during winter. The virus concentrations in raw sewage were comparable in the two plants, with medians (log10 genome copies per liter) of 6.1, 6.3, 6.0, and 4.5 for noro GI, noro GII, adeno-, and bocavirus, respectively. The level of hepatitis E virus was not determined as it was below the limit of quantification. The mean log10 virus reduction was 0.55 (plant A) and 1.44 (plant B) with the highest reduction found in the plant with longer hydraulic retention time. The adenoviruses were dominantly serotype 41, while serotype 12 appeared sporadically. Of the 102 raw and treated sewage samples that were tested, eight were positive for hepatitis E virus of which four were from treated sewage. Two of the four obtained gene sequences from hepatitis E virus originated from the rural sewage samples and showed high similarity with a genotype 3 strain of hepatitis E virus detected in local piglets. Two other hepatitis E virus sequences obtained from urban sewage samples showed high similarities with genotype 3 strains isolated from urban sewage in Spain and a human genotype 1 isolate from India. The study gives information on the levels of noroviruses in raw and treated sewage, which is valuable to risk assessment, information indicating that some infections with hepatitis E viruses in Norway have a regional origin and that human bocavirus 2 and 3 are prevalent in the Norwegian population.}, issn = {18670342}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-015-9200-x}, author = {Myrmel, M. and Lange, H. and Rimstad, E.} } @article {9028, title = {A 1-Year Quantitative Survey of Noro-, Adeno-, Human Boca-, and Hepatitis E Viruses in Raw and Secondarily Treated Sewage from Two Plants in Norway}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {213-23}, author = {Myrmel, M and Lange, H and Rimstad, E} } @article {12336, title = {Abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteriophage following soil fertilization with dairy manure or municipal biosolids, and evidence for potential transduction}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {22}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov}, pages = {7905-13}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)
0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Ross, J. and Topp, E.} } @article {14325, title = {An abundance of {Epsilonproteobacteria} revealed in the gut microbiome of the laboratory cultured sea urchin, {Lytechinus} variegatus.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {6}, number = {563}, year = {2015}, pages = {1047}, author = {Hakim, Joseph A and Koo, Hyunmin and Dennis, Lacey N and Kumar, Ranjit and Ptacek, Travis and Morrow, Casey D and Lefkowitz, Elliot J and Powell, Mickie L and Bej, Asim K and Watts, Stephen A} } @article {5808, title = {{An abundance of Epsilonproteobacteria revealed in the gut microbiome of the laboratory cultured sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus.}}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {6}, number = {563}, year = {2015}, pages = {1047}, author = {Hakim, Joseph A and Koo, Hyunmin and Dennis, Lacey N and Kumar, Ranjit and Ptacek, Travis and Morrow, Casey D and Lefkowitz, Elliot J and Powell, Mickie L and Bej, Asim K and Watts, Stephen A} } @article {6184, title = {Acceptability and use of portable drinking water and hand washing stations in health care facilities and their impact on patient hygiene practices, {Western} kenya}, journal = {PloS One}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0126916}, abstract = {{Many health care facilities (HCF) in developing countries lack access to reliable hand washing stations and safe drinking water. To address this problem, we installed portable, low-cost hand washing stations (HWS) and drinking water stations (DWS), and trained healthcare workers (HCW) on hand hygiene, safe drinking water, and patient education techniques at 200 rural HCFs lacking a reliable water supply in western Kenya. We performed a survey at baseline and a follow-up evaluation at 15 months to assess the impact of the intervention at a random sample of 40 HCFs and 391 households nearest to these HCFs. From baseline to follow-up, there was a statistically significant increase in the percentage of dispensaries with access to HWSs with soap (42\% vs. 77\%, p{\textless}0.01) and access to safe drinking water (6\% vs. 55\%, p{\textless}0.01). Female heads of household in the HCF catchment area exhibited statistically significant increases from baseline to follow-up in the ability to state target times for hand washing (10\% vs. 35\%, p{\textless}0.01), perform all four hand washing steps correctly (32\% vs. 43\%}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0126916}, author = {Bennett, Sarah D. and Otieno, Ronald and Ayers, Tracy L. and Odhiambo, Aloyce and Faith, Sitnah H. and Quick, Robert} } @article {9773, title = {{Activity of medicinal plants from Ghana against the parasitic gut protist Blastocystis}}, journal = {Journal of Ethnopharmacology}, volume = {174}, year = {2015}, pages = {569{\textendash}575}, doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.006}, author = {Bremer, CC and Soelberg, J and Stensvold, CR and J{\"a}ger, AK} } @article {5069, title = {Acute flaccid paralysis surveillance system in {Norway} detected two cases of enterovirus {D}68 infection}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {70}, year = {2015}, pages = {S59{\textendash}S60}, author = {Milhano, N and Bragstad, K and Pfeiffer, HC and Vainio, K and Bjornholt, J and Kran, AMB and Dudman, S} } @article {8414, title = {{Acute toxoplasmosis in a breastfed infant with possible transmission by water}}, journal = {Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S{\~a}o Paulo}, volume = {57}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {523{\textendash}526}, author = {Capobiango, JD and Mitsuka-Bregan{\'o}, R and Monica, TC and Ferreira, FP and Reiche, EM} } @article {7000, title = {The administrative costs of community-based health insurance: a case study of the community health fund in {Tanzania}}, journal = {Health Policy and Planning}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {feb}, pages = {19{\textendash}27}, abstract = {Community-based health insurance expansion has been proposed as a financing solution for the sizable informal sector in low-income settings. However, there is limited evidence of the administrative costs of such schemes. We assessed annual facility and district-level costs of running the Community Health Fund (CHF), a voluntary health insurance scheme for the informal sector in a rural and an urban district from the same region in Tanzania. Information on resource use, CHF membership and revenue was obtained from district managers and health workers from two facilities in each district. The administrative cost per CHF member household and the cost to revenue ratio were estimated. Revenue collection was the most costly activity at facility level (78\% of total costs), followed by stewardship and management (13\%) and pooling of funds (10\%). Stewardship and management was the main activity at district level. The administration cost per CHF member household ranged from USD 3.33 to USD 12.12 per year. The cost to revenue ratio ranged from 50\% to 364\%. The cost of administering the CHF was high relative to revenue generated. Similar studies from other settings should be encouraged.}, keywords = {administration cost, Community-based health insurance, Tanzania}, issn = {1460-2237}, doi = {10.1093/heapol/czt093}, author = {Borghi, Josephine and Makawia, Suzan and Kuwawenaruwa, August} } @article {15391, title = {Advances in gastropod immunity from the study of the interaction between the snail Biomphalaria glabrata and its parasites: A review of research progress over the last decade}, journal = {Fish and Shellfish Immunology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, note = {2R01 AI015503/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
P20GM103452/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Review
England}, month = {Sep}, pages = {5-16}, abstract = {

This review summarizes the research progress made over the past decade in the field of gastropod immunity resulting from investigations of the interaction between the snail Biomphalaria glabrata and its trematode parasites. A combination of integrated approaches, including cellular, genetic and comparative molecular and proteomic approaches have revealed novel molecular components involved in mediating Biomphalaria immune responses that provide insights into the nature of host-parasite compatibility and the mechanisms involved in parasite recognition and killing. The current overview emphasizes that the interaction between B. glabrata and its trematode parasites involves a complex molecular crosstalk between numerous antigens, immune receptors, effectors and anti-effector systems that are highly diverse structurally and extremely variable in expression between and within host and parasite populations. Ultimately, integration of these molecular signals will determine the outcome of a specific interaction between a B. glabrata individual and its interacting trematodes. Understanding these complex molecular interactions and identifying key factors that may be targeted to impairment of schistosome development in the snail host is crucial to generating new alternative schistosomiasis control strategies.

}, keywords = {Animals, Biomphalaria/*immunology/*parasitology, Host-Parasite Interactions, Signal Transduction, Trematoda/*physiology}, isbn = {1095-9947 (Electronic)
1050-4648 (Linking)}, author = {Coustau, C. and Gourbal, B. and Duval, D. and Yoshino, T. P. and Adema, C. M. and Mitta, G.} } @article {5556, title = {{Advances in Laboratory Methods for Detection and Typing of Norovirus.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {Feb}, year = {2015}, pages = {373{\textendash}381}, abstract = {

Human noroviruses are the leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis across all age groups. Although the disease is usually self-limiting, in the United States norovirus gastroenteritis causes an estimated 56,000-71,000 hospitalizations and 570-800 deaths each year. This minireview describes the latest data on laboratory methods (molecular, immunological) for norovirus detection including real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), commercially available immunological assays, as well as the latest FDA-cleared multi enteric pathogens platforms. In addition, an overview is provided on the latest nomenclature and molecular epidemiology of human noroviruses.

}, isbn = {1098-660X (Electronic)$\backslash$r0095-1137 (Linking)}, issn = {1098-660X}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.01535-14}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24989606}, author = {J Vinj{\'e}} } @article {11977, title = {Advances in laboratory methods for detection and typing of norovirus}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {373-381}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0095-1137}, author = {J Vinj{\'e}} } @booklet {1452, title = {Aerated Lagoons and Stabilization Ponds}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Mountain Empire Community College, VA. http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env149/stabilization.htm Last accessed July 2015.}, type = {Electronic Article} } @article {13309, title = {Aeromonas aquatica sp. nov., Aeromonas finlandiensis sp. nov. and Aeromonas lacus sp. nov. isolated from Finnish waters associated with cyanobacterial blooms}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {38}, year = {2015}, pages = {161-168}, author = {Beaz-Hildago, R and Latif-Eugenin, F and M J Hossain and Berg, K and Niemi, RM and Rapala, J and Lyra, C and M R Liles and M J Figueras} } @article {13185, title = {Aeromonas in Arab countries: 1995-2014.}, journal = {Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {42}, year = {2015}, pages = {8-14}, author = {Ghenghesh, KS and Rahouma, A and Zorgani, A and Tawil, K and A A Tomi and Franka, E} } @book {13175, title = {Aeromonas infections in humans. Aeromonas.}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Caister Academic Press}, organization = {Caister Academic Press}, author = {Figueras, M. J. and Beaz-Hidalgo, R.}, editor = {Graf, J.} } @article {13214, title = {Aeromonas rivipollensis sp. nov., a novel species isolated from aquatic samples}, journal = {Journal of Basic Microbiology}, volume = {55}, year = {2015}, pages = {1435-1439}, doi = {10.1002/jobm.201500264}, author = {Marti, E. and Balcazar, J. L.} } @article {13160, title = {Aeromonas stool isolates from individuals with or without diarrhea in southern Taiwan: Predominance of Aeromonas veronii}, journal = {Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection}, volume = {48}, year = {2015}, pages = {618-624}, author = {Chen, P. L. and Tsai, P. J. and Chen, C. S. and Lu, Y. C. and Chen, H. M. and Lee, N. Y. and Lee, C. C. and Li, C. W. and Li, M. C. and Wu, C. J. and Ko, W. C.} } @book {13204, title = {Aeromonas, un microorganismo ambiental de importancia en salud humana y animal. Ph.D. thesis}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Universitat Rovira i Virgili}, organization = {Universitat Rovira i Virgili}, address = {Tarragona, Spain}, author = {F. Latif-Eugenin} } @article {5502, title = {{Aetiology-Specific Estimates of the Global and Regional Incidence and Mortality of Diarrhoeal Diseases Commonly Transmitted through Food}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {e0142927}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0142927}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142927}, author = {Pires, Sara M. and Fischer-Walker, Christa L. and Lanata, Claudio F. and Devleesschauwer, Brecht and Aron J Hall and Kirk, Martyn D. and Duarte, Ana S. R. and Black, Robert E. and Angulo, Frederick J.}, editor = {Selvey, Linda A} } @article {1862, title = {Affordable enteric virus detection techniques are needed to support changing paradigms in water quality management.}, journal = {Clean - Soil, Air, Water.}, volume = {43}, year = {2015}, pages = {8-12}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Due to the wide variety of pathogens present in human and animal feces, fecal pollution negatively impacts the quality of surface waters and is a major public health concern. There is a growing need for simple, rapid, point-of-use tests to identify the presence of enteric viruses and/or an improved viral indicator as water quality monitoring programs evolve past traditional, routine monitoring for fecal indicator bacteria.}, author = {Symonds, E. M. and Breibart, M.} } @article {1666, title = {Aichi virus 1: environmental occurrence and behavior}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, note = {Kitajima, Masaaki Gerba, Charles P eng Review Switzerland 2015/05/23 06:00 Pathogens. 2015 May 19;4(2):256-68. doi: 10.3390/pathogens4020256.}, pages = {256-68}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), belonging to the genus Kobuvirus in the family Picornaviridae, has been proposed as a causative agent of human gastroenteritis potentially transmitted by fecal-oral routes through contaminated food or water. AiV-1 is globally distributed and has been detected in various types of environmental samples, such as sewage, river water, groundwater, and shellfish. Recent environmental studies revealed that this virus could be detected in higher frequency and greater abundance than other human enteric viruses. These findings suggest that AiV-1 could potentially be an appropriate indicator of viral contamination in the environment because of its high prevalence in water environments as well as structural and genetic similarity with some of the other important enteric viruses. Further studies on the occurrence and fate of AiV-1 in environments, even in combination with clinical studies of many regions, are needed for a better understanding of their epidemiology, temporal and geographical distribution, environmental stability, and potential health risks to humans.}, keywords = {Aichivirus kobuvirus occurrence qPCR surface waters wastewater treatment}, issn = {2076-0817 (Electronic) 2076-0817 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens4020256}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25996404}, author = {Kitajima, M. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {9981, title = {{Aichi Virus 1: Environmental Occurrence and Behavior}}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {256{\textendash}268}, abstract = {Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), belonging to the genus Kobuvirus in the family Picornaviridae, has been proposed as a causative agent of human gastroenteritis potentially transmitted by fecal-oral routes through contaminated food or water. AiV-1 is globally distributed and has been detected in various types of environmental samples, such as sewage, river water, groundwater, and shellfish. Recent environmental studies revealed that this virus could be detected in higher frequency and greater abundance than other human enteric viruses. These findings suggest that AiV-1 could potentially be an appropriate indicator of viral contamination in the environment because of its high prevalence in water environments as well as structural and genetic similarity with some of the other important enteric viruses. Further studies on the occurrence and fate of AiV-1 in environments, even in combination with clinical studies of many regions, are needed for a better understanding of their epidemiology, temporal and geographical distribution, environmental stability, and potential health risks to humans.}, keywords = {Aichivirus, kobuvirus, Occurrence, QPCR, surface waters, Wastewater treatment}, issn = {2076-0817}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens4020256}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/4/2/256/}, author = {Kitajima, M. and Gerba, C.} } @article {14751, title = {Aichi virus 1: environmental occurrence and behavior}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {256{\textendash}68}, abstract = {Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), belonging to the genus Kobuvirus in the family Picornaviridae, has been proposed as a causative agent of human gastroenteritis potentially transmitted by fecal-oral routes through contaminated food or water. AiV-1 is globally distributed and has been detected in various types of environmental samples, such as sewage, river water, groundwater, and shellfish. Recent environmental studies revealed that this virus could be detected in higher frequency and greater abundance than other human enteric viruses. These findings suggest that AiV-1 could potentially be an appropriate indicator of viral contamination in the environment because of its high prevalence in water environments as well as structural and genetic similarity with some of the other important enteric viruses. Further studies on the occurrence and fate of AiV-1 in environments, even in combination with clinical studies of many regions, are needed for a better understanding of their epidemiology, temporal and geographical distribution, environmental stability, and potential health risks to humans.}, keywords = {Aichivirus, kobuvirus, Occurrence, QPCR, surface waters, Wastewater treatment}, issn = {2076-0817 (Electronic) 2076-0817 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens4020256}, author = {Kitajima, M. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {5546, title = {{Alternative fecal indicators and their empirical relationships with enteric viruses, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in surface waters of a tropical urban catchment}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {850{\textendash}860}, abstract = {The suitability of traditional microbial indicators (i.e., Escherichia coli and enterococci) has been challenged due to the lack of correlation with pathogens and evidence of possible regrowth in the natural environment. In this study, the relationships between alternative microbial indicators of potential human fecal contamination (Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Methanobrevibacter smithii, human polyomaviruses [HPyVs], and F+ and somatic coliphages) and pathogens (Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, rotavirus, astrovirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, and adenovirus) were compared with those of traditional microbial indicators, as well as environmental parameters (temperature, conductivity, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon, total suspended solids, turbidity, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus). Water samples were collected from surface waters of urban catchments in Singapore. Salmonella and P. aeruginosa had significant positive correlations with most of the microbial indicators, especially E. coli and enterococci. Norovirus GII showed moderately strong positive correlations with most of the microbial indicators, except for HPyVs and coliphages. In general, high geometric means and significant correlations between human-specific markers and pathogens suggest the possibility of sewage contamination in some areas. The simultaneous detection of human-specific markers (i.e., B. thetaiotaomicron, M. smithii, and HPyVs) with E. coli and enterococcus supports the likelihood of recent fecal contamination, since the human-specific markers are unable to regrow in natural surface waters. Multiple-linear-regression results further confirm that the inclusion of M. smithii and HPyVs, together with traditional indicators, would better predict the occurrence of pathogens. Further study is needed to determine the applicability of such models to different geographical locations and environmental conditions.}, issn = {10985336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02670-14}, author = {Liang, L. and Goh, S. G. and G G Vergara and Fang, H. M. and Rezaeinejad, S. and Chang, S. Y. and Bayen, S. and Lee, W. A. and Sobsey, M. D. and Rose, J. B. and Gin, K. Y H} } @article {12280, title = {Alternative Fecal Indicators and Their Empirical Relationships with Enteric Viruses, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Surface Waters of a Tropical Urban Catchment}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, note = {Times Cited: 17
Bayen, Stephane/0000-0002-9935-6685; Gin, Karina Yew-Hoong/0000-0002-1266-9276

17
1098-5336}, month = {Feb}, pages = {850-860}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Liang, L. and Goh, S. G. and G G Vergara and Fang, H. M. and Rezaeinejad, S. and Chang, S. Y. and Bayen, S. and Lee, W. A. and Sobsey, M. D. and Rose, J. B. and Gin, K. Y. H.} } @article {2911, title = {Alveolar echinococcosis: correlation between hepatic {MRI} findings and {FDG}-{PET}/{CT} metabolic activity}, journal = {Abdominal Imaging}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {56{\textendash}63}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To correlate the appearance of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) hepatic lesions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as defined by Kodama, to the metabolic activity visualized in 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two patients diagnosed with AE and who underwent both MRI and PET/CT were included. The forty-two hepatic lesions were divided into five types according to Kodama{\textquoteright}s classification by three independent readers blinded with regard to the PET/CT information. Concerning PET/CT, two independent readers, unaware of the MRI information, considered the results as positive when an increased FDG-uptake was observed at 1 or 3 h after FDG-injection, and as negative when no increased uptake was noted. Inter-observer agreement was assessed by using κ statistics. RESULTS: Forty-two lesions were counted and the mean diameter of overall evaluated lesions was 6.3 cm. One lesion (2.4\%) was categorized as type 1, 11 (26.2\%) as type 2, 24 (57.1\%) as type 3, 3 (7.1\%) as type 4, and 3 (7.1\%) as type 5. The inter-observer analysis found a κ coefficient of 0.96. All type-1, 90.9\% of type-2 and 87.5\% of type-3 lesions showed an increased FDG-uptake on PET/CT images. All non-microcystic AE liver lesions (types 4 and 5) showed no abnormal increased FDG-uptake on PET/CT images. The inter-observer analysis at 1 and 3 h found a κ coefficient of 0.95 and 0.92, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with AE liver lesions, the absence of microcysts on MRI is strongly correlated to a metabolically inactive disease.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adult, Aged, Echinococcosis, Female, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Hepatic, Humans, Liver, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Multimodal Imaging, Observer Variation, Positron-Emission Tomography, Radiopharmaceuticals, Retrospective Studies, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Young Adult}, issn = {1432-0509}, doi = {10.1007/s00261-014-0183-0}, author = {Azizi, Amel and Blagosklonov, Oleg and Lounis, Ahmed and Berthet, Louis and Vuitton, Dominique-Ang{\`e}le and Bresson-Hadni, Solange and Delabrousse, Eric} } @booklet {7473, title = {American {Fact} {Finder}}, journal = {2015 American Community Survey}, year = {2015}, url = {https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml}, author = {United States Census Bureau} } @article {8788, title = {{Ammonia as an in situ sanitizer: Inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of the ssRNA virus MS2 by NH3}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {1060{\textendash}1067}, abstract = {Sanitizing human and animal waste (e.g., urine, fecal sludge, or grey water) is a critical step in reducing the spread of disease and ensuring microbially safe reuse of waste materials. Viruses are particularly persistent pathogens and can be transmitted through inadequately sanitized waste. However, adequate storage or digestion of waste can strongly reduce the number of viruses due to increases in pH and uncharged aqueous ammonia (NH3), a known biocide. In this study we investigated the kinetics and mechanisms of inactivation of the single-stranded RNA virus MS2 under temperature, pH and NH3 conditions representative of waste storage. MS2 inactivation was mainly controlled by the activity of NH3 over a pH range of 7.0-9.5 and temperatures lower than 40 {\textdegree}C. Other bases (e.g., hydroxide, carbonate) additionally contributed to the observed reduction of infective MS2. The loss in MS2 infectivity could be rationalized by a loss in genome integrity, which was attributed to genome cleavage via alkaline transesterification. The contribution of each base to genome transesterification, and hence inactivation, could be related to the base pKa by means of a Bronsted relationship. The Bronsted relationship in conjunction with the activity of bases in solution enabled an accurate prediction of MS2 inactivation rates.}, isbn = {1520-5851 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0013-936X (Linking)}, issn = {15205851}, doi = {10.1021/es5044529}, author = {Decrey, Lo{\"\i}c and Kazama, Shinobu and Udert, Kai M. and Kohn, Tamar} } @article {12231, title = {Ammonia sanitization of blackwater for safe use as fertilizer}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar}, pages = {795-800}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Fidjeland, J. and Svensson, S. E. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {17210, title = {Ammonia sanitization of blackwater for safe use as fertilizer}, journal = {Water Science and TechnologyWater Science and TechnologyWater Sci Technol}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {795-800}, keywords = {Ammonia, bacteria, blackwater, E. coli, human urine, Inactivation, Salmonella, Sludge, Storage, Urea}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Fidjeland, J. and Svensson, S. E. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {7457, title = {Analysis of behavioral change techniques in community-led total sanitation programs}, journal = {Health Promotion International}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {16{\textendash}28}, abstract = {The lack of sanitation facilitates the spread of diarrheal diseases-a leading cause of child deaths worldwide. As of 2012, an estimated 1 billion people still practiced open defecation (OD). To address this issue, one behavioral change approach used is community-led total sanitation (CLTS). It is now applied in an estimated 66 countries worldwide, and many countries have adopted this approach as their main strategy for scaling up rural sanitation coverage. While it appears that many of the activities used in CLTS-that target community-level changes in sanitation behaviors instead of household-level changes-have evolved out of existing behavior change frameworks and techniques, it is less clear how these activities are adapted by different organizations and applied in different country contexts. The aims of this study are to (i) show which behavior change frameworks and techniques are the most common in CLTS interventions; (ii) describe how activities are implemented in CLTS interventions by region and context; and (3) determine which activities program implementers considered the most valuable in achieving open defecation free (ODF) status and sustaining it. The results indicate that a wide range of activities are conducted across the different programs and often go beyond standard CLTS activities. CLTS practitioners ranked follow-up and monitoring activities as the most important activities for achieving an ODF community, yet only 1 of 10 organizations conducted monitoring and follow-up throughout their project. Empirical studies are needed to determine which specific behavioral change activities are most effective at ending OD and sustaining it.}, keywords = {Behavior change, Community-Institutional Relations, community-led total sanitation, Defecation, Developing Countries, Health Behavior, Health promotion, Humans, open defecation, Public Health Practice, Rural Health Services, Rural Population, sanitation, Social Change, Surveys and Questionnaires}, issn = {1460-2245}, doi = {10.1093/heapro/dau073}, author = {Sigler, Rachel and Mahmoudi, Lyana and Graham, Jay Paul} } @article {6597, title = {Analysis of the persistence of enteric markers in sewage polluted water on a solid matrix and in liquid suspension}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {76}, year = {2015}, month = {jun}, pages = {201{\textendash}212}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.039}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135415001128}, author = {Brooks, Yolanda and Aslan, Asli and Tamrakar, Sushil and Murali, Bharathi and Mitchell, Jade and Rose, Joan B.} } @article {15736, title = {Analytical studies assessing the association between extreme precipitation or temperature and drinking water-related waterborne infections: a review}, journal = {Environmental Health}, volume = {14}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar 27}, pages = {29}, edition = {2015/04/18}, keywords = {*Extreme Heat, *Rain, Climate change, Drinking Water/*microbiology/*parasitology/virology, Humans, Waterborne Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology/parasitology/virology}, isbn = {1476-069x}, author = {Guzman Herrador, B. R. and de Blasio, B. F. and MacDonald, E. and Nichols, G. and Sudre, B. and Vold, L. and Semenza, J. C. and Nygard, K.} } @article {7601, title = {{Animal and human enteric viruses in water and sediment samples from dairy farms}}, journal = {Agricultural Water Management}, volume = {152}, year = {2015}, pages = {135-141}, abstract = {

{\textcopyright} 2015 Elsevier B.V.The detection of enteric viruses accompanied by a characterization of the viruses found in a given environmental matrix may inform about the sources of fecal contamination. In the present work, 55 water samples and 20 sediment samples were collected from 21 small farms in southern Brazil. Coliform counting was done as well as molecular detection of human enterovirus (EV), and human and animal adenoviruses. Viral detection was performed using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Furthermore, the viral viability of human AdV (HAdV) by ICC-RT-qPCR in sediment and water samples was analyzed. Regarding to the coliforms, only 72.7{\%} of the samples showed fecal contamination. HAdV was detected in 87.3{\%} of water samples, followed by AvAdV (27.3{\%}), CAV (20{\%}), BAV (7.3{\%}) and PoAdV or EV (1.8{\%}). From the sediment samples, HAdV (80{\%}) followed by CAV (20{\%}), BAV (5{\%}) and no positive results for PoAdV or EV. The viral loads ranged from 1.57{\texttimes}102gc/L up to 6.68{\texttimes}109gc/L (water), and from 1.97{\texttimes}103gc/g to 2.18{\texttimes}108gc/g (sediment). Most of these viral particles in water should be non-infectious, since after the ICC-PCR, HAdV was detected in only 4 samples (8.8{\%}). On the other hand, it is noticeable that 5 sediment samples (25{\%}) gave positive results for the presence of infectious viral particles.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.agwat.2015.01.010}, author = {Staggemeier, R. and Bortoluzzi, M. and da Silva Heck, T.M. and da Luz, R.B. and Fabres, R.B. and Soliman, M.C. and Rigotto, C. and Baldasso, N.A. and F. R Spilki and de Matos Almeida, S.E.} } @article {13800, title = {Animal and human enteric viruses in water and sediment samples from dairy farms}, journal = {Agricultural Water Management}, volume = {152}, year = {2015}, abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2015 Elsevier B.V.The detection of enteric viruses accompanied by a characterization of the viruses found in a given environmental matrix may inform about the sources of fecal contamination. In the present work, 55 water samples and 20 sediment samples were collected from 21 small farms in southern Brazil. Coliform counting was done as well as molecular detection of human enterovirus (EV), and human and animal adenoviruses. Viral detection was performed using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Furthermore, the viral viability of human AdV (HAdV) by ICC-RT-qPCR in sediment and water samples was analyzed. Regarding to the coliforms, only 72.7\% of the samples showed fecal contamination. HAdV was detected in 87.3\% of water samples, followed by AvAdV (27.3\%), CAV (20\%), BAV (7.3\%) and PoAdV or EV (1.8\%). From the sediment samples, HAdV (80\%) followed by CAV (20\%), BAV (5\%) and no positive results for PoAdV or EV. The viral loads ranged from 1.57{\texttimes}102gc/L up to 6.68{\texttimes}109gc/L (water), and from 1.97{\texttimes}103gc/g to 2.18{\texttimes}108gc/g (sediment). Most of these viral particles in water should be non-infectious, since after the ICC-PCR, HAdV was detected in only 4 samples (8.8\%). On the other hand, it is noticeable that 5 sediment samples (25\%) gave positive results for the presence of infectious viral particles.}, doi = {10.1016/j.agwat.2015.01.010}, author = {Staggemeier, R. and Bortoluzzi, M. and da Silva Heck, T.M. and da Luz, R.B. and Fabres, R.B. and Soliman, M.C. and Rigotto, C. and Baldasso, N.A. and F. R Spilki and de Matos Almeida, S.E.} } @article {12269, title = {Antibiotic resistance and prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in Escherichia coli isolated from two wastewater treatment plants, and their receiving waters (Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea, Poland)}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research International}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {Feb}, pages = {2018-30}, keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial/*physiology, Escherichia coli/*drug effects/isolation \& purification/metabolism, Integrons/*physiology, Oceans and Seas, Poland, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Waste Disposal Facilities, Waste Water/*microbiology}, isbn = {1614-7499 (Electronic)
0944-1344 (Linking)}, author = {Kotlarska, E. and Luczkiewicz, A. and Pisowacka, M. and Burzynski, A.} } @article {1957, title = {Antibiotic Susceptibility of Shiga Toxin Producing E. coli O157:H7 Isolated from Different Water Sources}, journal = {The Open Conference Proceedings Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, month = {3/7/2015}, pages = {30-34}, chapter = {30}, abstract = {
Nowadays the extensive use of antibiotics for the treatment of humans and warm blooded animals has influenced the frequency and spread of antibiotic resistant E. coli O157:H7 in different aqueous sources. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibilities of E. coli O157:H7 isolated from different water sources and establish a correlation between the presence of virulence genes of E. coli O157:H7 with the resistance to six antibiotic groups (amoxicillin, cefixime, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, clarithromycin and streptomycin) extensively used in Egypt. To achieve this aim 44 suspect E. coli O157:H7 isolates were confirmed by biochemical tests and were characterized for six virulence genes: fliC, stx1, stx2, eae, rfbE and hlyA using multiplex PCR. All E. coli O157:H7 isolates carrying three (stx2, eae and rfbE) or more virulence genes were resistant to amoxicillin and 77\% were resistant to clarithomycin. In conclusion, it appears that the environmental E. coli O157:H7 strains develop strategies for antibiotic resistance more than reference strains.
}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance, E. coli O157:H7, shiga toxins, water}, url = {http://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOPROCJ/TOPROCJ-6-2-30.pdf}, author = {Einas H. El-Shatoury and M. Azab Elliethy and Mohamed A. Abou-Zeid and Gamila E. El-Taweel} } @article {12277, title = {Antibiotic-resistant genes and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the effluent of urban residential areas, hospitals, and a municipal wastewater treatment plant system}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution ResearchEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {4587-4596}, isbn = {0944-1344}, author = {Li, Jianan and Cheng, Weixiao and Xu, Like and Strong, PJ and Chen, Hong} } @article {731, title = {Antibiotics Susceptibility Phenotyping and Extracellular Polymeric Substances Production of Listeria monocytogenes Biofilm and Planktonic Cells}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, month = {04/2015}, chapter = {1849}, abstract = {
The present research aimed to compare the susceptibility of L. monocytogenes planktonic cells and three different ages (10, 40 and 90 days-old) of biofilm to antibiotics. A second objective was to determine the relationship between the amount of produced EPS by L. monocytogenes biofilm and antibiotic susceptibility of L. monocytogenes biofilm. The extraction of EPS was carried out by using a cation exchange resin method and exopolysaccharides content in crude EPS was determined using phenol-sulfuric acid method. Antibiotic susceptibility of L. monocytogenes biofilm and planktonic cells were performed by the standard disk diffusion method. The maximum amount of exopolysaccharides was determined (411.5μg/cm2) in 90 days-old L. monocytogenes biofilm collected from iron pipe. While, the minimum amount (203.4μg/cm2) was in Cu pipe. Regarding to the antibiotic susceptibility results, it was found that, L. monocytogenes plankton cells were more sensitive to the tested antibiotic than L. monocytogenes biofilm. Also, it was found that, 90 days-old L. monocytogenes biofilm collected from iron pipe was more resistant to all tested antibiotics than which collected from Cu pipe. The findings in this research provide useful information and background data on the role of EPS in antibiotic resistance of L. monocytogenes biofilm.
}, isbn = {0975-8585}, url = {http://www.rjpbcs.com/pdf/2015_6\%282\%29/\%5B265\%5D.pdf}, author = {B A Hemdan and M A. El-Liethy} } @article {12629, title = {Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment}, journal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. BPhil. Trans. R. Soc. B}, volume = {370}, number = {1670}, year = {2015}, pages = {20140083}, isbn = {0962-8436}, author = {Woolhouse, Mark and Ward, Melissa and van Bunnik, Bram and Farrar, Jeremy} } @article {12630, title = {Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological SciencesPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}, volume = {370}, number = {1670}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans is inter-linked with AMR in other populations, especially farm animals, and in the wider environment. The relatively few bacterial species that cause disease in humans, and are the targets of antibiotic treatment, constitute a tiny subset of the overall diversity of bacteria that includes the gut microbiota and vast numbers in the soil. However, resistance can pass between these different populations; and homologous resistance genes have been found in pathogens, normal flora and soil bacteria. Farm animals are an important component of this complex system: they are exposed to enormous quantities of antibiotics (despite attempts at reduction) and act as another reservoir of resistance genes. Whole genome sequencing is revealing and beginning to quantify the two-way traffic of AMR bacteria between the farm and the clinic. Surveillance of bacterial disease, drug usage and resistance in livestock is still relatively poor, though improving, but achieving better antimicrobial stewardship on the farm is challenging: antibiotics are an integral part of industrial agriculture and there are very few alternatives. Human production and use of antibiotics either on the farm or in the clinic is but a recent addition to the natural and ancient process of antibiotic production and resistance evolution that occurs on a global scale in the soil. Viewed in this way, AMR is somewhat analogous to climate change, and that suggests that an intergovernmental panel, akin to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, could be an appropriate vehicle to actively address the problem.\%U http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/370/1670/20140083.full.pdf}, author = {Woolhouse, Mark and Ward, Melissa and van Bunnik, Bram and Farrar, Jeremy} } @article {12169, title = {Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacterial Populations and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Obtained from Environments Impacted by Livestock and Municipal Waste}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, note = {Agga, Getahun E. Arthur, Terrance M. Durso, Lisa M. Harhay, Dayna M. Schmidt, John W.
Arthur, Terrance/0000-0001-9035-0474; Schmidt, John/0000-0003-0494-2436}, month = {Jul}, abstract = {

This study compared the populations of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and the repertoire of antimicrobial resistance genes in four environments: effluent of three municipal wastewater treatment facilities, three cattle feedlot runoff catchment ponds, three swine waste lagoons, and two \"low impact\" environments (an urban lake and a relict prairie). Multiple liquid and solid samples were collected from each environment. The prevalences and concentrations of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica) and Gram-positive (enterococci) bacteria were determined from individual samples (n = 174). The prevalences of 84 antimicrobial resistance genes in metagenomic DNA isolated from samples pooled (n = 44) by collection date, location, and sample type were determined. The prevalences and concentrations of AMR E. coli and Salmonella were similar among the livestock and municipal sample sources. The levels of erythromycin-resistant enterococci were significantly higher in liquid samples from cattle catchment ponds and swine waste lagoons than in liquid samples from municipal wastewater treatment facilities, but solid samples from these environments did not differ significantly. Similarly, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli concentrations were significantly higher in swine liquid than in municipal liquid samples, but there was no difference in solid samples. Multivariate analysis of the distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes using principal coordinate analysis showed distinct clustering of samples with livestock (cattle and swine), low impact environment and municipal samples forming three separate clusters. The numbers of class A beta-lactamase, class C beta-lactamase, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes detected were significantly higher (P \< 0.05) in municipal samples than in cattle runoff or swine lagoon samples. In conclusion, we report that AMR is a very widespread phenomenon and that similar prevalences and concentrations of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes exist in cattle, human, and swine waste streams, but a higher diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes are present in treated human waste discharged from municipal wastewater treatment plants than in livestock environments.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, author = {Agga, G. E. and Arthur, T. M. and Durso, L. M. and Harhay, D. M. and Schmidt, J. W.} } @article {8687, title = {{The application of removal coefficients for viruses in different wastewater treatment processes calculated using stochastic modelling}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {71}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {1382{\textendash}1388}, abstract = {This study proposes that calculating and interpreting removal coefficients (K 20) for bacteriophages in activated sludge (AS) and trickling filter (TF) systems using stochastic modelling may provide important information that may be used to estimate the removal of phages in such systems using simplified models. In order to achieve this, 14 samples of settled wastewater and post-secondary sedimentation wastewater were collected every 2 weeks, over a 6-month period (May to November), from two AS and two TF systems situated in southern England. Initial results have demonstrated that the removal of somatic coliphages in both AS and TF systems is considerably higher than that of F-RNA coliphages, and that AS more effectively removes both phage groups than TF. The results have also demonstrated that K 20 values for phages in AS are higher than in TF, which could be justified by the higher removal rates observed in AS and the models assumed for both systems. The research provides a suggested framework for calculating and predicting removal rates of pathogens and indicator organisms in wastewater treatment systems using simplified models in order to support integrated water and sanitation safety planning approaches to human health risk management.}, keywords = {sanitation safety planning, viral particles, Wastewater treatment, | bacteriophages}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2015.086}, author = {Dias, Edgard and Ebdon, James and Taylor, Huw} } @article {3218, title = {{The application of removal coefficients for viruses in different wastewater treatment processes calculated using stochastic modelling}}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {71}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {1382{\textendash}1388}, keywords = {corresponding author, edgard dias}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2015.086}, author = {Dias, Edgard and Dias, E and Ebdon, J and Taylor, H} } @article {7506, title = {Application of salivary antibody immunoassays for the detection of incident infections with {Norwalk} virus in a group of volunteers}, journal = {Journal of Immunological Methods}, volume = {424}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {53{\textendash}63}, issn = {00221759}, doi = {10.1016/j.jim.2015.05.001}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022175915001581}, author = {Griffin, Shannon M. and Converse, Reagan R. and Juan S Leon and Wade, Timothy J. and Jiang, Xi and Christine L Moe and Egorov, Andrey I.} } @mastersthesis {6287, title = {Architecture {After} the {Death} of {God}: {Uriel} {Birnbaum}{\textquoteright}s {Der} {Kaiser} und {derArchitekt}}, year = {2015}, note = {3663450}, school = {Yale University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Early in 1924 a small Viennese publishing house began printing copies of a lavishly illustrated fable entitled Der Kaiser and derArchitekt: Ein M{\"a}rchen in f{\"u}nfzig Bildern . Set in Peter Behrens{\textquoteright}s severe Antigua typeface, accompanied by plates rendered in an ink wash technique of astonishing lucidity, and produced under the close supervision of its author, the book presents something of an enigma. Long neglected and readily misunderstood, it is ostensibly the story of an emperor who is haunted by the dream of a wonderful but evanescent heavenly city, and who turns in perplexity to his architect. Over the course of the narrative the architect builds thirty-three cities of astonishing architectural creativity, each more extraordinary than the last - but none lives up to the memory of the emperor{\textquoteright}s vision. Finally, despairing of success, the emperor calls an end to construction. But the architect refuses to surrender. On his own initiative, he builds a tower, a-thing of immensity and beauty, an enduring monument to the architectural project. It is the fate of this tower that shapes the conclusion of the narrative. It is clear that Uriel Birnbaum{\textquoteright}s story can be read on a number of levels - historical, political, philosophical and theological. But it is articulated, first of all, in a vocabulary that is explicitly architectural. Conceived in the years during and immediately after World War I, Birnbaum{\textquoteright}s cities bear close comparison to the fabrications of Expressionism, which provide a primary point of reference. But the argument of Birnbaum{\textquoteright}s narrative also exposes architecture to broader intellectual claims. It suggests not only that the architect must grapple with problems far beyond the limits of the building site, but also that the outlines of those problems may themselves be more clearly discerned through the shadows that they cast over the project of architecture. And if architectural introspection has often been precipitated by provocations external to the discipline, Birnbaum{\textquoteright}s narrative is not alone in adopting the dominant central motif of the Tower of Babel, understood as an archetype of the architectural project. Presented at the time of its creation as a reformulation of the Genesis account, the text contributes to a body of work by writers for whom Babel serves a clarifying function, establishing a landmark around which to organise critical thought. Birnbaum{\textquoteright}s book fell into oblivion almost immediately, and has left little trace in architectural consciousness. Speculations as to the reasons for this forgetfulness yield several suggestions: the book{\textquoteright}s publication - costly, delayed and incomplete - contributed to the failure, that same year, of its publishing house; its appearance coincided with the fading of an already moribund Expressionism, to which it seemed inextricably tied; its author found himself increasingly out of step with contemporary enthusiasms, despite having tasted, not long before, of the fruits of critical acclaim; and his opportunities for exposure soon suffered the effects of growing anti-Semitism before being extinguished altogether under the rise of Nazi power. The few assessments that do exist have tended to consider Birnbaum{\textquoteright}s work either in retrospective relationship to the Expressionist tendencies of which it offers such a clear critique, or as the predictable product of a conservative mind, a retrogressive artefact that is therefore readily swept away by the currents of modernity. In both cases, Birnbaum{\textquoteright}s text is placed at a dead end that leaves little room for further exploration. This dissertation approaches it instead as an articulation of problems that, ninety years later, have not yet been resolved. It studies Birnbaum{\textquoteright}s text not only as a critique of those assumptions that shaped the Expressionist consciousness - assumptions infused with a particular enthusiasm for Nietzschean aphorism - but also as an argument with continued relevance to those architectural preoccupations that soon replaced the interests of Expressionism. Since those preoccupations have not yet been dismissed from among contemporary architectural anxieties, the critical force of Birnbaum{\textquoteright}s book remains intact. This focus also permits an engagement with the Tower of Babel as a recurring paradigm in the architectural narratives of modernity. Devoting particular attention to Babel{\textquoteright}s extraordinary resurgence during the early decades of the twentieth century, this dissertation tests the hypothesis that the Tower can stand as a marker of the predicament of the architect who must build in a self-consciously modern, godless world. It proceeds on the contention that the explication of this predicament may be traced not only through the fabric of twentieth-century architectural thought, but also through the narrative of Birnbaum{\textquoteright}s fable, offering a carefully articulated contribution to a long-standing discourse that has not yet reached its conclusion.}, keywords = {0422:Philosophy, 0469:Theology, 0729:Architecture, Architectural History, Architectural Theory, Architecture, Babylon, Communication and the arts, Genesis, Modernity, Philosophy, religion and theology, Theology, Tower of Babel}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1696994089?accountid=14270}, author = {Dugdale, Kyle} } @article {14324, title = {Arcobacter butzleri, {Arcobacter} cryaerophilus, and {Arcobacter} skirrowii {Circulation} in a {Dairy} {Farm} and {Sources} of {Milk} {Contamination}.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {15}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {5055{\textendash}5063}, author = {Giacometti, Federica and Lucchi, Alex and Di Francesco, Antonietta and Delogu, Mauro and Grilli, Ester and Guarniero, Ilaria and Stancampiano, Laura and Manfreda, Gerardo and Merialdi, Giuseppe and Serraino, Andrea} } @article {5807, title = {{Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii Circulation in a Dairy Farm and Sources of Milk Contamination.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {15}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {5055{\textendash}5063}, author = {Giacometti, Federica and Lucchi, Alex and Di Francesco, Antonietta and Delogu, Mauro and Grilli, Ester and Guarniero, Ilaria and Stancampiano, Laura and Manfreda, Gerardo and Merialdi, Giuseppe and Serraino, Andrea} } @article {5804, title = {{Arcobacter ebronensis sp. nov. and Arcobacter aquimarinus sp. nov., two new species isolated from marine environment.}}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {feb}, pages = {30{\textendash}35}, author = {Levican, Arturo and Rubio-Arcos, Sara and Martinez-Murcia, Antonio and Collado, Luis and Maria J Figueras} } @article {14321, title = {Arcobacter ebronensis sp. nov. and {Arcobacter} aquimarinus sp. nov., two new species isolated from marine environment.}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {feb}, pages = {30{\textendash}35}, author = {Levican, Arturo and Rubio-Arcos, Sara and Martinez-Murcia, Antonio and Collado, Luis and Maria J Figueras} } @article {14405, title = {Arcobacter lanthieri sp. nov., isolated from pig and dairy cattle manure}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {2709{\textendash}2716}, author = {Whiteduck-L{\'e}veill{\'e}e, Jenni and Lapen, David R and Whiteduck-L{\'e}veill{\'e}e, Kerri and Tambong, James T and Andr{\'e} L{\'e}vesque, C and Cloutier, Michel and Topp, Edward and Villemur, Richard and Chao, Jerry and Talbot, Guylaine and Xu, Renlin and Arts, Michael T and Adam, Zaky and Khan, Izhar U H} } @article {5888, title = {{Arcobacter lanthieri sp. nov., isolated from pig and dairy cattle manure}}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {2709{\textendash}2716}, author = {Whiteduck-L{\'e}veill{\'e}e, Jenni and Lapen, David R and Whiteduck-L{\'e}veill{\'e}e, Kerri and Tambong, James T and Andr{\'e} L{\'e}vesque, C and Cloutier, Michel and Topp, Edward and Villemur, Richard and Chao, Jerry and Talbot, Guylaine and Xu, Renlin and Arts, Michael T and Adam, Zaky and Khan, Izhar U H} } @article {5824, title = {{Arcobacter pacificus sp. nov., isolated from seawater of the South Pacific Gyre.}}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {66}, year = {2015}, pages = {542-547}, author = {Zhang, Zenghu and Yu, Cong and Wang, Xiaolei and Yu, Shaolan and Xiao H Zhang} } @article {14341, title = {Arcobacter pacificus sp. nov., isolated from seawater of the {South} {Pacific} {Gyre}.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, author = {Zhang, Zenghu and Yu, Cong and Wang, Xiaolei and Yu, Shaolan and Xiao H Zhang} } @article {14411, title = {{ARCOBACTER} {SPECIES} {AND} {THEIR} {RISKS} {IN} {SOME} {MEAT} {AND} {FISH} {WITH} {A} {SODIUM} {ACETATE} {AND} {SODIUM} {CHLORIDE} {INTERVENTION}}, journal = {Assiut Vet. Med. J.}, volume = {61}, number = {146}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {101{\textendash}114}, author = {Al-Habaty, S H and Ammar, M A M} } @article {5894, title = {Arcobacter Species and Their Risks in Some Meat and Fish With a Sodium Acetate and Sodium Chloride Intervention}, journal = {Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal}, volume = {61}, number = {146}, year = {2015}, pages = {101{\textendash}114}, author = {Al-Habaty, S H and Ammar, M A M} } @article {933, title = {Are conservation organizations configured for effective adaptation to global change?}, journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment}, year = {2015}, publisher = {esa}, abstract = {Conservation organizations must adapt to respond to the ecological impacts of global change. Numerous changes to conservation actions (eg facilitated ecological transitions, managed relocations, or increased corridor development) have been recommended, but some institutional restructuring within organizations may also be needed. Here we discuss the capacity of conservation organizations to adapt to changing environmental conditions, focusing primarily on public agencies and nonprofits active in land protection and management in the {US.} After first reviewing how these organizations anticipate and detect impacts affecting target species and ecosystems, we then discuss whether they are sufficiently flexible to prepare and respond by reallocating funding, staff, or other resources. We raise new hypotheses about how the configuration of different organizations enables them to protect particular conservation targets and manage for particular biophysical changes that require coordinated management actions over different spatial and temporal scales. Finally, we provide a discussion resource to help conservation organizations assess their capacity to adapt.}, doi = {10.1890/130352}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/130352}, author = {Paul R Armsworth and Eric R Larson and Stephen T Jackson and Dov F Sax and Paul Simonin and Bernd Blossey and Nancy Green and Mary L Klein and Liza Lester and Taylor H Ricketts and Michael C Runge and M Rebecca Shaw} } @article {2517, title = {Are conservation organizations configured for effective adaptation to global change?}, journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment}, year = {2015}, publisher = {esa}, abstract = {Conservation organizations must adapt to respond to the ecological impacts of global change. Numerous changes to conservation actions (eg facilitated ecological transitions, managed relocations, or increased corridor development) have been recommended, but some institutional restructuring within organizations may also be needed. Here we discuss the capacity of conservation organizations to adapt to changing environmental conditions, focusing primarily on public agencies and nonprofits active in land protection and management in the {US.} After first reviewing how these organizations anticipate and detect impacts affecting target species and ecosystems, we then discuss whether they are sufficiently flexible to prepare and respond by reallocating funding, staff, or other resources. We raise new hypotheses about how the configuration of different organizations enables them to protect particular conservation targets and manage for particular biophysical changes that require coordinated management actions over different spatial and temporal scales. Finally, we provide a discussion resource to help conservation organizations assess their capacity to adapt.}, doi = {10.1890/130352}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/130352}, author = {Paul R Armsworth and Eric R Larson and Stephen T Jackson and Dov F Sax and Paul Simonin and Bernd Blossey and Nancy Green and Mary L Klein and Liza Lester and Taylor H Ricketts and Michael C Runge and M Rebecca Shaw} } @article {16615, title = {Are pit latrines in urban areas of {Sub}-{Saharan} {Africa} performing? {A} review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {120}, author = {Nakagiri, Anne and Niwagaba, Charles B and Nyenje, Philip M and Kulabako, Robinah N and Tumuhairwe, John B and Kansiime, Frank} } @inbook {12860, title = {Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances}, booktitle = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {120}, author = {Nakagiri, Anne and Niwagaba, Charles B and Nyenje, Philip M and Kulabako, Robinah N and Tumuhairwe, John B and Kansiime, Frank} } @article {7150, title = {Arsenic removal from drinking water by a household sand filter in {Vietnam} {\textemdash} {Effect} of filter usage practices on arsenic removal efficiency and microbiological water quality}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {502}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {526{\textendash}536}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.055}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969714013771}, author = {Nitzsche, Katja Sonja and Lan, Vi Mai and Trang, Pham Thi Kim and Viet, Pham Hung and Berg, Michael and Voegelin, Andreas and Planer-Friedrich, Britta and Zahoransky, Jan and M{\"u}ller, Stefanie-Katharina and Byrne, James Martin and Schr{\"o}der, Christian and Behrens, Sebastian and Kappler, Andreas} } @article {11123, title = {Ascariasis}, journal = {DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasitic Diseases of Public Health Concern}, volume = {2017}, year = {2015}, month = {2018}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, GA}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/ascariasis/index.html} } @article {10944, title = {Ascaris and {Escherichia} coli {Inactivation} in an {Ecological} {Sanitation} {System} in {Port}-au-{Prince}, {Haiti}}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}14}, abstract = {The goal of this study was to evaluate the microbial die-off in a latrine waste composting system in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Temperature data and samples were collected from compost aged 0 {\textendash} 12+ months. Samples collected from compost bin centers and corners at two depths were assessed for moisture content, E. coli concentration, and Ascaris spp. viability. Center temperatures in compost bins were all above 58 {\textdegree}C, while corner temperatures were 10 {\textendash} 20 {\textdegree}C lower. Moisture content was 67 {\textpm} 10\% in all except the oldest compost. A 4-log reduction in E. coli was observed over the first sixteen weeks of composting at both locations and depths, after which E. coli was undetectable (LOD: 142 MPN g-1 dry weight). In new compost, 10.4\% and 8.3\% of Ascaris eggs were viable and fully embryonated, respectively. Percent viability dropped to zero in samples older than six weeks. These findings indicate that the Haitian EcoSan composting process was effective in inactivating E. coli and Ascaris spp. in latrine waste within sixteen weeks. This study is one of the first to document efficacy of an ecological sanitation system under field conditions and provides insight into composting methods and monitoring for other international settings.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0125336}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125336}, author = {Berendes, David and Levy, Karen and Knee, Jackie and Handzel, Thomas and Hill, Vincent R.} } @article {15108, title = {Ascaris and {Escherichia} coli inactivation in an ecological sanitation system in {Port}-au-{Prine}}, journal = {Haiti. PLOS One}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}14}, author = {Berendes, D. and Levy, K. and Knee, J. and Handzel, T. and Hill, V. R.} } @article {17487, title = {{Ascaris and Escherichia coli inactivation in an ecological sanitation system in Port-au-Prince, Haiti}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}14}, abstract = {The goal of this study was to evaluate the microbial die-off in a latrine waste composting system in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Temperature data and samples were collected from compost aged 0 - 12+ months. Samples collected from compost bin centers and corners at two depths were assessed for moisture content, E. coli concentration, and Ascaris spp. viability. Center temperatures in compost bins were all above 58 degrees C, while corner temperatures were 10 - 20 degrees C lower. Moisture content was 67 +/- 10{\%} in all except the oldest compost. A 4-log reduction in E. coli was observed over the first sixteen weeks of composting at both locations and depths, after which E. coli was undetectable (LOD: 142 MPN g-1 dry weight). In new compost, 10.4{\%} and 8.3{\%} of Ascaris eggs were viable and fully embryonated, respectively. Percent viability dropped to zero in samples older than six weeks. These findings indicate that the Haitian EcoSan composting process was effective in inactivating E. coli and Ascaris spp. in latrine waste within sixteen weeks. This study is one of the first to document efficacy of an ecological sanitation system under field conditions and provides insight into composting methods and monitoring for other international settings.}, issn = {19326203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0125336}, author = {Berendes, David and Levy, Karen and Knee, Jackie and Handzel, Thomas and Hill, Vincent R.} } @article {3190, title = {Assay Validation Methods - Definitions and Terms}, year = {2015}, url = {https://www.fws.gov/aah/qi-avmeths.html}, author = {US Fish \& Wildlife Service} } @article {16557, title = {Assessing the fate of {Ascaris} suum ova during mesophilic anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {3128{\textendash}35}, abstract = {There is limited knowledge about the survival of geohelminths, which are soil-transmitted human pathogens, in mesophilic anaerobic digestion processes. This study examined the fate of embryonated and unembryonated Ascaris suum ova in six laboratory-scale mesophilic (35 degrees C) anaerobic digesters processing swine manure to identify their survival strategies and investigate potential mechanisms to enhance their destruction. There was no significant difference in inactivation of Ascaris suum ova in digesters operated at different solids residence times (SRT) or feeding frequencies. Ova exposed to an anaerobic environment became dormant, or remained unembryonated throughout their residence in the reactors. Approximately 65\% of ova were able to retain their viability for up to 16 days, after which the rate of inactivation increased until nearly all ova were nonviable by day 24. In contrast, ova exposed to aerobic conditions did not become dormant and progressed through several developmental stages until day 16, after which nearly all ova were observed to be nonviable. In addition, only 35\% of fully developed ova exposed to the anaerobic environment retained their viability by day 16 compared to 65\% for dormant ova. Results suggest that some ova are physically destroyed during digestion and ova can be inactivated faster if their development cycle is aerobically triggered before entering the anaerobic digestion process. Results also suggest that transfer of resource recovery technologies such as mesophilic anaerobic digestion to developing world settings must account for local climatic and health conditions so mutually beneficial outcomes can be attained.}, keywords = {*Medical Waste Disposal, Anaerobiosis, Animals, Ascaris suum/*physiology, Bioreactors/microbiology/parasitology, Biotechnology, Ecology, Embryo, Life Cycle Stages/*physiology, Manure/*parasitology, Nonmammalian/*physiology, Swine}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es505807a}, author = {N D Manser and I Wald and S J Ergas and Izurieta, R. and J R Mihelcic} } @article {5309, title = {Assessing the fate of Ascaris suum ova during mesophilic anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {3128{\textendash}3135}, author = {Manser, Nathan D and Wald, Ileana and Ergas, Sarina J and Izurieta, Ricardo and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {12065, title = {Assessing the fate of Ascaris suum ova during mesophilic anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, note = {Manser, Nathan D
Wald, Ileana
Ergas, Sarina J
Izurieta, Ricardo
Mihelcic, James R
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2015/02/14 06:00
Environ Sci Technol. 2015 Mar 3;49(5):3128-35. doi: 10.1021/es505807a. Epub 2015 Feb 23.}, month = {Mar 03}, pages = {3128-35}, abstract = {There is limited knowledge about the survival of geohelminths, which are soil-transmitted human pathogens, in mesophilic anaerobic digestion processes. This study examined the fate of embryonated and unembryonated Ascaris suum ova in six laboratory-scale mesophilic (35 degrees C) anaerobic digesters processing swine manure to identify their survival strategies and investigate potential mechanisms to enhance their destruction. There was no significant difference in inactivation of Ascaris suum ova in digesters operated at different solids residence times (SRT) or feeding frequencies. Ova exposed to an anaerobic environment became dormant, or remained unembryonated throughout their residence in the reactors. Approximately 65\% of ova were able to retain their viability for up to 16 days, after which the rate of inactivation increased until nearly all ova were nonviable by day 24. In contrast, ova exposed to aerobic conditions did not become dormant and progressed through several developmental stages until day 16, after which nearly all ova were observed to be nonviable. In addition, only 35\% of fully developed ova exposed to the anaerobic environment retained their viability by day 16 compared to 65\% for dormant ova. Results suggest that some ova are physically destroyed during digestion and ova can be inactivated faster if their development cycle is aerobically triggered before entering the anaerobic digestion process. Results also suggest that transfer of resource recovery technologies such as mesophilic anaerobic digestion to developing world settings must account for local climatic and health conditions so mutually beneficial outcomes can be attained.}, keywords = {*Medical Waste Disposal, Anaerobiosis, Animals, Ascaris suum/*physiology, Bioreactors/microbiology/parasitology, Biotechnology, Ecology, Embryo, Nonmammalian/*physiology, Life Cycle Stages/*physiology, Manure/*parasitology, Swine}, isbn = {1520-5851 (Electronic)
0013-936X (Linking)}, author = {N D Manser and I Wald and S J Ergas and Izurieta, R. and J R Mihelcic} } @article {13396, title = {{Assessing the fate of Ascaris suum ova during mesophilic anaerobic digestion}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {3128{\textendash}3135}, author = {N D Manser and I Wald and S J Ergas and Izurieta, R and J R Mihelcic} } @article {12237, title = {An Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistant Disease Threats in Canada}, journal = {PLoS OnePLoS One}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, note = {Garner, Michael J. Carson, Carolee Lingohr, Erika J. Fazil, Aamir Edge, Victoria L. Waddell, Jan Trumble
Edge, Victoria/0000-0002-2830-8395}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of infectious agents is a growing concern for public health organizations. Given the complexity of this issue and how widespread the problem has become, resources are often insufficient to address all concerns, thus prioritization of AMR pathogens is essential for the optimal allocation of risk management attention. Since the epidemiology of AMR pathogens differs between countries, country-specific assessments are important for the determination of national priorities. Objective To develop a systematic and transparent approach to AMR risk prioritization in Canada. Methods Relevant AMR pathogens in Canada were selected through a transparent multi-step consensus process (n=32). Each pathogen was assessed using ten criteria: incidence, mortality, case-fatality, communicability, treatability, clinical impact, public/political attention, ten-year projection of incidence, economic impact, and preventability. For each pathogen, each criterion was assigned a numerical score of 0, 1, or 2, and multiplied by criteria-specific weighting determined through researcher consensus of importance. The scores for each AMR pathogen were summed and ranked by total score, where a higher score indicated greater importance. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the effects of changing the criteria-specific weights. Results The AMR pathogen with the highest total weighted score was extended spectrum B-lactamase-producing (ESBL) Enterobacteriaceae (score=77). When grouped by percentile, ESBL Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridium difficile, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were in the 80-100(th) percentile. Conclusion This assessment provides useful information for prioritising public health strategies regarding AMR resistance at the national level in Canada. As the AMR environment and challenges change over time and space, this systematic and transparent approach can be adapted for use by other stakeholders domestically and internationally. Given the complexity of influences, resource availability and multiple stakeholders, regular consideration of AMR activities in the public health realm is essential for appropriate and responsible prioritisation of risk management that optimises the health and security of the population.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, author = {Garner, M. J. and Carson, C. and Lingohr, E. J. and Fazil, A. and Edge, V. L. and Waddell, J. T.} } @article {8164, title = {{An assessment of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella vaccine candidates for infants and children}}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {feb}, pages = {954{\textendash}965}, abstract = {Despite improvements to water quality, sanitation, and the implementation of current prevention and treatment interventions, diarrhea remains a major cause of illness and death, especially among children less than five years of age in the developing world. Rotavirus vaccines have already begun making a real impact on diarrhea, but several more enteric vaccines will be necessary to achieve broader reductions of illness and death. Among the many causes of diarrheal disease, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Shigella are the two most important bacterial pathogens for which there are no currently licensed vaccines. Vaccines against these two pathogens could greatly reduce the impact of disease caused by these infections. This review describes the approaches to ETEC and Shigella vaccines that are currently under development, including a range of both cellular and subunit approaches for each pathogen. In addition, the review discusses strategies for maximizing the potential benefit of these vaccines, which includes the feasibility of co-administration, consolidation, and combination of vaccine candidates, as well as issues related to effective administration of enteric vaccines to infants. Recent impact studies indicate that ETEC and Shigella vaccines could significantly benefit global public health. Either vaccine, particularly if they could be combined together or with another enteric vaccine, would be an extremely valuable tool for saving lives and promoting the health of infants and children in the developing world, as well as potentially providing protection to travelers and military personnel visiting endemic areas.}, keywords = {Bacillary, Bacillary: prevention {\&} control, Child, Dysentery, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: immunology, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention {\&} control, Escherichia coli Vaccines, Escherichia coli Vaccines: immunology, Humans, Infant, Preschool, Shigella, Shigella Vaccines, Shigella Vaccines: immunology, Shigella: immunology, Subunit, Subunit: immunology, Vaccine Potency, Vaccines}, issn = {0264410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.049}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25482842}, author = {Walker, Richard I.} } @article {2452, title = {{An assessment of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella vaccine candidates for infants and children}}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {feb}, pages = {954{\textendash}965}, abstract = {Despite improvements to water quality, sanitation, and the implementation of current prevention and treatment interventions, diarrhea remains a major cause of illness and death, especially among children less than five years of age in the developing world. Rotavirus vaccines have already begun making a real impact on diarrhea, but several more enteric vaccines will be necessary to achieve broader reductions of illness and death. Among the many causes of diarrheal disease, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Shigella are the two most important bacterial pathogens for which there are no currently licensed vaccines. Vaccines against these two pathogens could greatly reduce the impact of disease caused by these infections. This review describes the approaches to ETEC and Shigella vaccines that are currently under development, including a range of both cellular and subunit approaches for each pathogen. In addition, the review discusses strategies for maximizing the potential benefit of these vaccines, which includes the feasibility of co-administration, consolidation, and combination of vaccine candidates, as well as issues related to effective administration of enteric vaccines to infants. Recent impact studies indicate that ETEC and Shigella vaccines could significantly benefit global public health. Either vaccine, particularly if they could be combined together or with another enteric vaccine, would be an extremely valuable tool for saving lives and promoting the health of infants and children in the developing world, as well as potentially providing protection to travelers and military personnel visiting endemic areas.}, keywords = {Bacillary, Bacillary: prevention \& control, Child, Dysentery, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: immunology, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli Vaccines, Escherichia coli Vaccines: immunology, Humans, Infant, Preschool, Shigella, Shigella Vaccines, Shigella Vaccines: immunology, Shigella: immunology, Subunit, Subunit: immunology, Vaccine Potency, Vaccines}, issn = {0264410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.049}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25482842}, author = {Walker, Richard I.} } @article {14267, title = {An assessment of enterotoxigenic {Escherichia} coli and {Shigella} vaccine candidates for infants and children}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {feb}, pages = {954{\textendash}965}, abstract = {Despite improvements to water quality, sanitation, and the implementation of current prevention and treatment interventions, diarrhea remains a major cause of illness and death, especially among children less than five years of age in the developing world. Rotavirus vaccines have already begun making a real impact on diarrhea, but several more enteric vaccines will be necessary to achieve broader reductions of illness and death. Among the many causes of diarrheal disease, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Shigella are the two most important bacterial pathogens for which there are no currently licensed vaccines. Vaccines against these two pathogens could greatly reduce the impact of disease caused by these infections. This review describes the approaches to ETEC and Shigella vaccines that are currently under development, including a range of both cellular and subunit approaches for each pathogen. In addition, the review discusses strategies for maximizing the potential benefit of these vaccines, which includes the feasibility of co-administration, consolidation, and combination of vaccine candidates, as well as issues related to effective administration of enteric vaccines to infants. Recent impact studies indicate that ETEC and Shigella vaccines could significantly benefit global public health. Either vaccine, particularly if they could be combined together or with another enteric vaccine, would be an extremely valuable tool for saving lives and promoting the health of infants and children in the developing world, as well as potentially providing protection to travelers and military personnel visiting endemic areas.}, keywords = {Bacillary, Bacillary: prevention \& control, Child, Dysentery, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: immunology, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli Vaccines, Escherichia coli Vaccines: immunology, Humans, Infant, Preschool, Shigella, Shigella Vaccines, Shigella Vaccines: immunology, Shigella: immunology, Subunit, Subunit: immunology, Vaccine Potency, Vaccines}, issn = {0264410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.049}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25482842}, author = {Walker, Richard I.} } @article {10013, title = {{Assessment of human virus removal during municipal wastewater treatment in Edmonton, Canada}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {119}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {1729{\textendash}1739}, abstract = {AIMS: To assess the removal of viruses through the multiple steps of wastewater treatment in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant in Alberta, Canada. METHODS AND RESULTS: Samples were collected after each of the five treatment steps for a period of 16 months. The amount of viruses and their infectivity were analysed using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and integrated viral cell culture (ICC), respectively. Bacterial indicator Escherichia coli was also tested using membrane filtration. Seven viruses including Norovirus (NoV), Rotavirus (RV), Sapovirus (SaV), Astrovirus (AsV), Adenovirus (AdV), Enterovirus (EV) and JC virus (JCV) were detected in 16 primary effluents in which infectious viruses were present. Different treatment steps showed various efficiencies in virus removal, with membrane ultrafiltration as the most effective at 4.6-7.0 log reduction. CONCLUSIONS: We observed high prevalence of viruses in raw wastewater and different viral reduction after various treatment steps. The discharge of treated wastewater with infectious viruses represents potential risks to human, animal and environmental health. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the removal of NoV, RV, SaV, AsV, AdV, EV, JCV and Reovirus from wastewater by current procedures of municipal wastewater treatment and discusses the applicability of various viruses as viral indicators for water quality.}, keywords = {Integrated cell-culture/qPCR, Real-time quantitative PCR, Virus removal, Viruses, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {1365-2672}, issn = {13652672}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12971}, author = {Qiu, Y. and Lee, B. E. and Neumann, N. and Ashbolt, N. and Craik, S. and Maal-Bared, R. and Pang, X. L.} } @article {5065, title = {Assessment of human virus removal during municipal wastewater treatment in {Edmonton}, {Canada}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {119}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {1729{\textendash}1739}, author = {Qiu, Y and Lee, BE and Newmann, N and Ashbolt, N and Craik, S and Maal-Bared, R and X L Pang} } @article {8728, title = {{Assessment of human virus removal during municipal wastewater treatment in Edmonton, Canada}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {119}, year = {2015}, pages = {1729{\textendash}1739}, abstract = {AIMS: To assess the removal of viruses through the multiple steps of wastewater treatment in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant in Alberta, Canada. METHODS AND RESULTS: Samples were collected after each of the five treatment steps for a period of 16 months. The amount of viruses and their infectivity were analysed using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and integrated viral cell culture (ICC), respectively. Bacterial indicator Escherichia coli was also tested using membrane filtration. Seven viruses including Norovirus (NoV), Rotavirus (RV), Sapovirus (SaV), Astrovirus (AsV), Adenovirus (AdV), Enterovirus (EV) and JC virus (JCV) were detected in 16 primary effluents in which infectious viruses were present. Different treatment steps showed various efficiencies in virus removal, with membrane ultrafiltration as the most effective at 4.6-7.0 log reduction. CONCLUSIONS: We observed high prevalence of viruses in raw wastewater and different viral reduction after various treatment steps. The discharge of treated wastewater with infectious viruses represents potential risks to human, animal and environmental health. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the removal of NoV, RV, SaV, AsV, AdV, EV, JCV and Reovirus from wastewater by current procedures of municipal wastewater treatment and discusses the applicability of various viruses as viral indicators for water quality.}, keywords = {Integrated cell-culture/qPCR, Real-time quantitative PCR, Virus removal, Viruses, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {1365-2672}, issn = {13652672}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12971}, author = {Qiu, Y. and Lee, B. E. and Neumann, N. and Ashbolt, N. and Craik, S. and Maal-Bared, R. and Pang, X. L.} } @article {7825, title = {An assessment of the human health impact of seven leading foodborne pathogens in the United States using disability adjusted life years}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {143}, number = {13}, year = {2015}, month = {10/00}, pages = {2795-2804}, abstract = {

SUMMARYWe explored the overall impact of foodborne disease caused by seven leading foodborne pathogens in the United States using the disability adjusted life year (DALY). We defined health states for each pathogen (acute illness and sequelae) and estimated the average annual incidence of each health state using data from public health surveillance and previously published estimates from studies in the United States, Canada and Europe. These pathogens caused about 112 000 DALYs annually due to foodborne illnesses acquired in the United States. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (32 900) and Toxoplasma (32 700) caused the most DALYs, followed by Campylobacter (22 500), norovirus (9900), Listeria monocytogenes (8800), Clostridium perfringens (4000), and Escherichia coli O157 (1200). These estimates can be used to prioritize food safety interventions. Future estimates of the burden of foodborne disease in DALYs would be improved by addressing important data gaps and by the development and validation of US-specific disability weights for foodborne diseases.

}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-an-assessment-of-the-human-health-impact-of-seven-leading-foodborne-pathogens-in-the-united-states-using-disability-adjusted-life-years-div/8D62E2453209BA0A0D5D79B9A2A980AD}, author = {E Scallan and R M Hoekstra and B E Mahon and T F Jones and P M Griffin} } @article {15369, title = {Associations between schistosomiasis and the use of human waste as an agricultural fertilizer in China}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, note = {R01AI068854/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
R01AI068854-04S1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States}, month = {Jan}, pages = {e0003444}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human waste is used as an agricultural fertilizer in China and elsewhere. Because the eggs of many helminth species can survive in environmental media, reuse of untreated or partially treated human waste, commonly called night soil, may promote transmission of human helminthiases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted an open cohort study in 36 villages to evaluate the association between night soil use and schistosomiasis in a region of China where schistosomiasis has reemerged and persisted despite control activities. We tested 2,005 residents for Schistosoma japonicum infection in 2007 and 1,365 residents in 2010 and interviewed heads of household about agricultural practices each study year. We used an intervention attributable ratio framework to estimate the association between night soil use and S. japonicum infection. Night soil use was reported by half of households (56\% in 2007 and 46\% in 2010). Village night soil use was strongly associated with human S. japonicum infection in 2007. We estimate cessation of night soil use would lead to a 49\% reduction in infection prevalence in 2007 (95\% CI: 12\%, 71\%). However, no association between night soil and schistosomiasis was observed in 2010. These inconsistent findings may be due to unmeasured confounding or temporal shifts in the importance of different sources of S. japonicum eggs on the margins of disease elimination. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The use of untreated or partially treated human waste as an agricultural fertilizer may be a barrier to permanent reductions in human helminthiases. This practice warrants further attention by the public health community.}, keywords = {Animals, China/epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Feces/*parasitology, Fertilizers, Humans, Schistosomiasis japonica/epidemiology/*transmission}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Carlton, E. J. and Liu, Y. and Zhong, B. and Hubbard, A. and Spear, R. C.} } @article {7255, title = {Associations between school- and household-level water, sanitation and hygiene conditions and soil-transmitted helminth infection among {Kenyan} school children}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {412}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminths, a class of parasitic intestinal worms, are pervasive in many low-income settings. Infection among children can lead to poor nutritional outcomes, anaemia, and reduced cognition. Mass treatment, typically administered through schools, with yearly or biannual drugs is inexpensive and can reduce worm burden, but reinfection can occur rapidly. Access to and use of sanitation facilities and proper hygiene can reduce infection, but rigorous data are scarce. Among school-age children, infection can occur at home or at school, but little is known about the relative importance of WASH in transmission in these two settings. METHODS: We explored the relationships between school and household water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions and behaviours during the baseline of a large-scale mass drug administration programme in Kenya. We assessed several WASH measures to quantify the exposure of school children, and developed theory and empirically-based parsimonious models. RESULTS: Results suggest mixed impacts of household and school WASH on prevalence and intensity of infection. WASH risk factors differed across individual worm species, which is expected given the different mechanisms of infection. CONCLUSIONS: No trend of the relative importance of school versus household-level WASH emerged, though some factors, like water supply were more strongly related to lower infection, which suggests it is important in supporting other school practices, such as hand-washing and keeping school toilets clean.

}, issn = {1756-3305}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-015-1024-x}, author = {Freeman, M. C. and Chard, A. N. and Nikolay, B. and Garn, J. V. and Okoyo, C. and Kihara, J. and Njenga, S. M. and Pullan, R. L. and Brooker, S. J. and Mwandawiro, C. S.} } @article {6141, title = {Attachment and detachment behavior of human Adenovirus and surrogates in fine granular limestone aquifer material}, journal = {Journal of environmental quality}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {1392{\textendash}1401}, publisher = {The American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.}, author = {Stevenson, Margaret E and Sommer, Regina and Lindner, Gerhard and Farnleitner, Andreas H and Toze, Simon and Kirschner, Alexander KT and Blaschke, Alfred P and Sidhu, Jatinder PS} } @article {8594, title = {{The Austrian Toxoplasmosis Register, 1992-2008}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {e4{\textendash}e10}, author = {Prusa, AR and Kasper, DC and Pollak, A and Gleiss, A and Waldhoer, T and Hayde, M} } @article {16283, title = {Automated Sampling Procedures Supported by High Persistence of Bacterial Fecal Indicators and Bacteroidetes Genetic Microbial Source Tracking Markers in Municipal Wastewater during Short-Term Storage at 5 degrees C}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {15}, year = {2015}, month = {Aug}, pages = {5134-5143}, keywords = {clostridium-perfringens, community structures, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, fresh-water, pollution, QUALITY, quantitative detection, ribosomal-rna gene, Survival, SYSTEMS}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Mayer, R. E. and Vierheilig, J. and Egle, L. and Reischer, G. H. and Saracevic, E. and Mach, R. L. and Kirschner, A. K. T. and Zessner, M. and Sommer, R. and Farnleitner, A. H.} } @article {7313, title = {Automated {Sampling} {Procedures} {Supported} by {High} {Persistence} of {Bacterial} {Fecal} {Indicators} and {Bacteroidetes} {Genetic} {Microbial} {Source} {Tracking} {Markers} in {Municipal} {Wastewater} during {Short}-{Term} {Storage} at 5{\textdegree}{C}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {15}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {5134{\textendash}5143}, issn = {0099-2240, 1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00998-15}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/lookup/doi/10.1128/AEM.00998-15}, author = {Mayer, R. E. and Vierheilig, J. and Egle, L. and Reischer, G. H. and Saracevic, E. and Mach, R. L. and Kirschner, A. K. T. and Zessner, M. and Sommer, R. and Farnleitner, A. H.}, editor = {Schaffner, D. W.} } @article {5901, title = {Bacteremia caused by Arcobacter butzleri in an immunocompromised host}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {53}, year = {2015}, pages = {1448{\textendash}1451}, author = {Arguello, Esther and Otto, Caitlin C and Mead, Peter and Esther Ν Babady} } @article {460, title = {Bacteriophage removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) {\textendash} Implications for wastewater reuse}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {73}, year = {2015}, pages = {109 - 117}, abstract = {Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the potential removal efficacy of viruses in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) wastewater reuse system, using a range of indigenous and {\textquoteleft}spiked{\textquoteright} bacteriophages (phages) of known size and morphology. Samples were taken each week for three months from nine locations at each treatment stage of the water recycling plant (WRP) and tested for a range of microbiological parameters (n~=~135). Mean levels of faecal coliforms were reduced to 0.3~CFU/100~ml in the \{MBR\} product and were undetected in samples taken after the chlorination stage. A relatively large reduction (5.3 log) in somatic coliphages was also observed following \{MBR\} treatment. However, F-specific and human-specific (GB124) phages were less abundant at all stages, and demonstrated log reductions post-MBR of 3.5 and 3.8, respectively. In {\textquoteleft}spiking{\textquoteright} experiments, suspended {\textquoteleft}spiked{\textquoteright} phages (MS2 and B-14) displayed post-MBR log reductions of 2.25 and 2.30, respectively. The removal of these suspended phages, which are smaller than the membrane pore size (0.04~μm), also highlights the possible role of the membrane biofilm as an effective additional barrier to virus transmission. The findings from this study of a full-scale \{MBR\} system demonstrate that the enumeration of several phage groups may offer a practical and conservative way of assessing the ability of \{MBR\} to remove enteric viruses of human health significance. They also suggest that phage removal in \{MBR\} systems may be highly variable and may be closely related on the one hand to both the size and morphology of the viruses and, on the other, to whether or not they are attached to solids.}, keywords = {Spiking experiments}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.01.019}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135415000391}, author = {Sarah Purnell and James Ebdon and Austen Buck and Martyn Tupper and Huw Taylor} } @article {10853, title = {Bacteriophage removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR){\textendash}Implications for wastewater reuse}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {73}, year = {2015}, pages = {109{\textendash}117}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Purnell, Sarah and Ebdon, James and Buck, Austen and Tupper, Martyn and Taylor, Huw} } @article {4378, title = {{Bacteriophages as indicators of human and animal faecal contamination in raw and treated wastewaters from Tunisia.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {118}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {may}, pages = {1217{\textendash}25}, abstract = {

AIMS: We aimed at quantifying bacteriophages in raw and treated wastewaters of human and animal origin in Tunisia to assess their usefulness for tracking the origin of faecal pollution and in the follow-up of effectiveness of water treatments process. METHODS AND RESULTS: The concentrations of bacteriophages in wastewater samples were determined by double layer agar technique. Somatic coliphages and F-specific RNA bacteriophages were present in all types of samples in high concentrations. The values of Escherichia coli were variable depending on geographical location. On the other hand, bacteriophages infecting strain GA17 were detected preferably when human faecal contamination was occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Bacteriophages appear as a feasible and widely applicable manner to detect faecal contamination in Tunisia. On the other hand, phages infecting GA17 could be good markers for tracking the origin of faecal pollution in the area studied. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The reuse of treated wastewaters can be a solution to meet the needs of water in the geographical area of study. Bacteriophages seem to predict differently the presence of faecal contamination in water than bacterial indicators. Consequently, they can be a valuable additional tool to improve water resources management for minimizing health risks.

}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12774}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25689071}, author = {Yahya, M and Hmaied, F and Jebri, S and Jofre, J and Hamdi, M} } @article {16688, title = {Bayesian modeling of virus removal efficiency in wastewater treatment processes}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {72}, year = {2015}, pages = {1789{\textendash}1795}, author = {Ito, T. and Kato, T. and Takagishi, K. and Okabe, S. and Sano, D.} } @mastersthesis {7427, title = {A beach of their own: {The} origins of gender segregation in the {Israeli} public sphere}, year = {2015}, note = {3685927}, school = {New York University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {My dissertation, "A Beach of Their Own: The Origins of Gender Segregation in the Israeli Public Sphere," examines how various ultra-Orthodox groups mobilized to influence the nature of the public sphere by fighting against mixed swimming and establishing gender segregated spaces for swimming, Controversies surrounding two bodies of water form the bulk of my dissertation: the successful 1966 establishment of the first gender segregated beach in Israel, located in Tel Aviv, and the 1958 construction of Jerusalem{\textquoteright}s first public swimming pool, which attracted religious Jewish condemnations because it was to feature mixed swimming. By comparing a failed fight against mixed swimming to a successful struggle to establish gender segregated swimming, I demonstrate that the most effective demands for gender segregation were framed in a civic and not religious discourse. Rather than arguing that gender segregated swimming was against Jewish values, the Orthodox community effectively argued that a lack of separate swimming violated their rights as tax payers who had the right to swim just as any other Israeli citizen. The mixed Jerusalem pool and the separate Tel Aviv beach mirror each other, providing a fertile ground for analysis of church-state relations, and how effective varying strategies of political mobilization are for the imposition of religious Jewish values on the public Israeli sphere. Calls for gender segregation are not recent creations but inherent in the fabric of Israeli culture, dating back to the nascent period of the state and even earlier to the near genesis of the Zionist project.}, keywords = {0333:Middle Eastern history, 0453:Womens studies, 0751:Judaic studies, Beach, Gender segregation, Israel, Judaic studies, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern history, Orthodox jews, Pool, Social sciences, Womens studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1666383656?accountid=14270}, author = {Weiss, Shayna} } @booklet {3645, title = {Benefits and Costs of the Water Sanitation and Hygiene Targets for the Post-2015 Development Agenda}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Copenhagen Consensus Center}, address = {Lowell, MA}, author = {Hutton, G} } @article {8657, title = {{A biocoagulant slow sand filtration for disinfection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts from Mezam River in Bamenda, Cameroon}}, journal = {African Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {937{\textendash}943}, author = {Yongabi, KA and Knoll, L} } @article {8656, title = {{Biocoagulants for Water and Waste Water Purification: a Review}}, journal = {International Review of Biophysical Chemistry (IREBIC)}, number = {No 3(2014)}, year = {2015}, author = {Yongabi, KA} } @article {721, title = {Biodegradation of Fats and Oils in Domestic Wastewater by Selected Protozoan Isolates}, journal = {Water Air Soil Pollut}, volume = {226}, year = {2015}, month = {04/2015}, pages = {1-15}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {
The majority of the existing water bodies around the world are increasingly polluted with oily wastewater. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of single protozoan isolates (Aspidisca, Trachelophyllum and Peranema) and of a consortium of these three protozoan isolates in the biodegradation of fats and oils present in polluted domestic wastewater. The biomass of protozoan isolates, chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO) and concentrations of fats and oils were determined in triplicate before and after the inoculation of isolates in oily wastewaters, using standard methods. Results revealed optimum growth of protozoan cell densities under favourable conditions of 30 {\textdegree}C, pH 6 and 8 (from 1.00 to 4.00, 3.96, 3.80 and 4.20{\texttimes}102 cells/ml for Aspidisca, Trachelophyllum, Peranema and a consortium of the three isolates, respectively). The average percentage uptake of DO by Aspidisca, Trachelophyllum, Peranema and their consortium was 95, 96, 96 and 100 \%, respectively, for both 30 and 25 {\textdegree}C and at pH levels of (4, 6, 8 and 10), respectively. The results revealed that the COD removal rates of the isolates at various pH levels were >=20 and <=90 \%, respectively, for 30 and 25 {\textdegree}C. At a temperature of 30 {\textdegree}C, the biodegradation capabilities of the isolates ranged from 3.0 to 8.0, 3.0 to 6.0, 7.0 to 11.0 and 8.0 to 22.0\%, while at 25 {\textdegree}C, the biodegradation rates were 3.0 to 6.0, 4.0 to 7.0, 3.0 to 8.0 and 4.0 to 15.0 \% for Aspidisca, Trachelophyllum, Peranema and the consortium of these three isolates, respectively.
}, keywords = {Biodegradation . Fats and oil . Protozoan isolates .Aconsortiumof isolates . Bioremediation . Partition-gravimetricmethod}, doi = { 10.1007/s11270-015-2405-7}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs11270-015-2405-7}, author = {M NB Momba and L. O. Kachieng{\textquoteright}a} } @article {6140, title = {Biotin-and Glycoprotein-Coated Microspheres as Surrogates for Studying Filtration Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum in Granular Limestone Aquifer Media}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, year = {2015}, pages = {AEM{\textendash}00885}, author = {Stevenson, ME and Blaschke, AP and Toze, S and Sidhu, JPS and Ahmed, W and van Driezum, IH and Sommer, R and Kirschner, AKT and Cervero-Arag{\'o}, S and Farnleitner, AH and others} } @article {9896, title = {{Blastocystis isolates from patients with irritable bowel syndrome and from asymptomatic carriers exhibit similar parasitological loads, but significantly different generation times and genetic variability across multiple subtypes}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0124006}, author = {Vargas-Sanchez, GB and Romero-Valdovinos, M and Ramirez-Guerrero, C and Vargas-Hernandez, I and Ramirez-Miranda, ME and Martinez-Oca{\~n}a, J and Valadez, A and Ximenez, C and Lopez-Escamilla, E and Hernandez-Campos, ME and Villalobos, G and Martinez-Hernandez, F and Aravilla, P} } @booklet {3448, title = {{Breaking the Next Taboo: Menstrual Hygiene within CLTS (Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights Issue No. 6).}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {CLTS Knowledge Hub, Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex}, address = {Falmer, Brighton}, author = {Roose, S and Rankin, T and Cavill, S} } @booklet {3507, title = {Breaking the {Next} {Taboo}: {Menstrual} {Hygiene} within {CLTS} ({Frontiers} of {CLTS}: {Innovations} and {Insights} {Issue} {No}. 6).}, year = {2015}, publisher = {CLTS Knowledge Hub, Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex}, address = {Falmer, Brighton}, author = {Roose, S and Rankin, T and Cavill, S} } @article {12372, title = {Briefing Note. Antimicrobial Resistance: An Emerging Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Issue WHO/FWC/WSH/14.7}, year = {2015}, pages = {16}, institution = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva} } @article {5569, title = {{Broad Blockade Antibody Responses in Human Volunteers after Immunization with a Multivalent Norovirus VLP Candidate Vaccine: Immunological Analyses from a Phase I Clinical Trial}}, journal = {PLOS Medicine}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {e1001807}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the primary cause of acute gastroenteritis and are characterized by antigenic variation between genogroups and genotypes and antigenic drift of strains within the predominant GII.4 genotype. In the context of this diversity, an effective NoV vaccine must elicit broadly protective immunity. We used an antibody (Ab) binding blockade assay to measure the potential cross-strain protection provided by a multivalent NoV virus-like particle (VLP) candidate vaccine in human volunteers.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS AND FINDINGS: Sera from ten human volunteers immunized with a multivalent NoV VLP vaccine (genotypes GI.1/GII.4) were analyzed for IgG and Ab blockade of VLP interaction with carbohydrate ligand, a potential correlate of protective immunity to NoV infection and illness. Immunization resulted in rapid rises in IgG and blockade Ab titers against both vaccine components and additional VLPs representing diverse strains and genotypes not represented in the vaccine. Importantly, vaccination induced blockade Ab to two novel GII.4 strains not in circulation at the time of vaccination or sample collection. GII.4 cross-reactive blockade Ab titers were more potent than responses against non-GII.4 VLPs, suggesting that previous exposure history to this dominant circulating genotype may impact the vaccine Ab response. Further, antigenic cartography indicated that vaccination preferentially activated preexisting Ab responses to epitopes associated with GII.4.1997. Study interpretations may be limited by the relevance of the surrogate neutralization assay and the number of immunized participants evaluated.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: Vaccination with a multivalent NoV VLP vaccine induces a broadly blocking Ab response to multiple epitopes within vaccine and non-vaccine NoV strains and to novel antigenic variants not yet circulating at the time of vaccination. These data reveal new information about complex NoV immune responses to both natural exposure and to vaccination, and support the potential feasibility of an efficacious multivalent NoV VLP vaccine for future use in human populations.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nTRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01168401.}, isbn = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001807}, issn = {1549-1676}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001807}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4371888{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Lisa C Lindesmith and Ferris, Martin T. and Mullan, Clancy W. and Ferreira, Jennifer and Debbink, Kari and Swanstrom, Jesica and Richardson, Charles and Goodwin, Robert R. and Baehner, Frank and Mendelman, Paul M. and Bargatze, Robert F. and Ralph S Baric} } @article {17413, title = {Burden of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Disease in a Rural and Urban Site in Kenya, 2009-2014}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {61 Suppl 4}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov 1}, pages = {S302-9}, edition = {2015/10/10}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Cost of Illness, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, invasive NTS, Kenya/epidemiology, Male, nontyphoidal Salmonella, Retrospective Studies, Rural Population, Salmonella enterica/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Salmonella Infections/blood/*epidemiology/microbiology/mortality, Salmonellosis, Time Factors, Urban Population}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Verani, J. R. and Toroitich, S. and Auko, J. and Kiplang{\textquoteright}at, S. and Cosmas, L. and Audi, A. and Mogeni, O. D. and Aol, G. and Oketch, D. and Odiembo, H. and Katieno, J. and Wamola, N. and Onyango, C. O. and Juma, B. W. and Fields, B. S. and Bigogo, G. and Montgomery, J. M.} } @article {7104, title = {The {Burden} of {Norovirus} {Disease} in {Children} in the {European} {Union}:}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {229{\textendash}234}, issn = {0891-3668}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0000000000000546}, url = {http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage\&an=00006454-201503000-00001}, author = {Kowalzik, Frank and Riera-Montes, Margarita and Verstraeten, Thomas and Zepp, Fred} } @mastersthesis {6303, title = {Burdens and benefits of climate change solutions: {A} case study of climate change skeptics and deniers in rural {Nevada}}, year = {2015}, note = {3715059}, school = {University of Nevada, Las Vegas}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation is an ethnographic case study of climate change Doubtfuls and Dismissives with the purpose of understanding their perceptions of water use and renewable energy in the context of a changing climate. I also investigate the information sources and messages they use to understand climate change and climate change solutions. The Global Warming{\textquoteright}s Six Americas project identifies climate change Doubtfuls and Dismissives as one third of the American public, and an active voice in US climate change policy (Maibach et al, 2009; Leiserowitz et al., 2014). Doubtfuls are people with skeptical attitudes towards anthropogenic climate change, while Dismissives deny any change is occurring. I conducted twenty-five interviews of Churchill County, Nevada residents, twenty-three of which reflected a Doubtful or Dismissive attitude towards climate change. The analysis focuses on three themes: 1) willingness to implement water conservation practices; 2) support for renewable energy developments and policies that encourage that development; and 3) information sources used to understand climate change and climate change solutions. My informants perceive climate change as a natural, non-anthropogenic, non-threatening process, and therefore only plan for short-term drought mitigation. In fact, they fear losing existing water rights and supply if they implement water conservation practices. I also found that they support renewable energy in principle, but not in practice because they do not see monetary incentives and do not agree in government subsidies for the industry. In a departure from most research, they welcome development on local public lands, but only if the county accrues resources from those developments. My informants look to peer groups and trade associations for primary information about water, renewable energy, and climate change. I use these findings to discuss points of possible connection between the scientific concerns about climate change effects, and the practical concerns of a population important to shaping climate change policy. I describe how science-based decision-making can engage this population using boundary organizations to co-produce knowledge focused on mutually beneficial policies and practices. In summary, I demonstrate that it is quite possible for Doubtfuls and Dismissives to support climate beneficial measures, even if they disagree that climate change is a problem, if they see other practical benefits to be gained.}, keywords = {0404:Climate Change, 0459:Communication, 0477:Environmental Studies, Agricultural water policy, Climate adaptation, Climate change, Communication, Communication and the arts, Earth sciences, Environmental Studies, Health and environmental sciences, Renewable energy, Rural sociology, Science communication}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1710455244?accountid=14270}, author = {Dutcher, Patricia} } @mastersthesis {6448, title = {Calibration of log response using core and outcrop data in the eastern {Uinta} basin to allow correlation from outcrop belts into the subsurface}, year = {2015}, note = {1584547}, school = {Colorado School of Mines}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The Green River Formation of the Uinta basin, Utah, is a proven petroleum system with many existing, highly productive fields in sandstone and carbonate facies. Other, finer-grained facies (siliceous and carbonate mud rocks) have proven potential as basin wide unconventional plays. The oil shale of the Green River Formation deposited in the Uinta basin is estimated to contain 1.32 trillion barrels of oil in place with an economic potential of as much as 77 billion barrels. The economics of individual wells, however, are highly dependent on, local facies and completion strategy, to optimize well performance it is important to understand the distribution and nature of facies around the well bore. In the Uinta basin unusual mineralogy and physical properties result in unusual log responses that can easily lead to misinterpretations; this problem is also compounded by the lateral and vertical heterogeneity of the Green River Formation. This study focuses on the Green River Formation below the Mahogany Zone, in the eastern Uinta basin of Utah. The study area stretches from Ravens Ridge in the North to White Face Butte in the south and to Randlett in the northwest. The study had 4 key objectives; 1) adapt a facies model from the Piceance Creek Basin for use in the Uinta Basin, 2) develop an approach to calibrate well logs in the Uinta basin, 3) identify and select wells in the study area with suitable logs to be calibrated, 4) construct regional cross-sections tying outcrops at White Face Butte and Ravens Ridge to cored wells in the study area. To achieve these goals, 3 principal types of data were collected; core descriptions, field descriptions and construction of a PetraTM project to compile well data. The Skyline 16 and Coyote Wash \#1 cores, both over 1000ft. long have been described on a bed by bed scale and another core description, the EX-1, has been reinterpreted and upscaled to provide calibration points in the subsurface. 834 ft. of vertical section were described and a spectral gamma survey conducted at White Face Butte, Utah. Descriptions from a previous researcher were reinterpreted to provide outcrop data at Ravens Ridge. A Petra project containing several thousand wells and a variety of tops data and logs has been compiled. Outcrop and core description identified 22 facies that have been grouped into 7 facies associations, these are; FA1 Shoreline Sandstones, FA2 Shoreline Mudstones, FA3 Carbonate Shoals, FA4 Microbial Carbonates, FA5 Delta Deposits, FA6 Littoral to sublittoral siliciclastics and FA7 Oil shale. 12 wells have been selected and interpreted to construct cross-sections. These cross-sections have subsequently been interpreted to identify formations, major depositional units and facies. The construction of cross-sections and the identification of correlative units formed the basis for the calibration technique, which has identified several common patterns allowing for reliable facies identification from well logs. Incorporating outcrop data into cross-sections has shown that the Castle Peak, a marker within the Carbonate Marker Unit is equivalent to the Long Point Bed at Ravens Ridge and White Face Butte. It has also shown that previous interpretations of the Skyline16 core had substantially underestimated how much of the Green River Formation remained below the core.}, keywords = {0372:Geology, 0583:Petroleum Geology, 0765:Petroleum engineering, Applied sciences, Earth sciences, Geology, Petroleum engineering, Petroleum Geology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1659793524?accountid=14270}, author = {Hogan, James} } @article {8482, title = {{Calomys callosus chronically infected by Toxoplasma gondii clonal type II strain and reinfected by Brazilian strains is not able to prevent vertical transmission}}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {181}, author = {Franco, PS and da Silva, NM and de Freitas Barbosa, B and de Oliveira Gomes, A and Ietta, F and Shwab, EK and Su, C and Mineo, JR and Ferro, EA} } @inbook {7857, title = {Campylobacter: Animal Reservoirs, Human Infections, and Options for Control}, booktitle = {Zoonoses - Infections Affecting Humans and Animals: Focus on Public Health Aspects}, year = {2015}, pages = {159-177}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, organization = {Springer Netherlands}, address = {Dordrecht}, isbn = {978-94-017-9457-2}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9457-2_6}, author = {Wagenaar,Jaap A. and Newell,Diane G. and Kalupahana,Ruwani S. and Mughini-Gras,Lapo}, editor = {Sing,Andreas} } @article {8608, title = {{CCp5A Protein from Toxoplasma gondii as a Serological Marker of Oocyst-driven Infections in Humans and Domestic Animals}}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {1305}, author = {Santana, SS and Gebrim, LC and Carvalho, FR and Barros, HS and Barros, PC and Pajuaba, AC and Messina, V and Possenti, A and Cherchi, S and Reiche, EM and Navarro, IT and Garcia, JL and Pozio, E and Mineo, TW and Spano, F and Mineo, JR} } @article {4108, title = {{Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Giardiasis surveillance {\textendash} United States, 2011-2012}}, journal = {MMWR Supplements}, volume = {64}, year = {2015}, pages = {15{\textendash}25}, author = {Painter, JE and Gargano, JW and Collier, SA and Yoder, JS} } @article {3983, title = {Centers for Disease Control: Department of Health and Human Services}, year = {2015}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/rota.pdf} } @article {11753, title = {{Cerebral sparganosis: case report and review of the European cases}}, journal = {Acta Neurochir}, volume = {157}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {1339{\textendash}1343}, abstract = {Sparganosis is a severe parasitic infection caused by the larvae of Spirometra mansoni, also called {\textquotedblleft}sparganum.{\textquotedblright} In human hosts, the Spirometra mansoni larva commonly targets the subcutaneous tissue or muscle. Sometimes it can also migrate into the brain, resulting in cerebral sparganosis, mainly characterized by focal neurological symptoms such as seizures and radiological {\textquotedblleft}wandering lesions{\textquotedblright} on magnetic resonance images {\{}(MRIs).{\}} Clinical cases of cerebral sparganosis have been reported worldwide, mainly in Asian countries, but also in North America, South America and Australia. Only two cases have been previously reported in Europe. A 29-year-old male from Bolivia, who lived in Spain, presented to our service for seizures and a multicystic brain lesion, initially suspected to be a dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor {\{}(DNET).{\}} He underwent gross total resection of the mixed solid/cystic lesion. Pathology revealed gliosis, multiple interconnected cystic cavities with fibrous walls, inflammatory cell infiltration and no necrotizing granulomatous reaction. Inside the cavities, a parasitic form was identified as the larva of the cestode Spirometra mansoni. At 1-year follow-up, the patient had no deficits and was seizure free. Clinicians should be alerted to the possible existence of this rare entity in Europe, especially in patients from endemic areas with a possible infection history as well as {\textquotedblleft}wandering lesions{\textquotedblright} on the {\{}MRI.{\}}}, issn = {0001-6268}, doi = {10.1007/s00701-015-2466-9}, author = {Presti, Anna and Aguirre, Daniel and Andr{\'e}s, Pablo and Daoud, Lina and Fortes, Jos{\'e} and Mu{\~n}iz, Jes{\'u}s} } @article {11218, title = {{Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {663{\textendash}686}, doi = {10.1128/cmr.00106-14}, author = {Fan, Chia-Kwung and Holland, Celia V and Loxton, Karen and Barghouth, Ursula} } @article {7175, title = {Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease and water, sanitation and hygiene intersectoral integration programs}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {547}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research has suggested that water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions, in addition to mass drug administration (MDA), are necessary for controlling and eliminating many neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the integration of NTD and WASH programming in order to identify barriers to widespread integration and make recommendations about ideal conditions and best practices critical to future integrated programs. METHODS: Twenty-four in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders in the global NTD and WASH sectors to identify barriers and ideal conditions in programmatic integration. RESULTS: The most frequently mentioned barriers to WASH and NTD integration included: 1) differing programmatic objectives in the two sectors, including different indicators and metrics; 2) a disproportionate focus on mass drug administration; 3) differences in the scale of funding; 4) siloed funding; and 5) a lack of coordination and information sharing between the two sectors. Participants also conveyed that a more holistic approach was needed if future integration efforts are to be scaled-up. The most commonly mentioned requisite conditions included: 1) education and advocacy; 2) development of joint indicators; 3) increased involvement at the ministerial level; 4) integrated strategy development; 5) creating task forces or committed partnerships; and 6) improved donor support. CONCLUSIONS: Public health practitioners planning to integrate NTD and WASH programs can apply these results to create conditions for more effective programs and mitigate barriers to success. Donor agencies should consider funding more integration efforts to further test the proof of principle, and additional support from national and local governments is recommended if integration efforts are to succeed. Intersectoral efforts that include the development of shared indicators and objectives are needed to foster conditions conducive to expanding effective integration programs.}, keywords = {Humans, Hygiene, Interviews as Topic, Neglected Diseases, Program Evaluation, Public health, Qualitative Research, sanitation, Tropical Climate, Water Supply}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-015-1838-7}, author = {Johnston, E. Anna and Teague, Jordan and Graham, Jay P.} } @inbook {15724, title = {Chapter 25 - Municipal Wastewater Treatment}, booktitle = {Environmental Microbiology (Third Edition)}, year = {2015}, month = {2015/01/01/}, pages = {583-606}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {San Diego}, keywords = {Activated sludge, Barndenpho process, Biosolids, oxidation ponds, septic tanks, sewage treatment, sludge processing, trickling filters, wastewater}, isbn = {978-0-12-394626-3}, author = {Charles P Gerba and Pepper, Ian L.}, editor = {Pepper, Ian L. and Charles P Gerba and Gentry, Terry J.} } @inbook {1796, title = {Chapter 27 Recycled Water Treatment and Reuse}, booktitle = {Environmental Microbiology. Third Edition.}, year = {2015}, pages = {623-632}, publisher = {Elsevier Inc.}, organization = {Elsevier Inc.}, type = {Book Section}, chapter = {27}, address = {San Diego, CA. USA }, author = {Rock, C. M. and Gerba, C. P. and Pepper, I. L.}, editor = {Pepper, I. L. and Gerba, C. P. and Gentry, T. J.} } @article {13986, title = {Characteristics of emerging human-pathogenic {Escherichia} coli {O}26:{H}11 strains isolated in {France} between 2010 and 2013 and carrying the stx2d gene only.}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {feb}, pages = {486{\textendash}92}, abstract = {Strains of Escherichia coli O26:H11 that were positive for stx2 alone (n = 23), which were not epidemiologically related or part of an outbreak, were isolated from pediatric patients in France between 2010 and 2013. We were interested in comparing these strains with the new highly virulent stx2a-positive E. coli O26 clone sequence type 29 (ST29) that has emerged recently in Europe, and we tested them by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), stx2 subtyping, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) sequencing, and plasmid (ehxA, katP, espP, and etpD) and chromosomal (Z2098, espK, and espV) virulence gene profiling. We showed that 16 of the 23 strains appeared to correspond to this new clone, but the characteristics of 12 strains differed significantly from the previously described characteristics, with negative results for both plasmid and chromosomal genetic markers. These 12 strains exhibited a ST29 genotype and related CRISPR arrays (CRISPR2a alleles 67 or 71), suggesting that they evolved in a common environment. This finding was corroborated by the presence of stx2d in 7 of the 12 ST29 strains. This is the first time that E. coli O26:H11 carrying stx2d has been isolated from humans. This is additional evidence of the continuing evolution of virulent Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O26 strains. A new O26:H11 CRISPR PCR assay, SP\_O26\_E, has been developed for detection of these 12 particular ST29 strains of E. coli O26:H11. This test is useful to better characterize the stx2-positive O26:H11 clinical isolates, which are associated with severe clinical outcomes such as bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome.}, issn = {1098-660X}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.02290-14}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25428148 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4298503}, author = {Delannoy, Sabine and Mariani-Kurkdjian, Patricia and Bonacorsi, Stephane and Liguori, Sandrine and Fach, Patrick} } @article {7981, title = {{Characteristics of emerging human-pathogenic Escherichia coli O26:H11 strains isolated in France between 2010 and 2013 and carrying the stx2d gene only.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {feb}, pages = {486{\textendash}92}, abstract = {

Strains of Escherichia coli O26:H11 that were positive for stx2 alone (n = 23), which were not epidemiologically related or part of an outbreak, were isolated from pediatric patients in France between 2010 and 2013. We were interested in comparing these strains with the new highly virulent stx2a-positive E. coli O26 clone sequence type 29 (ST29) that has emerged recently in Europe, and we tested them by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), stx2 subtyping, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) sequencing, and plasmid (ehxA, katP, espP, and etpD) and chromosomal (Z2098, espK, and espV) virulence gene profiling. We showed that 16 of the 23 strains appeared to correspond to this new clone, but the characteristics of 12 strains differed significantly from the previously described characteristics, with negative results for both plasmid and chromosomal genetic markers. These 12 strains exhibited a ST29 genotype and related CRISPR arrays (CRISPR2a alleles 67 or 71), suggesting that they evolved in a common environment. This finding was corroborated by the presence of stx2d in 7 of the 12 ST29 strains. This is the first time that E. coli O26:H11 carrying stx2d has been isolated from humans. This is additional evidence of the continuing evolution of virulent Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O26 strains. A new O26:H11 CRISPR PCR assay, SP{\_}O26{\_}E, has been developed for detection of these 12 particular ST29 strains of E. coli O26:H11. This test is useful to better characterize the stx2-positive O26:H11 clinical isolates, which are associated with severe clinical outcomes such as bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome.

}, issn = {1098-660X}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.02290-14}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25428148 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4298503}, author = {Delannoy, Sabine and Mariani-Kurkdjian, Patricia and Bonacorsi, Stephane and Liguori, Sandrine and Fach, Patrick} } @article {5788, title = {{Characterization of Arcobacter suis isolated from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) milk.}}, journal = {Food Microbiology}, volume = {51}, year = {2015}, pages = {186{\textendash}191}, author = {Giacometti, Federica and Salas-Mass{\'o}, Nuria and Serraino, Andrea and Maria J Figueras} } @article {14305, title = {Characterization of {Arcobacter} suis isolated from water buffalo ({Bubalus} bubalis) milk.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {51}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, pages = {186{\textendash}191}, author = {Giacometti, Federica and Salas-Mass{\'o}, Nuria and Serraino, Andrea and Maria J Figueras} } @article {7764, title = {Characterization of the Campylobacter jejuni Population in the Barnacle Geese Reservoir}, journal = {Zoonoses and Public Health}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {209-221}, abstract = {Campylobacter spp. are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and have been isolated from a wide number of different hosts and environmental sources. Waterfowl is considered a natural reservoir for this zoonotic bacterium and may act as a potential infection source for human campylobacteriosis. In this study, faecal samples from 924 barnacle geese were tested for the presence of C. jejuni and C. coli. The resulting C. jejuni and C. coli populations were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), structure analysis by BAPS and phylogenetic analysis based on full genome sequences. The prevalences of C. jejuni in barnacle geese faeces were 11.5\% and 23.1\% in 2011 and 2012, respectively, and only 0.2\% of the samples were positive for C. coli in both years. Furthermore, a possible adaption of the clonal complexes (CCs) ST-702 and ST-1034 to the barnacle geese reservoir was found, as these two CCs represented the majority of the typed isolates and were repeatedly isolated from different flocks at several time-points. Further core genome phylogenetic analysis using ClonalFrame revealed a formation of a distinct monophyletic lineage by these two CCs, suggesting a certain degree of clonality of the C. jejuni population adapted to barnacle geese. Therefore, although STs also commonly found in humans patients (e.g. ST-45) were among the barnacle geese C. jejuni isolates, this reservoir is probably an infrequent source for human campylobacteriosis.}, keywords = {barnacle geese, Campylobacter jejuni, ClonalFrame, full genome sequencing, MLST}, isbn = {1863-2378}, author = {A K Llarena and C PA Skar de Haan and M Rossi and M L H{\"a}nninen} } @article {14634, title = {Characterization, validation and application of a {DNA} microarray for the detection of mandatory and other waterborne pathogens}, journal = {J Biochem}, year = {2015}, month = {may}, abstract = {Culture methods for the detection of indicator bacteria are currently used for detection of waterborne bacteria. The need for an increased range of analyzed bacteria coupled with the obtainment of rapid and early results justify the development of a DNA microarray for the identification of waterborne pathogens. This DNA microarray has 16 implanted probes with a median size of 147 bases, targeting 12 different parameters, including all mandatory indicator microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, total and fecal coliforms and enterococci. The validation performed with DNA extracted from pure microbial cultures showed the suitability of the probes for detection of the target microorganism. To overcome the high dilution of water samples it was included either a prior culture step of bacterial contaminants retained after filtering 100 ml of water, or a 10-fold increase in the volume of filtered water, that resulted in the increase of the detected bacteria. The analysis of complex environmental water samples using culture methods and the DNA microarray revealed that the latter detected the same parameters plus other bacteria tested only in the DNA microarray. The results show that this DNA microarray may be a useful tool for water microbiological surveillance.}, keywords = {bacterial detection, DNA Microarray, drinking water quality, Indicator bacteria, waterborne pathogen}, issn = {1756-2651 (Electronic) 0021-924X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1093/jb/mvv052}, author = {Gomes, M. and Vieira, H. and Vale, F. F.} } @article {12271, title = {China{\textquoteright}s lakes of pig manure spawn antibiotic resistance}, journal = {Science}, volume = {347}, number = {6223}, year = {2015}, pages = {704}, author = {Larson, C. J.} } @booklet {10561, title = {{Cholera - Vibrio cholera infection. Diagnosis and detection. How to Diagnose. Rapid Test}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention} } @article {17270, title = {Clinical and Microbiological Features of Salmonella Meningitis in a South African Population, 2003-2013}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {61 Suppl 4}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov 1}, pages = {S272-82}, edition = {2015/10/10}, keywords = {*Epidemiological Monitoring, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Female, Glasgow Coma Scale, HIV, HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology/virology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Meningitis, Meningitis, Bacterial/complications/epidemiology/*microbiology, Middle Aged, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Salmonella, Salmonella Infections/complications/*epidemiology/*microbiology/mortality, Salmonella Typhimurium ST313, Salmonella typhimurium/*genetics/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Serogroup, South Africa/epidemiology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Keddy, K. H. and Sooka, A. and Musekiwa, A. and Smith, A. M. and Ismail, H. and Tau, N. P. and Crowther-Gibson, P. and Angulo, F. J. and Klugman, K. P. and Group for Enteric, Respiratory and Meningeal Disease Surveillance in South, Africa} } @article {3762, title = {Clinical characteristics and genotypes of rotavirus in adults.}, journal = {The Journal of Infection}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {683{\textendash}687}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinf.2014.11.012}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2014.11.012}, author = {Anderson, Evan J and Shippee, Deanna B and Tate, Jacqueline E and Larkin, Bruce and Bregger, Melissa D and Katz, Ben Z and Noskin, Gary A and Sederdahl, Bethany K and Shane, Andi L and Parashar, Umesh D and Yogev, Ram} } @article {2935, title = {Clinical epidemiology of human {AE} in {Europe}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {213}, number = {3-4}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, pages = {110{\textendash}120}, abstract = {This review gives a critical update of the situation regarding alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in Europe in humans, based on existing publications and on findings of national and European surveillance systems. All sources point to an increase in human cases of AE in the "historic endemic areas" of Europe, namely Germany, Switzerland, Austria and France and to the emergence of human cases in countries where the disease had never been recognised until the end of the 20th century, especially in central-eastern and Baltic countries. Both increase and emergence could be only due to methodological biases; this point is discussed in the review. One explanation may be given by changes in the animal reservoir of the parasite, Echinococcus multilocularis (increase in the global population of foxes in Europe and its urbanisation, as well as a possible increased involvement of pet animals as definitive infectious hosts). The review also focuses onto 2 more original approaches: (1) how changes in therapeutic attitudes toward malignant and chronic inflammatory diseases may affect the epidemiology of AE in the future in Europe, since a recent survey of such cases in France showed the emergence of AE in patients with immune suppression since the beginning of the 21st century; (2) how setting a network of referral centres in Europe based on common studies on the care management of patients might contribute to a better knowledge of AE epidemiology in the future.}, keywords = {alveolar echinococcosis, Cancer, Chronic inflammatory diseases, Echinococcus multilocularis, epidemiology, Europe, Immune suppression}, issn = {1873-2550}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.036}, author = {Vuitton, D. A. and Demonmerot, F. and Knapp, J. and Richou, C. and Grenouillet, F. and Chauchet, A. and Vuitton, L. and Bresson-Hadni, S. and Millon, L.} } @article {2982, title = {Clinical presentation, diagnosis, therapy and outcome of alveolar echinococcosis in dogs}, journal = {The Veterinary Record}, volume = {177}, number = {22}, year = {2015}, pages = {569}, abstract = {Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a parasitic disease primarily of the liver caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, is highly endemic in Switzerland. In contrast to well-established management protocols in people, little is known with regard to optimal treatment strategies in dogs. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical signs and diagnostic procedures in dogs with AE and to evaluate outcome following medical treatment alone or surgery and medical treatment. Of 23 putative AE cases between 2004 and 2014, 20 were classified as confirmed (n=18) or probable (n=2) AE, based on abdominal ultrasound, serology, cytology, histology and/or PCR. Most dogs presented with abdominal distension in an advanced stage of disease. Dogs receiving specific treatment (radical or debulking surgery together with medical treatment, or medical treatment alone) survived longer than dogs left untreated, but no difference was found between treatment types. Survival at one year was associated with absence of free abdominal fluid, absence of abdominal distension and treatment of any type. However, dogs treated with debulking surgery all faced relapse. Findings of this study suggest that in AE-affected dogs for which a therapeutic approach is regarded appropriate by owners and veterinarians, radical surgical resection and medical treatment or, if total resection is not possible, medical treatment alone should be considered. However, studies on larger numbers of dogs are necessary before definitive treatment recommendations can be made.}, keywords = {albendazole, alveolar echinococcosis, Animals, debulking surgery, Diagnostic imaging, dog, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Female, Hepatic, Male, Retrospective Studies, Serology, Treatment Outcome}, issn = {2042-7670}, doi = {10.1136/vr.103470}, author = {Corsini, M. and Geissb{\"u}hler, U. and Howard, J. and Gottstein, B. and Spreng, D. and Frey, C. F.} } @article {16154, title = {Coexistence and survival of pathogenic leptospires by formation of biofilm with Azospirillum.}, journal = {FEMS Microbiol Ecol.FEMS Microbiol Ecol.}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {pii: fiv051.}, author = {Kumar, K. V. and Lall, C. and Raj, R. V. and Vedhagiri, K. and Vijayachari, P.} } @article {16247, title = {Co-existence and survival of pathogenic leptospires by formation of biofilm with Azospirillum}, journal = {FEMS Microbiol EcolFEMS Microbiol EcolFEMS Microbiol Ecol}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, month = {May 10}, pages = {pii:fiv051}, edition = {2015/05/13}, isbn = {1574-6941 (Electronic)
0168-6496 (Linking)}, author = {Vinod Kumar, K. and Lall, C. and Vimal Raj, R. and Vedhagiri, K. and Vijayachari, P.} } @article {3159, title = {Co-existence of {Echinococcus} granulosus infection and cancer metastasis in the liver correlates with reduced {Th}1 immune responses}, journal = {Parasite Immunology}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {16{\textendash}22}, abstract = {A possible relationship between cancer and Echinococcus granulosus infection has been postulated. As T cells are critical players in immune responses against both infections and malignancies, in an experimental model of secondary echinococcosis and breast cancer, this study aims to observe the progression of cancer and to determine the characters of T-cell responses. 4T1 breast tumour cells were subcutaneously injected into mammary region, whereas protoscoleces were intraperitoneally inoculated into the mice. Hydatid cysts, tumours and metastases were determined with macroscopic and histopathological evaluation. T cells found in spleen, liver and tumour were characterised by flow cytometric analysis of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, CCR5, CCR3, IL-4 and IFN-γ. In the mice inoculated both with protoscoleces and with breast tumour cells, increased frequency of cancer metastasis was observed in the liver. The amount of CD4(+) T cells was increased in the liver and in the spleen of mice infected with E. granulosus. However, co-existence of echinococcosis and metastatic lesions in the liver was associated with significant reduction in the IFN-γ(+) and CCR5(+) Th1 cells and increase in the CD25(+) T cells. Our results may indicate an immunological link between cystic echinococcosis and cancer that allows tumour metastasis to flourish in the liver.}, keywords = {Adaptive Immunity, Animals, breast cancer, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Echinococcus granulosus, Experimental, Female, Helper-Inducer, Hydatid cyst, Inbred BALB C, Liver, Liver Neoplasms, Mammary Neoplasms, Mice, parasite, Spleen, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, T-Lymphocytes, Th1 Cells}, issn = {1365-3024}, doi = {10.1111/pim.12152}, author = {Turhan, N. and Esendagli, G. and Ozkayar, O. and Tunali, G. and Sokmensuer, C. and Abbasoglu, O.} } @article {7391, title = {Cognitive deficits and {ALA}-{D}-inhibition in children exposed to multiple metals}, journal = {Environmental Research}, volume = {136}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {387{\textendash}395}, issn = {00139351}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.003}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0013935114003491}, author = {do Nascimento, Sabrina N. and Barth, Anelise and G{\"o}ethel, Gabriela and Baierle, Mar{\'\i}lia and Char{\~a}o, Mariele F. and Brucker, Nat{\'a}lia and Moro, Angela M. and Bubols, Guilherme B. and Sobreira, Johanna S. and Sauer, Elisa and Rocha, Rafael and Gioda, Adriana and Dias, Ana Cristina and Salles, Jerusa F. and Garcia, Solange C.} } @article {9595, title = {Comment on "Ebola Virus Persistence in the Environment: State of the Knowledge and Research Needs".}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology Letters}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {48-49}, author = {Lantagne, D.S. and Hunter, P.R.} } @article {15043, title = {Comment on "{Ebola} {Virus} {Persistence} in the {Environment}: {State} of the {Knowledge} and {Research} {Needs}".}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology Letters}, volume = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {48{\textendash}49}, author = {Lantagne, D. S. and Hunter, P. R.} } @article {8405, title = {{Commentary on: "Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in raw caprine, ovine, buffalo, bovine, and camel milk using cell cultivation, cat bioassay, capture ELISA, and PCR methods in Iran"}}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {215}, author = {Boughattas, S} } @article {13323, title = {A community-based gastroenteritis outbreak after Typhoon Haiyan, Leyte, Philippines, 2013}, journal = {Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {1 - 6}, author = {R J Ventura and Muhi, E and V C de los Reyes and M N Sucaldito and Tayag, E} } @article {13122, title = {Comparative analysis of virulence genes, antibiotic resistance and gyrB-based phylogeny of motile Aeromonas species isolates from Nile tilapia and domestic fowl}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {61}, year = {2015}, pages = {429-436}, author = {Abu-Elala, N. and Abdelsalam, M. and Marouf, S. and Setta, A.} } @article {6961, title = {Comparative decay of {Catellicoccus} marimmalium and enterococci in beach sand and seawater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {83}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, pages = {377{\textendash}384}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.055}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135415300543}, author = {Brown, Kendra I. and Boehm, Alexandria B.} } @article {11040, title = {A comparative study of faecal sludge management in {Malawi} and {Zambia}: {Status}, challenges and opportunities in pit latrine emptying}, journal = {African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {783{\textendash}792}, issn = {1996-0786}, doi = {10.5897/AJEST2015.1971}, url = {http://academicjournals.org/journal/AJEST/article-abstract/3FDFCF655722}, author = {Rochelle, Holm and James, Madalitso Tembo and Bernard, Thole} } @article {4406, title = {Comparison of concentration methods for quantitative detection of sewage-associated viral markers in environmental waters}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {81}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {2042-9}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Harwood, V. J. and Gyawali, P. and Sidhu, J. P. and Toze, S.} } @article {4433, title = {Comparison of concentration methods for quantitative detection of sewage-associated viral markers in environmental waters}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {2042{\textendash}9}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Harwood, V. J. and Gyawali, P. and Sidhu, J. P. and Toze, S.} } @article {1218, title = {Comparison of concentration methods for quantitative detection of sewage-associated viral markers in environmental waters}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {81}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, note = {Ahmed, W Harwood, V J Gyawali, P Sidhu, J P S Toze, S Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {2042-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Pathogenic human viruses cause over half of gastroenteritis cases associated with recreational water use worldwide. They are relatively difficult to concentrate from environmental waters due to typically low concentrations and their small size. Although rapid enumeration of viruses by quantitative PCR (qPCR) has the potential to greatly improve water quality analysis and risk assessment, the upstream steps of capturing and recovering viruses from environmental water sources along with removing PCR inhibitors from extracted nucleic acids remain formidable barriers to routine use. Here, we compared the efficiency of virus recovery for three rapid methods of concentrating two microbial source tracking (MST) viral markers human adenoviruses (HAdVs) and polyomaviruses (HPyVs) from one liter tap water and river water samples on HA membranes (90 mm in diameter). Samples were spiked with raw sewage, and viral adsorption to membranes was promoted by acidification (method A) or addition of MgCl2 (methods B and C). Viral nucleic acid was extracted directly from membranes (method A), or viruses were eluted with NaOH and concentrated by centrifugal ultrafiltration (methods B and C). No inhibition of qPCR was observed for samples processed by method A, but inhibition occurred in river samples processed by B and C. Recovery efficiencies of HAdVs and HPyVs were approximately 10-fold greater for method A (31 to 78\%) than for methods B and C (2.4 to 12\%). Further analysis of membranes from method B revealed that the majority of viruses were not eluted from the membrane, resulting in poor recovery. The modification of the originally published method A to include a larger diameter membrane and a nucleic acid extraction kit that could accommodate the membrane resulted in a rapid virus concentration method with good recovery and lack of inhibitory compounds. The frequently used strategy of viral absorption with added cations (Mg(2+)) and elution with acid were inefficient and more prone to inhibition, and will result in underestimation of the prevalence and concentrations of HAdVs and HPyVs markers in environmental waters.}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Harwood, V. J. and Gyawali, P. and Sidhu, J. P. and Toze, S.} } @article {13734, title = {Comparison of concentration methods for quantitative detection of sewage-associated viral markers in environmental waters}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2015, American Society for Microbiology.Pathogenic human viruses cause over half of gastroenteritis cases associated with recreational water use worldwide. They are relatively difficult to concentrate from environmental waters due to typically low concentrations and their small size. Although rapid enumeration of viruses by quantitative PCR (qPCR) has the potential to greatly improve water quality analysis and risk assessment, the upstream steps of capturing and recovering viruses from environmental water sources along with removing PCR inhibitors from extracted nucleic acids remain formidable barriers to routine use. Here, we compared the efficiency of virus recovery for three rapid methods of concentrating two microbial source tracking (MST) viral markers human adenoviruses (HAdVs) and polyomaviruses (HPyVs) from one liter tap water and river water samples onHAmembranes (90mmin diameter). Samples were spiked with raw sewage, and viral adsorption to membranes was promoted by acidification (method A) or addition of MgCl2 (methods B and C). Viral nucleic acid was extracted directly from membranes (method A), or viruses were eluted withNaOHand concentrated by centrifugal ultrafiltration (methods B and C). No inhibition of qPCR was observed for samples processed by method A, but inhibition occurred in river samples processed by B and C. Recovery efficiencies of HAdVs and HPyVs were \~{}10-fold greater for method A (31 to 78\%) than for methods B and C(2.4 to 12\%). Further analysis of membranes from method B revealed that the majority of viruses were not eluted from the membrane, resulting in poor recovery. The modification of the originally published method A to include a larger diameter membrane and a nucleic acid extraction kit that could accommodate the membrane resulted in a rapid virus concentration method with good recovery and lack of inhibitory compounds. The frequently used strategy of viral absorption with added cations (Mg2+) and elution with acid were inefficient and more prone to inhibition, and will result in underestimation of the prevalence and concentrations of HAdVs and HPyVs markers in environmental waters.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03851-14}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Harwood, V.J. and Gyawali, P. and Sidhu, J.P.S. and Toze, S.} } @article {7534, title = {{Comparison of concentration methods for quantitative detection of sewage-associated viral markers in environmental waters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {1743-1750}, abstract = {

{\textcopyright} 2015, American Society for Microbiology.Pathogenic human viruses cause over half of gastroenteritis cases associated with recreational water use worldwide. They are relatively difficult to concentrate from environmental waters due to typically low concentrations and their small size. Although rapid enumeration of viruses by quantitative PCR (qPCR) has the potential to greatly improve water quality analysis and risk assessment, the upstream steps of capturing and recovering viruses from environmental water sources along with removing PCR inhibitors from extracted nucleic acids remain formidable barriers to routine use. Here, we compared the efficiency of virus recovery for three rapid methods of concentrating two microbial source tracking (MST) viral markers human adenoviruses (HAdVs) and polyomaviruses (HPyVs) from one liter tap water and river water samples onHAmembranes (90mmin diameter). Samples were spiked with raw sewage, and viral adsorption to membranes was promoted by acidification (method A) or addition of MgCl2 (methods B and C). Viral nucleic acid was extracted directly from membranes (method A), or viruses were eluted withNaOHand concentrated by centrifugal ultrafiltration (methods B and C). No inhibition of qPCR was observed for samples processed by method A, but inhibition occurred in river samples processed by B and C. Recovery efficiencies of HAdVs and HPyVs were {\~{}}10-fold greater for method A (31 to 78{\%}) than for methods B and C(2.4 to 12{\%}). Further analysis of membranes from method B revealed that the majority of viruses were not eluted from the membrane, resulting in poor recovery. The modification of the originally published method A to include a larger diameter membrane and a nucleic acid extraction kit that could accommodate the membrane resulted in a rapid virus concentration method with good recovery and lack of inhibitory compounds. The frequently used strategy of viral absorption with added cations (Mg2+) and elution with acid were inefficient and more prone to inhibition, and will result in underestimation of the prevalence and concentrations of HAdVs and HPyVs markers in environmental waters.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03851-14}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Harwood, V.J. and Gyawali, P. and Sidhu, J.P.S. and Toze, S.} } @article {11970, title = {Comparison of Parasitic~Contamination in a Society Based on Measurement of the Domestic Raw Wastewater~Pollution and Clinical Referrals}, journal = {Research Journal of~Environmental Sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {200-205}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Sharafi, K. and Pirsaheb, M. and Fazlzadeh, M. and Derayat, J.} } @article {5560, title = {{Comprehensive Review of Human Sapoviruses}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {32{\textendash}53}, issn = {0893-8512}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00011-14}, url = {http://cmr.asm.org/lookup/doi/10.1128/CMR.00011-14}, author = {Oka, Tomoichiro and Wang, Qiuhong and Katayama, Kazuhiko and Saif, Linda J.} } @mastersthesis {6865, title = {Computational investigation of the effects of turbulence, inertia, and gravity on particle dynamics}, year = {2015}, note = {3690600}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In this work, we examine the motion of particles which are subjected to varying levels of turbulence, inertia, and gravity, in both homogeneous and inhomogeneous turbulence. These investigations are performed through direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the Eulerian fluid velocity field combined with Lagrangian particle tracking. The primary motivation of these investigations is to better understand and model the dynamics and growth of water droplets in warm, cumulus clouds. In the first part of this work, we discuss the code we developed for these simulations, Highly Parallel Particle-laden flow Solver for Turbulence Research (HiPPSTR). HiPPSTR uses efficient parallelization strategies, time-integration techniques, and interpolation methods to enable massively parallel simulations of three-dimensional, particle-laden turbulence. In the second, third, and fourth sections of this work, we analyze simulations of particle-laden flows which are representative of those at the edges and cores of clouds. In the second section, we consider the mixing of droplets near interfaces with varying turbulence intensities and gravitational orientations, to provide insight into the dynamics near cloud edges. The simulations are parameterized to match wind-tunnel experiments of particle mixing which were conducted at Cornell, and the DNS and experimental results are compared and contrasted. Mixing is suppressed when turbulence intensities differ across the interface, and in all cases, the particle concentrations are subject to large fluctuations. In the third and fourth sections, we use HiPPSTR to analyze droplet motion in isotropic turbulence, which we take to be representative of adiabatic cloud cores. The third section examines the Reynolds-number scaling of single-particle and particle-pair statistics without gravity, while the fourth section shows results when gravity is included. While weakly inertial particles preferentially sample certain regions of the flow, gravity reduces the degree of preferential sampling by limiting the time particles can spend interacting the underlying turbulence. We find that when particle inertia is small, the particle relative velocities and radial distribution functions (RDFs) are almost entirely insensitive to the flow Reynolds number, both with and without gravity. The relative velocities and RDFs for larger particles tend to weakly depend on the Reynolds number and to strongly depend on the degree of gravity. While non-local, path-history interactions significantly affect the relative velocities of moderate and large particles without gravity, these interactions are suppressed by gravity, reducing the relative velocities. We provide a physical explanation for the trends in the relative velocities with Reynolds number and gravity, and use the model of [198] to understand and predict how the trends in the relative velocities will affect the RDFs. The collision kernels for particles representative of those in atmospheric clouds are generally seen to be independent of Reynolds number, both with and without gravity, indicating relatively low Reynolds-number simulations are able to capture much of the physics responsible for droplet collisions in clouds. We conclude by discussing practical implications of this work for the cloud physics and turbulence communities and suggesting areas for future research.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, 0725:Atmospheric sciences, 0798:Particle physics, Applied sciences, Atmospheric sciences, Direct numerical simulation, Earth sciences, Inertial particles, Isotropic turbulence, Mechanical engineering, Particle physics, Preferential concentration, Pure sciences, Shearless mixing layer}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1661461851?accountid=14270}, author = {Ireland, Peter John} } @article {8542, title = {{Concentration and retention of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by marine snails demonstrate a novel mechanism for transmission of terrestrial zoonotic pathogens in coastal ecosystems}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, year = {2015}, author = {Krusor, C and Smith, WA and Tinker, MT and Silver, M and Conrad, PA and Shapiro, K} } @article {8959, title = {Conceptual Model and Experimental Framework to Determine the Contributions of Direct and Indirect Photoreactions to the Solar Disinfection of MS2, phiX174, and Adenovirus}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {334-342}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0013-936X}, doi = {10.1021/es504764u}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es504764u http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es504764u}, author = {Mattle, Michael J. and Vione, Davide and Kohn, Tamar} } @article {5189, title = {{Conceptual Model and Experimental Framework to Determine the Contributions of Direct and Indirect Photoreactions to the Solar Disinfection of MS2, phiX174, and Adenovirus}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {334{\textendash}342}, abstract = {

Sunlight inactivates waterborne viruses via direct (absorption of sunlight by the virus) and indirect processes (adsorption of sunlight by external chromophores, which subsequently generate reactive species) processes. While the mechanisms underlying these processes are understood, their relative importance remains unclear. This study establishes an experimental framework to determine the kinetic parameters associated with a virus\&$\#$39; susceptibility to solar disinfection, and proposes a model to estimate disinfection rates and to apportion the contributions of different inactivation processes. Quantum yields of direct inactivation were determined for three viruses (MS2, phiX174 and adenovirus), and second-order rate constants associated with indirect inactivation by four reactive species (1O2, OH., CO3.-, and triplet states) were established. PhiX174 exhibited the greatest quantum yield (1.42\•10-2), indicating that it is more susceptible to direct inactivation than MS2 (2.9\•10-3) or adenovirus (2.5\•10-4). Second-order rate constants ranged from 1.7\•107 to 7.0\•109 M-1s-1 and followed the sequence MS2{\textgreater}adenovirus{\textgreater}phiX174. A predictive model based on these parameters accurately estimated solar disinfection of MS2 and phiX174 in a natural water sample, and approximated that of adenovirus within a factor of three. Inactivation mostly occurred by direct processes, though indirect inactivation by 1O2 also contributed to the disinfection of MS2 and adenovirus.

}, keywords = {scriber access provided by, university of south florida}, issn = {1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es504764u}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25419957}, author = {Michael J Mattle and Vione, Davide and Kohn, Tamar} } @article {15629, title = {Contact Precautions and Hand Hygiene in Veterinary Clinics}, journal = {Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {2015/03/01/}, pages = {343-360}, keywords = {Barrier nursing, Contact precautions, hand hygiene, Hospital-associated infections, Infection control culture, Interventions, Zoonoses}, isbn = {0195-5616}, author = {Anderson, Maureen E. C.} } @booklet {1896, title = {Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) and Regulatory Determination Draft Microbial Contaminants - CCL 4}, year = {2015}, publisher = {USEPA http://www2.epa.gov/ccl/microbial-contaminants-ccl-4 last accessed July 2015.}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {USEPA} } @article {6935, title = {Contaminated water as a source of {Helicobacter} pylori infection: {A} review}, journal = {Journal of Advanced Research}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {539{\textendash}547}, issn = {20901232}, doi = {10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.007}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2090123213000970}, author = {Aziz, Ramy K. and Khalifa, Mohammed M. and Sharaf, Radwa R.} } @article {11405, title = {Contamination of public squares and parks with parasites in Erbil city, Iraq}, journal = {Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {418-420}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1232-1966}, author = {Nooraldeen, K} } @article {11406, title = {Contamination of public squares and parks with parasites in Erbil city, Iraq}, journal = {Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1232-1966}, author = {Nooraldeen, Khder} } @article {8883, title = {Continuous flow solar thermal pasteurization of drinking water: Methods, devices, microbiology, and analysis}, journal = {Renewable Energy}, volume = {81}, year = {2015}, pages = {795-803}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0960-1481}, doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.086}, url = {://WOS:000355359900077 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0960148115002773/1-s2.0-S0960148115002773-main.pdf?_tid=e4c25cce-3ed9-11e6-869c-00000aacb362\&acdnat=1467301804_380331c8e3670020d7a181b6654fd497}, author = {Abraham, J. P. and Plourde, B. D. and Minkowycz, W. J.} } @article {7515, title = {A controlled, before-and-after trial of an urban sanitation intervention to reduce enteric infections in children: research protocol for the {Maputo} {Sanitation} ({MapSan}) study, {Mozambique}}, journal = {BMJ open}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {e008215}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Access to safe sanitation in low-income, informal settlements of Sub-Saharan Africa has not significantly improved since 1990. The combination of a high faecal-related disease burden and inadequate infrastructure suggests that investment in expanding sanitation access in densely populated urban slums can yield important public health gains. No rigorous, controlled intervention studies have evaluated the health effects of decentralised (non-sewerage) sanitation in an informal urban setting, despite the role that such technologies will likely play in scaling up access. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We have designed a controlled, before-and-after (CBA) trial to estimate the health impacts of an urban sanitation intervention in informal neighbourhoods of Maputo, Mozambique, including an assessment of whether exposures and health outcomes vary by localised population density. The intervention consists of private pour-flush latrines (to septic tank) shared by multiple households in compounds or household clusters. We will measure objective health outcomes in approximately 760 children (380 children with household access to interventions, 380 matched controls using existing shared private latrines in poor sanitary conditions), at 2 time points: immediately before the intervention and at follow-up after 12 months. The primary outcome is combined prevalence of selected enteric infections among children under 5 years of age. Secondary outcome measures include soil-transmitted helminth (STH) reinfection in children following baseline deworming and prevalence of reported diarrhoeal disease. We will use exposure assessment, faecal source tracking, and microbial transmission modelling to examine whether and how routes of exposure for diarrhoeagenic pathogens and STHs change following introduction of effective sanitation. ETHICS: Study protocols have been reviewed and approved by human subjects review boards at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the Georgia Institute of Technology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the Ministry of Health, Republic of Mozambique. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02362932.}, keywords = {epidemiology}, issn = {2044-6055}, doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008215}, author = {Brown, Joe and Cumming, Oliver and Bartram, Jamie and Cairncross, Sandy and Ensink, Jeroen and Holcomb, David and Knee, Jackie and Kolsky, Peter and Liang, Kaida and Liang, Song and Nala, Rassul and Norman, Guy and Rheingans, Richard and Stewart, Jill and Zavale, Olimpio and Zuin, Valentina and Schmidt, Wolf-Peter} } @booklet {1453, title = {Conventional Water Treatment: Coagulation And Filtration}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Safe Drinking Water Foundation, Canada. https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=10\&ved=0CFcQFjAJahUKEwiZkavu_YfHAhUDF9sKHZ_GCTc\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.safewater.org\%2FPDFS\%2Fknowthefacts\%2Fconventionalwaterfiltration.pdf\&ei=uci8VdnQB}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {Annon} } @article {15887, title = {Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0130114}, edition = {2015/06/13}, isbn = {1932-6203}, author = {Ruggiero, M. A. and Gordon, D. P. and Orrell, T. M. and Bailly, N. and Bourgoin, T. and Brusca, R. C. and Cavalier-Smith, T. and Guiry, M. D. and Kirk, P. M.} } @inbook {6055, title = {Correlation equations for average deposition rate coefficients of nanoparticles in a cylindrical pore}, booktitle = {Water Resources Research}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, organization = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Seetha, N and Majid Hassanizadeh, S and Kumar, Mohan and Raoof, Amir} } @article {12621, title = {Co-selection of resistance to antibiotics, biocides and heavy metals, and its relevance to foodborne pathogens}, journal = {AntibioticsAntibiotics}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {567-604}, author = {Wales, Andrew D and Davies, Robert H} } @booklet {3922, title = {The cost of war ({WHO} commentary).}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, url = {http://www.who.int/mediacentre/commentaries/war-cost/en/.}, author = {Alwan, A} } @booklet {3424, title = {{The cost of war (WHO commentary).}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, url = {http://www.who.int/mediacentre/commentaries/war-cost/en/.}, author = {Alwan, A} } @article {7769, title = {Cost-of-illness and disease burden of food-related pathogens in the Netherlands, 2011}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {196}, year = {2015}, month = {3/2}, pages = {84-93}, abstract = {

Abstract To inform risk management decisions on control and prevention of food-related disease, both the disease burden expressed in Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) and the cost-of-illness of food-related pathogens are estimated and presented. Disease burden of fourteen pathogens that can be transmitted by food, the environment, animals and humans was previously estimated by Havelaar et al. (2012). In this paper we complement these by cost-of-illness estimates. Together, these present a complete picture of the societal burden of food-related diseases. Using incidence estimates for 2011, community-acquired non-consulting cases, patients consulting their general practitioner, hospitalized patients and the incidence of sequelae and fatal cases, estimates were obtained for DALYs, direct healthcare costs (e.g. costs for doctor\&$\#$39;s fees, hospitalizations and medicines), direct non-healthcare costs (e.g. travel costs to and from the doctor), indirect non-healthcare costs (e.g. productivity loss, special education) and total costs. The updated disease burden for 2011 was equal to 13,940 DALY/year (undiscounted) or 12,650 DALY/year (discounted at 1.5\%), and was of the same magnitude as previous estimates. At the population-level thermophilic Campylobacter spp., Toxoplasma gondii and rotavirus were associated with the highest disease burden. Perinatal listeriosis infection was associated with the highest DALY per symptomatic case. The total cost-of-illness in 2011 of fourteen food-related pathogens and associated sequelae was estimated at \€ 468 million/year, if undiscounted, and at \€ 416 million/year if discounted by 4\%. Direct healthcare costs accounted for 24\% of total costs, direct non-healthcare costs for 2\% and indirect non-healthcare costs for 74\% of total costs. At the population-level, norovirus had the highest total cost-of-illness in 2011 with \€ 106 million/year, followed by thermophilic Campylobacter spp. (\€ 76 million/year) and rotavirus (\€ 73 million/year). Cost-of-illness per infected case varied from \€ 150 for Clostridium perfringens intoxications to \€ 275,000 for perinatal listeriosis. Both incident cases and fatal cases are more strongly correlated with COI/year than with DALY/year. More than 40\% of all cost-of-illness and DALYs can be attributed to food, in total \€ 168 million/year and 5,150 DALY/year for 2011. Beef, lamb, pork and poultry meat alone accounted for 39\% of these costs. Products of animal origin accounted for \€ 86 million/year (or 51\% of the costs attributed to food) and 3,320 DALY/year (or 64\% of the disease burden attributed to food). Among the pathogens studied Staphylococcus aureus intoxications accounted for the highest share of costs attributed to food (\€ 47.1 million/year), followed by Campylobacter spp. (\€ 32.0 million/year) and norovirus (\€ 17.7 million/year).

}, keywords = {Attribution, Costs, DALY, Direct healthcare costs, Foodborne pathogens, Indirect non-healthcare costs}, isbn = {0168-1605}, author = {Marie JJ Mangen and Bouwknegt,Martijn and Ingrid HM Friesema and Juanita A Haagsma and Laetitia M Kortbeek and Tariq,Luqman and Wilson,Margaret and van Pelt,Wilfrid and Arie H Havelaar} } @booklet {3464, title = {{The Costs and Benefits of Investing in a Toilet: Views from Indian and Nigerian Households and Their Policy Implications.}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Institute of Fiscal Studies}, address = {London}, author = {Augsburg, B and Caeyers, B and Oteiza, F} } @booklet {3723, title = {The {Costs} and {Benefits} of {Investing} in a {Toilet}: {Views} from {Indian} and {Nigerian} {Households} and {Their} {Policy} {Implications}.}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Institute of Fiscal Studies}, address = {London}, author = {Augsburg, B and Caeyers, B and Oteiza, F} } @article {2811, title = {Could urine testing be the future of cervical cancer screening?}, journal = {Womens Health (Lond Engl.)}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {265-267}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {cancer FUTURE health Hospital London Public Health Research screening Spain urine}, doi = {doi: 10.2217/whe.15.21}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26102464}, author = {Pathak, N. and Dodds, J. and Zamora, J.} } @article {6334, title = {Covariation of the {Incidence} of {Type} 1 {Diabetes} with {Country} {Characteristics} {Available} in {Public} {Databases}}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {feb}, pages = {e0118298}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0118298}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118298}, author = {Diaz-Valencia, Paula Andrea and Bougn{\`e}res, Pierre and Valleron, Alain-Jacques} } @article {4031, title = {{Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational water in Belgium}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {13}, year = {2015}, pages = {870{\textendash}878}, author = {Ehsan, MA and Casaert, S and Levecke, B and Van Rooy, L and Pelicaen, J and Smis, A and De Backer, J and Vervaeke, B and De Smedt, S and Schoonbaert, F and Lammens, S and Warmoes, T and Geurden, T and Claerebout, E} } @article {15927, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia removal by secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment}, journal = {J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng}, volume = {50}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {1265-73}, edition = {2015/08/25}, keywords = {Animals, Coloring Agents/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium/cytology/*isolation \& purification, Enterobacteriaceae/cytology/isolation \& purification, Feces/microbiology/parasitology, GENOTYPES, Giardia, Giardia/cytology/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Oocysts/cytology, Recycling/methods, removal, Seasons, Waste Water/*parasitology, Wastewater treatment, Water Purification/*methods, Water reuse}, isbn = {1093-4529}, author = {Taran-Benshoshan, M. and Ofer, N. and Dalit, V. O. and Aharoni, A. and Revhun, M. and Nitzan, Y. and Nasser, A. M.} } @inbook {16909, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia removal by secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment}, booktitle = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A}, volume = {50}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {1265{\textendash}1273}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, author = {Taran-Benshoshan, Marina and Ofer, Naomi and Dalit, Vaizel-Ohayon and Aharoni, Avi and Revhun, Menahem and Nitzan, Yeshayahu and Nasser, Abidelfatah M} } @article {4019, title = {{Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis as pathogenic contaminants of water in Galicia, Spain: the need for safe drinking water}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {218}, year = {2015}, pages = {132{\textendash}138}, author = {J A Castro-Hermida and Gonz{\'a}lez-Warleta, M and Mezo, M} } @article {1649, title = {Current status in wastewater treatment, reuse and research in some mediterranean countries}, journal = {Desalination and Water Treatment}, volume = {53}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {2015-2030}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The status of treated wastewater reuse as experienced in some Mediterranean Basin countries such as Greece, Israel, Italy and Cyprus is examined. General background information is given for each of these Mediterranean countries, including natural water resources, climatic conditions (temperature, rainfall), generated wastewater, crops cultivated and irrigated with effluent, and related aspects of reuse. The examined parameters include treatment strategies, wastewater reuse standards applied in each country, effluent reuse research in progress in the above target countries related to the treatment technologies, water quality, regulations, economics, public acceptance, risk assessment, benefits, keys for potential success and main constraints. Emphasis has been given to the benefits of treated wastewater reuse in integrated water resources management systems and its role for water cycle management, solving water scarcity issues mainly in arid and semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean basin. The experience presented can be implemented in other water scarce regions around the world.}, doi = {10.1080/19443994.2013.860632}, author = {Kalavrouziotis, I. K. and Kokkinos, P. and Oron, G. and Fatone, F. and Bolzonella, D. and Vatyliotou, M and Fatta-Kassinos, D. and Koukoulakis, P. H. and Varnavas, S. P.} } @article {14721, title = {Current status in wastewater treatment, reuse and research in some mediterranean countries}, journal = {Desalination and Water Treatment}, volume = {53}, year = {2015}, pages = {2015{\textendash}2030}, abstract = {The status of treated wastewater reuse as experienced in some Mediterranean Basin countries such as Greece, Israel, Italy and Cyprus is examined. General background information is given for each of these Mediterranean countries, including natural water resources, climatic conditions (temperature, rainfall), generated wastewater, crops cultivated and irrigated with effluent, and related aspects of reuse. The examined parameters include treatment strategies, wastewater reuse standards applied in each country, effluent reuse research in progress in the above target countries related to the treatment technologies, water quality, regulations, economics, public acceptance, risk assessment, benefits, keys for potential success and main constraints. Emphasis has been given to the benefits of treated wastewater reuse in integrated water resources management systems and its role for water cycle management, solving water scarcity issues mainly in arid and semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean basin. The experience presented can be implemented in other water scarce regions around the world.}, doi = {10.1080/19443994.2013.860632}, author = {Kalavrouziotis, I. K. and Kokkinos, P. and Oron, G. and Fatone, F. and Bolzonella, D. and Vatyliotou, M. and Fatta-Kassinos, D. and Koukoulakis, P. H. and Varnavas, S. P.} } @article {5223, title = {{Cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae as potential sources of antibiotics}}, journal = {Phycologia}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {271{\textendash}282}, issn = {0031-8884}, doi = {10.2216/14-092.1}, url = {http://www.phycologia.org/doi/10.2216/14-092.1}, author = {Senhorinho, Gerusa N.A. and Ross, Gregory M. and Scott, John A.} } @article {4909, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in transplant traveller: a case report of outbreak}}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {411}, author = {Bednarska, M and Bajer, A and Welc-Faleciak, R and Pawelas, A} } @article {4841, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis travels in tap water on Italian trains}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {13}, year = {2015}, pages = {210{\textendash}216}, author = {Giangaspero, A and Marangi, M and Arace, E} } @article {4904, title = {{Cyclospora infection among the school children of Kathmandu, Nepal: prevalence and associated risk factors}}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and Health}, volume = {43}, year = {2015}, pages = {211{\textendash}216}, author = {Bhandari, D and Tandukar, S and Parajuli, H and Thapa, P and Chaudhary, P and Shrestha, D and Shah, PK and Sherchan, JB and Sherchand, JB} } @article {4778, title = {{Cyclospora infection linked to travel to Mexico, June to September 2015}}, journal = {Eurosurveillance}, volume = {20}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.2807/15607917.ES.2015.20.43. 30048}, author = {Nichols, GL and Freedman, J and Pollock, KG and Rumble, C and Chalmers, RM and Chiodini, P and Hawkins, G and Alexander, CL and Godbole, G and Williams, C and Kirkbride, HA and Hamel, M and Hawker, JI} } @article {4929, title = {Cyclosporiasis outbreak investigations-United States, 2015}, year = {2015}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cyclosporiasis/outbreaks/2015/} } @article {3091, title = {Cystic echinococcosis accompanied by hepatocellular carcinoma in a female herdsman}, journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {2985{\textendash}2988}, abstract = {Human cystic echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by the larval cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common types of cancer in the whole world including China. A few reports about cystic echinococcosis concurrent with hepatocellular carcinoma were noted until now. In addition, the association between these two diseases is still not well defined as the case with cystic echinococcosis with hepatocellular carcinoma is rare. In this case report, we presented a female herdsman living in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous region, China, which may raise the possibility that echinococcosis may play a role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.}, keywords = {Echinococcosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, Liver}, issn = {1940-5901}, author = {Li, Haitao and Song, Tao and Shao, Yingmei and Wen, Hao} } @article {10317, title = {Decentralized options for faecal sludge management in urban slum areas of Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of technologies, practices and end-uses}, journal = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling}, volume = {104}, year = {2015}, pages = {109{\textendash}119}, author = {Semiyaga, Swaib and Okure, Mackay AE and Niwagaba, Charles B and Katukiza, Alex Y and Kansiime, Frank} } @article {15150, title = {Decentralized options for faecal sludge management in urban slum areas of {Sub}-{Saharan} {Africa}: {A} review of technologies, practices and end-uses}, journal = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling}, volume = {104}, year = {2015}, pages = {109{\textendash}119}, author = {Semiyaga, Swaib and Okure, Mackay AE and Niwagaba, Charles B and Katukiza, Alex Y and Kansiime, Frank} } @mastersthesis {6183, title = {Decision biases in user agreement with intelligent decision aids}, year = {2015}, note = {3722677}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Intelligent Decision Aids (IDAs) are emerging technologies used in areas such as medicine, finance, and e-commerce that leverage artificial intelligence, data mining, or related computational methods to provide recommendations to decision makers. An important goal for designers should be to help users identify and accept good recommendations and ignore poor recommendations. However, considerable research has found that IDA users frequently make poor decisions about which recommendations to follow. I present findings from three studies that provide evidence of four distinct decision-making biases related to IDA-supported decision making. These biases are characterized by an increase in users{\textquoteright} agreement with an IDA{\textquoteright}s recommendations that is unassociated with the recommendations themselves but associated with some other aspect of the design of the IDA or of the user. In an experiment that manipulated the perceived customizability of an IDA that assisted users in predicting the outcomes of baseball games, I found that users who believed they had customized the IDA were more likely to follow both good and poor recommendations than other users who received identical recommendations from the IDA but did not customize its logic. This finding is evidence of a customization bias. Importantly, this study found that customization bias is not caused by users believing they have improved the algorithm by customizing it. In a second experiment, subjects were encouraged to believe that the system had either high or low efficacy prior to seeing recommendations. This encouragement created an expectations bias in which subjects were more likely to follow both good and poor recommendations when they had higher expectations of the IDA{\textquoteright}s efficacy than other subjects who had expected the IDA{\textquoteright}s algorithm to perform poorly. In the third experiment, I assessed decision making by users of an IDA for recommending exercise activities. Subjects who used a customizable version of this IDA, where the recommendations depended on how users configured the IDA, were more likely to agree with the recommendations than users who received recommendations of similar quality but did not customize the IDA. This finding shows additional evidence of customization bias, demonstrating that it extends to IDAs where the customizability has real influence over the recommendations rather than merely perceived customization as in the first study. In this study I also found that when users believe that an IDA{\textquoteright}s internal logic is more clear and understandable, they are more likely to follow recommendations regardless of their quality. This finding suggests a transparency bias. There was a strong relationship between the quality of recommendations that subjects received and the quality of their decisions, indicating that when decision makers are supported by IDAs, the quality of recommendations is important to system success. However, subjects who performed the decision task unaided by an IDA performed as well as the IDA-supported subjects. These findings show that when decision makers are aided by an IDA, the system affects the decision making process by requiring users to evaluate recommendations. IDA users may make biased evaluations due to characteristics of the interface and interaction design of the system as well as individual characteristics of the users. In the concluding chapter I discuss the implications of these findings for the design of IDAs and related socio-technical systems, as well as for future work on computer-supported decision making.}, keywords = {0723:Information science, Communication and the arts, Customization, Decision support, Human factors, Information science, Recommender systems}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1721724602?accountid=14270}, author = {Solomon, Jacob Bennion} } @article {4656, title = {Degradation and inactivation of adenovirus in water by photo-electo-oxidation}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Biology}, volume = {75}, year = {2015}, pages = {37-42}, author = {Monterio, GS and Staggemeier, R and Klauck, CR and Bernades, AM and Rodriguez, AS and F R Spilki} } @article {4931, title = {Degradation and inactivation of adenovirus in water by photo-electro-oxidation}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Biology}, volume = {75}, year = {2015}, pages = {S37-42}, author = {Monteiro, GS and Staggemeier, R and Klauck, CR and Bernardes, AM and Rodrigues, MA and F R Spilki} } @article {2941, title = {Deletion of {Fibrinogen}-like {Protein} 2 ({FGL}-2), a {Novel} {CD}4+ {CD}25+ {Treg} {Effector} {Molecule}, {Leads} to {Improved} {Control} of {Echinococcus} multilocularis {Infection} in {Mice}}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {may}, pages = {e0003755}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The growth potential of the tumor-like Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode (causing alveolar echinococcosis, AE) is directly linked to the nature/function of the periparasitic host immune-mediated processes. We previously showed that Fibrinogen-like-protein 2 (FGL2), a novel CD4+CD25+ Treg effector molecule, was over-expressed in the liver of mice experimentally infected with E. multilocularis. However, little is known about its contribution to the control of this chronic helminth infection. METHODS/FINDINGS: Key parameters for infection outcome in E. multilocularis-infected fgl2-/- (AE-fgl2-/-) and wild type (AE-WT) mice at 1 and 4 month(s) post-infection were (i) parasite load (i. e. wet weight of parasitic metacestode tissue), and (ii) parasite cell proliferation as assessed by determining E. multilocularis 14-3-3 gene expression levels. Serum FGL2 levels were measured by ELISA. Spleen cells cultured with ConA for 48h or with E. multilocularis Vesicle Fluid (VF) for 96h were analyzed ex-vivo and in-vitro. In addition, spleen cells from non-infected WT mice were cultured with rFGL2/anti-FGL2 or rIL-17A/anti-IL-17A for further functional studies. For Treg-immune-suppression-assays, purified CD4+CD25+ Treg suspensions were incubated with CD4+ effector T cells in the presence of ConA and irradiated spleen cells as APCs. Flow cytometry and qRT-PCR were used to assess Treg, Th17-, Th1-, Th2-type immune responses and maturation of dendritic cells. We showed that AE-fgl2-/- mice exhibited (as compared to AE-WT-animals) (a) a significantly lower parasite load with reduced proliferation activity, (b) an increased T cell proliferative response to ConA, (c) reduced Treg numbers and function, and (d) a persistent capacity of Th1 polarization and DC maturation. CONCLUSIONS: FGL2 appears as one of the key players in immune regulatory processes favoring metacestode survival by promoting Treg cell activity and IL-17A production that contributes to FGL2-regulation. Prospectively, targeting FGL2 could be an option to develop an immunotherapy against AE and other chronic parasitic diseases.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, CD4, Concanavalin A, Dendritic Cells, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Fibrinogen, Flow Cytometry, Hepatic, Interleukin-17, Mice, Regulatory, T-Lymphocytes, Th1 Cells, Th17 Cells, Th2 Cells}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0003755}, author = {Wang, Junhua and Vuitton, Dominique A. and M{\"u}ller, Norbert and Hemphill, Andrew and Spiliotis, Markus and Blagosklonov, Oleg and Grandgirard, Denis and Leib, Stephen L. and Shalev, Itay and Levy, Gary and Lu, Xiaomei and Lin, Renyong and Wen, Hao and Gottstein, Bruno} } @mastersthesis {6933, title = {Density {Functional} {Theory} for {High}-{Throughput} {Screening} of {Chemicals} and {Materials}}, year = {2015}, note = {3721363}, school = {University of California, Riverside}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Recent developments in physical and computer sciences enable quantitative predictions of chemical reactions and thermodynamic data from first principles by multiscale modeling. The hierarchical approach integrates different theoretical frameworks ranging from those describing phenomena at the electronic length and time scales to those pertinent to complex biomolecular systems and macroscopic phase transitions, promising broad applications to problems of practical concern. Whereas multiscale modeling has been emerging as a popular computational tool for engineering applications, the connection between calculations at different scales is far from being coherent, and the multiple choices of quantum/classical methods at each scale renders numerous combinations that have been rarely calibrated against extensive experimental data. During my PhD studying, on one hand, we try to build a reliable multiscale procedure for predicting the solvation free energies of a large set of small molecules in liquid water at ambient conditions. Using the experimental data for the hydration free energies as the benchmark, we find that the theoretical results are sensitive to the selection of quantum-mechanical methods for determining atomic charges and solute configurations, the assignment of the force-field parameters in particular the atomic partial charges, and approximations in the statistical-mechanical calculations. On the other hand, we have investigated four representative versions of non-local density functionals for predicting gas adsorption in both slit pore model and a large library of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) under a broad range of temperatures and pressures, compared with Monte Carlo simulation data. Overall all four versions of DFT are reasonably accurate in comparison with the simulation results, but for each specific interested condition, there is a best candidate. Besides, DFT is able to generate density profiles revealing microscopic details such as favorable adsorption sites and self-diffusion coefficient by entropy scaling method. From a computational perspective, the DFT calculation is at least one order of magnitude faster than conventional simulation methods, rendering it as a versatile and promising tool for large-scale screening of chemicals and nanostructured materials.}, keywords = {0494:Physical chemistry, 0542:Chemical engineering, 0768:Environmental science, Applied sciences, Chemical engineering, Density functional theory, Environmental science, Gas adsorption, Health and environmental sciences, Molecular simulation, Nanoporous materials, Physical Chemistry, Pure sciences, Solvation free energy, Themodynamics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1727612421?accountid=14270}, author = {Fu, Jia} } @conference {5345, title = {{Desempenho de um wetland constru{\'\i}do vertical operando sob alta carga org{\^a}nica aplicada}}, booktitle = {Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Sanit{\'a}ria e Ambiental}, year = {2015}, author = {Trein, C.M. and Pelissari, C. and Hoffman, H. and Platzer, C.J. and Sezerino, P.H.} } @mastersthesis {6340, title = {Design and fabrication of asymmetric nanopores using pulsed {PECVD}}, year = {2015}, note = {3729505}, school = {Colorado School of Mines}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Manipulating matter at nanometric length scales is important for many electronic, chemical and biological applications. Structures such as nanopores demonstrate a phenomenon known as hindered transport which can be exploited in analytical applications such as DNA sequencing, ionic transistors, and molecular sieving. Precisely controlling the size, geometry and surface characteristics of the nanopores is important for realizing these applications. In this work, we employ relatively large template structures (\~{} 100 nm) produced by track-etching or electron beam lithography. The pore size is then reduced to the desired level by deposition of material using pulsed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Pulsed PECVD has been developed as a high throughput alternative to atomic layer deposition (ALD) to deliver self-limiting growth of thin films. The goal of this thesis is to extend the application of pulsed PECVD to fabricate asymmetric nanopores. In contrast to ALD, pulsed PECVD does not result in perfectly conformal deposition profiles, and predicting the final nanostructure is more complicated. A two dimensional feature scale model was developed to predict film profile evolution. The model was built in COMSOL, and is based on a diffusion reaction framework with a spatially varying Knudsen diffusion coefficient to account for the molecular transport inside the features. A scaling analysis was used to account for ALD exposure limitations that commonly occur when coating these extremely high aspect ratio features. The model was verified by cross-section microscopy of deposition profiles on patterned cylinders and trenches. The model shows that it is possible to obtain unique nanopore morphologies in pulsed PECVD that are distinct from either steady state deposition processes such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) or conventional ALD. Polymeric track etched (TE) membrane supports with a nominal size of 100 nm were employed as model template structures to demonstrate the capability of pulsed PECVD for precise pore size reduction of model supports. The efficacy of pulsed PECVD for nanopore fabrication was compared to both ALD and PVD. Flux and solute rejection measurements demonstrate that the pulsed PECVD-modified TE membranes exhibit higher selectivity without compromising on the flux due to their asymmetric structure. For example, the TiO2 modified supports were demonstrated to deliver high retention (\~{} 75\%) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein while maintaining 70\% of their initial pure water flux. PVD also forms asymmetric membranes that enable high flux. But due to morphological instabilities, reproducibility and control were poor in the PVD-modified membranes, and it was not possible to optimize the flux and the selectivity of the membranes simultaneously. Excellent agreement between measured flux and model predictions based on feature scale simulations provided further validation of the tool{\textquoteright}s fidelity. Since surface energetics can often dominate hindered transport, the kinetics and thermodynamics of the octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) attachment was investigated in-depth as an approach to convert hydrophilic metal oxides into hydrophobic surfaces. It was shown that a simple ozone treatment was a satisfactory alternative to hazardous acids to create the highly hydroxylated surface required for OTS attachment, and that using heptane as the solvent enabled the process to be conducted under ambient conditions without the need of a glovebox. The kinetics of OTS self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation and the saturation contact angle (\~{}100{\textdegree}) on alumina are comparable to what has been observed for OTS attachment on silicon. The OTS SAMs also demonstrated excellent thermal stability, and the modified surface showed a critical surface tension of 21.4 dyne/cm.}, keywords = {0542:Chemical engineering, 0652:Nanotechnology, Applied sciences, Atomic layer deposition, Chemical engineering, Membranes, Nanopores, Nanotechnology, Pulsed PECVD}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1727467598?accountid=14270}, author = {Kelkar, Sanket S.} } @article {10269, title = {Design of Post-Treatment Unit for Compost from a Composting Toilet with Microbial Risk Assessment}, journal = {Journal of Residuals Science and Technology}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, author = {Darimani, Hamidatu S and Ito, Ryusei and Sou, M and Dakoure, NF and Yacouba, Hamma and Maiga, Amadou H} } @mastersthesis {7063, title = {Designing task shifting medical devices for low-resource settings}, year = {2015}, note = {3701838}, school = {University of Michigan}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The availability and acceptability of many medical devices designed for use in low-resource settings is affected by many factors including unreliable energy and water supply, limited distribution and infrastructure, high product costs, and lack of spare parts and required consumable. One study found that 40 percent of medical devices used in low-resource settings were dysfunctional. Further, the limited availability of highly trained health providers is perhaps the most important obstacle to providing care in low-resource settings. For instance, Africa bears more than 24 percent of the global burden of disease, but has access to only 2 percent of the global physician supply. In fact, 47 percent of the World Health Organization{\textquoteright}s member states report having less than 1 physician per 1000 population. These pose a design challenge on how to develop task shifting medical devices that are simple enough to use that lay health providers can deliver or perform some of the more common and urgent health services and tasks previously undertaken by highly trained health providers. This dissertation investigated the perceptions of stakeholders about task shifting and identified the attributes of task shifting medical devices by engaging with a wide range of stakeholders. Also, existing qualitative and quantitative methods for eliciting user requirements from diverse stakeholders were applied and analyzed; the research adopted a statistical approach to identify the requirements common, and conflicting, across stakeholder groups. Finally, a systematic design ethnography approach was used to develop an understanding of traditional male circumcision (TMC) in sub-Saharan Africa and inform user requirements for a device aimed at improving the safety of the procedure. Ease of use was identified by our stakeholders as the most important characteristic that defines a task shifting medical device. This research also evaluated the effectiveness of open-ended, clustering, and discrete choice methods to elicit user requirements from a wide range of stakeholders, and used individual difference scaling analysis to further extend the analysis to further analyze the data from the clustering elicitation method. The requirements categories allowed an objective comparison of the requirements noted by the different stakeholder groups. Design ethnography techniques including focus group discussions, expert interviews, and direct observations were systematically applied to inform the design process of a device to mitigate the adverse events of TMC in Uganda. The device{\textquoteright}s cultural acceptance and fit were measured through preference analysis of stakeholders and a clinical trial, respectively. This dissertation made four contributions to the interdisciplinary field of design engineering, focusing on global health issues. First, it provided an understanding about diverse stakeholders{\textquoteright} perceptions of task shifting medical devices. Second, it offered a set of methods by which requirements needed to develop a task shifting medical device can be elicited, and identified thenecessary design requirements essential for designing easy to use mechanical task shifting medical devices. Third, it evaluated qualitative and quantitative user requirements elicitation and prioritization methods, and presented a methodology that indirectly identified the highest priority user requirement categories. Fourth, it developed a culturally acceptable and appropriate device, through interactions with local stakeholders based on design ethnography approaches, to make traditional adult male circumcision safer. This work concludes with presenting a set of steps for product requirements elicitation, informed by an inclusive approach of involving multiple stakeholders and based on design ethnography approaches, to develop task shifting medical devices. The steps promote an iterative design process and repeated interactions between design engineers and target stakeholders to identify major categories of requirements, and then break them into measurable, objective sub-requirements. Future work includes the generation of a detailed and analytical user requirements elicitation method to inform a stakeholder-driven design requirements elicitation and engineering specification development process.}, keywords = {0541:Biomedical engineering, 0548:Mechanical engineering, 0573:Public health, Applied sciences, Biomedical engineering, Design engineering, Global Health, Health and environmental sciences, Mechanical engineering, Medical device design, Public health, Task shifting}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1681291957?accountid=14270}, author = {Sarvestani, Amir Sabet} } @article {8558, title = {{Detection of Acanthamoeba and Toxoplasma in River Water Samples by Molecular Methods in Iran}}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {250{\textendash}257}, author = {Mahmoudi, MR and Kazemi, B and Haghighi, A and Karanis, P} } @article {3613, title = {Detection of Common, Emerging and Uncommon VP4, and VP7 Human Group A RotavirusGenotypes from Urban Sewage Samples in Uruguay.}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {342{\textendash}353}, author = {Tort, LF and Victoria, M and Lizasoain, A and Garc{\'\i}a, M and Berois, M and Cristina, J and Leite, JP and Gomez, MM and Miagostovich, MP and Colina, R} } @article {9531, title = {{Detection of Encephalitozoon spp. from Human Diarrheal Stool and Farm Soil Samples in Korea}}, journal = {Journal of Korean Medical Science}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {227{\textendash}232}, author = {Kim, K and Yoon, S and Cheun, HI and Kim, JH and Sim, S and Yu, JR} } @article {8208, title = {{Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in Some Egyptian Water Systems and Its Incidence of Transmission to Individuals}}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Public Health}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {203{\textendash}210}, url = {http://ijph.tums.ac.ir}, author = {E S Ebaa and E S Hossam and Olama Zakia} } @article {13836, title = {Detection of {Helicobacter} pylori {DNA} in {Some} {Egyptian} {Water} {Systems} and {Its} {Incidence} of {Transmission} to {Individuals}}, journal = {Iran J Public Health}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {203{\textendash}210}, url = {http://ijph.tums.ac.ir}, author = {El-Sharouny Ebaa, El-Shazli Hossam, Olama Zakia} } @article {16588, title = {Detection of {Helminth} {Eggs} and {Identification} of {Hookworm} {Species} in {Stray} {Cats}, {Dogs} and {Soil} from {Klang} {Valley}, {Malaysia}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0142231}, abstract = {The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of helminth eggs excreted in the faeces of stray cats, dogs and in soil samples. A total of 505 fresh samples of faeces (from 227 dogs and 152 cats) and soil were collected. The egg stage was detected via microscopy after the application of formalin-ether concentration technique. Genomic DNA was extracted from the samples containing hookworm eggs and used for further identification to the species level using real-time polymerase chain reaction coupled with high resolution melting analysis. Microscopic observation showed that the overall prevalence of helminth eggs among stray cats and dogs was 75.7\% (95\% CI = 71.2\%-79.9\%), in which 87.7\% of dogs and 57.9\% of cats were infected with at least one parasite genus. Five genera of heliminth eggs were detected in the faecal samples, including hookworms (46.4\%), Toxocara (11.1\%), Trichuris (8.4\%), Spirometra (7.4\%) and Ascaris (2.4\%). The prevalence of helminth infections among stray dogs was significantly higher than that among stray cats (p {\textless} 0.001). Only three genera of helminths were detected in soil samples with the prevalence of 23\% (95\% CI = 15.1\%-31\%), consisting of hookworms (16.6\%), Ascaris (4\%) and Toxocara (2.4\%). The molecular identification of hookworm species revealed that Ancylostoma ceylanicum was dominant in both faecal and soil samples. The dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, was also detected among cats, which is the first such occurrence reported in Malaysia till date. This finding indicated that there was a cross-infection of A. caninum between stray cats and dogs because of their coexistent within human communities. Taken together, these data suggest the potential role of stray cats and dogs as being the main sources of environmental contamination as well as for human infections.}, keywords = {Ancylostomatoidea/*isolation \& purification, Animals, Cats, Dogs, Feces/parasitology, Malaysia, Ovum/*cytology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Soil/*parasitology}, issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0142231}, author = {Tun, S. and Ithoi, I. and Mahmud, R. and Samsudin, N. I. and Kek Heng, C. and Ling, L. Y.} } @article {12096, title = {Detection of Helminth Eggs and Identification of Hookworm Species in Stray Cats, Dogs and Soil from Klang Valley, Malaysia}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, note = {Tun, Sandee
Ithoi, Init
Mahmud, Rohela
Samsudin, Nur Izyan
Kek Heng, Chua
Ling, Lau Yee
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2015/12/17 06:00
PLoS One. 2015 Dec 15;10(12):e0142231. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142231. eCollection 2015.}, pages = {e0142231}, abstract = {The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of helminth eggs excreted in the faeces of stray cats, dogs and in soil samples. A total of 505 fresh samples of faeces (from 227 dogs and 152 cats) and soil were collected. The egg stage was detected via microscopy after the application of formalin-ether concentration technique. Genomic DNA was extracted from the samples containing hookworm eggs and used for further identification to the species level using real-time polymerase chain reaction coupled with high resolution melting analysis. Microscopic observation showed that the overall prevalence of helminth eggs among stray cats and dogs was 75.7\% (95\% CI = 71.2\%-79.9\%), in which 87.7\% of dogs and 57.9\% of cats were infected with at least one parasite genus. Five genera of heliminth eggs were detected in the faecal samples, including hookworms (46.4\%), Toxocara (11.1\%), Trichuris (8.4\%), Spirometra (7.4\%) and Ascaris (2.4\%). The prevalence of helminth infections among stray dogs was significantly higher than that among stray cats (p < 0.001). Only three genera of helminths were detected in soil samples with the prevalence of 23\% (95\% CI = 15.1\%-31\%), consisting of hookworms (16.6\%), Ascaris (4\%) and Toxocara (2.4\%). The molecular identification of hookworm species revealed that Ancylostoma ceylanicum was dominant in both faecal and soil samples. The dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, was also detected among cats, which is the first such occurrence reported in Malaysia till date. This finding indicated that there was a cross-infection of A. caninum between stray cats and dogs because of their coexistent within human communities. Taken together, these data suggest the potential role of stray cats and dogs as being the main sources of environmental contamination as well as for human infections.}, keywords = {Ancylostomatoidea/*isolation \& purification, Animals, Cats, Dogs, Feces/parasitology, Malaysia, Ovum/*cytology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Soil/*parasitology}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Tun, S. and Ithoi, I. and Mahmud, R. and Samsudin, N. I. and Kek Heng, C. and Ling, L. Y.} } @article {4543, title = {Detection of human enteric viruses in Umgeni River, Durban, South Africa}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {1098{\textendash}112}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2015.238}, author = {Lin, J. and Singh, A.} } @article {14612, title = {Detection of nitrifiers and evaluation of partial nitrification for wastewater treatment: {A} review}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {140}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {85{\textendash}98}, abstract = {Partial nitrification has gained broad interests in the biological nitrogen removal (BNR) from wastewater, since it alleviates carbon limitation issues and acts as a shortcut nitrogen removal system combined with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) process. The occurrence and maintenance of partial nitrification relies on various conditions, which favor ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) but inhibit or limit nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The studies of the AOB and NOB activities have been conducted by state-of-the-art molecular techniques, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Quantitative PCR, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP), Live/Dead BacLight, and quinone profile. Furthermore, control strategies for obtaining partial nitrification are mainly focused on the pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, real-time aeration control, sludge retention time, substrate concentration, alternating anoxic and aerobic operation, inhibitor and ultrasonic treatment. Existing problems and further perspectives for the scale-up of partial nitrification are also proposed and suggested.}, keywords = {Ammonium Compounds, Ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB), Anammox, Bacteria/genetics, biodegradation, Bioreactors/microbiology, Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, Environmental, Fluid/*methods, Fluorescence, In Situ Hybridization, nitrification, Nitritation, Nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), Nitrites/chemistry, Nitrogen, Partial nitrification, Sewage/chemistry/microbiology, Waste Disposal, Waste Water/*chemistry/microbiology, wastewater}, issn = {1879-1298 (Electronic) 0045-6535 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.004}, author = {Ge, S. and Wang, S. and Yang, X. and Qiu, S. and Li, B. and Peng, Y.} } @article {14950, title = {Detection of nitrifiers and evaluation of partial nitrification for wastewater treatment: {A} review}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {140}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {85{\textendash}98}, abstract = {Partial nitrification has gained broad interests in the biological nitrogen removal (BNR) from wastewater, since it alleviates carbon limitation issues and acts as a shortcut nitrogen removal system combined with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) process. The occurrence and maintenance of partial nitrification relies on various conditions, which favor ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) but inhibit or limit nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The studies of the AOB and NOB activities have been conducted by state-of-the-art molecular techniques, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Quantitative PCR, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP), Live/Dead BacLight, and quinone profile. Furthermore, control strategies for obtaining partial nitrification are mainly focused on the pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, real-time aeration control, sludge retention time, substrate concentration, alternating anoxic and aerobic operation, inhibitor and ultrasonic treatment. Existing problems and further perspectives for the scale-up of partial nitrification are also proposed and suggested.}, keywords = {Ammonium Compounds, Ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB), Anammox, Bacteria/genetics, biodegradation, Bioreactors/microbiology, Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, Environmental, Fluid/*methods, Fluorescence, In Situ Hybridization, nitrification, Nitritation, Nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), Nitrites/chemistry, Nitrogen, Partial nitrification, Sewage/chemistry/microbiology, Waste Disposal, Waste Water/*chemistry/microbiology, wastewater}, issn = {1879-1298 (Electronic) 0045-6535 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.004}, author = {Ge, S. and Wang, S. and Yang, X. and Qiu, S. and Li, B. and Peng, Y.} } @article {9717, title = {Detection of parasitic contamination in Hilla city drinking water: Babylon provine, Iraq}, journal = {International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {80-84}, author = {Kassim, AH and Al Morshidy and Moayed, JY and Al Amari} } @article {9175, title = {{Detection of parasitic contamination in Hilla city drinking water/Babylon province/Iraq}}, journal = {Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {80{\textendash}85}, author = {Al-Morshidy, KA and Al-Amari, MJ} } @article {9283, title = {{Detection of parasitic particles in domestic and urban wastewaters and assessment of removal efficiency of treatment plants in Tehran, Iran}}, journal = {Journal of environmental health sciences and engineering}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {4}, author = {Hatam-Nahavandi, K and Mahvi, AH and Mohebali, M and Keshavarz, H and Mobedi, I and Rezaeian, M} } @article {4065, title = {{Detection of parasitic particles in domestic and urban wastewaters and assessment of removal efficiency of treatment plants in Tehran, Iran}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, author = {Hatam-Nahavandi, K and Mahvi, AH and Mohebali, M and Keshavarz, H and Mobed, I and Rezaeian, M} } @article {8599, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in Brazilian oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae)}}, journal = {Genetics and Molecular Research}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {4658{\textendash}4665}, author = {Ribeiro, LA and Santos, LK and Brito, PA and Maciel, BM and Da Silva, AV and Albuquerque, GR} } @article {5497, title = {{Determination of which virus to use as a process control when testing for the presence of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in food and water.}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {202}, year = {2015}, month = {jun}, pages = {57{\textendash}65}, abstract = {

Noroviruses (genogroup I (NoV GI) and genogroup II (NoV GII)) and the hepatitis A virus (HAV) are frequently involved in foodborne infections worldwide. They are mainly transmitted via the fecal-oral route, direct person-to-person contact or consumption of contaminated water and foods. In food virology, detection methods are currently based on identifying viral genomes using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR). One of the general requirements for detecting these viruses in food involves the use of a process control virus to monitor the quality of the entire viral extraction procedure as described in the ISO/TS 15216-1 and 15216-2 standards published in 2013. The selected process control virus should have similar morphological and physicochemical properties as the screened pathogenic virus and thus have the potential to provide comparable extraction efficiency. The aim of this study was to determine which virus should be used for process control, murine norovirus (MNV-1) or Mengovirus, when testing for the presence of HAV, NoV GI and NoV GII in bottled water, lettuce and semi-dried tomatoes. Food samples were spiked with HAV, NoV GI or NoV GII alone or in the presence of MNV-1 or Mengovirus. Recovery rates of each pathogenic virus were compared to those of both process control viruses using a multiple comparison procedure. Neither process control virus influenced the recovery of pathogenic virus regardless of the type of food matrix. MNV-1 was the most appropriate virus for validating the detection of HAV and NoV GII in all three food matrices as well as NoV GI in lettuce. Mengovirus proved to be the most appropriate control for NoV GI detection in bottled water and semi-dried tomatoes. The process control virus is essential for validating viral detection in food and the choice of virus depends on food type and the screened pathogenic virus.

}, keywords = {Food, Food Microbiology, Hepatitis A virus, Lettuce, Lycopersicon esculentum, Mengovirus, methods, Norovirus, physiology, Reproducibility of Results, Virology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1879-3460 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.029}, author = {Hennechart-Collette, Catherine and Martin-Latil, Sandra and Guillier, Laurent and Perelle, Sylvie} } @article {15869, title = {Determining pathogen and indicator levels in class B municipal organic residuals used for land application}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan}, pages = {265-74}, edition = {2015/01/21}, isbn = {0047-2425 (Print)
0047-2425}, author = {Rhodes, E. R. and Boczek, L. A. and Ware, M. W. and McKay, M. and Hoelle, J. M. and Schoen, M. and Villegas, E. N.} } @article {4384, title = {Determining pathogen and indicator levels in class B municipal organic residuals used for land application.}, journal = {Journal of environmental quality}, volume = {44}, year = {2015}, pages = {265-274}, author = {Rhodes, ER and Boczek, LA and Ware, MW and McKay, M and Hoelle, JM and Schoen, M and Villegas, EN} } @article {9855, title = {{Development and application of a Blastocystis subtype-specific PCR assay reveals that mixed-subtype infections are common in a healthy human population}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {81}, year = {2015}, pages = {4071{\textendash}4076}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00520-15}, author = {Scanlan, PD and Stensvold, CR and Cotter, PD} } @article {15430, title = {Development and application of an eDNA method to detect and quantify a pathogenic parasite in aquatic ecosystems}, journal = {Ecological Applications}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, note = {R01 GM109499/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
R01GM109499/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
United States
a publication of the Ecological Society of America}, month = {Jun}, pages = {991-1002}, abstract = {

Approaches based on organismal DNA found in the environment (eDNA) have become increasingly utilized for ecological studies and biodiversity inventories as an alternative to traditional field survey methods. Such DNA-based techniques have largely been used to establish the presence of free-living organisms, but have much potential for detecting and quantifying infectious agents in the environment, which is necessary to evaluate disease risk. We developed an eDNA method to examine the distribution and abundance of the trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae, a pathogenic parasite known to cause malformations in North American amphibians. In addition to comparing this eDNA approach to classical host necropsy, we examined the detectability of R. ondatrae in water samples subject to different degradation conditions (time and temperature). Our test exhibited high specificity and sensitivity to R. ondatrae, capable of detecting as little as 14 fg (femtograms) of this parasite\&$\#$39;s DNA (1/2500th of a single infectious stage) from field water samples. Compared to our results from amphibian host necropsy, quantitative PCR was -90\% concordant with respect to R. ondatrae detection from 15 field sites and was also a significant predictor of host infection abundance. DNA was still detectable in lab samples after 21 days at 25 degrees C, indicating that our method is robust to field conditions. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of eDNA vs. traditional survey methods for determining pathogen presence and abundance in the field, we found that the lower cost and effort associated with eDNA approaches provide many advantages. The development of alternative tools is critical for disease ecology, as wildlife management and conservation efforts require reliable establishment and monitoring of pathogens.

}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, Amphibians/abnormalities/*parasitology, Animals, DNA/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods/veterinary, Sensitivity and Specificity, Trematoda/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, Trematode Infections/parasitology/veterinary}, isbn = {1051-0761 (Print)
1051-0761 (Linking)}, author = {Huver, J. R. and Koprivnikar, J. and Johnson, P. T. and Whyard, S.} } @article {15791, title = {Development and Evaluation of Three Real-Time PCR Assays for Genotyping and Source Tracking Cryptosporidium spp. in Water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {17}, year = {2015}, month = {Sep 1}, pages = {5845-54}, edition = {2015/06/21}, keywords = {Cryptosporidiosis/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium/classification/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, DNA, Protozoan/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal/genetics, Fresh Water/*parasitology, genotype, HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics, Humans, Molecular Typing/*methods, Protozoan Proteins/genetics, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Li, N. and Neumann, N. F. and Ruecker, N. and Alderisio, K. A. and Sturbaum, G. D. and Villegas, E. N. and Chalmers, R. and Monis, P. and Feng, Y. and Xiao, L.} } @article {15918, title = {The development and implementation of a method using blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) as biosentinels of Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii contamination in marine aquatic environments}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {114}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec}, pages = {4655-67}, edition = {2015/09/12}, keywords = {Animals, Biosentinel, California, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium parvum/classification/genetics/*isolation \&, Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Molecular Sequence Data, Mytilus, Mytilus edulis/genetics/*parasitology, Mytilus spp., Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, purification/physiology, Seawater/*parasitology, Shellfish/parasitology, Toxoplasma gondii, Toxoplasma/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology, Water quality}, isbn = {0932-0113}, author = {Staggs, S. E. and Keely, S. P. and Ware, M. W. and Schable, N. and See, M. J. and Gregorio, D. and Zou, X. and Su, C. and Dubey, J. P. and Villegas, E. N.} } @article {8619, title = {{The development and implementation of a method using blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) as biosentinels of Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii contamination in marine aquatic environments}}, journal = {Parasitol Res}, volume = {114}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {4655{\textendash}4667}, author = {Staggs, SE and Keely, SP and Ware, MW and Schable, N and See, MJ and Gregorio, D and Zou, X and Su, C and Dubey, JP and Villegas, EN} } @article {6779, title = {Development of {A} {Multidimensional} {Scale} to {Assess} {Attitudinal} {Determinants} of {Sanitation} {Uptake} and {Use}}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {22}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {13613{\textendash}13621}, abstract = {Over 1 billion people still practice open defecation. Low uptake and use of new sanitation technologies in a number of settings has underscored our current limited understanding of the complex attitudinal factors that influence a household{\textquoteright}s decision to adopt and use new sanitation technologies. Mokken scaling techniques were applied to series of population-based surveys in Odisha, India between September 2011 and October 2013 (sample sizes 120, 500, 2200). Surveys contained simple, agree/disagree statements about attitudes toward sanitation use and sanitation technologies. Analysis produced two scales-a 10-question General Scale, reflecting attitudes toward defecation and norms regarding latrine use for all respondents, and a 6-question Experiential Scale, reflecting personal experiences with and perceived convenience of sanitation technologies targeted at respondents with a latrine. Among all respondents, a one-point change in the General Scale was associated with a 5-percentage point change in the marginal probability of having access to a functioning latrine. Among respondents with a functional latrine at home, a one-point increase in the General and Experiential Scales were associated with a 4- and 8-percentage point decrease in the probability of engaging in any open defecation in the last 7 days, respectively.}, issn = {1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b02985}, author = {Dreibelbis, Robert and Jenkins, Marion and Chase, Rachel P. and Torondel, Belen and Routray, Parimita and Boisson, Sophie and Clasen, Thomas and Freeman, Matthew C.} } @article {713, title = {Development of a rapid approach for the enumeration of Escherichia coli in riverbed sediment: case study, the Apies River, South Africa}, journal = {J Soils Sediments}, year = {2015}, month = {02/2015}, type = {Research}, abstract = {
Purpose Research in the last few decades has increasingly demonstrated riverbed sediments as reservoirs of pathogenic bacteria, which could be released into water resources when sediments are resuspended. Current methods for enumerating these organisms in sediments could lead to either overestimation or underestimation of the microbial population in sediments.Therefore, an approach was developed based on Archimedes{\textquoteright} principle to accurately determine microbial counts in sediments and enable better comparison of water and sediment microbial counts.
Materials and methods Using the common approach (weighing method), 100 g of sediment was accurately weighed and transferred into a graduated 1-l Durham bottle ontaining 400 ml of 1{\texttimes} phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). This gave a 20 \% dilution (g/v). In the proposed approach (water displacement method), 400 ml of 1{\texttimes} PBS was transferred into a graduated Durhambottle, and sediment was gradually added until the 500-ml mark was reached, giving a 20\% dilution (v/v). The bottles containing sediments from both methods were then manually shaken to dislodge the microorganisms, and an appropriate volume was extracted from each bottle for analysis using the Colilert{\texttrademark} 18/Quantitray-2000 system from IDEXX.
Results and discussion There was a statistically significant difference between the mean Escherichia coli countswhen comparing the weighing method to the water displacement approach. The time required for the proposed (water displacement) approach was significantly lower than that required for the weighing approach. This method was found to be highly reproducible. Application of the water displacement method to samples collected at different points of the Apies River, Gauteng, South Africa, gave a greater microbial yield than the weighing method. Calculating the actual volume of sediment with the water displacement method results in a greater yield when determining microbial counts in the sediment. Furthermore, since sediment and water microbial counts are expressed in the same unit (MPN/100 ml), direct comparison of counts is possible. Conclusions The water displacement approach to quantifying bacteria in sediment results in a more accurate microbial count is easy to carryout, highly reproducible and time efficient when processing large number of samples. Considering that pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. also reside in sediment but in very low infectious doses, the proposed method could be critical for accurate enumeration when determining what public health risk these organisms might pose.
}, keywords = {Escherichia coli .Method comparison . Microbial enumeration techniques . Sediment . Water}, url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/749/art\%253A10.1007\%252Fs11368-015-1081-y.pdf?originUrl=http\%3A\%2F\%2Flink.springer.com\%2Farticle\%2F10.1007\%2Fs11368-015-1081-y\&token2=exp=1436881016~acl=\%2Fstatic\%2Fpdf\%2F749\%2Fart\%25253A10.1007\%25252Fs11368-015-108}, author = {M NB Momba and Luther King Akebe Abia \& Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa \& Cornelius Cano Ssemakalu} } @article {6761, title = {Development of a scalable mental healthcare plan for a rural district in {Ethiopia}}, journal = {The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, abstract = {BackgroundDeveloping evidence for the implementation and scaling up of mental healthcare in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) like Ethiopia is an urgent priority.AimsTo outline a mental healthcare plan (MHCP), as a scalable template for the implementation of mental healthcare in rural Ethiopia.MethodA mixed methods approach was used to develop the MHCP for the three levels of the district health system (community, health facility and healthcare organisation).ResultsThe community packages were community case detection, community reintegration and community inclusion. The facility packages included capacity building, decision support and staff well-being. Organisational packages were programme management, supervision and sustainability.ConclusionsThe MHCP focused on improving demand and access at the community level, inclusive care at the facility level and sustainability at the organisation level. The MHCP represented an essential framework for the provision of integrated care and may be a useful template for similar LMIC.}, issn = {1472-1465}, doi = {10.1192/bjp.bp.114.153676}, author = {Fekadu, Abebaw and Hanlon, Charlotte and Medhin, Girmay and Alem, Atalay and Selamu, Medhin and Giorgis, Tedla W. and Shibre, Teshome and Teferra, Solomon and Tegegn, Teketel and Breuer, Erica and Patel, Vikram and Tomlinson, Mark and Thornicroft, Graham and Prince, Martin and Lund, Crick} } @article {2244, title = {{The development of an onsite sanitation system based on vermifiltration: the {\textquoteleft}tiger toilet{\textquoteright}}}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {washdev2015167}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, issn = {2043-9083}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2015.167}, author = {Furlong, C. and Gibson, W. T. and Templeton, M. R. and Taillade, M. and Kassam, F. and Crabb, G. and Goodsell, R. and McQuilkin, J. and Oak, A. and Thakar, G. and Kodgire, M. and Patankar, R.} } @article {14024, title = {The development of an onsite sanitation system based on vermifiltration: the {\textquoteleft}tiger toilet{\textquoteright}}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {washdev2015167}, issn = {2043-9083}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2015.167}, author = {Furlong, C. and Gibson, W. T. and Templeton, M. R. and Taillade, M. and Kassam, F. and Crabb, G. and Goodsell, R. and McQuilkin, J. and Oak, A. and Thakar, G. and Kodgire, M. and Patankar, R.} } @article {8006, title = {{The development of an onsite sanitation system based on vermifiltration: the {\textquoteleft}tiger toilet{\textquoteright}}}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {608-613}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, issn = {2043-9083}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2015.167}, author = {Furlong, C. and Gibson, W. T. and Templeton, M. R. and Taillade, M. and Kassam, F. and Crabb, G. and Goodsell, R. and McQuilkin, J. and Oak, A. and Thakar, G. and Kodgire, M. and Patankar, R.} } @article {10874, title = {Development of Validation Protocol for Activated Sludge Process in Water Recycling}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Australian Water Recycling Centre of Excellence}, author = {Sidhu, Jatinder PS and Ahmed, Warish and Hodgers, Leonie and Smith, Kylie and Palmer, Andrew and Wylie, J and Low, J and Nichols, C and Toze, Simon} } @booklet {8736, title = {{Development of Validation Protocol for Activated Sludge Process in Water Recycling}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Australian Water Recycling Centre of Excellence}, address = {Brisbane, Australia}, isbn = {9781922202697}, author = {Sidhu, J.P.S and Ahmed, W. and Hodgers, L. and Smith, K. and Palmer, A. and Wylie, J. and Low, J. and Nichols, C. and Toze, S.} } @article {12766, title = {{The diagnosis of cutaneous paragonimiasis after the external migration of the parasite from a punch biopsy site}}, journal = {JAAD Case Reports}, volume = {1}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {239{\textendash}240}, author = {Jiang, Y and Ge, L and You, Y and Shen, Z} } @article {13542, title = {Diagnosis of human fascioliasis in Arusha region, northern Tanzania by microscopy and clinical manifestations in patients}, journal = {BMC Infect Dis}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {578}, author = {Lukambagire, A. S. and Mchaile, D. N. and Nyindo, M.} } @article {1948, title = {Differential Decay of Wastewater Bacteria and Change of Microbial Communities in Beach Sand and Seawater Microcosms}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {14}, year = {2015}, note = {Zhang, Qian He, Xia Yan, Tao eng 2015/07/01 06:00 Environ Sci Technol. 2015 Jul 21;49(14):8531-40. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01879. Epub 2015 Jul 10.}, pages = {8531-40}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Laboratory microcosm experiments were conducted to determine the decay kinetics of wastewater bacteria and the change of microbial communities in beach sand and seawater. Cultivation-based methods showed that common fecal indicator bacteria (FIBs; Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens) exhibited biphasic decay patterns in all microcosms. Enterococci and C. perfringens, but not E. coli, showed significantly smaller decay rates in beach sand than in seawater. Cultivation-independent qPCR quantification of 16S rRNA gene also showed significantly slower decrease of total bacterial densities in beach sand than in seawater. Microbial community analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS) further illustrated that the decreasing relative abundance of wastewater bacteria was contrasted by the increase in indigenous beach sand and seawater microbiota, and the overall microbial community dynamics corresponded well with the decay of individual FIB populations. In summary, the differential decay of wastewater bacteria in beach sand and in seawater provides a kinetic explanation to the often-observed higher abundance of FIBs in beach sand, and the NGS-based microbial community analysis can provide valuable insights to understanding the fate of wastewater bacteria in the context of indigenous microbial communities in natural environments.}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b01879}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26125493}, author = {Zhang, Q. and He, X. and Yan, T.} } @article {7028, title = {Differential {Decay} of {Wastewater} {Bacteria} and {Change} of {Microbial} {Communities} in {Beach} {Sand} and {Seawater} {Microcosms}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {14}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {8531{\textendash}8540}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b01879}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b01879}, author = {Zhang, Qian and He, Xia and Yan, Tao} } @article {9139, title = {{Differential Decay of Wastewater Bacteria and Change of Microbial Communities in Beach Sand and Seawater Microcosms}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {14}, year = {2015}, pages = {8531{\textendash}8540}, abstract = {Laboratory microcosm experiments were conducted to determine the decay kinetics of wastewater bacteria and the change of microbial communities in beach sand and seawater. Cultivation-based methods showed that common fecal indicator bacteria (FIBs; Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens) exhibited biphasic decay patterns in all microcosms. Enterococci and C. perfringens, but not E. coli, showed significantly smaller decay rates in beach sand than in seawater. Cultivation-independent qPCR quantification of 16S rRNA gene also showed significantly slower decrease of total bacterial densities in beach sand than in seawater. Microbial community analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS) further illustrated that the decreasing relative abundance of wastewater bacteria was contrasted by the increase in indigenous beach sand and seawater microbiota, and the overall microbial community dynamics corresponded well with the decay of individual FIB populations. In summary, the differential decay of wastewater bacteria in beach sand and in seawater provides a kinetic explanation to the often-observed higher abundance of FIBs in beach sand, and the NGS-based microbial community analysis can provide valuable insights to understanding the fate of wastewater bacteria in the context of indigenous microbial communities in natural environments.}, isbn = {1520-5851 (Electronic){\$}\backslash{\$}r0013-936X (Linking)}, issn = {15205851}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b01879}, author = {Zhang, Qian and He, Xia and Yan, Tao} } @article {11268, title = {{Differential serodiagnostics ofToxocara canisandToxocara cati- is it possible?}}, journal = {Parasite Immunology}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {204{\textendash}207}, doi = {10.1111/pim.12181}, author = {Poulsen, C S and Skov, S and Yoshida, A and Skallerup, P and Maruyama, H and Thamsborg, S M and Nejsum, P} } @article {11638, title = {{Diphyllobothriujm nihonkaiense infections in a family}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {53}, year = {2015}, pages = {109{\textendash}112}, author = {Go, Y B and Lee, E H and Cho, J and Choi, S and Chai, J Y} } @inbook {11687, title = {{Diphyllobothrium, Diplogonoporus and Spirometra}}, booktitle = {Biology of Foodborne Parasites. Section III. Important foodborne helminths}, year = {2015}, pages = {299{\textendash}325}, publisher = {CRC}, organization = {CRC}, address = {Boca Raton, United States}, abstract = {

Most of the developed countries today are generally considered \“dehelminthized,\” meaning that the prevalence (percentage of infected people) and medical impact of diseases caused by helminths, that is, flukes {\{}(Trematoda),{\}} tapeworms {\{}(Cestoda),{\}} parasitic roundworms ( ...

}, author = {Kuchta, Roman and Scholz, T and Brabec, Jan and Narduzzi-Wicht, B}, editor = {Xiao, L and Ryan, U and Feng, F} } @article {11579, title = {{Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense: wide egg size variation in 32 molecularly confirmed adult specimens from Korea}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {114}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {2129{\textendash}2134}, abstract = {The eggs of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense were reported to be smaller than those of the classical Diphyllobothrium latum in general. However, verification using a large number of adult tapeworms is required. We assessed the egg size variation in 32 adult specimens of D. nihonkaiense recovered from Korean patients in 1975{\textendash}2014. The diagnosis of individual specimens was based on analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene sequence. Uterine eggs (n = 10) were obtained from each specimen, and their length and width were measured by micrometry. The results indicated that the egg size of D. nihonkaiense (total number of eggs measured, 320) was widely variable according to individual specimens, 54{\textendash}76{\~{}}$μ$m long (mean 64) and 35{\textendash}58{\~{}}$μ$m wide (mean 45), with a length-width ratio of 1.32{\textendash}1.70 (mean 1.46). The worm showing the smallest egg size had a length range of 54{\textendash}62{\~{}}$μ$m, whereas the one showing the largest egg size had a length range of 68{\textendash}76{\~{}}$μ$m. The two ranges did not overlap, and a similar pattern was observed for the egg width. Mapping of each egg size (n = 320) showed a wide variation in length and width. The widely variable egg size of D. nihonkaiense cannot be used for specific diagnosis of diphyllobothriid tapeworm infections in human patients.}, issn = {0932-0113}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-015-4401-7}, author = {Choi, Seoyun and Cho, Jaeeun and Jung, Bong-Kwang and Kim, Deok-Gyu and Jeon, Sarah and Jeon, Hyeong-Kyu and Eom, Keeseon S and Chai, Jong-Yil} } @booklet {3838, title = {Disability Inclusion: Topic Guide}, year = {2015}, publisher = {International Development Department, University of Birmingham}, address = {Birmingham}, author = {Rohwerder, B} } @article {3095, title = {Discrimination between {E}. granulosus sensu stricto, {E}. multilocularis and {E}. shiquicus {Using} a {Multiplex} {PCR} {Assay}}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {e0004084}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infections of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s), E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus are commonly found co-endemic on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, China, and an efficient tool is needed to facilitate the detection of infected hosts and for species identification. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A single-tube multiplex PCR assay was established to differentiate the Echinococcus species responsible for infections in intermediate and definitive hosts. Primers specific for E. granulosus, E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus were designed based on sequences of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes, respectively. This multiplex PCR accurately detected Echinococcus DNA without generating nonspecific reaction products. PCR products were of the expected sizes of 219 (nad1), 584 (nad5) and 471 (cox1) bp. Furthermore, the multiplex PCR enabled diagnosis of multiple infections using DNA of protoscoleces and copro-DNA extracted from fecal samples of canine hosts. Specificity of the multiplex PCR was 100\% when evaluated using DNA isolated from other cestodes. Sensitivity thresholds were determined for DNA from protoscoleces and from worm eggs, and were calculated as 20 pg of DNA for E. granulosus and E. shiquicus, 10 pg of DNA for E. multilocularis, 2 eggs for E. granulosus, and 1 egg for E. multilocularis. Positive results with copro-DNA could be obtained at day 17 and day 26 after experimental infection of dogs with larval E. multilocularis and E. granulosus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The multiplex PCR developed in this study is an efficient tool for discriminating E. granulosus, E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus from each other and from other taeniid cestodes. It can be used for the detection of canids infected with E. granulosus s.s. and E. multilocularis using feces collected from these definitive hosts. It can also be used for the identification of the Echinococcus metacestode larva in intermediate hosts, a stage that often cannot be identified to species on visual inspection.}, keywords = {Animals, DNA, DNA Primers, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Electron Transport Complex IV, Feces, Humans, Mice, Mitochondrial, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, NADH Dehydrogenase, Parasitology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tibet}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0004084}, author = {Liu, Cong-Nuan and Lou, Zhong-Zi and Li, Li and Yan, Hong-Bin and Blair, David and Lei, Meng-Tong and Cai, Jin-Zhong and Fan, Yan-Lei and Li, Jian-Qiu and Fu, Bao-Quan and Yang, Yu-Rong and McManus, Donald P. and Jia, Wan-Zhong} } @article {8971, title = {Disinfection of water containing Escherichia coli by use of a compound parabolic concentrator: effect of global solar radiation and reactor surface treatment}, journal = {Research on Chemical Intermediates}, volume = {41}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {6543-6558}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0922-6168}, doi = {10.1007/s11164-014-1760-0}, url = {://WOS:000361140200049 http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/155/art\%253A10.1007\%252Fs11164-014-1760-0.pdf?originUrl=http\%3A\%2F\%2Flink.springer.com\%2Farticle\%2F10.1007\%2Fs11164-014-1760-0\&token2=exp=1468602160~acl=\%2Fstatic\%2Fpdf\%2F155\%2Fart}, author = {Nararom, M. and Thepa, S. and Kongkiattikajorn, J. and Songprakorp, R.} } @article {4250, title = {{Distinct behaviors of infectious F-specific RNA coliphage genogroups at a wastewater treatment plant.}}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {520}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {32{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

The present study aimed to determine the differences in the behaviors of four F-specific RNA (F-RNA) coliphage genogroups (GI-GIV) during wastewater treatment. Raw sewage, aeration tank effluent, secondary-treated sewage, and return activated sludge were collected from a wastewater treatment plant in Japan at monthly intervals between March and December 2011 (n=10 each). F-specific coliphages were detected by plaque assay in all tested samples, with a concentration ranging from -0.10 to 3.66 log10 plaque-forming units/ml. Subsequently, eight plaques were isolated from each sample, followed by genogroup-specific reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (qPCR) for F-RNA coliphages and qPCR for F-specific DNA (F-DNA) coliphages. GI F-RNA coliphages were the most abundant in the secondary-treated sewage samples (73{\%} of the plaque isolates), while GII F-RNA coliphages were the most abundant in the other three sample types (41-81{\%}, depending on sample type). Based on the results of the quantification and genotyping, the annual mean concentrations of each F-specific coliphage type were calculated, and their reduction ratios during wastewater treatment were compared with those of indicator bacteria (total coliforms and Escherichia coli) and enteric viruses (human adenoviruses and GI and GII noroviruses). The mean reduction ratio of GI F-RNA coliphages was the lowest (0.93 log10), followed by those of the indicator bacteria and enteric viruses (1.59-2.43 log10), GII-GIV F-RNA coliphages ({\textgreater}2.60-3.21 log10), and F-DNA coliphages ({\textgreater}3.41 log10). These results suggest that GI F-RNA coliphages may be used as an appropriate indicator of virus reduction during wastewater treatment.

}, keywords = {Coliphages, Coliphages: classification, Coliphages: genetics, Fluid, genotype, Japan, RNA, Waste Disposal, Waste Water, Waste Water: virology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1879-1026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.034}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25791054}, author = {Haramoto, Eiji and Fujino, Saki and Otagiri, Mikie} } @article {17037, title = {Distinct behaviors of infectious F-specific RNA coliphage genogroups at a wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {520}, year = {2015}, pages = {32{\textendash}38}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Haramoto, Eiji and Fujino, Saki and Otagiri, Mikie} } @article {5583, title = {{Distinct behaviors of infectious F-specific RNA coliphage genogroups at a wastewater treatment plant}}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {520}, year = {2015}, pages = {32{\textendash}38}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {f-speci fi c coliphage, F-specific coliphage, Human enteric virus, Indicator bacteria, Wastewater treatment}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.034}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969715003009}, author = {Haramoto, Eiji and Fujino, Saki and Otagiri, Mikie} } @article {12247, title = {Distinguishing effects of ultraviolet exposure and chlorination on the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, month = {May 5}, pages = {5771-8}, keywords = {*Genes, Bacterial, *Ultraviolet Rays, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Conjugation, Genetic, Disinfection, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics/radiation effects, Escherichia coli/*genetics/radiation effects/ultrastructure, Gene Transfer, Horizontal/*radiation effects, Halogenation/*radiation effects, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism, Microbial Viability/radiation effects, Waste Water/*microbiology}, isbn = {1520-5851 (Electronic)
0013-936X (Linking)}, author = {Guo, M. T. and Yuan, Q. B. and Yang, J.} } @article {12196, title = {Distribution, numbers, and diversity of ESBL-producing E. coli in the poultry farm environment}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0135402}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Blaak, H. and van Hoek, A. H. and Hamidjaja, R. A. and van der Plaats, R. Q. and Kerkhof-de Heer, L. and A M De Roda Husman and Schets, F. M.} } @article {9757, title = {{The distribution of Blastocystis subtypes in isolates from Qatar}}, journal = {Parasit Vectors}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {465}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-015-1071-3}, author = {Abu-Madi, M and Aly, M and Behnke, JM and Clark, CG and Balkhy, H} } @article {13427, title = {Distribution of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in the endemic area of Guilan, Iran: relationships between zonal overlap and phenotypic trais}, journal = {Infect Genet Evol.}, volume = {31}, year = {2015}, pages = {95-109}, author = {Ashrafi, K. and Valero, M. A. and Peixoto, R. V. and Artigas, P. and Panova, M. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {13349, title = {Distribution of human-specific bacteroidales and fecal indicator bacteria in an urban watershed impacted by sewage pollution, determined using RNA- and DNA-based quantitative PCR assays}, journal = {Applied Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, year = {2015}, pages = {91-9}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02446-14}, author = {Kapoor, V. and Pitkanen, T. and Ryu, H. and Elk, M. and Wendell, D. and Santo Domingo, J.W.} } @article {10048, title = {{Distributions of Fecal Markers in Wastewater from Different Climatic Zones for Human Fecal Pollution Tracking in Australian Surface Waters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {82}, year = {2015}, pages = {1316{\textendash}1323}, author = {Ahmed, W and J P Sidhu and Smith, K and Beale, DJ and Gyawali, P and Toze, S} } @article {12012, title = {Diverse Applications of Environmental DNA Methods in Parasitology}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {31}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, note = {Bass, David
Stentiford, Grant D
Littlewood, D T J
Hartikainen, Hanna
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
England
2015/10/05 06:00
Trends Parasitol. 2015 Oct;31(10):499-513. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.013.}, month = {Oct}, pages = {499-513}, abstract = {

Nucleic acid extraction and sequencing of genes from organisms within environmental samples encompasses a variety of techniques collectively referred to as environmental DNA or \&$\#$39;eDNA\&$\#$39;. The key advantages of eDNA analysis include the detection of cryptic or otherwise elusive organisms, large-scale sampling with fewer biases than specimen-based methods, and generation of data for molecular systematics. These are particularly relevant for parasitology because parasites can be difficult to locate and are morphologically intractable and genetically divergent. However, parasites have rarely been the focus of eDNA studies. Focusing on eukaryote parasites, we review the increasing diversity of the \&$\#$39;eDNA toolbox\&$\#$39;. Combining eDNA methods with complementary tools offers much potential to understand parasite communities, disease risk, and parasite roles in broader ecosystem processes such as food web structuring and community assembly.

}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, Animals, DNA/*analysis, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Parasites/*genetics, Parasitology/*methods/*trends}, isbn = {1471-5007 (Electronic)
1471-4922 (Linking)}, author = {Bass, D. and Stentiford, G. D. and Littlewood, D. T. and Hartikainen, H.} } @article {15352, title = {Diverse Applications of Environmental DNA Methods in Parasitology}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {31}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, note = {Journal Article
Review
England}, month = {Oct}, pages = {499-513}, abstract = {

Nucleic acid extraction and sequencing of genes from organisms within environmental samples encompasses a variety of techniques collectively referred to as environmental DNA or \&$\#$39;eDNA\&$\#$39;. The key advantages of eDNA analysis include the detection of cryptic or otherwise elusive organisms, large-scale sampling with fewer biases than specimen-based methods, and generation of data for molecular systematics. These are particularly relevant for parasitology because parasites can be difficult to locate and are morphologically intractable and genetically divergent. However, parasites have rarely been the focus of eDNA studies. Focusing on eukaryote parasites, we review the increasing diversity of the \&$\#$39;eDNA toolbox\&$\#$39;. Combining eDNA methods with complementary tools offers much potential to understand parasite communities, disease risk, and parasite roles in broader ecosystem processes such as food web structuring and community assembly.

}, isbn = {1471-5007}, author = {Bass, D. and Stentiford, G. D. and Littlewood, D. T. and Hartikainen, H.} } @article {16504, title = {Diverse {Applications} of {Environmental} {DNA} {Methods} in {Parasitology}}, journal = {Trends Parasitol}, volume = {31}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, pages = {499{\textendash}513}, abstract = {Nucleic acid extraction and sequencing of genes from organisms within environmental samples encompasses a variety of techniques collectively referred to as environmental DNA or {\textquoteright}eDNA{\textquoteright}. The key advantages of eDNA analysis include the detection of cryptic or otherwise elusive organisms, large-scale sampling with fewer biases than specimen-based methods, and generation of data for molecular systematics. These are particularly relevant for parasitology because parasites can be difficult to locate and are morphologically intractable and genetically divergent. However, parasites have rarely been the focus of eDNA studies. Focusing on eukaryote parasites, we review the increasing diversity of the {\textquoteright}eDNA toolbox{\textquoteright}. Combining eDNA methods with complementary tools offers much potential to understand parasite communities, disease risk, and parasite roles in broader ecosystem processes such as food web structuring and community assembly.}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, Animals, DNA/*analysis, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Parasites/*genetics, Parasitology/*methods/*trends}, issn = {1471-5007 (Electronic) 1471-4922 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.013}, author = {Bass, D. and Stentiford, G. D. and Littlewood, D. T. and Hartikainen, H.} } @article {12341, title = {Diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of Pseudomonads from a hospital wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {119}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, month = {Aug 18}, pages = {1527-1540}, keywords = {16S rDNA clone library, antibiotic resistance profiles, Hospital wastewater, Pseudomonas spp. diversity}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic)
1364-5072 (Linking)}, author = {Santoro, D. O. and Cardoso, A. M. and Coutinho, F. H. and Pinto, L. H. and Vieira, R. P. and Albano, R. M. and Clementino, M. M.} } @article {12593, title = {Diversity of enterococcal species and characterization of high-level aminoglycoside resistant enterococci of samples of wastewater and surface water in Tunisia}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {530-531C}, year = {2015}, pages = {11-17}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Said, Leila Ben and Klibi, Naouel and Lozano, Carmen and Dziri, Raoudha and Slama, Karim Ben and Boudabous, Abdellatif and Torres, Carmen} } @article {12664, title = {Diversity of enterococcal species and characterization of high-level aminoglycoside resistant enterococci of samples of wastewater and surface water in Tunisia.}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, year = {2015}, pages = {11-17}, author = {Ben Said, L and Klibi, N. and Lozano, C and Dziri, R and Ben Slama, K and Boudabous, A and Torres, C} } @mastersthesis {7135, title = {Do wetland characteristics, specfically plant communities, surface water, and soils play a significant role in whooping crane ( {Grus} americana) site selection?}, year = {2015}, note = {1593910}, school = {Eastern Michigan University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {To examine the relationship of environmental conditions and their effect on Whooping crane (Grus americana ) nest site selection; wetland soils, plant community structure and surface water quality were analyzed throughout nineteen established nest sites and twenty non-nesting wetland sites. Due to past fire management throughout the refuge, the effects of fire history were also investigated by comparing burned (n=17) and un-burned (n=22) areas. A multi-dimensional scaling analysis did not detect significant differences in plant community structure between nest and non-nesting sites, but did find a significant difference with respect to time since last burn. Soil parameters were not significant during the course of the study. Soluble reactive phosphorus, and pH of surface water were statistically different between nest and non-nest sites, but only during one year of the study. Whooping crane nest site selection was apparently not determined by the plant community, surface water quality, or soil composition.}, keywords = {0306:Biology, 0329:Ecology, 0768:Environmental science, Biological sciences, Biology, Ecology, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Multi-dimensional scaling, Necedah national wildlife refuge, Nest site slection, Soil composition, Surface water analysis, Whooping crane}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1698103978?accountid=14270}, author = {Bahleda, Kristin M.} } @booklet {3466, title = {{Documentation of the Change Processes for Achieving Open Defecation Free Villages through a CLTS Approach in Angul [in the State of Odisha (formerly Orissa), India].}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {CLTS Knowledge Hub, Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex}, address = {Falmer, Brighton}, author = {Bejjank, VR} } @booklet {3761, title = {Documentation of the {Change} {Processes} for {Achieving} {Open} {Defecation} {Free} {Villages} through a {CLTS} {Approach} in {Angul} [in the {State} of {Odisha} (formerly {Orissa}), {India}].}, year = {2015}, publisher = {CLTS Knowledge Hub, Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex}, address = {Falmer, Brighton}, author = {Bejjank, VR} } @article {12496, title = {Does human activity impact the natural antibiotic resistance background? Abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in 21 Swiss lakes}, journal = {Environment internationalEnvironment International}, volume = {81}, year = {2015}, pages = {45-55}, isbn = {0160-4120}, author = {Czekalski, Nadine and Sigdel, Radhika and Birtel, Julia and Matthews, Blake and B{\"u}rgmann, Helmut} } @article {9789, title = {{Dogruman-Al, F., Turk, S., Adiyaman-Korkmaz, G., Hanenel, A., Levi, L., Kopelowitz, J., Babai, O., Gross, S., Greenberg, Z., Herschkovitz, Y., And Mumcuoglu, I}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {114}, year = {2015}, pages = {495{\textendash}500}, author = {Dogruman-Al, F and Turk, S and Adiyaman-Korkmaz, G and Hanenel, A and Levi, L. and Kopelowitz, J and Babai, O and Gross, S and Greenberg, Z and Herschkovitz, Y and Mumcuoglu, I} } @article {16473, title = {Dose Response [Online]: http://qmrawiki.canr.msu.edu/index.php/ Dose_Response [Accessed 15 February 2016]}, year = {2015}, url = {http://qmrawiki.canr.msu.edu/index.php/ Dose_Response} } @article {4754, title = {{Draft genome sequences from Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts purified from a human stool sample}}, journal = {Genome Announcements}, volume = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {e01324{\textendash}15}, doi = {10.1128/genomeA.01324-15.}, author = {Qvarnstrom, Y and Wei-Pridgeon, Y and Li, W and Nascimento, FS and Bishop, HS and Herwaldt, BL and Moss, DM and Nayak, V and Srinivasamoorthy, G and Sheth, M and Arrowood, MJ} } @booklet {7807, title = {Drinking Water Quality and Occurrence of Giardia in Finnish Small Groundwater Supplies}, journal = {Resources}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The microbiological and chemical drinking water quality of 20 vulnerable Finnish small groundwater supplies was studied in relation to environmental risk factors associated with potential sources of contamination. The microbiological parameters analyzed included the following enteric pathogens: Giardia and Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter species, noroviruses, as well as indicator microbes (Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, coliform bacteria, Clostridium perfringens, Aeromonas spp. and heterotrophic bacteria). Chemical analyses included the determination of pH, conductivity, TOC, color, turbidity, and phosphorus, nitrate and nitrite nitrogen, iron, and manganese concentrations. Giardia intestinalis was detected from four of the water supplies, all of which had wastewater treatment activities in the neighborhood. Mesophilic Aeromonas salmonicida, coliform bacteria and E. coli were also detected. None of the samples were positive for both coliforms and Giardia. Low pH and high iron and manganese concentrations in some samples compromised the water quality. Giardia intestinalis was isolated for the first time in Finland in groundwater wells of public water works. In Europe, small water supplies are of great importance since they serve a significant sector of the population. In our study, the presence of fecal indicator bacteria, Aeromonas and Giardia revealed surface water access to the wells and health risks associated with small water supplies.}, keywords = {Giardia, groundwater quality, small water supply, surface water contamination}, isbn = {2079-9276}, author = {Pitk{\"a}nen,Tarja and Juselius,Tiina and Isom{\"a}ki,Eija and Miettinen,T. I. and Valve,Matti and Kivim{\"a}ki,Anna-Liisa and Lahti,Kirsti and Marja L H{\"a}nninen} } @article {6930, title = {Dynamics of bacterial communities before and after distribution in a full-scale drinking water network}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {74}, year = {2015}, month = {may}, pages = {180{\textendash}190}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.015}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135415000883}, author = {El-Chakhtoura, Joline and Prest, Emmanuelle and Saikaly, Pascal and van Loosdrecht, Mark and Hammes, Frederik and Vrouwenvelder, Hans} } @article {3144, title = {Echinococcus and cancer: unsolved mystery}, journal = {Parasite Immunology}, volume = {37}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {426}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Experimental, Female, Liver Neoplasms, Mammary Neoplasms, Th1 Cells}, issn = {1365-3024}, doi = {10.1111/pim.12201}, author = {Tez, S. and Tez, M.} } @article {3100, title = {Echinococcus infections in the {Baltic} region}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {213}, number = {3-4}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, pages = {121{\textendash}131}, abstract = {In the Baltic countries, the two zoonotic diseases, alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, and cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus, are of increasing public health concern. Observations from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania indicate that the distribution of both parasites is wider in the Baltics than previously expected. In this paper, we review and discuss the available data, regarding both parasitoses in animals and humans, from the Baltic countries and selected adjacent regions. The data are not easily comparable but reveal a worrisome situation as the number of human AE and CE cases is increasing. Despite improvements in diagnostics and treatment, AE has a high morbidity and mortality in the Baltic region. For the control of both zoonoses, monitoring transmission patterns and timely diagnosis in humans as well as the development of local control programs present major challenges.}, keywords = {Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Emerging infectious diseases, epidemiology, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Zoonoses}, issn = {1873-2550}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.032}, author = {Marcinkute, Audrone and {\v S}arkunas, Mindaugas and Moks, Epp and Saarma, Urmas and Jokelainen, Pikka and Bagrade, Guna and Laivacuma, Sniedze and Strupas, K{\k e}stutis and Sokolovas, Vitalijus and Deplazes, Peter} } @article {9681, title = {Echinococcus infections in the Baltic region}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {213}, year = {2015}, pages = {121-131}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.032}, author = {Marcinkute, A and {\v S}arkunas, M and Moks, E and Saarma, U and Jokelainen, P and Bagrade, G and Laivacuma, S and Strupas, K and Sokolovas, V. and Deplazes, P} } @article {2981, title = {Echinococcus multilocularis: {Epidemiology}, surveillance and state-of-the-art diagnostics from a veterinary public health perspective}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {213}, number = {3-4}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, pages = {149{\textendash}161}, abstract = {Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the larval (metacestode) stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, is considered one of the most serious parasitic zoonoses in Central and Eastern Europe and is emerging also in large parts of Asia and in North America. The red fox represents the main definitive host of E. multilocularis in Europe, but the raccoon dog, the domestic dog and to a much lesser extent the domestic cat also represent potential definitive hosts. The natural intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis are mainly voles. The spectrum of accidental hosts is broad and includes many species of monkeys, pigs, dogs and humans which get infected by oral uptake of the viable eggs. Yet, human AE is a very rare disease in Europe; incidences have increased in recent years, while the infection is widely distributed in foxes with high prevalences reaching up to 70\% in some areas. Generally, infected foxes represent a zoonotic risk, which may be particularly relevant in urban areas. Furthermore, there is concern that the risk for humans to acquire AE may rise due to the suspected geographical spread of the parasite as assessed by infections in its definitive hosts and the high prevalences in some regions. Monitoring and surveillance activities have therefore been initiated in a few European countries. Several diagnostic strategies have been developed and validated in recent years, applying classical worm detection by microscopy, but also immunological (ELISA for coproantigen detection) and molecular tests (copro-DNA detection by PCR). However, there is an urgent need for defining minimal requirements and harmonised approaches for these activities to allow for a reliable assessment of the epidemiological situation in Europe and comparable results from different countries.}, keywords = {Diagnosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, epidemiology, Monitoring, Surveillance}, issn = {1873-2550}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.027}, author = {Conraths, Franz J. and Deplazes, Peter} } @article {2949, title = {Echinococcus multilocularis in {Kyrgyzstan}: similarity in the {Asian} {EmsB} genotypic profiles from village populations of {Eastern} mole voles ({Ellobius} tancrei) and dogs in the {Alay} valley}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {89}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {664{\textendash}670}, abstract = {Echinococcus multilocularis is a cestode that causes human alveolar echinococcosis, a lethal zoonosis of public health concern in central Asia and western China. In the present study, one of 42 Eastern mole voles (Ellobius tancrei) caught in Sary Mogol (Alay valley, southern Kyrgyzstan) presented liver lesions with E. multilocularis from which the EmsB target was amplified. The Asian profile obtained was almost identical to one amplified from domestic dog faeces collected in a nearby village. This observation adds additional information to the potential role of E. tancrei in the transmission of E. multilocularis, and to the known distribution range of E. multilocularis (Asian strain) in central Asia.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Feces, Female, genotype, Helminth Proteins, Humans, Kyrgyzstan, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Moles}, issn = {1475-2697}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X15000474}, author = {Afonso, E. and Knapp, J. and T{\^e}te, N. and Umhang, G. and Rieffel, D. and van Kesteren, F. and Ziadinov, I. and Craig, P. S. and Torgerson, P. R. and Giraudoux, P.} } @mastersthesis {6447, title = {Ecohydrologic evaluation of runoff and erosion processes on disturbed rangeland ecosystems}, year = {2015}, note = {3702518}, school = {University of Idaho}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Millions of hectares of rangeland in the western United States (US) are undergoing vegetation transitions with important hydrologic ramifications. At low elevations, annual grass invasions have increased wildfire frequency and size. Infilling of pinyon (Pinus spp.) and juniper ( Juniperus spp.) woodlands and their encroachment of shrub steppe at mid-elevations have increased the modern occurrence of high-severity fires. Conversion of shrubland communities to woodlands throughout much of the western US has altered the ecological structure and function of these ecosystems. These disturbances elicit hydrologic and erosion responses that pose hazards to ecological resources, property, and life. This dissertation addresses these impacts in a series of papers focused on: 1) current knowledge regarding wildfire effects on hydrology and erosion, 2) fire impacts on infiltration, runoff, and erosion processes across point to hillslope scales, 3) hydrologic and erosion process connectivity as a driver of post-disturbance erosion, and 4) tool development for evaluating ecohydrologic impacts of vegetation transitions, management practices, and wildfire. Results demonstrate that knowledge has advanced regarding disturbance effects on runoff and erosion, but the ability to forecast hydrologic responses in the wake of ongoing transitions on western rangelands remains limited. This study presents a conceptual model for evaluating hydrologic vulnerability. A review of literature indicates quantitative population of the model requires improved understanding in several key areas: 1) spatial scaling of post-fire hydrologic process responses across diverse landscapes, 2) quantification of interactions between varying storm intensities and measures of site susceptibility, and 3) quantification and prediction of soil water repellency effects. Runoff and erosion experiments in this study demonstrate that hillslope hydrologic vulnerability and recovery following disturbance is strongly governed by runoff and erosion process connectivity, and that connectivity of processes is dictated by the magnitude of water input and the spatial connectivity of ground-surface susceptibility to runoff generation and sediment detachment. This study concludes with a framework for integrating these key ecohydrologic relationships into a commonly applied rangeland management tool, Ecological Site Descriptions. The proposed framework increases the utility of Ecological Site Descriptions to assess rangelands, target management practices, and predict hydrologic responses to disturbances such as fire and plant community transitions.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0777:Range management, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Ecology, Erosion, Fire, Hydrologic sciences, Range management, Rangeland hydrology, Runoff, Sagebrush, Woodland encroachment}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1682485308?accountid=14270}, author = {Williams, Christopher Jason} } @article {7418, title = {Effect of a community-led sanitation intervention on child diarrhoea and child growth in rural {Mali}: a cluster-randomised controlled trial}, journal = {The Lancet. Global Health}, volume = {3}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {e701{\textendash}711}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) uses participatory approaches to mobilise communities to build their own toilets and stop open defecation. Our aim was to undertake the first randomised trial of CLTS to assess its effect on child health in Koulikoro, Mali. METHODS: We did a cluster-randomised trial to assess a CLTS programme implemented by the Government of Mali. The study population included households in rural villages (clusters) from the Koulikoro district of Mali; every household had to have at least one child aged younger than 10 years. Villages were randomly assigned (1:1) with a computer-generated sequence by a study investigator to receive CLTS or no programme. Health outcomes included diarrhoea (primary outcome), height for age, weight for age, stunting, and underweight. Outcomes were measured 1{\textperiodcentered}5 years after intervention delivery (2 years after enrolment) among children younger than 5 years. Participants were not masked to intervention assignment. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01900912. FINDINGS: We recruited participants between April 12, and June 23, 2011. We assigned 60 villages (2365 households) to receive the CLTS intervention and 61 villages (2167 households) to the control group. No differences were observed in terms of diarrhoeal prevalence among children in CLTS and control villages (706 [22\%] of 3140 CLTS children vs 693 [24\%] of 2872 control children; prevalence ratio [PR] 0{\textperiodcentered}93, 95\% CI 0{\textperiodcentered}76-1{\textperiodcentered}14). Access to private latrines was almost twice as high in intervention villages (1373 [65\%] of 2120 vs 661 [35\%] of 1911 households) and reported open defecation was reduced in female (198 [9\%] of 2086 vs 608 [33\%] of 1869 households) and in male (195 [10\%] of 2004 vs 602 [33\%] of 1813 households) adults. Children in CLTS villages were taller (0{\textperiodcentered}18 increase in height-for-age Z score, 95\% CI 0{\textperiodcentered}03-0{\textperiodcentered}32; 2415 children) and less likely to be stunted (35\% vs 41\%, PR 0{\textperiodcentered}86, 95\% CI 0{\textperiodcentered}74-1{\textperiodcentered}0) than children in control villages. 22\% of children were underweight in CLTS compared with 26\% in control villages (PR 0{\textperiodcentered}88, 95\% CI 0{\textperiodcentered}71-1{\textperiodcentered}08), and the difference in mean weight-for-age Z score was 0{\textperiodcentered}09 (95\% CI -0{\textperiodcentered}04 to 0{\textperiodcentered}22) between groups. In CLTS villages, younger children at enrolment ({\textless}2 years) showed greater improvements in height and weight than older children. INTERPRETATION: In villages that received a behavioural sanitation intervention with no monetary subsidies, diarrhoeal prevalence remained similar to control villages. However, access to toilets substantially increased and child growth improved, particularly in children {\textless}2 years. CLTS might have prevented growth faltering through pathways other than reducing diarrhoea. FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.}, issn = {2214-109X}, doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00144-8}, author = {Pickering, Amy J. and Djebbari, Habiba and Lopez, Carolina and Coulibaly, Massa and Alzua, Maria Laura} } @article {14182, title = {Effect of hygienization treatment on the recovery and/or regrowth of microbial indicators in sewage sludge.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {feb}, pages = {412{\textendash}8}, abstract = {AIMS: Escherichia coli (EC) is the primary indicator micro-organism in regulations for sewage sludge reuse. The aim of this work was to assess the ability of EC to enter and recover from a viable-but-not-culturable state (VBNC) after sludge hygienization treatments. METHODS AND RESULTS: The persistence of EC, somatic coliphages (SOMCPH), spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SRC) and Salmonella spp. was assessed in digested sludge after different pasteurization treatments and storage conditions. Pasteurization at 55{\textdegree}C produced EC-injured cells that were resuscitated during the first 24 h. Different sludge treatments altered the inactivation kinetics of EC, while SOMCPH and SRC did not resuscitate and showed lower die-off than EC. No regrowth was observed in stored sludge for up to 60 days. CONCLUSIONS: EC monitoring by culturable methods is not by itself a suitable method for assessing the hygienization achieved in sludge as EC can enter into VBNC from which it can recover during the first hours of storage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The regulations should indicate the time when monitoring of EC should be performed to avoid the period when EC can resuscitate from VBNC or add alternative microbial indicators, such as SOMCPH, which do not have a VBNC state.}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12708}, author = {Pascual-Benito, M and Garc{\'\i}a-Aljaro, C and Casanovas-Massana, S and Blanch, A R and Lucena, F} } @article {2373, title = {{Effect of hygienization treatment on the recovery and/or regrowth of microbial indicators in sewage sludge.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {feb}, pages = {412{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

AIMS: Escherichia coli (EC) is the primary indicator micro-organism in regulations for sewage sludge reuse. The aim of this work was to assess the ability of EC to enter and recover from a viable-but-not-culturable state (VBNC) after sludge hygienization treatments. METHODS AND RESULTS: The persistence of EC, somatic coliphages (SOMCPH), spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SRC) and Salmonella spp. was assessed in digested sludge after different pasteurization treatments and storage conditions. Pasteurization at 55\°C produced EC-injured cells that were resuscitated during the first 24 h. Different sludge treatments altered the inactivation kinetics of EC, while SOMCPH and SRC did not resuscitate and showed lower die-off than EC. No regrowth was observed in stored sludge for up to 60 days. CONCLUSIONS: EC monitoring by culturable methods is not by itself a suitable method for assessing the hygienization achieved in sludge as EC can enter into VBNC from which it can recover during the first hours of storage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The regulations should indicate the time when monitoring of EC should be performed to avoid the period when EC can resuscitate from VBNC or add alternative microbial indicators, such as SOMCPH, which do not have a VBNC state.

}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12708}, author = {Pascual-Benito, M and Garc{\'\i}a-Aljaro, C and Casanovas-Massana, S and Blanch, A R and Lucena, F} } @article {15987, title = {{The effect of India{\textquoteright}s total sanitation campaign on defecation behaviors and child health in rural Madhya Pradesh: A cluster randomized controlled trial}}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {e1001709}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Poor sanitation is thought to be a major cause of enteric infections among young children. However, there are no previously published randomized trials to measure the health impacts of large-scale sanitation programs. India{\textquoteright}s Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) is one such program that seeks to end the practice of open defecation by changing social norms and behaviors, and providing technical support and financial subsidies. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of the TSC implemented with capacity building support from the World Bank{\textquoteright}s Water and Sanitation Program in Madhya Pradesh on availability of individual household latrines (IHLs), defecation behaviors, and child health (diarrhea, highly credible gastrointestinal illness [HCGI], parasitic infections, anemia, growth).$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a cluster-randomized, controlled trial in 80 rural villages. Field staff collected baseline measures of sanitation conditions, behaviors, and child health (May-July 2009), and revisited households 21 months later (February-April 2011) after the program was delivered. The study enrolled a random sample of 5,209 children {\textless}5 years old from 3,039 households that had at least one child {\textless}24 months at the beginning of the study. A random subsample of 1,150 children {\textless}24 months at enrollment were tested for soil transmitted helminth and protozoan infections in stool. The randomization successfully balanced intervention and control groups, and we estimated differences between groups in an intention to treat analysis. The intervention increased percentage of households in a village with improved sanitation facilities as defined by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme by an average of 19{\%} (95{\%} CI for difference: 12{\%}-26{\%}; group means: 22{\%} control versus 41{\%} intervention), decreased open defecation among adults by an average of 10{\%} (95{\%} CI for difference: 4{\%}-15{\%}; group means: 73{\%} intervention versus 84{\%} control). However, the intervention did not improve child health measured in terms of multiple health outcomes (diarrhea, HCGI, helminth infections, anemia, growth). Limitations of the study included a relatively short follow-up period following implementation, evidence for contamination in ten of the 40 control villages, and bias possible in self-reported outcomes for diarrhea, HCGI, and open defecation behaviors.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: The intervention led to modest increases in availability of IHLs and even more modest reductions in open defecation. These improvements were insufficient to improve child health outcomes (diarrhea, HCGI, parasite infection, anemia, growth). The results underscore the difficulty of achieving adequately large improvements in sanitation levels to deliver expected health benefits within large-scale rural sanitation programs.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nTRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01465204. Please see later in the article for the Editors{\textquoteright} Summary.}, isbn = {1549-1676 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1549-1277 (Linking)}, issn = {15491676}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001709}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001709}, author = {Patil, Sumeet R. and Arnold, Benjamin F. and Salvatore, Alicia L. and Briceno, Bertha and Ganguly, Sandipan and Colford, John M. and Gertler, Paul J.}, editor = {Hunter, Paul R.} } @article {465, title = {Effect of Media on Biofilter Performance Following Ozonation of Secondary Treated Municipal Wastewater Effluent: Sand vs. GAC}, journal = {Ozone: Science and Engineering}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, note = {cited By 0}, pages = {143-153}, doi = {10.1080/01919512.2014.939741}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84924763834\&partnerID=40\&md5=7028c9525624ddf45d3ff2dca3d398db}, author = {Reaume, M.J. and Seth, R. and McPhedran, K.N. and da Silva, E.F. and Porter, L.A.} } @article {17469, title = {{Effect of Post-treatment Conditions on the Inactivation Rate of Pathogenic Bacteria after the Composting Process}}, journal = {COMPOST SCIENCE {\&} UTILIZATION}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {164{\textendash}173}, issn = {1065-657X}, doi = {10.1080/1065657X.2015.1015082}, author = {Darimani, Hamidatu S and Ito, Ryusei and Sossou, Seyram K and Funamizu, Naoyuki and Amadou, Maiga H} } @mastersthesis {6467, title = {Effect of {Sensory} {Cues} on {Hand} {Hygiene} {Habits} {Among} a {Diverse} {Workforce} in {Food} {Service}}, year = {2015}, note = {1586794}, school = {University of Arkansas}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Poor hand hygiene is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses in the foodservice industry. A series of complex motivational interventions must be employed to permanently change the behavior of workers, to increase their compliance and sustain appropriate levels of proper hand hygiene. Unlike the healthcare industry, which uses large, costly multi-modal behavior modification strategies, the foodservice industry must deploy rapid, cost-efficient strategies that are focus on accommodating these goals with the constraints of high employee turnover rates and diverse demographics. This research was twofold, 1) examining differences in emotions and hand hygiene behavior among participants of two cultures when handling common foods and 2) comparing prospective memory reminders across three basic senses (sight, hearing and smell) for individuals of Hispanic / Latino descent. Results showed hand washing behavior was affected by the type of food being handled and the intensity of the emotion of disgust. Individuals washed their hands more frequently after handling foods they perceived as more hazardous, and their motives to wash varied among variables of gender (self-protection for men, carryover effects for women), culture (self-protection for Caucasians, texture for Hispanics) and the type of food (self-protection for chicken, smell for fish). Additionally, as the feeling of disgust increased among individuals their probability to wash their hands also increased. In our second study, we showed that common, non-provoking visual cues are not as effective at increasing hand hygiene compliance as disgust-induced sensory cues. Furthermore, olfactory disgust, which is an underutilized motivator in interventions, showed a significantly higher probability that individuals would engage in hand washing behaviors than all other stimuli. This knowledge is important for future behavioral interventions that may need to be modified by food type or diversity, and extends current intervention techniques by introducing and comparing disgust-related sensory cues to decrease miscommunication and the intention-behavior gap associated with preforming required routine behaviors such as complying with proper hand hygiene.}, keywords = {0359:Food Science, 0451:Social psychology, 0550:Latin American Studies, 0573:Public health, Biological sciences, Food Science, Food service, Hand hygiene habits, Hand washing, Health and environmental sciences, Hispanic, Hygiene motivation, Latin American Studies, Memory, Psychology, Public health, Sensory cues, Social psychology, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1679285222?accountid=14270}, author = {Pellegrino, Robert} } @article {13155, title = {Effect of starvation on survival and virulence expression of Aeromonas hydrophila from different sources}, journal = {Archives of Microbiology}, volume = {197}, year = {2015}, pages = {431-438}, author = {Casabianca, A and Orlandi, C and Barbieri, F and Sabatini, L and Di Cesare, A and Sisti, D and Pasquaroli, S and Magnani, M and Citterio, B} } @article {12388, title = {Effect of temperature on removal of antibiotic resistance genes by anaerobic digestion of activated sludge revealed by metagenomic approach}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and BiotechnologyApplied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {99}, number = {18}, year = {2015}, note = {Zhang, Tong Yang, Ying Pruden, Amy
Zhang, Tong/C-6786-2008
1432-0614}, month = {Sep}, pages = {7771-7779}, abstract = {As antibiotic resistance continues to spread globally, there is growing interest in the potential to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from wastewater sources. In particular, operational conditions during sludge digestion may serve to discourage selection of resistant bacteria, reduce horizontal transfer of ARGs, and aid in hydrolysis of DNA. This study applied metagenomic analysis to examine the removal efficiency of ARGs through thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digestion using bench-scale reactors. Although the relative abundance of various ARGs shifted from influent to effluent sludge, there was no measureable change in the abundance of total ARGs or their diversity in either the thermophilic or mesophilic treatment. Among the 35 major ARG subtypes detected in feed sludge, substantial reductions (removal efficiency > 90 \%) of 8 and 13 ARGs were achieved by thermophilic and mesophilic digestion, respectively. However, resistance genes of aadA, macB, and sul1 were enriched during the thermophilic anaerobic digestion, while resistance genes of erythromycin esterase type I, sul1, and tetM were enriched during the mesophilic anaerobic digestion. Efflux pump remained to be the major antibiotic resistance mechanism in sludge samples, but the portion of ARGs encoding resistance via target modification increased in the anaerobically digested sludge relative to the feed. Metagenomic analysis provided insight into the potential for anaerobic digestion to mitigate a broad array of ARGs.}, isbn = {0175-7598}, author = {Zhang, T. and Yang, Y. and Pruden, A.} } @article {12641, title = {Effect of temperature on removal of antibiotic resistance genes by anaerobic digestion of activated sludge revealed by metagenomic approach}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {99}, number = {18}, year = {2015}, pages = {7771-7779}, isbn = {0175-7598}, author = {Zhang, Tong and Yang, Ying and Pruden, Amy} } @article {6825, title = {Effectiveness of {Mechanisms} and {Models} of {Coordination} between {Organizations}, {Agencies} and {Bodies} {Providing} or {Financing} {Health} {Services} in {Humanitarian} {Crises}: {A} {Systematic} {Review}}, journal = {PloS One}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0137159}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Effective coordination between organizations, agencies and bodies providing or financing health services in humanitarian crises is required to ensure efficiency of services, avoid duplication, and improve equity. The objective of this review was to assess how, during and after humanitarian crises, different mechanisms and models of coordination between organizations, agencies and bodies providing or financing health services compare in terms of access to health services and health outcomes. METHODS: We registered a protocol for this review in PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews under number PROSPERO2014:CRD42014009267. Eligible studies included randomized and nonrandomized designs, process evaluations and qualitative methods. We electronically searched Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the WHO Global Health Library and websites of relevant organizations. We followed standard systematic review methodology for the selection, data abstraction, and risk of bias assessment. We assessed the quality of evidence using the GRADE approach. RESULTS: Of 14,309 identified citations from databases and organizations{\textquoteright} websites, we identified four eligible studies. Two studies used mixed-methods, one used quantitative methods, and one used qualitative methods. The available evidence suggests that information coordination between bodies providing health services in humanitarian crises settings may be effective in improving health systems inputs. There is additional evidence suggesting that management/directive coordination such as the cluster model may improve health system inputs in addition to access to health services. None of the included studies assessed coordination through common representation and framework coordination. The evidence was judged to be of very low quality. CONCLUSION: This systematic review provides evidence of possible effectiveness of information coordination and management/directive coordination between organizations, agencies and bodies providing or financing health services in humanitarian crises. Our findings can inform the research agenda and highlight the need for improving conduct and reporting of research in this field.}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0137159}, author = {Akl, Elie A. and El-Jardali, Fadi and Bou Karroum, Lama and El-Eid, Jamale and Brax, Hneine and Akik, Chaza and Osman, Mona and Hassan, Ghayda and Itani, Mira and Farha, Aida and Pottie, Kevin and Oliver, Sandy} } @article {11298, title = {{Effectiveness of Selected Stages of Wastewater Treatment in Elimination of Eggs of Intestinal Parasites}}, journal = {Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1515/bvip-2015-0008}, author = {Zdybel, Jolanta and Cencek, Tomasz and Karamon, Jacek and Klapec, Teresa} } @mastersthesis {6931, title = {Effects of {Selective} {Logging} and {Roads} on {Instream} {Fine} {Sediments} and {Macroinvertebrate} {Assemblages} in the {Clackamas} {Basin}, {Oregon}}, year = {2015}, note = {1595801}, school = {Portland State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Logging and associated skid trails, haul routes, and roads can have significant impacts on the magnitude and timing of sediments in streams in forested watersheds. Loss of vegetation, soil compaction, use of heavy logging equipment, and alteration of natural hydrologic patterns within the watershed can increase landslide rates, create erosion, and generate fine sediments. Selective logging, also called thinning, is a logging practice that leaves some trees within sale units unharvested. The ecological impacts of thinning on stream ecosystems are not fully understood and need further study. My hypothesis was that macroinvertebrate assemblages would be different in streams in non-reference areas that contain recent selective logging compared to streams in reference areas, and in downstream vs. upstream of selective logging units. I also hypothesized that selective logging and high road densities would be associated with increased instream fine sediments. I sampled water quality parameters and macroinvertebrates in three managed and three reference streams in the Clackamas River Basin during the field season of 2013. Turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), suspended sediment concentrations (SSC), and flow were sampled at each stream on four occasions during spring through early fall. Macroinvertebrates were sampled once in late summer or early fall. EPA rapid habitat assessments, canopy cover, pebble counts, embeddedness, and slope were also determined. Water quality parameters and macroinvertebrate indices in reference and non-reference sites were compared using t-tests, Welch{\textquoteright}s tests, or rank based equivalents. Macroinvertebrate assemblage patterns and associated environmental variables were characterized using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination plots and envfit overlays. Macroinvertebrates had higher abundance and taxa richness in non-reference streams, and indices suggested poorer water quality in non-reference streams. Non-reference streams had a lower percentage of shredders and a higher portion of gatherer-collectors. Associations between land use, fine sediments, and changes in macroinvertebrate metrics and community assemblages were apparent at the reference vs. non-reference scale. It is likely that macroinvertebrates are responding, at least in part, to past logging and high road densities in non-reference streams. Fewer indications were found that recent logging may be affecting water quality and macroinvertebrates. Pearson{\textquoteright}s correlation coefficients show that the percent of recent logging upstream of study sites was correlated with several measures of fine sediments, suggesting that recent land use may be affecting sediment levels at the subwatershed scale. Stream temperatures increased from upstream to downstream in non-reference sites. Though no continual stream temperature data were collected in this study, the history of continuing temperature standard exceedances in the area suggest that further investigation of how selective logging may be affecting stream temperature and other water quality parameters in the Clackamas Basin is warranted. No other differences in water quality parameters were found from upstream to downstream, possibly because water quality was sufficiently protected, or because signals from land use impacts may be obscured by a several factors, including upstream confounding factors such as roads and past logging, and natural variability.}, keywords = {0768:Environmental science, Clackamas, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Macroinvertebrates, Roads, sediment, Selective logging, Thinning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1702945182?accountid=14270}, author = {Hood, Paula Elizabeth} } @article {13963, title = {Effects of stabilization and sludge properties in a combined process of anaerobic digestion and thermophilic aerobic digestion.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {36}, number = {21}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {2786{\textendash}95}, abstract = {A novel process of combining mesophilic ({\textbackslash}textless35{\textdegree}C) anaerobic digestion with the thermophilic (55{\textdegree}C) aerobic digestion process (AN-TAD) was designed to stabilize sludge and economize aeration energy. Effects of stabilization and sludge properties for AN-TAD process were evaluated by batch experiments during a 25 d digestion period. The sludges digested by AN-TAD process achieved the requirements for Class-A sludge standard. The sludge at total solid (TS) 5.4\% had the highest value of decay coefficient K(d(55)) at 0.1851 d(-1) among the three TS contents according to the first-order kinetics equation. Oxidation reduction potential at below 0 mV remained for sludges at TSs of 6.5\%, 5.4\%, and 4.6\% for at least 15 d because of initial hydrolytic-acidification. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in sludges at TSs of 6.5\%, 5.4\%, and 4.6\% gradually increased up to the highest values in the supernatant during the initial 13 d, causing low utilized value in land application as a fertilizer. Prolonging the retention time for more than 15 d was considered because soluble phosphorus precipitated in the solid phase. High content of soluble organic matters of the soluble chemical oxygen demand, protein, and polysaccharide in the supernatant caused deterioration in sludge dewaterability rates.}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2015.1049212}, author = {Cheng, Jiehong and Kong, Feng and Zhu, Jun and Wu, Xiao} } @article {7968, title = {{Effects of stabilization and sludge properties in a combined process of anaerobic digestion and thermophilic aerobic digestion.}}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {36}, number = {21}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {2786{\textendash}95}, abstract = {

A novel process of combining mesophilic ({\textless}35\°C) anaerobic digestion with the thermophilic (55\°C) aerobic digestion process (AN-TAD) was designed to stabilize sludge and economize aeration energy. Effects of stabilization and sludge properties for AN-TAD process were evaluated by batch experiments during a 25 d digestion period. The sludges digested by AN-TAD process achieved the requirements for Class-A sludge standard. The sludge at total solid (TS) 5.4{\%} had the highest value of decay coefficient K(d(55)) at 0.1851 d(-1) among the three TS contents according to the first-order kinetics equation. Oxidation reduction potential at below 0 mV remained for sludges at TSs of 6.5{\%}, 5.4{\%}, and 4.6{\%} for at least 15 d because of initial hydrolytic-acidification. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in sludges at TSs of 6.5{\%}, 5.4{\%}, and 4.6{\%} gradually increased up to the highest values in the supernatant during the initial 13 d, causing low utilized value in land application as a fertilizer. Prolonging the retention time for more than 15 d was considered because soluble phosphorus precipitated in the solid phase. High content of soluble organic matters of the soluble chemical oxygen demand, protein, and polysaccharide in the supernatant caused deterioration in sludge dewaterability rates.

}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2015.1049212}, author = {Cheng, Jiehong and Kong, Feng and Zhu, Jun and Wu, Xiao} } @article {14800, title = {Effects of stabilization and sludge properties in a combined process of anaerobic digestion and thermophilic aerobic digestion.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {36}, number = {21}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {2786{\textendash}95}, abstract = {A novel process of combining mesophilic ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless35{\textdegree}C) anaerobic digestion with the thermophilic (55{\textdegree}C) aerobic digestion process (AN-TAD) was designed to stabilize sludge and economize aeration energy. Effects of stabilization and sludge properties for AN-TAD process were evaluated by batch experiments during a 25 d digestion period. The sludges digested by AN-TAD process achieved the requirements for Class-A sludge standard. The sludge at total solid (TS) 5.4\% had the highest value of decay coefficient K(d(55)) at 0.1851 d(-1) among the three TS contents according to the first-order kinetics equation. Oxidation reduction potential at below 0 mV remained for sludges at TSs of 6.5\%, 5.4\%, and 4.6\% for at least 15 d because of initial hydrolytic-acidification. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in sludges at TSs of 6.5\%, 5.4\%, and 4.6\% gradually increased up to the highest values in the supernatant during the initial 13 d, causing low utilized value in land application as a fertilizer. Prolonging the retention time for more than 15 d was considered because soluble phosphorus precipitated in the solid phase. High content of soluble organic matters of the soluble chemical oxygen demand, protein, and polysaccharide in the supernatant caused deterioration in sludge dewaterability rates.}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2015.1049212}, author = {Cheng, Jiehong and Kong, Feng and Zhu, Jun and Wu, Xiao} } @article {2194, title = {{Effects of stabilization and sludge properties in a combined process of anaerobic digestion and thermophilic aerobic digestion.}}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {36}, number = {21}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {2786{\textendash}95}, abstract = {A novel process of combining mesophilic (<35{\textdegree}C) anaerobic digestion with the thermophilic (55{\textdegree}C) aerobic digestion process (AN-TAD) was designed to stabilize sludge and economize aeration energy. Effects of stabilization and sludge properties for AN-TAD process were evaluated by batch experiments during a 25 d digestion period. The sludges digested by AN-TAD process achieved the requirements for Class-A sludge standard. The sludge at total solid (TS) 5.4\% had the highest value of decay coefficient K(d(55)) at 0.1851 d(-1) among the three TS contents according to the first-order kinetics equation. Oxidation reduction potential at below 0 mV remained for sludges at TSs of 6.5\%, 5.4\%, and 4.6\% for at least 15 d because of initial hydrolytic-acidification. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in sludges at TSs of 6.5\%, 5.4\%, and 4.6\% gradually increased up to the highest values in the supernatant during the initial 13 d, causing low utilized value in land application as a fertilizer. Prolonging the retention time for more than 15 d was considered because soluble phosphorus precipitated in the solid phase. High content of soluble organic matters of the soluble chemical oxygen demand, protein, and polysaccharide in the supernatant caused deterioration in sludge dewaterability rates.}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2015.1049212}, author = {Cheng, Jiehong and Kong, Feng and Zhu, Jun and Wu, Xiao} } @article {9064, title = {{Effects of transparent exopolymer particles and suspended particles on the survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in seawater}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {fiv005{\textendash}{\textendash}fiv005}, keywords = {Detection, Escherichia coli, Fecal indicator bacteria, ocean, Persistence, Salmonella enterica}, issn = {1574-6941}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiv005}, url = {http://femsec.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/femsec/fiv005}, author = {Davidson, M C F and Berardi, T and Aguilar, B and Byrne, B A and Shapiro, K} } @article {6692, title = {Effects of transparent exopolymer particles and suspended particles on the survival of {Salmonella} enterica serovar {Typhimurium} in seawater}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {fiv005{\textendash}fiv005}, issn = {1574-6941}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiv005}, url = {http://femsec.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/femsec/fiv005}, author = {Davidson, M. C. F. and Berardi, T. and Aguilar, B. and Byrne, B. A. and Shapiro, K.} } @article {13119, title = {Effects Of Well Casting, Septic System Distance And Topography On Incidences Of Giardia Lamblia And Entamoeba Histolytica In Wells Of Samaru-zaria, Nigeria}, journal = {Applied Research Journal}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {296-300}, issn = {2423-4796 }, author = {Bishop, HG and Inabo, HI} } @article {6089, title = {Efficacy of Coral Sand for Removal of and Bacteriophage under Saturated Flow Conditions}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {1384{\textendash}1391}, author = {Burbery, Lee and Weaver, Louise and Humphries, Bronwyn and Gregor, Jan} } @article {16829, title = {Efficacy of recombinant canine distemper virus expressing Leishmania antigen against Leishmania challenge in dogs}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0003914}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, author = {Miura, Ryuichi and Kooriyama, Takanori and Yoneda, Misako and Takenaka, Akiko and Doki, Miho and Goto, Yasuyuki and Sanjoba, Chizu and Endo, Yasuyuki and Fujiyuki, Tomoko and Sugai, Akihiro and others} } @article {17499, title = {{Efficiency of a Spanish wastewater treatment plant for removal potentially pathogens: Characterization of bacteria and protozoa along water and sludge treatment lines}}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {74}, year = {2015}, pages = {28{\textendash}32}, abstract = {Biological urban water treatment plants utilize microorganisms for wastewater purification so that microbiological characterization of processes is very important. In addition, its removal in the effluent and outlet sludge for their reuse is important. This work aims to characterize the presence of bacteria and parasites along the processes in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the possibility of using the purifying water and sludge in agriculture.The results show a high level of Escherichia coli in the raw water. Although their total removal is not achieved, a reduction of 2.34 and 1.36 log in the concentration of E. coli was produced along the water and sludge treatment lines, respectively, being the trickling filters (TF) and autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) the most effective processes against bacteria.Clostridium perfringens, which is a Grampositive bacillus and fecal contamination indicator, although less usual than E.coli, is detected in washing water of solids which are stored in anoxic conditions and in the sludge treatment line where dissolved oxygen is absent including in the outlet of plant.Salmonella spp, Entamoeba and Cryptosporidium were not detected in any of the samples, meanwhile Giardia duodenalis was identified only in two samples from washing coarse solids and sludge, but it was not identified in outlet water and sludge. Acanthamoeba was the most frequent protozoa isolated.}, keywords = {bacteria, Protozoa, Sewage sludge, wastewater, WWTP}, issn = {09258574}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.09.027}, author = {Mar{\'\i}n, I. and Go{\~n}i, P. and Lasheras, A. M. and Ormad, M. P.} } @article {3254, title = {{Efficiency of a Spanish wastewater treatment plant for removal potentially pathogens: Characterization of bacteria and protozoa along water and sludge treatment lines}}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {74}, year = {2015}, pages = {28{\textendash}32}, abstract = {

Biological urban water treatment plants utilize microorganisms for wastewater purification so that microbiological characterization of processes is very important. In addition, its removal in the effluent and outlet sludge for their reuse is important. This work aims to characterize the presence of bacteria and parasites along the processes in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the possibility of using the purifying water and sludge in agriculture. The results show a high level of Escherichia coli in the raw water. Although their total removal is not achieved, a reduction of 2.34 and 1.36 log in the concentration of E. coli was produced along the water and sludge treatment lines, respectively, being the trickling filters (TF) and autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) the most effective processes against bacteria. Clostridium perfringens, which is a Grampositive bacillus and fecal contamination indicator, although less usual than E.coli, is detected in washing water of solids which are stored in anoxic conditions and in the sludge treatment line where dissolved oxygen is absent including in the outlet of plant. Salmonella spp, Entamoeba and Cryptosporidium were not detected in any of the samples, meanwhile Giardia duodenalis was identified only in two samples from washing coarse solids and sludge, but it was not identified in outlet water and sludge. Acanthamoeba was the most frequent protozoa isolated.

}, keywords = {bacteria, Protozoa, Sewage sludge, wastewater, WWTP}, isbn = {0925-8574}, issn = {09258574}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.09.027}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092585741400425X}, author = {I Mar{\'\i}n and P Go{\~n}i and A M Lasheras and M P Ormad} } @article {15066, title = {Efficiency of a {Spanish} wastewater treatment plant for removal potentially pathogens: {Characterization} of bacteria and protozoa along water and sludge treatment lines}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {74}, year = {2015}, pages = {28{\textendash}32}, author = {Mar{\'\i}n, I and Go{\~n}i, P and Lasheras, AM and Ormad, MP} } @article {10391, title = {Efficiency of a Spanish wastewater treatment plant for removal potentially pathogens: Characterization of bacteria and protozoa along water and sludge treatment lines}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {74}, year = {2015}, pages = {28{\textendash}32}, author = {Mar{\'\i}n, I and Go{\~n}i, P and Lasheras, AM and Ormad, MP} } @article {9950, title = {{Eight different viral agents in childhood acute gastroenteritis.}}, journal = {The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {68{\textendash}73}, abstract = {

Viral gastroenteritis is the most frequent cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) of childhood. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of viral agents including astrovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, norovirus, parechovirus, Aichivirus and sapovirus in children with AGE in a pediatric Turkish population. Fecal specimens of 240 children with AGE were investigated by polymerase chain reaction, and viral agents were identified in 131 (54.6{\%}) samples. The distribution of viral agents was as follows: 56 (42.8{\%}) norovirus, 44 (33.6{\%}) rotavirus, 29 (22.1{\%}) enterovirus, 21 (16.0{\%}) adenovirus, 21 (16.0{\%}) parechovirus, 5 (3.8{\%}) sapovirus and 1 (0.8{\%}) Aichivirus. Single and multiple viral agents were detected in 38.8{\%} and 15.8{\%} of patients, respectively. The duration of hospitalization was longer in children with multiple viral agents than in those infected with a single viral agent (p{\textless}0.001). While the highest rate of rotavirus infection was detected in winter, the highest rate of norovirus was found in the summer. In conclusion, norovirus and rotavirus are the most frequent causes of childhood AGE in our country.

}, url = {www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26613223}, author = {Bozkurt, D and Selimo{\u g}lu, MA and Otlu, B and Sand{\i}kkaya, A} } @booklet {3823, title = {Eliminating Discrimination and Inequalities in Access to Water and Sanitation}, year = {2015}, publisher = {UN-Water Technical Advisory Unit}, address = {Geneva}, author = {Van der Lande, L} } @article {15407, title = {Eliminating Schistosomes through Vaccination: What are the Best Immune Weapons?}, journal = {Front Immunol}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, note = {Journal Article
Review
Switzerland}, pages = {95}, abstract = {The successful development of vaccines depends on the knowledge of the immunological mechanisms associated with the elimination of the pathogen. In the case of schistosomes, its complex life cycle and the mechanisms developed to evade host immune system, turns the development of a vaccine against the disease into a very difficult task. Identifying the immunological effector mechanisms involved in parasite attrition and the major targets for its response is a key step to formulate an effective vaccine. Recent studies have described some promising antigens to compose a subunit vaccine and have pointed to some immune factors that play a role in parasite elimination. Here, we review the immune components and effector mechanisms associated with the protective immunity induced by those vaccine candidates and the lessons we have learned from the studies of the acquired resistance to infection in humans. We will also discuss the immune factors that correlate with protection and therefore could help to evaluate those vaccine formulations in clinical trials.}, isbn = {1664-3224 (Electronic)
1664-3224 (Linking)}, author = {Fonseca, C. T. and Oliveira, S. C. and Alves, C. C.} } @article {15184, title = {Emerging challenges for pathogen control and resource recovery in natural wastewater treatment systems}, journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water}, volume = {2}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {701{\textendash}714}, author = {Verbyla, Matthew E and Cairns, Maryann R and Gonzalez, Paola A and Whiteford, Linda M and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {13635, title = {Emerging challenges for pathogen control and resource recovery in natural wastewater treatment systems}, journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water}, volume = {2}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {701{\textendash}714}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Verbyla, Matthew E and Cairns, Maryann R and Gonzalez, Paola A and Whiteford, Linda M and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {8743, title = {{Emerging investigators series: the source and fate of pandemic viruses in the urban water cycle}}, journal = {Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology}, volume = {1}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {725{\textendash}924}, abstract = {

Several recent high profile outbreaks such as SARS, MERS, Ebola and avian influenzas draw attention to the continued risk of a deadly viral pandemic. In general, these enveloped viruses are not considered a major threat for the wastewater and water industries due to their assumed low concentrations in municipal wastewater and high susceptibilities to degradation in aqueous environments. A number of clinical reports, however, suggest that certain enveloped viruses are excreted in human feces during infection. Furthermore, survivability studies show that many enveloped viruses are capable of retaining infectivity for days to months in aqueous environments. Here, we examine the potential presence and fate of enveloped viruses in the urban water cycle, with emphasis on coronaviruses (e.g., SARS and MERS) and avian influenza viruses. We identify a number of pressing research questions that must be answered before the water and wastewater industries can confidently assure the public, through the dissemination of evidence-based guidance, that irrigation waters, recreation waters, and drinking water sources are safe during a viral out- break or pandemic event

}, issn = {2053-1400}, doi = {10.1039/C5EW00125K}, author = {Wigginton, K R and Ye, Y and Ellenberg, R M} } @mastersthesis {6260, title = {Emerging issues in the {U}.{S}. {Corn} {Belt}: {Infection} of corn by {Clavibacter} michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis and use of foliar fungicides to protect yield}, year = {2015}, note = {3718527}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Currently two major issues pertaining to disease management in corn production in the US Corn Belt are the spread of Goss{\textquoteright}s wilt and leaf blight caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (Cmn ), and the use of foliar fungicides on corn for {\textquoteleft}plant health{\textquoteright} benefits. This dissertation presents data regarding infection of corn by Cmn , and fungicide effects on disease management and yield. Greenhouse and laboratory research was undertaken to determine if infection of corn by Cmn may occur without severe wounding, such as that caused by hail, sand blasting or wind damage. Corn plants with no obvious wounding were spray inoculated with a suspension of Cmn (\~{}10 8 cfu/ml) and compared to plants that were wounded and spray inoculated. The incidence of Goss{\textquoteright}s wilt and leaf blight on non-wounded inoculated plants was 37.0\% and 60.0\% under ambient and increased humidity conditions, respectively compared to 100\% incidence on plants that were wounded and inoculated with the pathogen. Leaf wash assays showed populations of epiphytic Cmn survived and increased over time on corn leaves. Fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that Cmn colonized leaves in localized sites including the junctions between epidermal cells, cuticle depressions, in and around stomata, and at the bases of glandular trichomes. Furthermore, single cells and aggregates of Cmn were observed within substomatal chambers using SEM. We propose that sites of epiphytic Cmn localization such as stomata and trichome bases may serve as infection courts for Cmn in the absence of severe wounding. Field research was conducted from2010 to 2012 at multiple locations in the Corn Belt to assess the effects of fungicide application timing on disease development and yield of hybrids that varied in susceptibility to Cercospora zeae-maydis (Czm ) and Setosphaera turcica (St ), cause gray leaf spot (GLS) and northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), respectively. A standard experimental design and set of treatments (hybrid, multiple pathogen inoculation types and timing and fungicide applications timing) were used in all four states (Illinois, Iowa, Ohio and Wisconsin). Generally foliar disease severity was low, final severities in the non-sprayed control were less than 5\% at all site years except for Illinois in 2010 and 2011 (disease severity ranged from16 - 22\%). Fungicide application (VT/ R1) significantly reduced disease severity relative to the control in five of eight site years ( P {\textless}0.05). Disease was reduced by 30\% at Wisconsin in 2011, by approximately 20\% at Illinois in 2010, 29\% at Iowa in 2010, and 32\% and 30\% at Ohio in 2010 and 2012, respectively. The untreated control had significantly lower yield ( P {\textless}0.05) than the fungicide-treated in three site-years. Fungicide application increased the yield by approximately 6\% at Ohio in 2010, 5\% at Wisconsin in 2010 and 6\% in 2011. Yield differences ranged from 30- 550 kg /ha and could not consistently be attributed to benefits related to physiological processes enhanced by the use of fungicides. Results suggest susceptibility to disease and prevailing environment are important drivers of observed differences among treatments and sites. A case study teaching resource that communicates a grower{\textquoteright}s decision-making process when considering the application of foliar fungicides in corn was developed and presented to students at Iowa State University in an introductory plant pathology course. The case study presentation is designed for a 50 minute class session, using both a small group and whole-class review and discussion style. Students were also given the opportunity to write a 140 character "tweet-like" statement, comment or question for an expert. Tweeting enhanced discussion and enabled the instructors to moderate discussion, connect student ideas to the lesson and inform the entire class on issues raised related to corn production in the US Corn Belt such as scouting, fungicide application, break even prices and physiological processes enhanced by fungicides. More than 80\% of the students appreciated the "real life scenario" approach and felt it enhanced their appreciation of the issue.}, keywords = {0285:Agronomy, 0456:Pedagogy, 0480:Plant Pathology, Agronomy, Biological sciences, Case study, Corn, Education, Fungicide, Goss wilt, Maize, Pedagogy, Plant Pathology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1712659815?accountid=14270}, author = {Obura, Salome Mallowa} } @conference {730, title = {Enhancement The Recovery of Chlorine Stressed Bacteria From Water By Using Sodium Pyruvate}, booktitle = {International Conference Agriculture and Environment for Sustainable Development}, year = {2015}, month = {05/2015}, address = {Cairo, Egypt}, abstract = {
This study aimed to improve the recovery of stressed bacteria from water by addition sodium pyruvate to culture media. In addition to this, to compare between the standard culture media and these media supplemented by sodium pyruvate. To achieve these aims; total bacterial counts (TBC), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) were detected by using both standard culture media and media supplemented by different concentrations of sodium pyruvate. Furthermore, TC, FC and FC were detected by using two methods including Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) and Membrane Filtration (MF). The obtained results showed that, the average of recovery value of total bacterial counts at 37 and 22oC was 34.7 and 28.7\% respectively, by using media supplemented with 0.03\% wt/vol of sodium pyruvate, While the recovery value \% increase to 54\% at 37oC, and 45\% at 22oC by using media supplemented with 0.05\% wt/vol of sodium pyruvate, On the other hand, the recovery value \% decrease to 11.6\% at 37oC, and 17.9\% at 22oC by using media supplemented with 1\% wt/vol of sodium pyruvate. Regarding to the recovery of total coliforms by using both methods MT and MTF were 54.9\% and 42.4\% respectively by using media supplemented with 0.03\% wt/vol of sodium pyruvate, While the recovery value \% increase to 59.6\% by MF method , and 48.9\% by MTF, using media supplemented with 0.05\% wt/vol of sodium pyruvate, On the other hand the recovery value \% decrease to 27.9\% by MF method , and 15\% by MTF, using media supplemented with1\% wt/vol of sodium pyruvate. The average of recovery value fecal coliforms by using presumptive and selective media were 15.4\% and 12.5\%, respectively by using media supplemented with 0.03\% wt/vol of sodium pyruvate, While the recovery value \% increase to 38\% with presumptive media, and 32\% with Selective media, using media supplemented with 0.05\% wt/vol of sodium pyruvate, On the other hand, the recovery value \% decrease to 12.5\% with presumptive media , and 12.2\% with Selective media, using media supplemented with 1\% wt/vol of sodium pyruvate. It can be concluded that, by addition sodium pyruvate increase capability for stressed bacteria recovery from water samples, these supplemented media with sodium pyruvate are necessary for reducing the threat of false negative results in natural water.
}, keywords = {bacterial indicator, Chlorine stressed bacteria, sodium pyruvate, water}, url = {http://agricultural-nrc.org/}, author = {M. A. El-Liethy and SalmTaha M. A. Kamel M.M.}, editor = {Salma I. M., Bkeer H. M.,} } @article {5429, title = {{Enteric and indicator virus removal by surface flow wetlands}}, journal = {Sci. Total Environ}, volume = {542}, year = {2015}, pages = {976{\textendash}982}, author = {Rachmadi, AT and Kitajima, M and I L Pepper and C P Gerba} } @article {1702, title = {Entero- and parechovirus distributions in surface water and probabilities of exposure to these viruses during water recreation}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {75}, year = {2015}, note = {Lodder, W J Schijven, J F Rutjes, S A de Roda Husman, A M Teunis, P F M Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Water research Water Res. 2015 May 15;75:25-32. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.024. Epub 2015 Feb 25.}, pages = {25-32}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Numerous studies have reported quantitative data on viruses in surface waters generated using different methodologies. In the current study, the impact of the use of either cell culture-based or molecular-based methods in quantitative microbial risk assessment was assessed. Previously and newly generated data on the presence of infectious human enteroviruses (HEV) and enterovirus and parechovirus RNA were used to estimate distributions of virus concentrations in surface waters. Because techniques for the detection of infectious human parechoviruses (HPeV) in surface waters were not available, a {\textquoteright}Parallelogram Approach{\textquoteright} was used to estimate their concentrations based on the ratio infectious HEV/HEV RNA. The obtained virus concentrations were then used to estimate the probability of exposure for children during recreation in such virus contaminated surface waters. Human enterovirus cell culture/PCR ratios ranged from 2.3 x 10(-3) to 0.28. This broad range of ratios indicates that care should be taken in assuming a fixed ratio for assessing the risk with PCR based virus concentrations. The probabilities of exposure to both enteroviruses and parechoviruses were calculated, using our Parallelogram Approach for the calculation of infectious parechoviruses. For both viruses it was observed that the detection method significantly influenced the probability of exposure. Based on the calculated culture data, PCR data, and the ingestion volume, it was estimated that the mean probabilities of exposure, of recreating children, to surface water containing viruses were 0.087 (infectious enteroviruses), 0.71 (enterovirus particles), 0.28 (parechovirus particles) and 0.025 (calculated infectious parechoviruses) per recreation event. The mean probabilities of exposure of children recreating in surface water from which drinking water is produced to infectious enteroviruses were estimated for nine locations and varied between 1.5 x 10(-4) - 0.09 per recreation event. In this study, the use of the rotavirus dose response relationship as a surrogate was avoided. Instead, the probabilities of exposure were derived as a function of the distributions of the calculated doses. Our {\textquoteright}Parallelogram Approach{\textquoteright} was used to estimate the unavailable infectious parechovirus concentrations using Monte Carlo simulations, and the exposure assessment carried out showed that virus concentrations present in surface waters could pose a health risk for children and other vulnerable populations.}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.024 S0043-1354(15)00097-4 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25746959}, author = {Lodder, W. J. and Schijven, J. F. and Rutjes, S. A. and A M De Roda Husman and Teunis, P. F.} } @book {9555, title = {{Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Biology of Foodborne Parasites}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, author = {Santin, M}, editor = {Xiao, L and Ryan, U and Feng, Y} } @article {5060, title = {Enterovirus {D}68: acute respiratory illness and the 2014 outbreak}, journal = {Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {e19{\textendash}32}, author = {Khan, F} } @article {14737, title = {Enterovirus {D}68: acute respiratory illness and the 2014 outbreak}, journal = {Emerg Med Clin North Am}, volume = {33}, year = {2015}, month = {may}, pages = {e19{\textendash}32}, abstract = {Enteroviruses cause illnesses ranging from benign upper respiratory infections to severe meningitis and encephalitis. A recent uptick in the number of patients, many of them children, with respiratory infections caused by enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) has captured the attention of health care providers and public health administrators. In the United States, this type of infection was confirmed in 1152 people during 2014. This article examines recent trends in EV-D68 infections, reviewing past outbreaks and the 2014 outbreak, and describes the increasing cases of acute flaccid myelitis and their possible connection with EV-D68.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Enterovirus D, Enterovirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/transmission/*virology, Human/classification/pathogenicity, Humans, Myelitis, Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/therapy/*virology, Risk Factors, Transverse/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy/virology, United States/epidemiology}, issn = {1558-0539 (Electronic) 0733-8627 (Linking)}, author = {Khan, F.} } @article {15009, title = {Enterovirus {D}68: acute respiratory illness and the 2014 outbreak}, journal = {Emerg Med Clin North Am}, volume = {33}, year = {2015}, month = {may}, pages = {e19{\textendash}32}, abstract = {Enteroviruses cause illnesses ranging from benign upper respiratory infections to severe meningitis and encephalitis. A recent uptick in the number of patients, many of them children, with respiratory infections caused by enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) has captured the attention of health care providers and public health administrators. In the United States, this type of infection was confirmed in 1152 people during 2014. This article examines recent trends in EV-D68 infections, reviewing past outbreaks and the 2014 outbreak, and describes the increasing cases of acute flaccid myelitis and their possible connection with EV-D68.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Enterovirus D, Enterovirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/transmission/*virology, Human/classification/pathogenicity, Humans, Myelitis, Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/therapy/*virology, Risk Factors, Transverse/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy/virology, United States/epidemiology}, issn = {1558-0539 (Electronic) 0733-8627 (Linking)}, author = {Khan, F.} } @article {3731, title = {Environmental Assessment of Classical Human Astrovirus in Uruguay.}, journal = {Food and environmental virology}, year = {2015}, author = {Lizasoain, A and Tort, LF and Garc{\'\i}a, M and Gomez, MM and Cristina, J and Leite, JP and Miagostovich, MP and Victoria, M and Colina, R} } @article {4182, title = {Environmental assessment reveals the presence of MLB-1 human astrovirus in Uruguay}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {119}, year = {2015}, chapter = {859-867}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12856}, author = {Lizasoain, A and Tort, LF and Garc{\'\i}a, M and Gomez, M and Gomez, MM and Leite, JP and Miagostovich, MP and Cristina, J and Colina, R and Victoria, M} } @article {11262, title = {{Environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs: a quantitative approach to estimate the relative contributions of dogs, cats and foxes, and to assess the efficacy of advised interventions in dogs}}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {390{\textendash}397}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-015-1009-9}, author = {Nijsse, Rolf and Mughini-Gras, Lapo and Wagenaar, Jaap A and Franssen, Frits and Ploeger, Harm W} } @mastersthesis {7027, title = {Environmental drivers of plant community composition in subalpine and alpine fens of the {San} {Juan} {Mountains}, {Colorado}, {USA}}, year = {2015}, note = {1590538}, school = {Colorado State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Fens are a widely distributed type of wetland worldwide and offer vital habitat for plant and animal species in the Rocky Mountains. Fens support a high biodiversity of flora and fauna given the proportionally small space they occupy on the landscape, often serving as refugia for disjunct plant species at the extremes of their ranges. While some literature exists on subalpine fens in the southern Rocky Mountains of the United States, alpine fens in this region remain understudied. Alpine fens are relatively rare in the southern Rocky Mountains and are concentrated within the San Juan Mountains where topography and climate favor peat development in the alpine. While studies of montane and boreal peatlands have identified water chemistry as a main driver of plant community composition, it is unclear whether the same drivers of plant community composition are important in alpine fens in the San Juan Mountains. The goal of this study was to 1.) Describe and classify the vegetation of subalpine and alpine fens and, 2.) Determine underlying environmental variables influencing plant community composition. To do this, I mapped fens within the BLM Gunnison Management Unit (approximately 243,000 hectares). I then visited, verified, and sampled vegetation and environmental data from 33 subalpine and 32 alpine fens. To classify vegetation data into plant communities, I used hierarchical cluster analysis. I used non-metric multidimensional scaling and comparisons of ranked environmental and vegetation distance matrices to investigate relationships between plant community composition and environmental variables. I compared the influence of environmental variables on subalpine and alpine plant community composition with cumulative r 2 values from linear regressions with NMS axes and Spearman rank correlations between ranked vegetation and environmental distance matrices. I classified 226 stands of vegetation into 11 plant communities that were correlated with elevation and water chemistry variables. Water chemistry variables, particularly pH, EC, and bicarbonate, were more important in structuring vegetation in subalpine than alpine fens. This was in part due to a lower range in values of alpine water chemistry variables. However, lower variance in water chemistry variables did not correspond to decreased plant community diversity in the alpine. To thoroughly explain alpine fen plant community diversity, future studies should consider measuring additional variables, such as soil temperature and temporal variation in water table. Elevation was a relatively important explanatory variable for plant community composition in alpine fens, suggesting that climatic variables are important influences on community composition. Results of this research indicate that the relative importance of environmental variables differs for alpine and subalpine fen plant communities. Thus, future studies examining mountain fen plant community composition should treat alpine and subalpine fen data separately.}, keywords = {0309:Plant biology, 0329:Ecology, 0479:Plant sciences, Alpine, Biological sciences, Colorado, Ecological gradients, Ecology, Fens, Peatlands, Plant biology, Plant sciences, Species composition, Water chemistry}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1694861371?accountid=14270}, author = {Bultema, Betsy L. H.} } @article {6616, title = {Environmental persistence of {Tulane} virus {\textemdash} a surrogate for human norovirus}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, issn = {0008-4166, 1480-3275}, doi = {10.1139/cjm-2015-0756}, url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjm-2015-0756}, author = {Sabastine E Arthur and Kristen E Gibson} } @article {9041, title = {{Environmental persistence of Tulane virus - a surrogate for human norovirus.}}, journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology}, volume = {6}, number = {December 2015}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, abstract = {Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The persistence of HuNoV in the environment contributes significantly to its transmission to humans. Surrogate viruses are used to study HuNoV owing to the lack of a cell culture system for this virus. Here, the persistence of Tulane virus (TV) - a novel HuNoV surrogate - in surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) as well as on acrylic-based solid (ABS) and stainless steel (SS) surfaces was investigated. After 28 days, TV remained stable in SW ({\{}{\textless}{\}}1 log10 reduction) but was reduced by >=3.5 to 4 log10 in GW by day 21. TV had a higher rate of reduction on SS compared with ABS, with corresponding D values of 18.5 {\textpm} 0.34 and 13.1 {\textpm} 0.36 days, respectively. This is the first study to demonstrate the persistence of TV in environmental waters and on fomite surfaces.}, keywords = {fomite surface, Groundwater, Norovirus, surface water, tulane virus}, issn = {1480-3275}, doi = {10.1139/cjm-2015-0756}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26825139}, author = {Sabastine E Arthur and Kristen E Gibson} } @article {13895, title = {Environmental risk factors associated with {Helicobacter} pylori seroprevalence in the {United} {States}: a cross-sectional analysis of {NHANES} data.}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {143}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {2520{\textendash}31}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori imparts a considerable burden to public health. Infections are mainly acquired in childhood and can lead to chronic diseases, including gastric ulcers and cancer. The bacterium subsists in water, but the environment{\textquoteright}s role in transmission remains poorly understood. The nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was examined for environmental risk factors associated with H. pylori seroprevalence. Data from 1999-2000 were examined and weighted to represent the US population. Multivariable logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95\% confidence intervals (CI) for associations with seropositivity. Self-reported general health condition was inversely associated with seropositivity. Of participants aged {\textbackslash}textless20 years, seropositivity was significantly associated with having a well as the source of home tap water (aOR 1{\textperiodcentered}7, 95\% CI 1{\textperiodcentered}1-2{\textperiodcentered}6) and living in a more crowded home (aOR 2{\textperiodcentered}3, 95\% CI 1{\textperiodcentered}5-3{\textperiodcentered}7). Of adults aged ⩾20 years, seropositivity was not associated with well water or crowded living conditions, but adults in soil-related occupations had significantly higher odds of seropositivity compared to those in non-soil-related occupations (aOR 1{\textperiodcentered}9, 95\% CI 1{\textperiodcentered}2-2{\textperiodcentered}9). Exposures to both well water and occupationally related soil increased the effect size of adults{\textquoteright} odds of seropositivity compared to non-exposed adults (aOR 2{\textperiodcentered}7, 95\% CI 1{\textperiodcentered}3-5{\textperiodcentered}6). Environmental exposures (well-water usage and occupational contact with soil) play a role in H. pylori transmission. A disproportionate burden of infection is associated with poor health and crowded living conditions, but risks vary by age and race/ethnicity. These findings could help inform interventions to reduce the burden of infections in the United States.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Status, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: epidemiology, Helicobacter Infections: ethnology, helicobacter pylori, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Occupations, Occupations: statistics \& numerical data, Preschool, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, Soil Microbiology, United States, United States: epidemiology, Water Wells, Water Wells: microbiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1469-4409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268814003938}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268814003938}, author = {Krueger, W S and Hilborn, E D and Converse, R R and Wade, T J} } @article {14792, title = {Environmental risk factors associated with {Helicobacter} pylori seroprevalence in the {United} {States}: a cross-sectional analysis of {NHANES} data.}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {143}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {2520{\textendash}31}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori imparts a considerable burden to public health. Infections are mainly acquired in childhood and can lead to chronic diseases, including gastric ulcers and cancer. The bacterium subsists in water, but the environment{\textquoteright}s role in transmission remains poorly understood. The nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was examined for environmental risk factors associated with H. pylori seroprevalence. Data from 1999-2000 were examined and weighted to represent the US population. Multivariable logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95\% confidence intervals (CI) for associations with seropositivity. Self-reported general health condition was inversely associated with seropositivity. Of participants aged {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless20 years, seropositivity was significantly associated with having a well as the source of home tap water (aOR 1{\textperiodcentered}7, 95\% CI 1{\textperiodcentered}1-2{\textperiodcentered}6) and living in a more crowded home (aOR 2{\textperiodcentered}3, 95\% CI 1{\textperiodcentered}5-3{\textperiodcentered}7). Of adults aged ⩾20 years, seropositivity was not associated with well water or crowded living conditions, but adults in soil-related occupations had significantly higher odds of seropositivity compared to those in non-soil-related occupations (aOR 1{\textperiodcentered}9, 95\% CI 1{\textperiodcentered}2-2{\textperiodcentered}9). Exposures to both well water and occupationally related soil increased the effect size of adults{\textquoteright} odds of seropositivity compared to non-exposed adults (aOR 2{\textperiodcentered}7, 95\% CI 1{\textperiodcentered}3-5{\textperiodcentered}6). Environmental exposures (well-water usage and occupational contact with soil) play a role in H. pylori transmission. A disproportionate burden of infection is associated with poor health and crowded living conditions, but risks vary by age and race/ethnicity. These findings could help inform interventions to reduce the burden of infections in the United States.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Status, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: epidemiology, Helicobacter Infections: ethnology, helicobacter pylori, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Occupations, Occupations: statistics \& numerical data, Preschool, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, Soil Microbiology, United States, United States: epidemiology, Water Wells, Water Wells: microbiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1469-4409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268814003938}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268814003938}, author = {Krueger, W S and Hilborn, E D and Converse, R R and Wade, T J} } @article {8267, title = {{Environmental risk factors associated with Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data.}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {143}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {2520{\textendash}31}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

Helicobacter pylori imparts a considerable burden to public health. Infections are mainly acquired in childhood and can lead to chronic diseases, including gastric ulcers and cancer. The bacterium subsists in water, but the environment\&$\#$39;s role in transmission remains poorly understood. The nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was examined for environmental risk factors associated with H. pylori seroprevalence. Data from 1999-2000 were examined and weighted to represent the US population. Multivariable logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95{\%} confidence intervals (CI) for associations with seropositivity. Self-reported general health condition was inversely associated with seropositivity. Of participants aged {\textless}20 years, seropositivity was significantly associated with having a well as the source of home tap water (aOR 1\·7, 95{\%} CI 1\·1-2\·6) and living in a more crowded home (aOR 2\·3, 95{\%} CI 1\·5-3\·7). Of adults aged ⩾20 years, seropositivity was not associated with well water or crowded living conditions, but adults in soil-related occupations had significantly higher odds of seropositivity compared to those in non-soil-related occupations (aOR 1\·9, 95{\%} CI 1\·2-2\·9). Exposures to both well water and occupationally related soil increased the effect size of adults\&$\#$39; odds of seropositivity compared to non-exposed adults (aOR 2\·7, 95{\%} CI 1\·3-5\·6). Environmental exposures (well-water usage and occupational contact with soil) play a role in H. pylori transmission. A disproportionate burden of infection is associated with poor health and crowded living conditions, but risks vary by age and race/ethnicity. These findings could help inform interventions to reduce the burden of infections in the United States.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Status, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: epidemiology, Helicobacter Infections: ethnology, helicobacter pylori, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Occupations, Occupations: statistics {\&} numerical data, Preschool, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, Soil Microbiology, United States, United States: epidemiology, Water Wells, Water Wells: microbiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1469-4409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268814003938}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0950268814003938}, author = {Krueger, W S and Hilborn, E D and Converse, R R and Wade, T J} } @article {11892, title = {Environmental (saprozoic) pathogens of engineered water systems: understanding their ecology for risk assessment and management}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {390-405}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Ashbolt, Nicholas J} } @article {1737, title = {Environmental surveillance of poliovirus in sewage water around the introduction period for inactivated polio vaccine in Japan}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, note = {Nakamura, Tomofumi Hamasaki, Mitsuhiro Yoshitomi, Hideaki Ishibashi, Tetsuya Yoshiyama, Chiharu Maeda, Eriko Sera, Nobuyuki Yoshida, Hiromu Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015 Mar;81(5):1859-64. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03575-14. Epub 2015 Jan 2.}, pages = {1859-64}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Environmental virus surveillance was conducted at two independent sewage plants from urban and rural areas in the northern prefecture of the Kyushu district, Japan, to trace polioviruses (PVs) within communities. Consequently, 83 PVs were isolated over a 34-month period from April 2010 to January 2013. The frequency of PV isolation at the urban plant was 1.5 times higher than that at the rural plant. Molecular sequence analysis of the viral VP1 gene identified all three serotypes among the PV isolates, with the most prevalent serotype being type 2 (46\%). Nearly all poliovirus isolates exhibited more than one nucleotide mutation from the Sabin vaccine strains. During this study, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) was introduced for routine immunization on 1 September 2012, replacing the live oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Interestingly, the frequency of PV isolation from sewage waters declined before OPV cessation at both sites. Our study highlights the importance of environmental surveillance for the detection of the excretion of PVs from an OPV-immunized population in a highly sensitive manner, during the OPV-to-IPV transition period.}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03575-14}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25556189}, author = {Nakamura, T. and Hamasaki, M. and Yoshitomi, H. and Ishibashi, T. and Yoshiyama, C. and Maeda, E. and Sera, N. and Yoshida, H.} } @article {10835, title = {{Enzymatic electrochemical detection of epidemic-causing Vibrio cholerae with a disposable oligonucleotide-modified screen-printed bisensor coupled to a dry-reagent-based nucleic acid amplification assay}}, journal = {Biosensors and Bioelectronics}, volume = {70}, year = {2015}, pages = {282{\textendash}288}, author = {Yu, CY and Ang, GY and Chan, KG and Banga-Singh, KK and Chan, YY} } @article {9771, title = {{Epidemiologic study of Blastocystis infection in an urban community in the Philippines}}, journal = {Journal of environmental and public health}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1155/2015/894297}, author = {Belleza, MLB and Cadacio, LC and Borja, MP and Solon, JAA and Padilla, MA and Tongol-Rivera, P and Rivera, W} } @article {11535, title = {{Epidemiological of parasites that contaminated fresh vegetables}}, journal = {World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {349{\textendash}359}, author = {Al-Mozan, HDK and Mankhi, AMG and Khundhair, IH and Al-Rukabi, N and Naser, AMH and Mousa, HM} } @article {8237, title = {{Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection}}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {20}, number = {S1}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {1{\textendash}7}, keywords = {endoscopic methods, Incidence, invasive tests, metodos, non-invasive tests, prevalence, Transmission}, issn = {10834389}, doi = {10.1111/hel.12250}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hel.12250/full}, author = {Mentis, Andreas and Lehours, Philippe and Megraud, Francis} } @article {13865, title = {Epidemiology and {Diagnosis} of {Helicobacter} pylori infection}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {20}, number = {S1}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {1{\textendash}7}, keywords = {endoscopic methods, Incidence, invasive tests, metodos, non-invasive tests, prevalence, Transmission}, issn = {10834389}, doi = {10.1111/hel.12250}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hel.12250/full}, author = {Mentis, Andreas and Lehours, Philippe and Megraud, Francis} } @article {16772, title = {Epidemiology and Ecology of Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens: Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {123}, year = {2015}, pages = {749-758}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.1408692}, author = {J O Falkinham III and Hilborn, E.D. and Arduino, M. and Pruden, A. and Edwards, M.A.} } @article {17267, title = {Epidemiology and Genomics of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections in Kenya}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {61 Suppl 4}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov 1}, pages = {S317-24}, edition = {2015/10/10}, keywords = {Adolescent, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Ceftriaxone/pharmacology, Child, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea/etiology/microbiology, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects, epidemiology, Feces/microbiology, Female, Genomics, genotype, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Kenya, Kenya/epidemiology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, multidrug resistant, nontyphoidal Salmonella, Salmonella enteritidis/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Salmonella Infections/*epidemiology/*microbiology, Salmonella typhimurium/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Sequence Analysis, DNA}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Kariuki, S. and Onsare, R. S.} } @article {4813, title = {{Epidemiology of Cyclospora species in humans in Malatya Province in Turkey}}, journal = {Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {e18661}, doi = {10.5812/jjm.18661v2. eCollection 2015.}, author = {Karaman, U and Daldal, N and Ozer, A and Enginyurt, O and Erturk, O} } @article {16166, title = {Equine recurrent uveitis: Human and equine perspectives.}, journal = {Vet J.Vet J.}, volume = {206}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {22-29.}, author = {Malalana, F. and Stylianides, A. and McGowan, C.} } @article {14697, title = {Erratum: {Global} reemergence of enterovirus {D}68 as an important pathogen for acute respiratory infections}, journal = {Rev Med Virol}, volume = {25}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {268}, issn = {1099-1654 (Electronic) 1052-9276 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.1844}, author = {Imamura, T. and Oshitani, H.} } @article {17265, title = {Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Early Diagnosis and Seasonal Monitoring in the Sewage Treatment Process by EMA-qPCR Method}, journal = {Polish Journal of MicrobiologyPolish Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, pages = {143-148}, isbn = {1733-1331}, author = {Kacprzak, Malgorzata and Fijalkowski, Krzysztof and Grobelak, Anna and Rosikon, Karolina and Rorat, Agnieszka} } @article {14064, title = {Escherichia coli {O}157 {Outbreaks} in the {United} {States}, 2003-2012.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {21}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {1293{\textendash}1301}, keywords = {bacteria, Disease Outbreaks, epidemiology, Escherichia coli O157, foodborne infections, OUTBREAKS, United States}, issn = {1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid2108.141364}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26197993 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4517704}, author = {Heiman, Katherine E and Mody, Rajal K and Johnson, Shacara D and Griffin, Patricia M and Hannah L Gould} } @article {8028, title = {{Escherichia coli O157 Outbreaks in the United States, 2003-2012.}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {21}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {1293{\textendash}1301}, keywords = {bacteria, Disease Outbreaks, epidemiology, Escherichia coli O157, foodborne infections, OUTBREAKS, United States}, issn = {1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid2108.141364}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26197993 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4517704}, author = {Heiman, Katherine E and Mody, Rajal K and Johnson, Shacara D and Griffin, Patricia M and Hannah L Gould} } @mastersthesis {7181, title = {Essays at the {Intersection} of {Environment} and {Development} {Economics}}, year = {2015}, note = {3739114}, school = {Harvard University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The three essays in this dissertation explore how households in Southern Africa interact with and rely upon environmental resources. The first chapter examines the relationship between irrigation dam placement and local infant health outcomes. Irrigation dams can enable farms to harness considerable water resources, and this has been critical to increasing the global food supply. However, irrigation consumes 70 percent of global water resources and returns polluted water back into river systems. I examine the effect of irrigation dams on water pollution and infant health outcomes in South Africa. To remove bias associated with non-random dam placement, I utilize an instrumental variables approach that predicts dam placement using geographic features and time-varying policy changes. I find that each additional dam within a district increases both water pollution and infant mortality. In districts downstream from dams, alternately, dams generate smaller water pollution effects and reduce infant mortality, though magnitudes are much smaller. I argue that this pattern is consistent with pollution-induced health costs that outweigh economic benefits within the districts that receive dams. Downstream, however, pollution generates smaller costs and the economic benefits dominate. Exploring other plausible channels through which irrigation dams may affect infant mortality, I find that while irrigation dams generate substantial effects on district employment and small effects on migration, these factors do not appear to explain the health outcomes observed. Instead, the results suggest that water pollution and reduced water availability may contribute to higher infant mortality near agricultural activity. The second chapter in this dissertation explores technology adoption of trees with environmental benefits, in the context of a field experiment in Zambia. As context, many technology adoption decisions are made under uncertainty about the costs or benefits of following through with the technology after take-up. As new information is realized, agents may prefer to abandon a technology that appeared profitable at the time of take-up. Low rates of follow-through are particularly problematic when subsidies are used to increase adoption. This chapter uses a field experiment to generate exogenous variation in the payoffs associated with taking up and following through with a new technology: a tree species that provides fertilizer benefits to adopting farmers. Our empirical results show high rates of abandoning the technology, even after paying a positive price to take it up. The experimental variation offers a novel source of identification for a structural model of intertemporal decision making under uncertainty. Estimation results indicate that the farmers experience idiosyncratic shocks to net payoffs after take-up, which increase take-up but lower average per farmer tree survival. We simulate counterfactual outcomes under different levels of uncertainty and observe that subsidizing take-up of the technology affects the composition of adopters only when the level of uncertainty is relatively low. Thus, uncertainty provides an additional explanation for why many subsidized technologies may not be utilized even when take-up is high. Finally, the third paper in my dissertation explores the role that mineral wealth has on local economic outcomes. Mineral wealth has been central to the development of the South African economy. However, we have little evidence regarding how it has affected employment and poverty. This paper explores how within-country variation in mineral wealth affects district-level outcomes. Using data on mineral deposits and historical world prices, I construct a plausibly exogenous variable reflecting district-level aggregate mineral wealth, and I use variation in this index to evaluate economic outcomes over three Census rounds (1991, 1996, 2001). In the short run, I show that positive shocks to aggregate mineral wealth generate higher employment, largely driven by increased mining employment. This increase in mining is accompanied by reductions in agricultural employment and slight reductions in manufacturing employment. On average, adult age individuals also report working more hours and earning higher salaries in districts experiencing higher mineral prices. In sum, mineral wealth shocks generate benefits to districts, with less households below the poverty line.}, keywords = {0511:Economic theory, 0654:South African Studies, Africa, Development economics, Economic theory, Environmental economics, Social sciences, South African Studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1748045935?accountid=14270}, author = {Walker, Elizabeth Ruth} } @booklet {8650, title = {{Estimates the Global Burden of foodborne diseases}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {WHO Foodborne disease burdem epidemiology reference group}, address = {Genevo}, author = {WHO} } @article {7034, title = {Estimating the burden of acute gastrointestinal illness due to {Giardia}, {Cryptosporidium}, {Campylobacter}, {E}. coli {O}157 and norovirus associated with private wells and small water systems in {Canada}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {1{\textendash}16}, issn = {0950-2688, 1469-4409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268815002071}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268815002071}, author = {Murphy, H. M. and Thomas, M. K. and Schmidt, P. J. and Medeiros, D. T. and McFADYEN, S. and Pintar, K. D. M.} } @article {7319, title = {Estimating the number of cases of acute gastrointestinal illness ({AGI}) associated with {Canadian} municipal drinking water systems}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {1{\textendash}15}, issn = {0950-2688, 1469-4409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268815002083}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268815002083}, author = {Murphy, H. M. and Thomas, M. K. and Medeiros, D. T. and McFADYEN, S. and Pintar, K. D. M.} } @article {7219, title = {The {Etiology} of {Juvenile} {Idiopathic} {Arthritis}}, journal = {Clinical Reviews in Allergy \& Immunology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, pages = {253{\textendash}261}, issn = {1080-0549, 1559-0267}, doi = {10.1007/s12016-014-8460-9}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12016-014-8460-9}, author = {Rigante, Donato and Bosco, Annalisa and Esposito, Susanna} } @mastersthesis {7003, title = {Eulerian dynamics and {Lagrangian} transport at the submesoscale and below}, year = {2015}, note = {3704936}, school = {University of Miami}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The goal of this work is to study the Lagrangian and Eulerian properties of the scales below the mesoscale. The formation mechanism of the submesoscale (SM) is investigated in Chapter 2. In particular, we focus on the seasonality of SM. In order to approach this problem, a realistic simulation of the Gulf Stream (GS) region with the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model is integrated for 18 months at two horizontal resolutions: a high-resolution (1/48{\textdegree}) simulation able to resolve part of the submesoscale regime and the full range of mesoscale dynamics, and a coarser resolution (1/12{\textdegree}) case, in which submesoscales are not resolved. Results provide an insight into submesoscale dynamics highlighting a clear seasonal cycle, with submesoscale features mostly present during winter. The limiting and controlling factor in the occurrence of submesoscales appears to be the depth of the mixed layer, which controls the reservoir of available potential energy available at the mesoscale fronts that are present most of the year. Atmospheric forcings are the main energy source behind submesoscale formation, but mostly indirectly through mixed layer deepening. This result represented the first evidence of seasonality of SM features and was successively confirmed by Shcherbina et al. (2013) via direct observations. SM features have been found to play an important role on ocean material transport, governing horizontal dispersion at the small scales Poje et al. (2014). Similarly, it is thought that SM features, given their large vertical velocities, might play an important role in the transport of biogeochemical nutrients in the upper ocean. In particular, vertical transport of nutrients is thought to be located mostly in ocean eddies. Motivated by the lack of a clear understanding of these processes in Chapter 3 we perform a set of numerical simulations in order to study some of the proposed vertical transport mechanisms. The MITgcm is integrated in four different configurations: two summer configurations with shallow mixed layer, one with wind and one without, and two winter simulations with deep mixed layer, one with wind and one without. The goal is to simulate the effect of Eddy-Ekman pumping and SM pumping. Results show that wind forced simulations present strong internal wave activity in the near-inertial band. Also, large vertical velocities are found in the mixed layer of the winter simulations. No clear sign of Eddy-Ekman pumping is observed in the vertical velocity field. In order to investigate the associated vertical transport, synthetic particles are released in all simulations. Results show that wind forced summer simulation can provide only weak vertical transport and that including a mixed layer and SM features, strong vertical transport is observed within the mixed layer and across the mixed layer and the water column. Motivated by the importance that SM plays on the dynamics of the upper ocean in Chapter 4 we venture into smaller scales trying to bridge the gap between the SM and the fully 3D dynamics of the upper ocean. Here we present results from two non-hydrostatic simulations of a weakly wind and buoyancy forced mixed layer with semi-realistic diurnal cycling. Both purely buoyancy-forced and wind- and buoyancy-forced flows are sampled using passive tracers, as well as 2D and 3D particles to investigate characteristics of horizontal and vertical dispersion. It is found through tracer releases that the surface patterns of the tracer were determined by the convergence zones created by buoyancy-driven convection within a time scale of a few hours. For pure convections the results display the classic signature of Rayleigh-Benard cells. When combined with a wind stress the convective cells become organized such that the along-wind length scale becomes much larger than the cross-wind scale of the convective cells. Relative dispersion computed by sampling the flow fields using both 2D and 3D particles shows Richardson regimes meaning that particle separation is driven by processes at the scale of the particle separation. Relative dispersion is found to be much higher in wind driven mixed layer and 2D surface-releases transitioned to Richardson regime faster in the wind forced simulation. We also show that the buoyancy-forced case results in significantly lower amplitudes of scale-dependent relative diffusivity, kD (l ), than those reported by Okubo (1970), but the wind- and buoyancy-forced case was in good agreement with Okubo{\textquoteright}s diffusivity amplitude, and scaling was consistent with the Richardson law, kD \~{} l 4/3. These results represent a first investigation of the Lagrangian properties of the \~{}3D flows of the upper ocean and suggest that transport is governed by local processes. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0415:Physical oceanography, Earth sciences, Eulerian dynamics, Lagrangian transport, Mixed layer, Ocean circulation, Physical oceanography, Submesoscale}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1690903793?accountid=14270}, author = {Mensa, Jean A.} } @article {7689, title = {The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2013}, journal = {EFSA Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2015}, pages = {3999}, url = {www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal} } @article {15142, title = {Evaluation of an automated struvite reactor to recover phosphorus from source-separated urine collected at urine diversion toilets in {eThekwini}}, journal = {Water Sa}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {383{\textendash}389}, author = {Grau, Maximilian GP and Rhoton, Sara L and Brouckaert, Chris J and Buckley, Chris A} } @article {13024, title = {Evaluation of an automated struvite reactor to recover phosphorus from source-separated urine collected at urine diversion toilets in eThekwini}, journal = {Water Sa}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {383{\textendash}389}, publisher = {Water Research Commission (WRC)}, author = {Grau, Maximilian GP and Rhoton, Sara L and Brouckaert, Chris J and Buckley, Chris A} } @article {3238, title = {{Evaluation of methods for reverse osmosis membrane integrity monitoring for wastewater reuse}}, journal = {Journal of Water Process Engineering}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {161{\textendash}168}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Wastewater reclamation with advanced membrane technology holds great potential to supplement the diminishing drinking water supply for human consumption. High-pressure reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes offer a high level of pathogen removal capacity. However, the lack of recognized membrane integrity monitoring methods has restricted the pathogen removal credits allocation to the processes. This research investigated the feasibility of using flow cytometry (FCM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyzer and traditional water quality analyzers for RO membrane integrity monitoring. BD Accuri{\texttrademark} C6 flow cytometer demonstrated good sensitivity and reproducibility for quantifying virus reduction rate along the treatment processes, which provide direct evidence for RO membrane integrity monitoring. DLS (Nanotrac Ultra) showed promise to be used as a qualitative membrane integrity monitoring tool by characterizing particle size distributions in water. Traditional water quality analyzers were tested online in a pilot RO system with intentional introduced integrity breaches. Total organic carbon (TOC) measurements showed the best sensitivity to reflect different levels of integrity breaches. Feasibility analysis based on the instrument sensitivity, capital, maintenance and operating costs shows that an integrated system including more than one monitoring tools would be more reliable and economical for high-pressure membrane integrity monitoring.}, issn = {22147144}, doi = {10.1016/j.jwpe.2015.05.001}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214714415300040}, author = {Huang, Xiao and Min, Joon H. and Lu, Wenzhou and Jaktar, Kris and Yu, Christopher and Jiang, Sunny C.} } @article {3579, title = {Evaluation of {Molecular}- and {Culture}-{Dependent} {MST} {Markers} {To} {Detect} {Fecal} {Contamination} and {Indicate} {Viral} {Presence} in {Good} {Quality} {Groundwater}}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {7142{\textendash}7151}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b00515}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00515}, author = {Diston, D and Sinreich, M and Zimmermann, S and Baumgartner, A and Felleisen, R} } @article {6373, title = {Evaluation of {Molecular}- and {Culture}-{Dependent} {MST} {Markers} {To} {Detect} {Fecal} {Contamination} and {Indicate} {Viral} {Presence} in {Good} {Quality} {Groundwater}}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {jun}, pages = {7142{\textendash}7151}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b00515}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b00515}, author = {Diston, D. and Sinreich, M. and Zimmermann, S. and Baumgartner, A. and Felleisen, R.} } @article {1028, title = {Evaluation of Molecular- and {Culture-Dependent} {MST} Markers To Detect Fecal Contamination and Indicate Viral Presence in Good Quality Groundwater}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {71427151}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b00515}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00515}, author = {D Diston and M Sinreich and S Zimmermann and A Baumgartner and R Felleisen} } @article {2592, title = {Evaluation of Molecular- and {Culture-Dependent} {MST} Markers To Detect Fecal Contamination and Indicate Viral Presence in Good Quality Groundwater}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {71427151}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b00515}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00515}, author = {D Diston and M Sinreich and S Zimmermann and A Baumgartner and R Felleisen} } @article {837, title = {Evaluation of Molecular-and {Culture-Dependent} {MST} Markers To Detect Fecal Contamination and Indicate Viral Presence in Good Quality Groundwater}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b00515}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00515}, author = {Diston, D and Sinreich, M and Zimmermann, S} } @article {5520, title = {{Evaluation of survival of murine norovirus-1 during sauerkraut fermentation and storage under standard and low-sodium conditions.}}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {52}, year = {2015}, pages = {119{\textendash}23}, abstract = {Sodium reduction strategies have raised a few concerns in regards to possible outbreaks in unpasteurised raw fermented vegetables. Among potential outbreak agents, foodborne viruses are recognized as an important cause of food-borne illnesses. As most of them are acid-resistant, evaluation of the efficacy of lactic fermentation in inactivating enteric viruses must be considered to ensure the safety of these foods. In particular with the sodium reduction trend which could impair adequate fermentation in vegetables, we have challenged sauerkraut fermentation at a final concentration of 4 log TCID50/mL with the murine norovirus (MNV-1). Three sodium chloride concentrations (1.0{\%}, 1.5{\%}, 2.0{\%}) were evaluated in spontaneous and starter fermentation of sauerkraut and were followed during fermentation and over a storage phase of 90 days. Detection of MNV-1 genetic material was carried out by real-time RT-PCR and the infectivity on cell culture. Real-time RT-PCR results showed that viral RNA was still detected after 90 day in sauerkraut under all the different conditions. Furthermore, MNV-1 viral particles were able to infect RAW cells after 90 days of storage with a non-significant viral charge reduction. Sodium reduction has a significant impact on the fermentation processing of sauerkraut but no influence on the destruction of norovirus particles or on their survival.}, keywords = {Fermentation, Murine norovirus, Sauerkraut, Sodium Chloride, Survival study}, issn = {1095-9998}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2015.07.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740002015001410}, author = {Gagn{\'e}, Marie-Jos{\'e}e and Barrette, Julie and Savard, Tony and Brassard, Julie} } @mastersthesis {6623, title = {Evaluation of the {Safety} {Systems} in the {Next} {Generation} {Boiling} {Water} {Reactor}}, year = {2015}, note = {3736756}, school = {Purdue University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The thesis evaluates the safety systems in the next generation boiling water reactor by analyzing the main steam line break loss of coolant accident performed in the Purdue university multi-dimensional test assembly (PUMA). RELAP5 code simulations, both for the PUMA main steam line break (MSLB) case and for the simplified boiling water reactor (SBWR) MSLB case have been utilized to compare with the experiment data. The comparison shows that RELAP5 is capable to perform the safety analysis for SBWR. The comparison also validates the three-level scaling methodology applied to the design of the PUMA facility. The PUMA suppression pool mixing and condensation test data have been studied to give the detailed understanding on this important local phenomenon. A simple one dimensional integral model, which can reasonably simulate the mixing process inside suppression pool have been developed and the comparison between the model prediction and the experiment data demonstrates the model can be utilized for analyzing the suppression pool mixing process.}, keywords = {0552:Nuclear engineering, Applied sciences, Main steam line break analysis, Next generation boiling water reactor, Nuclear engineering, numerical simulation, One dimensional integral model, Safety systems, Suppression pool mixing}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1747402630?accountid=14270}, author = {Cheng, Ling} } @mastersthesis {6683, title = {Evapotranspiration in poplar phytobarriers: {Analysis} of well hydrographs using the {White} method}, year = {2015}, note = {1594784}, school = {State University of New York at Buffalo}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {An important parameter needed for the engineering design of poplar-based phytoremediation systems is the rate of groundwater uptake by the trees (evapotranspiration of groundwater = ETG ). As part of a joint research project between the University at Buffalo and Motorola Solutions, approximately three hundred and forty-five hybrid poplar trees were planted to control groundwater migration at the Ischua Creek Habitat site in Machias, NY. During the early stages of tree development, standard methods for estimating ET G (e.g., eddy covariance, stable isotope) were not applicable because of the undeveloped canopy of the young poplars. Instead, the White method was applied, which estimates ETG based on measured diurnal groundwater fluctuations data and estimated specific yield. This thesis research explored the implementation of the White method for poplar-based phytobarriers and evaluated the hydrologic performance of the poplar trees using field data from active site monitoring conducted over a three-year period. Comparison of ET G values at different locations has supported the hypothesis that ETG values were greater for wells close to the barrier versus ETG values from wells distant from the barrier; this result was significant only for 2013, when the influence of the poplar system was discernable. The results of ETG demonstrated that groundwater flow at Ischua Creek Habitat site is being impacted by the phytobarrier. As poplar trees continue to grow and adapt to the environment, increased water usage is expected to cause more pronounced diurnal groundwater fluctuations pattern. Statistical comparison of ET G values close to the barrier over three years supported this increasing trend. Recommendations were developed for scaling the local measurements to the full system and for improving the implementation of the method.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Earth sciences, Environmental engineering, Evapotranspiration, Hydrologic sciences, Phytoremediation, White method}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1700410795?accountid=14270}, author = {Sui, Jingqi} } @article {16141, title = {Evidence of Leptospira sp. infection among a diversity of African wildlife species: beyond the usual suspects}, journal = {Trans R Soc Trop Med HygTrans R Soc Trop Med HygTrans R Soc Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {109}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {Feb 10}, pages = {349-351}, edition = {2015/02/12}, isbn = {1878-3503 (Electronic)
0035-9203 (Linking)}, author = {Jobbins, S. E. and Alexander, K. A.} } @article {966, title = {Evidence of viral dissemination and seasonality in a Mediterranean river catchment: Implications for water pollution management}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {159}, year = {2015}, pages = {58{\textendash}67}, author = {Rusinol, M and Fernandez-Cassi, X and Timoneda, N and Carratal{\`a}, A and Abril, JF and Silvera, C and M J Figueras and Gelati, E and Rod{\'o}, X and Kay, D and Wyn-Jones, P and Bofill-Mas, S and Girones, Rosina} } @article {16877, title = {Evidence of viral dissemination and seasonality in a Mediterranean river catchment: implications for water pollution management}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {159}, year = {2015}, pages = {58{\textendash}67}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Rusi{\~n}ol, Marta and Fernandez-Cassi, Xavier and Timoneda, Nat{\`a}lia and Carratal{\`a}, Anna and Abril, Josep Francesc and Silvera, Carolina and Figueras, Maria Jos{\'e} and Gelati, Emiliano and Rod{\'o}, Xavier and Kay, David and others} } @article {10019, title = {{Evidence of viral dissemination and seasonality in a Mediterranean river catchment: Implications for water pollution management}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {159}, year = {2015}, abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Conventional wastewater treatment does not completely remove and/or inactive viruses; consequently, viruses excreted by the population can be detected in the environment. This study was undertaken to investigate the distribution and seasonality of human viruses and faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in a river catchment located in a typical Mediterranean climate region and to discuss future trends in relation to climate change. Sample matrices included river water, untreated and treated wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant within the catchment area, and seawater from potentially impacted bathing water. Five viruses were analysed in the study. Human adenovirus (HAdV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) were analysed as indicators of human faecal contamination of human pathogens; both were reported in urban wastewater (mean values of 10{\textless}sup{\textgreater}6{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} and 10{\textless}sup{\textgreater}5{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}GC/L, respectively), river water (10{\textless}sup{\textgreater}3{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} and 10{\textless}sup{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}GC/L) and seawater (10{\textless}sup{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} and 10{\textless}sup{\textgreater}1{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}GC/L). Human Merkel Cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), which is associated with Merkel Cell carcinoma, was detected in 75{\%} of the raw wastewater samples (31/37) and quantified by a newly developed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay with mean concentrations of 10{\textless}sup{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}GC/L. This virus is related to skin cancer in susceptible individuals and was found in 29{\%} and 18{\%} of river water and seawater samples, respectively. Seasonality was only observed for norovirus genogroup II (NoV GGII), which was more abundant in cold months with levels up to 10{\textless}sup{\textgreater}4{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}GC/L in river water. Human hepatitis E virus (HEV) was detected in 13.5{\%} of the wastewater samples when analysed by nested PCR (nPCR). Secondary biological treatment (i.e., activated sludge) and tertiary sewage disinfection including chlorination, flocculation and UV radiation removed between 2.22 and 4.52 log{\textless}inf{\textgreater}10{\textless}/inf{\textgreater} of the viral concentrations. Climate projections for the Mediterranean climate areas and the selected river catchment estimate general warming and changes in precipitation distribution. Persistent decreases in precipitation during summer can lead to a higher presence of human viruses because river and sea water present the highest viral concentrations during warmer months. In a global context, wastewater management will be the key to preventing environmental dispersion of human faecal pathogens in future climate change scenarios.}, keywords = {Hepatitis E virus, Human adenovirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, Norovirus, River water}, issn = {10958630}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.019}, author = {Rusi{\~n}ol, M. and Fernandez-Cassi, X. and Timoneda, N. and Carratala, A. and Abril, J.F. and Silvera, C. and M J Figueras and Gelati, E. and Rod{\'o}, X. and Kay, D. and Wyn-Jones, P. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Girones, R.} } @article {12263, title = {Experimental Design and Bioinformatics Analysis for the Application of Metagenomics in Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {21}, year = {2015}, note = {Ju, Feng Zhang, Tong
Zhang, Tong/C-6786-2008; JU, Feng/I-8437-2016
1520-5851}, month = {Nov}, pages = {12628-12640}, abstract = {

Recent advances in DNA sequencing technologies have prompted the widespread application of metagenomics for the investigation of novel bioresources (e.g., industrial enzymes and bioactive molecules) and unknown biohazards (e.g., pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes) in natural and engineered microbial systems across multiple disciplines. This review discusses the rigorous experimental design and sample preparation in the context of applying metagenomics in environmental sciences and biotechnology. Moreover, this review summarizes the principles, methodologies, and state-of-the-art bioinformatics procedures, tools and database resources for metagenomics applications and discusses two popular strategies (analysis of unassembled reads versus assembled contigs/draft genomes) for quantitative or qualitative insights of microbial community structure and functions. Overall, this review aims to facilitate more extensive application of metagenomics in the investigation of uncultures microorganisms, novel enzymes, microbe-environment interactions, and biohazards in biotechnological applications microbial communities are engineered for bioenergy production, wastewater treatment, and bioremediation.

}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Ju, F. and Zhang, T.} } @article {5575, title = {{Experimental human infection with norwalk virus elicits a surrogate neutralizing antibody response with cross-genogroup activity.}}, journal = {Clinical and Vaccine Immunology}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {221{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

The human noroviruses (NoVs) are genetically diverse, rapidly evolving RNA viruses and are the major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis of humans. Serum antibodies that block the interaction of NoVs and NoV viruslike particles (VLPs) with host attachment factors are considered surrogate neutralizing antibodies in the absence of cell culture and small-animal replication models for the human NoVs. A serological assay for NoV-blocking antibodies was used to assess the breadth of the heterotypic antibody response in the context of an experimental challenge study with a human NoV. Heterotypic histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-blocking activity against GI.4, GI.7, and GII.4 NoVs increased significantly in the serum of individuals (n = 18) infected with Norwalk virus (GI.1). Although the fold increases and peak titers of heterotypic antibody were more modest than titers of antibody reactive with the challenge antigen, Norwalk virus infection elicited a serological rise even against the novel Sydney variant of GII.4 NoVs. These observations indicate that the development of a broadly cross-protective NoV vaccine containing a limited number of genotypes may be possible.

}, issn = {1556-679X}, doi = {10.1128/CVI.00516-14}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84921993924{\&}partnerID=tZOtx3y1}, author = {Czak{\'o}, Rita and Atmar, Robert L and Opekun, Antone R and Gilger, Mark A and Graham, David Y and Estes, Mary K} } @mastersthesis {6457, title = {An experimental study of wind-driven surface water transport process pertinent to aircraft icing}, year = {2015}, note = {3718612}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Water transport behaviors will significantly influence the icing accretion process during glaze icing conditions. Many important micro-physical processes associated with water transport phenomena, such as film/rivulet formation on the flat and curve surface, surface waves generation, and interaction of runback liquid with local ice roughnesses, are still unclear. In order to elucidate the underlying physics of water transport behaviors under icing conditions, advanced experimental technique capable of providing accurate measurements on the wind-driven thin film/rivulet flows are highly desirable. A novel digital image projection (DIP) system is presented in this work. Using this new technique, a comprehensive experimental study was conducted to quantify the transient behaviors of the wind-driven surface water transport processes pertinent to aircraft icing problems. DIP technique is a further development of digital fringe projection (DFP) technique. In contrast to project sinusoidal patterns, the digital projector projects a grid pattern with known characteristics onto test objects (i.e., water droplet/rivulet flows over icing accreting surfaces). The heights of 3D objects are linear dependent on the grid point displacements between the measurement images of a 3D shape and the reference image of a zero height substrate. Compared with typical DFP measurement system, the DIP technique can significantly reduce the measurement error as well as decrease the requirement of the measurement image quality. After carefully calibrated and validated, the proposed DIP technique was applied to characterize the wind-driven water rivulet flows. Seen from measurement results, the transient motion of rivulet front was found to be significantly influenced by the surface waves{\textquoteright} behaviors. The Force Balance (FB) rivulet breaking criteria is further refined and evaluated by the reconstructed tiny rivulet flow structures. Rivulet meandering phenomena and the water mass trapping induced by the meandered water-air contact line were observed. A model based on force balance analysis at the cross-section of meandering rivulet was built to illustrate the meandering instability of wind-driven rivulet flow. In order to examine the effects of the roughness arrays on the surface film flow, i.e., trapped mass effects, which is pertinent to the surface water runback over airfoils/wings with ice roughness, the DIP technique was used to quantify the transient behavior of wind-driven film flow over a surface with roughness arrays. While surface water mass trapping was observed clearly right downstream of the roughness elements, some other interesting features about the water film flow within roughness elements were also revealed clearly from the quantitative DIP measurements, which were found to agree well with those previous numerical studies. The water runback process on an airfoil surface was reconstructed by the DIP technique. The measurement results clearly revealed that, after impinged on the leading edge of the NACA0012 airfoil, the micro-sized water droplets would coalesce to form a thin water film in the region near the leading edge of the airfoil. The formation of rivulets was found to be time-dependent process and relies on the initial water runback flow structure. The film thickness scaling law is evaluated by the time-average measurements of the film thickness. The measurement results show good consistent with the analytical scaling predictions.}, keywords = {0538:Aerospace engineering, 0548:Mechanical engineering, Aerospace engineering, Aircraft icing, Applied sciences, Digital image projection, Film thickness, Mechanical engineering, Rivulet stagnation, Trapped ratio, Water transport}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1712627763?accountid=14270}, author = {Zhang, Kai} } @article {12275, title = {Exploring antibiotic resistance genes and metal resistance genes in plasmid metagenomes from wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, year = {2015}, note = {Li, An-Dong Li, Li-Guan Zhang, Tong
Zhang, Tong/C-6786-2008}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {

Plasmids operate as independent genetic elements in microorganism communities. Through horizontal gene transfer (HGT), they can provide their host microorganisms with important functions such as antibiotic resistance and heavy metal resistance. In this study, six metagenomic libraries were constructed with plasmid DNA extracted from influent, activated sludge (AS) and digested sludge (DS) of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Compared with the metagenomes of the total DNA extracted from the same sectors of the wastewater treatment plant, the plasmid metagenomes had significantly higher annotation rates, indicating that the functional genes on plasmids are commonly shared by those studied microorganisms. Meanwhile, the plasmid metagenomes also encoded many more genes related to defense mechanisms, including ARGs. Searching against an antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) database and a metal resistance genes (MRGs) database revealed a broad-spectrum of antibiotic (323 out of a total 618 subtypes) and MRGs (23 out of a total 23 types) on these plasmid metagenomes. The influent plasmid metagenomes contained many more resistance genes (both ARGs and MRGs) than the AS and the DS metagenomes. Sixteen novel plasmids with a complete circular structure that carried these resistance genes were assembled from the plasmid metagenomes. The results of this study demonstrated that the plasmids in WWTPs could be important reservoirs for resistance genes, and may play a significant role in the horizontal transfer of these genes.

}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {Li, A. D. and Li, L. G. and Zhang, T.} } @article {12989, title = {Exploring antibiotic resistance genes and metal resistance genes in plasmid metagenomes from wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, year = {2015}, author = {Li, A.D. and Li, L.G. and Zhang, T} } @article {9842, title = {{Factors that influence the shedding of Blastocystis cysts in an irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patient{\textendash}an evidence-based case study}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {114}, year = {2015}, pages = {2999{\textendash}3005}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-015-4502-3}, author = {Ragavan, ND and Govind, SK and Chye, TT and Mahadeva, S} } @article {15396, title = {A family of variable immunoglobulin and lectin domain containing molecules in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata}, journal = {Developmental and Comparative Immunology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, note = {P20 RR018754/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
P20GM103452/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
P30 GM110907/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, month = {Jan}, pages = {234-43}, abstract = {

Technical limitations have hindered comprehensive studies of highly variable immune response molecules that are thought to have evolved due to pathogen-mediated selection such as fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) from Biomphalaria glabrata. FREPs combine upstream immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domains with a C-terminal fibrinogen-related domain (FreD) and participate in reactions against trematode parasites. From RNAseq data we assembled a de novo reference transcriptome of B. glabrata to investigate the diversity of FREP transcripts. This study increased over two fold the number of bonafide FREP subfamilies and revealed important sequence diversity within FREP12 subfamily. We also report the discovery of related molecules that feature one or two IgSF domains associated with different C-terminal lectin domains, named C-type lectin-related proteins (CREPs) and Galectin-related protein (GREP). Together, the highly similar FREPs, CREPs and GREP were designated VIgL (Variable Immunoglobulin and Lectin domain containing molecules).

}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, Biomphalaria/*genetics/*immunology, Gene Library, Immunoglobulins/*genetics/immunology, Lectins/*genetics/immunology, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Transcriptome/genetics}, isbn = {1879-0089 (Electronic)
0145-305X (Linking)}, author = {Dheilly, N. M. and Duval, D. and Mouahid, G. and Emans, R. and Allienne, J. F. and Galinier, R. and Genthon, C. and Dubois, E. and Du Pasquier, L. and Adema, C. M. and Grunau, C. and Mitta, G. and Gourbal, B.} } @article {13294, title = {Fate of antibiotic resistant cultivable heterotrophic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment processes}, journal = {Chemosphere.}, volume = {135}, year = {2015}, pages = {138-145}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.001}, author = {Zhang, S and He, Z and Han, B and Gu, J and Wang, C and Wang, P and Ma, Y and Cao, J} } @article {17347, title = {Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in the manure-amended soil-plant ecosystem of fresh vegetable crops: A review}, journal = {Critical Reviews in MicrobiologyCritical Reviews in Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {Aug}, pages = {273-294}, author = {Ongeng, Duncan and Geeraerd, Annemie Hellena and Springael, Dirk and Ryckeboer, Jaak and Muyanja, Charles and Mauriello, Gianluigi} } @article {9415, title = {{Fate of parasites and pathogenic bacteria in an anaerobic hybrid reactor followed by downflow hanging sponge system treating domestic wastewater}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research International}, volume = {22}, number = {16}, year = {2015}, pages = {12235{\textendash}12245}, author = {Tawfik, A and El-Zamel, T and Herrawy, A and El-Taweel, G} } @article {9131, title = {{Fate of the fecal indicator Escherichia coli in irrigation with partially treated wastewater}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {85}, year = {2015}, pages = {66{\textendash}73}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Treated wastewater reuse is increasing in semi-arid regions as a response to the effects of climate change and increased competition for natural water resources. Investigating the fate of bacterial indicators is relevant to assess their persistence in the environment and possible transfer to groundwater or to the food chain. A long-term field-scale experimental campaign and a soil column test were carried out to evaluate the fate of the fecal indicator Escherichia coli (E. coli) in a cultivated soil when contaminated water resources are used for irrigation. For field experiments, fecal contamination was simulated by dosing the indicator to the effluent of a membrane bioreactor, thus simulating a filtration system{\textquoteright}s failure, and irrigating a test field where grass was grown. The presence of E. coli on grass and topsoil samples was monitored under different scenarios. For evaluating the fate of the same indicator in the subsoil, a set of soil columns was installed next to the field, operated, and monitored for E. coli concentration over time and along depth. Real municipal wastewater was used in this case as source of fecal contamination. Results showed that short- and medium-term effects on topsoil were strongly dependent on the concentration of E. coli in the irrigation water. Limited persistence and no relevant accumulation of the indicator on the grass and in the topsoil were observed. Watering events performed after fecal contamination did not influence significantly the decay in the topsoil, which followed a log-linear model. The trend of the E. coli concentrations in the leaching of the soil columns followed a log-linear model as well, suggesting bacterial decay as the dominant mechanism affecting the underground indicator{\textquoteright}s concentration.}, keywords = {Agricultural soil, Escherichia coli, Fecal contamination, Irrigation, wastewater, Water reuse}, issn = {18792448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.001}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.001}, author = {Vergine, P and Saliba, R and Salerno, C and Laera, G and Berardi, G and Pollice, A} } @article {7077, title = {Fate of the fecal indicator {Escherichia} coli in irrigation with partially treated wastewater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {85}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {66{\textendash}73}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.001}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135415301524}, author = {Vergine, P. and Saliba, R. and Salerno, C. and Laera, G. and Berardi, G. and Pollice, A.} } @article {5515, title = {{Feline calicivirus, murine norovirus, porcine sapovirus, and tulane virus survival on postharvest lettuce}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {5085{\textendash}5092}, abstract = {Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses, with an increasing number of outbreaks associated with leafy greens. Because HuNoV cannot be routinely cultured, culturable feline calicivirus (FCV), murine norovirus (MNV), porcine sapovirus (SaV), and Tulane virus (TV) have been used as surrogates. These viruses are generated in different cell lines as infected cell lysates, which may differentially affect their stability. Our objective was to uniformly compare the survival of these viruses on postharvest lettuce while evaluating the effects of cell lysates on their survival. Viruses were semipurified from cell lysates by ultrafiltration or ultracentrifugation followed by resuspension in sterile water. Virus survival was examined before and after semipurification: in suspension at room temperature (RT) until day 28 and on lettuce leaves stored at RT for 3 days or at 4{\textdegree}C for 7 and 14 days. In suspension, both methods significantly enhanced the survival of all viruses. On lettuce, the survival of MNV in cell lysates was similar to that in water, under all storage conditions. In contrast, the survival of FCV, SaV, and TV was differentially enhanced, under different storage conditions, by removing cell lysates. Following semipurification, viruses showed similar persistence to each other on lettuce stored under all conditions, with the exception of ultracentrifugation-purified FCV, which showed a higher inactivation rate than MNV at 4{\textdegree}C for 14 days. In conclusion, the presence of cell lysates in viral suspensions underestimated the survivability of these surrogate viruses, while viral semipurification revealed similar survivabilities on postharvest lettuce leaves.}, issn = {10985336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00558-15}, author = {Esseili, Malak A. and Saif, Linda J. and Farkas, Tibor and Wang, Qiuhong} } @article {5576, title = {{Feline Calicivirus, Murine Norovirus, Porcine Sapovirus, and Tulane Virus Survival on Postharvest Lettuce}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {5085{\textendash}5092}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00558-15}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/lookup/doi/10.1128/AEM.00558-15}, author = {Esseili, Malak A. and Saif, Linda J. and Farkas, Tibor and Wang, Qiuhong} } @article {1731, title = {Field study of fecal excretion as a decision support tool in response to silent reintroduction of wild-type poliovirus 1 into Israel}, journal = {J Clin Virol}, volume = {66}, year = {2015}, note = {Moran-Gilad, Jacob Mendelson, Ella Burns, Cara C Bassal, Ravit Gdalevich, Michael Sofer, Danit Oberste, M Steven Shulman, Lester M Kaliner, Ehud Hindiye, Musa Mor, Orna Shahar, Liora Iber, Jane Yishay, Ruth Manor, Joseph Lev, Boaz Gamzu, Ronni Grotto, Itamar Netherlands Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology J Clin Virol. 2015 May;66:51-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.03.005. Epub 2015 Mar 10.}, pages = {51-5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Israel has used an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)-only schedule since 2005 (95\% coverage). Silent reintroduction of wild type poliovirus 1 (WPV1) into Israel in early 2013 was detected in Southern Israel via routine environmental surveillance without clinical cases. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the rate of WPV1 excretion by age and residence and inform decision-making regarding supplemental immunization with OPV. STUDY DESIGN: A convenience sample of Bedouin and Jewish residential areas in the epicenter of the incident, focusing on under 8 year-olds who not previously given OPV. Fecal samples were directly tested for WPV1 RNA using a novel qRT-PCR assay. Positive samples were confirmed by gold standard cell culture and subject to genotyping. RESULTS: Overall, 2196 non-duplicate fecal samples were collected and analyzed. WPV1 was detected in 61 samples (2.8\%), 55 of which (90.2\%) were from Bedouins. WPV1 excretion rates were 5.4\% among Bedouins and 0.6\% among Jewish individuals. Respective age-specific rates among Bedouin and Jewish children were 4.9\% and 0.2\% for 0-2 years and 7.2\% and 1.7\% for 2-8 years. Molecular testing had 89.5\% sensitivity (higher than culture) and 100\% specificity. CONCLUSION: The rapid performance of a field study to evaluate WPV1 excretion unequivocally demonstrated substantial WPV1 infection rates among children under 8 years in Southern Israel, thus informing the decision to vaccinate this age group with bOPV and risk communication to both healthcare personnel and the public. Rapid development and implementation of molecular screening can thus underpin risk assessment and management in complex epidemiological situations.}, issn = {1873-5967 (Electronic) 1386-6532 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcv.2015.03.005 S1386-6532(15)00082-7 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25866337}, author = {Moran-Gilad, J. and Mendelson, E. and Burns, C. C. and Bassal, R. and Gdalevich, M. and Sofer, D. and Oberste, M. S. and Shulman, L. M. and Kaliner, E. and Hindiye, M. and Mor, O. and Shahar, L. and Iber, J. and Yishay, R. and Manor, J. and Lev, B. and Gamzu, R. and Grotto, I.} } @article {7490, title = {Final report: {Impact} evaluation of community-led total sanitation ({CLTS}) in rural {Mali}}, year = {2015}, url = {http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/CLTS_impact_eval_Mali_final_report.pdf}, author = {Pickering, Amy Janel and Djebbari, Habiba and Carolina Lopez, CEDLAS and Lopera, Maria Adelaida} } @article {3086, title = {The first detection of {Echinococcus} multilocularis {DNA} in environmental fruit, vegetable, and mushroom samples using nested {PCR}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {114}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {4023{\textendash}4029}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to estimate the presence of Echinococcus multilocularis DNA in fruits, vegetables, and mushrooms in rural areas of Varmia-Masuria Province, Poland, which is the region with the highest number of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) cases in this country. Recovery tests showed that E. multilocularis DNA is detectable in samples contaminated with at least 100 eggs of this tapeworm. In total, 103 environmental fruit, vegetable, and mushroom samples collected in forests, plantations, and kitchen gardens were analyzed using nested PCR assay based on the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. The parasite DNA was detected in 23.3\% of the samples. Sequencing confirmed that the obtained PCR products represented E. multilocularis. This study is the first environmental survey of the presence of E. multilocularis DNA in fruits, vegetables, and mushrooms intended for consumption. The results clearly demonstrate that it may be a direct source of human infections and shows the need to educate the public about the threat, especially people living in at-risk areas.}, keywords = {Echinococcus multiloccularis, Eggs, environment, Fruits, Mushrooms, PCR, Vegetables}, issn = {1432-1955}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-015-4630-9}, author = {Lass, Anna and Szostakowska, Beata and Myjak, Przemys{\l}aw and Korzeniewski, Krzysztof} } @article {2794, title = {First Detection of Human Papillomaviruses and Human Polyomaviruses in River Waters in Italy}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {309-15}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {assay ASSAYS detection DNA Environment FUTURE human ILLNESS INFECTION INFECTIONS Italy Merkel cell polyomavirus pathogens PCR Polyomavirus PREVENTION Primary Prevention REAL-TIME PCR RIVER River water Rivers Rome SAMPLES Sequencing Skin SURFACE surface wa}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26049729}, author = {Iaconelli, M and Petricca, S and S Della Libera and Di Bonito, P and La Rosa, G} } @article {2800, title = {First detection of Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses in swimming pool waters: unrecognized recreational water-related pathogens?}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {116}, year = {2015}, pages = {1683-91}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {detection Swimming WATERS water}, author = {La Rosa, G. and S Della Libera and Petricca, S. and Aconelli, M. and iancesco, R. and Paradiso, R. and Semproni, M. and Di Bonito, P. and Bonadonna, L.} } @booklet {3431, title = {{Five Keys to Safer Food.}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe}, address = {Copenhagen}, author = {EURO, WHO} } @booklet {3556, title = {Five {Keys} to {Safer} {Food}.}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe}, address = {Copenhagen}, author = {EURO, WHO} } @inbook {4682, title = {{Foodborne apicomplexan protozoa: Coccidia}}, booktitle = {Foodborne parasites in the food supply web: Occurrence and control.}, year = {2015}, pages = {101{\textendash}148}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, author = {Gajadhar, AA and Lalonde, LF and Al-Adhami and Singh, BB and Lobanov, V}, editor = {Gajadhar, AA} } @mastersthesis {6356, title = {Fostering embodied coherence: {A} study of the relationship between learners{\textquoteright} physical actions and mathematical cognition}, year = {2015}, note = {3720420}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {When students first learn properties of number (e.g., order, magnitude, and basic arithmetic), they do so with respect to natural numbers. Learning fractions, however, necessitates recalibration of previously developed integer schemas (Gelman \& Williams, 1998; Fuson, 2009). For example, when one multiplies two positive integers, their product is greater than either of them, but when one multiplies proper fractions, the reverse is true. Faced with such contradictions many students discard their emerging intuitions about number and instead rely on memorizing rules and procedural algorithms (Freudenthal, 1985). Consequently, they fail to develop a grounded, connected understanding of fractions and, perhaps worse yet, become discouraged from or unable to engage with more advanced mathematics (Ma, 2000; NCTM, 2000; Wilensky, 1993). To date, pedagogical efforts to improve students{\textquoteright} understanding of fractions complement the introduction of fraction notation and algorithms with activities in which students are guided to create or transform objects such as diagrammatic figures or blocks in order to see, appreciate, and articulate relationships between unit wholes and constituent unit parts. The rationale is to ground otherwise rote operations on symbols in direct actions on objects. While such experiences have proven effective for many learners, national assessments suggest that more work is still needed. My dissertation adopts an embodied cognition perspective (Barsalou, 1999; Glenberg, 1997; Lakoff \& Nunez, 2000) in order to examine the challenges and opportunities that students encounter when participating in artifact-mediated fraction instruction. In adopting this theoretical framework, I attempt to identify possible tensions between: (a) learners{\textquoteright} physically embodied, multi-modal, goal-oriented actions; (b) meanings that the learners assign to novel semiotic forms the instructor introduces as symbolizing these actions (Abrahamson, 2009); and (c) the conceptual foundations that we attempt to build learners{\textquoteright} initial understanding of fractions upon. Taking a design-based research approach (Brown, 1992), I developed Water Works , a novel activity sequence involving the iteration of measured volumes of water into a vessel. In its pedagogical rationale, Water Works bears some similarity to the Elkonin-Davydov approach to teaching natural numbers as well as curricular designs favoring the number line (e.g., Carraher, 1993; Kalchman, Moss, \& Case, 2000). The design begins by presenting students with a "whole" (e.g., one-cup) and labeled unit parts (e.g., 1{\textfractionsolidus}2, 1{\textfractionsolidus}4 cups, each marked with a corresponding symbol). Students are guided to engage in a set of activities of filling the one-cup. They are to make sense of part-to-whole fractional relationships and fraction arithmetic in terms of observable and reversible physical actions (Piaget, 1971). Vitally, Water Works has been designed to foster coherence between learners{\textquoteright} pre-existing schemas for whole number and emerging understanding of fraction arithmetic by preserving one-to-one correspondence between learners{\textquoteright} physical actions and the resulting mathematical outcomes. For example, the arithmetic operation 4 x 1{\textfractionsolidus}4 is enacted as four physical iterations of a 1{\textfractionsolidus}4 cup of water. The resulting product{\textendash}both multiplicative and literal{\textendash}is 1 cup of water that can visually be perceived as 4 times greater in magnitude than the original 1{\textfractionsolidus}4 unit measure. Over the course of seven months, students from two 4th grade general-education public-school classrooms (n = 40) participated in a scripted sequence of individually administered problem-solving tasks and written-assessments. Qualitative data from videotaped clinical interviews and quantitative comparisons of written assessments are used to develop a model of artifact-mediated cognitive interaction, and implications are drawn for scaling up this design.}, keywords = {0280:Mathematics education, 0447:Instructional Design, 0456:Pedagogy, 0524:Elementary education, Education, Elementary education, Embodied cognition, Embodied coherence, Fractions, Instructional Design, Mathematics, Mathematics education, Pedagogy}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1725202770?accountid=14270}, author = {Charoenying, Timothy} } @article {11747, title = {{Four additional cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection confirmed by analysis of COX1 gene in Korea}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {53}, year = {2015}, pages = {105{\textendash}108}, author = {Park, S H and Jeon, H K and Kim, J B} } @article {9029, title = {Frequency of hepatitis E and Hepatitis A virus in water sample collected from Faisalabad, Pakistan}, journal = {Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {22}, year = {2015}, pages = {661{\textendash}664}, author = {Ahmad, T and Anjum, S and Zaidi, NS and Ali, A and Afzal, M.S. and Arshad, N.} } @article {2812, title = {From the monovalent to the nine-valent HPV vaccine}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {21}, number = {pii: S1198-743X(15)00438-3.}, year = {2015}, pages = {827-33}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Algorithms Austria cancer DISEASE DISEASES human INFECTION INFECTIONS male Papillomavirus PERSISTENT INFECTION PREVENTION PROTECTION screening VACCINATION VACCINE VACCINES Warts}, doi = {doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.05.001}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25980355}, author = {Pils, S. and Joura, E.A.} } @article {2515, title = {G1P[8] species A rotavirus over 27 years{\textendash}pre- and post-vaccination eras{\textendash}in Brazil: full genomic constellation analysis and no evidence for selection pressure by Rotarix{\textregistered} vaccine.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {30}, year = {2015}, pages = {206-218}, abstract = {

Epidemiological data on species A rotavirus {(RVA)} infections have demonstrated the genetic diversity of strains circulating worldwide. Many G and P genotype combinations have been described over the years, varying regionally and temporally, especially in developing countries. However, the most common G and P genotype combinations identified in {RVA} human strains worldwide are {G1P[8],} {G2P[4],} {G3P[8],} {G4P[8]} and {G9P[8].} {RVA} genotype {G1P[8]} strains are responsible for more than 50\% of child infections worldwide and component of the two vaccines {(Rotarix\&\#xAE;} {[RV1]} and {RotaTeq\&\#xAE;} {[RV5])} licensed globally. For a better understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of this genotype in Brazil, phylogenetic analyses based on the 11 {RVA} genome segments (genomic constellation) from 90 {G1P[8]} {RVA} strains collected in two eras - (i) pre-vaccination with {RV1} {(1996-February} 2006); (ii) post-vaccination {(March} 2006-2013) - in different Brazilian states were performed. The results showed the Wa-like genomic constellation of the Brazilian {G1P[8]} strains with a {I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1} specificity, except for two strains (rj14055-07 and ba19030-10) that belong to a {I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T3-E1-H1} genomic constellation, evidencing the occurrence of reassortment {(Wa-like\&\#xD7;AU-1-like)} of the {NSP3} gene. Reassortment events were also demonstrated between Brazilian {G1P[8]} strains and the {RV1} vaccine strain in some genes in vaccinated and unvaccinated children. {VP7} and {VP8*} antigenic site analysis showed that the amino acid substitutions observed in samples collected after the introduction of {RV1} in Brazil were already detected in samples collected in the 1980s and 1990s, suggesting that mass Brazilian {RV1} vaccination had no impact on the diversity observed inside antigenic sites for these two proteins.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.030}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.030}, author = {Silva, Marcelle F and Rose, Tatiana L and G{\'o}mez, Mariela M and Carvalho-Costa, Filipe A and Fialho, Alexandre M and Assis, Rosane M and Andrade, Juliana da S and Eduardo M Volot{\~a}o and Leite, Jos{\'e} P P} } @article {3653, title = {G1P[8] species {A} rotavirus over 27 years{\textendash}pre- and post-vaccination eras{\textendash}in {Brazil}: full genomic constellation analysis and no evidence for selection pressure by {Rotarix}{\textregistered} vaccine.}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {30}, year = {2015}, pages = {206{\textendash}218}, author = {Da Silva, MF and Rose, TL and Gomez, MM and Carvalho-Costa, FA and Fialho, AM and Assis, RM and Andrade, Jda S and Volot{\~a}o, Ede M and Leite, JP} } @article {5076, title = {Genetic analysis and characterization of wild poliovirus type 1 during sustained transmission in a population with >95\% vaccine coverage, {Israel} 2013}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {60}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {1057{\textendash}1064}, doi = {10.1093/cid/ciu1136}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/60/7/1057/361213/Genetic-Analysis-and-Characterization-of-Wild}, author = {Shulman, LM and Martin, J and Sofer, D and Burns, CC and Manor, Y and Hindiyeh, M and Gavrilin, E and Wilton, T and Moran-Gilad, J and Gamzo, R and Mendelson, E and Grotto, I and Chen, Q and Dybdahl-Sissoko, N and Iber, J and Mandelbaum, M and Oberste, S and Penaranda, S and Rogers, S and Agabiev, I and Alfandari, J and Azar, R and Halmut, T and Indenbaum, V and Mandelbaum, M and Michaeli, M and Mor, O and Perepliotchikov, Y and Rom, D and Silberstein, I and Weil, M and Anis, E and Kaliner, E and Kopel, E and Singer-Shepherd, R and Dunn, G and Li, L and Pfeifer, D} } @article {15032, title = {Genetic analysis and characterization of wild poliovirus type 1 during sustained transmission in a population with {\textbackslash}textgreater95\% vaccine coverage, {Israel} 2013}, journal = {Clin Infect Dis}, volume = {60}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {1057{\textendash}1064}, author = {Shulman, LM and Martin, J and Sofer, D and Burns, CC and Manor, Y and Hindiyeh, M and Gavrilin, E and Wilton, T and Moran-Gilad, J and Gamzo, R and Mendelson, E and Grotto, I} } @article {4715, title = {{Genetic similarities between Cyclospora cayetanensis and cecum-infecting avian Eimeria spp. in apicoplast and mitochondrial genomes}}, journal = {Parasit Vectors}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {358}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-015-0966-3.}, author = {Tang, K and Guo, Y and Zhang, L and Rowe, LA and Roellig, DM and Frace, MA and Li, N and Liu, S and Feng, Y and Xiao, L} } @inbook {4011, title = {{Giardiasis: a zoonotic infection or not?}}, booktitle = {Zoonoses-infections affecting humans and animals}, year = {2015}, pages = {821{\textendash}848}, publisher = {Springer Wien}, organization = {Springer Wien}, address = {New York}, author = {Cacci{\`o}, SM}, editor = {Sing, A} } @article {12623, title = {Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance}, year = {2015}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @article {5810, title = {{Global Distribution and Prevalence of Arcobacter in Food and Water.}}, journal = {Zoonoses and Public Health}, volume = {62}, year = {2015}, pages = {579-589}, author = {Hsu, T-T D and Lee, J} } @article {14327, title = {Global {Distribution} and {Prevalence} of {Arcobacter} in {Food} and {Water}.}, journal = {Zoonoses and public health}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a}, author = {Hsu, T-T D and Lee, J} } @article {7158, title = {Global epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in young adults and adults: a systematic review}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-015-1591-y}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/15/255}, author = {Diaz-Valencia, Paula A and Bougn{\`e}res, Pierre and Valleron, Alain-Jacques} } @article {15999, title = {{Global implementation of two shared socioeconomic pathways for future sanitation and wastewater flows}}, journal = {Water Science {\&} Technology}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {227}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, abstract = {Households are an important source of nutrient loading to surface water. Sewage systems without or with only primary wastewater treatment are major polluters of surface water. Future emission levels will depend on population growth, urbanisation, increases in income and investments in sanitation, sewage systems and wastewater treatment plants. This study presents the results for two possible shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). SSP1 is a scenario that includes improvement of wastewater treatment and SSP3 does not include such improvement, with fewer investments and a higher population growth. The main drivers for the nutrient emission model are population growth, income growth and urbanisation. Under the SSP1 scenario, 5.7 billion people will be connected to a sewage system and for SSP3 this is 5 billion. Nitrogen and phosphorus emissions increase by about 70{\%} under both SSP scenarios, with the largest increase in SSP1. South Asia and Africa have the largest emission increases, in the developed countries decrease the nutrient emissions. The higher emission level poses a risk to ecosystem services.}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2014.498}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wst.2014.498}, author = {van Puijenbroek, P. J. T. M. and Bouwman, A. F. and Beusen, A. H. W. and Lucas, P. L.} } @article {464, title = {A global indicator of wastewater treatment to inform the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy}, volume = {48}, year = {2015}, pages = {172 - 185}, abstract = {Abstract This paper assessed an effort to create an indicator of global wastewater treatment performance to inform environmental performance and sustainable development. We compiled wastewater treatment statistics for 183 countries and constructed a first-of-its-kind global indicator for wastewater treatment performance. Although reporting definitions are inconsistent across countries, we preliminarily concluded that wastewater performance trends vary globally, regionally, and by income. Overall, the lack of consistent definitions, reporting protocols, and a central custodian for wastewater treatment data are main reasons for many challenges we confronted in constructing comparable performance measures. We suggest a standardized definition of wastewater treatment aimed at the utility level, which could be normalized and aggregated to reflect national performance. U.N. negotiators, who are designing a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for water that includes a metric on wastewater treatment, must consider these issues if countries are to be successful in managing wastewater and ultimately, water quality.}, keywords = {Sustainable Development Goals}, issn = {1462-9011}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.01.005}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901115000076}, author = {Omar A. Malik and Angel Hsu and Laura A. Johnson and Alex de Sherbinin} } @article {16084, title = {Global Morbidity and Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop DisPLoS Negl Trop DisPLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, month = {Sep}, pages = {e0003898}, edition = {2015/09/18}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Costa, F. and Hagan, J. E. and Calcagno, J. and Kane, M. and Torgerson, P. and Martinez-Silveira, M. S. and Stein, C. and Abela-Ridder, B. and Ko, A. I.} } @article {15979, title = {{Global occurrence and emission of rotaviruses to surface waters}}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Group A rotaviruses (RV) are the major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children globally. Waterborne transmission of RV and the presence of RV in water sources are of major public health importance. In this paper, we present the Global Waterborne Pathogen model for RV (GloWPa-Rota model) to estimate the global distribution of RV emissions to surface water. To our knowledge, this is the first model to do so. We review the literature to estimate three RV specific variables for the model: incidence, excretion rate and removal during wastewater treatment. We estimate total global RV emissions to be 2 {\texttimes} 10 18 viral particles/grid/year, of which 87{\%} is produced by the urban population. Hotspot regions with high RV emissions are urban areas in densely populated parts of the world, such as Bangladesh and Nigeria, while low emissions are found in rural areas in North Russia and the Australian desert. Even for industrialized regions with high population density and without tertiary treatment, such as the UK, substantial emissions are estimated. Modeling exercises like the one presented in this paper provide unique opportunities to further study these emissions to surface water, their sources and scenarios for improved management.}, keywords = {Contamination, Emission, Feces, Global, Modeling, rotavirus, sanitation, Sewage}, issn = {20760817}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens4020229}, author = {Kiulia, N.M. and Hofstra, N. and Vermeulen, L.C. and Obara, M.A. and Medema, G. and Rose, J.B.} } @article {16693, title = {Global occurrence and emission of rotaviruses to surface waters}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {26}, author = {Kiulia, N. M., N. Hofstra, L. C. Vermeulen, M. A. Obara, G. Medema and Rose, J. B.} } @article {3905, title = {Global occurrence and emission of rotaviruses to surface waters.}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {229{\textendash}255}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens4020229}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens4020229}, author = {Kiulia, Nicholas M and Hofstra, Nynke and Vermeulen, Lucie C and Obara, Maureen A and Medema, Gertjan and Rose, Joan B} } @article {14698, title = {Global reemergence of enterovirus {D}68 as an important pathogen for acute respiratory infections}, journal = {Rev Med Virol}, volume = {25}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {102{\textendash}14}, abstract = {We previously detected enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in children with severe acute respiratory infections in the Philippines in 2008-2009. Since then, the detection frequency of EV-D68 has increased in different parts of the world, and EV-D68 is now recognized as a reemerging pathogen. However, the epidemiological profile and clinical significance of EV-D68 is yet to be defined, and the virological characteristics of EV-D68 are not fully understood. Recent studies have revealed that EV-D68 is detected among patients with acute respiratory infections of differing severities ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe pneumonia including fatal cases in pediatric and adult patients. In some study sites, the EV-D68 detection rate was higher among patients with lower respiratory tract infections than among those with upper respiratory tract infections, suggesting that EV-D68 infections are more likely to be associated with severe respiratory illnesses. EV-D68 strains circulating in recent years have been divided into three distinct genetic lineages with different antigenicity. However, the association between genetic differences and disease severity, as well as the occurrence of large-scale outbreaks, remains elusive. Previous studies have revealed that EV-D68 is acid sensitive and has an optimal growth temperature of 33 degrees C. EV-D68 binds to alpha2,6-linked sialic acids; hence, it is assumed that it has an affinity for the upper respiratory track where these glycans are present. However, the lack of suitable animal model constrains comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of EV-D68.}, keywords = {Animal, Animals, Communicable Diseases, Disease Models, Emerging/*epidemiology/mortality/pathology/*virology, Enterovirus D, Enterovirus Infections/*epidemiology/mortality/pathology/*virology, Genetic Variation, genotype, Global Health, Human/classification/genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \&, Humans, purification, Receptors, Respiratory Tract Infections/*epidemiology/mortality/pathology/*virology, Sialic Acids/metabolism, Temperature, Virus Cultivation, Virus/metabolism}, issn = {1099-1654 (Electronic) 1052-9276 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.1820}, author = {Imamura, T. and Oshitani, H.} } @article {14993, title = {Global reemergence of enterovirus {D}68 as an important pathogen for acute respiratory infections}, journal = {Rev Med Virol}, volume = {25}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {102{\textendash}14}, abstract = {We previously detected enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in children with severe acute respiratory infections in the Philippines in 2008-2009. Since then, the detection frequency of EV-D68 has increased in different parts of the world, and EV-D68 is now recognized as a reemerging pathogen. However, the epidemiological profile and clinical significance of EV-D68 is yet to be defined, and the virological characteristics of EV-D68 are not fully understood. Recent studies have revealed that EV-D68 is detected among patients with acute respiratory infections of differing severities ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe pneumonia including fatal cases in pediatric and adult patients. In some study sites, the EV-D68 detection rate was higher among patients with lower respiratory tract infections than among those with upper respiratory tract infections, suggesting that EV-D68 infections are more likely to be associated with severe respiratory illnesses. EV-D68 strains circulating in recent years have been divided into three distinct genetic lineages with different antigenicity. However, the association between genetic differences and disease severity, as well as the occurrence of large-scale outbreaks, remains elusive. Previous studies have revealed that EV-D68 is acid sensitive and has an optimal growth temperature of 33 degrees C. EV-D68 binds to alpha2,6-linked sialic acids; hence, it is assumed that it has an affinity for the upper respiratory track where these glycans are present. However, the lack of suitable animal model constrains comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of EV-D68.}, keywords = {Animal, Animals, Communicable Diseases, Disease Models, Emerging/*epidemiology/mortality/pathology/*virology, Enterovirus D, Enterovirus Infections/*epidemiology/mortality/pathology/*virology, Genetic Variation, genotype, Global Health, Human/classification/genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \&, Humans, purification, Receptors, Respiratory Tract Infections/*epidemiology/mortality/pathology/*virology, Sialic Acids/metabolism, Temperature, Virus Cultivation, Virus/metabolism}, issn = {1099-1654 (Electronic) 1052-9276 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.1820}, author = {Imamura, T. and Oshitani, H.} } @article {5058, title = {Global reemergence of enterovirus {D}68 as an important pathogen for acute respiratory infections}, journal = {Reviews in Medical Virology}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {102{\textendash}114}, author = {Imamura, T and Oshitani, H} } @article {3110, title = {Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years ({DALYs}) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy ({HALE}) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {386}, number = {10009}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {2145{\textendash}2191}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. METHODS: We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95\% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95\% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. FINDINGS: Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6{\textperiodcentered}2 years (95\% UI 5{\textperiodcentered}6-6{\textperiodcentered}6), from 65{\textperiodcentered}3 years (65{\textperiodcentered}0-65{\textperiodcentered}6) in 1990 to 71{\textperiodcentered}5 years (71{\textperiodcentered}0-71{\textperiodcentered}9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5{\textperiodcentered}4 years (4{\textperiodcentered}9-5{\textperiodcentered}8), from 56{\textperiodcentered}9 years (54{\textperiodcentered}5-59{\textperiodcentered}1) to 62{\textperiodcentered}3 years (59{\textperiodcentered}7-64{\textperiodcentered}8), total DALYs fell by 3{\textperiodcentered}6\% (0{\textperiodcentered}3-7{\textperiodcentered}4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26{\textperiodcentered}7\% (24{\textperiodcentered}6-29{\textperiodcentered}1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non-communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50\% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10\% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. INTERPRETATION: Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition{\textendash}in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden{\textendash}is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.}, keywords = {Aged, Chronic Disease, Communicable Diseases, Female, Global Health, Health Transition, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Premature, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Socioeconomic Factors, Wounds and Injuries}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-X}, author = {Murray, Christopher J. L. and Barber, Ryan M. and Foreman, Kyle J. and Ayse A Ozgoren and Abd-Allah, Foad and Abera, Semaw F. and Aboyans, Victor and Abraham, Jerry P. and Abubakar, Ibrahim and Abu-Raddad, Laith J. and Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. and Achoki, Tom and Ackerman, Ilana N. and Ademi, Zanfina and Adou, Ars{\`e}ne K. and Adsuar, Jos{\'e} C. and Afshin, Ashkan and Agardh, Emilie E. and Alam, Sayed Saidul and Alasfoor, Deena and Albittar, Mohammed I. and Alegretti, Miguel A. and Alemu, Zewdie A. and Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael and Alhabib, Samia and Ali, Raghib and Alla, Fran{\c c}ois and Allebeck, Peter and Almazroa, Mohammad A. and Alsharif, Ubai and Alvarez, Elena and Alvis-Guzm{\'a}n, Nelson and Amare, Azmeraw T. and Ameh, Emmanuel A. and Amini, Heresh and Ammar, Walid and Anderson, H. Ross and Anderson, Benjamin O. and Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. and Anwari, Palwasha and Arnl{\"o}v, Johan and Arsic Arsenijevic, Valentina S. and Artaman, Al and Asghar, Rana J. and Assadi, Reza and Atkins, Lydia S. and Avila, Marco A. and Awuah, Baffour and Bachman, Victoria F. and Badawi, Alaa and Bahit, Maria C. and Balakrishnan, Kalpana and Banerjee, Amitava and Barker-Collo, Suzanne L. and Barquera, Simon and Barregard, Lars and Barrero, Lope H. and Basu, Arindam and Basu, Sanjay and Basulaiman, Mohammed O. and Beardsley, Justin and Bedi, Neeraj and Beghi, Ettore and Bekele, Tolesa and Bell, Michelle L. and Benjet, Corina and Bennett, Derrick A. and Bensenor, Isabela M. and Benzian, Habib and Bernab{\'e}, Eduardo and Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia and Beyene, Tariku J. and Bhala, Neeraj and Bhalla, Ashish and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. and Bienhoff, Kelly and Bikbov, Boris and Biryukov, Stan and Blore, Jed D. and Blosser, Christopher D. and Blyth, Fiona M. and Bohensky, Megan A. and Bolliger, Ian W. and Bora Ba{\c s}ara, Berrak and Bornstein, Natan M. and Bose, Dipan and Boufous, Soufiane and Bourne, Rupert R. A. and Boyers, Lindsay N. and Brainin, Michael and Brayne, Carol E. and Brazinova, Alexandra and Breitborde, Nicholas J. K. and Brenner, Hermann and Briggs, Adam D. and Brooks, Peter M. and Brown, Jonathan C. and Brugha, Traolach S. and Buchbinder, Rachelle and Buckle, Geoffrey C. and Budke, Christine M. and Bulchis, Anne and Bulloch, Andrew G. and Campos-Nonato, Ismael R. and Carabin, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Carapetis, Jonathan R. and C{\'a}rdenas, Rosario and Carpenter, David O. and Caso, Valeria and Casta{\~n}eda-Orjuela, Carlos A. and Castro, Ruben E. and Catal{\'a}-L{\'o}pez, Ferr{\'a}n and Cavalleri, Fiorella and {\c C}avlin, Alanur and Chadha, Vineet K. and Chang, Jung-Chen and Charlson, Fiona J. and Chen, Honglei and Chen, Wanqing and Chiang, Peggy P. and Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel and Chowdhury, Rajiv and Christensen, Hanne and Christophi, Costas A. and Cirillo, Massimo and Coates, Matthew M. and Coffeng, Luc E. and Coggeshall, Megan S. and Colistro, Valentina and Colquhoun, Samantha M. and Cooke, Graham S. and Cooper, Cyrus and Cooper, Leslie T. and Coppola, Luis M. and Cortinovis, Monica and Criqui, Michael H. and Crump, John A. and Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia and Danawi, Hadi and Dandona, Lalit and Dandona, Rakhi and Dansereau, Emily and Dargan, Paul I. and Davey, Gail and Davis, Adrian and Davitoiu, Dragos V. and Dayama, Anand and De Leo, Diego and Degenhardt, Louisa and Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja and Dellavalle, Robert P. and Deribe, Kebede and Derrett, Sarah and Des Jarlais, Don C. and Dessalegn, Muluken and Dharmaratne, Samath D. and Dherani, Mukesh K. and Diaz-Torn{\'e}, Cesar and Dicker, Daniel and Ding, Eric L. and Dokova, Klara and Dorsey, E. Ray and Driscoll, Tim R. and Duan, Leilei and Duber, Herbert C. and Ebel, Beth E. and Edmond, Karen M. and Elshrek, Yousef M. and Endres, Matthias and Ermakov, Sergey P. and Erskine, Holly E. and Eshrati, Babak and Esteghamati, Alireza and Estep, Kara and Faraon, Emerito Jose A. and Farzadfar, Farshad and Fay, Derek F. and Feigin, Valery L. and Felson, David T. and Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad and Fernandes, Jefferson G. and Ferrari, Alize J. and Fitzmaurice, Christina and Flaxman, Abraham D. and Fleming, Thomas D. and Foigt, Nataliya and Forouzanfar, Mohammad H. and Fowkes, F. Gerry R. and Paleo, Urbano Fra and Franklin, Richard C. and F{\"u}rst, Thomas and Gabbe, Belinda and Gaffikin, Lynne and Gankp{\'e}, Fortun{\'e} G. and Geleijnse, Johanna M. and Gessner, Bradford D. and Gething, Peter and Gibney, Katherine B. and Giroud, Maurice and Giussani, Giorgia and Gomez Dantes, Hector and Gona, Philimon and Gonz{\'a}lez-Medina, Diego and Gosselin, Richard A. and Gotay, Carolyn C. and Goto, Atsushi and Gouda, Hebe N. and Graetz, Nicholas and Gugnani, Harish C. and Gupta, Rahul and Gupta, Rajeev and Guti{\'e}rrez, Reyna A. and Haagsma, Juanita and Hafezi-Nejad, Nima and Hagan, Holly and Halasa, Yara A. and Hamadeh, Randah R. and Hamavid, Hannah and Hammami, Mouhanad and Hancock, Jamie and Hankey, Graeme J. and Hansen, Gillian M. and Hao, Yuantao and Harb, Hilda L. and Haro, Josep Maria and Havmoeller, Rasmus and Hay, Simon I. and Hay, Roderick J. and Heredia-Pi, Ileana B. and Heuton, Kyle R. and Heydarpour, Pouria and Higashi, Hideki and Hijar, Martha and Hoek, Hans W. and Hoffman, Howard J. and Hosgood, H. Dean and Hossain, Mazeda and Hotez, Peter J. and Hoy, Damian G. and Hsairi, Mohamed and Hu, Guoqing and Huang, Cheng and Huang, John J. and Husseini, Abdullatif and Huynh, Chantal and Iannarone, Marissa L. and Iburg, Kim M. and Innos, Kaire and Inoue, Manami and Islami, Farhad and Jacobsen, Kathryn H. and Jarvis, Deborah L. and Jassal, Simerjot K. and Jee, Sun Ha and Jeemon, Panniyammakal and Jensen, Paul N. and Jha, Vivekanand and Jiang, Guohong and Jiang, Ying and Jonas, Jost B. and Juel, Knud and Kan, Haidong and Karch, Andr{\'e} and Karema, Corine K. and Karimkhani, Chante and Karthikeyan, Ganesan and Kassebaum, Nicholas J. and Kaul, Anil and Kawakami, Norito and Kazanjan, Konstantin and Kemp, Andrew H. and Kengne, Andre P. and Keren, Andre and Khader, Yousef S. and Khalifa, Shams Eldin A. and Khan, Ejaz A. and Khan, Gulfaraz and Khang, Young-Ho and Kieling, Christian and Kim, Daniel and Kim, Sungroul and Kim, Yunjin and Kinfu, Yohannes and Kinge, Jonas M. and Kivipelto, Miia and Knibbs, Luke D. and Knudsen, Ann Kristin and Kokubo, Yoshihiro and Kosen, Soewarta and Krishnaswami, Sanjay and Kuate Defo, Barthelemy and Kucuk Bicer, Burcu and Kuipers, Ernst J. and Kulkarni, Chanda and Kulkarni, Veena S. and Kumar, G. Anil and Kyu, Hmwe H. and Lai, Taavi and Lalloo, Ratilal and Lallukka, Tea and Lam, Hilton and Lan, Qing and Lansingh, Van C. and Larsson, Anders and Lawrynowicz, Alicia E. B. and Leasher, Janet L. and Leigh, James and Leung, Ricky and Levitz, Carly E. and Li, Bin and Li, Yichong and Li, Yongmei and Lim, Stephen S. and Lind, Maggie and Lipshultz, Steven E. and Liu, Shiwei and Liu, Yang and Lloyd, Belinda K. and Lofgren, Katherine T. and Logroscino, Giancarlo and Looker, Katharine J. and Lortet-Tieulent, Joannie and Lotufo, Paulo A. and Lozano, Rafael and Lucas, Robyn M. and Lunevicius, Raimundas and Lyons, Ronan A. and Ma, Stefan and Macintyre, Michael F. and Mackay, Mark T. and Majdan, Marek and Malekzadeh, Reza and Marcenes, Wagner and Margolis, David J. and Margono, Christopher and Marzan, Melvin B. and Masci, Joseph R. and Mashal, Mohammad T. and Matzopoulos, Richard and Mayosi, Bongani M. and Mazorodze, Tasara T. and Mcgill, Neil W. and Mcgrath, John J. and Mckee, Martin and Mclain, Abigail and Meaney, Peter A. and Medina, Catalina and Mehndiratta, Man Mohan and Mekonnen, Wubegzier and Melaku, Yohannes A. and Meltzer, Michele and Memish, Ziad A. and Mensah, George A. and Meretoja, Atte and Mhimbira, Francis A. and Micha, Renata and Miller, Ted R. and Mills, Edward J. and Mitchell, Philip B. and Mock, Charles N. and Mohamed Ibrahim, Norlinah and Mohammad, Karzan A. and Mokdad, Ali H. and Mola, Glen L. D. and Monasta, Lorenzo and Monta{\~n}ez Hernandez, Julio C. and Montico, Marcella and Montine, Thomas J. and Mooney, Meghan D. and Moore, Ami R. and Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar and Moran, Andrew E. and Mori, Rintaro and Moschandreas, Joanna and Moturi, Wilkister N. and Moyer, Madeline L. and Mozaffarian, Dariush and Msemburi, William T. and Mueller, Ulrich O. and Mukaigawara, Mitsuru and Mullany, Erin C. and Murdoch, Michele E. and Murray, Joseph and Murthy, Kinnari S. and Naghavi, Mohsen and Naheed, Aliya and Naidoo, Kovin S. and Naldi, Luigi and Nand, Devina and Nangia, Vinay and Narayan, K. M. Venkat and Nejjari, Chakib and Neupane, Sudan P. and Newton, Charles R. and Ng, Marie and Ngalesoni, Frida N. and Nguyen, Grant and Nisar, Muhammad I. and Nolte, Sandra and Norheim, Ole F. and Norman, Rosana E. and Norrving, Bo and Nyakarahuka, Luke and Oh, In-Hwan and Ohkubo, Takayoshi and Ohno, Summer L. and Olusanya, Bolajoko O. and Opio, John Nelson and Ortblad, Katrina and Ortiz, Alberto and Pain, Amanda W. and Pandian, Jeyaraj D. and Panelo, Carlo Irwin A. and Papachristou, Christina and Park, Eun-Kee and Park, Jae-Hyun and Patten, Scott B. and Patton, George C. and Paul, Vinod K. and Pavlin, Boris I. and Pearce, Neil and Pereira, David M. and Perez-Padilla, Rogelio and Perez-Ruiz, Fernando and Perico, Norberto and Pervaiz, Aslam and Pesudovs, Konrad and Peterson, Carrie B. and Petzold, Max and Phillips, Michael R. and Phillips, Bryan K. and Phillips, David E. and Piel, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric B. and Plass, Dietrich and Poenaru, Dan and Polinder, Suzanne and Pope, Daniel and Popova, Svetlana and Poulton, Richie G. and Pourmalek, Farshad and Prabhakaran, Dorairaj and Prasad, Noela M. and Pullan, Rachel L. and Qato, Dima M. and Quistberg, D. Alex and Rafay, Anwar and Rahimi, Kazem and Rahman, Sajjad U. and Raju, Murugesan and Rana, Saleem M. and Razavi, Homie and Reddy, K. Srinath and Refaat, Amany and Remuzzi, Giuseppe and Resnikoff, Serge and Ribeiro, Antonio L. and Richardson, Lee and Richardus, Jan Hendrik and Roberts, D. Allen and Rojas-Rueda, David and Ronfani, Luca and Roth, Gregory A. and Rothenbacher, Dietrich and Rothstein, David H. and Rowley, Jane T. and Roy, Nobhojit and Ruhago, George M. and Saeedi, Mohammad Y. and Saha, Sukanta and Sahraian, Mohammad Ali and Sampson, Uchechukwu K. A. and Sanabria, Juan R. and Sandar, Logan and Santos, Itamar S. and Satpathy, Maheswar and Sawhney, Monika and Scarborough, Peter and Schneider, Ione J. and Sch{\"o}ttker, Ben and Schumacher, Austin E. and Schwebel, David C. and Scott, James G. and Seedat, Soraya and Sepanlou, Sadaf G. and Serina, Peter T. and Servan-Mori, Edson E. and Shackelford, Katya A. and Shaheen, Amira and Shahraz, Saeid and Shamah Levy, Teresa and Shangguan, Siyi and She, Jun and Sheikhbahaei, Sara and Shi, Peilin and Shibuya, Kenji and Shinohara, Yukito and Shiri, Rahman and Shishani, Kawkab and Shiue, Ivy and Shrime, Mark G. and Sigfusdottir, Inga D. and Silberberg, Donald H. and Simard, Edgar P. and Sindi, Shireen and Singh, Abhishek and Singh, Jasvinder A. and Singh, Lavanya and Skirbekk, Vegard and Slepak, Erica Leigh and Sliwa, Karen and Soneji, Samir and S{\o}reide, Kjetil and Soshnikov, Sergey and Sposato, Luciano A. and Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. and Stanaway, Jeffrey D. and Stathopoulou, Vasiliki and Stein, Dan J. and Stein, Murray B. and Steiner, Caitlyn and Steiner, Timothy J. and Stevens, Antony and Stewart, Andrea and Stovner, Lars J. and Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos and Sunguya, Bruno F. and Swaminathan, Soumya and Swaroop, Mamta and Sykes, Bryan L. and Tabb, Karen M. and Takahashi, Ken and Tandon, Nikhil and Tanne, David and Tanner, Marcel and Tavakkoli, Mohammad and Taylor, Hugh R. and Te Ao, Braden J. and Tediosi, Fabrizio and Temesgen, Awoke M. and Templin, Tara and Ten Have, Margreet and Tenkorang, Eric Y. and Terkawi, Abdullah S. and Thomson, Blake and Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L. and Thrift, Amanda G. and Thurston, George D. and Tillmann, Taavi and Tonelli, Marcello and Topouzis, Fotis and Toyoshima, Hideaki and Traebert, Jefferson and Tran, Bach X. and Trillini, Matias and Truelsen, Thomas and Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis and Tuzcu, Emin M. and Uchendu, Uche S. and Ukwaja, Kingsley N. and Undurraga, Eduardo A. and Uzun, Selen B. and Van Brakel, Wim H. and Van De Vijver, Steven and van Gool, Coen H. and Van Os, Jim and Vasankari, Tommi J. and Venketasubramanian, N. and Violante, Francesco S. and Vlassov, Vasiliy V. and Vollset, Stein Emil and Wagner, Gregory R. and Wagner, Joseph and Waller, Stephen G. and Wan, Xia and Wang, Haidong and Wang, Jianli and Wang, Linhong and Warouw, Tati S. and Weichenthal, Scott and Weiderpass, Elisabete and Weintraub, Robert G. and Wenzhi, Wang and Werdecker, Andrea and Westerman, Ronny and Whiteford, Harvey A. and Wilkinson, James D. and Williams, Thomas N. and Wolfe, Charles D. and Wolock, Timothy M. and Woolf, Anthony D. and Wulf, Sarah and Wurtz, Brittany and Xu, Gelin and Yan, Lijing L. and Yano, Yuichiro and Ye, Pengpeng and Yent{\"u}r, G{\"o}kalp K. and Yip, Paul and Yonemoto, Naohiro and Yoon, Seok-Jun and Younis, Mustafa Z. and Yu, Chuanhua and Zaki, Maysaa E. and Zhao, Yong and Zheng, Yingfeng and Zonies, David and Zou, Xiaonong and Salomon, Joshua A. and Lopez, Alan D. and Vos, Theo} } @book {16770, title = {Greywater Reuse}, year = {2015}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, edition = {1}, address = {Boca Raton, Florida}, issn = {9781482255041}, author = {Gross, A. and Maimon, A. and Alfiya, Y. and Friedler, E.} } @article {5455, title = {{Greywater treatment by the slanted soil system with unsorted soil media}}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {36}, year = {2015}, pages = {2603{\textendash}2609}, author = {Ushijima, K and Tanaka, E and Suzuki, LY and Hijikata, N and Funamizu, N and Ito, R} } @booklet {1924, title = {Guidelines On Environmental Surveillance For Detection Of Polioviruses Working draft -March 2015}, year = {2015}, publisher = {WHO, Dept of Vaccines and Biologicals; http://www.polioeradication.org/Portals/0/Document/Resources/GPLN_publications/GPLN_GuidelinesES_April2015.pdf last accessed 17-05-2015.}, type = {Online Database}, url = {http://www.polioeradication.org/Portals/0/Document/Resources/GPLN_publications/GPLN_GuidelinesES_April2015.pdf}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {3463, title = {{Handwashing with Soap Toolkit.}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {WSP} } @booklet {3697, title = {Handwashing with {Soap} {Toolkit}.}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {WSP} } @article {11061, title = {Health {Effects} {Associated} with {Wastewater} {Treatment}, {Reuse}, and {Disposal}}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {87}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, pages = {1817{\textendash}1848}, issn = {10614303, 15547531}, doi = {10.2175/106143015X14338845156623}, url = {http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/xref?genre=article\&issn=1061-4303\&volume=87\&issue=10\&spage=1817}, author = {Li, Yuan and Qu, Xiaoyan and Yu, Ruoren and Ikehata, Keisuke} } @article {11027, title = {Health implications of increasing reuse of wastewater as an adaption to climate change}, journal = {journal of Environmental Engineering and Ecological Science}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {2}, issn = {2050-1323}, doi = {10.7243/2050-1323-4-2}, url = {http://www.hoajonline.com/jeees/2050-1323/4/2}, author = {Walls, Kelvin} } @article {11028, title = {Health implications of increasing reuse of wastewater as an adaption to climate change}, journal = {journal of Environmental Engineering and Ecological Science}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}7}, issn = {2050-1323}, doi = {10.7243/2050-1323-4-2}, url = {http://www.hoajonline.com/jeees/2050-1323/4/2}, author = {Walls, Kelvin} } @article {11029, title = {Health implications of increasing reuse of wastewater as an adaption to climate change}, journal = {journal of Environmental Engineering and Ecological Science}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}7}, issn = {2050-1323}, doi = {10.7243/2050-1323-4-2}, url = {http://www.hoajonline.com/jeees/2050-1323/4/2}, author = {Walls, Kelvin} } @mastersthesis {13669, title = {{Health risk assessment along wastewater recovery and reuse systems in Kampala, Uganda and Hanoi, Vietnam}}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}252}, school = {University of Basel}, type = {phdPhD thesis}, keywords = {PhD}, url = {http://edoc.unibas.ch/55439}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel} } @mastersthesis {15251, title = {Health risk assessment along wastewater recovery and reuse systems in {Kampala}, {Uganda} and {Hanoi}, {Vietnam}}, year = {2015}, school = {University of Basel}, type = {phd{PhD} thesis}, keywords = {PhD}, url = {http://edoc.unibas.ch/55439}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel} } @article {4070, title = {{Health risk assessment related to waterborne pathogens from the river to the tap}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {2967{\textendash}2983}, author = {Jacob, P and Henry, A and Meheut, G and Charni-Ben-Tabassi, N and Ingrand, V and Helmi, K} } @article {4509, title = {Health risk assessment related to waterborne pathogens from the river to the tap}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {2967{\textendash}83}, issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)}, author = {Jacob, P. and Henry, A. and Meheut, G. and Charni-Ben-Tabassi, N. and Ingrand, V. and Helmi, K.} } @article {1357, title = {Health risk assessment related to waterborne pathogens from the river to the tap}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, note = {Jacob, Pauline Henry, Annabelle Meheut, Gaelle Charni-Ben-Tabassi, Nadine Ingrand, Valerie Helmi, Karim Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Switzerland International journal of environmental research and public health}, pages = {2967-83}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A two-year monitoring program of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Giardia duodenalis cysts, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens spores and adenovirus was conducted in three large rivers in France used for recreational activities and as a resource for drinking water production. Fifty-liter river water and one thousand-liter tap water samples were concentrated using hollow-fiber ultrafiltration and analyzed by molecular biology or laser-scanning cytometry. In order to evaluate watershed land use influence on microorganism concentration changes, occurrence and seasonality of microorganisms were studied. The highest concentrations of protozoan parasites and C. perfringens were found for one of the three sites, showing a high proportion of agricultural territories, forests and semi-natural environments, which may be partly attributable to soil leaching due to rainfall events. On the contrary, the highest concentrations of adenoviruses were found at the two other sites, probably due to strong urban activities. Health risk assessment was evaluated for each waterborne pathogen regarding exposure during recreational activities (for a single or five bathing events during the summer). The calculated risk was lower than 0.5\% for parasites and varied from 1\% to 42\% for adenovirus. A theoretical assessment of microorganism removal during the drinking water treatment process was also performed, and it showed that an absence of microorganisms could be expected in finished drinking water. This hypothesis was confirmed since all tested tap water samples were negative for each studied microorganism, resulting in a risk for drinking water consumption lower than 0.01\% for parasites and lower than 0.5\% for adenovirus.}, issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)}, author = {Jacob, P. and Henry, A. and Meheut, G. and Charni-Ben-Tabassi, N. and Ingrand, V. and Helmi, K.} } @article {6535, title = {Healthy vinton: a health impact assessment focused on water and sanitation in a small rural town on the {US}-{Mexico} border}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {apr}, pages = {3864{\textendash}3888}, abstract = {We conducted a Health Impact Assessment (HIA) focused on water and sanitation in Vinton, TX, a small rural town on the U.S./Mexico Border. We present the Vinton HIA as a case study to inform the practice of HIA in rural limited resource communities with higher than average levels of unemployment and poverty, and limited infrastructure. Household surveys, focus groups, and interviews provided quantitative and qualitative data on water sources and quality, sanitation practices, and community health. We found that some of the current water sources in Vinton did not meet drinking water standards for total dissolved solids and arsenic; the majority of septic tanks were not managed properly; and there was a short-term risk of water scarcity due to prolonged drought in the region. Prevalent ailments reported by participants included stomach problems, diarrhea, and skin problems. These ailments can be related to arsenic and/or biological organisms in water. The positive direct and indirect health impacts of improved water and sanitation in Vinton included: reduced gastrointestinal illnesses and skin disorders; improved water quality, quantity, and pressure; reduced risks from failing septic systems; increased property value; potential economic growth; and enhanced quality of life. The negative direct and indirect impacts included: residents{\textquoteright} initial and monthly costs; increased property taxes; increased debt by local government; and the need for ongoing support from changing elected decision makers. The unique challenges in completing this HIA included: (a) limited available data; (b) a culture of fear and distrust among residents; (c) residents{\textquoteright} lack of education, awareness, and civic discourse regarding water and sanitation issues and their impact on public health; and (d) lack of civic discourse and participation in the democratic process. An important outcome of the HIA was the characterization of local water supplies, which motivated and empowered the community members to become more involved in civic discourse concerning their water supplies. Results are transferable to similar low-income rural communities worldwide where residents are lacking in information about their water supplies and in political "voice".}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph120403864}, author = {Hargrove, William L. and Ju{\'a}rez-Carillo, Patricia M. and Korc, Marcelo} } @article {11448, title = {Helminth Egg Removal Capacity of UASB Reactors under Subtropical Conditions}, journal = {Water}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {2402-2421}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Yaya-Beas, Rosa-Elena and Ayala-Limaylla, Christian and Kujawa-Roeleveld, Katarzyna and van Lier, Jules B and Zeeman, Grietje} } @article {5337, title = {Helminth egg removal capacity of UASB reactors under subtropical conditions}, journal = {Water}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {2402-2421}, author = {Yaya-Beas, RE and Ayala-Limaylla, C and Kujawa-Roeleveld, K and van Lier, JB and Zeeman, G} } @article {11568, title = {{Helminths of grizzly bears ( Ursus arctos ) and American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {93}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, pages = {765{\textendash}772}, abstract = {Between May 2011 and June 2013, we collected the carcasses and gastrointestinal tracts of 40 American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) and 13 grizzly bears (Ursus arctos L., 1758) from populations of Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Specimens were examined for helminths, which were identified to the species level by applying an integrated morphological and molecular approach. Our goal was to investigate parasite biodiversity and infection parameters in the sampled grizzly and black bears. We found seven parasite taxa: Dirofilaria ursi Yamaguti, 1941, Baylisascaris transfuga (Rudolphi, 1819), Uncinaria rauschi Olsen, 1968, Uncinaria yukonensis (Wolfgang, 1956), Taenia arctos Haukisalmi, Lavikainen, Laaksonen and Meri, 2011, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824), and Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense Yamane, Kamo, Bylund and Wikgren, 1986. The statistical significance of infection prevalence, intensity, and abundance for each helminth species was assessed relative to host species, gender,...}, keywords = {Am{\'e}rique du Nord, black bear, grizzli, grizzly bear, North America, ours noir, parasites, Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos, Zoonoses}, issn = {0008-4301}, doi = {10.1139/cjz-2015-0063}, url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjz-2015-0063{\#}.VkCX{\_}dIvfIU}, author = {Catalano, S. and Lejeune, M. and Tizzani, P. and Verocai, G.G. and Schwantje, H. and Nelson, C. and Duignan, P.J.} } @article {5961, title = {{Hepatitis A and E Viruses in Wastewaters, in River Waters, and in Bivalve Molluscs in Italy}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {316{\textendash}324}, author = {Iaconelli, M and Purpari, G and Libera, SD and Petricca, S and Guercio, A and Ciccaglione, AR and Bruni, R and Taffon, S and Equestre, M and Fratini, M and Muscillo, M and La Rosa, G} } @article {9972, title = {{Hepatitis A and E Viruses in Wastewaters, in River Waters, and in Bivalve Molluscs in Italy}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {316{\textendash}324}, publisher = {Springer US}, abstract = {Several studies have reported the detection of hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) virus in sewage waters, indicating a possibility of contamination of aquatic environments. The objective of the present study was to assess the occurrence of HAV and HEV in different water environments, following the route of contamination from raw sewage through treated effluent to the surface waters receiving wastewater discharges . Bivalve molluscan shellfish samples were also analyzed, as sentinel of marine pollution. Samples were tested by RT-PCR nested type in the VP1/2A junction for HAV, and in the ORF1 and ORF2 regions for HEV. Hepatitis A RNA was detected in 12 water samples: 7/21 (33.3{\%}) raw sewage samples, 3/21 (14.3{\%}) treated sewage samples, and 2/27 (7.4{\%}) river water samples. Five sequences were classified as genotype IA, while the remaining 7 sequences belonged to genotype IB. In bivalves, HAV was detected in 13/56 samples (23.2{\%}), 12 genotype IB and one genotype IA. Whether the presence of HAV in the matrices tested indicates the potential for waterborne and foodborne transmission is unknown, since infectivity of the virus was not demonstrated. HEV was detected in one raw sewage sample and in one river sample, both belonging to genotype 3. Sequences were similar to sequences detected previously in Italy in patients with autochthonous HEV (no travel history) and in animals (swine). To our knowledge, this is the first detection of HEV in river waters in Italy, suggesting that surface water can be a potential source for exposure .}, keywords = {Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, Molluscs, PCR genotyping, Rivers, Sewages}, isbn = {1867-0342$\backslash$r1867-0334}, issn = {18670342}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-015-9207-3}, author = {Iaconelli, M. and Purpari, G. and Libera, S. Della and Petricca, S. and Guercio, A. and Ciccaglione, A. R. and Bruni, R. and Taffon, S. and Equestre, M. and Fratini, M. and Muscillo, M. and La Rosa, Giuseppina} } @article {5765, title = {{Hepatitis A Virus and the Origins of Picornaviruses}}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {517}, number = {7532}, year = {2015}, pages = {85{\textendash}88}, doi = {10.1038/nature13806}, author = {Wang, X and Ren, J and Gao, Q and Hu, Z and Sun, Y and Li, X and Rowlands, DJ and Yin, W and Wang, J and Stuart, DI and Rao, Z and Fry, EE} } @article {5680, title = {{Hepatitis A Virus Genotype Distribution During a Decade of Universal Vaccination of Preadolescents}}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {6842{\textendash}6854}, doi = {10.3390/ijms16046842}, author = {D{\textquoteright}Andrea, L and P{\'e}rez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, FJ and de Castellarnau, M and Manzanares, S and Lite, J and Guix, S and Bosch, A and Pinto, RM} } @article {653, title = {Hepatitis E vaccine: WHO position paper, May 2015}, journal = {Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire / Section d{\textquoteright}hygiene du Secretariat de la Societe des Nations = Weekly epidemiological record / Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations}, volume = {90}, number = {18}, year = {2015}, pages = {185-200}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0049-8114}, url = {://MEDLINE:25935931} } @article {2898, title = {{High morphological plasticity and global geographical distribution of the Pacific broad tapeworm Adenocephalus pacificus (syn. Diphyllobothrium pacificum): molecular and morphological survey.}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {149}, year = {2015}, pages = {168{\textendash}178}, abstract = {The most important causative agent of human diphyllobothriosis in South America, Diphyllobothrium pacificum, is transferred to the original genus Adenocephalus Nybelin, 1931; revised and redescribed on the basis of the evaluation of an extensive material collected mainly from northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, from St. Paul Island, Alaska. Detailed analysis of morphological and morphometrical data shows a high variability in most of the characteristics traditionally used in diagnosis of diphyllobothriid tapeworms. Phylogenetic analyses based on newly characterised sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and nuclear large subunit ribosomal {\{}RNA{\}} genes consistently reveal Adenocephalus pacificus as a sister lineage to the clade formed of the remaining Diphyllobothrium species and other genera {\{}(Digramma,{\}} Diplogonoporus, Ligula). Despite the generally similar morphology, A. pacificus can be differentiated from the closely related taxa in the presence of transverse papilla-like tegumental protuberances distributed anteriorly, separated by narrow semicircular grooves on the ventral surface of proglottids between their anterior margin and the anterior edge of the male gonopore, and relatively small eggs. A. pacificus displays a relatively low host specificity (found in 9 of 16 otariids, and in accidental hosts such as man, dog and jackal, the latter representing a new host) and a uniquely wide geographical distribution on both hemispheres. In addition, suitability of morphological criteria used in diagnostics of diphyllobothriid cestodes is discussed.}, issn = {0001-706X}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.017}, author = {Hern{\'a}ndez-Ortz, Jes{\'u}s and Scholz, Tom{\'a}{\v s} and Brabec, Jan and Kuzmina, Tetiana and Kuchta, Roman} } @article {13393, title = {{High waste to biomass conversion and efficient Salmonella spp. reduction using black soldier fly to waste recycling}}, journal = {Agron. Sustain. Dev.}, volume = {35}, year = {2015}, pages = {261{\textendash}271}, author = {Lalander, C.H. and Fidjeland, J{\o}rgen and Diener, S and Erikson, S and Vinneraas, B} } @article {11773, title = {{A higher level classification of all living organisms}}, journal = {Plos One}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0119248}, abstract = {Abstract We present a consensus classification of life to embrace the more than 1.6 million species already provided by more than 3,000 taxonomists{\textquoteright} expert opinions in a unified and coherent, hierarchically ranked system known as the Catalogue of Life {\{}(CoL).{\}} The intent of ...}, doi = {10.1371}, author = {Ruggiero, M A and Gordon, D P and Orrell, T M and Bailly, N} } @article {2863, title = {A higher level classification of all living organisms}, journal = {Plos One}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Abstract We present a consensus classification of life to embrace the more than 1.6 million species already provided by more than 3,000 taxonomists{\textquoteright} expert opinions in a unified and coherent, hierarchically ranked system known as the Catalogue of Life {(CoL).} The intent of ...}, doi = {10.1371}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1371}, author = {Ruggiero, MA and Gordon, DP and Orrell, TM and Bailly, N} } @article {16229, title = {Highly Pathogenic Leptospira Found in Urban Brown Rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the Largest Cities of Sweden}, journal = {Vector Borne Zoonotic DisVector Borne Zoonotic DisVector Borne Zoonotic Dis}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov 18}, pages = {779-781}, edition = {2015/11/19}, isbn = {1557-7759 (Electronic)
1530-3667 (Linking)}, author = {Strand, T. M. and Lohmus, M. and Persson Vinnersten, T. and Rasback, T. and Sundstrom, K. and Bergstrom, T. and Lundkvist, A.} } @article {16033, title = {History of leptospirosis and leptospira.}, journal = {Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol.}, volume = {387}, year = {2015}, pages = {1-9}, author = {Adler, B.} } @article {14229, title = {Houseflies ({Musca} domestica) as {Vectors} for {Extended}-{Spectrum} beta-{Lactamase}-{Producing} {Escherichia} coli on {Spanish} {Broiler} {Farms}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {81}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {3604{\textendash}3611}, abstract = {Flies may act as potential vectors for the spread of resistant bacteria to different environments. This study was intended to evaluate the presence of Escherichia coli strains resistant to cephalosporins in flies captured in the areas surrounding five broiler farms. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the resistant population was performed by different methods: MIC determination, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and phylotyping. The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, their plasmid location, and the mobile genetic elements involved in their mobilization were studied. Additionally, the presence of 35 genes associated with virulence was evaluated. Out of 682 flies captured, 42 yielded ESBL-producing E. coli. Of these isolates, 23 contained bla(CTX-M-1), 18 contained bla(CTX-M-14), and 1 contained bla(CTX-M-9). ESBL genes were associated mainly with the presence of the IncI1 and IncFIB replicons. Additionally, all the strains were multiresistant, and five of them also harbored qnrS. Identical PFGE profiles were found for E. coli isolates obtained from flies at different sampling times, indicating a persistence of the same clones in the farm environment over months. According to their virulence genes, 81\% of the isolates were considered avian-pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and 29\% were considered extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). The entrance of flies into broiler houses constitutes a considerable risk for colonization of broilers with multidrug-resistant E. coli. ESBLs in flies reflect the contamination status of the farm environment. Additionally, this study demonstrates the potential contribution of flies to the dissemination of virulence and resistance genes into different ecological niches.}, doi = {AEM.04252-14 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.04252-14}, author = {Sola-Gines, M and Gonzalez-Lopez, J J and Cameron-Veas, K and Piedra-Carrasco, N and Cerda-Cuellar, M and Migura-Garcia, L} } @article {2417, title = {{Houseflies (Musca domestica) as Vectors for Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli on Spanish Broiler Farms}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {81}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {3604{\textendash}3611}, edition = {2015/03/22}, abstract = {Flies may act as potential vectors for the spread of resistant bacteria to different environments. This study was intended to evaluate the presence of Escherichia coli strains resistant to cephalosporins in flies captured in the areas surrounding five broiler farms. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the resistant population was performed by different methods: MIC determination, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and phylotyping. The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, their plasmid location, and the mobile genetic elements involved in their mobilization were studied. Additionally, the presence of 35 genes associated with virulence was evaluated. Out of 682 flies captured, 42 yielded ESBL-producing E. coli. Of these isolates, 23 contained bla(CTX-M-1), 18 contained bla(CTX-M-14), and 1 contained bla(CTX-M-9). ESBL genes were associated mainly with the presence of the IncI1 and IncFIB replicons. Additionally, all the strains were multiresistant, and five of them also harbored qnrS. Identical PFGE profiles were found for E. coli isolates obtained from flies at different sampling times, indicating a persistence of the same clones in the farm environment over months. According to their virulence genes, 81\% of the isolates were considered avian-pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and 29\% were considered extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). The entrance of flies into broiler houses constitutes a considerable risk for colonization of broilers with multidrug-resistant E. coli. ESBLs in flies reflect the contamination status of the farm environment. Additionally, this study demonstrates the potential contribution of flies to the dissemination of virulence and resistance genes into different ecological niches.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {AEM.04252-14 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.04252-14}, author = {Sola-Gines, M and Gonzalez-Lopez, J J and Cameron-Veas, K and Piedra-Carrasco, N and Cerda-Cuellar, M and Migura-Garcia, L} } @article {8139, title = {{Houseflies (Musca domestica) as Vectors for Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli on Spanish Broiler Farms}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {3604{\textendash}3611}, edition = {2015/03/22}, abstract = {

Flies may act as potential vectors for the spread of resistant bacteria to different environments. This study was intended to evaluate the presence of Escherichia coli strains resistant to cephalosporins in flies captured in the areas surrounding five broiler farms. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the resistant population was performed by different methods: MIC determination, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and phylotyping. The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, their plasmid location, and the mobile genetic elements involved in their mobilization were studied. Additionally, the presence of 35 genes associated with virulence was evaluated. Out of 682 flies captured, 42 yielded ESBL-producing E. coli. Of these isolates, 23 contained bla(CTX-M-1), 18 contained bla(CTX-M-14), and 1 contained bla(CTX-M-9). ESBL genes were associated mainly with the presence of the IncI1 and IncFIB replicons. Additionally, all the strains were multiresistant, and five of them also harbored qnrS. Identical PFGE profiles were found for E. coli isolates obtained from flies at different sampling times, indicating a persistence of the same clones in the farm environment over months. According to their virulence genes, 81{\%} of the isolates were considered avian-pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and 29{\%} were considered extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). The entrance of flies into broiler houses constitutes a considerable risk for colonization of broilers with multidrug-resistant E. coli. ESBLs in flies reflect the contamination status of the farm environment. Additionally, this study demonstrates the potential contribution of flies to the dissemination of virulence and resistance genes into different ecological niches.

}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {AEM.04252-14 [pii]10.1128/AEM.04252-14}, author = {Sola-Gines, M and Gonzalez-Lopez, J J and Cameron-Veas, K and Piedra-Carrasco, N and Cerda-Cuellar, M and Migura-Garcia, L} } @article {4910, title = {{Household socioeconomic and demographic correlates of Cryptosporidium seropositivity in the United States}}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0004080}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0004080}, author = {Becker, DJ and Oloya, J and Ezeamama, AE} } @booklet {15994, title = {{http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm}}, number = {8-5-2015}, year = {2015} } @booklet {15993, title = {{https://secure.iiasa.ac.at/web-apps/ene/SspDb/dsd?Action=htmlpage{\&}page=welcome}}, number = {8-5-2015}, year = {2015}, author = {SSP database} } @article {11474, title = {Human adenovirus removal by hollow fiber membranes: Effect of membrane fouling by suspended and dissolved matter}, journal = {Journal of Membrane Science}, volume = {482}, year = {2015}, pages = {120{\textendash}127}, author = {Yin, Ziqiang and Tarabara, Volodymyr V and Xagoraraki, Irene} } @article {5689, title = {{Human and Animal Enteric Virus in Groundwater From Deep Wells, and Recreational and Network Water}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research International}, volume = {22}, number = {24}, year = {2015}, pages = {20060{\textendash}20066}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-015-5196-x}, author = {Fongaro, G and Padilha, J and Schissi, CD and Nascimento, MA and Bampi, GB and Viancelli, A and Barardi, CR} } @article {11969, title = {Human and animal fecal contamination of community water sources, stored drinking water and hands in rural India measured with validated microbial source tracking assays}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {509-516}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Schriewer, Alexander and Odagiri, Mitsunori and Wuertz, Stefan and Misra, Pravas R and Panigrahi, Pinaki and Clasen, Thomas and Jenkins, Marion W} } @article {2921, title = {Human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in the {Tibet} {Autonomous} {Region} ({TAR}), {China}}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {89}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {671{\textendash}679}, abstract = {Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is known to be endemic in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China; however, there is relatively little data from hospital records or community prevalence studies, and the situation regarding occurrence of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is unclear. Here we review the available reports about human echinococcosis in the seven prefectures of TAR. In addition, two pilot studies by mass screening using ultrasound (with serology) were undertaken (2006/7) in Dangxiong County of Lhasa Prefecture (north central TAR) and Dingqing County of Changdu Prefecture (eastern TAR). In Dangxiong County a prevalence of 9.9\% (55/557) for human CE was obtained but no human AE cases were detected. By contrast, in Dingqing County (N= 232 persons screened), 11 CE cases (4.7\%) and 12 AE cases (5.2\%) (including one mixed CE and AE case) were diagnosed by ultrasound. Hospital records and published reports indicated that CE cases were recorded in all of seven prefectures in Tibet Autonomous Region, and AE cases in four prefectures. Incidence rates of human CE were estimated to range from 1.9 to 155 per 100,000 across the seven prefectures of TAR, with a regional incidence of 45.1 per 100,000. Incidence of AE was estimated to be between 0.6 and 2.8 cases per 100,000. Overall for TAR, human AE prevalence appeared relatively low; however, the pilot mass screening in Dingqing in eastern TAR indicated that human AE disease is a potential public health problem, possibly similar to that already well described in Tibetan communities bordering TAR in north-west Sichuan and south-west Qinghai provinces.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Female, Helminth, Hepatic, Humans, Male, prevalence, Public health, Tibet}, issn = {1475-2697}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X15000656}, author = {Feng, X. and Qi, X. and Yang, L. and Duan, X. and Fang, B. and Gongsang, Q. and Bartholomot, B. and Vuitton, D. A. and Wen, H. and Craig, P. S.} } @article {11621, title = {{Human Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection in Washington State}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {53}, year = {2015}, pages = {1355{\textendash}1357}, author = {Fang, FC and Billman, ZP and Wallis, CK and Abbott, AN and Olson, JC and S, Dhanireddy and Murphy, SC} } @article {12188, title = {The Human Gut Microbiome as a Transporter of Antibiotic Resistance Genes between Continents}, journal = {Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, volume = {59}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {2015-10-01}, pages = {6551-6560}, author = {Bengtsson-Palme, Johan and Angelin, Martin and Huss, Mikael and Kjellqvist, Sanela and Kristiansson, Erik and Palmgren, Helena and Larsson, D. G. Joakim and Johansson, Anders} } @article {5845, title = {{Human health-related ecosystem services of avian-dense coastal wetlands adjacent to a Western Lake Erie swimming beach.}}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {77{\textendash}87}, author = {Rea, Chris L and Bisesi, Michael S and Mitsch, William and Andridge, Rebecca and Lee, Jiyoung} } @article {14362, title = {Human health-related ecosystem services of avian-dense coastal wetlands adjacent to a {Western} {Lake} {Erie} swimming beach.}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {77{\textendash}87}, author = {Rea, Chris L and Bisesi, Michael S and Mitsch, William and Andridge, Rebecca and Lee, Jiyoung} } @article {11668, title = {{Human infections with Spirometra decipiens. Plerocercoids identified by morphologic and genetic analyses in Korea}}, journal = {Korean J Parasitol}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {299{\textendash}305}, issn = {0023-4001}, doi = {10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.299}, author = {Jeon, Hyeong-Kyu and Park, Hansol and Lee, Dongmin and Choe, Seongjun and Kim, Kyu-Heon and Huh, Sun and Sohn, Woon-Mok and Chai, Jong-Yil and Eom, Keeseon S} } @inbook {1131, title = {Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in the World. Summary Report 2015-04-08.}, year = {2015}, keywords = {human Papillomavirus DISEASES DISEASE}, url = {http://www.hpvcentre.net/statistics/reports/XWX.pdf}, author = {Bruni, L.}, editor = {Barrionuevo-Rosas, L. and Albero, G. and Aldea, M. and Serrano, B. and Valencia, S. and Brontos, M. and Mena, M. and Cosano, R. and Munoz, J. and Bosch, F.X. and de Sanjos{\`e}, S. and Castellsague, X. and ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre)} } @article {2789, title = {Human papillomavirus (HPV) contamination of gynaecological equipment}, journal = {Sexually Transmitted Infections}, volume = {92}, year = {2015}, pages = {19-23}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {analysis contamination Cross Sectional Studies Cross-Sectional Studies education Environment Fomites Hand HANDS health Hospital Hospitals human infectious Laboratories Lead methods microbiology Papillomavirus PCR Private Practice REAL-TIME PCR Regression}, doi = {doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051977}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26071392}, author = {Gallay, C. and Miranda, E. and Schaefer, S. and Catarino, R. and Jacot-Guillarmod, M. and Menoud, P.A. and Guerry, F. and Achtari, C. and Sahli, R. and Vassilakos, P. and Petignat, P.} } @article {3295, title = {Human Polyomavirus 7-Associated Pruitic Rash and Viremia in Transplant Recipients}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Disease}, volume = {211}, year = {2015}, pages = {1560-65}, author = {Ho, J and Jedrych, JJ and Feng, H and Natalie, AA and Grandinetti, L and Mirvish, E and Crespo, MM and Yadav, D and Fasanella, KE and Proskell, S and Kuan, SF and Pastrana, DV and Buck, CB and Shula, Y and Moore, PS and Chang, Y} } @article {953, title = {Human polyomavirus 7-associated pruritic rash and viremia in transplant recipients}, journal = {journal of infectious disease}, volume = {211}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, pages = {1560{\textendash}1565}, author = {Ho J, Jedrych JJ, Feng H, Natalie AA, Grandinetti L, Mirvish E, Crespo MM, Yadav D, Fasanella KE, Proksell S, Kuan SF, Pastrana DV, Buck CB, Shuda Y, Moore PS, Chang Y.Ho J, Jedrych JJ, Feng H, Natalie AA, Grandinetti L, Mirvish E, Crespo MM, Yadav D, Fas} } @article {12538, title = {Human recreational exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria in coastal bathing waters}, journal = {Environment internationalEnvironment International}, volume = {82}, year = {2015}, pages = {92-100}, isbn = {0160-4120}, author = {Leonard, Anne FC and Zhang, Lihong and Balfour, Andrew J and Garside, Ruth and Gaze, William H} } @booklet {3949, title = {The {Human} {Rights} to {Safe} {Drinking} {Water} and {Sanitation} ({Document} {No}. {A}/{C}.3/70/{L}.55/{Rev}.1, 18 {November}).}, year = {2015}, publisher = {United Nations}, address = {New York}, author = {Assembly, United Nations General} } @booklet {3426, title = {{The Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation (Document No. A/C.3/70/L.55/Rev.1, 18 November).}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {United Nations}, address = {New York}, author = {Assembly, United Nations General} } @article {11704, title = {{Human sparganosis a neglected food borne zoonosis}}, journal = {Lancet Infectious Diseases}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {1226{\textendash}1235}, author = {Liu, Quan and Li, Ming-Wei and Wang, Ze-Dong and Zhao, Guang-Hui and Zhu, Xing-Quan} } @article {8569, title = {{Human toxoplasmosis outbreaks and the agent infecting form. findings from a systematic review}}, journal = {Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S{\~a}o Paulo}, volume = {57}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {369{\textendash}376}, author = {Meireles, LR and Ekman, CC and Andrade jR, HF and Luna, EJ} } @article {9861, title = {{Human waterborne protozoan parasites in freshwater bivalves(Anodonta anatina and Unio tumidus) as potential indicators of fecal pollution in urban reservoir}}, journal = {Limnologica}, volume = {51}, year = {2015}, pages = {32{\textendash}36}, author = {S{\l}odkowicz-Kowalska, A and Majewskaa, AC and Piotr, R and {\L}ukasz, S and Wernera, A} } @article {4795, title = {{Identification and morphologic and molecular characterization of Cyclospora macacae n. sp. from rhesus monkeys in China}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {114}, year = {2015}, pages = {1811{\textendash}1816}, author = {Li, N and Ye, J and Arrowood, MJ and Ma, J and Wang, L and Xu, H and Feng, Y and Xiao, L} } @article {14299, title = {Identification, characterization and description of {Arcobacter} faecis sp. nov., isolated from a human waste septic tank.}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, author = {Whiteduck-L{\'e}veill{\'e}e, Kerri and Whiteduck-L{\'e}veill{\'e}e, Jenni and Cloutier, Michel and Tambong, James T and Xu, Renlin and Topp, Edward and Arts, Michael T and Chao, Jerry and Adam, Zaky and L{\'e}vesque, C Andr{\'e} and Lapen, David R and Villemur, Richard and Khan, Izhar U H} } @article {5782, title = {{Identification, characterization and description of Arcobacter faecis sp. nov., isolated from a human waste septic tank.}}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {39}, year = {2015}, pages = {93-99}, author = {Whiteduck-L{\'e}veill{\'e}e, Kerri and Whiteduck-L{\'e}veill{\'e}e, Jenni and Cloutier, Michel and Tambong, James T and Xu, Renlin and Topp, Edward and Arts, Michael T and Chao, Jerry and Adam, Zaky and L{\'e}vesque, C Andr{\'e} and Lapen, David R and Villemur, Richard and Khan, Izhar U H} } @article {3708, title = {Identification of a multi-reassortant \{\{\}{G}12P\{\}\} [9] rotavirus with novel \{\{\}{VP}1,\{\}\} \{\{\}{VP}2,\{\}\} \{\{\}{VP}3\{\}\} and \{\{\}{NSP}2\{\}\} genotypes in a child with acute gastroenteritis}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {35}, year = {2015}, pages = {34{\textendash}37}, author = {Grazia, De S and Giammanco, G M and D{\'o}r{\'o}, R and Bonura, F and Marton, S and Cascio, A and Martella, V and Banya, K} } @article {3828, title = {Identification of a multi-reassortant {G}12P [9] rotavirus with novel {VP}1, {VP}2, {VP}3 and {NSP}2 genotypes in a child with acute gastroenteritis}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {35}, year = {2015}, pages = {34{\textendash}37}, author = {Grazia, De S and Giammanco, G M and D{\'o}r{\'o}, R and Bonura, F and Marton, S and Cascio, A and Martella, V and Banya, K} } @article {3862, title = {Identification of a multi-reassortant {G}12P[9] rotavirus with novel {VP}1, {VP}2, {VP}3 and {NSP}2 genotypes in a child with acute gastroenteritis.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {35}, year = {2015}, pages = {34{\textendash}37}, author = {De Grazia, S and Giammanco, GM and D{\'o}r{\'o}, R and Bonura, F and Marton, S and Cascio, A and Martella, V and B{\'a}nyai, K} } @article {2627, title = {Identification of a multi-reassortant {G12P} [9] rotavirus with novel {VP1,} {VP2,} {VP3} and {NSP2} genotypes in a child with acute gastroenteritis}, year = {2015}, author = {Grazia, De S and Giammanco, GM and D{\'o}r{\'o}, R and Bonura, F} } @article {870, title = {Identification of a multi-reassortant {G12P} [9] rotavirus with novel {VP1,} {VP2,} {VP3} and {NSP2} genotypes in a child with acute gastroenteritis}, year = {2015}, author = {Grazia, De S and Giammanco, GM and D{\'o}r{\'o}, R and Bonura, F} } @article {2672, title = {Identification of a multi-reassortant {G12P[9]} rotavirus with novel {VP1,} {VP2,} {VP3} and {NSP2} genotypes in a child with acute gastroenteritis}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.023}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.023}, author = {Simona De Grazia and Giovanni M Giammanco and Ren{\'a}ta D{\'o}r{\'o} and Floriana Bonura and Szilvia Marton and Antonio Cascio and Vito Martella and Kriszti{\'a}n B{\'a}nyai} } @article {9287, title = {{Identification of Entamoeba histolytica by Molecular Method in Surface Water of Rasht City, Iran}}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Public Health}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {238{\textendash}243}, author = {Hemmati, A and Hooshmand, E and Hosseini, MJ} } @article {8243, title = {{Identification of Viable Helicobacter pylori in Drinking Water Supplies by Cultural and Molecular Techniques.}}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {252{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common causes of chronic bacterial infection in humans, directly related to peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. It has been suggested that H. pylori can be acquired through different transmission routes, including water. In this study, culture and qPCR were used to detect and identify the presence of H. pylori in drinking water. Furthermore, the combined techniques PMA-qPCR and DVC-FISH were applied for detection of viable cells of H. pylori. RESULTS: Among 24 drinking water samples, 16 samples were positive for the presence of H. pylori, but viable cells were only detected in six samples. Characteristic colonies, covered by a mass of bacterial unspecific growth, were observed on selective agar plates from an only sample, after enrichment. The mixed culture was submitted to DVC-FISH and qPCR analysis, followed by sequencing of the amplicons. Molecular techniques confirmed the growth of H. pylori on the agar plate. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate for the first time that H. pylori can survive and be potentially infective in drinking water, showing that water distribution systems could be a potential route for H. pylori transmission.

}, keywords = {16/24 1 aislada}, issn = {1523-5378}, doi = {10.1111/hel.12205}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25655472}, author = {Santiago, Paula and Moreno, Yolanda and Ferr{\'u}s, MA} } @article {13871, title = {Identification of {Viable} {Helicobacter} pylori in {Drinking} {Water} {Supplies} by {Cultural} and {Molecular} {Techniques}.}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {252{\textendash}9}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common causes of chronic bacterial infection in humans, directly related to peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. It has been suggested that H. pylori can be acquired through different transmission routes, including water. In this study, culture and qPCR were used to detect and identify the presence of H. pylori in drinking water. Furthermore, the combined techniques PMA-qPCR and DVC-FISH were applied for detection of viable cells of H. pylori. RESULTS: Among 24 drinking water samples, 16 samples were positive for the presence of H. pylori, but viable cells were only detected in six samples. Characteristic colonies, covered by a mass of bacterial unspecific growth, were observed on selective agar plates from an only sample, after enrichment. The mixed culture was submitted to DVC-FISH and qPCR analysis, followed by sequencing of the amplicons. Molecular techniques confirmed the growth of H. pylori on the agar plate. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate for the first time that H. pylori can survive and be potentially infective in drinking water, showing that water distribution systems could be a potential route for H. pylori transmission.}, keywords = {16/24 1 aislada}, issn = {1523-5378}, doi = {10.1111/hel.12205}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25655472}, author = {Santiago, Paula and Moreno, Yolanda and M Α Ferr{\'u}s} } @article {15471, title = {An IL-13 promoter polymorphism associated with liver fibrosis in patients with Schistosoma japonicum}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, note = {R01HL112088/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, pages = {e0135360}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine whether two polymorphisms in the gene encoding IL13 previously associated with Schistosoma hematobium (S. hematobium) and S. mansoni infection are associated with S. japonicum infection. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1800925 (IL13/-1112C>T) and rs20541 (IL13R130Q) were genotyped in 947 unrelated individuals (307 chronically infected, 339 late-stage with liver fibrosis, 301 uninfected controls) from a schistosomiasis-endemic area of Hubei province in China. Regression models were used to evaluate allelic and haplotypic associations with chronic and late-stage schistosomiasis adjusted for non-genetic covariates. Expression of IL-13 was measured in S. japonicun-infected liver fibrosis tissue and normal liver tissue from uninfected controls by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The role of rs1800925 in IL-13 transcription was further determined by Luciferase report assay using the recombinant PGL4.17-rs180092 plasmid. We found SNP rs1800925T was associated with late-stage schistosomiasis caused by S. japonicum but not chronic schistosomiasis (OR = 1.39, 95\%CI = 1.02-1.91, p = 0.03) and uninfected controls (OR = 1.49, 95\%CI = 1.03-2.13, p = 0.03). Moreover, the haplotype rs1800925T-rs20541C increased the risk of disease progression to late-stage schistosomiasis (OR = 1.46, p = 0.035), whereas haplotype rs1800925C-rs20541A showed a protective role against development of late-stage schistosomiasis (F = 0.188, OR = 0.61, p = 0.002). Furthermore, S. japonicum-induced fibrotic liver tissue had higher IL13 expression than normal liver tissue. Plasmid PGL4.17-rs1800925T showed a stronger relative luciferase activity than Plasmid PGL4.17-rs1800925C in 293FT, QSG-7701 and HL-7702 cell lines. In conclusion, the functional IL13 polymorphism, rs1800925T, previously associated with risk of schistosomiasis, also contributes to risk of late-stage schistosomiasis caused by S. japonicum.}, keywords = {*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Adult, Animals, Case-Control Studies, Disease Progression, Female, Gene expression, Haplotypes, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Interleukin-13/*genetics/metabolism, Liver Cirrhosis/complications/*genetics/parasitology/pathology, Liver/*metabolism/parasitology/pathology, Male, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Risk, Schistosoma japonicum/*pathogenicity/physiology, Schistosomiasis japonica/complications/*genetics/parasitology/pathology, Severity of Illness Index}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Long, X. and Chen, Q. and Zhao, J. and Rafaels, N. and Mathias, P. and Liang, H. and Potee, J. and Campbell, M. and Zhang, B. and Gao, L. and Georas, S. N. and Vercelli, D. and Beaty, T. H. and Ruczinski, I. and Mathias, R. and Barnes, K. C. and Chen, X.} } @article {3016, title = {Immune system in cancer and hydatid disease: cross-reactivity vs. immune modulation}, journal = {Parasite Immunology}, volume = {37}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {427{\textendash}428}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Experimental, Female, Liver Neoplasms, Mammary Neoplasms, Th1 Cells}, issn = {1365-3024}, doi = {10.1111/pim.12200}, author = {Esendagli, G. and Abbasoglu, O.} } @article {9579, title = {{Impact of cemeteries on groundwater contamination by bacteria and viruses - a review}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {285{\textendash}301}, author = {Zychowski, J and Bryndal, T} } @article {7180, title = {Impact of {Environmental} {Factors} on {Legionella} {Populations} in {Drinking} {Water}}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {may}, pages = {269{\textendash}282}, issn = {2076-0817}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens4020269}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/4/2/269/}, author = {Schwake, David and Alum, Absar and Abbaszadegan, Morteza} } @article {7798, title = {Impact of oxidative stress defense on bacterial survival and morphological change in Campylobacter jejuni under aerobic conditions}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {295}, abstract = {Campylobacter jejuni, a microaerophilic foodborne pathogen, inescapably faces high oxygen tension during its transmission to humans. Thus, the ability of C. jejuni to survive under oxygen-rich conditions may significantly impact C. jejuni viability in food and food safety as well. In this study, we investigated the impact of oxidative stress resistance on the survival of C. jejuni under aerobic conditions by examining three mutants defective in key antioxidant genes, including ahpC, katA, and sodB. All the three mutants exhibited growth reduction under aerobic conditions compared to the wild type (WT), and the ahpC mutant showed the most significant growth defect. The CFU reduction in the mutants was recovered to the WT level by complementation. Higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were accumulated in C. jejuni under aerobic conditions than microaerobic conditions, and supplementation of culture media with an antioxidant recovered the growth of C. jejuni. The levels of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were significantly increased in the mutants compared to WT. Additionally, the mutants exhibited different morphological changes under aerobic conditions. The ahpC and katA mutants developed coccoid morphology by aeration, whereas the sodB mutant established elongated cellular morphology. Compared to microaerobic conditions, interestingly, aerobic culture conditions substantially induced the formation of coccoidal cells, and antioxidant treatment reduced the emergence of coccoid forms under aerobic conditions. The ATP concentrations and PMA-qPCR analysis supported that oxidative stress is a factor that induces the development of a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state in C. jejuni. The findings in this study clearly demonstrated that oxidative stress resistance plays an important role in the survival and morphological changes of C. jejuni under aerobic conditions.}, isbn = {1664-302X}, url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00295}, author = {Oh,Euna and McMullen,Lynn and Jeon,Byeonghwa} } @article {14371, title = {Impact of {Rural} {Domestic} {Wastewater} {Irrigation} on the {Physicochemical} and {Microbiological} {Properties} of {Pakchoi} and {Soil}}, journal = {Water}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {may}, pages = {1825{\textendash}1839}, author = {Yang, Bo and Kong, Xiao and Cui, Bingjian and Jin, Decai and Deng, Ye and Zhuang, Xuliang and Zhuang, Guoqiang and Bai, Zhihui} } @article {5854, title = {{Impact of Rural Domestic Wastewater Irrigation on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Pakchoi and Soil}}, journal = {Water}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {may}, pages = {1825{\textendash}1839}, author = {Yang, Bo and Kong, Xiao and Cui, Bingjian and Jin, Decai and Deng, Ye and Zhuang, Xuliang and Zhuang, Guoqiang and Bai, Zhihui} } @article {1215, title = {Impact of seasonal variation on Escerichia coli concentrations in the riverbed sedmints in the Apies River, South Africa}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {In press}, year = {2015}, abstract = {
Many South Africans living in resource-poor settings with little or no access to pipe-borne water still rely on rivers as alternative water sources for drinking and other purposes. The poor microbial quality of such water bodies calls for appropriate monitoring. However, routine monitoring only takes into consideration the microbial quality of the water column, and does not include monitoring of the\  riverbed sediments for microbial pollution. This study sought to investigate the microbial quality of riverbed sediments in the Apies River, Gauteng Province, South Africa, using Escherichia coli as a\  faecal indicator organism and to investigate the impact of seasonal variation on its abundance. Weekly samples were collected at sampling sites on the Apies River between May and August 2013 (dry 18 season) and between January and February 2014 (wet season). Escherichia coli was enumerated using 19 the Colilert{\textregistered}-18 Quanti-Tray{\textregistered} 2000 system. All sites tested positive for E. coli. Wastewater 20 treatment works effluents had the highest negative impact on the river water quality. Seasonal variations had an impact on the concentration of E. coli both in water and sediments with\  concentrations increasing during the wet season. A strong positive correlation was observed between temperature and the E. coli concentrations. We therefore conclude that the sediments of the Apies River are heavily polluted with faecal indicator bacteria and could also harbour other microorganisms\  including pathogens. The release of such pathogens into the water column as a result of the 26 resuspension of sediments due to extreme events like floods or human activities could increase the health risk of the populations using the untreated river water for recreation and other household purposes. There is therefore an urgent need to reconsider and review the current South African guidelines for water quality monitoring to include sediments, so as to protect human health and other aquatic lives.
}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.132}, author = {M.N.B.Momba}, editor = {A. L. K. Abia} } @article {6654, title = {Impact of the birth{\textquoteright}s season on the development of celiac disease in {Italy}}, journal = {European Journal of Pediatrics}, volume = {174}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {1657{\textendash}1663}, issn = {0340-6199, 1432-1076}, doi = {10.1007/s00431-015-2589-2}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00431-015-2589-2}, author = {Capriati, Teresa and Francavilla, Ruggiero and Castellaneta, Stefania and Ferretti, Francesca and Diamanti, Antonella} } @article {10855, title = {Impact of virus surface characteristics on removal mechanisms within membrane bioreactors}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {84}, year = {2015}, pages = {144{\textendash}152}, author = {Chaudhry, Rabia M and Holloway, Ryan W and Cath, Tzahi Y and Nelson, Kara L} } @article {10459, title = {{Impact of wastewater from different sources on the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in sewage treatment plants in South India}}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmetal Safety}, volume = {115}, number = {203-208}, year = {2015}, author = {Akiba, M and Senba, H and Otagiri, H and Prabhasankar, VP and Taniyasu, S and Yamashita, N and Lee, K and Yamamoto, T and Tsutsui, T and Ian Joshua, D and Balakrishna, K and Bairy, I and Iwata, T and Kusumoto, M and Kannan, K and Guruge, KS} } @article {6321, title = {The impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions on the health and well-being of people living with {HIV}: a systematic review}, journal = {Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999)}, volume = {68 Suppl 3}, year = {2015}, month = {apr}, pages = {S318{\textendash}330}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Access to improved water supply and sanitation is poor in low-income and middle-income countries. Persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) experience more severe diarrhea, hospitalizations, and deaths from diarrhea because of waterborne pathogens than immunocompetent populations, even when on antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS: We examined the existing literature on the impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions on PLHIV for these outcomes: (1) mortality, (2) morbidity, (3) retention in HIV care, (4) quality of life, and (5) prevention of ongoing HIV transmission. Cost-effectiveness was also assessed. Relevant abstracts and articles were gathered, reviewed, and prioritized by thematic outcomes of interest. Articles meeting inclusion criteria were summarized in a grid for comparison. RESULTS: We reviewed 3355 citations, evaluated 132 abstracts, and read 33 articles. The majority of the 16 included articles focused on morbidity, with less emphasis on mortality. Contaminated water, lack of sanitation, and poor hygienic practices in homes of PLHIV increase the risk of diarrhea, which can result in increased viral load, decreased CD4 counts, and reduced absorption of nutrients and antiretroviral medication. We found WASH programming, particularly water supply, household water treatment, and hygiene interventions, reduced morbidity. Data were inconclusive on mortality. Research gaps remain in retention in care, quality of life, and prevention of ongoing HIV transmission. Compared with the standard threshold of 3 times GDP per capita, WASH interventions were cost-effective, particularly when incorporated into complementary programs. CONCLUSIONS: Although research is required to address behavioral aspects, evidence supports that WASH programming is beneficial for PLHIV.}, keywords = {Adult, Africa, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Developing Countries, Diarrhea, Health Resources, HIV Infections, Humans, Hygiene, India, Morbidity, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Quality of Life, sanitation, Water Supply}, issn = {1944-7884}, doi = {10.1097/QAI.0000000000000487}, author = {Yates, Travis and Lantagne, Daniele and Mintz, Eric and Quick, Robert} } @mastersthesis {6963, title = {Impacts of climate change on hydrologic processes in the {Colorado} {River} {Basin}}, year = {2015}, note = {3704769}, school = {University of Colorado at Boulder}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The clear evidence of human-induced hydroclimatic shifts in the western U.S., and especially within the Colorado River Basin (CRB), has motivated the research community to pursue reliable estimates of future climate change impacts on hydrological processes. Although the large body of literature in this field shows consensus on the future drying of the CRB, there are large uncertainties in the magnitude of hydrologic changes because of differences in experimental approaches. Hence, this work focuses on the effects of methodological choices, in particular those related to hydrologic modeling, on the portrayal of climate change impacts at three catchments located in the headwaters of the CRB. A commentary on the current development of complex process-based hydrologic models is first presented. It is argued that the relatively poor performance of such models may occur due to restrictions on their ability to refine their portrayal of physical processes, and improving hydrological models requires integrating the strengths of prior knowledge of hydrologic processes with the strengths of data driven inference. An assessment of the effects of hydrologic model choice and parameter calibration on projected hydrologic changes follows. Here, it is demonstrated that the subjective selection of model structures may introduce large uncertainties to hydrologic projections. Based on this, the third part of this study compares the effects of hydrologic model choice and parameter estimation strategies on projected climate change impacts. The main finding here is that the choice of parameter estimation methods can provide similar or larger uncertainties in some hydrologic processes when compared to uncertainties coming from model choice. The fourth component of this study evaluates the effects of regional climate model (RCM) configuration and forcing scaling on projected hydrologic changes. The results illustrate the implications of RCM configuration on projected changes of the water cycle, and provide an integrated view of the interplay between forcings and hydrologic model structures in the portrayal of climate change impacts. Finally, a commentary on the main results of this study and possible ways to move forward is provided. It is asserted that a greater role of expert knowledge is required to improve model selection and parameter estimation, and also for incorporating non-stationarity in climate change impact studies.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0404:Climate Change, Climate change, Earth sciences, Hydrologic modeling, Hydrologic sciences, Model agility, Process-based models, Sensitivity analysis, Subjectivity, Uncertainty}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1690899682?accountid=14270}, author = {Mendoza, Pablo A.} } @article {12234, title = {Impacts of coexisting antibiotics, antibacterial residues, and heavy metals on the occurrence of erythromycin resistance genes in urban wastewater}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnologyApplied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {99}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {3971-3980}, isbn = {0175-7598}, author = {Gao, Pin and He, Shi and Huang, Shenglin and Li, Kanzhu and Liu, Zhenhong and Xue, Gang and Sun, Weimin} } @article {5694, title = {{Importance of Molecular Typing in Confirmation of the Source of a National Hepatitis A Virus Outbreak in Norway and the Detection of a Related Cluster in Germany}}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {160}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {2823{\textendash}2826}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-015-2531-y}, author = {Guzman-Herrador, BR and Panning, M and Stene-Johansen, K and Borgen, K and Ein{\"o}der-Moreno, M and Huzly, D and Jensvoll, L and Lange, H and Maassen, S and Myking, S and Myrmel, M and Neumann-Haefelin, C and Nyg\aard, K and Wenzel, JJ and {\O}ye, AK and Vold, L} } @article {16173, title = {Imported Flood-Related Leptospirosis From Palau: Awareness of Risk Factors Leads to Early Treatment}, journal = {J Travel MedJ Travel MedJ Travel Med}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov}, pages = {422-4}, edition = {2015/10/28}, isbn = {1708-8305 (Electronic)
1195-1982 (Linking)}, author = {Matono, T. and Kutsuna, S. and Koizumi, N. and Fujiya, Y. and Takeshita, N. and Hayakawa, K. and Kanagawa, S. and Kato, Y. and Ohmagari, N.} } @article {13279, title = {Improved biostability assessment of drinking water with a suite of test methods at a water supply treating eutrophic lake water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {87}, year = {2015}, pages = {347-355}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.043}, author = {van der Kooij, D. and Martijn, B. and Schaap, P. G. and Hoogenboezem, W. and Veenendaal, H. R. and van der Wielen, P. W.} } @article {17075, title = {Improved drinking water disinfection with UVC-LEDs for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis utilizing quartz tubes as light guide}, journal = {Water}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {4605{\textendash}4621}, publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, author = {Gross, Andrej and Stangl, Felix and Hoenes, Katharina and Sift, Michael and Hessling, Martin} } @booklet {3421, title = {Improving Nutrition Outcomes with Better Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Practical Solutions for Policies and Programmes}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva} } @article {9751, title = {{In vitro effect of some Egyptian herbal extracts against Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {45}, year = {2015}, pages = {93{\textendash}100}, author = {Abdel-Hafeez, EH and Ahmad, AK and Abdelgelil, NH and Abdellatif, MZM and Kamal, AM and Mohamed, RM} } @article {9689, title = {In vivo viability of Echinococcus multilocularis eggs in a rodent model after different thermo-treatments.}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {154}, year = {2015}, pages = {14-19}, doi = {10.1016/j.exppara.2015.03.016}, author = {Federer, K and Armua-Fernandez, M.T and Hoby, S. and Wenker, C. and Deplazes, P.} } @article {8822, title = {{Inactivation of adenovirus, reovirus and bacteriophages in fecal sludge by pH and ammonia}}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {520}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {213{\textendash}221}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the inactivation of adenovirus, reovirus and bacteriophages (MS2, $\Phi$X174, 28B) in a fecal sludge. We conducted two experiments. In the first, we tested different compositions of the fecal sludge by mixing different amounts of water, feces and urine, totaling nine combinations which were kept at temperatures between 10 and 28{\textdegree}C. In the second study, urea was added to the mixtures, which were kept at temperatures from 5 to 33{\textdegree}C. The inactivation was based on a combination of temperature, pH and uncharged ammonia concentration. The increase in pH and ammonia was provided mainly by urine content (Experiment 1) and by urine and added urea (Experiment 2). The inactivation of bacteriophages was slower than the AdV and ReV. At 23{\textdegree}C and 28{\textdegree}, reasonable treatment times were obtained when pH was higher than 8.9 and NH3 concentrations were higher than 35 and 55 mM respectively. With those conditions, the maximum time for a 3 log reduction in viruses, according to this study, would be 35 days (23{\textdegree}C) and 21 days (28{\textdegree}C). However, in most applications where helminth eggs are present, the treatment time and NH3 for sanitization will be the scaling criteria, as they are more persistent. Concerning the sanitization of effluents from latrines, vacuum toilets or dry toilets in developing countries with tropical and sub-tropical climates, the use of intrinsic ammonia combined with high pH can be effective in producing a safe and highly valuable liquid that can be used as a fertilizer. In the case of the fecal sludge with very intrinsic ammonia concentration ({\textless}20 mM), sanitization could still be achieved by the addition of urea.}, keywords = {Ammonia, Bacteriophages, Fecal sludge, pH, sanitation, Toilet water, Virus}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.035}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25817758 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969715003010}, author = {Maria E Magri and Fidjeland, J{\o}rgen and Haakan J{\"o}nsson and Albihn, Ann and Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas} } @article {9101, title = {{Inactivation of adenovirus, reovirus and bacteriophages in fecal sludge by pH and ammonia}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {520}, year = {2015}, pages = {213{\textendash}221}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the inactivation of adenovirus, reovirus and bacteriophages (MS2, {\$}\Phi{\$}X174, 28B) in a fecal sludge. We conducted two experiments. In the first, we tested different compositions of the fecal sludge by mixing different amounts of water, feces and urine, totaling nine combinations which were kept at temperatures between 10 and 28{\textdegree}C. In the second study, urea was added to the mixtures, which were kept at temperatures from 5 to 33{\textdegree}C. The inactivation was based on a combination of temperature, pH and uncharged ammonia concentration. The increase in pH and ammonia was provided mainly by urine content (Experiment 1) and by urine and added urea (Experiment 2). The inactivation of bacteriophages was slower than the AdV and ReV. At 23{\textdegree}C and 28{\textdegree}, reasonable treatment times were obtained when pH was higher than 8.9 and NH3 concentrations were higher than 35 and 55mM respectively. With those conditions, the maximum time for a 3 log reduction in viruses, according to this study, would be 35days (23{\textdegree}C) and 21days (28{\textdegree}C). However, in most applications where helminth eggs are present, the treatment time and NH3 for sanitization will be the scaling criteria, as they are more persistent. Concerning the sanitization of effluents from latrines, vacuum toilets or dry toilets in developing countries with tropical and sub-tropical climates, the use of intrinsic ammonia combined with high pH can be effective in producing a safe and highly valuable liquid that can be used as a fertilizer. In the case of the fecal sludge with very intrinsic ammonia concentration ({\{}{\textless}{\}}20mM), sanitization could still be achieved by the addition of urea.}, keywords = {Ammonia, Bacteriophages, Fecal sludge, pH, sanitation, Toilet water, Virus}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking)}, issn = {18791026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.035}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.035}, author = {Maria E Magri and Fidjeland, J{\o}rgen and Haakan J{\"o}nsson and Albihn, Ann and Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas} } @article {4553, title = {Inactivation of adenovirus, reovirus and bacteriophages in fecal sludge by {pH} and ammonia}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {520}, year = {2015}, pages = {213{\textendash}21}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Magri, M. E. and Fidjeland, J. and Jonsson, H. and Albihn, A. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {17305, title = {Inactivation of adenovirus, reovirus and bacteriophages in fecal sludge by pH and ammonia}, journal = {Science of the Total EnvironmentScience of the total environmentSci Total Environ}, volume = {520}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul 1}, pages = {213-221}, keywords = {Ammonia, Bacteriophages, Enteric viruses, enteroviruses, Fecal sludge, human urine, Indicators, Manure, MS2, pH, Poliovirus, sanitation, Temperature, Toilet water, urea treatment, Virus, waste-water}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Magri, M. E. and Fidjeland, J. and Jonsson, H. and Albihn, A. and Vinneras, B.} } @inbook {1338, title = {Inactivation of adenovirus, reovirus and bacteriophages in fecal sludge by pH and ammonia}, booktitle = {Sci Total Environ}, volume = {520}, year = {2015}, note = {Magri, Maria Elisa Fidjeland, Jorgen Jonsson, Hakan Albihn, Ann Vinneras, Bjorn The Science of the total environment S0048-9697(15)00301-0 [pii] Sci Total Environ. 2015 Jul 1;520:213-21. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.035. Epub 2015 Mar 25.}, pages = {213-21}, publisher = {2015 Elsevier B.V}, organization = {2015 Elsevier B.V}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the inactivation of adenovirus, reovirus and bacteriophages (MS2, PhiX174, 28B) in a fecal sludge. We conducted two experiments. In the first, we tested different compositions of the fecal sludge by mixing different amounts of water, feces and urine, totaling nine combinations which were kept at temperatures between 10 and 28 degrees C. In the second study, urea was added to the mixtures, which were kept at temperatures from 5 to 33 degrees C. The inactivation was based on a combination of temperature, pH and uncharged ammonia concentration. The increase in pH and ammonia was provided mainly by urine content (Experiment 1) and by urine and added urea (Experiment 2). The inactivation of bacteriophages was slower than the AdV and ReV. At 23 degrees C and 28 degrees , reasonable treatment times were obtained when pH was higher than 8.9 and NH3 concentrations were higher than 35 and 55mM respectively. With those conditions, the maximum time for a 3 log reduction in viruses, according to this study, would be 35days (23 degrees C) and 21days (28 degrees C). However, in most applications where helminth eggs are present, the treatment time and NH3 for sanitization will be the scaling criteria, as they are more persistent. Concerning the sanitization of effluents from latrines, vacuum toilets or dry toilets in developing countries with tropical and sub-tropical climates, the use of intrinsic ammonia combined with high pH can be effective in producing a safe and highly valuable liquid that can be used as a fertilizer. In the case of the fecal sludge with very intrinsic ammonia concentration (<20mM), sanitization could still be achieved by the addition of urea.}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.035}, author = {Magri, M. E. and Fidjeland, J. and Jonsson, H. and Albihn, A. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {12392, title = {Inactivation of antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater effluent by chlorination and sequential UV/chlorination disinfection}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {512-513}, year = {2015}, month = {Apr 15}, pages = {125-32}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Ammonia nitrogen, Antibiotic resistance genes, Bacteria/genetics, chlorination, Chlorine, Disinfection/*methods, Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics, Halogenation, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sequential UV/chlorination, Ultraviolet Rays, UV disinfection, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods, Waste Water/*microbiology}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic)
0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Zhang, Y. and Zhuang, Y. and Geng, J. and Ren, H. and Zhang, Y. and Ding, L. and Xu, K.} } @article {5517, title = {{Inactivation of murine norovirus-1 and hepatitis A virus in the Korean traditional preserved raw crab product Ganjanggejang by soy sauce during storage}}, journal = {Food Control}, volume = {51}, year = {2015}, pages = {293{\textendash}299}, abstract = {

Enteric norovirus (NV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are the major causes of nonbacterial foodborne gastroenteritis. This study examined the effects of soy sauce containing different concentrations of NaCl (5, 10, 15, and 20{\%}) on the survival of murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1), which was used as a human NV surrogate, and HAV in experimentally contaminated raw crabs during 5d of storage at 10\°C. Both MNV-1 and HAV titers and decimal reduction times (D-values) significantly (P{\textless}0.05) decreased with stepwise increases in the NaCl concentration of soy sauce and storage time. The overall reductions in MNV-1 and HAV titers in Ganjanggejang marinated in soy sauce containing 20{\%}, 15{\%}, 10{\%}, and 5{\%} NaCl were 0.98 and 1.09, 0.81 and 0.88, 0.58 and 0.71, and 0.31 and 0.45log10 50{\%} tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/mL, respectively. MNV-1 and HAV titers were not reduced {\textgreater}90{\%} in Ganjanggejang marinated in soy sauce containing 5{\%} NaCl, even after the maximum storage period (5d). Using the first-order reaction model (R2 was {\textgreater}0.95), we determined that the D-values for MNV-1 and HAV were 2.96 and 2.65d, 3.39 and 3.29d, 4.68 and 4.03d, and 8.18 and 5.51d in Ganjanggejang marinated in soy sauce containing 20{\%}, 15{\%}, 10{\%}, and 5{\%} NaCl, respectively. Our results suggest that soy sauce containing higher concentrations of NaCl ({\textgreater}20{\%} NaCl) or 10-20{\%} NaCl with longer storage times ({\textgreater}5 days of storage) could have a more complete inactivation (3log-reduction) of both MNV-1 and HAV in conventional Ganjanggejang.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis A virus, Murine norovirus-1, NaCl, Raw crab, Soy sauce}, issn = {09567135}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.046}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.046}, author = {Shin Y Park and Sang D Ha} } @article {7173, title = {Inactivation of \textit{{Escherichia} coli} in a baffled pond with attached growth: treating anaerobic effluent under the {Sahelian} climate}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, issn = {0959-3330, 1479-487X}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2015.1098732}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09593330.2015.1098732}, author = {Moumouni, D.A. and Andrianisa, H.A. and Y Konat{\'e} and Ndiaye, A. and A H Maiga} } @article {9204, title = {{Incidence of Entamoeba Histolytica in Well Water in Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria}}, journal = {International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {16}, author = {Bishop, HG and Inabo, HI} } @article {3938, title = {Income, democracy, and public policy: the effects of improved sanitation on life expectancy.}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {525{\textendash}529}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2015.025.}, author = {Selck, TJ and Deckarm, R} } @article {3164, title = {Independent evaluation of a canine {Echinococcosis} {Control} {Programme} in {Hobukesar} {County}, {Xinjiang}, {China}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {145}, year = {2015}, month = {may}, pages = {1{\textendash}7}, abstract = {The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in northwest China is one of the world{\textquoteright}s most important foci for cystic echinococcosis. Domestic dogs are the main source for human infection, and previous studies in Xinjiang have found a canine Echinococcus spp. coproELISA prevalence of between 36\% and 41\%. In 2010 the Chinese National Echinococcosis Control Programme was implemented in Xinjiang, and includes regular dosing of domestic dogs with praziquantel. Six communities in Hobukesar County, northwest Xinjiang were assessed in relation to the impact of this control programme through dog necropsies, dog Echinococcus spp. coproantigen surveys based on Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) and dog owner questionnaires. We found that 42.1\% of necropsied dogs were infected with Echinococcus granulosus, and coproELISA prevalences were between 15\% and 70\% in the communities. Although approximately half of all dog owners reported dosing their dogs within the 12 months prior to sampling, coproELISA prevalence remained high. Regular praziquantel dosing of owned dogs in remote and semi-nomadic communities such as those in Hobukesar County is logistically very difficult and additional measures should be considered to reduce canine echinococcosis.}, keywords = {Animals, China, Control programme, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Domestic dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Humans, Lot Quality Assurance Sampling, Praziquantel, prevalence, Surveys and Questionnaires, Xinjiang, Zoonoses}, issn = {1873-6254}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.01.009}, author = {van Kesteren, Freya and Qi, Xinwei and Tao, Jiang and Feng, Xiaohui and Mastin, Alexander and Craig, Philip S. and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Duan, Xinyu and Chu, Xiangdong and Zhu, Jinlong and Wen, Hao} } @booklet {3497, title = {India: {JMP} {Wealth} {Quintiles}. {WHO}/{UNICEF} {Joint} {Monitoring} {Programme} for {Water} {Supply} and {Sanitation}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Orgazination}, address = {Geneva}, url = {http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller[type]=wealth_quintiles.}, author = {JMP} } @booklet {3478, title = {{India: JMP Wealth Quintiles. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Orgazination}, address = {Geneva}, url = {http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx{\_}displaycontroller[type]=wealth{\_}quintiles.}, author = {JMP} } @article {7422, title = {The indirect effects of subsidised healthcare in rural {Ghana}}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, volume = {144}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {96{\textendash}103}, abstract = {Social networks provide a channel through which health policies and programmes can affect those with close social ties to the intended beneficiaries. We provide experimental evidence on the indirect effects of heavily subsidised healthcare. By exploiting data on 2151 households from a randomised study conducted in a rural district of Ghana in 2005, we estimate the extent to which social networks, defined by religion, influence the uptake of primary care services. We find that people socially connected to households with subsidised care are less likely to use primary care services despite the fact that the direct effect of the intervention is positive. We extend the empirical analysis to consider the implications of these changes in behaviour for welfare but find no evidence of indirect effects on child health and healthcare spending. In the context of this study, the findings highlight the potential for healthcare subsidies to have unintended consequences.}, keywords = {Ghana, Healthcare subsidies, Indirect effects, Social learning, Social networks}, issn = {1873-5347}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.09.021}, author = {Powell-Jackson, Timothy and Ansah, Evelyn K.} } @article {9697, title = {Infection of a Goeldi{\textquoteright}s monkey (Callimico Goeldii) with a European strain of Echinococcus multilocularis in a Canadian institution.}, journal = {Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, volume = {46}, year = {2015}, pages = {378-381}, doi = {10.1638/2014-0123R1.1}, author = {Christiansen, E.F and Himsworth, C.G and Hill, J.E. and Haulena, M} } @article {8710, title = {{Influence of influent wastewater communities on temporal variation of activated sludge communities}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {73}, year = {2015}, pages = {132{\textendash}144}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Continuously feeding influent wastewater containing diverse bacterial species to a wastewater treatment activated sludge bioreactor may influence the activated sludge bacterial community temporal dynamics. To explore this possibility, this study tracked influent wastewater and activated sludge bacterial communities by pyrosequencing 16S rRNA genes from four full-scale wastewater treatment plants over a 9-month period. The activated sludge communities showed significantly higher richness and evenness than the influent wastewater communities. Furthermore, the two communities were different in composition and temporal dynamics. These results demonstrate that the impact of the influent wastewater communities on the activated sludge communities was weak. Nevertheless, 4.3-9.3{\%} of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected in the activated sludge were shared with the influent wastewater, implying contribution from influent wastewater communities to some extent. However, the relative OTU abundance of the influent wastewater was not maintained in the activated sludge communities (i.e., weak neutral assembly). In addition, the variability of the communities of the shared OTUs was moderately correlated with abiotic factors imposed to the bioreactors. Taken together, temporal dynamics of activated sludge communities appear to be predominantly explained by species sorting processes in response to influent wastewater communities.}, keywords = {Activated sludge, Community assembly, Influent wastewater, Pyrosequencing, Species sorting}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {18792448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.01.014}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.01.014}, author = {Lee, Sang Hoon and Kang, Hyun Jin and Park, Hee Deung} } @mastersthesis {6368, title = {Influence of water sources on vegetation and geomorphic conditions of first order streams in {Glacier} {National} {Park}, {Montana}, {USA}}, year = {2015}, note = {1597900}, school = {Colorado State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In 1850 at the end of the Little Ice Age, 150 glaciers existed in Glacier National Park (GNP), MT. In 2010, only 25 remained. Climate warming in mid-high latitudes and mountain regions, like GNP, is occurring more rapidly than any other place on Earth. This warming is causing extensive loss of glaciers and snowpack and in high elevation watersheds, glacier melt water exerts substantial influence on hydrogeomorphic processes producing floods, landslides, and debris flows. Rising temperatures will have short term and long term effects on stream flow from melting glaciers including increases in peak flows, stream temperature, and an increased potential for hydrogeomorphic hazards like rock avalanches, landslides, rock fall, glacial moraine dam failure, and outburst floods. From an ecological perspective changes in stream flow and geomorphic activity are important disturbances that form and maintain riparian wetlands. Riparian wetlands occupy a relatively small percentage of mountain landscapes but are important and highly sensitive ecosystems worldwide. The goal of this study was to 1) assess geomorphic conditions of first order stream types 2) identify plant community composition along first order stream types and 3) determine the importance of hydrogeomorphic conditions, topography, and water chemistry in explaining high elevation riparian plant community patterns. To do this, I surveyed vegetation and geomorphic conditions of first order streams directly connected to glaciers, snowfields, and springs. Vegetation data was analyzed at reach and plot (1 m2) scales. Reach scale vegetation was grouped into four plant communities and plot scale vegetation was grouped into seven communities using hierarchical cluster analysis and indicator species analysis. Two of both reach and plot scale communities were characterized by an abundance of Salix species (willow). Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to investigate relationships between stream types and hydrogeomorphic variables as well as plant community occurrence and abiotic variables. Permanova analysis was used to identify statistically significant hydrogeomorphic and vegetation differences in stream types. Hydrogeomorphic variables, particularly stream discharge was a proxy for disturbance and important in explaining variation in plant community patterns. Glacier streams typically had higher stream discharge values and higher frequencies of Salix communities compared to snow or spring fed sites. This research demonstrates the importance of glaciers in controlling hydrogeomorphic conditions and riparian plant community patterns and addresses threats to riparian communities as a result of retreating glaciers. Understanding the potential influences of climate induced changes in the hydrologic drivers of riparian wetlands is a critical topic with implications for channel stability, flood control, water chemistry, and biodiversity, all high priority concerns for GNP.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0404:Climate Change, 0484:Geomorphology, Biological sciences, Climate change, Earth sciences, Ecology, Geomorphology, Glaciers, Hydrogeomorphology, Hydrologic sciences, Plant communities, Riparian, Streams}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1717337671?accountid=14270}, author = {McKernan, Cristina E.} } @article {5828, title = {{Insights in the pathogenesis and resistance of Arcobacter: A review}}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Microbiology}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {1{\textendash}20}, author = {Ferreira, Susana and Queiroz, Jo{\~a}o A and Oleastro, M{\'o}nica and Domingues, Fernanda C} } @article {14345, title = {Insights in the pathogenesis and resistance of {Arcobacter}: {A} review}, journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {1{\textendash}20}, author = {Ferreira, Susana and Queiroz, Jo{\~a}o A and Oleastro, M{\'o}nica and Domingues, Fernanda C} } @article {15774, title = {Integrated cryptosporidium assay to determine oocyst density, infectivity, and genotype for risk assessment of source and reuse water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {May 15}, pages = {3471-81}, edition = {2015/03/15}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium/chemistry/genetics/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Fresh Water/*parasitology, genotype, Humans, Oocysts/*chemistry, Parasitology/*methods, Risk Assessment, Water Pollution/analysis, Water quality}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {King, B. and Fanok, S. and Phillips, R. and Swaffer, B. and Monis, P.} } @article {4966, title = {{Integrated parasite management: path to sustainable control of fishborne trematodes in aquaculture}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {31}, year = {2015}, pages = {8{\textendash}15}, author = {Clausen, JH and Madsen, H and Van, PT and Dalsgaard, A and Murrell, KD} } @inbook {1221, title = {Interaction of human adenoviruses and coliphages with kaolinite and bentonite}, booktitle = {Sci Total Environ}, volume = {517}, year = {2015}, note = {Bellou, Maria I Syngouna, Vasiliki I Tselepi, Maria A Kokkinos, Petros A Paparrodopoulos, Spyros C Vantarakis, Apostolos Chrysikopoulos, Constantinos V Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t The Science of the total environment S0048-9697(15)00172-2 [pii] Sci Total Environ. 2015 Jun 1;517:86-95. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.036. Epub 2015 Feb 24.}, pages = {86-95}, publisher = {2015 Elsevier B.V}, organization = {2015 Elsevier B.V}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {{Human adenoviruses (hAdVs) are pathogenic viruses responsible for public health problems worldwide. They have also been used as viral indicators in environmental systems. Coliphages (e.g., MS2, PhiX174) have also been studied as indicators of viral pollution in fecally contaminated water. Our objective was to evaluate the distribution of three viral fecal indicators (hAdVs, MS2, and PhiChi174), between two different phyllosilicate clays (kaolinite and bentonite) and the aqueous phase. A series of static and dynamic experiments were conducted under two different temperatures (4, 25 degrees C) for a time period of seven days. HAdV adsorption was examined in DNase I reaction buffer (pH=7.6, and ionic strength (IS)=1.4mM), whereas coliphage adsorption in phosphate buffered saline solution (pH=7}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.036}, author = {Bellou, M. I. and Syngouna, V. I. and Tselepi, M. A. and Kokkinos, P. A. and Paparrodopoulos, S. C. and Vantarakis, A. and Chrysikopoulos, C. V.} } @inbook {1222, title = {Interaction of human adenoviruses and coliphages with kaolinite and bentonite}, booktitle = {Sci Total Environ}, volume = {517}, year = {2015}, note = {Bellou, Maria I Syngouna, Vasiliki I Tselepi, Maria A Kokkinos, Petros A Paparrodopoulos, Spyros C Vantarakis, Apostolos Chrysikopoulos, Constantinos V Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t The Science of the total environment S0048-9697(15)00172-2 [pii] Sci Total Environ. 2015 Jun 1;517:86-95. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.036. Epub 2015 Feb 24.}, pages = {86-95}, publisher = {2015 Elsevier B.V}, organization = {2015 Elsevier B.V}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {{Human adenoviruses (hAdVs) are pathogenic viruses responsible for public health problems worldwide. They have also been used as viral indicators in environmental systems. Coliphages (e.g., MS2, PhiX174) have also been studied as indicators of viral pollution in fecally contaminated water. Our objective was to evaluate the distribution of three viral fecal indicators (hAdVs, MS2, and PhiChi174), between two different phyllosilicate clays (kaolinite and bentonite) and the aqueous phase. A series of static and dynamic experiments were conducted under two different temperatures (4, 25 degrees C) for a time period of seven days. HAdV adsorption was examined in DNase I reaction buffer (pH=7.6, and ionic strength (IS)=1.4mM), whereas coliphage adsorption in phosphate buffered saline solution (pH=7}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ chemistry Adsorption Bentonite/ chemistry Coliphages/ chemistry Humans Kaolin/ chemistry Water Pollution}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.036}, author = {Bellou, M. I. and Syngouna, V. I. and Tselepi, M. A. and Kokkinos, P. A. and Paparrodopoulos, S. C. and Vantarakis, A. and Chrysikopoulos, C. V.} } @article {16579, title = {Interleukin-10 and soil-transmitted helminth infections in {Honduran} children}, journal = {BMC Res Notes}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {feb}, pages = {55}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) establish chronic infections in the human intestine. The host reacts to these infections with a dominant T-helper type 2 cell (Th2) response that while attempting to control the worm population, can also provide an anti-inflammatory environment favourable for parasite survival. Regulatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) has been proposed as a key molecule involved in the attenuation of chronic inflammation and the ensuing tolerance for these helminth parasites. The objective of this study was to determine whether STH-infected children from an endemic community had increased circulating IL-10 levels when compared to non-infected children. RESULTS: A total of 39 children (25 boys and 14 girls, 7-15 years of age) were enrolled in study. Utilizing the Kato-Katz method to detect intestinal helminthiases, 10 children were non-infected and 29 were harbouring STH infections by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and/or hookworms. Of the 29 infected children, 11 had single-species infections and 18 were polyparasitized with two or three STH species. Serum samples from all 39 children were tested for IL-10 serum concentrations, out of which 12 had undetectable levels while 27 had levels ranging from 0.4-105 pg/mL. Excluding extreme outlying values, 25 samples had IL-10 concentration values ranging from 0.4 -7.2 pg/mL. Differences in IL-10 levels among non-parasitized, monoparasitized, and polyparasitized groups were not statistically significant. However, children infected with any of the three STH species investigated had higher IL-10 levels than non-parasitized children (geometric means: 0.89 pg/mL vs. 0.74 pg/mL}, keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Female, Helminthiasis/blood/immunology/*parasitology/*transmission, Honduras, Humans, Interleukin-10/*blood, Male, Soil/*parasitology}, issn = {1756-0500 (Electronic) 1756-0500 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/s13104-015-1019-x}, author = {Sanchez, A. L. and Mahoney, D. L. and Gabrie, J. A.} } @article {12087, title = {Interleukin-10 and soil-transmitted helminth infections in Honduran children}, journal = {BMC Research Notes}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, note = {Sanchez, Ana Lourdes
Mahoney, Dylan Lewis
Gabrie, Jose Antonio
eng
England
2015/04/19 06:00
BMC Res Notes. 2015 Feb 25;8:55. doi: 10.1186/s13104-015-1019-x.}, month = {Feb 25}, pages = {55}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) establish chronic infections in the human intestine. The host reacts to these infections with a dominant T-helper type 2 cell (Th2) response that while attempting to control the worm population, can also provide an anti-inflammatory environment favourable for parasite survival. Regulatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) has been proposed as a key molecule involved in the attenuation of chronic inflammation and the ensuing tolerance for these helminth parasites. The objective of this study was to determine whether STH-infected children from an endemic community had increased circulating IL-10 levels when compared to non-infected children. RESULTS: A total of 39 children (25 boys and 14 girls, 7-15 years of age) were enrolled in study. Utilizing the Kato-Katz method to detect intestinal helminthiases, 10 children were non-infected and 29 were harbouring STH infections by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and/or hookworms. Of the 29 infected children, 11 had single-species infections and 18 were polyparasitized with two or three STH species. Serum samples from all 39 children were tested for IL-10 serum concentrations, out of which 12 had undetectable levels while 27 had levels ranging from 0.4-105 pg/mL. Excluding extreme outlying values, 25 samples had IL-10 concentration values ranging from 0.4 -7.2 pg/mL. Differences in IL-10 levels among non-parasitized, monoparasitized, and polyparasitized groups were not statistically significant. However, children infected with any of the three STH species investigated had higher IL-10 levels than non-parasitized children (geometric means: 0.89 pg/mL vs. 0.74 pg/mL, p = 0.428). Similarly, polyparasitized children had higher IL-10 levels than both monoparasitized and non-parasitized children (1.04 pg/mL, 0.69 pg/mL, and 0.74 pg/mL, respectively, p = 0.481). A significant moderate negative correlation between IL-10 levels and children{\textquoteright}s age was found, but no correlations were observed between IL-10 levels and intensity of infection by any of the parasite species investigated. CONCLUSIONS: We found no strong evidence for an association between STH infection and serum IL-10 concentration levels. However, the trends identified here warrant further investigation. Additional research is needed to expand the current understanding of the immune response elicited by STH infections in children living in endemic communities.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Female, Helminthiasis/blood/immunology/*parasitology/*transmission, Honduras, Humans, Interleukin-10/*blood, Male, Soil/*parasitology}, isbn = {1756-0500 (Electronic)
1756-0500 (Linking)}, author = {Sanchez, A. L. and Mahoney, D. L. and Gabrie, J. A.} } @article {2531, title = {International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, {ICTV.}}, year = {2015} } @article {779, title = {International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, {ICTV.}}, year = {2015}, author = {ICTV} } @article {3674, title = {International {Committee} on {Taxonomy} of {Viruses}, \{\{\.I}CTV}.\{\}\}}, year = {2015}, author = {ICTV} } @booklet {3804, title = {International {Committee} on {Taxonomy} of {Viruses}, {ICTV}.}, year = {2015}, url = {http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp}, author = {ICTV} } @booklet {8376, title = {International Decade for Action {\textquoteleft}Water for Life{\textquoteright} 2005-2015}, year = {2015}, url = {http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/} } @article {2770, title = {International standardization and classification of human papillomavirus types}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {476}, year = {2015}, pages = {341-344}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {classification detection DISCOVERY EPIDEMIOLOGY genetics Genotype Genotyping human humans IF Internationality isolation \& purification Laboratories methods Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections phylogeny QUALITY Research SAMPLES SEQUEN}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25577151}, author = {Bzhalava, D. and Eklund, C. and Dillner, J.} } @article {8581, title = {{Intervention strategies to reduce human Toxoplasma gondii disease burden}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {101{\textendash}107}, author = {Opsteegh, M and Kortbeek, TM and A H Havelaar and van der Giessen, JW} } @article {15487, title = {Introgressive hybridizations of Schistosoma haematobium by Schistosoma bovis at the origin of the first case report of schistosomiasis in Corsica (France, Europe)}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {114}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, note = {Mone, Helene
Holtfreter, Martha C
Allienne, Jean-Francois
Mintsa-Nguema, Rodrigue
Ibikounle, Moudachirou
Boissier, Jerome
Berry, Antoine
Mitta, Guillaume
Richter, Joachim
Mouahid, Gabriel
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Germany
2015/08/14 06:00
Parasitol Res. 2015 Nov;114(11):4127-33. doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4643-4. Epub 2015 Aug 14.}, month = {Nov}, pages = {4127-33}, abstract = {This study concerns the first urinary schistosomiasis case observed in Corsica (France, Europe) occurring in a 12-year-old German boy. The aim was to identify the relationship between this Schistosoma haematobium infection and other schistosomes of the Schistosoma group with terminal-spined ova. Morphological and molecular analyses were conducted on the ova. The results showed that the schistosome responsible for the emergence of schistosomiasis in Corsica was due to S. haematobium introgressed by genes from S. bovis.}, keywords = {Corsica, Europe, France, Haematuria, Hybrids, Schistosoma, Schistosoma bovis, Schistosoma haematobium, Urinary schistosomiasis}, isbn = {1432-1955 (Electronic)
0932-0113 (Linking)}, author = {Mon{\'e}, H. and Holtfreter, M. C. and Allienne, J. F. and Mintsa-Ngu{\'e}ma, R. and Ibikounl{\'e}, M. and Boissier, J. and Berry, A. and Mitta, G. and Richter, J. and Mouahid, G.} } @article {17330, title = {Invasive Salmonellosis in Kilifi, Kenya}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {61 Suppl 4}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov 1}, pages = {S290-301}, edition = {2015/10/10}, keywords = {Adult, Bacteremia/epidemiology/etiology/microbiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Female, HIV Infections/complications, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Kenya, Kenya/epidemiology, Malaria/complications/epidemiology, Male, Malnutrition, Middle Aged, nontyphoidal, Risk Factors, Salmonella, Salmonella enterica/drug effects/*isolation \& purification, Salmonella enteritidis/drug effects/isolation \& purification, Salmonella Infections/complications/*epidemiology/microbiology, Salmonella typhi/drug effects/isolation \& purification, Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects/isolation \& purification, Typhi, Typhoid Fever/epidemiology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Muthumbi, E. and Morpeth, S. C. and Ooko, M. and Mwanzu, A. and Mwarumba, S. and Mturi, N. and Etyang, A. O. and Berkley, J. A. and Williams, T. N. and Kariuki, S. and Scott, J. A.} } @article {17116, title = {Investigating the reduction of human adenovirus (HAdV) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) in a sewage treatment plant with a polishing pond as a tertiary treatment}, journal = {Water, Air, \& Soil Pollution}, volume = {226}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {284}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Jurzik, Lars and Hamza, Ibrahim Ahmed and Wilhelm, Michael} } @article {4533, title = {Investigating the reduction of human adenovirus ({HAdV}) and human polyomavirus ({HPyV}) in a sewage treatment plant with a polishing pond as a tertriary treatment}, journal = {Water, Air and Soil pollution}, volume = {226}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {284}, author = {A Jurzik and I A Hamza and M Wilhelm} } @article {1362, title = {Investigating the reduction of human adenovirus (HAdV) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) in a sewage treatment plant with a polishing pond as a tertriary treatment}, journal = {Water, Air and Soil pollution}, volume = {226}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {226 article number}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {A Jurzik and I A Hamza and M Wilhelm} } @mastersthesis {6962, title = {Investigation of {Multi}-phase {Flow} {Property} {Hysteresis}: {Application} to {Low} {Salinity} {Waterflooding}, and {CO}2 {Sequestration} in {Aquifers} and {Oil} {Reservoirs}}, year = {2015}, note = {3714414}, school = {University of Wyoming}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Capillary pressure, relative permeability and electrical resistivity are key parameters to describe multiphase flow in porous media. Their empirical relations with respect to wetting phase saturation demonstrate irreversibility usually referred to as hysteresis. In this dissertation, an experimental setup (Coretest, CP-355) was designed and built to enable measuring hysteresis of capillary as well as two- and four-electrode resistivity (at five different frequencies simultaneously) using reservoir fluids at elevated temperature and pressure; another experimental device used in this study was the core flooding system to conduct unsteady-state coreflooding experiments. Capillary pressure and electrical resistivity hysteresis curves were obtained directly from experiments performed using the CP-355; meanwhile, relative permeability and a hysteresis behavior were obtained by history matching the unsteady-state coreflooding experiments with consideration of capillary hysteresis. Direct determination of relative permeability curves from history matching the capillary pressure experiment failed due to the high resistance of ceramic disk used in the typical quasi-static method that controlled the equilibrium time. This leads to additional testing of new capillary pressure measuring configurations with a degree of success. To investigate the low-salinity effect on hysteresis phenomena, high salinity-high salinity and high salinity-low salinity experiments were carried out on two reservoir rocks (whose properties are quite similar) with reservoir fluids at elevated temperature. Results showed a more noticeable hysteresis for low-salinity brine, which could be explained by higher water-wetness and mineral dissolution induced by low-salinity brine. To further explore low-salinity waterflooding mechanisms, four additional experiments were planned to first investigate the interfacial viscoelasticity effect with exclusion of wettability alteration by conducting experiments at low temperature without aging. We then introduced the effect of wettability alteration by aging the core sample at irreducible water saturation for 3 weeks at high temperature. Furthermore, for these aforementioned experiments, a newly developed dynamic-static method was used to accelerate capillary pressure experiments. Two experimental results on interfacial viscoelasticity effects have been obtained as of now, and two others are still ongoing. Based on all the current results, we conclude that 1) brine with low enough salinity produces a higher viscoelasticity shown before to suppress snap-off with the consequently diminished hysteresis; 2) low salinity can turn the rock more water-wet at high temperature, but resulting in more snap-off and thus more hysteresis; 3) wettability has a noticeable effect on electrical resistivity hysteresis - the more oil-wet, the more hysteresis (resistivity values are higher in imbibition than in drainage). Capillary and relative permeability hysteresis are also crucial for CO2 sequestration in aquifers and oil reservoirs through residual trapping and local capillary trapping. In this dissertation, two separate studies were conducted - a sensitivity analysis on CO2 storage in surrogate Tensleep fractured aquifers using computer experiments and an economic co-optimization study of oil recovery and CO2 sequestration on the 2nd Wall Creek Formation at {\textquestiondown}East Salt Creek{\textquestiondown} and the Tensleep Formation at {\textquestiondown}Teapot Dome{\textquestiondown}. The sensitivity analysis in aquifers shows that fractures play a negative role in CO2 storage, especially when an active aquifer at the bottom is present and dissolution trapping dominates among all the trapping mechanism. Co-optimization of CO2 EOR and storage in oil reservoirs were realized by combining Leach et al.{\textquestiondown}s rigorous economic model and dynamic reservoir models. The results show that it is necessary to gradually taper the CO2-injection rate to save CO2 recycling costs and thus maximize NPV and paradoxically, cumulative CO2 sequestration is highly insensitive to sequestration subsidies.}, keywords = {0537:Engineering, Applied sciences, Engineering, Flow property hysteresis, Multi-phase, Oil reservoirs}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1709274656?accountid=14270}, author = {Wang, Xiao} } @article {14158, title = {Investigation of the {Performance} and {Kinetics} of {Anaerobic} {Digestion} at 45\&\#176;{C}}, journal = {Journal of Water Resource and Protection}, volume = {07}, number = {14}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {1099{\textendash}1100}, abstract = {The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD) within the intermediate zone, specifically at 45{\textdegree}C. Single-stage batch anaerobic digestion system was developed in the lab and performance was monitored for more than 2 years. The AD system was able to achieve high biogas production with about 62\% - 67\% methane content. The digester exhibited high acetate accumulation, but sufficient buffering capacity was observed as the pH, alkalinity and volatile fatty acids-to-alkalinity ratio were within recommended values. The system achieved 36.5\% reduction of total solids (TS) and 47.8\% reduction of volatile solids (VS), which exceeded the required VS destruction efficiency for Class A biosolids. The pathogen counts were less than 1000 MPN/g total solids in the effluent, which also satisfied Class A biosolids requirements. The accumulation of acetate was presumably due to the high temperature which contributed to high hydrolysis rate. Consequently, it produced large amount of toxic salts that combined with the acetate, making them not readily available to be consumed by methanogens. The slower degradation of acetate was observed by the kinetic parameters. Accumulation of acetate contributed to 52\% to 71\% reduction in acetate degradation process, but was not completely inhibitory. The methanogens existing in the system were mostly thermo-tolerant acetate-utilizing methanogens, and specifically from Methanosarcinaceae species.}, issn = {1945-3094}, doi = {10.4236/jwarp.2015.714090}, author = {Nuruol S Mohd and Husnain, Taqsim and Li, Baoqiang and Rahman, Arifur and Riffat, Rumana} } @article {8094, title = {{Investigation of the Performance and Kinetics of Anaerobic Digestion at 45 176 C}}, journal = {Journal of Water Resource and Protection}, volume = {07}, number = {14}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {1099{\textendash}1100}, publisher = {Scientific Research Publishing}, abstract = {

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD) within the intermediate zone, specifically at 45\°C. Single-stage batch anaerobic digestion system was developed in the lab and performance was monitored for more than 2 years. The AD system was able to achieve high biogas production with about 62{\%} - 67{\%} methane content. The digester exhibited high acetate accumulation, but sufficient buffering capacity was observed as the pH, alkalinity and volatile fatty acids-to-alkalinity ratio were within recommended values. The system achieved 36.5{\%} reduction of total solids (TS) and 47.8{\%} reduction of volatile solids (VS), which exceeded the required VS destruction efficiency for Class A biosolids. The pathogen counts were less than 1000 MPN/g total solids in the effluent, which also satisfied Class A biosolids requirements. The accumulation of acetate was presumably due to the high temperature which contributed to high hydrolysis rate. Consequently, it produced large amount of toxic salts that combined with the acetate, making them not readily available to be consumed by methanogens. The slower degradation of acetate was observed by the kinetic parameters. Accumulation of acetate contributed to 52{\%} to 71{\%} reduction in acetate degradation process, but was not completely inhibitory. The methanogens existing in the system were mostly thermo-tolerant acetate-utilizing methanogens, and specifically from Methanosarcinaceae species.

}, isbn = {doi:10.4236/jwarp.2015.714090}, issn = {1945-3094}, doi = {10.4236/jwarp.2015.714090}, author = {Nuruol S Mohd and Husnain, Taqsim and Li, Baoqiang and Rahman, Arifur and Riffat, Rumana} } @article {2354, title = {{Investigation of the Performance and Kinetics of Anaerobic Digestion at 45\&\#176;C}}, journal = {Journal of Water Resource and Protection}, volume = {07}, number = {14}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {1099{\textendash}1100}, publisher = {Scientific Research Publishing}, abstract = {The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of anaerobic digestion (AD) within the intermediate zone, specifically at 45{\textdegree}C. Single-stage batch anaerobic digestion system was developed in the lab and performance was monitored for more than 2 years. The AD system was able to achieve high biogas production with about 62\% - 67\% methane content. The digester exhibited high acetate accumulation, but sufficient buffering capacity was observed as the pH, alkalinity and volatile fatty acids-to-alkalinity ratio were within recommended values. The system achieved 36.5\% reduction of total solids (TS) and 47.8\% reduction of volatile solids (VS), which exceeded the required VS destruction efficiency for Class A biosolids. The pathogen counts were less than 1000 MPN/g total solids in the effluent, which also satisfied Class A biosolids requirements. The accumulation of acetate was presumably due to the high temperature which contributed to high hydrolysis rate. Consequently, it produced large amount of toxic salts that combined with the acetate, making them not readily available to be consumed by methanogens. The slower degradation of acetate was observed by the kinetic parameters. Accumulation of acetate contributed to 52\% to 71\% reduction in acetate degradation process, but was not completely inhibitory. The methanogens existing in the system were mostly thermo-tolerant acetate-utilizing methanogens, and specifically from Methanosarcinaceae species.}, isbn = {doi:10.4236/jwarp.2015.714090}, issn = {1945-3094}, doi = {10.4236/jwarp.2015.714090}, author = {Nuruol S Mohd and Husnain, Taqsim and Li, Baoqiang and Rahman, Arifur and Riffat, Rumana} } @article {2018, title = {[An investigation on the prevalence of Balantidium coli in traditional farms of the Darab city in Fars Province (Iran)] (in Persian with English abstract)}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Animal Biology}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {79-86}, author = {Mirzaei, M. and Khovand, H.} } @booklet {12698, title = {{Investing to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical disease: third WHO report on neglected diseases. WHO/HTM/NTD/2015.1}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {WHO} } @article {1979, title = {Isolation and maintenance of Balantidium coli (Malmsteim, 1857) cultured from fecal samples of pigs and non-human primates}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {210}, number = {3-4}, year = {2015}, month = {2015/06}, pages = {240-245}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Barbosa, A and O M Pereira Bastos and Uchoa, C and Pissinatti, S and Filho, PRF and Dib, LV and Azevedo, EP and de Siqueira, MP and Cardozo, ML and Amendoeira, MRR} } @article {16123, title = {Isolation of a Seawater Tolerant Leptospira spp. from a Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena australis)}, journal = {PLoS OnePLoS ONEPLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0144974}, edition = {2015/12/30}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Grune Loffler, S. and Rago, V. and Martinez, M. and Uhart, M. and Florin-Christensen, M. and Romero, G. and Brihuega, B.} } @article {15582, title = {Join Monitoring Programme_25 years _ Progress on sanitation and drinking water}, year = {2015}, author = {WHO and UNICEF} } @article {5073, title = {Laboratory analysis of environmental samples taken following the reported release of live poliovirus}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}23}, url = {http://rivm.openrepository.com/rivm/handle/10029/557205}, author = {Duizer, E} } @booklet {15031, title = {Laboratory analysis of environmental samples taken following the reported release of live poliovirus. {RIVM}}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}23}, type = {Letter report 2015-0032}, url = {http://www.rivm.nl/en/Documents_and_publications/Scientific/Reports/2015/maart/Laboratory_analysis_of_environmental_samples_taken_following_the_reported_release_of_live_poliovirus}, author = {Duizer, E} } @article {9865, title = {{Laboratory diagnosis of Blastocystis spp}}, journal = {Tropical Parasitology}, volume = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {3{\textendash}5}, doi = {10.4103/2229-5070.149885}, author = {Stensvold, CR} } @article {17477, title = {{Lactic Acid Fermentation, Urea and Lime Addition: Promising Faecal Sludge Sanitizing Methods for Emergency Sanitation}}, journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {13871{\textendash}13885}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph121113871}, author = {Anderson, Catherine and Malambo, Dennis Hanjalika and Perez, Maria Eliette Gonzalez and Nobela, Happiness Ngwanamoseka and de Pooter, Lobke and Spit, Jan and Hooijmans, Christine Maria and van de Vossenberg, Jack and Greya, Wilson and Thole, Bernard and van Lier, Jules B and Brdjanovic, Damir} } @mastersthesis {6895, title = {Land-ocean contrasts under climate change}, year = {2015}, note = {0830620}, school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Observations and climate models show a pronounced land-ocean contrast in the responses of surface temperature and the hydrological cycle to global warming: Land temperatures increase more than ocean temperatures, low-level relative humidity increases over ocean but decreases over land, and the water cycle has a muted response over land in comparison to ocean regions at similar latitudes. A comprehensive physical understanding of these land-ocean contrasts has not been established, despite the robustness of the features and their importance for the regional and societal impacts of climate change. Here we investigate land-ocean contrasts in temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation minus evaporation (P - E ) under climate change using both idealized and full-complexity models. As in previous studies, we find enhanced surface warming over land relative to the ocean at almost all latitudes. In the tropics and subtropics, the warming contrast is explained using a convective quasi-equilibrium (CQE) theory which assumes equal changes in equivalent potential temperature over land and ocean. As the CQE theory highlights, the warming contrast depends strongly on changes in relative humidity, particularly over land. The decreases in land relative humidity under warming can be understood using a conceptual model of moisture transport between the land and ocean boundary layers and the free troposphere. Changes in P - E over ocean are closely tied to the local surface-air temperature changes via a simple thermodynamic scaling; the so-called "rich-get-richer" mechanism. Over land, however, we show that the response has a smaller magnitude and deviates substantially from the thermodynamic scaling. We examine the reasons for this land-ocean contrast in the response of P - E by analyzing the atmospheric moisture budget. Horizontal gradients of surface temperature and relative humidity changes are found to be important over land, with changes in atmospheric circulation playing a secondary role outside the tropics. An extended thermodynamic scaling is introduced and is shown to capture the multimodel-mean response of P - E over land, and the physical mechanisms behind the extended scaling are discussed. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, libraries.mit.edu/docs - docs@mit.edu)}, keywords = {0557:Meteorology, 0725:Atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric sciences, Earth sciences, Meteorology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1689391052?accountid=14270}, author = {Byrne, Michael P.} } @booklet {11439, title = {Landscape Analysis: Control of Taenia solium}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, type = {Report}, url = {http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/164359/1/9789241508643_eng.pdf}, author = {Thomas, Lian F.} } @article {11409, title = {Landscape analysis: management of neurocysticercosis with an emphasis on low-and middle-income countries}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article {2927, title = {Landscape and climatic characteristics associated with human alveolar echinococcosis in {France}, 1982 to 2007}, journal = {Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europ{\'e}en Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin}, volume = {20}, number = {18}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a severe hepatic disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. In France, the definitive and intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis (foxes and rodents, respectively) have a broader geographical distribution than that of human AE. In this two-part study, we describe the link between AE incidence in France between 1982 and 2007 and climatic and landscape characteristics. National-level analysis demonstrated a dramatic increase in AE risk in areas with very cold winters and high annual rainfall levels. Notably, 52\% (207/401) of cases resided in French communes (smallest French administrative level) with a mountain climate. The mountain climate communes displayed a 133-fold (95\% CI: 95-191) increase in AE risk compared with communes in which the majority of the population resides. A case-control study performed in the most affected areas confirmed the link between AE risk and climatic factors. This arm of the study also revealed that populations residing in forest or pasture areas were at high risk of developing AE. We therefore hypothesised that snow-covered ground may facilitate predators to track their prey, thus increasing E. multilocularis biomass in foxes. Such climatic and landscape conditions could lead to an increased risk of developing AE among humans residing in nearby areas.}, keywords = {Animals, Case-Control Studies, Climate, Disease Outbreaks, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Foxes, France, Geography, Hepatic, Humans, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis, Population Density, Residence Characteristics, Risk Factors, Seasons}, issn = {1560-7917}, author = {Piarroux, M. and Gaudart, J. and Bresson-Hadni, S. and Bardonnet, K. and Faucher, B. and Grenouillet, F. and Knapp, J. and Dumortier, J. and Watelet, J. and Gerard, A. and Beytout, J. and Abergel, A. and Wallon, M. and Vuitton, D. A. and Piarroux, R. and Francechino Network} } @article {5747, title = {{Large and Prolonged Food-Borne Multistate Hepatitis A Outbreak in Europe Associated with Consumption of Frozen Berries, 2013 to 2014}}, journal = {Euro Surveillance}, volume = {20}, number = {29}, year = {2015}, pages = {21192}, author = {Severi, E and Verhoef, L and Thornton, L and Guzman-Herrador, BR and Faber, M and Sundqvist, L and Rimhanen-Finne, R and Roque-Afonso, AM and Ngui, SL and Allerberger, F and Baumann-Popczyk, A and Muller, L and Parmakova, K and Alfonsi, V. and Tavoschi, L and Vennema, H and Fitzgerald, M and Myrmel, M and Gertler, M and Ederth, J and Kontio, M and Vanbockstael, C and Mandal, S and Sadkowska-Todys, M and Tosti, ME and Schimmer, B and O{\textquoteright}Gorman, J and Stene-Johansen, K and Wenzel, JJ and Jones, G and Balogun, K and Ciccaglione, AR and O{\textquoteright}Connor, L and Vold, L and Takkinen, J and Rizzo, C} } @article {3571, title = {A large community outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of drinking water contaminated by river water, {Belgium}, 2010.}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {143}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {711{\textendash}719}, author = {Braeye, T and K De Schrijver and Wollants, E and Van Ranst, M and Verhaegen, J} } @article {10010, title = {{Large scale survey of enteric viruses in river and waste water underlines the health status of the local population}}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {79}, year = {2015}, pages = {42{\textendash}50}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {Although enteric viruses constitute a major cause of acute waterborne diseases worldwide, environmental data about occurrence and viral load of enteric viruses in water are not often available. In this study, enteric viruses (i.e., adenovirus, aichivirus, astrovirus, cosavirus, enterovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, norovirus of genogroups I and II, rotavirus A and salivirus) were monitored in the Seine River and the origin of contamination was untangled. A total of 275 water samples were collected, twice a month for one year, from the river Seine, its tributaries and the major WWTP effluents in the Paris agglomeration. All water samples were negative for hepatitis A and E viruses. AdV, NVGI, NVGII and RV-A were the most prevalent and abundant populations in all water samples. The viral load and the detection frequency increased significantly between the samples collected the most upstream and the most downstream of the Paris urban area. The calculated viral fluxes demonstrated clearly the measurable impact of WWTP effluents on the viral contamination of the Seine River. The viral load was seasonal for almost all enteric viruses, in accordance with the gastroenteritis recordings provided by the French medical authorities. These results implied the existence of a close relationship between the health status of inhabitants and the viral contamination of WWTP effluents and consequently surface water contamination. Subsequently, the regular analysis of wastewater could serve as a proxy for the monitoring of the human viruses circulating in both a population and surface water.}, keywords = {Enteric viruses, PCR, River water, Viral Load, Wastewater effluent, water contamination}, isbn = {0160-4120}, issn = {18736750}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2015.03.004}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.03.004}, author = {Prevost, B. and Lucas, F. S. and Goncalves, A. and Richard, F. and Moulin, L. and Wurtzer, S.} } @article {3689, title = {Large scale survey of enteric viruses in river and waste water underlines the health status of the local population.}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {79}, year = {2015}, pages = {42{\textendash}50}, author = {Prevost, B and Lucas, FS and Goncalves, A and Richard, F and Moulin, L and Wurtzer, S} } @article {7459, title = {Large scale survey of enteric viruses in river and waste water underlines the health status of the local population}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {79}, year = {2015}, month = {jun}, pages = {42{\textendash}50}, issn = {01604120}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2015.03.004}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160412015000550}, author = {Prevost, B. and Lucas, F.S. and Goncalves, A. and Richard, F. and Moulin, L. and Wurtzer, S.} } @article {2781, title = {A large spectrum of alpha and beta papillomaviruses are detected in human stool samples}, journal = {The Journal of General Virology}, volume = {96}, number = {Pt 3}, year = {2015}, pages = {607-613}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {analysis diarrhoea Digestive System DISEASE DISEASES DIVERSITY Environment Faeces GENOME GENOMES Genotype genotypes human infectious Italy MEMBRANE Membranes Mucous Membrane ORIGIN Papillomavirus PCR prevalence PREVENTION Primary Prevention PRODUCT PRODUC}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25398789}, author = {Di Bonito, P and S Della Libera and Petricca, S and Iaconelli, M and Sanguinetti, M and Graffeo, R and Accardi, L and La Rosa, G} } @article {16100, title = {Leptospira and Bats: Story of an emerging friendship.}, journal = {PLoS PathogPLoS Pathog}, volume = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {e1005176.}, author = {Dietrich, M. and Muhldorfer, K. and Tortosa, P. and Markotter, W.} } @article {16177, title = {Leptospira Serovars for Diagnosis of Leptospirosis in Humans and Animals in Africa: Common Leptospira Isolates and Reservoir Hosts}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop DisPLoS Negl Trop DisPLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec}, pages = {e0004251}, edition = {2015/12/02}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Mgode, G. F. and Machang{\textquoteright}u, R. S. and Mhamphi, G. G. and Katakweba, A. and Mulungu, L. S. and Durnez, L. and Leirs, H. and Hartskeerl, R. A. and Belmain, S. R.} } @article {16118, title = {Leptospirosis acquisition following the reintroduction of wildlife}, journal = {Vet RecVet Rec}, volume = {177}, number = {17}, year = {2015}, month = {Oct 31}, pages = {440}, edition = {2015/10/21}, isbn = {2042-7670 (Electronic)
0042-4900 (Linking)}, author = {Gelling, M. and Zochowski, W. and Macdonald, D. W. and Johnson, A. and Palmer, M. and Mathews, F.} } @article {16127, title = {Leptospirosis in humans}, journal = {Curr Top Microbiol ImmunolCurr Top Microbiol ImmunolCurr Top Microbiol Immunol}, volume = {387}, year = {2015}, pages = {65-97}, edition = {2014/11/13}, isbn = {0070-217X (Print)
0070-217X (Linking)}, author = {Haake, D. A. and Levett, P. N.} } @booklet {15997, title = {{Levels and Trends in Child Mortality - Report 2015}}, year = {2015}, address = {New York} } @article {7421, title = {Light wavelength-dependent {E}. coli survival changes after simulated solar disinfection of secondary effluent}, journal = {Photochem. Photobiol. Sci.}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {2238{\textendash}2250}, issn = {1474-905X, 1474-9092}, doi = {10.1039/C5PP00110B}, url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C5PP00110B}, author = {Giannakis, Stefanos and Rtimi, Sami and Darakas, Efthymios and Escalas-Ca{\~n}ellas, Antoni and Pulgarin, C{\'e}sar} } @article {9076, title = {{Light wavelength-dependent E. coli survival changes after simulated solar disinfection of secondary effluent}}, journal = {Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {2238{\textendash}2250}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, abstract = {{\{}{\textcopyright}{\}} The Royal Society of Chemistry and Owner Societies 2015. In this study, the photoreactivation and the modification of dark repair of E. coli in a simulated secondary effluent were investigated after initial irradiation under different conditions. The simulated solar exposure of the secondary wastewater was followed by exposure to six different low-intensity fluorescent lamps (blacklight blue, actinic blacklight, blue, green, yellow and indoor light) for up to 8 h. When photoreactivation was monitored, blue and green colored fluorescent light led to increased bacterial regrowth. Blacklight lamps further inactivated the remaining bacteria, while yellow and indoor light led to accelerated growth of healthy cells. Exposure to fluorescent lamps was followed by long term storage in darkness, to monitor the bacterial repair in the dark. The response was correlated with the pre-exposure dose of applied solar irradiation, and to a lesser extent with the fluorescent light dose. Bacteria which had undergone extensive exposure showed no response under fluorescent light or during storage in the dark. Finally, the statistical treatment of the data allowed us to suggest a linear model, which is non-selective in terms of the fluorescent light applied. The estimation of the final bacterial population was predicted well (R-sq \~{} 75{\{}{\%}{\}}) and the photoreactivation risk was found to be more important for cultivable cells.}, issn = {14749092 1474905X}, doi = {10.1039/c5pp00110b}, author = {Giannakis, S and Rtimi, S and Darakas, E and Escalas-Ca{\~n}ellas, A and Pulgarin, C} } @article {12306, title = {Limited dissemination of the wastewater treatment plant core resistome}, journal = {Nature Communications}, year = {2015}, note = {Munck, Christian Albertsen, Mads Telke, Amar Ellabaan, Mostafa Nielsen, Per Halkjaer Sommer, Morten O. A.
Munck, Christian/0000-0001-7809-0550; Albertsen, Mads/0000-0002-6151-190X; Nielsen, Per Halkjaer/0000-0002-6402-1877}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {

Horizontal gene transfer is a major contributor to the evolution of bacterial genomes and can facilitate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes between environmental reservoirs and potential pathogens. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are believed to play a central role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. However, the contribution of the dominant members of the WWTP resistome to resistance in human pathogens remains poorly understood. Here we use a combination of metagenomic functional selections and comprehensive metagenomic sequencing to uncover the dominant genes of the WWTP resistome. We find that this core resistome is unique to the WWTP environment, with \<10\% of the resistance genes found outside the WWTP environment. Our data highlight that, despite an abundance of functional resistance genes within WWTPs, only few genes are found in other environments, suggesting that the overall dissemination of the WWTP resistome is comparable to that of the soil resistome.

}, isbn = {2041-1723}, author = {Munck, C. and Albertsen, M. and Telke, A. and Ellabaan, M. and Nielsen, P. H. and Sommer, M. O. A.} } @article {12563, title = {Limited dissemination of the wastewater treatment plant core resistome}, journal = {Nature communicationsNature communications}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {8452}, isbn = {2041-1723}, author = {Munck, Christian and Albertsen, Mads and Telke, Amar and Ellabaan, Mostafa and Nielsen, Per Halkj{\ae}r and Sommer, Morten OA} } @article {4774, title = {{A linear mitochondrial genome of Cyclospora cayetanensis (Eimeriidae, Eucoccidiorida, Coccidiasina, Apicomplexa) suggests the ancestral start position within mitochondrial genomes of eimeriid coccidia}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {45}, year = {2015}, pages = {361{\textendash}365}, author = {Ogedengbe, ME and Qvarnstrom, Y and da Silva, AJ and Arrowood, MJ and Barta, JR} } @article {13566, title = {Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) naturally infecting introduced European Brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in northern Patagonia: phenotype, prevalence and potential risk}, journal = {Acta Parasitol}, volume = {60}, year = {2015}, pages = {536-543}, author = {Cuervo, P., Di Cataldo, S. , Fantozzi, M.C., Deis, E. , Diaz, G. , Viberti, G. , Artigas, P. , Peixoto, R. , Valero, M.A., Mera y Sierra, R. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {1961, title = {Long-Term Persistence of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Entomopathogenic Nematodes}, journal = {Plos One}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, note = {1}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0116818}, url = {://WOS:000350680700060}, author = {Gengler, Samuel and Laudisoit, Anne and Batoko, Henri and Wattiau, Pierre} } @mastersthesis {7121, title = {Low impact development in urban areas for integrated watershed management across scales}, year = {2015}, note = {3737926}, school = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Urbanization and land use changes have increased impervious surfaces and resulted in more frequent flooding and higher contaminant loads in hydrologic systems. According to the National Resources Defense Council, stormwater runoff rivals or exceeds discharges from factories and sewage plants as a source of pollution throughout the United States. The Environmental Protection Agency identifies urban stormwater as the second largest source of water quality damage to open water bodies. In recent years, the use of low impact development (LID) practices, that aim at maintaining or closely replicating predevelopment hydrology, have become widespread. LID practices promote stormwater infiltration, filtration, evapotranspiration, and on-site storage through a variety of small-scale technologies that, when integrated throughout a watershed, can holistically address shortcomings associated with and/or complement conventional practices. Notable examples are rain gardens, green roofs, and permeable pavements. This thesis monitored meteorological and runoff data for one type of LID technology, a green roof, located at the Business Instructional Facility at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The data was used to calibrate the moisture retention parameters of the green roof substrate using Hydrus-1D. The model is capable of simulating runoff and evapotranspiration for continuous periods of time allowing it to take into account the antecedent moisture content of green roofs at the beginning of each storm. The general features of the runoff hydrographs were captured by the model. Hydrus 1D was used to generate runoff hydrographs for green roofs, and these were incorporated into the Calumet Dropshaft 51 (CDS-51) model that was developed for the Village of Dolton, IL using the Illinois Urban Hydrologic Model (IUHM). IUHM was modified to incorporate the response of green roofs and study their impact on the catchment runoff behavior. Hypothetical uniform and triangular storms were used to study the influence of rainfall intensity and the temporal distribution, respectively. Wet and dry year precipitation for CDS-51 were also tested, and the results show that the volumetric retention of stormwater by green roofs is not constant and depends on the antecedent moisture content, even for storms of similar depths. Benefits realized from replacing conventional roofs with green roofs in CDS-51 were then quantified using benefit transfer. The analysis was based on the hydrological analysis at the watershed level scaling-up from the local level, a nonlinear process. The private benefits considered are the benefits from reduced energy use and the external benefits considered are the benefits from reduced stormwater treatment volume, reduced combined sewer overflow treatment and storage volume, and consumer willingness to pay for increased infiltration and decreased street flooding. Results indicated that external benefits are substantial and quantifying the value of other nonmarket benefits (not considered in this study) could make the case for using green roofs and other green infrastructure for stormwater management more favorable.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Environmental engineering, Green roofs, Hydrus-1d, Illinois urban hydrologic model, Integrated stormwater management, Low impact development, Stormwater externalities, Stormwater management, Urban hydrology, Valuation of stormwater externalities, Watershed modeling}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1744826508?accountid=14270}, author = {Obeid, Najwa K.} } @mastersthesis {6672, title = {Macrobenthic communities in the northern {Gulf} of {Mexico} hypoxic zone: {Testing} the {Pearson}-{Rosenberg} model}, year = {2015}, note = {3732482}, school = {The University of Southern Mississippi}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The Pearson and Rosenberg (P-R) conceptual model of macrobenthic succession was used to assess the impact of hypoxia (dissolved oxygen [DO] <= 2 mg/L) on the macrobenthic community on the continental shelf of northern Gulf of Mexico for the first time. The model uses a stress-response relationship between environmental parameters and the macrobenthic community to determine the ecological condition of the benthic habitat. The ecological significance of dissolved oxygen in a benthic habitat is well understood. In addition, the annual recurrence of bottom-water hypoxia on the Louisiana/Texas shelf during summer months is well documented. The P-R model illustrates the decreasing impact of organic enrichment on the macrobenthic community distally from the source. To test the underlying principles of the P-R model using bottom-water concentration of dissolved oxygen as a proxy for distance from the source of organic enrichment, four sites were chosen based on the frequency of hypoxia occurrence in the hypoxic zone of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The chosen sites were arrayed from west to east on the Louisiana continental shelf, where site A was farthest from the Mississippi River and least impacted by seasonal hypoxia with {\textless}25\% annual exposure time, and site D was closest to the Mississippi River and most impacted by seasonal hypoxia with {\textgreater}75\% annual exposure time. Site C was impacted by seasonal hypoxia between 25\% and 50\% of the time. Site B was impacted by seasonal hypoxia between 50\% and 75\% of the time. Sites B and C were situated near the vicinity of the Atchafalaya River between sites A and D. To measure the spatio-temporal effect of hypoxia on the macrobenthic community, samples were collected during early spring (April 2009), late summer (September 2009), and mid-summer (August 2010). Results indicated that the macrobenthos collected during mid-summer were the most stressed community, with the exception of site C. The cumulative effect of annual hypoxia on the macrobenthos at each site was apparent from the species diversity, abundance, and biomass. High values of species diversity, richness and evenness at site A and low values at site D indicated the existence of a westward-diminishing hypoxic gradient on the Louisiana/Texas shelf interrupted by the Atchafalaya River discharge. Assessment of successional stages of the benthic communities of the four sites with the multivariate analyses of nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling and principal component analysis identified the spatial gradient of hypoxia. Examination of the macrobenthos and available environmental data with canonical correspondence analysis indicated that sedimentary organic carbon, as well as bottom-water dissolved oxygen, had a strong impact on the benthic community structure. The study successfully demonstrated the applicability of the Pearson-Rosenberg model on the Louisiana/Texas continental shelf, and the results were consistent with the predictions of the model. Site A was in the advanced phase of stage II succession; whereas sites B and C were in the intermediate phase of stage II succession, and site D was in the intermediate phase of stage I succession in the Pearson-Rosenberg successional continuum.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0416:Biological oceanography, 0470:Environmental Health, Benthic ecology, Biological oceanography, Biological sciences, Ecology, Environmental health, Gulf of mexico, Health and environmental sciences, Hypoxic zone, Macrobenthic communities, Marine science, Pearson-rosenberg model}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1734466327?accountid=14270}, author = {Shivarudrappa, Shivakumar} } @mastersthesis {6839, title = {Mainstreaming {Green} {Infrastructure}: {The} {Nexus} of {Infrastructure} and {Education} {Using} the {Green} {Space} {Based} {Learning} ({GSBL}) {Approach} for {Bioretention} {Plant} {Selection}}, year = {2015}, note = {3688342}, school = {University of South Florida}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The Green Space Based Learning (GSBL) approach builds on a long-term partnership between a Research I university, surrounding community, and local school district, transforming underutilized community green space into an interactive educational tool to addresses national infrastructure and educational challenges. The GSBL approach is an educational platform for engaging K-12 and the local community in engineering design and construction of sustainable Green Infrastructure (GI) projects. GSBL was piloted as a part of a federally funded Research Experience for Teachers (RET) program in which teachers participated in two intensive 6-week summer research experiences and two consecutive academic year components. The summer experience focuses on the development of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematic (STEM) lessons and activities that meet Common Core and Next Generation Science Standards and the dissemination of the RET research experience. Approximately 400 K-12 students and teachers participated in both formal and informal educational activities that led to GSBL approach outputs throughout the academic year. These outputs included 4 Campus GI Challenge{\textquoteright}s for identifying areas of implementation and student driven GI design, the publication of 7 curricular products, the design and installation of 70 personal rain gardens and 8 bioretention cells (a type of GI), one of which was designed as a field scale research site within the Hillsborough County Public Schools (HCPS) district. The eight bioretention cells, seven of which are on three public school campuses and one located at a local community leader{\textquoteright}s house were designed and implemented as a result of university research, K-12 outreach, and community engagement. These sites were selected based on one or more hotspot factors (e.g. localized areas of flooding, access to site, presence of learning space, willingness to pay, property ownership, visibility of location) and designed to restore the hydrology and water quality to pre-development conditions. The bioretention cells were designed to capture a storm-event ranging from 1.27 cm to 2.54 cm and cost between \$550 and \$1,650 to construct depending on the design scope, scale, and installation methods. The installed bioretention systems route stormwater runoff to a ponding area sized approximately 2-5\% of the total catchment area, are designed to capture between 31\% and 67\% of annual runoff (March 2010 - March 2015), and attenuate between 97,500 and 226,100 mg N annually. The educational sites were used to provide insight into hydraulic performance, maintenance requirements, and nutrient management impacts associated with bioretention design. Three of the bioretention cells (BR 1, BR 2, and BR 3) were used as a field research site for collecting bioretention plant performance data on 12 Florida native plant species, Coreopsis leavenworthii, Flaveria linearis, Salvia coccinea, Solidago fistulosa, Canna flaccida, Tradescantia ohiensis, Tripsacum dactyloides, Hymenocallis latifolia, Iris virginica, Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Spartina patens, and Equisetum hyemale Mean baseline accumulated nitrogen concentration for tested species was 18.24 {\textpm} 5.76 mg N/g biomass. This compared to a harvested mean concentration rate of 12.28 {\textpm} 2.23 mg N/g biomass, a reduction of uptake capacity of nearly 33\% after two growing seasons. This study found a similarity in mean total nitrogen concentration between baseline and harvested plant species for Flaveria linearis, Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Solidago fistulosa, Canna flaccida, Salvia coccinea, Spartina patens, and Coreopsis leavenworthii and a significant difference in means for Equisetum hyemale, Iris virginica, Salvia coccinea, and Tradescantia ohiensis. These harvested data were used to calculate mean total nitrogen concentration per square meter with Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Equisetum hyemale, Spartina patens, Solidago fistulosa, Salvia coccinea, Coreopsis leavenworthii, Iris virginica ranging from 286 mg N/m2 to 4,539 mg N/m2 , and Canna flaccida, Flaveria linearis, Tradescantia ohiensis ranging from 12,428 mg N/m2 to 15,409 mg N/m2 . Seven of the twelve species (Flaveria linearis, Equisetum hyemale, Iris virginica, Tripsacum dactyloides, Coreopsis leavenworthii, Salvia coccinea, Tradescantia ohiensis ) displayed highly desirable results, ranking ({\textgreater}0.20 ̄x) when evaluated across 10 quantitative attributes and assessed for their applicability for the subtropical Tampa Bay area. This research developed a plant selection utility index (PSI) that allows for individual plant scoring based on qualitative and quantitative plant selection criteria. The qualitative PSI was used to evaluate 26 native and regionally friendly plant species commonly found within the subtropical Tampa Bay climate to provide an example and act as a template for selecting plant species. The qualitative PSI scores categorized the identified plant species as highly desirable (n=4, PSI >= 80), Flaveria linearis, Tripsacum dactyloides, Salvia coccinea, and Chamaecrista fasciculata; moderately desirable (n=15, 80 {\textgreater} PSI >= 65), Solidago fistulosa, Hymenocallis latifolia, Canna flaccida, Tradescantia ohiensis, Arachis glabrata, Mimosa strigillosa, Callicarpa Americana, Penta lanceolata, Monarda punctate, Muhlenbergia capillaris, Helianthus debilis, Glandularia tampensis, Silphium asteriscus, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, and Coreopsis lanceolata; and least desirable (n=7, PSI {\textless} 65) Spartina patens, Equisetum hyemale, Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Iris virginica, Coreopsis leavenworthii, Myrcianthus fragrans, Zamia puila. The quantitative PSI was used to evaluate attributes of 11 of the 26 species within a 32.5 m2 field-scale bioretention system (BR 1, BR 2, and BR 3) ter two-growing seasons. The tested species scored as highly desirable (n=2, PSI >= 70) for Salvia coccinea, Tradescantia ohiensis; moderately desirable (n=5, 70 {\textgreater} PSI >= 50) for Equisetum hyemale, Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Solidago fistulosa, Iris virginica, Coreopsis leavenworthii, and least desirable (n=4, PSI {\textless} 50) for Spartina patens, Flaveria linearis, Canna flaccida, Hymenocallis latifolia. Both qualitative and quantitative scores were combined on a 0-200 scale to provide a list of recommended species based, ranking from high to low: Salvia coccinea (PSI=160), Tradescantia ohiensis (PSI = 148), Sisyrinchium angustifolium (PSI =127), Flaveria linearis (PSI = 125), Solidago fistulosa (PSI = 124), Iris virginica (PSI =121), Coreopsis leavenworthii (PSI = 117), Equisetum hyemale (PSI = 114), Canna flaccida (PSI = 104), Spartina patens (PSI = 103), Hymenocallis latifolia (PSI =90).}, keywords = {0515:Education, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Community engagement, Education, Environmental engineering, Grand engineering challenges, K-12 stem, Plant selection index, Rain gardens, Stormwater management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1677178888?accountid=14270}, author = {Locicero, Ryan Charles Robert} } @mastersthesis {6668, title = {Maize evapotranspiration, canopy and stomatal resistances, crop water productivity, and economic analysis for various nitrogen fertilizer rates under full irrigation, limited irrigation, and rainfed settings}, year = {2015}, note = {3707898}, school = {The University of Nebraska - Lincoln}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Research was conducted for maize (Zea Mays L.) under various irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln South Central Agricultural Laboratory located near Clay Center, NE in 2011 to 2014. The N fertilizer treatments were 0, 84, 140, 196, and 252 kg ha-1 and the irrigation treatments were full irrigation, limited irrigation (75\% of full), and rainfed. The overall objectives of the study were to assess the differences in maize actual evapotranspiration (ET a ), canopy resistance (rc ), stomatal resistance (rs ), economic return, and crop water productivity as influenced by the imposed treatments as well as improve estimation techniques of the aforementioned by developing local crop coefficients (Kc ), scaling up rs to rc , and developing a new function, f(SPAD), to account for N stress when modeling rs . Maize ETa ranged from 426 to 550, 411 to 535, 353 to 480, and 445 to 519 mm in 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. In almost all cases ETa increased with irrigation and, in general, ETa increased with increasing N fertilizer application. The greatest crop ET a rates and consequently, the highest Kc values as well as the lowest rc values occurred during the early reproductive growth stages. The Jarvis-Stewart (J-S) model for estimating rs was calibrated and evaluated using field measured rs from a model AP4 dynamic diffusion porometer. The measured rs values ranged from 37 to 2300 s m-1 in 2013 and 2014. For individual dates, the SPAD function decreased RMSD in the range of 1\% (7/22/14) to 28\% (6/17/13) and maintained or slightly improved Willmott{\textquoteright}s index of agreement in all cases. The SPAD function improved model performance the most under the 0 kg N ha -1 treatments, which experienced the greatest N stress. A positive relationship existed between net income and crop water use efficiency (CWUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). With consideration to IWUE, CWUE, and partial factor productivity of N, we recommend full irrigation under non-water limiting conditions and limited/deficit irrigation management strategies when water is limited, with N fertilizer rate not exceeding 196 kg ha -1 to achieve high economic return for the study area.}, keywords = {0539:Agricultural engineering, Agricultural engineering, Applied sciences, Canopy resistance, Crop water productivity, Irrigation, Limited irrigation, Nitrogen, Stomatal resistance}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1696302862?accountid=14270}, author = {Rudnick, Daran R.} } @article {5953, title = {{Making the case for the development of a vaccination against hepatitis E virus}}, journal = {Liver International}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {311{\textendash}316}, author = {Haffar, S and Bazerbachi, F and J R Lake} } @mastersthesis {7007, title = {Mechanical algal disruption for efficient biodiesel extraction}, year = {2015}, note = {3740732}, school = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Biodiesel from algae provides several benefits over current biodiesel feedstocks, but the energy requirements of processing algae into a useable fuel are currently so high as to be prohibitive. One route to improving this is via disruption of the cells prior to lipid extraction, which can significantly increase energy recovery. Unfortunately, several obvious disruption techniques require more energy than can be gained. This dissertation examines the use of microbubbles to improve mechanical disruption of algal cells using experimental, theoretical, and computational methods. New laboratory experiments show that effective ultrasonic disruption of algae is achieved by adding microbubbles to an algal solution. The configuration studied flows the solution through a tube and insonifies a small section with a high-pressure ultrasound wave. Previous biomedical research has shown effective cell membrane damage on animal cells with similar methods, but the present research is the first to extend such study to algal cells. Results indicate that disruption increases with peak negative pressure between 1.90 and 3.07 MPa and with microbubble concentration up to 12.5 {\texttimes} 10 7 bubbles/ml. Energy estimates of this process suggest that it requires only one-fourth the currently most-efficient laboratory-scale disruption process. Estimates of the radius near each bubble that causes disruption (i.e. the disruption radius) suggest that it increases with peak negative pressure and is near 9-20 μm for all cases tested. It is anticipated that these procedures can be designed for better efficiency and efficacy, which will be facilitated by identifying the root mechanisms of the bubble-induced disruption. We therefore examine whether bubble expansion alone creates sufficient cell deformation for cell rupture. The spherically-symmetric Marmottant model for bubble dynamics allows estimation of the flow regime under experimental conditions. Bubble expansion is modeled as a point source of mass at the bubble center, and if the bubble-to-cell spacing is much larger than the cell radius, the flow around the cell is approximately extensional in the cell{\textquoteright}s frame of reference. It is known that the present algae are quasi-spherical with cytoplasmic viscosity approximately 100 times that of water, so the cell is approximated as a viscous sphere. Thus, conditions that cause cell disruption from an expanding microbubble are modeled as either steady inviscid extensional flow or steady point source flow over a viscous sphere. In the inviscid extensional flow model, the flow inside the sphere is dominated by viscous forces so the Stokes equation is solved with matched stresses at the sphere surface from the exterior inviscid extensional flow. The short-time deformation of the sphere surface suggests that inviscid extensional flow is insufficient to disrupt cells. This indicates that asymmetry of the flow over the sphere may be required to provide sufficient surface areal strain to rupture the cell. In a more detailed model, the bubble expansion is modeled as an expansion near a viscous sphere using finite element software. For conditions similar to those seen in the experiment, deformation shows similar scaling to disruption. The deformation in this model is significantly higher than predicted from the inviscid extensional flow model due to the effect of asymmetric flow on the cell membrane. Estimates suggest 21\% average areal strain on the algal membrane is required to disrupt algal cells, and this result agrees well with areal strains typically required to disrupt cell membranes although the actual value would be lessened by the effect of an elastic membrane, which is neglected in the present model. The local areal strain on the sphere surface is a maximum closest to the point source, and there is compressive strain near [straight theta] = {\textpm}π/4 with [straight theta] the angle from the line between the cell center and the point source. The maximum local areal strain shows less sensitivity to the viscosity of the interior fluid than the average areal strain. Overall, the dissertation lays the groundwork for more efficient algal disruption through the judicious use of microbubbles. Separation of bubble generation and bubble growth provides the ability to improve the efficiency of each process and localize energy. Results suggest that effective disruption can occur by pulsing high-pressure ultrasound waves to a solution of cells co-suspended with microbubbles. The models are thought to represent basic phenomenological mechanisms of disruption that could be exploited to improve the overall energy efficiency of schemes. Analysis suggests that extensional flow alone cannot be the cause of cell disruption near an expanding microbubble. Additionally, this work provides an estimate of the areal strain required disrupt an algal cell membrane. This research suggests a couple routes toward reducing the energy required for production of algal biodiesel.}, keywords = {0363:Alternative Energy, 0364:Applied Mathematics, 0548:Mechanical engineering, 0791:Energy, Algal biofuel, Alternative Energy, Applied Mathematics, Applied sciences, Areal strain, Biodiesel, Disruption, Energy, Finite element, Mechanical engineering, Microbubble, Specific cell disruption energy, Stokes equation, Ultrasound}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1752514333?accountid=14270}, author = {Krehbiel, Joel David} } @article {1310, title = {Mechanisms of pathogenic virus removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, note = {Chaudhry, Rabia M Nelson, Kara L Drewes, Jorg E Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States Environmental science \& technology Environ Sci Technol. 2015 Mar 3;49(5):2815-22. doi: 10.1021/es505332n. Epub 2015 Feb 19.}, pages = {2815-22}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Four pathogenic virus removal mechanisms were investigated in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR; nominal pore size 0.04 mum): (i) attachment of virus to mixed liquor solids; (ii) virus retention by a just backwashed membrane; (iii) virus retention by the membrane cake layer; and (iv) inactivation. We quantified adenovirus, norovirus genogroup II (GII), and F+ coliphage in the influent wastewater, the solid and liquid fractions of the mixed liquor, return flow, and permeate using quantitative PCR (adenovirus and norovirus GII) and infectivity assays (F+ coliphage). Permeate samples were collected 4-5 days, 1 day, 3 h, and immediately after chlorine enhanced backwashes. The MBR achieved high log removals for adenovirus (3.9 to 5.5), norovirus GII (4.6 to 5.7), and F+ coliphage (5.4 to 7.1). The greatest contribution to total removal was provided by the backwashed membrane, followed by inactivation, the cake layer, and attachment to solids. Increases in turbidity and particle counts after backwashes indicated potential breakthrough of particles, but virus removal following backwashes was still high. This study demonstrates the ability of the MBR process to provide over 4 logs of removal for adenovirus and norovirus GII, even after a partial loss of the cake layer, and provides evidence for assigning virus disinfection credit to similar MBRs used to reclaim wastewater for reuse.}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es505332n}, author = {Chaudhry, R. M. and Nelson, K. L. and Drewes, J. E.} } @article {4461, title = {Mechanisms of pathogenic virus removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {2815{\textendash}22}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es505332n}, author = {Chaudhry, R. M. and Nelson, K. L. and Drewes, J. E.} } @inbook {10847, title = {Mechanisms of pathogenic virus removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor}, booktitle = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {2815{\textendash}2822}, author = {Chaudhry, Rabia M and Nelson, Kara L and Drewes, Jörg E} } @article {5584, title = {{Mechanisms of Pathogenic Virus Removal in a Full-Scale Membrane Bioreactor}}, journal = {Environmental Science {\&} Technology}, year = {2015}, pages = {150219114352008}, issn = {0013-936X}, doi = {10.1021/es505332n}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es505332n}, author = {Chaudhry, Rabia M. and Nelson, Kara L. and Drewes, J{\"o}rg E.} } @article {6905, title = {Meeting and missing targets: the public health dynamics of water and sanitation in {Ghana}}, journal = {Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England)}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Access to clean water and good sanitation are very important barometers of a healthy nation as the two are sine qua non to reducing many diseases. The interaction between water and sanitation on the one hand and the public health issues arising from in(efficient) systems of water and sanitation on the other hand have been well encapsulated in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 7c. However, very little is known about the public health dynamics of water and sanitation and the rural-urban divide in accessing these services. This article analyses the trends and distributional concerns of the two MDGs to inform public health policy. METHODS: The study is a survey of secondary data on water and sanitation obtained from the World Development Indicators of the World Bank and the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. An unobserved component model was used to decompose the data into its permanent and temporal components. Forecasts are then carried out to ascertain the ability of Ghana to meet the targets of MDG 7c. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that Ghana has achieved the MDG target of access to improved water. The sanitation target has been missed, and there is no evidence that it would be met in the short to medium term. CONCLUSIONS: An integrated approach to bridging the rural-urban divide in access to improved water and sanitation in Ghana is recommended.}, keywords = {Ghana, Millennium Development Goals, sanitation, water}, issn = {1741-3850}, doi = {10.1093/pubmed/fdv181}, author = {Alagidede, Paul and Alagidede, Ann Nhawinei} } @article {2425, title = {{Membrane bioreactor vs. oxidation ditch: full-scale long-term performance related with mixed liquor seasonal characteristics}}, journal = {Process Biochemistry}, volume = {50}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {2224{\textendash}2233}, abstract = {The relative strengths of membrane bioreactors (MBR) versus conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes have long been debated, but never compared systematically at full scale. To this end, we monitored full-scale wastewater treatment performance and mixed-liquor characteristics (sludge biomass, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), supernatant with molecular weight and hydrophilic/hydrophobic distribution) for parallel MBR and CAS (via oxidation ditch{\textemdash}OD), for a year. Ammonia and suspended solids were better removed by MBR; temperature affected ammonia removal in OD. At low temperatures, sludge settlement declined in both processes, but solid{\textendash}liquid separation via membrane filtration continued, although the membrane fouled. EPS characteristics were similar, and organic components in EPS and supernatant varied seasonally, in both processes. MBR had a lower production rate, but higher concentration, of supernatant organics and accumulated large molecular-weight polysaccharides. Ammonia removal was correlated with tightly bound proteinaceous EPS. Polysaccharides, in loosely bound EPS and supernatant, were responsible for effective settlement (OD), and membrane fouling (MBR). These results demonstrate how mixed liquor intermediates process and performance, and that performance depends on effective solid{\textendash}liquid separation. MBRs excel when stringent requirements for pollutant-removal and extreme environmental conditions exist. The much cheaper OD remains competitive under less demanding conditions.}, issn = {13595113}, doi = {10.1016/j.procbio.2015.09.010}, author = {Sun, Jianyu and Xiao, Kang and Yan, Xiaoxu and Liang, Peng and Yue X Shen and Zhu, Ningwei and Huang, Xia} } @article {14237, title = {Membrane bioreactor vs. oxidation ditch: full-scale long-term performance related with mixed liquor seasonal characteristics}, journal = {Process Biochemistry}, volume = {50}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {2224{\textendash}2233}, abstract = {The relative strengths of membrane bioreactors (MBR) versus conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes have long been debated, but never compared systematically at full scale. To this end, we monitored full-scale wastewater treatment performance and mixed-liquor characteristics (sludge biomass, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), supernatant with molecular weight and hydrophilic/hydrophobic distribution) for parallel MBR and CAS (via oxidation ditch{\textemdash}OD), for a year. Ammonia and suspended solids were better removed by MBR; temperature affected ammonia removal in OD. At low temperatures, sludge settlement declined in both processes, but solid{\textendash}liquid separation via membrane filtration continued, although the membrane fouled. EPS characteristics were similar, and organic components in EPS and supernatant varied seasonally, in both processes. MBR had a lower production rate, but higher concentration, of supernatant organics and accumulated large molecular-weight polysaccharides. Ammonia removal was correlated with tightly bound proteinaceous EPS. Polysaccharides, in loosely bound EPS and supernatant, were responsible for effective settlement (OD), and membrane fouling (MBR). These results demonstrate how mixed liquor intermediates process and performance, and that performance depends on effective solid{\textendash}liquid separation. MBRs excel when stringent requirements for pollutant-removal and extreme environmental conditions exist. The much cheaper OD remains competitive under less demanding conditions.}, issn = {13595113}, doi = {10.1016/j.procbio.2015.09.010}, author = {Sun, Jianyu and Xiao, Kang and Yan, Xiaoxu and Liang, Peng and Yue X Shen and Zhu, Ningwei and Huang, Xia} } @mastersthesis {6540, title = {Membrane {Distillation}: {Parametric} studies and numerical simulations for hollow fiber and flat sheet membranes}, year = {2015}, note = {3726318}, school = {The University of Arizona}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Water scarcity is among the most serious, long-term challenges in the world. To an ever increasing degree, sustainable water supply depends on the utilization of water of impaired initial quality. This is particularly true in developing nations and in water-stressed areas such as the American Southwest. Water of impaired quality could be water of high salinity such as brackish groundwater. Traditionally, reverse osmosis (RO) would be chosen to desalinate the brackish groundwater, since RO costs are competitive with those of thermal desalination, even for seawater applications. However, both conventional thermal distillation and RO are energy intensive, complex processes that discourage decentralized or rural implementation. In addition, both technologies require enhanced expertise for operation and maintenance, and are susceptible to scaling and fouling unless extensive feed pretreatment is employed. Membrane distillation (MD), driven by vapor pressure gradients, can potentially overcome many of these drawbacks. MD can operate using low-grade, sub-boiling temperature heat sources. When it is driven by solar energy it does not require highly concentrating collection devices, non-aqueous working fluids, or complex temperature control systems, nor does it require extensive operational expertise. Membrane Distillation (MD) applications, background and modeling efforts are discussed in the first part of this dissertation. Two main studies are presented in this document: Firstly, Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation (SGMD) through a hollow fiber membrane was studied both experimentally and modeled mathematically to describe performance of SGMD and extend results to predict membrane module efficiency and secondly, SGMD through a flat sheet MD module to study the effect of membrane characteristics in combination with operational variables. A final study was conducted to examine the effect of mesh spacer insertion in flat sheet membrane module on the permeate water production.}, keywords = {0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Desalination, Environmental engineering, Flat sheet, Hollow fiber, Membrane distillation, Numerical simulations, Sweeping gas}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1724022414?accountid=14270}, author = {Karanikola, Vasiliki} } @article {6385, title = {Menstrual {Hygiene} {Practices}, {WASH} {Access} and the {Risk} of {Urogenital} {Infection} in {Women} from {Odisha}, {India}}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, month = {jun}, pages = {e0130777}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0130777}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130777}, author = {Das, Padma and Baker, Kelly K. and Dutta, Ambarish and Swain, Tapoja and Sahoo, Sunita and Das, Bhabani Sankar and Panda, Bijay and Nayak, Arati and Bara, Mary and Bilung, Bibiana and Mishra, Pravas Ranjan and Panigrahi, Pinaki and Cairncross, Sandy and Torondel, Belen}, editor = {Wilson, Brenda A} } @article {7144, title = {Menstrual {Hygiene} {Practices}, {WASH} {Access} and the {Risk} of {Urogenital} {Infection} in {Women} from {Odisha}, {India}}, journal = {PloS One}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0130777}, abstract = {Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices vary worldwide and depend on the individual{\textquoteright}s socioeconomic status, personal preferences, local traditions and beliefs, and access to water and sanitation resources. MHM practices can be particularly unhygienic and inconvenient for girls and women in poorer settings. Little is known about whether unhygienic MHM practices increase a woman{\textquoteright}s exposure to urogenital infections, such as bacterial vaginosis (BV) and urinary tract infection (UTI). This study aimed to determine the association of MHM practices with urogenital infections, controlling for environmental drivers. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted on 486 women at Odisha, India. Cases and controls were recruited using a syndromic approach. Vaginal swabs were collected from all the participants and tested for BV status using Amsel{\textquoteright}s criteria. Urine samples were cultured to assess UTI status. Socioeconomic status, clinical symptoms and reproductive history, and MHM and water and sanitation practices were obtained by standardised questionnaire. A total of 486 women were recruited to the study, 228 symptomatic cases and 258 asymptomatic controls. Women who used reusable absorbent pads were more likely to have symptoms of urogenital infection (AdjOR=2.3, 95\%CI1.5-3.4) or to be diagnosed with at least one urogenital infection (BV or UTI) (AdjOR=2.8, 95\%CI1.7-4.5), than women using disposable pads. Increased wealth and space for personal hygiene in the household were protective for BV (AdjOR=0.5, 95\%CI0.3-0.9 and AdjOR=0.6, 95\%CI0.3-0.9 respectively). Lower education of the participants was the only factor associated with UTI after adjusting for all the confounders (AdjOR=3.1, 95\%CI1.2-7.9). Interventions that ensure women have access to private facilities with water for MHM and that educate women about safer, low-cost MHM materials could reduce urogenital disease among women. Further studies of the effects of specific practices for managing hygienically reusable pads and studies to explore other pathogenic reproductive tract infections are needed.}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0130777}, author = {Das, Padma and Baker, Kelly K. and Dutta, Ambarish and Swain, Tapoja and Sahoo, Sunita and Das, Bhabani Sankar and Panda, Bijay and Nayak, Arati and Bara, Mary and Bilung, Bibiana and Mishra, Pravas Ranjan and Panigrahi, Pinaki and Cairncross, Sandy and Torondel, Belen} } @article {12540, title = {Metagenomic and network analysis reveal wide distribution and co-occurrence of environmental antibiotic resistance genes}, journal = {The ISME journalThe ISME journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {2490-2502}, isbn = {1751-7362}, author = {Li, Bing and Yang, Ying and Ma, Liping and Ju, Feng and Guo, Feng and Tiedje, James M and Zhang, Tong} } @article {7438, title = {Metagenomic {Investigation} of {Viral} {Communities} in {Ballast} {Water}}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {14}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {8396{\textendash}8407}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b01633}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b01633}, author = {Kim, Yiseul and Aw, Tiong Gim and Teal, Tracy K. and Rose, Joan B.} } @article {12212, title = {Metagenomics shows that low-energy anaerobic-aerobic treatment reactors reduce antibiotic resistance gene levels from domestic wastewater}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Feb 17}, pages = {2577-84}, isbn = {1520-5851 (Electronic)
0013-936X (Linking)}, author = {Christgen, B. and Yang, Y. and Ahammad, S. Z. and Li, B. and Rodriquez, D. C. and Zhang, T. and Graham, D. W.} } @article {7852, title = {Method Comparison for Enhanced Recovery, Isolation and Qualitative Detection of C. jejuni and C. coli from Wastewater Effluent Samples}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, note = {25739008}, pages = {2749}, abstract = {Seeking a sensitive protocol, culture-dependent methods were compared to detect thermophilic Campylobacter species in untreated urban effluents. We evaluated various combinations of selective media, with and without an enrichment steps, as well as an extra filtration step. Culture-independent real-time quantitative PCR was also included and all detected isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. All tested water samples contained Campylobacter DNA, but only 64\% were positive after culture. Although enrichment using Preston broth resulted in better recovery of potentially stressed Campylobacter than Bolton or Campyfood broth (CFB), there was no significant increase in efficiency compared to direct plating. The type of selective agar media used, on the other hand, had a significant effect, with CASA plates performing better than mCCDA or CFA ones. Inclusion of an enrichment step increased the ratio of C. coli vs. C. jejuni being isolated. Resistances against all antimicrobials tested were observed in C. coli, but fewer instances of resistance were found in C. jejuni isolates. Whether this difference was the result of selection during the enrichment step could not be determined. The presence of Campylobacter in urban effluents can be considered as a valuable proxy for Campylobacter populations present in urban environments.}, isbn = {1660-4601}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/12/3/2749}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a Ugarte-Ruiz and Florez-Cuadrado,Diego and Wassenaar,Trudy M. and Mar{\'\i}a C. Porrero and Lucas Dom{\'\i}nguez} } @article {10952, title = {Methods for quantification of soil-transmitted helminths in environmental media: current techniques and recent advances}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {625{\textendash}639}, abstract = {Limiting the environmental transmission of soil-transmitted helminths (STH), which infect 1.5 billion people worldwide, will require sensitive, reliable, and cost effective methods to detect and quantify STH in the environment. We review the state of the art of STH quantification in soil, biosolids, water, produce, and vegetation with respect to four major methodological issues: environmental sampling; recovery of STH from environmental matrices; quantification of recovered STH; and viability assessment of STH ova. We conclude that methods for sampling and recovering STH require substantial advances to provide reliable measurements for STH control. Recent innovations in the use of automated image identification and developments in molecular genetic assays offer considerable promise for improving quantification and viability assessment.}, issn = {1471-4922}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2015.08.007}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4679500/}, author = {Collender, Philip A and Kirby, Amy E and Addiss, David G and Freeman, Matthew C and Remais, Justin V} } @article {11207, title = {{Methods for Quantification of Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Environmental Media: Current Techniques and Recent Advances}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {625{\textendash}639}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2015.08.007}, author = {Collender, Philip A and Kirby, Amy E and Addiss, David G and Freeman, Matthew C and Remais, Justin V} } @article {11867, title = {Methods for Quantification of Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Environmental Media: Current Techniques and Recent Advances}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {31}, year = {2015}, pages = {625-639}, author = {Collender, P.A. and Kirby, A.E. and Addiss, D.G. and Freeman, M.C. and Remais, J.V.} } @article {15122, title = {Methods for quantification of soil-transmitted helminths in environmental media: current techniques and recent advances}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {625{\textendash}639}, author = {Collender, P. A. and Kirby, A. E. and Addiss, D. G. and Freeman, M. C. and Remais, J. V.} } @article {15262, title = {Microbial and chemical contamination of water, sediment and soil in the {Nakivubo} wetland area in {Kampala}, {Uganda}}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {187}, year = {2015}, pages = {475}, keywords = {Kampala, PhD, saniation, Uganda, wastewater}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel and Stalder, Michelle and Winkler, Mirko S and Niwagaba, Charles B and Babu, Mohammed and Masaba, Godfrey and Kabatereine, Narcis B and Halage, Abdullah A and Schneeberger, Pierre H H and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Ciss{\'e}, Gu{\'e}ladio} } @article {13680, title = {{Microbial and chemical contamination of water, sediment and soil in the Nakivubo wetland area in Kampala, Uganda}}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {187}, year = {2015}, pages = {475}, keywords = {Kampala, PhD, saniation, Uganda, wastewater}, author = {Fuhrimann, Samuel and Stalder, Michelle and Winkler, Mirko S and Niwagaba, Charles B and Babu, Mohammed and Masaba, Godfrey and Kabatereine, Narcis B and Halage, Abdullah A and Schneeberger, Pierre H H and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Ciss{\'e}, Gu{\'e}ladio} } @article {6639, title = {Microbial community composition of a household sand filter used for arsenic, iron, and manganese removal from groundwater in {Vietnam}}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {138}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {47{\textendash}59}, issn = {00456535}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.032}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0045653515004956}, author = {Nitzsche, Katja Sonja and Weigold, Pascal and L{\"o}sekann-Behrens, Tina and Kappler, Andreas and Behrens, Sebastian} } @article {1458, title = {Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water and Human Health from Community Water Systems}, journal = {Current Environmental Health Reports}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, note = {Ashbolt, Nicholas J eng Review Switzerland 2015/03/31 06:00 Curr Environ Health Rep. 2015;2(1):95-106. doi: 10.1007/s40572-014-0037-5.}, pages = {95-106}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

A relatively short list of reference viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens appears adequate to assess microbial risks and inform a system-based management of drinking waters. Nonetheless, there are data gaps, e.g. human enteric viruses resulting in endemic infection levels if poorly performing disinfection and/or distribution systems are used, and the risks from fungi. Where disinfection is the only treatment and/or filtration is poor, cryptosporidiosis is the most likely enteric disease to be identified during waterborne outbreaks, but generally non-human-infectious genotypes are present in the absence of human or calf fecal contamination. Enteric bacteria may dominate risks during major fecal contamination events that are ineffectively managed. Reliance on culture-based methods exaggerates treatment efficacy and reduces our ability to identify pathogens/indicators; however, next-generation sequencing and polymerase chain reaction approaches are on the cusp of changing that. Overall, water-based Legionella and non-tuberculous mycobacteria probably dominate health burden at exposure points following the various societal uses of drinking water.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial resistance Bacteria Enteric pathogen Fungi Haccp Indicator Opportunistic pathogen Parasitic protozoa Qmra Risk management Surrogate Viruses Water safety plans Water-based Waterborne}, issn = {2196-5412 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s40572-014-0037-5}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25821716}, author = {Ashbolt, N. J.} } @article {14453, title = {Microbial {Contamination} of {Drinking} {Water} and {Human} {Health} from {Community} {Water} {Systems}}, journal = {Curr Environ Health Rep}, volume = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {95{\textendash}106}, abstract = {A relatively short list of reference viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens appears adequate to assess microbial risks and inform a system-based management of drinking waters. Nonetheless, there are data gaps, e.g. human enteric viruses resulting in endemic infection levels if poorly performing disinfection and/or distribution systems are used, and the risks from fungi. Where disinfection is the only treatment and/or filtration is poor, cryptosporidiosis is the most likely enteric disease to be identified during waterborne outbreaks, but generally non-human-infectious genotypes are present in the absence of human or calf fecal contamination. Enteric bacteria may dominate risks during major fecal contamination events that are ineffectively managed. Reliance on culture-based methods exaggerates treatment efficacy and reduces our ability to identify pathogens/indicators; however, next-generation sequencing and polymerase chain reaction approaches are on the cusp of changing that. Overall, water-based Legionella and non-tuberculous mycobacteria probably dominate health burden at exposure points following the various societal uses of drinking water.}, keywords = {antimicrobial resistance, bacteria, Enteric pathogen, Fungi, HACCP, Indicator, Opportunistic pathogen, Parasitic protozoa, QMRA, Risk Management, Surrogate, Viruses, Water safety plans, Water-based, Waterborne}, issn = {2196-5412 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s40572-014-0037-5}, author = {Ashbolt, N. J.} } @article {11893, title = {Microbial contamination of drinking water and human health from community water systems}, journal = {Current environmental health reports}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {95-106}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2196-5412}, author = {Ashbolt, Nicholas J} } @article {7437, title = {Microbial {Contamination} of {Drinking} {Water} and {Human} {Health} from {Community} {Water} {Systems}}, journal = {Current Environmental Health Reports}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {95{\textendash}106}, issn = {2196-5412}, doi = {10.1007/s40572-014-0037-5}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40572-014-0037-5}, author = {Ashbolt, Nicholas J.} } @article {7066, title = {Microbial health risks associated with exposure to stormwater in a water plaza}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {74}, year = {2015}, month = {may}, pages = {34{\textendash}46}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.01.044}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135415000731}, author = {Sales-Ortells, Helena and Medema, Gertjan} } @article {4364, title = {{Microbial source markers assessment in the Bogot{\'a} River basin (Colombia).}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {801{\textendash}10}, abstract = {

The microbiological indicators traditionally used to assess fecal contamination are insufficient to identify the source. The aim of this study was to detect microbial markers to identify the source of fecal pollution in the Bogot\á River (Colombia). For this, we determined non-discriminating indicators such as Escherichia coli, somatic coliphages and phages infecting strain RYC2056 of Bacteroides, and potential source tracking markers as phages infecting strains GA17, HB13, and CA8 of Bacteroides, sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria, and molecular markers of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifiodobacterium dentium, and Bacteroidetes in raw municipal wastewaters, slaughterhouse wastewaters, and the Bogot\á River. Bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides strain GA17 and the molecular markers identified the wastewater sources. In contrast, sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria failed regarding specificity. In the Bogot\á River, phages infecting strain GA17 were detected in all samples downstream of Bogot\á, whereas they should be concentrated from 1 l samples in upstream samples containing less than 10(3) E. coli/100 ml to be detected. In the river water, the fraction of positive detections of molecular markers was lower than that of phages infecting strain GA17. The ratio SOMCPH/GA17PH was shown also to be a good marker. These results provide information that will allow focusing measures for sanitation of the Bogot\á River.

}, keywords = {Abattoirs, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Bacterial: genetics, Bacteroides, Bacteroides: genetics, Colombia, DNA, Genes, Genetic Markers, Genetic Markers: genetics, Rivers, Rivers: microbiology, Waste Water, Waste Water: microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2015.240}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26322765}, author = {Venegas, Camilo and Diez, Hugo and Blanch, Anicet R and Jofre, Juan and Campos, Claudia} } @article {10160, title = {{Microbial Source Tracking in Adjacent Karst Springs}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, year = {2015}, pages = {5037{\textendash}5047}, author = {Ohad, S and Vaizel-Ohayon, D and Rom, M and Guttman, J and Berger, D and Kravitz, V and Pilo, S and Huberman, Z and Kashi, Y and Rorman, E} } @article {15564, title = {The Millenium Development Goals Report 2015}, year = {2015}, author = {United-Nations} } @article {8384, title = {Millennium Development Goals}, year = {2015}, institution = {United Nations}, url = {http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ } } @article {15051, title = {Minimizing the {Risk} of {Disease} {Transmission} in {Emergency} {Settings}: {Novel} {In} {Situ} {Physico}-{Chemical} {Disinfection} of {Pathogen}-{Laden} {Hospital} {Wastewaters}}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0003776}, keywords = {21st Century, Alum Compounds, Cholera/*epidemiology/*transmission, Disease Outbreaks/*prevention \& control, Disease Transmission, Disinfection/economics/*methods, Earthquakes/history, Emergency Treatment/*standards, Flocculation, Haiti/epidemiology, History, Humans, Hydrochloric Acid, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Infectious/*prevention \& control, Waste Water/*microbiology}, issn = {1935-2727}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0003776}, author = {Sozzi, E. and Fabre, K. and Fesselet, J. F. and Ebdon, J. E. and Taylor, H.} } @article {9603, title = {Minimizing the Risk of Disease Transmission in Emergency Settings: Novel In Situ Physico-Chemical Disinfection of Pathogen-Laden Hospital Wastewaters}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, year = {2015}, keywords = {Alum Compounds, Cholera/*epidemiology/*transmission, Disease Outbreaks/*prevention \& control, Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention \& control, Disinfection/economics/*methods, Earthquakes/history, Emergency Treatment/*standards, Flocculation, Haiti/epidemiology, History, 21st Century, Humans, Hydrochloric Acid, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Waste Water/*microbiology}, isbn = {1935-2727}, author = {Sozzi, E. and Fabre, K. and Fesselet, J. F. and Ebdon, J. E. and Taylor, H.} } @article {11612, title = {{Mitochondrial genome sequences of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens (Cestoidea: Diphyllobothriidae)}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {53}, year = {2015}, pages = {455{\textendash}463}, author = {Eom, K and Park, H, Lee, D and Choe, S and Kim, K and Jeon, HK} } @article {14722, title = {Modeling options to manage type 1 wild poliovirus imported into {Israel} in 2013}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {211}, year = {2015}, month = {jun}, pages = {1800{\textendash}12}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: After 25 years without poliomyelitis cases caused by circulating wild poliovirus (WPV) in Israel, sewage sampling detected WPV type 1 (WPV1) in April 2013, despite high vaccination coverage with only inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) since 2005. METHODS: We used a differential equation-based model to simulate the dynamics of poliovirus transmission and population immunity in Israel due to past exposure to WPV and use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in addition to IPV. We explored the influences of various immunization options to stop imported WPV1 circulation in Israel. RESULTS: We successfully modeled the potential for WPVs to circulate without detected cases in Israel. Maintaining a sequential IPV/OPV schedule instead of switching to an IPV-only schedule in 2005 would have kept population immunity high enough in Israel to prevent WPV1 circulation. The Israeli response to WPV1 detection prevented paralytic cases; a more rapid response might have interrupted transmission more quickly. CONCLUSIONS: IPV-based protection alone might not provide sufficient population immunity to prevent poliovirus transmission after an importation. As countries transition to IPV in immunization schedules, they may need to actively manage population immunity and consider continued use of OPV, to avoid the potential circulation of imported live polioviruses before globally coordinated cessation of OPV use.}, issn = {1537-6613 (Electronic) 0022-1899 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiu674 jiu674 [pii]}, author = {Kalkowska, D. A. and Duintjer Tebbens, R. J. and Grotto, I. and Shulman, L. M. and Anis, E. and Wassilak, S. G. and M A Pallansch and Thompson, K. M.} } @article {8816, title = {{Modeling the inactivation of ascaris eggs as a function of ammonia concentration and temperature}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {83}, year = {2015}, pages = {153{\textendash}160}, abstract = {Ammonia sanitization is a promising technology for sanitizing human excreta intended for use as a fertilizer in agriculture. Ascaris eggs are the most persistent pathogens regarding ammonia inactivation and are commonly present in fecal sludge in low- and middle-income countries. In this study, a model for predicting ammonia inactivation of ascaris eggs was developed. Data from four previous studies were compiled and analyzed statistically, and a mathematical model for the treatment time required for inactivation was created. The inactivation rate increased with NH3 activity to the power of 0.7. The required treatment time was found to decrease 10-fold for each 16~{\textdegree}C temperature increase. Dry matter (DM) content and pH had no direct effect on inactivation, but had an indirect effect due to their impact on NH3 activity, which was estimated using the Pitzer approach. An additional model giving an approximation of Pitzer NH3 activity but based on the Emerson approach, DM content and total ammonia (NHTot) was also developed. The treatment time required for different log10 reductions of ascaris egg viability can thus easily be estimated by the model as a function of NH3 activity and temperature. The impact on treatment time by different treatment options can then be theoretically evaluated, promoting improvements of the treatment e.g. by adding urea or alkaline agents, or increasing the temperature by solar heating.}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.030}, author = {Fidjeland, J. and Nordin, A. and Pecson, B.M. and Nelson, K.L. and B. Vinner{\r a}s} } @article {13386, title = {{Modeling the inactivation of ascaris eggs as a function of ammonia concentration and temperature}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {83}, year = {2015}, pages = {153{\textendash}160}, abstract = {Ammonia sanitization is a promising technology for sanitizing human excreta intended for use as a fertilizer in agriculture. Ascaris eggs are the most persistent pathogens regarding ammonia inactivation and are commonly present in fecal sludge in low- and middle-income countries. In this study, a model for predicting ammonia inactivation of ascaris eggs was developed. Data from four previous studies were compiled and analyzed statistically, and a mathematical model for the treatment time required for inactivation was created. The inactivation rate increased with NH{\textless}inf{\textgreater}3{\textless}/inf{\textgreater} activity to the power of 0.7. The required treatment time was found to decrease 10-fold for each 16{\textdegree}C temperature increase. Dry matter (DM) content and pH had no direct effect on inactivation, but had an indirect effect due to their impact on NH{\textless}inf{\textgreater}3{\textless}/inf{\textgreater} activity, which was estimated using the Pitzer approach. An additional model giving an approximation of Pitzer NH{\textless}inf{\textgreater}3{\textless}/inf{\textgreater} activity but based on the Emerson approach, DM content and total ammonia (NH{\textless}inf{\textgreater}Tot{\textless}/inf{\textgreater}) was also developed. The treatment time required for different log{\textless}inf{\textgreater}10{\textless}/inf{\textgreater} reductions of ascaris egg viability can thus easily be estimated by the model as a function of NH{\textless}inf{\textgreater}3{\textless}/inf{\textgreater} activity and temperature. The impact on treatment time by different treatment options can then be theoretically evaluated, promoting improvements of the treatment e.g. by adding urea or alkaline agents, or increasing the temperature by solar heating.}, keywords = {Ammonia sanitization, ascaris, Fecal sludge, Helminth egg, Human excreta, Inactivation}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {18792448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.030}, author = {Fidjeland, J. and Nordin, A. and Pecson, B. M. and Nelson, K. L. and B. Vinner{\r a}s} } @article {16000, title = {{Modelling the impact of sanitation, population growth and urbanization on human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface waters - A case study for Bangladesh and India}}, journal = {Environmental Research Letters}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd. Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that can cause diarrhoea. Human faeces are an important source of Cryptosporidium in surface waters. We present a model to study the impact of sanitation, urbanization and population growth on human emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface waters. We build on a global model by Hofstra et al (2013 Sci. Total Environ. 442 10-9) and zoom into Bangladesh and India as illustrative case studies. The model is most sensitive to changes in oocyst excretion and infection rate, and to assumptions on the share of faeces reaching the surface water for different sanitation types. We find urban centres to be hotspots of human Cryptosporidium emissions. We estimate that 53{\%} (Bangladesh) and 91{\%} (India) of total emissions come from urban areas. 50{\%} of oocysts come from only 8{\%} (Bangladesh) and 3{\%} (India) of the country area. In the future, population growth and urbanization may further deteriorate water quality in Bangladesh and India, despite improved sanitation. Under our {\textquoteright}business as usual{\textquoteright} ({\textquoteright}sanitation improvements{\textquoteright}) scenario, oocyst emissions will increase by a factor 2.0 (1.2) for India and 2.9 (1.1) for Bangladesh between 2010 and 2050. Population growth, urbanization and sanitation development are important processes to consider for large scale water quality modelling.}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium, MODEL, Scenario analysis, Sensitivity analysis, Water Pollution, Water quality}, issn = {17489326}, doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094017}, author = {Vermeulen, L.C. and De Kraker, J. and Hofstra, N. and Kroeze, C. and Medema, G.} } @article {4840, title = {{Molecular detection of Cyclospora in water, soil, vegetables and humans in southern Italy signals a need for improved monitoring by health authorities}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {211}, year = {2015}, pages = {95{\textendash}100}, author = {Giangaspero, A and Marangi, M and Koehler, AV and Papini, R and Normanno, G and Lacasella, V and Lonigro, A and Gasser, RB} } @article {8649, title = {{Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water samples from Scotland and a comparison between the 529bp real-time PCR and ITS1 nested PCR}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {87}, year = {2015}, pages = {175{\textendash}181}, author = {Wells, B and Shaw, H and Innocent, G and Guido, S and Hotchkiss, E and Parigi, M and Opsteegh, M and Green, J and Gillespie, S and Innes, EA and Katzer, F} } @article {14604, title = {Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus d68 from 2013 to 2014 in {Philippines}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {53}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {1015{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has been recognized as an important cause of acute respiratory infections. Here we report the molecular epidemiology of EV-D68 in Philippines from 2013 to 2014; we found cases in areas affected by Typhoon Haiyan and found new strains in the country.}, issn = {1098-660X (Electronic) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.03362-14}, author = {Furuse, Y. and Chaimongkol, N. and Okamoto, M. and Imamura, T. and Saito, M. and Tamaki, R. and Saito, M. and Tohoku, Ritm Collaborative Research Team and Lupisan, S. P. and Oshitani, H.} } @article {2725, title = {Molecular epidemiology of group a rotavirus among children admitted to hospital in Salto, Uruguay, 2011-2012: First detection of the emerging genotype G12}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.24123}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.24123}, author = {Tort, LFL and Victoria, M and Lizasoain, A} } @article {11860, title = {{Molecular Identification of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense from 3 Human Cases in Heilongjiang Province with a Brief Literature Review in China.}}, journal = {The Korean journal of parasitology}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {683{\textendash}688}, abstract = {Human diphyllobothriasis is a widespread fish-borne zoonosis caused by the infection with broad tapeworms belonging to the genus Diphyllobothrium. In mainland China, so far 20 human cases of Diphyllobothrium infections have been reported, and the etiologic species were identified as D. latum and D. nihonkaiense based on morphological characteristics or molecular analysis. In the present study, proglottids of diphyllobothriid tapeworms from 3 human cases that occurred in Heilongjiang Province, China were identified as D. nihonkaiense by sequencing mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5) genes. Two different cox1 gene sequences were obtained. One sequence showed 100{\%} homology with those from humans in Japan. The remaining cox1 gene sequence and 2 different nad5 gene sequences obtained were not described previously, and might reflect endemic genetic characterizations. D. nihonkaiense might also be a major causative species of human diphyllobothriasis in China. Meanwhile, the finding of the first pediatric case of D. nihonkaiense infection in China suggests that infants infected with D. nihonkaiense should not be ignored.}, keywords = {cox1 gene, Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense, Human, Molecular identification, nad5 gene}, issn = {1738-0006}, doi = {10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.683}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26797434 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4725229}, author = {Zhang, Weizhe and Che, Fei and Tian, Song and Shu, Jing and Zhang, Xiaoli} } @article {2799, title = {Molecular methods for identification and characterization of novel papillomaviruses}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {21}, year = {2015}, pages = {808-16}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {AMPLIFICATION animal DNA DNA Viruses Epithelium family GENOME human IDENTIFICATION immunology Laboratories methods microbiology Molecular MUCOSAL Neoplastic Papillomavirus PCR SEQUENCE SEQUENCES Sequencing Skin Sweden VIRUSES}, doi = {doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.05.011}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26003284}, author = {Kocjan, B.J. and Bzhalava, D. and Forslund, O. and Dillner, J. and Poljak, M.} } @article {7409, title = {Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: {Priorities} for policy and practice}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {218}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {694{\textendash}703}, abstract = {Inadequate drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) in non-household settings, such as schools, health care facilities, and workplaces impacts the health, education, welfare, and productivity of populations, particularly in low and middle-income countries. There is limited knowledge on the status of WaSH in such settings. To address this gap, we reviewed international standards, international and national actors, and monitoring initiatives; developed the first typology of non-household settings; and assessed the viability of monitoring. Based on setting characteristics, non-household settings include six types: schools, health care facilities, workplaces, temporary use settings, mass gatherings, and dislocated populations. To-date national governments and international actors have focused monitoring of non-household settings on schools and health care facilities with comparatively little attention given to other settings such as workplaces and markets. Nationally representative facility surveys and national management information systems are the primary monitoring mechanisms. Data suggest that WaSH coverage is generally poor and often lower than in corresponding household settings. Definitions, indicators, and data sources are underdeveloped and not always comparable between countries. While not all countries monitor non-household settings, examples are available from countries on most continents suggesting that systematic monitoring is achievable. Monitoring WaSH in schools and health care facilities is most viable. Monitoring WaSH in other non-household settings would be viable with: technical support from local and national actors in addition to international organizations such as WHO and UNICEF; national prioritization through policy and financing; and including WaSH indicators into monitoring initiatives to improve cost-effectiveness. International consultations on targets and indicators for global monitoring of WaSH post-2015 identified non-household settings as a priority. National and international monitoring systems will be important to better understand status, trends, to identify priorities and target resources accordingly, and to improve accountability for progressive improvements in WaSH in non-household settings.}, keywords = {Health care facilities, Monitoring and evaluation, Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Schools, Typology, Workplaces}, issn = {1618-131X}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003}, author = {Cronk, Ryan and Slaymaker, Tom and Bartram, Jamie} } @article {4894, title = {{Multicenter evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal Panel for etiologic diagnosis of infectious gastroenteritis}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {53}, year = {2015}, pages = {915{\textendash}925}, author = {Buss, SN and Leber, A and Chapin, K and Fey, PD and Bankowski, MJ and Jones, MK and Rogatcheva, M and Kanack, KJ and KM, Bourzac} } @article {12195, title = {Multidrug-resistant and extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Dutch surface water and wastewater}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0127752}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Blaak, H. and Lynch, G. and Italiaander, R. and Hamidjaja, R. A. and Schets, F. M. and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {13169, title = {Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Aeromonas recovered from the metropolitan area of Valencia (Spain): diseases spectrum and prevalence in the environment}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {34}, year = {2015}, pages = {137-145}, author = {Esteve, C. and Alcaide, E. and Gimenez, M. J.} } @conference {2329, title = {{Multidrug-resistant shigelosis spp outbreak caused by contaminated centrally piped water in georgia, november {\textendash}december 2014.}}, booktitle = {Intenational Symposium on water-health related microbiology. IWA.}, year = {2015}, author = {Lashkarashvili, M. and Ghaniashvili, T. and Zakhashvili, K.H. and Baidoshvili, L. and Tevzadze, L. and Wilosani, M. and Geleishvili, M. and Imnadze, P. and Gamkrelidze, A.} } @conference {14126, title = {Multidrug-resistant shigelosis spp outbreak caused by contaminated centrally piped water in georgia, november {\textendash}december 2014.}, booktitle = {Intenational {Symposium} on water-health related microbiology. {IWA}.}, year = {2015}, author = {Lashkarashvili, M. and Ghaniashvili, T. and Zakhashvili, K.H. and Baidoshvili, L. and Tevzadze, L. and Wilosani, M. and Geleishvili, M. and Imnadze, P. and Gamkrelidze, A.} } @article {8561, title = {{Multiplex PCR for the detection and quantification of zoonotic taxa of Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma in wastewater and mussels}}, journal = {Molecular and Cellular Probes}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {122{\textendash}125}, author = {Marangi, M and Giangaspero, A and Lacasella, V and Lonigro, A and Gasser, RB} } @article {12267, title = {Multi-year, multi-national survey of the incidence and global distribution of metallo-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa}, journal = {Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapyAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, year = {2015}, pages = {AAC. 02379-15}, isbn = {0066-4804}, author = {Kazmierczak, Krystyna M and Rabine, Sharon and Hackel, Meredith and McLaughlin, Robert E and Biedenbach, Douglas J and Bouchillon, Samuel K and Sahm, Daniel F and Bradford, Patricia A} } @article {12313, title = {National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria}, year = {2015}, address = {The White House, Washington DC} } @article {7209, title = {National patterns of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 infections, {USA}, 1996{\textendash}2011}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {143}, number = {02}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {267{\textendash}273}, issn = {0950-2688, 1469-4409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268814000880}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268814000880}, author = {Sodha, S. V. and Heiman, K. and Gould, L. H. and Bishop, R. and Iwamoto, M. and Swerdlow, D. L. and Griffin, P. M.} } @article {7410, title = {A new approach to implementing decentralized wastewater treatment concepts}, journal = {Water Science and Technology: A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {72}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {1923{\textendash}1930}, abstract = {Planners and decision-makers in the wastewater sector are often confronted with the problem of identifying adequate development strategies and most suitable finance schemes for decentralized wastewater infrastructure. This paper research has focused on providing an approach in support of such decision-making. It is based on basic principles that stand for an integrated perspective towards sustainable wastewater management. We operationalize these principles by means of a geographic information system (GIS)-based approach {\textquoteright}Assessment of Local Lowest-Cost Wastewater Solutions{\textquoteright} - ALLOWS. The main product of ALLOWS is the identification of cost-effective local wastewater management solutions for any given demographic and physical context. By using universally available input data the tool allows decision-makers to compare different wastewater solutions for any given wastewater situation. This paper introduces the ALLOWS-GIS tool. Its application and functionality are illustrated by assessing different wastewater solutions for two neighboring communities in rural Jordan.}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2015.393}, author = {van Afferden, Manfred and Cardona, Jaime A. and Lee, Mi-Yong and Subah, Ali and M{\"u}ller, Roland A.} } @mastersthesis {7238, title = {New developments in local configuration interaction theory}, year = {2015}, note = {3711686}, school = {Princeton University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Many chemical phenomena, from the freezing point of water to the strength of a chemical bond, are determined by the distribution of electrons which make up matter. We can model and predict chemical phenomena by using quantum mechanics to determine the electrons{\textquoteright} distribution (wavefunction). Multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) provides a flexible wavefunction for capturing crucial electron correlation effects. Unfortunately, MRCI{\textquoteright}s computational cost grows rapidly, O(N6 ), limiting its application to small molecules. Over the last three decades, researchers have exploited the spatial locality of electron correlation to reduce the costs of correlated quantum chemistry methods like MRCI. The local electron correlation approximation removes insignificant long range correlations thereby reducing MRCI{\textquoteright}s cost. By so doing, local MRCI methods can be applied to much large molecules than canonical MRCI. In this thesis, previous efforts by Carter and co-workers applying the local correlation approximation to MRCI are expanded upon: both computational speedups and improved accuracy are considered. The state-of-the art local MRCI algorithm scales as O(N3 ) which, while cheaper than conventional MRCI, scales rapidly with system size. Converting the previously serial local MRCI code to parallel code allows exploitation of multicore architectures common in modern CPUs. Replacing the Cholesky-decomposed two-electron integrals with cheaper density-fitted two-electron integrals reduces local MRCI{\textquoteright}s cost. These two advances don{\textquoteright}t effect the O(N 3 ) scaling, but rather reduce the scaling prefactor, thereby allowing simulation of larger molecules. MRCI{\textquoteright}s accuracy is hampered by the well-known size extensivity error, which grows with molecular size. We introduce previously proposed MRCI size- extensivity corrections to the O(N 3 ) local MRCI. Both a priori and a posteriori size extensivity corrections can be applied. However, a priori corrections can cause numerical instabilities in both canonical and local MRCI. We show that these instabilities are avoided crossings with spurious low energy states. This analysis suggests two different approaches to maintain a stable size extensivity correction. Finally, we improve the accuracy of local MRCI by optimizing the parameters controlling the local electron correlation. The combination of these developments provides a faster, more accurate method for modeling larger scale chemical phenomena than previously possible.}, keywords = {0485:Chemistry, 0599:Quantum physics, Bond-dissociation energy, Chemistry, Cholesky decomposition, Configuration interaction, Density fitting, Local correlation, Pure sciences, Quantum physics, Size extensivity}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1707357460?accountid=14270}, author = {Krisiloff, David B.} } @article {7931, title = {{New Insights into the Classification and Integration Specificity of Streptococcus Integrative Conjugative Elements through Extensive Genome Exploration.}}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {1483}, abstract = {Recent genome analyses suggest that integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are widespread in bacterial genomes and therefore play an essential role in horizontal transfer. However, only a few of these elements are precisely characterized and correctly delineated within sequenced bacterial genomes. Even though previous analysis showed the presence of ICEs in some species of Streptococci, the global prevalence and diversity of ICEs was not analyzed in this genus. In this study, we searched for ICEs in the completely sequenced genomes of 124 strains belonging to 27 streptococcal species. These exhaustive analyses revealed 105 putative ICEs and 26 slightly decayed elements whose limits were assessed and whose insertion site was identified. These ICEs were grouped in seven distinct unrelated or distantly related families, according to their conjugation modules. Integration of these streptococcal ICEs is catalyzed either by a site-specific tyrosine integrase, a low-specificity tyrosine integrase, a site-specific single serine integrase, a triplet of site-specific serine integrases or a DDE transposase. Analysis of their integration site led to the detection of 18 target-genes for streptococcal ICE insertion including eight that had not been identified previously (ftsK, guaA, lysS, mutT, rpmG, rpsI, traG, and ebfC). It also suggests that all specificities have evolved to minimize the impact of the insertion on the host. This overall analysis of streptococcal ICEs emphasizes their prevalence and diversity and demonstrates that exchanges or acquisitions of conjugation and recombination modules are frequent.}, keywords = {integrase, integration site, integrative and conjugative elements, Streptococcus, T4SS}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.01483}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26779141 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4701971}, author = {Ambroset, Chlo{\'e} and Coluzzi, Charles and Gu{\'e}don, G{\'e}rard and Devignes, Marie-Dominique and Loux, Valentin and Lacroix, Thomas and Payot, Sophie and Leblond-Bourget, Nathalie} } @article {13910, title = {New {Insights} into the {Classification} and {Integration} {Specificity} of {Streptococcus} {Integrative} {Conjugative} {Elements} through {Extensive} {Genome} {Exploration}.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {1483}, abstract = {Recent genome analyses suggest that integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are widespread in bacterial genomes and therefore play an essential role in horizontal transfer. However, only a few of these elements are precisely characterized and correctly delineated within sequenced bacterial genomes. Even though previous analysis showed the presence of ICEs in some species of Streptococci, the global prevalence and diversity of ICEs was not analyzed in this genus. In this study, we searched for ICEs in the completely sequenced genomes of 124 strains belonging to 27 streptococcal species. These exhaustive analyses revealed 105 putative ICEs and 26 slightly decayed elements whose limits were assessed and whose insertion site was identified. These ICEs were grouped in seven distinct unrelated or distantly related families, according to their conjugation modules. Integration of these streptococcal ICEs is catalyzed either by a site-specific tyrosine integrase, a low-specificity tyrosine integrase, a site-specific single serine integrase, a triplet of site-specific serine integrases or a DDE transposase. Analysis of their integration site led to the detection of 18 target-genes for streptococcal ICE insertion including eight that had not been identified previously (ftsK, guaA, lysS, mutT, rpmG, rpsI, traG, and ebfC). It also suggests that all specificities have evolved to minimize the impact of the insertion on the host. This overall analysis of streptococcal ICEs emphasizes their prevalence and diversity and demonstrates that exchanges or acquisitions of conjugation and recombination modules are frequent.}, keywords = {integrase, integration site, integrative and conjugative elements, Streptococcus, T4SS}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.01483}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26779141 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4701971}, author = {Ambroset, Chlo{\'e} and Coluzzi, Charles and Gu{\'e}don, G{\'e}rard and Devignes, Marie-Dominique and Loux, Valentin and Lacroix, Thomas and Payot, Sophie and Leblond-Bourget, Nathalie} } @article {11974, title = {Next-generation sequencing (NGS) for assessment of microbial water quality: current progress, challenges, and future opportunities}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Tan, BoonFei and Ng, Charmaine and Nshimyimana, Jean Pierre and Loh, Lay Leng and Gin, Karina Y-H and Thompson, Janelle R} } @article {3576, title = {No {Title}}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {119}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {859{\textendash}867}, author = {Lizasoain, A and Tort, LF and Garc{\'\i}a, M and Gomez, MM and Leite, JP and Miagostovich, MP and Cristina, J and Colina, R and Victoria, M} } @article {9838, title = {{No Title}}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {31}, year = {2015}, pages = {296{\textendash}299}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.012}, author = {Pandey, PK and Verma, P and Marathe, N and Shetty, S and Bavdekar, A and Patole, MS and Stensvold, CR and Shouche, YS} } @article {9848, title = {{No Title}}, journal = {Antimicrob Agents Chemother}, volume = {59}, year = {2015}, pages = {4417{\textendash}4423}, doi = {10.1128/AAC.04832-14}, author = {Roberts, T and Bush, S and Ellis, J and Harkness, J and Stark, D} } @article {2560, title = {Norovirus and rotavirus survival in urine collected from a public ecological sanitation system in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.}, journal = {Food and environmental virology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {41-48}, abstract = {Urine from urine-diversion toilets {(UDTs)} is routinely used as fertilizer for urban agriculture in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Because urine from {UDTs} can be accidentally spoiled by feces, we determined whether virulent enteric viruses could persist in urine that is used for agricultural purposes and pose a threat to human health. Urine samples {(N} = 60) were first collected from 42 {UDTs} during the months of January and February 2012 in Ouagadougou and screened negative for the presence of norovirus {(NoV)} and group A rotavirus {(RV).} Composite urine from five collection sites was used to determine whether spiked murine norovirus {(MNV)} and group A bovine rotavirus {(boRVA)} could remain infectious at 15, 25, and 42 {\&\#xB0;C} over an incubation period of 42 days in phosphate buffered saline (control) and urine. For both viruses, infectivity was determined by plaque assay and the presence of viral genome was evaluated by real-time {RT-PCR.} A decrease in the infectious titer was observed in composite urines that were experimentally seeded with {MNV} and {boRVA.} The decrease in the infectious titer was greater for {MNV} than for {boRVA.} Given that {MNV} was more labile to urine than {boRVA} was, {MNV} and {boRVA} genomes were still detectable after the 42 and 49 days incubation period for {MNV} and {boRVA,} respectively. Our data using substitutes of human {NoV} and {RV} suggested that there is a virucidal activity of urine against {RVs} and {NoVs,} given that the effect was lesser for {RV.} In spite of disappointing results for {boRVA,} the use of urine as fertilizer is still promising provided that future safety studies are extended to other enteric viruses.}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9172-2}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-014-9172-2}, author = {Makaya, Joseph M and Kaplon, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Fremy, C{\'e}line and Barro, Nicolas and Aho, Serge and Pothier, Pierre and Belliot, Ga\"el and Traor{\'e}, Alfred S} } @article {3924, title = {Norovirus and rotavirus survival in urine collected from a public ecological sanitation system in {Ouagadougou}, {Burkina} {Faso}.}, journal = {Food and environmental virology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {41{\textendash}48}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9172-2}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-014-9172-2}, author = {Makaya, Joseph M and Kaplon, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Fremy, C{\'e}line and Barro, Nicolas and Aho, Serge and Pothier, Pierre and Belliot, Ga{\"e}l and Traor{\'e}, Alfred S} } @article {3931, title = {Norovirus and rotavirus survival in urine collected from a public ecological sanitation system in {Ouagadougou}, {Burkina} {Faso}.}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {41{\textendash}48}, abstract = {

Urine from urine-diversion toilets \{\{\}(UDTs)\{\}\} is routinely used as fertilizer for urban agriculture in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Because urine from \{\{\}UDTs\{\}\} can be accidentally spoiled by feces, we determined whether virulent enteric viruses could persist in urine that is used for agricultural purposes and pose a threat to human health. Urine samples \{\{\}(N\{\}\} = 60) were first collected from 42 \{\{\}UDTs\{\}\} during the months of January and February 2012 in Ouagadougou and screened negative for the presence of norovirus \{\{\}(NoV)\{\}\} and group A rotavirus \{\{\}(RV).\{\}\} Composite urine from five collection sites was used to determine whether spiked murine norovirus \{\{\}(MNV)\{\}\} and group A bovine rotavirus \{\{\}(boRVA)\{\}\} could remain infectious at 15, 25, and 42 \{\{\}\{\&\}\{\#\}xB0;C\{\}\} over an incubation period of 42 days in phosphate buffered saline (control) and urine. For both viruses, infectivity was determined by plaque assay and the presence of viral genome was evaluated by real-time \{\{\}RT-PCR.\{\}\} A decrease in the infectious titer was observed in composite urines that were experimentally seeded with \{\{\}MNV\{\}\} and \{\{\}boRVA.\{\}\} The decrease in the infectious titer was greater for \{\{\}MNV\{\}\} than for \{\{\}boRVA.\{\}\} Given that \{\{\}MNV\{\}\} was more labile to urine than \{\{\}boRVA\{\}\} was, \{\{\}MNV\{\}\} and \{\{\}boRVA\{\}\} genomes were still detectable after the 42 and 49 days incubation period for \{\{\}MNV\{\}\} and \{\{\}boRVA,\{\}\} respectively. Our data using substitutes of human \{\{\}NoV\{\}\} and \{\{\}RV\{\}\} suggested that there is a virucidal activity of urine against \{\{\}RVs\{\}\} and \{\{\}NoVs,\{\}\} given that the effect was lesser for \{\{\}RV.\{\}\} In spite of disappointing results for \{\{\}boRVA,\{\}\} the use of urine as fertilizer is still promising provided that future safety studies are extended to other enteric viruses.

}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9172-2}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-014-9172-2}, author = {Makaya, Joseph M and Kaplon, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Fremy, C{\'e}line and Barro, Nicolas and Aho, Serge and Pothier, Pierre and Belliot, Ga{\"e}l and Traor{\'e}, Alfred S} } @article {805, title = {Norovirus and rotavirus survival in urine collected from a public ecological sanitation system in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.}, journal = {Food and environmental virology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {41-48}, abstract = {Urine from urine-diversion toilets {(UDTs)} is routinely used as fertilizer for urban agriculture in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Because urine from {UDTs} can be accidentally spoiled by feces, we determined whether virulent enteric viruses could persist in urine that is used for agricultural purposes and pose a threat to human health. Urine samples {(N} = 60) were first collected from 42 {UDTs} during the months of January and February 2012 in Ouagadougou and screened negative for the presence of norovirus {(NoV)} and group A rotavirus {(RV).} Composite urine from five collection sites was used to determine whether spiked murine norovirus {(MNV)} and group A bovine rotavirus {(boRVA)} could remain infectious at 15, 25, and 42 {\&\#xB0;C} over an incubation period of 42 days in phosphate buffered saline (control) and urine. For both viruses, infectivity was determined by plaque assay and the presence of viral genome was evaluated by real-time {RT-PCR.} A decrease in the infectious titer was observed in composite urines that were experimentally seeded with {MNV} and {boRVA.} The decrease in the infectious titer was greater for {MNV} than for {boRVA.} Given that {MNV} was more labile to urine than {boRVA} was, {MNV} and {boRVA} genomes were still detectable after the 42 and 49 days incubation period for {MNV} and {boRVA,} respectively. Our data using substitutes of human {NoV} and {RV} suggested that there is a virucidal activity of urine against {RVs} and {NoVs,} given that the effect was lesser for {RV.} In spite of disappointing results for {boRVA,} the use of urine as fertilizer is still promising provided that future safety studies are extended to other enteric viruses.}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9172-2}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-014-9172-2}, author = {Makaya, Joseph M and Kaplon, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Fremy, C{\'e}line and Barro, Nicolas and Aho, Serge and Pothier, Pierre and Belliot, Ga\"el and Traor{\'e}, Alfred S} } @article {16707, title = {Norovirus dose-response: {Are} currently available data informative enough to determine how susceptible humans are to infection from a single virus?}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {35}, year = {2015}, pages = {1364{\textendash}1383}, author = {Schmidt, P. J.} } @article {5572, title = {{Norovirus Vaccine Against Experimental Human GII.4 Virus Illness: A Challenge Study in Healthy Adults}}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {211}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {870{\textendash}878}, keywords = {1, accepted 17 july 2014, acute gastroenteritis, cause of epidemic and, challenge, electronically published 9 septem-, Norovirus, noroviruses are the leading, received 3 june 2014, sporadic outbreaks of gastroenteritis, Vaccine, worldwide}, issn = {0022-1899}, doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiu497}, url = {http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiu497}, author = {Bernstein, D. I. and Atmar, R. L. and Lyon, G. M. and Treanor, J. J. and Chen, W. H. and Jiang, X. and J. Vinj{\'e} and Gregoricus, N. and Frenck, R. W. and Moe, C. L. and Al-Ibrahim, M. S. and Barrett, J. and Ferreira, J. and Estes, M. K. and Graham, D. Y. and Goodwin, R. and Borkowski, A. and Clemens, R. and Mendelman, P. M.} } @mastersthesis {6394, title = {A {Novel} {Microbial} {Source} {Tracking} {DNA} {Microarray} {Used} for {Pathogen} {Detection} in {Environmental} {Systems}}, year = {2015}, note = {3718492}, school = {West Virginia University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Pathogen detection and the identification of fecal contamination sources can be challenging in environmental and engineered treatment systems. Factors including pathogen diversity and ubiquity of fecal indicator bacteria hamper risk assessment and remediation of contamination sources. Therefore, a quick method that can detect and identify waterborne pathogens in environmental systems is needed. In this work, a custom microarray targeting pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa), microbial source tracking (MST) markers, mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) and antibiotic resistance genes was used to detect over 430 selected gene targets in whole genome amplification (WGA) DNA and complementary DNA (cDNA) isolated from sewage and animal (avian, cattle, poultry and swine) feces, freshwater and marine water samples, sewage spiked surface water samples, treated wastewater and sewage contaminated produce. A combination of perfect match and mismatch probes on the microarray reduced the likelihood of false positive detections, thus increasing the specificity of the microarray for various gene targets. A linear decrease in fluorescence of positive probes over a 1:10 dilution series demonstrated a semi-quantitative relationship between gene concentrations in a sample and microarray fluorescence. Various pathogens, including norovirus, Campylobacter fetus, Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enterica, and Giardia lamblia were detected in sewage via the microarray, as well as MST markers and resistance genes to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and tetracycline. Sensitivity (percentage true positives) of MST results in sewage and animal waste samples (21-33\%) was lower than specificity (83-90\%, percentage of true negatives). Next generation sequencing (NGS) of DNA from the fecal samples revealed two dominant bacterial families that were common to all sample types: Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Five dominant phyla and 15 dominant families comprised 97\% and 74\%, respectively, of sequences from all fecal sources. Waterborne pathogens were also detectable via the microarray in freshwater, marine water and sewage spiked surface water samples as well as treated wastewater. Ultrafiltration was used to concentrate microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasites) from several liters of environmental and treated water samples. Dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) was shown to have a 61.4 {\textpm} 47.8 \% recovery efficiency and 46-fold concentration increasing ability. Then WGA was utilized to increase gene copies and lower the microarray detection limit. Viruses, including adenovirus, bocavirus, Hepatitis A virus, and polyomavirus were detected in human associated water samples as well as pathogens like Legionella pneumophila, Shigella flexneri, C. fetus and genes coding for resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, tetracycline. Microbial source tracking results indicate that sewage spiked freshwater and marine samples clustered separately from other fecal sources including wild and domestic animals via non-metric dimensional scaling. A linear relationship between qPCR and microarray fluorescence was found, indicating the semi-quantitative nature of the MST microarray. Multiple displacement amplification (MDA), which is an important type of WGA, is a widely used tool to amplify genomic nucleic acids. The strong amplification efficiency of MDA and low initial template requirement make MDA an attractive method for environmental molecular and NGS studies. However, like other nucleic acid amplification techniques, various factors may influence MDA efficiency including template concentration (e.g. rare species swamping out), GC amplification bias and genome length favoring amplification of longer genomes. It was found that MDA increased nucleic acids in mixed environmental samples approximately 4.24 {\textpm} 1.40 (log, average {\textpm} standard deviation) for 16S rRNA gene of Enterococcus faecalis, 1.90 {\textpm} 1.70 for RNA polymerase gene of human norovirus, 8.83 {\textpm} 2.88 for T antigen gene of human polyomavirus, 3.83 {\textpm} 0.93 for uidA gene of Escherichia coli, 4.96 {\textpm} 0.32 for invA gene of S. enterica and 8.77 {\textpm} 2.85 for 16S rRNA gene of human Bacteroidales. The template length, concentration and GC content were found to influence MDA efficiency. The results mainly show that the MDA will be more efficient the longer the template length, the greater the initial concentration of nucleic acids and the lower the GC content of the template. Overall, the results of this work show that 1) the microarray and sample handling technique is suitable for pathogen detection from feces and sewage; 2) when combined with ultrafiltration techniques, the microarray can also be used as a pathogen detection tool in environmental waters; 3) template length, and initial concentration increase MDA efficiency, but higher GC content template negatively effects MDA efficiency. The proposed microarray can be used for pathogen detection in feces, wastewater treatment plant sewage, treated wastewater and environmental waters. Further the proposed method is potentially applicable to pathogen/microorganism detections on vegetables, seafood, in hospital settings, industrial wastewater, and aquaculture settings.}, keywords = {0307:Molecular biology, 0543:Civil engineering, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Biological sciences, Civil engineering, DNA Microarray, Environmental engineering, Microbial, Molecular biology, Pathogen}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1708646746?accountid=14270}, author = {Li, Xiang} } @article {14420, title = {A {Novel} {Microbial} {Source} {Tracking} {Microarray} for {Pathogen} {Detection} and {Fecal} {Source} {Identification} in {Environmental} {Systems}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {7319{\textendash}7329}, abstract = {Pathogen detection and the identification of fecal contamination sources are challenging in environmental waters. Factors including pathogen diversity and ubiquity of fecal indicator bacteria hamper risk assessment and remediation of contamination sources. A custom microarray targeting pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa), microbial source tracking (MST) markers, and antibiotic resistance genes was tested against DNA obtained from whole genome amplification (WGA) of RNA and DNA from sewage and animal (avian, cattle, poultry, and swine) feces. Perfect and mismatch probes established the specificity of the microarray in sewage, and fluorescence decrease of positive probes over a 1:10 dilution series demonstrated semiquantitative measurement. Pathogens, including norovirus, Campylobacter fetus, Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enterica, and Giardia lamblia were detected in sewage, as well as MST markers and resistance genes to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and tetracycline. Sensitivity (percentage true positives) of MST results in sewage and animal waste samples (21-33\%) was lower than specificity (83-90\%, percentage of true negatives). Next generation DNA sequencing revealed two dominant bacterial families that were common to all sample types: Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Five dominant phyla and 15 dominant families comprised 97\% and 74\%, respectively, of sequences from all fecal sources. Phyla and families not represented on the microarray are possible candidates for inclusion in subsequent array designs.}, issn = {15205851}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b00980}, author = {Li, Xiang and Harwood, Valerie J. and Nayak, Bina and Staley, Christopher and Sadowsky, Michael J. and Weidhaas, Jennifer} } @article {7578, title = {A Novel Microbial Source Tracking Microarray for Pathogen Detection and Fecal Source Identification in Environmental Systems}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {7319-7329}, abstract = {

{\textcopyright} 2015 American Chemical Society.Pathogen detection and the identification of fecal contamination sources are challenging in environmental waters. Factors including pathogen diversity and ubiquity of fecal indicator bacteria hamper risk assessment and remediation of contamination sources. A custom microarray targeting pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa), microbial source tracking (MST) markers, and antibiotic resistance genes was tested against DNA obtained from whole genome amplification (WGA) of RNA and DNA from sewage and animal (avian, cattle, poultry, and swine) feces. Perfect and mismatch probes established the specificity of the microarray in sewage, and fluorescence decrease of positive probes over a 1:10 dilution series demonstrated semiquantitative measurement. Pathogens, including norovirus, Campylobacter fetus, Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enterica, and Giardia lamblia were detected in sewage, as well as MST markers and resistance genes to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and tetracycline. Sensitivity (percentage true positives) of MST results in sewage and animal waste samples (21-33{\%}) was lower than specificity (83-90{\%}, percentage of true negatives). Next generation DNA sequencing revealed two dominant bacterial families that were common to all sample types: Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Five dominant phyla and 15 dominant families comprised 97{\%} and 74{\%}, respectively, of sequences from all fecal sources. Phyla and families not represented on the microarray are possible candidates for inclusion in subsequent array designs.

}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b00980}, author = {Li, X. and Harwood, V.J. and Nayak, B. and Staley, C. and Sadowsky, M.J. and Weidhaas, J.} } @article {8202, title = {{A Novel Microbial Source Tracking Microarray for Pathogen Detection and Fecal Source Identification in Environmental Systems}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {7319{\textendash}7329}, abstract = {Pathogen detection and the identification of fecal contamination sources are challenging in environmental waters. Factors including pathogen diversity and ubiquity of fecal indicator bacteria hamper risk assessment and remediation of contamination sources. A custom microarray targeting pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa), microbial source tracking (MST) markers, and antibiotic resistance genes was tested against DNA obtained from whole genome amplification (WGA) of RNA and DNA from sewage and animal (avian, cattle, poultry, and swine) feces. Perfect and mismatch probes established the specificity of the microarray in sewage, and fluorescence decrease of positive probes over a 1:10 dilution series demonstrated semiquantitative measurement. Pathogens, including norovirus, Campylobacter fetus, Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enterica, and Giardia lamblia were detected in sewage, as well as MST markers and resistance genes to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and tetracycline. Sensitivity (percentage true positives) of MST results in sewage and animal waste samples (21-33{\%}) was lower than specificity (83-90{\%}, percentage of true negatives). Next generation DNA sequencing revealed two dominant bacterial families that were common to all sample types: Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Five dominant phyla and 15 dominant families comprised 97{\%} and 74{\%}, respectively, of sequences from all fecal sources. Phyla and families not represented on the microarray are possible candidates for inclusion in subsequent array designs.}, isbn = {3042939952}, issn = {15205851}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b00980}, author = {Li, Xiang and Harwood, Valerie J. and Nayak, Bina and Staley, Christopher and Sadowsky, Michael J. and Weidhaas, Jennifer} } @article {8278, title = {A novel microbial source tracking microarray for pathogen detection and fecal source identification in environmental systems}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {49}, year = {2015}, pages = {7319{\textendash}7329}, author = {Li, Xiang and Harwood, Valerie J and Nayak, Bina and Staley, Christopher and Sadowsky, Michael J and Weidhaas, Jennifer} } @booklet {3473, title = {{Nowhere to Go: How a Lack of Safe Toilets Threatens to Increase Violence Against Women in Slums}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {WaterAid Sverige}, address = {Stockholm}, author = {Gosling, L and Irvine, C and et al. Schechtman, L} } @booklet {3600, title = {Nowhere to {Go}: {How} a {Lack} of {Safe} {Toilets} {Threatens} to {Increase} {Violence} {Against} {Women} in {Slums}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {WaterAid Sverige}, address = {Stockholm}, author = {Gosling, L and Irvine, C and et al. Schechtman, L} } @article {3750, title = {Nucleotide {Correlations} {Between} {Rotavirus} {C} {Isolates} in {Clinical} {Samples} from {Outbreaks} and in {Sewage} {Samples}.}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {269{\textendash}275}, author = {Kumazaki, M and Usuku, S} } @article {16769, title = {Occurrence and control of Legionella in recycled water systems}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {470-502}, author = {Jjemba, P. K. and Johnson, W. and Bukhari, Z. and LeChevallier, M.W.} } @article {1669, title = {Occurrence and genetic diversity of human cosavirus in influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants in Arizona, United States}, journal = {Arch Virol}, volume = {160}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, note = {Kitajima, Masaaki Rachmadi, Andri T Iker, Brandon C Haramoto, Eiji Pepper, Ian L Gerba, Charles P eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Austria 2015/05/06 06:00 Arch Virol. 2015 Jul;160(7):1775-9. doi: 10.1007/s00705-015-2435-x. Epub 2015 May 5.}, pages = {1775-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human cosavirus (HCoSV) is a novel member of the family Picornaviridae. We investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of HCoSV in influent and effluent wastewater in Arizona over a 12-month period, from August 2011 to July 2012. HCoSV sequences were identified in six (25\%) influent samples and one (4\%) effluent sample, with the highest concentration of 3.24 x 10(5) and 1.54 x 10(3) copies/liter in influent and effluent, respectively. The strains were characterized based on their 5{\textquoteright} untranslated region and classified into species A and D, demonstrating that genetically heterogeneous HCoSV were circulating with a clear temporal shift of predominant strains in the study area.}, issn = {1432-8798 (Electronic) 0304-8608 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-015-2435-x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25936956}, author = {Kitajima, M. and Rachmadi, A. T. and Iker, B. C. and Haramoto, E. and Pepper, I. L. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {14752, title = {Occurrence and genetic diversity of human cosavirus in influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants in {Arizona}, {United} {States}}, journal = {Arch Virol}, volume = {160}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {1775{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Human cosavirus (HCoSV) is a novel member of the family Picornaviridae. We investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of HCoSV in influent and effluent wastewater in Arizona over a 12-month period, from August 2011 to July 2012. HCoSV sequences were identified in six (25\%) influent samples and one (4\%) effluent sample, with the highest concentration of 3.24 x 10(5) and 1.54 x 10(3) copies/liter in influent and effluent, respectively. The strains were characterized based on their 5{\textquoteright} untranslated region and classified into species A and D, demonstrating that genetically heterogeneous HCoSV were circulating with a clear temporal shift of predominant strains in the study area.}, issn = {1432-8798 (Electronic) 0304-8608 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-015-2435-x}, author = {Kitajima, M. and Rachmadi, A. T. and Iker, B. C. and Haramoto, E. and Pepper, I. L. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {4030, title = {{Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different water catchments in Belgium}}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {187}, year = {2015}, pages = {6}, author = {Ehsan, A and Geurden, T and Casaert, S and Paulussen, J and De Coster, L and Schoemaker, T and Chalmers, R and Grit, G and Vercruysse, J and Claerebout, E} } @article {4252, title = {{Occurrence of and Sequence Variation among F-Specific RNA Bacteriophage Subgroups in Feces and Wastewater of Urban and Animal Origins.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {18}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {6505{\textendash}15}, abstract = {

F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) have been widely studied as tools for evaluating fecal or viral pollution in water. It has also been proposed that they can be used to differentiate human from animal fecal contamination. While FRNAPH subgroup I (FRNAPH-I) and FRNAPH-IV are often associated with animal pollution, FRNAPH-II and -III prevail in human wastewater. However, this distribution is not absolute, and variable survival rates in these subgroups lead to misinterpretation of the original distribution. In this context, we studied FRNAPH distribution in urban wastewater and animal feces/wastewater. To increase the specificity, we partially sequenced the genomes of phages of urban and animal origins. The persistence of the genomes and infectivity were also studied, over time in wastewater and during treatment, for each subgroup. FRNAPH-I genome sequences did not show any specific urban or animal clusters to allow development of molecular tools for differentiation. They were the most resistant and as such may be used as fecal or viral indicators. FRNAPH-II\&$\#$39;s low prevalence and low sequence variability in animal stools, combined with specific clusters formed by urban strains, allowed differentiation between urban and animal pollution by using a specific reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) method. The subgroup\&$\#$39;s resistance over time was comparable to that of FRNAPH-I, but its surface properties allowed higher elimination rates during activated-sludge treatment. FRNAPH-III\&$\#$39;s low sequence variability in animal wastewater and specific cluster formation by urban strains also allowed differentiation by using a specific RT-PCR method. Nevertheless, its low resistance restricted it to being used only for recent urban pollution detection. FRNAPH-IV was too rare to be used.

}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01905-15}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26162878}, author = {Hartard, C and Rivet, R and Banas, S and Gantzer, C} } @article {12335, title = {Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in hospital and urban wastewaters and their impact on the receiving river}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {69}, year = {2015}, month = {Feb 1}, pages = {234-42}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Rodriguez-Mozaz, S. and Chamorro, S. and Marti, E. and Huerta, B. and Gros, M. and Sanchez-Melsio, A. and Borrego, C. M. and Barcelo, D. and Balcazar, J. L.} } @article {17032, title = {Occurrence of bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides host strains (ARABA 84 and GB-124) in fecal samples of human and animal origin}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {654{\textendash}661}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Diston, David and Wicki, Melanie} } @article {4232, title = {{Occurrence of bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides host strains (ARABA 84 and GB-124) in fecal samples of human and animal origin.}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {654{\textendash}61}, abstract = {

Bacteriophage-based microbial source-tracking studies are an economical and simple way of identifying fecal sources in polluted water systems. Recently isolated Bacteroides spp. strains ARABA 84, and GB-124 have been shown to detect bacteriophages exclusively in aquatic systems impacted by human fecal material. To date, limited examination of the occurrence or concentration of phages capable of infecting Bacteroides fragilis strain GB-124 or B. thetaiotaomicron strain ARABA 84 in human and animal feces has been carried out. This study reports the prevalence rates and concentrations of phages infecting ARABA 84 and GB-124 host strains in human and a range of animal feces. Discrete human fecal samples (n=55) and pooled animal samples (n=46, representing the feces of over 230 animals) were examined for phages infecting the host strains ARABA 84, GB-124, and E. coli strain WG5. Both human Bacteroides host strains were highly specific (95{\%} and 100{\%} for ARABA 84 and GB-124, respectively), challenging results from previous studies. This study supports the use of Bacteroides strains GB-124 and ARABA 84 in fecal source tracking studies for the detection of human fecal contamination.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides, Bacteroides: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides: virology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Humans, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.199}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26322751}, author = {Diston, David and Wicki, Melanie} } @article {4145, title = {{Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recycled waters used for irrigation and first description of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. muris in Greece}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {114}, year = {2015}, pages = {1803{\textendash}1810}, author = {Spanakos, G and Biba, A and Mavridou, A and Karanis, P} } @article {9688, title = {The occurrence of taeniids of wolves in Liguria (northern Italy)}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {252-255}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.04.005}, author = {Gori, F and Armua-Fernandez, M.T and Milanesi, P and Serafini, M and Magi, M and Deplazes, P and Macchioni, F} } @article {8393, title = {{Ocular Involvement Following Postnatally Acquired Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Southern Brazil: A 28-Year Experience}}, journal = {American Journal of Ophthalmology}, volume = {159}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {1002{\textendash}1012}, author = {Arantes, TE and Silveira, C and Holland, GN and Muccioli, C and Yu, F and Jones, JL and Goldhardt, R and Lewis, KG and Belfort, R} } @article {8520, title = {{Ocular toxoplasmosis in the United States: recent and remote infections}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {271{\textendash}273}, author = {Jones, JL and Bonetti, V and Holland, GN and Press, C and Sanislo, SR and Khurana, RN and Montoya, JG} } @booklet {11098, title = {One million deaths by parasites.}, year = {2015}, author = {Hotez, P. and Herricks, J.} } @article {16767, title = {Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens: Increasingly Important Pathogens in Drinking Water}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {373-386}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens4020373}, author = {Falkinham, J.O. and Pruden, A. and Edwards, M.} } @article {1050, title = {Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by contamination of drinking water in a factory, the Basque Country}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {168}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.048}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.048}, author = {J M Altzibar and C Zigorraga and R Rodriguez and N Leturia and A Garmendia and A Rodriguez and M Alkorta and L Arriola} } @article {2689, title = {Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by contamination of drinking water in a factory, the Basque Country}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {168}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.048}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.048}, author = {J M Altzibar and C Zigorraga and R Rodriguez and N Leturia and A Garmendia and A Rodriguez and M Alkorta and L Arriola} } @article {14108, title = {Outbreak of {Ciprofloxacin}-{Resistant} {Shigella} sonnei {Associated} with {Travel} to {Vietnam}, {Republic} of {Korea}.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {1247{\textendash}50}, abstract = {We investigated an October 2014 outbreak of illness caused by Shigella sonnei in a daycare center in the Republic of Korea (South Korea). The outbreak strain was resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones and was traced to a child who had traveled to Vietnam. Improved hygiene and infection control practices are needed for prevention of shigellosis.}, keywords = {antibiotic drugs, antimicrobial resistance, bacteria, cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, CTX-M-15, Drug Resistance, enteric infections, Enterobacteriaceae, ESBL, fluoroquinolones, Shigella sonnei, Shigellosis, South Korea, travel-related infections, Vietnam}, issn = {1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid2107.150363}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26079171 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4480405}, author = {Jin S Kim and Jae J Kim and Soo J Kim and Se E Jeon and Ki Y Seo and Jun K Choi and Kim, Nan-Ok and Hong, Sahyun and Gyung T Chung and Cheon K Yoo and Kim, Young-Taek and Cheun, Hyeng Il and Geun R Bae and Yeo, Yeong-Hee and Ha, Gang-Ja and Choi, Mi-Suk and Kang, Shin-Jung and Kim, Junyoung} } @article {8058, title = {{Outbreak of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Shigella sonnei Associated with Travel to Vietnam, Republic of Korea.}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {1247{\textendash}50}, abstract = {

We investigated an October 2014 outbreak of illness caused by Shigella sonnei in a daycare center in the Republic of Korea (South Korea). The outbreak strain was resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones and was traced to a child who had traveled to Vietnam. Improved hygiene and infection control practices are needed for prevention of shigellosis.

}, keywords = {antibiotic drugs, antimicrobial resistance, bacteria, cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, CTX-M-15, Drug Resistance, enteric infections, Enterobacteriaceae, ESBL, fluoroquinolones, Shigella sonnei, Shigellosis, South Korea, travel-related infections, Vietnam}, issn = {1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid2107.150363}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26079171 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4480405}, author = {Jin S Kim and Jae J Kim and Soo J Kim and Se E Jeon and Ki Y Seo and Jun K Choi and Kim, Nan-Ok and Hong, Sahyun and Gyung T Chung and Cheon K Yoo and Kim, Young-Taek and Cheun, Hyeng Il and Geun R Bae and Yeo, Yeong-Hee and Ha, Gang-Ja and Choi, Mi-Suk and Kang, Shin-Jung and Kim, Junyoung} } @article {8135, title = {{An Outbreak of Foodborne Illness Caused by Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in a High School in South Korea.}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {68}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {514{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

In June 2013, a diarrheal outbreak occurred among high school students in Incheon, South Korea. We investigated the outbreak to identify the pathogen and mode of transmission. A case-control study using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted by local authorities and the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bacterial cultures of stool samples, environmental samples, and samples of preserved food items were prepared. PCR, serotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to identify and characterize the outbreak-related pathogen. We identified 54 cases of gastroenteritis, with symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea. None of the food items served in the high school cafeteria were significantly associated with illness, although the odds ratio for kippered trotters mixed with vegetables was relatively high (odds ratio: 2.92, 95{\%} confidence interval: 0.62-13.69). Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) was isolated from this item and the stool samples from 22 symptomatic students and 4 asymptomatic food handlers. The PFGE patterns of EAEC isolated from these sources were indistinguishable. This outbreak was caused by EAEC, and kippered trotters mixed with vegetables, perhaps contaminated by asymptomatic food handlers, were linked to the outbreak. This case-control study highlights the importance of safe food preparation.

}, issn = {1884-2836}, doi = {10.7883/yoken.JJID.2014.460}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25971323}, author = {Shin, Jaeseung and Sung S Oh and Kyung H Oh and Ji H Park and Eun J Jang and Gyung T Chung and Cheon K Yoo and Geun R Bae and Seung H Cho} } @article {14220, title = {An {Outbreak} of {Foodborne} {Illness} {Caused} by {Enteroaggregative} {Escherichia} coli in a {High} {School} in {South} {Korea}.}, journal = {Japanese journal of infectious diseases}, volume = {68}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {514{\textendash}9}, abstract = {In June 2013, a diarrheal outbreak occurred among high school students in Incheon, South Korea. We investigated the outbreak to identify the pathogen and mode of transmission. A case-control study using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted by local authorities and the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bacterial cultures of stool samples, environmental samples, and samples of preserved food items were prepared. PCR, serotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to identify and characterize the outbreak-related pathogen. We identified 54 cases of gastroenteritis, with symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea. None of the food items served in the high school cafeteria were significantly associated with illness, although the odds ratio for kippered trotters mixed with vegetables was relatively high (odds ratio: 2.92, 95\% confidence interval: 0.62-13.69). Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) was isolated from this item and the stool samples from 22 symptomatic students and 4 asymptomatic food handlers. The PFGE patterns of EAEC isolated from these sources were indistinguishable. This outbreak was caused by EAEC, and kippered trotters mixed with vegetables, perhaps contaminated by asymptomatic food handlers, were linked to the outbreak. This case-control study highlights the importance of safe food preparation.}, issn = {1884-2836}, doi = {10.7883/yoken.JJID.2014.460}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25971323}, author = {Shin, Jaeseung and Sung S Oh and Kyung H Oh and Ji H Park and Eun J Jang and Gyung T Chung and Cheon K Yoo and Geun R Bae and Seung H Cho} } @article {5758, title = {{Outbreak of Hepatitis A in Italy Associated with Frozen Redcurrants Imported from Poland: A Case Study}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {305{\textendash}308}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-015-9199-z}, author = {Terio, V and Bottaro, M and Di Pinto, A and Catella, C and Chironna, M and Bozzo, G and D H Kingsley and Bonerba, E and Morea, A and Martella, V} } @article {15748, title = {Outbreaks of illness associated with recreational water-United States, 2011-2012}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {64}, number = {24}, year = {2015}, pages = {668-672}, author = {Hlavsa, M.C and Roberts, V.A and Kahler, A.M and Hilborn, E.D and Mecher, T.R.} } @article {11688, title = {{Pacific Broad Tapeworm Adenocephalus pacificus as a Causative Agent of Globally Reemerging Diphyllobothriosis}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {21}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, pages = {1697{\textendash}1703}, abstract = {The Pacific broad tapeworm Adenocephalus pacificus (syn. Diphyllobothrium pacificum) is the causative agent of the third most common fish-borne cestodosis among humans. Although most of the nearly 1,000 cases among humans have been reported in South America {\{}(Peru,{\}} Chile, and Ecuador), cases recently imported to Europe demonstrate the potential for spread of this tapeworm throughout the world as a result of global trade of fresh or chilled marine fish and travel or migration of humans. We provide a comprehensive survey of human cases of infection with this zoonotic parasite, summarize the history of this re-emerging disease, and identify marine fish species that may serve as a source of human infection when eaten raw or undercooked.}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid2110.150516}, author = {Kuchta, Roman and Serrano-Martinez, Marcus and Scholz, Tom{\'a}{\v s}} } @article {12732, title = {{Paragonimiasis in Japan: a twelve-year retrospective case review (2001{\textendash}2012)}}, journal = {Internal Medicine}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {179{\textendash}186}, author = {Nagayasu, E and Yoshida, A and Hombu, A and Horii, Y and Maruyama, H} } @article {12144, title = {Parasites - Paragonimiasis}, volume = {2018}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/paragonimus/disease.html} } @article {7441, title = {Pathogen {Decay} during {Managed} {Aquifer} {Recharge} at {Four} {Sites} with {Different} {Geochemical} {Characteristics} and {Recharge} {Water} {Sources}}, journal = {Journal of Environment Quality}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {1402}, issn = {0047-2425}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2015.03.0118}, url = {https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/44/5/1402}, author = {Sidhu, J. P. S. and Toze, S. and Hodgers, L. and Barry, K. and Page, D. and Li, Y. and Dillon, P.} } @mastersthesis {5326, title = {Pathogen Removal in Natural Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery Systems: Solutions for Small Cities in an Urbanizing World}, year = {2015}, school = {University of South Florida}, doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004}, author = {Verbyla, ME} } @article {16832, title = {Pathogenic enteric viruses and microbial indicators during secondary treatment of municipal wastewater}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {18}, year = {2015}, pages = {6436{\textendash}6445}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Montazeri, Naim and Goettert, Dorothee and Achberger, Eric C and Johnson, Crystal N and Prinyawiwatkul, Witoon and Janes, Marlene E} } @article {7652, title = {Pathogens and pharmaceuticals in source-separated urine in eThekwini, South Africa}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {85}, year = {2015}, pages = {57-65}, author = {H N Bischel and B D Duygan and L Strande and C S McArdell and Udert,K. M. and T Kohn} } @article {12194, title = {Pathogens and pharmaceuticals in source-separated urine in eThekwini, South Africa}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {85}, year = {2015}, month = {Aug 14}, pages = {57-65}, keywords = {Health hazards, Risk, Sustainable sanitation, Urine nutrient recovery}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Bischel, H. N. and Ozel Duygan, B. D. and L Strande and McArdell, C. S. and Udert, K. M. and Kohn, T.} } @article {13044, title = {Pathogens and pharmaceuticals in source-separated urine in eThekwini, South Africa}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {85}, year = {2015}, pages = {57{\textendash}65}, author = {Bischel, Heather N and Birge D {\"O}zel Duygan and Strande, Linda and McArdell, Christa S and Udert, Kai M and Kohn, Tamar} } @article {7866, title = {Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)}, journal = {The Lancet Global health}, volume = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {e564{\textendash}e575}, author = {Platts-Mills, James A and Babji, Sudhir and Bodhidatta, Ladaporn and Gratz, Jean and Haque, Rashidul and Havt, Alexandre and McCormick, Benjamin JJ and McGrath, Monica and Olortegui, Maribel Paredes and Samie, Amidou and others} } @article {11113, title = {Pediatric Ascariasis}, volume = {2017}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Medscape}, url = {emedicine.medscape.com/article/996482-overview}, author = {Shoff, W.H.} } @booklet {12628, title = {People practicing open defecation (\% of population)}, year = {2015}, address = {Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation }, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @article {15612, title = {Pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator and a tracer of fecal pollution in water environments: Comparative evaluation with wastewater-tracer pharmaceuticals in Hanoi, Vietnam}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {506-507}, year = {2015}, pages = {287-298}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.021}, author = {Kuroda, Keisuke and Nakada, Norihide and Hanamoto, Seiya and Inaba, Manami and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Do, A.T. and Nga, T.T.V. and Oguma, Kumiko and Hayashi, Takeshi and Takizawa, Satoshi} } @article {7076, title = {Perception of drinking water safety and factors influencing acceptance and sustainability of a water quality intervention in rural southern {India}}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {731}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acceptance and long-term sustainability of water quality interventions are pivotal to realizing continued health benefits. However, there is limited research attempting to understand the factors that influence compliance to or adoption of such interventions. METHODS: Eight focus group discussions with parents of young children{\textendash}including compliant and not compliant households participating in an intervention study, and three key-informant interviews with village headmen were conducted between April and May 2014 to understand perceptions on the effects of unsafe water on health, household drinking water treatment practices, and the factors influencing acceptance and sustainability of an ongoing water quality intervention in a rural population of southern India. RESULTS: The ability to recognize health benefits from the intervention, ease of access to water distribution centers and the willingness to pay for intervention maintenance were factors facilitating acceptance and sustainability of the water quality intervention. On the other hand, faulty perceptions on water treatment, lack of knowledge about health hazards associated with drinking unsafe water, false sense of protection from locally available water, resistance to change in taste or odor of water and a lack of support from male members of the household were important factors impeding acceptance and long term use of the intervention. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need to effectively involve communities at important stages of implementation for long term success of water quality interventions. Timely research on the factors influencing uptake of water quality interventions prior to implementation will ensure greater acceptance and sustainability of such interventions in low income settings.}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-015-1974-0}, author = {Francis, Mark Rohit and Nagarajan, Guru and Rajiv Sarkar and Mohan, Venkata Raghava and Kang, Gagandeep and Balraj, Vinohar} } @article {13113, title = {Performance evaluation of a single household anaerobic packaged system for onsite domestic wastewater treatment}, journal = {Desalination and Water Treatment}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1080/19443994.2015.1029004}, author = {Sharma, MK and Kazmi, AA} } @article {9300, title = {{Performance of urban wastewater treatment of four activate sludge treatment plants in Tunisia}}, journal = {International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, author = {Jemli, M and Sabbahi, S and Ben Ayed, L} } @article {12256, title = {Performance of vertical up-flow constructed wetlands on swine wastewater containing tetracyclines and tet genes}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {70}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar 1}, pages = {109-17}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Huang, X. and Liu, C. and Li, K. and Su, J. and Zhu, G. and Liu, L.} } @booklet {12672, title = {Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing}, year = {2015} } @booklet {12491, title = {Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 25th Informational Supplement}, journal = { CLSI Document M100-S25}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute}, address = {Wayne, PA}, author = {CLSI} } @article {14185, title = {The {Phage}-{Inducible} {Chromosomal} {Islands}: {A} {Family} of {Highly} {Evolved} {Molecular} {Parasites}.}, journal = {Annual review of virology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {181{\textendash}201}, abstract = {The phage-inducible chromosomal islands (PICIs) are a family of highly mobile genetic elements that contribute substantively to horizontal gene transfer, host adaptation, and virulence. Initially identified in Staphylococcus aureus, these elements are now thought to occur widely in gram-positive bacteria. They are molecular parasites that exploit certain temperate phages as helpers, using a variety of elegant strategies to manipulate the phage life cycle and promote their own spread, both intra- and intergenerically. At the same time, these PICI-encoded mechanisms severely interfere with helper phage reproduction, thereby enhancing survival of the bacterial population. In this review we discuss the genetics and the life cycle of these elements, with special emphasis on how they interact and interfere with the helper phage machinery for their own benefit. We also analyze the role that these elements play in driving bacterial and viral evolution.}, keywords = {bacteriophage, Evolution, horizontal gene transfer, molecular piracy, pathogenicity island, Virulence}, issn = {2327-0578}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-virology-031413-085446}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26958912}, author = {Penad{\'e}s, Jos{\'e} R and Christie, Gail E} } @article {8114, title = {{The Phage-Inducible Chromosomal Islands: A Family of Highly Evolved Molecular Parasites.}}, journal = {Annual review of virology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {181{\textendash}201}, abstract = {The phage-inducible chromosomal islands (PICIs) are a family of highly mobile genetic elements that contribute substantively to horizontal gene transfer, host adaptation, and virulence. Initially identified in Staphylococcus aureus, these elements are now thought to occur widely in gram-positive bacteria. They are molecular parasites that exploit certain temperate phages as helpers, using a variety of elegant strategies to manipulate the phage life cycle and promote their own spread, both intra- and intergenerically. At the same time, these PICI-encoded mechanisms severely interfere with helper phage reproduction, thereby enhancing survival of the bacterial population. In this review we discuss the genetics and the life cycle of these elements, with special emphasis on how they interact and interfere with the helper phage machinery for their own benefit. We also analyze the role that these elements play in driving bacterial and viral evolution.}, keywords = {bacteriophage, Evolution, horizontal gene transfer, molecular piracy, pathogenicity island, Virulence}, issn = {2327-0578}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-virology-031413-085446}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26958912}, author = {Penad{\'e}s, Jos{\'e} R and Christie, Gail E} } @article {8848, title = {Photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli using nano-size bismuth oxyiodide photocatalysts under visible light}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering}, volume = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {2463{\textendash}2471}, type = {Research}, chapter = {2463}, abstract = {Bismuth oxyiodide photocatalyst has been prepared via solvothermal method at 443 K with reaction time
13 h using ethylene glycol (BiOI-EG) and hydrothermal method at 353 K with reaction time 5 h using
distilled water (BiOI-DW). The effect of difference in the solvent, temperature and reaction time plays a
key role to the evolution on the morphologies and performances of BiOI samples. The materials obtained
were characterized by different techniques. Although both prepared catalysts were of high purity and
have the same calculated band gap energy (1.9 eV) but BiOI synthesized with a Teflon-lined stainlesssteel
autoclave using ethylene glycol exhibits excellent antimicrobial activity under visible-light than
BiOI synthesized by water bath using distilled water. This can be attributed to high surface area of BiOI-EG
(410 m2/g) compared with that of BiOI-DW (296.6 m2/g) and different in the morphology of both
prepared photocatalyst. Also, the experimental results showed that the photocatalytic inactivation
efficiency of Escherichia coli strain (105 CFU/mL) using 0.75 g/L BiOI-EG was almost totally removed within
45 min irradiation, and significantly higher than that of BiOI-DW under visible light.}, keywords = {BiOI, E. coli, Inactivation, Solvothermal Hydrothermal}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343715002481?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Tarek S. Jamil}, editor = {Eman S. Mansor} } @article {2115, title = {Photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli using nano-size bismuth oxyiodide photocatalysts under visible light}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering}, volume = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {2463{\textendash}2471}, chapter = {2463}, abstract = {
Bismuth oxyiodide photocatalyst has been prepared via solvothermal method at 443 K with reaction time 13 h using ethylene glycol (BiOI-EG) and hydrothermal method at 353 K with reaction time 5 h using distilled water (BiOI-DW). The effect of difference in the solvent, temperature and reaction time plays a key role to the evolution on the morphologies and performances of BiOI samples. The materials obtained were characterized by different techniques. Although both prepared catalysts were of high purity and have the same calculated band gap energy (1.9 eV) but BiOI synthesized with a Teflon-lined stainlesssteel autoclave using ethylene glycol exhibits excellent antimicrobial activity under visible-light than BiOI synthesized by water bath using distilled water. This can be attributed to high surface area of BiOI-EG (410 m2/g) compared with that of BiOI-DW (296.6 m2/g) and different in the morphology of both prepared photocatalyst. Also, the experimental results showed that the photocatalytic inactivation efficiency of Escherichia coli strain (105 CFU/mL) using 0.75 g/L BiOI-EG was almost totally removed within 45 min irradiation, and significantly higher than that of BiOI-DW under visible light.
}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.09.017 }, author = {Tarek S. Jamil and Eman S. Mansor and M. AZAB EL-LIETHY} } @article {17518, title = {Photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli using nano-size bismuth oxyiodide photocatalysts under visible light}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

Bismuth oxyiodide photocatalyst has been prepared via solvothermal method at 443 K with reaction time
13 h using ethylene glycol (BiOI-EG) and hydrothermal method at 353 K with reaction time 5 h using
distilled water (BiOI-DW). The effect of difference in the solvent, temperature and reaction time plays a
key role to the evolution on the morphologies and performances of BiOI samples. The materials obtained
were characterized by different techniques. Although both prepared catalysts were of high purity and
have the same calculated band gap energy (1.9 eV) but BiOI synthesized with a Teflon-lined stainlesssteel
autoclave using ethylene glycol exhibits excellent antimicrobial activity under visible-light than
BiOI synthesized by water bath using distilled water. This can be attributed to high surface area of BiOI-EG
(410 m2/g) compared with that of BiOI-DW (296.6 m2/g) and different in the morphology of both
prepared photocatalyst. Also, the experimental results showed that the photocatalytic inactivation
efficiency of Escherichia coli strain (105 CFU/mL) using 0.75 g/L BiOI-EG was almost totally removed within
45 min irradiation, and significantly higher than that of BiOI-DW under visible light.

}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.09.017}, author = {Tarek S. Jamil and Eman S. Mansor and Mohamed Azab El-Liethy} } @article {16556, title = {Pig manure treatment and purification by filtration}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {161}, year = {2015}, month = {sep}, pages = {317{\textendash}324}, abstract = {This study aimed to develop a new, complex pig manure treatment and filtration process. The final scheme, called the AMAK process, comprised the following successive steps: mineralization with mineral acids, alkalization with lime milk, superphosphate addition, a second alkalization, thermal treatment, and pressure filtration. The proposed method produced a filtrate with 95\%, 80\%, and 96\% reductions in chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen content, and phosphorus content, respectively. An advantage of the prOposed method was that it incorporated a crystalline phase into the solid organic part of the manure, which enabled high filtration rates ({\textgreater}1000 kg m(-2) h(-1)) and efficient separation. The process also eliminated odor emissions from the filtrate and sediment. The treated filtrate could be used to irrigate crops or it could be further treated in conventional biological wastewater treatment plants. The sediment could be used for producing mineral-organic fertilizer. The AMAK process is inexpensive, and it requires low investment costs. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {acidification, farm, Filtration, Flocculation, Nitrogen, odors, organic matter, Phosphorus, pig manure, RECOVERY, removal, separation technologies, slurry treatment, solids, Treatment, ultrafiltration}, issn = {0301-4797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.022}, author = {Makara, A. and Kowalski, Z.} } @article {12064, title = {Pig manure treatment and purification by filtration}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {161}, year = {2015}, note = {Cr3wp
Times Cited:5
Cited References Count:39}, month = {Sep 15}, pages = {317-324}, abstract = {This study aimed to develop a new, complex pig manure treatment and filtration process. The final scheme, called the AMAK process, comprised the following successive steps: mineralization with mineral acids, alkalization with lime milk, superphosphate addition, a second alkalization, thermal treatment, and pressure filtration. The proposed method produced a filtrate with 95\%, 80\%, and 96\% reductions in chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen content, and phosphorus content, respectively. An advantage of the prOposed method was that it incorporated a crystalline phase into the solid organic part of the manure, which enabled high filtration rates (>1000 kg m(-2) h(-1)) and efficient separation. The process also eliminated odor emissions from the filtrate and sediment. The treated filtrate could be used to irrigate crops or it could be further treated in conventional biological wastewater treatment plants. The sediment could be used for producing mineral-organic fertilizer. The AMAK process is inexpensive, and it requires low investment costs. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {acidification, farm, Filtration, Flocculation, Nitrogen, odors, organic matter, Phosphorus, pig manure, RECOVERY, removal, separation technologies, slurry treatment, solids, Treatment, ultrafiltration}, isbn = {0301-4797}, author = {Makara, A. and Kowalski, Z.} } @article {3084, title = {Pilot {Field} {Trial} of the {EG}95 {Vaccine} {Against} {Ovine} {Cystic} {Echinococcosis} in {Rio} {Negro}, {Argentina}: {Second} {Study} of {Impact}}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0004134}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important zoonotic disease caused by the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus. It occurs in many parts of the world where pastoral activities predominate, including the Rio Negro province of Argentina. Although CE control activities have been undertaken in the western regions of Rio Negro for more than two decades, the disease continues to remain prevalent in both the human and livestock animal populations. Vaccination of animal intermediate hosts of CE with the EG95 vaccine may provide a new opportunity to improve the effectiveness of CE control measures, although data are lacking about field application of the vaccine. AIMS: Evaluate the impact of EG95 vaccination in sheep on the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus in a field environment. METHODOLOGY: Two trial sites were established in western Rio Negro province within indigenous communities. Vaccination of lambs born into one trial site was introduced and continued for 6 years. Prior to initiation of the trial, and at the end of the trial, the prevalence of CE in sheep was determined by necropsy. Weaned lambs received two injections of EG95 vaccine, approximately one month apart, and a single booster injection one year later. Vaccination was not implemented at the second trial site. A total of 2725 animals were vaccinated in the first year. Animals from this cohort as well as age-matched sheep from the control area were evaluated by necropsy. KEY RESULTS: Introduction of the vaccine led to a statistically significant in the number and size of hydatid cysts in comparison to the situation prior to the introduction of the vaccine, or compared to CE prevalence in the control area where the vaccine was not applied. The prevalence of infection in the vaccinated area was also significantly reduced by 62\% compared to the re-intervention level, being lower than the prevalence seen in the control area, although the difference from the control area after the intervention was not significant possibly due to limitations in the numbers of animals available for necropsy. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination of sheep with the EG95 vaccine provides a valuable new tool which improves the effectiveness of CE control activities. Vaccination was effective even in a difficult, remote environment where only approximately half the lambs born into the communities were fully vaccinated.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, Argentina, Disease Transmission, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Helminth, Helminth Proteins, Immunization Schedule, Infectious, Parasite Load, prevalence, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, Treatment Outcome, Vaccines}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0004134}, author = {Larrieu, Edmundo and Mujica, Guillermo and Gauci, Charles G. and Vizcaychipi, Katherina and Seleiman, Marcos and Herrero, Eduardo and Labanchi, Jose Luis and Araya, Daniel and Sep{\'u}lveda, Luis and Grizmado, Claudia and Calabro, Arnoldo and Talmon, Gabriel and Poggio, Thelma Ver{\'o}nica and Crowley, Pablo and Cespedes, Graciela and Santill{\'a}n, Graciela and Garc{\'\i}a Cachau, Mariela and Lamberti, Roberto and Gino, Lilia and Donadeu, Meritxell and Lightowlers, Marshall W.} } @article {7235, title = {Pit latrine emptying behavior and demand for sanitation services in {Dar} {Es} {Salaam}, {Tanzania}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {2588{\textendash}2611}, abstract = {Pit latrines are the main form of sanitation in unplanned areas in many rapidly growing developing cities. Understanding demand for pit latrine fecal sludge management (FSM) services in these communities is important for designing demand-responsive sanitation services and policies to improve public health. We examine latrine emptying knowledge, attitudes, behavior, trends and rates of safe/unsafe emptying, and measure demand for a new hygienic latrine emptying service in unplanned communities in Dar Es Salaam (Dar), Tanzania, using data from a cross-sectional survey at 662 residential properties in 35 unplanned sub-wards across Dar, where 97\% had pit latrines. A picture emerges of expensive and poor FSM service options for latrine owners, resulting in widespread fecal sludge exposure that is likely to increase unless addressed. Households delay emptying as long as possible, use full pits beyond what is safe, face high costs even for unhygienic emptying, and resort to unsafe practices like {\textquoteright}flooding out{\textquoteright}. We measured strong interest in and willingness to pay (WTP) for the new pit emptying service at 96\% of residences; 57\% were WTP>=U.S. \$17 to remove >=200 L of sludge. Emerging policy recommendations for safe FSM in unplanned urban communities in Dar and elsewhere are discussed.}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph120302588}, author = {Jenkins, Marion W. and Cumming, Oliver and Cairncross, Sandy} } @mastersthesis {6661, title = {A place called {Crockett}{\textquoteright}s {Corner}: {A} case study of landscape change in a defined area of {South} {Portland}, {Maine}, 1624-2013}, year = {2015}, note = {3725594}, school = {University of Southern Maine}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Thomas Kuhn{\textquoteright}s paradigm shift theory was applied to the evolution of the landscape in a defined area of South Portland, Maine. Beginning in 1624, this longitudinal case study describes the way that this landscape has been used and altered over 389 years. By the nineteenth century, the landscape had been changed into a place called Crockett{\textquoteright}s Corner.The people who created this place were a diverse set of migrants from the West Country, Borderlands, and Midlands regions of England. Slaves were also imported from West Africa. The seventeenth century colonial settlement generated a stable and cohesive nineteenth century American agrarian landscape that was the result of communicative actions and personal agency guided by paradigmic world views, models and mindsets. During the twentieth century, in a rapid but staged process, the landscape was changed into an edge city. These changes were the direct result, especially after 1938, of prevailing public policies which acted to constrain some land uses while supporting others. The most important of these policies were: eminent domain land takings, a change in electoral structure, the GI Bill, zoning, accelerated depreciation, municipal revenue sharing, the active solicitation of commercial development, and Tax Increment Funding [TIF] laws. Historic Preservation and environmental protection did not play a significant role in this change process. Changes that have been described as a "March of Progress" can be better explained as the result of both intense applications of power and paradigmic shifts in the mindset, mental models, and agency possessed by people in control of the landscape. Landscape change has had unintended consequences, including local social network destruction, historic building demolition, and unmitigated air and non-point source water pollution. Public policy must play a crucial role in efforts to make the landscape more sustainable. The West End Trails System, The Brick Hill Development, and the Long Creek Restoration Project have introduced sustainable practice into the modern landscape. Raising awareness of the deep history of this place may help empower advocates for historic preservation, open space, environmental protection and more sustainable land use practices in the future.}, keywords = {0323:American studies, 0630:Public policy, Accelerated depreciation, American studies, Landscape change, Malls, Paradigm theory, Place making, Public policy, Social sciences, Tax increment funding}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1734445991?accountid=14270}, author = {DeRose, Mary Drymon} } @article {9001, title = {Plasma-based water treatment: Conception and application of a new general principle for reactor design}, journal = {Chemical Engineering Journal}, volume = {273}, year = {2015}, pages = {543-550}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1385-8947}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.03.059}, url = {//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894715003757 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1385894715003757/1-s2.0-S1385894715003757-main.pdf?_tid=b6793c6e-e8cc-11e6-be1f-00000aacb362\&acdnat=1485987841_9ce64b860618e9a0b28ac2a0710f2c19}, author = {Stratton, Gunnar R. and Bellona, Christopher L. and Dai, Fei and Holsen, Thomas M. and Thagard, Selma Mededovic} } @mastersthesis {6313, title = {A policy and impact analysis of hydraulic fracturing in the {Marcellus} {Shale} region: {A} wildlife perspective}, year = {2015}, note = {1596835}, school = {University of Delaware}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Hydraulic fracturing for natural gas in the Marcellus Shale (underlying about 24 mil ha in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, and Virginia) has become a politically charged issue, primarily because of concerns about drinking water safety and human health. This thesis examines hydraulic fracturing in the Marcellus Shale region using an E3 analysis; looking at the energy potential of the natural gas in the basin, the economics of shale gas extraction, and the environmental impact from a wildlife perspective. The thesis also examines the federal, regional, and state policies and regulations that apply to the industry. The Marcellus Shale has the most technically recoverable gas of any basin in the United States at 141 trillion cubic feet. Based on current U.S. consumption, the Marcellus could provide all the natural gas used in the country for 5.5 years. Income from natural gas development comes primarily from jobs (direct such as gas workers, indirect such as equipment suppliers, and induced jobs which are created when direct workers spend their earnings in a community) and taxes and fees. From a wildlife perspective, environmental effects are primarily on habitat. Terrestrial habitat effects are primarily due to landscape fragmentation from clearing of land for well pad development, which removes mature forest and creates edge habitat. An increase in forest edges is associated with an increase in nest predation and brood parasitism, which could put edge-nesting songbird species at risk. Aquatic habitat effects are less well understood. Hydraulic fracturing requires up to 19 mil l of water per well fracture and in the Marcellus Shale region, most of that comes from surface water sources. Removal of water from surface water sources can increase sedimentation, alter the temperature, and change the chemistry of the water, resulting in changes in the biodiversity of the water source. Federal oversight of natural gas production is managed through a variety of regulations, primarily the National Environmental Protection Act, the Clean Water Act (although hydraulic fracturing was exempted from the erosion control provisions via the Energy Policy Act of 2005), the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, the Mineral Leasing Act, the Natural Gas Act, and several others. The Susquehanna River Basin Commission and the Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC) regulate water usage in their respective watersheds, although the DRBC has yet to finalize the regulations for water usage for hydraulic fracturing in the Delaware River Basin. Each of the states in the region regulate the industry in different ways. Given that hydraulic fracturing will continue, further research is needed on habitat impacts, especially on aquatic habitats. Best Management Practices need to be agreed upon by stakeholders (industry, regulators, non-governmental organizations). Federal regulation is required to force operators to consistently disclose the chemicals used in the fracturing fluid and to mandate erosion/sediment control. An Ohio River Basin Commission needs to be chartered to manage water use in the Ohio River Basin, as it is in the Susquehanna and Delaware River basins. States need to actively manage reclamation activities to ensure native plantings.}, keywords = {0474:Environmental management, 0791:Energy, Applied sciences, Energy, environmental management, Fracking, Fracturing, Gas, Habitat, Health and environmental sciences, Policy, Wildlife}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1716382325?accountid=14270}, author = {Caldwell, Jennifer A.} } @booklet {8380, title = {Policy Guidance Manual on Wastewater Management with a Special Emphasis on Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS)}, year = {2015}, publisher = {UN/AIT}, url = {http://www.unescap.org/resources/policy-guidance-manual-wastewater-management} } @booklet {1475, title = {Poliovirus and nonpolio enterovirus loads associated with sewage-polluted waters and tropical coastal marine environments that receive multiple sewage discharges. Final Report.}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Submitted to the Venezuelan Ministry of Science, Technology and Education}, type = {Report}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Saavedra, M. and Moncho, A.} } @booklet {14476, title = {Poliovirus and nonpolio enterovirus loads associated with sewage-polluted waters and tropical coastal marine environments that receive multiple sewage discharges. {Final} {Report}.}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Submitted to the Venezuelan Ministry of Science, Technology and Education}, address = {Caracas. Venezuela}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Saavedra, M. and Moncho, A.} } @article {3105, title = {Polycystic echinococcosis in {Pacas}, {Amazon} region, {Peru}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {mar}, pages = {456{\textendash}459}, abstract = {In the Peruvian Amazon, paca meat is consumed by humans. To determine human risk for polycystic echinococcosis, we examined wild pacas from 2 villages; 15 (11.7\%) of 128 were infected with Echinococcus vogeli tapeworms. High E. vogeli prevalence among pacas indicates potential risk for humans living in E. vogeli-contaminated areas.}, keywords = {Animals, Cuniculidae, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Female, Liver, Male, Peru, prevalence, Rodent Diseases}, issn = {1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid2103.141197}, author = {Mayor, Pedro and Baquedano, Laura E. and Sanchez, Elisabeth and Aramburu, Javier and Gomez-Puerta, Luis A. and Mamani, Victor J. and Gavidia, Cesar M.} } @article {16914, title = {Population Growth and Its Impact on the Design Capacity and Performance of the Wastewater Treatment Plants in Sedibeng and Soshanguve, South Africa}, journal = {Environmental management}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {984{\textendash}997}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Teklehaimanot, Giorgis Z and Kamika, I and Coetzee, MAA and Momba, MNB} } @article {714, title = {Population Growth and Its Impact on the Design Capacity and Performance of the Wastewater Treatment Plants in Sedibeng and Soshanguve, South Africa}, journal = {Environmental Management}, year = {2015}, month = {06/2015}, abstract = {
This study investigated the effects of population growth on the performance of the targeted wastewater treatment plants in Sedibeng District and Soshanguve periurban area, South Africa. The impact of population growth was assessed in terms of plant design, operational capacity (flow rate) and other treatment process constraints. Between 2001 and 2007, the number of households connected to the public sewerage service increased by 15.5,17.2 and 37.8 \% in Emfuleni, Lesedi and Midvaal Local Municipalities, respectively. Soshanguve revealed a 50 \% increment in the number of households connected to the sewerage system between 1996 and 2001. Except for Sandspruit (-393.8 \%), the rate of influent flows received by Meyerton increased by 6.8 ML/day (67.8 \%) and 4.7 ML/day (46.8 \%) during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. The flow rate appeared to increase during the wet season by 6.8 ML/day (19.1 \%) in Leeuwkuil and during the dry season by 0.8 ML/day (3.9 \%) in Rietgat. Underperformance of the existing wastewater treatment plants suggests that the rapid population growth in urban and peri-urban areas (hydraulic overloading of the wastewater treatment plants) and operational constraints (overflow rate, retention time, oxygen supply capacity of the plants and chlorine contact time) resulted in the production of poor quality effluents in both selected areas. This investigation showed that the inefficiency of Meyerton Wastewater Treatment Plant was attributed to the population growth (higher volumes of wastewater generated) and operational constraints, while the cause of underperformance in the other three treatment plants was clearly technical (operational).
}, keywords = {Population growth Wastewater treatment Water pollution Nitrification}, url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/915/art\%253A10.1007\%252Fs00267-015-0564-3.pdf?originUrl=http\%3A\%2F\%2Flink.springer.com\%2Farticle\%2F10.1007\%2Fs00267-015-0564-3\&token2=exp=1436881797~acl=\%2Fstatic\%2Fpdf\%2F915\%2Fart\%25253A10.1007\%25252Fs00267-015-056}, author = {M NB Momba and Giorgis Z. Teklehaimanot1 {\textbullet} I. Kamika1 {\textbullet} M. A. A. Coetzee} } @article {15865, title = {Post-infection symptoms following two large waterborne outbreaks of Cryptosporidium hominis in Northern Sweden, 2010-2011}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, month = {Jun 4}, pages = {529}, edition = {2015/06/05}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Arthralgia/*epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/*complications/*epidemiology, Cryptosporidium, Diarrhea/*epidemiology, Female, Humans, Infant, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sweden/epidemiology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1471-2458}, author = {Rehn, M. and Wallensten, A. and Widerstrom, M. and Lilja, M. and Grunewald, M. and Stenmark, S. and Kark, M. and Lindh, J.} } @article {13195, title = {Potential for Great Egrets (Ardea alba) to transmit a virulent strain of Aeromonas hydrophila among Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) culture ponds.}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {51}, year = {2015}, pages = {634-639}, doi = {10.7589/2014-06-156}, author = {Jubirt, M. M. and Hanson, L. A. and Hanson-Dorr, K. C. and Ford, L. and Lemmons, S. and Fioranelli, P. and Cunningham, F. L.} } @article {3732, title = {The power of WASH: Why sanitation matters for nutrition}, year = {2015}, pages = {19-23}, institution = {International Food Policy Research Institute}, address = {Washington, DC}, doi = {doi: 10.2499/9780896295759}, author = {Spears, D and Haddad, LJ} } @article {9833, title = {Predominance of Blastocystis sp. infection among school children in Peninsular Malaysia}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0136709}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0136709}, author = {Nithyamathi, K and Chandramathi, S and Kumar, S} } @article {7765, title = {Predominant Campylobacter jejuni Sequence Types Persist in Finnish Chicken Production}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {02/20}, pages = {e0116585}, abstract = {Consumption and handling of chicken meat are well-known risk factors for acquiring campylobacteriosis. This study aimed to describe the Campylobacter jejuni population in Finnish chickens and to investigate the distribution of C. jejuni genotypes on Finnish chicken farms over a period of several years. We included 89.8\% of the total C. jejuni population recovered in Finnish poultry during 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2012 and used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to characterize the 380 isolates. The typing data was combined with isolate information on collection-time and farm of origin. The C. jejuni prevalence in chicken slaughter batches was low (mean 3.0\%, CI95\% 1.8\%, 4.2\%]), and approximately a quarter of Finnish chicken farms delivered at least one positive chicken batch yearly. In general, the C. jejuni population was diverse as represented by a total of 63 sequence types (ST), but certain predominant MLST lineages were identified. ST-45 clonal complex (CC) accounted for 53\% of the isolates while ST-21 CC and ST-677 CC covered 11\% and 9\% of the isolates, respectively. Less than half of the Campylobacter positive farms (40.3\%) delivered C. jejuni-contaminated batches in multiple years, but the genotypes (ST and PFGE types) generally varied from year to year. Therefore, no evidence for a persistent C. jejuni source for the colonization of Finnish chickens emerged. Finnish chicken farms are infrequently contaminated with C. jejuni compared to other European Union (EU) countries, making Finland a valuable model for further epidemiological studies of the C. jejuni in poultry flocks.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371\%2Fjournal.pone.0116585}, author = {Ann K Llarena and Huneau,Adeline and Hakkinen,Marjaana and Marja L Hanninen} } @article {11338, title = {Preliminary evaluation of Community-Led Total Sanitation for the control of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Katete District of Zambia}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {207}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {241-248}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-4017}, author = {Bulaya, Carol and Mwape, Kabemba E and Michelo, Charles and Sikasunge, Chummy S and Makungu, Chitwambi and Gabriel, Sarah and Dorny, Pierre and Phiri, Isaac K} } @article {8443, title = {{Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Cochrane database of systematic reviews}, volume = {10}, year = {2015}, pages = {CD006171}, author = {Di Mario, S and Basevi, V and Gagliotti, C and Spettoli, D and Gori, G and D{\textquoteright}Amico, R and Magrini, N} } @article {9129, title = {{Presence and persistence of wastewater pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 in hydroponic reactors of treatment wetland species}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {135{\textendash}140}, keywords = {biofilm, Carex, Epifluorescence, QPCR, Schoenoplectus}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2015.199}, author = {VanKempen-Fryling, R J and Stein, O R and Camper, A K} } @article {6277, title = {Presence and persistence of wastewater pathogen \textit{{Escherichia} coli} {O}157:{H}7 in hydroponic reactors of treatment wetland species}, journal = {Water Science \& Technology}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {jun}, pages = {135}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2015.199}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wst.2015.199}, author = {VanKempen-Fryling, R. J. and Stein, O. R. and Camper, A. K.} } @article {13920, title = {Prevalence and {Characterization} of {Shiga} {Toxin}-{Producing} and {Enteropathogenic} {Escherichia} coli in {Shellfish}-{Harvesting} {Areas} and {Their} {Watersheds}.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {1356}, abstract = {more strains formed a strong biofilm at 18 than at 30{\textdegree}C. Finally, more than 85\% of analyzed strains were found to be sensitive to the 16 tested antibiotics. These data suggest the low risk of human infection by STEC if shellfish from these shellfish-harvesting areas were consumed.}, issn = {1664-302X}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.01356}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4664706\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Bali{\`e}re, C and Rinc{\'e}, A and Blanco, J and Dahbi, G and Harel, J and Vogeleer, P and Giard, JC and Mariani-Kurkdjian, P and Gourmelon, M} } @article {2155, title = {{Prevalence and Characterization of Shiga Toxin-Producing and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Shellfish-Harvesting Areas and Their Watersheds.}}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {1356}, abstract = {more strains formed a strong biofilm at 18 than at 30{\textdegree}C. Finally, more than 85\% of analyzed strains were found to be sensitive to the 16 tested antibiotics. These data suggest the low risk of human infection by STEC if shellfish from these shellfish-harvesting areas were consumed.}, issn = {1664-302X}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.01356}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4664706\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Bali{\`e}re, C and Rinc{\'e}, A and Blanco, J and Dahbi, G and Harel, J and Vogeleer, P and Giard, JC and Mariani-Kurkdjian, P and Gourmelon, M} } @article {7939, title = {{Prevalence and Characterization of Shiga Toxin-Producing and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Shellfish-Harvesting Areas and Their Watersheds.}}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {1356}, abstract = {more strains formed a strong biofilm at 18 than at 30{\textdegree}C. Finally, more than 85{\%} of analyzed strains were found to be sensitive to the 16 tested antibiotics. These data suggest the low risk of human infection by STEC if shellfish from these shellfish-harvesting areas were consumed.}, issn = {1664-302X}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.01356}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4664706{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Bali{\`e}re, C and Rinc{\'e}, A and Blanco, J and Dahbi, G and Harel, J and Vogeleer, P and Giard, JC and Mariani-Kurkdjian, P and Gourmelon, M} } @article {11035, title = {Prevalence and pattern of soil-transmitted helminthic infection among primary school children in a rural community in {Imo} {State}, {Nigeria}.}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Medicine}, volume = {2015}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}4}, author = {Odinaka, K.K. and Nwolisa, E. C. and Mbanefo, F. and Iheakaram, A. C. and Okolo, S.} } @article {12292, title = {Prevalence and proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes in two municipal wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {85}, year = {2015}, pages = {458-466}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Mao, Daqing and Yu, Shuai and Rysz, Michal and Luo, Yi and Yang, Fengxia and Li, Fengxiang and Hou, Jie and Mu, Quanhua and Alvarez, PJJ} } @article {8295, title = {Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in asymptomatic Chinese children: a prospective, cross-sectional, population-based study}, journal = {Alimentary Harmacology and Therapeutics}, volume = {42}, year = {2015}, pages = {1019{\textendash}1026}, author = {Ding, Z and Zhao, S and Gong, S and Li, Z and Mao, M and Xu, X and Zhou, L} } @article {9726, title = {Prevalence, hematology and treatment of Balantidium coli among small ruminants in and Around Lahore, Pakistan}, journal = {Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi}, volume = {21}, year = {2015}, pages = {123-126}, author = {Jamil, M and M. Ijaz and M. Muddassir Ali} } @article {2003, title = {Prevalence, hematology and treatment of Balantidium coli among small ruminants in and around Lahore, Pakistan}, journal = {Kafkas Universiti Veteriner Fakultesi DergisiKafkas Universiti Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi}, volume = {21}, year = {2015}, pages = {123-126}, author = {Jamil, M. and Ijaz, M. and Muddassir Ali, M.} } @article {16214, title = {Prevalence of antileptospiral serum antibodies in dogs in Ireland.}, journal = {Vet Rec. Vet Rec.}, volume = {177}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {126}, author = {Schuller, S. and Arent, Z. J. and Gilmore, C. and Nally, J.} } @article {17345, title = {Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant and Virulent Salmonella spp. in Treated Effluent and Receiving Aquatic Milieu of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Durban, South Africa}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public HealthInt J Environ Res Public HealthInternational journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {Aug 18}, pages = {9692-713}, edition = {2015/08/22}, keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Microbial, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, antimicrobial resistance, Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis, Environmental monitoring, Nitrates/analysis, Phosphates/analysis, Physicochemical parameters, Rivers/microbiology, Salmonella spp., Salmonella/drug effects/*isolation \& purification, South Africa, treated effluent, virulence genes, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Waste Water/*microbiology, wastewater, Water Pollutants/*analysis}, isbn = {1660-4601}, author = {Odjadjare, E. C. and Olaniran, A. O.} } @article {9735, title = {Prevalence of Balantidium coli infection in sows in Hunan province, subtropical China}, journal = {Tropical Animal Health and Production}, volume = {47}, year = {2015}, pages = {1637- 1640}, author = {Yin, D. M and C. C. Lv and L. Tan and T. N. Zhang and C. Z. Yang and Y. Liu and W. Liu} } @article {9853, title = {{Prevalence of Blastocystis in shelter-resident and client-owned companion animals in the US Pacific Northwest}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {e107496}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0107496}, author = {Ruaux, CG and Stang, BV} } @article {9924, title = {Prevalence of Blastocystis in shelter-resident and client-owned companion animals in the US Pacific Northwest}, journal = {Plos One}, volume = {9}, year = {2015}, author = {Ruaux, C.G. and Stang, B.V.} } @article {6928, title = {Prevalence of {E}. coli {O}157:{H}7 in water sources: an overview on associated diseases, outbreaks and detection methods}, journal = {Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {249{\textendash}264}, issn = {07328893}, doi = {10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.015}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0732889315001066}, author = {Saxena, Tanushree and Kaushik, Pallavi and Krishna Mohan, Medicherla} } @article {9262, title = {{Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar in drinking water in the city of Shush, Khuzestan Province in 2011}}, journal = {International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {582{\textendash}588}, author = {Ghasemi, E and Rahdar, M and Rostami, M} } @article {14248, title = {Prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in treated effluents and receiving water bodies and their potential health risks.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {518-519}, year = {2015}, month = {jun}, pages = {441{\textendash}9}, abstract = {The failure of wastewater treatment plants to produce effluents of a high microbiological quality is a matter of great concern in terms of water resource pollution. A more serious concern is that this water source is used by communities in developing countries for multiple purposes, which include drinking, recreation and agriculture. The current study investigated the prevalence and potential health risks of enteropathogenic bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae and Vibrio cholerae) in the treated effluents of three selected South African Wastewater Treatment Works as well as their receiving water bodies. Culture-based and polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to detect and identify the pathogenic bacteria. The conventional methods revealed that of the 272 water samples collected, 236 samples (86.8\%) tested presumptively positive for Salmonella spp., 220 samples (80.9\%) for Shigella spp. and 253 samples (93.0\%) for V. cholerae. Molecular test results indicated that out of the randomly selected presumptive positive samples (145), zero to 60\% of samples were positive for S. typhimurium and S. dysenteriae and 20\% to 60\% for V. cholerae. For the health risk assessment, the daily combined risk of S. typhimurium, S. dysenteriae and V. cholerae infection was above the lowest acceptable risk limit of 10(-4) as estimated by the World Health Organization for drinking water. This study showed that the target treated wastewater effluents and their receiving water bodies could pose a potential health risk to the surrounding communities.}, issn = {1879-1026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.019}, author = {Teklehaimanot, Giorgis Z and Genthe, B and Kamika, I and M NB Momba} } @article {712, title = {Prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in treated effluents and receiving water bodies and their potential health risks}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {518-519}, year = {2015}, month = {03/2015}, pages = {441-449}, type = {research }, chapter = {441}, abstract = {\ 
The failure of wastewater treatment plants to produce effluents of a high microbiological quality is a matter of great concern in terms of water resource pollution. A more serious concern is that this water source is used by communities in developing countries for multiple purposes, which include drinking, recreation and agriculture. The current study investigated the prevalence and potential health risks of enteropathogenic bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae and Vibrio cholerae) in the treated effluents of three selected South African Wastewater Treatment Works as well as their receiving water bodies. Culture-based and polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to detect and identify the pathogenic bacteria. The conventional methods revealed that of the 272 water samples collected, 236 samples (86.8\%) tested presumptively positive for Salmonella spp., 220 samples (80.9\%) for Shigella spp. and 253 samples (93.0\%) for V. cholerae. Molecular test results indicated that out of the randomly selected presumptive positive samples (145), zero to 60\% of samples were positive for S. typhimuriumand S. dysenteriae and 20\% to 60\% for V. cholerae. For the health risk assessment, the daily combined risk of S. typhimurium, S. dysenteriae and V. cholerae infection was above the lowest acceptable risk limit of 10-4 as estimated by the World Health Organization for drinking water. This study showed that the target treated wastewater effluents and their receiving water bodies could pose a potential health risk to the surrounding communities.
}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969715002855}, author = {M NB Momba}, editor = {Teklehaimanot, Z.} } @article {2436, title = {{Prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in treated effluents and receiving water bodies and their potential health risks.}}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {518-519}, year = {2015}, month = {jun}, pages = {441{\textendash}9}, abstract = {The failure of wastewater treatment plants to produce effluents of a high microbiological quality is a matter of great concern in terms of water resource pollution. A more serious concern is that this water source is used by communities in developing countries for multiple purposes, which include drinking, recreation and agriculture. The current study investigated the prevalence and potential health risks of enteropathogenic bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae and Vibrio cholerae) in the treated effluents of three selected South African Wastewater Treatment Works as well as their receiving water bodies. Culture-based and polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to detect and identify the pathogenic bacteria. The conventional methods revealed that of the 272 water samples collected, 236 samples (86.8\%) tested presumptively positive for Salmonella spp., 220 samples (80.9\%) for Shigella spp. and 253 samples (93.0\%) for V. cholerae. Molecular test results indicated that out of the randomly selected presumptive positive samples (145), zero to 60\% of samples were positive for S. typhimurium and S. dysenteriae and 20\% to 60\% for V. cholerae. For the health risk assessment, the daily combined risk of S. typhimurium, S. dysenteriae and V. cholerae infection was above the lowest acceptable risk limit of 10(-4) as estimated by the World Health Organization for drinking water. This study showed that the target treated wastewater effluents and their receiving water bodies could pose a potential health risk to the surrounding communities.}, issn = {1879-1026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.019}, author = {Teklehaimanot, Giorgis Z and Genthe, B and Kamika, I and M NB Momba} } @article {8150, title = {{Prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in treated effluents and receiving water bodies and their potential health risks.}}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {518-519}, year = {2015}, month = {jun}, pages = {441{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

The failure of wastewater treatment plants to produce effluents of a high microbiological quality is a matter of great concern in terms of water resource pollution. A more serious concern is that this water source is used by communities in developing countries for multiple purposes, which include drinking, recreation and agriculture. The current study investigated the prevalence and potential health risks of enteropathogenic bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae and Vibrio cholerae) in the treated effluents of three selected South African Wastewater Treatment Works as well as their receiving water bodies. Culture-based and polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to detect and identify the pathogenic bacteria. The conventional methods revealed that of the 272 water samples collected, 236 samples (86.8{\%}) tested presumptively positive for Salmonella spp., 220 samples (80.9{\%}) for Shigella spp. and 253 samples (93.0{\%}) for V. cholerae. Molecular test results indicated that out of the randomly selected presumptive positive samples (145), zero to 60{\%} of samples were positive for S. typhimurium and S. dysenteriae and 20{\%} to 60{\%} for V. cholerae. For the health risk assessment, the daily combined risk of S. typhimurium, S. dysenteriae and V. cholerae infection was above the lowest acceptable risk limit of 10(-4) as estimated by the World Health Organization for drinking water. This study showed that the target treated wastewater effluents and their receiving water bodies could pose a potential health risk to the surrounding communities.

}, issn = {1879-1026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.019}, author = {Teklehaimanot, Giorgis Z and Genthe, B and Kamika, I and M NB Momba} } @article {10774, title = {{Prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in treated effluents and receiving water bodies and their potential health risks.}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {518-519}, year = {2015}, pages = {441{\textendash}449}, author = {Teklehaimanot, GZ and Genthe, B and Kamika, I and Momba, MNB} } @article {11058, title = {Prevalence of {Human} {Intestinal} {Helminth} {Parasites} among {Undergraduate} {Students} at the off {Campus} ({North} {Gate} {Area}), {Federal} {University} of {Technology}, {Akure} ({Futa}), {Nigeria}}, journal = {OALib}, volume = {02}, number = {03}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, issn = {2333-9721, 2333-9705}, doi = {10.4236/oalib.1101399}, url = {http://www.oalib.com/paper/pdf/3143514}, author = {Dada, Ebenezer Oluyemi and Aruwa, Christiana Eleojo} } @article {15129, title = {Prevalence of human intestinal helminth parasites among undergraduate students at the off campus ({Northgate} area), {Federal} {University} of {Technology}, {Akure} ({Futa}, {Nigeria}}, journal = {Open Access Library Journal}, volume = {March 2015}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}6.}, author = {Dada, E. O. and Aruwa, C. E.} } @article {9815, title = {{The prevalence of intestinal parasites is not greater among individuals with irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based case-control study}}, journal = {Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology}, volume = {13}, year = {2015}, pages = {507{\textendash}513}, doi = {10.1016/j.cgh.2014.07. 065}, author = {Krogsgaard, LR and Engsbro, AL and Stensvold, CR and Nielsen, HV and Bytzer, P} } @book {10985, title = {Prevalence of {Parasites} in manures from {Eco}- {San} toilets at {Munshiganj} district, {Bangladesh}}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, abstract = {The present study was carried out on samples of Eco-san toilets at three villages in Srinagar upazilla under munshiganj district, Bangladesh, which were designed to treat human faeces for reuse in agriculture. Out of 50 Eco-san toilet, a total of 150 faecal samples, from three layers (surface, middle and bottom) of each tank, were examined. in addition, 50 soil samples were also examined from surrounding areas of Eco-san toilets. A total of 10 parasite species were identified from faecal samples which include trophozoite and cystic forms of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Trichomonus homonis, eggs and larvae of Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, hookworms, Enterobius vermicularis and tape worms. A gradual increase in prevalence and degree of infection of parasites observed from upper to bottom layer of faecal tanks. The occurrence of As-caris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, hookworm, Enterobius vermicularis were 76\%, 34\%, 32\% and 34\% respectively in faecal samples, while 100\%, 60\%, 40\% and 28\% respectively in soil samples. The eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides showed highest prevalence in all layers of faecal tanks. Eggs of tape worm and eggs and larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis were also markedly prevalent in both types of samples.}, author = {Khanum, Hamida and Muznebin, Farhana and Bari, Abedul} } @article {9176, title = {{The prevalence of parasitic contamination on common cold vegetables in Alqalamoun Region}}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {94{\textendash}97}, author = {Alhabbal, A} } @article {3772, title = {Prevalence of Rotaviruses Groups A and C in Egyptian Children and Aquatic Environment.}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

The objective of this study is to compare the prevalence of rotaviruses groups A and C in Egyptian children and aquatic environment. From 110 stool specimens of children with acute diarrhea and using \{\{\}RT-PCR,\{\}\} 35 samples \{\{\}(31.8\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\})\{\}\} were positive for human rotavirus group A and 15 samples \{\{\}(13.6\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\})\{\}\} were positive for human rotavirus group C. From 96 samples collected from Zenin wastewater treatment plant over a 2-year period \{\{\}(November\{\}\} \{\{\}2009-October\{\}\} 2011) and using \{\{\}RT-PCR,\{\}\} rotavirus group A was detected in (4/24) \{\{\}16.7\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} (5/24) \{\{\}20.8\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} (4/24) \{\{\}16.7\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} and (4/24) \{\{\}16.7\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} while rotavirus group C was detected in (2/24) \{\{\}8.3\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} (3/24) \{\{\}12.5\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} (3/24) \{\{\}12.5\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} and (0/24) \{\{\}0\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\}\{\}\} in raw sewage, after primary sedimentation, after secondary sedimentation, and after final chlorination, respectively. Moreover, from 96 samples collected from \{\{\}El-Giza\{\}\} water treatment plant over a 2-year period \{\{\}(November\{\}\} \{\{\}2009-October\{\}\} 2011), rotavirus group A was detected in (7/24) \{\{\}29.2\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} (6/24) \{\{\}25\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} (5/24) \{\{\}20.8\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} and (3/24) \{\{\}12.5\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} while rotavirus group C was detected in (3/24) \{\{\}12.5\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} (1/24) \{\{\}4.2\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} (1/24) \{\{\}4.2\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\},\{\}\} and (0/24) \{\{\}0\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\}\{\}\} in raw Nile water, after sedimentation, after sand filtration, and after final chlorination, respectively. Using \{\{\}SYBR\{\}\} Green real-time \{\{\}RT-PCR,\{\}\} the number of human rotavirus group A genome or infectious units was higher than rotavirus group C. \{\{\}VP6\{\}\} sequence analysis of the \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} positive rotavirus group C samples revealed that four clinical specimens and three environmental samples showed similar sequences clustered with \{\{\}Moduganari/Human\{\}\} Nigerian strain \{\{\}AF\{\}\} 325806 with \{\{\}98\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\}\{\}\} homology, and two clinical specimens and one environmental sample showed similar sequences clustered with Dhaka \{\{\}CB/Human\{\}\} Bangladesh strain \{\{\}AY\{\}\} 754826 with \{\{\}97\{\&\}\{\#\}xA0;\{\%\}\{\}\} homology.

}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-015-9184-6}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-015-9184-6}, author = {M El-Senousy, Waled and Ragab, Ahmed M and Handak, Eman M} } @article {5909, title = {Prevalence of ten putative virulence genes in the emerging foodborne pathogen Arcobacter isolated from food products}, journal = {Food Microbiology}, volume = {52}, year = {2015}, pages = {146{\textendash}149}, author = {Girbau, Cecilia and Guerra, Cristian and Mart{\'\i}nez-Malaxetxebarria, Irati and Alonso, Rodrigo and Fern{\'a}ndez-Astorga, Aurora} } @article {4505, title = {Prevalence, quantification, and typing of human adenoviruses detected in river water in Taiwan}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research International}, volume = {22}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {8359{\textendash}66}, issn = {0944-1344}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-014-4000-7}, author = {Huang, Z. M. and Hsu, B. M. and Kao, P. M. and Chang, T. Y. and Hsu, T. K. and Ho, Y. N. and Yang, Y. C. and Huang, Y. L.} } @article {15941, title = {Prevalence, species identification and genotyping Cryptosporidium from livestock and deer in a catchment in the Cairngorms with a history of a contaminated public water supply}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {Feb 4}, pages = {66}, edition = {2015/02/05}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Deer/*parasitology, Feces/parasitology, Fresh Water/*parasitology, genotype, Livestock/*parasitology, prevalence, Sheep, United Kingdom/epidemiology, Water Pollution/analysis, Water Supply}, isbn = {1756-3305}, author = {Wells, B. and Shaw, H. and Hotchkiss, E. and Gilray, J. and Ayton, R. and Green, J. and Katzer, F. and Wells, A. and Innes, E.} } @article {6972, title = {Prioritizing action on health inequities in cities: {An} evaluation of {Urban} {Health} {Equity} {Assessment} and {Response} {Tool} ({Urban} {HEART}) in 15 cities from {Asia} and {Africa}}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, volume = {145}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {237{\textendash}242}, abstract = {Following the recommendations of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (2008), the World Health Organization (WHO) developed the Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (HEART) to support local stakeholders in identifying and planning action on health inequities. The objective of this report is to analyze the experiences of cities in implementing Urban HEART in order to inform how the future development of the tool could support local stakeholders better in addressing health inequities. The study method is documentary analysis from independent evaluations and city implementation reports submitted to WHO. Independent evaluations were conducted in 2011-12 on Urban HEART piloting in 15 cities from seven countries in Asia and Africa: Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Mongolia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. Local or national health departments led Urban HEART piloting in 12 of the 15 cities. Other stakeholders commonly engaged included the city council, budget and planning departments, education sector, urban planning department, and the Mayor{\textquoteright}s office. Ten of the 12 core indicators recommended in Urban HEART were collected by at least 10 of the 15 cities. Improving access to safe water and sanitation was a priority equity-oriented intervention in 12 of the 15 cities, while unemployment was addressed in seven cities. Cities who piloted Urban HEART displayed confidence in its potential by sustaining or scaling up its use within their countries. Engagement of a wider group of stakeholders was more likely to lead to actions for improving health equity. Indicators that were collected were more likely to be acted upon. Quality of data for neighbourhoods within cities was one of the major issues. As local governments and stakeholders around the world gain greater control of decisions regarding their health, Urban HEART could prove to be a valuable tool in helping them pursue the goal of health equity.}, keywords = {Africa, Asia, Global Health, Health equity, Social determinants of health, Urban HEART, Urban planning, Urbanization}, issn = {1873-5347}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.09.031}, author = {Prasad, Amit and Kano, Megumi and Dagg, Kendra Ann-Masako and Mori, Hanako and Senkoro, Hawa Hamisi and Ardakani, Mohammad Assai and Elfeky, Samar and Good, Suvajee and Engelhardt, Katrin and Ross, Alex and Armada, Francisco} } @booklet {6966, title = {Private {Drinking} {Water} {Wells}}, year = {2015}, url = {http://www2.epa.gov/privatewells}, author = {USEPA} } @article {15315, title = {A probabilistic QMRA of Salmonella in direct agricultural reuse of treated municipal wastewater}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {71}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {1203-1211}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {Amha, Yamrot M and Kumaraswamy, Rajkumari and Ahmad, Farrukh} } @booklet {1927, title = {Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation {\textendash} 2015 update and MDG assessment.}, year = {2015}, month = {July 2015}, publisher = {WHO/UNICEF http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/en/: and http://weshare.unicef.org/C.aspx?VP3=SearchResult\&ALID=2AM408T1QDOK last accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article}, url = {http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/en/: and http://weshare.unicef.org/C.aspx?VP3=SearchResult\&ALID=2AM408T1QDOK last accessed July 2015} } @book {7229, title = {Progress on sanitation and drinking water.}, year = {2015}, isbn = {978-92-4-150914-5}, author = {WHO/UNICEF Joint Water Supply and Sanitation Monitoring Programme and World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF} } @booklet {8347, title = {{Progress on sanitation and drinking water {\textendash} 2015 update and MDG assessment}}, year = {2015}, url = {https://www.unicef.org/publications/index{\_}82419.html}, author = {WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP)} } @booklet {3801, title = {Progress on {Sanitation} and {Drinking}-water - 2015 {Update} and {MDG} {Assessment}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @booklet {3546, title = {Progress on {Sanitation} and {Drinking}-water - 2015 {Update} and {MDG} {Assessment}.}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @booklet {3460, title = {{Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water - 2015 Update and MDG Assessment}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @booklet {3492, title = {{Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water - 2015 Update and MDG Assessment.}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @article {4663, title = {Prolonged outbreak of adenovirus A31 in allogenic stem cell transplant recipients}, journal = {Transplant Infectious Disease: an Official Journal of the Transplantation Society}, volume = {17}, year = {2015}, pages = {785-794}, author = {Swartling, L and Allard, A and T{\"o}rlen, J and Ljungman, P and Mattsson, J and Sparrelid, E} } @article {15406, title = {Prostate adenocarcinoma associated with prostatic infection due to Schistosoma haematobium. Case report and systematic review}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, note = {Figueiredo, Jacinta Chaves
Richter, Joachim
Borja, Nilo
Balaca, Antonino
Costa, Sandra
Belo, Silvana
Gracio, Maria Amelia
eng
Case Reports
Review
Germany
2014/12/30 06:00
Parasitol Res. 2015 Feb;114(2):351-8. doi: 10.1007/s00436-014-4250-9. Epub 2014 Dec 30.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {351-8}, abstract = {Schistosomiasis affects more than 240 million people worldwide, an infection which may cause urogenital manifestations including, among others, squamous bladder cancer and prostate involvement. We describe the first case of a prostate adenocarcinoma associated with prostatic Schistosoma haematobium infection occurring in Angola. Prostate carcinoma was suspected because of high levels of prostate-specific antigen. This observation prompted us to review the literature on schistosomiaisis with respect to genital pathology and prostate cancer. Described genital manifestations in men include funiculitis, epididymitis, granulomata of the seminal vesicles, testicular masses, and prostate lesions which may cause haematospermia and infertility. In contrast to bladder cancer, only 12 reports including the present case on 17 cases on prostate carcinoma associated with schistosomiasis have been published worldwide. The rarity of reports on prostate carcinoma associated with schistosomiasis is partly due to diagnostic constraints, and its incidence is underestimated. However, in emerging countries, the incidence of prostate cancer appears to increase mainly as a result of urbanization and improved access to health care where schistosomiasis prevalence is decreasing.}, keywords = {Adenocarcinoma/*parasitology/pathology, Angola, Animals, Granuloma/pathology, Humans, Male, Prostate-Specific Antigen/*blood, Prostate/parasitology, Schistosoma haematobium/*isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis haematobia/*parasitology/pathology, Schistosomiasis/*parasitology/pathology}, isbn = {1432-1955 (Electronic)
0932-0113 (Linking)}, author = {Figueiredo, J. C. and Richter, J. and Borja, N. and Balaca, A. and Costa, S. and Belo, S. and Gracio, M. A.} } @article {6282, title = {Protocol for the evaluation of a free health insurance card scheme for poor pregnant women in {Mbeya} region in {Tanzania}: a controlled-before and after study}, journal = {BMC health services research}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {258}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The use of demand-side financing mechanisms to increase health service utilisation among target groups and enhance service quality is gaining momentum in many low- and middle-income countries. However, there is limited evidence on the effects of such schemes on equity, financial protection, quality of care, and cost-effectiveness. A scheme providing free health insurance cards to poor pregnant women and their households was first introduced in two regions of Tanzania in 2011 and gradually expanded in 2012. METHODS: A controlled before and after study will examine in one district the effect of the scheme on utilization, quality, and cost of healthcare services accessed by poor pregnant women and their households in Tanzania. Data will be collected 4 months before implementation of the scheme and 17 months after the start of implementation from a survey of 24 health facilities, 288 patients exiting consultations and 1500 households of women who delivered in the previous year in one intervention district (Mbarali). 288 observations of provider-client interactions will also be carried out. The same data will be collected from a comparison district in a nearby region. A process evaluation will ascertain how the scheme is implemented in practice and the level of implementation fidelity and potential moderators. The process evaluation will draw from impact evaluation data and from three rounds of data collection at the national, regional, district, facility and community levels. An economic evaluation will measure the cost-effectiveness of the scheme relative to current practice from a societal perspective. DISCUSSION: This evaluation will generate evidence on the impact and cost-effectiveness of targeted health insurance for pregnant women in a low income setting, as well as building a better understanding of the implementation process and challenges for programs of this nature.}, issn = {1472-6963}, doi = {10.1186/s12913-015-0905-1}, author = {Borghi, Josephine and Ramsey, Kate and Kuwawenaruwa, August and Baraka, Jitihada and Patouillard, Edith and Bellows, Ben and Binyaruka, Peter and Manzi, Fatuma} } @booklet {3441, title = {{Puberty Education {\&} Menstrual Hygiene Management (Good Policy and Practice in Health Education Booklet No. 9).}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}, address = {Paris}, author = {Kandel, H} } @booklet {3517, title = {Puberty {Education} \& {Menstrual} {Hygiene} {Management} ({Good} {Policy} and {Practice} in {Health} {Education} {Booklet} {No}. 9).}, year = {2015}, publisher = {United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}, address = {Paris}, author = {Kandel, H} } @booklet {4677, title = {Public health notice update - outbreak of Cyclospora under investigation}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Public Health Agency of Canada}, address = {Ottawa, Canada} } @article {16263, title = {{QMRAcatch: Microbial quality simulation of water resources including infection risk assessment}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {1491{\textendash}1502}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2015.01.0048}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84944317442{\&}partnerID=40{\&}md5=3c1a49094c869ce8257efa10c7891bf4}, author = {Schijven, J and Derx, J and A M De Roda Husman and Blaschke, A P and Farnleitner, A H} } @article {16287, title = {QMRAcatch: Microbial Quality Simulation of Water Resources including Infection Risk Assessment}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {Sep-Oct}, pages = {1491-1502}, keywords = {DRINKING-WATER, Enteric viruses, Fecal indicator bacteria, fresh-water, northern germany, Norwalk virus, source tracking, surface-water, Transport, vascular plants}, isbn = {0047-2425}, author = {Schijven, J. and Derx, J. and Husman, A. M. D. and Blaschke, A. P. and Farnleitner, A. H.} } @mastersthesis {6710, title = {Quantification and reduction of uncertainties associated with carbon cycle{\textendash}climate system feedbacks}, year = {2015}, note = {3709733}, school = {University of California, Irvine}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Anthropogenic perturbation of global biogeochemical cycles, particularly through emissions of radiatively active greenhouse gases into the atmosphere{\textendash}chiefly carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH 4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O){\textendash}is altering the Earth{\textquoteright}s climate and inducing feedbacks from the terrestrial biosphere and oceans on future CO2 levels and the climate system. Identifying and quantifying these feedbacks and quantifying and reducing uncertainties associated with them in process-rich Earth system models (ESMs) are important for advancing our understanding of the Earth system, predicting future atmospheric CO 2 levels, informing carbon management and energy policies, and fostering the future of life on Earth. This dissertation presents three studies designed to advance our understanding of biogeochemical processes and their interactions with climate under conditions of increasing atmospheric CO 2 and to offer an approach for understanding observational representativeness and for scaling up measurements. In the first investigation, I analyzed emission-driven simulations of ESMs from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) in which atmospheric CO2 levels were computed prognostically. Comparison of ESM prognostic atmospheric CO2 over the historical period with observations indicated that ESMs, on average, had a small positive bias in predictions of contemporary atmospheric CO2 , due in part to weak ocean carbon uptake. I found a significant linear relationship between contemporary atmospheric CO2 biases and future CO2 levels for the multimodel ensemble, and used this emergent constraint to create a contemporary CO2 tuned model (CCTM) to estimate an atmospheric CO2 trajectory for the 21st century for the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. The CCTM yielded CO2 estimates of 600 {\textpm} 14 ppm at 2060 and 947 {\textpm} 35 ppm at 2100, which were 21 ppm and 32 ppm below the multi-model mean during these two time periods, respectively. This analysis indicated that much of the model-to-model variation in projected CO2 during the 21st century was tied to biases that existed during the observational era and that model differences in the representation of concentration-carbon feedbacks and other slowly varying carbon cycle processes appear to be the primary driver of this variability. In the second study, I extended a quantitative methodology for stratifying sampling domains and understanding the representativeness of measurements, measurement sites, and observational networks. Multivariate spatiotemporal clustering was applied to down-scaled general circulation model results and data for the State of Alaska at 4 km2 resolution to define multiple sets of ecoregions across two decadal time periods and to identify optimal sampling locations for those ecoregions. I developed a representativeness metric and used it to characterize environmental dissimilarity between potential sampling sites. This analysis provided insights into optimal sampling strategies and offered a framework for up-scaling measurements that can be applied at different spatial and temporal scales to meet the needs of individual measurement campaigns. In the third investigation, I applied a feedback analysis framework to three sets of long-term climate change simulations from the Community Earth System Model version 1.0 (CESM1(BGC)) to quantify drivers of nonlinear terrestrial and ocean responses of carbon uptake. In the biogeochemically coupled simulation (BGC), the effects of CO 2 fertilization and nitrogen deposition were expressed in the biosphere. In the radiatively coupled simulation (RAD), the effects of rising temperature and circulation changes due to radiative forcing from CO2 , other greenhouse gases, and aerosols were expressed in the atmosphere. In the third, fully coupled simulation (FC), both the bigoeochemical and radiative coupling effects acted simultaneously. I found that climate-carbon sensitivities derived from RAD simulations produced a net ocean carbon storage climate sensitivity that is weaker and a net land carbon storage climate sensitivity that is stronger than those diagnosed from the FC and BGC simulations. For the ocean, this nonlinearity was associated with warming-induced weakening of ocean circulation and mixing that limited exchange of dissolved inorganic carbon between surface and deeper water masses. For the land, this nonlinearity was associated with strong gains in vegetation productivity in the FC simulation that were driven by enhancements in the hydrological cycle and increased nutrient availability. I developed and applied a nonlinearity metric for individual model variables to rank nonlinear responses and drivers. For these simulations, the overall climate-carbon cycle feedback gain at 2300 was 28\% lower when estimated from climate-carbon sensitivities derived from the RAD simulation than when derived from the difference between the FC and BGC simulations. The gain estimated from compatible emissions calculations corresponded well with the gain estimated from FC ? BGC climate-carbon sensitivity parameters, confirming the validity of the larger gain. This difference has direct implications for carbon management and energy policies because underestimating the climate-carbon cycle feedback gain would result in allowable emissions estimates that would be too low to meet climate change targets. In these studies, I have shown that 1) we can reduce uncertainties in future climate projections by improving models to more closely match the long-term time series of observed atmospheric CO2 ; 2) we can reduce sampling biases and partition important environmental gradients to design an optimized network of sampling sites at desired scales; and 3) we can reduce uncertainties in the assessment of climate-carbon cycle feedbacks due to nonlinear terrestrial and marine responses by deriving climate-carbon sensitivities from fully coupled and biogeochemically coupled simulations.}, keywords = {0404:Climate Change, 0425:Biogeochemistry, 0483:Geobiology, Biogeochemistry, Carbon cycle, Climate, Climate change, Cluster Analysis, Earth sciences, Earth system model, Emergent constraint, Feedbacks, Geobiology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1699273883?accountid=14270}, author = {Hoffman, Forrest McCoy} } @article {17211, title = {Quantification of viable but nonculturable Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. during sludge anaerobic digestion and their reactivation during cake storage}, journal = {Journal of Applied MicrobiologyJournal of applied microbiology}, volume = {119}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Oct}, pages = {1138-1147}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Fu, B. and Jiang, Q. and Liu, H. B. and Liu, H.} } @article {8280, title = {Quantitative Detection of Helicobacter pylori by Real Time PCR in Drinking Water{\textemdash}Environmental and Public Health Risk Significance}, journal = {Open Journal of Medical Microbiology}, volume = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {118}, author = {Montero-Campos, Virginia and Arias-Cordero, Shirley and Vald{\'e}s-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Benedicto and Jarqu{\'\i}n-Cordero, Monserrat} } @article {14502, title = {Rapid {Sand} {Filtration}}, year = {2015}, author = {Bruni, M. and Spuhler, D.} } @booklet {1493, title = {Rapid Sand Filtration}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/water-purification/hardware/semi-centralised-drinking-water-treatme-14 Last aAccesswed July 2015.}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {Bruni, M. and Spuhler, D.} } @article {11331, title = {A Rare Cause of Intestinal Obstruction}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Case Reports}, volume = {5}, number = {594}, year = {2015}, pages = {2}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Atef, M and Emna, T} } @article {8415, title = {{A rational approach to select immunogenic peptides that induce IFN-$\gamma$ response against Toxoplasma gondii in human leukocytes}}, journal = {Immunobiology}, volume = {220}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {1337{\textendash}1342}, author = {Cardona, NI and Moncada, DM and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE} } @article {6744, title = {Realigning demand and supply side incentives to improve primary health care seeking in rural {China}}, journal = {Health Economics}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, month = {jun}, pages = {755{\textendash}772}, abstract = {China{\textquoteright}s recent and ambitious health care reform involves a shift from the reliance on markets to the reaffirmation of the central role of the state in the financing and provision of services. In collaboration with the Government of the Ningxia province, we examined the impact of two key features of the reform on health care utilisation using panel household data. The first policy change was a redesign of the rural insurance benefit package, with an emphasis on reorientating incentives away from inpatient towards outpatient care. The second policy change involved a shift from a fee-for-service payment method to a capitation budget with pay-for-performance amongst primary care providers. We find that the insurance intervention, in isolation, led to a 47\% increase in the use of outpatient care at village clinics and greater intensity of treatment (e.g. injections). By contrast, the two interventions in combination showed no effect on health care use over and above that generated by the redesign of the insurance benefit package.}, keywords = {capitation payment, China, Health Insurance, impact evaluation, pay-for-performance}, issn = {1099-1050}, doi = {10.1002/hec.3060}, author = {Powell-Jackson, Timothy and Yip, Winnie Chi-Man and Han, Wei} } @article {5763, title = {{Reassessing Immune Control of Hepatitis A Virus}}, journal = {Current Opinion in Virology}, volume = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {7{\textendash}13}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2015.01.003}, author = {Walker, CM and Feng, Z and Lemon, SM} } @article {12502, title = {Reconnaissance of 47 antibiotics and associated microbial risks in seafood sold in the United States}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materialsJournal of hazardous materials}, volume = {282}, year = {2015}, pages = {10-17}, isbn = {0304-3894}, author = {Done, Hansa Y and Halden, Rolf U} } @article {3953, title = {Redefining shared sanitation.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {93}, year = {2015}, pages = {509{\textendash}510}, doi = {10.2471/BLT.14.144980.}, author = {Rheinl{\"a}nder, T and Konradsen, F and et al. Keraita, B} } @article {3486, title = {{Redefining shared sanitation.}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {93}, year = {2015}, pages = {509{\textendash}510}, doi = {10.2471/BLT.14.144980.}, author = {Rheinl{\"a}nder, T and Konradsen, F and et al. Keraita, B} } @article {7503, title = {Reducing diarrhoea deaths in {South} {Africa}: costs and effects of scaling up essential interventions to prevent and treat diarrhoea in under-five children}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {394}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diarrhoea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in South African children, accounting for approximately 20\% of under-five deaths. Though progress has been made in scaling up multiple interventions to reduce diarrhoea in the last decade, challenges still remain. In this paper, we model the cost and impact of scaling up 13 interventions to prevent and treat childhood diarrhoea in South Africa. METHODS: Modelling was done using the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). Using 2014 as the baseline, intervention coverage was increased from 2015 until 2030. Three scale up scenarios were compared: by 2030, 1) coverage of all interventions increased by ten percentage points; 2) intervention coverage increased by 20 percentage points; 3) and intervention coverage increased to 99\%. RESULTS: The model estimates 13 million diarrhoea cases at baseline. Scaling up intervention coverage averted between 3 million and 5.3 million diarrhoea cases. In 2030, diarrhoeal deaths are expected to reduce from an estimated 5,500 in 2014 to 2,800 in scenario one, 1,400 in scenario two and 100 in scenario three. The additional cost of implementing all 13 interventions will range from US\$510 million (US\$9 per capita) to US\$960 million (US\$18 per capita), of which the health system costs range between US\$40 million (less than US\$1 per capita) and US\$170 million (US\$3 per capita). CONCLUSION: Scaling up 13 essential interventions could have a substantial impact on reducing diarrhoeal deaths in South African children, which would contribute toward reducing child mortality in the post-MDG era. Preventive measures are key and the government should focus on improving water, sanitation and hygiene. The investments required to achieve these results seem feasible considering current health expenditure.}, keywords = {Child, Child mortality, Costs and Cost Analysis, Diarrhea, Global Health, Health promotion, Humans, Hygiene, Morbidity, Preschool, sanitation, South Africa, Water Supply}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-015-1689-2}, author = {Chola, Lumbwe and Michalow, Julia and Tugendhaft, Aviva and Hofman, Karen} } @article {15931, title = {Reducing pathogens in combined sewer overflows using ozonation or UV irradiation}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {218}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov}, pages = {731-41}, edition = {2015/10/04}, keywords = {*Ozone, *Ultraviolet Rays, *Water Microbiology, Animals, bacteria, Disinfection, Drinking Water/*microbiology, Environmental monitoring, Feces/microbiology, Germany, Humans, Log-normal distribution, Monte Carlo simulation, parasites, Rain, Sewage/*microbiology, Viruses, water, Water Purification/*methods, Water Supply}, isbn = {1438-4639}, author = {Tondera, K. and Klaer, K. and Gebhardt, J. and Wingender, J. and Koch, C. and Horstkott, M. and Strathmann, M. and Jurzik, L. and Hamza, I. A. and Pinnekamp, J.} } @article {13156, title = {Reduction of Acid-Fast and Non-Acid-Fast Bacteria by Point of Use Coagulation-Flocculation-Disinfection}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {14420-14428}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph121114420}, author = {Casanova, L. M. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {2591, title = {Relationship between viral detection and turbidity in a watershed contaminated with group A rotavirus}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {6886-6897}, abstract = {

Enteric viruses are present in aquatic environments due to contamination by raw sewage, even in the absence of fecal coliforms, which are considered to be significant indicators when it comes to microbial water quality assessment. This study investigated the presence of group A rotavirus {(RVA)} in surface water from a river basin in Minas Gerais, Brazil, assessing the influence of the urbanization, the rainfall, and the microbiological and physico-chemical parameters regarding water quality. Forty-eight surface water samples collected in urbanized and non-urbanized areas, both in dry and rainy periods, were obtained throughout the study. The viral particles were concentrated by adsorption-elution in a negatively charged membrane. Fecal coliforms, as well as physico-chemical water parameters were determined at each point in all collections. The {RVA} was detected in 62.5 \% (30/48) of the water samples through a real-time {PCR} assay. All the sequenced {RVA} strains belonged to genotype I1. The {RVA} was detected in 50.0 \% (11/22) of the water samples regarded as being acceptable by current microbiological standards. The presence of the {RVA} and the viral load were influenced by the collection area (p\ p\ 

}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-014-3874-8}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3874-8}, author = {Assis, Andr{\^e}ssa and Cruz, Lucas and Ferreira, Aline and Bessa, Martha and Pinto, Miriam and Vieira, Carmen and Otenio, Marcelo and Miagostovich, Marize and Silva, Maria} } @article {836, title = {Relationship between viral detection and turbidity in a watershed contaminated with group A rotavirus}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-014-3874-8}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3874-8}, author = {Assis, ASF and Cruz, LT and Ferreira, AS and Bessa, ME} } @article {3730, title = {Relationship between viral detection and turbidity in a watershed contaminated with group {A} rotavirus}, journal = {Environ Sci Pollut Res Int}, volume = {22}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {6886{\textendash}6897}, abstract = {Enteric viruses are present in aquatic environments due to contamination by raw sewage, even in the absence of fecal coliforms, which are considered to be significant indicators when it comes to microbial water quality assessment. This study investigated the presence of group A rotavirus (RVA) in surface water from a river basin in Minas Gerais, Brazil, assessing the influence of the urbanization, the rainfall, and the microbiological and physico-chemical parameters regarding water quality. Forty-eight surface water samples collected in urbanized and non-urbanized areas, both in dry and rainy periods, were obtained throughout the study. The viral particles were concentrated by adsorption-elution in a negatively charged membrane. Fecal coliforms, as well as physico-chemical water parameters were determined at each point in all collections. The RVA was detected in 62.5 \{\%\} (30/48) of the water samples through a real-time PCR assay. All the sequenced RVA strains belonged to genotype I1. The RVA was detected in 50.0 \{\%\} (11/22) of the water samples regarded as being acceptable by current microbiological standards. The presence of the RVA and the viral load were influenced by the collection area (p \{{\textbackslash}textless\} 0.05). It was also observed a significant association between the RVA and detecting the turbidity of water (p \{{\textbackslash}textless\} 0.05). The collected data showed a high level of contamination in this watershed by the discharge of raw sewage, highlighting the need for urgent measures to improve water quality, ensuring the safe use of this matrix.}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-014-3874-8}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3874-8}, author = {Assis, A S F and Cruz, L T and Ferreira, A S and Bessa, M E and De Oliveira Pinto, ME} } @article {17040, title = {Removal efficiency of faecal indicator organisms, nutrients and heavy metals from a Peri-Urban wastewater treatment plant in Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {7300{\textendash}7320}, publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, author = {Edokpayi, Joshua and Odiyo, John and Msagati, Titus and Popoola, Elizabeth} } @article {12173, title = {Removal of bacterial contaminants and antibiotic resistance genes by conventional wastewater treatment processes in Saudi Arabia: Is the treated wastewater safe to reuse for agricultural irrigation?}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {73C}, year = {2015}, month = {Feb 3}, pages = {277-290}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Al-Jassim, N. and Ansari, M. I. and Harb, M. and Hong, P. Y.} } @article {13129, title = {Removal of bacterial contaminants and antibiotic resistance genes by conventional wastewater treatment processes in Saudi Arabia: Is the treated wastewater safe to reuse for agricultural irrigation?}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {73}, year = {2015}, pages = {277-290}, author = {Al-Jassim, N. and Ansari, M. I. and Harb, M. and Hong, P. Y.} } @article {7908, title = {Removal of bacterial contaminants and antibiotic resistance genes by conventional wastewater treatment processes in Saudi Arabia: Is the treated wastewater safe to reuse for agricultural irrigation?}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {73}, year = {2015}, pages = {277{\textendash}290}, author = {Al-Jassim, Nada and Ansari, Mohd Ikram and Harb, Moustapha and P Y Hong} } @article {8126, title = {{Removal of micropollutants, facultative pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria in a full-scale retention soil filter receiving combined sewer overflow.}}, journal = {Environmental Science. Processes and Impacts}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {186{\textendash}96}, abstract = {

Combined sewer systems collect surface runoff as well as wastewater of industrial and domestic origin. During periods of heavy rainfall the capacity of the sewer system is exceeded and the overflow is discharged into receiving waters without any treatment. Consequently, combined sewer overflow (CSO) is considered as a major source of water pollution. This study investigates the effectiveness of a retention soil filter (RSF) for the removal of micropollutants as well as facultative pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria from CSO. The removal of organic group parameters like total organic carbon was excellent and the removal efficiency for micropollutants of the RSF and the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), which treats wastewater of the same origin during dry and normal weather conditions, was comparable. Compounds of high environmental concern like estrogens or certain pharmaceuticals, e.g. diclofenac, were completely eliminated or removed to a high degree during RSF passage. RSF treatment also reduced the number of E. coli, enterococci and staphylococci by 2.7, 2.2 and 2.4 log-units (median values), respectively. Obviously, some Staphylococcus species can better adapt to the conditions of the RSF than others as a shift of the abundance of the different species was observed when comparing the diversity of staphylococci obtained from the RSF influent and effluent. RSF treatment also decreased the absolute number of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The percentage of antibiotic resistant E. coli and staphylococci isolates also decreased during passage of the RSF, whereas the percentage of resistant enterococci did not change. For E. coli ampicillin and for enterococci and staphylococci erythromycin determined the antibiotic resistance level. The results demonstrate that RSFs can be considered as an adequate treatment option for CSO. The performance for the removal of micropollutants is comparable with a medium sized WWTP with conventional activated sludge treatment. The number of facultative pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria was considerably decreased during RSF passage. However, as RSF effluents still contained antibiotic resistance genes and traces of micropollutants; receiving waters may still be at risk from negative environmental impacts.

}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: chemistry, Drug Resistance, Filtration, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Sewage: microbiology, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil: chemistry, Waste Disposal, Waste Water, Waste Water: chemistry, Waste Water: microbiology, Water Pollutants}, issn = {2050-7895}, doi = {10.1039/c4em00494a}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479187}, author = {Scheurer, Marco and He{\ss}, Stefanie and L{\"u}ddeke, Frauke and Sacher, Frank and G{\"u}de, Hans and L{\"o}ffler, Herbert and Gallert, Claudia} } @article {2399, title = {{Removal of micropollutants, facultative pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria in a full-scale retention soil filter receiving combined sewer overflow.}}, journal = {Environmental science. Processes \& impacts}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {186{\textendash}96}, abstract = {Combined sewer systems collect surface runoff as well as wastewater of industrial and domestic origin. During periods of heavy rainfall the capacity of the sewer system is exceeded and the overflow is discharged into receiving waters without any treatment. Consequently, combined sewer overflow (CSO) is considered as a major source of water pollution. This study investigates the effectiveness of a retention soil filter (RSF) for the removal of micropollutants as well as facultative pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria from CSO. The removal of organic group parameters like total organic carbon was excellent and the removal efficiency for micropollutants of the RSF and the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), which treats wastewater of the same origin during dry and normal weather conditions, was comparable. Compounds of high environmental concern like estrogens or certain pharmaceuticals, e.g. diclofenac, were completely eliminated or removed to a high degree during RSF passage. RSF treatment also reduced the number of E. coli, enterococci and staphylococci by 2.7, 2.2 and 2.4 log-units (median values), respectively. Obviously, some Staphylococcus species can better adapt to the conditions of the RSF than others as a shift of the abundance of the different species was observed when comparing the diversity of staphylococci obtained from the RSF influent and effluent. RSF treatment also decreased the absolute number of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The percentage of antibiotic resistant E. coli and staphylococci isolates also decreased during passage of the RSF, whereas the percentage of resistant enterococci did not change. For E. coli ampicillin and for enterococci and staphylococci erythromycin determined the antibiotic resistance level. The results demonstrate that RSFs can be considered as an adequate treatment option for CSO. The performance for the removal of micropollutants is comparable with a medium sized WWTP with conventional activated sludge treatment. The number of facultative pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria was considerably decreased during RSF passage. However, as RSF effluents still contained antibiotic resistance genes and traces of micropollutants; receiving waters may still be at risk from negative environmental impacts.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: chemistry, Drug Resistance, Filtration, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Sewage: microbiology, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil: chemistry, Waste Disposal, Waste Water, Waste Water: chemistry, Waste Water: microbiology, Water Pollutants}, issn = {2050-7895}, doi = {10.1039/c4em00494a}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479187}, author = {Scheurer, Marco and He{\ss}, Stefanie and L{\"u}ddeke, Frauke and Sacher, Frank and G{\"u}de, Hans and L{\"o}ffler, Herbert and Gallert, Claudia} } @article {14209, title = {Removal of micropollutants, facultative pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria in a full-scale retention soil filter receiving combined sewer overflow.}, journal = {Environmental science. Processes \& impacts}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {186{\textendash}96}, abstract = {Combined sewer systems collect surface runoff as well as wastewater of industrial and domestic origin. During periods of heavy rainfall the capacity of the sewer system is exceeded and the overflow is discharged into receiving waters without any treatment. Consequently, combined sewer overflow (CSO) is considered as a major source of water pollution. This study investigates the effectiveness of a retention soil filter (RSF) for the removal of micropollutants as well as facultative pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria from CSO. The removal of organic group parameters like total organic carbon was excellent and the removal efficiency for micropollutants of the RSF and the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), which treats wastewater of the same origin during dry and normal weather conditions, was comparable. Compounds of high environmental concern like estrogens or certain pharmaceuticals, e.g. diclofenac, were completely eliminated or removed to a high degree during RSF passage. RSF treatment also reduced the number of E. coli, enterococci and staphylococci by 2.7, 2.2 and 2.4 log-units (median values), respectively. Obviously, some Staphylococcus species can better adapt to the conditions of the RSF than others as a shift of the abundance of the different species was observed when comparing the diversity of staphylococci obtained from the RSF influent and effluent. RSF treatment also decreased the absolute number of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The percentage of antibiotic resistant E. coli and staphylococci isolates also decreased during passage of the RSF, whereas the percentage of resistant enterococci did not change. For E. coli ampicillin and for enterococci and staphylococci erythromycin determined the antibiotic resistance level. The results demonstrate that RSFs can be considered as an adequate treatment option for CSO. The performance for the removal of micropollutants is comparable with a medium sized WWTP with conventional activated sludge treatment. The number of facultative pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria was considerably decreased during RSF passage. However, as RSF effluents still contained antibiotic resistance genes and traces of micropollutants; receiving waters may still be at risk from negative environmental impacts.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: chemistry, Drug Resistance, Filtration, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Sewage: microbiology, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil: chemistry, Waste Disposal, Waste Water, Waste Water: chemistry, Waste Water: microbiology, Water Pollutants}, issn = {2050-7895}, doi = {10.1039/c4em00494a}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479187}, author = {Scheurer, Marco and He\textbackslashs s, Stefanie and L{\"u}ddeke, Frauke and Sacher, Frank and G{\"u}de, Hans and L{\"o}ffler, Herbert and Gallert, Claudia} } @article {14835, title = {Removal of micropollutants, facultative pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria in a full-scale retention soil filter receiving combined sewer overflow.}, journal = {Environmental science. Processes \& impacts}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {186{\textendash}96}, abstract = {Combined sewer systems collect surface runoff as well as wastewater of industrial and domestic origin. During periods of heavy rainfall the capacity of the sewer system is exceeded and the overflow is discharged into receiving waters without any treatment. Consequently, combined sewer overflow (CSO) is considered as a major source of water pollution. This study investigates the effectiveness of a retention soil filter (RSF) for the removal of micropollutants as well as facultative pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria from CSO. The removal of organic group parameters like total organic carbon was excellent and the removal efficiency for micropollutants of the RSF and the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), which treats wastewater of the same origin during dry and normal weather conditions, was comparable. Compounds of high environmental concern like estrogens or certain pharmaceuticals, e.g. diclofenac, were completely eliminated or removed to a high degree during RSF passage. RSF treatment also reduced the number of E. coli, enterococci and staphylococci by 2.7, 2.2 and 2.4 log-units (median values), respectively. Obviously, some Staphylococcus species can better adapt to the conditions of the RSF than others as a shift of the abundance of the different species was observed when comparing the diversity of staphylococci obtained from the RSF influent and effluent. RSF treatment also decreased the absolute number of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The percentage of antibiotic resistant E. coli and staphylococci isolates also decreased during passage of the RSF, whereas the percentage of resistant enterococci did not change. For E. coli ampicillin and for enterococci and staphylococci erythromycin determined the antibiotic resistance level. The results demonstrate that RSFs can be considered as an adequate treatment option for CSO. The performance for the removal of micropollutants is comparable with a medium sized WWTP with conventional activated sludge treatment. The number of facultative pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria was considerably decreased during RSF passage. However, as RSF effluents still contained antibiotic resistance genes and traces of micropollutants; receiving waters may still be at risk from negative environmental impacts.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Chemical: chemistry, Drug Resistance, Filtration, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Sewage: microbiology, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil: chemistry, Waste Disposal, Waste Water, Waste Water: chemistry, Waste Water: microbiology, Water Pollutants}, issn = {2050-7895}, doi = {10.1039/c4em00494a}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479187}, author = {Scheurer, Marco and He\textbackslashtextbackslashs s, Stefanie and L{\"u}ddeke, Frauke and Sacher, Frank and G{\"u}de, Hans and L{\"o}ffler, Herbert and Gallert, Claudia} } @article {5585, title = {{Removal of norovirus from water by coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology: Water Supply}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {158}, keywords = {corresponding author, department of environmental engineering, gwy-am shin}, issn = {1606-9749}, doi = {10.2166/ws.2014.100}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/ws/01501/ws015010158.htm}, author = {Shin, GA and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {3498, title = {Removal of rotavirus and adenovirus from artificial ground water using hydrochar derived from sewage sludge.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {119}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {876{\textendash}884}, abstract = {To determine the pathogenic virus removal performance of an adsorbent produced from hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge.}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12863}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.12863}, author = {Chung, J W and Foppen, J W and Gerner, G and Krebs, R and Lens, P N} } @article {3860, title = {Removal of Rotavirus and Bacteriophages by Membrane Bioreactor Technology from Sewage.}, journal = {Current Opinion in Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {540{\textendash}545}, author = {Hmaied, F and Keskes, S and Jebri, S and Amri, I and Yahya, M and Loisy-Hamon, F and Lebeau, B and Hamdi, M} } @article {12285, title = {Removal of total and antibiotic resistant bacteria in advanced wastewater treatment by ozonation in combination with different filtering techniques}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {69}, year = {2015}, pages = {243-251}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {L{\"u}ddeke, Frauke and He{\ss}, Stefanie and Gallert, Claudia and Winter, Josef and G{\"u}de, Hans and L{\"o}ffler, Herbert} } @article {5595, title = {{Removal properties of human enteric viruses in a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) process}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {75}, year = {2015}, pages = {282{\textendash}291}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.046}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135415001190}, author = {Miura, Takayuki and Okabe, Satoshi and Nakahara, Yoshihito and Sano, Daisuke} } @article {1958, title = {Reprogramming of Yersinia from Virulent to Persistent Mode Revealed by Complex In Vivo RNA-seq Analysis}, journal = {Plos Pathogens}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, note = {4}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1553-7366}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1004600}, url = {://WOS:000349106100030}, author = {Avican, Kemal and Fahlgren, Anna and Huss, Mikael and Heroven, Ann Kathrin and Beckstette, Michael and Dersch, Petra and Fallman, Maria} } @article {9762, title = {{A retrospective metagenomics approach to studying Blastocystis}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology and Ecology}, volume = {91}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fov072}, author = {L O{\textquoteright} brien Andersen and Bonde, I and Nielsen, HB and Stensvold, CR} } @booklet {4355, title = {{Review of coliphages as possible indicators of fecal contamination for ambient water quality. EPA 820-R-15-098.}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Washington D.C.}, author = {U.S. EPA} } @article {17292, title = {Review of Salmonella detection and identification methods: Aspects of rapid emergency response and food safety}, journal = {Food ControlFood Control}, volume = {47}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan}, pages = {264-276}, isbn = {0956-7135}, author = {Lee, Kyung-Min and Runyon, Mick and Herrman, Timothy J. and Phillips, Robert and Hsieh, John} } @article {16926, title = {A review of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {71}, year = {2015}, pages = {107{\textendash}124}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Verbyla, Matthew E and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {4623, title = {A review of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {71}, year = {2015}, pages = {107{\textendash}24}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {M E Verbyla and J R Mihelcic} } @article {9011, title = {A review of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {71}, year = {2015}, pages = {107-124}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.031}, url = {://WOS:000351966900011 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S004313541400863X/1-s2.0-S004313541400863X-main.pdf?_tid=299d6984-4aaa-11e6-a412-00000aab0f26\&acdnat=1468600718_ebd3bd626f234b82887ed2dc9e74c997}, author = {M E Verbyla and J R Mihelcic} } @article {9130, title = {{A review of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {71}, number = {860}, year = {2015}, pages = {107{\textendash}124}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Wastewater treatment ponds (lagoons) are one of the most common types of technologies used for wastewater management worldwide, especially in small cities and towns. They are particularly well-suited for systems where the effluent is reused for irrigation. However, the efficiency of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems is not very well understood. The main objective of this paper is to critically review the major findings related to virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems and to statistically analyze results reported in the literature from field studies on virus removal in these systems. A comprehensive analysis of virus removal reported in the literature from 71 different wastewater treatment pond systems reveals only a weak to moderate correlation of virus removal with theoretical hydraulic retention time. On average, one log10 reduction of viruses was achieved for every 14.5-20.9 days of retention, but the 95th percentile value of the data analyzed was 54 days. The mechanisms responsible for virus removal in wastewater treatment ponds were also reviewed. One recent finding is that sedimentation may not be a significant virus removal mechanism in some wastewater ponds. Recent research has also revealed that direct and indirect sunlight-mediated mechanisms are not only dependent on pond water chemistry and optics, but also on the characteristics of the virus and its genome. MS2 coliphage is considered to be the best surrogate for studying sunlight disinfection in ponds. The interaction of viruses with particles, with other microorganisms, and with macroinvertebrates in wastewater treatment ponds has not been extensively studied. It is also unclear whether virus internalization by higher trophic-level organisms has a protective or a detrimental effect on virus viability and transport in pond systems. Similarly, the impact of virus-particle associations on sunlight disinfection in ponds is not well understood. Future research should focus on the interactions of viruses with particles and with other organisms, as well as the development of a model for virus removal in pond systems that can be used for design purposes, and to inform future editions of the WHO Guidelines for Wastewater Use in Agriculture.}, keywords = {bacteriophage, lagoons, Pathogens, sanitation, Stabilization ponds, Water reuse}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic){\$}\backslash{\$}r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {18792448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.031}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.031}, author = {Verbyla, Matthew E and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {5590, title = {{A review of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {71}, number = {860}, year = {2015}, pages = {107{\textendash}124}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.031}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004313541400863X}, author = {Verbyla, Matthew E. and Mihelcic, James R.} } @article {13636, title = {A review of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {71}, year = {2015}, pages = {107{\textendash}124}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Verbyla, Matthew E and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {15185, title = {A review of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {71}, year = {2015}, pages = {107{\textendash}124}, author = {Verbyla, Matthew E and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {7514, title = {Rheumatoid arthritis{\textendash}celiac disease relationship: {Joints} get that gut feeling}, journal = {Autoimmunity Reviews}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {1038{\textendash}1047}, issn = {15689972}, doi = {10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.007}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1568997215001561}, author = {Lerner, Aaron and Matthias, Torsten} } @article {11006, title = {The {Right} {Tool} for the {Job}: {Detection} of {Soil}-{Transmitted} {Helminths} in {Areas} {Co}-endemic for {Other} {Helminths}}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {1{\textendash}15}, abstract = {Author Summary Diagnosis of intestinal helminths and Schistosoma mansoni infections is based on the detection of eggs in feces. There are many techniques available for both detection and quantification of infection. For the quantification of helminth infections, the methods traditionally used are the Kato-Katz (KK) fecal think smear in humans, and the McMaster (MM) counting method in animals. Recently, the MM has been used for assessing the efficacy of benzimidazole drugs for treating soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in humans. In most parts of the world, however, STHs occur simultaneously with other helminth species, and the MM does not detect other helminth eggs. Therefore, in this study we sought to determine if the use of the MM in an area of Brazil were both STHs and S. mansoni are co-endemic, added any value to the current standard of diagnosis using the KK.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0003967}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003967}, author = {Periago, Maria V. and Diniz, Renata C. and Pinto, Simone A. and Yakovleva, Anna and Correa-Oliveira, Rodrigo and Diemert, David J. and Bethony, Jeffrey M.} } @article {4172, title = {Risk assessment of Giardia from a full scale MBR sewage treatment plant caused by membrane integrity failure}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health}, volume = {30}, year = {2015}, pages = {252{\textendash}258}, author = {Zhang, Y and Chen, Z and Na, W and Xiao, S and Yuan, H and Zhang, D and Yang, M} } @article {4033, title = {{Risk factors for gastroenteritis in child day care}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {143}, year = {2015}, pages = {2707{\textendash}2720}, author = {Enserink, R and Mughini-Gras, L and Duizer, E and Kortbeek, T and Van Pelt, W} } @article {3485, title = {{Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among women practicing poor sanitation in rural India: A population-based prospective cohort study.}}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {e1001851}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001851.}, author = {Padhi, BK and Baker, KK and et al. Dutta, A.} } @article {3533, title = {Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among women practicing poor sanitation in rural {India}: {A} population-based prospective cohort study.}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {e1001851}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001851.}, author = {Padhi, BK and Baker, KK and et al. Dutta, A.} } @article {1216, title = {Riverbed sediments in the Apies River, South Africa: recommending the use of both Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli as indicators of faecal pollution}, journal = {Journal of Soils and Sediments}, year = {2015}, month = {08/2015}, abstract = {
Purpose Sediments have been shown to contribute to the microbial quality of the water column during resuspension and serve as reservoirs for potentially pathogenic organisms. Currently, definitive guidelines as regarding microbial indicators that need to be assessed in order to monitor faecal pollution in sediments do not exist. In this study, Escherchia coli (a well-established indicator) and Clostridium perfringens were monitored to determine their suitability as indicators for faecal pollution of sediments.
Materials and methods Enumeration of E. coli in water was performed using the ColilertTM 18/Quantitray-2000 system from IDEXX. Identification and enumeration of C. perfringens in water was conducted using the boil method followed by the pour plate technique. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was then used to confirm isolates. E. coli and C. perfringens were enumerated in sediment by firstly using the water displacement approach to dislodge organisms from sediment and then subsequently followed by the same methods as those used for detection and enumeration of the two potential indicators in water. Results and discussion The highest concentrations of E. coli and C. perfringens were obtained along the main stem of the Apies River which was characterised by the presence of wastewater treatment works, animal farmlands and informal settlements with inadequate sanitary facilities. The lowest concentration of both organisms was observed along the tributaries of the river, where there was minimal faecal pollution related activity. Due to the difference in biological characteristics and survival patterns, concentrations of E. coli in sediments fluctuated (higher concentrations in the wet season) during the entire sampling period while concentrations of C. perfringens remained stable. There was a positive correlation between temperature and the presence of both organisms in the sediment, indicating the enabling environment of sediment to aid in bacterial survival. Conclusions E. coli and C. perfringens are both suitable indicators of faecal pollution in riverbed sediments. However, both organisms need to be monitored together for accurate assessment of sediments faecal pollution. E. coli remains a good indicator of recent faecal pollution and provides insight into the short-term impact of faecal pollution, while C. perfringens due to the organisms{\textquoteright} persistence in the environment, gives an indication of the long-term impact of faecal deposition in riverbed sediments.
}, keywords = {Clostridium perfringens {\textbullet} Escherichia coli {\textbullet} Indicator organisms {\textbullet} Sediment {\textbullet} Water}, doi = {10.1007/s11368-015-1209-0.}, url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/420/art\%253A10.1007\%252Fs11368-015-1209-0.pdf?originUrl=http\%3A\%2F\%2Flink.springer.com\%2Farticle\%2F10.1007\%2Fs11368-015-1209-0\&token2=exp=1439902382~acl=\%2Fstatic\%2Fpdf\%2F420\%2Fart\%25253A10.1007\%25252Fs11368-015-120}, author = {M.N.B.Momba}, editor = {A. L. K. Abia} } @article {11895, title = {Role of noroviruses as aetiological agents of diarrhoea in developing countries}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {96}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {1983-1999}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1465-2099}, author = {Ayukekbong, James Ayukepi and Mesumbe, Henry Nzike and Oyero, Olufunmilayo G and Lindh, Magnus and Bergstr{\"o}m, Tomas} } @article {12521, title = {Role of the environment in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance to humans: a review}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {20}, year = {2015}, pages = {11993-12004}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Huijbers, Patricia MC and Blaak, Hetty and de Jong, Mart CM and Graat, Elisabeth AM and Vandenbroucke-Grauls, Christina MJE and Ana M. De Roda Husman} } @article {12522, title = {Role of the environment in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance to humans: a review}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {49}, year = {2015}, pages = {11993-12004}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Huijbers, Patricia MC and Blaak, Hetty and de Jong, Mart CM and Graat, Elisabeth AM and Vandenbroucke-Grauls, Christina MJE and Ana M. De Roda Husman} } @article {15421, title = {The roles of water, sanitation and hygiene in reducing schistosomiasis: a review}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, note = {Journal Article
Review
England}, pages = {156}, abstract = {

Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by infection with blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Transmission of, and exposure to, the parasite result from faecal or urinary contamination of freshwater containing intermediate host snails, and dermal contact with the same water. The World Health Assembly resolution 65.21 from May 2012 urges member states to eliminate schistosomiasis through preventive chemotherapy (i.e. periodic large-scale administration of the antischistosomal drug praziquantel to school-aged children and other high-risk groups), provision of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and snail control. However, control measures focus almost exclusively on preventive chemotherapy, while only few studies made an attempt to determine the impact of upgraded access to safe water, adequate sanitation and good hygiene on schistosome transmission. We recently completed a systematic review and meta-analysis pertaining to WASH and schistosomiasis and found that people with safe water and adequate sanitation have significantly lower odds of a Schistosoma infection. Importantly though, the transmission of schistosomiasis is deeply entrenched in social-ecological systems, and hence is governed by setting-specific cultural and environmental factors that determine human behaviour and snail populations. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature, which explores the transmission routes of schistosomes, particularly focussing on how these might be disrupted with WASH-related technologies and human behaviour. Additionally, future research directions in this area are highlighted.

}, keywords = {*Hygiene, *Sanitation, Animals, Child, Fresh Water, Global Health, Humans, Male, Praziquantel/*therapeutic use, Schistosoma/*physiology, Schistosomiasis/parasitology/*prevention \& control, Snails/*parasitology, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {1756-3305 (Electronic)
1756-3305 (Linking)}, author = {Grimes, J. E. and Croll, D. and Harrison, W. E. and Utzinger, J. and Freeman, M. C. and Templeton, M. R.} } @article {3893, title = {Rotavirus genotypes in sewage treatment plants and in children hospitalized with acute diarrhea in Italy in 2010 and 2011.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {241{\textendash}249}, abstract = {

Although the molecular surveillance network \{\{\}RotaNet-Italy\{\}\} provides useful nationwide data on rotaviruses causing severe acute gastroenteritis in children in Italy, scarce information is available on rotavirus circulation in the general Italian population, including adults with mild or asymptomatic infection. We investigated the genotypes of rotaviruses present in urban wastewaters and compared them with those of viral strains from clinical pediatric cases. During 2010 and 2011, 285 sewage samples from 4 Italian cities were tested by reverse \{\{\}transcription-PCRs\{\}\} \{\{\}(RT-PCRs)\{\}\} specific for rotavirus \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} and \{\{\}VP4\{\}\} genes. Rotavirus was detected in 172 (60.4\{\%\}) samples, 26 of which contained multiple rotavirus G \{\{\}(VP7\{\}\} gene) genotypes, for a total of 198 G types. Thirty-two samples also contained multiple P \{\{\}(VP4\{\}\} gene) genotypes, yielding 204 P types in 172 samples. Genotype G1 accounted for 65.6\{\%\} of rotaviruses typed, followed by genotypes G2 (20.2\{\%\}), G9 (7.6\{\%\}), G4 (4.6\{\%\}), G6 (1.0\{\%\}), G3 (0.5\{\%\}), and G26 (0.5\{\%\}). \{\{\}VP4\{\}\} genotype P[8] accounted for 75.0\{\%\} of strains, genotype P[4] accounted for 23.0\{\%\} of strains, and the uncommon genotypes P[6], P[9], P[14], and P[19] accounted for 2.0\{\%\} of strains altogether. These rotavirus genotypes were also found in pediatric patients hospitalized in the same areas and years but in different proportions. Specifically, genotypes G2, G9, and P[4] were more prevalent in sewage samples than among samples from patients, which suggests either a larger circulation of the latter strains through the general population not requiring medical care or their greater survival in wastewaters. A high level of nucleotide identity in the G1, G2, and G6 \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} sequences was observed between strains from the environment and those from patients.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02695-14}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02695-14}, author = {Ruggeri, Franco M and Bonomo, Paolo and Ianiro, Giovanni and Battistone, Andrea and Delogu, Roberto and Germinario, Cinzia and Chironna, Maria and Triassi, Maria and Campagnuolo, Rosalba and Cicala, Antonella and Giammanco, Giovanni M and Castiglia, Paolo and Serra, Caterina and Gaggioli, Andrea and Fiore, Lucia} } @article {3850, title = {Rotavirus seasonality in urban sewage from {Argentina}: effect of meteorological variables on the viral load and the genetic diversity.}, journal = {Environmental Research}, volume = {138}, year = {2015}, pages = {409{\textendash}415}, abstract = {

In Argentina, the rotavirus disease exhibits seasonal variations, being most prevalent in the fall and winter months. To deepen the understanding of rotavirus seasonality in our community, the influence of meteorological factors on the rotavirus load and the genetic diversity in urban raw sewage from \{\{\}C\{\&\}\{\#\}xF3;rdoba\{\}\} city, Argentina were evaluated. Wastewater samples were collected monthly during a three-year study period and viral particles were concentrated by polyethylene glycol precipitation. \{\{\}RT-nested\{\}\} \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} was applied for rotavirus detection, and \{\{\}VP7/VP4\{\}\} characterization and real-time \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} for rotavirus quantification. Both molecular techniques showed relatively similar sensitivity rates and revealed rotavirus presence in urban wastewater in cold and warm seasons, indicating its circulation in the local community all year round. However, a slight trend for rotavirus circulation was noted by real-time \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} in the fall and winter seasons, showing a significantly higher peak of rotavirus concentration at mean temperatures lower than \{\{\}18\{\&\}\{\#\}xB0;C\{\}\} and also higher, although not statistically different during drier weather. \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} and \{\{\}VP4\{\}\} gene characterization showed that G1 and P[8] genotypes were dominant, and temporal variations in genotype distribution were not observed. Rotavirus spread is complex and our results point out that weather factors alone cannot explain the seasonal quantitative pattern of the rotavirus disease. Therefore, alternative transmission routes, changes in human behavior and susceptibility, and the stability and survivability of the virus might all together contribute to the seasonality of rotavirus. The results obtained here provide evidence regarding the dynamics of rotavirus circulation and maintenance in Argentina.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.004}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.004}, author = {Barril, P A and Fumian, T M and Prez, V E and Gil, P I and Mart{\'\i}nez, L C and Giordano, M O and Masachessi, G and Isa, M B and Ferreyra, L J and R{\'e}, V E and Miagostovich, M and Pavan, J V and Nates, S V} } @article {2585, title = {Rotavirus seasonality in urban sewage from Argentina: effect of meteorological variables on the viral load and the genetic diversity.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {138}, year = {2015}, pages = {409-415}, abstract = {In Argentina, the rotavirus disease exhibits seasonal variations, being most prevalent in the fall and winter months. To deepen the understanding of rotavirus seasonality in our community, the influence of meteorological factors on the rotavirus load and the genetic diversity in urban raw sewage from {C\&\#xF3;rdoba} city, Argentina were evaluated. Wastewater samples were collected monthly during a three-year study period and viral particles were concentrated by polyethylene glycol precipitation. {RT-nested} {PCR} was applied for rotavirus detection, and {VP7/VP4} characterization and real-time {PCR} for rotavirus quantification. Both molecular techniques showed relatively similar sensitivity rates and revealed rotavirus presence in urban wastewater in cold and warm seasons, indicating its circulation in the local community all year round. However, a slight trend for rotavirus circulation was noted by real-time {PCR} in the fall and winter seasons, showing a significantly higher peak of rotavirus concentration at mean temperatures lower than {18\&\#xB0;C} and also higher, although not statistically different during drier weather. {VP7} and {VP4} gene characterization showed that G1 and P[8] genotypes were dominant, and temporal variations in genotype distribution were not observed. Rotavirus spread is complex and our results point out that weather factors alone cannot explain the seasonal quantitative pattern of the rotavirus disease. Therefore, alternative transmission routes, changes in human behavior and susceptibility, and the stability and survivability of the virus might all together contribute to the seasonality of rotavirus. The results obtained here provide evidence regarding the dynamics of rotavirus circulation and maintenance in Argentina.}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.004}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.004}, author = {Barril, PA and Fumian, TM and Prez, VE and Gil, PI and Mart{\'\i}nez, LC and Giordano, MO and Masachessi, G and Isa, MB and Ferreyra, LJ and R{\'e}, VE and Miagostovich, M and Pavan, JV and Nates, SV} } @article {830, title = {Rotavirus seasonality in urban sewage from Argentina: effect of meteorological variables on the viral load and the genetic diversity.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {138}, year = {2015}, pages = {409-415}, abstract = {In Argentina, the rotavirus disease exhibits seasonal variations, being most prevalent in the fall and winter months. To deepen the understanding of rotavirus seasonality in our community, the influence of meteorological factors on the rotavirus load and the genetic diversity in urban raw sewage from {C\&\#xF3;rdoba} city, Argentina were evaluated. Wastewater samples were collected monthly during a three-year study period and viral particles were concentrated by polyethylene glycol precipitation. {RT-nested} {PCR} was applied for rotavirus detection, and {VP7/VP4} characterization and real-time {PCR} for rotavirus quantification. Both molecular techniques showed relatively similar sensitivity rates and revealed rotavirus presence in urban wastewater in cold and warm seasons, indicating its circulation in the local community all year round. However, a slight trend for rotavirus circulation was noted by real-time {PCR} in the fall and winter seasons, showing a significantly higher peak of rotavirus concentration at mean temperatures lower than {18\&\#xB0;C} and also higher, although not statistically different during drier weather. {VP7} and {VP4} gene characterization showed that G1 and P[8] genotypes were dominant, and temporal variations in genotype distribution were not observed. Rotavirus spread is complex and our results point out that weather factors alone cannot explain the seasonal quantitative pattern of the rotavirus disease. Therefore, alternative transmission routes, changes in human behavior and susceptibility, and the stability and survivability of the virus might all together contribute to the seasonality of rotavirus. The results obtained here provide evidence regarding the dynamics of rotavirus circulation and maintenance in Argentina.}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.004}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.004}, author = {Barril, PA and Fumian, TM and Prez, VE and Gil, PI and Mart{\'\i}nez, LC and Giordano, MO and Masachessi, G and Isa, MB and Ferreyra, LJ and R{\'e}, VE and Miagostovich, M and Pavan, JV and Nates, SV} } @article {767, title = {Rotavirus vaccine introductions: worldwide. {PATH;} 2014}, year = {2015}, author = {PATH} } @article {2520, title = {Rotavirus vaccine introductions: worldwide. {PATH;} 2014}, year = {2015}, author = {PATH} } @article {3727, title = {Rotavirus vaccine introductions: worldwide. \{\{\}{PATH};\{\}\} 2014}, year = {2015}, author = {PATH} } @article {3799, title = {Rotavirus vaccines: a story of success.}, journal = {Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {21}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {735{\textendash}743}, abstract = {By January 2015, rotavirus vaccination had been implemented in national vaccination programmes in 75 countries worldwide. Two live oral rotavirus vaccines are internationally available: human, monovalent vaccine and human-bovine pentavalent reassortant vaccine. Since January 2014, another live, oral human-bovine monovalent vaccine has been available in India. After implementation of rotavirus vaccines in childhood immunization programmes, there has been an over 90\{\%\} reduction of rotavirus hospitalizations in industrialized and resource-deprived countries. Additionally, in Latin America, significant reduction of rotavirus-associated deaths has been recorded. Still, numerous countries do not recommend rotavirus mass vaccination because of assumed lack of cost-effectiveness and potential risk of intussusception, which is estimated at 1 per 50 000-70 000 doses of rotavirus vaccines. Cost-effectiveness of vaccination is affected in some countries by high price. Inclusion of herd protection and indirect costs in calculations for cost-effectiveness results in clear benefit: costs saved by health systems due to reduced rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalizations far exceed the costs for implementation of rotavirus vaccination. There have been objections that high rotavirus vaccination coverage could put selective pressure on certain rotavirus strains against which protection after vaccination is less distinct. However, data now strongly suggest that even if there might be a relative increase of some specific genotypes after the use of rotavirus vaccines, this is not an absolute increase in incidence from certain genotypes and does not affect the overall effectiveness of rotavirus mass vaccination, which resulted in a major decrease of severe cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis in both industrialized and resource deprived countries.}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.027}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.027}, author = {Kollaritsch, H and Kundi, M and Giaquinto, C and Paulke-Korinek, M} } @article {2543, title = {Rotavirus vaccines: a story of success.}, journal = {Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {21}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {735-743}, abstract = {By January 2015, rotavirus vaccination had been implemented in national vaccination programmes in 75 countries worldwide. Two live oral rotavirus vaccines are internationally available: human, monovalent vaccine and human-bovine pentavalent reassortant vaccine. Since January 2014, another live, oral human-bovine monovalent vaccine has been available in India. After implementation of rotavirus vaccines in childhood immunization programmes, there has been an over 90\% reduction of rotavirus hospitalizations in industrialized and resource-deprived countries. Additionally, in Latin America, significant reduction of rotavirus-associated deaths has been recorded. Still, numerous countries do not recommend rotavirus mass vaccination because of assumed lack of cost-effectiveness and potential risk of intussusception, which is estimated at 1 per 50 000-70 000 doses of rotavirus vaccines. Cost-effectiveness of vaccination is affected in some countries by high price. Inclusion of herd protection and indirect costs in calculations for cost-effectiveness results in clear benefit: costs saved by health systems due to reduced rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalizations far exceed the costs for implementation of rotavirus vaccination. There have been objections that high rotavirus vaccination coverage could put selective pressure on certain rotavirus strains against which protection after vaccination is less distinct. However, data now strongly suggest that even if there might be a relative increase of some specific genotypes after the use of rotavirus vaccines, this is not an absolute increase in incidence from certain genotypes and does not affect the overall effectiveness of rotavirus mass vaccination, which resulted in a major decrease of severe cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis in both industrialized and resource deprived countries.}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.027}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.027}, author = {Kollaritsch, H and Kundi, M and Giaquinto, C and Paulke-Korinek, M} } @article {789, title = {Rotavirus vaccines: a story of success.}, journal = {Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {21}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, pages = {735-743}, abstract = {By January 2015, rotavirus vaccination had been implemented in national vaccination programmes in 75 countries worldwide. Two live oral rotavirus vaccines are internationally available: human, monovalent vaccine and human-bovine pentavalent reassortant vaccine. Since January 2014, another live, oral human-bovine monovalent vaccine has been available in India. After implementation of rotavirus vaccines in childhood immunization programmes, there has been an over 90\% reduction of rotavirus hospitalizations in industrialized and resource-deprived countries. Additionally, in Latin America, significant reduction of rotavirus-associated deaths has been recorded. Still, numerous countries do not recommend rotavirus mass vaccination because of assumed lack of cost-effectiveness and potential risk of intussusception, which is estimated at 1 per 50 000-70 000 doses of rotavirus vaccines. Cost-effectiveness of vaccination is affected in some countries by high price. Inclusion of herd protection and indirect costs in calculations for cost-effectiveness results in clear benefit: costs saved by health systems due to reduced rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalizations far exceed the costs for implementation of rotavirus vaccination. There have been objections that high rotavirus vaccination coverage could put selective pressure on certain rotavirus strains against which protection after vaccination is less distinct. However, data now strongly suggest that even if there might be a relative increase of some specific genotypes after the use of rotavirus vaccines, this is not an absolute increase in incidence from certain genotypes and does not affect the overall effectiveness of rotavirus mass vaccination, which resulted in a major decrease of severe cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis in both industrialized and resource deprived countries.}, doi = {10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.027}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.027}, author = {Kollaritsch, H and Kundi, M and Giaquinto, C and Paulke-Korinek, M} } @article {878, title = {Rotavirus vaccines overview}, year = {2015}, author = {PATH} } @article {2637, title = {Rotavirus vaccines overview}, year = {2015}, author = {PATH} } @article {17203, title = {Salmonella: a review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance}, journal = {Frontiers in Life ScienceFrontiers in Life Science}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {284-293}, isbn = {2155-3769}, author = {Eng, Shu-Kee and Pusparajah, Priyia and Ab Mutalib, Nurul-Syakima and Ser, Hooi-Leng and Chan, Kok-Gan and Lee, Learn-Han} } @article {17343, title = {Salmonella Bacteremia Among Children in Central and Northwest Nigeria, 2008-2015}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {61 Suppl 4}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov 1}, pages = {S325-31}, edition = {2015/10/10}, keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Antibiotic resistance, Bacteremia, Bacteremia/diagnosis/*epidemiology/microbiology, Child, Preschool, children, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Mass Screening, Nigeria, Nigeria/epidemiology, Salmonella Infections/*epidemiology/*microbiology, Salmonella paratyphi A/drug effects/genetics/isolation \& purification, Salmonella typhi/drug effects/genetics/*isolation \& purification, salmonellae, Typhoid Fever/epidemiology/microbiology}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Obaro, S. K. and Hassan-Hanga, F. and Olateju, E. K. and Umoru, D. and Lawson, L. and Olanipekun, G. and Ibrahim, S. and Munir, H. and Ihesiolor, G. and Maduekwe, A. and Ohiaeri, C. and Adetola, A. and Shetima, D. and Jibir, B. W. and Nakaura, H. and Kocmich, N. and Ajose, T. and Idiong, D. and Masokano, K. and Ifabiyi, A. and Ihebuzor, N. and Chen, B. and Meza, J. and Akindele, A. and Rezac-Elgohary, A. and Olaosebikan, R. and Suwaid, S. and Gambo, M. and Alter, R. and Davies, H. D. and Fey, P. D.} } @booklet {3563, title = {Sanitation and {Child} {Health} in {India} ({IFS} {Working} {Paper} {W}15/32).}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Institute of Fiscal Studies}, address = {London}, author = {Augsburg, B and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Lesmes, P} } @booklet {3465, title = {{Sanitation and Child Health in India (IFS Working Paper W15/32).}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Institute of Fiscal Studies}, address = {London}, author = {Augsburg, B and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Lesmes, P} } @booklet {3470, title = {{Sanitation, Disease, and Anemia: Evidence from Nepal.}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {ollege of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin}, address = {Austin, TX}, author = {Coffey, D and Geruso, M} } @booklet {3941, title = {Sanitation, {Disease}, and {Anemia}: {Evidence} from {Nepal}.}, year = {2015}, publisher = {ollege of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin}, address = {Austin, TX}, author = {Coffey, D and Geruso, M} } @booklet {3767, title = {Sanitation for {Primary} {Schools} in {Africa}.}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Water, Engineering and Development Centre, Loughborough University}, address = {Loughborough}, author = {Reed, RA and Shaw, RJ} } @booklet {3406, title = {{Sanitation for Primary Schools in Africa.}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Water, Engineering and Development Centre, Loughborough University}, address = {Loughborough}, author = {Reed, RA and Shaw, RJ} } @article {12886, title = {The sanitation ladder, what constitutes an improved form of sanitation?}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {1086{\textendash}1094}, author = {Exley, Josephine LR and Liseka, Bernard and Cumming, Oliver and Ensink, Jeroen H J} } @article {16637, title = {The sanitation ladder, what constitutes an improved form of sanitation?}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {1086{\textendash}1094}, author = {Exley, Josephine LR and Liseka, Bernard and Cumming, Oliver and Ensink, Jeroen H J} } @article {11722, title = {Sanitation, latrines and intestinal parasites in past populations}, journal = {Ashgate Publishing Ltd}, year = {2015}, pages = {290}, author = {Mitchell, P.D.} } @book {16721, title = {Sanitation {Safety} {Planning}}, year = {2015}, note = {Published: �urlhttps://www.who.int/water\_sanitation\_health/publications/ssp-manual/en/}, author = {Organization, World Health} } @book {16297, title = {Sanitation Safety Planning: Manual for safe use and disposal of wastewater, greywater and excreta}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization }, organization = {World Health Organization }, address = {Geneva}, isbn = {9789241549240} } @book {15189, title = {Sanitation {Safety} {Planning}: {Manual} for {Safe} {Use} and {Disposal} of {Wastewater} {Greywater} and {Excreta}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, author = {Organization, World Health} } @book {13638, title = {Sanitation Safety Planning: Manual for Safe Use and Disposal of Wastewater Greywater and Excreta}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, author = {WHO, (World Health Organisation)} } @article {3734, title = {Sanitation subsidies encouraging sanitation investment in the developing world: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.}, journal = {Science}, volume = {348}, year = {2015}, pages = {903{\textendash}906}, doi = {10.1126/science.aaa0491.}, author = {Guiteras, R and Levinsohn, J and Mobarak, AM} } @article {3433, title = {{Sanitation subsidies encouraging sanitation investment in the developing world: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.}}, journal = {Science}, volume = {348}, year = {2015}, pages = {903{\textendash}906}, doi = {10.1126/science.aaa0491.}, author = {Guiteras, R and Levinsohn, J and Mobarak, AM} } @article {6454, title = {Sanitation subsidies. {Encouraging} sanitation investment in the developing world: a cluster-randomized trial}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {348}, number = {6237}, year = {2015}, month = {may}, pages = {903{\textendash}906}, abstract = {{Poor sanitation contributes to morbidity and mortality in the developing world, but there is disagreement on what policies can increase sanitation coverage. To measure the effects of alternative policies on investment in hygienic latrines, we assigned 380 communities in rural Bangladesh to different marketing treatments-community motivation and information; subsidies; a supply-side market access intervention; and a control-in a cluster-randomized trial. Community motivation alone did not increase hygienic latrine ownership (+1.6 percentage points}, keywords = {Bangladesh, Defecation, Developing Countries, Family Characteristics, Health Planning Support, Humans, Investments, Morbidity, Mortality, Motivation, Rural Population, sanitation, Toilet Facilities}, issn = {1095-9203}, doi = {10.1126/science.aaa0491}, author = {Guiteras, Raymond and Levinsohn, James and Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq} } @inbook {12331, title = {Sanitation, water quality and antibiotic resistance dissemination}, booktitle = {The Battle Against Microbial Pathogens: Basic Science, Technological Advances and Educational Programs}, year = {2015}, pages = {965-975}, publisher = {Formatex Research Center}, organization = {Formatex Research Center}, author = {M. Quintela-Baluja and C.W. Chan and M. Ezzat Alnakip and M. Abouelnaga and David W. Graham}, editor = {A. M{\'e}ndez-Vilas} } @mastersthesis {8828, title = {Sanitisation of faecal sludge by ammonia:treatment technology for safe reuse in agriculture}, volume = {PhD}, year = {2015}, school = { Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences}, type = {Dissertation}, address = {Uppsala, Sweden}, author = {Fidjeland, J.} } @article {8783, title = {{Sanitising black water by auto-thermal aerobic digestion (ATAD) combined with ammonia treatment}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {2112{\textendash}2121}, abstract = {The effect of a two-step process on the concentration of pathogens and indicator microorganisms in black water (0.9-1{\%} total solids) was studied. The treatment combined auto-thermal aerobic digestion (ATAD) and ammonia sanitisation. First, the temperature of the black water was increased through ATAD and when a targeted temperature was reached (33, 41 and 45.5 {\textdegree}C studied), urea was added to a 0.5{\%} concentration (total ammonia nitrogen {\textgreater}2.9 g L$^{-}${\textonesuperior}). Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were reduced to non-detectable levels within 3 days following urea addition at temperatures above 40 {\textdegree}C, whereas when urea was added at 33 {\textdegree}C E. coli was still present after 8 days. By adding urea at temperatures of 40 {\textdegree}C and above, a 5 log10 reduction in Enterococcus spp. and a 3 log10 reduction in Ascaris suum eggs was achieved 1 week after the addition. With combined ATAD and ammonia treatment using 0.5{\%} ww urea added at an aerobic digestion temperature {\textgreater}40 {\textdegree}C, black water was sanitised regarding the pathogens studied in 2 weeks of total treatment time.}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2015.432}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26675998 http://wst.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wst.2015.432}, author = {Nordin, A. C. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {17341, title = {Sanitising black water by auto-thermal aerobic digestion (ATAD) combined with ammonia treatment}, journal = {Water Sci TechnolWater Sci Technol}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {2112-21}, edition = {2015/12/18}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223}, author = {Nordin, A. C. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {15580, title = {Schistosomiasis: number of people treated worldwide in 2013}, year = {2015}, author = {WHO} } @article {15359, title = {Schistosomiasis reaches Europe}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious Diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, note = {Journal Article
United States}, month = {Jul}, pages = {757-8}, isbn = {1474-4457 (Electronic)
1473-3099 (Linking)}, author = {Boissier, J. and Mon{\'e}, H. and Mitta, G. and Bargues, M. D. and Molyneux, D. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {4610, title = {Seasonal difference of human adenoviruses in a subtropical river basin based on 1-year monthly survey}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research International}, year = {2015}, issn = {0944-1344}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-015-5501-8}, author = {Tao, C. W. and Hsu, B. M. and Kao, P. M. and Huang, W. C. and Hsu, T. K. and Ho, Y. N. and Lu, Y. J. and Fan, C. W.} } @article {14337, title = {Seasonal {Dynamics} of {Marine} {Microbial} {Community} in the {South} {Sea} of {Korea}.}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0131633}, author = {Sung S Suh and Park, Mirye and Hwang, Jinik and Eui J Kil and Seung W Jung and Lee, Sukchan and Lee, Taek-Kyun} } @article {5820, title = {{Seasonal Dynamics of Marine Microbial Community in the South Sea of Korea.}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0131633}, author = {Sung S Suh and Park, Mirye and Hwang, Jinik and Eui J Kil and Seung W Jung and Lee, Sukchan and Lee, Taek-Kyun} } @article {11943, title = {Seasonal variation of fecal contamination in drinking water sources in developing countries: A systematic review}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {514}, year = {2015}, pages = {333-343}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0048-9697}, author = {Kostyla, Caroline and Bain, Rob and Cronk, Ryan and Bartram, Jamie} } @article {10030, title = {{Seasonal variation on the presence of adenoviruses in stools from non-diarrheic patients}}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {749{\textendash}752}, abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2015, Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia. Human adenoviruses (HAdV), members of the Adenoviridae family, are excreted through the fecal route and may be present in the feces of humans consuming contaminated food or water. The presence of HAdV from different serotypes in the feces of healthy individuals was already reported using conventional polymerase chain reaction; however, real-time PCR (qPCR) may reveal not only the rates of detection as well as demonstrate the viral loads excreted by healthy persons. Aiming to identify and characterize the presence of adenoviruses in stool samples, 147 fecal samples from patients with no records of diarrhea were analyzed (74 from winter season and 73 from summer) by Real-Time PCR (qPCR) assay and conventional PCR. HAdV genome was present in 43.8{\%} (32/73) of stools samples collected during summer season and 21.6{\%} (16/74) during winter. The rate of detection of genomic copies (gc) ranged from 4.04{\texttimes}10{\textless}sup{\textgreater}2{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} to 6.72{\texttimes}10{\textless}sup{\textgreater}5{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}gc/g of feces among the 147 samples analyzed, of which the ranged of genomic copies of DNA HAdV was major in summer. All samples were negative when tested for rotaviruses (RV) and noroviruses (NoV) by PCR conventional and qPCR respectively. HAdV is excreted constantly by infected individuals in the absence of clinical signs and the occurrence may vary seasonally.}, keywords = {2002, 2008, Adenovirus, adv, and norovirus, are often related with, boccia et al, both diarrhea and subclinical, hadv, healthy individuals, infections, lenaerts et al, NOV, QPCR, rotavirus, rv, stool samples, tate et}, isbn = {1517838246320}, issn = {1678-4405}, doi = {10.1590/S1517-838246320140718}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S1517-83822015000300749{\&}lng=en{\&}nrm=iso{\&}tlng=en}, author = {Michele R Vetter and Staggemeier, Rodrigo and Andr{\'e}ia D Vecchia and Henzel, Andr{\'e}ia and Rigotto, Caroline and Fernando R Spilki} } @article {9963, title = {{Seasonality of hepatitis: A review update}}, journal = {Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {96}, issn = {2249-4863}, doi = {10.4103/2249-4863.152263}, url = {http://www.jfmpc.com/text.asp?2015/4/1/96/152263}, author = {Fares, A.} } @article {14832, title = {Selective elimination of bacterial faecal indicators in the {Schmutzdecke} of slow sand filtration columns.}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {99}, number = {23}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {10323{\textendash}32}, abstract = {Slow sand filtration (SSF) is an effective low-tech water treatment method for pathogen and particle removal. Yet despite its application for centuries, it has been uncertain to which extent pathogenic microbes are removed by mechanical filtration or due to ecological interactions such as grazing and competition for nutrients. In this study, we quantified the removal of bacterial faecal indicators, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, from secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant and analysed the microbial community composition in compartments of laboratory model SSF columns. The columns were packed with different sand grain sizes and eliminated 1.6-2.3 log units of faecal indicators, which translated into effluents of bathing water quality according to the EU directive ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless500 colony forming units of E. coli per 100 ml) for columns with small grain size. Most of that removal occurred in the upper filter area, the Schmutzdecke. Within that same zone, total bacterial numbers increased however, thus suggesting a specific elimination of the faecal indicators. The analysis of the microbial communities also revealed that some taxa were removed more from the wastewater than others. These results accentuate the contribution of biological mechanisms to water purification in SSF.}, issn = {1432-0614}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-015-6882-9}, url = {http://link.springer.com.sire.ub.edu/article/10.1007/s00253-015-6882-9/fulltext.html}, author = {Pfannes, Kristina R and Langenbach, Kilian M W and Pilloni, Giovanni and St{\"u}hrmann, Torben and Euringer, Kathrin and Lueders, Tillmann and Neu, Thomas R and M{\"u}ller, Jochen A and K{\"a}stner, Matthias and Meckenstock, Rainer U} } @article {2377, title = {{Selective elimination of bacterial faecal indicators in the Schmutzdecke of slow sand filtration columns.}}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, abstract = {

Slow sand filtration (SSF) is an effective low-tech water treatment method for pathogen and particle removal. Yet despite its application for centuries, it has been uncertain to which extent pathogenic microbes are removed by mechanical filtration or due to ecological interactions such as grazing and competition for nutrients. In this study, we quantified the removal of bacterial faecal indicators, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, from secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant and analysed the microbial community composition in compartments of laboratory model SSF columns. The columns were packed with different sand grain sizes and eliminated 1.6-2.3 log units of faecal indicators, which translated into effluents of bathing water quality according to the EU directive (\<500 colony forming units of E. coli per 100 ml) for columns with small grain size. Most of that removal occurred in the upper filter area, the Schmutzdecke. Within that same zone, total bacterial numbers increased however, thus suggesting a specific elimination of the faecal indicators. The analysis of the microbial communities also revealed that some taxa were removed more from the wastewater than others. These results accentuate the contribution of biological mechanisms to water purification in SSF.

}, issn = {1432-0614}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-015-6882-9}, url = {http://link.springer.com.sire.ub.edu/article/10.1007/s00253-015-6882-9/fulltext.html}, author = {Pfannes, Kristina R and Langenbach, Kilian M W and Pilloni, Giovanni and St{\"u}hrmann, Torben and Euringer, Kathrin and Lueders, Tillmann and Neu, Thomas R and M{\"u}ller, Jochen A and K{\"a}stner, Matthias and Meckenstock, Rainer U} } @article {14187, title = {Selective elimination of bacterial faecal indicators in the {Schmutzdecke} of slow sand filtration columns.}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {99}, number = {23}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {10323{\textendash}32}, abstract = {Slow sand filtration (SSF) is an effective low-tech water treatment method for pathogen and particle removal. Yet despite its application for centuries, it has been uncertain to which extent pathogenic microbes are removed by mechanical filtration or due to ecological interactions such as grazing and competition for nutrients. In this study, we quantified the removal of bacterial faecal indicators, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, from secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant and analysed the microbial community composition in compartments of laboratory model SSF columns. The columns were packed with different sand grain sizes and eliminated 1.6-2.3 log units of faecal indicators, which translated into effluents of bathing water quality according to the EU directive ({\textbackslash}textless500 colony forming units of E. coli per 100 ml) for columns with small grain size. Most of that removal occurred in the upper filter area, the Schmutzdecke. Within that same zone, total bacterial numbers increased however, thus suggesting a specific elimination of the faecal indicators. The analysis of the microbial communities also revealed that some taxa were removed more from the wastewater than others. These results accentuate the contribution of biological mechanisms to water purification in SSF.}, issn = {1432-0614}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-015-6882-9}, url = {http://link.springer.com.sire.ub.edu/article/10.1007/s00253-015-6882-9/fulltext.html}, author = {Pfannes, Kristina R and Langenbach, Kilian M W and Pilloni, Giovanni and St{\"u}hrmann, Torben and Euringer, Kathrin and Lueders, Tillmann and Neu, Thomas R and M{\"u}ller, Jochen A and K{\"a}stner, Matthias and Meckenstock, Rainer U} } @article {8115, title = {{Selective elimination of bacterial faecal indicators in the Schmutzdecke of slow sand filtration columns.}}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {99}, number = {23}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {10323{\textendash}32}, abstract = {

Slow sand filtration (SSF) is an effective low-tech water treatment method for pathogen and particle removal. Yet despite its application for centuries, it has been uncertain to which extent pathogenic microbes are removed by mechanical filtration or due to ecological interactions such as grazing and competition for nutrients. In this study, we quantified the removal of bacterial faecal indicators, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, from secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant and analysed the microbial community composition in compartments of laboratory model SSF columns. The columns were packed with different sand grain sizes and eliminated 1.6-2.3 log units of faecal indicators, which translated into effluents of bathing water quality according to the EU directive ({\textless}500 colony forming units of E. coli per 100 ml) for columns with small grain size. Most of that removal occurred in the upper filter area, the Schmutzdecke. Within that same zone, total bacterial numbers increased however, thus suggesting a specific elimination of the faecal indicators. The analysis of the microbial communities also revealed that some taxa were removed more from the wastewater than others. These results accentuate the contribution of biological mechanisms to water purification in SSF.

}, issn = {1432-0614}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-015-6882-9}, url = {http://link.springer.com.sire.ub.edu/article/10.1007/s00253-015-6882-9/fulltext.html}, author = {Pfannes, Kristina R and Langenbach, Kilian M W and Pilloni, Giovanni and St{\"u}hrmann, Torben and Euringer, Kathrin and Lueders, Tillmann and Neu, Thomas R and M{\"u}ller, Jochen A and K{\"a}stner, Matthias and Meckenstock, Rainer U} } @article {16601, title = {Serine proteases of parasitic helminths}, journal = {Korean J Parasitol}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {feb}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, abstract = {Serine proteases form one of the most important families of enzymes and perform significant functions in a broad range of biological processes, such as intra- and extracellular protein metabolism, digestion, blood coagulation, regulation of development, and fertilization. A number of serine proteases have been identified in parasitic helminths that have putative roles in parasite development and nutrition, host tissues and cell invasion, anticoagulation, and immune evasion. In this review, we described the serine proteases that have been identified in parasitic helminths, including nematodes (Trichinella spiralis, T. pseudospiralis, Trichuris muris, Anisakis simplex, Ascaris suum, Onchocerca volvulus, O. lienalis, Brugia malayi, Ancylostoma caninum, and Steinernema carpocapsae), cestodes (Spirometra mansoni, Echinococcus granulosus, and Schistocephalus solidus), and trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, and Schistosoma mansoni). Moreover, the possible biological functions of these serine proteases in the endogenous biological phenomena of these parasites and in the host-parasite interaction were also discussed.}, keywords = {Animals, biological function, Cestoda/classification/*enzymology/growth \& development/physiology, cestode, Host-Parasite Interactions, Life Cycle Stages, Nematoda/classification/*enzymology/growth \& development/physiology, nematode, parasitic helminth, Serine protease, Serine Proteases/genetics/*metabolism, Trematoda/classification/*enzymology/growth \& development/physiology, trematode}, issn = {1738-0006 (Electronic) 0023-4001 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.1}, author = {Yang, Y. and Wen, Yj and Cai, Y. N. and Vallee, I. and Boireau, P. and Liu, M. Y. and Cheng, S. P.} } @article {12109, title = {Serine proteases of parasitic helminths}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, note = {Yang, Yong
Wen, Yun jun
Cai, Ya Nan
Vallee, Isabelle
Boireau, Pascal
Liu, Ming Yuan
Cheng, Shi Peng
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
Korea (South)
2015/03/10 06:00
Korean J Parasitol. 2015 Feb;53(1):1-11. doi: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.1. Epub 2015 Feb 27.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {

Serine proteases form one of the most important families of enzymes and perform significant functions in a broad range of biological processes, such as intra- and extracellular protein metabolism, digestion, blood coagulation, regulation of development, and fertilization. A number of serine proteases have been identified in parasitic helminths that have putative roles in parasite development and nutrition, host tissues and cell invasion, anticoagulation, and immune evasion. In this review, we described the serine proteases that have been identified in parasitic helminths, including nematodes (Trichinella spiralis, T. pseudospiralis, Trichuris muris, Anisakis simplex, Ascaris suum, Onchocerca volvulus, O. lienalis, Brugia malayi, Ancylostoma caninum, and Steinernema carpocapsae), cestodes (Spirometra mansoni, Echinococcus granulosus, and Schistocephalus solidus), and trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, and Schistosoma mansoni). Moreover, the possible biological functions of these serine proteases in the endogenous biological phenomena of these parasites and in the host-parasite interaction were also discussed.

}, keywords = {Animals, biological function, Cestoda/classification/*enzymology/growth \& development/physiology, cestode, Host-Parasite Interactions, Life Cycle Stages, Nematoda/classification/*enzymology/growth \& development/physiology, nematode, parasitic helminth, Serine protease, Serine Proteases/genetics/*metabolism, Trematoda/classification/*enzymology/growth \& development/physiology, trematode}, isbn = {1738-0006 (Electronic)
0023-4001 (Linking)}, author = {Yang, Y. and Wen, Yj and Cai, Y. N. and Vallee, I. and Boireau, P. and Liu, M. Y. and Cheng, S. P.} } @article {11302, title = {Seroprevalence, disease awareness, and risk factors for Toxocara canis infection among primary schoolchildren in Makoko, an urban slum community in Nigeria}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {146}, year = {2015}, pages = {135-140}, author = {Fan, CK and Barghouth, U and Huang, Y and Chou, C and Chen, P and Liao, C and Ajibaye, O and Orok, A and Chuang, T and Lee, Y and Akinwale, O and Gyang, P} } @article {9660, title = {Sewage sludge composting: quality assessment for agricultural application}, journal = {Environ Monit Assess}, volume = {187}, year = {2015}, pages = {709}, author = {Nafez, AH and Nikaeen, M and Kadkhodaie, S and Hatamzadeh, M and Moghim, S} } @article {4183, title = {Sewage surveillance reveals the presence of canine GVII norovirus and canine astrovirus in Uruguay}, journal = {Arch. Virol}, volume = {160}, year = {2015}, chapter = {2839-2843}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-015-2571-3}, author = {Lizasoain, A and Tort, LF and Garc{\'\i}a, M and Gomez, MM and Leita, JP and Miagostovich, MP and Cristina, J and Berois, M and Colina, R and Victoria, M} } @article {8072, title = {{Shigellosis in refugees, Austria, July to November 2015.}}, journal = {Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin}, volume = {20}, number = {48}, year = {2015}, pages = {30081}, abstract = {

We report on a cluster of shigellosis including 21 cases in refugees and two in local residents who worked in refugee transit centres, detected in Austria in 2015, between calendar weeks 29 and 47. The species isolated from the cluster cases, including one mixed infection, were S. sonnei (n\ =\ 13), S. flexneri (n\ =\ 10) and S. boydii (n\ =\ 1). Eleven of 18 tested isolates were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-positive, including five of six ciprofloxacin-resistant and three azithromycin-resistant isolates.

}, keywords = {antimicrobial resistance, Austria, Bacterial Infections, epidemiology, food-borne infections, hand hygiene, refugees, Shigella, Shigellosis, syndromic surveillance}, issn = {1560-7917}, doi = {10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.48.30081}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26676065}, author = {Lederer, Ingeborg and Taus, Karin and Allerberger, Franz and Fenkart, Sabrina and Spina, Alexander and Springer, Burkhard and Schmid, Daniela} } @article {14130, title = {Shigellosis in refugees, {Austria}, {July} to {November} 2015.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europ{\'e}en sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {20}, number = {48}, year = {2015}, pages = {30081}, abstract = {We report on a cluster of shigellosis including 21 cases in refugees and two in local residents who worked in refugee transit centres, detected in Austria in 2015, between calendar weeks 29 and 47. The species isolated from the cluster cases, including one mixed infection, were S. sonnei (n = 13), S. flexneri (n = 10) and S. boydii (n = 1). Eleven of 18 tested isolates were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-positive, including five of six ciprofloxacin-resistant and three azithromycin-resistant isolates.}, keywords = {antimicrobial resistance, Austria, Bacterial Infections, epidemiology, food-borne infections, hand hygiene, refugees, Shigella, Shigellosis, syndromic surveillance}, issn = {1560-7917}, doi = {10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.48.30081}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26676065}, author = {Lederer, Ingeborg and Taus, Karin and Allerberger, Franz and Fenkart, Sabrina and Spina, Alexander and Springer, Burkhard and Schmid, Daniela} } @article {13055, title = {Shigellosis Outbreak in Al Batinah South Governorate, Oman: Case-control study}, journal = {Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {e382}, author = {Abaidani, Idris and Raju, Prasanna A and Al-Shualli, Issa and Al-Sa{\textquoteright}di, Khalid and Al-Shaqsi, Nasser and Al-Khatri, Amer} } @article {16871, title = {A short review of fecal indicator bacteria in tropical aquatic ecosystems: knowledge gaps and future directions}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Frontiers Media SA}, author = {Rochelle-Newall, Emma and Nguyen, Thi Mai Huong and Le, Thi Phuong Quynh and Sengtaheuanghoung, Oloth and Ribolzi, Olivier} } @book {1516, title = {Sick Water?: The Central Role of Wastewater Management in Sustinable}, year = {2015}, pages = {1-87}, publisher = {UNEP Birkeland Trykkeri AS}, organization = {UNEP Birkeland Trykkeri AS}, type = {Book}, address = {Norway}, author = {Corcoran, E. and Nelleman, C. and Baker, E. and Bos, R. and Osborn, D. and H., Savelli.} } @booklet {3429, title = {{Six steps to a successful sanitation campaign. People, Spaces, Deliberation (World Bank blog).}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Chattopadhyay, S} } @booklet {3592, title = {Six steps to a successful sanitation campaign. {People}, {Spaces}, {Deliberation} ({World} {Bank} blog).}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Chattopadhyay, S} } @article {13112, title = {SL351 Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems: Viruses}, journal = {IFAS Extension SL 351 }, year = {2015}, pages = {1-7}, url = {http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/SS/SS55300.pdf}, author = {Lusk, Mary and Toor, Gurpal S. and Obreza, Thomas} } @article {7508, title = {Slipping through the {Cracks}: {Linking} {Low} {Immune} {Function} and {Intestinal} {Bacterial} {Imbalance} to the {Etiology} of {Rheumatoid} {Arthritis}}, journal = {Autoimmune Diseases}, volume = {2015}, year = {2015}, pages = {1{\textendash}12}, issn = {2090-0422, 2090-0430}, doi = {10.1155/2015/636207}, url = {http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ad/2015/636207/}, author = {Terato, Kuniaki and Do, Christopher T. and Shionoya, Hiroshi} } @booklet {3490, title = {{Slum Almanac 2015{\textendash}2016: Tracking Improvement in the Lives of Slum Dwellers.}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {United Nations Human Settlements Programmer}, address = {Nairobi}, author = {UN-Habitat} } @booklet {3932, title = {Slum {Almanac} 2015{\textendash}2016: {Tracking} {Improvement} in the {Lives} of {Slum} {Dwellers}.}, year = {2015}, publisher = {United Nations Human Settlements Programmer}, address = {Nairobi}, author = {UN-Habitat} } @article {10006, title = {{Small circular single stranded DNA viral genomes in unexplained cases of human encephalitis, diarrhea, and in untreated sewage.}}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {482}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {98{\textendash}104}, abstract = {Viruses with small circular ssDNA genomes encoding a replication initiator protein can infect a wide range of eukaryotic organisms ranging from mammals to fungi. The genomes of two such viruses, a cyclovirus (CyCV-SL) and gemycircularvirus (GemyCV-SL) were detected by deep sequencing of the cerebrospinal fluids of Sri Lankan patients with unexplained encephalitis. One and three out of 201 CSF samples (1.5{\%}) from unexplained encephalitis patients tested by PCR were CyCV-SL and GemyCV-SL DNA positive respectively. Nucleotide similarity searches of pre-existing metagenomics datasets revealed closely related genomes in feces from unexplained cases of diarrhea from Nicaragua and Brazil and in untreated sewage from Nepal. Whether the tropism of the cyclovirus and gemycircularvirus reported here include humans or other cellular sources in or on the human body remains to be determined.}, issn = {1096-0341}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.011}, author = {Tung Phan Gia and Mori, Daisuke and Deng, Xutao and Rajindrajith, Shaman and Ranawaka, Udaya and Terry F Fan Ng and Bucardo-Rivera, Filemon and Orlandi, Patricia and Ahmed, Kamruddin and Delwart, Eric} } @article {6622, title = {Socio-cultural and behavioural factors constraining latrine adoption in rural coastal {Odisha}: an exploratory qualitative study}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {880}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Open defecation is widely practiced in India. To improve sanitation and promote better health, the Government of India (GOI) has instituted large scale sanitation programmes supporting construction of public and institutional toilets and extending financial subsidies for poor families in rural areas for building individual household latrines. Nevertheless, many household latrines in rural India, built with government subsidies and the facilitation and support of non-government organizations (NGO), remain unused. Literature on social, cultural and behavioural aspects that constrain latrine adoption and use in rural India is limited. This paper examines defecation patterns of different groups of people in rural areas of Odisha state in India to identify causes and determinants of latrine non-use, with a special focus on government-subsidized latrine owners, and shortcomings in household sanitation infrastructure built with government subsidies. METHODS: An exploratory study using qualitative methods was conducted in rural communities in Odisha state. Methods used were focus group discussions (FGDs), and observations of latrines and interviews with their owners. FGDs were held with frontline NGO sanitation program staff, and with community members, separately by caste, gender, latrine type, and age group. Data were analysed using a thematic framework and approach. RESULTS: Government subsidized latrines were mostly found unfinished. Many counted as complete per government standards for disbursement of financial subsidies to contracted NGOs were not accepted by their owners and termed as {\textquoteright}incomplete{\textquoteright}. These latrines lacked a roof, door, adequate walls and any provision for water supply in or near the cabin, whereas rural people had elaborate processes of cleansing with water post defecation, making presence of a nearby water source important. Habits, socialising, sanitation rituals and daily routines varying with caste, gender, marital status, age and lifestyle, also hindered the adoption of latrines. Interest in constructing latrines was observed among male heads for their female members especially a newlywed daughter-in-law, reflecting concerns for their privacy, security, and convenience. This paper elaborates on these different factors. CONCLUSIONS: Findings show that providing infrastructure does not ensure use when there are significant and culturally engrained behavioural barriers to using latrines. Future sanitation programmes in rural India need to focus on understanding and addressing these behavioural barriers.}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-015-2206-3}, author = {Routray, Parimita and Schmidt, Wolf-Peter and Boisson, Sophie and Clasen, Thomas and Jenkins, Marion W.} } @inbook {4683, title = {{Socioeconomic burden of foodborne parasites}}, booktitle = {Foodborne parasites in the food supply web. Occurrence and control}, year = {2015}, pages = {75{\textendash}98}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, author = {Conlan, J and Lal, A}, editor = {Gajadhar, AA} } @article {8902, title = {Solar disinfection (SODIS) of viruses in PET bottles}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, year = {2015}, pages = {AEM.02897-15}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02897-15}, url = {http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1LS8QwEB5EEF_4qIpPyEVQsLWbdtvkuGiLLqgr3Yun0s0DCtqVdiv4701au1vqwT0GkjCBMN9MMt83AA62bLPjE4h0erwvCZFMakzEPp4wNfSYxDRhlTDTiAxf6fDNjRb1sp0PfeVLbwfBk6V_x3yzopZruXOdo0fhgg1pe6TRntSA1ZS7dxa3gK}, author = {Carratal{\`a}, Anna and Dionisio Calado, Alex and Mattle, Michael J. and Meierhofer, Regula and Luzi, Samuel and Kohn, Tamar} } @article {7538, title = {{Spatial and hydrologic variation of Bacteroidales, adenovirus and enterovirus in a semi-arid, wastewater effluent-impacted watershed}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {75}, year = {2015}, pages = {83-94}, abstract = {

{\textcopyright} 2015 Elsevier Ltd.Bacteroidales and viruses were contemporaneously measured during dry and wet weather conditions at a watershed-scale in a semi-arid watershed impacted by a mixture of agricultural runoff, municipal wastewater effluent and municipal runoff. The results highlight the presence of municipal wastewater effluent as a confounding factor for microbial source tracking (MST) studies, and thus data were segregated into groups based on whether they were impacted by wastewater effluent. In semi-arid environments such as the Calleguas Creek watershed, located in southern California, the relative contribution of municipal wastewater effluent is dependent on hydrology as storm events lead to conditions where agricultural and municipal stormwater dominate receiving waters (rather than municipal wastewater, which is the case during dry weather). As such, the approach to data segregation was dependent on hydrology/storm conditions. Storm events led to significant increases in ruminant- and dog-associated Bacteroidales concentrations, indicating that overland transport connects strong non-human fecal sources with surface waters. Because the dataset had a large number of non-detect samples, data handling included the Kaplan-Meir estimator and data were presented graphically in a manner that reflects the potential effect of detection limits. In surface water samples with virus detections, Escherichiacoli concentrations were often below (in compliance with) the recreational water quality criteria. In fact, sites downstream of direct inputs of municipal wastewater effluent exhibited the lowest concentrations of E.coli, but the highest concentrations of human-associated Bacteroidales and highest detection rates of human viruses. The toolkit, comprised of the four Bacteroidales assays and human virus assays used, can be successfully applied to inform watershed managers seeking to comply with recreational water quality criteria. However, care should be taken when analyzing data to account for the effect of non-detect samples, sources with differing microbial viability, and diverging hydrologic conditions.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.023}, author = {Bambic, D.G. and Kildare-Hann, B.J. and Rajal, V.B. and Sturm, B.S.M. and Minton, C.B. and Schriewer, A. and Wuertz, S.} } @article {13738, title = {Spatial and hydrologic variation of {Bacteroidales}, adenovirus and enterovirus in a semi-arid, wastewater effluent-impacted watershed}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {75}, year = {2015}, abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2015 Elsevier Ltd.Bacteroidales and viruses were contemporaneously measured during dry and wet weather conditions at a watershed-scale in a semi-arid watershed impacted by a mixture of agricultural runoff, municipal wastewater effluent and municipal runoff. The results highlight the presence of municipal wastewater effluent as a confounding factor for microbial source tracking (MST) studies, and thus data were segregated into groups based on whether they were impacted by wastewater effluent. In semi-arid environments such as the Calleguas Creek watershed, located in southern California, the relative contribution of municipal wastewater effluent is dependent on hydrology as storm events lead to conditions where agricultural and municipal stormwater dominate receiving waters (rather than municipal wastewater, which is the case during dry weather). As such, the approach to data segregation was dependent on hydrology/storm conditions. Storm events led to significant increases in ruminant- and dog-associated Bacteroidales concentrations, indicating that overland transport connects strong non-human fecal sources with surface waters. Because the dataset had a large number of non-detect samples, data handling included the Kaplan-Meir estimator and data were presented graphically in a manner that reflects the potential effect of detection limits. In surface water samples with virus detections, Escherichiacoli concentrations were often below (in compliance with) the recreational water quality criteria. In fact, sites downstream of direct inputs of municipal wastewater effluent exhibited the lowest concentrations of E.coli, but the highest concentrations of human-associated Bacteroidales and highest detection rates of human viruses. The toolkit, comprised of the four Bacteroidales assays and human virus assays used, can be successfully applied to inform watershed managers seeking to comply with recreational water quality criteria. However, care should be taken when analyzing data to account for the effect of non-detect samples, sources with differing microbial viability, and diverging hydrologic conditions.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.023}, author = {Bambic, D.G. and Kildare-Hann, B.J. and Rajal, V.B. and Sturm, B.S.M. and Minton, C.B. and Schriewer, A. and Wuertz, S.} } @article {13657, title = {{Spatial and temporal distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and geostatistical meta-analysis.}}, journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {74{\textendash}84}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Interest is growing in predictive risk mapping for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), particularly to scale up preventive chemotherapy, surveillance, and elimination efforts. Soil-transmitted helminths (hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Trichuris trichiura) are the most widespread NTDs, but broad geographical analyses are scarce. We aimed to predict the spatial and temporal distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infections, including the number of infected people and treatment needs, across sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and African Journal Online from inception to Dec 31, 2013, without language restrictions, to identify georeferenced surveys. We extracted data from household surveys on sources of drinking water, sanitation, and women{\textquoteright}s level of education. Bayesian geostatistical models were used to align the data in space and estimate risk of with hookworm, A lumbricoides, and T trichiura over a grid of roughly 1 million pixels at a spatial resolution of 5 {\texttimes} 5 km. We calculated anthelmintic treatment needs on the basis of WHO guidelines (treatment of all school-aged children once per year where prevalence in this population is 20-50{\%} or twice per year if prevalence is greater than 50{\%}). FINDINGS: We identified 459 relevant survey reports that referenced 6040 unique locations. We estimate that the prevalence of hookworm, A lumbricoides, and T trichiura among school-aged children from 2000 onwards was 16{\textperiodcentered}5{\%}, 6{\textperiodcentered}6{\%}, and 4{\textperiodcentered}4{\%}. These estimates are between 52{\%} and 74{\%} lower than those in surveys done before 2000, and have become similar to values for the entire communities. We estimated that 126 million doses of anthelmintic treatments are required per year. INTERPRETATION: Patterns of soil-transmitted helminth infection in sub-Saharan Africa have changed and the prevalence of infection has declined substantially in this millennium, probably due to socioeconomic development and large-scale deworming programmes. The global control strategy should be reassessed, with emphasis given also to adults to progress towards local elimination. FUNDING: Swiss National Science Foundation and European Research Council.}, keywords = {Africa, Helminth, Review}, author = {Karagiannis-Voules, Dimitrios-Alexios and Biedermann, Patricia and Ekpo, Uwem F and Garba, Amadou and Langer, Erika and Mathieu, Els and Midzi, Nicholas and Mwinzi, Pauline and Polderman, Anton M and Raso, Giovanna and Sacko, Moussa and Talla, Idrissa and Tchuem Tchuent{\'e}, Louis-Albert and Toure, Seydou and Winkler, Mirko S and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Vounatsou, Penelope} } @article {15239, title = {Spatial and temporal distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infection in sub-{Saharan} {Africa}: a systematic review and geostatistical meta-analysis.}, journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {74{\textendash}84}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Interest is growing in predictive risk mapping for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), particularly to scale up preventive chemotherapy, surveillance, and elimination efforts. Soil-transmitted helminths (hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Trichuris trichiura) are the most widespread NTDs, but broad geographical analyses are scarce. We aimed to predict the spatial and temporal distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infections, including the number of infected people and treatment needs, across sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and African Journal Online from inception to Dec 31, 2013, without language restrictions, to identify georeferenced surveys. We extracted data from household surveys on sources of drinking water, sanitation, and women{\textquoteright}s level of education. Bayesian geostatistical models were used to align the data in space and estimate risk of with hookworm, A lumbricoides, and T trichiura over a grid of roughly 1 million pixels at a spatial resolution of 5 {\texttimes} 5 km. We calculated anthelmintic treatment needs on the basis of WHO guidelines (treatment of all school-aged children once per year where prevalence in this population is 20-50\% or twice per year if prevalence is greater than 50\%). FINDINGS: We identified 459 relevant survey reports that referenced 6040 unique locations. We estimate that the prevalence of hookworm, A lumbricoides, and T trichiura among school-aged children from 2000 onwards was 16{\textperiodcentered}5\%, 6{\textperiodcentered}6\%, and 4{\textperiodcentered}4\%. These estimates are between 52\% and 74\% lower than those in surveys done before 2000, and have become similar to values for the entire communities. We estimated that 126 million doses of anthelmintic treatments are required per year. INTERPRETATION: Patterns of soil-transmitted helminth infection in sub-Saharan Africa have changed and the prevalence of infection has declined substantially in this millennium, probably due to socioeconomic development and large-scale deworming programmes. The global control strategy should be reassessed, with emphasis given also to adults to progress towards local elimination. FUNDING: Swiss National Science Foundation and European Research Council.}, keywords = {Africa, Helminth, Review}, author = {Karagiannis-Voules, Dimitrios-Alexios and Biedermann, Patricia and Ekpo, Uwem F and Garba, Amadou and Langer, Erika and Mathieu, Els and Midzi, Nicholas and Mwinzi, Pauline and Polderman, Anton M and Raso, Giovanna and Sacko, Moussa and Talla, Idrissa and Tchuem Tchuent{\'e}, Louis-Albert and Toure, Seydou and Winkler, Mirko S and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Vounatsou, Penelope} } @article {15524, title = {Still hope for schistosomiasis vaccine}, journal = {Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, pages = {2504-8}, abstract = {Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by helminths belonging to the Schistosoma genus. Approximately 700 million people are at risk of infection and 200 million people are currently infected. Schistosomiasis is the most important helminth infection, and treatment relies solely on the drug praziquantel. Worries of praziquantel resistance as well as high disease burden are only some of the justifications which support the development of a vaccine against schistosomiasis. To date, only 2 schistosome vaccines have made it into clinical trials: Sh28GST (Bilhvax) and Sm14. However, there are several vaccine candidates, such as TSP-2, sm-p8, and Sm-Cathepsin B, which are generating promising results in pre-clinical studies. Schistosomiasis vaccine development has been an uphill battle, and there are still several hurdles to overcome in the future. Fortunately, the research groups involved in the research for vaccine development have not abandoned their work. Furthermore, in the last few years, schistosomiasis has garnered some additional attention on a global scale due to its significant impact on public health.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, Helminth/*immunology, Drug Discovery/methods/trends, Humans, Schistosoma/*immunology, Schistosomiasis/immunology/*prevention \& control, Vaccines/*immunology/*isolation \& purification}, isbn = {2164-554X (Electronic)
2164-5515 (Linking)}, author = {Ricciardi, A. and Ndao, M.} } @article {13308, title = {Strategies to avoid wrongly labelled genomes using as example the detected wrong taxonomic affiliation for Aeromonas genomes in the GenBank database}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {10}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0115813}, author = {Beaz-Hildago,R and M J Hossain and M R Liles and M J Figueras} } @article {8390, title = {{Striking Divergence in Toxoplasma ROP16 Nucleotide Sequences From Human and Meat Samples}}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {211}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {2006{\textendash}2013}, author = {Alvarez, C and De-la-Torre, A and Vargas, M and Herrera, C and Uribe-Huertas, LD and Lora, F and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE} } @mastersthesis {6646, title = {Study of {Plasma} {Treatment} of {Produced} {Water} from {Oil} and {Gas} {Exploration}}, year = {2015}, note = {3724573}, school = {Drexel University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Unconventional gas and hydraulic fracturing is helping to increase natural gas production, which is widely viewed in the U.S. as a key asset to bolstering a clean and energy-independent future. Safe and economical management and treatment of water produced during such processes remain of key importance. With the increase of hydrocarbon production and national shale gas production expected to increase threefold and account for nearly half of all natural gas produced by 2035, advanced water treatment and management processes must be investigated, to ensure water conservation and associated economic prudence. The state of the art of produced water treatment technologies is described including the efficacy of plasma to modulate the contents of such aqueous solutions, meeting target parameters and potentially enabling the operation of other treatment technologies. Among other effects, progress is presented on the enhancement of an arc-in-water system to remove bicarbonate ions and prevent the mineral fouling ability of water which causes formation of CaCO3 in heat exchangers and distillation units. Qualitative and quantitative treatment targets of produced water treatment are discussed. Experimental work is conducted to test theories and identify and reproduce favorable effects useful to treating wastewaters. Plasma arc-in-water systems demonstrated capability of producing bicarbonate-depleted wastewaters, with experiments with gas-field produced waters indicating that generation of H+ ions plays a greater role in bicarbonate ion removal than local heating. Tests showed abatement of bicarbonate ions from a range of 684-778 mg/L down to zero. Subsequent scaling/fouling tests with waters ranging from 0 to 500 mg/L bicarbonate ions, in the presence of high calcium ion concentrations, showed that scale thickness, as well as mass on a 1-kW heating element was an order of magnitude less for process water containing 100 mg/L bicarbonate ions compared to process water with 500 mg/L of bicarbonate ions. Water with bicarbonate ion concentration approaching zero resulted in prevention of scale. To enhance this new plasma induced fouling mitigation method, a plasma arc-in-water reactor was re-engineered, using a ground electrode, and two high-voltage electrodes, to stretch the arc discharge in water and increase contact between plasma and water. Results of simultaneous effects were also collected, showing within 5 min, a 4-log reduction in both Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) and Acid Producing Bacteria (APB), bacteria that are characteristic of oil-field produced waters; as well as oxidation of organics, with degradation of visually observable organics within 3 minutes, and decrease of oil and grease from 40 mg/L to under 10 mg/L within one min. With an arc-in-water system utilizing a stretched arc, simultaneous effects were exhibited on fouling ability of produced water, inactivation of bacteria, and degradation of organics. Plasma discharges in water represent a unique option in the treatment of produced waters from oil and gas production. While the water softening capabilities of arc-in-water systems present a new method for fouling mitigation and remediation of scale in heat exchangers, the simultaneous effects, including oxidation of organics and inactivation of bacteria, may allow application of plasma to water, to satisfy treatment targets that allow for the reuse of such waters in oil and gas operations.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, 0595:Water Resource Management, 0759:Plasma physics, Applied sciences, Arc discharge, Earth sciences, Fouling mitigation for heat exchangers, Mechanical engineering, Plasma, Plasma physics, Produced water from oil and gas exploration, Pure sciences, water, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1725149418?accountid=14270}, author = {Wright, Kamau} } @article {13693, title = {{Success and failure assessment methodology for wastewater and faecal sludge treatment projects in low-income countries}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Planning and Management}, volume = {58}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, pages = {1690{\textendash}1710}, issn = {0964-0568}, author = {Bassan, Magalie and Kone, Doulaye and Mb{\'e}gu{\'e}r{\'e}, Mbaye and Holliger, Christof and Strande, Linda} } @article {15275, title = {Success and failure assessment methodology for wastewater and faecal sludge treatment projects in low-income countries}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Planning and Management}, volume = {58}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, pages = {1690{\textendash}1710}, issn = {0964-0568}, author = {Bassan, Magalie and Kone, Doulaye and Mb{\'e}gu{\'e}r{\'e}, Mbaye and Holliger, Christof and Strande, Linda} } @article {13921, title = {Successful detection of pathogenic {Shiga}-toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli in shellfish, environmental waters and sediment using the {ISO}/{TS}-13136 method.}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {apr}, pages = {315{\textendash}20}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The presence of highly pathogenic Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in shellfish, upstream waters and sediment from coastal shellfish sites was evaluated using the ISO/TS-13136 method. Shellfish (oysters, mussels and cockles), water and sediment samples were collected monthly over a period of 1 year. The method used real-time PCR detection of stx1, stx2 and eae genes and genetic markers corresponding to the five major serogroups (O157, O26, O103, O111 and O145) on enrichment broths and the identification of STEC when these genes and markers were detected. stx genes were detected in the broth of 33\% of shellfish batches (n = 126), 91\% of water samples (n = 117) and 28\% of sediment (n = 39). One stx1(+), eae(+) O26:H11 strain was isolated from a shellfish batch, and O26:H11, O145:H28 and O103:H2 strains without the stx gene (n = 9) were isolated from shellfish and waters. In conclusion, this study shows the suitability of the ISO/TS-13136 method to assess the presence of highly pathogenic E. coli strains in shellfish farming areas. It also highlights a low prevalence of STEC and consequently suggests a reduced corresponding human health risk. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: (STEC) infections have been reported following ingestion of contaminated food or water or after bathing in contaminated waters. However, to date, few studies concerning their detection in coastal environment and shellfish have been reported. The aim of this work was to assess the presence of STEC in three shellfish-harvesting areas by the ISO/TS-13136 method, which has recently been used for STEC detection in food.}, keywords = {Adhesins, Animals, Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Genetic Markers, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: microbiology, Humans, Mollusca, Mollusca: microbiology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Shellfish, Shellfish: microbiology, Shiga Toxin, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: genetics, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Shiga Toxin: biosynthesis, Shiga Toxin: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: classification, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri}, issn = {1472-765X}, doi = {10.1111/lam.12386}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25580542}, author = {Bali{\`e}re, C and Rinc{\'e}, A and Thevenot, D and Gourmelon, M} } @article {2156, title = {{Successful detection of pathogenic Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli in shellfish, environmental waters and sediment using the ISO/TS-13136 method.}}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {apr}, pages = {315{\textendash}20}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The presence of highly pathogenic Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in shellfish, upstream waters and sediment from coastal shellfish sites was evaluated using the ISO/TS-13136 method. Shellfish (oysters, mussels and cockles), water and sediment samples were collected monthly over a period of 1 year. The method used real-time PCR detection of stx1, stx2 and eae genes and genetic markers corresponding to the five major serogroups (O157, O26, O103, O111 and O145) on enrichment broths and the identification of STEC when these genes and markers were detected. stx genes were detected in the broth of 33\% of shellfish batches (n = 126), 91\% of water samples (n = 117) and 28\% of sediment (n = 39). One stx1(+), eae(+) O26:H11 strain was isolated from a shellfish batch, and O26:H11, O145:H28 and O103:H2 strains without the stx gene (n = 9) were isolated from shellfish and waters. In conclusion, this study shows the suitability of the ISO/TS-13136 method to assess the presence of highly pathogenic E. coli strains in shellfish farming areas. It also highlights a low prevalence of STEC and consequently suggests a reduced corresponding human health risk. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: (STEC) infections have been reported following ingestion of contaminated food or water or after bathing in contaminated waters. However, to date, few studies concerning their detection in coastal environment and shellfish have been reported. The aim of this work was to assess the presence of STEC in three shellfish-harvesting areas by the ISO/TS-13136 method, which has recently been used for STEC detection in food.}, keywords = {Adhesins, Animals, Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Genetic Markers, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: microbiology, Humans, Mollusca, Mollusca: microbiology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Shellfish, Shellfish: microbiology, Shiga Toxin, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: genetics, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Shiga Toxin: biosynthesis, Shiga Toxin: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: classification, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri}, issn = {1472-765X}, doi = {10.1111/lam.12386}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25580542}, author = {Bali{\`e}re, C and Rinc{\'e}, A and Thevenot, D and Gourmelon, M} } @article {7940, title = {{Successful detection of pathogenic Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli in shellfish, environmental waters and sediment using the ISO/TS-13136 method.}}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {apr}, pages = {315{\textendash}20}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The presence of highly pathogenic Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in shellfish, upstream waters and sediment from coastal shellfish sites was evaluated using the ISO/TS-13136 method. Shellfish (oysters, mussels and cockles), water and sediment samples were collected monthly over a period of 1 year. The method used real-time PCR detection of stx1, stx2 and eae genes and genetic markers corresponding to the five major serogroups (O157, O26, O103, O111 and O145) on enrichment broths and the identification of STEC when these genes and markers were detected. stx genes were detected in the broth of 33{\%} of shellfish batches (n = 126), 91{\%} of water samples (n = 117) and 28{\%} of sediment (n = 39). One stx1(+), eae(+) O26:H11 strain was isolated from a shellfish batch, and O26:H11, O145:H28 and O103:H2 strains without the stx gene (n = 9) were isolated from shellfish and waters. In conclusion, this study shows the suitability of the ISO/TS-13136 method to assess the presence of highly pathogenic E. coli strains in shellfish farming areas. It also highlights a low prevalence of STEC and consequently suggests a reduced corresponding human health risk. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: (STEC) infections have been reported following ingestion of contaminated food or water or after bathing in contaminated waters. However, to date, few studies concerning their detection in coastal environment and shellfish have been reported. The aim of this work was to assess the presence of STEC in three shellfish-harvesting areas by the ISO/TS-13136 method, which has recently been used for STEC detection in food.}, keywords = {Adhesins, Animals, Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Genetic Markers, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: microbiology, Humans, Mollusca, Mollusca: microbiology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Shellfish, Shellfish: microbiology, Shiga Toxin, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: genetics, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Shiga Toxin: biosynthesis, Shiga Toxin: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: classification, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} puri}, issn = {1472-765X}, doi = {10.1111/lam.12386}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25580542}, author = {Bali{\`e}re, C and Rinc{\'e}, A and Thevenot, D and Gourmelon, M} } @article {7516, title = {Sulfate {Reducing} {Bacteria} and {Mycobacteria} {Dominate} the {Biofilm} {Communities} in a {Chloraminated} {Drinking} {Water} {Distribution} {System}}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {14}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {8432{\textendash}8440}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5b00555}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b00555}, author = {Gomez-Smith, C. Kimloi and LaPara, Timothy M. and Hozalski, Raymond M.} } @article {8977, title = {Sunlight inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria in open-water unit process treatment wetlands: Modeling endogenous and exogenous inactivation rates}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {83}, year = {2015}, pages = {282-292}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.043}, url = {://WOS:000360418000028 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135415300920/1-s2.0-S0043135415300920-main.pdf?_tid=2224c2dc-4aab-11e6-aac9-00000aab0f01\&acdnat=1468601135_9b7382d1b37db738e55dfdbe2f79f575}, author = {Nguyen, M. T. and Jasper, J. T. and Boehm, A. B. and Nelson, K. L.} } @article {5198, title = {{Sunlight inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria in open-water unit process treatment wetlands: Modeling endogenous and exogenous inactivation rates}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {83}, year = {2015}, pages = {282{\textendash}292}, abstract = {

A pilot-scale open-water unit process wetland was monitored for one year and found to be effective in enhancing sunlight inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). The removal of Escherichia coli and enterococci in the open-water wetland receiving non-disinfected secondary municipal wastewater reached 3 logs and 2 logs in summer time, respectively. Pigmented enterococci were shown to be significantly more resistant to sunlight inactivation than non-pigmented enterococci. A model was developed to predict the inactivation of E.coli, and pigmented and non-pigmented enterococci that accounts for endogenous and exogenous sunlight inactivation mechanisms and dark processes. Endogenous inactivation rates were modeled using the sum of UVA and UVB irradiance. Exogenous inactivation was only significant for enterococci, and was modeled as a function of steady-state singlet oxygen concentration. The rate constants were determined from lab experiments and an empirical correction factor was used to account for differences between lab and field conditions. The model was used to predict removal rate constants for FIB in the pilot-scale wetland; considering the variability of the monitoring data, there was general agreement between the modeled values and those determined from measurements. Using the model, we estimate that open-water wetlands at 40?? latitude with practical sizes can achieve 3-log (99.9{\%}) removal of E.coli and non-pigmented enterococci throughout the year [5.5ha and 7.0ha per million gallons of wastewater effluent per day (MGD), respectively]. Differences in sunlight inactivation rates observed between pigmented and non-pigmented enterococci, as well as between lab-cultured and indigenous wastewater bacteria highlight the challenges of using FIB as model organisms for actual pathogens in natural sunlit environments.

}, keywords = {Constructed wetlands, Disinfection, Pathogens, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {1520-5851 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0013-936X (Linking)}, issn = {18792448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.043}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.043}, author = {Nguyen, Mi T. and Jasper, Justin T. and Boehm, Alexandria B. and Nelson, Kara L.} } @article {5423, title = {{Sunlight inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria in open-water unit process treatment wetlands: Modeling endogenous and exogenous inactivation rates}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {83}, year = {2015}, pages = {282{\textendash}292}, author = {Nguyen, MT and Jasper, JT and Boehm, AB and Nelson, KL} } @article {5437, title = {{Sunlight inactivation of viruses in open-water unit process treatment wetlands: modeling endogenous and exogenous inactivation rates}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {2757{\textendash}2766}, author = {Silverman, AI and Nguyen, MT and Schilling, IE and Wenk, J and Nelson, KL} } @article {8995, title = {Sunlight Inactivation of Viruses in Open-Water Unit Process Treatment Wetlands: Modeling Endogenous and Exogenous Inactivation Rates}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {2757-2766}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0013-936x}, doi = {10.1021/es5049754}, url = {://WOS:000350611100026 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es5049754}, author = {Silverman, A. I. and Nguyen, M. T. and Schilling, I. E. and Wenk, J. and Neson, K. L.} } @article {4606, title = {Sunlight inactivation of viruses in open-water unit process treatment wetlands: modeling endogenous and exogenous inactivation rates}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {2757{\textendash}66}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es5049754}, author = {Silverman, A. I. and Nguyen, M. T. and Schilling, I. E. and Wenk, J. and Nelson, K. L.} } @article {15180, title = {Sunlight inactivation of viruses in open-water unit process treatment wetlands: modeling endogenous and exogenous inactivation rates}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {2757{\textendash}2766}, author = {Silverman, Andrea I and Nguyen, Mi T and Schilling, Iris E and Wenk, Jannis and Nelson, Kara L} } @article {13631, title = {Sunlight inactivation of viruses in open-water unit process treatment wetlands: modeling endogenous and exogenous inactivation rates}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {2757{\textendash}2766}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Silverman, Andrea I and Nguyen, Mi T and Schilling, Iris E and Wenk, Jannis and Nelson, Kara L} } @article {12036, title = {Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota?}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B}, volume = {370}, number = {1675}, year = {2015}, note = {Giacomin, Paul
Croese, John
Krause, Lutz
Loukas, Alex
Cantacessi, Cinzia
eng
Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
England
2015/07/08 06:00
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015 Aug 19;370(1675). pii: 20140296. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0296.}, month = {Aug 19}, abstract = {

Multiple recent investigations have highlighted the promise of helminth-based therapies for the treatment of inflammatory disorders of the intestinal tract of humans, including inflammatory bowel disease and coeliac disease. However, the mechanisms by which helminths regulate immune responses, leading to the amelioration of symptoms of chronic inflammation are unknown. Given the pivotal roles of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of these disorders, it has been hypothesized that helminth-induced modifications of the gut commensal flora may be responsible for the therapeutic properties of gastrointestinal parasites. In this article, we review recent progress in the elucidation of host-parasite-microbiota interactions in both animal models of chronic inflammation and humans, and provide a working hypothesis of the role of the gut microbiota in helminth-induced suppression of inflammation.

}, keywords = {Ancylostomatoidea/immunology, Animals, Celiac Disease/immunology/parasitology/prevention \& control, Disease Models, Animal, Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*immunology, helminth-induced suppression of inflammation, Helminths/*immunology, hookworms, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-Parasite Interactions/immunology, Humans, Immunosuppression/methods, Inflammation/microbiology/*parasitology/*prevention \& control, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology/parasitology/prevention \& control, microbial richness, microbiota, Trichuris/immunology, whipworms}, isbn = {1471-2970 (Electronic)
0962-8436 (Linking)}, author = {Giacomin, P. and Croese, J. and Krause, L. and Loukas, A. and Cantacessi, C.} } @article {16528, title = {Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota?}, journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci}, volume = {370}, number = {1675}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, abstract = {Multiple recent investigations have highlighted the promise of helminth-based therapies for the treatment of inflammatory disorders of the intestinal tract of humans, including inflammatory bowel disease and coeliac disease. However, the mechanisms by which helminths regulate immune responses, leading to the amelioration of symptoms of chronic inflammation are unknown. Given the pivotal roles of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of these disorders, it has been hypothesized that helminth-induced modifications of the gut commensal flora may be responsible for the therapeutic properties of gastrointestinal parasites. In this article, we review recent progress in the elucidation of host-parasite-microbiota interactions in both animal models of chronic inflammation and humans, and provide a working hypothesis of the role of the gut microbiota in helminth-induced suppression of inflammation.}, keywords = {Ancylostomatoidea/immunology, Animal, Animals, Celiac Disease/immunology/parasitology/prevention \& control, Disease Models, Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*immunology, helminth-induced suppression of inflammation, Helminths/*immunology, hookworms, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-Parasite Interactions/immunology, Humans, Immunosuppression/methods, Inflammation/microbiology/*parasitology/*prevention \& control, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology/parasitology/prevention \& control, microbial richness, microbiota, Trichuris/immunology, whipworms}, issn = {1471-2970 (Electronic) 0962-8436 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2014.0296}, author = {Giacomin, P. and Croese, J. and Krause, L. and Loukas, A. and Cantacessi, C.} } @article {8613, title = {{Surveillance for Toxoplasma gondii in California mussels (Mytilus californianus) reveals transmission of atypical genotypes from land to sea}}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {4177{\textendash}4188}, author = {Shapiro, K and VanWormer, E and Aguilar, B and Conrad, PA} } @inbook {13065, title = {Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water{\textemdash}United States, 2011{\textendash}2012}, booktitle = {MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {64}, number = {31}, year = {2015}, pages = {842}, author = {Beer, Karlyn D and Gargano, Julia W and Roberts, Virginia A and Hill, Vincent R and Garrison, Laurel E and Kutty, Preeta K and Hilborn, Elizabeth D and Wade, Timothy J and Fullerton, Kathleen E and Yoder, Jonathan S} } @article {13114, title = {Surveillance for Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Water in United States, 2011{\textendash}2012}, volume = {64}, year = {2015}, pages = {842-848}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6431a2.htm }, author = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention} } @article {5942, title = {{Survival and Elimination of Hepatitis E Virus: A Review}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {189{\textendash}194}, author = {Cook, N and W H van der Poel} } @article {17141, title = {Survival and growth behaviour of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in lettuce leaves and soil at various temperatures}, journal = {International Food Research JournalInternational Food Research Journal}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, pages = {1817-1823}, author = {Abd-Elall, A. M. M. and Maysa, A. I. A.} } @article {6955, title = {Sustainability and scale-up of household water treatment and safe storage practices: {Enablers} and barriers to effective implementation}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {218}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {704{\textendash}713}, abstract = {Household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) provides a solution, when employed correctly and consistently, for managing water safety at home. However, despite years of promotion by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), governments and others, boiling is the only method to achieve scale. Many HWTS programs have reported strong initial uptake and use that then decreases over time. This study maps out enablers and barriers to sustaining and scaling up HWTS practices. Interviews were carried out with 79 practitioners who had experience with HWTS programs in over 25 countries. A total of 47 enablers and barriers important to sustaining and scaling up HWTS practices were identified. These were grouped into six domains: user guidance on HWTS products; resource availability; standards, certification and regulations; integration and collaboration; user preferences; and market strategies. Collectively, the six domains cover the major aspects of moving products from development to the consumers. It is important that each domain is considered in all programs that aim to sustain and scale-up HWTS practices. Our findings can assist governments, NGOs, and other organizations involved in HWTS to approach programs more effectively and efficiently.}, keywords = {Enablers, household water treatment, Point-of-use (POU), Scale-up, Sustainability}, issn = {1618-131X}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.002}, author = {Ojomo, Edema and Elliott, Mark and Goodyear, Lorelei and Forson, Michael and Bartram, Jamie} } @article {14716, title = {Sustainable approaches for minimizing biosolids production and maximizing reuse options in sludge management: {A} review}, journal = {J Environ Manage}, volume = {158}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {133{\textendash}45}, abstract = {Sludge generation during wastewater treatment is inevitable even with proper management and treatment. Yet proper handling and disposal of sludge are still challenging in terms of treatment cost, presence of recalcitrant contaminants of concern, sanitary issues, and public acceptance. Conventional disposal methods (i.e. landfilling, incineration) have created concerns in terms of legislative restrictions and community perception, incentivizing consideration of substitute sludge management options. Furthermore, with proper treatment, biosolids from sludge, rich in organic materials and nutrients, could be utilizable as fertilizer. Despite the challenges of dealing with sludge, no review has dealt with integrated source reduction and reuse as the best sustainable management practices for sludge treatment. In this review, we present two main approaches as potentially sustainable controls: (i) pretreatment for minimizing extensive sludge treatment, and (ii) recycling and reuse of residual sludge. Drawing on these approaches, we also suggest strategies for efficient pretreatment mechanisms and residual reuse, presenting ideas for prospective future research.}, keywords = {Beneficial reuse, Biosolid, Chemical pretreatment, Composting, Disintegration, Electromagnetic pretreatment, Nutrient recycling, Source reduction, Thermal pretreatment}, issn = {1095-8630 (Electronic) 0301-4797 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.014}, author = {Joo, S. H. and Dello Monaco, F. and Antmann, E. and Chorath, P.} } @article {1646, title = {Sustainable approaches for minimizing biosolids production and maximizing reuse options in sludge management: A review}, journal = {J Environ Manage}, volume = {158}, year = {2015}, note = {Joo, Sung Hee Dello Monaco, Francesca Antmann, Eric Chorath, Philip eng Review England 2015/05/24 06:00 J Environ Manage. 2015 Aug 1;158:133-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.014. Epub 2015 May 20.}, pages = {133-45}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Sludge generation during wastewater treatment is inevitable even with proper management and treatment. Yet proper handling and disposal of sludge are still challenging in terms of treatment cost, presence of recalcitrant contaminants of concern, sanitary issues, and public acceptance. Conventional disposal methods (i.e. landfilling, incineration) have created concerns in terms of legislative restrictions and community perception, incentivizing consideration of substitute sludge management options. Furthermore, with proper treatment, biosolids from sludge, rich in organic materials and nutrients, could be utilizable as fertilizer. Despite the challenges of dealing with sludge, no review has dealt with integrated source reduction and reuse as the best sustainable management practices for sludge treatment. In this review, we present two main approaches as potentially sustainable controls: (i) pretreatment for minimizing extensive sludge treatment, and (ii) recycling and reuse of residual sludge. Drawing on these approaches, we also suggest strategies for efficient pretreatment mechanisms and residual reuse, presenting ideas for prospective future research.}, keywords = {Beneficial reuse Biosolid Chemical pretreatment Composting Disintegration Electromagnetic pretreatment Nutrient recycling Source reduction Thermal pretreatment}, issn = {1095-8630 (Electronic) 0301-4797 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.014}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26001503}, author = {Joo, S. H. and Dello Monaco, F. and Antmann, E. and Chorath, P.} } @book {16713, title = {Sustainable {Development} {Goals}}, year = {2015}, note = {Published: �urlhttps://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs} } @booklet {12612, title = {Sustainalble development goals - 17 goals to transform our world }, year = {2015}, address = {http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/}, author = {UN} } @article {17153, title = {Systematic review of the global epidemiology, clinical and laboratory profile of enteric fever}, journal = {J Glob HealthJ Glob Health}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec}, pages = {020407}, edition = {2015/12/10}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Africa/epidemiology, Asia/epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea, Female, Global Health, Humans, Incidence, Laboratories, Male, Paratyphoid Fever/diagnosis, Salmonella paratyphi A/isolation \& purification, Salmonella typhi/isolation \& purification, Typhoid Fever/diagnosis/*epidemiology}, isbn = {2047-2978 (Print)
2047-2978 (Linking)}, author = {Azmatullah, A. and Qamar, F. N. and Thaver, D. and Zaidi, A. K. and Bhutta, Z. A.} } @article {12192, title = {Tackling antibiotic resistance: the environmental framework}, journal = {Nature Reviews Microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, note = {Times Cited: 161
Kisand, Veljo/H-2466-2012; Fatta-Kassinos, Despo/G-2331-2016; Stefani, Stefania/K-8075-2016; Martinez, Jose/A-4725-2013; Schwartz, Thomas/H-2920-2013; Burgmann, Helmut/; Walsh, Fiona/; Manaia, Celia/
Kisand, Veljo/0000-0002-5535-1639; Fatta-Kassinos, Despo/0000-0003-1173-0941; Stefani, Stefania/0000-0003-1594-7427; Martinez, Jose/0000-0001-8813-7607; Burgmann, Helmut/0000-0002-5651-5906; Walsh, Fiona/0000-0003-0789-1689; Manaia, Celia/0000-0002-3674-1789
1
167
1740-1534}, month = {May}, pages = {310-317}, isbn = {1740-1526}, author = {Berendonk, Thomas U. and Manaia, Celia M. and Merlin, Christophe and Fatta-Kassinos, Despo and Cytryn, Eddie and Walsh, Fiona and Buergmann, Helmut and Sorum, Henning and Norstrom, Madelaine and Pons, Marie-Noelle and Kreuzinger, Norbert and Huovinen, Pentti and Stefani, Stefania and Schwartz, Thomas and Kisand, Veljo and Baquero, Fernando and Luis Martinez, Jose} } @article {12477, title = {Tackling antibiotic resistance: the environmental framework}, journal = {Nature Reviews MicrobiologyNature Reviews Microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, note = {Berendonk, Thomas U. Manaia, Celia M. Merlin, Christophe Fatta-Kassinos, Despo Cytryn, Eddie Walsh, Fiona Buergmann, Helmut Sorum, Henning Norstrom, Madelaine Pons, Marie-Noelle Kreuzinger, Norbert Huovinen, Pentti Stefani, Stefania Schwartz, Thomas Kisand, Veljo Baquero, Fernando Luis Martinez, Jose
Kisand, Veljo/H-2466-2012; Fatta-Kassinos, Despo/G-2331-2016; Stefani, Stefania/K-8075-2016; Martinez, Jose/A-4725-2013; Schwartz, Thomas/H-2920-2013
Kisand, Veljo/0000-0002-5535-1639; Fatta-Kassinos, Despo/0000-0003-1173-0941; Stefani, Stefania/0000-0003-1594-7427; Martinez, Jose/0000-0001-8813-7607; Burgmann, Helmut/0000-0002-5651-5906; Walsh, Fiona/0000-0003-0789-1689; Manaia, Celia/0000-0002-3674-1789
1740-1534}, month = {May}, pages = {310-317}, abstract = {Antibiotic resistance is a threat to human and animal health worldwide, and key measures are required to reduce the risks posed by antibiotic resistance genes that occur in the environment. These measures include the identification of critical points of control, the development of reliable surveillance and risk assessment procedures, and the implementation of technological solutions that can prevent environmental contamination with antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes. In this Opinion article, we discuss the main knowledge gaps, the future research needs and the policy and management options that should be prioritized to tackle antibiotic resistance in the environment.}, isbn = {1740-1526}, author = {Berendonk, T. U. and Manaia, C. M. and Merlin, C. and Fatta-Kassinos, D. and Cytryn, E. and Walsh, F. and B{\"u}rgmann, H. and Sorum, H. and Norstrom, M. and Pons, M. N. and Kreuzinger, N. and Huovinen, P. and Stefani, S. and Schwartz, T. and Kisand, V. and Baquero, F. and Martinez, J. L.} } @article {11437, title = {Taenia saginata taeniosis: copro-antigen time-course in a voluntary self-infection}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {89}, number = {05}, year = {2015}, pages = {612-619}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1475-2697}, author = {Tembo, A and Craig, PS} } @article {11343, title = {Taenia solium Human Cysticercosis: A Systematic Review of Sero-epidemiological Data from Endemic Zones around the World}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0003919}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1935-2735}, author = {Coral-Almeida, Marco and Gabriel, Sarah and Abatih, Emmanuel Nji and Praet, Nicolas and Benitez, Washington and Dorny, Pierre} } @article {11347, title = {Taenia solium in Europe: Still endemic?}, journal = {Acta tropica}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0001-706X}, author = {Devleesschauwer, Brecht and Allepuz, Alberto and Dermauw, Veronique and Johansen, Maria V and Laranjo-Gonz{\'a}lez, Minerva and Smit, G Suzanne A and Sotiraki, Smaragda and Trevisan, Chiara and Wardrop, Nicola A and Dorny, Pierre} } @article {11336, title = {Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis and the co-distribution with schistosomiasis in Africa}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {323}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1756-3305}, author = {Braae, UC and Saarnak, CF and Mukaratirwa, S and Devleesschauwer, B and Magnussen, P and Johansen, MV} } @article {11384, title = {Taeniasis Related Frequent Intestinal Obstruction: Case Report and Mini-Review}, journal = {Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, pages = {1455-1458}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2224-6509}, author = {Li, Pan and Xu, Lijuan and Xiang, Jie and He, Zhi and Peng, Zhaoyuan and Cui, Bota and Ji, Guozhong and Zhang, Faming} } @article {12215, title = {Targets for Combating the Evolution of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance}, journal = {Biochemistry}, volume = {54}, number = {23}, year = {2015}, month = {Jun 16}, pages = {3573-82}, keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects, *Evolution, Molecular, *Models, Genetic, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use, Gene Transfer, Horizontal/drug effects, Gram-Negative Bacteria/*drug effects/genetics/growth \& development/metabolism, Gram-Positive Bacteria/*drug effects/genetics/growth \& development/metabolism, Humans, Mutagenesis/drug effects, SOS Response (Genetics)/*drug effects}, isbn = {1520-4995 (Electronic)
0006-2960 (Linking)}, author = {Culyba, M. J. and Mo, C. Y. and Kohli, R. M.} } @article {3129, title = {Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of {Echinococcus} granulosus sensu lato}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {213}, number = {3-4}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, pages = {76{\textendash}84}, abstract = {Echinococcus granulosus, formerly regarded as a single species with a high genotypic and phenotypic diversity, is now recognised as an assemblage of cryptic species, which differ considerably in morphology, development, host specificity (including infectivity/pathogenicity for humans) and other aspects. This diversity is reflected in the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes and has led to the construction of phylogenetic trees and hypotheses on the origin and geographic dispersal of various taxa. Based on phenotypic characters and gene sequences, E. granulosus (sensu lato) has by now been subdivided into E. granulosus sensu stricto (including the formerly identified genotypic variants G1-3), Echinococcus felidis (the former {\textquoteright}lion strain{\textquoteright}), Echinococcus equinus (the {\textquoteright}horse strain{\textquoteright}, genotype G4), Echinococcus ortleppi (the {\textquoteright}cattle strain{\textquoteright}, genotype G5) and Echinococcus canadensis. The latter species, as recognised here, shows the highest diversity and is composed of the {\textquoteright}camel strain{\textquoteright}, genotype G6, the {\textquoteright}pig strain{\textquoteright}, genotype G7, and two {\textquoteright}cervid strains{\textquoteright}, genotypes G8 and G10. There is debate whether the closely related G6 and G7 should be placed in a separate species, but more morphological and biological data are needed to support or reject this view. In this classification, the application of rules for zoological nomenclature led to the resurrection of old species names, which had before been synonymised with E. granulosus. This nomenclatural subdivision of the agents of cystic echinococcosis (CE) may appear inconvenient for practical applications, especially because molecular tools are needed for identification of the cyst stage, and because retrospective data on {\textquoteright}E. granulosus{\textquoteright} are now difficult to interpret without examination of voucher specimens. However, the increased awareness for the diversity of CE agents - now emphasised by species names rather than genotype numbers - has led to a large number of recent studies on this issue and a rapid increase of knowledge on geographical spread, host range and impact on human health of the various species. E. granulosus s.s., often transmitted by sheep, is now clearly identified as the principal CE agent affecting humans. Contrary to previous assumptions, genotypes G6/7 of E. canadensis readily infect humans, although CE incidences are rather low where E. canadensis predominates. Sub-Saharan Africa seems to be the region with the highest diversity of Echinococcus, and wild carnivores may play a more important role in the lifecycles of various species than previously assumed. Still, a number of issues remain unclear, e.g. possibly diverging parameters of diagnostic tests among the species, different responses to vaccines and, importantly, possibly required modifications of clinical management due to differences in pathogenicity.}, keywords = {Echinococcus granulosus, Molecular Epidemiology, Nomenclature, Taxonomy}, issn = {1873-2550}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.035}, author = {Romig, T. and Ebi, D. and Wassermann, M.} } @article {16509, title = {Taxonomy and phylogeny of {Trichuris} globulosa {Von} {Linstow}, 1901 from camels. {A} review of {Trichuris} species parasitizing herbivorous}, journal = {Infect Genet Evol}, volume = {34}, year = {2015}, pages = {61{\textendash}74}, abstract = {At the present work, we carried out a morph-biometrical and molecular study of Trichuris species isolated from Camelus dromedarius from Iran and from Ovis aries from South Africa comparatively with other species of Trichuris from different herbivorous hosts and geographical regions. The population from camels from Iran was identified as Trichuris globulosa. Two different morphometrically populations of Trichuris sp. from sheep from South Africa were identified: Trichuris ovis and Trichuris skrjabini. Ribosomal data did not reveal significate differences in the ITS2 sequences between T. ovis and T. globulosa to assess a specific determination. The mitochondrial data suggest that T. globulosa constitute a different genetic lineage to T. ovis. Cytochrome c-oxidase and cytochrome b partial gene sequences corroborated the existence of a different genetic lineage of T. ovis from sheep of South Africa that would be closely related to the populations of T. globulosa from camels from Iran. The cytochrome c-oxidase and cytochrome b partial gene sequences of T. globulosa have been reported for the first time.}, keywords = {Animals, Camels, Camelus/parasitology, Cytochromes b/genetics, DNA, Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics, Female, Genes, Helminth, Helminth/genetics, Herbivory, Male, Mitochondrial DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics, Phylogeny, Review, Ribosomal DNA, Ribosomal/genetics, Sequence Analysis, Sheep, Sheep Diseases/*parasitology, Species Specificity, Trichuriasis/parasitology/*veterinary, Trichuris globulosa, Trichuris/anatomy \& histology/*classification/genetics}, issn = {1567-7257 (Electronic) 1567-1348 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.011}, author = {Callejon, R. and Gutierrez-Aviles, L. and Halajian, A. and Zurita, A. and de Rojas, M. and Cutillas, C.} } @article {12017, title = {Taxonomy and phylogeny of Trichuris globulosa Von Linstow, 1901 from camels. A review of Trichuris species parasitizing herbivorous}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {34}, year = {2015}, note = {Callejon, R
Gutierrez-Aviles, L
Halajian, A
Zurita, A
de Rojas, M
Cutillas, C
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Netherlands
2015/06/14 06:00
Infect Genet Evol. 2015 Aug;34:61-74. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.011. Epub 2015 Jun 9.}, month = {Aug}, pages = {61-74}, abstract = {At the present work, we carried out a morph-biometrical and molecular study of Trichuris species isolated from Camelus dromedarius from Iran and from Ovis aries from South Africa comparatively with other species of Trichuris from different herbivorous hosts and geographical regions. The population from camels from Iran was identified as Trichuris globulosa. Two different morphometrically populations of Trichuris sp. from sheep from South Africa were identified: Trichuris ovis and Trichuris skrjabini. Ribosomal data did not reveal significate differences in the ITS2 sequences between T. ovis and T. globulosa to assess a specific determination. The mitochondrial data suggest that T. globulosa constitute a different genetic lineage to T. ovis. Cytochrome c-oxidase and cytochrome b partial gene sequences corroborated the existence of a different genetic lineage of T. ovis from sheep of South Africa that would be closely related to the populations of T. globulosa from camels from Iran. The cytochrome c-oxidase and cytochrome b partial gene sequences of T. globulosa have been reported for the first time.}, keywords = {Animals, Camels, Camelus/parasitology, Cytochromes b/genetics, DNA, Helminth/genetics, DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal/genetics, Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics, Female, Genes, Helminth, Herbivory, Male, Mitochondrial DNA, Phylogeny, Review, Ribosomal DNA, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sheep, Sheep Diseases/*parasitology, Species Specificity, Trichuriasis/parasitology/*veterinary, Trichuris globulosa, Trichuris/anatomy \& histology/*classification/genetics}, isbn = {1567-7257 (Electronic)
1567-1348 (Linking)}, author = {Callejon, R. and Gutierrez-Aviles, L. and Halajian, A. and Zurita, A. and de Rojas, M. and Cutillas, C.} } @article {3076, title = {Taxonomy, phylogeny and molecular epidemiology of {Echinococcus} multilocularis: {From} fundamental knowledge to health ecology}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {213}, number = {3-4}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, pages = {85{\textendash}91}, abstract = {Alveolar echinococcosis, caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, is one of the most severe parasitic diseases in humans and represents one of the 17 neglected diseases prioritised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2012. Considering the major medical and veterinary importance of this parasite, the phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus is of considerable importance; yet, despite numerous efforts with both mitochondrial and nuclear data, it has remained unresolved. The genus is clearly complex, and this is one of the reasons for the incomplete understanding of its taxonomy. Although taxonomic studies have recognised E. multilocularis as a separate entity from the Echinococcus granulosus complex and other members of the genus, it would be premature to draw firm conclusions about the taxonomy of the genus before the phylogeny of the whole genus is fully resolved. The recent sequencing of E. multilocularis and E. granulosus genomes opens new possibilities for performing in-depth phylogenetic analyses. In addition, whole genome data provide the possibility of inferring phylogenies based on a large number of functional genes, i.e. genes that trace the evolutionary history of adaptation in E. multilocularis and other members of the genus. Moreover, genomic data open new avenues for studying the molecular epidemiology of E. multilocularis: genotyping studies with larger panels of genetic markers allow the genetic diversity and spatial dynamics of parasites to be evaluated with greater precision. There is an urgent need for international coordination of genotyping of E. multilocularis isolates from animals and human patients. This could be fundamental for a better understanding of the transmission of alveolar echinococcosis and for designing efficient healthcare strategies.}, keywords = {Echinococcus multilocularis, Molecular phylogeny, Parasite adaptation strategies, Taxonomy}, issn = {1873-2550}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.030}, author = {Knapp, Jenny and Gottstein, Bruno and Saarma, Urmas and Millon, Laurence} } @mastersthesis {6906, title = {Theory and {Applications} of {Quantum} {Monte} {Carlo}}, year = {2015}, note = {3735264}, school = {University of Pittsburgh}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {With the development of peta-scale computers and exa-scale only a few years away, the quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) method, with favorable scaling and inherent parrallelizability, is poised to increase its impact on the electronic structure community. The most widely used variation of QMC is the diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) method. The accuracy of the DMC method is only limited by the trial wave function that it employs. The effect of the trial wave function is studied here by initially developing correlation-consistent Gaussian basis sets for use in DMC calculations. These basis sets give a low variance in variance Monte Carlo calculations and improved convergence in DMC. The orbital type used in the trial wave function is then investigated, and it is shown that Brueckner orbitals result in a DMC energy comparable to a DMC energy with orbitals from density functional theory and significantly lower than orbitals from Hartree-Fock theory. Three large weakly interacting systems are then studied; a water-16 isomer, a methane clathrate, and a carbon dioxide clathrate. The DMC method is seen to be in good agreement with MP2 calculations and provides reliable benchmarks. Several strongly correlated systems are then studied. An H 4 model system that allows for a fine tuning of the multi-configurational character of the wave function shows when the accuracy of the DMC method with a single Slater-determinant trial function begins to deviate from multi-reference benchmarks. The weakly interacting face-to-face ethylene dimer is studied with and without a rotation around the π bond, which is used to increase the multi-configurational nature of the wave function. This test shows that the effect of a multi-configurational wave function in weakly interacting systems causes DMC with a single Slater-determinant to be unable to achieve sub-chemical accuracy. The beryllium dimer is studied, and it is shown that a very large determinant expansion is required for DMC to predict a binding energy that is in close agreement with experiment. Finally, water interacting with increasingly large acenes is studied, as is the benzene and anthracene dimer. Deviations from benchmarks are discussed.}, keywords = {0494:Physical chemistry, 0599:Quantum physics, 0753:Theoretical physics, Diffusion Monte Carlo method, Electronic structure community, Physical Chemistry, Pure sciences, Quantum Monte Carlo, Quantum physics, Theoretical physics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1749026534?accountid=14270}, author = {Deible, Michael John} } @mastersthesis {6518, title = {Thermokarst and wildfire: {Effects} of disturbances related to climate change on the ecological characteristics and functions of arctic headwater streams}, year = {2015}, note = {3689130}, school = {The University of Vermont and State Agricultural College}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The Arctic is warming rapidly as a result of global climate change. Permafrost - permanently frozen ground - plays a critical role in shaping arctic ecosystems and stores nearly one half of the global soil organic matter. Therefore, disturbance of permafrost will likely impact the carbon and related biogeochemical processes on local and global scales. In the Alaskan Arctic, fire and thermokarst (permafrost thaw) have become more common and have been hypothesized to accelerate the hydrological export of inorganic nutrients and sediment, as well as biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), which may alter ecosystem processes of impacted streams. The biogeochemical characteristics of two tundra streams were quantified several years after the development of gully thermokarst features. The observed responses in sediment and nutrient loading four years after gully formation were more subtle than expected, likely due to the stabilization of the features and the dynamics controlling the hydrologic connectivity between the gully and the stream. The response of impacted streams may depend on the presence of water tracks, particularly their location in reference to the thermokarst and downslope aquatic ecosystem. We found evidence of altered ecosystem structure (benthic standing stocks, algal biomass, and macroinvertebrate composition) and function (stream metabolism and nutrient uptake), which may be attributable to the previous years{\textquoteright} allochthonous gully inputs. The patterns between the reference and impacted reaches were different for both stream sites. Rates of ecosystem production and respiration and benthic chlorophyll-a in the impacted reaches of the alluvial and peat-lined streams were significantly lower and greater, respectively, compared to the reference reaches, even though minimal differences in sediment and nutrient loading were detected. Rates of ammonium and soluble reactive phosphorus uptake were consistently lower in the impacted reach at the alluvial site. The observed differences in metabolism, nutrient uptake and macroinvertebrate community composition suggest that even though the geochemical signal diminished, gully features may have long-lasting impacts on the biological aspects of downstream ecosystem function. In a separate study, a suite of streams impacted by thermokarst and fire were sampled seasonally and spatially. Regional differences in water chemistry and BDOC were more significant than the influences of fire or thermokarst, likely due to differences in glacial age and elevation of the landscape. The streams of the older ({\textgreater}700 ka), lower elevation landscape contained higher concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus and DOC and lower BDOC compared to the streams of the younger (50-200 ka) landscapes that had lower dissolved nutrient and DOC quantity of higher biodegradability. The findings in this dissertation indicate that arctic stream ecosystems are more resilient than we expected to small-scale, rapidly stabilizing gully thermokarst features and disturbance caused by fire. Scaling the results of these types of studies should consider the size of thermokarst features in relation to the size of impacted rivers and streams. It remains to be determined how general permafrost thaw will affect the structure and function of arctic streams in the future.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, Arctic tundra streams, Biological sciences, Dissolved organic carbon, Ecology, Permafrost, Thermo-erosion gully, Thermokarst, Wildfire}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1675043924?accountid=14270}, author = {Larouche, Julia R.} } @article {11114, title = {The Third Report: Country Leadership and Collaboration on NTDs}, year = {2015}, url = {http://unitingtocombatntds.org/resource} } @article {11606, title = {{Thirty-seven human cases of Sparganosis from Ethiopia and South Sudan caused by Spirometra spp.}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {350{\textendash}355}, author = {Eberhard, M L and Thiele, E A and Yembo, G E and Yibi, M S and Cama, V A and Ruiz-Tiben, E} } @article {2922, title = {Threat of alveolar echinococcosis to public health{\textendash}a challenge for {Europe}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {31}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {407{\textendash}412}, abstract = {Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a neglected {\textquoteright}malignant{\textquoteright} parasitic disease. The European endemic area of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes is larger than previously anticipated, and there is new evidence that both fox populations and the prevalence of E. multilocularis have increased in many areas, indicating increased pressure for infection with E. multilocularis eggs in intermediate and accidental hosts, including humans. This may result in more human AE cases within the next decades. Current numbers of both immunocompetent and immunocompromised AE patients, and the anticipated future increase, call for scaling-up research to rapidly improve the development and implementation of prevention measures, early diagnosis, and curative treatment of human AE.}, keywords = {alveolar echinococcosis, Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Europe, Foxes, Hepatic, Humans, management, prevalence, prevention, therapy, zoonosis}, issn = {1471-5007}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.001}, author = {Gottstein, Bruno and Stojkovic, Marija and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Millon, Laurence and Marcinkute, Audrone and Deplazes, Peter} } @article {17206, title = {Three Epidemics of Invasive Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Bloodstream Infection in Blantyre, Malawi, 1998-2014}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {61 Suppl 4}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov 1}, pages = {S363-71}, edition = {2015/10/10}, keywords = {*Epidemics, Adolescent, Adult, Africa, Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Bacteremia/*epidemiology/*microbiology, bloodstream infection, Cephalosporins/pharmacology, Child, Child, Preschool, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Fluoroquinolones/pharmacology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Malawi/epidemiology, Male, Meningitis, Bacterial/*epidemiology/microbiology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Middle Aged, multi-drug resistance, Risk Factors, Salmonella, Salmonella enterica/classification/drug effects/*isolation \& purification, Salmonella enteritidis/drug effects/isolation \& purification, Salmonella Infections/*epidemiology/etiology/*microbiology, Salmonella typhi/drug effects/isolation \& purification, Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects/isolation \& purification, Serotyping, Young Adult}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Feasey, N. A. and Masesa, C. and Jassi, C. and Faragher, E. B. and Mallewa, J. and Mallewa, M. and MacLennan, C. A. and Msefula, C. and Heyderman, R. S. and Gordon, M. A.} } @article {7323, title = {Towards universal coverage: a policy analysis of the development of the {National} {Health} {Insurance} {Scheme} in {Nigeria}}, journal = {Health Policy and Planning}, volume = {30}, number = {9}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {1105{\textendash}1117}, abstract = {This article examines why and how a national health insurance (NHI) proposal targeting universal health coverage (UHC) in Nigeria developed over time. The study involved document reviews, in-depth interviews, a further review of preliminary analysis by relevant actors and use of a stakeholder analysis approach. The need for strategies to improve healthcare funding during the economic recession of the 1980s stimulated the proposal. The inclusion of Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) as financing organizations for national health insurance at the expense of sub-national (state) government mechanisms increased credibility of policy implementation but resulted in loss of support from states. The most successful period of the policy process occurred when a new minister of health (strongly supported by the president that displayed interest in UHC) provided leadership through the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH), and effectively managed stakeholders{\textquoteright} interests and galvanized their support to advance the policy. Later, the National Health Insurance Scheme (the federal government{\textquoteright}s implementing/regulatory agency) assumed this leadership role but has been unable to extend coverage in a significant way. Nigeria{\textquoteright}s experience shows that where political leaders are interested in a UHC-related proposal, the strong political leadership they provide considerably enhances the pace of the policy process. However, public officials should carefully guide policymaking processes that involve private sector actors, to ensure that strategies that compromise the chance of achieving UHC are not introduced. In contexts where authority is shared between federal and state governments, securing federal level commitment does not guarantee that a national health insurance proposal has become a {\textquoteright}national{\textquoteright} proposal. States need to be provided with an active role in the process and governance structure. Finally, the article underscores the utility of retrospective stakeholder analysis in understanding the reasons for changes in stakeholder positions over time, which is useful to guide future policy processes.}, keywords = {Health Maintenance Organization, National Health Insurance Scheme, Nigeria, policy analysis, universal health coverage}, issn = {1460-2237}, doi = {10.1093/heapol/czu116}, author = {Onoka, Chima A. and Hanson, Kara and Hanefeld, Johanna} } @inbook {8590, title = {{Toxoplasmosis}}, booktitle = {Remington and Klein{\textquoteright}s Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant}, year = {2015}, pages = {939{\textendash}1042}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, organization = {Elsevier BV}, address = {Amsterdam}, author = {Peyron, F and Wallon, M and Kieffer, F and Garweg, J}, editor = {Wilson, CB and Nizet, V and Maldonado, YA and Klein, JO} } @article {7331, title = {Tracing enteric pathogen contamination in sub-{Saharan} {African} groundwater}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {538}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {888{\textendash}895}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.119}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969715306203}, author = {Sorensen, J.P.R. and Lapworth, D.J. and Read, D.S. and Nkhuwa, D.C.W. and Bell, R.A. and Chibesa, M. and Chirwa, M. and Kabika, J. and Liemisa, M. and Pedley, S.} } @mastersthesis {6552, title = {Transfer and inactivation of {Salmonella} during post-harvest processing of tomatoes}, year = {2015}, note = {3700807}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Salmonella outbreaks have been historically linked to tomatoes, with cross-contamination during post-harvest processing having become a major public health concern. In response, a series of studies were developed to assess the extent to which dump tanks, conveyors, slicers, and dicers can spread Salmonella and other microorganisms. An evaluation of the microbiological quality of tomatoes and dump tank water was conducted during three visits to a local tomato packinghouse. At the beginning of whole-day processing and after 3 h of operation, bacteria and yeast/mold populations decreased {\textless} 2 logs on tomatoes, with these microbial counts greatly impacted by changes in organic load and sanitizer concentration during washing. When the spread of Salmonella was assessed during washing of tomatoes with various sanitizers and subsequent conveying in a pilot-scale packing line, \~{} 90\% of the original Salmonella inoculum transferred to sanitizer-free water. Acidified chlorine yielded the greatest Salmonella reduction on tomatoes (3.1 log CFU/g). After processing with sanitizers, Salmonella populations decreased to non-detectable levels ({\textless} 0.2 log CFU/100 cm 2 ) on the equipment surfaces. Thereafter, Salmonella transfer was assessed during conveying of tomatoes with plastic, foam, or brush rollers. Overall, cross-contamination was greatest using foam, followed by plastic and brush rollers (P {\textless} 0.05). After 5 inoculated tomatoes were roller conveyed, 24 and 76\% of all uninoculated subsequently conveyed tomatoes were cross-contaminated with Salmonella of 10 - 100 and 1 - 10 CFU/tomato, respectively, compared to 8\% of 25 tomatoes using brush rollers. The next two studies focused on Salmonella transfer during slicing and dicing of tomatoes. For tomato slicing, one red round tomato was inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 (\~{} 5 log CFU/g) and sliced using a manual or electric slicer, followed by 20 uninoculated tomatoes, all of which yielded quantifiable numbers of Salmonella after slicing. The quantitative data was fitted to a two-parameter exponential model (Y = A {\textperiodcentered} e(B {\textperiodcentered} X) ). While significantly higher (P <= 0.05) percentages of Salmonella were transferred to wet (12.2\%) as opposed to dry tomatoes (1.1\%), with the variety of tomato also impacting transfer, post-contamination hold time, processing temperature and tomato slice thickness did not significantly impact the overall percentage of cells transferred. When one 0.9 kg batch of inoculated Roma tomatoes (\~{}5 log CFU/g) was mechanically diced, followed by ten batches of uninoculated tomatoes, all uninoculated tomatoes yielded Salmonella , with populations exponentially decreasing from 3.3 to 1.1 log CFU/g. Flume tank washing in sanitizer-free water or water containing 80 ppm peroxyacetic acid, 80 ppm mixed peracid, or 80 ppm total chlorine decreased the Salmonella populations on diced tomatoes 1.3 {\textpm} 0.2, 2.3 {\textpm} 0.3, 2.4 {\textpm} 0.4, and 2.4 {\textpm} 0.1 log CFU/g, respectively. Spray sanitation on conveyor belts proved to be an effective way to enhance safety of diced tomatoes, with electrolyzed water being especially attractive due to its relatively low cost and ease of preparation. Finally, the impact of temperature, pH, and wash water organic load on Salmonella morphology and early-biofilm formation was assessed on different surfaces encountered in tomato packing houses. Both pH and temperature significantly affected the surface hydrophobicity of Salmonella . Early-biofilm formation on tomatoes was significantly affected by both time (P = 0.0004) and temperature (P {\textless} 0.0001). After 6 d, early-biofilms consistently developed on stainless steel and HDPE surface, with the former being more evenly distributed.}, keywords = {0359:Food Science, 0410:Microbiology, Biological sciences, Food Science, Inactivation, Microbiology, Post-harvest, Salmonella, Tomatoes, Transfer}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1680592704?accountid=14270}, author = {Wang, Haiqiang} } @booklet {3425, title = {{Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Document No. A/RES/70/1, 21 October)}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {United Nations}, address = {New York}, author = {Assembly, United Nations General} } @booklet {3584, title = {Transforming our {World}: {The} 2030 {Agenda} for {Sustainable} {Development} ({Document} {No}. {A}/{RES}/70/1, 21 {October})}, year = {2015}, publisher = {United Nations}, address = {New York}, author = {Assembly, United Nations General} } @booklet {15996, title = {{Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1.}}, year = {2015} } @article {8480, title = {{Treatment with anti-toxoplasmic activity (TATA) for toxoplasma positive patients with bipolar disorders or schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study}}, journal = {Journal of Psychiatric Research}, volume = {63}, year = {2015}, pages = {58{\textendash}64}, author = {Fond, G and Boyer, L and Gaman, A and Laouamri, H and Attiba, D and Richard, JR and Delavest, M and Houenou, J and Le Corvoisier, P and Charron, D and Krishnamoorthy, R and Oliveira, J and Tamouza, R and Yolken, R and Dickerson, F and Leboyer, M and Hamdani, N} } @article {16546, title = {Trichuris spp. infecting domestic cats on {St}. {Kitts}: identification based on size or vulvar structure?}, journal = {Springerplus}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {115}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: On St. Kitts, a high number of cats are found to be infected with Trichuris. Necropsies have shown pathologic changes related to the infections. In order to determine if these changes were related to a particular Trichuris species, a review of the original identifications of Trichuris campanula and Trichuris serrata was conducted. FINDINGS: Based on the review of published descriptions of T. campanula and T. serrata, it is hypothesized that the presence or absence of a vulvar projection and a bacillary band can be used to differentiate the two species and these criteria are more accurate than nematode or egg size. The Trichuris in cats on St. Kitts were similar in size to the description of T. campanula, but had both a vulvar projection and bacillary band. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the morphological characteristics, all of the Trichuris found in twelve domestic cats were determined to be T. serrata. Cats without pathologic changes are required to further investigate if the changes are species or strain related.}, keywords = {Cats, Trichuris campanula, Trichuris serrata, Trichuris spp}, doi = {10.1186/s40064-015-0892-z}, author = {Ketzis, J. K.} } @article {12054, title = {Trichuris spp. infecting domestic cats on St. Kitts: identification based on size or vulvar structure?}, journal = {Springerplus}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, note = {Ketzis, Jennifer K
eng
Switzerland
2015/03/20 06:00
Springerplus. 2015 Mar 5;4:115. doi: 10.1186/s40064-015-0892-z. eCollection 2015.}, pages = {115}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: On St. Kitts, a high number of cats are found to be infected with Trichuris. Necropsies have shown pathologic changes related to the infections. In order to determine if these changes were related to a particular Trichuris species, a review of the original identifications of Trichuris campanula and Trichuris serrata was conducted. FINDINGS: Based on the review of published descriptions of T. campanula and T. serrata, it is hypothesized that the presence or absence of a vulvar projection and a bacillary band can be used to differentiate the two species and these criteria are more accurate than nematode or egg size. The Trichuris in cats on St. Kitts were similar in size to the description of T. campanula, but had both a vulvar projection and bacillary band. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the morphological characteristics, all of the Trichuris found in twelve domestic cats were determined to be T. serrata. Cats without pathologic changes are required to further investigate if the changes are species or strain related.}, keywords = {Cats, Trichuris campanula, Trichuris serrata, Trichuris spp}, author = {Ketzis, J. K.} } @article {12596, title = {Triple bottom line costs for multiple potable reuse treatment schemes}, journal = {Environmental Science: Water Research \& TechnologyEnvironmental Science: Water Research \& Technology}, volume = {1}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {644-658}, author = {Schimmoller, LJ and Kealy, MJ and Foster, SK} } @article {3121, title = {Trophic ecology, behaviour and host population dynamics in {Echinococcus} multilocularis transmission}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {213}, number = {3-4}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, pages = {162{\textendash}171}, abstract = {The life cycle of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis primarily involves canids and small mammals (rodents, lagomorphs) as definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively. Several surveys have identified marked temporal and geographical variations at different scales in the parasite{\textquoteright}s prevalence in both types of hosts, suggesting variations in the biological and ecological factors that control transmission processes. The parasite transmission from intermediate to definitive hosts is determined by the predator-prey relationship, which theoretically depends on prey population dynamics and the complex dietary response of predators to varying densities of prey species and other food items. Parasite eggs are transmitted to intermediate hosts via carnivore faeces, whose distribution in the environment is driven by the defecating behaviour of final hosts. We reviewed field-based studies that address issues related to the trophic ecology and behaviour of definitive hosts, interactions between definitive and intermediate hosts, and E. multilocularis transmission both in wild and domestic animals in rural and urban environments. Two density-dependent mechanisms control the transmission dynamics in definitive hosts: one is based on the variations in the availability of intermediate hosts, and the other is based on the variations in the density of the definitive host and its faeces. Non-linearity and the direct and delayed responses of definitive host contamination in relation to intermediate host population variations were recorded. The dietary response of the red fox was shown to be complex when abundant alternative resources were available (anthropogenic food, multiple intermediate host prey species). Micro-local hotspots of parasite transmission to intermediate hosts in a landscape, as well as areas of higher risk for human contamination in village and urban settings, may be explained by the definitive hosts{\textquoteright} activity patterns and defecation behaviour.}, keywords = {Functional response, Habitat use, Predation}, issn = {1873-2550}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.034}, author = {Raoul, F. and Hegglin, D. and Giraudoux, P.} } @article {13014, title = {Turning waste into value: using human urine to enrich soils for sustainable food production in Uganda}, journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production}, volume = {96}, year = {2015}, pages = {290{\textendash}298}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Andersson, Elina} } @article {15131, title = {Turning waste into value: using human urine to enrich soils for sustainable food production in {Uganda}}, journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production}, volume = {96}, year = {2015}, pages = {290{\textendash}298}, author = {Andersson, Elina} } @article {14568, title = {Twenty-{Eight} {Years} of {Poliovirus} {Replication} in an {Immunodeficient} {Individual}: {Impact} on the {Global} {Polio} {Eradication} {Initiative}}, journal = {PLoS Pathog}, volume = {11}, year = {2015}, month = {aug}, pages = {e1005114}, abstract = {There are currently huge efforts by the World Health Organization and partners to complete global polio eradication. With the significant decline in poliomyelitis cases due to wild poliovirus in recent years, rare cases related to the use of live-attenuated oral polio vaccine assume greater importance. Poliovirus strains in the oral vaccine are known to quickly revert to neurovirulent phenotype following replication in humans after immunisation. These strains can transmit from person to person leading to poliomyelitis outbreaks and can replicate for long periods of time in immunodeficient individuals leading to paralysis or chronic infection, with currently no effective treatment to stop excretion from these patients. Here, we describe an individual who has been excreting type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus for twenty eight years as estimated by the molecular clock established with VP1 capsid gene nucleotide sequences of serial isolates. This represents by far the longest period of excretion described from such a patient who is the only identified individual known to be excreting highly evolved vaccine-derived poliovirus at present. Using a range of in vivo and in vitro assays we show that the viruses are very virulent, antigenically drifted and excreted at high titre suggesting that such chronic excreters pose an obvious risk to the eradication programme. Our results in virus neutralization assays with human sera and immunisation-challenge experiments using transgenic mice expressing the human poliovirus receptor indicate that while maintaining high immunisation coverage will likely confer protection against paralytic disease caused by these viruses, significant changes in immunisation strategies might be required to effectively stop their occurrence and potential widespread transmission. Eventually, new stable live-attenuated polio vaccines with no risk of reversion might be required to respond to any poliovirus isolation in the post-eradication era.}, issn = {1553-7374 (Electronic) 1553-7366 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1005114}, author = {Dunn, G. and Klapsa, D. and Wilton, T. and Stone, L. and Minor, P. D. and Martin, J.} } @article {1538, title = {Twenty-Eight Years of Poliovirus Replication in an Immunodeficient Individual: Impact on the Global Polio Eradication Initiative}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, note = {Dunn, Glynis Klapsa, Dimitra Wilton, Thomas Stone, Lindsay Minor, Philip D Martin, Javier ENG 2015/08/28 06:00 PLoS Pathog. 2015 Aug 27;11(8):e1005114. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005114. eCollection 2015 Aug.}, pages = {e1005114}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

There are currently huge efforts by the World Health Organization and partners to complete global polio eradication. With the significant decline in poliomyelitis cases due to wild poliovirus in recent years, rare cases related to the use of live-attenuated oral polio vaccine assume greater importance. Poliovirus strains in the oral vaccine are known to quickly revert to neurovirulent phenotype following replication in humans after immunisation. These strains can transmit from person to person leading to poliomyelitis outbreaks and can replicate for long periods of time in immunodeficient individuals leading to paralysis or chronic infection, with currently no effective treatment to stop excretion from these patients. Here, we describe an individual who has been excreting type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus for twenty eight years as estimated by the molecular clock established with VP1 capsid gene nucleotide sequences of serial isolates. This represents by far the longest period of excretion described from such a patient who is the only identified individual known to be excreting highly evolved vaccine-derived poliovirus at present. Using a range of in vivo and in vitro assays we show that the viruses are very virulent, antigenically drifted and excreted at high titre suggesting that such chronic excreters pose an obvious risk to the eradication programme. Our results in virus neutralization assays with human sera and immunisation-challenge experiments using transgenic mice expressing the human poliovirus receptor indicate that while maintaining high immunisation coverage will likely confer protection against paralytic disease caused by these viruses, significant changes in immunisation strategies might be required to effectively stop their occurrence and potential widespread transmission. Eventually, new stable live-attenuated polio vaccines with no risk of reversion might be required to respond to any poliovirus isolation in the post-eradication era.

}, issn = {1553-7374 (Electronic) 1553-7366 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1005114}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26313548}, author = {Dunn, G. and Klapsa, D. and Wilton, T. and Stone, L. and Minor, P. D. and Martin, J.} } @article {3501, title = {Two-{Year} {Monitoring} of {Water} {Samples} from {Dam} of {Iskar} and the {Black} {Sea}, {Bulgaria}, by {Molecular} {Analysis}: {Focus} on {Mycobacterium} spp.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {7430{\textendash}7443}, abstract = {The coast of the Bulgarian Black Sea is a popular summer holiday destination. The Dam of Iskar is the largest artificial dam in Bulgaria, with a capacity of 675 million m3. It is the main source of tap water for the capital Sofia and for irrigating the surrounding valley. There is a close relationship between the quality of aquatic ecosystems and human health as many infections are waterborne. Rapid molecular methods for the analysis of highly pathogenic bacteria have been developed for monitoring quality. Mycobacterial species can be isolated from waste, surface, recreational, ground and tap waters and human pathogenicity of nontuberculose mycobacteria \{\{\}(NTM)\{\}\} is well recognized. The objective of our study was to perform molecular analysis for key-pathogens, with a focus on mycobacteria, in water samples collected from the Black Sea and the Dam of Iskar. In a two year period, 38 water samples were collected-24 from the Dam of Iskar and 14 from the Black Sea coastal zone. Fifty liter water samples were concentrated by ultrafiltration. Molecular analysis for 15 pathogens, including all species of genus Mycobacterium was performed. Our results showed presence of Vibrio spp. in the Black Sea. Rotavirus A was also identified in four samples from the Dam of Iskar. Toxigenic Escherichia coli was present in both locations, based on markers for stx1 and stx2 genes. No detectable amounts of Cryptosporidium were detected in either location using immunomagnetic separation and fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analyses did not detect key cyanobacterial toxins. On the basis of the results obtained we can conclude that for the period 2012-2014 no Mycobacterium species were present in the water samples. During the study period no cases of waterborne infections were reported.}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph120707430}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707430}, author = {Panaiotov, Stefan and Simeonovski, Ivan and Levterova, Victoria and Karamfilov, Ventzislav and Brankova, Nadia and Tankova, Kristin and Campbell, Katrina and Jacob, Pauline and Helmi, Karim and Boots, Bas and D\$\textbackslashbackslash\$textquoterightUgo, Emilio and Marcheggiani, Stefania and Mancini, Laura and Breitenbach, Ulrich and Mielke, Erik and Kantardjiev, Todor} } @article {2593, title = {{Two-Year} Monitoring of Water Samples from Dam of Iskar and the Black Sea, Bulgaria, by Molecular Analysis: Focus on Mycobacterium spp.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {7430-7443}, abstract = {The coast of the Bulgarian Black Sea is a popular summer holiday destination. The Dam of Iskar is the largest artificial dam in Bulgaria, with a capacity of 675 million m3. It is the main source of tap water for the capital Sofia and for irrigating the surrounding valley. There is a close relationship between the quality of aquatic ecosystems and human health as many infections are waterborne. Rapid molecular methods for the analysis of highly pathogenic bacteria have been developed for monitoring quality. Mycobacterial species can be isolated from waste, surface, recreational, ground and tap waters and human pathogenicity of nontuberculose mycobacteria {(NTM)} is well recognized. The objective of our study was to perform molecular analysis for key-pathogens, with a focus on mycobacteria, in water samples collected from the Black Sea and the Dam of Iskar. In a two year period, 38 water samples were collected-24 from the Dam of Iskar and 14 from the Black Sea coastal zone. Fifty liter water samples were concentrated by ultrafiltration. Molecular analysis for 15 pathogens, including all species of genus Mycobacterium was performed. Our results showed presence of Vibrio spp. in the Black Sea. Rotavirus A was also identified in four samples from the Dam of Iskar. Toxigenic Escherichia coli was present in both locations, based on markers for stx1 and stx2 genes. No detectable amounts of Cryptosporidium were detected in either location using immunomagnetic separation and fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analyses did not detect key cyanobacterial toxins. On the basis of the results obtained we can conclude that for the period 2012-2014 no Mycobacterium species were present in the water samples. During the study period no cases of waterborne infections were reported.}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph120707430}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707430}, author = {Panaiotov, Stefan and Simeonovski, Ivan and Levterova, Victoria and Karamfilov, Ventzislav and Brankova, Nadia and Tankova, Kristin and Campbell, Katrina and Jacob, Pauline and Helmi, Karim and Boots, Bas and D{\textquoteright}Ugo, Emilio and Marcheggiani, Stefania and Mancini, Laura and Breitenbach, Ulrich and Mielke, Erik and Kantardjiev, Todor} } @article {838, title = {{Two-Year} Monitoring of Water Samples from Dam of Iskar and the Black Sea, Bulgaria, by Molecular Analysis: Focus on Mycobacterium spp.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {7430-7443}, abstract = {The coast of the Bulgarian Black Sea is a popular summer holiday destination. The Dam of Iskar is the largest artificial dam in Bulgaria, with a capacity of 675 million m3. It is the main source of tap water for the capital Sofia and for irrigating the surrounding valley. There is a close relationship between the quality of aquatic ecosystems and human health as many infections are waterborne. Rapid molecular methods for the analysis of highly pathogenic bacteria have been developed for monitoring quality. Mycobacterial species can be isolated from waste, surface, recreational, ground and tap waters and human pathogenicity of nontuberculose mycobacteria {(NTM)} is well recognized. The objective of our study was to perform molecular analysis for key-pathogens, with a focus on mycobacteria, in water samples collected from the Black Sea and the Dam of Iskar. In a two year period, 38 water samples were collected-24 from the Dam of Iskar and 14 from the Black Sea coastal zone. Fifty liter water samples were concentrated by ultrafiltration. Molecular analysis for 15 pathogens, including all species of genus Mycobacterium was performed. Our results showed presence of Vibrio spp. in the Black Sea. Rotavirus A was also identified in four samples from the Dam of Iskar. Toxigenic Escherichia coli was present in both locations, based on markers for stx1 and stx2 genes. No detectable amounts of Cryptosporidium were detected in either location using immunomagnetic separation and fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analyses did not detect key cyanobacterial toxins. On the basis of the results obtained we can conclude that for the period 2012-2014 no Mycobacterium species were present in the water samples. During the study period no cases of waterborne infections were reported.}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph120707430}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707430}, author = {Panaiotov, Stefan and Simeonovski, Ivan and Levterova, Victoria and Karamfilov, Ventzislav and Brankova, Nadia and Tankova, Kristin and Campbell, Katrina and Jacob, Pauline and Helmi, Karim and Boots, Bas and D{\textquoteright}Ugo, Emilio and Marcheggiani, Stefania and Mancini, Laura and Breitenbach, Ulrich and Mielke, Erik and Kantardjiev, Todor} } @article {7356, title = {Type 1 diabetes epidemic in {Finland} is triggered by zinc-containing amorphous silica nanoparticles}, journal = {Medical Hypotheses}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {apr}, pages = {336{\textendash}340}, issn = {03069877}, doi = {10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.021}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306987715000420}, author = {Junnila, S.K.} } @article {16171, title = {An unprecedented high incidence of leptospirosis in Futuna, South Pacific, 2004 {\textendash} 2014, evidenced by retrospective analysis of surveillance data}, journal = {PLoS OnePLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0142063}, author = {Massenet, D. and Yvon, J.F. and Couteaux, C. and Goarant, C.} } @booklet {3462, title = {{Unsafe Return of Human Excreta to the Environment: A Literature Review.}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Water Institute, University of North Carolina}, address = {Chapel Hill, NC}, author = {Williams, AR and Overbo, A} } @booklet {3601, title = {Unsafe {Return} of {Human} {Excreta} to the {Environment}: {A} {Literature} {Review}.}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Water Institute, University of North Carolina}, address = {Chapel Hill, NC}, author = {Williams, AR and Overbo, A} } @booklet {12701, title = {{Unsafe return of human excreta to the environment: a literature review}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {The Water Institute at UNC}, address = {Chapel Hill, NC}, author = {Williams, AR and Overbo, A} } @article {10527, title = {{Updated Global Burden of Cholera in Endemic Countries}}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0003832}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0003832}, author = {Ali, M and Nelson, AR and Lopez, AL and D A Sack} } @article {17340, title = {Urea for Sanitization of Anaerobically Digested Dewatered Sewage Sludge}, journal = {Environmental Engineering ScienceEnvironmental Engineering ScienceEnvironmental Engineering Science}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, month = {Feb 1}, pages = {86-94}, keywords = {Ammonia, Biosolids, Disinfection, Inactivation, indicator organism, Pathogen, sanitization, Sewage sludge, Temperature, Treatment, Urea, Viruses}, isbn = {1092-8758}, author = {Nordin, A. C. and Olsson, J. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {16211, title = {The usefulness of semi-solid medium in the isolation of highly virulent Leptospira strains from wild rats in an urban area of Fukuoka, Japan}, journal = {Microbiol ImmunolMicrobiol ImmunolMicrobiol Immunol}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, month = {Jun}, pages = {322-30}, keywords = {Agglutination Tests, Animals, Bacteriological Techniques/*methods, Cities, Culture Media/*chemistry, Disease Models, Animal, DNA Gyrase/genetics, Japan, Kidney/microbiology, Leptospira interrogans/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Leptospirosis/diagnosis/microbiology/*veterinary, Mesocricetus, Rats, Rodent Diseases/*diagnosis/*microbiology, Urine, Virulence}, isbn = {1348-0421 (Electronic)
0385-5600 (Linking)}, author = {Saito, M. and Villanueva, S. Y. and Masuzawa, T. and Haraguchi, Y. and Ita, S. and Miyahara, S. and Ozuru, R. and Yamaguchi, T. and Yoshimura, M. and Ikejiri, M. and Aramaki, N. and Amran, M. Y. and Muslich, L. T. and Iida, K. and Yanagihara, Y. and Gloriani, N. G. and Yoshida, S.} } @article {12240, title = {Using the class 1 integron-integrase gene as a proxy for anthropogenic pollution}, journal = {Isme JournalIsme Journal}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, note = {Gillings, Michael R. Gaze, William H. Pruden, Amy Smalla, Kornelia Tiedje, James M. Zhu, Yong-Guan
Zhu, Yong-Guan/A-1412-2009; Smalla, Kornelia/H-4002-2011; CAS, KLUEH-Cooperation/E-1148-2017; CAS, KLUEH/G-8978-2016; Gillings, Michael/C-6553-2008
Zhu, Yong-Guan/0000-0003-3861-8482;
1751-7370}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1269-1279}, abstract = {Around all human activity, there are zones of pollution with pesticides, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, personal care products and the microorganisms associated with human waste streams and agriculture. This diversity of pollutants, whose concentration varies spatially and temporally, is a major challenge for monitoring. Here, we suggest that the relative abundance of the clinical class 1 integron-integrase gene, intI1, is a good proxy for pollution because: (1) intI1 is linked to genes conferring resistance to antibiotics, disinfectants and heavy metals; (2) it is found in a wide variety of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria; (3) its abundance can change rapidly because its host cells can have rapid generation times and it can move between bacteria by horizontal gene transfer; and (4) a single DNA sequence variant of intI1 is now found on a wide diversity of xenogenetic elements, these being complex mosaic DNA elements fixed through the agency of human selection. Here we review the literature examining the relationship between anthropogenic impacts and the abundance of intI1, and outline an approach by which intI1 could serve as a proxy for anthropogenic pollution.}, isbn = {1751-7362}, author = {Gillings, M. R. and Gaze, W. H. and Pruden, A. and Smalla, K. and Tiedje, J. M. and Zhu, Y. G.} } @article {12513, title = {Using the class 1 integron-integrase gene as a proxy for anthropogenic pollution}, journal = {The ISME journalThe ISME journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2015}, pages = {1269-1279}, isbn = {1751-7370}, author = {Gillings, Michael R and Gaze, William H and Pruden, Amy and Smalla, Kornelia and Tiedje, James M and Zhu, Yong-Guan} } @article {4032, title = {{UV irradiation responses in Giardia intestinalis}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {154}, year = {2015}, pages = {25{\textendash}32}, author = {Einarsson, E and Sv{\"a}rd, SG and Troell, K} } @article {15370, title = {Vaccine Testing and the Approval Process }, journal = {https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/basics/test-approve.html}, year = {2015}, author = {CDC.gov} } @article {16013, title = {Vaccine Testing and the Approval Process}, year = {2015}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/basics/test-approve.html} } @article {16034, title = {Vaccines against leptospirosis.}, journal = {Curr Top Microbiol Immunol.Curr Top Microbiol Immunol.}, year = {2015}, pages = {387:251-272.}, author = {Adler, B.} } @article {12174, title = {Validated predictive modelling of the environmental resistome}, journal = {The ISME Journal}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1467-76}, isbn = {1751-7370 (Electronic)
1751-7362 (Linking)}, author = {Amos, G. C. and Gozzard, E. and Carter, C. E. and Mead, A. and Bowes, M. J. and Hawkey, P. M. and Zhang, L. and Singer, A. C. and Gaze, W. H. and Wellington, E. M.} } @article {10159, title = {{Validation of Bacteroidales quantitative PCR assays targeting human and animal fecal contamination in the public and domestic domains in India}}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {502}, year = {2015}, pages = {462{\textendash}470}, author = {Odagiri, M and Schriewer, A and Hanley, K and Wuertz, S and Misra, PR and Panigrahi, P and Jenkins, MW} } @article {7896, title = {{Variability in the recovery of a virus concentration procedure in water: Implications for QMRA}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {87}, year = {2015}, pages = {79{\textendash}86}, author = {Petterson, S and Gr{\o}ndahl-Rosado, R and Nilsen, V and Myrmel, M and Robertson, LJ} } @article {12223, title = {Variation of antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater treatment plant with A 2 O-MBR system}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution ResearchEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, year = {2015}, pages = {3715-3726}, isbn = {0944-1344}, author = {Du, Jing and Geng, Jinju and Ren, Hongqiang and Ding, Lili and Xu, Ke and Zhang, Yan} } @article {12821, title = {Variation of antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater treatment plant with A(2)O-MBR system}, journal = {Environmental Science and pollution research}, volume = {22}, year = {2015}, pages = {3715-3726}, author = {Du, J and Ren, H and Geng, J and Zhang, Y and Xu, K and Ding, L} } @article {17288, title = {Vermicomposting as manure management strategy for urban small-holder animal farms - Kampala case study}, journal = {Waste ManagementWaste ManagementWaste Management}, volume = {39}, year = {2015}, month = {May}, pages = {96-103}, keywords = {Biosolids, Case study, conversion rate, cow manure, earthworm, eisenia-foetida, eudrilus-eugeniae oligochaeta, feed, fish-meal, Hygiene, mass balance, protein production, QUALITY, reduction, vermicompost, waste}, isbn = {0956-053x}, author = {Lalander, C. H. and Komakech, A. J. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {8005, title = {{Virus Satellites Drive Viral Evolution and Ecology.}}, journal = {PLoS genetics}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, pages = {e1005609}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, abstract = {Virus satellites are widespread subcellular entities, present both in eukaryotic and in prokaryotic cells. Their modus vivendi involves parasitism of the life cycle of their inducing helper viruses, which assures their transmission to a new host. However, the evolutionary and ecological implications of satellites on helper viruses remain unclear. Here, using staphylococcal pathogenicity islands (SaPIs) as a model of virus satellites, we experimentally show that helper viruses rapidly evolve resistance to their virus satellites, preventing SaPI proliferation, and SaPIs in turn can readily evolve to overcome phage resistance. Genomic analyses of both these experimentally evolved strains as well as naturally occurring bacteriophages suggest that the SaPIs drive the coexistence of multiple alleles of the phage-coded SaPI inducing genes, as well as sometimes selecting for the absence of the SaPI depressing genes. We report similar (accidental) evolution of resistance to SaPIs in laboratory phages used for Staphylococcus aureus typing and also obtain the same qualitative results in both experimental evolution and phylogenetic studies of Enterococcus faecalis phages and their satellites viruses. In summary, our results suggest that helper and satellite viruses undergo rapid coevolution, which is likely to play a key role in the evolution and ecology of the viruses as well as their prokaryotic hosts.}, issn = {1553-7404}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1005609}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26495848 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4619825}, author = {Fr{\'\i}gols, Bel{\'e}n and Quiles-Puchalt, Nuria and Mir-Sanchis, Ignacio and Donderis, Jorge and Elena, Santiago F and Buckling, Angus and Novick, Richard P and Marina, Alberto and Penad{\'e}s, Jos{\'e} R} } @article {14023, title = {Virus {Satellites} {Drive} {Viral} {Evolution} and {Ecology}.}, journal = {PLoS genetics}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {oct}, pages = {e1005609}, abstract = {Virus satellites are widespread subcellular entities, present both in eukaryotic and in prokaryotic cells. Their modus vivendi involves parasitism of the life cycle of their inducing helper viruses, which assures their transmission to a new host. However, the evolutionary and ecological implications of satellites on helper viruses remain unclear. Here, using staphylococcal pathogenicity islands (SaPIs) as a model of virus satellites, we experimentally show that helper viruses rapidly evolve resistance to their virus satellites, preventing SaPI proliferation, and SaPIs in turn can readily evolve to overcome phage resistance. Genomic analyses of both these experimentally evolved strains as well as naturally occurring bacteriophages suggest that the SaPIs drive the coexistence of multiple alleles of the phage-coded SaPI inducing genes, as well as sometimes selecting for the absence of the SaPI depressing genes. We report similar (accidental) evolution of resistance to SaPIs in laboratory phages used for Staphylococcus aureus typing and also obtain the same qualitative results in both experimental evolution and phylogenetic studies of Enterococcus faecalis phages and their satellites viruses. In summary, our results suggest that helper and satellite viruses undergo rapid coevolution, which is likely to play a key role in the evolution and ecology of the viruses as well as their prokaryotic hosts.}, issn = {1553-7404}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1005609}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26495848 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4619825}, author = {Fr{\'\i}gols, Bel{\'e}n and Quiles-Puchalt, Nuria and Mir-Sanchis, Ignacio and Donderis, Jorge and Elena, Santiago F and Buckling, Angus and Novick, Richard P and Marina, Alberto and Penad{\'e}s, Jos{\'e} R} } @booklet {3865, title = {{WASH} {Post}-2015: {Proposed} {Indicators} for {Drinking} {Water}, {Sanitation} and {Hygiene} (revised edition).}, year = {2015}, publisher = {WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {JMP} } @booklet {3923, title = {{WASH} {Post}-2015: {Proposed} {Indicators} for {Drinking} {Water}, {Sanitation} and {Hygiene} (revised ed.)}, year = {2015}, publisher = {WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {JMP} } @booklet {3439, title = {{WASH Post-2015: Proposed Indicators for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (revised edition).}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {JMP} } @booklet {3479, title = {{WASH Post-2015: Proposed Indicators for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (revised ed.)}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {JMP} } @article {3691, title = {Wastewater {Analysis} {Indicates} that {Genetically} {Diverse} {Astroviruses}, {Including} {Strains} {Belonging} to {Novel} {Clades} {MLB} and {VA}, {Are} {Circulating} within {Japanese} {Populations}.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {4932{\textendash}4939}, author = {Hata, A and Katayama, H and Kitajima, M and Furumai, H} } @article {8940, title = {Wastewater disinfection using ultraviolet (UVA, UVC) and solar radiation}, journal = {Desalination and Water Treatment}, volume = {56}, number = {10}, year = {2015}, pages = {2646-2652}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1944-3994}, doi = {10.1080/19443994.2014.968909}, url = {://WOS:000364224500011 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19443994.2014.968909}, author = {Igoud, S. and Souahi, F. and Chitour, C. E. and Amrouche, L. and Lamaa, C. and Chekir, N. and Chouikh, A.} } @booklet {8341, title = {Wastewater Management: A UN-Water Analytical Brief}, year = {2015}, url = {http://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-detail/fi/c/275896/} } @booklet {1451, title = {Water Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Processes}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Bank Group http://water.worldbank.org/shw-resource-guide/infrastructure/menu-technical-options/wastewater-treatment last accessed July 2015.}, type = {Electronic Article} } @mastersthesis {7155, title = {The water monitor lizard {Varanus} salvator: {Behavior}, ecology, and human dimensions in {Banten}, {Indonesia}}, year = {2015}, note = {3725140}, school = {University of Washington}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The water monitor lizard, Varanus salvator , is a large, ecologically flexible species commonly found in areas of human disturbance throughout its Southeast Asian range. The presence of anthropogenic resource subsidies may influence V. salvator behavior in such areas, potentially altering the social structure, ranging activity, and space use of this species. Overlapping human and V. salvator activity areas also create the potential for increased human-V. salvator conflict. We used behavioral observations and radio-telemetry to study V. salvator in an area of regular anthropogenic subsidy in Banten, Indonesia. We also conducted interviews with area residents to document local knowledge and to identify concerns regarding local herpetofauna. On Tinjil Island, Indonesia, we observed a higher incidence of intraspecific encounters among V. salvator in a human-subsidized area than in areas where animals foraged naturally. A greater number of agonistic interactions was also observed in the presence of food when compared to those in the absence of food. Our data suggest that on Tinjil Island a dominance hierarchy exists among V. salvator frequenting the area of anthropogenic subsidy. In addition, V. salvator activity areas appeared smaller in the dry season than in the wet season, when the island{\textquoteright}s natural water and prey resources were more abundant. Similarly, V. salvator on the island showed increased use away from areas of anthropogenic subsidy in the wet season only. Through the interview process we learned that a local taboo prohibits the collection of V. salvator and Python reticulatus on Tinjil Island, but that the taboo is not observed in the nearby mainland villages, Muara Dua and Cisiih. In the villages, V. salvator is mainly considered a pest, but the meat of this species is also consumed for medicinal purposes. In our study V. salvator behavior in human-subsidized areas differed from that observed in wildland areas but varied temporally, indicating that anthropogenic subsidies may be more important for this population in the dry season when natural resources are less available. A location-specific taboo, official regulations, and anthropogenic subsidy serve to protect and maintain Tinjil Island{\textquoteright}s V. salvator population. However, in nearby Muara Dua and Cisiih, local use for medicinal purposes and concerns over livestock depredation could lead to increased harvest and persecution of this species.}, keywords = {0284:Wildlife Conservation, 0286:Wildlife Management, 0329:Ecology, 0602:Behavioral Sciences, Behavioral Sciences, Biological sciences, Ecology, Indonesia, Psychology, Radiotelemetry, Traditional beliefs, Varanus salvator, Water monitor lizard, Wildlife Conservation, Wildlife Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1722530824?accountid=14270}, author = {Uyeda, Linda Therese} } @booklet {3632, title = {Water, {Sanitation}, and {Hygiene}, and {Menstrual} {Hygiene} {Management}: {A} {Resource} {Guide}.}, year = {2015}, publisher = {WASH Advocates}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Advocates, WASH} } @booklet {3423, title = {{Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, and Menstrual Hygiene Management: A Resource Guide.}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {WASH Advocates}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Advocates, WASH} } @booklet {3461, title = {{Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Health Care Facilities: Status in Low and Middle Income Countries and Way Forward}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @booklet {3606, title = {Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Health Care Facilities: Status in Low- and Middle-Income Countries and Way Forward}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva} } @booklet {3764, title = {Water, {Sanitation} and {Hygiene} in {Health} {Care} {Facilities}: {Status} in {Low} and {Middle} {Income} {Countries} and {Way} {Forward}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @mastersthesis {6873, title = {Water use of reforested lands in dry tropical costa rica: a functional traits and ecosystem services approach}, year = {2015}, note = {3703369}, school = {University of Idaho}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Anthropogenic land cover change causes changes in the composition and function of ecosystems, which can impact ecosystem services and affect human welfare. A functional traits approach to ecosystem services can improve our understanding of these impacts by improving the resolution of ecosystem service assessments. The first chapter of this dissertation is a review of methods for scaling variation in functional trait composition from local to regional levels. In particular, the utility of available remote sensing methods for the regional scaling of fine-resolution functional trait variation is assessed. This is illustrated with a case study that summarizes some of the research detailed in the subsequent chapters. The second chapter of this dissertation examines the water use of reforestation strategies sponsored by government monetary incentives in seasonally dry Costa Rica, a region where water scarcity impacts human welfare. By sampling tree water use and carbon gain across paired treatment sites, I found that teak plantations have similar water use but higher water use efficiency than secondary forests of similar ecological maturity. Therefore, government policies aimed at incentivizing reforestation with secondary forests is not any better at conserving water resources than those aimed at teak plantations. The third chapter in this dissertation examines what functional traits are most related to tree and forest water use and water use efficiency across secondary forests and teak plantations in seasonally dry Costa Rica. I found that water use was strongly related to biomass at the tree stand level and that a few functional traits, namely tree sapwood depth, height and crown area, were also significantly related to tree water use. However, the relationship of traits on water use efficiency was not as significant. The capacity to remotely sense traits such as tree height and crown area makes them particularly useful for the scaling of tree water use to regional levels. Although there is strong convergence of water use with biomass, there is room for the use of functional traits to improve the resolution of tree to forest water use in ecosystem service assessments.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0474:Environmental management, 0528:Natural Resource Management, Biological sciences, Ecology, environmental management, Forest hydrology, Health and environmental sciences, Land cover change, Natural Resource Management, Reforestation incentives, Teak plantations, Tropical secondary forests, Water scarcity}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1688330298?accountid=14270}, author = {Abelleira Martinez, Oscar J.} } @inbook {11972, title = {Waterborne and Water-washed Disease}, booktitle = {Routledge Handbook of Water and Health}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, type = {Book Section}, address = {London and New York}, author = {Sobsey, Mark D}, editor = {Bartram, Jamie and Baum, Rachel and Coclanis, Peter A and Gute, David M and Kay, David and McFadyen, Stephanie and Pond, Katherine and Robertson, William and Rouse, Michael J} } @article {16039, title = {Waterborne Leptospirosis: Survival and Preservation of the Virulence of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. in Fresh Water}, journal = {Curr MicrobiolCurr Microbiol}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul}, pages = {136-142.}, keywords = {*Microbial Viability, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Fresh Water/chemistry/*microbiology, Gerbillinae, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae/*pathogenicity/*physiology, Leptospirosis/microbiology, Minerals/analysis, Temperature, Time Factors, Virulence}, author = {Andre-Fontaine, G. and Aviat, F. and Thorin, C.} } @article {4057, title = {{Waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic countries, 1998 to 2012}}, journal = {Eurosurveillance}, number = {24}, year = {2015}, author = {Guzman-Herrador, B and Carlander, A and Ethelberg, S and Freiesleben de Blasio, B and Kuusi, M and Lund, V and L{\"o}fdahl, M and MacDonald, E and Nichols, G and Sch{\"o}nning, C and Sudre, B and Tr{\"o}nnberg, L and Vold, L and Semenza, JC and Nyg\aard, K} } @article {7703, title = {Waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic countries, 1998 to 2012}, journal = {Eurosurveillance}, volume = {20}, year = {2015}, pages = {21160}, author = {Guzman-Herrador,B. and Carlander,A. and Ethelberg,S. and Freiesleben de Blasio,B. and Kuusi,M. and Lund,V. and L{\"o}fdahl,M. and MacDonald,E. and Nichols,G. and Sch{\"o}nning,C. and Sudre,B. and Tr{\"o}nnberg,L. and Vold,L., and Semenza,J. C. and Nyg{\r a}rd,K.} } @article {7897, title = {{Waterborne Pathogens: Detection Methods and Challenges}}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {307{\textendash}334}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens4020307}, author = {Ram{\'\i}rez-Castillo, FY and Loera-Muro, A and Jacques, M and Garneau, P and Avelar-Gonz{\'a}lez, FJ and Harel, J and Guerrero-Barrera, AL} } @article {4114, title = {{Waterborne pathogens: detection methods and challenges}}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {307{\textendash}334}, author = {Ram{\'\i}rez-Castillo, FY and Loera-Muro, A and Jacques, M and Garneau, P and Avelar-Gonz{\'a}lez, FJ and Harel, J and Guerrero-Barrera, AL} } @article {8638, title = {{Waterborne toxoplasmosis investigated and analysed under hydrogeological assessment: new data and perspectives for further research}}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {110}, number = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {929{\textendash}935}, author = {Vieira, FP and Alves, MaG and Martins, LM and Rangel, AL and Dubey, JP and Hill, D and Bahia-Oliveira, LM} } @article {1561, title = {Waterborne Viruses: A Barrier to Safe Drinking Water}, journal = {PLoS Pathog}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, note = {Gall, Aimee M Marinas, Benito J Lu, Yi Shisler, Joanna L eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2015/06/26 06:00 PLoS Pathog. 2015 Jun 25;11(6):e1004867. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004867. eCollection 2015 Jun.}, pages = {e1004867}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1553-7374 (Electronic) 1553-7366 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1004867}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26110535}, author = {Gall, A. M. and Marinas, B. J. and Lu, Y. and Shisler, J. L.} } @article {14606, title = {Waterborne {Viruses}: {A} {Barrier} to {Safe} {Drinking} {Water}}, journal = {PLoS Pathog}, volume = {11}, year = {2015}, month = {jun}, pages = {e1004867}, issn = {1553-7374 (Electronic) 1553-7366 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1004867}, author = {Gall, A. M. and Marinas, B. J. and Lu, Y. and Shisler, J. L.} } @article {10826, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2014}, volume = {90}, number = {40}, year = {2015}, pages = {517{\textendash}544}, author = {WHO} } @mastersthesis {6917, title = {Well-posedness and convergence of cfd two-fluid model for bubbly flows}, year = {2015}, note = {3720057}, school = {Purdue University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The current research is focused on developing a well-posed multidimensional CFD two-fluid model (TFM) for bubbly flows. Two-phase flows exhibit a wide range of local flow instabilities such as Kelvin-Helmholtz, Rayleigh-Taylor, plume and jet instabilities. They arise due to the density difference and/or the relative velocity between the two phases. A physically correct TFM is essential to model these instabilities. However, this is not the case with the TFMs in numerical codes, which can be shown to have complex eigenvalues due to incompleteness and hence are ill-posed as initial value problems. A common approach to regularize an incomplete TFM is to add artificial physics or numerically by using a coarse grid or first order methods. However, it eliminates the local physical instabilities along with the undesired high frequency oscillations resulting from the ill-posedness. Thus, the TFM loses the capability to predict the inherent local dynamics of the two-phase flow. The alternative approach followed in the current study is to introduce appropriate physical mechanisms that make the TFM well-posed. First a well-posed 1-D TFM for vertical bubbly flows is analyzed with characteristics, and dispersion analysis. When an incomplete TFM is used, it results in high frequency oscillations in the solution. It is demonstrated through the travelling void wave problem that, by adding the missing short wavelength physics to the numerical TFM, this can be removed by making the model well-posed. To extend the limit of well-posedness beyond the well-known TFM of Pauchon and Banerjee [1], the mechanism of collision is considered, and it is shown by characteristics analysis that the TFM then becomes well-posed for all void fractions of practical interest. The aforementioned ideas are then extended to CFD TFM. The travelling void wave problem is again used to demonstrate that by adding appropriate physics, the problem of ill-posedness is resolved. Furthermore, issues pertaining to the presence of the wall boundaries need to be addressed in a CFD TFM. A near-wall modeling technique is proposed which takes into account the turbulent boundary conditions and void fraction distribution in the vicinity of the wall. An important consequence of using the proposed technique is that the need of wall force model, which is questionable when applied to air-water turbulent bubbly flows, is eliminated. Also the bubbly TFM near the wall becomes convergent. Finally, the well-posed CFD TFM developed in the present study is checked for grid convergence. Previous researchers have advocated the idea of fixing the minimum grid size based on bubble diameter. This has restricted a thorough verification exercise in the past. It is shown that the grid size criterion can be removed if the model is made well-posed, which also makes sense because a continuum model should be independent of grid size. It is observed that the solution from the coarse grid simulations is a limit cycle whereas upon grid refinement, the solution becomes chaotic which is characteristic of turbulent bubbly two-phase flows. Therefore the grid size restriction may have an unwanted consequence. FFT spectra and time averaged void fraction profiles are used to assess grid convergence since the solutions are chaotic. The energy spectra indicate the Kolmogorov -5/3 scaling commonly used to describe turbulent flows.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, 0552:Nuclear engineering, Applied sciences, Bubbly flows, Cfd, Mechanical engineering, Nuclear engineering, stability, Turbulence, Two-fluid model, Well-posedness}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1718548014?accountid=14270}, author = {Vaidheeswaran, Avinash} } @article {12558, title = {What is a resistance gene? Ranking risk in resistomes}, journal = {Nature reviews microbiologyNature Reviews Microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {116-123}, isbn = {1740-1526}, author = {Mart{\'\i}nez, Jos{\'e} L and Coque, Teresa M and Baquero, Fernando} } @mastersthesis {6246, title = {When {Technology} {Fails}: {Insights} on {Socially} {Sustainable} {Strategies} {In} the {Water}, {Sanitation}, and {Hygiene} {Sector}}, year = {2015}, note = {1586371}, school = {University of Washington}, type = {phdMaster{\textquoteright}s}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Background: As the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) come to a close, 783 million people still lack access to improved water (Onda et al., 2012). An estimated 30 - 40\% of development efforts to improve access to water still fail (are broken and/or unused) (Lockwood et al., 2010), which is similar to rates found 40 years ago (Imboden, 1977). While there have been increasing efforts to address this issue - especially the financial and technical aspects, a review of recent sustainability frameworks in the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector reveal that there is a need for better understanding how to plan for and address the social aspects of sustainability in delivering rural water services. Purpose: The purpose is to explore different strategies used by leaders in the WASH sector to deliver socially sustainable safe drinking water in low income countries. The goal is to provide insights based on specific examples and participant experiences on ways to increase the social sustainability of services: a) in the bigger picture of international aid effectiveness, and b) with a specific focus on creating effective motivation infrastructure. Methodology: Twenty-two key informants were purposively selected and interviewed for an average of one hour and fifteen minutes, during which they were asked to describe in detail their organization{\textquoteright}s approach to sustainability along with a specific example of an effort that failed and one that succeeded. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using qualitative analysis and {\textcopyright} NVivo10 software. Results: Eight main themes emerged which were consistent across what participants believed worked and did not work and found worked and did not work. Socially sustainable efforts create effective incentives, build local capacity, respect local stakeholders priorities and preferences, learn before, after and throughout the process, prevent failure and protect investment, ensure on-going monitoring and maintenance, identify and avoid assumptions, and focus on what people want rather than need. Given the variability of local context and culture, it is not helpful and may not be possible to create a fixed list of actions that accomplish the themes listed above. However, learning from themes that emerged provides valuable insights into how we might more consistently include mechanisms that improve sustainability by recognizing the importance of social versus technical challenges. Examining how these themes align with the bigger picture of development, we find that 85\% of the themes fit into one of the five categories of commitments made in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005); but a lack of consistent, wide-scale monitoring in the WASH sector makes it difficult to tell to what extent each of these international commitments have been met. Looking at how these themes align with a specific focus - motivation as described in Maslow{\textquoteright}s Theory of Motivation (1943), we find that strategies participants believe to be effective align more with higher level needs such as self-actualization (n=105), self-esteem (n=88), and safety and security (n=110) compared to physiological (n=8). Conclusion: More rigorous, collaborative research is needed to better document the definitions, combinations, and contexts in which strategies work and do not work. There is no magic bullet that will guarantee sustainability 100\% of the time, but a more accurate understanding of social challenges and barriers like human motivation provide us with better tools from which to make evidenced based decisions in addressing a missing area of sustainability.}, keywords = {0470:Environmental Health, 0573:Public health, 0640:Sustainability, Environmental health, Health and environmental sciences, Hygiene, Public health, sanitation, Social, Social sciences, Sustainability, Wash, water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1675022163?accountid=14270}, author = {Marshall, Alicia Lia} } @mastersthesis {7239, title = {When the {Wells} {Ran} {Dry}: {A} {Treadmill} {Analysis} of {Political} {Capitalism} and {Environmental} {Degradation} in the {Minqin} {Oasis}}, year = {2015}, note = {3723185}, school = {University of Kansas}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {My dissertation is a case study examining how changes in land tenure and taxation policies created underdevelopment in the region worst affected by desertification in China: the Minqin oasis in the Gansu province. I argue that the tragedy of the commons occurred due to the significant decline in institutional credibility of land tenure in the oasis, driven by central-local tensions embedded in a tax farming system. My dissertation discusses the concepts of political capitalism and its application to the changing roles of the communist state on resource management during the collective and tax reform eras in China. I first examined the environmental history of the oasis, showing the intricate yet repetitive pattern of interactions between the state extraction policy and the ecology of the oasis from the 14th century to the communist collective era. I then used Weber{\textquoteright}s analysis of center-periphery relations to dissect the treadmill of production in a politically-oriented capitalist regime. I show that the institutional disarray in the 1980s created a fiscal crisis that pushed the central government to decentralize public goods provisions. Under constant pressure to increase tax revenues, the unitary bureaucracy intensified the collection of unregulated fees and levies from farmers. They also encouraged cash-cropping in massive land reclamation projects by contracting the rights for use of wastelands and the groundwater underneath. Local state agents prohibited the traditional customs of water-sharing among villagers and operated higher tax rates in mutually cultivated areas as compared to privately reclaimed areas. The disruption of productive relations reduced the institutional credibility of land rights among the peasantry and, together with the ever-increasing need to accumulate capital for industrialized farming, created the homo economicus and corporatist state in the ecological catastrophe. In conclusion, I discuss how the case study of Minqin adds to the vibrant literature about the treadmill of accumulation theory in environmental sociology, and the impact of institutional transformation in post-socialist societies on nature is also discussed. The data came from an 18 month-long ethnography, 157 oral history interviews conducted with three generations of peasants living in the Minqin oasis, and 7,237 policy documents gathered from provincial and county record offices in northwestern China. Data gathering was completed in 2013.}, keywords = {0626:Sociology, China, Common pool resources, Environmental sociology, Fiscal sociology, Social sciences, Sociology, Sustainability}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1728883956?accountid=14270}, author = {Mao, KuoRay} } @book {3019, title = {{WHO} estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases}, year = {2015}, edition = {WHO}, address = {Geneva}, isbn = {978 92 4 156516 5} } @booklet {12697, title = {{WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group 2007-2015}}, year = {2015}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {1925, title = {WHO Global Action Plan to minimize poliovirus facility-associated risk after type-specific eradication of wild polioviruses and sequential cessation of oral polio vaccine use (GAPIII)}, year = {2015}, publisher = {WHO http://www.polioeradication.org/Posteradication/Certification.aspx Last Accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {8373, title = {{WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation}}, year = {2015}, url = {https://www.wssinfo.org/}, author = {WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP)} } @article {5459, title = {WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation}, year = {2015}, url = {https://www.wssinfo.org/} } @article {11440, title = {Why Latrines Are Not Used: Communities{\textquoteright} Perceptions and Practices Regarding Latrines in a Taenia solium Endemic Rural Area in Eastern Zambia}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {e0003570}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0003570}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371\%2Fjournal.pntd.0003570}, author = {Thys, S{\'e}verine and Mwape, Kabemba E. and Lef{\`e}vre, Pierre and Dorny, Pierre and Marcotty, Tanguy and Phiri, Andrew M. and Phiri, Isaak K. and Gabriel, Sarah} } @article {7674, title = {Wild bird-associated Campylobacter jejuni isolates are a consistent source of human disease, in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {782-788}, author = {Cody, AJ and McCarthy, ND and Bray, JE and Wimalarathna, HM and Colles, FM and M J Jansen van Rensburg and Dingle, KE and Waldenstrom, J and Maiden, MC} } @article {12353, title = {Within-host diversity of MRSA antimicrobial resistances}, journal = {Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, volume = {70}, number = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {Aug}, pages = {2191-8}, keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Bacterial, *Genetic Variation, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Bacteriophages/isolation \& purification, Carrier State/*microbiology, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, genotype, horizontal gene transfer, Humans, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/*drug effects/isolation \&, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Mobile genetic elements, Nasal Mucosa/microbiology, Phenotype, Plasmids/analysis, purification, Staphylococcal Infections/*microbiology, transduction, Transduction, Genetic, whole-genome sequencing}, isbn = {1460-2091 (Electronic)
0305-7453 (Linking)}, author = {Stanczak-Mrozek, K. I. and Manne, A. and Knight, G. M. and Gould, K. and Witney, A. A. and Lindsay, J. A.} } @article {17277, title = {World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 22 Foodborne Bacterial, Protozoal, and Viral Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis}, journal = {PLoS MedPLoS Med}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec}, pages = {e1001921}, edition = {2015/12/04}, keywords = {*Cost of Illness, *Global Health, Foodborne Diseases/economics/*epidemiology/microbiology/parasitology, Humans, Incidence, prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, World Health Organization}, isbn = {1549-1676 (Electronic)
1549-1277 (Linking)}, author = {Kirk, M. D. and Pires, S. M. and Black, R. E. and Caipo, M. and Crump, J. A. and Devleesschauwer, B. and Dopfer, D. and Fazil, A. and Fischer-Walker, C. L. and Hald, T. and Hall, A. J. and Keddy, K. H. and Lake, R. J. and Lanata, C. F. and Torgerson, P. R. and Havelaar, A. H. and Angulo, F. J.} } @article {11441, title = {World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 11 Foodborne Parasitic Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis}, journal = {PLoS Med}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {e1001920}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1549-1676}, author = {Torgerson, Paul R and Devleesschauwer, Brecht and Praet, Nicolas and Speybroeck, Niko and Willingham, Arve Lee and Kasuga, Fumiko and Rokni, Mohammad B and Zhou, Xiao-Nong and F{\`e}vre, Eric M and Sripa, Banchob} } @article {9673, title = {World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 11 Foodborne Parasitic Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis}, journal = {PLoS Med.}, volume = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {e1001920}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001920}, author = {Torgerson, P.R and Devleesschauwer, B and Praet, N and Speybroeck, N and Willingham, A.L and Kasuga, F. and Rokni, M.B and Zhou, X.-N. and F{\`e}vre, E.M. and Sripa, B. and Gargouri, N. and F{\"u}rst, T. and Budke, C.M. and Carabin, H. and Kirk, M.D and Angulo, F.J. and Havelaar, A. and de Silva, N.} } @article {5494, title = {{World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 22 Foodborne Bacterial, Protozoal, and Viral Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis}}, journal = {PLOS Medicine}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {e1001921}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, abstract = {In this data synthesis, Martyn Kirk and colleagues estimate the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal and viral diseases.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371{\%}2Fjournal.pmed.1001921}, author = {Kirk, Martyn D and Pires, Sara M and Black, Robert E and Caipo, Marisa and Crump, John A and Devleesschauwer, Brecht and D{\"o}pfer, D{\"o}rte and Fazil, Aamir and Fischer-Walker, Christa L and Hald, Tine and A J Hall and Keddy, Karen H and Lake, Robin J and Lanata, Claudio F and Torgerson, Paul R and Havelaar, Arie H and Angulo, Frederick J} } @article {3150, title = {World {Health} {Organization} {Estimates} of the {Global} and {Regional} {Disease} {Burden} of 11 {Foodborne} {Parasitic} {Diseases}, 2010: {A} {Data} {Synthesis}}, journal = {PLoS medicine}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {e1001920}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Foodborne diseases are globally important, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. Parasitic diseases often result in high burdens of disease in low and middle income countries and are frequently transmitted to humans via contaminated food. This study presents the first estimates of the global and regional human disease burden of 10 helminth diseases and toxoplasmosis that may be attributed to contaminated food. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Data were abstracted from 16 systematic reviews or similar studies published between 2010 and 2015; from 5 disease data bases accessed in 2015; and from 79 reports, 73 of which have been published since 2000, 4 published between 1995 and 2000 and 2 published in 1986 and 1981. These included reports from national surveillance systems, journal articles, and national estimates of foodborne diseases. These data were used to estimate the number of infections, sequelae, deaths, and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), by age and region for 2010. These parasitic diseases, resulted in 48.4 million cases (95\% Uncertainty intervals [UI] of 43.4-79.0 million) and 59,724 (95\% UI 48,017-83,616) deaths annually resulting in 8.78 million (95\% UI 7.62-12.51 million) DALYs. We estimated that 48\% (95\% UI 38\%-56\%) of cases of these parasitic diseases were foodborne, resulting in 76\% (95\% UI 65\%-81\%) of the DALYs attributable to these diseases. Overall, foodborne parasitic disease, excluding enteric protozoa, caused an estimated 23.2 million (95\% UI 18.2-38.1 million) cases and 45,927 (95\% UI 34,763-59,933) deaths annually resulting in an estimated 6.64 million (95\% UI 5.61-8.41 million) DALYs. Foodborne Ascaris infection (12.3 million cases, 95\% UI 8.29-22.0 million) and foodborne toxoplasmosis (10.3 million cases, 95\% UI 7.40-14.9 million) were the most common foodborne parasitic diseases. Human cysticercosis with 2.78 million DALYs (95\% UI 2.14-3.61 million), foodborne trematodosis with 2.02 million DALYs (95\% UI 1.65-2.48 million) and foodborne toxoplasmosis with 825,000 DALYs (95\% UI 561,000-1.26 million) resulted in the highest burdens in terms of DALYs, mainly due to years lived with disability. Foodborne enteric protozoa, reported elsewhere, resulted in an additional 67.2 million illnesses or 492,000 DALYs. Major limitations of our study include often substantial data gaps that had to be filled by imputation and suffer from the uncertainties that surround such models. Due to resource limitations it was also not possible to consider all potentially foodborne parasites (for example Trypanosoma cruzi). CONCLUSIONS: Parasites are frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food. These estimates represent an important step forward in understanding the impact of foodborne diseases globally and regionally. The disease burden due to most foodborne parasites is highly focal and results in significant morbidity and mortality among vulnerable populations.}, keywords = {Cost of Illness, Foodborne Diseases, Global Health, Humans, Incidence, prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, World Health Organization}, issn = {1549-1676}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001920}, author = {Torgerson, Paul R. and Devleesschauwer, Brecht and Praet, Nicolas and Speybroeck, Niko and Willingham, Arve Lee and Kasuga, Fumiko and Rokni, Mohammad B. and Zhou, Xiao-Nong and F{\`e}vre, Eric M. and Sripa, Banchob and Gargouri, Neyla and F{\"u}rst, Thomas and Budke, Christine M. and Carabin, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Kirk, Martyn D. and Angulo, Frederick J. and Havelaar, Arie and de Silva, Nilanthi} } @article {12771, title = {{World Health Organization Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group. World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010}}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, pages = {e1001923}, author = {A H Havelaar and Kirk, MD and Torgerson, PR and Gibb, HJ and Hald, T and Lake, RJ and Praet, N and Bellinger, DC and de Silva, NR and Gargouri, N and Speybroeck, N and Cawthorne, A and Mathers, C and Stein, C and Angulo, FJ and Devleesschauwer, B} } @article {3044, title = {World {Health} {Organization} {Global} {Estimates} and {Regional} {Comparisons} of the {Burden} of {Foodborne} {Disease} in 2010}, journal = {PLoS medicine}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, year = {2015}, month = {dec}, pages = {e1001923}, abstract = {Illness and death from diseases caused by contaminated food are a constant threat to public health and a significant impediment to socio-economic development worldwide. To measure the global and regional burden of foodborne disease (FBD), the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG), which here reports their first estimates of the incidence, mortality, and disease burden due to 31 foodborne hazards. We find that the global burden of FBD is comparable to those of the major infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. The most frequent causes of foodborne illness were diarrheal disease agents, particularly norovirus and Campylobacter spp. Diarrheal disease agents, especially non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica, were also responsible for the majority of deaths due to FBD. Other major causes of FBD deaths were Salmonella Typhi, Taenia solium and hepatitis A virus. The global burden of FBD caused by the 31 hazards in 2010 was 33 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs); children under five years old bore 40\% of this burden. The 14 subregions, defined on the basis of child and adult mortality, had considerably different burdens of FBD, with the greatest falling on the subregions in Africa, followed by the subregions in South-East Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean D subregion. Some hazards, such as non-typhoidal S. enterica, were important causes of FBD in all regions of the world, whereas others, such as certain parasitic helminths, were highly localised. Thus, the burden of FBD is borne particularly by children under five years old-although they represent only 9\% of the global population-and people living in low-income regions of the world. These estimates are conservative, i.e., underestimates rather than overestimates; further studies are needed to address the data gaps and limitations of the study. Nevertheless, all stakeholders can contribute to improvements in food safety throughout the food chain by incorporating these estimates into policy development at national and international levels.}, keywords = {Cost of Illness, Foodborne Diseases, Global Health, Humans, Incidence, prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, World Health Organization}, issn = {1549-1676}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923}, author = {Havelaar, Arie H. and Kirk, Martyn D. and Torgerson, Paul R. and Gibb, Herman J. and Hald, Tine and Lake, Robin J. and Praet, Nicolas and Bellinger, David C. and de Silva, Nilanthi R. and Gargouri, Neyla and Speybroeck, Niko and Cawthorne, Amy and Mathers, Colin and Stein, Claudia and Angulo, Frederick J. and Devleesschauwer, Brecht and World Health Organization Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group} } @article {13845, title = {Worldwide {Population} {Structure}, {Long}-{Term} {Demography}, and {Local} {Adaptation} of {Helicobacter} pylori.}, journal = {Genetics}, volume = {200}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {947{\textendash}63}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen associated with serious gastric diseases. Owing to its medical importance and close relationship with its human host, understanding genomic patterns of global and local adaptation in H. pylori may be of particular significance for both clinical and evolutionary studies. Here we present the first such whole genome analysis of 60 globally distributed strains, from which we inferred worldwide population structure and demographic history and shed light on interesting global and local events of positive selection, with particular emphasis on the evolution of San-associated lineages. Our results indicate a more ancient origin for the association of humans and H. pylori than previously thought. We identify several important perspectives for future clinical research on candidate selected regions that include both previously characterized genes (e.g., transcription elongation factor NusA and tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducing protein Tipα) and hitherto unknown functional genes.}, issn = {1943-2631}, doi = {10.1534/genetics.115.176404}, url = {http://www.genetics.org/content/200/3/947.abstract}, author = {Montano, Valeria and Didelot, Xavier and Foll, Matthieu and Linz, Bodo and Reinhardt, Richard and Suerbaum, Sebastian and Moodley, Yoshan and Jensen, Jeffrey D} } @article {8217, title = {{Worldwide Population Structure, Long-Term Demography, and Local Adaptation of Helicobacter pylori.}}, journal = {Genetics}, volume = {200}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {jul}, pages = {947{\textendash}63}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen associated with serious gastric diseases. Owing to its medical importance and close relationship with its human host, understanding genomic patterns of global and local adaptation in H. pylori may be of particular significance for both clinical and evolutionary studies. Here we present the first such whole genome analysis of 60 globally distributed strains, from which we inferred worldwide population structure and demographic history and shed light on interesting global and local events of positive selection, with particular emphasis on the evolution of San-associated lineages. Our results indicate a more ancient origin for the association of humans and H. pylori than previously thought. We identify several important perspectives for future clinical research on candidate selected regions that include both previously characterized genes (e.g., transcription elongation factor NusA and tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducing protein Tip$\alpha$) and hitherto unknown functional genes.}, issn = {1943-2631}, doi = {10.1534/genetics.115.176404}, url = {http://www.genetics.org/content/200/3/947.abstract}, author = {Montano, Valeria and Didelot, Xavier and Foll, Matthieu and Linz, Bodo and Reinhardt, Richard and Suerbaum, Sebastian and Moodley, Yoshan and Jensen, Jeffrey D} } @article {1968, title = {Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IP32953 survives and replicates in trophozoites and persists in cysts of Acanthamoeba castellanii}, journal = {Fems Microbiology Letters}, volume = {362}, number = {13}, year = {2015}, note = {1}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnv091}, url = {://WOS:000359822000003}, author = {Santos-Montanez, Jennifer and Benavides-Montano, Javier A. and Hinz, Angela K. and Vadyvaloo, Viveka} } @booklet {15277, volume = {2014}, number = {07.02.14.}, year = {2014}, type = {Web Page}, url = {http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/timeseries/tscoveragerota_last.html} } @booklet {11982, year = {2014}, type = {Generic} } @article {17155, title = {25 years after Vi typhoid vaccine efficacy study, typhoid affects significant number of population in Nepal}, journal = {PLoS OnePlos One}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {e77974}, edition = {2014/01/09}, keywords = {History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Nepal/epidemiology, Population Surveillance, prevalence, Retrospective Studies, Salmonella typhi/*immunology, Typhoid Fever/history/*prevention \& control, Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/administration \& dosage/*immunology}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Bajracharya, D. and Khan, M. I. and Pach, A., 3rd and Shrestha, P. and Joshi, N. and Upreti, S. R. and Wierzba, T. and Puri, M. and Sahastrabuddhe, S. and Ochiai, R. L.} } @article {5523, title = {{Absolute humidity influences the seasonal persistence and infectivity of human norovirus}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {23}, year = {2014}, pages = {7196{\textendash}7205}, abstract = {Norovirus (NoV) is one of the main causative agents of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. In temperate climates, outbreaks peak during the winter season. The mechanism by which climatic factors influence the occurrence of NoV outbreaks is unknown. We hypothesized that humidity is linked to NoV seasonality. Human NoV is not cultivatable, so we used cultivatable murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate to study its persistence when exposed to various levels of relative humidity (RH) from low (10{\%} RH) to saturated (100{\%} RH) conditions at 9 and 25{\textdegree}C. In addition, we conducted similar experiments with virus-like particles (VLPs) from the predominant GII-4 norovirus and studied changes in binding patterns to A, B, and O group carbohydrates that might reflect capsid alterations. The responses of MNV and VLP to humidity were somewhat similar, with 10 and 100{\%} RH exhibiting a strong conserving effect for both models, whereas 50{\%} RH was detrimental for MNV infectivity and VLP binding capacity. The data analysis suggested that absolute humidity (AH) rather than RH is the critical factor for keeping NoV infectious, with an AH below 0.007 kg water/kg air being favorable to NoV survival. Retrospective surveys of the meteorological data in Paris for the last 14 years showed that AH average values have almost always been below 0.007 kg water/kg air during the winter (i.e., 0.0046 {\textpm} 0.0014 kg water/kg air), and this finding supports the fact that low AH provides an ideal condition for NoV persistence and transmission during cold months.}, issn = {10985336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01871-14}, author = {Alexandre C de la Noue and Estienney, Marie and Aho, Serge and Jean M Perrier-Cornet and de Rougemont, Alexis and Pothier, Pierre and Gervais, Patrick and Belliot, Ga??l} } @article {5075, title = {Acute flaccid paralysis following enterovirus {D}68 associated pneumonia, {France}, 2014}, volume = {19}, number = {44}, year = {2014}, doi = {http://dxdoiorg/102807/1560-7917ES2014194420952}, author = {Lang, M and Mirand, A and Savy, N and Henquell, C and Maridet, S and Perignon, R and Labbe, A and Peigue-Lafeuille, H} } @article {4546, title = {Adenovirus infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {441{\textendash}62}, issn = {0893-8512}, doi = {10.1128/cmr.00116-13}, author = {Lion, T.} } @article {541, title = {Adenovirus infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Rev}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, note = {1098-6618 Lion, Thomas Journal Article United States Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014 Jul;27(3):441-62. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00116-13.}, pages = {441-62}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are an important cause of infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, and they continue to provide clinical challenges pertaining to diagnostics and treatment. The growing number of HAdV types identified by genomic analysis, as well as the improved understanding of the sites of viral persistence and reactivation, requires continuous adaptions of diagnostic approaches to facilitate timely detection and monitoring of HAdV infections. In view of the clinical relevance of life-threatening HAdV diseases in the immunocompromised setting, there is an urgent need for highly effective treatment modalities lacking major side effects. The present review summarizes the recent progress in the understanding and management of HAdV infections.}, issn = {0893-8512}, doi = {10.1128/cmr.00116-13}, author = {Lion, T.} } @inbook {543, title = {Adenoviruses associated with acute diarrhea in children in Beijing, China}, booktitle = {PLoS One}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, note = {Liu, Liying Qian, Yuan Zhang, You Deng, Jie Jia, Liping Dong, Huijin Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t PloS one PONE-D-13-23278 [pii] PLoS One. 2014 Feb 12;9(2):e88791. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088791. eCollection 2014.}, pages = {e88791}, type = {Book Section}, address = {United States}, abstract = {{Adenoviruses have been recognized as important causal pathogens of community-acquired diarrhea (CAD) among children, but their role in hospital-acquired diarrhea (HAD) is not well-understood. Hospitalized children with acute diarrhea and children who visited the outpatient department due to diarrhea were investigated from 2011 to 2012. Adenovirus was detected in stool specimens by PCR and further characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. SPSS software (version 19.0) was used for statistical analyses. A total of 2233 diarrheal children were enrolled in this study; this sample was comprised of 1371 hospitalized children, including 885 with CAD (IP-CAD) and 486 with HAD, and 862 outpatients with CAD (OP-CAD). Among these 2,233 patients, adenovirus was detected in 219 cases (9.8\%). The positive rates for adenovirus were significantly different between the IP-CAD (9.3\%), HAD (13.8\%) and OP-CAD (8.1\%) cases (X(2) = 11.76}, keywords = {Acute Disease/epidemiology/therapy Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification/ physiology Age Distribution Ambulatory Care/statistics \& numerical data Child China/epidemiology Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology/therapy/virology Diarrhea/ epidemiology/t}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0088791}, author = {Liu, L. and Qian, Y. and Zhang, Y. and Deng, J. and Jia, L. and Dong, H.} } @article {4547, title = {Adenoviruses associated with acute diarrhea in children in Beijing, China}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, pages = {e88791}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Liu, L. and Qian, Y. and Zhang, Y. and Deng, J. and Jia, L. and Dong, H.} } @article {6096, title = {Adsorption of rotavirus, MS2 bacteriophage and surface-modified silica nanoparticles to hydrophobic matter}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, year = {2014}, pages = {1{\textendash}8}, author = {Farkas, Kata and Varsani, Arvind and Pang, Liping} } @article {4023, title = {{Advanced thinking}}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {122}, year = {2014}, pages = {A332{\textendash}335}, author = {Dahl, R} } @article {8147, title = {{Advanced treatment of swine wastewater using an agent synthesized from amorphous silica and hydrated lime.}}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {21-24}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {2982{\textendash}7}, publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis}, abstract = {

Advanced treatment using an agent synthesized from amorphous silica and hydrated lime (M-CSH-lime) was developed and applied to swine wastewater treatment. Biologically treated wastewater and M-CSH-lime (approximately 6 w/v{\%} slurry) were fed continuously into a column-shaped reactor from its bottom. Accumulated M-CSH-lime gradually formed a bed layer. The influent permeated this layer and contacted the M-CSH-lime, and the treatment reaction progressed. Treated liquid overflowing from the top of the reactor was neutralized with CO$_{2}$gas bubbling. The colour removal rate approximately exceeded 50{\%} with M-CSH-lime addition rates of {\textgreater} 0.15 w/v{\%}. The removal rate of PO(3$^{-}$)(4) exceeded 80{\%} with the addition of{\textgreater}0.03 w/v{\%} of M-CSH-lime. The removal rates of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli exceeded 99.9{\%} with {\textgreater} 0.1 w/v{\%}. Accumulated M-CSH-lime in the reactor was periodically withdrawn from the upper part of the bed layer. The content of citric-acid-soluble P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ in the recovered matter was{\textgreater}15{\%} when the weight ratio of influent PO(3$^{-}$)(4) -P to added M-CSH-lime was {\textgreater} 0.15. This content was comparable with commercial phosphorus fertilizer. The inhibitory effect of recovered M-CSH-lime on germination and growth of leafy vegetable komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) was evaluated by an experiment using the Neubauer\&$\#$39;s pot. The recovered M-CSH-lime had no negative effect on germination and growth. These results suggest that advanced water treatment with M-CSH-lime was effective for simultaneous removal of colour, [Formula: see text] and coliform bacteria at an addition rate of 0.03-0.15 w/v{\%}, and that the recovered M-CSH-lime would be suitable as phosphorus fertilizer.

}, keywords = {Animals, Brassica rapa, Brassica rapa: drug effects, Brassica rapa: growth {\&} development, Calcium Compounds, Calcium Compounds: chemistry, Calcium Compounds: toxicity, Color, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Fertilizers, Fertilizers: toxicity, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Germination, Germination: drug effects, Heavy, Heavy: analysis, Metals, Oxides, Oxides: chemistry, Oxides: toxicity, Phosphates, Phosphates: analysis, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide: chemistry, Silicon Dioxide: toxicity, Swine, Waste Disposal, Waste Water, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: analysis}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2014.927533}, url = {http://www-tandfonline-com.sire.ub.edu/doi/full/10.1080/09593330.2014.927533}, author = {Tanaka, Yasuo and Hasegawa, Teruaki and Sugimoto, Kiyomi and Miura, Keiichi and Aketo, Tsuyoshi and Minowa, Nobutaka and Toda, Masaya and Kinoshita, Katsumi and Yamashita, Takahiro and Ogino, Akifumi} } @article {2432, title = {{Advanced treatment of swine wastewater using an agent synthesized from amorphous silica and hydrated lime.}}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {35}, number = {21-24}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {2982{\textendash}7}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {Advanced treatment using an agent synthesized from amorphous silica and hydrated lime (M-CSH-lime) was developed and applied to swine wastewater treatment. Biologically treated wastewater and M-CSH-lime (approximately 6 w/v\% slurry) were fed continuously into a column-shaped reactor from its bottom. Accumulated M-CSH-lime gradually formed a bed layer. The influent permeated this layer and contacted the M-CSH-lime, and the treatment reaction progressed. Treated liquid overflowing from the top of the reactor was neutralized with CO$_{2}$gas bubbling. The colour removal rate approximately exceeded 50\% with M-CSH-lime addition rates of > 0.15 w/v\%. The removal rate of PO(3$^{-}$)(4) exceeded 80\% with the addition of>0.03 w/v\% of M-CSH-lime. The removal rates of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli exceeded 99.9\% with > 0.1 w/v\%. Accumulated M-CSH-lime in the reactor was periodically withdrawn from the upper part of the bed layer. The content of citric-acid-soluble P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ in the recovered matter was>15\% when the weight ratio of influent PO(3$^{-}$)(4) -P to added M-CSH-lime was > 0.15. This content was comparable with commercial phosphorus fertilizer. The inhibitory effect of recovered M-CSH-lime on germination and growth of leafy vegetable komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) was evaluated by an experiment using the Neubauer{\textquoteright}s pot. The recovered M-CSH-lime had no negative effect on germination and growth. These results suggest that advanced water treatment with M-CSH-lime was effective for simultaneous removal of colour, [Formula: see text] and coliform bacteria at an addition rate of 0.03-0.15 w/v\%, and that the recovered M-CSH-lime would be suitable as phosphorus fertilizer.}, keywords = {Animals, Brassica rapa, Brassica rapa: drug effects, Brassica rapa: growth \& development, Calcium Compounds, Calcium Compounds: chemistry, Calcium Compounds: toxicity, Color, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Fertilizers, Fertilizers: toxicity, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Germination, Germination: drug effects, Heavy, Heavy: analysis, Metals, Oxides, Oxides: chemistry, Oxides: toxicity, Phosphates, Phosphates: analysis, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide: chemistry, Silicon Dioxide: toxicity, Swine, Waste Disposal, Waste Water, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: analysis}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2014.927533}, url = {http://www-tandfonline-com.sire.ub.edu/doi/full/10.1080/09593330.2014.927533}, author = {Tanaka, Yasuo and Hasegawa, Teruaki and Sugimoto, Kiyomi and Miura, Keiichi and Aketo, Tsuyoshi and Minowa, Nobutaka and Toda, Masaya and Kinoshita, Katsumi and Yamashita, Takahiro and Ogino, Akifumi} } @article {14841, title = {Advanced treatment of swine wastewater using an agent synthesized from amorphous silica and hydrated lime.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {35}, number = {21-24}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {2982{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Advanced treatment using an agent synthesized from amorphous silica and hydrated lime (M-CSH-lime) was developed and applied to swine wastewater treatment. Biologically treated wastewater and M-CSH-lime (approximately 6 w/v\% slurry) were fed continuously into a column-shaped reactor from its bottom. Accumulated M-CSH-lime gradually formed a bed layer. The influent permeated this layer and contacted the M-CSH-lime, and the treatment reaction progressed. Treated liquid overflowing from the top of the reactor was neutralized with CO$_{2}$gas bubbling. The colour removal rate approximately exceeded 50\% with M-CSH-lime addition rates of {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater 0.15 w/v\%. The removal rate of PO(3$^{-}$)(4) exceeded 80\% with the addition of{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater0.03 w/v\% of M-CSH-lime. The removal rates of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli exceeded 99.9\% with {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater 0.1 w/v\%. Accumulated M-CSH-lime in the reactor was periodically withdrawn from the upper part of the bed layer. The content of citric-acid-soluble P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ in the recovered matter was{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater15\% when the weight ratio of influent PO(3$^{-}$)(4) -P to added M-CSH-lime was {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater 0.15. This content was comparable with commercial phosphorus fertilizer. The inhibitory effect of recovered M-CSH-lime on germination and growth of leafy vegetable komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) was evaluated by an experiment using the Neubauer{\textquoteright}s pot. The recovered M-CSH-lime had no negative effect on germination and growth. These results suggest that advanced water treatment with M-CSH-lime was effective for simultaneous removal of colour, [Formula: see text] and coliform bacteria at an addition rate of 0.03-0.15 w/v\%, and that the recovered M-CSH-lime would be suitable as phosphorus fertilizer.}, keywords = {Animals, Brassica rapa, Brassica rapa: drug effects, Brassica rapa: growth \& development, Calcium Compounds, Calcium Compounds: chemistry, Calcium Compounds: toxicity, Color, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Fertilizers, Fertilizers: toxicity, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Germination, Germination: drug effects, Heavy, Heavy: analysis, Metals, Oxides, Oxides: chemistry, Oxides: toxicity, Phosphates, Phosphates: analysis, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide: chemistry, Silicon Dioxide: toxicity, Swine, Waste Disposal, Waste Water, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: analysis}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2014.927533}, url = {http://www-tandfonline-com.sire.ub.edu/doi/full/10.1080/09593330.2014.927533}, author = {Tanaka, Yasuo and Hasegawa, Teruaki and Sugimoto, Kiyomi and Miura, Keiichi and Aketo, Tsuyoshi and Minowa, Nobutaka and Toda, Masaya and Kinoshita, Katsumi and Yamashita, Takahiro and Ogino, Akifumi} } @article {14244, title = {Advanced treatment of swine wastewater using an agent synthesized from amorphous silica and hydrated lime.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {35}, number = {21-24}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {2982{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Advanced treatment using an agent synthesized from amorphous silica and hydrated lime (M-CSH-lime) was developed and applied to swine wastewater treatment. Biologically treated wastewater and M-CSH-lime (approximately 6 w/v\% slurry) were fed continuously into a column-shaped reactor from its bottom. Accumulated M-CSH-lime gradually formed a bed layer. The influent permeated this layer and contacted the M-CSH-lime, and the treatment reaction progressed. Treated liquid overflowing from the top of the reactor was neutralized with CO$_{2}$gas bubbling. The colour removal rate approximately exceeded 50\% with M-CSH-lime addition rates of {\textbackslash}textgreater 0.15 w/v\%. The removal rate of PO(3$^{-}$)(4) exceeded 80\% with the addition of{\textbackslash}textgreater0.03 w/v\% of M-CSH-lime. The removal rates of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli exceeded 99.9\% with {\textbackslash}textgreater 0.1 w/v\%. Accumulated M-CSH-lime in the reactor was periodically withdrawn from the upper part of the bed layer. The content of citric-acid-soluble P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ in the recovered matter was{\textbackslash}textgreater15\% when the weight ratio of influent PO(3$^{-}$)(4) -P to added M-CSH-lime was {\textbackslash}textgreater 0.15. This content was comparable with commercial phosphorus fertilizer. The inhibitory effect of recovered M-CSH-lime on germination and growth of leafy vegetable komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) was evaluated by an experiment using the Neubauer{\textquoteright}s pot. The recovered M-CSH-lime had no negative effect on germination and growth. These results suggest that advanced water treatment with M-CSH-lime was effective for simultaneous removal of colour, [Formula: see text] and coliform bacteria at an addition rate of 0.03-0.15 w/v\%, and that the recovered M-CSH-lime would be suitable as phosphorus fertilizer.}, keywords = {Animals, Brassica rapa, Brassica rapa: drug effects, Brassica rapa: growth \& development, Calcium Compounds, Calcium Compounds: chemistry, Calcium Compounds: toxicity, Color, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Fertilizers, Fertilizers: toxicity, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Germination, Germination: drug effects, Heavy, Heavy: analysis, Metals, Oxides, Oxides: chemistry, Oxides: toxicity, Phosphates, Phosphates: analysis, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide: chemistry, Silicon Dioxide: toxicity, Swine, Waste Disposal, Waste Water, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: analysis}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2014.927533}, url = {http://www-tandfonline-com.sire.ub.edu/doi/full/10.1080/09593330.2014.927533}, author = {Tanaka, Yasuo and Hasegawa, Teruaki and Sugimoto, Kiyomi and Miura, Keiichi and Aketo, Tsuyoshi and Minowa, Nobutaka and Toda, Masaya and Kinoshita, Katsumi and Yamashita, Takahiro and Ogino, Akifumi} } @article {16604, title = {Advancing a multivalent {\textquoteright}{Pan}-anthelmintic{\textquoteright} vaccine against soil-transmitted nematode infections}, journal = {Expert Rev Vaccines}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {321{\textendash}31}, abstract = {The Sabin Vaccine Institute Product Development Partnership is developing a Pan-anthelmintic vaccine that simultaneously targets the major soil-transmitted nematode infections, in other words, ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection. The approach builds off the current bivalent Human Hookworm Vaccine now in clinical development and would ultimately add both a larval Ascaris lumbricoides antigen and an adult-stage Trichuris trichiura antigen from the parasite stichosome. Each selected antigen would partially reproduce the protective immunity afforded by UV-attenuated Ascaris eggs and Trichuris stichosome extracts, respectively. Final antigen selection will apply a ranking system that includes the evaluation of expression yields and solubility, feasibility of process development and the absence of circulating antigen-specific IgE among populations living in helminth-endemic regions. Here we describe a five year roadmap for the antigen discovery, feasibility and antigen selection, which will ultimately lead to the scale-up expression, process development, manufacture, good laboratory practices toxicology and preclinical evaluation, ultimately leading to Phase 1 clinical testing.}, keywords = {Ancylostomatoidea/immunology, Animals, Anthelmintics, Antigens, Ascariasis/immunology/*prevention \& control, Ascaris lumbricoides/immunology, Helminth/immunology, Hookworm Infections/immunology/*prevention \& control, Humans, Protozoan Vaccines/*immunology, Soil/parasitology, Trichuriasis/immunology/*prevention \& control, Trichuris/immunology}, issn = {1744-8395 (Electronic) 1476-0584 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1586/14760584.2014.872035}, author = {Zhan, B. and Beaumier, C. M. and Briggs, N. and Jones, K. M. and Keegan, B. P. and Bottazzi, M. E. and Hotez, P. J.} } @article {12112, title = {Advancing a multivalent {\textquoteright}Pan-anthelmintic{\textquoteright} vaccine against soil-transmitted nematode infections}, journal = {Expert Review of Vaccines}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, note = {Zhan, Bin
Beaumier, Coreen M
Briggs, Neima
Jones, Kathryn M
Keegan, Brian P
Bottazzi, Maria Elena
Hotez, Peter J
eng
Review
England
2014/01/08 06:00
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2014 Mar;13(3):321-31. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2014.872035. Epub 2014 Jan 6.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {321-31}, abstract = {

The Sabin Vaccine Institute Product Development Partnership is developing a Pan-anthelmintic vaccine that simultaneously targets the major soil-transmitted nematode infections, in other words, ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection. The approach builds off the current bivalent Human Hookworm Vaccine now in clinical development and would ultimately add both a larval Ascaris lumbricoides antigen and an adult-stage Trichuris trichiura antigen from the parasite stichosome. Each selected antigen would partially reproduce the protective immunity afforded by UV-attenuated Ascaris eggs and Trichuris stichosome extracts, respectively. Final antigen selection will apply a ranking system that includes the evaluation of expression yields and solubility, feasibility of process development and the absence of circulating antigen-specific IgE among populations living in helminth-endemic regions. Here we describe a five year roadmap for the antigen discovery, feasibility and antigen selection, which will ultimately lead to the scale-up expression, process development, manufacture, good laboratory practices toxicology and preclinical evaluation, ultimately leading to Phase 1 clinical testing.

}, keywords = {Ancylostomatoidea/immunology, Animals, Anthelmintics, Antigens, Helminth/immunology, Ascariasis/immunology/*prevention \& control, Ascaris lumbricoides/immunology, Hookworm Infections/immunology/*prevention \& control, Humans, Protozoan Vaccines/*immunology, Soil/parasitology, Trichuriasis/immunology/*prevention \& control, Trichuris/immunology}, isbn = {1744-8395 (Electronic)
1476-0584 (Linking)}, author = {Zhan, B. and Beaumier, C. M. and Briggs, N. and Jones, K. M. and Keegan, B. P. and Bottazzi, M. E. and Hotez, P. J.} } @article {13268, title = {Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii predominate among potentially pathogenic ciprofloxacin- and tetracycline-resistant Aeromonas isolates from Lake Erie}, journal = {Applied Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, pages = {841-848}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03645-13}, author = {Skwor, T. and Shinko, J. and Augustyniak, A. and Gee, C. and Andraso, G.} } @booklet {1733, title = {Aerosol spread and communicability of respiratory viruses}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, note = {edited by Sunit K. Singh, PhD, Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India. text file, PDF Includes bibliographical references and index. section 1. Human respiratory system and disease management {\textendash} section 2. Common viral infections of human respiratory system. Also available in print format. Access is available to the Yale community. Yale Internet Resource None Online Resource}, pages = {1 online resource, 91-102}, publisher = {CRC Press, Taylor \& Francis Group}, type = {Electronic Book Section}, keywords = {Respiratory infections. Virus diseases.}, isbn = {9781466583214 (e-book PDF)}, url = {http://marc.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781466583214}, author = {Mubareka, S. and Voss, T. G. and Verreault, D. and Roy, C. J.} } @article {226, title = {Alternative fecal indicators and their empirical relationships with enteric viruses, Salmonella spp. and P.aeruginosa in surface waters of a tropical urban catchment}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, year = {2014}, note = {1098-5336 Liang, L Goh, S G Vergara, G G R V Fang, H M Rezaeinejad, S Chang, S Y Bayen, S Lee, W A Sobsey, M D Rose, J B Gin, K Y H Journal article Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 Nov 21. pii: AEM.02670-14.}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The suitability of traditional microbial indicators (i.e. Escherichia coli and enterococci) has been challenged due to the lack of correlation with pathogens and evidence of possible regrowth in the natural environment. In this study, the relationships between alternative microbial indicators of potential human fecal contamination (Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Methanobrevibacter smithii, human polyomaviruses, F+ and somatic coliphages) and pathogens (Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, rotavirus, astrovirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII and adenovirus) were compared with traditional microbial indicators as well as environmental parameters (temperature, conductivity, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon, total suspended solids, turbidity, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus). Water samples were collected from surface waters of urban catchments in Singapore. Salmonella and P. aeruginosa had significant positive correlations with most of the microbial indicators, especially E.coli and enterococci. Norovirus GII showed moderately strong positive correlations with most of the microbial indicators, except for HPyVs and coliphages. In general, high geometric means and significant correlations between human-specific markers and pathogens suggest the possibility of sewage contamination in some areas. The simultaneous detection of human specific markers (i.e. B. theta, M. smithii, and HPyVs) with E.coli and enterococcus, supports the likelihood of recent fecal contamination since the human specific markers are unable to regrow in natural surface waters. Multiple linear regression results further confirm that the inclusion of M. smithii and HPyVs together with traditional ones would better predict the occurrence of pathogens. Further study is needed to determine the applicability of such models to different geographical locations and environmental conditions.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/aem.02670-14}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/early/2014/11/17/AEM.02670-14.full.pdf}, author = {Liang, L. and Goh, S. G. and Vergara, G. G. and Fang, H. M. and Rezaeinejad, S. and Chang, S. Y. and Bayen, S. and Lee, W. A. and Sobsey, M. D. and Rose, J. B. and Gin, K. Y.} } @article {5161, title = {{Ammonia as an In Situ Sanitizer: Inactivation Kinetics and Mechanisms of the ssRNA Virus MS2 by NH3.}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {1060{\textendash}1067}, abstract = {

Sanitizing human and animal waste (e.g., urine, fecal sludge, or grey water) is a critical step in reducing the spread of disease and ensuring microbially safe reuse of waste materials. Viruses are particularly persistent pathogens and can be transmitted through inadequately sanitized waste. However, adequate storage or digestion of waste can strongly reduce the number of viruses due to increases in pH and uncharged aqueous ammonia (NH3), a known biocide. In this study we investigated the kinetics and mechanisms of inactivation of the single-stranded RNA virus MS2 under temperature, pH and NH3 conditions representative of waste storage. MS2 inactivation was mainly controlled by the activity of NH3 over a pH range of 7.0-9.5 and temperatures lower than 40 \°C. Other bases (e.g., hydroxide, carbonate) additionally contributed to the observed reduction of infective MS2. The loss in MS2 infectivity could be rationalized by a loss in genome integrity, which was attributed to genome cleavage via alkaline transesterification. The contribution of each base to genome transesterification, and hence inactivation, could be related to the base pKa by means of a Bronsted relationship. The Bronsted relationship in conjunction with the activity of bases in solution enabled an accurate prediction of MS2 inactivation rates.

}, isbn = {1520-5851 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0013-936X (Linking)}, issn = {1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es5044529}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5044529}, author = {Decrey, Lo{\"\i}c and Kazama, Shinobu and Udert, Kai M and Kohn, Tamar} } @article {5298, title = {Ammonia as an in situ sanitizer: inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of the ssRNA virus MS2 by NH3}, journal = {Environmental science and technology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {1060{\textendash}1067}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Lo{\"\i}c Decrey and Kazama, Shinobu and Udert, Kai M and Kohn, Tamar} } @article {9212, title = {{Amoebic cerebral abscess : a report of three cases with literature review}}, journal = {African Journal of Neurological Sciences}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {3{\textendash}9}, author = {Bouali, S and Ben Said, I and Bouhoula, A and Boubaker, A and Nidhameddine, K and Kallel, H and Aouij, L and Jemel, H} } @article {6619, title = {Analysis of a summary network of co-infection in humans reveals that parasites interact most via shared resources}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}, volume = {281}, number = {1782}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {20132286{\textendash}20132286}, issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.2286}, url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rspb.2013.2286}, author = {Griffiths, E. C. and Pedersen, A. B. and Fenton, A. and Petchey, O. L.} } @article {8925, title = {The antagonistic and synergistic effects of temperature during solar disinfection of synthetic secondary effluent}, journal = {Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology a-Chemistry}, volume = {280}, year = {2014}, pages = {14-26}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1010-6030}, doi = {10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.02.003}, url = {://WOS:000334991000003 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1010603014000446/1-s2.0-S1010603014000446-main.pdf?_tid=688f5cfe-4aac-11e6-a144-00000aacb360\&acdnat=1468601683_273127b812a7b9cde32acdffd67f8d18}, author = {Giannakis, S. and Darakas, E. and Escalas-Canellas, A. and Pulgarin, C.} } @book {12622, title = {Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance}, year = {2014}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, isbn = {9241564741}, author = {WHO} } @article {12371, title = {Antimicrobial Resistance Global Report on surveillance 2014}, number = {256}, year = {2014}, institution = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva} } @article {11382, title = {Appendicular Taeniasis Presenting as Acute Appendicitis a Report of Two Cases with Review of Literature}, journal = {International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (IJHSR)}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {194-197}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Kulkarni, Anjali S and Joshi, Anil R and Shere, Sunita K and Bindu, Rajan S} } @article {13796, title = {Application of human and animal viral microbial source tracking tools in fresh and marine waters from five different geographical areas}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {59}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Integrated river basin management planning to mitigate the impacts of economic, demographic and climate change is an important issue for the future protection of water resources. Identifying sources of microbial contamination via the emerging science of Microbial Source Tracking (MST) plays a key role in risk assessment and the design of remediation strategies. Following an 18-month surveillance program within the EU-FP7-funded VIROCLIME project, specific MST tools were used to assess human markers such as adenoviruses (HAdV) and JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) and porcine and bovine markers such as porcine adenoviruses (PAdV) and bovine polyomaviruses (BPyV) via quantification with real-time PCR to analyze surface water collected from five sites within different climatic zones: the Negro River (Brazil), Glafkos River (Greece), Tisza River (Hungary), Llobregat River (Spain) and Ume{\"a}lven River (Sweden). The utility of the viral MST tools and the prevalence and abundance of specific human and animal viruses in the five river catchments and adjacent seawater, which is impacted by riverine contributions from the upstream catchments, were examined. In areas where no sanitation systems have been implemented, sewage can directly enter surface waters, and river water exhibited high viral loads; HAdV and JCPyV could be detected at mean concentrations of 105 and 104 Genome Copies/Liter (GC/L), respectively. In general, river water samples upstream of urban discharges presented lower human viral loads than downstream sampling sites, and those differences appeared to increase with urban populations but decrease in response to high river flow, as the elevated river water volume dilutes microbial loads. During dry seasons, river water flow decreases dramatically, and secondary effluents can represent the bulk of the riverine discharge. We also observed that ice cover that formed over the river during the winter in the studied areas in North Europe could preserve viral stability due to the low temperatures and/or the lack of solar inactivation. Porcine and bovine markers were detected where intensive livestock and agricultural activities were present; mean concentration values of 103GC/L indicated that farms were sometimes unexpected and important sources of fecal contamination in water. During spring and summer, when livestock is outdoors and river flows are low, animal pollution increases due to diffuse contamination and direct voiding of feces onto the catchment surface. The field studies described here demonstrate the dynamics of fecal contamination in all catchments studied, and the data obtained is currently being used to develop dissemination models of fecal contamination in water with respect to future climate change scenarios. The results concerning human and animal targets presented in this study demonstrate the specificity and applicability of the viral quantitative parameters developed to widely divergent geographical areas and their high interest as new indicators of human and animal fecal contamination in water and as MST tools. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.013}, author = {Rusi{\~n}ol, M. and Fernandez-Cassi, X. and Hundesa, A. and Vieira, C. and Kern, A. and Eriksson, I. and Ziros, P. and Kay, D. and Miagostovich, M. and Vargha, M. and Allard, A. and Vantarakis, A. and Wyn-Jones, P. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Girones, R.} } @article {989, title = {{Application of human and animal viral microbial source tracking tools in fresh and marine waters from five different geographical areas}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {59}, year = {2014}, pages = {119{\textendash}129}, abstract = {Integrated river basin management planning to mitigate the impacts of economic, demographic and climate change is an important issue for the future protection of water resources. Identifying sources of microbial contamination via the emerging science of Microbial Source Tracking (MST) plays a key role in risk assessment and the design of remediation strategies. Following an 18-month surveillance program within the EU-FP7-funded VIROCLIME project, specific MST tools were used to assess human markers such as adenoviruses (HAdV) and JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) and porcine and bovine markers such as porcine adenoviruses (PAdV) and bovine polyomaviruses (BPyV) via quantification with real-time PCR to analyze surface water collected from five sites within different climatic zones: the Negro River (Brazil), Glafkos River (Greece), Tisza River (Hungary), Llobregat River (Spain) and Ume{\"a}lven River (Sweden). The utility of the viral MST tools and the prevalence and abundance of specific human and animal viruses in the five river catchments and adjacent seawater, which is impacted by riverine contributions from the upstream catchments, were examined. In areas where no sanitation systems have been implemented, sewage can directly enter surface waters, and river water exhibited high viral loads; HAdV and JCPyV could be detected at mean concentrations of 105 and 104 Genome Copies/Liter (GC/L), respectively. In general, river water samples upstream of urban discharges presented lower human viral loads than downstream sampling sites, and those differences appeared to increase with urban populations but decrease in response to high river flow, as the elevated river water volume dilutes microbial loads. During dry seasons, river water flow decreases dramatically, and secondary effluents can represent the bulk of the riverine discharge. We also observed that ice cover that formed over the river during the winter in the studied areas in North Europe could preserve viral stability due to the low temperatures and/or the lack of solar inactivation. Porcine and bovine markers were detected where intensive livestock and agricultural activities were present; mean concentration values of 103GC/L indicated that farms were sometimes unexpected and important sources of fecal contamination in water. During spring and summer, when livestock is outdoors and river flows are low, animal pollution increases due to diffuse contamination and direct voiding of feces onto the catchment surface. The field studies described here demonstrate the dynamics of fecal contamination in all catchments studied, and the data obtained is currently being used to develop dissemination models of fecal contamination in water with respect to future climate change scenarios. The results concerning human and animal targets presented in this study demonstrate the specificity and applicability of the viral quantitative parameters developed to widely divergent geographical areas and their high interest as new indicators of human and animal fecal contamination in water and as MST tools. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {Adenovirus, Microbial source tracking (MST), Polyomavirus, River water, Seawater}, issn = {18792448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.013}, author = {Rusi{\~n}ol, Marta and Fernandez-Cassi, Xavier and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Vieira, Carmen and Kern, Anita and Eriksson, Irene and Ziros, Panos and Kay, David and Miagostovich, Marize and Vargha, Marta and Allard, Annika and Vantarakis, Apostolos and Wyn-Jones, Peter and Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Girones, Rosina} } @article {16705, title = {Application of human and animal viral microbial source tracking tools in fresh and marine waters from five different geographical areas}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {59}, year = {2014}, pages = {119{\textendash}129}, author = {Rusi{\~n}ol, M. and Fernandez-Cassi, X. and Hundesa, A. and Vieira, C. and Kern, A. and Eriksson, I. and Ziros, P. and Kay, D. and Miagostovich, M. and Vargha, M. and Allard, A. and Vantarakis, A. and Wyn-Jones, P. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Girones, R.} } @article {7597, title = {{Application of human and animal viral microbial source tracking tools in fresh and marine waters from five different geographical areas}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {59}, year = {2014}, pages = {119-129}, abstract = {

Integrated river basin management planning to mitigate the impacts of economic, demographic and climate change is an important issue for the future protection of water resources. Identifying sources of microbial contamination via the emerging science of Microbial Source Tracking (MST) plays a key role in risk assessment and the design of remediation strategies. Following an 18-month surveillance program within the EU-FP7-funded VIROCLIME project, specific MST tools were used to assess human markers such as adenoviruses (HAdV) and JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) and porcine and bovine markers such as porcine adenoviruses (PAdV) and bovine polyomaviruses (BPyV) via quantification with real-time PCR to analyze surface water collected from five sites within different climatic zones: the Negro River (Brazil), Glafkos River (Greece), Tisza River (Hungary), Llobregat River (Spain) and Ume{\"a}lven River (Sweden). The utility of the viral MST tools and the prevalence and abundance of specific human and animal viruses in the five river catchments and adjacent seawater, which is impacted by riverine contributions from the upstream catchments, were examined. In areas where no sanitation systems have been implemented, sewage can directly enter surface waters, and river water exhibited high viral loads; HAdV and JCPyV could be detected at mean concentrations of 105 and 104 Genome Copies/Liter (GC/L), respectively. In general, river water samples upstream of urban discharges presented lower human viral loads than downstream sampling sites, and those differences appeared to increase with urban populations but decrease in response to high river flow, as the elevated river water volume dilutes microbial loads. During dry seasons, river water flow decreases dramatically, and secondary effluents can represent the bulk of the riverine discharge. We also observed that ice cover that formed over the river during the winter in the studied areas in North Europe could preserve viral stability due to the low temperatures and/or the lack of solar inactivation. Porcine and bovine markers were detected where intensive livestock and agricultural activities were present; mean concentration values of 103GC/L indicated that farms were sometimes unexpected and important sources of fecal contamination in water. During spring and summer, when livestock is outdoors and river flows are low, animal pollution increases due to diffuse contamination and direct voiding of feces onto the catchment surface. The field studies described here demonstrate the dynamics of fecal contamination in all catchments studied, and the data obtained is currently being used to develop dissemination models of fecal contamination in water with respect to future climate change scenarios. The results concerning human and animal targets presented in this study demonstrate the specificity and applicability of the viral quantitative parameters developed to widely divergent geographical areas and their high interest as new indicators of human and animal fecal contamination in water and as MST tools. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.013}, author = {Rusi{\~n}ol, M. and Fernandez-Cassi, X. and Hundesa, A. and Vieira, C. and Kern, A. and Eriksson, I. and Ziros, P. and Kay, D. and Miagostovich, M. and Vargha, M. and Allard, A. and Vantarakis, A. and Wyn-Jones, P. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Girones, R.} } @article {16878, title = {Application of human and animal viral microbial source tracking tools in fresh and marine waters from five different geographical areas}, journal = {water research}, volume = {59}, year = {2014}, pages = {119{\textendash}129}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Rusi{\~n}ol, Marta and Fernandez-Cassi, Xavier and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Vieira, Carmen and Kern, Anita and Eriksson, Irene and Ziros, Panos and Kay, David and Miagostovich, Marize and Vargha, Marta and others} } @article {5841, title = {{Arcobacter butzleri in sheep ricotta cheese at retail and related sources of contamination in an industrial dairy plant.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {22}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {7036{\textendash}7041}, author = {Scarano, Christian and Giacometti, Federica and Manfreda, Gerardo and Lucchi, Alex and Pes, Emanuela and Spanu, Carlo and De Santis, Enrico Pietro Luigi and Serraino, Andrea} } @article {14358, title = {Arcobacter butzleri in sheep ricotta cheese at retail and related sources of contamination in an industrial dairy plant.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {22}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {7036{\textendash}7041}, author = {Scarano, Christian and Giacometti, Federica and Manfreda, Gerardo and Lucchi, Alex and Pes, Emanuela and Spanu, Carlo and De Santis, Enrico Pietro Luigi and Serraino, Andrea} } @article {14386, title = {Arcobacter: comparison of isolation methods, diversity, and potential pathogenic factors in commercially retailed chicken breast meat from {Costa} {Rica}.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {77}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {880{\textendash}884}, author = {Fallas-Padilla, Karolina L and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos E and Heriberto F Jaramillo and Mar{\'\i}a LΑ Echandi} } @article {5869, title = {{Arcobacter: comparison of isolation methods, diversity, and potential pathogenic factors in commercially retailed chicken breast meat from Costa Rica.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {77}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {880{\textendash}884}, author = {Fallas-Padilla, Karolina L and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Carlos E and Heriberto F Jaramillo and Mar{\'\i}a LΑ Echandi} } @article {5803, title = {{Arcobacter spp. isolated from untreated domestic effluent.}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {122{\textendash}126}, author = {Merga, J Y and Royden, A and Pandey, A K and Williams, N J} } @article {14320, title = {Arcobacter spp. isolated from untreated domestic effluent.}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {jul}, pages = {122{\textendash}126}, author = {Merga, J Y and Royden, A and Pandey, A K and Williams, N J} } @article {12248, title = {ARG-ANNOT, a New Bioinformatic Tool To Discover Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bacterial Genomes}, journal = {Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, note = {Gupta, Sushim Kumar Padmanabhan, Babu Roshan Diene, Seydina M. Lopez-Rojas, Rafael Kempf, Marie Landraud, Luce Rolain, Jean-Marc
Luan, Gan/B-3211-2015; DIENE, Seydina /E-9839-2014
DIENE, Seydina /0000-0002-6466-2324
1098-6596}, month = {Jan}, pages = {212-220}, abstract = {ARG-ANNOT (Antibiotic Resistance Gene-ANNOTation) is a new bioinformatic tool that was created to detect existing and putative new antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in bacterial genomes. ARG-ANNOT uses a local BLAST program in Bio-Edit software that allows the user to analyze sequences without a Web interface. All AR genetic determinants were collected from published works and online resources; nucleotide and protein sequences were retrieved from the NCBI GenBank database. After building a database that includes 1,689 antibiotic resistance genes, the software was tested in a blind manner using 100 random sequences selected from the database to verify that the sensitivity and specificity were at 100\% even when partial sequences were queried. Notably, BLAST analysis results obtained using the rmtF gene sequence (a new aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene sequence that is not included in the database) as a query revealed that the tool was able to link this sequence to short sequences (17 to 40 bp) found in other genes of the rmt family with significant E values. Finally, the analysis of 178 Acinetobacter baumannii and 20 Staphylococcus aureus genomes allowed the detection of a significantly higher number of AR genes than the Resfinder gene analyzer and 11 point mutations in target genes known to be associated with AR. The average time for the analysis of a genome was 3.35 +/- 0.13 min. We have created a concise database for BLAST using a Bio-Edit interface that can detect AR genetic determinants in bacterial genomes and can rapidly and easily discover putative new AR genetic determinants.}, isbn = {0066-4804}, author = {Gupta, S. K. and Padmanabhan, B. R. and Diene, S. M. and Lopez-Rojas, R. and Kempf, M. and Landraud, L. and Rolain, J. M.} } @article {11577, title = {{Aspectos ecol{\'o}gicos de los helmintos par{\'a}sitos de lorna Sciaena deliciosa (Tschudi, 1846) (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) adquiridos del terminal pesquero de Ventanilla, Callao, Per{\'u}}}, journal = {Neotropical Helminthology}, volume = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {59{\textendash}76}, author = {Chero, J and S{\'a}ez, G and Iannacone, J and Aquino, W} } @article {7400, title = {Assessing the {Consistency} and {Microbiological} {Effectiveness} of {Household} {Water} {Treatment} {Practices} by {Urban} and {Rural} {Populations} {Claiming} to {Treat} {Their} {Water} at {Home}: {A} {Case} {Study} in {Peru}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, month = {dec}, pages = {e114997}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0114997}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114997}, author = {Rosa, Ghislaine and Huaylinos, Maria L. and Gil, Ana and Lanata, Claudio and Clasen, Thomas}, editor = {Ibekwe, A. Mark} } @article {6693, title = {Assessing the impact of a school-based latrine cleaning and handwashing program on pupil absence in {Nyanza} {Province}, {Kenya}: a cluster-randomized trial}, journal = {Tropical medicine \& international health: TM \& IH}, volume = {19}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {1185{\textendash}1197}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Improving school water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions reduces pupil absence and illness. However, these benefits may depend on the conditions of the latrines and availability of consumables. We sought to determine whether a low-cost, policy-relevant, environmental-level latrine cleaning intervention could improve latrine cleanliness, increase its use and reduce absenteeism. METHODS: In a three-arm, cluster-randomized trial we assessed absence via periodical roll-call among 17 564 pupils in 60 schools that had previously received WASH improvements as part of the SWASH+ project. Latrine conditions and use were also assessed using structured observation. Latrine cleanliness increased significantly during the post-intervention period among schools receiving the latrine cleaning package compared to controls, as did handwashing with soap. We found no difference in latrine use and absence across arms. CONCLUSIONS: The additive impact of cleaning may not have been strong enough to impact absence above and beyond reductions attributable to the original WASH infrastructure improvements and basic hygiene education the schools previously received. Improving latrine conditions is important for the dignity and well-being of pupils, and investments and strategies are necessary to ensure that school toilets are clean and pupil-friendly.}, keywords = {absence, Absenteeism, assainissement, ausentismo, Child, colegio, Diarrhea, Disinfection, {\'e}cole, Female, Hand Disinfection, handwashing, Higiene, Humans, Hygiene, Kenya, latrine use, lavado de manos, lavage des mains, Male, saneamiento, sanitation, school, Schools, Soaps, Students, Toilet Facilities, uso de letrinas, utilisation des latrines, water}, issn = {1365-3156}, doi = {10.1111/tmi.12360}, author = {Caruso, Bethany A. and Freeman, Matthew C. and Garn, Joshua V. and Dreibelbis, Robert and Saboori, Shadi and Muga, Richard and Rheingans, Richard} } @article {8333, title = {{Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings : systematic review and meta-regression}}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {928{\textendash}942}, keywords = {diarrhoea, global burden of disease, risk estimates, sanitation, water}, doi = {10.1111/tmi.12331}, author = {Wolf, J. and Pr{\"u}ss-Ust{\"u}n, A. and Cumming, Oliver and Bartram, Jamie and Bonjour, Sophie and Cairncross, Sandy and Clasen, Thomas and Jr, John M Colford and Curtis, Valerie and France, Jennifer De and Fewtrell, Lorna and Freeman, Matthew C and Gordon, Bruce and Hunter, Paul R and Jeandron, Aurelie and Johnston, Richard B and Mausezahl, D. and M{\"a}thers, C. and Neira, M. and Higgins, J.P.T.} } @article {4554, title = {Assessment of airborne virus contamination in wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Environmental Research}, volume = {133}, year = {2014}, pages = {260{\textendash}5}, isbn = {1096-0953 (Electronic) 0013-9351 (Linking)}, author = {Masclaux, FG and Hotz, P and Gashi, D and Savova-Bianchi, D and Oppliger, A} } @inbook {1256, title = {Assessment of airborne virus contamination in wastewater treatment plants}, booktitle = {Environ Res}, volume = {133}, year = {2014}, note = {Masclaux, Frederic G Hotz, Philipp Gashi, Drita Savova-Bianchi, Dessislava Oppliger, Anne Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Environmental research S0013-9351(14)00195-9 [pii] Environ Res. 2014 Aug;133:260-5. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.002. Epub 2014 Jun 28.}, pages = {260-5}, publisher = {2014 Elsevier Inc}, organization = {2014 Elsevier Inc}, type = {Book Section}, address = {United States}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Occupational exposure to bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and its consequence on workers{\textquoteright} health are well documented. Most studies were devoted to enumerating and identifying cultivable bacteria and fungi, as well as measuring concentrations of airborne endotoxins, as these are the main health-related factors found in WWTP. Surprisingly, very few studies have investigated the presence and concentrations of airborne virus in WWTP. However, many enteric viruses are present in wastewater and, due to their small size, they should become aerosolized. Two in particular, the norovirus and the adenovirus, are extremely widespread and are the major causes of infectious gastrointestinal diseases reported around the world. The third one, hepatitis E virus, has an emerging status. GOAL AND METHODS: This studys objectives were to detect and quantify the presence and concentrations of 3 different viruses (adenovirus, norovirus and the hepatitis E virus) in air samples from 31 WWTPs by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) during two different seasons and two consecutive years. RESULTS: Adenovirus was present in 100\% of summer WWTP samples and 97\% of winter samples. The highest airborne concentration measured was 2.27 x 10(6) genome equivalent/m(3) and, on average, these were higher in summer than in winter. Norovirus was detected in only 3 of the 123 air samples, and the hepatitis E virus was not detected. CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations of potentially pathogenic viral particles in WWTP air are non-negligible and could partly explain the work-related gastrointestinal symptoms often reported in employees in this sector.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/isolation \& purification/ pathogenicity Air Microbiology Endotoxins/adverse effects/genetics Hepatitis E virus/genetics/isolation \& purification/ pathogenicity Norovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification/ pathogenicity Real-Time Poly}, isbn = {1096-0953 (Electronic) 0013-9351 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.002}, author = {Masclaux, F. G. and Hotz, P. and Gashi, D. and Savova-Bianchi, D. and Oppliger, A.} } @article {12061, title = {Assessment of anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole in school children in six countries where soil-transmitted helminths are endemic}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, note = {Levecke, Bruno
Montresor, Antonio
Albonico, Marco
Ame, Shaali M
Behnke, Jerzy M
Bethony, Jeffrey M
Noumedem, Calvine D
Engels, Dirk
Guillard, Bertrand
Kotze, Andrew C
Krolewiecki, Alejandro J
McCarthy, James S
Mekonnen, Zeleke
Periago, Maria V
Sopheak, Hem
Tchuem-Tchuente, Louis-Albert
Duong, Tran Thanh
Huong, Nguyen Thu
Zeynudin, Ahmed
Vercruysse, Jozef
eng
001/World Health Organization/International
Clinical Trial
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2014/10/10 06:00
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Oct 9;8(10):e3204. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003204. eCollection 2014 Oct.}, month = {Oct}, pages = {e3204}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Robust reference values for fecal egg count reduction (FECR) rates of the most widely used anthelmintic drugs in preventive chemotherapy (PC) programs for controlling soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm) are still lacking. However, they are urgently needed to ensure detection of reduced efficacies that are predicted to occur due to growing drug pressure. Here, using a standardized methodology, we assessed the FECR rate of a single oral dose of mebendazole (MEB; 500 mg) against STHs in six trials in school children in different locations around the world. Our results are compared with those previously obtained for similarly conducted trials of a single oral dose of albendazole (ALB; 400 mg). METHODOLOGY: The efficacy of MEB, as assessed by FECR, was determined in six trials involving 5,830 school children in Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Ethiopia, United Republic of Tanzania, and Vietnam. The efficacy of MEB was compared to that of ALB as previously assessed in 8,841 school children in India and all the above-mentioned study sites, using identical methodologies. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The estimated FECR rate [95\% confidence interval] of MEB was highest for A. lumbricoides (97.6\% [95.8; 99.5]), followed by hookworm (79.6\% [71.0; 88.3]). For T. trichiura, the estimated FECR rate was 63.1\% [51.6; 74.6]. Compared to MEB, ALB was significantly more efficacious against hookworm (96.2\% [91.1; 100], p<0.001) and only marginally, although significantly, better against A. lumbricoides infections (99.9\% [99.0; 100], p = 0.012), but equally efficacious for T. trichiura infections (64.5\% [44.4; 84.7], p = 0.906). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: A minimum FECR rate of 95\% for A. lumbricoides, 70\% for hookworm, and 50\% for T. trichiura is expected in MEB-dependent PC programs. Lower FECR results may indicate the development of potential drug resistance.}, keywords = {*Endemic Diseases/prevention \& control, Adolescent, Albendazole/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Animals, Anthelmintics/*pharmacology/therapeutic use, Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Child, Child, Preschool, Ethiopia, Feces/parasitology, Female, Helminthiasis/*drug therapy/prevention \& control, Helminths/*drug effects, Humans, Male, Mebendazole/*pharmacology/therapeutic use, Parasite Egg Count, Soil/parasitology, Tanzania, Treatment Outcome, Vietnam}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Levecke, B. and Montresor, A. and Albonico, M. and Ame, S. M. and Behnke, J. M. and Bethony, J. M. and Noumedem, C. D. and Engels, D. and Guillard, B. and Kotze, A. C. and Krolewiecki, A. J. and McCarthy, J. S. and Mekonnen, Z. and Periago, M. V. and Sopheak, H. and Tchuem-Tchuente, L. A. and Duong, T. T. and Huong, N. T. and Zeynudin, A. and Vercruysse, J.} } @article {12817, title = {Assessment of anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole in school children in six countries where soil-transmitted helminths are endemic}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {e3204}, author = {Levecke, B. and Montresor, A. and Albonico, M. and Ame, S.M. and Behnke, J.M. and Bethony, J.M. and Noumedem, C.D. and Engels, D. and Guillard, B. and Kotze, A.C. and Krolewiecki, A.J. and McCarthy, J.S. and Mekonnen, Z. and Periago, M.V. and Sopheak, H. and Tchuem-Tchuente, L.A. and Duong, T.T.} } @article {16553, title = {Assessment of anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole in school children in six countries where soil-transmitted helminths are endemic}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {e3204}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND: Robust reference values for fecal egg count reduction (FECR) rates of the most widely used anthelmintic drugs in preventive chemotherapy (PC) programs for controlling soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm) are still lacking. However, they are urgently needed to ensure detection of reduced efficacies that are predicted to occur due to growing drug pressure. Here, using a standardized methodology, we assessed the FECR rate of a single oral dose of mebendazole (MEB; 500 mg) against STHs in six trials in school children in different locations around the world. Our results are compared with those previously obtained for similarly conducted trials of a single oral dose of albendazole (ALB; 400 mg). METHODOLOGY: The efficacy of MEB, as assessed by FECR, was determined in six trials involving 5,830 school children in Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Ethiopia, United Republic of Tanzania, and Vietnam. The efficacy of MEB was compared to that of ALB as previously assessed in 8,841 school children in India and all the above-mentioned study sites, using identical methodologies. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The estimated FECR rate [95\% confidence interval] of MEB was highest for A. lumbricoides (97.6\% [95.8; 99.5]), followed by hookworm (79.6\% [71.0; 88.3]). For T. trichiura, the estimated FECR rate was 63.1\% [51.6; 74.6]. Compared to MEB, ALB was significantly more efficacious against hookworm (96.2\% [91.1; 100], p{\textless}0.001) and only marginally, although significantly, better against A. lumbricoides infections (99.9\% [99.0; 100]}, keywords = {*Endemic Diseases/prevention \& control, Adolescent, Albendazole/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Animals, Anthelmintics/*pharmacology/therapeutic use, Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Child, Ethiopia, Feces/parasitology, Female, Helminthiasis/*drug therapy/prevention \& control, Helminths/*drug effects, Humans, Male, Mebendazole/*pharmacology/therapeutic use, Parasite Egg Count, Preschool, Soil/parasitology, Tanzania, Treatment Outcome, Vietnam}, issn = {1935-2735 (Electronic) 1935-2727 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0003204}, author = {Levecke, B. and Montresor, A. and Albonico, M. and Ame, S. M. and Behnke, J. M. and Bethony, J. M. and Noumedem, C. D. and Engels, D. and Guillard, B. and Kotze, A. C. and Krolewiecki, A. J. and McCarthy, J. S. and Mekonnen, Z. and Periago, M. V. and Sopheak, H. and Tchuem-Tchuente, L. A. and Duong, T. T. and Huong, N. T. and Zeynudin, A. and Vercruysse, J.} } @article {7462, title = {An assessment of boiling as a method of household water treatment in {South} {India}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {dec}, pages = {791{\textendash}802}, abstract = {This article scrutinizes the boiling of water in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India. Boiling, as it is commonly practiced, improves water quality, but its full potential is not being realized. Thus, the objective is to refine the method in practice, promote acceptability, and foster the scalability of boiling and household water treatment (HWT) writ large. The study is based on bacteriological samples from 300 households and 80 public standposts, 14 focus group discussions (FGDs), and 74 household interviews. Collectively, the data fashion both an empirical and ethnographic understanding of boiling. The rate and efficacy of boiling, barriers to and caveats of its adoption, and recommendations for augmenting its practice are detailed. While boiling is scientifically proven to eliminate bacteria, data demonstrate that pragmatics inhibit their total destruction. Furthermore, data and the literature indicate that a range of cultural, economic, and ancillary health factors challenge the uptake of boiling. Fieldwork and resultant knowledge arrive at strategies for overcoming these impediments. The article concludes with recommendations for selecting, introducing, and scaling up HWT mechanisms. A place-based approach that can be sustained over the long-term is espoused, and prolonged exposure by the interveners coupled with meaningful participation of the target population is essential.}, keywords = {Culture, Family Characteristics, India, Surveys and Questionnaires, Water Purification, Water quality, Water Supply}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.010}, author = {Juran, Luke} } @article {6739, title = {Assessment of equity in healthcare financing in {Fiji} and {Timor}-{Leste}: a study protocol}, journal = {BMJ open}, volume = {4}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, pages = {e006806}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Equitable health financing remains a key health policy objective worldwide. In low and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is evidence that many people are unable to access the health services they need due to financial and other barriers. There are growing calls for fairer health financing systems that will protect people from catastrophic and impoverishing health payments in times of illness. This study aims to assess equity in healthcare financing in Fiji and Timor-Leste in order to support government efforts to improve access to healthcare and move towards universal health coverage in the two countries. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The study employs two standard measures of equity in health financing increasingly being applied in LMICs-benefit incidence analysis (BIA) and financing incidence analysis (FIA). In Fiji, we will use a combination of secondary and primary data including a Household Income and Expenditure Survey, National Health Accounts, and data from a cross-sectional household survey on healthcare utilisation. In Timor-Leste, the World Bank recently completed a health equity and financial protection analysis that incorporates BIA and FIA, and found that the distribution of benefits from healthcare financing is pro-rich. Building on this work, we will explore the factors that influence the pro-rich distribution. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study is approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of University of New South Wales, Australia (Approval number: HC13269); the Fiji National Health Research Committee (Approval \# 201371); and the Timor-Leste Ministry of Health (Ref MS/UNSW/VI/218). RESULTS: Study outcomes will be disseminated through stakeholder meetings, targeted multidisciplinary seminars, peer-reviewed journal publications, policy briefs and the use of other web-based technologies including social media. A user-friendly toolkit on how to analyse healthcare financing equity will be developed for use by policymakers and development partners in the region.}, keywords = {Cross-Sectional Studies, Delivery of Health Care, Fiji, Health, Health Services Accessibility, Healthcare Disparities, Healthcare Financing, Humans, Indonesia, Insurance, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, Universal Coverage}, issn = {2044-6055}, doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006806}, author = {Asante, Augustine D. and Price, Jennifer and Hayen, Andrew and Irava, Wayne and Martins, Joao and Guinness, Lorna and Ataguba, John E. and Limwattananon, Supon and Mills, Anne and Jan, Stephen and Wiseman, Virginia} } @article {3668, title = {Assessment of gastroenteric viruses from wastewater directly discharged into Uruguay River, Uruguay.}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {116{\textendash}124}, abstract = {

The aim of this study was to assess the viral contamination of group A rotavirus \{\{\}(RVA),\{\}\} norovirus \{\{\}(NoV),\{\}\} and human astrovirus \{\{\}(HAstV)\{\}\} in sewage directly discharged into Uruguay River and to characterize \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} genotypes circulating in Uruguay. For this purpose, sewage samples (n = 96) were collected biweekly from March 2011 to February 2012 in four Uruguayan cities: Bella \{\{\}Uni\{\&\}\{\#\}xF3;n,\{\}\} Salto, \{\{\}Paysand\{\&\}\{\#\}xFA;,\{\}\} and Fray Bentos. Each sample was concentrated by ultracentrifugation method. Qualitative and quantitative \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} for \{\{\}RVA,\{\}\} \{\{\}NoV,\{\}\} and \{\{\}HAstV\{\}\} were performed. A wide dissemination of gastroenteric viruses was observed in the sewage samples analyzed with 80\{\%\} of positivity, being \{\{\}NoV\{\}\} (51\{\%\}) the most frequently detected followed by \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} with a frequency of 49\{\%\} and \{\{\}HAstV\{\}\} with 45\{\%\}. Genotypes of \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} were typed using multiplex semi-nested \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} as follows: P[8] (n = 15), P[4] (n = 8), P[10] (n = 1), P[11] (n = 1), G2 (n = 29), and G3 (n = 2). The viral load ranged from 10(3) to 10(7) genomic copies/liter, and they were detected roughly with the same frequency in all participant cities. A peak of \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} and \{\{\}HAstV\{\}\} detection was observed in colder months \{\{\}(June\{\}\} to September), whereas no seasonality was observed for \{\{\}NoV.\{\}\} This study demonstrates for the first time, the high degree of gastroenteric viral contamination in the country; highlighting the importance of developing these analyses as a tool to determine the viral contamination in this hydrographic boundary region used by the local populations for recreation and consumption, establishing an elevated risk of gastroenteric diseases for human health.

}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9143-7}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-014-9143-7}, author = {Victoria, M and Tort, L F and Garc{\'\i}a, M and Lizasoain, A and Maya, L and Leite, J P and Miagostovich, M P and Cristina, J and Colina, R} } @article {10031, title = {{Assessment of Gastroenteric Viruses from Wastewater Directly Discharged into Uruguay River, Uruguay}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {116{\textendash}124}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the viral contamination of group A rotavirus (RVA), norovirus (NoV), and human astrovirus (HAstV) in sewage directly discharged into Uruguay River and to characterize RVA genotypes circulating in Uruguay. For this purpose, sewage samples (n = 96) were collected biweekly from March 2011 to February 2012 in four Uruguayan cities: Bella Unin, Salto, PaysandA(0), and Fray Bentos. Each sample was concentrated by ultracentrifugation method. Qualitative and quantitative RT-PCR for RVA, NoV, and HAstV were performed. A wide dissemination of gastroenteric viruses was observed in the sewage samples analyzed with 80 {\%} of positivity, being NoV (51 {\%}) the most frequently detected followed by RVA with a frequency of 49 {\%} and HAstV with 45 {\%}. Genotypes of RVA were typed using multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR as follows: P[8] (n = 15), P[4] (n = 8), P[10] (n = 1), P[11] (n = 1), G2 (n = 29), and G3 (n = 2). The viral load ranged from 10(3) to 10(7) genomic copies/liter, and they were detected roughly with the same frequency in all participant cities. A peak of RVA and HAstV detection was observed in colder months (June to September), whereas no seasonality was observed for NoV. This study demonstrates for the first time, the high degree of gastroenteric viral contamination in the country; highlighting the importance of developing these analyses as a tool to determine the viral contamination in this hydrographic boundary region used by the local populations for recreation and consumption, establishing an elevated risk of gastroenteric diseases for human health.}, keywords = {Group A rotavirus, Human astrovirus, Norovirus, RT-PCR, Sewage samples}, isbn = {1867-0334}, issn = {18670342}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9143-7}, author = {Victoria, M. and Tort, L. F L and Garc{\'\i}a, M. and Lizasoain, A. and Maya, L. and Leite, J. P G and Miagostovich, M. P. and Cristina, J. and Colina, R.} } @article {4112, title = {{Assessment of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. as a microbial source tracking tool for surface water: application in a mixed-use watershed}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, pages = {2328{\textendash}2336}, author = {Prystajecky, N and Huck, PM and Schreier, H and Isaac-Renton, JL} } @article {4067, title = {{Assessment of parasitic pollution in the coastal seawater of Gaza city}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering}, volume = {12}, year = {2014}, pages = {26}, author = {Hilles, AH and Al Hindi, AI and Abu Safieh, YA} } @article {9291, title = {{Assessment of parasitic pollution in the coastal seawater of Gaza city}}, journal = {Journal of environmental health sciences and engineering}, year = {2014}, pages = {12}, author = {Hilles, AH and Al Hindi, AI and Abu Safieh, YA} } @article {7368, title = {An assessment of progress towards universal health coverage in {Brazil}, {Russia}, {India}, {China}, and {South} {Africa} ({BRICS})}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {384}, number = {9960}, year = {2014}, month = {dec}, pages = {2164{\textendash}2171}, abstract = {Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) represent almost half the world{\textquoteright}s population, and all five national governments recently committed to work nationally, regionally, and globally to ensure that universal health coverage (UHC) is achieved. This analysis reviews national efforts to achieve UHC. With a broad range of health indicators, life expectancy (ranging from 53 years to 73 years), and mortality rate in children younger than 5 years (ranging from 10{\textperiodcentered}3 to 44{\textperiodcentered}6 deaths per 1000 livebirths), a review of progress in each of the BRICS countries shows that each has some way to go before achieving UHC. The BRICS countries show substantial, and often similar, challenges in moving towards UHC. On the basis of a review of each country, the most pressing problems are: raising insufficient public spending; stewarding mixed private and public health systems; ensuring equity; meeting the demands for more human resources; managing changing demographics and disease burdens; and addressing the social determinants of health. Increases in public funding can be used to show how BRICS health ministries could accelerate progress to achieve UHC. Although all the BRICS countries have devoted increased resources to health, the biggest increase has been in China, which was probably facilitated by China{\textquoteright}s rapid economic growth. However, the BRICS country with the second highest economic growth, India, has had the least improvement in public funding for health. Future research to understand such different levels of prioritisation of the health sector in these countries could be useful. Similarly, the role of strategic purchasing in working with powerful private sectors, the effect of federal structures, and the implications of investment in primary health care as a foundation for UHC could be explored. These issues could serve as the basis on which BRICS countries focus their efforts to share ideas and strategies.}, keywords = {Brazil, China, Delivery of Health Care, Health Care Reform, Healthcare Financing, Humans, India, Russia, South Africa, Universal Coverage}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60075-1}, author = {Marten, Robert and McIntyre, Diane and Travassos, Claudia and Shishkin, Sergey and Longde, Wang and Reddy, Srinath and Vega, Jeanette} } @mastersthesis {6261, title = {An {Assessment} of the {EMAS} {Pump} and its {Potential} for {Use} in {Household} {Water} {Systems} in {Uganda}}, year = {2014}, note = {1554023}, school = {University of South Florida}, type = {phdM.{S}.{C}.{E}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Rural improved water supply coverage in Uganda has stagnated around 64\% for a number of years and at this point more than 10 million rural people do not have access to an improved drinking water source. It has been recognized that progress toward improved water supply coverage and increased service levels may be gained through Government and nongovernmental organization (NGO) support of private investment in household and shared water supplies, commonly known as Self-supply. Self-supply can be promoted by introducing and building local capacity in appropriate and affordable water supply technologies such as hand-dug wells, manually drilled boreholes, low-cost pumps, and rainwater harvesting. Support can also be focused on technical support, marketing, financing, and strategic subsidies that promote and enhance user investment. The Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment has embraced Self-supply as a complementary part of its water supply strategy while government and NGO programs that support Self-supply have emerged. The EMAS Pump is a low-cost handpump appropriate for use in household water systems in the developing world. There are more than 20,000 in use in Bolivia, with many constructed through Self-supply. The EMAS Pump is constructed from simple materials costing about \$US 10-30, depending largely on installation depth, and can be fabricated with simple tools in areas with no electricity. The EMAS Pump is used with low-cost groundwater sources such as hand-dug wells and manually drilled boreholes or with underground rainwater storage tanks. It can lift water from 30 m or more below ground and pump water with pressure overland or to an elevated tank. The objectives of this research were to conduct an assessment of the EMAS Pump that considers pumping rates, required energy, and associated costs, to characterize the EMAS Pump for its potential for use in household water systems in Uganda, and to make relevant recommendations. The potential of the EMAS Pump was assessed through testing its use with 2 subject participants (male and female) on wells of 5.1 m, 12.6 m, 17.0 m, 18.4 m, 21.1 m, and 28.3 m static water levels as part of a side-by-side comparative assessment with the Family Model version of the Rope Pump, a more widely known low-cost handpump that has recently been introduced and promoted in Uganda. Shallow and deep versions of each pump were tested on selected wells for 40-liter pumping trials. The status and feasibility of low-cost groundwater development and underground storage tanks were also explored in order to help characterize the potential of the EMAS Pump as an option for low-cost household water systems in Uganda. In general, it was observed that the EMAS Pump performed comparably to the Rope Pump in terms of pumping rates for shallow depths, but the Rope Pump outperformed it on deeper wells. It was determined that the EMAS Pump required more energy for pumping during nearly all trials. A study of relevant supply chains in Uganda concluded that the EMAS pump has a material cost that is less than 50\% of the Rope Pump for most applications and 21\% of the cost for shallow wells. It was also determined that the EMAS Pump could feasibly be produced nearly anywhere in the country. There are indications that low-cost wells and underground rainwater tanks are applicable in many parts of Uganda and could be paired with an EMAS Pump to achieve significant affordability for Self-supply household water systems. Recommendations are provided in terms of the feasibility of introducing the EMAS Pump as a part of Self-supply strategy in Uganda.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0595:Water Resource Management, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Earth sciences, Environmental engineering, Groundwater, Handpump, Millennium Development Goals, Rope pump, Self-supply, Sub-Saharan Africa, Uganda, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1525803744?accountid=14270}, author = {Carpenter, Jacob D.} } @article {13074, title = {Assessment of the impact of traditional septic tank soakaway systems on water quality in Ireland}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {634{\textendash}641}, author = {Keegan, Mary and Kilroy, Kate and Nolan, Daniel and Dubber, Donata and Johnston, Paul M and Misstear, Bruce DR and O{\textquoteright}Flaherty, Vincent and Barrett, Maria and Gill, Laurence W} } @article {1503, title = {Assessment of the risks for human health of adenoviruses, hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the Buffalo River and three source water dams in the Eastern Cape}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, note = {Chigor, Vincent N Sibanda, Timothy Okoh, Anthony I eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2014/03/29 06:00 Food Environ Virol. 2014 Jun;6(2):87-98. doi: 10.1007/s12560-014-9138-4. Epub 2014 Mar 28.}, pages = {87-98}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Buffalo River is an important water resource in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The potential risks of infection constituted by exposure to human enteric viruses in the Buffalo River and three source water dams along its course were assessed using mean values and static quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The daily risks of infection determined by the exponential model [for human adenovirus (HAdV) and enterovirus (EnV)] and the beta-Poisson model (for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus (RoV)) varied with sites and exposure scenario. The estimated daily risks of infection values at the sites where the respective viruses were detected, ranged from 7.31 x 10(-3) to 1 (for HAdV), 4.23 x 10(-2) to 6.54 x 10(-1) (RoV), 2.32 x 10(-4) to 1.73 x 10(-1) (HAV) and 1.32 x 10(-4) to 5.70 x 10(-2) (EnV). The yearly risks of infection in individuals exposed to the river/dam water via drinking, recreational, domestic or irrigational activities were unacceptably high, exceeding the acceptable risk of 0.01\% (10(-4) infection/person/year), and the guideline value used as by several nations for drinking water. The risks of illness and death from infection ranged from 6.58 x 10(-5) to 5.0 x 10(-1) and 6.58 x 10(-9) to 5.0 x 10(-5), respectively. The threats here are heightened by the high mortality rates for HAV, and its endemicity in South Africa. Therefore, we conclude that the Buffalo River and its source water dams are a public health hazard. The QMRA presented here is the first of its kinds in the Eastern Cape Province and provides the building block for a quantitatively oriented local guideline for water quality management in the Province.

}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology/virology Adenoviruses, Human/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology/virology Hepatitis A/epidemiology/virology Hepatitis A virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology H}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9138-4}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24676673}, author = {Chigor, V. N. and Sibanda, T. and Okoh, A. I.} } @article {14523, title = {Assessment of the risks for human health of adenoviruses, hepatitis {A} virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the {Buffalo} {River} and three source water dams in the {Eastern} {Cape}}, journal = {Food Environ Virol}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {87{\textendash}98}, abstract = {Buffalo River is an important water resource in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The potential risks of infection constituted by exposure to human enteric viruses in the Buffalo River and three source water dams along its course were assessed using mean values and static quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The daily risks of infection determined by the exponential model [for human adenovirus (HAdV) and enterovirus (EnV)] and the beta-Poisson model (for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus (RoV)) varied with sites and exposure scenario. The estimated daily risks of infection values at the sites where the respective viruses were detected, ranged from 7.31 x 10(-3) to 1 (for HAdV), 4.23 x 10(-2) to 6.54 x 10(-1) (RoV), 2.32 x 10(-4) to 1.73 x 10(-1) (HAV) and 1.32 x 10(-4) to 5.70 x 10(-2) (EnV). The yearly risks of infection in individuals exposed to the river/dam water via drinking, recreational, domestic or irrigational activities were unacceptably high, exceeding the acceptable risk of 0.01\% (10(-4) infection/person/year), and the guideline value used as by several nations for drinking water. The risks of illness and death from infection ranged from 6.58 x 10(-5) to 5.0 x 10(-1) and 6.58 x 10(-9) to 5.0 x 10(-5), respectively. The threats here are heightened by the high mortality rates for HAV, and its endemicity in South Africa. Therefore, we conclude that the Buffalo River and its source water dams are a public health hazard. The QMRA presented here is the first of its kinds in the Eastern Cape Province and provides the building block for a quantitatively oriented local guideline for water quality management in the Province.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Adenoviruses, Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology/virology, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology, Hepatitis A virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology, Hepatitis A/epidemiology/virology, Human/epidemiology/virology, Human/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology, Humans, Public health, Rivers/*virology, Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology/virology, Rotavirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology, South Africa/epidemiology, Water Resources/analysis}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9138-4}, author = {Chigor, V. N. and Sibanda, T. and Okoh, A. I.} } @article {14894, title = {Assessment of the risks for human health of adenoviruses, hepatitis {A} virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the {Buffalo} {River} and three source water dams in the {Eastern} {Cape}}, journal = {Food Environ Virol}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {87{\textendash}98}, abstract = {Buffalo River is an important water resource in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The potential risks of infection constituted by exposure to human enteric viruses in the Buffalo River and three source water dams along its course were assessed using mean values and static quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The daily risks of infection determined by the exponential model [for human adenovirus (HAdV) and enterovirus (EnV)] and the beta-Poisson model (for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus (RoV)) varied with sites and exposure scenario. The estimated daily risks of infection values at the sites where the respective viruses were detected, ranged from 7.31 x 10(-3) to 1 (for HAdV), 4.23 x 10(-2) to 6.54 x 10(-1) (RoV), 2.32 x 10(-4) to 1.73 x 10(-1) (HAV) and 1.32 x 10(-4) to 5.70 x 10(-2) (EnV). The yearly risks of infection in individuals exposed to the river/dam water via drinking, recreational, domestic or irrigational activities were unacceptably high, exceeding the acceptable risk of 0.01\% (10(-4) infection/person/year), and the guideline value used as by several nations for drinking water. The risks of illness and death from infection ranged from 6.58 x 10(-5) to 5.0 x 10(-1) and 6.58 x 10(-9) to 5.0 x 10(-5), respectively. The threats here are heightened by the high mortality rates for HAV, and its endemicity in South Africa. Therefore, we conclude that the Buffalo River and its source water dams are a public health hazard. The QMRA presented here is the first of its kinds in the Eastern Cape Province and provides the building block for a quantitatively oriented local guideline for water quality management in the Province.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Adenoviruses, Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology/virology, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology, Hepatitis A virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology, Hepatitis A/epidemiology/virology, Human/epidemiology/virology, Human/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology, Humans, Public health, Rivers/*virology, Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology/virology, Rotavirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification/physiology, South Africa/epidemiology, Water Resources/analysis}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9138-4}, author = {Chigor, V. N. and Sibanda, T. and Okoh, A. I.} } @article {15128, title = {Assessment of viability of the nematode eggs ({Ascaris}, {Toxocara}}, journal = {Trichuris) in sewage sludge with the use of live/dead bacterial viability kit. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {35{\textendash}41}, author = {Dabrowska, J. and Zdybel, J. and Karamon, J. and Kochanowski, M. and Stojecki, K. and Cencek, T. and Klapec, T.} } @article {10955, title = {Assessment of viability of the nematode eggs (Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichuris) in sewage sludge with the use of {LIVE}/{DEAD} {Bacterial} {Viability} {Kit}}, journal = {Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {35{\textendash}41}, abstract = {

Sewage sludges from wastewater treatment plants may contain live parasite eggs, which can be a source of humans and animals infection. According to the current rules, parasitological examination includes detection of the [i]Ascaris [/i]spp., [i]Trichuris [/i]spp. [i]and Toxocara [/i]spp. eggs and estimation of their viability. The viability assessment based only on the incubation and observation of isolated egg is long and imprecise. The aim of this study was to develop sensitive and less labourintensive methods for assessing viability of [i]Ascaris [/i]spp[i]., Toxocara [/i]spp[i]. and Trichuris [/i]spp[i].[/i] eggs in sewage sludge. For this purpose, LIVE/DEAD Kit was used. Firstly, the possibility of distinguishing between live and dead eggs in water was assessed. Secondly, an appropriate amount of dyeing mixture needed to distinguish the live and dead eggs in the sewage sludge was determined using experimentally enriched samples and naturally contaminated samples of sludge. Eggs were isolated from the samples by own method which was a combination of flotation and sedimentation, preceded by a long mixing. After the last stage of the procedure, sediment containing the eggs of parasites was stained by LIVE/DEAD kit according to the manufacturer instructions, but with the use of different variants of dyes mixture concentration. The investigation showed that live and dead eggs of these three parasites could be differed by this method with the use of proper concentration of dyes. Live eggs were stained in green ([i]Ascaris and Trichuris[/i]) and green-blue ([i]Toxocara[/i]). However, all types of dead eggs were red coloured. The study demonstrated that after some modifications (resulted from the nature of the samples) the LIVE/DEAD kit is useful for assessing the viability of [i]Toxocara[/i], [i]Ascaris[/i] and [i]Trichuris[/i] eggs occurring in the sludge.

}, issn = {1232-1966}, url = {http://www.aaem.pl/Assessment-of-viability-of-the-nematode-eggs-i-Ascaris-i-i-Toxocara-i-i-Trichuris-i-in-sewage-sludge-with-the-use-of-LIVE-DEAD-Bacterial-Viability-Kit,72055,0,2.html}, author = {D{\k a}browska, Joanna and Zdybel, Jolanta and Karamon, Jacek and Kochanowski, Maciej and Stojecki, Krzysztof and Cencek, Tomasz and K{\l}ape{\'c}, Teresa} } @article {11208, title = {{Assessment of viability of the nematode eggs (Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichuris) in sewage sludge with the use of LIVE/DEAD Bacterial Viability Kit}}, journal = {Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {35-41}, author = {Dabrowska, J and Zdybel, J and Karamon, J and Kochanowski, M and Stojecki, K and Cencek, T and Klapec, T} } @article {1473, title = {Assessment of virus removal by managed aquifer recharge at three full-scale operations}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health}, volume = {49}, number = {14}, year = {2014}, note = {Betancourt, Walter Q Kitajima, Masaaki Wing, Alexandre D Regnery, Julia Drewes, Jorg E Pepper, Ian L Gerba, Charles P England Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances \& environmental engineering J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2014;49(14):1685-92. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2014.951233.}, pages = {1685-92}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems such as riverbank filtration and soil-aquifer treatment all involve the use of natural subsurface systems to improve the quality of recharged water (i.e. surface water, stormwater, reclaimed water) before reuse. During MAR, water is either infiltrated via basins, subsurface injected or abstracted from wells adjacent to rivers. The goal of this study was to assess the removal of selected enteric viruses and a potential surrogate for virus removal at three full-scale MAR systems located in different regions of the United States (Arizona, Colorado, and California). Samples of source water (i.e., river water receiving treated wastewater and reclaimed water) before recharge and recovered groundwater at all three sites were tested for adenoviruses, enteroviruses, Aichi viruses and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Samples of groundwater positive for any virus were also tested for the presence of infectious virus by cell culture. PMMoV was the most commonly detected virus in the groundwater samples. Infectious enteric viruses (reovirus) were only detected in one groundwater sample with a subsurface residence time of 5 days. The results suggested that in groundwater with a residence time of greater than 14 days all of the viruses are removed below detection indicating a 1 to greater than 5 log removal depending upon the type of virus. Given its behavior, PMMoV may be suitable to serve as a conservative tracer of enteric virus removal in managed aquifer treatment systems.

}, keywords = {Arizona California Colorado *Environmental Monitoring Groundwater/*virology Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Rivers/*virology Time Factors Tobamovirus/isolation \& purification Viruses/*isolation \& purification Waste Water/*virology Water Purification/*}, issn = {1532-4117 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1080/10934529.2014.951233}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25320855}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Kitajima, M. and Wing, A. D. and Regnery, J. and Drewes, J. E. and Pepper, I. L. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {2632, title = {Assessment of water quality in a border region between the Atlantic forest and an urbanised area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {110-115}, abstract = {

The preservation of water resources is one of the goals of the designation of parks that act as natural reservoirs. In order to assess the impact of the presence of humans in an environmental preservation area bordering urban areas, the presence of four pathogenic enteric viruses [group A rotavirus {(RV-A),} norovirus {(NoV),} human adenoviruses {(HAdV),} and hepatitis A virus {(HAV)],} as well as the physico-chemical parameters, and Escherichia coli levels were assessed in riverine water samples. From June 2008 to May 2009, monthly monitoring was performed along the Engenho Novo River. {RV-A,} {NoV,} and {HAdV} were observed in 29\% (31/108) of the water samples, with concentrations of up to 10(3) genome copies/liter. The natural occurrence of infectious {HAdV} was demonstrated by Integrated Cell {Culture-PCR} {(ICC-PCR).} This study confirms the suitability of using the detection of fecal-oral transmitted viruses as a marker of human fecal contamination in water matrices and indicates the spread of pathogenic viruses occurring in an alleged area of environmental protection.

}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9146-4}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-014-9146-4}, author = {Miagostovich, Marize P and Guimar{\~a}es, Fl{\'a}via R R and Vieira, Carmen B and Fumian, Tulio M and da Gama, Nilson P and Victoria, Matias and de Oliveira, Jaqueline M and Mendes, Anna C and Gaspar, Ana M and Leite, Jos{\'e} P P} } @article {8517, title = {{The association between foodborne and orofecal pathogens and allergic sensitisation {\textendash} EuroPrevall study}}, journal = {Pediatric Allergy and Immunology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {250{\textendash}256}, author = {Janse, JJ and Wong, GW and Potts, J and Ogorodova, LM and Fedorova, OS and Mahesh, PA and Sakellariou, A and Papadopoulos, NG and Knulst, AC and Versteeg, SA and Kroes, AC and Vossen, AC and Campos Ponce, M and Kummeling, I and Burney, P and van Ree, R and Yazdanbakhsh, M} } @article {9047, title = {{Association of nuisance filamentous algae Cladophora spp. with E. coli and Salmonella in public beach waters: impacts of UV protection on bacterial survival}}, journal = {Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {1267{\textendash}1274}, abstract = {

This study investigated whether filamentous algal species commonly found in nearshore public beach water systems provide protection from natural UV to bacteria present in the same environmental settings. To test this hypothesis, Cladophora spp., a filamentous nuisance algae group causing undesired water quality in the Great Lakes region was selected and its interactions with a non-pathogenic indicator organism Escherichia coli and a pathogenic strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were tested. In laboratory microcosms where the lake environment and natural sunlight conditions were simulated, a 7-log removal of E. coli was observed in only six hours of exposure to UV with an initial seed concentration of 103 CFU mL?1. With the presence of algae, the same log removal was achieved in 16 hours. At higher seed concentrations of 105 CFU mL?1, E. coli survived for two days with an extended survival up to 11 days in the presence of Cladophora spp. S. typhimurium has shown more resilient survival profiles, with the same log removals achieved in 14 and 20 days for low and high seed concentrations respectively, in the absence of algae. Cladophora spp. caused extended protection for S. typhimurium with much less log reductions reported. Algae-mediated protection from UV irradiation was attributed to certain organic carbon exuded from Cladophora spp. In addition, confocal microscopy images confirmed close interaction between bacteria and algae, more prominent with thin filamentous Cladophora spp

}, issn = {2050-7887}, doi = {10.1039/c3em00659j}, author = {Beckinghausen, Aubrey and Haznedaroglu, Berat Z and Martinez, Alexia and Blersch, David} } @article {7445, title = {Association of nuisance filamentous algae {Cladophora} spp. with {E}. coli and {Salmonella} in public beach waters: impacts of {UV} protection on bacterial survival}, journal = {Environmental Science: Processes \& Impacts}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {1267}, issn = {2050-7887, 2050-7895}, doi = {10.1039/c3em00659j}, url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c3em00659j}, author = {Beckinghausen, Aubrey and Martinez, Alexia and Blersch, David and Haznedaroglu, Berat Z.} } @article {7942, title = {{Association of nuisance filamentous algae Cladophora spp. with E. coli and Salmonella in public beach waters: impacts of UV protection on bacterial survival}}, journal = {Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {1267{\textendash}1274}, abstract = {

This study investigated whether filamentous algal species commonly found in nearshore public beach water systems provide protection from natural {\{}UV{\}} to bacteria present in the same environmental settings. To test this hypothesis, Cladophora spp., a filamentous nuisance algae group causing undesired water quality in the Great Lakes region was selected and its interactions with a non-pathogenic indicator organism Escherichia coli and a pathogenic strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were tested. In laboratory microcosms where the lake environment and natural sunlight conditions were simulated, a 7-log removal of E. coli was observed in only six hours of exposure to {\{}UV{\}} with an initial seed concentration of 103 {\{}CFU{\}} {\{}mL\−1.{\}} With the presence of algae, the same log removal was achieved in 16 hours. At higher seed concentrations of 105 {\{}CFU{\}} {\{}mL\−1,{\}} E. coli survived for two days with an extended survival up to 11 days in the presence of Cladophora spp. S. typhimurium has shown more resilient survival profiles, with the same log removals achieved in 14 and 20 days for low and high seed concentrations respectively, in the absence of algae. Cladophora spp. caused extended protection for S. typhimurium with much less log reductions reported. Algae-mediated protection from {\{}UV{\}} irradiation was attributed to certain organic carbon exuded from Cladophora spp. In addition, confocal microscopy images confirmed close interaction between bacteria and algae, more prominent with thin filamentous Cladophora spp.

}, doi = {10.1039/C3EM00659J}, author = {Beckinghausen, Aubrey and Martinez, Alexia and Blersch, David and Haznedaroglu, Berat Z} } @article {2158, title = {{Association of nuisance filamentous algae Cladophora spp. with E. coli and Salmonella in public beach waters: impacts of \{UV\} protection on bacterial survival}}, journal = {Environmental Science: Processes \& Impacts}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {1267{\textendash}1274}, abstract = {This study investigated whether filamentous algal species commonly found in nearshore public beach water systems provide protection from natural \{UV\} to bacteria present in the same environmental settings. To test this hypothesis, Cladophora spp., a filamentous nuisance algae group causing undesired water quality in the Great Lakes region was selected and its interactions with a non-pathogenic indicator organism Escherichia coli and a pathogenic strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were tested. In laboratory microcosms where the lake environment and natural sunlight conditions were simulated, a 7-log removal of E. coli was observed in only six hours of exposure to \{UV\} with an initial seed concentration of 103 \{CFU\} \{mL-1.\} With the presence of algae, the same log removal was achieved in 16 hours. At higher seed concentrations of 105 \{CFU\} \{mL-1,\} E. coli survived for two days with an extended survival up to 11 days in the presence of Cladophora spp. S. typhimurium has shown more resilient survival profiles, with the same log removals achieved in 14 and 20 days for low and high seed concentrations respectively, in the absence of algae. Cladophora spp. caused extended protection for S. typhimurium with much less log reductions reported. Algae-mediated protection from \{UV\} irradiation was attributed to certain organic carbon exuded from Cladophora spp. In addition, confocal microscopy images confirmed close interaction between bacteria and algae, more prominent with thin filamentous Cladophora spp.}, doi = {10.1039/C3EM00659J}, author = {Beckinghausen, Aubrey and Martinez, Alexia and Blersch, David and Haznedaroglu, Berat Z} } @article {13923, title = {Association of nuisance filamentous algae {Cladophora} spp. with {E}. coli and {Salmonella} in public beach waters: impacts of \{{UV}\} protection on bacterial survival}, journal = {Environmental Science: Processes \& Impacts}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {1267{\textendash}1274}, abstract = {This study investigated whether filamentous algal species commonly found in nearshore public beach water systems provide protection from natural \{UV\} to bacteria present in the same environmental settings. To test this hypothesis, Cladophora spp., a filamentous nuisance algae group causing undesired water quality in the Great Lakes region was selected and its interactions with a non-pathogenic indicator organism Escherichia coli and a pathogenic strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were tested. In laboratory microcosms where the lake environment and natural sunlight conditions were simulated, a 7-log removal of E. coli was observed in only six hours of exposure to \{UV\} with an initial seed concentration of 103 \{CFU\} \{mL-1.\} With the presence of algae, the same log removal was achieved in 16 hours. At higher seed concentrations of 105 \{CFU\} \{mL-1,\} E. coli survived for two days with an extended survival up to 11 days in the presence of Cladophora spp. S. typhimurium has shown more resilient survival profiles, with the same log removals achieved in 14 and 20 days for low and high seed concentrations respectively, in the absence of algae. Cladophora spp. caused extended protection for S. typhimurium with much less log reductions reported. Algae-mediated protection from \{UV\} irradiation was attributed to certain organic carbon exuded from Cladophora spp. In addition, confocal microscopy images confirmed close interaction between bacteria and algae, more prominent with thin filamentous Cladophora spp.}, doi = {10.1039/C3EM00659J}, author = {Beckinghausen, Aubrey and Martinez, Alexia and Blersch, David and Haznedaroglu, Berat Z} } @article {8636, title = {{Attempted detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental waters using a simple approach to evaluate the potential for waterborne transmission in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador}}, journal = {Ecohealth}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {207{\textendash}214}, author = {Verant, ML and D{\textquoteright}Ozouville, N and Parker, PG and Shapiro, K and VanWormer, E and Deem, SL} } @article {7346, title = {Attributing sporadic and outbreak-associated infections to sources: blending epidemiological data}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {142}, number = {02}, year = {2014}, month = {feb}, pages = {295{\textendash}302}, issn = {0950-2688, 1469-4409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268813000915}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268813000915}, author = {Cole, D. and Griffin, P. M. and Fullerton, K. E. and Ayers, T. and Smith, K. and Ingram, L. A. and Kissler, B. and Hoekstra, R. M.} } @article {1795, title = {Bacterial lipopolysaccharide binding enhances virion stability and promotes environmental fitness of an enteric virus}, journal = {Cell Host and Microbe}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, note = {Robinson, Christopher M Jesudhasan, Palmy R Pfeiffer, Julie K eng R01 AI074668/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ R01 AI74668/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ T32 AI007520/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ T32 AI070116/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2014/01/21 06:00 Cell Host Microbe. 2014 Jan 15;15(1):36-46. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.12.004.}, pages = {36-46}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Enteric viruses, including poliovirus and reovirus, encounter a vast microbial community in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, which has been shown to promote virus replication and pathogenesis. Investigating the underlying mechanisms, we find that poliovirus binds bacterial surface polysaccharides, which enhances virion stability and cell attachment by increasing binding to the viral receptor. Additionally, we identified a poliovirus mutant, VP1-T99K, with reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding. Although T99K and WT poliovirus cell attachment, replication, and pathogenesis in mice are equivalent, VP1-T99K poliovirus was unstable in feces following peroral inoculation of mice. Consequently, the ratio of mutant virus in feces is reduced following additional cycles of infection in mice. Thus, the mutant virus incurs a fitness cost when environmental stability is a factor. These data suggest that poliovirus binds bacterial surface polysaccharides, enhancing cell attachment and environmental stability, potentially promoting transmission to a new host.

}, keywords = {Animals Cell Line, Transgenic Microbial Interactions/*genetics Mutation Poliomyelitis/metabolism/mortality/*virology Poliovirus/genetics/*metabolism/pathogenicity Protein Binding Receptors, Tumor Feces/virology Fibroblasts/virology Genetic Fitness/physiology HeLa Cells *Host-Pathogen Interactions Humans Lipopolysaccharides/*metabolism Mice Mice, Virus/metabolism Survival Analysis Viral Plaque Assay Virion/genetics/*metabolism/pathogenicity Virus Attachment Virus Replication}, issn = {1934-6069 (Electronic) 1931-3128 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2013.12.004}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24439896}, author = {Robinson, C. M. and Jesudhasan, P. R. and Pfeiffer, J. K.} } @article {17113, title = {Bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides as a marker for microbial source tracking}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {55}, year = {2014}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Jofre, Joan and Blanch, Anicet R and Lucena, Francisco and Muniesa, Maite} } @article {4270, title = {{Bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides as a marker for microbial source tracking.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {55}, year = {2014}, month = {may}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, abstract = {

Bacteriophages infecting certain strains of Bacteroides are amid the numerous procedures proposed for tracking the source of faecal pollution. These bacteriophages fulfil reasonably well most of the requirements identified as appropriate for a suitable marker of faecal sources. Thus, different host strains are available that detect bacteriophages preferably in water contaminated with faecal wastes corresponding to different animal species. For phages found preferably in human faecal wastes, which are the ones that have been more extensively studied, the amounts of phages found in waters contaminated with human fecal samples is reasonably high; these amounts are invariable through the time; their resistance to natural and anthropogenic stressors is comparable to that of other relatively resistant indicator of faecal pollution such us coliphages; the abundance ratios of somatic coliphages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron GA17 are unvarying in recent and aged contamination; and standardised detection methods exist. These methods are easy, cost effective and provide data susceptible of numerical analysis. In contrast, there are some uncertainties regarding their geographical stability, and consequently suitable hosts need to be isolated for different geographical areas. However, a feasible method has been described to isolate suitable hosts in a given geographical area. In summary, phages infecting Bacteroides are a marker of faecal sources that in our opinion merits being included in the \"toolbox\" for microbial source tracking. However, further research is still needed in order to make clear some uncertainties regarding some of their characteristics and behaviour, to compare their suitability to the one of emerging methods such us targeting Bacteroidetes by qPCR assays; or settling molecular methods for their determination.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: physiology, Bacteroides, Bacteroides: virology, Coliphages, Coliphages: physiology, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Humans, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution, Water Pollution: analysis}, issn = {1879-2448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.006}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24583570}, author = {Jofre, Joan and Blanch, Anicet R and Lucena, Francisco and Muniesa, Maite} } @booklet {12579, title = {Balancing water sustainability and public health goals in the face of growing concerns about antibiotic resistance}, volume = {48}, number = {5-14}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Environmental Science and Technology}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Pruden, Amy} } @article {9727, title = {Balantidiosis: a rare accidental finding in the urine of a patient with acute renal failure}, journal = {Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research for doctors}, volume = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {DD03-4}, author = {Khanduri, A and S. Chauhan and I. Chandola and B. Mahawal and V. Kataria} } @article {10172, title = {{Baseline and storm event monitoring of Bacteroidales marker concentrations and enteric pathogen presence in a rural Canadian watershed}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {60}, year = {2014}, pages = {278{\textendash}288}, author = {Ridley, CM and Jamieson, RC and Truelstrup Hansen, L and Yost, CK and Bezanson, GS} } @article {3774, title = {Beyond {\textquoteleft}improved{\textquoteright} towards {\textquoteleft}safe and sustainable{\textquoteright} urban sanitation: assessing the design, management and functionality of sanitation in poor communities of {Dar} es {Salaam}, {Tanzania}.}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {131{\textendash}140}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2013.180.}, author = {Jenkins, MW and Cumming, O and et al. Scott, B} } @article {3438, title = {{Beyond {\textquoteleft}improved{\textquoteright} towards {\textquoteleft}safe and sustainable{\textquoteright} urban sanitation: assessing the design, management and functionality of sanitation in poor communities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.}}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {131{\textendash}140}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2013.180.}, author = {Jenkins, MW and Cumming, O and et al. Scott, B} } @article {3114, title = {The bifacial role of helminths in cancer: involvement of immune and non-immune mechanisms}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {138{\textendash}148}, abstract = {Infectious agents have been associated with cancer due to activation of pro-carcinogenic inflammatory processes within their host. Several reports, however, indicate that specific pathogens may be able to elicit anti-tumor immune responses that can lead to protection from tumorigenesis or cancer regression. Amongst these "beneficial" pathogens are some helminthic parasites that have already been connected with prevention of autoimmune diseases and allergies, immune conditions increasingly associated with cancer. Even though helminths have co-existed with humans and their ancestors for millions of years, investigations of their impact on human (patho)physiology are relatively new and the functions of components that can explain the helminth bi-directional influence on carcinogenesis are not well understood. This review aims to discuss evidence for the helminth-induced immune, genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, hormonal and metabolic changes that may ultimately mediate the potential pro- or anti-carcinogenic role of helminths. This overview may serve future investigations in clarifying the tumorigenic role of the most common helminthic parasites. It may also inspire the development of anti-cancer regimens and vaccines, in parallel to ongoing efforts of using helminth-based components for the prevention and/or treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergies.}, keywords = {Animals, Cancer, Carcinogenesis, Helminthiasis, Helminths, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Immunity, infection, Inflammation, Neoplasms}, issn = {1549-781X}, doi = {10.3109/10408363.2014.886180}, author = {Oikonomopoulou, Katerina and Brinc, Davor and Hadjisavvas, Andreas and Christofi, Georgios and Kyriacou, Kyriacos and Diamandis, Eleftherios P.} } @article {5951, title = {{Bioaccumulation efficiency, tissue distribution, and environmental occurrence of hepatitis E virus in bivalve shellfish from France}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {14}, year = {2014}, pages = {4269{\textendash}4276}, author = {Grodzki, M and Schaeffer, J and Piquet, JC and J C Le Saux and Chev{\'e}, J and Ollivier, J and Le Pendu, J and Le Guyader, FS} } @article {8582, title = {{Bioaccumulation of human waterborne protozoa by zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): interest for water biomonitoring}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {48}, year = {2014}, pages = {148{\textendash}155}, author = {Palos Ladeiro, M and Aubert, D and Villena, I and Geffard, A and Bigot, A} } @conference {722, title = {Biodegradation of Hydrocarbon Chains of Crude Oil Byproducts by Selected Protozoan Isolates in Polluted Wastewaters}, year = {2014}, publisher = {China University of Mining and Technology Press, Xuzhou,}, organization = {China University of Mining and Technology Press, Xuzhou,}, address = {China}, abstract = {
The demand of crude oil or any other oil by-products across the world and various activities are such as human and industrial activities has led to continuous pollution of various existing fresh water. The study was conducted using three protozoan isolates (Aspidisca sp., Trachelophyllum sp. and Peranema sp) where their growth and biodegradation abilities were screened using crude oil spill rich polluted wastewater in shaking flasks at pH 8 and incubated at 30 {\textcelsius} with a speed of 100 rpm for 5 days. Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen and growth of protozoan isolates were determined using standard methods. Crude oil concentrations in the samples were analysed using partition gravimetric method. The study revealed that high amount of COD released and over 80\% DO were removed from wastewater. The protozoan biomass of 1.00{\texttimes}103 cells/mL was able to degrade crude oil (initial concentration:\<50 mg/L) from wastewater at average rates ranging from 10.41\% to 55.5\%, from 11.0\% to 64.5\%, from 11.66\% to 44.21\% and from 21.2\% to 61.1\% for Aspidisca sp.,Trachelophyllum sp., Peranema sp., and a consortium of the three isolates, respectively.An increase in protozoan biomasses of 1.00{\texttimes}105 cells/mL and 1.00{\texttimes}106 cells/mL resulted in oil biodegradation rates ranging from 15.4\% to 71.0\%, 15.0\% to 68.9\%, 13.0\% to 56.0\% and 28.0\% to 85.2\%, respectively. However, an increase in oil concentrations in wastewater mixed liquor (\>50 mg/L) decreased their biodegradation capacity to \>60\%. Statistically, the microbes were found to have a significant difference in their biodegradation ability in different various oily wastewater concentrations (p\<0.001).
}, keywords = {biodegradation, crude (petroleum) oil, protozoan biomass, wastewater}, isbn = {978-7-5646-2437-8}, url = {https://www.imwa.info/docs/imwa_2014/IMWA2014_Kachienga_743.pdf}, author = {M NB Momba and L. Kachienga} } @article {13812, title = {Biofilms and {Helicobacter} pylori: {Dissemination} and persistence within the environment and host.}, journal = {World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {122{\textendash}32}, abstract = {The presence of viable Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the environment is considered to contribute to the levels of H. pylori found in the human population, which also aids to increase its genetic variability and its environmental adaptability and persistence. H. pylori form biofilms both within the in vitro and in vivo environment. This represents an important attribute that assists the survival of this bacterium within environments that are both hostile and adverse to proliferation. It is the aim of this paper to review the ability of H. pylori to form biofilms in vivo and in vitro and to address the inherent mechanisms considered to significantly enhance its persistence within the host and in external environments. Furthermore, the dissemination of H. pylori in the external environment and within the human body and its impact upon infection control will be discussed.}, keywords = {biofilm, COCCOID FORMS, helicobacter pylori}, issn = {2150-5330}, doi = {10.4291/wjgp.v5.i3.122}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4133512\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Percival, Steven L and Suleman, Louise} } @article {8183, title = {{Biofilms and Helicobacter pylori: Dissemination and persistence within the environment and host.}}, journal = {World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {122{\textendash}32}, abstract = {

The presence of viable Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the environment is considered to contribute to the levels of H. pylori found in the human population, which also aids to increase its genetic variability and its environmental adaptability and persistence. H. pylori form biofilms both within the in vitro and in vivo environment. This represents an important attribute that assists the survival of this bacterium within environments that are both hostile and adverse to proliferation. It is the aim of this paper to review the ability of H. pylori to form biofilms in vivo and in vitro and to address the inherent mechanisms considered to significantly enhance its persistence within the host and in external environments. Furthermore, the dissemination of H. pylori in the external environment and within the human body and its impact upon infection control will be discussed.

}, keywords = {biofilm, COCCOID FORMS, helicobacter pylori}, issn = {2150-5330}, doi = {10.4291/wjgp.v5.i3.122}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4133512{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Percival, Steven L and Suleman, Louise} } @article {6967, title = {Biological {Instability} in a {Chlorinated} {Drinking} {Water} {Distribution} {Network}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {may}, pages = {e96354}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0096354}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096354}, author = {Nescerecka, Alina and Rubulis, Janis and Vital, Marius and Juhna, Talis and Hammes, Frederik}, editor = {Balcazar, Jose Luis} } @article {14501, title = {Biosolids and sludge}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, year = {2014}, pages = {1274{\textendash}1283}, abstract = {This review section covers journal articles and conference papers related to biosolids and sludge management that were published in 2013. The literature review has been divided into the following sections: {\textbullet} Biosolids regulations and management issues, {\textbullet} Biosolids characteristics and measurement including microconstituents, pathogens, and nanoparticles, {\textbullet}Sludge treatment technologies including pretreatment and sludge minimization, conditioning and dewatering, innovative technologies, and digestion, {\textbullet} Disposal and reuse including land application and innovative alternatives, {\textbullet} Odor and air emissions, {\textbullet} Energy issues, and {\textbullet} Risk analysis}, author = {Brisolara, K. F. and Sandberg, M. A.} } @article {7415, title = {Biotic {Interactions} and {Sunlight} {Affect} {Persistence} of {Fecal} {Indicator} {Bacteria} and {Microbial} {Source} {Tracking} {Genetic} {Markers} in the {Upper} {Mississippi} {River}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {13}, year = {2014}, month = {jul}, pages = {3952{\textendash}3961}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00388-14}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.00388-14}, author = {Korajkic, A. and McMinn, B. R. and Shanks, O. C. and Sivaganesan, M. and Fout, G. S. and Ashbolt, N. J.} } @article {7620, title = {Biotic interactions and sunlight affect persistence of fecal indicator bacteria and microbial source tracking genetic markers in the upper Mississippi river}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, pages = {3952-3961}, author = {A Korajkic and McMinn, BR and Shanks, OC and Sivaganesan, M and Fout, GS and Ashnbolt, NJ} } @article {10130, title = {{Biotic interactions and sunlight affect persistence of fecal indicator bacteria and microbial source tracking genetic markers in the upper Mississippi river}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {13}, year = {2014}, pages = {3952{\textendash}3961}, author = {Korajkic, A and McMinn, BR and Shanks, OC and Sivaganesan, M and Fout, GS and Ashbolt, NJ} } @article {9094, title = {{Biotic interactions and sunlight affect persistence of fecal indicator bacteria and microbial source tracking genetic markers in the upper mississippi river}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {13}, year = {2014}, pages = {3952{\textendash}3961}, abstract = {The sanitary quality of recreational waters that may be impacted by sewage is assessed by enumerating fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (Escherichia coli and enterococci); these organisms are found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and many other animals, and hence their presence provides no information about the pollution source. Microbial source tracking (MST) methods can discriminate between different pollution sources, providing critical information to water quality managers, but relatively little is known about factors influencing the decay of FIB and MST genetic markers following release into aquatic environments. An in situ mesocosm was deployed at a temperate recreational beach in the Mississippi River to evaluate the effects of ambient sunlight and biotic interactions (predation, competition, and viral lysis) on the decay of culture-based FIB, as well as molecularly based FIB (Entero1a and GenBac3) and human-associated MST genetic markers (HF183 and HumM2) measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). In general, culturable FIB decayed the fastest, while molecularly based FIB and human-associated genetic markers decayed more slowly. There was a strong correlation between the decay of molecularly based FIB and that of human-associated genetic markers (r(2), 0.96 to 0.98; P {\{}{\textless}{\}} 0.0001) but not between culturable FIB and any qPCR measurement. Overall, exposure to ambient sunlight may be an important factor in the early-stage decay dynamics but generally was not after continued exposure (i.e., after 120 h), when biotic interactions tended to be the only/major influential determinant of persistence.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic){\$}\backslash{\$}r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {10985336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00388-14}, author = {Korajkic, Asja and McMinn, Brian R and Shanks, Orin C and Sivaganesan, Mano and Fout, G Shay and Ashbolt, Nicholas J} } @article {981, title = {BK virus infection following kidney transplantation: an overview of risk factors, screening strategies, and therapeutic interventions}, journal = {Current Opinions on Organ Transplantation}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {401{\textendash}412}, author = {Pham, PT and Schaenman, J and Pham, PC} } @article {9796, title = {{Blastocystis tropism in the pig intestine}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {113}, year = {2014}, pages = {1465{\textendash}1472}, author = {Fayer, R and Elasser, T and Gould, R and Solano, G and Urban, J Jr and Santin, M} } @article {9682, title = {Boiling sheep liver or lung for 30 minutes is necessary and sufficient to kill Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces in hydatid cysts.}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {21, 64}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1051/parasite/2014064}, author = {Li, J. and Wu, C and Wang, H and Liu, H and Vuitton, D.A and Wen, H and Zhang, W} } @article {2925, title = {Boiling sheep liver or lung for 30 minutes is necessary and sufficient to kill {Echinococcus} granulosus protoscoleces in hydatid cysts}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {21}, year = {2014}, pages = {64}, abstract = {Proper disposal of carcasses and offal after home slaughter is difficult in poor and remote communities and therefore dogs readily have access to hydatid cysts containing offal from livestock, thus completing the parasite cycle of Echinococcus granulosus and putting communities at risk of cystic echinococcosis. Boiling livers and lungs which contain hydatid cysts could be a simple, efficient and energy- and time-saving way to kill the infectious protoscoleces. The aim of this study was to provide precise practical recommendations to livestock owners. Our results show that boiling the whole sheep liver and/or lung, with single or multiple hydatid cysts, for 30 min is necessary and sufficient to kill E. granulosus protoscoleces in hydatid cysts. Advertising on this simple rule in at-risk communities would be an efficient and cheap complement to other veterinary public health operations to control cystic echinococcosis.}, keywords = {Animals, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Feeding Behavior, Hepatic, Hot Temperature, Humans, Larva, Life Cycle Stages, Liver, Lung, Public health, Pulmonary, Refuse Disposal, Sheep, Time Factors}, issn = {1776-1042}, doi = {10.1051/parasite/2014064}, author = {Li, Jun and Wu, Chuanchuan and Wang, Hui and Liu, Huanyuan and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Wen, Hao and Zhang, Wenbao} } @article {10029, title = {{Bufavirus in Feces of Patients with Gastroenteritis, Finland}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {1077{\textendash}1079}, keywords = {Bocavirus, bufavirus, Burkina Faso, Diarrhea, FINLAND, Gastroenteritis, Parvovirus, Primate protoparvovirus, Quantitative PCR, Viruses}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid2006.131674}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857614 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4036783 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/6/13-1674{\_}article.htm}, author = {V{\"a}is{\"a}nen, Elina and Kuisma, Inka and Phan, Tung G. and Delwart, Eric and Lappalainen, Maija and Tarkka, Eveliina and Hedman, Klaus and S{\"o}derlund-Venermo, Maria} } @article {8336, title = {{Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: A retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries}}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {894{\textendash}905}, keywords = {burden of disease, diarrhoea, Hygiene, sanitation, water}, doi = {10.1111/tmi.12329}, author = {Pr{\"u}ss-Ust{\"u}n, A. and Bartram, J. and Clasen, T. and Colford, J.M. and Cumming, O. and Curtis, V. and Bonjour, S. and Dangour, A.D. and De France, J. and Fewtrell, L. and Freeman, M.C. and Gordon, B. and Hunter, P.R. and Johnston, R.B. and M{\"a}thers, C. and Mausezahl, D. and Medlicott, K. and Neira, M. and Stocks, M. and Wolf, J. and Cairncross, S.} } @article {7327, title = {Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries}, journal = {Tropical medicine \& international health: TM \& IH}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, month = {aug}, pages = {894{\textendash}905}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To estimate the burden of diarrhoeal diseases from exposure to inadequate water, sanitation and hand hygiene in low- and middle-income settings and provide an overview of the impact on other diseases. METHODS: For estimating the impact of water, sanitation and hygiene on diarrhoea, we selected exposure levels with both sufficient global exposure data and a matching exposure-risk relationship. Global exposure data were estimated for the year 2012, and risk estimates were taken from the most recent systematic analyses. We estimated attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by country, age and sex for inadequate water, sanitation and hand hygiene separately, and as a cluster of risk factors. Uncertainty estimates were computed on the basis of uncertainty surrounding exposure estimates and relative risks. RESULTS: In 2012, 502,000 diarrhoea deaths were estimated to be caused by inadequate drinking water and 280,000 deaths by inadequate sanitation. The most likely estimate of disease burden from inadequate hand hygiene amounts to 297,000 deaths. In total, 842,000 diarrhoea deaths are estimated to be caused by this cluster of risk factors, which amounts to 1.5\% of the total disease burden and 58\% of diarrhoeal diseases. In children under 5 years old, 361,000 deaths could be prevented, representing 5.5\% of deaths in that age group. CONCLUSIONS: This estimate confirms the importance of improving water and sanitation in low- and middle-income settings for the prevention of diarrhoeal disease burden. It also underscores the need for better data on exposure and risk reductions that can be achieved with provision of reliable piped water, community sewage with treatment and hand hygiene.}, keywords = {agua, assainissement, burden of disease, carga de enfermedad, Charge de morbidit{\'e}, Child, Cost of Illness, Developing Countries, diarrea, Diarrhea, diarrh{\'e}e, diarrhoea, drinking water, eau, Environmental Exposure, Female, Higiene, Humans, Hygiene, Income, Infant, Male, Preschool, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, saneamiento, sanitation, water, Water quality, Water Supply}, issn = {1365-3156}, doi = {10.1111/tmi.12329}, author = {Pr{\"u}ss-{\"U}st{\"u}n, Annette and Bartram, Jamie and Clasen, Thomas and Colford, John M. and Cumming, Oliver and Curtis, Valerie and Bonjour, Sophie and Dangour, Alan D. and De France, Jennifer and Fewtrell, Lorna and Freeman, Matthew C. and Gordon, Bruce and Hunter, Paul R. and Johnston, Richard B. and Mathers, Colin and M{\"a}usezahl, Daniel and Medlicott, Kate and Neira, Maria and Stocks, Meredith and Wolf, Jennyfer and Cairncross, Sandy} } @article {11962, title = {Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low-and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries}, journal = {Tropical Medicine \& International Health}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {894-905}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1365-3156}, author = {Pr{\"u}ss-Ust{\"u}n, Annette and Bartram, Jamie and Clasen, Thomas and Colford, John M and Cumming, Oliver and Curtis, Valerie and Bonjour, Sophie and Dangour, Alan D and De France, Jennifer and Fewtrell, Lorna} } @article {7649, title = {Burden of laboratory-confirmed Campylobacter infections in Guatemala 2008{\textendash}2012: Results from a facility-based surveillance system}, journal = {Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {51-59}, author = {Benoit,S. R. and Lopez,B. and Arvelo,W. and Henao,O. and Parsons,M. B. and Reyes,L. and Moir,J. C. and Lindblade,K.} } @article {6358, title = {The burden of norovirus gastroenteritis: an important foodborne and healthcare-related infection}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, month = {aug}, pages = {724{\textendash}730}, issn = {1198743X}, doi = {10.1111/1469-0691.12722}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1198743X14603608}, author = {Belliot, G. and Lopman, B.A. and Ambert-Balay, K. and Pothier, P.} } @article {3003, title = {The burden of parasitic zoonoses in {Nepal}: a systematic review}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {e2634}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Parasitic zoonoses (PZs) pose a significant but often neglected threat to public health, especially in developing countries. In order to obtain a better understanding of their health impact, summary measures of population health may be calculated, such as the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY). However, the data required to calculate such measures are often not readily available for these diseases, which may lead to a vicious circle of under-recognition and under-funding. METHODOLOGY: We examined the burden of PZs in Nepal through a systematic review of online and offline data sources. PZs were classified qualitatively according to endemicity, and where possible a quantitative burden assessment was conducted in terms of the annual number of incident cases, deaths and DALYs. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Between 2000 and 2012, the highest annual burden was imposed by neurocysticercosis and congenital toxoplasmosis (14,268 DALYs [95\% Credibility Interval (CrI): 5450-27,694] and 9255 DALYs [95\% CrI: 6135-13,292], respectively), followed by cystic echinococcosis (251 DALYs [95\% CrI: 105-458]). Nepal is probably endemic for trichinellosis, toxocarosis, diphyllobothriosis, foodborne trematodosis, taeniosis, and zoonotic intestinal helminthic and protozoal infections, but insufficient data were available to quantify their health impact. Sporadic cases of alveolar echinococcosis, angiostrongylosis, capillariosis, dirofilariosis, gnathostomosis, sparganosis and cutaneous leishmaniosis may occur. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In settings with limited surveillance capacity, it is possible to quantify the health impact of PZs and other neglected diseases, thereby interrupting the vicious circle of neglect. In Nepal, we found that several PZs are endemic and are imposing a significant burden to public health, higher than that of malaria, and comparable to that of HIV/AIDS. However, several critical data gaps remain. Enhanced surveillance for the endemic PZs identified in this study would enable additional burden estimates, and a more complete picture of the impact of these diseases.}, keywords = {Animals, Endemic Diseases, Humans, Nepal, Parasitic Diseases, prevalence, Zoonoses}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0002634}, author = {Devleesschauwer, Brecht and Ale, Anita and Torgerson, Paul and Praet, Nicolas and Maertens de Noordhout, Charline and Pandey, Basu Dev and Pun, Sher Bahadur and Lake, Rob and Vercruysse, Jozef and Joshi, Durga Datt and Havelaar, Arie H. and Duchateau, Luc and Dorny, Pierre and Speybroeck, Niko} } @article {7756, title = {Campylobacteriosis in New Zealand: room for further improvement}, journal = {The New Zealand Medical Journal}, volume = {27}, year = {2014}, pages = {2-9}, author = {Lane,R. and Briggs,S.} } @article {11022, title = {Can chemotherapy alone eliminate the transmission of soil transmitted helminths?}, journal = {Parasites \& Vectors}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {266{\textendash}273}, abstract = {Amongst the world{\textquoteright}s poorest populations, availability of anthelmintic treatments for the control of soil transmitted helminths (STH) by mass or targeted chemotherapy has increased dramatically in recent years. However, the design of community based treatment programmes to achieve the greatest impact on transmission is still open to debate. Questions include: who should be treated, how often should they be treated, how long should treatment be continued for?}, issn = {1756-3305}, doi = {10.1186/1756-3305-7-266}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-266}, author = {Truscott, James E. and Hollingsworth, T. Deirdre and Brooker, Simon J. and Anderson, Roy M.} } @article {4341, title = {{The capability of non-native strains of Bacteroides bacteria to detect bacteriophages as faecal indicators in a tropical area.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {117}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {dec}, pages = {1820{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

AIMS: To evaluate the use of nonlocal, already-available strains of phages to indicate faecal contamination in Thailand waters. METHODS AND RESULTS: Phages of Bacteroides fragilis strains ATCC 700786 (RYC2056PH) and ATCC 51477 (HSP40PH) were measured in 71 human and animal wastewater samples in Thailand using a double-layer agar assay. Bacteriophage RYC2056PH was detected at concentrations comparable to representative human and animal wastewater samples from European and Mediterranean countries, with 61\·7 and 33\·3{\%} above the threshold value of 100 PFU 100 ml(-1) in wastewater samples of human and animal origins, respectively. On the other hand, HSP40PH was detected at low concentrations in both human- and animal-polluted wastewaters. Moreover, RYC2056PH was found in 12 canal waters with human-influenced pollution and was not detected in 6 nonpolluted river waters being tested in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of RYC2056PH could indicate nonsource-specific faecal contamination in Thailand. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provided the first evidence that bacteriophages of the European-isolated B. fragilis strain RYC2056 could be used as nonsource-specific faecal indicators in the Southeast Asian region. The results of this study support the worldwide use of Bacteroides phages as faecal indicators.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis: virology, Feces, Feces: virology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: virology, Humans, Thailand, Tropical Climate, Waste Water, Waste Water: virology, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12646}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25207866}, author = {Sirikanchana, K and Wangkahad, B and Mongkolsuk, S} } @article {15181, title = {A case study of enteric virus removal and insights into the associated risk of water reuse for two wastewater treatment pond systems in {Bolivia}}, journal = {water research}, volume = {65}, year = {2014}, pages = {257{\textendash}270}, author = {Symonds, EM and Verbyla, ME and Lukasik, JO and Kafle, RC and Breitbart, M and Mihelcic, JR} } @article {15225, title = {A case study of enteric virus removal and insights into the associated risk of water reuse for two wastewater treatment pond systems in {Bolivia}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {65}, year = {2014}, pages = {257{\textendash}270}, author = {Symonds, EM and Verbyla, ME and Lukasik, JO and Kafle, RC and Breitbart, M and Mihelcic, JR} } @article {10024, title = {{A case study of enteric virus removal and insights into the associated risk of water reuse for two wastewater treatment pond systems in Bolivia}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {65}, year = {2014}, pages = {257{\textendash}270}, abstract = {

Wastewater treatment ponds (WTP) are one of the most widespread treatment technologies in the world; however, the mechanisms and extent of enteric virus removal in these systems are poorly understood. Two WTP systems in Bolivia, with similar overall hydraulic retention times but different first stages of treatment, were analyzed for enteric virus removal. One system consisted of a facultative pond followed by two maturation ponds (three-pond system) and the other consisted of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor followed by two maturation (polishing) ponds (UASB-pond system). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) was used to measure concentrations of norovirus, rotavirus, and pepper mild mottle virus, while cell culture methods were used to measure concentrations ofculturable enteroviruses (EV). Limited virus removal was observed with RT-qPCR in either system; however, the three-pond system removed culturable EV with greater efficiency than theUASB-pond system. The majority of viruses were not associated with particles and only a small proportion was associated with particles larger than 180??m; thus, it is unlikely that sedimentation is a major mechanism of virus removal. High concentrations of viruses were associated with particles between 0.45 and 180??m in the UASB reactor effluent, but not in the facultative pond effluent. The association of viruses with this size class of particles may explain why only minimal virus removal was observed in the UASB-pond system. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of the treated effluent for reuse for restricted irrigation indicated that the three-pond system effluent requires an additional 1- to 2-log10 reduction of viruses to achieve the WHO health target of {\textless}10-4 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost per person per year; however, the UASB-pond system effluent may require an additional 2.5- to 4.5-log10 reduction of viruses. ?? 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

}, keywords = {Norovirus, Pepper mild mottle virus, rotavirus, sanitation, stabilization pond, Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {18792448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.032}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.032}, author = {Symonds, EM and M E Verbyla and Lukasik, JO and Kafle, RC and Breitbart, M and J R Mihelcic} } @article {16923, title = {A case study of enteric virus removal and insights into the associated risk of water reuse for two wastewater treatment pond systems in Bolivia}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {65}, year = {2014}, pages = {257{\textendash}270}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Symonds, EM and Verbyla, ME and Lukasik, JO and Kafle, RC and Breitbart, M and Mihelcic, JR} } @article {13632, title = {A case study of enteric virus removal and insights into the associated risk of water reuse for two wastewater treatment pond systems in Bolivia}, journal = {water research}, volume = {65}, year = {2014}, pages = {257{\textendash}270}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Symonds, EM and Verbyla, ME and Lukasik, JO and Kafle, RC and Breitbart, M and Mihelcic, JR} } @article {2676, title = {A case study of enteric virus removal and insights into the associated risk of water reuse for two wastewater treatment pond systems in Bolivia}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {65}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Wastewater treatment ponds {(WTP)} are one of the most widespread treatment technologies in the world; however, the mechanisms and extent of enteric virus removal in these systems are poorly understood. Two {WTP} systems in Bolivia, with similar overall hydraulic retention times but different first stages of treatment, were analyzed for enteric virus removal. One system consisted of a facultative pond followed by two maturation ponds (three-pond system) and the other consisted of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket {(UASB)} reactor followed by two maturation (polishing) ponds {(UASB-pond} system). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription {(RT-qPCR)} was used to measure concentrations of norovirus, rotavirus, and pepper mild mottle virus, while cell culture methods were used to measure concentrations of~culturable enteroviruses {(EV).} Limited virus removal was observed with {RT-qPCR} in either system; however, the three-pond system removed culturable {EV} with greater efficiency than {the~UASB-pond} system. The majority of viruses were not associated with particles and only a small proportion was associated with particles larger than 180~μm; thus, it is unlikely that sedimentation is a major mechanism of virus removal. High concentrations of viruses were associated with particles between 0.45 and 180~μm in the {UASB} reactor effluent, but not in the facultative pond effluent. The association of viruses with this size class of particles may explain why only minimal virus removal was observed in the {UASB-pond} system. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of the treated effluent for reuse for restricted irrigation indicated that the three-pond system effluent requires an additional 1- to 2-log10 reduction of viruses to achieve the {WHO} health target of {\textless}10-4 disability-adjusted life years {(DALYs)} lost per person per year; however, the {UASB-pond} system effluent may require an additional 2.5- to 4.5-log10 reduction of viruses.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.032}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.032}, author = {E.M. Symonds and M.E. Verbyla and J.O. Lukasik and R.C. Kafle and M. Breitbart and J.R. Mihelcic} } @article {15482, title = {Cercarial emergence pattern of Schistosoma haematobium from Libreville, Gabon}, journal = {Parasite}, volume = {21}, year = {2014}, note = {Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
France}, pages = {3}, abstract = {Although schistosomiasis has been a public health issue in Gabon for nearly a century, little is known about its current transmission dynamics. We analyzed the chronobiology of 137 cercarial emission profiles of Schistosoma haematobium from Libreville, the capital of Gabon, located in an open area for schistosomiasis. We found that 88\% of the cercariae were shed between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. and that the average pattern was of circadian type, with the average peak at 1 p.m., and representing 27\% of the total number of cercariae of the day. The rhythms of emergence may be associated with environmental pressures on the parasite, especially those related to their definitive hosts.}, keywords = {*Circadian Rhythm, Animals, Bulinus/*parasitology, Cercaria/*physiology, environment, Gabon, Gerbillinae/parasitology, Light, Schistosoma haematobium/*growth \& development/radiation effects}, isbn = {1776-1042 (Electronic)
1252-607X (Linking)}, author = {Mintsa-Ngu{\'e}ma, R. and Mon{\'e}, H. and Ibikounl{\'e}, M. and Mengue-Ngou-Milama, K. and Kombila, M. and Mouahid, G.} } @inbook {8410, title = {{Chapter 14 - Interactions Between Toxoplasma Effectors and Host Immune Responses}}, booktitle = {Toxoplasma gondii}, year = {2014}, pages = {505{\textendash}519}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, edition = {Second Edi}, address = {Boston}, author = {Butcher, BA and Reese, ML and Boothroyd, JC and Denkers, EY} } @article {9364, title = {{Characterization of biosolids and evaluating the effectiveness of plastic-covered sun drying beds as a biosolids stabilization method in Lusaka, Zambia}}, journal = {Internation Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {1{\textendash}10}, author = {Phiri, JS and Katebe, RC and Mzyece, CC and Shaba, P and Halwindi, H} } @article {8607, title = {{Characterization of ROP18 alleles in human toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {63}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {463{\textendash}469}, author = {S{\'a}nchez, V and De-la-Torre, A and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE} } @article {9790, title = {{Children of Senegal River Basin show the highest prevalence of Blastocystis sp. ever observed worldwide}}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, pages = {164}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2334}, author = {El-Safadi, D and Gaayeb, L and Meloni, D and Cian, A and Poirier, P} } @article {4487, title = {Chlorine inactivation of hepatitis E virus and human adenovirus 2 in water}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {436{\textendash}42}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.027}, author = {Girones, R. and Carratala, A. and Calgua, B. and Calvo, M. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Emerson, S.} } @article {1355, title = {Chlorine inactivation of hepatitis E virus and human adenovirus 2 in water}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, note = {Girones, Rosina Carratala, Anna Calgua, Byron Calvo, Miquel Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus Emerson, Suzanne Intramural NIH HHS/United States Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2014 Sep;12(3):436-42. doi: 10.2166/wh.2014.027.}, pages = {436-42}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and has been recognized as a common source of large waterborne outbreaks involving contaminated water in developing countries. Thus, there is the need to produce experimental data on the disinfection kinetics of HEV by chlorine in water samples with diverse levels of fecal contamination. Here, the inactivation of HEV and human adenovirus C serotype 2 (HAdV2), used as a reference virus, was monitored using immunofluorescence and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. HEV has been shown to be susceptible to chlorine disinfection and presented equivalent kinetics to human adenoviruses. The C(t) values observed for a 2-log reduction of HEV were 0.41 in buffered demand-free water and 11.21 mg/L x min in the presence of 1\% sewage. The results indicate that the inactivation kinetics of HEV and HAdV2 are equivalent and support the use of chlorine disinfection as an effective strategy to control HEV waterborne transmission.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ drug effects/physiology Chlorine/ pharmacology Disinfectants/ pharmacology Disinfection/ methods Fluorescent Antibody Technique Hepatitis E virus/ drug effects/physiology Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sewage/virology Virus Inacti}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.027}, author = {Girones, R. and Carratala, A. and Calgua, B. and Calvo, M. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Emerson, S.} } @article {9594, title = {The Cholera Outbreak in Haiti: Where and how did it begin?}, journal = {Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {May 22, 2013}, year = {2014}, month = {May 22}, edition = {2013/05/23}, isbn = {0070-217X (Print)
0070-217X (Linking)}, author = {Lantagne, D. and Balakrish Nair, G. and Lanata, C. F. and Cravioto, A.} } @article {15042, title = {The {Cholera} {Outbreak} in {Haiti}: {Where} and how did it begin?}, journal = {Curr Top Microbiol Immunol}, volume = {May 22, 2013}, year = {2014}, month = {may}, issn = {0070-217X (Print) 0070-217X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/82_2013_331 [doi]}, author = {Lantagne, D. and Balakrish Nair, G. and Lanata, C. F. and Cravioto, A.} } @article {10698, title = {{Cholera Outbreaks in the El Tor Biotype Era and the Impact of the New El Tor Variants}}, journal = {Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {379}, year = {2014}, pages = {17{\textendash}47}, doi = {10.1007/82_2014_363}, author = {Mukhopadhyay, AK and Takeda, Y and Balakrish Nair, G} } @booklet {10799, title = {{Cholera surveillance and number of cases}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {10560, title = {{Cholera {\textendash} Vibrio cholerae infection. Non-O1 and Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae ifecetions}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/non-01-0139-infections.} } @article {16250, title = {Classic dose-response and time postinoculation models for leptospira}, journal = {Risk AnalRisk AnalRisk Anal}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {Mar}, pages = {465-84}, keywords = {*Hormesis, *Models, Theoretical, Animals, Humans, Leptospirosis/*microbiology, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Risk Assessment}, isbn = {1539-6924 (Electronic)
0272-4332 (Linking)}, author = {Watanabe, T. and Teske, S. S. and Haas, C. N.} } @mastersthesis {6322, title = {"{Cleanly} in their persons and cleanly in their dwellings": {An} archaeological investigation of health, hygiene, and sanitation in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century {New} {England}}, year = {2014}, note = {3626135}, school = {Boston University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In this dissertation, I investigate how eighteenth- and nineteenth-century New England regarded and negotiated the fundamental personal issues of health, hygiene, and sanitation. I employ environmental archaeological and material data, in particular parasite remains, from six New England privy sites: three eighteenth-century sites in Newport, Rhode Island, and three nineteenth-century sites in Boston and New Hampshire. Two eighteenth-century sites belonged to households in the middling stratum of society: one was a poor, lower-class residence. Two nineteenth-century sites were working class{\textendash} a tenement and a brothel, both in Boston; the third was the Chase House, an upper-class domicile in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The archaeological and documentary evidence reveal daily choices and their effects. All three eighteenth-century households used chamber pots; the middle-class privies also contained high-quality ceramics. Documents indicate that these families functioned as small-scale merchants. Their prosperity notwithstanding, all three sites revealed parasites, although the amount was considerably less in the middle-class remains than from the poorer household. The nineteenth-century privies reflect that era{\textquoteright}s inhabitants{\textquoteright} increased attention to sanitation and medical treatments; all privies contained more ewers, basins, and medicine bottles. Parasites remained a problem for the working class: both the tenement and brothel privies show moderate levels of parasitic infection. No such evidence was found in the Chase House privy. The material evidence of chamber pots, wash basins, and medicine bottles, places alongside the indications of infection, reveal peoples{\textquoteright} active concerns with issues of hygiene and health, and demonstrated also that attention to these issues increased from the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. Higher levels of household wealth may be linked to lower levels of infection in both eras, probably because of better access to medicines and clean water. The personal involvement revealed by the remains is also reflected in the era{\textquoteright}s changing social attitudes. The impoverished came to be seen as agents of their own misery whose only hope was to adopt the cleanliness of the upper classes. Poorer people without ready access to better sanitation were regarded as people choosing to live in squalor and, as such, unworthy and beyond help.}, keywords = {0324:Archaeology, 0335:European history, 0578:History, Archaeology, European history, Health, History, Hygiene, parasites, sanitation, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1556772463?accountid=14270}, author = {Gallagher, Diana Smith} } @book {2883, title = {Clinical Pathology Board Review}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Elsevier Health Sciences}, organization = {Elsevier Health Sciences}, author = {Spitalnik, Steven L and Arinsburg, Suzanne and Jhang, Jeffrey} } @article {11359, title = {Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis}, journal = {The Lancet Neurology}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, pages = {1202-1215}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1474-4422}, author = {Garcia, Hector H and Nash, Theodore E and Del Brutto, Oscar H} } @inbook {5004, title = {{Clonorchiasis and Opisthorchiasis}}, booktitle = {Helminth Infections and their Impact on Global Public Health}, year = {2014}, pages = {123{\textendash}152}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag Wien}, organization = {Springer-Verlag Wien}, author = {Pozio, E and Gomez Morales, MA}, editor = {Bruschi, F} } @article {10626, title = {{Coliform bacteria as indicators of diarrheal risk in household drinking water: Systematic review and meta-analysis}}, journal = {PLoS one}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, pages = {e107429}, author = {Gruber, JS and Ercumen, A and J M Colford} } @article {13872, title = {Community-driven research on environmental sources of {H}. pylori infection in arctic {Canada}.}, journal = {Gut microbes}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {606{\textendash}17}, abstract = {{The role of environmental reservoirs in H. pylori transmission remains uncertain due to technical difficulties in detecting living organisms in sources outside the stomach. Residents of some Canadian Arctic communities worry that contamination of the natural environment is responsible for the high prevalence of H. pylori infection in the region. This analysis aims to estimate associations between exposure to potential environmental sources of biological contamination and prevalence of H. pylori infection in Arctic Canada. Using data from 3 community-driven H. pylori projects in the Northwest and Yukon Territories, we estimated effects of environmental exposures on H. pylori prevalence, using odds ratios (OR) and 95\% confidence intervals (CI) from multilevel logistic regression models to adjust for household and community effects. Investigated exposures include: untreated drinking water; livestock; dogs; cats; mice or mouse droppings in the home; cleaning fish or game. Our analysis did not identify environmental exposures associated clearly with increased H. pylori prevalence, except any exposure to mice or mouse droppings (OR = 4.6}, keywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Canada, Canada: epidemiology, Cats, Dogs, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Microbiology, Family Health, Female, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: epidemiology, Helicobacter Infections: transmission, Humans, Male, Mice, Models, prevalence, Statistical}, issn = {1949-0984}, doi = {10.4161/19490976.2014.969639}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.4161/19490976.2014.969639}, author = {Hastings, Emily V and Yasui, Yutaka and Hanington, Patrick and Goodman, Karen J} } @inbook {8244, title = {{Community-driven research on environmental sources of H. pylori infection in arctic Canada.}}, booktitle = {Gut Microbes}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {606{\textendash}17}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, abstract = {

{The role of environmental reservoirs in H. pylori transmission remains uncertain due to technical difficulties in detecting living organisms in sources outside the stomach. Residents of some Canadian Arctic communities worry that contamination of the natural environment is responsible for the high prevalence of H. pylori infection in the region. This analysis aims to estimate associations between exposure to potential environmental sources of biological contamination and prevalence of H. pylori infection in Arctic Canada. Using data from 3 community-driven H. pylori projects in the Northwest and Yukon Territories, we estimated effects of environmental exposures on H. pylori prevalence, using odds ratios (OR) and 95{\%} confidence intervals (CI) from multilevel logistic regression models to adjust for household and community effects. Investigated exposures include: untreated drinking water; livestock; dogs; cats; mice or mouse droppings in the home; cleaning fish or game. Our analysis did not identify environmental exposures associated clearly with increased H. pylori prevalence, except any exposure to mice or mouse droppings (OR = 4.6

}, keywords = {Animals, Arctic Regions, Canada, Canada: epidemiology, Cats, Dogs, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Microbiology, Family Health, Female, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: epidemiology, Helicobacter Infections: transmission, Humans, Male, Mice, Models, prevalence, Statistical}, issn = {1949-0984}, doi = {10.4161/19490976.2014.969639}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.4161/19490976.2014.969639}, author = {Hastings, Emily V and Yasui, Yutaka and Hanington, Patrick and Goodman, Karen J} } @article {7524, title = {Comparative analysis and limitations of ethidium monoazide and propidium monoazide treatments for the differentiation of viable and nonviable Campylobacter cells}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, pages = {2186{\textendash}2192}, author = {Seinige, Diana and Krischek, Carsten and Klein, G{\"u}nter and Kehrenberg, Corinna} } @article {8012, title = {{Comparative Genomics and Immunoinformatics Approach for the Identification of Vaccine Candidates for Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {82}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {2016{\textendash}2026}, abstract = {Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 strains are major human food-borne pathogens, responsible for bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome worldwide. Thus far, there is no vaccine for humans against EHEC infections. In this study, a comparative genomics analysis was performed to identify EHEC-specific antigens useful as potential vaccines. The genes present in both EHEC EDL933 and Sakai strains but absent in nonpathogenic E. coli K-12 and HS strains were subjected to an in silico analysis to identify secreted or surface-expressed proteins. We obtained a total of 65 gene-encoding protein candidates, which were subjected to immunoinformatics analysis. Our criteria of selection aided in categorizing the candidates as high, medium, and low priority. Three members of each group were randomly selected and cloned into pVAX-1. Candidates were pooled accordingly to their priority group and tested for immunogenicity against EHEC O157:H7 using a murine model of gastrointestinal infection. The high-priority (HP) pool, containing genes encoding a Lom-like protein (pVAX-31), a putative pilin subunit (pVAX-12), and a fragment of the type III secretion structural protein EscC (pVAX-56.2), was able to induce the production of EHEC IgG and sIgA in sera and feces. HP candidate-immunized mice displayed elevated levels of Th2 cytokines and diminished cecum colonization after wild-type challenge. Individually tested HP vaccine candidates showed that pVAX-12 and pVAX-56.2 significantly induced Th2 cytokines and production of fecal EHEC sIgA, with pVAX-56.2 reducing EHEC cecum colonization. We describe here a bioinformatics approach able to identify novel vaccine candidates potentially useful for preventing EHEC O157:H7 infections.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Cecum, Cecum: microbiology, Computational Biology, Computational Biology: methods, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: immunology, Escherichia coli Vaccines, Escherichia coli Vaccines: immunology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Genome, Genomics, Genomics: methods, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Transcriptome}, issn = {0019-9567}, doi = {10.1128/IAI.01437-13}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3993450{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Garcia-Angulo, V. A. and Kalita, A. and Kalita, M. and Lozano, L. and Torres, A. G.} } @article {14032, title = {Comparative {Genomics} and {Immunoinformatics} {Approach} for the {Identification} of {Vaccine} {Candidates} for {Enterohemorrhagic} {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {82}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {2016{\textendash}2026}, abstract = {Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 strains are major human food-borne pathogens, responsible for bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome worldwide. Thus far, there is no vaccine for humans against EHEC infections. In this study, a comparative genomics analysis was performed to identify EHEC-specific antigens useful as potential vaccines. The genes present in both EHEC EDL933 and Sakai strains but absent in nonpathogenic E. coli K-12 and HS strains were subjected to an in silico analysis to identify secreted or surface-expressed proteins. We obtained a total of 65 gene-encoding protein candidates, which were subjected to immunoinformatics analysis. Our criteria of selection aided in categorizing the candidates as high, medium, and low priority. Three members of each group were randomly selected and cloned into pVAX-1. Candidates were pooled accordingly to their priority group and tested for immunogenicity against EHEC O157:H7 using a murine model of gastrointestinal infection. The high-priority (HP) pool, containing genes encoding a Lom-like protein (pVAX-31), a putative pilin subunit (pVAX-12), and a fragment of the type III secretion structural protein EscC (pVAX-56.2), was able to induce the production of EHEC IgG and sIgA in sera and feces. HP candidate-immunized mice displayed elevated levels of Th2 cytokines and diminished cecum colonization after wild-type challenge. Individually tested HP vaccine candidates showed that pVAX-12 and pVAX-56.2 significantly induced Th2 cytokines and production of fecal EHEC sIgA, with pVAX-56.2 reducing EHEC cecum colonization. We describe here a bioinformatics approach able to identify novel vaccine candidates potentially useful for preventing EHEC O157:H7 infections.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Cecum, Cecum: microbiology, Computational Biology, Computational Biology: methods, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: immunology, Escherichia coli Vaccines, Escherichia coli Vaccines: immunology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Genome, Genomics, Genomics: methods, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Transcriptome}, issn = {0019-9567}, doi = {10.1128/IAI.01437-13}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3993450\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Garcia-Angulo, V. A. and Kalita, A. and Kalita, M. and Lozano, L. and Torres, A. G.} } @article {2252, title = {{Comparative Genomics and Immunoinformatics Approach for the Identification of Vaccine Candidates for Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {82}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {2016{\textendash}2026}, abstract = {Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 strains are major human food-borne pathogens, responsible for bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome worldwide. Thus far, there is no vaccine for humans against EHEC infections. In this study, a comparative genomics analysis was performed to identify EHEC-specific antigens useful as potential vaccines. The genes present in both EHEC EDL933 and Sakai strains but absent in nonpathogenic E. coli K-12 and HS strains were subjected to an in silico analysis to identify secreted or surface-expressed proteins. We obtained a total of 65 gene-encoding protein candidates, which were subjected to immunoinformatics analysis. Our criteria of selection aided in categorizing the candidates as high, medium, and low priority. Three members of each group were randomly selected and cloned into pVAX-1. Candidates were pooled accordingly to their priority group and tested for immunogenicity against EHEC O157:H7 using a murine model of gastrointestinal infection. The high-priority (HP) pool, containing genes encoding a Lom-like protein (pVAX-31), a putative pilin subunit (pVAX-12), and a fragment of the type III secretion structural protein EscC (pVAX-56.2), was able to induce the production of EHEC IgG and sIgA in sera and feces. HP candidate-immunized mice displayed elevated levels of Th2 cytokines and diminished cecum colonization after wild-type challenge. Individually tested HP vaccine candidates showed that pVAX-12 and pVAX-56.2 significantly induced Th2 cytokines and production of fecal EHEC sIgA, with pVAX-56.2 reducing EHEC cecum colonization. We describe here a bioinformatics approach able to identify novel vaccine candidates potentially useful for preventing EHEC O157:H7 infections.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Cecum, Cecum: microbiology, Computational Biology, Computational Biology: methods, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: immunology, Escherichia coli Vaccines, Escherichia coli Vaccines: immunology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Genome, Genomics, Genomics: methods, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Transcriptome}, issn = {0019-9567}, doi = {10.1128/IAI.01437-13}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3993450\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Garcia-Angulo, V. A. and Kalita, A. and Kalita, M. and Lozano, L. and Torres, A. G.} } @article {13161, title = {A comparative study of clinical Aeromonas dhakensis and Aeromonas hydrophila isolates in southern Taiwan: A. dhakensis is more predominant and virulent}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {20}, year = {2014}, pages = {O428-O434}, author = {Chen, P. L. and Wu, C. J. and Chen, C. S. and Tsai, P. J. and Tang, H. J. and Ko, W. C.} } @article {4861, title = {{A comparative survey of the prevalence of human parasites found in fresh vegetables sold in supermarkets and open-aired markets in Accra Ghana}}, journal = {BMC Research Notes}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {836}, author = {Duedu, KO and Yarnie, EA and Tetteh-Quarcoo, PB and Attah, SK and Donkor, ES and Ayeh-Kumi, PF} } @article {16522, title = {A comparative survey of the prevalence of human parasites found in fresh vegetables sold in supermarkets and open-aired markets in {Accra}, {Ghana}}, journal = {BMC Res Notes}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {836}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Consuming raw vegetables offers essential nutrients that one may not get when such vegetables are usually cooked. However, eating them raw may pose a great risk for transmissions of pathogens. Such risks may be influenced by the sources of the vegetables and washing techniques used. The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence and diversity of parasitic pathogens associated with vegetables sold at the two types of markets in Ghana and compare effectiveness of various washing techniques. METHODS: We purchased two batches of samples of cabbage, sweet bell pepper, carrot, lettuce, tomato and onion within a two week interval. The vegetables were washed by three methods and the wash solution was concentrated and analyzed for parasites. RESULTS: The prevalent parasites detected were Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (43\%) and Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst (16\%). Others present were Hookworm ova, Entamoeba histolytica cysts, Giardia lamblia cysts, Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts, Entamoeba coli cysts, Trichuris trichiuria ova, Enterobius vermicularis ova, Isospora belli oocysts and Fasciolopsis buski ova. Contamination was highest in lettuce (61\%) and cabbage and the least contaminated was tomato (18\%). Contamination of vegetables sold at the open-aired markets was about ten-times that of the supermarkets. CONCLUSIONS: In Ghana, the large open-aired markets are the most patronized and serve as a supply point for most corner shops and stalls. The results thus highlight the potential of fresh vegetables serving as a major source of food-borne disease outbreaks and the contribution of open-aired markets to their transmission. Urgent public education on handling of fresh vegetables is recommended.}, keywords = {*Commerce, *Data Collection, Animals, Ghana, Humans, Parasites/*isolation \& purification, prevalence, Solutions, Specimen Handling, Vegetables/*parasitology}, issn = {1756-0500 (Electronic) 1756-0500 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1756-0500-7-836}, author = {Duedu, K. O. and Yarnie, E. A. and Tetteh-Quarcoo, P. B. and Attah, S. K. and Donkor, E. S. and Ayeh-Kumi, P. F.} } @article {12030, title = {A comparative survey of the prevalence of human parasites found in fresh vegetables sold in supermarkets and open-aired markets in Accra, Ghana}, journal = {BMC Research Notes}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, note = {Duedu, Kwabena O
Yarnie, Elizabeth A
Tetteh-Quarcoo, Patience B
Attah, Simon K
Donkor, Eric S
Ayeh-Kumi, Patrick F
eng
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2014/11/27 06:00
BMC Res Notes. 2014 Nov 25;7:836. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-836.}, month = {Nov 25}, pages = {836}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Consuming raw vegetables offers essential nutrients that one may not get when such vegetables are usually cooked. However, eating them raw may pose a great risk for transmissions of pathogens. Such risks may be influenced by the sources of the vegetables and washing techniques used. The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence and diversity of parasitic pathogens associated with vegetables sold at the two types of markets in Ghana and compare effectiveness of various washing techniques. METHODS: We purchased two batches of samples of cabbage, sweet bell pepper, carrot, lettuce, tomato and onion within a two week interval. The vegetables were washed by three methods and the wash solution was concentrated and analyzed for parasites. RESULTS: The prevalent parasites detected were Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (43\%) and Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst (16\%). Others present were Hookworm ova, Entamoeba histolytica cysts, Giardia lamblia cysts, Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts, Entamoeba coli cysts, Trichuris trichiuria ova, Enterobius vermicularis ova, Isospora belli oocysts and Fasciolopsis buski ova. Contamination was highest in lettuce (61\%) and cabbage and the least contaminated was tomato (18\%). Contamination of vegetables sold at the open-aired markets was about ten-times that of the supermarkets. CONCLUSIONS: In Ghana, the large open-aired markets are the most patronized and serve as a supply point for most corner shops and stalls. The results thus highlight the potential of fresh vegetables serving as a major source of food-borne disease outbreaks and the contribution of open-aired markets to their transmission. Urgent public education on handling of fresh vegetables is recommended.}, keywords = {*Commerce, *Data Collection, Animals, Ghana, Humans, Parasites/*isolation \& purification, prevalence, Solutions, Specimen Handling, Vegetables/*parasitology}, isbn = {1756-0500 (Electronic)
1756-0500 (Linking)}, author = {Duedu, K. O. and Yarnie, E. A. and Tetteh-Quarcoo, P. B. and Attah, S. K. and Donkor, E. S. and Ayeh-Kumi, P. F.} } @article {9111, title = {{Comparing temperature effects on Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Enterococcus survival in surface waters}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {278{\textendash}283}, abstract = {The objective of this study was to compare dependency of survival rates on temperature for indicator organisms Escherichia coli and Enterococcus and the pathogen Salmonella in surface waters. A database of 86 survival datasets from peer-reviewed papers on inactivation of E. coli, Salmonella and Enterococcus in marine waters and of E. coli and Salmonella in lake waters was assembled. The Q10 model was used to express temperature effect on survival rates obtained from linear sections of semi-logarithmic survival graphs. Available data were insufficient to establish differences in survival rates and temperature dependencies for marine waters where values of Q10 = 3 and a survival rate of 0.7 day(-1) could be applied. The Q10 values in lake waters were substantially lower in marine waters, and Salmonella inactivation in lake water was, on average, twice as fast as E. coli; data on E. coli substantially outnumber data on Enterococcus and Salmonella. The relative increase in inactivation with increase in temperature is higher in marine waters than lake water, and differences in inactivation between Salmonella and E. coli at a given temperature were significant in lake water but not in marine waters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Microbiological quality of surface waters is of paramount importance for public health. The novelty of this work is using a large compendium of published data to develop the first comparison of temperature effects on survival of the pathogen Salmonella and water quality indicator micro-organisms Escherichia coli and Enterococcus in natural waters. The existing relatively large body of knowledge on E. coli survival appears to be useful to assess the effect of temperature on survival of Salmonella. Moreover, results of this work constitute an essential input in models to support environmental management decisions on the use of surface water sources in agriculture, aquaculture and recreation.}, keywords = {Escherichia coli (all potentially pathogenic types, Indicators, Processes, Salmonella, Thermal, Water quality}, isbn = {1472-765X (Electronic){\$}\backslash{\$}r0266-8254 (Linking)}, issn = {1472765X}, doi = {10.1111/lam.12272}, author = {Pachepsky, Y A and Blaustein, R A and Whelan, G and Shelton, D R} } @article {7005, title = {Comparing temperature effects on \textit{{Escherichia} coli} , \textit{{Salmonella}} , and \textit{{Enterococcus}} survival in surface waters}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {sep}, pages = {278{\textendash}283}, issn = {02668254}, doi = {10.1111/lam.12272}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/lam.12272}, author = {Pachepsky, Y.A. and Blaustein, R.A. and Whelan, G. and Shelton, D.R.} } @article {1604, title = {Comparison of diagnostic clinical samples and environmental sampling for enterovirus and parechovirus surveillance in Scotland, 2010 to 2012}, journal = {Euro Surveillance}, volume = {19}, number = {15}, year = {2014}, note = {Harvala, H Calvert, J Van Nguyen, D Clasper, L Gadsby, N Molyneaux, P Templeton, K McWilliams Leitch, C Simmonds, P eng Comparative Study Sweden 2014/04/26 06:00 Euro Surveill. 2014 Apr 17;19(15). pii: 20772.}, pages = {1-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Human enteroviruses (EV) and parechoviruses (HPeV) within the family Picornaviridae are the most common causes of viral central nervous system (CNS)-associated infections including meningitis and neonatal sepsis-like disease. The frequencies of EV and HPeV types identified in clinical specimens collected in Scotland over an eight-year period were compared to those identified in sewage surveillance established in Edinburgh. Of the 35 different EV types belonging to four EV species (A to D) and the four HPeV types detected in this study, HPeV3 was identified as the most prevalent picornavirus in cerebrospinal fluid samples, followed by species B EV. Interestingly, over half of EV and all HPeV CNS-associated infections were observed in young infants (younger than three months). Detection of species A EV including coxsackievirus A6 and EV71 in clinical samples and sewage indicates that these viruses are already widely circulating in Scotland. Furthermore, species C EV were frequently identified EV in sewage screening but they were not present in any of 606 EV-positive clinical samples studied, indicating their likely lower pathogenicity. Picornavirus surveillance is important not only for monitoring the changing epidemiology of these infections but also for the rapid identification of spread of emerging EV and/or HPeV types.

}, keywords = {Central Nervous System Infections/cerebrospinal fluid/*epidemiology/virology Cerebrospinal Fluid/*virology Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Feces/virology Great Britain/epidemiology Humans Parechovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Phyl, DNA Serotyping Sewage Specimen Handling, Viral/genetics Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Scotland Sentinel Surveillance Sepsis/cerebrospinal fluid/epidemiology/*virology Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1560-7917 (Electronic) 1025-496X (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24762664}, author = {Harvala, H. and Calvert, J. and Van Nguyen, D. and Clasper, L. and Gadsby, N. and Molyneaux, P. and Templeton, K. and McWilliams Leitch, C. and Simmonds, P.} } @article {10173, title = {{Comparison of two poultry litter qPCR assays targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Brevibacterium sp}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {48}, year = {2014}, pages = {613{\textendash}621}, author = {Ryu, H and Elk, M and Khan, IU and Harwood, VJ and Molina, M and Edge, TA and Domingo, JS} } @article {881, title = {Comparison of virus shedding after lived attenuated and pentavalent reassortant rotavirus vaccine.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, pages = {1199-1204}, abstract = {Transmission of rotavirus vaccine or vaccine-reassortant strains to unvaccinated contacts has been reported. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate and characterize the nature of vaccine-virus shedding among rotavirus vaccine recipients. Two groups of healthy infants who received a complete course of {RotaTeq} {(RV5)} or Rotarix {(RV2)} were enrolled (between March 2010 and June 2011) to compare fecal shedding for one month after each vaccine dose. Shedding was assessed using both enzyme immunoassay {(EIA)} and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction {(RT-PCR).} Eighty-seven infants (34 girls and 53 boys) were enrolled in the study. After the first vaccine dose, the peak time of virus shedding occurred between day 4 and day 7, with positive detection rates of 80-90\% by real-time {RT-PCR} and 20-30\% by {EIA.} In both groups, vaccine shedding occurred as early as one day and as late as 25-28 days. Mixed effects logistic regression analysis of real-time {RT-PCR} data showed no significant differences between two groups when shedding rates were compared after the first vaccine dose (odds ratio {[OR]} 1.26; P=0.71) or after the second vaccine dose (odds ratio {[OR]} 1.26; P=0.99). However, infants receiving {RV2} shed significantly higher viral loads than those receiving {RV5} when compared after the first vaccine dose {(P=0.001)} and after the second dose {(P=0.039).} In terms of shedding rates detected by real-time {RT-PCR,} vaccine uptake of {RV5} or {RV2} among infants in Taiwan was comparable. Clinical significance of higher shedding viral loads in {RV2} should be further observed.}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.041}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.041}, author = {Hsieh, Yu-Chia C and Wu, Fang-Tzy T and Hsiung, Chao A and Wu, Ho-Sheng S and Chang, Kuang-Yi Y and Huang, Yhu-Chering C} } @article {2640, title = {Comparison of virus shedding after lived attenuated and pentavalent reassortant rotavirus vaccine.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, pages = {1199-1204}, abstract = {Transmission of rotavirus vaccine or vaccine-reassortant strains to unvaccinated contacts has been reported. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate and characterize the nature of vaccine-virus shedding among rotavirus vaccine recipients. Two groups of healthy infants who received a complete course of {RotaTeq} {(RV5)} or Rotarix {(RV2)} were enrolled (between March 2010 and June 2011) to compare fecal shedding for one month after each vaccine dose. Shedding was assessed using both enzyme immunoassay {(EIA)} and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction {(RT-PCR).} Eighty-seven infants (34 girls and 53 boys) were enrolled in the study. After the first vaccine dose, the peak time of virus shedding occurred between day 4 and day 7, with positive detection rates of 80-90\% by real-time {RT-PCR} and 20-30\% by {EIA.} In both groups, vaccine shedding occurred as early as one day and as late as 25-28 days. Mixed effects logistic regression analysis of real-time {RT-PCR} data showed no significant differences between two groups when shedding rates were compared after the first vaccine dose (odds ratio {[OR]} 1.26; P=0.71) or after the second vaccine dose (odds ratio {[OR]} 1.26; P=0.99). However, infants receiving {RV2} shed significantly higher viral loads than those receiving {RV5} when compared after the first vaccine dose {(P=0.001)} and after the second dose {(P=0.039).} In terms of shedding rates detected by real-time {RT-PCR,} vaccine uptake of {RV5} or {RV2} among infants in Taiwan was comparable. Clinical significance of higher shedding viral loads in {RV2} should be further observed.}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.041}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.041}, author = {Hsieh, Yu-Chia C and Wu, Fang-Tzy T and Hsiung, Chao A and Wu, Ho-Sheng S and Chang, Kuang-Yi Y and Huang, Yhu-Chering C} } @article {3524, title = {Comparison of virus shedding after lived attenuated and pentavalent reassortant rotavirus vaccine.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, pages = {1199{\textendash}1204}, abstract = {Transmission of rotavirus vaccine or vaccine-reassortant strains to unvaccinated contacts has been reported. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate and characterize the nature of vaccine-virus shedding among rotavirus vaccine recipients. Two groups of healthy infants who received a complete course of \{\{\}RotaTeq\{\}\} \{\{\}(RV5)\{\}\} or Rotarix \{\{\}(RV2)\{\}\} were enrolled (between March 2010 and June 2011) to compare fecal shedding for one month after each vaccine dose. Shedding was assessed using both enzyme immunoassay \{\{\}(EIA)\{\}\} and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction \{\{\}(RT-PCR).\{\}\} Eighty-seven infants (34 girls and 53 boys) were enrolled in the study. After the first vaccine dose, the peak time of virus shedding occurred between day 4 and day 7, with positive detection rates of 80-90\{\%\} by real-time \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} and 20-30\{\%\} by \{\{\}EIA.\{\}\} In both groups, vaccine shedding occurred as early as one day and as late as 25-28 days. Mixed effects logistic regression analysis of real-time \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} data showed no significant differences between two groups when shedding rates were compared after the first vaccine dose (odds ratio \{\{\}[OR]\{\}\} 1.26; P=0.71) or after the second vaccine dose (odds ratio \{\{\}[OR]\{\}\} 1.26; P=0.99). However, infants receiving \{\{\}RV2\{\}\} shed significantly higher viral loads than those receiving \{\{\}RV5\{\}\} when compared after the first vaccine dose \{\{\}(P=0.001)\{\}\} and after the second dose \{\{\}(P=0.039).\{\}\} In terms of shedding rates detected by real-time \{\{\}RT-PCR,\{\}\} vaccine uptake of \{\{\}RV5\{\}\} or \{\{\}RV2\{\}\} among infants in Taiwan was comparable. Clinical significance of higher shedding viral loads in \{\{\}RV2\{\}\} should be further observed.}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.041}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.041}, author = {Hsieh, Yu-Chia C and Wu, Fang-Tzy T and Hsiung, Chao A and Wu, Ho-Sheng S and Chang, Kuang-Yi Y and Huang, Yhu-Chering C} } @article {15087, title = {Compendium of {Sanitation} {Systems} and {Technolo} gies [{Electronic} resource]}, journal = {D bendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)}, year = {2014}, author = {Tilley, E} } @book {2438, title = {{Compendium of sanitation systems and technologies}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology}, organization = {Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology}, author = {Tilley, E and Ulrich, L and L{\"u}thi, C and Reymond, P and Zurbr{\"u}gg, C} } @book {8738, title = {{Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)}, organization = {Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)}, edition = {2}, address = {Duebendorf, Switzerland}, author = {Tilley, E. and Ulrich, L. and C Luethi and Reymond, P. and C Zurbruegg} } @book {15596, title = {Compendium of sanitation systems and technologies}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Eawag}, organization = {Eawag}, issn = {3906484572}, author = {Tilley, Elizabeth} } @book {13408, title = {{Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)}, organization = {Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)}, edition = {2nd Revise}, address = {Duebendorf, Switzerland}, author = {Tilley, E and Ulrich, L and C Luethi and Reymond, P and C Zurbruegg} } @booklet {14251, title = {Compendium of sanitation systems and technologies}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag),}, address = {Duebendorf, Switzerland}, author = {Tilley, E and Ulrich, L and L{\"u}thi, C and Reymond, P and Zurbr{\"u}gg, C} } @booklet {8153, title = {{Compendium of sanitation systems and technologies}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag),}, address = {Duebendorf, Switzerland}, author = {Tilley, E and Ulrich, L and L{\"u}thi, C and Reymond, P and Zurbr{\"u}gg, C} } @booklet {5448, title = {{Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies - 2nd Revised Edition}}, year = {2014}, pages = {180}, publisher = {Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)}, address = {D{\"u}bendorf, Switzerland}, author = {Tilley, E and Ulrich, L and L{\"u}thi, C and Reymond, P and Z{\"u}rrbrugg, C} } @book {10515, title = {Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition. }, year = {2014}, publisher = {Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)}, organization = {Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)}, address = {D{\"u}bendorf, Switzerland}, author = {Tilley, E and Ulrich, L and L{\"u}thi, C and Reymond, Ph and Zurbr{\"u}gg, C} } @book {10410, title = {Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies [Electronic resource]}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)}, organization = {Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)}, address = {D{\"u}bendorf, Switzerland}, author = {Tilley, E} } @article {15628, title = {Composting toilets as a sustainable alternative to urban sanitation {\textendash} A review}, journal = {Waste Management}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/02/01/}, pages = {329-343}, keywords = {Composting toilet, Dry sanitation}, isbn = {0956-053X}, author = {Anand, Chirjiv K. and Apul, Defne S.} } @article {16136, title = {A comprehensive insight into bacterial virulence in drinking water using 454 pyrosequencing and Illumina high-throughput sequencing}, journal = {Ecotoxicol Environ SafEcotoxicol Environ SafEcotoxicol Environ Saf}, volume = {109}, year = {2014}, month = {Nov}, pages = {15-21}, edition = {2014/08/19}, keywords = {Drinking Water/ microbiology, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Leptospira interrogans/ genetics/isolation \& purification, Pseudomonas aeruginosa/ genetics/isolation \& purification, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Virulence Factors/ genetics, Water Purification}, isbn = {1090-2414 (Electronic)
0147-6513 (Linking)}, author = {Huang, K. and Zhang, X. X. and Shi, P. and Wu, B. and Ren, H.} } @mastersthesis {6455, title = {Computational discovery and design of novel single-layer materials for electronic and energy applications}, year = {2014}, note = {3579177}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The last decade has seen an explosion of interest in two-dimensional materials, which now can be synthesized in either single or a few atomic layer forms. The discovery of novel fabrication methods for creating single-layer materials such as graphene, zinc oxide, silicon carbide, boron nitride, and molybdenum disulfide has opened a new field of materials research with promising applications for energy technologies. Single-layer materials not only represent the ultimate scaling in the vertical direction, but also show a variety of novel and useful electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. Using a data-mining and first-principles design approach we identify several previously unrecognized families of single-layer materials. We determine their energetic and dynamical stability, study their electronic and optical properties, and determine their suitability for electronic and energy applications using a combination of density-functional calculations with semi-local and hybrid density functionals, the many-body G0W0 method, and the Bethe-Salpeter equation. To determine their suitability for photocatalytic water splitting we also determine their solubility in water. We discover several single-layer materials with promising properties for electronic devices such as for dielectric barriers in graphene field-effect tunneling transistors and for photocatalytic water splitting. Our results provide guidance for experimental synthesis efforts and future searches of materials suitable for applications in electronic device and energy technologies.}, keywords = {0611:Condensed matter physics, 0753:Theoretical physics, 0794:Materials science, Applied sciences, Condensed matter physics, Materials science, Photocatalysis, Pure sciences, Semiconductors, Single-layer materials, Theoretical physics, Water splitting}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1506548453?accountid=14270}, author = {Zhuang, Houlong} } @article {11576, title = {{Comunidad de metazoos par{\'a}sitos de la corvina Cilus gilberti (Abbott, 1899) (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) en la zona costera de Chorrillos, Lima, Per{\'u}}}, journal = {Neotropical Helminthology}, volume = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {163{\textendash}182}, author = {Chero, J and Iannacone, J and Cruces, C and S{\'a}ez, G and Alvari{\~n}o, L} } @article {5415, title = {{Conceptual model and experimental framework to determine the contributions of direct and indirect photoreactions to the solar disinfection of MS2, phiX174, and adenovirus}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {334{\textendash}342}, author = {Mattle, MJ and Vione, D and Kohn, T} } @article {7943, title = {{Conjugative and mobilizable genomic islands in bacteria: evolution and diversity.}}, journal = {FEMS microbiology reviews}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {jul}, pages = {720{\textendash}60}, abstract = {Horizontal transfer of genomic islands (GEIs), that is, chromosomal regions encoding functions that can be advantageous for the host, plays a key role in bacterial evolution, but their mechanisms of transfer remained elusive for a long time. Recent data suggest that numerous GEIs belong to noncanonical classes of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that can transfer by conjugation. Among them, the integrative and conjugative elements encode their own excision, conjugative transfer, and integration, whereas the integrative mobilizable elements are autonomous for excision and integration but require the conjugation machinery of helper elements to transfer. Others can self-transfer but require the recombination machinery of the recipient cell to integrate. All these MGEs evolve by acquisition, deletion, or exchange of modules, that is, groups of genes involved in the same function. Moreover, composite GEIs can result from the insertion of a MGE within another or from the site-specific integration of an incoming MGE into one of the recombination sites flanking a resident GEI (tandem accretion). Tandem accretion enables the cis-conjugative mobilization of highly degenerated and nonautonomous GEIs, the cis-mobilizable elements. All these mechanisms contribute to the plasticity and complex evolution of GEIs and explain the highly diverse tableau revealed by more and more genome comparisons.}, keywords = {conjugative transposon, mobilizable transposon, mobilization in cis, mobilization in trans, pathogenicity island, site-specific recombination}, issn = {1574-6976}, doi = {10.1111/1574-6976.12058}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24372381}, author = {Bellanger, Xavier and Payot, Sophie and Leblond-Bourget, Nathalie and Gu{\'e}don, G{\'e}rard} } @article {13924, title = {Conjugative and mobilizable genomic islands in bacteria: evolution and diversity.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology reviews}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {jul}, pages = {720{\textendash}60}, abstract = {Horizontal transfer of genomic islands (GEIs), that is, chromosomal regions encoding functions that can be advantageous for the host, plays a key role in bacterial evolution, but their mechanisms of transfer remained elusive for a long time. Recent data suggest that numerous GEIs belong to noncanonical classes of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that can transfer by conjugation. Among them, the integrative and conjugative elements encode their own excision, conjugative transfer, and integration, whereas the integrative mobilizable elements are autonomous for excision and integration but require the conjugation machinery of helper elements to transfer. Others can self-transfer but require the recombination machinery of the recipient cell to integrate. All these MGEs evolve by acquisition, deletion, or exchange of modules, that is, groups of genes involved in the same function. Moreover, composite GEIs can result from the insertion of a MGE within another or from the site-specific integration of an incoming MGE into one of the recombination sites flanking a resident GEI (tandem accretion). Tandem accretion enables the cis-conjugative mobilization of highly degenerated and nonautonomous GEIs, the cis-mobilizable elements. All these mechanisms contribute to the plasticity and complex evolution of GEIs and explain the highly diverse tableau revealed by more and more genome comparisons.}, keywords = {conjugative transposon, mobilizable transposon, mobilization in cis, mobilization in trans, pathogenicity island, site-specific recombination}, issn = {1574-6976}, doi = {10.1111/1574-6976.12058}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24372381}, author = {Bellanger, Xavier and Payot, Sophie and Leblond-Bourget, Nathalie and Gu{\'e}don, G{\'e}rard} } @article {6652, title = {Contamination of {Groundwater} {Systems} in the {US} and {Canada} by {Enteric} {Pathogens}, 1990{\textendash}2013: {A} {Review} and {Pooled}-{Analysis}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {may}, pages = {e93301}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0093301}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093301}, author = {Hynds, Paul Dylan and Thomas, M. Kate and Pintar, Katarina Dorothy Milena}, editor = {Kirk, Martyn} } @article {9522, title = {{Contamination of groundwater systems in the US and Canada by enteric pathogens, 1990-2013: a review and pooled-analysis}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {e93301}, author = {Hynds, PD and Thomas, MK and Pintar, KD} } @article {3894, title = {Contamination of typical human enteric viruses in economic shellfish along the {Chinese} coast.}, journal = {Wei sheng wu xue bao= Acta microbiologica Sinica}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {69{\textendash}79}, author = {Ming, H and Fan, J and Wu, L and Yue, L and Gao, X and Liang, Y} } @article {4159, title = {Contributing factors to disease outbreaks associated with untreated groundwater}, journal = {Groundwater}, volume = {52}, year = {2014}, pages = {886{\textendash}897}, author = {Wallender, EK and Ailes, EC and Yoder, JS and Roberts, VA and Brunkard, JM} } @article {6534, title = {Contributing {Factors} to {Disease} {Outbreaks} {Associated} with {Untreated} {Groundwater}}, journal = {Groundwater}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {886{\textendash}897}, issn = {0017467X}, doi = {10.1111/gwat.12121}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/gwat.12121}, author = {Wallender, Erika K. and Ailes, Elizabeth C. and Yoder, Jonathan S. and Roberts, Virginia A. and Brunkard, Joan M.} } @article {7915, title = {Coupled effects of hydrodynamic and solution chemistry on long-term nanoparticle transport and deposition in saturated porous media}, journal = {Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, volume = {457}, year = {2014}, pages = {169{\textendash}179}, author = {Sasidharan, Salini and Torkzaban, Saeed and Bradford, Scott A and Dillon, Peter J and Cook, Peter G} } @article {15097, title = {The coverage and frequency of mass drug administration required to eliminate persistent transmission of soil-transmitted helminths}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences}, volume = {369}, year = {2014}, pages = {1{\textendash}14}, author = {Anderson, R. and Truscott, J. and Hollingsworth, T. D.} } @article {10936, title = {The coverage and frequency of mass drug administration required to eliminate persistent transmission of soil-transmitted helminths}, journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci}, volume = {369}, number = {1645}, year = {2014}, abstract = {A combination of methods, including mathematical model construction, demographic plus epidemiological data analysis and parameter estimation, are used to examine whether mass drug administration (MDA) alone can eliminate the transmission of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). Numerical analyses suggest that in all but low transmission settings (as defined by the magnitude of the basic reproductive number, R0), the treatment of pre-school-aged children (pre-SAC) and school-aged children (SAC) is unlikely to drive transmission to a level where the parasites cannot persist. High levels of coverage (defined as the fraction of an age group effectively treated) are required in pre-SAC, SAC and adults, if MDA is to drive the parasite below the breakpoint under which transmission is eliminated. Long-term solutions to controlling helminth infections lie in concomitantly improving the quality of the water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). MDA, however, is a very cost-effective tool in long-term control given that most drugs are donated free by the pharmaceutical industry for poor regions of the world. WASH interventions, by lowering the basic reproductive number, can facilitate the ability of MDA to interrupt transmission.}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2013.0435}, url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1645/20130435.abstract}, author = {Anderson, Roy and Truscott, James and Hollingsworth, T. Deirdre} } @article {7454, title = {A cross-sectional study of well water arsenic and child {IQ} in {Maine} schoolchildren}, journal = {Environ. Health}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {23}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1476-069X-13-23.pdf}, author = {Wasserman, Gail A. and Liu, Xinhua and LoIacono, Nancy J. and Kline, Jennie and Factor-Litvak, Pam and Van Geen, Alexander and Mey, Jacob L. and Levy, Diane and Abramson, Richard and Schwartz, Amy and others} } @article {6943, title = {A cross-sectional study of well water arsenic and child {IQ} in {Maine} schoolchildren}, journal = {Environ Health}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {23}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1476-069X-13-23.pdf}, author = {Wasserman, Gail A. and Liu, Xinhua and LoIacono, Nancy J. and Kline, Jennie and Factor-Litvak, Pam and Van Geen, Alexander and Mey, Jacob L. and Levy, Diane and Abramson, Richard and Schwartz, Amy and others} } @article {11919, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water: a case study from Michigan, USA to inform management of rural water systems}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, pages = {10480-10503}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Dreelin, Erin A and Ives, Rebecca L and Molloy, Stephanie and Rose, Joan B} } @article {15694, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water: a case study from Michigan, USA to inform management of rural water systems}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, month = {Oct 14}, pages = {10480-503}, edition = {2014/10/16}, keywords = {*Water Supply, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/transmission, Cryptosporidium/*classification/genetics/*growth \& development/isolation \&, genotype, Giardia/*classification/genetics/*growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/epidemiology/transmission, Humans, Incidence, Michigan/epidemiology, purification, rural health, Urban Health, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {1660-4601}, author = {Dreelin, E. A. and Ives, R. L. and Molloy, S. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {15643, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia in tropical recreational marine waters contaminated with domestic sewage: Estimation of bathing-associated disease risks}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/08/15/}, pages = {268-273}, keywords = {Marine waters, parasites, Recreation, Risks, Sewage, Tropics}, isbn = {0025-326X}, author = {Betancourt, Walter Q. and Duarte, Diana C. and V{\'a}squez, Rosa C. and Gurian, Patrick L.} } @article {14469, title = {Cryptosporidium and {Giardia} in tropical recreational marine waters contaminated with domestic sewage: estimation of bathing-associated disease risks}, journal = {Mar Pollut Bull}, volume = {85}, year = {2014}, month = {aug}, pages = {268{\textendash}73}, abstract = {Sewage is a major contributor to pollution problems involving human pathogens in tropical coastal areas. This study investigated the occurrence of intestinal protozoan parasites (Giardia and Cryptosporidium) in tropical recreational marine waters contaminated with sewage. The potential risks of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection from recreational water exposure were estimated from the levels of viable (oo) cysts (DIC+, DAPI+, PI-) found in near-shore swimming areas using an exponential dose response model. A Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis was performed in order to determine the probability distribution of risks. Microbial indicators of recreational water quality (enterococci, Clostridium perfringens) and genetic markers of sewage pollution (human-specific Bacteroidales marker [HF183] and Clostridium coccoides) were simultaneously evaluated in order to estimate the extent of water quality deterioration associated with human wastes. The study revealed the potential risk of parasite infections via primary contact with tropical marine waters contaminated with sewage; higher risk estimates for Giardia than for Cryptosporidium were found. Mean risks estimated by Monte Carlo were below the U.S. EPA upper bound on recreational risk of 0.036 for cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis for both children and adults. However, 95th percentile estimates for giardiasis for children exceeded the 0.036 level. Environmental surveillance of microbial pathogens is crucial in order to control and eradicate the effects that increasing anthropogenic impacts have on marine ecosystems and human health.}, issn = {1879-3363 (Electronic) 0025-326X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.059 S0025-326X(14)00360-9 [pii]}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Duarte, D. C. and Vasquez, R. C. and Gurian, P. L.} } @article {4003, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia in tropical recreational marine waters contaminated with domestic sewage: estimation of bathing-associated disease risks}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {85}, year = {2014}, pages = {268{\textendash}273}, author = {Betancourt, WQ and Duarte, DC and V{\'a}squez, RC and Gurian, PL} } @inbook {15880, title = {Cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water and recreational water}, booktitle = {Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease}, year = {2014}, pages = {489-513}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag Wien}, organization = {Springer-Verlag Wien}, author = {Rochelle, P.A and Di Giovanni, G. D.}, editor = {Simone M. Cacci{\`o} and Giovanni Widmer} } @article {15727, title = {Cryptosporidium parvum genotype IIa and Giardia duodenalis assemblage A in Mytilus galloprovincialis on sale at local food markets}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {171}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/02/03/}, pages = {62-67}, keywords = {Molecular identification, Mussel, Public health}, isbn = {0168-1605}, author = {Giangaspero, Annunziata and Papini, Roberto and Marangi, Marianna and Koehler, Anson V. and Gasser, Robin B.} } @article {4048, title = {{Cryptosporidium parvum genotype IIa and Giardia duodenalis Assemblage A in Mytilus galloprovincialis on sale at local food markets}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {171}, year = {2014}, pages = {62{\textendash}67}, author = {Giangaspero, A and Papini, R and Marangi, M and Koehler, AV and Gasser, RB} } @article {15640, title = {Cryptosporidium parvum-induced ileo-caecal adenocarcinoma and Wnt signaling in a mouse model}, journal = {Disease Models \& Mechanisms}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {Jun}, pages = {693-700}, edition = {2014/03/22}, keywords = {*Disease Models, Animal, *Signal Transduction, Adenocarcinoma/genetics/metabolism/*parasitology, Animals, beta Catenin/metabolism, Cadherins/metabolism, cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium parvum/*physiology, Cytoskeleton, Digestive cancer, Genes, p53, Genes, ras, Intestinal Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/*parasitology, Mice, SCID mouse model, Wnt pathway, Wnt Proteins/*metabolism}, isbn = {1754-8403}, author = {Benamrouz, S. and Conseil, V. and Chabe, M. and Praet, M. and Audebert, C. and Blervaque, R. and Guyot, K. and Gazzola, S. and Mouray, A. and Chassat, T. and Delaire, B. and Goetinck, N. and Gantois, N. and Osman, M. and Slomianny, C. and Dehennaut, V. and Lefebvre, T. and Viscogliosi, E. and Cuvelier, C. and Dei-Cas, E. and Creusy, C. and Certad, G.} } @article {15888, title = {Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {141}, number = {13}, year = {2014}, month = {Nov}, pages = {1667-85}, edition = {2014/08/12}, keywords = {*Host Specificity, Animals, Animals, Wild, Cattle, Climate change, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium/genetics/*physiology, genotype, Humans, Livestock, Public health, Zoonoses}, isbn = {0031-1820}, author = {Ryan, U. and Fayer, R. and Xiao, L.} } @article {11963, title = {Current perspectives on viable but non-culturable (VBNC) pathogenic bacteria}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {2}, year = {2014}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan and Ghosh, Amit and Pazhani, Gururaja P and Shinoda, Sumio} } @article {2759, title = {Cutaneous HPV and skin cancer}, journal = {Presse Med}, volume = {43}, number = {12P2}, year = {2014}, pages = {e435-e443}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {ANTIBODIES ANTIBODY ASSOCIATION Biology cancer Carcinogenesis Carcinoma DNA Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis France health in vitro IN-VITRO IN-VIVO INFECTION INFECTIONS International Agencies Keratinocytes Keratosis LESIONS prevalence RADIATION Research S}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25451638}, author = {Accardi, R. and Gheit, T.} } @article {1121, title = {Cutaneous HPV and skin cancer}, journal = {Presse Med}, volume = {43}, number = {12P2}, year = {2014}, pages = {e435-e443}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {ANTIBODIES ANTIBODY ASSOCIATION Biology cancer Carcinogenesis Carcinoma DNA Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis France health in vitro IN-VITRO IN-VIVO INFECTION INFECTIONS International Agencies Keratinocytes Keratosis LESIONS prevalence RADIATION Research S}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25451638}, author = {Accardi, R. and Gheit, T.} } @article {4770, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis in a pediatric hospital in Morelia, M{\'e}xico}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {91}, year = {2014}, pages = {537{\textendash}540}, author = {Orozco-Mosqueda, GE and Mart{\'\i}nez-Loya, OA and Ortega, YR} } @article {4856, title = {{Cyclospora spp. in drills, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {20}, year = {2014}, pages = {510{\textendash}511}, author = {Eberhard, MK and Owen, R J and Bishop, HS and de Almeida, ME and Alex, J and da Silva, AJ} } @article {4928, title = {Cyclosporiasis outbreak investigations-United States}, year = {2014}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/parasites,cyclosporiasis/outbreaks/2014/} } @article {12060, title = {Cysteine proteinases from papaya (Carica papaya) in the treatment of experimental Trichuris suis infection in pigs: two randomized controlled trials}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, note = {Levecke, Bruno
Buttle, David J
Behnke, Jerzy M
Duce, Ian R
Vercruysse, Jozef
eng
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2014/06/03 06:00
Parasit Vectors. 2014 May 30;7:255. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-255.}, month = {May 30}, pages = {255}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Cysteine proteinases (CPs) from papaya (Carica papaya) possess anthelmintic properties against human soil-transmitted helminths (STH, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm), but there is a lack of supportive and up-to-date efficacy data. We therefore conducted two randomized controlled trials in pigs to assess the efficacy of papaya CPs against experimental infections with T. suis. METHODS: First, we assessed efficacy by means of egg (ERR) and adult worm reduction rate (WRR) of a single-oral dose of 450 mumol active CPs (CP450) against low (inoculum of 300 eggs) and high (inoculum of 3,000 eggs) intensity T. suis infections and compared the efficacy with those obtained after a single-oral dose of 400 mg albendazole (ALB). In the second trial, we determined and compared the efficacy of a series of CP doses (45 [CP45], 115 [CP115], 225 [CP225], and 450 [CP450] mumol) against high intensity infections. RESULTS: CP450 was highly efficacious against both levels of infection intensity, resulting in ERR and WRR of more than 97\%. For both levels of infection intensity, CP450 was significantly more efficacious compared to ALB by means of WRR (low infection intensity: 99.0\% vs. 39.0\%; high infection intensity; 97.4\% vs. 23.2\%). When the efficacy was assessed by ERR, a significant difference was only observed for high intensity infections, CP450 being more efficacious than ALB (98.9\% vs. 59.0\%). For low infection intensities, there was no significant difference in ERR between CP450 (98.3\%) and ALB (64.4\%). The efficacy of CPs increased as a function of increasing dose. When determined by ERR, the efficacy ranged from 2.1\% for CP45 to 99.2\% for CP450. For WRR the results varied from -14.0\% to 99.0\%, respectively. Pairwise comparison revealed a significant difference in ERR and WRR only between CP45 and CP450, the latter being more efficacious. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of 450 mumol CPs provided greater efficacy against T. suis infections in pigs than a single-oral dose of 400 mg ALB. Although these results highlight the possibility of papaya CPs for controlling human STH, further development is needed in order to obtain and validate an oral formulation for human application.

}, keywords = {Albendazole/administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Animals, Anthelmintics/administration \& dosage/*therapeutic use, Carica/*enzymology, Cysteine Proteases/administration \& dosage/*therapeutic use, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Plant Proteins/therapeutic use, Swine, Swine Diseases/drug therapy/*parasitology, Trichuriasis/drug therapy/parasitology/*veterinary, Trichuris/*physiology}, isbn = {1756-3305 (Electronic)
1756-3305 (Linking)}, author = {Levecke, B. and Buttle, D. J. and Behnke, J. M. and Duce, I. R. and Vercruysse, J.} } @article {16552, title = {Cysteine proteinases from papaya ({Carica} papaya) in the treatment of experimental {Trichuris} suis infection in pigs: two randomized controlled trials}, journal = {Parasit Vectors}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {may}, pages = {255}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cysteine proteinases (CPs) from papaya (Carica papaya) possess anthelmintic properties against human soil-transmitted helminths (STH, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm), but there is a lack of supportive and up-to-date efficacy data. We therefore conducted two randomized controlled trials in pigs to assess the efficacy of papaya CPs against experimental infections with T. suis. METHODS: First, we assessed efficacy by means of egg (ERR) and adult worm reduction rate (WRR) of a single-oral dose of 450 mumol active CPs (CP450) against low (inoculum of 300 eggs) and high (inoculum of 3,000 eggs) intensity T. suis infections and compared the efficacy with those obtained after a single-oral dose of 400 mg albendazole (ALB). In the second trial, we determined and compared the efficacy of a series of CP doses (45 [CP45], 115 [CP115], 225 [CP225], and 450 [CP450] mumol) against high intensity infections. RESULTS: CP450 was highly efficacious against both levels of infection intensity, resulting in ERR and WRR of more than 97\%. For both levels of infection intensity, CP450 was significantly more efficacious compared to ALB by means of WRR (low infection intensity: 99.0\% vs. 39.0\%; high infection intensity; 97.4\% vs. 23.2\%). When the efficacy was assessed by ERR, a significant difference was only observed for high intensity infections, CP450 being more efficacious than ALB (98.9\% vs. 59.0\%). For low infection intensities, there was no significant difference in ERR between CP450 (98.3\%) and ALB (64.4\%). The efficacy of CPs increased as a function of increasing dose. When determined by ERR, the efficacy ranged from 2.1\% for CP45 to 99.2\% for CP450. For WRR the results varied from -14.0\% to 99.0\%, respectively. Pairwise comparison revealed a significant difference in ERR and WRR only between CP45 and CP450, the latter being more efficacious. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of 450 mumol CPs provided greater efficacy against T. suis infections in pigs than a single-oral dose of 400 mg ALB. Although these results highlight the possibility of papaya CPs for controlling human STH, further development is needed in order to obtain and validate an oral formulation for human application.}, keywords = {Albendazole/administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Animals, Anthelmintics/administration \& dosage/*therapeutic use, Carica/*enzymology, Cysteine Proteases/administration \& dosage/*therapeutic use, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Plant Proteins/therapeutic use, Swine, Swine Diseases/drug therapy/*parasitology, Trichuriasis/drug therapy/parasitology/*veterinary, Trichuris/*physiology}, issn = {1756-3305 (Electronic) 1756-3305 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1756-3305-7-255}, author = {Levecke, B. and Buttle, D. J. and Behnke, J. M. and Duce, I. R. and Vercruysse, J.} } @article {14510, title = {Dead or alive: molecular assessment of microbial viability}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {5884{\textendash}91}, abstract = {Nucleic acid-based analytical methods, ranging from species-targeted PCRs to metagenomics, have greatly expanded our understanding of microbiological diversity in natural samples. However, these methods provide only limited information on the activities and physiological states of microorganisms in samples. Even the most fundamental physiological state, viability, cannot be assessed cross-sectionally by standard DNA-targeted methods such as PCR. New PCR-based strategies, collectively called molecular viability analyses, have been developed that differentiate nucleic acids associated with viable cells from those associated with inactivated cells. In order to maximize the utility of these methods and to correctly interpret results, it is necessary to consider the physiological diversity of life and death in the microbial world. This article reviews molecular viability analysis in that context and discusses future opportunities for these strategies in genetic, metagenomic, and single-cell microbiology.}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01763-14}, author = {Cangelosi, G. A. and Meschke, J. S.} } @article {4599, title = {Decay of enteric microorganisms in biosolids-amended soil under wheat ({Triticum} aestivum) cultivation}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {59}, year = {2014}, pages = {185{\textendash}97}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Schwarz, K. R. and Sidhu, J. P. and Pritchard, D. L. and Li, Y. and Toze, S.} } @inbook {1274, title = {Decay of enteric microorganisms in biosolids-amended soil under wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivation}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {59}, year = {2014}, note = {Schwarz, K R Sidhu, J P S Pritchard, D L Li, Y Toze, S Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(14)00227-9 [pii] Water Res. 2014 Aug 1;59:185-97. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.037. Epub 2014 Apr 4.}, pages = {185-97}, publisher = {Crown 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd}, organization = {Crown 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {There is a growing need for better assessment of health risks associated with land-applied biosolids. This study investigated in-situ decay of seeded human adenovirus (HAdV), Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and bacteriophage (MS2) in biosolids-amended soil under wheat cultivation. The biosolids seeded with microorganisms were placed in decay chambers which were then placed in the topsoil (10 cm depth) at three different sites. Sites were selected in arid wheat-growing regions of Australia with loamy-sand soil type (Western Australia) and sandy soil (South Australia). Seeded E. coli and S. enterica had a relatively short decay time (T90 = 4-56 days) in biosolids-amended soil compared to un-amended soil (T90 = 8-83 days). The decreasing soil moisture over the wheat-growing season significantly (P < 0.05) influenced survival time of both bacteria and MS2 at Western Australia (Moora) and South Australia (Mt Compass) sites, particularly in the un-amended soils. Increasing soil temperature also significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the decay of MS2 at these sites. In this study, no notable decline in HAdV numbers (PCR detectable units) was observed in both biosolids-amended and the un-amended soils at all three sites. The HAdV decay time (T90 >/= 180 days) in biosolids-amended and un-amended soils was significantly higher than MS2 (T90 = 22-108 days). The results of this study suggest that adenovirus could survive for a longer period of time (>180 days) during the winter in biosolids-amended soil. The stability of adenovirus suggests that consideration towards biosolids amendment frequency, time, rates and appropriate withholding periods are necessary for risk mitigation.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ physiology Escherichia coli/ physiology Fertilizers Levivirus/ physiology Microbial Viability Salmonella enterica/ physiology Soil/ chemistry Soil Microbiology Time Factors Triticum/ physiology Weather}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.037}, author = {Schwarz, K. R. and Sidhu, J. P. and Pritchard, D. L. and Li, Y. and Toze, S.} } @article {9110, title = {{Decay of fecal indicator bacterial populations and bovine-associated source-tracking markers in freshly deposited cow pats}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {110{\textendash}118}, abstract = {Understanding the survival of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and microbial source-tracking (MST) markers is critical to developing pathogen fate and transport models. Although pathogen survival in water microcosms and manure-amended soils is well documented, little is known about their survival in intact cow pats deposited on pastures. We conducted a study to determine decay rates of fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and enterococci) and bovine-associated MST markers (CowM3, Rum-2-bac, and GenBac) in 18 freshly deposited cattle feces from three farms in northern Georgia. Samples were randomly assigned to shaded or unshaded treatment in order to determine the effects of sunlight, moisture, and temperature on decay rates. A general linear model (GLM) framework was used to determine decay rates. Shading significantly decreased the decay rate of the E. coli population (P {\{}{\textless}{\}} 0.0001), with a rate of -0.176 day(-1) for the shaded treatment and -0.297 day(-1) for the unshaded treatment. Shading had no significant effect on decay rates of enterococci, CowM3, Rum-2-bac, and GenBac (P {\{}{\textgreater}{\}} 0.05). In addition, E. coli populations showed a significant growth rate (0.881 day(-1)) in the unshaded samples during the first 5 days after deposition. UV-B was the most important parameter explaining the decay rate of E. coli populations. A comparison of the decay behaviors among all markers indicated that enterococcus concentrations exhibit a better correlation with the MST markers than E. coli concentrations. Our results indicate that bovine-associated MST markers can survive in cow pats for at least 1 month after excretion, and although their decay dynamic differs from the decay dynamic of E. coli populations, they seem to be reliable markers to use in combination with enterococci to monitor fecal pollution from pasture lands.}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02203-13}, author = {Oladeinde, Adelumola and Bohrmann, Thomas and Wong, Kelvin and Purucker, S T and Bradshaw, Ken and Brown, Reid and Snyder, Blake and Molina, Marirosa} } @article {15156, title = {Decentralized {Wastewater} {Program} {Annual} {Report} 2013}, journal = {EPA-832-R-140006}, year = {2014}, author = {Agency, US Environmental Protection} } @article {13040, title = {Decentralized Wastewater Program Annual Report 2013}, year = {2014} } @article {4327, title = {{Decreto n{\textordmasculine} 1287. Criterios para el uso de bios{\'o}lidos generados en plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales municipales}}, year = {2014}, institution = {Gobierno de Colombia. Ministerio de Vivienda Ciudad y Territorio.}, address = {Bogota, Colombia} } @article {2771, title = {Deep sequencing extends the diversity of human papillomaviruses in human skin}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC4108911}, pages = {5807}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {DIVERSITY EPIDEMIOLOGY GENOME human Laboratories LESIONS PCR SAMPLES Science SEQUENCE Sequencing Skin Sweden VIRUSES}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25055967}, author = {Bzhalava, D and Muhr, LS and Lagheden, C and Ekstrom, J and Forslund, O and Dillner, J and Hultin, E} } @article {11117, title = {Delivering on Promises and Driving Progress}, year = {2014}, url = {http://unitingtocombatntds.org/resource } } @mastersthesis {6258, title = {Designing {Institutions} and {Health} {Education} {Interventions} for {Sustainable} {Supply} of {Safe} {Water} in {Urban} {Informal} {Settlements}: {The} {Case} of {Kenya}}, year = {2014}, note = {3632497}, school = {Arizona State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Diarrheal diseases caused by poor water, sanitation and hygiene continue to kill more children in Sub-Saharan Africa{\textquoteright}s burgeoning informal urban settlements than in any other part of the world. In recent years, Delegated Management Model (DMM), a partnership in which a utility delegates service management to slum residents have been promoted as new models to improve services. This dissertation examines the benefits of DMM by comparing water services in three informal settlements in Kisumu city, Kenya: two slums where DMM has been implemented, and one, a control, where it has not. In addition, the research examined how school-based hygiene interventions could be designed to improve safe water and hygiene knowledge in urban informal settlements. This study compared outcomes of two approaches to hygiene education, one which combined messages with participatory water testing; the second used hygiene messages alone. Results of the DMM study showed that DMM implementation had lowered water cost and improved provider accountability. However, unhygienic water collection and handling practices on the part of the service users could contaminate drinking water that was clean at the delivery point, thus preventing the intended health outcomes of DMM from being realized. Results of the hygiene education intervention showed that one week after the inventions, hygiene knowledge among students who received the intervention that combined hygiene messages with participatory water testing was significantly improved. Evaluation of the intervention 12 months after implementation showed that the hygiene knowledge gained was sustained. The research findings suggest that: i) regular monitoring of water quality at the kiosks is essential to ensure that the DMM model achieves intended health outcomes, ii) sanitation conditions at kiosk sites need to be regulated to meet minimum hygiene standards, and iii) customers need to be educated on safe water collection and storage practices. Finally, school-based hygiene education could be made more effective by including hands-on water testing by students. Making sustainable impact on health and wellbeing of slum residents requires not only building effective partnerships for water delivery, but also paying close attention to the other points of intervention within the water system.}, keywords = {0595:Water Resource Management, 0639:Sub Saharan Africa Studies, 0640:Sustainability, Earth sciences, Hygiene interventions, Informal urban settlements, Social sciences, Sub Saharan Africa Studies, Sustainability, Urban poverty, Urbanization, Utility-community partnerships, Water Resource Management, Water services}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1588247712?accountid=14270}, author = {Nzengya, Daniel} } @article {5413, title = {{Designing slanted soil system for greywater treatment for irrigation purposes in rural area of arid regions}}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {35}, year = {2014}, pages = {3020{\textendash}3027}, author = {Maiga, Y and Moyenga, D and Nikiema, BC and Ushijima, K and Maiga, AH and Funamizu, N} } @article {3942, title = {Detection and genetic characterization of human enteric viruses in oyster-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks between 2001 and 2012 in {Osaka} {City}, {Japan}.}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {86}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, pages = {2019{\textendash}2025}, author = {Iritani, N and Kaida, A and Abe, N and Kubo, H and Sekiguchi, J and Yamamoto, S and Goto, K and Tanaka, T and Noda, M} } @article {3064, title = {Detection of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in faeces by nested {PCR} with the use of diluted {DNA} samples}, journal = {Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {79{\textendash}83}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to choose the optimal variant of PCR examination of faeces to detect Echinococcus multilocularis infection which would allow to reduce the influence of different inhibitors in faeces. The investigation was carried out by comparison of 3 different methods of DNA isolation from faeces and different DNA dilutions used in PCR. Thirty five intestines of red foxes were used. Small intestines were examined by the sedimentation and counting technique (SCT). Faeces were collected from the rectum for PCR and flotation. DNA were isolated with the use of 3 different methods. Two methods were dedicated for faeces: method 1 (M1){\textendash}for larger samples and method 2 (M2) - for standard samples. The third method, method 3 (M3), was not dedicated for faeces. DNA samples were tested by nested PCR in 6 variants: not diluted (1/1) and 5 diluted (1/2.5, 1/5, 1/10. 1/20, 1/40). E. multilocularis was found by SCT in 18 from 35 (51.4\%) intestines. Taenia-type eggs were detected only in 20.0\% of faecal samples. In PCR the highest number of positive results (45.7\%) were obtained during examination of DNA isolated by M1 method, and then 40.0\% and 34.3\%, respectively, for M2 and M3. In some samples positive results in PCR were obtained only in diluted DNA. For example, 8 from 12 positive samples isolated by M3 method gave the PCR negative results in non-diluted DNA and positive only after dilution 1:2.5, 1:10 or 1:20. Also 3 samples isolated by methods dedicated for stool gave positive results only after DNA dilution. The investigation has revealed that in copro-PCR for detection of E. multilocularis infection additional using of diluted DNA (besides non diluted) can avoid false negative results causing by PCR inhibition. In the best method of DNA isolation (M1), the use of non diluted DNA sample together with diluted in proportion 1:10 seems to be optimal.}, keywords = {Animals, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Feces, Foxes, Gastrointestinal Contents, Helminth, Poland}, issn = {1505-1773}, author = {Karamon, J.} } @article {1936, title = {Detection of enterovirus in environmental waters: a new optimized method compared to commercial real-time RT-qPCR kits}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {209}, year = {2014}, note = {Wurtzer, Sebastien Prevost, Benoit Lucas, Francoise S Moulin, Laurent eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Netherlands 2014/09/10 06:00 J Virol Methods. 2014 Dec;209:47-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.016. Epub 2014 Sep 6.}, pages = {47-54}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Despite the progress in water and wastewater treatment technologies, waterborne diseases are still a major concern of public health. In the reported water-related outbreaks, viruses constitute one of the main causal agents. Enteroviruses are one of the most viruses monitored in water and are often used as an indicator of viral pollution. Isolation and identification of this virus are now regularly based on molecular tools. However published or commercial protocols for detection of these viruses in water are frequently lacking of validation processes and performance evaluation in such complex samples. A method for enterovirus detection in environmental water has been developed, its performance has been evaluated and compared with several commercial kits. The sensitivity of commercial methods in clinical samples, ranged between 89\% and 100\%, while the sensitivity in seeded environmental matrices fell between 16\% and 91\%. This method showed the best performance in environmental samples and was subsequently applied on surface and treated wastewater. The results showed the large dissemination of enteroviruses in an urbanized river. The results also emphasized the importance of good knowledge of the method{\textquoteright}s limits for its utilization in environmental samples in order to minimize false negatives and to avoid underestimating viral concentration.}, keywords = {Enterovirus Inhibition Real time RT-qPCR Surface water Virus detection Wastewater}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.016}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25196451}, author = {Wurtzer, S. and Prevost, B. and Lucas, F. S. and Moulin, L.} } @article {5036, title = {Detection of Enteroviruses in Water Samples from Yopougon, Cte d{\textquoteright}Ivoire by Cell Culture and Polymerase Chain Reaction}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {23-30}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1867-0334}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-013-9130-4}, url = {://WOS:000331622200003}, author = {Momou, K. J. and Akoua-Koffi, C. and Dosso, M.} } @article {13877, title = {Detection of {Helicobacter} pylori in the coastal waters of {Georgia}, {Puerto} {Rico} and {Trinidad}.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {79}, number = {1-2}, year = {2014}, pages = {354{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Fecal pollution in the coastal marine environments was assessed at eleven sampling locations along the Georgia coast and Trinidad, and nine sites from Puerto-Rico. Membrane filtration (EPA method 1604 and method 1600) was utilized for Escherichia coli and enterococci enumeration at each location. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) amplification of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was used to determine the presence of the Helicobacter pylori in marine samples. There was no significant correlation between the levels of E. coli, enterococci and H. pylori in these water samples. H. pylori was detected at four of the 31 locations sampled; Oak Grove Island and Village Creek Landing in Georgia, Maracas river in Trinidad, and Ceiba Creek in Puerto Rico. The study confirms the potential public health risk to humans due to the widespread distribution of H. pylori in subtropical and tropical costal marine waters.}, keywords = {Environmental monitoring, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: growth \& development, Georgia, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: classification, Helicobacter pylori: growth \& development, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Puerto Rico, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Trinidad and Tobago, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1879-3363}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.021}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X13007224}, author = {Holman, Chelsea B and Bachoon, D S and Otero, Ernesto and Ramsubhag, Adesh} } @article {14430, title = {Detection of {Helicobacter} pylori in the coastal waters of {Georgia}, {Puerto} {Rico} and {Trinidad}.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {79}, number = {1-2}, year = {2014}, month = {feb}, pages = {354{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Fecal pollution in the coastal marine environments was assessed at eleven sampling locations along the Georgia coast and Trinidad, and nine sites from Puerto-Rico. Membrane filtration (EPA method 1604 and method 1600) was utilized for Escherichia coli and enterococci enumeration at each location. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) amplification of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was used to determine the presence of the Helicobacter pylori in marine samples. There was no significant correlation between the levels of E. coli, enterococci and H. pylori in these water samples. H. pylori was detected at four of the 31 locations sampled; Oak Grove Island and Village Creek Landing in Georgia, Maracas river in Trinidad, and Ceiba Creek in Puerto Rico. The study confirms the potential public health risk to humans due to the widespread distribution of H. pylori in subtropical and tropical costal marine waters.}, keywords = {Environmental monitoring, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: growth \& development, Georgia, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: classification, Helicobacter pylori: growth \& development, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Puerto Rico, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Trinidad and Tobago, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1879-3363}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.021}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X13007224}, author = {Holman, Chelsea B and Bachoon, D S and Otero, Ernesto and Ramsubhag, Adesh} } @article {8249, title = {{Detection of Helicobacter pylori in the coastal waters of Georgia, Puerto Rico and Trinidad.}}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {79}, number = {1-2}, year = {2014}, month = {feb}, pages = {354{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Fecal pollution in the coastal marine environments was assessed at eleven sampling locations along the Georgia coast and Trinidad, and nine sites from Puerto-Rico. Membrane filtration (EPA method 1604 and method 1600) was utilized for Escherichia coli and enterococci enumeration at each location. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) amplification of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was used to determine the presence of the Helicobacter pylori in marine samples. There was no significant correlation between the levels of E. coli, enterococci and H. pylori in these water samples. H. pylori was detected at four of the 31 locations sampled; Oak Grove Island and Village Creek Landing in Georgia, Maracas river in Trinidad, and Ceiba Creek in Puerto Rico. The study confirms the potential public health risk to humans due to the widespread distribution of H. pylori in subtropical and tropical costal marine waters.

}, keywords = {Environmental monitoring, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: growth {\&} development, Georgia, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: classification, Helicobacter pylori: growth {\&} development, Helicobacter pylori: isolation {\&} purification, Puerto Rico, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Trinidad and Tobago, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1879-3363}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.021}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X13007224}, author = {Holman, Chelsea B and Bachoon, D S and Otero, Ernesto and Ramsubhag, Adesh} } @article {9166, title = {Detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) through the different stages of pig manure composting plants}, journal = {Microb Biotechnol}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {26-31}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a, M and Fern{\'a}ndez-Barredo, S and P{\'e}rez-Gracia, MT} } @article {5949, title = {{Detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) through the different stages of pig manure composting plants}}, journal = {Microbial biotechnology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {26{\textendash}31}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a, M and Fern{\'a}ndez-Barredo, S and P{\'e}rez-Gracia, MT} } @article {1989, title = {Detection of intestinal parasites on field-grown strawberries in the Federal District of Brazil}, journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical}, volume = {47}, year = {2014}, pages = {801-805}, author = {Da Silva, S. R. M. and Maldonade, I. R. and Ginani, V. C. and Lima, S. A. and Mendes, V. S. and Azevedo, M. L. X. and Gurgel-Gon{\c c}alves, R. and Machado, E. R.} } @article {7425, title = {Detection of {Legionella}, {L}. pneumophila and {Mycobacterium} {Avium} {Complex} ({MAC}) along {Potable} {Water} {Distribution} {Pipelines}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {jul}, pages = {7393{\textendash}7405}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph110707393}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/7/7393/}, author = {Whiley, Harriet and Keegan, Alexandra and Fallowfield, Howard and Bentham, Richard} } @article {17074, title = {Detection of microbial pathogens and indicators in sewage effluent and river water during the temporary interruption of a wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Water Quality, Exposure and Health}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {155{\textendash}159}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Gr{\o}ndahl-Rosado, Ricardo C and Tryland, Ingun and Myrmel, Mette and Aanes, Karl Jan and Robertson, Lucy J} } @article {1063, title = {Detection of pathogenic viruses in sewage provided early warnings of hepatitis A virus and norovirus outbreaks}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01981-14}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01981-14}, author = {Hellm{\'e}r, M and Pax{\'e}us, N and Magnius, L} } @article {1611, title = {Detection of pathogenic viruses in sewage provided early warnings of hepatitis A virus and norovirus outbreaks}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {80}, number = {21}, year = {2014}, note = {Hellmer, Maria Paxeus, Nicklas Magnius, Lars Enache, Lucica Arnholm, Birgitta Johansson, Annette Bergstrom, Tomas Norder, Helene eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2014/08/31 06:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 Nov;80(21):6771-81. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01981-14. Epub 2014 Aug 29.}, pages = {6771-81}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Most persons infected with enterically transmitted viruses shed large amounts of virus in feces for days or weeks, both before and after onset of symptoms. Therefore, viruses causing gastroenteritis may be detected in wastewater, even if only a few persons are infected. In this study, the presence of eight pathogenic viruses (norovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus, parechovirus, hepatitis A virus [HAV], and hepatitis E virus) was investigated in sewage to explore whether their identification could be used as an early warning of outbreaks. Samples of the untreated sewage were collected in proportion to flow at Ryaverket, Gothenburg, Sweden. Daily samples collected during every second week between January and May 2013 were pooled and analyzed for detection of viruses by concentration through adsorption to milk proteins and PCR. The largest amount of noroviruses was detected in sewage 2 to 3 weeks before most patients were diagnosed with this infection in Gothenburg. The other viruses were detected at lower levels. HAV was detected between weeks 5 and 13, and partial sequencing of the structural VP1protein identified three different strains. Two strains were involved in an ongoing outbreak in Scandinavia and were also identified in samples from patients with acute hepatitis A in Gothenburg during spring of 2013. The third strain was unique and was not detected in any patient sample. The method used may thus be a tool to detect incipient outbreaks of these viruses and provide early warning before the causative pathogens have been recognized in health care.}, keywords = {Caliciviridae Infections/*epidemiology *Disease Outbreaks *Epidemiological Monitoring Hepatitis A/*epidemiology Humans Molecular Sequence Data Sequence Analysis, DNA Sewage/*virology Sweden/epidemiology Time Factors Viruses/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01981-14}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25172863}, author = {Hellmer, M. and Paxeus, N. and Magnius, L. and Enache, L. and Arnholm, B. and Johansson, A. and Bergstrom, T. and Norder, H.} } @article {4496, title = {Detection of pathogenic viruses in sewage provided early warnings of hepatitis {A} virus and norovirus outbreaks}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {21}, year = {2014}, pages = {6771{\textendash}81}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Hellmer, M. and Paxeus, N. and Magnius, L. and Enache, L. and Arnholm, B. and Johansson, A. and Bergstrom, T. and Norder, H.} } @article {14660, title = {Detection of pathogenic viruses in sewage provided early warnings of hepatitis {A} virus and norovirus outbreaks}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {6771{\textendash}81}, abstract = {Most persons infected with enterically transmitted viruses shed large amounts of virus in feces for days or weeks, both before and after onset of symptoms. Therefore, viruses causing gastroenteritis may be detected in wastewater, even if only a few persons are infected. In this study, the presence of eight pathogenic viruses (norovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus, parechovirus, hepatitis A virus [HAV], and hepatitis E virus) was investigated in sewage to explore whether their identification could be used as an early warning of outbreaks. Samples of the untreated sewage were collected in proportion to flow at Ryaverket, Gothenburg, Sweden. Daily samples collected during every second week between January and May 2013 were pooled and analyzed for detection of viruses by concentration through adsorption to milk proteins and PCR. The largest amount of noroviruses was detected in sewage 2 to 3 weeks before most patients were diagnosed with this infection in Gothenburg. The other viruses were detected at lower levels. HAV was detected between weeks 5 and 13, and partial sequencing of the structural VP1protein identified three different strains. Two strains were involved in an ongoing outbreak in Scandinavia and were also identified in samples from patients with acute hepatitis A in Gothenburg during spring of 2013. The third strain was unique and was not detected in any patient sample. The method used may thus be a tool to detect incipient outbreaks of these viruses and provide early warning before the causative pathogens have been recognized in health care.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Epidemiological Monitoring, Caliciviridae Infections/*epidemiology, DNA, Hepatitis A/*epidemiology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/*virology, Sweden/epidemiology, Time Factors, Viruses/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01981-14}, author = {Hellmer, M. and Paxeus, N. and Magnius, L. and Enache, L. and Arnholm, B. and Johansson, A. and Bergstrom, T. and Norder, H.} } @article {14977, title = {Detection of pathogenic viruses in sewage provided early warnings of hepatitis {A} virus and norovirus outbreaks}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {6771{\textendash}81}, abstract = {Most persons infected with enterically transmitted viruses shed large amounts of virus in feces for days or weeks, both before and after onset of symptoms. Therefore, viruses causing gastroenteritis may be detected in wastewater, even if only a few persons are infected. In this study, the presence of eight pathogenic viruses (norovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus, parechovirus, hepatitis A virus [HAV], and hepatitis E virus) was investigated in sewage to explore whether their identification could be used as an early warning of outbreaks. Samples of the untreated sewage were collected in proportion to flow at Ryaverket, Gothenburg, Sweden. Daily samples collected during every second week between January and May 2013 were pooled and analyzed for detection of viruses by concentration through adsorption to milk proteins and PCR. The largest amount of noroviruses was detected in sewage 2 to 3 weeks before most patients were diagnosed with this infection in Gothenburg. The other viruses were detected at lower levels. HAV was detected between weeks 5 and 13, and partial sequencing of the structural VP1protein identified three different strains. Two strains were involved in an ongoing outbreak in Scandinavia and were also identified in samples from patients with acute hepatitis A in Gothenburg during spring of 2013. The third strain was unique and was not detected in any patient sample. The method used may thus be a tool to detect incipient outbreaks of these viruses and provide early warning before the causative pathogens have been recognized in health care.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Epidemiological Monitoring, Caliciviridae Infections/*epidemiology, DNA, Hepatitis A/*epidemiology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/*virology, Sweden/epidemiology, Time Factors, Viruses/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01981-14}, author = {Hellmer, M. and Paxeus, N. and Magnius, L. and Enache, L. and Arnholm, B. and Johansson, A. and Bergstrom, T. and Norder, H.} } @article {9969, title = {{Detection of pathogenic viruses in sewage provided early warnings of hepatitis A virus and norovirus outbreaks}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {21}, year = {2014}, pages = {6771{\textendash}6781}, abstract = {Most persons infected with enterically transmitted viruses shed large amounts of virus in feces for days or weeks, both before and after onset of symptoms. Therefore, viruses causing gastroenteritis may be detected in wastewater, even if only a few persons are infected. In this study, the presence of eight pathogenic viruses (norovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus, parechovirus, hepatitis A virus [HAV], and hepatitis E virus) was investigated in sewage to explore whether their identification could be used as an early warning of outbreaks. Samples of the untreated sewage were collected in proportion to flow at Ryaverket, Gothenburg, Sweden. Daily samples collected during every second week between January and May 2013 were pooled and analyzed for detection of viruses by concentration through adsorption to milk proteins and PCR. The largest amount of noroviruses was detected in sewage 2 to 3 weeks before most patients were diagnosed with this infection in Gothenburg. The other viruses were detected at lower levels. HAV was detected between weeks 5 and 13, and partial sequencing of the structural VP1protein identified three different strains. Two strains were involved in an ongoing outbreak in Scandinavia and were also identified in samples from patients with acute hepatitis A in Gothenburg during spring of 2013. The third strain was unique and was not detected in any patient sample. The method used may thus be a tool to detect incipient outbreaks of these viruses and provide early warning before the causative pathogens have been recognized in health care.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {10985336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01981-14}, author = {Hellmer, M. and Paxeus, N. and Magnius, L. and Enache, L. and Arnholm, B. and Johansson, A. and Bergstrom, T. and Norder, H.} } @article {2701, title = {Detection of pathogenic viruses in sewage provided early warnings of hepatitis A virus and norovirus outbreaks}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01981-14}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01981-14}, author = {Hellm{\'e}r, M and Pax{\'e}us, N and Magnius, L} } @article {17181, title = {Detection of pathogens, indicators, and antibiotic resistance genes after land application of poultry litter}, journal = {Journal of environmental qualityJournal of environmental quality}, volume = {43}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {1546-1558}, isbn = {0047-2425}, author = {Cook, KL and Netthisinghe, AMP and Gilfillen, RA} } @article {4922, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis in Mytilus galloprovincialis from Izmir Province coast (Turkey) by real time PCR/high resolution melting analysis (HRM)}}, journal = {Food Microbiology}, volume = {44}, year = {2014}, pages = {128{\textendash}135}, author = {Aksoy, U and Marangi, M and Papini, R and Ozkoc, S and Bayram Delibas, S and Giangaspero, A} } @article {8388, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis in Mytilus galloprovincialis from Izmir province coast (Turkey) by real time PCR/High-Resolution Melting analysis (HRM)}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {44}, year = {2014}, pages = {128{\textendash}135}, author = {Aksoy, U and Marangi, M and Papini, R and Ozkoc, S and Bayram Delibas, S and Giangaspero, A} } @article {8658, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in shellfish and fish in parts of China}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {200}, number = {1-2}, year = {2014}, pages = {85{\textendash}89}, author = {Zhang, M and Yang, Z and Wang, S and Tao, LF and .Xu, LX and Yan, RF and Song, XK and Li, XR} } @article {14582, title = {Detection of vaccine-derived polioviruses in {Mexico} using environmental surveillance}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {210 Suppl 1}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {S315{\textendash}23}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Early detection and control of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) emergences are essential to secure the gains of polio eradication. METHODS: Serial sewage samples were collected in 4 towns of Mexico before, throughout, and after the May 2010 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) mass immunization campaign. Isolation and molecular analysis of polioviruses from sewage specimens monitored the duration of vaccine-related strains in the environment and emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses in a population partially immunized with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). RESULTS: Sabin strains were identified up to 5-8 weeks after the campaign in all towns; in Aguascalientes, 1 Sabin 3 was isolated 16 weeks after the campaign, following 7 weeks with no Sabin strains detected. In Tuxtla Gutierrez, type 2 VDPV was isolated from 4 samples collected before and during the campaign, and type 1 VDPV from 1 sample collected 19 weeks afterward. During 2009-2010, coverage in 4 OPV campaigns conducted averaged only 57\% and surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) was suboptimal (AFP rate{\textless}1 per 100,000 population{\textless}15 years of age) in Tuxtla Gutierrez. CONCLUSIONS: VDPVs may emerge and spread in settings with inadequate coverage with IPV/OPV vaccination. Environmental surveillance can facilitate early detection in these settings.}, keywords = {*Environmental Monitoring, Adolescent, Child, environmental surveillance, Female, Humans, inactivated poliovirus vaccine, Infant, Male, Mexico, Newborn, Oral/*administration \& dosage, polio, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Preschool, Sewage/*virology, Time Factors, vaccine-derived poliovirus}, issn = {1537-6613 (Electronic) 0022-1899 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiu183}, author = {Esteves-Jaramillo, A. and Estivariz, C. F. and Penaranda, S. and Richardson, V. L. and Reyna, J. and Coronel, D. L. and Carrion, V. and Landaverde, J. M. and Wassilak, S. G. and Perez-Sanchez, E. E. and Lopez-Martinez, I. and Burns, C. C. and M A Pallansch} } @article {14933, title = {Detection of vaccine-derived polioviruses in {Mexico} using environmental surveillance}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {210 Suppl 1}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {S315{\textendash}23}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Early detection and control of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) emergences are essential to secure the gains of polio eradication. METHODS: Serial sewage samples were collected in 4 towns of Mexico before, throughout, and after the May 2010 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) mass immunization campaign. Isolation and molecular analysis of polioviruses from sewage specimens monitored the duration of vaccine-related strains in the environment and emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses in a population partially immunized with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). RESULTS: Sabin strains were identified up to 5-8 weeks after the campaign in all towns; in Aguascalientes, 1 Sabin 3 was isolated 16 weeks after the campaign, following 7 weeks with no Sabin strains detected. In Tuxtla Gutierrez, type 2 VDPV was isolated from 4 samples collected before and during the campaign, and type 1 VDPV from 1 sample collected 19 weeks afterward. During 2009-2010, coverage in 4 OPV campaigns conducted averaged only 57\% and surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) was suboptimal (AFP rate{\textbackslash}textless1 per 100,000 population{\textbackslash}textless15 years of age) in Tuxtla Gutierrez. CONCLUSIONS: VDPVs may emerge and spread in settings with inadequate coverage with IPV/OPV vaccination. Environmental surveillance can facilitate early detection in these settings.}, keywords = {*Environmental Monitoring, Adolescent, Child, environmental surveillance, Female, Humans, inactivated poliovirus vaccine, Infant, Male, Mexico, Newborn, Oral/*administration \& dosage, polio, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Preschool, Sewage/*virology, Time Factors, vaccine-derived poliovirus}, issn = {1537-6613 (Electronic) 0022-1899 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiu183}, author = {Esteves-Jaramillo, A. and Estivariz, C. F. and Penaranda, S. and Richardson, V. L. and Reyna, J. and Coronel, D. L. and Carrion, V. and Landaverde, J. M. and Wassilak, S. G. and Perez-Sanchez, E. E. and Lopez-Martinez, I. and Burns, C. C. and M A Pallansch} } @article {16783, title = {Determination of the 50\% human infectious dose for norwalk virus}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {209}, year = {2014}, pages = {1016-1022}, author = {Atmar, R.L. and Opekun, A.R. and Gilger, M.A. and Estes, M.K. and Crawford, S.E. and Neill, F.H. and Ramani, S. and Hill, H. and Ferreira, J. and Graham, D.Y.} } @article {10981, title = {Development and survival of {Ascaris} suum eggs in deep litter of pigs}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {141}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, pages = {1646{\textendash}1656}, abstract = {SUMMARYIndoor transmission of Ascaris suum partly depends on the physico-chemical conditions in bedding material. Temperature, pH, aqueous ammonia, moisture, occurrence and development of A. suum eggs were therefore compared in different areas (resting, intermediate and latrine) of two deep litter pens on an organic farm in four seasons. There was some variation, but mean ammonia levels were generally very low (1{\textperiodcentered}0{\textendash}2{\textperiodcentered}6~mm) and pH levels were moderate (8{\textperiodcentered}04{\textendash}8{\textperiodcentered}88) in all three areas. Relatively, resting areas were characterized by overall moderate moisture (36\%) and moderately high temperature (35{\textperiodcentered}7~{\textdegree}C) levels. The area contained few eggs (50~eggs~g-1 DM) of which 17\% were viable, and though only 4\% were larvated and 0{\textperiodcentered}7\% appeared infective, it was more than in the other areas. Intermediate areas had moderate moisture (43\%) and high temperature (43{\textperiodcentered}6~{\textdegree}C) levels. There were many eggs (523~eggs~g-1 DM), but overall viability was very low (5\%) and few eggs were larvated (0{\textperiodcentered}004\%) or even infective (0{\textperiodcentered}002\%). Latrines typically had high moisture (79\%) and moderate temperature (30~{\textdegree}C) levels. The concentration of eggs was very high (1444~egg~g-1 DM) and though 32\% were viable, none had developed larval stages. The large majority of A. suum eggs appear to die and only few become infective while in the deep litter. However, a large fraction of eggs may remain viable for some time and could thus contaminate agricultural land and develop to infectivity, if the manure is not composted appropriately.}, keywords = {Ammonia, Ascaris suum eggs, bedding material, deep litter, Development, moisture, pH, Temperature, viability}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182014000912}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/development-and-survival-of-ascaris-suum-eggs-in-deep-litter-of-pigs/4C89DF9807BB76E59F6A697480137F41}, author = {Katakam, Kiran Kumar and Thamsborg, Stig Milan and Kyvsgaard, Niels Christian and Dalsgaard, Anders and Mejer, Helena} } @article {1617, title = {Development and validation of a real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay for investigation of wild poliovirus type 1-South Asian (SOAS) strain reintroduced into Israel, 2013 to 2014}, journal = {Euro Surveill}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, note = {Hindiyeh, M Y Moran-Gilad, J Manor, Y Ram, D Shulman, L M Sofer, D Mendelson, E Sweden Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin Euro Surveill. 2014 Feb 20;19(7):20710.}, pages = {20710}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In February 2013, wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) was reintroduced into southern Israel and resulted in continuous silent circulation in the highly immune population. As a part of the public health emergency response, a novel real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was developed, to allow for the sensitive and specific detection of the circulatingWPV1-South Asian (SOAS) strain. Specific primers and probes derived from the VP-1 region were designed, based on sequenced sewage isolates, and used to simultaneously amplify this WPV1-SOAS sequence together with bacteriophage MS-2 as internal control. High titre WPV1-SOAS stock virus was used for assay optimisation and 50 processed sewage samples collected from southern Israel and tested by reference culture based methods were used for analytical validation of the assay{\textquoteright}s performance. The limit of detection of the multiplex qRT-PCR (SOAS/MS-2) assay was 0.1 plaque-forming unit (pfu)/reaction (20 pfu/mL) for WPV1-SOAS RNA with 100\% sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values when compared to the culture based method. The turnaround time was rapid, providing results for environmental samples within 24 to 48 hours from completion of sewage processing, instead of five to seven days by culture-based analysis. Direct sewage testing by qRT-PCR assay proved to be a useful tool for rapid detection and environmental surveillance of WPV1-SOAS circulating strain during emergency response. Application of the approach for detection of WPV1-SOAS in stool samples obtained during acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance or field surveys should be further evaluated.}, keywords = {Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/virology DNA Primers/genetics DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases Feces/virology Humans Israel/epidemiology Poliomyelitis Poliovirus/classification/*genetics/*isolation \& purification Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Reproducib}, issn = {1560-7917 (Electronic) 1025-496X (Linking)}, doi = {20710 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24576470}, author = {Hindiyeh, M. Y. and Moran-Gilad, J. and Manor, Y. and Ram, D. and Shulman, L. M. and Sofer, D. and Mendelson, E.} } @article {14668, title = {Development and validation of a real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ({qRT}-{PCR}) assay for investigation of wild poliovirus type 1-{South} {Asian} ({SOAS}) strain reintroduced into {Israel}, 2013 to 2014}, journal = {Euro Surveill}, volume = {19}, year = {2014}, pages = {20710}, abstract = {In February 2013, wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) was reintroduced into southern Israel and resulted in continuous silent circulation in the highly immune population. As a part of the public health emergency response, a novel real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was developed, to allow for the sensitive and specific detection of the circulatingWPV1-South Asian (SOAS) strain. Specific primers and probes derived from the VP-1 region were designed, based on sequenced sewage isolates, and used to simultaneously amplify this WPV1-SOAS sequence together with bacteriophage MS-2 as internal control. High titre WPV1-SOAS stock virus was used for assay optimisation and 50 processed sewage samples collected from southern Israel and tested by reference culture based methods were used for analytical validation of the assay{\textquoteright}s performance. The limit of detection of the multiplex qRT-PCR (SOAS/MS-2) assay was 0.1 plaque-forming unit (pfu)/reaction (20 pfu/mL) for WPV1-SOAS RNA with 100\% sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values when compared to the culture based method. The turnaround time was rapid, providing results for environmental samples within 24 to 48 hours from completion of sewage processing, instead of five to seven days by culture-based analysis. Direct sewage testing by qRT-PCR assay proved to be a useful tool for rapid detection and environmental surveillance of WPV1-SOAS circulating strain during emergency response. Application of the approach for detection of WPV1-SOAS in stool samples obtained during acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance or field surveys should be further evaluated.}, keywords = {Communicable Diseases, DNA Primers/genetics, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases, Emerging/epidemiology/virology, Feces/virology, Humans, Israel/epidemiology, Poliomyelitis, Poliovirus/classification/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Reproducibility of Results, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/virology}, issn = {1560-7917 (Electronic) 1025-496X (Linking)}, doi = {20710 [pii]}, author = {Hindiyeh, M. Y. and Moran-Gilad, J. and Manor, Y. and Ram, D. and Shulman, L. M. and Sofer, D. and Mendelson, E.} } @article {14983, title = {Development and validation of a real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ({qRT}-{PCR}) assay for investigation of wild poliovirus type 1-{South} {Asian} ({SOAS}) strain reintroduced into {Israel}, 2013 to 2014}, journal = {Euro Surveill}, volume = {19}, year = {2014}, pages = {20710}, abstract = {In February 2013, wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) was reintroduced into southern Israel and resulted in continuous silent circulation in the highly immune population. As a part of the public health emergency response, a novel real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was developed, to allow for the sensitive and specific detection of the circulatingWPV1-South Asian (SOAS) strain. Specific primers and probes derived from the VP-1 region were designed, based on sequenced sewage isolates, and used to simultaneously amplify this WPV1-SOAS sequence together with bacteriophage MS-2 as internal control. High titre WPV1-SOAS stock virus was used for assay optimisation and 50 processed sewage samples collected from southern Israel and tested by reference culture based methods were used for analytical validation of the assay{\textquoteright}s performance. The limit of detection of the multiplex qRT-PCR (SOAS/MS-2) assay was 0.1 plaque-forming unit (pfu)/reaction (20 pfu/mL) for WPV1-SOAS RNA with 100\% sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values when compared to the culture based method. The turnaround time was rapid, providing results for environmental samples within 24 to 48 hours from completion of sewage processing, instead of five to seven days by culture-based analysis. Direct sewage testing by qRT-PCR assay proved to be a useful tool for rapid detection and environmental surveillance of WPV1-SOAS circulating strain during emergency response. Application of the approach for detection of WPV1-SOAS in stool samples obtained during acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance or field surveys should be further evaluated.}, keywords = {Communicable Diseases, DNA Primers/genetics, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases, Emerging/epidemiology/virology, Feces/virology, Humans, Israel/epidemiology, Poliomyelitis, Poliovirus/classification/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Reproducibility of Results, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/virology}, issn = {1560-7917 (Electronic) 1025-496X (Linking)}, doi = {20710 [pii]}, author = {Hindiyeh, M. Y. and Moran-Gilad, J. and Manor, Y. and Ram, D. and Shulman, L. M. and Sofer, D. and Mendelson, E.} } @article {14584, title = {Development of a novel bag-mediated filtration system for environmental recovery of poliovirus}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {12}, year = {2014}, month = {dec}, pages = {747{\textendash}54}, abstract = {Poliovirus (PV) is on the verge of global eradication. Due to asymptomatic shedding, eradication certification requires environmental and clinical surveillance. Current environmental surveillance methods involve collection and processing of 400-mL to 1-L grab samples by a two-phase separation method, where sample volume limits detection sensitivity. Filtration of larger sample volumes facilitates increased detection sensitivity. This study describes development of a pumpless in-field filtration system for poliovirus recovery from environmental waters. Recovery of PV types 1, 2, and 3 were compared for glass wool, ViroCap, and NanoCeram (PV1 only) filters. Seeded experiments were performed using 10(5) plaque forming units of PV inoculated into 10-L volumes of secondary effluent, surface water, or a 50:50 mixture of each at pH 7.0. Filter eluates were plated onto buffalo green monkey kidney cells for virus enumeration by plaque assay. Across all water types, recovery from glass wool filters for PV1, PV2, and PV3 averaged 17\%, 28\%, and 6\%, respectively. Recovery from ViroCaps for PV1, PV2, and PV3 averaged 44\%, 70\%, and 81\%, respectively. 10-L samples of moderate turbidity water were processed through ViroCap filters in less than 30 minutes using a pumpless, bag-mediated filtration system. Bag-mediated filtration offers a simple, compact, and efficient method for enhanced environmental PV surveillance.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Cells, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cultured, Environmental Monitoring/*instrumentation, Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification, Sewage/*virology, Ultrafiltration/*instrumentation, Viral Plaque Assay, Waste Water/*virology}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.032}, author = {Fagnant, C. S. and Beck, N. K. and Yang, M. F. and Barnes, K. S. and Boyle, D. S. and Meschke, J. S.} } @article {14935, title = {Development of a novel bag-mediated filtration system for environmental recovery of poliovirus}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {12}, year = {2014}, month = {dec}, pages = {747{\textendash}54}, abstract = {Poliovirus (PV) is on the verge of global eradication. Due to asymptomatic shedding, eradication certification requires environmental and clinical surveillance. Current environmental surveillance methods involve collection and processing of 400-mL to 1-L grab samples by a two-phase separation method, where sample volume limits detection sensitivity. Filtration of larger sample volumes facilitates increased detection sensitivity. This study describes development of a pumpless in-field filtration system for poliovirus recovery from environmental waters. Recovery of PV types 1, 2, and 3 were compared for glass wool, ViroCap, and NanoCeram (PV1 only) filters. Seeded experiments were performed using 10(5) plaque forming units of PV inoculated into 10-L volumes of secondary effluent, surface water, or a 50:50 mixture of each at pH 7.0. Filter eluates were plated onto buffalo green monkey kidney cells for virus enumeration by plaque assay. Across all water types, recovery from glass wool filters for PV1, PV2, and PV3 averaged 17\%, 28\%, and 6\%, respectively. Recovery from ViroCaps for PV1, PV2, and PV3 averaged 44\%, 70\%, and 81\%, respectively. 10-L samples of moderate turbidity water were processed through ViroCap filters in less than 30 minutes using a pumpless, bag-mediated filtration system. Bag-mediated filtration offers a simple, compact, and efficient method for enhanced environmental PV surveillance.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Cells, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cultured, Environmental Monitoring/*instrumentation, Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification, Sewage/*virology, Ultrafiltration/*instrumentation, Viral Plaque Assay, Waste Water/*virology}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.032}, author = {Fagnant, C. S. and Beck, N. K. and Yang, M. F. and Barnes, K. S. and Boyle, D. S. and Meschke, J. S.} } @article {14710, title = {Development of a novel filter cartridge system with electropositive granule media to concentrate viruses from large volumes of natural surface water}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {48}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {6947{\textendash}56}, abstract = {Exposure to various infectious viruses in environmental drinking water can constitute a public health risk. However, it is difficult to detect viruses in water due to their low concentration. In this study, we have developed a novel filter cartridge system containing electropositive granule media (EGM). Viruses present in large volumes of environmental samples were adsorbed onto the EGM, and then recovered by elution and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) concentration. To evaluate the system{\textquoteright}s efficiency in viral recovery, poliovirus (PV-1), a surrogate for enteric viruses, was used to artificially contaminate river water samples which were then assayed by quantitative real-time PCR. To optimize the concentration procedure, the eluent type, water flow rate and properties (e.g., pH, bacterial, and viral loads), were evaluated. The highest virus recovery was obtained by pumping river water at a flow rate of 300 mL/min and then pushing 3 L of an eluent containing 3x broth [1.5\% (w/v) NaCl, 3\% (w/v) tryptone, 1.5\% (w/v) beef powder] with 0.05 mol/L glycine through the filter. Using this procedure, the recovery efficiencies of PV-1 from 10 to 100 L of spiked river water were up to 99\%. In addition, this method is virus load and pH dependent. Virus recovery was maximal at a load of between 10(3.5) and 10(5.5) TCID50 and a pH ranging from 5 to 7. The bacterial load in the water has no effect on virus recovery. Different types of viruses and surface water were tested to validate the system{\textquoteright}s applicability. Results revealed that the EGM filter cartridge was able to concentrate PV-1, human adenoviruses (HAdVs) and noroviruses (HuNoVs) with high efficiency from river, lake, and reservoir water. Furthermore, it showed more efficient recovery than glass wool and 1MDS filters. These data suggest that this system provides rapid and efficient virus recovery from a large volume of natural surface water and, as such, could be a useful tool in revealing the presence of viruses in surface water.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Adsorption, Aluminum Oxide/chemistry, Animals, Cell Line, Chemical Precipitation, Electrodes, Escherichia coli/growth \& development, Filtration/*instrumentation/*methods, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reproducibility of Results, Rheology, Rivers/virology, Viruses/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Water quality}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es501415m}, author = {Jin, M. and Guo, X. and Wang, X. W. and Yang, D. and Shen, Z. Q. and Qiu, Z. G. and Chen, Z. L. and Li, J. W.} } @article {10565, title = {{Development of an immunochromatographic lateral flow device for rapid diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa}}, journal = {Clinical Biochemistry}, volume = {47}, year = {2014}, pages = {448{\textendash}454}, author = {Chen, W and Zhang, J and Lu, G and Yuan, Z and Wua, Q and Li, J and Xu, G and He, A and Zheng, J and Zhang, J} } @article {518, title = {Development of CMX001 (Brincidofovir) for the treatment of serious diseases or conditions caused by dsDNA viruses}, journal = {Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, note = {1744-8336 Florescu, Diana F Keck, Megan A Journal Article England Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014 Oct;12(10):1171-8. doi: 10.1586/14787210.2014.948847. Epub 2014 Aug 13.}, pages = {1171-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {CMX001 (hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir, Brincidofovir) is a broad spectrum, lipid conjugate of cidofovir that is converted intracellularly into the active antiviral, cidofovir diphosphate. The lipid conjugation results in oral bioavailability, higher intracellular concentrations of active drug, lower plasma concentrations of cidofovir and increased antiviral potency against dsDNA viruses.}, keywords = {BK virus Brincidofovir Cmx001 JC virus adenovirus cytomegalovirus dsDNA virus molluscum orthopoxvirus vaccinia virus}, issn = {1478-7210}, doi = {10.1586/14787210.2014.948847}, author = {Florescu, D. F. and Keck, M. A.} } @article {14700, title = {Development of real-time {PCR} to detect oral vaccine-like poliovirus and its application to environmental surveillance}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {195}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {148{\textendash}55}, abstract = {In order to perform environmental surveillance to track oral poliovirus vaccine-like poliovirus sensitively and conveniently, real-time PCR was developed and applied to a raw sewage concentrate. The real-time PCR method detected 0.01-0.1 TCID50 of 3 serotypes of Sabin strain specifically. The method also detected the corresponding serotypes of oral poliovirus vaccine-like poliovirus specifically, but detected neither wild poliovirus, except Mahoney for type 1 and Saukett for type 3, nor other enteric viruses, as far as examined. When real-time PCR was applied to environmental surveillance, the overall agreement rates between real-time PCR and the cell culture were 83.3\% for all serotypes. Since real-time PCR has the advantages of rapid detection of viruses and minimum requirement of sampling volume as compared with ordinary cell culture, it is suitable to monitor oral poliovirus vaccine-like poliovirus in the environment, especially in areas where an oral vaccine is being replaced by an inactivated vaccine.}, keywords = {Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Environmental Pollutants/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Oral/*isolation \& purification, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Sewage/virology}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.004}, author = {Iwai-Itamochi, M. and Yoshida, H. and Obara-Nagoya, M. and Horimoto, E. and Kurata, T. and Takizawa, T.} } @article {14995, title = {Development of real-time {PCR} to detect oral vaccine-like poliovirus and its application to environmental surveillance}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {195}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {148{\textendash}55}, abstract = {In order to perform environmental surveillance to track oral poliovirus vaccine-like poliovirus sensitively and conveniently, real-time PCR was developed and applied to a raw sewage concentrate. The real-time PCR method detected 0.01-0.1 TCID50 of 3 serotypes of Sabin strain specifically. The method also detected the corresponding serotypes of oral poliovirus vaccine-like poliovirus specifically, but detected neither wild poliovirus, except Mahoney for type 1 and Saukett for type 3, nor other enteric viruses, as far as examined. When real-time PCR was applied to environmental surveillance, the overall agreement rates between real-time PCR and the cell culture were 83.3\% for all serotypes. Since real-time PCR has the advantages of rapid detection of viruses and minimum requirement of sampling volume as compared with ordinary cell culture, it is suitable to monitor oral poliovirus vaccine-like poliovirus in the environment, especially in areas where an oral vaccine is being replaced by an inactivated vaccine.}, keywords = {Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Environmental Pollutants/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Oral/*isolation \& purification, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Sewage/virology}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.004}, author = {Iwai-Itamochi, M. and Yoshida, H. and Obara-Nagoya, M. and Horimoto, E. and Kurata, T. and Takizawa, T.} } @article {13454, title = {Diagnosis of human fascioliasis by stool and blood techniques: Update for the present global scenario}, journal = {Parasitology.}, volume = {141}, year = {2014}, pages = {1918-1946}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Bargues, M. D. and Valero, M. A.} } @article {6805, title = {Diet and the development of the human intestinal microbiome}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {sep}, issn = {1664-302X}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00494}, url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00494/abstract}, author = {Voreades, Noah and Kozil, Anne and Weir, Tiffany L.} } @article {11771, title = {{Diphyllobothrium latum}}, journal = {Revista Chilena de Infectologia}, volume = {31}, year = {2014}, pages = {211{\textendash}212}, author = {Rosas, R and Weitzel, T} } @article {14691, title = {Direct typing of human enteroviruses from wastewater samples}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {207}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {215{\textendash}9}, abstract = {A RT-PCR approach for the direct detection and typing of human enteroviruses in the environment is described in this study. A semi-nested RT-PCR using COnsensus-DEgenerated Hybrid Oligonucleotide Primers (CODEHOP) designed from the VP2 genome region has been developed for the direct typing of enteroviruses in clinical samples (Ibrahim et al., 2013). This CODEHOP/VP2 PCR strategy as well as the CODEHOP/VP1 technique described by Nix et al. (2006), were tested for the detection and typing of enteroviruses in wastewater samples. Virus particles were first extracted and concentrated from wastewater samples by using respectively beef extract and polyethylene glycol 6000, and the presence of enteroviruses was screened by a RT-PCR method using primers from the 5{\textquoteright}-end non-coding region (5{\textquoteright}NCR). Fifty-two of 172 samples (30.2\%) were revealed positive by the 5{\textquoteright}NCR method. From these 52 samples, only 19 samples (36.5\%) were found positive by at least one of the two CODEHOP techniques, with the following distribution: VP1(+)/VP2(+)=4 (7.7\%), VP1(-)/VP2(+)=13 (25\%) and VP1(+)/VP2(-)=2 (3.8\%). These results illustrate that the direct typing of enteroviruses in environmental samples is insensitive, possibly due to the presence of large amounts of amplification inhibitors; however, the VP2 method was found able to allow the direct detection and typing of c. one-third of the positive environmental samples.}, keywords = {Codehop, Enterovirus/*classification/*isolation \& purification, enteroviruses, environment, Molecular Typing/*methods, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, RT-PCR, Waste Water/*virology, wastewater}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.018}, author = {Ibrahim, W. and Ouerdani, I. and Pillet, S. and Aouni, M. and Pozzetto, B. and Harrath, R.} } @article {1632, title = {Direct typing of human enteroviruses from wastewater samples}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {207}, year = {2014}, note = {Ibrahim, Wafa Ouerdani, Imene Pillet, Sylvie Aouni, Mahjoub Pozzetto, Bruno Harrath, Rafik eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Netherlands 2014/07/30 06:00 J Virol Methods. 2014 Oct;207:215-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.018. Epub 2014 Jul 24.}, pages = {215-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A RT-PCR approach for the direct detection and typing of human enteroviruses in the environment is described in this study. A semi-nested RT-PCR using COnsensus-DEgenerated Hybrid Oligonucleotide Primers (CODEHOP) designed from the VP2 genome region has been developed for the direct typing of enteroviruses in clinical samples (Ibrahim et al., 2013). This CODEHOP/VP2 PCR strategy as well as the CODEHOP/VP1 technique described by Nix et al. (2006), were tested for the detection and typing of enteroviruses in wastewater samples. Virus particles were first extracted and concentrated from wastewater samples by using respectively beef extract and polyethylene glycol 6000, and the presence of enteroviruses was screened by a RT-PCR method using primers from the 5{\textquoteright}-end non-coding region (5{\textquoteright}NCR). Fifty-two of 172 samples (30.2\%) were revealed positive by the 5{\textquoteright}NCR method. From these 52 samples, only 19 samples (36.5\%) were found positive by at least one of the two CODEHOP techniques, with the following distribution: VP1(+)/VP2(+)=4 (7.7\%), VP1(-)/VP2(+)=13 (25\%) and VP1(+)/VP2(-)=2 (3.8\%). These results illustrate that the direct typing of enteroviruses in environmental samples is insensitive, possibly due to the presence of large amounts of amplification inhibitors; however, the VP2 method was found able to allow the direct detection and typing of c. one-third of the positive environmental samples.}, keywords = {Enterovirus/*classification/*isolation \& purification Molecular Typing/*methods Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Waste Water/*virology Codehop Enteroviruses Environment Rt-pcr Wastewater}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.018}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25066280}, author = {Ibrahim, W. and Ouerdani, I. and Pillet, S. and Aouni, M. and Pozzetto, B. and Harrath, R.} } @article {10146, title = {{Discovering new indicators of fecal pollution}}, journal = {Trends in Microbiology}, volume = {22}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, pages = {697{\textendash}706}, author = {McLellan, SL and Eren, AM} } @article {7893, title = {{Discovering new indicators of fecal pollution}}, journal = {Trends in Microbiology}, volume = {22}, year = {2014}, pages = {697{\textendash}706}, author = {McLellan, SL and Eren, AM} } @article {7696, title = {Disease burden of selected gastrointestinal pathogens in Australia, 2010}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {28}, year = {2014}, pages = {176-185}, author = {Gibney, KB and O{\textquoteright}Toole, J and Sinclair, M and Leder, K} } @article {13663, title = {{Disease burden of selected gastrointestinal pathogens in Australia, 2010.}}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious Disease}, volume = {28}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {176{\textendash}185}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To estimate and compare disease burden attributable to six gastrointestinal pathogens (norovirus, rotavirus, Campylobacter, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium) in Australia, 2010. METHODS: We estimated the number of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases and deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and DALY/case for each pathogen. We included AGE cases that did not require medical care. Sequelae were included for Campylobacter (Guillain-Barr{\'e} syndrome, reactive arthritis (ReA), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)) and Salmonella (ReA, IBS). RESULTS: We estimated 16626069 AGE cases in Australia in 2010 (population 22 million). Of the pathogens studied, most AGE cases were attributed to norovirus (2180145), Campylobacter (774003), and Giardia (614740). Salmonella caused the fewest AGE cases (71255) but the most AGE deaths (90). The DALY burden was greatest for Campylobacter (18222 DALYs) and Salmonella (3856 DALYs), followed by the viral and protozoal pathogens. The average DALY/case was greatest for Salmonella (54.1 DALY/1000 cases), followed by Campylobacter (23.5 DALY/1000 cases). CONCLUSIONS: The pathogen causing the greatest disease burden varied according to the metric used, however DALYs are considered most useful given the incorporation of morbidity, mortality, and sequelae. These results can be used to prioritize public health interventions toward Salmonella and Campylobacter infections and to measure the impact of these interventions.}, keywords = {Australia, Burden of illness, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, DALY, Gastroenteritis, Giardia, Norovirus, QMRA, rotavirus, Salmonella}, author = {Gibney, Katherine B and O{\textquoteright}Toole, Joanne and Sinclair, Martha and Leder, Karin} } @article {15245, title = {Disease burden of selected gastrointestinal pathogens in {Australia}, 2010.}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious Disease}, volume = {28}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {176{\textendash}185}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To estimate and compare disease burden attributable to six gastrointestinal pathogens (norovirus, rotavirus, Campylobacter, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium) in Australia, 2010. METHODS: We estimated the number of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases and deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and DALY/case for each pathogen. We included AGE cases that did not require medical care. Sequelae were included for Campylobacter (Guillain-Barr{\'e} syndrome, reactive arthritis (ReA), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)) and Salmonella (ReA, IBS). RESULTS: We estimated 16626069 AGE cases in Australia in 2010 (population 22 million). Of the pathogens studied, most AGE cases were attributed to norovirus (2180145), Campylobacter (774003), and Giardia (614740). Salmonella caused the fewest AGE cases (71255) but the most AGE deaths (90). The DALY burden was greatest for Campylobacter (18222 DALYs) and Salmonella (3856 DALYs), followed by the viral and protozoal pathogens. The average DALY/case was greatest for Salmonella (54.1 DALY/1000 cases), followed by Campylobacter (23.5 DALY/1000 cases). CONCLUSIONS: The pathogen causing the greatest disease burden varied according to the metric used, however DALYs are considered most useful given the incorporation of morbidity, mortality, and sequelae. These results can be used to prioritize public health interventions toward Salmonella and Campylobacter infections and to measure the impact of these interventions.}, keywords = {Australia, Burden of illness, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, DALY, Gastroenteritis, Giardia, Norovirus, QMRA, rotavirus, Salmonella}, author = {Gibney, Katherine B and O{\textquoteright}Toole, Joanne and Sinclair, Martha and Leder, Karin} } @article {15299, title = {Disease burden of selected gastrointestinal pathogens in Australia, 2010}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {28}, year = {2014}, pages = {176-185}, author = {Gibney, Katherine and O{\textquoteright}Toole, Joanne and Sinclair, Martha and Leder, Karin} } @article {8273, title = {Disease manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection in Arctic Canada: using epidemiology to address community concerns}, journal = {BMJ Open}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {e003689}, author = {Cheung, Justin and Goodman, Karen J and Girgis, Safwat and Bailey, Robert and Morse, John and Fedorak, Richard N and Geary, Janis and Fagan-Garcia, Katharine and van Zanten, Sander Veldhuyzen and Munday, Rachel and others} } @article {6153, title = {Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in representative broiler feedlots environments: identification of indicator ARGs and correlations with environmental variables}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {48}, number = {22}, year = {2014}, pages = {13120-13129}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {He, Liang-Ying and You S Liu and Su, Hao-Chang and Jian L Zhao and Shuang S Liu and Chen, Jun and Liu, Wang-Rong and Guang G Ying} } @mastersthesis {7141, title = {A {Distributed} {Model} of {Oilseed} {Biorefining}, via {Integrated} {Industrial} {Ecology} {Exchanges}}, year = {2014}, note = {3623608}, school = {North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {As the demand for direct petroleum substitutes increases, biorefineries are poised to become centers for conversion of biomass into fuels, energy, and biomaterials. A distributed model offers reduced transportation, tailored process technology to available feedstock, and increased local resilience. Oilseeds are capable of producing a wide variety of useful products additive to food, feed, and fuel needs. Biodiesel manufacturing technology lends itself to smaller-scale distributed facilities able to process diverse feedstocks and meet demand of critical diesel fuel for basic municipal services, safety, sanitation, infrastructure repair, and food production. Integrating biodiesel refining facilities as tenants of eco-industrial parks presents a novel approach for synergistic energy and material exchanges whereby environmental and economic metrics can be significantly improved upon compared to stand alone models. This research is based on the Catawba County NC EcoComplex and the oilseed crushing and biodiesel processing facilities (capacity-433 tons biodiesel per year) located within. Technical and environmental analyses of the biorefinery components as well as agronomic and economic models are presented. The life cycle assessment for the two optimal biodiesel feedstocks, soybeans and used cooking oil, resulted in fossil energy ratios of 7.19 and 12.1 with carbon intensity values of 12.51 gCO 2 -eq/MJ and 7.93 gCO2 -eq/MJ, respectively within the industrial ecology system. Economic modeling resulted in a biodiesel conversion cost of \$1.43 per liter of fuel produced with used cooking oil, requiring a subsidy of \$0.58 per liter to reach the break-even point. As subsidies continue significant fluctuation, metrics other than operating costs are required to justify small-scale biofuel projects.}, keywords = {0768:Environmental science, 0775:Environmental engineering, 0791:Energy, Applied sciences, Biodiesel, Catawba county ecocomplex, Economic analysis, Energy, Environmental engineering, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Life cycle assessment, Oilseed biorefinery, Small-scale}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1554689798?accountid=14270}, author = {Ferrell, Jeremy C.} } @mastersthesis {7163, title = {Distribution and abundance, community structure, and trophic ecology of sharks and teleost fishes in the {Florida} {Big} {Bend}}, year = {2014}, note = {1559566}, school = {The Florida State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Community structure and trophic ecology of sharks and large teleost fishes in seagrass beds of the Florida Big Bend were investigated using fishery-independent longline and gillnet surveys and stable isotope analyses. The Big Bend is inhabited by at least 14 species of elasmobranch and 56 species of teleost fishes during the summer. Assemblages of these fauna are spatially variable, and five species dominate. Community structure was analyzed using a combination of cluster analysis, indicator species analysis, and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). These analyses suggested community composition of fishes in the Big Bend is correlated with water clarity, salinity, and depth. Patterns of inshore and offshore species assemblages were common throughout the Big Bend. There were two distinct faunal zones: one in the central Big Bend characterized by high relative abundance of blacktip sharks ( Carcharhinus limbatus ) in turbid water with moderate salinity, and a second in the southern Big Bend characterized by high relative abundance of blacknose sharks ( Carcharhinus acronotus ) in water of high clarity and salinity. High catch rates of young-of-the-year and juvenile blacktip and blacknose sharks in these areas suggest the central and southern Big Bend may act as nursery habitat for these two species, respectively. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses were used to infer relative trophic structure of these taxa and the potential for regional variation in trophic patterns. Stable isotope analyses suggest this system is trophically diverse, with considerable isotopic overlap across many taxa. These fishes appear to be supported through multiple channels of primary production potentially dominated by epiphytic microalgae and/or macroalgae. Isotopic ontogenetic were not evident in dominant taxa, with exception to weak relationships of stable isotopes and length in two species of marine catfishes. Comparisons of regional stable isotope values of the dominant species suggest the southern Big Bend is isotopically distinct in terms of the balance of primary production and trophic structure. The results of this study suggest an ecological gradient in the Big Bend, culminating in a distinct southern faunal zone; and based on the results of this work I hypothesize patterns of community composition and trophic structure in the Florida Big Bend are related to varying levels of river influence across the habitat.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, Biological sciences, Ecology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1560289789?accountid=14270}, author = {Peterson, Cheston Thomas} } @article {1946, title = {Distribution of Enteric Pathogens in Wastewater Secondary Effluent and Safety Analysis for Urban Water Reuse}, journal = {Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {797-806}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Through a 1-year monitoring of enteroviruses and pathogenic bacteria in the secondary effluent using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), the pathogen removal requirement was evaluated for safeguarding the reclaimed water quality for urban reuse. The distribution of each pathogen in the secondary effluent was found to follow a log-normal relationship, although 50\% cumulative concentrations differed much from each other (1.4 GEC/L of infectious enteroviruses, 3.1 {\texttimes} 102 CFU/L of Salmonella typhi, 1.0 {\texttimes} 103 CFU/L of Shigella, and 3.3 {\texttimes} 105 CFU/L of Escherichia coli). By exposure analysis regarding two reuse scenarios (golf course irrigation and recreational impoundment), risks were analyzed for pathogens in reused water based on monitoring data and dose{\textendash}response relation. For enteroviruses and pathogenic bacteria, there were obvious differences in the relationship between the reliability and removal efficiency.Under an acceptable annual risk level (10{\textendash}4/a), the pathogen removal requirement depends on the manner of water reuse. In the golf course irrigation, the removal efficiency of enteroviruses, Salmonella typhi, Shigella, and Escherichia coli reach to 3.8\~{}4.0-log, 1.4-log, 3.3-log, and 2.0-log, respectively, in order to ensure 95\% reliability. However, if wastewater is reused for recreational impoundment, only a further increase around 1.5-log removal efficiency of pathogens can meet the requirement for the same reliability.}, author = {Zhang, C-M. and Wang, X-C.} } @article {13165, title = {Distribution of indigenous bacterial pathogens and potential pathogens associated with roof-harvested rainwater}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, pages = {2307-2316}, author = {Dobrowsky, P. H. and De Kwaadsteniet, M. and Cloete, T. E. and Khan, W.} } @article {12374, title = {Diverse Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Dairy Cow Manure}, journal = {MBio}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, note = {Wichmann, Fabienne Udikovic-Kolic, Nikolina Andrew, Sheila Handelsman, Jo}, month = {Mar-Apr}, abstract = {

Application of manure from antibiotic-treated animals to crops facilitates the dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants into the environment. However, our knowledge of the identity, diversity, and patterns of distribution of these antibiotic resistance determinants remains limited. We used a new combination of methods to examine the resistome of dairy cow manure, a common soil amendment. Metagenomic libraries constructed with DNA extracted from manure were screened for resistance to beta-lactams, phenicols, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. Functional screening of fosmid and small-insert libraries identified 80 different antibiotic resistance genes whose deduced protein sequences were on average 50 to 60\% identical to sequences deposited in GenBank. The resistance genes were frequently found in clusters and originated from a taxonomically diverse set of species, suggesting that some microorganisms in manure harbor multiple resistance genes. Furthermore, amid the great genetic diversity in manure, we discovered a novel clade of chloramphenicol acetyltransferases. Our study combined functional metagenomics with third-generation PacBio sequencing to significantly extend the roster of functional antibiotic resistance genes found in animal gut bacteria, providing a particularly broad resource for understanding the origins and dispersal of antibiotic resistance genes in agriculture and clinical settings. IMPORTANCE The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria is one of the most intractable challenges in 21st-century public health. The origins of resistance are complex, and a better understanding of the impacts of antibiotics used on farms would produce a more robust platform for public policy. Microbiomes of farm animals are reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes, which may affect distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in human pathogens. Previous studies have focused on antibiotic resistance genes in manures of animals subjected to intensive antibiotic use, such as pigs and chickens. Cow manure has received less attention, although it is commonly used in crop production. Here, we report the discovery of novel and diverse antibiotic resistance genes in the cow microbiome, demonstrating that it is a significant reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. The genomic resource presented here lays the groundwork for understanding the dispersal of antibiotic resistance from the agroecosystem to other settings.

}, isbn = {2150-7511}, author = {Wichmann, F. and Udikovic-Kolic, N. and Andrew, S. and Handelsman, J.} } @article {13042, title = {Do septic tank systems pose a hidden threat to water quality?}, journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment}, volume = {12}, year = {2014}, pages = {123{\textendash}130}, author = {Withers, Paul JA and Jordan, Philip and May, Linda and Jarvie, Helen P and Deal, Nancy E} } @booklet {15157, title = {Do septic tank systems pose a hidden threat to water quality?}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {123{\textendash}130}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Water and Program, Sanitation and Withers, Paul JA and Jordan, Philip and May, Linda and Jarvie, Helen P and Deal, Nancy E} } @article {558, title = {Dramatic decline of respiratory illness among US military recruits after the renewed use of adenovirus vaccines}, journal = {Clin Infect Dis}, volume = {59}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, note = {1537-6591 Radin, Jennifer M Hawksworth, Anthony W Blair, Patrick J Faix, Dennis J Raman, Rema Russell, Kevin L Gray, Gregory C Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Oct;59(7):962-8. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu507. Epub 2014 Jul 2.}, pages = {962-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In late 2011, after a 12-year hiatus, oral vaccines against adenovirus types 4 (Ad4) and 7 (Ad7) were again produced and administered to US military recruits. This study examined the impact of the new adenovirus vaccines on febrile respiratory illness (FRI) and adenovirus rates and investigated if new serotypes emerged. FRI rates and their associated hospitalizations had markedly risen since vaccine production ceased in 1999. METHODS: From 1996 to 2013, the Naval Health Research Center conducted FRI surveillance at 8 military recruit training centers in the United States. During this period, 58 103 FRI pharyngeal swab specimens were studied, yielding 37 048 adenovirus-positive cases, among which 64\% were typed. RESULTS: During the 2 years after reintroduction of the vaccines, military trainees experienced a 100-fold decline in adenovirus disease burden (from 5.8 to 0.02 cases per 1000 person-weeks, P < .0001), without evidence that vaccine pressure had increased the impact of adenovirus types other than Ad4 and Ad7. Although the percentage of type 14 increased following reintroduction of the vaccination, the actual number of cases decreased. We estimate that the vaccines prevent approximately 1 death, 1100-2700 hospitalizations, and 13 000 febrile adenovirus cases each year among the trainees. CONCLUSIONS: These data strongly support the continued production and use of Ad4 and Ad7 vaccines in controlling FRI among US military trainees. Continued surveillance for emerging adenovirus subtypes is warranted.}, keywords = {adenovirus febrile respiratory illness military surveillance vaccine}, issn = {1058-4838}, doi = {10.1093/cid/ciu507}, author = {Radin, J. M. and Hawksworth, A. W. and Blair, P. J. and Faix, D. J. and Raman, R. and Russell, K. L. and Gray, G. C.} } @article {4584, title = {Dramatic decline of respiratory illness among {US} military recruits after the renewed use of adenovirus vaccines}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {59}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {962{\textendash}8}, issn = {1058-4838}, doi = {10.1093/cid/ciu507}, author = {Radin, J. M. and Hawksworth, A. W. and Blair, P. J. and Faix, D. J. and Raman, R. and Russell, K. L. and Gray, G. C.} } @mastersthesis {7361, title = {Drivers of compositional trajectories in reference and restored pine savanna communities}, year = {2014}, note = {1566442}, school = {Southern Illinois University at Carbondale}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Wet pine savannas are among the most diverse ecosystems in North America and provide critical habitat for many species but have seen a dramatic decline in size over the past century due to urbanization, logging, and fire suppression. Coastal pine savannas are also vulnerable to anticipated effects of global climate change. Models of climate change predict rapid sea-level rise along the northern Gulf of Mexico and more intense hurricanes. Restoration of these fragile wetland ecosystems is needed, but the effects of climate change on restored, as well as remnant communities, are unknown. This research aimed to compare resiliency of remnant and restored plant communities to simulated hurricane disturbance. I hypothesized that species composition within both site types will be altered following experimental storm surge, and restored plots will follow a different compositional trajectory due to site conditions including invasion by non-target species and disturbed soils. I compared community composition and soil properties between remnant and restored sites experiencing experimental storm surge. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations and a cluster analysis was used to visualize dissimilarities in composition and permutational analysis of similarity (PERMANOVA) was used to compare composition among treatment, site, and time. Repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare soil water conductivity and available ammonium over the course of the study. Results from compositional surveys suggested no significant effect of treatment on community composition, but there were significant vectors for soil moisture and ammonium resulting in different compositional trends and an apparent degree of divergence over time between the two site types. Soil characteristics (texture and bulk density) and pressure from neighboring plants within the restored site are also likely contributing to differences between the two site types. As climate change continues to alter disturbance regimes that shape coastal ecosystems, it will be necessary to assess structure and function of remnant and potentially novel plant communities and their capacity for adaptation.}, keywords = {0309:Plant biology, 0329:Ecology, 0404:Climate Change, Biological sciences, Climate change, Disturbance, Earth sciences, Ecology, Hurricane, Multivariate statistics, Pine savanna, Plant biology, Restoration}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1620845688?accountid=14270}, author = {Harshbarger, Diane} } @article {6859, title = {The {Duration} of {Gastrointestinal} and {Joint} {Symptoms} after a {Large} {Waterborne} {Outbreak} of {Gastroenteritis} in {Finland} in 2007 {\textendash} {A} {Questionnaire}-{Based} 15-{Month} {Follow}-{Up} {Study}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {e85457}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0085457}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085457}, author = {Laine, Janne and Lumio, Jukka and Toikkanen, Salla and Virtanen, Mikko J. and Uotila, Terhi and Korpela, Markku and Kujansuu, Eila and Kuusi, Markku}, editor = {Schildgen, Oliver} } @article {9933, title = {E. coli O157 outbreaks in the United Kingdom: past, present, and future}, journal = {Infection and Drug Resistance}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {211}, author = {Pennington, H} } @article {9587, title = {Ebola virus persistence in the environment: State of the knowledge and research needs}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology Letters}, year = {2014}, author = {Bibby, K and Casson, L and Stachler, E and Haas, C} } @article {15035, title = {Ebola virus persistence in the environment: {State} of the knowledge and research needs}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology Letters}, year = {2014}, author = {Bibby, K. and Casson, L. and Stachler, E. and Haas, C.} } @article {2953, title = {Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes infecting humans{\textendash}review of current knowledge}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {9{\textendash}18}, abstract = {Genetic variability in the species group Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato is well recognised as affecting intermediate host susceptibility and other biological features of the parasites. Molecular methods have allowed discrimination of different genotypes (G1-10 and the {\textquoteright}lion strain{\textquoteright}), some of which are now considered separate species. An accumulation of genotypic analyses undertaken on parasite isolates from human cases of cystic echinococcosis provides the basis upon which an assessment is made here of the relative contribution of the different genotypes to human disease. The allocation of samples to G-numbers becomes increasingly difficult, because much more variability than previously recognised exists in the genotypic clusters G1-3 (=E. granulosus sensu stricto) and G6-10 (Echinococcus canadensis). To accommodate the heterogeneous criteria used for genotyping in the literature, we restrict ourselves to differentiate between E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-3), Echinococcus equinus (G4), Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) and E. canadensis (G6-7, G8, G10). The genotype G1 is responsible for the great majority of human cystic echinococcosis worldwide (88.44\%), has the most cosmopolitan distribution and is often associated with transmission via sheep as intermediate hosts. The closely related genotypes G6 and G7 cause a significant number of human infections (11.07\%). The genotype G6 was found to be responsible for 7.34\% of infections worldwide. This strain is known from Africa and Asia, where it is transmitted mainly by camels (and goats), and South America, where it appears to be mainly transmitted by goats. The G7 genotype has been responsible for 3.73\% of human cases of cystic echinococcosis in eastern European countries, where the parasite is transmitted by pigs. Some of the samples (11) could not be identified with a single specific genotype belonging to E. canadensis (G6/10). Rare cases of human cystic echinococcosis have been identified as having been caused by the G5, G8 and G10 genotypes. No cases of human infection with G4 have been described. Biological differences between the species and genotypes have potential to affect the transmission dynamics of the parasite, requiring modification of methods used in disease control initiatives. Recent investigations have revealed that the protective vaccine antigen (EG95), developed for the G1 genotype, is immunologically different in the G6 genotype. Further research will be required to determine whether the current EG95 vaccine would be effective against the G6 or G7 genotypes, or whether it will be necessary, and possible, to develop genotype-specific vaccines.}, keywords = {Animals, Cystic echinococcosis, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Genetic Variation, genotype, Human, Humans, Molecular Epidemiology}, issn = {1879-0135}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.08.008}, author = {Alvarez Rojas, Cristian A. and Romig, Thomas and Lightowlers, Marshall W.} } @article {3052, title = {Echinococcus infections in {Chinese} dogs: a comparison of coproantigen kits}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {88}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {189{\textendash}195}, abstract = {Coproantigen test kits for Echinococcus spp. worms in dogs, designed for commercial use, were obtained from three different Chinese producers, and were compared with a laboratory kit using reagents from New Zealand. None of the three producers would provide details of their test validation. From a known set of dog faeces obtained at necropsy from infected and uninfected dogs, and from faeces collected from dogs necropsied in the field, results differed between the kits. For field material, the Tiankang kit showed the best specificity but lacked sensitivity. The Combined kit showed best sensitivity but lacked specificity. Results for the Haitai kit were intermediate. With samples from experimentally infected dogs, both the Haitai and Combined kits lacked sensitivity. Kits will need to be validated by the user before they can be relied on to predict progress in Echinococcus spp. control in China or in other countries.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, China, Diagnostic, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Feces, Helminth, Reagent Kits, Sensitivity and Specificity, Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1475-2697}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X12000922}, author = {Huang, Y. and Yi, D. Y. and Liu, L. L. and Huang, L. and Yu, W. J. and Wang, Q. and Li, Y. Q. and Han, X. M. and Qiu, D. C. and Wang, H. and Xiao, N. and Wu, W. P. and Heath, D. D.} } @article {3103, title = {Echinococcus multilocularis in {North} {America}: the great unknown}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {21}, year = {2014}, pages = {73}, abstract = {Over the last decade, studies have begun to shed light on the distribution and genetic characterization of Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), in North America. Recent findings indicate that the parasite is likely expanding its range in the central region of the United States and Canada and that invasions of European strains might have occurred. In our review, we present the available data on E. multilocularis infections in wild and domestic animals and humans in North America and emphasize the lack of knowledge on the distribution of the parasite in wild and domestic hosts. Furthermore, we stress the need to better understand the complexity of host communities and their roles in shaping the transmission and distribution of the parasite. We hypothesize that a lack of knowledge about AE by North American physicians might result in the misdiagnosis of cases and an underestimation of disease incidence. The endemic presence of the parasite in urban areas and a recent human case in Alberta, Canada, suggest that the scientific community may need to reconsider the local public health risks, re-assess past cases that might have been overlooked and increase surveillance efforts to identify new cases of human AE.}, keywords = {Animals, Carnivora, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Domestic, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Food Chain, Hepatic, Host Specificity, Humans, Incidence, Internationality, North America, Parasite Egg Count, Population Surveillance, Public health, Risk, Rodent Diseases, Rodentia, rural health, Seasons, Urban Health, Wild, Zoonoses}, issn = {1776-1042}, doi = {10.1051/parasite/2014069}, author = {Massolo, Alessandro and Liccioli, Stefano and Budke, Christine and Klein, Claudia} } @article {3162, title = {Echinococcus multilocularis infections in dogs from urban and peri-urban areas in {France}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {113}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {2219{\textendash}2222}, abstract = {Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, a severe zoonotic disease. It is maintained through a sylvatic life cycle based on predator-prey interactions mainly between foxes and rodents. Dogs are also good definitive hosts; and due to their close proximity to humans, they may represent a major risk factor for the occurrence of human cases. In two medium-sized cities of Eastern France (Annemasse and Pontarlier), located in highly endemic areas, 817 dog feces samples were collected and analyzed by a flotation technique followed by a multiplex PCR assay. For the first time in France, we assessed the presence of E. multilocularis DNA in four dog feces samples, in which it represents an estimated prevalence of 0.5\% (95\% CI; 0.1\% {\textbackslash}textless{\textbackslash}textgreater 1.3\%). Eight other samples presented taeniid infections from three different species (Taenia crassiceps, Taenia serialis, and Taenia polyacantha). When considering both E. multilocularis and Taenia sensu lato, prevalence rose to 0.6\% in Annemasse and 2.6\% in Pontarlier. In this highly endemic context, proper application of the usual deworming recommendations (70\% of the dogs were treated twice a year or more) failed to prevent dog infection, particularly for hunting dogs. Our results stressed the need to adapt treatment to the environmental context and to the specific activity of dogs. Further epidemiological surveys in domestic dogs and cats using this coprological approach are still needed to obtain a better overview of infection and the associated zoonotic risk.}, keywords = {Animals, Cities, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Feces, France, prevalence, Seasons, Urban Population}, issn = {1432-1955}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-014-3875-z}, author = {Umhang, G{\'e}rald and Comte, S{\'e}bastien and Raton, Vincent and Hormaz, Vanessa and Boucher, Jean-Marc and Favier, St{\'e}phanie and Combes, Beno{\^\i}t and Bou{\'e}, Franck} } @article {12229, title = {Effect of manure application on abundance of antibiotic resistance genes and their attenuation rates in soil: field-scale mass balance approach}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {Mar 4}, pages = {2643-50}, isbn = {1520-5851 (Electronic)
0013-936X (Linking)}, author = {Fahrenfeld, N. and Knowlton, K. and Krometis, L. A. and Hession, W. C. and Xia, K. and Lipscomb, E. and Libuit, K. and Green, B. L. and Pruden, A.} } @article {13058, title = {Effect of siting boreholes and septic tanks on groundwater quality in St. Bonaventure Township of Lusaka District, Zambia}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Sciences Toxic Research}, volume = {2}, number = {9}, year = {2014}, pages = {191{\textendash}198}, author = {L J Banda and A R Mbewe and Nzala, Selestine H and Halwindi, Hikabasa} } @article {8884, title = {Effect of source water quality on solar disinfection rate under multiple experimental conditions}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {714-719}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2043-9083}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2014.120}, url = {://WOS:000348330400018 http://washdev.iwaponline.com/content/ppiwajwshd/4/4/714.full.pdf}, author = {Ahammed, M. M. and Dave, S.} } @mastersthesis {6243, title = {Effect of the 2007 peanut butter recall on consumers{\textquoteright} brand choices}, year = {2014}, note = {1583385}, school = {Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This research evaluated the effects of peanut butter recall event in 2007 on the U.S peanut butter market and consumers{\textquoteright} brand preferences. With Nielsen Homescan data from July 2006 till March 2008 covering all the purchasing trips by U.S. households, we apply discrete choice model to detect and measure the impacts of the food recall event happening in U.S. peanut butter market initiated in February 2007. To set the stage for estimation, we also examine the effects separately by three periods: pre-, during- and post-recall periods. The objectives of this study are twofold: (a) investigate whether the peanut butter recall event has great impact on customer preferences and purchasing declines for some brands or in the scale of whole market; (b) with the rich information of demographic characteristics in our data, we want to detect any association between changes of purchasing behavior and demographic variables. The findings suggest that due to the recall event, customers changed their purchasing behavior and brand preference among national, store and especially the recalled brands. Purchasing of recalled brand has declined due to food safety alert during the event, yet it recovered to a lower level to pre-event after the recall period. It was also observed that positive spill-over effects existed for non-recalled brands. National brands benefits more than store brands. After the event, store brands suffer from some loss in market share compared with national brands. Results of my study suggest food safety issue has drawn great attention from customers backwards to manufactures along the supply chain. It is very important to inform customers about potential hazards and safety issue in food products. It is also important to monitoring food producing and processing procedures from the manufacture side with a well-developed hygiene monitoring system. Asymmetric spill-over effect exists between non-recalled national and store brands, thus different marketing strategies are necessary for strong and weak brands to maintain and regain market share. Additionally, recalled brands could regain customer confidence. It is quite useful to identify various customer groups by their demographic characteristics, then to apply corresponding marketing strategies to restore consumers{\textquoteright} confidence towards recalled brands. In all, it is highly recommended to prevent food safety hazards from happening before they come out of the plants and to keep information clear to customer once recall happens.}, keywords = {0338:Marketing, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Brand preference, Conditional logit model, Marketing, Peanut butter, Product recalls, Social sciences, Willingness to pay}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1654740673?accountid=14270}, author = {Duan, Wei} } @article {3626, title = {Effectiveness and impact of rotavirus vaccines in the United States - 2006-2012.}, journal = {Expert Review of Vaccines}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {365{\textendash}376}, abstract = {

Prior to the introduction of rotavirus vaccines in 2006, rotavirus was the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis among \{\{\}US\{\}\} children \{{\textbackslash}textless\}5 years of age. In the first 7 years of vaccine use, both recommended rotavirus vaccines \{\{\}(RotaTeq\{\}\} \{\{\}[RV5]\{\}\} and Rotarix \{\{\}[RV1])\{\}\} have been shown to be highly effective in preventing outcomes of severe disease in \{\{\}US\{\}\} children in a variety of settings. In addition, substantial decreases in severe diarrheal disease in \{\{\}US\{\}\} children, exceeding the level expected based on vaccine coverage, as well as the extension of benefits to older age groups ineligible for vaccination have demonstrated both the direct and indirect impacts of vaccination in the \{\{\}USA.\{\}\}

}, doi = {10.1586/14760584.2014.877846}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14760584.2014.877846}, author = {Rha, Brian and Tate, Jacqueline E and Payne, Daniel C and Cortese, Margaret M and Lopman, Benjamin A and Curns, Aaron T and Parashar, Umesh D} } @article {3815, title = {Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in {Odisha}, {India}: a cluster-randomised trial.}, journal = {Lancet Global Health}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {e645{\textendash}e653}, doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9.}, author = {Clasen, T and Boisson, S and et al. Routray, P} } @article {15970, title = {{Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial}}, journal = {The Lancet Global Health}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {e645{\textendash}e653}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {BACKGROUND A third of the 2{\textperiodcentered}5 billion people worldwide without access to improved sanitation live in India, as do two-thirds of the 1{\textperiodcentered}1 billion practising open defecation and a quarter of the 1{\textperiodcentered}5 million who die annually from diarrhoeal diseases. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of a rural sanitation intervention, within the context of the Government of India{\textquoteright}s Total Sanitation Campaign, to prevent diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition. METHODS We did a cluster-randomised controlled trial between May 20, 2010, and Dec 22, 2013, in 100 rural villages in Odisha, India. Households within villages were eligible if they had a child younger than 4 years or a pregnant woman. Villages were randomly assigned (1:1), with a computer-generated sequence, to undergo latrine promotion and construction or to receive no intervention (control). Randomisation was stratified by administrative block to ensure an equal number of intervention and control villages in each block. Masking of participants was not possible because of the nature of the intervention. However, households were not told explicitly that the purpose of enrolment was to study the effect of a trial intervention, and the surveillance team was different from the intervention team. The primary endpoint was 7-day prevalence of reported diarrhoea in children younger than 5 years. We did intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01214785. FINDINGS We randomly assigned 50 villages to the intervention group and 50 villages to the control group. There were 4586 households (24 969 individuals) in intervention villages and 4894 households (25 982 individuals) in control villages. The intervention increased mean village-level latrine coverage from 9{\%} of households to 63{\%}, compared with an increase from 8{\%} to 12{\%} in control villages. Health surveillance data were obtained from 1437 households with children younger than 5 years in the intervention group (1919 children younger than 5 years), and from 1465 households (1916 children younger than 5 years) in the control group. 7-day prevalence of reported diarrhoea in children younger than 5 years was 8{\textperiodcentered}8{\%} in the intervention group and 9{\textperiodcentered}1{\%} in the control group (period prevalence ratio 0{\textperiodcentered}97, 95{\%} CI 0{\textperiodcentered}83{\textendash}1{\textperiodcentered}12). 162 participants died in the intervention group (11 children younger than 5 years) and 151 died in the control group (13 children younger than 5 years). INTERPRETATION Increased latrine coverage is generally believed to be effective for reducing exposure to faecal pathogens and preventing disease; however, our results show that this outcome cannot be assumed. As efforts to improve sanitation are being undertaken worldwide, approaches should not only meet international coverage targets, but should also be implemented in a way that achieves uptake, reduces exposure, and delivers genuine health gains. FUNDING Bill {\&} Melinda Gates Foundation, International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), and Department for International Development-backed SHARE Research Consortium at the London School of Hygiene {\&} Tropical Medicine.}, issn = {2214-109X}, doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214109X14703079}, author = {Clasen, Thomas and Boisson, Sophie and Routray, Parimita and Torondel, Belen and Bell, Melissa and Cumming, Oliver and Ensink, Jeroen and Freeman, Matthew and Jenkins, Marion and Odagiri, Mitsunori and Ray, Subhajyoti and Sinha, Antara and Suar, Mrutyunjay and Schmidt, Wolf-Peter} } @article {16666, title = {Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in {Odisha}, {India}: a cluster-randomised trial}, journal = {The Lancet Global Health}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {e645{\textendash}e653}, author = {Clasen, Thomas and Boisson, Sophie and Routray, Parimita and Torondel, Belen and Bell, Melissa and Cumming, Oliver and Ensink, Jeroen and Freeman, Matthew and Jenkins, Marion and Odagiri, Mitsunori and others} } @article {12920, title = {Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial}, journal = {The Lancet Global Health}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {e645{\textendash}e653}, author = {Clasen, Thomas and Boisson, Sophie and Routray, Parimita and Torondel, Belen and Bell, Melissa and Cumming, Oliver and Ensink, Jeroen and Freeman, Matthew and Jenkins, Marion and Odagiri, Mitsunori and others} } @article {3469, title = {{Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial.}}, journal = {Lancet Global Health}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {e645{\textendash}e653}, doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9.}, author = {Clasen, T and Boisson, S and et al. Routray, P} } @article {8332, title = {{Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha , India : a cluster-randomised trial}}, journal = {The Lancet Global Health}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {e645{\textendash}e653}, publisher = {Clasen et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND}, issn = {2214-109X}, doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9}, author = {Clasen, Thomas and Boisson, Sophie and Routray, Parimita and Torondel, Belen and Bell, Melissa and Cumming, Oliver and Ensink, Jeroen and Freeman, Matthew and Jenkins, Marion and Odagiri, M. and Ray, S. and Sinha, A. and Suar, M. and Schmidt, W-P.} } @article {3786, title = {Effectiveness of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine in {Colombia}: a case-control study.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {32}, number = {25}, year = {2014}, pages = {3035{\textendash}3040}, abstract = {To assess the effectiveness of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine \{\{\}(RV1)\{\}\} to prevent rotavirus diarrhea admissions to emergency departments \{\{\}(ED)\{\}\} in Colombia.}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.064}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.064}, author = {Karol, Cotes-Cantillo and Angel, Paternina-Caicedo and Wilfrido, Coronell-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Nelson, Alvis-Guzm{\'a}n and Parashar, Umesh D and Patel, Manish and la Hoz-Restrepo, Fernando, De} } @article {296, title = {Effectiveness of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine in Colombia: a case-control study.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {32}, number = {25}, year = {2014}, pages = {3035-3040}, abstract = {To assess the effectiveness of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine {(RV1)} to prevent rotavirus diarrhea admissions to emergency departments {(ED)} in Colombia.}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.064}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.064}, author = {Cotes-Cantillo, Karol and Paternina-Caicedo, Angel and Coronell-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Wilfrido and Alvis-Guzm{\'a}n, Nelson and Parashar, Umesh D and Patel, Manish and De la Hoz-Restrepo, Fernando} } @article {2482, title = {Effectiveness of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine in Colombia: a case-control study.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {32}, number = {25}, year = {2014}, pages = {3035-3040}, abstract = {To assess the effectiveness of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine {(RV1)} to prevent rotavirus diarrhea admissions to emergency departments {(ED)} in Colombia.}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.064}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.064}, author = {Cotes-Cantillo, Karol and Paternina-Caicedo, Angel and Coronell-Rodr{\'\i}guez, Wilfrido and Alvis-Guzm{\'a}n, Nelson and Parashar, Umesh D and Patel, Manish and De la Hoz-Restrepo, Fernando} } @article {6154, title = {Effects of 15-year application of municipal wastewater on microbial biomass, faecal pollution indicators, and heavy metals in a Tunisian calcareous soil}, journal = {Journal of soils and sediments}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {155-163}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Hidri, Yassine and Fourti, Olfa and Eturki, Saifeddine and Jedidi, Naceur and Charef, Abdelkarim and Hassen, Abdennaceur} } @inbook {4495, title = {Effects of rainfall events on the occurrence and detection efficiency of viruses in river water impacted by combined sewer overflows}, booktitle = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {468-469}, year = {2014}, pages = {757{\textendash}63}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Hata, A. and Katayama, H. and Kojima, K. and Sano, S. and Kasuga, I. and Kitajima, M. and Furumai, H.} } @article {14657, title = {Effects of rainfall events on the occurrence and detection efficiency of viruses in river water impacted by combined sewer overflows}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {468-469}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {757{\textendash}63}, abstract = {Rainfall events can introduce large amount of microbial contaminants including human enteric viruses into surface water by intermittent discharges from combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of rainfall events on viral loads in surface waters impacted by CSO and the reliability of molecular methods for detection of enteric viruses. The reliability of virus detection in the samples was assessed by using process controls for virus concentration, nucleic acid extraction and reverse transcription (RT)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) steps, which allowed accurate estimation of virus detection efficiencies. Recovery efficiencies of poliovirus in river water samples collected during rainfall events ({\textless}10\%) were lower than those during dry weather conditions ({\textgreater}10\%). The log10-transformed virus concentration efficiency was negatively correlated with suspended solid concentration (r(2)=0.86) that increased significantly during rainfall events. Efficiencies of DNA extraction and qPCR steps determined with adenovirus type 5 and a primer sharing control, respectively, were lower in dry weather. However, no clear relationship was observed between organic water quality parameters and efficiencies of these two steps. Observed concentrations of indigenous enteric adenoviruses, GII-noroviruses, enteroviruses, and Aichi viruses increased during rainfall events even though the virus concentration efficiency was presumed to be lower than in dry weather. The present study highlights the importance of using appropriate process controls to evaluate accurately the concentration of water borne enteric viruses in natural waters impacted by wastewater discharge, stormwater, and CSOs.}, keywords = {*Rain, *Waste Disposal, Fluid, Nonparametric, Population Dynamics, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rivers/*virology, Sewage/*virology, Species Specificity, Statistics, Viruses/*genetics}, issn = {1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.093}, author = {Hata, A. and Katayama, H. and Kojima, K. and Sano, S. and Kasuga, I. and Kitajima, M. and Furumai, H.} } @article {14976, title = {Effects of rainfall events on the occurrence and detection efficiency of viruses in river water impacted by combined sewer overflows}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {468-469}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {757{\textendash}63}, abstract = {Rainfall events can introduce large amount of microbial contaminants including human enteric viruses into surface water by intermittent discharges from combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of rainfall events on viral loads in surface waters impacted by CSO and the reliability of molecular methods for detection of enteric viruses. The reliability of virus detection in the samples was assessed by using process controls for virus concentration, nucleic acid extraction and reverse transcription (RT)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) steps, which allowed accurate estimation of virus detection efficiencies. Recovery efficiencies of poliovirus in river water samples collected during rainfall events ({\textbackslash}textless10\%) were lower than those during dry weather conditions ({\textbackslash}textgreater10\%). The log10-transformed virus concentration efficiency was negatively correlated with suspended solid concentration (r(2)=0.86) that increased significantly during rainfall events. Efficiencies of DNA extraction and qPCR steps determined with adenovirus type 5 and a primer sharing control, respectively, were lower in dry weather. However, no clear relationship was observed between organic water quality parameters and efficiencies of these two steps. Observed concentrations of indigenous enteric adenoviruses, GII-noroviruses, enteroviruses, and Aichi viruses increased during rainfall events even though the virus concentration efficiency was presumed to be lower than in dry weather. The present study highlights the importance of using appropriate process controls to evaluate accurately the concentration of water borne enteric viruses in natural waters impacted by wastewater discharge, stormwater, and CSOs.}, keywords = {*Rain, *Waste Disposal, Fluid, Nonparametric, Population Dynamics, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rivers/*virology, Sewage/*virology, Species Specificity, Statistics, Viruses/*genetics}, issn = {1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.093}, author = {Hata, A. and Katayama, H. and Kojima, K. and Sano, S. and Kasuga, I. and Kitajima, M. and Furumai, H.} } @mastersthesis {6335, title = {The effects of selected non-thermal interventions on various aspects of the hydrolysis of sodium caseinate by {Protamex}}, year = {2014}, note = {1570440}, school = {University College Dublin (Ireland)}, type = {phdM.{Agr}.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In this thesis the potential applications of non-thermal technologies, including pulsed electric fields, low frequency ultrasound and high pressure, at various stages in the production process of protein hydrolysates were investigated. These technologies have the potential to induce structural changes at a molecular level to protein substrates. The first area investigated was the use of selected non-thermal technologies as pre-treatments for a caseinate substrate prior to enzyme hydrolysis. It has been shown by other authors that pulsed electric field, low frequency ultrasound and high pressure treatments can induce protein denaturation under specific settings and this may increase their susceptibility to subsequent hydrolysis. The pre-treatments of 10\% (w/v) sodium caseinate employed were: pulsed electric field treatment of 34 kV cm-1 with a total specific energy of 276.81 kJ kg-1, low frequency ultrasound at a frequency of 20 kHz (amplitudes of 170 μm and 136 μm) and a high pressure treatment of 400 MPa, each applied for 30 minutes. The results from this investigation indicated that low frequency ultrasound applied for 30 minutes at an amplitude of 136 μm is the most promising pre-treatment as a {\textasciitilde}33\% reduction in the hydrolysis time was achieved, while all other pre-treatments investigated had, at best, a marginal effect on the hydrolysis rate. Low frequency ultrasound (24 kHz) was also applied during enzymatic hydrolysis of sodium caseinate to investigate if the cavitational effect could lead to increased mixing in the system, thus leading to an enhanced rate of hydrolysis. Amplitudes of 20, 40 and 60 μm were investigated with stirring speeds ranging from 100-600 rpm and protein concentrations of 5-15\%. It was found that the rate of the hydrolysis could be enhanced by applying ultrasound but only under very specific conditions. For a stirring speed of 400 rpm with a protein concentration of 10\% (w/v), application of ultrasound at amplitudes of 20 μm and 40 μm decreased the hydrolysis time by {\textasciitilde}25\% and {\textasciitilde}45\% respectively. All other ultrasound conditions investigated lead to either an increased hydrolysis time or had a marginal effect over the control indicating that there is a narrow optimum range of conditions in which this phenomenon occurs. Finally high pressure was compared to thermal treatments as a means to inactivate enzyme activity (e.g. for the termination of a hydrolysis reaction). The enzyme, Protamex{\textregistered}, was subjected to thermal and high pressure treatments when dispersed in water or in a 10\% (w/v) sodium caseinate substrate solution. The presence of the caseinate substantially increased the stability of the enzyme to heat treatment. Similarly the enzyme was more pressure susceptible in water than in the presence of sodium caseinate, again indicating a protective effect of the substrate. Over 90\% inactivation was achieved at pressures >=400 MPa with holding times of 30 minutes in water, whereas this level of inactivation required 600 MPa in the sodium caseinate solution. No significant inactivation occurred at pressures {\textless}400 MPa. During the course of this work it became apparent that these non-thermal technologies only have a positive effect on hydrolysis under a very narrow range of conditions and careful process optimisation is required. All of the investigations conducted were also at laboratory scale and up-scaling of these experiments may result in different outcomes.}, keywords = {0359:Food Science, Biological sciences, Enzyme, Food Science, High pressure, Protein hydrolysis, Pulsed electric fields, Sodium caseinate, Ultrasound}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1629828655?accountid=14270}, author = {Holton, Mairead} } @article {6952, title = {Effects of ultraviolet light disinfection on tetracycline-resistant bacteria in wastewater effluents}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {sep}, pages = {404}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.257}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2013.257}, author = {Childress, H. and Sullivan, B. and Kaur, J. and Karthikeyan, R.} } @article {9060, title = {{Effects of ultraviolet light disinfection on tetracycline-resistant bacteria in wastewater effluents}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {404{\textendash}409}, abstract = {The ubiquitous use of antibiotics has led to an increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, including strains that are multidrug-resistant, pathogenic, or both. There is also evidence to suggest that antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) spread to the environment, humans, and animals through wastewater effluents. The overall objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light disinfection on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Wastewater effluent samples from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Texas were evaluated for differences in tetracycline-resistant bacteria before and after UV treatment. The effects of photoreactivation or dark repair on the reactivation of bacteria present in WWTP effluent after UV disinfection were also examined. Culturebased methods were used to characterize viable heterotrophic, tetracycline-resistant heterotrophic, Escherichia coli, and tetracycline-resistant E. coli bacteria present before and after UV treatment. UV disinfection was found to be as effective at reducing concentrations of resistant heterotrophs and E. coli, as it was at reducing total bacterial concentrations. The lowest survival ratio following UV disinfection was observed in tetracycline-resistant E. coli showing particular susceptibility to UV treatment. Photoreactivation and dark repair rates were found to be comparable to each other for all bacterial populations. {\{}{\textcopyright}{\}} IWA Publishing 2014.}, keywords = {Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, Disinfection, Reactivation, wastewater}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print){\$}\backslash{\$}r1477-8920 (Linking)}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.257}, author = {Childress, H and Sullivan, B and Kaur, J and Karthikeyan, R} } @article {15819, title = {Efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide Tablets on Inactivation of Cryptosporidium Oocysts}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/05/20}, pages = {5849-5856}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Murphy, Jennifer L. and Haas, Charles N. and Arrowood, Michael J. and Hlavsa, Michele C. and Beach, Michael J. and Hill, Vincent R.} } @article {16835, title = {Efficacy of chlorine dioxide tablets on inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {48}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, pages = {5849{\textendash}5856}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Murphy, Jennifer L and Haas, Charles N and Arrowood, Michael J and Hlavsa, Michele C and Beach, Michael J and Hill, Vincent R} } @article {4880, title = {{Efficacy of wash solutions in recovering Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Toxoplasma gondii from basil}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {77}, year = {2014}, pages = {1348{\textendash}1354}, author = {Chandra, V and Torres, M and Ortega, YR} } @article {1950, title = {Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of an enterovirus 71 vaccine in China}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {370}, number = {9}, year = {2014}, note = {Zhu, Fengcai Xu, Wenbo Xia, Jielai Liang, Zhenglun Liu, Yan Zhang, Xuefeng Tan, Xiaojuan Wang, Ling Mao, Qunying Wu, Junyu Hu, Yuemei Ji, Tianjiao Song, Lifei Liang, Qi Zhang, Baomin Gao, Qiang Li, Jingxin Wang, Shenyu Hu, Yuansheng Gu, Shanru Zhang, Jianhua Yao, Genhong Gu, Jianxiang Wang, Xushan Zhou, Yuchun Chen, Changbiao Zhang, Minglei Cao, Minquan Wang, Junzhi Wang, Hua Wang, Nan eng Clinical Trial, Phase III Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2014/02/28 06:00 N Engl J Med. 2014 Feb 27;370(9):818-28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1304923.}, pages = {818-28}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative agents of outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease or herpangina worldwide. This phase 3 trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of an EV71 vaccine. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial in which 10,007 healthy infants and young children (6 to 35 months of age) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two intramuscular doses of either EV71 vaccine or placebo, 28 days apart. The surveillance period was 12 months. The primary end point was the occurrence of EV71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease or herpangina. RESULTS: During the 12-month surveillance period, EV71-associated disease was identified in 0.3\% of vaccine recipients (13 of 5041 children) and 2.1\% of placebo recipients (106 of 5028 children) in the intention-to-treat cohort. The vaccine efficacy against EV71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease or herpangina was 94.8\% (95\% confidence interval [CI], 87.2 to 97.9; P\<0.001) in this cohort. Vaccine efficacies against EV71-associated hospitalization (0 cases vs. 24 cases) and hand, foot, and mouth disease with neurologic complications (0 cases vs. 8 cases) were both 100\% (95\% CI, 83.7 to 100 and 42.6 to 100, respectively). Serious adverse events occurred in 111 of 5044 children in the vaccine group (2.2\%) and 131 of 5033 children in the placebo group (2.6\%). In the immunogenicity subgroup (1291 children), an anti-EV71 immune response was elicited by the two-dose vaccine series in 98.8\% of participants at day 56. An anti-EV71 neutralizing antibody titer of 1:16 was associated with protection against EV71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease or herpangina. CONCLUSIONS: The EV71 vaccine provided protection against EV71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease or herpangina in infants and young children. (Funded by Sinovac Biotech; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01507857.).

}, keywords = {Antibodies, Foot and Mouth Disease/immunology/*prevention \& control Herpangina/*prevention \& control Humans Infant Injections, Human/genetics/*immunology Female Hand, Inactivated Viral Vaccines/administration \& dosage/adverse effects/*immunology, Intramuscular Male Vaccines, Neutralizing/blood Antibodies, Preschool China Double-Blind Method Enterovirus A, Viral/blood Child}, issn = {1533-4406 (Electronic) 0028-4793 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa1304923}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24571754}, author = {Zhu, F. and Xu, W. and Xia, J. and Liang, Z. and Liu, Y. and Zhang, X. and Tan, X. and Wang, L. and Mao, Q. and Wu, J. and Hu, Y. and Ji, T. and Song, L. and Liang, Q. and Zhang, B. and Gao, Q. and Li, J. and Wang, S. and Hu, Y. and Gu, S. and Zhang, J. and Yao, G. and Gu, J. and Wang, X. and Zhou, Y. and Chen, C. and Zhang, M. and Cao, M. and Wang, J. and Wang, H. and Wang, N.} } @conference {17080, title = {Efficiency of indicator bacteria removal in a wastewater treatment plant (Algiers, Algeria)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference}, year = {2014}, pages = {503{\textendash}509}, author = {Hamaidi, Mohand Said and Hamaidi-Chergui, Fella and Errahmani, Mohamed Brahim and Lamroussi, Asma and Benmira, Hanene} } @article {3072, title = {Egg intensity and freeze-thawing of fecal samples affect sensitivity of {Echinococcus} multilocularis detection by {PCR}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {113}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {3867{\textendash}3873}, abstract = {Echinococcus multilocularis is one of the most relevant zoonotic parasites with about 18,000 human cases per year. Its detection in wild host is crucial for disease prevention. The present study aimed to determine factors affecting the sensitivity of E. multilocularis detection by PCR using DNA extracted from fecal samples of coyotes (Canis latrans). Fecal samples were screened for the presence of Taeniidae eggs through centrifugation and sedimentation. DNA was extracted from fecal samples with and without prior freeze-thawing of the sample and then subjected to PCR targeting a mitochondrial gene (nad1) and a multi-loci microsatellite marker (EmsB). The presence of PCR inhibitors was determined through internal amplification control. Subjecting the sample to repeated freeze-thaw cycles significantly increased the sensitivity of the PCR by 20\%. Likewise, egg intensity had a significant effect on PCR, an effect which was more pronounced for samples not subjected to freeze-thawing. Two or more eggs per gram of feces significantly increased the odds for a positive PCR outcome. The presence of PCR inhibitors had no effect on PCR in samples subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, whereas in samples not subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, the presence of PCR inhibitors was associated with a 0.78 lower odds ratio of positive PCR outcome. Targeting a nuclear versus a mitochondrial gene did not have a significant effect on the sensitivity of PCR. We recommend freeze-thawing samples prior to DNA extraction to become a standard procedure for E. multilocularis detection in canid feces.}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Nucleus, Coyotes, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Feces, Freezing, Genes, Microsatellite Repeats, Mitochondrial, Parasite Egg Count, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Specimen Handling}, issn = {1432-1955}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-014-4055-x}, author = {Klein, C. and Liccioli, S. and Massolo, A.} } @article {16333, title = {El Ni{\~n}o Southern Oscillation and leptospirosis outbreaks in New Caledonia}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {e2798}, author = {Weinberger, D. and Baroux, N. and Grangeon, J.-P. and Ko, A.I. and Goarant, C.} } @article {9022, title = {Electromagnetic fields for the treatments of wastewater: a review of applications and future opportunities}, journal = {Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {8}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {3711-9}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Yadollahpour, Ali and Rashidi, Samaneh and Ghotbeddin, Zohre} } @article {12304, title = {Elevation of antibiotic resistance genes at cold temperatures: implications for winter storage of sludge and biosolids}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {587-593}, isbn = {1472-765X}, author = {Miller, JH and Novak, JT and Knocke, WR and Pruden, A} } @article {8334, title = {{The elusive effect of water and sanitation on the global burden of disease}}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {522{\textendash}527}, keywords = {disease burden, sanitation, water}, doi = {10.1111/tmi.12286}, author = {Schmidt, Wolf-Peter} } @article {15989, title = {{The elusive effect of water and sanitation on the global burden of disease}}, journal = {Tropical Medicine {\&} International Health}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {may}, pages = {522{\textendash}527}, publisher = {Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111)}, keywords = {disease burden, sanitation, water}, issn = {13602276}, doi = {10.1111/tmi.12286}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/tmi.12286}, author = {Schmidt, Wolf-Peter} } @article {16256, title = {The emergence of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Arborea as the dominant infecting serovar following the summer of natural disasters in Queensland, Australia 2011}, journal = {Trop BiomedTrop BiomedTrop Biomed}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {Jun}, pages = {281-5}, edition = {2014/08/20}, isbn = {0127-5720 (Print)
0127-5720 (Linking)}, author = {Wynwood, S. J. and Craig, S. B. and Graham, G. C. and Blair, B. R. and Burns, M. A. and Weier, S. L. and Collet, T. A. and McKay, D. B.} } @article {13123, title = {Emergence of VIM-producing Aeromonas caviae in Israeli hospitals}, journal = {The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, volume = {69}, year = {2014}, pages = {1211-1214}, author = {Adler, A. and Assous, M. V. and Paikin, S. and Shulman, A. and Miller-Roll, T. and Hillel, S. and Aronov, R. and Carmeli, Y. and Schwaber, M.} } @article {12063, title = {Emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases: a review of key characteristics, risk factors, and the policy and innovation environment}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, note = {Mackey, Tim K
Liang, Bryan A
Cuomo, Raphael
Hafen, Ryan
Brouwer, Kimberly C
Lee, Daniel E
eng
Review
2014/10/04 06:00
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014 Oct;27(4):949-79. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00045-14.}, month = {Oct}, pages = {949-79}, abstract = {In global health, critical challenges have arisen from infectious diseases, including the emergence and reemergence of old and new infectious diseases. Emergence and reemergence are accelerated by rapid human development, including numerous changes in demographics, populations, and the environment. This has also led to zoonoses in the changing human-animal ecosystem, which are impacted by a growing globalized society where pathogens do not recognize geopolitical borders. Within this context, neglected tropical infectious diseases have historically lacked adequate attention in international public health efforts, leading to insufficient prevention and treatment options. This subset of 17 infectious tropical diseases disproportionately impacts the world{\textquoteright}s poorest, represents a significant and underappreciated global disease burden, and is a major barrier to development efforts to alleviate poverty and improve human health. Neglected tropical diseases that are also categorized as emerging or reemerging infectious diseases are an even more serious threat and have not been adequately examined or discussed in terms of their unique risk characteristics. This review sets out to identify emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases and explore the policy and innovation environment that could hamper or enable control efforts. Through this examination, we hope to raise awareness and guide potential approaches to addressing this global health concern.}, keywords = {Animals, Communicable Disease Control/economics/legislation \& jurisprudence, Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology, environment, Global Health, Health Policy, Humans, Neglected Diseases/*epidemiology, Risk Factors, Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses/epidemiology}, isbn = {1098-6618 (Electronic)
0893-8512 (Linking)}, author = {Mackey, T. K. and Liang, B. A. and Cuomo, R. and Hafen, R. and Brouwer, K. C. and Lee, D. E.} } @article {16555, title = {Emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases: a review of key characteristics, risk factors, and the policy and innovation environment}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Rev}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {949{\textendash}79}, abstract = {In global health, critical challenges have arisen from infectious diseases, including the emergence and reemergence of old and new infectious diseases. Emergence and reemergence are accelerated by rapid human development, including numerous changes in demographics, populations, and the environment. This has also led to zoonoses in the changing human-animal ecosystem, which are impacted by a growing globalized society where pathogens do not recognize geopolitical borders. Within this context, neglected tropical infectious diseases have historically lacked adequate attention in international public health efforts, leading to insufficient prevention and treatment options. This subset of 17 infectious tropical diseases disproportionately impacts the world{\textquoteright}s poorest, represents a significant and underappreciated global disease burden, and is a major barrier to development efforts to alleviate poverty and improve human health. Neglected tropical diseases that are also categorized as emerging or reemerging infectious diseases are an even more serious threat and have not been adequately examined or discussed in terms of their unique risk characteristics. This review sets out to identify emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases and explore the policy and innovation environment that could hamper or enable control efforts. Through this examination, we hope to raise awareness and guide potential approaches to addressing this global health concern.}, keywords = {Animals, Communicable Disease Control/economics/legislation \& jurisprudence, Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology, environment, Global Health, Health Policy, Humans, Neglected Diseases/*epidemiology, Risk Factors, Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses/epidemiology}, issn = {1098-6618 (Electronic) 0893-8512 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00045-14}, author = {Mackey, T. K. and Liang, B. A. and Cuomo, R. and Hafen, R. and Brouwer, K. C. and Lee, D. E.} } @article {13030, title = {Emptying, Transportation and Disposal of feacal sludge in informal settlements of Kampala Uganda: the economics of sanitation}, journal = {Habitat International}, volume = {42}, year = {2014}, pages = {69{\textendash}75}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Murungi, Caroline and Meine P van Dijk} } @article {15147, title = {Emptying, {Transportation} and {Disposal} of feacal sludge in informal settlements of {Kampala} {Uganda}: the economics of sanitation}, journal = {Habitat International}, volume = {42}, year = {2014}, pages = {69{\textendash}75}, author = {Murungi, Caroline and Meine P van Dijk} } @book {2327, title = {{Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology}}, series = {Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology}, year = {2014}, pages = {408{\textendash}414}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {London, UK}, abstract = {The four species of Shigella cause shigellosis (bacillary dysentery), an acute infection in the intestine associated with mild to bloody diarrhea. Worldwide, there are over 120 million cases of shigellosis with an estimated 600000 deaths attributed to this pathogen annually. Some of the notable characteristics include a very low infectious dose; the route of transmission via the fecal{\textendash}oral route with the potential for rapid dissemination through a population; and humans as the primary host. Shigellae are formidable pathogens with a well-characterized genetic system required for virulence. These pathogens are not indigenous to any food and are most often introduced into foods during or after processing or packaging; a common route of contamination of foods is food handlers, usually with poor personal hygiene. Shigella species survive in many foods but are a challenge to isolate from different food matrices. Methods for the isolation and detection of Shigella from foods include bacteriological culturing and molecular-based assays.}, keywords = {Enterobacteriaceae, Enteroinvasive E. coli, Foodborne illness, Foodborne outbreaks, Pathogen, Shigella, Shigellosis, Virulence plasmid}, isbn = {9780123847331}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-384730-0.00308-6}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123847300003086}, author = {Lampel, K.A.}, editor = {Robinson, R} } @book {14124, title = {Encyclopedia of {Food} {Microbiology}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {London, UK}, abstract = {The four species of Shigella cause shigellosis (bacillary dysentery), an acute infection in the intestine associated with mild to bloody diarrhea. Worldwide, there are over 120 million cases of shigellosis with an estimated 600000 deaths attributed to this pathogen annually. Some of the notable characteristics include a very low infectious dose; the route of transmission via the fecal{\textendash}oral route with the potential for rapid dissemination through a population; and humans as the primary host. Shigellae are formidable pathogens with a well-characterized genetic system required for virulence. These pathogens are not indigenous to any food and are most often introduced into foods during or after processing or packaging; a common route of contamination of foods is food handlers, usually with poor personal hygiene. Shigella species survive in many foods but are a challenge to isolate from different food matrices. Methods for the isolation and detection of Shigella from foods include bacteriological culturing and molecular-based assays.}, keywords = {Enterobacteriaceae, Enteroinvasive E. coli, Foodborne illness, Foodborne outbreaks, Pathogen, Shigella, Shigellosis, Virulence plasmid}, isbn = {978-0-12-384733-1}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123847300003086}, author = {Lampel, K.A.}, editor = {Robinson, R} } @article {6595, title = {Ending open defecation in rural {Tanzania}: which factors facilitate latrine adoption?}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, year = {2014}, month = {sep}, pages = {9854{\textendash}9870}, abstract = {Diarrheal diseases account for 7\% of deaths in children under five years of age in Tanzania. Improving sanitation is an essential step towards reducing these deaths. This secondary analysis examined rural Tanzanian households{\textquoteright} sanitation behaviors and attitudes in order to identify barriers and drivers to latrine adoption. The analysis was conducted using results from a cross-sectional study of 1000 households in five rural districts of Tanzania. Motivating factors, perceptions, and constraints surrounding open defecation and latrine adoption were assessed using behavioral change theory. Results showed a significant association between use of improved sanitation and satisfaction with current sanitation facility (OR: 5.91; CI: 2.95-11.85; p = 0.008). Livestock-keeping was strongly associated with practicing open defecation (OR: 0.22; CI 0.063-0.75; p {\textless} 0.001). Of the 93 total households that practiced open defecation, 79 (85\%) were dissatisfied with the practice, 62 (67\%) had plans to build a latrine and 17 (18\%) had started saving for a latrine. Among households that planned to build a latrine, health was the primary reason stated (60\%). The inability to pay for upgrading sanitation infrastructure was commonly reported among the households. Future efforts should consider methods to reduce costs and ease payments for households to upgrade sanitation infrastructure. Messages to increase demand for latrine adoption in rural Tanzania should integrate themes of privacy, safety, prestige and health. Findings indicate a need for lower cost sanitation options and financing strategies to increase household ability to adopt sanitation facilities.}, keywords = {Adult, Attitudes, Cross-Sectional Studies, Defecation, Health Knowledge, Humans, Middle Aged, Practice, Rural Population, sanitation, Tanzania, Toilet Facilities, Young Adult}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph110909854}, author = {Sara, Stephen and Graham, Jay} } @article {11313, title = {Environmental contamination by canine geohelminths}, journal = {Parasites \& Vectors}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {67}, author = {Traversa, D and Frangipane di Regalbono, A and Di Cesare, A and La Torre, F and Drake, J and Pietrobelli, M} } @article {15356, title = {Environmental DNA for wildlife biology and biodiversity monitoring}, journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, note = {Journal Article
Review
England}, month = {Jun}, pages = {358-67}, abstract = {

Extraction and identification of DNA from an environmental sample has proven noteworthy recently in detecting and monitoring not only common species, but also those that are endangered, invasive, or elusive. Particular attributes of so-called environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis render it a potent tool for elucidating mechanistic insights in ecological and evolutionary processes. Foremost among these is an improved ability to explore ecosystem-level processes, the generation of quantitative indices for analyses of species, community diversity, and dynamics, and novel opportunities through the use of time-serial samples and unprecedented sensitivity for detecting rare or difficult-to-sample taxa. Although technical challenges remain, here we examine the current frontiers of eDNA, outline key aspects requiring improvement, and suggest future developments and innovations for research.

}, keywords = {*Biodiversity, *Ecosystem, Animals, Animals, Wild/*genetics, Bacteria/*genetics, DNA/*analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Fungi/*genetics, Metagenomics/*methods, Plants/*genetics}, isbn = {1872-8383 (Electronic)
0169-5347 (Linking)}, author = {Bohmann, K. and Evans, A. and Gilbert, M. T. and Carvalho, G. R. and Creer, S. and Knapp, M. and Yu, D. W. and de Bruyn, M.} } @book {15194, title = {Environmental engineering: {Fundamentals}, sustainability, design}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Wiley Global Education}, organization = {Wiley Global Education}, author = {Mihelcic, James R and Zimmerman, Julie B} } @book {10301, title = {Environmental engineering: Fundamentals, sustainability, design}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Wiley Global Education}, organization = {Wiley Global Education}, author = {Mihelcic, James R and Zimmerman, Julie B} } @book {8719, title = {{Environmental Engineering: Fundamentals, Sustainability, Design}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons.}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons.}, edition = {2}, address = {New York}, author = {J R Mihelcic and Zimmerman, J.B.} } @book {5417, title = {{Environmental Engineering: Fundamentals, Sustainability, Design}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc}, edition = {2nd}, address = {New York}, author = {J R Mihelcic and Zimmerman, JB} } @article {9983, title = {{Environmental persistence and transfer of enteric viruses}}, journal = {Current Opinion in Virology}, volume = {4}, number = {2004}, year = {2014}, pages = {37{\textendash}43}, abstract = {

Non-enveloped enteric viruses, such as Human Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus, are readily transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Outbreaks are often prolonged due to the ability of these viruses to survive on environmental surfaces, on foods, and in water. Delineation of properties impacting enteric virus transfer and persistence in the environment has been the focus of several recent publications and is the topic of this review. Such information is important for modeling transmission scenarios, identifying risks of food-borne and water-borne virus contamination, and targeting prevention and control efforts for risk mitigation. ?? 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

}, isbn = {1879-6265 (Electronic)}, issn = {18796265}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.003}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.003}, author = {Kotwal, G and Cannon, JL} } @article {4530, title = {Environmental persistence and transfer of enteric viruses}, journal = {Current Opinion in Virology}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {37{\textendash}43}, isbn = {1879-6265 (Electronic)}, author = {Kotwal, G. and Cannon, J. L.} } @article {14758, title = {Environmental persistence and transfer of enteric viruses}, journal = {Curr Opin Virol}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {feb}, pages = {37{\textendash}43}, abstract = {Non-enveloped enteric viruses, such as Human Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus, are readily transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Outbreaks are often prolonged due to the ability of these viruses to survive on environmental surfaces, on foods, and in water. Delineation of properties impacting enteric virus transfer and persistence in the environment has been the focus of several recent publications and is the topic of this review. Such information is important for modeling transmission scenarios, identifying risks of food-borne and water-borne virus contamination, and targeting prevention and control efforts for risk mitigation.}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, *Food Microbiology, Caliciviridae Infections/*transmission, Communicable Disease Control/methods, Food Safety/methods, Hepatitis A virus/*physiology, Hepatitis A/*transmission, Humans, Norovirus/*physiology}, issn = {1879-6265 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.003}, author = {Kotwal, G. and Cannon, J. L.} } @article {3914, title = {Environmental surveillance for human astrovirus in {Shandong} {Province}, {China} in 2013}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {7539}, author = {Zhou, N and Lin, X and Wang, S and Wang, H and Li, W and Tao, Z and Xu, A} } @article {14450, title = {Environmental surveillance for polioviruses in the {Global} {Polio} {Eradication} {Initiative}}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {210 Suppl 1}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {S294{\textendash}303}, abstract = {This article summarizes the status of environmental surveillance (ES) used by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, provides the rationale for ES, gives examples of ES methods and findings, and summarizes how these data are used to achieve poliovirus eradication. ES complements clinical acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance for possible polio cases. ES detects poliovirus circulation in environmental sewage and is used to monitor transmission in communities. If detected, the genetic sequences of polioviruses isolated from ES are compared with those of isolates from clinical cases to evaluate the relationships among viruses. To evaluate poliovirus transmission, ES programs must be developed in a manner that is sensitive, with sufficiently frequent sampling, appropriate isolation methods, and specifically targeted sampling sites in locations at highest risk for poliovirus transmission. After poliovirus ceased to be detected in human cases, ES documented the absence of endemic WPV transmission and detected imported WPV. ES provides valuable information, particularly in high-density populations where AFP surveillance is of poor quality, persistent virus circulation is suspected, or frequent virus reintroduction is perceived. Given the benefits of ES, GPEI plans to continue and expand ES as part of its strategic plan and as a supplement to AFP surveillance.}, keywords = {*Disease Eradication, *Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Humans, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control/virology, Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification, Sewage/*virology}, issn = {1537-6613 (Electronic) 0022-1899 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiu384 jiu384 [pii]}, author = {Asghar, H. and Diop, O. M. and Weldegebriel, G. and Malik, F. and Shetty, S. and El Bassioni, L. and Akande, A. O. and Al Maamoun, E. and Zaidi, S. and Adeniji, A. J. and Burns, C. C. and Deshpande, J. and Oberste, M. S. and Lowther, S. A.} } @article {1913, title = {Environmental surveillance of human enteroviruses in Shandong Province, China, 2008 to 2012: serotypes, temporal fluctuation, and molecular epidemiology}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {80}, number = {15}, year = {2014}, note = {Wang, Haiyan Tao, Zexin Li, Yan Lin, Xiaojuan Yoshida, Hiromu Song, Lizhi Zhang, Yong Wang, Suting Cui, Ning Xu, Wenbo Song, Yanyan Xu, Aiqiang eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2014/05/20 06:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 Aug;80(15):4683-91.}, pages = {4683-91}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Environmental surveillance is an effective approach in investigating the circulation of polioviruses (PVs) and other human enteroviruses (EVs) in the population. The present report describes the results of environmental surveillance conducted in Shandong Province, China, from 2008 to 2012. A total of 129 sewage samples were collected, and 168 PVs and 1,007 nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were isolated. VP1 sequencing and typing were performed on all isolates. All PV strains were Sabin-like, with the numbers of VP1 substitutions ranging from 0 to 7. The NPEVs belonged to 19 serotypes, and echovirus 6 (E6), E11, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), E3, E12, and E7 were the six main serotypes, which accounted for 18.3\%, 14.8\%, 14.5\%, 12.9\%, 9.0\%, and 5.7\% of NPEVs isolated, respectively. Typical summer-fall peaks of NPEV were observed in the monthly distribution of isolation, and an epidemic pattern of annual circulation was revealed for the common serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on environmental CVB3 and E3 strains with global reference strains and local strains from aseptic meningitis patients. Shandong strains formed distinct clusters, and a close relationship was observed between local environmental and clinical strains. As an EV-specific case surveillance system is absent in China and many other countries, continuous environmental surveillance should be encouraged to investigate the temporal circulation and phylogeny of EVs in the population.}, keywords = {China/epidemiology Enterovirus/classification/*genetics/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology/*microbiology Environmental Monitoring Humans Molecular Epidemiology Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Seasons Serogroup Sewage/*virology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00851-14}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24837389}, author = {Wang, H. and Tao, Z. and Li, Y. and Lin, X. and Yoshida, H. and Song, L. and Zhang, Y. and Wang, S. and Cui, N. and Xu, W. and Song, Y. and Xu, A.} } @article {852, title = {Epidemiological and genetic analysis of human group C rotaviruses isolated from outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Yokohama, Japan, between 2006 and 2012}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-013-1894-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-013-1894-1}, author = {Kumazaki, M and Usuku, S} } @article {2609, title = {Epidemiological and genetic analysis of human group C rotaviruses isolated from outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Yokohama, Japan, between 2006 and 2012}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-013-1894-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-013-1894-1}, author = {Kumazaki, M and Usuku, S} } @article {3503, title = {Epidemiological and genetic analysis of human group {C} rotaviruses isolated from outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in {Yokohama}, {Japan}, between 2006 and 2012}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {159}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {761{\textendash}771}, abstract = {Group C rotavirus (GCRV) infection has been described in several parts of the world, predominantly as sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis. Little is known about the yearly changes in the GCRV strains from diarrheal outbreaks. Stool samples collected from outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Yokohama, Japan, between 2006 and 2012 that were negative for norovirus, sapovirus, and group A rotavirus, were screened for GCRV using a reverse passive hemagglutination method. The GCRV strains were characterized by nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis of their VP6, VP7, VP4, and NSP4 genes. Samples from nine of 735 outbreaks in Yokohama (1 \{\%\}) contained GCRV, and eight of these outbreaks occurred in primary schools. The nucleotide sequences of the strains detected in this study were more closely related to Asian strains than to those from other regions of the world. The nucleotide sequences of the VP7 gene in these nine strains differed, and yearly changes were observed in the amino acid sequences of the VP4 genes. Phylogenetic trees constructed using the nucleotide sequences of the VP6, VP7, VP4, and NSP4 genes showed that sublineage S1 has divided into S1-1 and S1-2 in the VP4 gene only. Our results confirm that the prevalent strains of GCRV change yearly in Yokohama. This is the first study to demonstrate GCRV-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in Yokohama, Japan.}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-013-1894-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-013-1894-1}, author = {Kumazaki, M and Usuku, S} } @article {12356, title = {Epidemiological Characterizations of Class 1 Integrons from Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter Isolates in Daejeon, Korea}, journal = {Annals of Laboratory Medicine}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, note = {Sung, Ji Youn Koo, Sun Hoe Kim, Semi Kwon, Kye Chul
2234-3814}, month = {Jul}, pages = {293-299}, abstract = {Background: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter spp. acquire antimicrobial agent-resistance genes via class 1 integrons. In this study, integrons were characterized to investigate the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of MDR Acinetobacter isolates. In addition, the relationship between the integron type and integron-harboring bacterial species was analyzed by using epidemiological typing methods. Methods: Fifty-six MDR Acinetobacter spp.-A. baumannii (N=30), A. bereziniae (N=4), A. nosocomialis (N=5), and A. pittii (N=17)-were isolated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined on the basis of the results of the Epsilometer test (Etest). PCR and DNA sequencing was performed to characterize the gene cassette arrays of class 1 integrons. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence (REP)-PCR were performed for epidemiological typing. Results: Class 1 integrons were detected in 50 (89.3\%) of the 56 isolates, but no class 2 or 3 integron was found within the cohorts. The class 1 integrons were classified into 4 types: 2.3-kb type A (aacA4-catB8-aadA1), 3.0-kb type B (aacA4-blal(MP-1)-bla(OXA-2)), 3.0-kb type C (bla(VIM-2)-aacA7-aadA1), and 1.8-kb type D (aac3-1-bla(OXA-2)-orfD). Type A was most prevalent and was detected only in A. baumannii isolates, except for one A. bereziniae isolate; however, type B was amplified in all Acinetobacter isolates except for A. baumannii isolates, regardless of clone and separation time of the bacteria. Conclusions: Although class 1 integron can be transferred horizontally between unrelated isolates belonging to different species, certain types of class 1 integrons tend to transfer horizontally and vertically among A. baumannii or non-baumannii Acinetobacter isolates.}, isbn = {2234-3806}, author = {Sung, J. Y. and Koo, S. H. and Kim, S. and Kwon, K. C.} } @inbook {4012, title = {{Epidemiology of giardiasis in humans}}, booktitle = {Giardia: a model organism}, year = {2014}, pages = {16{\textendash}28}, publisher = {Springer Wien}, organization = {Springer Wien}, address = {New York}, author = {Cacci{\`o}, SM and Sprong, H}, editor = {Lujan, HD and Svard, S} } @article {14783, title = {Epidemiology of helicobacter pylori in {Bhutan}: {The} role of environment and geographic location}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {69{\textendash}73}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND: Bhutan is small mountainous country bordering India and China and consists of four geographic regions, west, east, central, and south. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk factors associated with in Bhutan are not previously studied. The World Health Organization reported the incidence of stomach cancer to be very high in Bhutan.\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$n\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$nAIM: We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the seroepidemiologic pattern of H. pylori among Bhutanese from the four regions with emphasis on water source and household sanitation.\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$n\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$nMETHODS: Between June and November 2012, blood samples from patients with complaints of dyspepsia were collected after obtaining an informed consent. Demographic information, occupation, family size living in the same household, consumption of betel nut, and aspects of household environment including type of latrines, source of drinking water were collected. All serum samples were tested for H. pylori immunoglobulin G (IgG) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using MAGIWELL ELISA kit from United Biotech, USA.\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$n\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$nRESULTS: Two hundred and forty-four patients between 17 and 75 years of age participated in the study, of them, 102 were men, and the mean age was 38 ({\textpm}14.2) years. The overall prevalence of H. pylori among patients was 86\% with no difference between men and women (90 vs 83\%, respectively}, keywords = {Bhutan, epidemiology, helicobacter pylori}, issn = {10834389}, doi = {10.1111/hel.12088}, author = {Dorji, Dorji and Dendup, Tashi and Malaty, Hoda M. and Wangchuk, Kinley and Yangzom, Deki and Richter, James M.} } @article {8212, title = {{Epidemiology of helicobacter pylori in Bhutan: The role of environment and geographic location}}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {69{\textendash}73}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bhutan is small mountainous country bordering India and China and consists of four geographic regions, west, east, central, and south. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk factors associated with in Bhutan are not previously studied. The World Health Organization reported the incidence of stomach cancer to be very high in Bhutan.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nAIM: We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the seroepidemiologic pattern of H.~pylori among Bhutanese from the four regions with emphasis on water source and household sanitation.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS: Between June and November 2012, blood samples from patients with complaints of dyspepsia were collected after obtaining an informed consent. Demographic information, occupation, family size living in the same household, consumption of betel nut, and aspects of household environment including type of latrines, source of drinking water were collected. All serum samples were tested for H.~pylori immunoglobulin G (IgG) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using MAGIWELL ELISA kit from United Biotech, USA.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nRESULTS: Two hundred and forty-four patients between 17 and 75~years of age participated in the study, of them, 102 were men, and the mean age was 38 ({\textpm}14.2) years. The overall prevalence of H.~pylori among patients was 86{\%} with no difference between men and women (90 vs 83{\%}, respectively, p~=~.12). The prevalence was almost identical among all age groups: 81{\%} at 17-20, 84{\%} at 20-29, 93{\%} at 30-39, 82{\%} at 40-49, 87{\%} at 50-59, and 82{\%} at >=60~years (p~=~.51). H.~pylori prevalence was lower in the southern region of Bhutan (78{\%}) compared with the central region (97{\%}) (OR~=~8.6; 95{\%} CI~=~1.1-55; p~=~.02), eastern region (91{\%}) (OR~=~2.7; 95{\%} CI~=~1.1-7.2, p~=~.004) or the western region (83{\%}) (OR~=~1.4, 95{\%} CI~=~0.8-3.1, p~=~.07). The prevalence of H.~pylori was significantly lower among household with less than 4 persons living in the same household. Source of drinking water, type of occupation, type of latrines, or consumption of betel nut showed no association with H.~pylori prevalence. Logistic regression analysis revealed that residing region was the only significant variable.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of antibodies to H.~pylori among patients and in all groups could contribute to the high incident rate of gastric cancer in Bhutan. Crowded living condition and the residing region contribute to the variation of the prevalence of the infection. The lowest prevalence in southern part of the country could be due to the difference in the ethnicity as most of its population is of Indian and Nepal origin. Further data regarding H.~pylori in Bhutan are critical to developing surveillance and prevention strategies for gastric cancer.}, keywords = {Bhutan, epidemiology, helicobacter pylori}, issn = {10834389}, doi = {10.1111/hel.12088}, author = {Dorji, Dorji and Dendup, Tashi and Malaty, Hoda M. and Wangchuk, Kinley and Yangzom, Deki and Richter, James M.} } @article {13840, title = {Epidemiology of helicobacter pylori in {Bhutan}: {The} role of environment and geographic location}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {69{\textendash}73}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND: Bhutan is small mountainous country bordering India and China and consists of four geographic regions, west, east, central, and south. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk factors associated with in Bhutan are not previously studied. The World Health Organization reported the incidence of stomach cancer to be very high in Bhutan.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nAIM: We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the seroepidemiologic pattern of H. pylori among Bhutanese from the four regions with emphasis on water source and household sanitation.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nMETHODS: Between June and November 2012, blood samples from patients with complaints of dyspepsia were collected after obtaining an informed consent. Demographic information, occupation, family size living in the same household, consumption of betel nut, and aspects of household environment including type of latrines, source of drinking water were collected. All serum samples were tested for H. pylori immunoglobulin G (IgG) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using MAGIWELL ELISA kit from United Biotech, USA.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nRESULTS: Two hundred and forty-four patients between 17 and 75 years of age participated in the study, of them, 102 were men, and the mean age was 38 ({\textpm}14.2) years. The overall prevalence of H. pylori among patients was 86\% with no difference between men and women (90 vs 83\%, respectively}, keywords = {Bhutan, epidemiology, helicobacter pylori}, issn = {10834389}, doi = {10.1111/hel.12088}, author = {Dorji, Dorji and Dendup, Tashi and Malaty, Hoda M. and Wangchuk, Kinley and Yangzom, Deki and Richter, James M.} } @article {10015, title = {{Epidemiology of human noroviruses and updates on vaccine development}}, journal = {Current Opinion Gastroenterology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {25{\textendash}33}, keywords = {histoblood group antigens, norovirus epidemiology, variants, virus-like particle vaccines}, isbn = {6176321972}, issn = {15378276}, doi = {10.1038/jid.2014.371}, author = {Ramani, Sasirekha and Atmar, Robert and Estes, Mary K.} } @article {2808, title = {The epidemiology of human papillomaviruses}, journal = {Current Problems in Dermatology}, volume = {45}, year = {2014}, pages = {75-91}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Anal Canal Behavior cancer DISEASE DISEASES EPIDEMIOLOGY Female health human humans INFECTION INFECTIONS infectious infectious diseases INFECTIOUS-DISEASES male Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections prevalence Public Health Risk Risk Factors Sexual Beh, Viral Skin Skin Diseases, Viral Texas Urogenital Neoplasms virology Warts}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24643179}, author = {Nyitray, A.G. and Iannacone, M.R.} } @book {9495, title = {{Epidemiology of Microsporidia in Human Infections, in Microsporidia: Pathogens of Opportunity}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc.}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc.}, author = {Fayer, R and Santin, M}, editor = {Weiss, LM and Becnel, JJ} } @article {245, title = {Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhoea in Albania}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {159}, number = {9}, year = {2014}, note = {Times Cited: 0 Ruggeri, Franco/B-5707-2013 0}, pages = {2491-2495}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-8608}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-014-2093-4}, url = {://WOS:000342079800034}, author = {Kota, M. and Bino, S. and Delogu, R. and Simaku, A. and Neza, B. and Ruggeri, F. M. and Fiore, L.} } @article {8536, title = {{Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and the Future of Ocular Toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Ocular Immunology and Inflammation}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {138{\textendash}147}, author = {Kijlstra, A and Peterson, E} } @mastersthesis {6847, title = {Essays on intergenerational and regional aspects of water management}, year = {2014}, note = {3644756}, school = {Florida International University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation consists of three essays on different aspects of water management. The first essay focuses on the sustainability of freshwater use by introducing the notion that altruistic parents do bequeath economic assets for their offspring. Constructing a two-period, over-lapping generational model, an optimal ratio of consumption and pollution for old and young generations in each period is determined. Optimal levels of water consumption and pollution change according to different parameters, such as, altruistic degree, natural recharge rate, and population growth. The second essay concerns water sharing between countries in the case of trans-boundary river basins. The paper recognizes that side payments fail to forge water-sharing agreement among the international community and that downstream countries have weak bargaining power. An interconnected game approach is developed by linking the water allocation issue with other non-water issues such as trade or border security problems, creating symmetry between countries in bargaining power. An interconnected game forces two countries to at least partially cooperate under some circumstances. The third essay introduces the concept of virtual water (VW) into a traditional international trade model in order to estimate water savings for a water scarce country. A two country, two products and two factors trade model is developed, which includes not only consumers and producer{\textquoteright}s surplus, but also environmental externality of water use. The model shows that VW trade saves water and increases global and local welfare. This study should help policy makers to design appropriate subsidy or tax policy to promote water savings especially in water scarce countries.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, Aggregated isolated game, economics, Freshwater, Interconnected game, Olg, Parental altruism, Social sciences, Virtual water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1628096661?accountid=14270}, author = {Chen, Yu} } @article {2774, title = {The estimated lifetime probability of acquiring human papillomavirus in the United States}, journal = {Sexually Transmitted Diseases}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {660-664}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent adult Age Distribution Aged CENTERS child Cohort Studies control Cost-Benefit Analysis Cross-Sectional Studies DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY Female HEPATITIS human humans Incidence INFECTION male methods Middle Aged MODEL Models, Theoretical Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections Papillomavirus Vaccines pathogenicity Population PREVENTION Probability Public Health Risk Factors TIME United States UNITED-STATES VACCINATION VACCINE VACCINES Viral VIRAL-HEPATITIS}, doi = {doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000193}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25299412}, author = {Chesson, H.W. and Dunne, E.F. and Hariri, S. and Markowitz, L.E.} } @article {8429, title = {{Estimating environmental conditions affecting protozoal pathogen removal in surface water wetland systems using a multi-scale, model-based approach}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {493}, year = {2014}, pages = {1036{\textendash}1046}, author = {Daniels, ME and Hogan, J and Smith, WA and Oates, SC and Miller, MA and Hardin, D and Shapiro, K and Los Huertos, M and Conrad, PA and Dominik, C and Watson, FG} } @article {7369, title = {Estimating the impact of unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene on the global burden of disease: evolving and alternative methods}, journal = {Tropical medicine \& international health: TM \& IH}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, month = {aug}, pages = {884{\textendash}893}, abstract = {The 2010 global burden of disease (GBD) study represents the latest effort to estimate the global burden of disease and injuries and the associated risk factors. Like previous GBD studies, this latest iteration reflects a continuing evolution in methods, scope and evidence base. Since the first GBD Study in 1990, the burden of diarrhoeal disease and the burden attributable to inadequate water and sanitation have fallen dramatically. While this is consistent with trends in communicable disease and child mortality, the change in attributable risk is also due to new interpretations of the epidemiological evidence from studies of interventions to improve water quality. To provide context for a series of companion papers proposing alternative assumptions and methods concerning the disease burden and risks from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene, we summarise evolving methods over previous GBD studies. We also describe an alternative approach using population intervention modelling. We conclude by emphasising the important role of GBD studies and the need to ensure that policy on interventions such as water and sanitation be grounded on methods that are transparent, peer-reviewed and widely accepted.}, keywords = {agua, assainissement, carga global de enfermedad, Charge Mondiales de morbidit{\'e}, Child, Cost of Illness, Diarrhea, drinking water, eau, Environmental Exposure, global burden of disease, Global Health, Humans, Hygiene, Infant, Preschool, Research Design, Risk Factors, saneamiento, sanitation, water, Water Supply}, issn = {1365-3156}, doi = {10.1111/tmi.12330}, author = {Clasen, Thomas and Pr{\"u}ss-{\"U}st{\"u}n, Annette and Mathers, Colin D. and Cumming, Oliver and Cairncross, Sandy and Colford, John M.} } @article {3166, title = {[{Estimation} of costs caused by cystic echinococcosis]}, journal = {Revista M{\'e}dica De Chile}, volume = {142}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, month = {aug}, pages = {1023{\textendash}1033}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hydatid disease or cystic echinococcosis, caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus, has a worldwide distribution, affecting people of working age and can cause high levels of morbidity and even death. AIM: To estimate the economic impact at the human and animal level caused by the disease in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed information about the disease obtained from reports and publications emanated from the Chilean Ministry of Health, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the U.S. National Institute of Statistics and the National Agricultural Service. Animal derived costs were estimated evaluating the expenses for pharmacological treatment of infected dogs and animal production losses derived from confiscations and reductions in meat production. RESULTS: The total number of patients who underwent surgery to remove a hydatid cyst in Chile during 2012, was estimated as 767 individuals. The annual costs derived only from surgical treatment, were estimated in USD 2.46 million. Summing the costs of sick leaves and loss of productivity, the costs at the human level ascended to USD 3.13 million. Considering human and animal costs, the annual economic burden of the disease was estimated in USD 14.35 million. CONCLUSIONS: The Analysis of the regional distribution of human and animal hydatidosis, suggests a significant environmental contamination with parasite eggs in high incidence regions such as Ays{\'e}n, Araucan{\'\i}a, BioB{\'\i}o and Coquimbo. The efficiency of control programs for the disease would be greatly improved if the causes for these regional contaminations are elucidated.}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, Animals, Chile, Cost of Illness, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Health Care Costs, Humans, Incidence, Sick Leave}, issn = {0717-6163}, doi = {10.4067/S0034-98872014000800010}, author = {Venegas, Juan and Espinoza, Sandra and S{\'a}nchez, Gittith} } @mastersthesis {6713, title = {Eukaryotic {Gene} {Expression} {Patterns} of {Microorganisms} in the {Amazon} {River} {Plume} {Parallel} the {Biogeochemistry} of {Plume} {Waters}}, year = {2014}, note = {3667216}, school = {University of South Florida}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Unraveling the microbiological processes that occur as water travels from a river{\textquoteright}s mouth into the ocean is critical to understanding the role of river plumes in global biogeochemical cycles. Metranscriptomics, the gene expression of a whole community of organisms, was utilized to examine six stations along the Amazon River Plume (ARP) in 2010 to test thehypothesis that there were measurable differences in gene expression for key biogeochemical genes along the ARP. This body of work focuses on methods developed to identify which genes are biogeochemically important for a particular environment along extreme salinity, nutrient and community gradients in the ARP, and the interpretation of these data. The metatranscriptome of a marine algal bloom of Protoperidinium quinquecorne was collected, as a pilot study, and represented the first published eukaryotic marine algal bloom metatranscriptome. Of the 232 transcripts examined, over 70\% were eukaryotic mRNAs, thus demonstrating the successful isolation of eukaryotic transcripts from ribosomal RNAs and prokaryotic RNAs. Transcripts for nutrient and carbon uptake were identified, and reinforced the theory that biogeochemically-relevant genes will be amongst the highly-expressed genes in eukaryotic phytoplankton populations. The final two sections of this dissertation detail two different ways to bioinformatically examine metatranscriptomes from the eukaryotic microbial populations of the ARP. The reproducibility of metatranscriptomes was confirmed with very similar patterns of gene expression between true replicates differing by up to 2 hours and 2.5 km. Similar communities, two diatom-diazatroph association (DDA) stations, also showed stability of expression patterns over 25 days and 238.3 km. A gene database of 31 biogeochemical genes was used to enumerate transcript counts for the six different stations along the ARP. Patterns of gene expression reflected the major physical, chemical and biological influences in those communities. DDA blooms exhibited high silicon transporter expression to acquire silicon for diatoms, and the photosystem II D1 protein replacement was high in these low-turbidity blooms. In a low salinity (salinity 20.7) diatom bloom, nitrate transport genes were highly expressed to account for high growth rates fueled by photosynthesis, and carbonic anhydrase helped counter the low pCO 2 waters. The last chapter compares all the sequences to the entire protein family (pfam) library to annotate all possible transcripts for important processes missed with a 31-gene database approach. Pfams for chlorophyll A-B binding protein and bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins ranked among the most-expressed pfams. These two pfams together show evolutionary adaptations to maximize ATP generation in surface community algal blooms. Multidimensional scaling plots illustrated that the patterns of gene expression were unique to each station. This body of work will expand our understanding of river plume eukaryotic phytoplankton communities, and when these data are added to metagenome, prokaryote metatranscriptome and modeling data, modelers will be able to better forecast diversity, transcription and community evolution over broad space and time scales.}, keywords = {0307:Molecular biology, 0329:Ecology, 0425:Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemistry, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Ecology, Eukaryotes, Gene expression, Molecular biology, River plume}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1641968358?accountid=14270}, author = {Zielinski, Brian L.} } @article {2791, title = {Eurogin Roadmap: comparative epidemiology of HPV infection and associated cancers of the head and neck and cervix}, journal = {Int. J. Cancer}, volume = {134}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {497-507}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {ASSOCIATION Behavior cancer Carcinoma, Squamous Cell CHALLENGE comparative study DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY EXPRESSION Female GENE Gene Expression GENE-EXPRESSION Head and Neck Neoplasms human humans Incidence INFECTION male methods Methylation Molecular Ohio Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23568556}, author = {Gillison, M.L. and Castellsague, X. and Chaturvedi, A. and Goodman, M.T. and Snijders, P. and Tommasino, M. and Arbyn, M. and Franceschi, S.} } @article {1165, title = {Eurogin Roadmap: comparative epidemiology of HPV infection and associated cancers of the head and neck and cervix}, journal = {Int. J. Cancer}, volume = {134}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {497-507}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {ASSOCIATION Behavior cancer Carcinoma, Squamous Cell CHALLENGE comparative study DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY EXPRESSION Female GENE Gene Expression GENE-EXPRESSION Head and Neck Neoplasms human humans Incidence INFECTION male methods Methylation Molecular Ohio Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23568556}, author = {Gillison, M.L. and Castellsague, X. and Chaturvedi, A. and Goodman, M.T. and Snijders, P. and Tommasino, M. and Arbyn, M. and Franceschi, S.} } @booklet {15971, title = {{Eurostat Statistics. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/environment/water/main-tables}}, number = {8-5-2015}, year = {2014} } @article {1693, title = {EV71 vaccine, an invaluable gift for children}, journal = {Clinical and Translational Immunology}, volume = {3}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, note = {Liang, Zhenglun Wang, Junzhi eng Review England 2014/12/17 06:00 Clin Transl Immunology. 2014 Oct 31;3(10):e28. doi: 10.1038/cti.2014.24. eCollection 2014 Oct.}, pages = {e28}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major pathogen for severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Development of vaccines against EV71 would be the most effective approach to prevent the EV71 outbreak. Research and development (R\&D) of EV71 vaccine was carried out in several Asian countries. Currently three companies in mainland China have completed Phase III clinical trials of inactivated EV71 whole-virus vaccines, whereas the other two companies have completed Phase I clinical trials separately in Taiwan and in Singapore. Results from those clinical trials have indicated high safety and immunogenicity of EV71 vaccine. Protective efficacies were over 90\% on EV71-associated HFMD and over 80\% on other EV71-associated diseases. In this paper, we summarize the results from three EV71 vaccine Phase III clinical trials and discuss the challenges of incorporating EV71 vaccine into Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in countries with EV71 epidemics.

}, issn = {2050-0068 (Electronic) 2050-0068 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1038/cti.2014.24}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25505956}, author = {Liang, Z. and Wang, J.} } @article {1703, title = {EV71 vaccines: a milestone in the history of global vaccine development}, journal = {Emerging microbes and infections}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, note = {Lu, Shan eng 2014/04/01 00:00 Emerg Microbes Infect. 2014 Apr;3(4):e27. doi: 10.1038/emi.2014.29. Epub 2014 Apr 16.}, pages = {e27}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2222-1751 (Electronic) 2222-1751 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1038/emi.2014.29}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26038519}, author = {Lu, S.} } @mastersthesis {6638, title = {Evaluating population-level effects of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions: {Methods} and applications}, year = {2014}, note = {3640354}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Background: Scientists and development stakeholders argue that health interventions proven effective in randomized efficacy trials should be translated into large-scale programs to benefit public health. Substantive evidence supports the scale-up of numerous health interventions, such as water, sanitation, and deworming interventions, and since the establishment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) the funding and motivation for such scale-up has grown. In the field of water and sanitation, numerous interventions have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the reduction of diarrhea and soil-transmitted helminth infection. However, scaling up these interventions to regional or national levels frequently presents implementation challenges, and systematically studying the reasons for scale-up success or failure is essential to refine and sustain public health programs. Another important feature of scaling up interventions is determining how best to integrate interventions at scale and whether intervention delivery should be focused at the individual, household, or community level. Population attributable fraction (PAF) parameters and a new class of parameters which build upon the PAF can be used to estimate the effect of large-scale programs on population health. Evaluation of interventions at scale poses unique questions, and epidemiologic designs and analyses need to be tailored to answer these particular questions. Modern approaches to PAF estimation allow for parameter definition to be tailored one{\textquoteright}s particular research question and are well suited to the evaluation of population-level effects of large-scale health interventions. Methods: In this dissertation, I illustrate and apply methods to evaluate population-level effects of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions. I specifically focus on methods for and applications with observational, cross-sectional data, and I discuss generalizations to other study designs. In the first chapter, I quantify the association between deworming, improved sanitation, and hygiene interventions and soil-transmitted helminths in a population in rural Bangladesh. I assess the potential for interactions between these interventions and explore associations at both the individual and village level. In the second chapter I assess the quality of implementation of a large-scale water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention implemented by UNICEF and the Government of Bangladesh in rural Bangladesh. It was found that this intervention did not meet most of its health and behavior targets in an interim evaluation. To help understand why, I envision a scenario in which implementation had been better in all areas, and I estimate how much outcomes may have changed under this scenario compared to the outcomes that were observed. In the third chapter, I discuss parameters appropriate for estimating population-level effects of health interventions. Specifically, I describe the estimation of the PAF and two modern parameters which build upon the PAF: the population intervention model and stochastic intervention model parameters. I provide a didactic description of the estimation of these parameters. Significance: This dissertation illustrates the use of rigorous methods to systematically evaluate the effect of individual and combined interventions at scale. Rigorous assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions is difficult, even for small-scale interventions, and very few large-scale WASH interventions have been evaluated rigorously. The parameters I illustrated and estimated in this dissertation have broad applicability to similar assessments of other large-scale public health programs. My findings contribute to the growing empirical evidence base describing best practices for and barriers to delivering interventions at scale. This evidence may contribute to improvements in design, delivery, and prioritization of interventions which in turn could increase the health impact of such interventions when delivered at scale.}, keywords = {0308:Biostatistics, 0573:Public health, 0595:Water Resource Management, 0766:Epidemiology, Biological sciences, Biostatistics, Earth sciences, epidemiology, Health and environmental sciences, Helminths, Hygiene interventions:, Public health, Sanitation interventions:, Water interventions, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1615412438?accountid=14270}, author = {Benjamin-Chung, Jade De-Rong} } @article {16820, title = {Evaluation of Bacteroides fragilis GB-124 bacteriophages as novel human-associated faecal indicators in the United States}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {115{\textendash}121}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {McMinn, BR and Korajkic, A and Ashbolt, NJ} } @article {4295, title = {{Evaluation of Bacteroides fragilis~GB-124 bacteriophages as novel human-associated faecal indicators in the United States.}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {jul}, pages = {115{\textendash}21}, abstract = {

UNLABELLED: Phages infecting human-associated Bacteroides fragilis (GB-124 phages) have been employed in the European Union (EU) to identify human faecal pollution, but their utility for the United States was unclear. Primary sewage samples were collected seasonally from seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) across the continental United States, and more time-intensive sampling was conducted at local WWTPs. All samples were assayed for plaque-forming units (PFU) of GB-124 phages, somatic and FRNA-specific coliphages, as well as adenoviruses (by quantitative PCR [qPCR]). Animal faecal samples ({\textgreater}250) from 14 different species were tested for the presence of the three phage groups. GB-124 phages were consistently detected in sewage (10-10(2) PFU ml(-1) ), but not in animal faeces. While density estimates of both coliphages in sewage were approximately one order of magnitude higher than GB-124 phages, they were both randomly detected in animal faecal samples (10(2) -10(5) g(-1) dry weight). Stability of all three phages was inversely proportional to temperature; persistence was greatest at 5\°C compared to 20 and 35\°C, where no phages were detectable after a week. In summary, GB-124 phages appear to be a feasible alternative indicator organism and benefit from being sewage associated, while providing an inexpensive detection technique for infectious virions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Bacteroides fragilis GB-124 phages appear to be restricted to human sewage sources in the United States, being absent from 264 animal faecal samples from 14 different species and present in approx. 90{\%} (34/38) of primary sewage effluent samples collected across the country. Although somatic and F-specific coliphages were present in sewage samples at higher densities, unlike GB-124 phages, both coliphage types were also detected in animal faecal samples. Hence, GB-124 phages may prove to be a useful novel indicator group for human faecal pollution in the continental United States.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae, Adenoviridae: genetics, Animals, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis: virology, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Feces, Feces: virology, Genes, Host Specificity, Humans, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Seasons, Sewage, Sewage: virology, United States, Viral, Viral: genetics, Waste Water, Waste Water: virology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1472-765X}, doi = {10.1111/lam.12252}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24725119}, author = {McMinn, B R and Korajkic, A and Ashbolt, N J} } @article {3141, title = {Evaluation of faecal flotation methods followed by species-specific {PCR} for detection of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in the definitive hosts}, journal = {Acta Parasitologica / Witold Stefa{\'n}ski Institute of Parasitology, Warszawa, Poland}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {331{\textendash}336}, abstract = {{Echinococcus multilocularis is one of the most pathogenic zoonotic parasites in the temperate and arctic region of the Northern Hemisphere. For estimating the potential risk of human infection in endemic areas, reliable antemortem methods are needed to detect the parasite in carnivore definitive hosts. The sensitivity of routine flotation techniques for detection of E. multilocularis eggs was found to be low (3-33\%) depending on the flotation solution used (specific gravities = 1.3-1.4). An improved faecal flotation followed by a species-specific PCR is described with a sensitivity of 74\% (95\% CI = 62-84\%) and a specificity of 100\% (95\% CI = 94-100\%). These parameters are similar to those of the intestinal scraping technique (sensitivity = 78\%}, keywords = {Animals, Carnivora, Costs and Cost Analysis, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Feces, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Parasitology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity}, issn = {1896-1851}, doi = {10.2478/s11686-014-0248-9}, author = {Sz{\'e}ll, Zolt{\'a}n and Sr{\'e}ter-Lancz, Zsuzsanna and Sr{\'e}ter, Tam{\'a}s} } @article {12359, title = {Evaluation of five antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment systems of swine farms by real-time PCR}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {496}, year = {2014}, month = {Oct 15}, pages = {116-21}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic)
0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Tao, C. W. and Hsu, B. M. and Ji, W. T. and Hsu, T. K. and Kao, P. M. and Hsu, C. P. and Shen, S. M. and Shen, T. Y. and Wan, T. J. and Huang, Y. L.} } @article {10207, title = {{Evaluation of the compartment bag test for the detection of Escherichia coli in water}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {99}, year = {2014}, pages = {66{\textendash}70}, author = {Stauber, C and Miller, C and Cantrell, B and Kroell, K} } @article {15914, title = {The evolution of respiratory Cryptosporidiosis: evidence for transmission by inhalation}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {Jul}, pages = {575-86}, edition = {2014/07/02}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/diagnosis/*parasitology/therapy/*transmission, Cryptosporidium/classification/*physiology, Humans, Inhalation}, isbn = {0893-8512}, author = {Sponseller, J. K. and Griffiths, J. K. and Tzipori, S.} } @article {652, title = {Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries}, journal = {Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries}, year = {2014}, note = {Angelakis, AN Rose, JB 978-1-78040-484-4(h); 978-1-78040-485-1(p)}, type = {Journal Article} } @mastersthesis {6328, title = {An examination of impact fees in growing school systems}, year = {2014}, note = {3681949}, school = {Northern Illinois University}, type = {phdEd.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This study examined the effects of impact fees on school systems in growing communities. Many communities surrounding the Chicago area experienced growth, commonly referred to as sprawling growth. The additional population required enhancements and improvements to existing infrastructure (including schools) in the community. Local tax efforts to fund additional infrastructure arrived as late as two years after building new homes, creating a funding challenge. Communities used impact fees more frequently to provide immediate revenue before new construction began to help offset tax shortfall. However, the planning and structure of impact fees differed among municipalities. I selected two growing communities for this study and examined the responses of the school and municipal organizations.}, keywords = {0277:Education finance, 0630:Public policy, 0703:Organizational behavior, 0999:Urban planning, Chicago, Education, Education finance, Expansions for roads, Greater distance between homes, Growing school systems, Impact fees, Larger land parcels, Organizational behavior, Public policy, Schools, Social sciences, Urban planning, water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1656482230?accountid=14270}, author = {Pacheco, Ronald V.} } @article {13623, title = {Exposure factors for wastewater-irrigated Asian vegetables and a probabilistic rotavirus disease burden model for their consumption}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {602{\textendash}613}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {H F Mok and Hamilton, Andrew J} } @article {13673, title = {{Exposure factors for wastewater-irrigated asian vegetables and a probabilistic rotavirus disease burden model for their consumption}}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {602{\textendash}613}, abstract = {Many farmers in water-scarce regions of developing countries use wastewater to irrigate vegetables and other agricultural crops, a practice that may expand with climate change. There are a number of health risks associated with wastewater irrigation for human food crops, particularly with surface irrigation techniques common in the developing world. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to determine if the irrigation scheme meets health standards. However, only a few vegetables have been studied for wastewater risk and little information is known about the disease burden of wastewater-irrigated vegetable consumption in China. To bridge this knowledge gap, an experiment was conducted to determine volume of water left on Asian vegetables and lettuce after irrigation. One hundred samples each of Chinese chard (Brassica rapa var. chinensis), Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra), Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were harvested after overhead sprinkler irrigation. Chinese broccoli and flowering cabbage were found to capture the most water and lettuce the least. QMRAs were then constructed to estimate rotavirus disease burden from consumption of wastewater-irrigated Asian vegetables in Beijing. Results indicate that estimated risks from these reuse scenarios exceed WHO guideline thresholds for acceptable disease burden for wastewater use, signifying that reduction of pathogen concentration or stricter risk management is necessary for safe reuse. Considering the widespread practice of wastewater irrigation for food production, particularly in developing countries, incorporation of water retention factors in QMRAs can reduce uncertainty regarding health risks for consumers worldwide.}, keywords = {Irrigation, QMRA, rotavirus, wastewater}, author = {Mok, Hoi-Fei and Hamilton, Andrew J} } @article {15173, title = {Exposure factors for wastewater-irrigated {Asian} vegetables and a probabilistic rotavirus disease burden model for their consumption}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {602{\textendash}613}, author = {Mok, Hoi-Fei and Hamilton, Andrew J} } @article {15255, title = {Exposure factors for wastewater-irrigated asian vegetables and a probabilistic rotavirus disease burden model for their consumption}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {602{\textendash}613}, abstract = {Many farmers in water-scarce regions of developing countries use wastewater to irrigate vegetables and other agricultural crops, a practice that may expand with climate change. There are a number of health risks associated with wastewater irrigation for human food crops, particularly with surface irrigation techniques common in the developing world. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to determine if the irrigation scheme meets health standards. However, only a few vegetables have been studied for wastewater risk and little information is known about the disease burden of wastewater-irrigated vegetable consumption in China. To bridge this knowledge gap, an experiment was conducted to determine volume of water left on Asian vegetables and lettuce after irrigation. One hundred samples each of Chinese chard (Brassica rapa var. chinensis), Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra), Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were harvested after overhead sprinkler irrigation. Chinese broccoli and flowering cabbage were found to capture the most water and lettuce the least. QMRAs were then constructed to estimate rotavirus disease burden from consumption of wastewater-irrigated Asian vegetables in Beijing. Results indicate that estimated risks from these reuse scenarios exceed WHO guideline thresholds for acceptable disease burden for wastewater use, signifying that reduction of pathogen concentration or stricter risk management is necessary for safe reuse. Considering the widespread practice of wastewater irrigation for food production, particularly in developing countries, incorporation of water retention factors in QMRAs can reduce uncertainty regarding health risks for consumers worldwide.}, keywords = {Irrigation, QMRA, rotavirus, wastewater}, author = {Mok, Hoi-Fei and Hamilton, Andrew J} } @article {14217, title = {Exposure of {Escherichia} coli \{{O}157:{H}7\} to soil, manure, or water influences its survival on plants and initiation of plant defense response}, journal = {Food Microbiology}, volume = {38}, year = {2014}, pages = {87{\textendash}92}, abstract = {This study evaluated whether growth medium or exposure conditions influence the production of capsular polysaccharides \{(CPS)\} by Escherichia coli \{O157:H7,\} and whether changes in \{CPS\} impact plant defense responses, consequently affecting survival on plants. E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} grown in \{Luria{\textendash}Bertani\} \{(LB)\} broth supplemented with manure extracts showed an approximately 58\% increase in \{CPS\} production compared to cells grown in \{LB\} medium alone. Levels of \{CPS\} were significantly higher for E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} cells exposed to soil or manure extracts as compared to the non-exposed \{LB\} cultured control. Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing β-glucuronidase \{(GUS)\} under the control of the β-1,3-glucanase \{(BGL2)\} promoter were used to investigate whether E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} induces defense-related gene expression. Plants inoculated with E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} grown in \{LB\} containing manure extracts or cells exposed to manure extracts exhibited 3-fold and 2-fold lower \{GUS\} activity, respectively, suggesting a limited plant defense response compared to plants inoculated with cells grown in \{LB.\} On day 5 post inoculation the population of E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} grown in \{LB\} supplemented with manure on plants was significantly greater than the population of E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} grown in \{LB\} medium alone. E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} cells exposed to soil or manure exhibited greater survival on plants compared to \{LB-grown\} E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7.\} The results of this study underscore the need to consider medium composition and cultural conditions when conducting crop challenge studies.}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2013.08.015}, author = {Seo, Seungwook and Matthews, Karl R} } @article {2406, title = {{Exposure of Escherichia coli \{O157:H7\} to soil, manure, or water influences its survival on plants and initiation of plant defense response}}, journal = {Food Microbiology}, volume = {38}, year = {2014}, pages = {87{\textendash}92}, abstract = {This study evaluated whether growth medium or exposure conditions influence the production of capsular polysaccharides \{(CPS)\} by Escherichia coli \{O157:H7,\} and whether changes in \{CPS\} impact plant defense responses, consequently affecting survival on plants. E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} grown in \{Luria{\textendash}Bertani\} \{(LB)\} broth supplemented with manure extracts showed an approximately 58\% increase in \{CPS\} production compared to cells grown in \{LB\} medium alone. Levels of \{CPS\} were significantly higher for E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} cells exposed to soil or manure extracts as compared to the non-exposed \{LB\} cultured control. Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing $\beta$-glucuronidase \{(GUS)\} under the control of the $\beta$-1,3-glucanase \{(BGL2)\} promoter were used to investigate whether E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} induces defense-related gene expression. Plants inoculated with E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} grown in \{LB\} containing manure extracts or cells exposed to manure extracts exhibited 3-fold and 2-fold lower \{GUS\} activity, respectively, suggesting a limited plant defense response compared to plants inoculated with cells grown in \{LB.\} On day 5 post inoculation the population of E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} grown in \{LB\} supplemented with manure on plants was significantly greater than the population of E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} grown in \{LB\} medium alone. E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7\} cells exposed to soil or manure exhibited greater survival on plants compared to \{LB-grown\} E.\~{}coli \{O157:H7.\} The results of this study underscore the need to consider medium composition and cultural conditions when conducting crop challenge studies.}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2013.08.015}, author = {Seo, Seungwook and Matthews, Karl R} } @article {8132, title = {{Exposure of Escherichia coli {\{}O157:H7{\}} to soil, manure, or water influences its survival on plants and initiation of plant defense response}}, journal = {Food Microbiology}, volume = {38}, year = {2014}, pages = {87{\textendash}92}, abstract = {This study evaluated whether growth medium or exposure conditions influence the production of capsular polysaccharides {\{}(CPS){\}} by Escherichia coli {\{}O157:H7,{\}} and whether changes in {\{}CPS{\}} impact plant defense responses, consequently affecting survival on plants. E.{\~{}}coli {\{}O157:H7{\}} grown in {\{}Luria{\textendash}Bertani{\}} {\{}(LB){\}} broth supplemented with manure extracts showed an approximately 58{\%} increase in {\{}CPS{\}} production compared to cells grown in {\{}LB{\}} medium alone. Levels of {\{}CPS{\}} were significantly higher for E.{\~{}}coli {\{}O157:H7{\}} cells exposed to soil or manure extracts as compared to the non-exposed {\{}LB{\}} cultured control. Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing $\beta$-glucuronidase {\{}(GUS){\}} under the control of the $\beta$-1,3-glucanase {\{}(BGL2){\}} promoter were used to investigate whether E.{\~{}}coli {\{}O157:H7{\}} induces defense-related gene expression. Plants inoculated with E.{\~{}}coli {\{}O157:H7{\}} grown in {\{}LB{\}} containing manure extracts or cells exposed to manure extracts exhibited 3-fold and 2-fold lower {\{}GUS{\}} activity, respectively, suggesting a limited plant defense response compared to plants inoculated with cells grown in {\{}LB.{\}} On day 5 post inoculation the population of E.{\~{}}coli {\{}O157:H7{\}} grown in {\{}LB{\}} supplemented with manure on plants was significantly greater than the population of E.{\~{}}coli {\{}O157:H7{\}} grown in {\{}LB{\}} medium alone. E.{\~{}}coli {\{}O157:H7{\}} cells exposed to soil or manure exhibited greater survival on plants compared to {\{}LB-grown{\}} E.{\~{}}coli {\{}O157:H7.{\}} The results of this study underscore the need to consider medium composition and cultural conditions when conducting crop challenge studies.}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2013.08.015}, author = {Seo, Seungwook and Matthews, Karl R} } @article {11789, title = {{Extracorporeal Worm Extraction of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense with Amidotrizoic Acid in a Child}}, journal = {The Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {dec}, pages = {677{\textendash}680}, issn = {1738-0006}, doi = {10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.677}, url = {http://parasitol.kr/journal/view.php?doi=10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.677}, author = {Shin, Hye Kyung and Roh, Joo-Hyung and Oh, Jae-Won and Ryu, Jae-Sook and Goo, Youn-Kyoung and Chung, Dong-Il and Kim, Yong Joo} } @article {1529, title = {Factors affecting the formation of disinfection by-products during chlorination and chloramination of secondary effluent for the production of high quality recycled water}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {48}, year = {2014}, note = {Doederer, Katrin Gernjak, Wolfgang Weinberg, Howard S Farre, Maria Jose Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Water research Water Res. 2014 Jan 1;48:218-28. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.034. Epub 2013 Sep 25.}, pages = {218-28}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {During the production of high quality recycled water by reverse osmosis membrane filtration secondary effluent must be disinfected to limit biofouling on the membrane surface. Advanced Water Treatment Plants in South East Queensland, Australia use disinfectant contact times ranging from 30 min up to 24 h. Disinfectants such as chlorine and chloramines react with effluent organic matter to generate disinfection by-products (DBPs) which could be potentially hazardous to human health if the water is destined for supplementing public water supplies. In this context, secondary effluents are of concern because of their high total organic carbon content which can act as DBP precursors. Also, effluent organic matter may form different DBPs to those formed from natural organic matter during conventional drinking water treatment, either in quantity, identity or simply in the abundance of different DBPs relative to each other. It cannot be assumed per se with certainty that DBP formation will be affected in the same way by operational changes as in drinking water production. Response surface modelling has been employed in this study at the bench scale to investigate the effect of reaction time (0-24 h), pH (5.5-8.5), temperature (23-35 degrees C), disinfection strategy (chlorine vs chloramines used prior to membrane treatment) and the interaction between these different parameters on DBP formation during disinfection of secondary effluent. The concentration of halogenated DBPs formed during the first 24 h of reaction with the different disinfectants followed the order chlorination >> in line-formed monochloramine > pre-formed monochloramine. Contact time with chlorine was the major influencing factor on DBP formation during chlorination, except for the bromine-containing trihalomethanes and dibromoacetonitrile for which pH was more significant. Chlorination at high pH led to an increased formation of chloral hydrate, trichloronitromethane, dibromoacetonitrile and the four trihalomethanes while the opposite effect was observed for the other targeted DBPs. Temperature was identified as the least influencing parameter compared to pH and reaction time for all DBPs in all the disinfection strategies, except for the formation of chloral hydrate where pH and temperature had a similar significance and bromoform that was similarly affected by temperature and reaction time. Chloramines employed at pH 8.5 reduced the concentration of all studied DBPs compared to pH 5.5. Furthermore, reaction time was the most significant factor for trichloronitromethane, chloroform, trichloroacetonitrile, dichloroacetonitrile and bromochloroacetonitrile formation while pH was the most influencing factor affecting the formation of the remaining DBPs.}, keywords = {Amination Chloramines/*chemistry Disinfectants/*chemistry *Disinfection Kinetics *Recycling Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.034 S0043-1354(13)00726-4 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24095593}, author = {Doederer, K. and Gernjak, W. and Weinberg, H. S. and Farre, M. J.} } @article {14558, title = {Factors affecting the formation of disinfection by-products during chlorination and chloramination of secondary effluent for the production of high quality recycled water}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {48}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {218{\textendash}28}, abstract = {During the production of high quality recycled water by reverse osmosis membrane filtration secondary effluent must be disinfected to limit biofouling on the membrane surface. Advanced Water Treatment Plants in South East Queensland, Australia use disinfectant contact times ranging from 30 min up to 24 h. Disinfectants such as chlorine and chloramines react with effluent organic matter to generate disinfection by-products (DBPs) which could be potentially hazardous to human health if the water is destined for supplementing public water supplies. In this context, secondary effluents are of concern because of their high total organic carbon content which can act as DBP precursors. Also, effluent organic matter may form different DBPs to those formed from natural organic matter during conventional drinking water treatment, either in quantity, identity or simply in the abundance of different DBPs relative to each other. It cannot be assumed per se with certainty that DBP formation will be affected in the same way by operational changes as in drinking water production. Response surface modelling has been employed in this study at the bench scale to investigate the effect of reaction time (0-24 h), pH (5.5-8.5), temperature (23-35 degrees C), disinfection strategy (chlorine vs chloramines used prior to membrane treatment) and the interaction between these different parameters on DBP formation during disinfection of secondary effluent. The concentration of halogenated DBPs formed during the first 24 h of reaction with the different disinfectants followed the order chlorination {\textgreater}{\textgreater} in line-formed monochloramine {\textgreater} pre-formed monochloramine. Contact time with chlorine was the major influencing factor on DBP formation during chlorination, except for the bromine-containing trihalomethanes and dibromoacetonitrile for which pH was more significant. Chlorination at high pH led to an increased formation of chloral hydrate, trichloronitromethane, dibromoacetonitrile and the four trihalomethanes while the opposite effect was observed for the other targeted DBPs. Temperature was identified as the least influencing parameter compared to pH and reaction time for all DBPs in all the disinfection strategies, except for the formation of chloral hydrate where pH and temperature had a similar significance and bromoform that was similarly affected by temperature and reaction time. Chloramines employed at pH 8.5 reduced the concentration of all studied DBPs compared to pH 5.5. Furthermore, reaction time was the most significant factor for trichloronitromethane, chloroform, trichloroacetonitrile, dichloroacetonitrile and bromochloroacetonitrile formation while pH was the most influencing factor affecting the formation of the remaining DBPs.}, keywords = {*Disinfection, *Recycling, Amination, Chloramines/*chemistry, Disinfectants/*chemistry, Kinetics, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.034 S0043-1354(13)00726-4 [pii]}, author = {Doederer, K. and Gernjak, W. and Weinberg, H. S. and Farre, M. J.} } @article {14920, title = {Factors affecting the formation of disinfection by-products during chlorination and chloramination of secondary effluent for the production of high quality recycled water}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {48}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {218{\textendash}28}, abstract = {During the production of high quality recycled water by reverse osmosis membrane filtration secondary effluent must be disinfected to limit biofouling on the membrane surface. Advanced Water Treatment Plants in South East Queensland, Australia use disinfectant contact times ranging from 30 min up to 24 h. Disinfectants such as chlorine and chloramines react with effluent organic matter to generate disinfection by-products (DBPs) which could be potentially hazardous to human health if the water is destined for supplementing public water supplies. In this context, secondary effluents are of concern because of their high total organic carbon content which can act as DBP precursors. Also, effluent organic matter may form different DBPs to those formed from natural organic matter during conventional drinking water treatment, either in quantity, identity or simply in the abundance of different DBPs relative to each other. It cannot be assumed per se with certainty that DBP formation will be affected in the same way by operational changes as in drinking water production. Response surface modelling has been employed in this study at the bench scale to investigate the effect of reaction time (0-24 h), pH (5.5-8.5), temperature (23-35 degrees C), disinfection strategy (chlorine vs chloramines used prior to membrane treatment) and the interaction between these different parameters on DBP formation during disinfection of secondary effluent. The concentration of halogenated DBPs formed during the first 24 h of reaction with the different disinfectants followed the order chlorination {\textbackslash}textgreater{\textbackslash}textgreater in line-formed monochloramine {\textbackslash}textgreater pre-formed monochloramine. Contact time with chlorine was the major influencing factor on DBP formation during chlorination, except for the bromine-containing trihalomethanes and dibromoacetonitrile for which pH was more significant. Chlorination at high pH led to an increased formation of chloral hydrate, trichloronitromethane, dibromoacetonitrile and the four trihalomethanes while the opposite effect was observed for the other targeted DBPs. Temperature was identified as the least influencing parameter compared to pH and reaction time for all DBPs in all the disinfection strategies, except for the formation of chloral hydrate where pH and temperature had a similar significance and bromoform that was similarly affected by temperature and reaction time. Chloramines employed at pH 8.5 reduced the concentration of all studied DBPs compared to pH 5.5. Furthermore, reaction time was the most significant factor for trichloronitromethane, chloroform, trichloroacetonitrile, dichloroacetonitrile and bromochloroacetonitrile formation while pH was the most influencing factor affecting the formation of the remaining DBPs.}, keywords = {*Disinfection, *Recycling, Amination, Chloramines/*chemistry, Disinfectants/*chemistry, Kinetics, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.034 S0043-1354(13)00726-4 [pii]}, author = {Doederer, K. and Gernjak, W. and Weinberg, H. S. and Farre, M. J.} } @article {16830, title = {Factors affecting the presence of human-associated and fecal indicator real-time quantitative PCR genetic markers in urban-impacted recreational beaches}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {64}, year = {2014}, pages = {196{\textendash}208}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Molina, Marirosa and Hunter, Shayla and Cyterski, Mike and Peed, Lindsay A and Kelty, Catherine A and Sivaganesan, Mano and Mooney, Thomas and Prieto, Lourdes and Shanks, Orin C} } @article {6185, title = {Factors influencing knowledge and practice of hygiene in {Water}, {Sanitation} and {Hygiene} ({WASH}) programme areas of {Bangladesh} {Rural} {Advancement} {Committee}}, journal = {Rural and Remote Health}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {2628}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Improved hygiene is one of the most effective means of reducing disease occurrence. However, a complete understanding of the factors that contribute to such improvement are not clear. This study explored factors that facilitate and/or impede hygiene behavior in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) intervention areas using qualitative research techniques. METHODS: The Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) has been providing WASH intervention to 150 rural upazilas (sub-districts) since 2006. For qualitative data collection, in-depth interviews were conducted with 144 purposively selected women from six upazilas across Bangladesh. A woman in the household was considered as a case and interviewed regarding various aspects of sanitation and hygiene, using a checklist. Some practices, such as cleanliness of latrines, and availability of soap, water, slippers in their designated place were physically verified. RESULTS: The respondents{\textquoteright} hygiene behavior was mainly facilitated by improved knowledge and awareness of health and environment-related issues. Latrine ownership increased through financial assistance, resulting in improved privacy, social prestige, and a heightened sense of responsibility towards maintaining a healthy life. However, lack of interest in attending cluster meetings, traditional knowledge, poverty, and lack of will were some of the factors impeding knowledge and hygiene practice. In addition, attitude played a definitive role, with some respondents not practicing hygiene in spite of having the financial ability to do so. They expected full financial support for creating sanitation and hygiene facilities in their household despite BRAC{\textquoteright}s policy of providing such support only to the {\textquoteright}ultra-poor{\textquoteright}. CONCLUSIONS: The identified impeding factors often act as barriers to transformation of hygiene-related knowledge into practice and practice into habit. More motivational cluster meetings with large-scale participation and periodic home visits by the programme organizers are imperative as they markedly improve hygiene behavior.}, keywords = {Attitudes, Bangladesh, Evidence-based Care, Female, Health Education, Health Knowledge, Humans, Hygiene, Postgraduate, Poverty, Practice, Public health, Researcher, Rural Population, sanitation, Socioeconomic Factors, Toilet Facilities}, issn = {1445-6354}, author = {Akter, Tahera and Ali, Armm Mehrab} } @article {10773, title = {{Faecal pollution loads in the wastewater effluents and receiving water bodies: a potential threat to the health of Sedibeng and Soshanguve communities, South Africa}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {21}, number = {16}, year = {2014}, pages = {1{\textendash}15}, author = {Teklehaimanot, GZ and Coetzee, MAA and Momba, MNB} } @article {14247, title = {Faecal pollution loads in the wastewater effluents and receiving water bodies: a potential threat to the health of {Sedibeng} and {Soshanguve} communities, {South} {Africa}.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {21}, number = {16}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {9589{\textendash}603}, abstract = {The discharge of untreated or inadequately treated effluents has been identified among the activities responsible for the spread of a wide range of potentially infectious agents. The aim of this study was to determine whether inadequate treatment of wastewater and the faecal pollution load of effluents and receiving water bodies in Sedibeng District and Soshanguve peri-urban area of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality could be a potential threat to the health of the surrounding communities. Variations in the counts of faecal indicator bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms and compliance of the effluents and receiving water bodies with South African and World Health Organization standards were assessed between August 2011 and May 2012 using culture-based methods and molecular techniques. The overall quality of effluents did not comply with the South African special standard of no risk for unrestricted irrigation (zero Escherichia coli/100 ml). The quality of the receiving water bodies did not comply with South African regulatory limits set for domestic purposes (zero E. coli/100 ml, {\textbackslash}textless30 faecal enterococci/100 ml and {\textbackslash}textless1 somatic coliphages/100 ml), for full contact recreation ({\textbackslash}textless20 somatic coliphages/100 ml) and aquaculture ({\textbackslash}textless10 E. coli/100 ml) and WHO standards for full and intermediate contact recreational use ({\textbackslash}textless1 E. coli/100 ml and {\textbackslash}textless40 faecal enterococci/100 ml, respectively). The PCR results revealed the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms; between 0 and 60 \% of samples tested positive for Salmonella Typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae, and between 20 and 60\% of samples tested positive for Vibrio cholerae. These findings demonstrated that potential health risks might be associated with the use of the target river waters for domestic, recreational and irrigation purposes. This study calls for a prompt intervention to improve wastewater management.}, issn = {1614-7499}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-014-2980-y}, author = {Teklehaimanot, Giorgis Z and Coetzee, Martie A A and Momba, Maggy N B} } @article {14842, title = {Faecal pollution loads in the wastewater effluents and receiving water bodies: a potential threat to the health of {Sedibeng} and {Soshanguve} communities, {South} {Africa}.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {21}, number = {16}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {9589{\textendash}603}, abstract = {The discharge of untreated or inadequately treated effluents has been identified among the activities responsible for the spread of a wide range of potentially infectious agents. The aim of this study was to determine whether inadequate treatment of wastewater and the faecal pollution load of effluents and receiving water bodies in Sedibeng District and Soshanguve peri-urban area of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality could be a potential threat to the health of the surrounding communities. Variations in the counts of faecal indicator bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms and compliance of the effluents and receiving water bodies with South African and World Health Organization standards were assessed between August 2011 and May 2012 using culture-based methods and molecular techniques. The overall quality of effluents did not comply with the South African special standard of no risk for unrestricted irrigation (zero Escherichia coli/100 ml). The quality of the receiving water bodies did not comply with South African regulatory limits set for domestic purposes (zero E. coli/100 ml, {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless30 faecal enterococci/100 ml and {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless1 somatic coliphages/100 ml), for full contact recreation ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless20 somatic coliphages/100 ml) and aquaculture ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless10 E. coli/100 ml) and WHO standards for full and intermediate contact recreational use ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless1 E. coli/100 ml and {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless40 faecal enterococci/100 ml, respectively). The PCR results revealed the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms; between 0 and 60 \% of samples tested positive for Salmonella Typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae, and between 20 and 60\% of samples tested positive for Vibrio cholerae. These findings demonstrated that potential health risks might be associated with the use of the target river waters for domestic, recreational and irrigation purposes. This study calls for a prompt intervention to improve wastewater management.}, issn = {1614-7499}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-014-2980-y}, author = {Teklehaimanot, Giorgis Z and Coetzee, Martie A A and Momba, Maggy N B} } @article {8149, title = {{Faecal pollution loads in the wastewater effluents and receiving water bodies: a potential threat to the health of Sedibeng and Soshanguve communities, South Africa.}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research International}, volume = {21}, number = {16}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {9589{\textendash}603}, publisher = {Springer Berlin}, abstract = {

The discharge of untreated or inadequately treated effluents has been identified among the activities responsible for the spread of a wide range of potentially infectious agents. The aim of this study was to determine whether inadequate treatment of wastewater and the faecal pollution load of effluents and receiving water bodies in Sedibeng District and Soshanguve peri-urban area of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality could be a potential threat to the health of the surrounding communities. Variations in the counts of faecal indicator bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms and compliance of the effluents and receiving water bodies with South African and World Health Organization standards were assessed between August 2011 and May 2012 using culture-based methods and molecular techniques. The overall quality of effluents did not comply with the South African special standard of no risk for unrestricted irrigation (zero Escherichia coli/100 ml). The quality of the receiving water bodies did not comply with South African regulatory limits set for domestic purposes (zero E. coli/100 ml, {\textless}30 faecal enterococci/100 ml and {\textless}1 somatic coliphages/100 ml), for full contact recreation ({\textless}20 somatic coliphages/100 ml) and aquaculture ({\textless}10 E. coli/100 ml) and WHO standards for full and intermediate contact recreational use ({\textless}1 E. coli/100 ml and {\textless}40 faecal enterococci/100 ml, respectively). The PCR results revealed the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms; between 0 and 60 {\%} of samples tested positive for Salmonella Typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae, and between 20 and 60{\%} of samples tested positive for Vibrio cholerae. These findings demonstrated that potential health risks might be associated with the use of the target river waters for domestic, recreational and irrigation purposes. This study calls for a prompt intervention to improve wastewater management.

}, issn = {1614-7499}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-014-2980-y}, author = {Teklehaimanot, Giorgis Z and Coetzee, Martie A A and Momba, Maggy N B} } @article {2435, title = {{Faecal pollution loads in the wastewater effluents and receiving water bodies: a potential threat to the health of Sedibeng and Soshanguve communities, South Africa.}}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {21}, number = {16}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {9589{\textendash}603}, publisher = {Springer Berlin}, abstract = {The discharge of untreated or inadequately treated effluents has been identified among the activities responsible for the spread of a wide range of potentially infectious agents. The aim of this study was to determine whether inadequate treatment of wastewater and the faecal pollution load of effluents and receiving water bodies in Sedibeng District and Soshanguve peri-urban area of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality could be a potential threat to the health of the surrounding communities. Variations in the counts of faecal indicator bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms and compliance of the effluents and receiving water bodies with South African and World Health Organization standards were assessed between August 2011 and May 2012 using culture-based methods and molecular techniques. The overall quality of effluents did not comply with the South African special standard of no risk for unrestricted irrigation (zero Escherichia coli/100 ml). The quality of the receiving water bodies did not comply with South African regulatory limits set for domestic purposes (zero E. coli/100 ml, <30 faecal enterococci/100 ml and <1 somatic coliphages/100 ml), for full contact recreation (<20 somatic coliphages/100 ml) and aquaculture (<10 E. coli/100 ml) and WHO standards for full and intermediate contact recreational use (<1 E. coli/100 ml and <40 faecal enterococci/100 ml, respectively). The PCR results revealed the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms; between 0 and 60 \% of samples tested positive for Salmonella Typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae, and between 20 and 60\% of samples tested positive for Vibrio cholerae. These findings demonstrated that potential health risks might be associated with the use of the target river waters for domestic, recreational and irrigation purposes. This study calls for a prompt intervention to improve wastewater management.}, issn = {1614-7499}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-014-2980-y}, author = {Teklehaimanot, Giorgis Z and Coetzee, Martie A A and Momba, Maggy N B} } @article {715, title = {Faecal pollution loads in the wastewater effluents and receiving water bodies: a potential threat to the health of Sedibeng and Soshanguve communities, South Africa}, journal = {Environ Sci Pollut Res}, year = {2014}, month = {05/2014}, abstract = {
The discharge of untreated or inadequately treated effluents has been identified among the activities responsible for the spread of a wide range of potentially infectious agents. The aim of this study was to determine whether inadequate treatment of wastewater and the faecal pollution load of effluents and receiving water bodies in Sedibeng District and Soshanguve peri-urban area of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality could be a potential threat to the health of the surrounding communities. Variations in the counts of faecal indicator bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms and compliance of the effluents and receiving water bodies with South African and World Health Organization standards were assessed between August 2011 and May 2012 using culturebased methods and molecular techniques. The overall quality of effluents did not comply with the South African special standard of no risk for unrestricted irrigation (zero Escherichia coli/100 ml). The quality of the receiving water bodies did not comply with South African regulatory limits set f o r d o m e s t i c pu r p o s e s ( z e r o E . c o l i / 1 0 0 m l , \<30 faecal enterococci/100 ml and \<1 somatic coliphages/ 100 ml), for full contact recreation (\<20 somatic coliphages/ 100 ml) and aquaculture (\<10 E.coli/100 ml) and WHO standards for full and intermediate contact recreational use (\<1 E.coli/100 ml and \<40 faecal enterococci/100 ml, respectively). The PCR results revealed the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms; between 0 and 60 \% of samples tested positive for Salmonella Typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae, and between 20 and 60 \% of samples tested positive for Vibrio cholerae. These findings demonstrated that potential health risks might be associated with the use of the target river waters for domestic, recreational and irrigation purposes. This study calls for a prompt intervention to improve wastewater management.
}, keywords = {Faecal pollution . Water quality . Wastewater effluent . Pollution indicators . Pathogenic bacteria . Health risk}, url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/405/art\%253A10.1007\%252Fs11356-014-2980-y.pdf?originUrl=http\%3A\%2F\%2Flink.springer.com\%2Farticle\%2F10.1007\%2Fs11356-014-2980-y\&token2=exp=1436882466~acl=\%2Fstatic\%2Fpdf\%2F405\%2Fart\%25253A10.1007\%25252Fs11356-014-298}, author = {M.N. B. Momba and Giorgis Z. Teklehaimanot \& Martie A. A. Coetzee} } @book {15153, title = {Faecal {Sludge} {Management} ({FSM}) {Book}-{Systems} {Approach} for {Implementation} and {Operation}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {London, United Kingdom: IWA Publishing. ISBN}, organization = {London, United Kingdom: IWA Publishing. ISBN}, author = {Strande, L and Ronteltap, M and Brdjanovic, D} } @book {10322, title = {Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) Book-Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation}, year = {2014}, publisher = {London, United Kingdom: IWA Publishing}, organization = {London, United Kingdom: IWA Publishing}, author = {Strande, L and Ronteltap, M and Brdjanovic, D} } @book {11085, title = {Faecal sludge management: {Systems} approach for implementation and operations.}, year = {2014}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, address = {London}, author = {L Strande and M Ronteltap and D Brdjanovic} } @book {8378, title = {{Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, address = {London, U.K.}, author = {L Strande and M Ronteltap and D Brdjanovic} } @inbook {11038, title = {Faecal sludge quantification, characteristics and treatment objectives.}, booktitle = {Faecal sludge management: {Systems} approach for implementation and operations}, year = {2014}, pages = {19{\textendash}44}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, address = {London}, author = {Niwagaba, C. B. and Mbaye, M. and L Strande}, editor = {L Strande and M Ronteltap and D Brdjanovic} } @article {12203, title = {Fate of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Class 1 Integrons in Soil Microcosms Following the Application of Treated Residual Municipal Wastewater Solids}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, note = {Burch, Tucker R. Sadowsky, Michael J. LaPara, Timothy M.
Sadowsky, Michael/J-2507-2016
Sadowsky, Michael/0000-0001-8779-2781
1520-5851}, month = {May}, pages = {5620-5627}, abstract = {

Substantial quantities of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are discharged with treated residual municipal wastewater solids and subsequently applied to soil. The objective of this work was to determine the decay rates for ARGs and class 1 integrons following simulated land application of treated wastewater solids. Treated residual solids from two full-scale treatment plants were applied to sets of triplicate soil microcosms in two independent experiments. Experiment 1 investigated loading rates of 20, 40, and 100 g kg(-1) of residual solids to a sandy soil, while experiment 2 investigated a loading rate of 40 g kg(-1) I to a silty-loamy soil. Five ARGs (erm(B), sull, tet(A), tet(W), and tet(X)), the integrase of class 1 integrons (intI1), 16S rRNA genes, 16S rRNA genes of all Bacteroides spp., and 16S rRNA genes of human-specific Bacteroides spp. were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. ARGs and intI1 quantities declined in most microcosms, with statistically significant (P \< 0.05) half-lives varying between 13 d (erm(B), experiment 1, 100 g kg(-1)) and 81 d (intI1, experiment 1, 40 g kg(-1)). These kinetic rates were much slower than have been previously reported for unit operations used to treat wastewater solids (e.g., anaerobic digestion). This research suggests that the design and operation of municipal wastewater treatment facilities with the explicit goal of mitigating the release of ARGs should focus on using technologies within the treatment facility, rather than depending on attenuation subsequent to land application.

}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Burch, T. R. and Sadowsky, M. J. and LaPara, T. M.} } @article {12485, title = {Fate of antibiotic resistance genes and class 1 integrons in soil microcosms following the application of treated residual municipal wastewater solids}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, pages = {5620-5627}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Burch, Tucker R and Sadowsky, Michael J and LaPara, Timothy M} } @article {12380, title = {Fate of antibiotic resistance genes in sewage treatment plant revealed by metagenomic approach}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {62}, year = {2014}, note = {Yang, Ying Li, Bing Zou, Shichun Fang, Herbert H. P. Zhang, Tong
Zhang, Tong/C-6786-2008; Li, Bing/B-7282-2017
Li, Bing/0000-0002-7161-0477}, month = {Oct}, pages = {97-106}, abstract = {

Antibiotic resistance has become a serious threat to human health. Sewage treatment plant (STP) is one of the major sources of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in natural environment. High-throughput sequencing-based metagenomic approach was applied to investigate the broad-spectrum profiles and fate of ARGs in a full scale STP. Totally, 271 ARGs subtypes belonging to 18 ARGs types were identified by the broad scanning of metagenomic analysis. Influent had the highest ARGs abundance, followed by effluent, anaerobic digestion sludge and activated sludge. 78 ARGs subtypes persisted through the biological wastewater and sludge treatment process. The high removal efficiency of 99.82\% for total ARGs in wastewater suggested that sewage treatment process is effective in reducing ARGs. But the removal efficiency of ARGs in sludge treatment was not as good as that in sewage treatment. Furthermore, the composition of microbial communities was examined and the correlation between microbial community and ARGs was investigated using redundancy analysis. Significant correlation between 6 genera and the distribution of ARGs were found and 5 of the 6 genera included potential pathogens. This is the first study on the fate of ARGs in STP using metagenomic analysis with high-throughput sequencing and hopefully would enhance our knowledge on fate of ARGs in STP. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Yang, Y. and Li, B. and Zou, S. C. and Fang, H. H. P. and Zhang, T.} } @article {12634, title = {Fate of antibiotic resistance genes in sewage treatment plant revealed by metagenomic approach}, journal = {Water researchWater research}, volume = {62}, year = {2014}, pages = {97-106}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Yang, Ying and Li, Bing and Zou, Shichun and Fang, Herbert HP and Zhang, Tong} } @article {6168, title = {Fate of artificial sweeteners in wastewater treatment plants in New York state, USA}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {23}, year = {2014}, pages = {13668-13674}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Subedi, Bikram and Kannan, Kurunthachalam} } @article {1387, title = {Fate of viruses in water systems}, journal = {Journal of environmental engineering}, volume = {140}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {04014020}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Xagoraraki, I and Yin, Z and Svambayev, Z} } @article {1940, title = {Fate of viruses in water systems}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {140}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {04014020}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

This paper reviews the state of knowledge regarding human viruses in water systems from an environmental engineer\&$\#$39;s perspective. The authors describe (1) viruses of concern and potential human diseases; (2) waterborne outbreaks related to viruses; (3) the sources, reservoirs, and fate of viruses in the environment; (4) the use of viruses as microbial source tracking tools; (5) virus survival and virus transport; (6) virus concentration and detection methods; (7) the fate of viruses in water treatment; (8) the removal of viruses in full-scale, bench, and pilot-scale conventional and membrane bioreactor (MBR) wastewater systems; and (9) other issues related to viruses in water systems such as the role of bacterial viruses (phages) and viral risk assessment. Occurrence of human pathogenic viruses in environmental waters (i.e., surface waters, groundwater, drinking water, recreational water, and wastewater) raises concerns regarding the possibility of human exposure and waterborne infections. Commonly observed waterborne viruses include adenoviruses, enteroviruses, noroviruses, and rotaviruses. Viruses are the smallest of all microorganisms, and their size facilitates transport in environmental media. In addition, viruses have very low die-off rates and low infectivity doses, increasing concern over outbreaks of disease related to waterborne or sludge-related virus exposures. Overall, virus presence in water and wastewater is a difficult problem for environmental engineers because of prevalence, infectivity, and resistance of viruses to disinfection. Environmental engineers should be aware that even state-of-the-art wastewater treatment plants may not be able to eliminate viruses from wastewater, and viruses potentially escaping from drinking water treatment plants because of technical and management deficiencies may lead to human exposure and disease. The knowledge and tools summarized in this paper provide basic information needed to make decisions for efficient water and wastewater management and reduction of risk of human exposure. Read More: http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/\%28ASCE\%29EE.1943-7870.0000827

}, author = {Xagoraraki, I. and Yin, Z. and Svambayev, Z} } @article {11897, title = {Fecal contamination of drinking-water in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {PLoS medicine}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {e1001644}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1549-1676}, author = {Bain, Robert and Cronk, Ryan and Wright, Jim and Yang, Hong and Slaymaker, Tom and Bartram, Jamie} } @article {3446, title = {{Fecal sludge management: a comparative assessment of 12 cities.}}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {563{\textendash}575}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2014.026.}, author = {Peal, A and Evans, BE and et al Blackett, I} } @article {3744, title = {Fecal sludge management: a comparative assessment of 12 cities.}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {563{\textendash}575}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2014.026.}, author = {Peal, A and Evans, BE and et al Blackett, I} } @article {3142, title = {First finding of {Echinococcus} multilocularis {DNA} in soil: preliminary survey in {Varmia}-{Masuria} {Province}, northeast {Poland}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {203}, number = {1-2}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {73{\textendash}79}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to estimate the presence of Echinococcus multilocularis DNA in the soil in rural areas of Varmia-Masuria Province, Poland, which is the region with the highest recorded number of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) cases in this country. In total, 62 soil samples were analyzed. Samples were collected in forests near the lairs of foxes, as well as from arable fields, kitchen gardens and farmyards. The parasite DNA was detected in 11.3\% of the samples. This study is the first environmental survey of the presence of E. multilocularis DNA in soil. The results demonstrate that the soil can be a direct source of human infections. These results should motivate the appropriate institutions to introduce informative and educational campaigns about the risk of infection, as well as developing methods for protecting the population, especially those living in at-risk areas.}, keywords = {Animals, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Eggs, environment, Environmental monitoring, Helminth, Humans, PCR, Poland, Soil}, issn = {1873-2550}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.028}, author = {Szostakowska, B. and Lass, A. and Kostyra, K. and Pietkiewicz, H. and Myjak, P.} } @article {4855, title = {{First genotyping of Giardia duodenalis and prevalence of enteroparasites in children from Tetouan (Morocco)}}, journal = {Parasite}, volume = {21}, year = {2014}, doi = {doi: 10.1051/parasite/2014049.}, author = {el Fatni, C and Olmo, F and El Fatni, H and Romero, D and Rosales, MJ} } @article {15856, title = {The first recorded outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to Cryptosporidium cuniculus (formerly rabbit genotype), following a water quality incident}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {Mar}, pages = {41-50}, edition = {2014/03/20}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Drinking Water, *Water Microbiology, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology, Cryptosporidium/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, England/epidemiology, Female, genotype, Humans, Infant, Male, Rabbits/*parasitology}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920}, author = {Puleston, R. L. and Mallaghan, C. M. and Modha, D. E. and Hunter, P. R. and Nguyen-Van-Tam, J. S. and Regan, C. M. and Nichols, G. L. and Chalmers, R. M.} } @article {16698, title = {Fractional poisson - A simple dose-response model for human norovirus}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {34}, year = {2014}, pages = {1820{\textendash}1829}, author = {Messner, M.J. and Berger, P. and Nappier, S.P.} } @article {3495, title = {From joint thinking to joint action: A call to action on improving water, sanitation, and hygiene for maternal and newborn health}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, pages = {e1001771}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001771.}, author = {Velleman, Y and Mason, E and Graham, W and Benova, L and Chopra, M and Campbell, OMR and Gordon, B and Wijesekera, S and Hounton, S and Mills, JE and Curtis, V and Afsana, K and Boisson, S and Magoma, M and Cairncross, S and Cumming, O} } @article {5563, title = {{Function of VP2 protein in the stability of the secondary structure of virus-like particles of genogroup II norovirus at different pH levels: Function of VP2 protein in the stability of NoV VLPs.}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {52}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {970{\textendash}5}, abstract = {

VP2 is the minor structural protein of noroviruses (NoV) and may function in NoV particle stability. To determine the function of VP2 in the stability of the NoV particle, we constructed and purified two kinds of virus-like particles (VLPs), namely, VLPs (VP1) and VLPs (VP1+VP2), from Sf9 cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses by using a Bac-to-Bac\® baculovirus expression system. The two kinds of VLPs were treated with different phosphate buffers (pH 2 to pH 8); the secondary structure was then analyzed by far UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Results showed that significant disruptions of the secondary structure of proteins were not observed at pH 2 to pH 7. At pH 8, the percentages of a-helix, $\beta$-sheet, and $\beta$-turn in VLPs (VP1) were decreased from 11{\%} to 8{\%}, from 37{\%} to 32{\%}, and from 20{\%} to 16{\%}, respectively. The percentage of coil was increased from 32{\%} to 44{\%}. By contrast, the percentages of $\alpha$-helix, $\beta$-sheet, and $\beta$-turn in VLPs (VP1+VP2) were decreased from 11{\%} to 10{\%}, from 37{\%} to 35{\%}, and from 20{\%} to 19{\%}, respectively. The percentage of coil was increased from 32{\%} to 36{\%}. VLPs (VP1+VP2) was likely more stable than VLPs (VP1), as indicated by the percentage of the secondary structures analyzed by CD. These results suggested that VP2 could stabilize the secondary structure of VLPs under alkaline pH conditions. This study provided novel insights into the molecular mechanism of the function of VP2 in the stability of NoV particles.

}, keywords = {circular dichroism spectroscopy, condary structure, Norovirus, se-, stability, virus-like particle, vp2}, issn = {1976-3794}, doi = {10.1007/s12275-014-4323-6}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25277406}, author = {Lin, Yao and Fengling, Li and Lianzhu, Wang and Yuxiu, Zhai and Yanhua, Jiang} } @article {9371, title = {{The future for vaccine development against Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Human Vaccines {\&} immunotherapeutics}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {1514{\textendash}1521}, author = {Quach, J and St-Pierre, J and Chadee, K} } @article {2583, title = {Gastroenteric virus dissemination and influence of rainfall events in urban beaches in Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {117}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {1210-1218}, abstract = {This study was conducted to assess rotavirus A {(RV-A),} genogroup {II} {(GII)} norovirus {(NoV),} and human adenovirus {(HAdV)} dissemination in recreational water in an urban beach located in the city of Rio de Janeiro and their persistence during rainfall events.}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12592}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.12592}, author = {Victoria, M and Fumian, TM and Rocha, MS and Dalmao, F and Leite, JP and Girones, R and Miagostovich, MP} } @booklet {3928, title = {Gender Issue Guide: Gender-responsive Urban Basic Services}, year = {2014}, publisher = {UN-Habitat}, address = {Nairobi}, author = {Muteshi-Strachan, J} } @article {4719, title = {{Genetic characterization of human-pathogenic Cyclospora cayetanensis parasites from three endemic regions at the 18S ribosomal RNA locus}}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {22}, year = {2014}, pages = {229{\textendash}234}, author = {Sulaiman, IM and Ortega, Y and Simpson, S and Kerdahi, K} } @article {3562, title = {Genetic diversity of rotavirus strains circulating in environmental water and bivalve shellfish in Thailand.}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {1299{\textendash}1311}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph110201299}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110201299}, author = {Kittigul, Leera and Panjangampatthana, Apinya and Rupprom, Kitwadee and Pombubpa, Kannika} } @article {2793, title = {Genitoanal human papillomavirus infection and associated neoplasias}, journal = {Curr. Probl. Dermatol}, volume = {45}, year = {2014}, pages = {98-122}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {adult ANTIBODIES ANTIBODY Anus Neoplasms ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA biopsy cancer Carcinoma Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia child concentration Condylomata Acuminata DIAGNOSIS DISEASE DISEASES DNA EFFICACY Europe Female Genotype genotypes Germany history hu, Viral THERAPY treatment TUMORS Urogenital Neoplasms VACCINATION VACCINE VACCINES virology virus VIRUS-INFECTION VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES Warts YOUNG}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24643181}, author = {Gross, G.} } @article {1167, title = {Genitoanal human papillomavirus infection and associated neoplasias}, journal = {Curr. Probl. Dermatol}, volume = {45}, year = {2014}, pages = {98-122}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {adult ANTIBODIES ANTIBODY Anus Neoplasms ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA biopsy cancer Carcinoma Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia child concentration Condylomata Acuminata DIAGNOSIS DISEASE DISEASES DNA EFFICACY Europe Female Genotype genotypes Germany history hu, Viral THERAPY treatment TUMORS Urogenital Neoplasms VACCINATION VACCINE VACCINES virology virus VIRUS-INFECTION VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES Warts YOUNG}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24643181}, author = {Gross, G.} } @article {7815, title = {Genome analysis of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from a waterborne outbreak}, journal = {BMC Genomics}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, note = {ID: Revez2014}, pages = {768}, abstract = {Waterborne Campylobacter jejuni outbreaks are common in the Nordic countries, and PFGE (pulsed field gel electrophoresis) remains the genotyping method of choice in outbreak investigations. However, PFGE cannot assess the clonal relationship between isolates, leading to difficulties in molecular epidemiological investigations. Here, we explored the applicability of whole genome sequencing to outbreak investigation by re-analysing three C. jejuni strains (one isolated from water and two from patients) from an earlier resolved Finnish waterborne outbreak from the year 2000.}, isbn = {1471-2164}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-768}, author = {Revez,Joana and Ann K Llarena and Schott,Thomas and Kuusi,Markku and Hakkinen,Marjaana and Rauni Kivisto and Marja L Hanninen and Rossi,Mirko} } @article {4133, title = {{Genotypic detection and evaluation of the removal efficiency of Giardia duodenalis at municipal wastewater treatment plants in Northern South Africa}}, journal = {Tropical Biomedicine}, volume = {31}, year = {2014}, pages = {122{\textendash}133}, author = {Samie, A and Ntekele, P} } @article {12128, title = {A global brief on vector-borne diseases}, year = {2014}, institution = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @article {3050, title = {The global burden of disease study 2010: interpretation and implications for the neglected tropical diseases}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {jul}, pages = {e2865}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865}, author = {Hotez, Peter J. and Alvarado, Miriam and Bas{\'a}{\~n}ez, Mar{\'\i}a-Gloria and Bolliger, Ian and Bourne, Rupert and Boussinesq, Michel and Brooker, Simon J. and Brown, Ami Shah and Buckle, Geoffrey and Budke, Christine M. and Carabin, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Coffeng, Luc E. and F{\`e}vre, Eric M. and F{\"u}rst, Thomas and Halasa, Yara A. and Jasrasaria, Rashmi and Johns, Nicole E. and Keiser, Jennifer and King, Charles H. and Lozano, Rafael and Murdoch, Michele E. and O{\textquoteright}Hanlon, Simon and Pion, S{\'e}bastien D. S. and Pullan, Rachel L. and Ramaiah, Kapa D. and Roberts, Thomas and Shepard, Donald S. and Smith, Jennifer L. and Stolk, Wilma A. and Undurraga, Eduardo A. and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Wang, Mengru and Murray, Christopher J. L. and Naghavi, Mohsen} } @article {15428, title = {The global burden of disease study 2010: interpretation and implications for the neglected tropical diseases}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, note = {Hotez, Peter J
Alvarado, Miriam
Basanez, Maria-Gloria
Bolliger, Ian
Bourne, Rupert
Boussinesq, Michel
Brooker, Simon J
Brown, Ami Shah
Buckle, Geoffrey
Budke, Christine M
Carabin, Helene
Coffeng, Luc E
Fevre, Eric M
Furst, Thomas
Halasa, Yara A
Jasrasaria, Rashmi
Johns, Nicole E
Keiser, Jennifer
King, Charles H
Lozano, Rafael
Murdoch, Michele E
O{\textquoteright}Hanlon, Simon
Pion, Sebastien D S
Pullan, Rachel L
Ramaiah, Kapa D
Roberts, Thomas
Shepard, Donald S
Smith, Jennifer L
Stolk, Wilma A
Undurraga, Eduardo A
Utzinger, Jurg
Wang, Mengru
Murray, Christopher J L
Naghavi, Mohsen
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2014/07/25 06:00
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Jul 24;8(7):e2865. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865. eCollection 2014 Jul.}, month = {Jul}, pages = {e2865}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Hotez, P. J. and Alvarado, M. and Basanez, M. G. and Bolliger, I. and Bourne, R. and Boussinesq, M. and Brooker, S. J. and Brown, A. S. and Buckle, G. and Budke, C. M. and Carabin, H. and Coffeng, L. E. and Fevre, E. M. and F{\"u}rst, T. and Halasa, Y. A. and Jasrasaria, R. and Johns, N. E. and Keiser, J. and King, C. H. and Lozano, R. and Murdoch, M. E. and O{\textquoteright}Hanlon, S. and Pion, S. D. and Pullan, R. L. and Ramaiah, K. D. and Roberts, T. and Shepard, D. S. and Smith, J. L. and Stolk, W. A. and Undurraga, E. A. and Utzinger, J. and Wang, M. and Murray, C. J. and Naghavi, M.} } @article {12084, title = {Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, note = {Pullan, Rachel L
Smith, Jennifer L
Jasrasaria, Rashmi
Brooker, Simon J
eng
098045/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2014/01/23 06:00
Parasit Vectors. 2014 Jan 21;7:37. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-37.}, month = {Jan 21}, pages = {37}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Quantifying the burden of parasitic diseases in relation to other diseases and injuries requires reliable estimates of prevalence for each disease and an analytic framework within which to estimate attributable morbidity and mortality. Here we use data included in the Global Atlas of Helminth Infection to derive new global estimates of numbers infected with intestinal nematodes (soil-transmitted helminths, STH: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the hookworms) and use disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to estimate disease burden. METHODS: Prevalence data for 6,091 locations in 118 countries were sourced and used to estimate age-stratified mean prevalence for sub-national administrative units via a combination of model-based geostatistics (for sub-Saharan Africa) and empirical approaches (for all other regions). Geographical variation in infection prevalence within these units was approximated using modelled logit-normal distributions, and numbers of individuals with infection intensities above given thresholds estimated for each species using negative binomial distributions and age-specific worm/egg burden thresholds. Finally, age-stratified prevalence estimates for each level of infection intensity were incorporated into the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 analytic framework to estimate the global burden of morbidity and mortality associated with each STH infection. RESULTS: Globally, an estimated 438.9 million people (95\% Credible Interval (CI), 406.3 - 480.2 million) were infected with hookworm in 2010, 819.0 million (95\% CI, 771.7 - 891.6 million) with A. lumbricoides and 464.6 million (95\% CI, 429.6 - 508.0 million) with T. trichiura. Of the 4.98 million years lived with disability (YLDs) attributable to STH, 65\% were attributable to hookworm, 22\% to A. lumbricoides and the remaining 13\% to T. trichiura. The vast majority of STH infections (67\%) and YLDs (68\%) occurred in Asia. When considering YLDs relative to total populations at risk however, the burden distribution varied more considerably within major global regions than between them. CONCLUSION: Improvements in the cartography of helminth infection, combined with mathematical modelling approaches, have resulted in the most comprehensive contemporary estimates for the public health burden of STH. These numbers form an important benchmark upon which to evaluate future scale-up of major control efforts.

}, keywords = {Disabled Persons/statistics \& numerical data, Epidemiologic Factors, Geography, Medical, Global Health/*statistics \& numerical data, Helminthiasis/*epidemiology/*transmission, Humans, Morbidity, Population Surveillance, prevalence, Soil/*parasitology}, isbn = {1756-3305 (Electronic)
1756-3305 (Linking)}, author = {Pullan, R. L. and Smith, J. L. and Jasrasaria, R. and Brooker, S. J.} } @article {16576, title = {Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010}, journal = {Parasit Vectors}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {37}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Quantifying the burden of parasitic diseases in relation to other diseases and injuries requires reliable estimates of prevalence for each disease and an analytic framework within which to estimate attributable morbidity and mortality. Here we use data included in the Global Atlas of Helminth Infection to derive new global estimates of numbers infected with intestinal nematodes (soil-transmitted helminths, STH: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the hookworms) and use disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to estimate disease burden. METHODS: Prevalence data for 6,091 locations in 118 countries were sourced and used to estimate age-stratified mean prevalence for sub-national administrative units via a combination of model-based geostatistics (for sub-Saharan Africa) and empirical approaches (for all other regions). Geographical variation in infection prevalence within these units was approximated using modelled logit-normal distributions, and numbers of individuals with infection intensities above given thresholds estimated for each species using negative binomial distributions and age-specific worm/egg burden thresholds. Finally, age-stratified prevalence estimates for each level of infection intensity were incorporated into the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 analytic framework to estimate the global burden of morbidity and mortality associated with each STH infection. RESULTS: Globally, an estimated 438.9 million people (95\% Credible Interval (CI), 406.3 - 480.2 million) were infected with hookworm in 2010, 819.0 million (95\% CI, 771.7 - 891.6 million) with A. lumbricoides and 464.6 million (95\% CI, 429.6 - 508.0 million) with T. trichiura. Of the 4.98 million years lived with disability (YLDs) attributable to STH, 65\% were attributable to hookworm, 22\% to A. lumbricoides and the remaining 13\% to T. trichiura. The vast majority of STH infections (67\%) and YLDs (68\%) occurred in Asia. When considering YLDs relative to total populations at risk however, the burden distribution varied more considerably within major global regions than between them. CONCLUSION: Improvements in the cartography of helminth infection, combined with mathematical modelling approaches, have resulted in the most comprehensive contemporary estimates for the public health burden of STH. These numbers form an important benchmark upon which to evaluate future scale-up of major control efforts.}, keywords = {Disabled Persons/statistics \& numerical data, Epidemiologic Factors, Geography, Global Health/*statistics \& numerical data, Helminthiasis/*epidemiology/*transmission, Humans, Medical, Morbidity, Population Surveillance, prevalence, Soil/*parasitology}, issn = {1756-3305 (Electronic) 1756-3305 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1756-3305-7-37}, author = {Pullan, R. L. and Smith, J. L. and Jasrasaria, R. and Brooker, S. J.} } @article {3935, title = {Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010.}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {\#37}, doi = {10.1186/1756-3305-7-37.}, author = {Pullan, RL and Smith, JL and Jasrasaria, R and Brooker, SJ} } @article {11010, title = {Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {1{\textendash}37}, abstract = {

Quantifying the burden of parasitic diseases in relation to other diseases and injuries requires reliable estimates of prevalence for each disease and an analytic framework within which to estimate attributable morbidity and mortality. Here we use data included in the Global Atlas of Helminth Infection to derive new global estimates of numbers infected with intestinal nematodes (soil-transmitted helminths, STH: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the hookworms) and use disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to estimate disease burden.

}, issn = {1756-3305}, doi = {10.1186/1756-3305-7-37}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-37}, author = {Pullan, Rachel L. and Smith, Jennifer L. and Jasrasaria, Rashmi and Brooker, Simon J.} } @booklet {1923, title = {Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Data and monitoring.}, year = {2014}, publisher = {WHO http://www.polioeradication.org/dataandmonitoring.aspx. Last accessed July 2015}, type = {Online Database}, author = {WHO} } @article {11888, title = {Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {The Lancet infectious diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {725-730}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1473-3099}, author = {Ahmed, Sharia M and A J Hall and Robinson, Anne E and Verhoef, Linda and Premkumar, Prasanna and Parashar, Umesh D and Koopmans, Marion and Lopman, Benjamin A} } @article {5570, title = {{Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis}}, journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {725{\textendash}730}, issn = {14733099}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70767-4}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1473309914707674}, author = {Ahmed, Sharia M and A J Hall and Robinson, Anne E and Verhoef, Linda and Premkumar, Prasanna and Parashar, Umesh D and Koopmans, Marion and Lopman, Benjamin A} } @article {15154, title = {Green {Infrastructure} {Guide} for {Water} {Management}: {Ecosystem}-based {Management} {Approaches} for {Water}-related {Infrastructure} {Projects}}, year = {2014}, author = {UNEP, UNEP-DHI and IUCN, TNC and others} } @book {13038, title = {Green Infrastructure Guide for Water Management: Ecosystem-based Management Approaches for Water-related Infrastructure Projects}, year = {2014}, publisher = {IUCN Publication}, organization = {IUCN Publication}, issn = {9789280734041} } @mastersthesis {6684, title = {Green to grey: {Numerical} experiments to explain multi-scale hydrologic responses to mountain pine beetle tree mortality in a headwater basin}, year = {2014}, note = {1554415}, school = {Colorado School of Mines}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The scaling behavior of mountain pine beetle (MPB) induced tree mortality impacts on a headwater hydrologic system were investigated using an integrated physical modeling framework with a high-resolution computational grid. A Green Phase simulation and Grey Phase simulation with 36\% impacted area, each with identical atmospheric forcing for a normal water year, were analyzed at multiple scales to examine the factors that control differences between them. Individual locations within the larger model were shown to maintain hillslope-scale processes affecting snowpack dynamics, total evapotranspiration, and soil moisture that are comparable to several field based studies and previous modeling work. At larger scales, the magnitude of MPB impacts were obscured due to compensating factors, and the role of unimpacted terrain influence was included. Increasing late-summer soil evaporation was shown to compensate for reduced transpiration in the Grey Phase, while overall snowpack dynamics were more dependent on elevation effects than MPB impacts. Annual water yield increased during Grey Phase simulations by 11\%; an amount that would be difficult to assess with long-term gage observations due to inter-annual climate variability. The scaling behavior of MPB impacts show that effects on hydrology observed at the hillslope scale can be dampened when considering a larger and more dynamic system. This behavior may change under extreme conditions, e.g. increased total MPB impacted area or a water year with above average snowpack. The fine-scale resolution of this model has the ability to inform future observations and the inputs that regional-scale modeling should incorporate to better represent this dynamic system.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0768:Environmental science, Earth sciences, Environmental science, Headwater basin, Health and environmental sciences, Hydrologic sciences, Hydrology, Modeling, Mountain pine beetle}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1527165968?accountid=14270}, author = {Penn, Colin Andre Kress} } @article {15664, title = {Gregarine site-heterogeneous 18S rDNA trees, revision of gregarine higher classification, and the evolutionary diversification of Sporozoa}, journal = {European Journal of Protistology}, volume = {50}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {Oct}, pages = {472-95}, edition = {2014/09/23}, keywords = {*Phylogeny, Apicomplexa/*classification/*genetics, Cryptosporidium classification, Orthogregarinia, Paragregarinea, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/*genetics, Species Specificity, Squirmidea, Stenophora, Terragregarina}, isbn = {0932-4739}, author = {Cavalier-Smith, T.} } @article {209, title = {Group A rotavirus gastroenteritis in older children and adults at a hospital in southern India}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {32 Suppl 1}, year = {2014}, note = {1873-2518 Anandan, Shalini Peter, Robinson Aramugam, Rajesh Ismail, Nidha Veeraraghavan, Balaji Kang, Gagandeep Journal Article Netherlands Vaccine. 2014 Aug 11;32 Suppl 1:A33-5. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.008.}, pages = {A33-5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {There is limited data on the spectrum and prevalence of rotavirus genotypes in older children and adults in Asia. This pilot study conducted between November 2012 and April 2013 tested for rotavirus in older children (>12 years of age), and adults with gastroenteritis from southern India. Stool samples from patients who were hospitalized or attended out-patient units with diarrhea were screened for rotavirus using Premier Rotaclone((R)). Confirmatory testing was by another antigen detection sandwich, in-house ELISA, based on capture by a polyclonal serum and VP6 PCR. Genotyping for VP7 and VP4 was done using hemi-nested PCRs for G- and P-types circulating in India. A total of 626 stool samples from older children and adults were screened and 52 (8.4\%) were initially positive for rotavirus by antigen detection. A high proportion of samples (27/51) were found to be false positives on confirmatory testing. Of the 23 samples for which genotyping results were obtained, G1P[8] was the most common genotype. There was one each of G1P[6], G1P[4] and two strains of G9P[4] while one sample showed mixed genotypes of G2 and G9P[4]. This study shows that group A rotavirus is found in 3.8\% of diarrheal specimens in older children and adults with gastroenteritis in southern India and that common genotypes circulate in children and adults.}, keywords = {Adults Diarrhea Genotypes Rotavirus}, issn = {0264-410x}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.008}, url = {http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0264410X14003521/1-s2.0-S0264410X14003521-main.pdf?_tid=e49b50dc-84a1-11e4-a154-00000aab0f01\&acdnat=1418679338_cd8fcde848ee3674fb931bd9874aa8ab}, author = {Anandan, S. and Peter, R. and Aramugam, R. and Ismail, N. and Veeraraghavan, B. and Kang, G.} } @article {10618, title = {{Haitian Variant tcpA in Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains of Kolkata, India}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {PMID:24371}, year = {2014}, author = {Ghosh, P and Naha, A and Basak, S and Ghosh, S and Ramamurthy, T and Koley, H and Nandy, RK and Shinoda, S and Watanabe, H and Mukhopadhyay, AK} } @book {2890, title = {Handbook of toxicology}, year = {2014}, publisher = {CRC press}, organization = {CRC press}, author = {Derelanko, Michael J and Auletta, Carol S} } @article {6291, title = {Health care systems in low- and middle-income countries}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {370}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {feb}, pages = {552{\textendash}557}, keywords = {Delivery of Health Care, Developing Countries, Health, Humans, Income, Insurance, Insurance Coverage, Private Sector, Taxes}, issn = {1533-4406}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMra1110897}, author = {Mills, Anne} } @article {6818, title = {Health sector demand-side financial incentives in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review on demand- and supply-side effects}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, volume = {100}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {72{\textendash}83}, abstract = {Demand-side financial incentive (DSF) is an emerging strategy to improve health seeking behavior and health status in many low- and middle-income countries. This narrative synthesis assessed the demand- and supply-side effects of DSF. Forty one electronic data bases were searched to screen relevant experimental and quasi-experimental study designs. Out of the 64 selected papers, 28 were eligible for this review and they described 19 DSF initiatives across Asia, Africa and Latin America. There were three categories of initiatives, namely long-run multi-sectoral programs or LMPs (governmental); long-run health-exclusive programs (governmental); and short-run health-exclusive initiatives (both governmental and non-governmental). Irrespective of the nature of incentives and initiatives, all DSF programs could achieve their expected behavioral outcomes on healthcare seeking and utilization substantially. However, there existed a few negative and perverse outcomes on health seeking behavior and DSF{\textquoteright}s impact on continuous health seeking choices (e.g. bed net use and routine adult health check-ups) was mixed. Their effects on maternal health status, diarrhea, malaria and out-of-pocket expenditure were under-explored; while chronic non-communicable diseases were not directly covered by any DSF programs. DSF could reduce HIV prevalence and child deaths, and enhance nutritional and growth status of children. The direction and magnitude of their effects on health status was elastic to the evaluation design employed. On health system benefits, despite prioritizing on vulnerable groups, DSF{\textquoteright}s substantial effect on the poorest of the poor was mixed compared to that on the relatively richer groups. Though DSF initiatives intended to improve service delivery status, many could not optimally do so, especially to meet the additionally generated demand for care. Causal pathways of DSF{\textquoteright}s effects should be explored in-depth for mid-course corrections and cross-country learning on their design, implementation and evaluation. More policy-specific analyses on LMPs are needed to assess how {\textquoteright}multi-sectoral{\textquoteright} approaches can be cost-effective and sustainable in the long run compared to {\textquoteright}health exclusive{\textquoteright} incentives.}, keywords = {Africa, Asia, Demand-side financing, Developing Countries, Health care delivery strategy, Health Care Sector, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Latin America, low- and middle-income countries, Primary healthcare}, issn = {1873-5347}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.030}, author = {Gopalan, Saji S. and Mutasa, Ronald and Friedman, Jed and Das, Ashis} } @article {15660, title = {Heavy rainfall events and diarrhea incidence: the role of social and environmental factors}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {179}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {Feb 1}, pages = {344-52}, edition = {2013/11/22}, keywords = {*Rain, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Climate, Diarrhea, Diarrhea/epidemiology/*etiology/prevention \& control, Drinking Water/adverse effects, Ecuador, Ecuador/epidemiology, heavy rainfall events, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Poisson Distribution, Population Surveillance, Rain, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, sanitation, Seasons, Social Environment, social vulnerability, Water Purification, Water quality, water treatment, Young Adult}, isbn = {0002-9262}, author = {Carlton, E. J. and Eisenberg, J. N. and Goldstick, J. and Cevallos, W. and Trostle, J. and Levy, K.} } @article {8190, title = {{Helicobacter pylori: evidence-based review with a focus on immigrant populations.}}, journal = {Journal of General Internal Medicine}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {520{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Helicobacter pylori has been causally linked to a number of diseases, including peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and dyspepsia. It is the most prevalent bacterial pathogen in humans, and while the overall prevalence in the United States is about 30 {\%}, the distribution is heterogeneous amongst different ethnic groups. Recent immigrants from high prevalence areas such as Korea, Japan, and China bear an increased burden of its disease and complications. There is clear evidence that treatment of H. pylori resolves peptic ulcer disease, and increasing evidence for protection against development of gastric adenocarcinoma. However, H. pylori treatment failure is common and alternative regimens may be necessary. The following case-based review will highlight these issues, including the epidemiology of H. pylori in the immigrant population, an approach to dyspepsia, and the role of H. pylori in gastric adenocarcinoma.

}, keywords = {Emigrants and Immigrants, Evidence-Based Medicine, Evidence-Based Medicine: methods, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: diagnosis, Helicobacter Infections: ethnology, helicobacter pylori, Humans, Peptic Ulcer, Peptic Ulcer: diagnosis, Peptic Ulcer: ethnology, Population Surveillance, Population Surveillance: methods, Stomach Neoplasms, Stomach Neoplasms: diagnosis, Stomach Neoplasms: ethnology, United States, United States: epidemiology}, issn = {1525-1497}, doi = {10.1007/s11606-013-2630-y}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3930769{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Siao, Derrick and Somsouk, Ma} } @article {13819, title = {Helicobacter pylori: evidence-based review with a focus on immigrant populations.}, journal = {Journal of general internal medicine}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {520{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori has been causally linked to a number of diseases, including peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and dyspepsia. It is the most prevalent bacterial pathogen in humans, and while the overall prevalence in the United States is about 30 \%, the distribution is heterogeneous amongst different ethnic groups. Recent immigrants from high prevalence areas such as Korea, Japan, and China bear an increased burden of its disease and complications. There is clear evidence that treatment of H. pylori resolves peptic ulcer disease, and increasing evidence for protection against development of gastric adenocarcinoma. However, H. pylori treatment failure is common and alternative regimens may be necessary. The following case-based review will highlight these issues, including the epidemiology of H. pylori in the immigrant population, an approach to dyspepsia, and the role of H. pylori in gastric adenocarcinoma.}, keywords = {Emigrants and Immigrants, Evidence-Based Medicine, Evidence-Based Medicine: methods, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: diagnosis, Helicobacter Infections: ethnology, helicobacter pylori, Humans, Peptic Ulcer, Peptic Ulcer: diagnosis, Peptic Ulcer: ethnology, Population Surveillance, Population Surveillance: methods, Stomach Neoplasms, Stomach Neoplasms: diagnosis, Stomach Neoplasms: ethnology, United States, United States: epidemiology}, issn = {1525-1497}, doi = {10.1007/s11606-013-2630-y}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3930769\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Siao, Derrick and Somsouk, Ma} } @article {14418, title = {Helicobacter pylori: evidence-based review with a focus on immigrant populations.}, journal = {Journal of general internal medicine}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {520{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori has been causally linked to a number of diseases, including peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and dyspepsia. It is the most prevalent bacterial pathogen in humans, and while the overall prevalence in the United States is about 30 \%, the distribution is heterogeneous amongst different ethnic groups. Recent immigrants from high prevalence areas such as Korea, Japan, and China bear an increased burden of its disease and complications. There is clear evidence that treatment of H. pylori resolves peptic ulcer disease, and increasing evidence for protection against development of gastric adenocarcinoma. However, H. pylori treatment failure is common and alternative regimens may be necessary. The following case-based review will highlight these issues, including the epidemiology of H. pylori in the immigrant population, an approach to dyspepsia, and the role of H. pylori in gastric adenocarcinoma.}, keywords = {Emigrants and Immigrants, Evidence-Based Medicine, Evidence-Based Medicine: methods, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: diagnosis, Helicobacter Infections: ethnology, helicobacter pylori, Humans, Peptic Ulcer, Peptic Ulcer: diagnosis, Peptic Ulcer: ethnology, Population Surveillance, Population Surveillance: methods, Stomach Neoplasms, Stomach Neoplasms: diagnosis, Stomach Neoplasms: ethnology, United States, United States: epidemiology}, issn = {1525-1497}, doi = {10.1007/s11606-013-2630-y}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3930769\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Siao, Derrick and Somsouk, Ma} } @article {5760, title = {Hepatitis A Virus: Host Interactions, Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {21}, year = {2014}, pages = {227{\textendash}243}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.023}, author = {Vaughan, G and LM G Rossi and Forbi, JC and De Paula, VS and Purdy, MA and Xia, G and Khudyakov, YE} } @article {5960, title = {{Hepatitis E virus in blood components: a prevalence and transmission study in southeast England}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {384}, number = {9956}, year = {2014}, pages = {1766{\textendash}1773}, author = {P E Hewitt and Ijaz, S and S R Brailsford and R Brett and Dicks, S and Haywood, B and Kennedy, IT and Kitchen, A and Patel, P and Poh, J and Russell, K and Tettmar, KI and Tossell, J and Ushiro-Lumb, I and Tedder, RS and Ushiro-Lumb, I and Tedder, RS} } @article {13868, title = {High frequency of {Helicobacter} pylori {DNA} in drinking water in {Kermanshah}, {Iran}, during {June}-{November} 2012.}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {sep}, pages = {504{\textendash}12}, abstract = {To gain a better understanding of transmission and selecting appropriate measures for preventing the spread of Helicobacter pylori, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori in drinking water samples in Kermanshah, Iran. Drinking water samples were collected from around Kermanshah and filtered through 0.45 μm nitrocellulose filters. The bacterial sediment was subjected to DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for H. pylori detection using newly designed primers targeted at the conserved region of the ureC gene. The overall detection rates for H. pylori DNA in the water samples were 56\% (66/118) with a frequency of 36\% (25/70) in tap water samples and 85\% (41/48) in wells. The detection limit was 50 bacteria per liter of filtered water and a pure H. pylori DNA copy number of 6 per reaction. Based on the evidence we may suggest that recontamination occurred and H. pylori entered into the water piping system through cracked or broken pipes or was released from established H. pylori biofilms on pipes. In conclusion, a high prevalence of H. pylori was detected in drinking water samples that strengthens the evidence of H. pylori transmission through drinking water.}, keywords = {Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Bacterial Proteins: metabolism, Cities, DNA, drinking water, Drinking Water: microbiology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Iran, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.150}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/12/3/504.abstract}, author = {Amirhooshang, Alvandi and Ramin, Abiri and Ehsan, Aryan and Mansour, Rezaei and Shahram, Bagherabadi} } @article {8240, title = {{High frequency of Helicobacter pylori DNA in drinking water in Kermanshah, Iran, during June-November 2012.}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {sep}, pages = {504{\textendash}12}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, abstract = {

To gain a better understanding of transmission and selecting appropriate measures for preventing the spread of Helicobacter pylori, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori in drinking water samples in Kermanshah, Iran. Drinking water samples were collected from around Kermanshah and filtered through 0.45 $\μ$m nitrocellulose filters. The bacterial sediment was subjected to DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for H. pylori detection using newly designed primers targeted at the conserved region of the ureC gene. The overall detection rates for H. pylori DNA in the water samples were 56{\%} (66/118) with a frequency of 36{\%} (25/70) in tap water samples and 85{\%} (41/48) in wells. The detection limit was 50 bacteria per liter of filtered water and a pure H. pylori DNA copy number of 6 per reaction. Based on the evidence we may suggest that recontamination occurred and H. pylori entered into the water piping system through cracked or broken pipes or was released from established H. pylori biofilms on pipes. In conclusion, a high prevalence of H. pylori was detected in drinking water samples that strengthens the evidence of H. pylori transmission through drinking water.

}, keywords = {Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Bacterial Proteins: metabolism, Cities, DNA, drinking water, Drinking Water: microbiology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: isolation {\&} purification, Iran, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.150}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/12/3/504.abstract}, author = {Amirhooshang, Alvandi and Ramin, Abiri and Ehsan, Aryan and Mansour, Rezaei and Shahram, Bagherabadi} } @article {4573, title = {High prevalence and diversity of species {D} adenoviruses ({HAdV}-{D}) in human populations of four {Sub}-{Saharan} countries}, journal = {Virology Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {25}, issn = {1743-422X (Electronic) 1743-422X (Linking)}, author = {Pauly, M. and Hoppe, E. and Mugisha, L. and Petrzelkova, K. and Akoua-Koffi, C. and Couacy-Hymann, E. and Anoh, A. E. and Mossoun, A. and Schubert, G. and Wiersma, L. and Pascale, S. and Muyembe, J. J. and Karhemere, S. and Weiss, S. and Leendertz, S. A. and Calvignac-Spencer, S. and Leendertz, F. H. and Ehlers, B.} } @article {5822, title = {{Higher water temperature and incubation under aerobic and microaerobic conditions increase the recovery and diversity of Arcobacter spp. from shellfish.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {385{\textendash}391}, author = {Levican, Arturo and Collado, Luis and Yustes, Clara and Aguilar, Carme and Maria J Figueras} } @article {14339, title = {Higher water temperature and incubation under aerobic and microaerobic conditions increase the recovery and diversity of {Arcobacter} spp. from shellfish.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {385{\textendash}391}, author = {Levican, Arturo and Collado, Luis and Yustes, Clara and Aguilar, Carme and Maria J Figueras} } @article {13834, title = {History of {Helicobacter} pylori, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and gastric cancer}, journal = {World Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {20}, number = {18}, year = {2014}, pages = {5191{\textendash}5204}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection underlies gastric ulcer disease, gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer disease. The disease expression reflects the pattern and extent of gastritis/gastric atrophy (i.e., duodenal ulcer with non-atrophic and gastric ulcer and gastric cancer with atrophic gastritis). Gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer have been known for thousands of years. Ulcers are generally non-fatal and until the 20th century were difficult to diagnose. However, the presence and pattern of gastritis in past civilizations can be deduced based on the diseases present. It has been suggested that gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer both arose or became more frequent in Europe in the 19th century. Here, we show that gastric cancer and gastric ulcer were present throughout the 17th to 19th centuries consistent with atrophic gastritis being the predominant pattern, as it proved to be when it could be examined directly in the late 19th century. The environment before the 20th century favored acquisition of H. pylori infection and atrophic gastritis (e.g., poor sanitation and standards of living, seasonal diets poor in fresh fruits and vegetables, especially in winter, vitamin deficiencies, and frequent febrile infections in childhood). The latter part of the 19th century saw improvements in standards of living, sanitation, and diets with a corresponding decrease in rate of development of atrophic gastritis allowing duodenal ulcers to become more prominent. In the early 20th century physician{\textquoteright}s believed they could diagnose ulcers clinically and that the diagnosis required hospitalization for "surgical disease" or for "Sippy" diets. We show that while H. pylori remained common and virulent in Europe and the United States, environmental changes resulted in changes of the pattern of gastritis producing a change in the manifestations of H. pylori infections and subsequently to a rapid decline in transmission and a rapid decline in all H. pylori-related diseases.}, keywords = {Antiquity, Atrophic gastritis, Duodenal ulcer, epidemiology, Gastric cancer, Gastric ulcer, Gastritis, helicobacter pylori, Medical history, Ulcer surgery}, issn = {22192840}, doi = {10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5191}, author = {Graham, David Y.} } @article {8206, title = {{History of Helicobacter pylori, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and gastric cancer}}, journal = {World Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {20}, number = {18}, year = {2014}, pages = {5191{\textendash}5204}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection underlies gastric ulcer disease, gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer disease. The disease expression reflects the pattern and extent of gastritis/gastric atrophy (i.e., duodenal ulcer with non-atrophic and gastric ulcer and gastric cancer with atrophic gastritis). Gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer have been known for thousands of years. Ulcers are generally non-fatal and until the 20th century were difficult to diagnose. However, the presence and pattern of gastritis in past civilizations can be deduced based on the diseases present. It has been suggested that gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer both arose or became more frequent in Europe in the 19th century. Here, we show that gastric cancer and gastric ulcer were present throughout the 17th to 19th centuries consistent with atrophic gastritis being the predominant pattern, as it proved to be when it could be examined directly in the late 19th century. The environment before the 20th century favored acquisition of H. pylori infection and atrophic gastritis (e.g., poor sanitation and standards of living, seasonal diets poor in fresh fruits and vegetables, especially in winter, vitamin deficiencies, and frequent febrile infections in childhood). The latter part of the 19th century saw improvements in standards of living, sanitation, and diets with a corresponding decrease in rate of development of atrophic gastritis allowing duodenal ulcers to become more prominent. In the early 20th century physician{\textquoteright}s believed they could diagnose ulcers clinically and that the diagnosis required hospitalization for "surgical disease" or for "Sippy" diets. We show that while H. pylori remained common and virulent in Europe and the United States, environmental changes resulted in changes of the pattern of gastritis producing a change in the manifestations of H. pylori infections and subsequently to a rapid decline in transmission and a rapid decline in all H. pylori-related diseases.}, keywords = {Antiquity, Atrophic gastritis, Duodenal ulcer, epidemiology, Gastric cancer, Gastric ulcer, Gastritis, helicobacter pylori, Medical history, Ulcer surgery}, isbn = {1007-9327}, issn = {22192840}, doi = {10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5191}, author = {Graham, David Y.} } @book {711, title = {History of the Saint Clair River, Written for the Centennial of the Founding of St. Clair County on May 8, 1821 - Primary Source Edition}, year = {2014}, publisher = {BiblioLife}, organization = {BiblioLife}, isbn = {9781293818558}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=i3fToAEACAAJ}, author = {Crampton, E.J.} } @booklet {1442, title = {Horizon 2020 Mediterranean report - Toward shared environmental information systems. EEA Technical report No 6/2014.}, year = {2014}, publisher = {EEA-UNEP/MAP joint report https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CB0QFjAAahUKEwis-q20w5fHAhULPxQKHYAkAbw\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.eea.europa.eu\%2Fpublications\%2Fhorizon-2020-mediterranean-report\%2Fdownload\&ei=6u7EVazdBYv-UIDJhO}, type = {Electronic Article}, isbn = {1725-2237}, author = {Agency, European Environment} } @article {445, title = {Hospital-based surveillance for rotavirus gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years of age in Ethiopia: 2007-2012}, journal = {The Pediatric infectious disease journal}, volume = {33 Suppl 1}, year = {2014}, note = {2}, pages = {S28-33}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1097/inf.0000000000000048}, url = {://MEDLINE:24343610}, author = {Abebe, Almaz and Teka, Telahun and Kassa, Tassew and Seheri, Mapaseka and Beyene, Berhane and Teshome, Birke and Kebede, Ferehiwot and Habtamu, Abebe and Maake, Lorens and Kassahun, Aron and Getahun, Mekonnen and Mitiku, Kassahun and Mwenda, Jason M.} } @article {9519, title = {{Host Specificity and Source of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in a Drinking Source Watershed}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {218{\textendash}225}, author = {Guo, Y and Alderisio, KA and Yang, W and Cama, V and Feng, Y and Xiao, L} } @article {6529, title = {Household{\textquoteright}s willingness to pay for arsenic safe drinking water in {Bangladesh}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {143}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {151{\textendash}161}, abstract = {This study examines willingness to pay (WTP) in Bangladesh for arsenic (As) safe drinking water across different As-risk zones, applying a double bound discrete choice value elicitation approach. The study aims to provide a robust estimate of the benefits of As safe drinking water supply, which is compared to the results from a similar study published almost 10 years ago using a single bound estimation procedure. Tests show that the double bound valuation design does not suffer from anchoring or incentive incompatibility effects. Health risk awareness levels are high and households are willing to pay on average about 5 percent of their disposable average annual household income for As safe drinking water. Important factors influencing WTP include the bid amount to construct communal deep tubewell for As safe water supply, the risk zone where respondents live, household income, water consumption, awareness of water source contamination, whether household members are affected by As contamination, and whether they already take mitigation measures.}, keywords = {Adult, Arsenic, Arsenic Poisoning, Bangladesh, Chemical, Contingent valuation, Data Collection, Drinking, drinking water, Family Characteristics, Female, Health risks, Humans, Income, Male, Models, Public Opinion, Statistical, Theoretical, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution, Water Supply, Willingness to pay}, issn = {1095-8630}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.018}, author = {Khan, Nasreen Islam and Brouwer, Roy and Yang, Hong} } @article {1051, title = {Human adenovirus {(HAdV),} human enterovirus {(hEV),} and genogroup A rotavirus {(GARV)} in tap water in southern Brazil}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {526}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.202}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.202}, author = {M Kluge and J D Fleck and M C Soliman and R B Luz and R B Fabres and J Comerlato and J V S Silva and R Staggemeier and A D Vecchia and R Capalonga and A B Oliveira and A Henzel and C Rigotto and F R Spilki} } @article {1247, title = {Human adenovirus (HAdV), human enterovirus (hEV), and genogroup A rotavirus (GARV) in tap water in southern Brazil}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, note = {Kluge, M Fleck, J D Soliman, M C Luz, R B Fabres, R B Comerlato, J Silva, J V S Staggemeier, R Vecchia, A D Capalonga, R Oliveira, A B Henzel, A Rigotto, C Spilki, F R Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2014 Sep;12(3):526-32. doi: 10.2166/wh.2014.202.}, pages = {526-32}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The effects of viral gastroenteritis are more devastating in children than in any other age category. Thus, children exposed to the consumption of low quality water are at an increased risk of infection, especially in regions where sanitation is inadequate. The present study aimed to provide a survey of the occurrence of representative enteric viruses: human adenovirus (HAdV), human enteroviruses (hEV), and genogroup A rotavirus (GARV) in tap water samples collected in public schools located at six municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Seventy-three schools were included in the study and tap water samples were analyzed by conventional PCR for the presence of HAdV, hEV, and GARV genomes. hEV showed the highest detection rate (27.4\%), followed by HAdV (23.3\%), and GARV (16.4\%). New approaches to water monitoring should be considered to promote a better water quality and reduce the risk of waterborne diseases, especially considering drinking water to be served to vulnerable individuals.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/genetics/ isolation \& purification Brazil DNA, Viral/genetics Drinking Water/ virology Enterovirus/genetics/ isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction Rotavirus/genetics/isolation \& purification Schools}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.202}, author = {Kluge, M. and Fleck, J. D. and Soliman, M. C. and Luz, R. B. and Fabres, R. B. and Comerlato, J. and Silva, J. V. and Staggemeier, R. and Vecchia, A. D. and Capalonga, R. and Oliveira, A. B. and Henzel, A. and Rigotto, C. and Spilki, F. R.} } @article {3756, title = {Human adenovirus ({HAdV}), human enterovirus ({hEV}), and genogroup {A} rotavirus ({GARV}) in tap water in southern {Brazil}.}, journal = {Journal of Water Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {526{\textendash}532}, author = {Kluge M, Fleck JD, Soliman MC, Luz RB, Fabres RB, Comerlato J, Silva JV, Staggemeier R, Vecchia AD, Capalonga R, Oliveira AB3, Henzel A, Rigotto C, Spilki FR. Kluge, M and Fleck, JD and Soliman, MC and Luz, RB and Fabres, RB and Comerlato, J and Silva, JV and Staggemeier, R and Vecchia, AD and Capalonga, R and Oliveira, AB3 and Henzel, A and Rigotto, C and F R Spilki} } @article {4522, title = {Human adenovirus (HAdV), human enterovirus (hEV), and genogroup A rotavirus (GARV) in tap water in southern Brazil}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {526{\textendash}32}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.202}, author = {Kluge, M. and Fleck, J. D. and Soliman, M. C. and Luz, R. B. and Fabres, R. B. and Comerlato, J. and Silva, J. V. and Staggemeier, R. and Vecchia, A. D. and Capalonga, R. and Oliveira, A. B. and Henzel, A. and Rigotto, C. and Spilki, F. R.} } @article {2688, title = {Human adenovirus {(HAdV),} human enterovirus {(hEV),} and genogroup A rotavirus {(GARV)} in tap water in southern Brazil}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {526}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.202}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.202}, author = {M Kluge and J D Fleck and M C Soliman and R B Luz and R B Fabres and J Comerlato and J V S Silva and R Staggemeier and A D Vecchia and R Capalonga and A B Oliveira and A Henzel and C Rigotto and F R Spilki} } @article {4485, title = {Human adenovirus: Viral pathogen with increasing importance}, journal = {European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {26{\textendash}33}, issn = {2062-509X (Print) 2062-509x}, doi = {10.1556/EuJMI.4.2014.1.2}, author = {Ghebremedhin, B.} } @article {525, title = {Human adenovirus: Viral pathogen with increasing importance}, journal = {Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, note = {Ghebremedhin, B Journal Article Hungary Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp). 2014 Mar;4(1):26-33. doi: 10.1556/EuJMI.4.2014.1.2. Epub 2014 Mar 14.}, pages = {26-33}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The aim of this review is to describe the biology of human adenovirus (HAdV), the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adenoviral epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and to present a practical update on its diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis. There are two well-defined adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis clinical syndromes: epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) and pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF), which are caused by different HAdV serotypes. The exact incidence of adenoviral conjunctivitis is still poorly known. However, cases are more frequent during warmer months. The virus is endemic in the general population, and frequently causes severe disease in immunocompromised patients, especially the pediatric patients. Contagion is possible through direct contact or fomites, and the virus is extremely resistant to different physical and chemical agents. The clinical signs or symptoms of conjunctival infection are similar to any other conjunctivitis, with a higher incidence of pseudomembranes. In the cornea, adenoviral infection may lead to keratitis nummularis. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, but its etiology can be confirmed using cell cultures, antigen detection, polymerase chain reaction or immunochromatography. Multiple treatments have been tried for this disease, but none of them seem to be completely effective. Prevention is the most reliable and recommended strategy to control this contagious infection.}, keywords = {epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) human adenovirus (HAdV) pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) serogroups}, issn = {2062-509X (Print) 2062-509x}, doi = {10.1556/EuJMI.4.2014.1.2}, author = {Ghebremedhin, B.} } @article {3911, title = {Human astroviruses.}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {1048{\textendash}1074}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00013-14}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00013-14}, author = {Bosch, Albert and Pint{\'o}, Rosa M and Guix, Susana} } @article {9947, title = {{Human astroviruses}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {1048{\textendash}1074}, abstract = {Human astroviruses (HAtVs) are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that were discovered in 1975. Astroviruses infecting other species, particularly mammalian and avian, were identified and classified into the genera Mamastrovirus and Avastrovirus. Through next-generation sequencing, many new astroviruses infecting different species, including humans, have been described, and the Astroviridae family shows a high diversity and zoonotic potential. Three divergent groups of HAstVs are recognized: the classic (MAstV 1), HAstV-MLB (MAstV 6), and HAstV-VA/HMO (MAstV 8 and MAstV 9) groups. Classic HAstVs contain 8 serotypes and account for 2 to 9{\%} of all acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Infections are usually self-limiting but can also spread systemically and cause severe infections in immunocompromised patients. The other groups have also been identified in children with gastroenteritis, but extraintestinal pathologies have been suggested for them as well. Classic HAstVs may be grown in cells, allowing the study of their cell cycle, which is similar to that of caliciviruses. The continuous emergence of new astroviruses with a potential zoonotic transmission highlights the need to gain insights on their biology in order to prevent future health threats. This review focuses on the basic virology, pathogenesis, host response, epidemiology, diagnostic assays, and prevention strategies for HAstVs.}, isbn = {1098-6618 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0893-8512 (Linking)}, issn = {10986618}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00013-14}, author = {Bosch, Albert and Rosa M Pinto and Guix, Susana} } @inbook {15992, title = {{Human health: Impacts, adaptation, and co-benefits}}, booktitle = {Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}, year = {2014}, pages = {709{\textendash}754}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {Smith , K.R., A. Woodward, D. Campbell -Lendrum, D. D. Chadee, Y. Honda, Q. Liu, J.M . Olwoch, B. Revich, and R. Sauerborn, 2014: Human health: impacts, adaptation, and co -benefits. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros , D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy , S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 709- 754 .}, isbn = {9781107415379}, doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415379.016}, url = {http://ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap11{\_}FINAL.pdf}, author = {Smith, K.R. and Woodward, A and Campbell-Lendrum, D and D. D. Chadee, Y. Honda and Liu, Q and Olwoch, J.M . and Revich, B and Sauerborn, R} } @article {10202, title = {{Human health risk implications of multiple sources of faecal indicator bacteria in a recreational waterbody}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {66}, year = {2014}, pages = {254{\textendash}264}, author = {Soller, J and Schoen, M and Varghese, A and Ichida, A and Boehm, A and Eftim, S and Ashbolt, N and Ravenscroft, J} } @article {11620, title = {{Human infection by a "fish tapeworm", Diphyllobothrium latum, in a non-endemic country}}, journal = {Infection}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {191{\textendash}194}, author = {Esteban, J G and Mu{\~n}oz-Antoli, C and Borras, M and Colomina, J and Toledo, R} } @article {1164, title = {Human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer}, journal = {Cancers. (Basel)}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC4190563}, pages = {1705-1726}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {ASSOCIATION Behavior cancer DISEASE DISEASES human infectious infectious diseases INFECTIOUS-DISEASES Italy Laboratories male ONSET Papillomavirus PREDOMINANCE prevalence Rome Sexual Behavior virology}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25256828}, author = {Garbuglia, A.R.} } @article {2790, title = {Human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer}, journal = {Cancers. (Basel)}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC4190563}, pages = {1705-1726}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {ASSOCIATION Behavior cancer DISEASE DISEASES human infectious infectious diseases INFECTIOUS-DISEASES Italy Laboratories male ONSET Papillomavirus PREDOMINANCE prevalence Rome Sexual Behavior virology}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25256828}, author = {Garbuglia, A.R.} } @book {16687, title = {Human {Resource} {Capacity} {Gaps} {Study}}, year = {2014}, note = {Published: �urlhttps://iwa-network.org/projects/human-resource-capacity-gaps-study/} } @article {15382, title = {Human schistosomiasis}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {383}, number = {9936}, year = {2014}, note = {Colley, Daniel G
Bustinduy, Amaya L
Secor, W Evan
King, Charles H
eng
CC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
England
London, England
2014/04/05 06:00
Lancet. 2014 Jun 28;383(9936):2253-64. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61949-2. Epub 2014 Apr 1.}, month = {Jun 28}, pages = {2253-64}, abstract = {Human schistosomiasis--or bilharzia--is a parasitic disease caused by trematode flukes of the genus Schistosoma. By conservative estimates, at least 230 million people worldwide are infected with Schistosoma spp. Adult schistosome worms colonise human blood vessels for years, successfully evading the immune system while excreting hundreds to thousands of eggs daily, which must either leave the body in excreta or become trapped in nearby tissues. Trapped eggs induce a distinct immune-mediated granulomatous response that causes local and systemic pathological effects ranging from anaemia, growth stunting, impaired cognition, and decreased physical fitness, to organ-specific effects such as severe hepatosplenism, periportal fibrosis with portal hypertension, and urogenital inflammation and scarring. At present, preventive public health measures in endemic regions consist of treatment once every 1 or 2 years with the isoquinolinone drug, praziquantel, to suppress morbidity. In some locations, elimination of transmission is now the goal; however, more sensitive diagnostics are needed in both the field and clinics, and integrated environmental and health-care management will be needed to ensure elimination.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Disease Control/methods, Cost of Illness, Female, Global Health, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Infant, Life Cycle Stages/physiology, Male, Middle Aged, Parasite Egg Count, Schistosoma/growth \& development, Schistosomiasis/diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention \& control, Schistosomicides/*therapeutic use, Young Adult}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Colley, D. G. and Bustinduy, A. L. and Secor, W. E. and King, C. H.} } @article {4286, title = {Human viruses and viral indicators in marine water at two recreational beaches in Southern California, USA.}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {136{\textendash}50}, abstract = {

Waterborne enteric viruses may pose disease risks to bather health but occurrence of these viruses has been difficult to characterize at recreational beaches. The aim of this study was to evaluate water for human virus occurrence at two Southern California recreational beaches with a history of beach closures. Human enteric viruses (adenovirus and norovirus) and viral indicators (F+ and somatic coliphages) were measured in water samples over a 4-month period from Avalon Beach, Catalina Island (n = 324) and Doheny Beach, Orange County (n = 112). Human viruses were concentrated from 40 L samples and detected by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Detection frequencies at Doheny Beach were 25.5{\%} (adenovirus) and 22.3{\%} (norovirus), and at Avalon Beach were 9.3{\%} (adenovirus) and 0.7{\%} (norovirus). Positive associations between adenoviruses and fecal coliforms were observed at Doheny (p = 0.02) and Avalon (p = 0.01) Beaches. Human viruses were present at both beaches at higher frequencies than previously detected in the region, suggesting that the virus detection methods presented here may better measure potential health risks to bathers. These virus recovery, concentration, and molecular detection methods are advancing practices so that analysis of enteric viruses can become more effective and routine for recreational water quality monitoring.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae, Adenoviridae: isolation {\&} purification, Bathing Beaches, California, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Feces, Feces: virology, Humans, Norovirus, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Seawater, Seawater: virology, Water Microbiology, Water quality}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.078}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24642440}, author = {Love, David C and Rodriguez, Roberto A and Gibbons, Christopher D and Griffith, John F and Yu, Qilu and Stewart, Jill R and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {4550, title = {Human viruses and viral indicators in marine water at two recreational beaches in {Southern} {California}, {USA}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {136{\textendash}50}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.078}, author = {Love, D. C. and Rodriguez, R. A. and Gibbons, C. D. and Griffith, J. F. and Yu, Q. and Stewart, J. R. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @booklet {15048, title = {Human waste management in first phase response, protecting groundwater and human health: case study from {Haiyan} 2013}, year = {2014}, address = {Hanoi, Vietnam}, author = {Parsa, H. and Berndtsson, M. and Nee, M.} } @conference {9600, title = {Human waste management in first phase response, protecting groundwater and human health: case study from Haiyan 2013}, booktitle = {37th WEDC International Conference}, year = {2014}, address = {Hanoi, Vietnam}, author = {Parsa, H and Berndtsson, M and Nee, M} } @article {13644, title = {Hygienic aspects of livestock manure management and biogas systems operated by small-scale pig farmers in Vietnam}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {470}, year = {2014}, pages = {53-57}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0048-9697}, author = {Huong, LQ and Madsen, H and Ngoc, PT and Dalsgaard, A} } @article {9800, title = {{Identification and characterization of heat shock protein 70 in thermal stressed Blastocystis sp}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, pages = {e95608}, author = {Gaythri, T and Suresh, K and Subha, B and Kalyani, R} } @article {9801, title = {{Identification and characterization of heat shock protein 70 in thermal stressed Blastocystis sp}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, pages = {e95608}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0095608}, author = {Gaythri, T and Suresh, K and Subha, B and Kalyani, R} } @article {998, title = {Identification of a novel polyomavirus in a pancreatic transplant recipient with retinal blindness and vasculitic myopathy.}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

Background.\ A 33 year-old pancreatic transplant recipient developed weakness, retinal blindness and necrotic plaques on her face, scalp and hands.Methods.\ A muscle biopsy was analyzed by light and electron microscopy and high-throughput nucleic acid sequencing.Results.\ The biopsy revealed microthrombosis and viral particles in swollen endothelial cell nuclei. High-throughput sequencing of nucleic acid revealed a novel polyomavirus. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of the polyomavirus in endothelial cells at sites of myositis and cutaneous necrosis.Conclusions.\ New Jersey polyomavirus (NJPyV-2013) is a novel polyomavirus that may have tropism for vascular endothelial cells.

}, isbn = {0022-1899}, issn = {1537-6613}, doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiu250}, url = {http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed\&id=24795478\&retmode=ref\&cmd=prlinks$\backslash$npapers2://publication/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiu250}, author = {Mishra, Nischay and Pereira, Marcus and Rhodes, Roy H and An, Ping and Pipas, James M and Jain, Komal and Kapoor, Amit and Briese, Thomas and Faust, Phyllis L and Lipkin, W Ian} } @article {15388, title = {Immunology of human schistosomiasis}, journal = {Parasite Immunology}, volume = {36}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, note = {Colley, D G
Secor, W E
eng
R01 AI-053695/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
England
2014/08/22 06:00
Parasite Immunol. 2014 Aug;36(8):347-57. doi: 10.1111/pim.12087.}, month = {Aug}, pages = {347-57}, abstract = {

There is a wealth of immunologic studies that have been carried out in experimental and human schistosomiasis that can be classified into three main areas: immunopathogenesis, resistance to reinfection and diagnostics. It is clear that the bulk of, if not all, morbidity due to human schistosomiasis results from immune-response-based inflammation against eggs lodged in the body, either as regulated chronic inflammation or resulting in fibrotic lesions. However, the exact nature of these responses, the antigens to which they are mounted and the mechanisms of the critical regulatory responses are still being sorted out. It is also becoming apparent that protective immunity against schistosomula as they develop into adult worms develops slowly and is hastened by the dying of adult worms, either naturally or when they are killed by praziquantel. However, as with anti-egg responses, the responsible immune mechanisms and inducing antigens are not clearly established, nor are any potential regulatory responses known. Finally, a wide variety of immune markers, both cellular and humoral, can be used to demonstrate exposure to schistosomes, and immunologic measurement of schistosome antigens can be used to detect, and thus diagnose, active infections. All three areas contribute to the public health response to human schistosome infections.

}, keywords = {Animals, Humans, Inflammation/immunology, Schistosoma/*classification/*immunology, Schistosomiasis/diagnosis/*immunology/prevention \& control, Vaccines/immunology/standards}, isbn = {1365-3024 (Electronic)
0141-9838 (Linking)}, author = {Colley, D. G. and Secor, W. E.} } @mastersthesis {6673, title = {Impact assessment of a community-based orphan and vulnerable children empowerment program in semi-rural {Kenya}}, year = {2014}, note = {3639421}, school = {The University of Texas School of Public Health}, type = {phdDr.{P}.{H}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Across sub-Saharan Africa, there are over 55 million orphans and vulnerable children and youth (OVC). Accompanying the loss of parental support are loss of income and social status among this population. Facing increased risks of poorer psychosocial, physical and economic health, OVC have become a public health concern in the past few decades. Three main mechanisms have been used to support OVCs in their communities: cash-transfers, empowerment programs and income generation. National governments across the sub-continent are currently scaling-up unconditional cash transfers, increasing the number of families who receive a set amount of cash for caring for OVCs without condition on how it is spent. Empowerment programs aim at decreasing stigma by promoting collective identity and efficacy among communities of lower social status. Income generation has been used to increase market participation through mechanisms like micro-lending and job training. The program under study is a community-based program that innovatively combines all three mechanisms. Program participants are identified by community leaders as orphan or vulnerable siblings and enrolled in the program after review by a social worker. The siblings primarily live independently, rather than in the systems of other families. Current program enrollment in Kenya is 1250 families of an average size of 5.1 members. Program inputs last for three years, and include group membership, mentor and peer support, training in a marketable skill, health and hygiene, receipt of a "start-up kit" to begin a business, and community-conditioned cash transfer for expenses related to education, housing, food and business. This study used a cross-sectional survey of 1060 OVC-heads of household to assess self-efficacy, resilience, literacy, educational attainment, income, potentially adverse sexual risk exposure, diarrheal prevalence and treatment, and food consumption and security. The sample was stratified across the three active cohorts in the group, where a cohort is the set of families entering the program in the same year. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to assess differences. Findings show increased program participation significantly predicts improvements in self-efficacy, resilience, food consumption and security, food independence, household income, probability of successfully completing primary school (8 years), probability of regularly treating water prior to consumption, improved water source and degree of potentially adverse sexual risk among females. These findings hold when adjusted for relevant covariates. In conclusion, the present study meaningfully contributes to the understanding of various threats to OVC well-being, and how these threats can be reduced by participation in a novel family-oriented community-based program.}, keywords = {0293:African Studies, 0570:Nutrition, 0573:Public health, 0620:Developmental psychology, 0628:Individual \& family studies, 0630:Public policy, Africa, African Studies, Child psychology, Developmental psychology, Empowerment programs, Health and environmental sciences, HIV, Individual \& family studies, Kenya, Nutrition, Orphan, Psychology, Public health, Public policy, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1620832575?accountid=14270}, author = {Goodman, Michael L.} } @article {7935, title = {{Impact of Aeromonas and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli screening in patients with diarrhea in Paran{\'a}, southern Brazil.}}, journal = {Journal of Infection in Developing Countries}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, month = {dec}, pages = {1609{\textendash}14}, abstract = {

INTRODUCTION A wide diversity of bacterial agents may cause diarrhea, presenting challenges to clinical laboratories to define a diagnosis. Considering that most stool cultures are negative, we screened stool samples from patients with diarrhea for the presence of 14 bacterial enteropathogens, aiming to establish which of them should be included in routine stool analysis. METHODOLOGY Stool samples from 400 patients with diarrhea were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Vibrio, Yersinia enterocolitica, and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli using conventional microbiological methods and PCR. Two distinct samples were studied; one included predominantly patients involved in outbreaks, and the other patients of low socioeconomic status presenting sporadic cases of diarrhea. RESULTS In total, 86 cultures (21.5{\%}) were positive. Mixed infections were found in five patients, leading to recovery of 91 strains of enteropathogenic bacteria: Salmonella Enteritidis (9.2{\%}), Aeromonas (7.2{\%}), diarrheagenic E. coli (5.2{\%}), and C. jejuni (1{\%}). However, Salmonella predominated, with 11.5{\%} frequency in diarrhea outbreaks, while Aeromonas predominated among patients of low socioeconomic status, with 14.6{\%} frequency. CONCLUSION Aeromonas and diarrheagenic E. coli, which are not routinely screened for, deserve to be included in laboratory screening panels.

}, issn = {1972-2680}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25500659}, author = {Assis, Fl{\'a}via E A and Wolf, Su{\'e}len and Surek, Monica and De Toni, Fabiana and Souza, Emanuel M and Pedrosa, F{\'a}bio O and Farah, S{\^o}nia M S S and Picheth, Geraldo and Fadel-Picheth, Cyntia M T} } @article {13915, title = {Impact of {Aeromonas} and diarrheagenic {Escherichia} coli screening in patients with diarrhea in {Paran{\'a}}, southern {Brazil}.}, journal = {Journal of infection in developing countries}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, month = {dec}, pages = {1609{\textendash}14}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION A wide diversity of bacterial agents may cause diarrhea, presenting challenges to clinical laboratories to define a diagnosis. Considering that most stool cultures are negative, we screened stool samples from patients with diarrhea for the presence of 14 bacterial enteropathogens, aiming to establish which of them should be included in routine stool analysis. METHODOLOGY Stool samples from 400 patients with diarrhea were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Vibrio, Yersinia enterocolitica, and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli using conventional microbiological methods and PCR. Two distinct samples were studied; one included predominantly patients involved in outbreaks, and the other patients of low socioeconomic status presenting sporadic cases of diarrhea. RESULTS In total, 86 cultures (21.5\%) were positive. Mixed infections were found in five patients, leading to recovery of 91 strains of enteropathogenic bacteria: Salmonella Enteritidis (9.2\%), Aeromonas (7.2\%), diarrheagenic E. coli (5.2\%), and C. jejuni (1\%). However, Salmonella predominated, with 11.5\% frequency in diarrhea outbreaks, while Aeromonas predominated among patients of low socioeconomic status, with 14.6\% frequency. CONCLUSION Aeromonas and diarrheagenic E. coli, which are not routinely screened for, deserve to be included in laboratory screening panels.}, issn = {1972-2680}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25500659}, author = {Assis, Fl{\'a}via E A and Wolf, Su{\'e}len and Surek, Monica and De Toni, Fabiana and Souza, Emanuel M and Pedrosa, F{\'a}bio O and Farah, S{\^o}nia M S S and Picheth, Geraldo and Fadel-Picheth, Cyntia M T} } @article {13138, title = {Impact of Aeromonas and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli screening in patients with diarrhea in Parana, southern Brazil}, journal = {Journal of Infection in Developing Countries}, volume = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {1609-1614}, author = {Assis, F. E. and Wolf, S. and Surek, M. and De Toni, F. and Souza, E. M. and Pedrosa, F. O. and Farah, S. M. and Picheth, G. and Fadel-Picheth, C. M.} } @article {13418, title = {Impact of climate change and man-made irrigation systems on the transmission risk, long-term trend and seasonality of human and animal fascioliasis in Pakistan}, journal = {Geospatial Health}, volume = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {317-334}, author = {Afshan, K. and Fortes-Lima, C. A. and Artigas, P. and Valero, M. A. and Qayyum, M. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {15622, title = {Impact of environmental conditions on the survival of cryptosporidium and giardia on environmental surfaces}, journal = {Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases}, volume = {2014}, year = {2014}, pages = {210385}, edition = {2014/07/22}, isbn = {1687-708X (Print)
1687-708x}, author = {Alum, A. and Absar, I. M. and Asaad, H. and Rubino, J. R. and Ijaz, M. K.} } @article {3994, title = {{Impact of environmental conditions on the survival of Cryptosporidium and Giardia on environmental surfaces}}, journal = {Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases}, volume = {2014}, year = {2014}, pages = {210385}, author = {Alum, A and Absar, IM and Asaad, H and Rubino, JR and Ijaz, MK} } @article {4502, title = {Impact of {MBR} cleaning and breaching on passage of selected microorganisms and subsequent inactivation by free chlorine}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {57}, year = {2014}, pages = {313{\textendash}24}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Hirani, Z. M. and Bukhari, Z. and Oppenheimer, J. and Jjemba, P. and LeChevallier, M. W. and Jacangelo, J. G.} } @article {17105, title = {Impact of MBR cleaning and breaching on passage of selected microorganisms and subsequent inactivation by free chlorine}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {57}, year = {2014}, pages = {313{\textendash}324}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Hirani, Zakir M and Bukhari, Zia and Oppenheimer, Joan and Jjemba, Patrick and LeChevallier, Mark W and Jacangelo, Joseph G} } @inbook {1327, title = {Impact of MBR cleaning and breaching on passage of selected microorganisms and subsequent inactivation by free chlorine}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {57}, year = {2014}, note = {Hirani, Zakir M Bukhari, Zia Oppenheimer, Joan Jjemba, Patrick LeChevallier, Mark W Jacangelo, Joseph G Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(14)00228-0 [pii] Water Res. 2014 Jun 15;57:313-24. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.038. Epub 2014 Mar 26.}, pages = {313-24}, publisher = {2014 Elsevier Ltd}, organization = {2014 Elsevier Ltd}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) produce better quality effluent compared to conventional treatment processes but they are still subjected to the same disinfection requirements as conventional processes by many regulatory agencies. A research study consisting of bench-, pilot- and full-scale studies was conducted to characterize effluents produced from an MBR system operating under routine and challenged conditions and to assess the disinfection requirements for these effluents. Membrane cleaning did not seem to pose a substantial risk with respect to passage of target microorganisms; however, the membrane under breached conditions (turbidity > 0.5 NTU) resulted in an increase in a total coliform bacterial concentration up to 8500 CFU/100 mL. Adenoviruses were always detected in MBR filtrate samples by PCR (method detection limit of 10(3) genome copies per 25 muL reaction) irrespective of the membrane cleaning or breaching status. Passage of MS-2 bacteriophage through a breached membrane was lower compared to total coliform bacteria potentially due to their lower densities in the mixed liquor. Despite an increase in microbial concentration, a free chlorine CT of 30 mg-min/L was sufficient to achieve greater than 5-log removal of seeded MS-2 bacteriophage and removal of total coliform bacteria at or below the method detection limit (2 CFU/100 mL) for samples with a filtrate turbidity of 1.0 NTU. If such lower CT were to be employed, a significant decrease in plant footprint and operational costs could be realized.}, keywords = {Bioreactors/ microbiology/virology Chlorine/ pharmacology Disinfection Waste Disposal, Fluid Waste Water/ microbiology/virology Water Purification}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.038}, author = {Hirani, Z. M. and Bukhari, Z. and Oppenheimer, J. and Jjemba, P. and LeChevallier, M. W. and Jacangelo, J. G.} } @article {11767, title = {{Impacts of globalisation on foodborne parasites}}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {37{\textendash}52}, author = {Robertson, L and Sprong, H and Ortega, Y and Giessen, JRF and Fayer, R} } @mastersthesis {7087, title = {The impacts of water availability on macroinvertebrate communities in {West} {Texas} and southcentral {New} {Mexico}}, year = {2014}, note = {1600330}, school = {The University of Texas at El Paso}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In many regions around the world climate is changing and biotic communities are changing with it. In areas like the southwestern U.S., drought is one of the major sources of disturbance. Although droughts are an integral part of the natural hydrological cycles, they can have devastating effects on freshwater ecosystems when disrupted by extended periods of drought, resulting in changes to the structure and function of biotic communities. In this study, we surveyed four streams in the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico from 2010 to 2014: Agua Chiquita, Rio Pe{\~n}asco, Wills Creek, and the Sacramento River; These years encompassed an average wet year, an exceptionally dry year, and two years following the exceptionally dry conditions. We wanted to determine how low water availability influenced community composition and found only minor changes to community function only to the collector functional group. We also wanted to determine where macroinvertebrates recolonized from after a major disturbance event. We found that the sampled sites were highly nested with nearby springs, which provided refuge during harsh conditions. Regional predictors for community composition in cool-water streams, desert springs, desert wetlands and the Rio Grande were analyzed. We used family-level, presence-absence data from 6 different studies in south-central New Mexico and west Texas. Using Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis, we found temperature, salinity, and dissolve oxygen were strong predictors for community composition. Desert sites were best predicted by high temperature and salinity, while cool water sites were predicted by high dissolved oxygen and low temperature. At the genus-level we found the same environmental variables predicted community composition as well as phytoplankton, however; the higher taxonomic resolution may have masked the effect of this variable in the family-level analysis. Dry conditions in the southwestern U.S. are expected to persist and possibly intensify, therefore, monitoring these sites is vital to track changes to community composition as they may have important implications for transitioning regions around the world.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0353:Entomology, 0404:Climate Change, 0768:Environmental science, Bioindicators, Biological sciences, Climate change, Drought, Earth sciences, Ecology, Entomology, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Macroinvertebrates, New Mexico, Texas}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1732168245?accountid=14270}, author = {Martell, Ector Matias} } @article {17296, title = {The importance of the viable but non-culturable state in human bacterial pathogens}, journal = {Frontiers in MicrobiologyFrontiers in microbiology}, volume = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {Jun 2}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {Li, Laam and Mendis, Nilmini and Trigui, Hana and Oliver, James D. and Faucher, Sebastien P.} } @article {7888, title = {{The importance of the viable but non-culturable state in human bacterial pathogens}}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiol}, volume = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {Article 258}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2014.00258}, author = {Li, L and Mendis, N and Trigui, H and Oliver, JD and Faucher, SP} } @article {10095, title = {{Improved HF183 quantitative real-time PCR assay for characterization of human fecal pollution in ambient surface water samples}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, pages = {3086{\textendash}3094}, author = {Green, HC and Haugland, RA and Varma, M and Millen, HT and Borchardt, MA and Field, KG and Walters, WA and Knight, R and Sivaganesan, M and Kelty, CA and Shanks, OC} } @article {10096, title = {{Improved HF183 quantitative real-time PCR assay for characterization of human fecal pollution in ambient surface water samples}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {80}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, pages = {3086{\textendash}3094}, author = {Green, HC and Haugland, RA and Varma, M and Millen, HT and Borchardt, MA and Field, KG and Walters, WA and Knight, R and Sivaganesan, M and Kelty, CA and Shanks, OC} } @article {16280, title = {Improved HF183 Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Characterization of Human Fecal Pollution in Ambient Surface Water Samples}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, month = {May}, pages = {3086-3094}, keywords = {16s ribosomal-rna, amplification, bacteroides markers, fresh-water, genetic-markers, Indicator bacteria, Microbial source tracking, performance, QPCR, Quantification}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Green, H. C. and Haugland, R. A. and Varma, M. and Millen, H. T. and Borchardt, M. A. and Field, K. G. and Walters, W. A. and Knight, R. and Sivaganesan, M. and Kelty, C. A. and Shanks, O. C.} } @article {13413, title = {{Inactivation mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria in several matrixes during the composting process in a composting toilet}}, journal = {Environmental Technology (United Kingdom)}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {674{\textendash}680}, abstract = {This study aimed to compare the inactivation rate and the mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria in three matrixes (sawdust, rice husk and charcoal) during the composting process. The inactivation rate was evaluated with Escherichia coli strain and the damaged parts and/or functions were evaluated with three different media. Normalized inactivation rate constant in three media and from three matrixes had no significant difference in each process (pure, 1 month and 2 months). The value in rice husk was relatively increased during 2 months but there was no significant difference. The inactivation rate constants of Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and Compact Dry E. coli/Coliform in pure sawdust and rice husk were relatively lower than that of Desoxycholate Agar, but increased in 2 months. This indicated that damaging part was changed from outer membrane to enzymes and metabolisms during the 2-month composting process. In the case of charcoal, only the TSA value in a pure matrix was relatively lower than that of others, but it increased in 2 months. This indicated that damaging part was changed from outer membrane and enzyme to metabolisms during the composting process. Composting matrix and composting process did not significantly affect inactivation rate of pathogenic bacteria during the process but affected the damaging part of the bacteria.}, keywords = {alkaline pH, composting matrixes, Composting toilet, inactivation mechanism, pathogenic bacteria}, issn = {09593330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2013.841268}, author = {Sossou, S. K. and Hijikata, N. and Sou, M. and Tezuka, R. and Maiga, A. H. and N Funamizu} } @mastersthesis {11067, title = {Inactivation of {Ascaris} in double-vault urine diverting composting latrines in {Panama}: {Methods} and environmental health engineering field applications.}, year = {2014}, school = {University of South Florida}, type = {phd}, address = {Florida, USA}, author = {Gibson, D. A.} } @article {5512, title = {{Inactivation of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus during oyster fermentation}}, journal = {Food Microbiology}, volume = {44}, year = {2014}, pages = {81{\textendash}86}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Fermented seafood is popular in Asian countries. This study examined the survival of feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV) during oyster fermentation. Oysters spiked with FCV and MNV were fermented with 5{\%} or 10{\%} salt at 18{\textdegree}C for 15 days, and MNV and FCV titers, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations, pH, and enzymatic activity were measured at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 days post-fermentation (DPF). Reductions in MNV and FCV were greater in 5{\%} NaCl-supplemented oysters than in 10{\%} NaCl-supplemented oysters. In 5{\%} NaCl oysters, MNV and FCV titers significantly decreased by 1.60log and 3.01log, respectively, at 15 DPF. Populations of LAB increased from 3.62log10 colony-forming units/g at 0 DPF to 8.77log10 colony-forming units/g at 15 DPF during oyster fermentation supplemented with 5{\%} NaCl supplementation, and the pH decreased gradually from 5.38 at 0 DPF to 4.17 at 15 DPF. During oyster fermentation, $\alpha$-amylase, proteinase, and lipase were produced at higher levels in 5{\%} salted oysters than in 10{\%} salted oysters (P{\textless}0.01). We concluded that many of the antimicrobial factors produced in fermented oysters could contribute to a reduction in foodborne viruses. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {Feline calicivirus, Fermentation, Lactic acid bacteria, Murine norovirus, Oyster}, issn = {10959998}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2014.05.016}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2014.05.016}, author = {Seo, Dong Joo and Lee, Min Hwa and Seo, Jina and Sang D Ha and Choi, Changsun} } @article {10433, title = {Incidence and Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis A Viruses in Korean Surface Water Between 2007 and 2010}, journal = {Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {58}, year = {2014}, pages = {342-51}, author = {Lee, G.C. and M J Kim and Nam, S. and Lee, C.H.} } @article {7776, title = {Incidence and Trends of Infection with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food {\textemdash} Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2006{\textendash}2013}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {63}, year = {2014}, pages = {328-332} } @article {7085, title = {Incidence and {Trends} of {Infection} with {Pathogens} {Transmitted} {Commonly} {Through} {Food} {\textemdash} {Foodborne} {Diseases} {Active} {Surveillance} {Network}, 10 {U}.{S}. {Sites}, 2006{\textendash}2013}, volume = {63}, number = {15}, year = {2014}, pages = {328{\textendash}332}, author = {Crim, Stacy and et al.} } @article {13289, title = {Incidence of Aeromonas bacteremia in Southern Taiwan: Vibrio and Salmonella bacteremia as comparators}, journal = {Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection}, volume = {47}, year = {2014}, pages = {145-148}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmii.2012.08.019}, author = {Wu, C. J. and Chen, P. L. and Tang, H. J. and Chen, H. M. and Tseng, F. C. and Shih, H. I. and Hung, Y. P. and Chung, C. H. and Ko, W. C.} } @article {8412, title = {{Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis among infants born to HIV-coinfected mothers: case series and literature review}}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {609{\textendash}617}, author = {Campos, FA and Andrade, GM and Lanna, AeP and Lage, BF and Assump{\c c}{\~a}o, MV and Pinto, JA} } @article {2918, title = {Increased incidence and characteristics of alveolar echinococcosis in patients with immunosuppression-associated conditions}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America}, volume = {59}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {1095{\textendash}1104}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: An increased incidence of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in patients with immunosuppression (IS) has been observed; our aim was to study this association and its characteristics. METHODS: Fifty AE cases with IS-associated conditions (ISCs) before or at AE diagnosis were collected from the French AE registry (1982-2012, 509 cases). There were 30 cancers, 9 malignant hematological disorders, 14 chronic inflammatory diseases, 5 transplants, and 1 case of AIDS; 9 patients had >=2 ISCs. Characteristics of the 42 IS/AE cases and the 187 non-IS/AE cases diagnosed during the period 2002-2012 were statistically compared. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in IS/AE cases over time. Risk factors did not differ between IS/AE and non-IS/AE patients. However, AE was more frequently an incidental finding (78\% vs 42\%) and was diagnosed at earlier stages (41\% vs 23\%) in IS/AE than in non-IS/AE patients. Serology was more often negative (14\% vs 1\%) and treatment efficacy was better (51\% regression after 1-year treatment vs 27\%) in IS/AE patients. All IS/AE patients but 7 took IS drugs; 7 received biotherapeutic agents. When not concomitant, AE occurred in IS patients within a 48-month median time period. Atypical presentation and abscess-, hemangioma-, and metastasis-like images delayed AE diagnosis in 50\% of IS/AE patients, resulting in inappropriate treatment. Liver images obtained for 15 patients 1-5 years before diagnosis showed no AE lesions. Albendazole efficacy was good, but 19 of 48 treated patients experienced side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with immunosuppression are at increased risk for occurrence, delayed diagnosis, and progression of AE.}, keywords = {Aged, biotherapy, Cancer, Delayed Diagnosis, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Incidence, liver abscess, liver metastases, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors}, issn = {1537-6591}, doi = {10.1093/cid/ciu520}, author = {Chauchet, Adrien and Grenouillet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Knapp, Jenny and Richou, Carine and Delabrousse, Eric and Dentan, Charlotte and Millon, Laurence and Di Martino, Vincent and Contreras, Remy and Deconinck, Eric and Blagosklonov, Oleg and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Bresson-Hadni, Solange and Francechino Network} } @article {12170, title = {Increased Waterborne bla(NDM-1) Resistance Gene Abundances Associated with Seasonal Human Pilgrimages to the Upper Ganges River}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, note = {Ahammad, Z. S. Sreekrishnan, T. R. Hands, C. L. Knapp, C. W. Graham, D. W.
Knapp, Charles/D-3373-2009; Graham, Duncan/C-8440-2011
Knapp, Charles/0000-0001-7997-8543;
1520-5851}, month = {Mar}, pages = {3014-3020}, abstract = {

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is often rooted in inappropriate antibiotic use, but poor water quality and inadequate sanitation exacerbate the problem, especially in emerging countries. An example is increasing multi-AR due to mobile carbapenemases, such as NDM-1 protein (coded by bla(NDM-1) genes), which can produce extreme drug-resistant phenotypes. In 2010, NDM-1 positive isolates and bla(NDM-1) genes were detected in surface waters across Delhi and have since been detected across the urban world. However, little is known about bla(NDM-1), levels in more pristine locations, such as the headwaters of the Upper Ganges River. This area is of particular interest because it receives massive numbers of visitors during seasonal pilgrimages in May/June, including visitors from urban India. Here we quantified bla(NDM-1) abundances, other AR genes (ARG), and coliform bacteria in sediments and water column samples from seven sites in the Rishikesh-Haridwar region of the Upper Ganges and five sites on the Yamuna River in Delhi to contrast bla(NDM-1) levels and water quality conditions between season and region. Water quality in the Yamuna was very poor (e.g., anoxia at all sites), and bla(NDM-1)., abundances were high across sites in water (5.4 +/- 0.4 log(bla(NDM-1).mL(-1)); 95\% confidence interval) and sediment (6.3 +/- 0.7 log(bla(NDM-1).mg(-1))) samples from both seasons. In contrast, water column bla(NDM-1) abundances were very low across all sites in the Upper Ganges in February (2.1 +/- 0.6 log(bla(NDM-1).mL(-1)), and water quality was good (e.g., near saturation oxygen). However, per capita bla(NDM-1) levels were 20 times greater in June in the Ganges water column relative to February, and bla(NDM-1)., levels significantly correlated with fecal coliform levels (r = 0.61; p = 0.007). Given that waste management infrastructure is limited in Rishikesh-Haridwar, data imply bla(NDM-1) levels are higher in visitor\&$\#$39;s wastes than local residents, which results in seasonally higher bla(NDM-1) levels in the river. Pilgrimage areas without adequate waste treatment are possible \"hot spots\" for AR transmission, and waste treatment must be improved to reduce broader AR dissemination via exposed returning visitors.

}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Ahammad, Z. S. and Sreekrishnan, T. R. and Hands, C. L. and Knapp, C. W. and Graham, D. W.} } @article {11575, title = {{Indices parasitol{\'o}gicos de la merluza Peruana Merluccius gayi peruanus (Ginsburg, 1954) (Perciformes:Merlucciidae) adquiridos del terminal pesquero de Ventanilla, Callao, Per{\'u}}}, journal = {Neotropical Helminthology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {59{\textendash}76}, author = {Chero, J and Cruces, C and Iannacone, J and S{\'a}ez, G and Alvari{\~n}o, L and Rodr{\'\i}guez, C and H, Rodr{\'\i}guez and Tuesta, E and Pacheco, A and Huamani, N} } @article {2809, title = {Infection and cancer: global distribution and burden of diseases}, journal = {Ann. Glob. Health}, volume = {80}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {384-392}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {adult Bladder blood Burkitt Lymphoma cancer Carcinoma COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY control DISEASE DISEASES EPIDEMIOLOGY Epstein-Barr virus Finland FUTURE Genetic health HELICOBACTER Helicobacter pylori HEPATITIS Hepatitis B HIV human HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRU}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25512154}, author = {Oh, J.K. and Weiderpass, E.} } @article {1193, title = {Infection and cancer: global distribution and burden of diseases}, journal = {Ann. Glob. Health}, volume = {80}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {384-392}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {adult Bladder blood Burkitt Lymphoma cancer Carcinoma COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY control DISEASE DISEASES EPIDEMIOLOGY Epstein-Barr virus Finland FUTURE Genetic health HELICOBACTER Helicobacter pylori HEPATITIS Hepatitis B HIV human HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRU}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25512154}, author = {Oh, J.K. and Weiderpass, E.} } @article {5571, title = {{Infection control for norovirus}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {731{\textendash}740}, keywords = {1 july 2014, 1600 clifton road atlanta, 20, 731, 740, article published online, b, clin microbiol infect 2014, corresponding author, Disinfection, epidemiology, ga, Infection Control, lopman, Norovirus, nosocomial}, issn = {1198743X}, doi = {10.1111/1469-0691.12674}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1198743X1460361X}, author = {Barclay, L. and Park, G.W. and Vega, E. and Hall, A. and Parashar, U. and J. Vinj{\'e} and Lopman, B.} } @article {16085, title = {Influence of household rat infestation on leptospira transmission in the urban slum environment}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop DisPLoS Negl Trop DisPLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, month = {Dec}, pages = {e3338}, keywords = {Animals, Brazil, Case-Control Studies, Humans, Leptospirosis/etiology/*transmission/veterinary, Logistic Models, Poverty Areas, Rats/*parasitology, Risk Factors, ROC Curve}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Costa, F. and Ribeiro, G. S. and Felzemburgh, R. D. and Santos, N. and Reis, R. B. and Santos, A. C. and Fraga, D. B. and Araujo, W. N. and Santana, C. and Childs, J. E. and Reis, M. G. and Ko, A. I.} } @article {9337, title = {{Influence of Solar Energy on Encysted Parasitic Protozoa Giardia and Entamoeba spp in Water-Treatment Plants, Egypt}}, year = {2014}, author = {Mohamed, AH and Galal, M and Osman, GY and Aboamer, M} } @article {16002, title = {{An integrated environmental modeling framework for performing Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessments}}, journal = {Environmental Modelling and Software}, volume = {55}, year = {2014}, month = {may}, pages = {77{\textendash}91}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {Standardized methods are often used to assess the likelihood of a human-health effect from exposure to a specified hazard, and inform opinions and decisions about risk management and communication. A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) is specifically adapted to detail potential human-health risks from exposure to pathogens; it can include fate and transport models for various media, including the source zone (initial fecal release), air, soil/land surface, surface water, vadose zone and aquifer. The analysis step of a QMRA can be expressed as a system of computer-based data delivery and modeling that integrates interdisciplinary, multiple media, exposure and effects models and databases. Although QMRA does not preclude using source-term and fate and transport models, it is applied most commonly where the source-term is represented by the receptor location (i.e., exposure point), so the full extent of exposure scenarios has not been rigorously modeled. An integrated environmental modeling infrastructure is, therefore, ideally suited to include fate and transport considerations and link the risk assessment paradigm between source and receptor seamlessly. A primary benefit of the source-to-outcome approach is that it allows an expanded view of relevant cause-and-effect relationships, which facilitate consideration of management options related to source terms and their fate and transport pathways. The Framework for Risk Analysis in Multimedia Environmental Systems (FRAMES) provides software technology for analysts to insert appropriate models and databases that fit the problem statement and design and construct QMRAs that are reproducible, flexible, transferable, reusable, and transparent. A sample application using different models and databases registered with FRAMES is presented. It illustrates how models are linked to assess six different manure-based contaminant sources, following three pathogens (Salmonella eterica, Cryptosporidium spp., and E scherichia coli O157:H7) to a receptor where exposures and health risk impacts are then evaluated. The modeling infrastructure demonstrates how analysts could use the system to discern which pathogens might be important and when, and which sources could contribute to their importance. {\textcopyright} 2014.}, keywords = {Integrated environmental modeling, Manure, Pathogens, QMRA, Risk Assessment, Watershed modeling}, issn = {13648152}, doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.12.013}, url = {https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.library.wur.nl/science/article/pii/S1364815213003162?via{\%}3Dihub}, author = {Whelan, Gene and Kim, Keewook and Pelton, Mitch A. and Soller, Jeffrey A. and Castleton, Karl J. and Molina, Marirosa and Pachepsky, Yakov and Zepp, Richard} } @article {12239, title = {Integrons: Past, Present, and Future}, journal = {Microbiology and Molecular Biology ReviewsMicrobiology and Molecular Biology Reviews}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, note = {Gillings, Michael R.
Gillings, Michael/C-6553-2008
1098-5557}, month = {Jun}, pages = {257-277}, abstract = {Integrons are versatile gene acquisition systems commonly found in bacterial genomes. They are ancient elements that are a hot spot for genomic complexity, generating phenotypic diversity and shaping adaptive responses. In recent times, they have had a major role in the acquisition, expression, and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Assessing the ongoing threats posed by integrons requires an understanding of their origins and evolutionary history. This review examines the functions and activities of integrons before the antibiotic era. It shows how antibiotic use selected particular integrons from among the environmental pool of these elements, such that integrons carrying resistance genes are now present in the majority of Gram-negative pathogens. Finally, it examines the potential consequences of widespread pollution with the novel integrons that have been assembled via the agency of human antibiotic use and speculates on the potential uses of integrons as platforms for biotechnology.}, isbn = {1092-2172}, author = {Gillings, M. R.} } @article {1710, title = {Intensified environmental surveillance supporting the response to wild poliovirus type 1 silent circulation in Israel, 2013}, journal = {Euro Surveill}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, note = {Manor, Y Shulman, L M Kaliner, E Hindiyeh, M Ram, D Sofer, D Moran-Gilad, J Lev, B Grotto, I Gamzu, R Mendelson, E Sweden Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin Euro Surveill. 2014 Feb 20;19(7):20708.}, pages = {20708}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {An emergency response was triggered by recovery of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) of the South Asia (SOAS) lineage from sewage in southern Israel in April 2013 during routine environmental surveillance. Public health risk assessment necessitated intensification of environmental surveillance in order to facilitate countrywide monitoring of WPV1-SOAS circulation. This involved increasing sampling frequency and broadening the geographical area, for better coverage of the population at risk, as well as modifying sewage testing algorithms to accommodate a newly developed WPV1-SOAS-specific quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for screening of RNA extracted directly from sewage concentrates, in addition to standard virus isolation. Intensified surveillance in 74 sites across Israel between 1 February and 31 August 2013 documented a sustained high viral load of WPV1-SOAS in sewage samples from six Bedouin settlements and two cities with Jewish and Arab populations in the South district. Lower viral loads and intermittent detection were documented in sampling sites representing 14 mixed communities in three of the five health districts in central and northern Israel. Environmental surveillance plays a fundamental role in routine monitoring of WPV circulation in polio-free countries. The rapid assay specific for the circulating strain facilitated implementation of intensified surveillance and informed the public health response and decision-making.}, keywords = {*Environmental Monitoring Humans Israel/epidemiology Poliomyelitis/diagnosis/*epidemiology/virology Poliovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Population Surveillance Public Health Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Risk Assessment Sewage/*virology}, issn = {1560-7917 (Electronic) 1025-496X (Linking)}, doi = {20708 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24576473}, author = {Manor, Y. and Shulman, L. M. and Kaliner, E. and Hindiyeh, M. and Ram, D. and Sofer, D. and Moran-Gilad, J. and Lev, B. and Grotto, I. and Gamzu, R. and Mendelson, E.} } @article {7853, title = {Interactions of Foodborne Pathogens with Free-living Protozoa: Potential Consequences for Food Safety}, journal = {Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {924-944}, abstract = {Free-living protozoa (FLP) are ubiquitous in natural ecosystems where they play an important role in the reduction of bacterial biomass and the regeneration of nutrients. However, it has been shown that some species such as Acanthamoeba castellanii, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, and Tetrahymena pyriformis can act as hosts of pathogenic bacteria. There is a growing concern that FLP might contribute to the maintenance of bacterial pathogens in the environment. In addition to survival and/or replication of bacterial pathogens in FLP, resistance to antimicrobial agents and increased virulence of bacteria after passage through protozoa have been reported. This review presents an overview of FLP in food-associated environments and on foods, and discusses bacterial interactions with FLP, with focus on the foodborne pathogens Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes. The consequences of these microbial interactions to food safety are evaluated.}, keywords = {Acanthamoeba, bacteria{\textendash}FLP interactions, Food safety, Foodborne pathogens, free-living protozoa (FLP), Tetrahymena}, isbn = {1541-4337}, author = {Vaerewijck,Mario J. M. and Bar{\'e},Julie and Lambrecht,Ellen and Sabbe,Koen and Houf,Kurt} } @article {12601, title = {Intra-and inter-pandemic variations of antiviral, antibiotics and decongestants in wastewater treatment plants and receiving rivers}, journal = {PLoS OnePLoS One}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, year = {2014}, pages = {e108621}, isbn = {1932-6203}, author = {Singer, Andrew C and J{\"a}rhult, Josef D and Grabic, Roman and Khan, Ghazanfar A and Lindberg, Richard H and Fedorova, Ganna and Fick, Jerker and Bowes, Michael J and Olsen, Bj{\"o}rn and S{\"o}derstr{\"o}m, Hanna} } @article {3676, title = {Intussusception following rotavirus vaccination: an updated review of the available evidence.}, journal = {Expert review of vaccines}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {1339{\textendash}1348}, abstract = {In 1999, the first rotavirus vaccine licensed in the \{\{\}USA\{\}\} was withdrawn 9 months after introduction due to an association with intussusception that was detected in post-licensure surveillance. This association prompted large clinical trials designed to ensure the safety of two current live oral rotavirus vaccines, \{\{\}RotaTeq\{\}\} and Rotarix, which have since been recommended for use worldwide. Following their introduction, post-licensure studies have focused not only on the effectiveness and impact of these vaccines, but also on continued surveillance for intussusception. Most recent evidence from several countries shows a small increased risk of intussusception following vaccination with Rotarix and \{\{\}RotaTeq\{\}\} within the context of their demonstrated benefits. This review summarizes the available data on the safety of rotavirus vaccines with regards to intussusception.}, doi = {10.1586/14760584.2014.942223}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14760584.2014.942223}, author = {Rha, Brian and Tate, Jacqueline E and Weintraub, Eric and Haber, Penina and C Yen and Patel, Manish and Cortese, Margaret M and DeStefano, Frank and Parashar, Umesh D} } @article {14624, title = {Investigation and control of a {Norovirus} outbreak of probable waterborne transmission through a municipal groundwater system}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {12}, year = {2014}, month = {sep}, pages = {452{\textendash}64}, abstract = {During March 2011 an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in Santo Stefano di Quisquina, Agrigento, Sicily, Italy. Within two weeks 156 cases were identified among the 4,965 people living in the municipality. An epidemiological investigation was conducted to characterize the outbreak and target the control measures. A case was defined as a person developing diarrhea or vomiting during February 27-March 13, 2011. Stool specimens were collected from 12 cases. Norovirus (NoV) genotype GII.4 variant New Orleans 2009 was identified in stool samples from 11 of 12 cases tested (91.7\%). Epidemiological investigations suggested a possible association with municipal drinking water consumption. Water samples from the public water system were tested for NoV and a variety of genotypes were detected during the first 3 months of surveillance, including GII.4 strains belonging to different variants from that involved in the gastroenteritis outbreak. Contamination of the well and springs supplying the public water network was eventually thought to be the source of the NoV contamination.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, 80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Caliciviridae Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control/virology, DNA, Drinking Water/*virology, Feces/virology, Female, Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control/virology, Humans, Latex Fixation Tests, Male, Middle Aged, Molecular Sequence Data, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, Sicily/epidemiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.227}, author = {Giammanco, G. M. and Di Bartolo, I. and Purpari, G. and Costantino, C. and Rotolo, V. and Spoto, V. and Geraci, G. and Bosco, G. and Petralia, A. and Guercio, A. and Macaluso, G. and Calamusa, G. and De Grazia, S. and Ruggeri, F. M. and Vitale, F. and Maida, C. M. and Mammina, C.} } @article {14954, title = {Investigation and control of a {Norovirus} outbreak of probable waterborne transmission through a municipal groundwater system}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {12}, year = {2014}, month = {sep}, pages = {452{\textendash}64}, abstract = {During March 2011 an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in Santo Stefano di Quisquina, Agrigento, Sicily, Italy. Within two weeks 156 cases were identified among the 4,965 people living in the municipality. An epidemiological investigation was conducted to characterize the outbreak and target the control measures. A case was defined as a person developing diarrhea or vomiting during February 27-March 13, 2011. Stool specimens were collected from 12 cases. Norovirus (NoV) genotype GII.4 variant New Orleans 2009 was identified in stool samples from 11 of 12 cases tested (91.7\%). Epidemiological investigations suggested a possible association with municipal drinking water consumption. Water samples from the public water system were tested for NoV and a variety of genotypes were detected during the first 3 months of surveillance, including GII.4 strains belonging to different variants from that involved in the gastroenteritis outbreak. Contamination of the well and springs supplying the public water network was eventually thought to be the source of the NoV contamination.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, 80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Caliciviridae Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control/virology, DNA, Drinking Water/*virology, Feces/virology, Female, Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control/virology, Humans, Latex Fixation Tests, Male, Middle Aged, Molecular Sequence Data, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, Sicily/epidemiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.227}, author = {Giammanco, G. M. and Di Bartolo, I. and Purpari, G. and Costantino, C. and Rotolo, V. and Spoto, V. and Geraci, G. and Bosco, G. and Petralia, A. and Guercio, A. and Macaluso, G. and Calamusa, G. and De Grazia, S. and Ruggeri, F. M. and Vitale, F. and Maida, C. M. and Mammina, C.} } @article {6159, title = {[Investigation of nitrogen, phosphorus and microbial contamination in Laolongdong underground river system of Chongqing]}, journal = {Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue/[bian ji, Zhongguo ke xue yuan huan jing ke xue wei yuan hui" Huan jing ke xue" bian ji wei yuan hui.]}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {1297-1303}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Lan, JC and Yang, PH and Ren, K and Chen, XB and Xu, X and Hu, N} } @article {6833, title = {An investigation of the effects of a hand washing intervention on health outcomes and school absence using a randomised trial in {Indian} urban communities}, journal = {Tropical Medicine \& International Health}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {284{\textendash}292}, issn = {13602276}, doi = {10.1111/tmi.12254}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/tmi.12254}, author = {Nicholson, Julie A. and Naeeni, Mojgan and Hoptroff, Michael and Matheson, Jane R. and Roberts, Anthony J. and Taylor, David and Sidibe, Myriam and Weir, Anthony J. and Damle, Satyawan G. and Wright, Richard L.} } @article {8440, title = {{Investigation on Toxoplasma gondii by polymerase chain reaction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification in water samples from Giresun, Turkey}}, journal = {Mikrobiyoloji B{\"u}lteni}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {661{\textendash}668}, author = {Demirel, E and Koloren, Z and Karaman, U and Ayaz, E} } @booklet {8368, title = {Investing in Water and Sanitation: Increasing Access, Reducing Inequalities. Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) Report}, year = {2014}, publisher = {WHO}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, url = {http://www.who.int/water{\_}sanitation{\_}health/glaas/2014} } @article {15342, title = {Schistosoma haematobium detection in snails by DraI PCR and Sh110/Sm-Sl PCR: further evidence of the interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in Morocco}, journal = {Parasit Vectors}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England}, pages = {288}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This is the first study in Morocco to estimate snail infection rates at the last historic transmission sites of schistosomiasis, known to be free from new infection among humans since 2004. Screening of large numbers of snails for infection is one way to confirm that Schistosoma haematobium transmission has stopped and does not resurge. METHODS: A total of 2703 Bulinus truncatus snails were collected from 24 snail habitats in five provinces of Morocco: Errachidia, El Kelaa des Sraghna, Tata, Beni Mellal, and Chtouka Ait Baha. All visible snails were collected with a scoop net or by hand. We used waders and gloves as simple precautions. Snails were morphologically identified according to Moroccan Health Ministry guide of schistosomiasis (1982).All snails were analyzed in pools by molecular tool, using primers from the newly identified repeated DNA sequence, termed DraI, in the S. haematobium group. To distinguish S. bovis and S. haematobium, the snails were analyzed by Sh110/Sm-Sl PCR that was specific of S. haematobium. RESULTS: The results showed that snails from Errachidia, Chtouka Ait Baha, sector of Agoujgal in Tata and sector of Mbarkiya in El kelaa des Sraghna were negative for DraI PCR; but, snails from remaining snail habitats of El Kelaa des Sraghna, Tata and Beni Mellal were positive. This led to suggest the presence of circulating schistosome species (S. haematobium, S. bovis or others) within these positive snail habitats. Subsequently, confirmation with S. haematobium species specific molecular assay, Sh110/Sm-Sl PCR, showed that none of the collected snails were infected by S. haematobium in all historic endemic areas. CONCLUSION: The absence of S. haematobium infection in snails supports the argument of S. haematobium transmission interruption in Morocco.}, keywords = {Animals, Morocco/epidemiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Schistosoma haematobium/*isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis haematobia/epidemiology/*parasitology/transmission, Sensitivity and Specificity, Snails/*parasitology}, isbn = {1756-3305 (Electronic)
1756-3305 (Linking)}, author = {Amarir, F. and Sebti, F. and Abbasi, I. and Sadak, A. and Fellah, H. and Nhammi, H. and Ameur, B. and El Idrissi, A. L. and Rhajaoui, M.} } @article {15427, title = {Schistosoma haematobium infections acquired in Corsica, France, August 2013}, journal = {Eurosurveillance}, volume = {19}, number = {22}, year = {2014}, note = {Journal Article
Sweden
bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, abstract = {

A 12 year-old boy in Germany developed urinary schistosomiasis in January 2014. He had bathed in rivers in south-eastern Corsica five months earlier. Before this case, human schistomiasis had not been reported on the island, although its vector, the snail Bulinus truncatus, locally transmitted the zoonotic Schistosoma bovis. The boy\&$\#$39;s father excreted S. haematobium ova that were not viable; the boy\&$\#$39;s three siblings had a positive serology against schistosomes.

}, keywords = {Animals, Anthelmintics/therapeutic use, Child, Humans, Male, Microscopy, Praziquantel/therapeutic use, Schistosoma haematobium/*isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis haematobia/*diagnosis/drug therapy/parasitology, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {1560-7917 (Electronic)
1025-496X (Linking)}, author = {Holtfreter, M. C. and Mon{\'e}, H. and Muller-Stover, I. and Mouahid, G. and Richter, J.} } @article {9373, title = {{Isolation and Identification of Parasitic Protozoa in Sampled Water From the Southwest of Iran}}, journal = {Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, author = {Rafiei, A and Rahdar, M and Nourozi, RV} } @article {13201, title = {Isolation and molecular characterization of biofouling bacteria and profiling of quorum sensing signal molecules from membrane bioreactor activated sludge}, journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, volume = {15}, year = {2014}, pages = {2255-2273}, author = {Lade, H. and Paul, D. and Kweon, J. H.} } @article {6803, title = {It{\textquoteright}s a girl thing: {Menstruation}, school attendance, spatial mobility and wider gender inequalities in {Kenya}}, journal = {Geoforum}, volume = {56}, year = {2014}, month = {sep}, pages = {137{\textendash}147}, issn = {00167185}, doi = {10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.07.006}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016718514001638}, author = {Jewitt, Sarah and Ryley, Harriet} } @article {15446, title = {Katayama syndrome in patients with schistosomiasis}, journal = {Asian Pac J Trop Biomed}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, note = {Kapoor, Shailendra
eng
China
2014/09/04 06:00
Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014 Mar;4(3):244. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60239-2.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {244}, isbn = {2221-1691 (Print)
2221-1691 (Linking)}, author = {Kapoor, S.} } @booklet {3483, title = {{Kibera Integrated Water Sanitation and Waste Management Project {\textendash} Progress and Promise: Innovations in Slum Upgrading.}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {United Nations Human Settlements Programme}, address = {Nairobi}, author = {Meredith, T and MacDonald, M and Alabaster, G} } @booklet {3566, title = {Kibera {Integrated} {Water} {Sanitation} and {Waste} {Management} {Project} {\textendash} {Progress} and {Promise}: {Innovations} in {Slum} {Upgrading}.}, year = {2014}, publisher = {United Nations Human Settlements Programme}, address = {Nairobi}, author = {Meredith, T and MacDonald, M and Alabaster, G} } @article {16087, title = {Kinetics of Leptospira interrogans infection in hamsters after intradermal and subcutaneous challenge.}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis.PLoS Negl Trop Dis.}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {e3307}, author = {Coutinho, M. L. and Matsunaga, J. and Wang, L. C. and de la Pe{\~n}a-Moctezuma, A. and Lewis, M. S. and Babbitt, J. T. and Aleixo, J. A. and Haake, D. A.} } @article {9705, title = {Laboratory assessment of sensitive molecular tools for detection of low levels of Echinococcus multilocularis-eggs in fox (Vulpes vulpes) faeces.}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {246}, doi = {10.1186/1756-3305-7-246}, author = {Oines, O. and Isaksson, M and Hagstr{\"o}m, A. and Tavornpanich, S. and Davidson, R.K} } @article {3115, title = {Laboratory assessment of sensitive molecular tools for detection of low levels of {Echinococcus} multilocularis-eggs in fox ({Vulpes} vulpes) faeces}, journal = {Parasites \& Vectors}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {246}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In endemic areas with very low infection prevalence, the frequency and intensity of Echinococcus multilocularis can be extremely low. This necessitates efficient, specific and sensitive molecular tools. We wanted to compare the existing molecular tools, used in the Norwegian national surveillance programme, and compare these with new techniques for detection of this zoonotic pathogen in fox faeces. Here we present the results of screening samples containing a known level of E. multilocularis eggs with two highly sensitive DNA isolation and extraction methods combined with one conventional PCR and three real-time PCR methods for detection. METHODS: We performed a comparison of two extraction protocols; one based on sieving of faecal material and one using targeted DNA sampling. Four methods of molecular detection were tested on E. multilocularis-egg spiked fox faeces. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the multiplex PCR/egg sieving DNA extraction methods compared to the new DNA fishing method and the three real-time PCR assays. Results also indicate that replicates of the PCR-reactions improve detection sensitivity when egg numbers are low. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the use of real-time PCR combined with targeted DNA extraction, improves the sensitivity of E. multilocularis detection in faecal samples containing low numbers of E. multilocularis eggs. Results also indicate the importance of replicates of the PCR-reactions when pathogen levels are low.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Feces, Foxes, Helminth, Parasite Egg Count, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity}, issn = {1756-3305}, doi = {10.1186/1756-3305-7-246}, author = {{\O}ines, {\O}ivind and Isaksson, Mats and Hagstr{\"o}m, {\r A}sa and Tavornpanich, Saraya and Davidson, Rebecca K.} } @article {1832, title = {Laboratory challenges in response to silent introduction and sustained transmission of wild poliovirus type 1 in Israel during 2013}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {210 Suppl 1}, year = {2014}, note = {Shulman, Lester M Mendelson, Ella Anis, Emilia Bassal, Ravit Gdalevich, Michael Hindiyeh, Musa Kaliner, Ehud Kopel, Eran Manor, Yossi Moran-Gilad, Jacob Ram, Daniella Sofer, Danit Somekh, Eli Tasher, Diana Weil, Merav Gamzu, Ronni Grotto, Itamar United States The Journal of infectious diseases J Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 1;210 Suppl 1:S304-14. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu294.}, pages = {S304-14}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) introduction into southern Israel in early 2013 was detected by routine environmental surveillance. The virus was identified genetically as related to the South Asian (SOAS) R3A lineage endemic to Pakistan in 2012. Intensified, high-throughput environmental surveillance using advanced molecular methods played a critical role in documenting and locating sustained transmission throughout 2013 and early 2014 in the absence of any acute flaccid paralysis. It guided the public health responses, including stool-based surveillance and serosurveys, to determine the point prevalence in silent excretors and measured the effect of vaccination campaigns with inactivated polio vaccine and bivalent oral polio vaccine on stopping transmission.}, issn = {1537-6613 (Electronic) 0022-1899 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiu294 jiu294 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25316849}, author = {Shulman, L. M. and Mendelson, E. and Anis, E. and Bassal, R. and Gdalevich, M. and Hindiyeh, M. and Kaliner, E. and Kopel, E. and Manor, Y. and Moran-Gilad, J. and Ram, D. and Sofer, D. and Somekh, E. and Tasher, D. and Weil, M. and Gamzu, R. and Grotto, I.} } @mastersthesis {6678, title = {Landscape evolution of the {Needles} fault zone, {Utah}, investigated through chronotstratigraphic and terrain analyses}, year = {2014}, note = {1584411}, school = {Utah State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Landscape evolution of the needles fault zone, Utah investigated through chronostratigraphic and terrain analyses by Faye L. Geiger, Master of Science Utah State University, 2014 Major Professor: Dr. Joel L. Pederson Department: Geology Arcing eastward from the deeply incised Cataract Canyon of the Colorado River in southeastern Utah is a series of alternating horst and graben within the Needles fault zone. Despite this deforming system{\textquoteright}s importance to structural geologists and genetic linkage to the history of the Colorado River, it has been little studied from a geomorphic perspective. This work relates results from detailed chronostratigraphic analysis of graben-fill to known climate fluctuations of the late Quaternary and also addresses patterns identified in topographic analysis that reveal where and when Colorado River incision and salt movement-related subsidence have influenced this unusual terrain. Unusual features called swallow holes expose the top 6-14 m of sediment accumulated in graben bottoms. Facies exposed are mostly granuley sands, sand, and silt beds deposited on avulsing alluvial fans and via settiling in ponded water. OSL and radiocarbon ages indicate that most of this material accumulated at a rapid pace of up to 3 m/kyr from 9 to 5 ka during the middle Holocene, with relatively minor latest Pleistocene and late Holocene strata preserved. This pulse of mid-Holocene sedimentation is only broadly synchronous across the basins studied, suggesting that local sediment supply, autogenic fan processes, and/or halokinetic or groundwater-driven accommodation space changes may be the dominant controls on apparent sedimentation rate at the scale of these exposures. Topographic analysis of seven watersheds within the Needles fault array resulted in spatial correlation between hypsometric integral, normalized steepness, and previously reported modern deformation. Stream longitudinal profile analysis reveals that streams transecting the Needles fault array share three distinct reaches, delimited by knickpoints. The lowermost reaches are within 7 km of the Colorado River, have deeply incised gorges and high kqsn; knickpoints are maintained by resistant carbonate beds of the Lower Cutler and Honaker Trail formation. The middle reaches traverse the salt-deformed horst and graben terrain and have low steepness and numerous small knickpoints where they cross normal faults. Their upper knickpoints separate them from the mostly-undeformed upper reaches, which were used to model paleo-profiles. Paleo-profiles projected to baselevel and scaled to assumed Colorado River incision rates constrain the initiation of the pulse of baselevel fall and tributary incision to 1.9{\textendash}1.3 Ma. Tributary profile deformation due to salt movement is constrained to 700{\textendash}200 ka based on scaling to InSAR measured subsidence and estimation of the depth at which deformation began. These independent temporal estimates for the Needles fault array are consistent with those from previously published modeling results. (172 pages) PUBLIC ABSTRACT Landscape evolution of the needles fault zone, Utah investigated through chronostratigraphic and terrain analyses Arcing eastward from the deep gorge of Cataract Canyon on the Colorado River is a series of aligned valleys (graben) and ridges (horst). This unusual landscape has formed as subsurface salt deforms toward the river and dissolves away, causing the overlying rocks to fault, slide, and subside. Geologists have long been interested in this actively evolving area they call the Needles fault zone, because understanding its mechanics and origin may shed light on how faults work in general and similar, yet inaccessible places like offshore rift zones or even the surface of the Moon. Despite this interest, the timing and long-term patterns of deformation here and are poorly constrained. This study uses analysis of digital landscape models to better delineate these patterns and provide better age constraints on the development of the Needles fault zone. We find that the Colorado River incision that led to deformation here began as recently as 1 million years ago, and that faulting due to subsurface salt movement initiated between 700 and 200 thousand years ago. The first part of this study takes advantage of how the development of graben valleys has changed the path of many of the streams in the study area, resulting in numerous captured streams terminating into a type of sinkhole, called a swallow hole, that develops above opening faults. These fissures are so named because, by ongoing opening, they are "swallowing" material that is flushed into them by local drainages. By recording and numerically dating the exposed upper 6-14 m of basin-fill strata, we determined that sediment was deposited to an alluvial fan and to ponded water. We also compared calculated sediment yields over time to paleoclimate records for the region to test extant hypotheses about how drylands respond to changing climate of the same scale as modern climate change. Against expectations, our results suggest that the greatest sediment yield and storage in these upper basins occurred during the relatively warm and dry time from 9 to 5 thousand years ago, when overland flow to transport sediment was weak. This implies that we are actually measuring sediment storage, as the faults that form swallow holes were relatively less active, allowing sediment to accumulate, rather than be flushed out of the basins. Faye L. Geiger}, keywords = {0372:Geology, 0484:Geomorphology, Chronostratigraphy, Earth sciences, Geology, Geomorphology, Long profile, Needles fault zone, OSL, Salt tectonics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1659797666?accountid=14270}, author = {Geiger, Faye L.} } @article {2690, title = {A large community outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of drinking water contaminated by river water, Belgium, 2010}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, year = {2014}, abstract = {****}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268814001629}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268814001629}, author = {T Braeye and K DE Schrijver and E Wollants and M van Ranst and J Verhaegen} } @article {14271, title = {A large outbreak of salmonellosis associated with sandwiches contaminated with multiple bacterial pathogens purchased via an online shopping service.}, journal = {Foodborne pathogens and disease}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {230{\textendash}3}, abstract = {Food sold over the internet is an emerging business that also presents a concern with regard to food safety. A nationwide foodborne disease outbreak associated with sandwiches purchased from an online shop in July 2010 is reported. Consumers were telephone interviewed with a structured questionnaire and specimens were collected for etiological examination. A total of 886 consumers were successfully contacted and completed the questionnaires; 36.6\% had become ill, with a median incubation period of 18 h (range, 6-66 h). The major symptoms included diarrhea (89.2\%), abdominal pain (69.8\%), fever (47.5\%), headache (32.7\%), and vomiting (17.3\%). Microbiological laboratories isolated Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Salmonella Virchow, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from the contaminated sandwiches, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Virchow from the patients, and Salmonella Enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus from food handlers. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping suggested a common origin of Salmonella bacteria recovered from the patients, food, and a food handler. Among the pathogens detected, the symptoms and incubation period indicated that Salmonella, likely of egg origin, was the probable causative agent of the outbreak. This outbreak illustrates the importance of meticulous hygiene practices during food preparation and temperature control during food shipment and the food safety challenges posed by online food-shopping services.}, issn = {1556-7125}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2013.1669}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24313786 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4003462}, author = {Sung H Wei and Huang, Angela S and Ying S Liao and Yu L Liu and Chien S Chiou} } @article {8167, title = {{A large outbreak of salmonellosis associated with sandwiches contaminated with multiple bacterial pathogens purchased via an online shopping service.}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {230{\textendash}3}, abstract = {

Food sold over the internet is an emerging business that also presents a concern with regard to food safety. A nationwide foodborne disease outbreak associated with sandwiches purchased from an online shop in July 2010 is reported. Consumers were telephone interviewed with a structured questionnaire and specimens were collected for etiological examination. A total of 886 consumers were successfully contacted and completed the questionnaires; 36.6{\%} had become ill, with a median incubation period of 18\ h (range, 6-66\ h). The major symptoms included diarrhea (89.2{\%}), abdominal pain (69.8{\%}), fever (47.5{\%}), headache (32.7{\%}), and vomiting (17.3{\%}). Microbiological laboratories isolated Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Salmonella Virchow, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from the contaminated sandwiches, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Virchow from the patients, and Salmonella Enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus from food handlers. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping suggested a common origin of Salmonella bacteria recovered from the patients, food, and a food handler. Among the pathogens detected, the symptoms and incubation period indicated that Salmonella, likely of egg origin, was the probable causative agent of the outbreak. This outbreak illustrates the importance of meticulous hygiene practices during food preparation and temperature control during food shipment and the food safety challenges posed by online food-shopping services.

}, issn = {1556-7125}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2013.1669}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24313786 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4003462}, author = {Sung H Wei and Huang, Angela S and Ying S Liao and Yu L Liu and Chien S Chiou} } @article {3753, title = {A large waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak in central Greece, March 2012: challenges for the investigation and management.}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {142}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {40{\textendash}50}, abstract = {

In March 2012, there was an unusual increase of gastroenteritis cases in a district with 37,264 inhabitants in central Greece. It was estimated that more than 3600 people developed symptoms. A 1:1 case-control study showed that consumption of tap water was a risk factor for acquiring infection [odds ratio \{\{\}(OR)\{\}\} 2.18, 95\{\%\} confidence interval \{\{\}(CI)\{\}\} 1.11-4.28]. Descriptive data, low gastroenteritis incidence in adjacent areas with different water supply systems, and water-quality data further supported the hypothesis of a waterborne outbreak. Thirty-eight stool samples were positive for rotavirus. Bacterial indicators of recent faecal contamination were detected in samples from the water source and ice cubes from a local production enterprise. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus strains, apart from the common strain, \{\{\}G3[P8],\{\}\} identified the unusual \{\{\}G/P\{\}\} combination \{\{\}G2P[8].\{\}\} Water sanitation measures contributed to the control of the outbreak. This outbreak demonstrated the need for the cooperation of laboratories with different expertise and the importance of early notification of waterborne gastroenteritis outbreaks.

}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268813000939}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268813000939}, author = {Mellou, K and Katsioulis, A and Potamiti-Komi, M and Pournaras, S and Kyritsi, M and Katsiaflaka, A and Kallimani, A and Kokkinos, P and Petinaki, E and Sideroglou, T and Georgakopoulou, T and Vantarakis, A and Hadjichristodoulou, C} } @article {3021, title = {Late biliary complications in human alveolar echinococcosis are associated with high mortality}, journal = {World Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {20}, number = {19}, year = {2014}, month = {may}, pages = {5881{\textendash}5888}, abstract = {AIM: To evaluate the incidence of late biliary complications in non-resectable alveolar echinococcosis (AE) under long-term chemotherapy with benzimidazoles. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of AE patients with biliary complications occurring more than three years after the diagnosis of AE. We compared characteristics of patients with and without biliary complications, analyzed potential risk factor for biliary complications and performed survival analyses. RESULTS: Ninety four of 148 patients with AE in Zurich had non-resectable AE requiring long-term benzimidazole chemotherapy, of which 26 (28\%) patients developed late biliary complications. These patients had a median age of 55.5 (35.5-65) years at diagnosis of AE and developed biliary complications after 15 (8.25-19) years of chemotherapy. The most common biliary complications during long-term chemotherapy were late-onset cholangitis (n = 14), sclerosing cholangitis-like lesions (n = 8), hepatolithiasis (n = 5), affection of the common bile duct (n = 7) and secondary biliary cirrhosis (n = 7). Thirteen of the 26 patients had undergone surgery (including 12 resections) before chemotherapy. Previous surgery was a risk factor for late biliary complications in linear regression analysis (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: Late biliary complications can be observed in nearly one third of patients with non-resectable AE, with previous surgery being a potential risk factor. After the occurrence of late biliary complications, the median survival is only 3 years, suggesting that late biliary complications indicate a poor prognostic outcome.}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, alveolar echinococcosis, Antiparasitic Agents, Benzimidazoles, Biliary, Biliary cirrhosis, Biliary strictures, Cholangitis, Cholestatic liver disease, Chronic liver disease, Complications, Databases, Echinococcal cysts, Echinococcosis, Factual, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Linear Models, Liver Cirrhosis, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Switzerland, Treatment Outcome}, issn = {2219-2840}, doi = {10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.5881}, author = {Frei, Pascal and Misselwitz, Benjamin and Prakash, Meher K. and Schoepfer, Alain M. and Prinz Vavricka, Bettina M. and M{\"u}llhaupt, Beat and Fried, Michael and Lehmann, Kuno and Ammann, Rudolf W. and Vavricka, Stephan R.} } @book {16610, title = {Latrine {Design} and {Construction} {Workshop}}, year = {2014}, url = {https://resources.cawst.org/trainer-collection/5e69dfff/latrine-design-and-construction-workshop}, author = {CAWST} } @booklet {12855, title = {Latrine Design and Construction Workshop}, year = {2014} } @article {12856, title = {Latrine Pit Design, Guide 23}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Water, Engineering and Development Centre Loughborough University}, author = {Reed, Bob} } @article {16611, title = {Latrine {Pit} {Design}, {Guide} 23}, year = {2014}, author = {Reed, Bob} } @article {7901, title = {{Legionella detection by culture and qPCR: Comparing apples and oranges}}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {65{\textendash}74}, doi = {10.3109/1040841X.2014.885930}, author = {Whiley, H and Taylor, M} } @article {16183, title = {Leptospira Contamination in Household and Environmental Water in Rural Communities in Southern Chile}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public HealthInt J Environ Res Public HealthInt J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {6666-6680}, edition = {2014/06/28}, isbn = {1660-4601 (Electronic)
1660-4601 (Linking)}, author = {Mu{\~n}oz-Zanzi, C. and Mason, M. R. and Encina, C. and Astroza, A. and Romero, A.} } @article {16048, title = {Leptospira spp. in Domestic Cats from Different Environments: Prevalence of Antibodies and Risk Factors Associated with the Seropositivity}, journal = {Animals (Basel)Animals (Basel)}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {612-626}, author = {Azocar-Aedo, L. and Monti, G. and Jara, R.} } @article {16041, title = {Leptospira spp. infection in wild ruminants: a survey in Central Italian Alps.}, journal = {Vet Ital.Vet Ital.}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {285-291.}, author = {Andreoli, E. and Radaelli, E. and Bertoletti, I. and Bianchi, A. and Scanziani, E. and Tagliabue, S. and Mattiello, S.} } @article {16244, title = {Leptospira-rat-human relationship in Luzon, Philippines}, journal = {Microbes InfectMicrobes InfectMicrobes Infect}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, month = {Nov}, pages = {902-10}, keywords = {*Disease Reservoirs, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Disease Transmission, Infectious, DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, genotype, Humans, Leptospira interrogans/*classification/genetics/immunology/*isolation \&, Leptospirosis/*epidemiology/microbiology/transmission/*veterinary, Male, Mesocricetus, Molecular Epidemiology, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular Typing, Philippines/epidemiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, purification, Rats, Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology/*transmission, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Serogroup, Survival Analysis, Zoonoses/microbiology/transmission}, isbn = {1769-714X (Electronic)
1286-4579 (Linking)}, author = {Villanueva, S. Y. and Saito, M. and Baterna, R. A. and Estrada, C. A. and Rivera, A. K. and Dato, M. C. and Zamora, P. R. and Segawa, T. and Cavinta, L. L. and Fukui, T. and Masuzawa, T. and Yanagihara, Y. and Gloriani, N. G. and Yoshida, S.} } @article {16068, title = {Leptospirosis in pigs, dogs, rodents, humans, and water in an area of the Colombian tropics}, journal = {Trop Anim Health ProdTrop Anim Health Prod}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {Nov 21}, pages = {427-432}, edition = {2013/11/21}, isbn = {1573-7438 (Electronic)
0049-4747 (Linking)}, author = {Calderon, A. and Rodriguez, V. and Mattar, S. and Arrieta, G.} } @article {8225, title = {{Levofloxacin-amoxicillin/clavulanate-rabeprazole versus a standard seven-day triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection.}}, journal = {BioMed Research International}, volume = {2014}, year = {2014}, pages = {158520}, publisher = {Hindawi Publishing Corporation}, abstract = {

The resistance rates of Helicobacter pylori to amoxicillin and metronidazole therapy are higher in eastern Taiwan as compared to national and worldwide rates. The high resistance rate in this territory justified a search for a better eradication regimen. We conducted an open-labeled, prospective, randomized, and controlled study in a tertiary referral hospital in eastern Taiwan. Between December 2007 and December 2009, a total of 153 Helicobacter pylori-positive, therapy-na\ïve patients with a positive rapid urease test were recruited for random assignment to two seven-day treatment groups: levofloxacin (500 mg), amoxicillin/clavulanate (875 mg/125 mg), and rabeprazole (20 mg) twice per day (LAcR) or clarithyromicin (500 mg), amoxicillin (1000 mg), and rabeprazole (20 mg) twice per day (CAR). Helicobacter pylori eradication was assessed using the (13)C-urea breath test or rapid urease test performed at least 4 weeks after the end of treatment. After exclusion, 146 patients were enrolled and allocated in the study. The Helicobacter pylori eradication rates analyzed by both intention to treat (78.1{\%} versus 57.5{\%

}, keywords = {Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin: administration {\&} dosage, Bacterial, Bacterial: drug effects, Bacterial: genetics, Clavulanic Acid, Clavulanic Acid: administration {\&} dosage, Drug Combinations, Drug Resistance, Female, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: drug therapy, Helicobacter Infections: genetics, Helicobacter Infections: pathology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: drug effects, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: pathogenicity, Humans, Levofloxacin, Levofloxacin: administration {\&} dosage, Male, Rabeprazole, Rabeprazole: administration {\&} dosage}, issn = {2314-6141}, doi = {10.1155/2014/158520}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4066685{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Ming C Chen and Wei Y Lei and Jen S Lin and Chih H Yi and Deng C Wu and Chi T Hu} } @article {13853, title = {Levofloxacin-amoxicillin/clavulanate-rabeprazole versus a standard seven-day triple therapy for eradication of {Helicobacter} pylori infection.}, journal = {BioMed research international}, volume = {2014}, year = {2014}, pages = {158520}, abstract = {{The resistance rates of Helicobacter pylori to amoxicillin and metronidazole therapy are higher in eastern Taiwan as compared to national and worldwide rates. The high resistance rate in this territory justified a search for a better eradication regimen. We conducted an open-labeled, prospective, randomized, and controlled study in a tertiary referral hospital in eastern Taiwan. Between December 2007 and December 2009, a total of 153 Helicobacter pylori-positive, therapy-na{\"\i}ve patients with a positive rapid urease test were recruited for random assignment to two seven-day treatment groups: levofloxacin (500 mg), amoxicillin/clavulanate (875 mg/125 mg), and rabeprazole (20 mg) twice per day (LAcR) or clarithyromicin (500 mg), amoxicillin (1000 mg), and rabeprazole (20 mg) twice per day (CAR). Helicobacter pylori eradication was assessed using the (13)C-urea breath test or rapid urease test performed at least 4 weeks after the end of treatment. After exclusion, 146 patients were enrolled and allocated in the study. The Helicobacter pylori eradication rates analyzed by both intention to treat (78.1\% versus 57.5\%}, keywords = {Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin: administration \& dosage, Bacterial, Bacterial: drug effects, Bacterial: genetics, Clavulanic Acid, Clavulanic Acid: administration \& dosage, Drug Combinations, Drug Resistance, Female, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: drug therapy, Helicobacter Infections: genetics, Helicobacter Infections: pathology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: drug effects, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: pathogenicity, Humans, Levofloxacin, Levofloxacin: administration \& dosage, Male, Rabeprazole, Rabeprazole: administration \& dosage}, issn = {2314-6141}, doi = {10.1155/2014/158520}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4066685\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Ming C Chen and Wei Y Lei and Jen S Lin and Chih H Yi and Deng C Wu and Chi T Hu} } @article {10276, title = {Lime stabilization of waste activated sludge}, journal = {Health Scope}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Kowsar}, author = {Farzadkia, Mahdi and Bazrafshan, Edris} } @article {11465, title = {{Longevity and viability of Taenia solium eggs in the digestive system of the beetle Ammophorus rubripes}}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin{\'a}ria}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {94{\textendash}97}, author = {Gomez-Puerta, LA and Lopez-Urbina, MT and Garcia, HH and Gonzalez, AE} } @booklet {3929, title = {Mainstreaming Disability and Ageing in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Programmes: A Mapping Study Carried out for WaterAid.}, year = {2014}, publisher = {WaterAid}, address = {London}, author = {Jones, H} } @mastersthesis {6763, title = {Market mechanisms for valuing public goods}, year = {2014}, note = {3619450}, school = {University of Rhode Island}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Conventionally, inefficiencies in supplying socially optimal levels of natural amenities have been addressed by government intervention via taxes and subsidies. However, these measures may not result in the socially optimal level of provision because they are often influenced by collective action and may inadequately account for local tastes and preferences. This dissertation research addresses the ways in which private markets instead can be used to solve the dilemma of under-provision and over-exploitation of natural resources. The first manuscript examines a prominent ecolabeling program that provides consumers with information about responsible sourcing of seafood and investigates whether or not there is a demonstrated price premium in the retail market for ecolabeled seafood. The study specifically focuses on the commonly-voiced doubts regarding whether consumers are willing to pay a premium for the Marine Stewardship Council{\textquoteright}s (MSC) label. The analysis utilizes scanner data on frozen pollock products from supermarkets in the metropolitan area of London, UK across a sixty-five week panel. I use a hedonic model to control for brand, package size, product type and form. I find evidence that consumers within the sampled area are paying a 14\% premium for MSC-certified pollock products. The second and third manuscripts address the possibility of creating a direct market for natural amenities in which consumers can contract with suppliers or custodians of the resource. However, complications arise when eliciting preferences for natural amenities because they are often public goods and thus are non-rival and non-excludable, i.e. scenic views, clean air and drinking water, etc. Willingness to pay for public goods are difficult to measure because individuals have incentives to hide their true values for the good offered for exchange. This research deals with the two most prominent sources of this bias: incentives to free-ride on others{\textquoteright} contributions and the tendency of respondents to overstate their values when no monetary consequence exists. The second manuscript explores how well laboratory-tested public goods elicitation mechanisms that mitigate free-riding perform in the field. I employ a mixed logit model in willingness-to-pay space to estimate individual-specific willingness to pay for protecting grassland nesting bird habitat on farmland and compare some of the most promising elicitation mechanisms in their ability to produce results that yield the highest valuations. I also estimate individual-specific measures of the scale of the error variance and test which elicitation mechanisms are the least noisy. I find evidence that providing a familiar reference mechanism induces behavior more in line with laboratory results, but that otherwise, individuals tend to ignore the elicitation mechanisms in the field. The third manuscript addresses a continuing debate in the literature regarding whether hypothetical choice experiment surveys can accurately reflect revealed preferences in a market for public goods. This issue is particularly important in studies involving valuation of public goods and common-pool resources because non-rival non-exclusive goods imply a disconnect between what is paid for and what can be consumed. I utilize a latent class model of attribute non-attendance to identify individuals who are more or less likely to accurately state their willingness-to-pay for habitat preservation for grassland nesting birds on farmland. I find that hypothetical bias differs based on the strategy employed in the stated preference experiment and that individuals who are estimated to fully attend to all attributes are more likely to generate reliable preference estimates. Overall, this research provides guidance on market approaches for enhancing environmental public goods provision.}, keywords = {0438:Environmental economics, Environmental economics, Marine stewardship council, natural resources, Social sciences, Subsidies, Taxes}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1537056436?accountid=14270}, author = {Insignares-Santos, Julie} } @article {8739, title = {{A mass balance approach to the fate of viruses in a municipal wastewater treatment plant during summer and winter seasons}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {364{\textendash}370}, abstract = {In contrast to previous discussion on general virus removal efficiency and identifying surrogates for human pathogenic viruses, this study focuses on virus retention within each step of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Additionally, the influence of weather conditions on virus removal was addressed. To account for the virus retention, this study describes a mass balance of somatic coliphages (bacterial viruses) in a municipal WWTP, performed in the winter and summer seasons of 2011. In the winter season, the concentration of coliphages entering the WWTP was about 1 log lower than in summer. The mass balance in winter revealed a virus inactivation of 85.12 {\textpm} 13.97{\%}. During the summer season, virus inactivation was significantly higher (95.25 {\textpm} 3.69{\%}, p-value {\textless}0.05), most likely due to additional virus removal in the secondary clarifier by insolation. Thus, a total removal of coliphages of about 2.78 log units was obtained in summer compared to 1.95 log units in winter. Rainfall events did not statistically correlate with the concentrations of coliphages entering the WWTP in summer.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, mass balance, Season, Somatic coliphages, wastewater, | activated sludge}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2013.722}, author = {Ulbricht, Katharina and Hans C Selinka and Wolter, Stefanie and Karl H Rosenwinkel and Nogueira, Regina} } @article {12314, title = {Mechanisms of polymyxin resistance: acquired and intrinsic resistance in bacteria}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiologyFrontiers in microbiology}, volume = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {643}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {Olaitan, Abiola O and Morand, Serge and Rolain, Jean-Marc} } @article {11473, title = {Membrane cleaning in membrane bioreactors: a review}, journal = {Journal of Membrane Science}, volume = {468}, year = {2014}, pages = {276{\textendash}307}, author = {Wang, Zhiwei and Ma, Jinxing and Tang, Chuyang Y and Kimura, Katsuki and Wang, Qiaoying and Han, Xiaomeng} } @article {6378, title = {Menstrual hygiene management and school absenteeism among female adolescent students in {Northeast} {Ethiopia}}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {1}, url = {http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1118}, author = {Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw and Sisay, Mitike Molla} } @article {14456, title = {Metagenomic approaches for direct and cell culture evaluation of the virological quality of wastewater}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {210C}, year = {2014}, month = {sep}, pages = {15{\textendash}21}, abstract = {Genomic-based molecular techniques are emerging as powerful tools that allow a comprehensive characterization of water and wastewater microbiomes. Most recently, next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies which produce large amounts of sequence data are beginning to impact the field of environmental virology. In this study, NGS and bioinformatics have been employed for the direct detection and characterization of viruses in wastewater and of viruses isolated after cell culture. Viral particles were concentrated and purified from sewage samples by polyethylene glycol precipitation. Viral nucleic acid was extracted and randomly amplified prior to sequencing using Illumina technology, yielding a total of 18 million sequence reads. Most of the viral sequences detected could not be characterized, indicating the great viral diversity that is yet to be discovered. This sewage virome was dominated by bacteriophages and contained sequences related to known human pathogenic viruses such as adenoviruses (species B, C and F), polyomaviruses JC and BK and enteroviruses (type B). An array of other animal viruses was also found, suggesting unknown zoonotic viruses. This study demonstrated the feasibility of metagenomic approaches to characterize viruses in complex environmental water samples.}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.017}, author = {Aw, T. G. and Howe, A. and Rose, J. B.} } @inbook {4413, title = {Metagenomic approaches for direct and cell culture evaluation of the virological quality of wastewater}, booktitle = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {210C}, year = {2014}, pages = {15-21}, publisher = {2014 Elsevier B.V}, organization = {2014 Elsevier B.V}, type = {Book Section}, isbn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.017}, author = {Aw, T. G. and Howe, A. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {4441, title = {Metagenomic approaches for direct and cell culture evaluation of the virological quality of wastewater}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {210C}, year = {2014}, pages = {15{\textendash}21}, isbn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, author = {Aw, TG and Howe, A and Rose, JB} } @inbook {1220, title = {Metagenomic approaches for direct and cell culture evaluation of the virological quality of wastewater}, booktitle = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {210C}, year = {2014}, note = {Aw, Tiong Gim Howe, Adina Rose, Joan B Journal of virological methods S0166-0934(14)00372-3 [pii] J Virol Methods. 2014 Sep 28;210C:15-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.017.}, pages = {15-21}, publisher = {2014 Elsevier B.V}, organization = {2014 Elsevier B.V}, type = {Book Section}, abstract = {Genomic-based molecular techniques are emerging as powerful tools that allow a comprehensive characterization of water and wastewater microbiomes. Most recently, next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies which produce large amounts of sequence data are beginning to impact the field of environmental virology. In this study, NGS and bioinformatics have been employed for the direct detection and characterization of viruses in wastewater and of viruses isolated after cell culture. Viral particles were concentrated and purified from sewage samples by polyethylene glycol precipitation. Viral nucleic acid was extracted and randomly amplified prior to sequencing using Illumina technology, yielding a total of 18 million sequence reads. Most of the viral sequences detected could not be characterized, indicating the great viral diversity that is yet to be discovered. This sewage virome was dominated by bacteriophages and contained sequences related to known human pathogenic viruses such as adenoviruses (species B, C and F), polyomaviruses JC and BK and enteroviruses (type B). An array of other animal viruses was also found, suggesting unknown zoonotic viruses. This study demonstrated the feasibility of metagenomic approaches to characterize viruses in complex environmental water samples.}, isbn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.017}, author = {Aw, T. G. and Howe, A. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {1460, title = {Metagenomic approaches for direct and cell culture evaluation of the virological quality of wastewater}, journal = {Journal of virological methods}, volume = {210C}, year = {2014}, note = {Aw, Tiong Gim Howe, Adina Rose, Joan B J Virol Methods. 2014 Sep 28;210C:15-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.017.}, pages = {15-21}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Genomic-based molecular techniques are emerging as powerful tools that allow a comprehensive characterization of water and wastewater microbiomes. Most recently, next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies which produce large amounts of sequence data are beginning to impact the field of environmental virology. In this study, NGS and bioinformatics have been employed for the direct detection and characterization of viruses in wastewater and of viruses isolated after cell culture. Viral particles were concentrated and purified from sewage samples by polyethylene glycol precipitation. Viral nucleic acid was extracted and randomly amplified prior to sequencing using Illumina technology, yielding a total of 18 million sequence reads. Most of the viral sequences detected could not be characterized, indicating the great viral diversity that is yet to be discovered. This sewage virome was dominated by bacteriophages and contained sequences related to known human pathogenic viruses such as adenoviruses (species B, C and F), polyomaviruses JC and BK and enteroviruses (type B). An array of other animal viruses was also found, suggesting unknown zoonotic viruses. This study demonstrated the feasibility of metagenomic approaches to characterize viruses in complex environmental water samples.}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.017}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25264099}, author = {Aw, T. G. and Howe, A. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {12191, title = {Metagenomics reveals that detoxification systems are underrepresented in marine bacterial communities}, journal = {BMC Genomics}, year = {2014}, note = {Bengtsson-Palme, Johan Rosenblad, Magnus Alm Molin, Mikael Blomberg, Anders
Bengtsson-Palme, Johan/K-3871-2012
Bengtsson-Palme, Johan/0000-0002-6528-3158; Molin, Mikael/0000-0002-3903-8503}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {

Background: Environmental shotgun sequencing (metagenomics) provides a new way to study communities in microbial ecology. We here use sequence data from the Global Ocean Sampling (GOS) expedition to investigate toxicant selection pressures revealed by the presence of detoxification genes in marine bacteria. To capture a broad range of potential toxicants we selected detoxification protein families representing systems protecting microorganisms from a variety of stressors, such as metals, organic compounds, antibiotics and oxygen radicals. Results: Using a bioinformatics procedure based on comparative analysis to finished bacterial genomes we found that the amount of detoxification genes present in marine microorganisms seems surprisingly small. The underrepresentation is particularly evident for toxicant transporters and proteins involved in detoxifying metals. Exceptions are enzymes involved in oxidative stress defense where peroxidase enzymes are more abundant in marine bacteria compared to bacteria in general. In contrast, catalases are almost completely absent from the open ocean environment, suggesting that peroxidases and peroxiredoxins constitute a core line of defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the marine milieu. Conclusions: We found no indication that detoxification systems would be generally more abundant close to the coast compared to the open ocean. On the contrary, for several of the protein families that displayed a significant geographical distribution, like peroxidase, penicillin binding transpeptidase and divalent ion transport protein, the open ocean samples showed the highest abundance. Along the same lines, the abundance of most detoxification proteins did not increase with estimated pollution. The low level of detoxification systems in marine bacteria indicate that the majority of marine bacteria have a low capacity to adapt to increased pollution. Our study exemplifies the use of metagenomics data in ecotoxicology, and in particular how anthropogenic consequences on life in the sea can be examined.

}, isbn = {1471-2164}, author = {Bengtsson-Palme, J. and Rosenblad, M. A. and Molin, M. and Blomberg, A.} } @article {6036, title = {Meta-Regression analysis of commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli survival in soil and water}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, pages = {6763{\textendash}6771}, author = {Franz, Eelco and Schijven, Jack and Ana M. De Roda Husman and Blaak, Hetty} } @booklet {7883, title = {{Method 1615 Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Fout, S and Brinkman, N and Cashdollar, J and Griffin, S and McMinn, B and Rhodes, E and Varughese, E and Karim, M and Grimm, A and Spencer, S and Borchardt, M} } @article {7479, title = {A {Method} for {Conducting} {Simultaneous} {Convergent} {Tracer} {Tests} in {Multilayered} {Aquifers}: {R}.{B}. {Greswell} et al. {Ground} {Water} xx, no. x: xx-xx}, journal = {Groundwater}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {jul}, pages = {525{\textendash}534}, issn = {0017467X}, doi = {10.1111/gwat.12101}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/gwat.12101}, author = {Greswell, Richard B. and Durand, V{\'e}ronique and Aller, Maria F. and Riley, Michael S. and Tellam, John H.} } @article {17035, title = {Methodological approaches for studying the microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {65}, year = {2014}, pages = {134{\textendash}156}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Douterelo, Isabel and Boxall, Joby B and Deines, Peter and Sekar, Raju and Fish, Katherine E and Biggs, Catherine A} } @mastersthesis {6814, title = {Metrics \& {Democratization}: {Law}, {Technology} \& {Democratic} {Expertise} in {Postwar} {El} {Salvador}}, year = {2014}, note = {3629503}, school = {Duke University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The dissertation is an ethnographic study of the role of monitoring standards on democratic governance reform in El Salvador since the 1992 end of a 12-year civil war. The study looks at the development and implementation of monitoring and evaluation models for rule of law, citizen participation and accountability reforms, in order to understand the impact of standards on the local adaptation and global circulation of democratic reform programs. Through practices of standardization, law and technology together construct the expertise that democratic institutions increasingly require for political participation. The legacy of democratic reform in El Salvador is particularly important because the country served as a laboratory and poster-child for democratization models most recently applied to U.S. efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan. In-depth qualitative study of the development and use of monitoring standards reveals a formalization of ways of producing and contesting knowledge deemed crucial for political communities - be they rural hamlets or national economic sectors. As with any institutional form, certain political possibilities are enabled while others are marginalized or constrained. However, beside the establishment of dominant frameworks for knowing about social realities and participating in decision-making governing those realities, monitoring standards provide means for the mobilization and advocacy of alternative perspectives and agendas. The dissertation presents a historical account of the institutionalization of monitoring standards that have become typical components of what international agencies promote as democratic governance. Ethnographic accounts of how these standards circulate and are used by governments, NGOs, citizens and social movements illustrate their ubiquity, flexibility and dynamism - from municipal finance and state decentralization, to human rights struggles over water privatization, mining, crime and pharmaceuticals. Research conducted before, during and after the 2009 election of the leftist FMLN party to the presidency captures shifts in the use of monitoring standards as social movement activists move into government.}, keywords = {0326:Cultural anthropology, 0398:Law, 0550:Latin American Studies, 0617:Public administration, Cultural anthropology, Democracy, El Salvador, Latin American Studies, Law, Metrics, Politics, Public administration, Social sciences, Technology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1562229088?accountid=14270}, author = {Cross, Jason Marc} } @article {12516, title = {Microbial source tracking markers for detection of fecal contamination in environmental waters: relationships between pathogens and human health outcomes}, journal = {FEMS microbiology reviewsFEMS microbiology reviews}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {1-40}, isbn = {1574-6976}, author = {Harwood, Valerie J and Staley, Christopher and Badgley, Brian D and Borges, Kim and Korajkic, Asja} } @article {10107, title = {{Microbial source tracking markers for detection of fecal contamination in environmental waters: relationships between pathogens and human health outcomes}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {1{\textendash}40}, author = {Harwood, VJ and Staley, C and Badgley, BD and Borges, K and Korajkic, A} } @article {12177, title = {Microbiological effects of sublethal levels of antibiotics}, journal = {Nature Reviews Microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {Jul}, pages = {465-78}, keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics, Animal Husbandry, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration \& dosage/*pharmacology, Bacteria/*drug effects/genetics, Bacterial Infections/genetics, Biological Evolution, Ecosystem, environment, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Quorum Sensing, Signal Transduction/drug effects, SOS Response (Genetics), Virulence}, isbn = {1740-1534 (Electronic)
1740-1526 (Linking)}, author = {Andersson, D. I. and Hughes, D.} } @inbook {17432, title = {Microbiology of drinking water production and distribution}, year = {2014}, pages = {5 - 216}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc.}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc.}, address = {Hoboken, New Jersey, USA}, isbn = {978-1-118-74392-8}, author = {Bitton, G.} } @article {6125, title = {Mimicking filtration and transport of rotavirus and adenovirus in sand media using DNA-labeled, protein-coated silica nanoparticles}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {62}, year = {2014}, pages = {167{\textendash}179}, author = {Pang, Liping and Farkas, Kata and Bennett, Grant and Varsani, Arvind and Easingwood, Richard and Tilley, Richard and Nowostawska, Urszula and Lin, Susan} } @article {11684, title = {{Misidentification of Diphyllobothrium species related to global fish trade, Europe}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {20}, year = {2014}, pages = {1955{\textendash}1957}, author = {Kuchta, R and Esteban, J-G and Brabec, J and Scholz, T} } @booklet {10330, title = {The missing link in sanitation service delivery: A review of fecal sludge management in 12 cities}, year = {2014}, publisher = {World Bank} } @article {12861, title = {The missing link in sanitation service delivery: a review of fecal sludge management in 12 cities}, journal = {Water and Sanitation Program}, year = {2014}, pages = {8}, author = {Blackett, I and Hawkins, P and Heymans, C} } @mastersthesis {6723, title = {Modeling, design and control of gliding robotic fish}, year = {2014}, note = {3634937}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Autonomous underwater robots have been studied by researchers for the past half century. In particular, for the past two decades, due to the increasing demand for environmental sustainability, significant attention has been paid to aquatic environmental monitoring using autonomous underwater robots. In this dissertation, a new type of underwater robots, gliding robotic fish, is proposed for mobile sensing in versatile aquatic environments. Such a robot combines buoyancy-driven gliding and fin-actuated swimming, inspired by underwater gliders and robotic fish, to realize both energy-efficient locomotion and high maneuverability. Two prototypes, a preliminary miniature underwater glider and a fully functioning gliding robotic fish, are presented. The actuation system and the sensing system are introduced. Dynamic model of a gliding robotic fish is derived by integrating the dynamics of miniature underwater glider and the influence of an actively-controlled tail. Hydrodynamic model is established where hydrodynamic forces and moments are dependent on the angle of attack and the sideslip angle. Using the technique of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) water-tunnel simulation is carried out for evaluating the hydrodynamic coefficients. Scaling analysis is provided to shed light on the dimension design. Two operational modes of gliding robotic fish, steady gliding in the sagittal plane and tail-enabled spiraling in the three-dimensional space, are discussed. Steady-state equations for both motions are derived and solved numerically. In particular, for spiral motion, recursive Newton{\textquoteright}s method is adopted and the region of convergence for this method is numerically examined. The local asymptotic stability of the computed equilibria is established through checking the Jacobian matrix, and the basins of attraction are further numerically explored. Simulation and experiments are conducted to validate steady-state models and calculated equilibria for both motions. Tail-enabled feedback control strategies are studied in both sagittal-plane glide stabilization and three-dimensional heading maintenance. A passivity-based controller and a sliding mode controller are designed and tested in experiments for those two problems, respectively. In sagittal-plane glide stabilization, a nonlinear observer is designed and implemented to estimate velocity-related states. A three-dimensional curve tracking problem is also discussed and a two-degree-of-freedom control scheme is proposed by integrating static inverse mapping and H $\infty$ control technique. The differential geometric features, such as the torsion and curvature, are explored for planning the trajectory. Finally, the field tests with the lab-developed prototype of gliding robotic fish are conducted in the Kalamazoo River, Michigan and the Wintergreen Lake, Michigan for detecting oil spill and sampling harmful algal blooms, respectively. Both gliding and spiraling motions are tested in the experiments as well as the fish-like swimming. The field test results are presented to show the effectiveness of the designed robot in environmental monitoring tasks.}, keywords = {0544:Electrical engineering, 0548:Mechanical engineering, 0771:Robotics, Applied sciences, Autonomous underwater vehicle, Electrical engineering, Mechanical engineering, Nonlinear control, Nonlinear system, Robotic fish, Robotics, Underwater glider}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1614190029?accountid=14270}, author = {Zhang, Feitian} } @article {6031, title = {Modeling microorganism transport and survival in the subsurface}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {421{\textendash}440}, author = {Bradford, Scott A and Wang, Yusong and Kim, Hyunjung and Torkzaban, Saeed and Jiri {\v S}imuunek} } @article {13089, title = {Modified septic tank-anaerobic filter unit as a two-stage onsite domestic wastewater treatment system}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {17}, year = {2014}, pages = {2183{\textendash}2193}, author = {Meena K Sharma and Khursheed, Anwar and Absar A Kazmi} } @article {5745, title = {{Molecular Characterisation of Hepatitis A Virus Strains from Water Sources in South Africa}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {923{\textendash}933}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2013.799}, author = {Sa{\"\i}d, R and Wolfaardt, M and M B Taylor} } @article {11573, title = {{Molecular detection of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense in humans, in China}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {20}, year = {2014}, pages = {315{\textendash}318}, author = {Chen S, Ai L and Zhang, Y and Chen, J and Zhang, W and Li, Y and Muto, M and Morishima, Y and Sugiyama, H and Xu, X and Zhou, X and Yamasaki, H} } @article {9032, title = {Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus in rivers in the Philippines}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {90}, year = {2014}, pages = {764-6}, author = {Li, TC and Yang, T and Shiota, T and Yoshizaki, S and Yoshida, H and Saito, M and Imagawa, T and Malbas, FF and Lupisan, SP and Oshitani, H and Wakita, T and Ishii, K} } @article {16202, title = {Molecular detection of leptospiral DNA in environmental water on st. Kitts}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public HealthInt J Environ Res Public HealthInt J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, note = {Rawlins, Julienne
Portanova, Alexandra
Zuckerman, Ilana
Loftis, Amanda
Ceccato, Pietro
Willingham, Arve Lee
Verma, Ashutosh
Switzerland
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014 Aug 7;11(8):7953-60. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110807953.}, pages = {7953-60}, edition = {2014/08/12}, abstract = {Leptospirosis is an important waterborne zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira. The pathogen is maintained in a population due to chronic colonization and shedding from renal tubules of domestic and wild animals. Humans and other animals become infected when they come in contact with urine from infected animals, either directly or through urine-contaminated surface water. In this study, we screened environmental water on the island of St. Kitts by using a TaqMan based real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting a pathogen specific leptospiral gene, lipl32. Our results indicate that around one-fifth of tested water sources have detectable leptospiral DNA.}, isbn = {1660-4601 (Electronic)
1660-4601 (Linking)}, author = {Rawlins, J. and Portanova, A. and Zuckerman, I. and Loftis, A. and Ceccato, P. and Willingham, A. L. and Verma, A.} } @article {13259, title = {Molecular detection, quantification, and toxigenicity profiling of Aeromonas spp. in source- and drinking-Water}, journal = {The Open Microbiology Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {32-39}, doi = {10.2174/1874285801408010032}, author = {Robertson, B. K. and Harden, C. and Selvaraju, S. B. and Pradhan, S. and Yadav, J. S.} } @article {5891, title = {{Molecular diagnosis of Arcobacter and Campylobacter in diarrhoeal samples among Portuguese patients.}}, journal = {Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {220{\textendash}225}, author = {Ferreira, Susana and J{\'u}lio, Cl{\'a}udia and Queiroz, Jo{\~a}o A and Domingues, Fernanda C and Oleastro, M{\'o}nica} } @article {14408, title = {Molecular diagnosis of {Arcobacter} and {Campylobacter} in diarrhoeal samples among {Portuguese} patients.}, journal = {Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {220{\textendash}225}, author = {Ferreira, Susana and J{\'u}lio, Cl{\'a}udia and Queiroz, Jo{\~a}o A and Domingues, Fernanda C and Oleastro, M{\'o}nica} } @article {11749, title = {{Molecular diagnosis of diphyllobothriosis in Spain, most presumably acquired via imported fish, or sojourn abroad}}, journal = {New Microbes New Infections}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, author = {Pastor-Valle, J and Gonz{\'a}lez, L M and Mart{\'\i}n-Clemente, J P and Merino, F J and Gottstein, B and Garate, T} } @inbook {8430, title = {{Molecular epidemiology and population structure of Toxoplasma gondii}}, booktitle = {Toxoplasma gondii (Second Edition)-The Model Apicomplexan-Perspectives and Methods}, year = {2014}, pages = {61{\textendash}67}, author = {Dard{\'e}, ML and Ajzenberg, D and Su, C} } @article {9899, title = {{Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis in pigs and their in-contact humans in Southeast Queensland, Australia, and Cambodia}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {203}, year = {2014}, pages = {264{\textendash}269}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.04.006}, author = {Wang, W and Owen, H and Traub, RJ and Cuttell, L and Inpankaew, T and Bielefeldt-Ohman, H} } @article {3990, title = {{Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in mussels (Mytilus californianus) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) from Central California}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, pages = {7732{\textendash}7740}, author = {Adell, AD and Smith, WA and Shapiro, K and Melli, A and Conrad, PA} } @article {1828, title = {Molecular epidemiology of silent introduction and sustained transmission of wild poliovirus type 1, Israel, 2013}, journal = {Euro Surveill}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, note = {Shulman, L M Gavrilin, E Jorba, J Martin, J Burns, C C Manor, Y Moran-Gilad, J Sofer, D Hindiyeh, M Y Gamzu, R Mendelson, E Grotto, I Genotype - Phenotype Identification (GPI) group Sweden Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin Euro Surveill. 2014 Feb 20;19(7):20709.}, pages = {20709}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Poliovirus vaccine coverage in Israel is over 90\%. The last nine birth cohorts have been vaccinated exclusively with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). However, between February and July 2013 type 1 wild poliovirus (WPV1) was detected persistently in 10 and intermittently in 8 of 47 environmental surveillance sites in southern and central Israel and in 30 stool samples collected during July from healthy individuals in southern Israel. We report results of sequence and phylogenetic analyses of genes encoding capsid proteins to determine the source and transmission mode of the virus. WPV1 capsid protein 1 nucleotide sequences were most closely related to South Asia (SOAS) cluster R3A polioviruses circulating in Pakistan in 2012 and isolated from Egyptian sewage in December 2012. There was no noticeable geographical clustering within WPV1-positive sites. Uniform codon usage among isolates from Pakistan, Egypt and Israel showed no signs of optimisation or deoptimisation. Bayesian phylogenetic time clock analysis of the entire capsid coding region (2,643 nt) with a 1.1\% evolutionary rate indicated that Israeli and Egyptian WPV1-SOAS lineages diverged in September 2012, while Israeli isolates split into two sub-branches after January 2013. This suggests one or more introduction events into Israel with subsequent silent circulation despite high population immunity.}, keywords = {Bayes Theorem Environmental Monitoring/methods Feces/virology Humans Israel/epidemiology Markov Chains Molecular Epidemiology/*methods Monte Carlo Method Phylogeny Poliomyelitis/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*transmission/virology Poliovirus/classification/*gen}, issn = {1560-7917 (Electronic) 1025-496X (Linking)}, doi = {20709 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24576471}, author = {Shulman, L. M. and Gavrilin, E. and Jorba, J. and Martin, J. and Burns, C. C. and Manor, Y. and Moran-Gilad, J. and Sofer, D. and Hindiyeh, M. Y. and Gamzu, R. and Mendelson, E. and Grotto, I.} } @booklet {1541, title = {Monitoring current threats: ECDC Communicable Disease Threats Report (CDTR), week 37/2014}, year = {2014}, publisher = {ECDC http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/press/news/_layouts/forms/News_DispForm.aspx?List=8db7286c-fe2d-476c-9133-18ff4cb1b568\&ID=1065$\#$sthash.j3JYS80A.dpuf Last Accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article}, abstract = {

The accidental release of 45 litres of concentrated live polio virus solution into the environment - Belgium As reported to ECDC by Belgian authorities, on 2 September 2014, following a human error, 45 litres of concentrated live polio virus solution were released into the environment by the pharmaceutical company, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), in Rixensart city, Belgium. The liquid was conducted directly to a water-treatment plant (Rosieres) and released after treatment in river Lasne affluent of river Dyle which is affluent of the Escaut/Scheldt river. Belgium\’s High Council of Public Health conducted a risk assessment that concluded that the risk of infection for the population exposed to the contaminated water is extremely low due to the high level of dilution and the high vaccination coverage (95\%) in Belgium. ECDC\&$\#$39;s assessment is that the accidental release in the environment of large amounts of live polio virus represents a risk to public health if susceptible populations, such as areas with low polio vaccine coverage, are exposed to contaminated waters or mud. Particularly since the Lasne and Dyle rivers are joining the Escaut/Scheldt river which flows in the southwestern part of the Netherlands where various orthodox protestant communities present a lower polio vaccination coverage, before reaching the North Sea.

} } @article {6541, title = {The mosaic of environment involvement in autoimmunity: {The} abrogation of viral latency by stress, a non-infectious environmental agent, is an intrinsic prerequisite prelude before viruses can rank as infectious environmental agents that trigger autoimmu}, journal = {Autoimmunity Reviews}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {635{\textendash}640}, issn = {15689972}, doi = {10.1016/j.autrev.2013.12.003}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1568997214000068}, author = {Temajo, Norbert O. and Howard, Neville} } @article {238, title = {Multi-center surveillance of rotavirus diarrhea in hospitalized children < 5 years of age in India, 2009-2012}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {32}, year = {2014}, note = {Times Cited: 1 1}, pages = {A10-A12}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0264-410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.001}, url = {://WOS:000340977500005}, author = {Babji, Sudhir and Arumugam, Rajesh and Sarvanabhavan, Anuradha and Moses, Prabhakar D. and Simon, Anna and Aggarwal, Indira and Mathew, Ann and Anita, Sr. and Kang, Gagandeep} } @booklet {9795, title = {{Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of food-borne parasites. Microbiological Risk Assessment Series No. 23}}, year = {2014}, pages = {302}, address = {Rome, Italy} } @article {4978, title = {{Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of food-borne parasites}}, journal = {Microbiological Risk Assessment Series. Rome}, volume = {23}, year = {2014}, pages = {302} } @article {7755, title = {Multilocus Sequence Typing Confirms Wild Birds as the Source of a Campylobacter Outbreak Associated with the Consumption of Raw Peas}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {15}, year = {2014}, month = {August 01}, pages = {4540-4546}, abstract = {From August to September 2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assisted the Alaska Division of Public Health with an outbreak investigation of campylobacteriosis occurring among the residents of Southcentral Alaska. During the investigation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from human, raw pea, and wild bird fecal samples confirmed the epidemiologic link between illness and the consumption of raw peas contaminated by sandhill cranes for 15 of 43 epidemiologically linked human isolates. However, an association between the remaining epidemiologically linked human infections and the pea and wild bird isolates was not established. To better understand the molecular epidemiology of the outbreak, C. jejuni isolates (n = 130; 59 from humans, 40 from peas, and 31 from wild birds) were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Here we present the molecular evidence to demonstrate the association of many more human C. jejuni infections associated with the outbreak with raw peas and wild bird feces. Among all sequence types (STs) identified, 26 of 39 (67\%) were novel and exclusive to the outbreak. Five clusters of overlapping STs (n = 32 isolates; 17 from humans, 2 from peas, and 13 from wild birds) were identified. In particular, cluster E (n = 7 isolates; ST-5049) consisted of isolates from humans, peas, and wild birds. Novel STs clustered closely with isolates typically associated with wild birds and the environment but distinct from lineages commonly seen in human infections. Novel STs and alleles recovered from human outbreak isolates allowed additional infections caused by these rare genotypes to be attributed to the contaminated raw peas.}, author = {Kwan,Patrick S. L. and Xavier,Catherine and Santovenia,Monica and Pruckler,Janet and Stroika,Steven and Joyce,Kevin and Gardner,Tracie and Fields,Patricia I. and McLaughlin,Joe and Tauxe,Robert V. and Fitzgerald,Collette} } @article {7750, title = {Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Whole-Genome MLST of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Human Infections in Three Districts during a Seasonal Peak in Finland}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {52}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, month = {December 01}, pages = {4147-4154}, abstract = {

A total of 95 human Campylobacter jejuni isolates acquired from domestic infections and collected from three districts in Finland during the seasonal peak (June to September) in 2012 were analyzed by PCR-based multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Four predominant sequence types (STs) were detected among the isolates: ST-45 (21\%) and ST-230 (14\%, ST-45 clonal complex [CC]), ST-267 (21\%, ST-283 CC), and ST-677 (19\%, ST-677 CC). In districts 1 and 3, most of the infections occurred from early July to the middle of August, with a peak at weeks 29 to 31, but in district 2, the infections were dispersed more evenly throughout 3 months (June to August). WGS data were used for further whole-genome MLST (wgMLST) analyses of the isolates representing the four common STs. Shared loci of the isolates within each ST were analyzed as distance matrices of allelic profiles by the neighbor-net algorithm. The highest allelic variations (\>400 different alleles) were detected between different clusters of ST-45 isolates (1,121 shared loci), while ST-230 (1,264 shared loci), ST-677 (1,169 shared loci), and ST-267 isolates (1,217 shared loci) were less diverse with the clusters differing by \<40 alleles. Closely related isolates showing no allelic variation (subclusters) were detected among all four major STs. In some cases, they originated from different districts, suggesting that isolates can be epidemiologically connected and may have the same infection source despite being originally identified as sporadic infections.

}, author = {Kovanen,Sara M. and Kivist{\"o},Rauni I. and Rossi,Mirko and Schott,Thomas and Ulla M K{\"a}rkk{\"a}inen and Tuuminen,Tamara and Uksila,Jaakko and Rautelin,Hilpi and Marja L H{\"a}nninen} } @article {10156, title = {{Multiple approaches to microbial source tracking in tropical northern Australia}}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {860{\textendash}874}, author = {Neave, M and Luter, H and Padovan, A and Townsend, S and Schobben, X and Gibb, K} } @book {2977, title = {National {Chinese} {Program} on {Echinococcosis} {Prevention} and {Control}, 2010-2015}, year = {2014}, url = {http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2010-12/14/content_1765485.htm}, author = {China, The Central People{\textquoteright}s Government of the People{\textquoteright}s Republic of} } @article {7739, title = {A national investigation of the prevalence and diversity of thermophilic Campylobacter species in agricultural watersheds in Canada}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {61}, year = {2014}, month = {9/15}, pages = {243-252}, abstract = {

Abstract The occurrence and diversity of thermophilic Campylobacter species (C. jejuni, coli, and lari) were studied in water samples from four river basins located across Canada. These basins located in Quebec (Bras d\&$\#$39;Henri), Alberta (Oldman), Ontario (South Nation), and British Columbia (Sumas) represented some of the most intensive farming areas in Canada for hog, beef cattle, dairy cattle, and poultry, respectively. This study analyzed 769 water samples collected from 23 monitoring sites with agricultural influence, and four reference sites with limited or no agricultural influence. Water samples were collected bi-weekly over two years and analyzed for Campylobacter using a semi-quantitative minimum probable number (MPN) enrichment protocol. Putative isolates were confirmed by genus- and species-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. A total of 377 (49\%) water samples were positive for campylobacters with 355 samples having a cell density ranging from 4 to 4000 MPN L\−1. Campylobacters were more common at agricultural than reference sites in each river basin, although this difference was not significant in the Oldman and South Nation (p \> 0.05). Campylobacter was significantly more common in the Bras d\’Henri and Sumas (63\%) compared to the South Nation (45\%) and Oldman (33\%) River basins (p \< 0.05). C. jejuni, C. coli and C. lari were detected in each river basin, and these species occurred in 45\% (n = 168), 34\% (n = 128) and 19\% (n = 73), of all Campylobacter positive samples, respectively. The remaining Campylobacter positive water samples without these three species (n = 67; 18\%) were identified as other Campylobacter species. C. jejuni was the predominant species occurring in the Sumas, Oldman and South Nation River basins. However, in the Bras d\&$\#$39;Henri River basin with intensive hog production, C. coli was the predominant species. This study found campylobacters to be common in some agricultural systems with intensive livestock farming activities, and different river basins could have strikingly different profiles of either C. jejuni or C. coli as the predominant waterborne thermophilic Campylobacter species.

}, keywords = {Agricultural water, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, prevalence, THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTERS}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Khan,Izhar U. H. and Gannon,Vic and Jokinen,Cassandra C. and Kent,Rob and Koning,Wendell and Lapen,David R. and Medeiros,Diane and Miller,Jim and Neumann,Norman F. and Phillips,Rob and Schreier,Hans and Topp,Edward and van Bochove,Eric and Wilkes,Graham and Edge,Thomas A.} } @booklet {7990, title = {{National zoonoses country reports}}, journal = {Biological hazards reports}, year = {2014}, url = {http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/biological-hazards-data/reports?}, author = {EFSA-ECDC} } @book {14002, title = {National zoonoses country reports}, year = {2014}, url = {http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/biological-hazards-data/reports?}, author = {EFSA-ECDC} } @article {15488, title = {Natural Interactions between S. haematobium and S. guineensis in the Republic of Benin}, journal = {Scientific World Journal}, volume = {2012}, year = {2014}, pages = {793420}, abstract = {

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease which affects millions of people around the world, particularly in Africa. In this continent, different species are able to interbreed, like Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma guineensis, two schistosome species infecting humans. The Republic of Benin is known to harbor S. haematobium, but its geographical situation in between Nigeria, Mali, and Burkina Faso, where S. guineensis was found, raises the question about the possible presence of S. haematobium/S. guineensis hybrids in this country. We conducted morphological analyses on schistosome eggs and molecular analyses on schistosome larvae (high resolution melting (HRM) analysis and gene sequencing) in order to detect any natural interaction between these two species of schistosomes. The morphological results showed the presence of three egg morphotypes (S. haematobium, S. guineensis, and intermediate). Three genotypes were detected by ITS2 rDNA HRM analysis: S. haematobium, S. guineensis, and hybrid, and their percentages confirmed the results of the morphological analysis. However, sequencing of the CO1 mtDNA gene showed that all the samples from Benin belonged to S. haematobium. Our results provide the first evidence of introgression of S. guineensis genes in S. haematobium in Benin.

}, keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Benin, DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism, DNA, Ribosomal/genetics, Female, Geography, Humans, Male, Models, Genetic, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Schistosoma haematobium/ metabolism, Schistosoma/ metabolism, Schistosomiasis/ parasitology, Sequence Analysis, DNA}, isbn = {1537-744X (Electronic)
1537-744X (Linking)}, author = {Mon{\'e}, H. and Minguez, S. and Ibikounl{\'e}, M. and Allienne, J. F. and Massougbodji, A. and Mouahid, G.} } @article {11452, title = {Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: cysticercosis}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {90}, year = {2014}, pages = {805-809}, author = {Cantey, PT and Coyle, CM and Sorvillo, FJ and Wilkins, PP and Starr, MC and Nash, TE} } @article {8526, title = {{Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {90}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {794{\textendash}799}, author = {Jones, JL and Parise, ME and A E Fiore} } @article {3004, title = {Neotropical echinococcosis: second report of {Echinococcus} vogeli natural infection in its main definitive host, the bush dog ({Speothos} venaticus)}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {63}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {apr}, pages = {485{\textendash}487}, abstract = {The bush dog (Speothos venaticus) acts as the natural definitive host in the life cycle of Echinococcus vogeli, the causative agent of polycystic hydatid disease, a zoonotic neglected disease in the South America. We report a case of natural infection by Echinococcus vogeli in a bush dog from the Brazilian Amazon, confirmed by the morphological and morphometric examination of adult parasites and their hooks obtained from the small intestine of the canid. Additionally, mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis corroborated these findings. This is the second report of natural infection by E. vogeli in a bush dog.}, keywords = {Animals, Canidae, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Echinococcus vogeli, Hydatidosis, Phylogeny, Polycystic Echinococcosis, Speothos venaticus, Zoonoses}, issn = {1873-0329}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2013.10.004}, author = {do Carmo Pereira Soares, Manoel and Souza de Souza, Alex Junior and Pinheiro Malheiros, Andreza and Nunes, Heloisa Marceliano and Almeida Carneiro, Liliane and Alves, Max Moreira and Farias da Concei{\c c}{\~a}o, Bernardo and Gomes-Gouv{\^e}a, Michele Soares and Marins P{\'o}voa, Marinete} } @article {13453, title = {Neurological and ocular fascioliasis in humans}, journal = {Adv Parasitol}, volume = {84}, year = {2014}, pages = {27-149}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Agramunt, V. H. and Valero, M. A.} } @article {8592, title = {{New clinical and experimental insights into Old World and neotropical ocular toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {99{\textendash}107}, author = {Pfaff, AW and De-la-Torre, A and Rochet, E and Brunet, J and Sabou, M and Sauer, A and Bourcier, CT and J, Gomez-Marin and Candolfi, E} } @article {9674, title = {Non-surgical and non-chemical attempts to treat echinococcosis: do they work?}, journal = {Parasite Paris Fr. }, volume = {21}, year = {2014}, pages = {75}, doi = {10.1051/parasite/2014071}, author = {Tamarozzi, F. and Vuitton, L. and Brunetti, E. and Vuitton, D.A. and Koch, S.} } @article {5534, title = {{Norovirus and Rotavirus Survival in Urine Collected from a Public Ecological Sanitation System in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {41{\textendash}48}, abstract = {Urine from urine-diversion toilets (UDTs) is routinely used as fertilizer for urban agriculture in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Because urine from UDTs can be accidentally spoiled by feces, we determined whether virulent enteric viruses could persist in urine that is used for agricultural purposes and pose a threat to human health. Urine samples (N~=~60) were first collected from 42 UDTs during the months of January and February 2012 in Ouagadougou and screened negative for the presence of norovirus (NoV) and group A rotavirus (RV). Composite urine from five collection sites was used to determine whether spiked murine norovirus (MNV) and group A bovine rotavirus (boRVA) could remain infectious at 15, 25, and 42~{\textdegree}C over an incubation period of 42~days in phosphate buffered saline (control) and urine. For both viruses, infectivity was determined by plaque assay and the presence of viral genome was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR. A decrease in the infectious titer was observed in composite urines that were experimentally seeded with MNV and boRVA. The decrease in the infectious titer was greater for MNV than for boRVA. Given that MNV was more labile to urine than boRVA was, MNV and boRVA genomes were still detectable after the 42 and 49~days incubation period for MNV and boRVA, respectively. Our data using substitutes of human NoV and RV suggested that there is a virucidal activity of urine against RVs and NoVs, given that the effect was lesser for RV. In spite of disappointing results for boRVA, the use of urine as fertilizer is still promising provided that future safety studies are extended to other enteric viruses.}, keywords = {Fertilizer, Norovirus, rotavirus, Urban agriculture, Urine}, isbn = {1256001491722}, issn = {18670342}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9172-2}, author = {Makaya, Joseph M. and Kaplon, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Fremy, C{\'e}line and Barro, Nicolas and Aho, Serge and Pothier, Pierre and Belliot, Ga{\"e}l and Traor{\'e}, Alfred S.} } @article {2494, title = {Novel human astroviruses: challenges for developing countries}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1007/s13337-014-0202-3}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13337-014-0202-3}, author = {Krishnan, T} } @article {3673, title = {Novel human astroviruses: challenges for developing countries}, journal = {Virusdisease}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {208{\textendash}214}, doi = {10.1007/s13337-014-0202-3}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13337-014-0202-3}, author = {Krishnan, T} } @article {307, title = {Novel human astroviruses: challenges for developing countries}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1007/s13337-014-0202-3}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13337-014-0202-3}, author = {Krishnan, T} } @article {4722, title = {{Novel inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum electron transport chain}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {141}, year = {2014}, pages = {50{\textendash}65}, author = {Stocks, PA and Barton, V and Antoine, T and Biagini, GA and Ward, SA and O{\textquoteright}Neill, PM} } @article {5867, title = {{Novel microbiological and spatial statistical methods to improve strength of epidemiological evidence in a community-wide waterborne outbreak.}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {e104713}, author = {Jalava, Katri and Rintala, Hanna and Ollgren, Jukka and Maunula, Leena and Gomez-Alvarez, Vicente and Revez, Joana and Palander, Marja and Antikainen, Jenni and Kauppinen, Ari and R{\"a}s{\"a}nen, Pia and Siponen, Sallamaari and Nyholm, Outi and Kyyhkynen, Aino and Hakkarainen, Sirpa and Merentie, Juhani and P{\"a}rn{\"a}nen, Martti and Loginov, Raisa and Ryu, Hodon and Kuusi, Markku and Siitonen, Anja and Miettinen, Ilkka and Santo Domingo, Jorge W and Marja L H{\"a}nninen and Pitkanen, Tarja} } @article {8046, title = {{Novel microbiological and spatial statistical methods to improve strength of epidemiological evidence in a community-wide waterborne outbreak.}}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {e104713}, abstract = {Failures in the drinking water distribution system cause gastrointestinal outbreaks with multiple pathogens. A water distribution pipe breakage caused a community-wide waterborne outbreak in Vuorela, Finland, July 2012. We investigated this outbreak with advanced epidemiological and microbiological methods. A total of 473/2931 inhabitants (16{\%}) responded to a web-based questionnaire. Water and patient samples were subjected to analysis of multiple microbial targets, molecular typing and microbial community analysis. Spatial analysis on the water distribution network was done and we applied a spatial logistic regression model. The course of the illness was mild. Drinking untreated tap water from the defined outbreak area was significantly associated with illness (RR 5.6, 95{\%} CI 1.9-16.4) increasing in a dose response manner. The closer a person lived to the water distribution breakage point, the higher the risk of becoming ill. Sapovirus, enterovirus, single Campylobacter jejuni and EHEC O157:H7 findings as well as virulence genes for EPEC, EAEC and EHEC pathogroups were detected by molecular or culture methods from the faecal samples of the patients. EPEC, EAEC and EHEC virulence genes and faecal indicator bacteria were also detected in water samples. Microbial community sequencing of contaminated tap water revealed abundance of Arcobacter species. The polyphasic approach improved the understanding of the source of the infections, and aided to define the extent and magnitude of this outbreak.}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0104713}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25147923 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4141750}, author = {Jalava, Katri and Rintala, Hanna and Ollgren, Jukka and Maunula, Leena and Gomez-Alvarez, Vicente and Revez, Joana and Palander, Marja and Antikainen, Jenni and Kauppinen, Ari and R{\"a}s{\"a}nen, Pia and Siponen, Sallamaari and Nyholm, Outi and Kyyhkynen, Aino and Hakkarainen, Sirpa and Merentie, Juhani and P{\"a}rn{\"a}nen, Martti and Loginov, Raisa and Ryu, Hodon and Kuusi, Markku and Siitonen, Anja and Miettinen, Ilkka and Santo Domingo, Jorge W and Marja L H{\"a}nninen and Pitkanen, Tarja} } @article {14087, title = {Novel microbiological and spatial statistical methods to improve strength of epidemiological evidence in a community-wide waterborne outbreak.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {e104713}, abstract = {Failures in the drinking water distribution system cause gastrointestinal outbreaks with multiple pathogens. A water distribution pipe breakage caused a community-wide waterborne outbreak in Vuorela, Finland, July 2012. We investigated this outbreak with advanced epidemiological and microbiological methods. A total of 473/2931 inhabitants (16\%) responded to a web-based questionnaire. Water and patient samples were subjected to analysis of multiple microbial targets, molecular typing and microbial community analysis. Spatial analysis on the water distribution network was done and we applied a spatial logistic regression model. The course of the illness was mild. Drinking untreated tap water from the defined outbreak area was significantly associated with illness (RR 5.6, 95\% CI 1.9-16.4) increasing in a dose response manner. The closer a person lived to the water distribution breakage point, the higher the risk of becoming ill. Sapovirus, enterovirus, single Campylobacter jejuni and EHEC O157:H7 findings as well as virulence genes for EPEC, EAEC and EHEC pathogroups were detected by molecular or culture methods from the faecal samples of the patients. EPEC, EAEC and EHEC virulence genes and faecal indicator bacteria were also detected in water samples. Microbial community sequencing of contaminated tap water revealed abundance of Arcobacter species. The polyphasic approach improved the understanding of the source of the infections, and aided to define the extent and magnitude of this outbreak.}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0104713}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25147923 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4141750}, author = {Jalava, Katri and Rintala, Hanna and Ollgren, Jukka and Maunula, Leena and Gomez-Alvarez, Vicente and Revez, Joana and Palander, Marja and Antikainen, Jenni and Kauppinen, Ari and R{\"a}s{\"a}nen, Pia and Siponen, Sallamaari and Nyholm, Outi and Kyyhkynen, Aino and Hakkarainen, Sirpa and Merentie, Juhani and P{\"a}rn{\"a}nen, Martti and Loginov, Raisa and Ryu, Hodon and Kuusi, Markku and Siitonen, Anja and Miettinen, Ilkka and Santo Domingo, Jorge W and Marja L H{\"a}nninen and Pitkanen, Tarja} } @article {14384, title = {Novel microbiological and spatial statistical methods to improve strength of epidemiological evidence in a community-wide waterborne outbreak.}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {e104713}, author = {Jalava, Katri and Rintala, Hanna and Ollgren, Jukka and Maunula, Leena and Gomez-Alvarez, Vicente and Revez, Joana and Palander, Marja and Antikainen, Jenni and Kauppinen, Ari and R{\"a}s{\"a}nen, Pia and Siponen, Sallamaari and Nyholm, Outi and Kyyhkynen, Aino and Hakkarainen, Sirpa and Merentie, Juhani and P{\"a}rn{\"a}nen, Martti and Loginov, Raisa and Ryu, Hodon and Kuusi, Markku and Siitonen, Anja and Miettinen, Ilkka and Santo Domingo, Jorge W and Marja L H{\"a}nninen and Pitkanen, Tarja} } @article {3640, title = {Novel {NSP}1 genotype characterised in an {African} camel {G}8P[11] rotavirus strain.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {21}, year = {2014}, pages = {58{\textendash}66}, abstract = {Animal-human interspecies transmission is thought to play a significant role in influencing rotavirus strain diversity in humans. Proving this concept requires a better understanding of the complete genetic constellation of rotaviruses circulating in various animal species. However, very few whole genomes of animal rotaviruses, especially in developing countries, are available. In this study, complete genetic configuration of the first African camel rotavirus strain \{\{\}(RVA/Camel-wt/SDN/MRC-DPRU447/2002/G8P[11])\{\}\} was assigned a unique \{\{\}G8-P[11]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A18-N2-T6-E2-H3\{\}\} genotype constellation that has not been reported in other ruminants. It contained a novel \{\{\}NSP1\{\}\} genotype (genotype A18). The evolutionary dynamics of the genome segments of strain \{\{\}MRC-DPRU447\{\}\} were rather complex compared to those found in other camelids. Its genome segments 1, 3, 7-10 were closely related (\{{\textbackslash}textgreater\}93\{\%\} nucleotide identity) to those of human-animal reassortant strains like \{\{\}RVA/Human-tc/ITA/PA169/1988/G6P[14]\{\}\} and \{\{\}RVA/Human-wt/HUN/Hun5/1997/G6P[14],\{\}\} segments 4, 6 and 11 shared common ancestry (\{{\textbackslash}textgreater\}95\{\%\} nucleotide identity) with bovine rotaviruses like strains \{\{\}RVA/Cow-wt/CHN/DQ-75/2008/G10P[11]\{\}\} and \{\{\}RVA/Cow-wt/KOR/KJ19-2/XXXX/G6P[7],\{\}\} whereas segment 2 was closely related (94\{\%\} nucleotide identity) to guanaco rotavirus strain \{\{\}RVA/Guanaco-wt/ARG/Rio\{\_\}Negro/1998/G8P[1].\{\}\} Its genetic backbone consisted of \{\{\}DS-1-like,\{\}\} \{\{\}AU-1-like,\{\}\} artiodactyl-like and a novel A18 genotype. This suggests that strain \{\{\}MRC-DPRU447\{\}\} potentially emerged through multiple reassortment events between several mammalian rotaviruses of at least two genogroups or simply strain \{\{\}MRC-DPRU447\{\}\} display a unique progenitor genotypes. Close relationship between some of the genome segments of strain \{\{\}MRC-DPRU447\{\}\} to human rotaviruses suggests previous occurrence of reassortment processes combined with interspecies transmission between humans and camels. The whole genome data for strain \{\{\}MRC-DPRU447\{\}\} adds to the much needed animal rotavirus data from Africa which is limited at the moment.}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.002}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.002}, author = {Jere, Khuzwayo C and Esona, Mathew D and Ali, Yahia H and Peenze, Ina and Roy, Sunando and Bowen, Michael D and Saeed, Intisar K and Khalafalla, Abdelmelik I and Nyaga, Martin M and Mphahlele, Jeffrey and Steele, Duncan and Seheri, Mapaseka L} } @article {2539, title = {Novel {NSP1} genotype characterised in an African camel {G8P[11]} rotavirus strain.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {21}, year = {2014}, pages = {58-66}, abstract = {Animal-human interspecies transmission is thought to play a significant role in influencing rotavirus strain diversity in humans. Proving this concept requires a better understanding of the complete genetic constellation of rotaviruses circulating in various animal species. However, very few whole genomes of animal rotaviruses, especially in developing countries, are available. In this study, complete genetic configuration of the first African camel rotavirus strain {(RVA/Camel-wt/SDN/MRC-DPRU447/2002/G8P[11])} was assigned a unique {G8-P[11]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A18-N2-T6-E2-H3} genotype constellation that has not been reported in other ruminants. It contained a novel {NSP1} genotype (genotype A18). The evolutionary dynamics of the genome segments of strain {MRC-DPRU447} were rather complex compared to those found in other camelids. Its genome segments 1, 3, 7-10 were closely related (\>93\% nucleotide identity) to those of human-animal reassortant strains like {RVA/Human-tc/ITA/PA169/1988/G6P[14]} and {RVA/Human-wt/HUN/Hun5/1997/G6P[14],} segments 4, 6 and 11 shared common ancestry (\>95\% nucleotide identity) with bovine rotaviruses like strains {RVA/Cow-wt/CHN/DQ-75/2008/G10P[11]} and {RVA/Cow-wt/KOR/KJ19-2/XXXX/G6P[7],} whereas segment 2 was closely related (94\% nucleotide identity) to guanaco rotavirus strain {RVA/Guanaco-wt/ARG/Rio\_Negro/1998/G8P[1].} Its genetic backbone consisted of {DS-1-like,} {AU-1-like,} artiodactyl-like and a novel A18 genotype. This suggests that strain {MRC-DPRU447} potentially emerged through multiple reassortment events between several mammalian rotaviruses of at least two genogroups or simply strain {MRC-DPRU447} display a unique progenitor genotypes. Close relationship between some of the genome segments of strain {MRC-DPRU447} to human rotaviruses suggests previous occurrence of reassortment processes combined with interspecies transmission between humans and camels. The whole genome data for strain {MRC-DPRU447} adds to the much needed animal rotavirus data from Africa which is limited at the moment.}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.002}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.002}, author = {Jere, Khuzwayo C and Esona, Mathew D and Ali, Yahia H and Peenze, Ina and Roy, Sunando and Bowen, Michael D and Saeed, Intisar K and Khalafalla, Abdelmelik I and Nyaga, Martin M and Mphahlele, Jeffrey and Steele, Duncan and Seheri, Mapaseka L} } @article {785, title = {Novel {NSP1} genotype characterised in an African camel {G8P[11]} rotavirus strain.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {21}, year = {2014}, pages = {58-66}, abstract = {Animal-human interspecies transmission is thought to play a significant role in influencing rotavirus strain diversity in humans. Proving this concept requires a better understanding of the complete genetic constellation of rotaviruses circulating in various animal species. However, very few whole genomes of animal rotaviruses, especially in developing countries, are available. In this study, complete genetic configuration of the first African camel rotavirus strain {(RVA/Camel-wt/SDN/MRC-DPRU447/2002/G8P[11])} was assigned a unique {G8-P[11]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A18-N2-T6-E2-H3} genotype constellation that has not been reported in other ruminants. It contained a novel {NSP1} genotype (genotype A18). The evolutionary dynamics of the genome segments of strain {MRC-DPRU447} were rather complex compared to those found in other camelids. Its genome segments 1, 3, 7-10 were closely related (\>93\% nucleotide identity) to those of human-animal reassortant strains like {RVA/Human-tc/ITA/PA169/1988/G6P[14]} and {RVA/Human-wt/HUN/Hun5/1997/G6P[14],} segments 4, 6 and 11 shared common ancestry (\>95\% nucleotide identity) with bovine rotaviruses like strains {RVA/Cow-wt/CHN/DQ-75/2008/G10P[11]} and {RVA/Cow-wt/KOR/KJ19-2/XXXX/G6P[7],} whereas segment 2 was closely related (94\% nucleotide identity) to guanaco rotavirus strain {RVA/Guanaco-wt/ARG/Rio\_Negro/1998/G8P[1].} Its genetic backbone consisted of {DS-1-like,} {AU-1-like,} artiodactyl-like and a novel A18 genotype. This suggests that strain {MRC-DPRU447} potentially emerged through multiple reassortment events between several mammalian rotaviruses of at least two genogroups or simply strain {MRC-DPRU447} display a unique progenitor genotypes. Close relationship between some of the genome segments of strain {MRC-DPRU447} to human rotaviruses suggests previous occurrence of reassortment processes combined with interspecies transmission between humans and camels. The whole genome data for strain {MRC-DPRU447} adds to the much needed animal rotavirus data from Africa which is limited at the moment.}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.002}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.002}, author = {Jere, Khuzwayo C and Esona, Mathew D and Ali, Yahia H and Peenze, Ina and Roy, Sunando and Bowen, Michael D and Saeed, Intisar K and Khalafalla, Abdelmelik I and Nyaga, Martin M and Mphahlele, Jeffrey and Steele, Duncan and Seheri, Mapaseka L} } @article {12224, title = {Occurrence and abundance of tetracycline, sulfonamide resistance genes, and class 1 integron in five wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, pages = {7276-7284}, isbn = {0944-1344}, author = {Du, Jing and Ren, Hongqiang and Geng, Jinju and Zhang, Yan and Xu, Ke and Ding, Lili} } @article {14332, title = {Occurrence, diversity, and host association of intestinal {Campylobacter}, {Arcobacter}, and {Helicobacter} in reptiles.}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {e101599}, author = {Gilbert, Maarten J and Kik, Marja and Timmerman, Arjen J and Severs, Tim T and Kusters, Johannes G and Duim, Birgitta and Wagenaar, Jaap A} } @article {5815, title = {{Occurrence, diversity, and host association of intestinal Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter in reptiles.}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {e101599}, author = {Gilbert, Maarten J and Kik, Marja and Timmerman, Arjen J and Severs, Tim T and Kusters, Johannes G and Duim, Birgitta and Wagenaar, Jaap A} } @article {16932, title = {Occurrence of bacteriophages infecting Aeromonas, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella in water and association with contamination sources in Thailand}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {613{\textendash}624}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Wangkahad, Bencharong and Bosup, Suchada and Mongkolsuk, Skorn and Sirikanchana, Kwanrawee} } @article {17121, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in influent and effluent water at wastewater treatment plants in Arizona}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {484}, year = {2014}, pages = {129{\textendash}136}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Kitajima, Masaaki and Haramoto, Eiji and Iker, Brandon C and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {17497, title = {{Occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in influent and effluent water at wastewater treatment plants in Arizona}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {484}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {129{\textendash}136}, abstract = {We investigated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora at two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Arizona over a 12-month period, from August 2011 to July 2012. Influent and effluent wastewater samples were collected monthly, and protozoan (oo)cysts were concentrated using an electronegative filter, followed by the detection of protozoa using fluorescent microscopy (Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts) and PCR-based methods (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Cyclospora cayetanensis). The concentration of Giardia cysts in the influent was always higher than that of Cryptosporidium oocysts (mean concentration of 4.8-6.4{\texttimes}103 versus 7.4{\texttimes}101-1.0{\texttimes}102(oo)cysts/l) with no clear seasonality, and log10 reduction of Giardia cysts was significantly higher than that of Cryptosporidium oocysts for both WWTPs (P{\textless}0.05). Log10 reduction of Giardia cysts at the WWTP utilizing activated sludge was significantly higher than the other WWTP using trickling filter (P=0.014), while no statistically significant difference between the two WWTPs was observed for the log10 reduction of Cryptosporidium oocysts (P=0.207). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that G. intestinalis strains identified in wastewater belonged to two assemblages, AII and B, which are potentially infectious to humans. C. cayetanensis was also detected from both influent and effluent using a newly developed quantitative PCR, with the highest influent concentration of 1.2{\texttimes}104copies/l. Our results demonstrated that these protozoan pathogens are prevalent in the study area and that efficacy of the conventional wastewater treatment processes at physically removing (oo)cysts is limited. {\textcopyright} 2014.}, keywords = {PCR, Phylogenetic analysis, Protozoa, removal, SYBR Green, wastewater}, issn = {18791026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.036}, author = {Kitajima, Masaaki and Haramoto, Eiji and Iker, Brandon C. and Gerba, Charles P.} } @article {5253, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in influent and effluent water at wastewater treatment plants in Arizona}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {484}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {129{\textendash}136}, abstract = {

We investigated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora at two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Arizona over a 12-month period, from August 2011 to July 2012. Influent and effluent wastewater samples were collected monthly, and protozoan (oo)cysts were concentrated using an electronegative filter, followed by the detection of protozoa using fluorescent microscopy (Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts) and PCR-based methods (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Cyclospora cayetanensis). The concentration of Giardia cysts in the influent was always higher than that of Cryptosporidium oocysts (mean concentration of 4.8-6.4??103 versus 7.4??101-1.0??102(oo)cysts/l) with no clear seasonality, and log10 reduction of Giardia cysts was significantly higher than that of Cryptosporidium oocysts for both WWTPs (P{\textless}0.05). Log10 reduction of Giardia cysts at the WWTP utilizing activated sludge was significantly higher than the other WWTP using trickling filter (P=0.014), while no statistically significant difference between the two WWTPs was observed for the log10 reduction of Cryptosporidium oocysts (P=0.207). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that G. intestinalis strains identified in wastewater belonged to two assemblages, AII and B, which are potentially infectious to humans. C. cayetanensis was also detected from both influent and effluent using a newly developed quantitative PCR, with the highest influent concentration of 1.2??104copies/l. Our results demonstrated that these protozoan pathogens are prevalent in the study area and that efficacy of the conventional wastewater treatment processes at physically removing (oo)cysts is limited. ?? 2014.

}, keywords = {PCR, Phylogenetic analysis, Protozoa, removal, SYBR Green, wastewater}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0048-9697 (Linking)}, issn = {18791026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.036}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.036}, author = {Kitajima, Masaaki and Haramoto, Eiji and Iker, Brandon C. and Charles P Gerba} } @article {4081, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in influent and effluent water at wastewater treatment plants in Arizona}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {484}, year = {2014}, pages = {129{\textendash}136}, author = {Kitajima, M and Haramoto, E and Iker, BC and C P Gerba} } @article {4809, title = {{Occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in influent and effluent water at wastewater treatment plants in Arizona}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {484}, year = {2014}, pages = {129{\textendash}136}, author = {Kitajima, M and Haramoto, E and Iker, BC and C P Gerba} } @article {15779, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in influent and effluent water at wastewater treatment plants in Arizona}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {484}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/06/15/}, pages = {129-136}, keywords = {PCR, Phylogenetic analysis, Protozoa, removal, SYBR Green, wastewater}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Kitajima, Masaaki and Haramoto, Eiji and Iker, Brandon C. and Charles P Gerba} } @article {15216, title = {Occurrence of {Cryptosporidium}, {Giardia}, and {Cyclospora} in influent and effluent water at wastewater treatment plants in {Arizona}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {484}, year = {2014}, pages = {129{\textendash}136}, author = {Kitajima, Masaaki and Haramoto, Eiji and Iker, Brandon C and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {16252, title = {Occurrence of Leptospira DNA in water and soil samples collected in eastern Poland}, journal = {Ann Agric Environ MedAnn Agric Environ MedAnn Agric Environ Med}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, note = {Wojcik-Fatla, Angelina
Zajac, Violetta
Wasinski, Bernard
Sroka, Jacek
Cisak, Ewa
Sawczyn, Anna
Dutkiewicz, Jacek
Poland
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2014 Nov 26;21(4):730-2. doi: 10.5604/12321966.1129924.}, month = {Nov 26}, pages = {730-2}, edition = {2014/12/23}, abstract = {Leptospira is an important re-emerging zoonotic human pathogen, disseminated by sick and carrier animals, water and soil. Weather calamities, such as flooding or cyclones favour the spreading of these bacteria. To check a potential role of natural water and soil in the persistence and spread of Leptospira on the territory of eastern Poland, 40 samples of natural water and 40 samples of soil were collected from areas exposed to flooding, and 64 samples of natural water and 68 samples of soil were collected from areas not exposed to flooding. Samples of water were taken from various reservoirs (rivers, natural lakes, artificial lakes, canals, ponds, farm wells) and samples of soils were taken at the distance of 1-3 meters from the edge of the reservoirs. The samples were examined for the presence of Leptospira DNA by nested-PCR. Two out of 40 samples of water (5.0\%) collected from the area exposed to flooding showed the presence of Leptospira DNA, while all 40 samples of soil from this area were negative. All samples of water and soil (64 and 68, respectively) collected from the areas not exposed to flooding were negative. No significant difference were found between the results obtained in the areas exposed and not exposed to flooding. In conclusion, these results suggest that water and soil have only limited significance in the persistence and dissemination of Leptospira in eastern Poland.}, isbn = {1898-2263 (Electronic)
1232-1966 (Linking)}, author = {Wojcik-Fatla, A. and Zajac, V. and Wasinski, B. and Sroka, J. and Cisak, E. and Sawczyn, A. and Dutkiewicz, J.} } @article {5653, title = {{Occurrence of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Wild Mussels Collected from the Baltic Sea}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {207{\textendash}212}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9153-5}, author = {Bigoraj, E and Kwit, E and Chroboci{\'n}ska, M and Rze{\.z}utka, A} } @article {10778, title = {{Occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in fish and water from a reservoir and a neighboring channel in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso}}, journal = {Journal of Infection in Developing Countries}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, pages = {1334{\textendash}1338}, author = {Traor{\'e}, O and Martikainen, O and Siitonen, A and Traor{\'e}, AS and Barro, N and Haukka, K} } @article {10709, title = {{Occurrence of Vibrio pathotypes in the final effluents of five wastewater treatment plants in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities in South Africa}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {7755{\textendash}7766}, author = {Nongogo, V and Okoh, AI} } @article {9520, title = {{Occurrence, Source, and Human Infection Potential of Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Drinking Source Water in Shanghai, China during a Pig Carcass Disposal Incident}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, year = {2014}, author = {Hu, Y and Feng, Y and Huang, C and Xiao, L} } @article {8438, title = {{Ocular cytokinome is linked to clinical characteristics in ocular toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Cytokine}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {23{\textendash}31}, author = {De-la-Torre, A and Pfaff, AW and Grigg, ME and Villard, O and Candolfi, E and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE} } @article {9964, title = {{Oncogenic Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus in Water Environments: Is There a Potential for Waterborne Transmission?}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {1{\textendash}12}, abstract = {Waterborne exposure to human viruses through contact with sewage-contaminated water environments can result in infections associated with a wide range of illnesses. Gastrointestinal symptoms are the most commonly encountered manifestations of waterborne viral illness. Respiratory diseases, neurological diseases and paralysis can also occur. Whether viral infections resulting in health outcomes like cancer might also be transmitted by the waterborne route is unknown. Recently, viruses belonging to two oncogenic groups-Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) and Human Polyomaviruses (HPyVs)-have been detected in urban sewages worldwide. The latter have also been identified in other water environments. HPVs are epitheliotropic viruses responsible for several diseases of skin and mucosae, from common warts to squamous intraepithelial lesions that can either heal or progress to invasive carcinoma of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus or oropharynx. Human PyVs infect different tissues and organs, causing infections that are usually subclinical in immunocompetent individuals but can be serious in immunocompromised hosts. These pathogens belong to a family of DNA tumour viruses. Merkel cell polyomavirus, a HPyV identified in recent years, has attracted much attention due to its link with a rare and aggressive form of human cancer. Merkel cell carcinoma, the incidence of which has tripled over the past two decades. JC polyomavirus and BK polyomavirus are also potentially oncogenic. The observed abundance and wide dissemination of HPVs and HPyVs in water environments strongly suggest the need to shed light on the fate of these viruses in water environments and to elucidate their potential for waterborne transmission. Such information is essential for the improvement of wastewater management programs in terms of both sewage treatment and water quality surveillance.}, keywords = {Oncogenic, Papillomavirus, Polyomavirus, Waterborne}, isbn = {1867-0342 (Electronic) 1867-0334 (Linking)}, issn = {18670334}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-013-9134-0}, author = {Fratini, M. and Di Bonito, P. and La Rosa, G.} } @article {1233, title = {A One Year Study on the Concentrations of Norovirus and Enteric Adenoviruses in Wastewater and A Surface Drinking Water Source in Norway}, journal = {Food Environ Virol}, year = {2014}, note = {Grondahl-Rosado, Ricardo C Yarovitsyna, Ekaterina Trettenes, Elin Myrmel, Mette Robertson, Lucy J Food and environmental virology Food Environ Virol. 2014 Aug 3.}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Enteric viruses transmitted via the faecal-oral route occur in high concentrations in wastewater and may contaminate drinking water sources and cause disease. In order to quantify enteric adenovirus and norovirus genotypes I and II (GI and GII) impacting a drinking source in Norway, samples of surface water (52), wastewater inlet (64) and outlet (59) were collected between January 2011 and April 2012. Samples were concentrated in two steps, using an electropositive disc filter and polyethylene glycol precipitation, followed by nucleic acid extraction and analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Virus was detected in 47/52 (90.4 \%) of surface water, 59/64 (92 \%) of wastewater inlet and 55/59 (93 \%) of wastewater outlet samples. Norovirus GI occurred in the highest concentrations in surface water (2.51e + 04) and adenovirus in wastewater (2.15e + 07). While adenovirus was the most frequently detected in all matrices, norovirus GI was more frequently detected in surface water and norovirus GII in wastewater. This study is the first in Norway to monitor both sewage and a drinking water source in parallel, and confirms the year-round presence of norovirus and adenovirus in a Norwegian drinking water source.}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9161-5}, author = {Grondahl-Rosado, R. C. and Yarovitsyna, E. and Trettenes, E. and Myrmel, M. and Robertson, L. J.} } @article {4489, title = {A One Year Study on the Concentrations of Norovirus and Enteric Adenoviruses in Wastewater and A Surface Drinking Water Source in Norway}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, year = {2014}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9161-5}, author = {Grondahl-Rosado, R. C. and Yarovitsyna, E. and Trettenes, E. and Myrmel, M. and Robertson, L. J.} } @article {15179, title = {On-farm treatment of wastewater used for vegetable irrigation: bacteria and virus removal in small ponds in {Accra}, {Ghana}}, journal = {Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {276{\textendash}286}, author = {Silverman, Andrea I and Akrong, Mark O and Drechsel, Pay and Nelson, Kara L} } @article {13630, title = {On-farm treatment of wastewater used for vegetable irrigation: bacteria and virus removal in small ponds in Accra, Ghana}, journal = {Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {276{\textendash}286}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Silverman, Andrea I and Akrong, Mark O and Drechsel, Pay and Nelson, Kara L} } @article {3266, title = {{On-farm treatment of wastewater used for vegetable irrigation: bacteria and virus removal in small ponds in Accra, Ghana}}, journal = {Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {276}, abstract = {Many urban farmers in Accra collect irrigation water from streams and open drains, which they store in small, on-farm ponds before use. Given that this water can be highly contaminated with wastewater, another potential role of the ponds is to disinfect irrigation water prior to use. To better understand the factors influencing bacteria and virus removal in these small ponds, we investigated the removal of culturable fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and enterococci) and coliphage (F+ and somatic coliphage) in a single batch of water stored for 3 days. Sunlight exposure was found to be important for removal. Bacteria and coliphage removal rates were faster in shallow sun-exposed water than in deeper water, due to sunlight attenuation with depth. Bacteria removal rates varied depending on solar irradiation, and correlations between total daily UVB fluence and bacteria removal rates were observed. Coliphage removal was observed in sun-exposed water but not in dark controls that allowed for sedimentation, further highlighting the importance of sunlight-mediated processes. These small ponds appear to have similar disinfection processes to larger-scale waste stabilization ponds, but can have more efficient inactivation due to their shallow depth and operation as batch reactors. Design and management recommendations for on-farm ponds are discussed.}, keywords = {Disinfection, Sunlight inactivation, Urban agriculture, Waste stabilization ponds, Wastewater irrigation}, issn = {2220-1319}, doi = {10.2166/wrd.2014.010}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84906076530{\&}partnerID=tZOtx3y1}, author = {Silverman, Andrea I. and Akrong, Mark O. and Drechsel, Pay and Nelson, Kara L.} } @booklet {9328, title = {{Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems: Bacteria and Protozoa}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {SL350 Serie of the Soil and Water Science Department, UF/IFAS Extension}, author = {Lusk, M and Toor, GS and Obreza, T} } @booklet {5072, title = {Onsite {Sewage} {Treatment} and {Disposal} {Systems}: {Viruses}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Series of the Soil and Water Science Department, UF/IFAS Extension}, url = {http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu}, author = {Lusk, M and Toor, GS and Obreza, T} } @article {8317, title = {Open working group proposal for the sustainable development goals}, year = {2014}, institution = {United Nations}, address = {New York}, url = {https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1579SDGs\%20Proposal.pdf} } @article {612, title = {Opportunistic pathogens in roof-captured rainwater samples, determined using quantitative \{PCR\}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {53}, year = {2014}, pages = {361 - 369}, abstract = {Abstract In this study, quantitative \{PCR\} (qPCR) was used for the detection of four opportunistic bacterial pathogens in water samples collected from 72 rainwater tanks in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Tank water samples were also tested for fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.) using culture-based methods. Among the 72 tank water samples tested, 74\% and 94\% samples contained E. coli and Enterococcus spp., respectively, and the numbers of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. in tank water samples ranged from 0.3 to 3.7 log10 colony forming units (CFU) per 100~mL of water. In all, 29\%, 15\%, 13\%, and 6\% of tank water samples contained Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Legionella pneumophila, respectively. The genomic units (GU) of opportunistic pathogens in tank water samples ranged from 1.5 to 4.6 log10 \{GU\} per 100~mL of water. A significant correlation was found between E. coli and Enterococcus spp. numbers in pooled tank water samples data (Spearman{\textquoteright}s rs~=~0.50; P~\<~0.001). In contrast, fecal indicator bacteria numbers did not correlate with the presence/absence of opportunistic pathogens tested in this study. Based on the results of this study, it would be prudent, to undertake a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) analysis of opportunistic pathogens to determine associated health risks for potable and nonpotable uses of tank water.}, keywords = {Health risks}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.12.021}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135413010208}, author = {W. Ahmed and H. Brandes and P. Gyawali and J.P.S. Sidhu and S. Toze} } @article {13126, title = {Opportunistic pathogens in roof-captured rainwater samples, determined using quantitative PCR}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {53}, year = {2014}, pages = {361-369}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Brandes, H. and Gyawali, P. and Sidhu, J. P. and Toze, S.} } @article {16161, title = {Oral immunization with Escherichia coli expressing a lipidated form of LigA protects hamsters against challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni.}, journal = {Infect Immun.Infect Immun.}, volume = {82}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {893-902.}, author = {Lourdault, K. and Wang, L. C. and Vieira, A. and Matsunaga, J. and Melo, R. and Lewis, M. S. and Haake, D. A. and Gomes-Solecki, M.} } @article {16036, title = {Outbreak of leptospirosis after white-water rafting: sign of a shift from rural to recreational leptospirosis in Sri Lanka}, journal = {Epidemiol InfectEpidemiol InfectEpidemiol Infect}, volume = {142}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {Apr}, pages = {843-6}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Recreation, *Rivers, Adult, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Female, Humans, Leptospirosis/*epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology, Male, Sri Lanka/epidemiology}, isbn = {1469-4409 (Electronic)
0950-2688 (Linking)}, author = {Agampodi, S. B. and Karunarathna, D. and Jayathilala, N. and Rathnayaka, H. and Agampodi, T. C. and Karunanayaka, L.} } @article {2212, title = {{Outbreaks caused by sprouts, United States, 1998-2010: lessons learned and solutions needed.}}, journal = {Foodborne pathogens and disease}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, month = {aug}, pages = {635{\textendash}44}, abstract = {After a series of outbreaks associated with sprouts in the mid-1990s, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published guidelines in 1999 for sprouts producers to reduce the risk of contamination. The recommendations included treating seeds with an antimicrobial agent such as calcium hypochlorite solution and testing spent irrigation water for pathogens. From 1998 through 2010, 33 outbreaks from seed and bean sprouts were documented in the United States, affecting 1330 reported persons. Twenty-eight outbreaks were caused by Salmonella, four by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and one by Listeria. In 15 of the 18 outbreaks with information available, growers had not followed key FDA guidelines. In three outbreaks, however, the implicated sprouts were produced by firms that appeared to have implemented key FDA guidelines. Although seed chlorination, if consistently applied, reduces pathogen burden on sprouts, it does not eliminate the risk of human infection. Further seed and sprouts disinfection technologies, some recently developed, will be needed to enhance sprouts safety and reduce human disease. Improved seed production practices could also decrease pathogen burden but, because seeds are a globally distributed commodity, will require international cooperation.}, keywords = {Disease Outbreaks, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Fabaceae, Fabaceae: microbiology, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Handling, Food Handling: standards, Food Microbiology, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: microbiology, Halogenation, Humans, Listeria, Listeria: isolation \& purification, Medicago sativa, Medicago sativa: microbiology, Salmonella, Salmonella: isolation \& purification, Seeds, Seeds: microbiology, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, United States: epidemiology, Vegetables, Vegetables: microbiology}, issn = {1556-7125}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2013.1705}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25076040}, author = {Dechet, Amy M and Herman, Karen M and Cary C Parker and Taormina, Peter and Johanson, Joy and Tauxe, Robert V and Mahon, Barbara E} } @article {7980, title = {{Outbreaks caused by sprouts, United States, 1998-2010: lessons learned and solutions needed.}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, month = {aug}, pages = {635{\textendash}44}, abstract = {

After a series of outbreaks associated with sprouts in the mid-1990s, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published guidelines in 1999 for sprouts producers to reduce the risk of contamination. The recommendations included treating seeds with an antimicrobial agent such as calcium hypochlorite solution and testing spent irrigation water for pathogens. From 1998 through 2010, 33 outbreaks from seed and bean sprouts were documented in the United States, affecting 1330 reported persons. Twenty-eight outbreaks were caused by Salmonella, four by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and one by Listeria. In 15 of the 18 outbreaks with information available, growers had not followed key FDA guidelines. In three outbreaks, however, the implicated sprouts were produced by firms that appeared to have implemented key FDA guidelines. Although seed chlorination, if consistently applied, reduces pathogen burden on sprouts, it does not eliminate the risk of human infection. Further seed and sprouts disinfection technologies, some recently developed, will be needed to enhance sprouts safety and reduce human disease. Improved seed production practices could also decrease pathogen burden but, because seeds are a globally distributed commodity, will require international cooperation.

}, keywords = {Disease Outbreaks, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Fabaceae, Fabaceae: microbiology, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Handling, Food Handling: standards, Food Microbiology, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: microbiology, Halogenation, Humans, Listeria, Listeria: isolation {\&} purification, Medicago sativa, Medicago sativa: microbiology, Salmonella, Salmonella: isolation {\&} purification, Seeds, Seeds: microbiology, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, United States: epidemiology, Vegetables, Vegetables: microbiology}, issn = {1556-7125}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2013.1705}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25076040}, author = {Dechet, Amy M and Herman, Karen M and Cary C Parker and Taormina, Peter and Johanson, Joy and Tauxe, Robert V and Mahon, Barbara E} } @article {13985, title = {Outbreaks caused by sprouts, {United} {States}, 1998-2010: lessons learned and solutions needed.}, journal = {Foodborne pathogens and disease}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, month = {aug}, pages = {635{\textendash}44}, abstract = {After a series of outbreaks associated with sprouts in the mid-1990s, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published guidelines in 1999 for sprouts producers to reduce the risk of contamination. The recommendations included treating seeds with an antimicrobial agent such as calcium hypochlorite solution and testing spent irrigation water for pathogens. From 1998 through 2010, 33 outbreaks from seed and bean sprouts were documented in the United States, affecting 1330 reported persons. Twenty-eight outbreaks were caused by Salmonella, four by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and one by Listeria. In 15 of the 18 outbreaks with information available, growers had not followed key FDA guidelines. In three outbreaks, however, the implicated sprouts were produced by firms that appeared to have implemented key FDA guidelines. Although seed chlorination, if consistently applied, reduces pathogen burden on sprouts, it does not eliminate the risk of human infection. Further seed and sprouts disinfection technologies, some recently developed, will be needed to enhance sprouts safety and reduce human disease. Improved seed production practices could also decrease pathogen burden but, because seeds are a globally distributed commodity, will require international cooperation.}, keywords = {Disease Outbreaks, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Fabaceae, Fabaceae: microbiology, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Handling, Food Handling: standards, Food Microbiology, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: microbiology, Halogenation, Humans, Listeria, Listeria: isolation \& purification, Medicago sativa, Medicago sativa: microbiology, Salmonella, Salmonella: isolation \& purification, Seeds, Seeds: microbiology, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, United States: epidemiology, Vegetables, Vegetables: microbiology}, issn = {1556-7125}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2013.1705}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25076040}, author = {Dechet, Amy M and Herman, Karen M and Cary C Parker and Taormina, Peter and Johanson, Joy and Tauxe, Robert V and Mahon, Barbara E} } @article {17031, title = {Overall performance evaluation of shallow maturation ponds in series treating UASB reactor effluent: Ten years of intensive monitoring of a system in Brazil}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {71}, year = {2014}, pages = {206{\textendash}214}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Dias, Daniel FC and Possmoser-Nascimento, Thiago E and Rodrigues, Val{\'e}ria AJ and Von Sperling, Marcos} } @article {5299, title = {Overall performance evaluation of shallow maturation ponds in series treating UASB reactor effluent: ten years of intensive monitoring of a system in Brazil}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {71}, year = {2014}, pages = {206{\textendash}214}, author = {Dias, Daniel FC and Possmoser-Nascimento, Thiago E and Rodrigues, Val{\'e}ria AJ and Von Sperling, Marcos} } @article {15208, title = {Overall performance evaluation of shallow maturation ponds in series treating {UASB} reactor effluent: ten years of intensive monitoring of a system in {Brazil}}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {71}, year = {2014}, pages = {206{\textendash}214}, author = {Dias, Daniel FC and Possmoser-Nascimento, Thiago E and Rodrigues, Val{\'e}ria AJ and Von Sperling, Marcos} } @article {4992, title = {{An overview of freshwater snails in Asia with main focus on Vietnam}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {140}, year = {2014}, pages = {105{\textendash}117}, author = {Madsen, H and Hung, NM} } @article {8413, title = {{An overview of seventy years of research (1944-2014) on toxoplasmosis in Colombia, South America}}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {427}, author = {Ca{\~n}{\'o}n-Franco, WA and L{\'o}pez-Orozco, N and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE and Dubey, JP} } @article {16585, title = {Oxantel pamoate-albendazole for {Trichuris} trichiura infection}, journal = {N Engl J Med}, volume = {370}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {feb}, pages = {610{\textendash}20}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND: Infections with soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura) are widespread and often occur concomitantly. These parasitic-worm infections are typically treated with albendazole or mebendazole, but both drugs show low efficacy against T. trichiura. Albendazole is the drug of choice against hookworm. METHODS: In this double-blind trial conducted on Pemba Island, Tanzania, we randomly assigned children, 6 to 14 years of age, to receive one of four treatments: oxantel pamoate at a dose of 20 mg per kilogram of body weight, plus 400 mg of albendazole, administered on consecutive days; oxantel pamoate at a single dose of 20 mg per kilogram; albendazole at a single dose of 400 mg; or mebendazole at a single dose of 500 mg. We assessed the efficacy and safety profile of oxantel pamoate-albendazole when used in the treatment of T. trichiura infection (primary outcome) and concomitant soil-transmitted helminth infection (secondary outcome). Efficacy was determined by means of assessment of the cure rate and egg-reduction rate. Adverse events were assessed four times after treatment. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 458 children, of whom 450 were infected with T. trichiura, 443 with hookworm, and 293 with A. lumbricoides. The cure rate of T. trichiura infection was significantly higher with oxantel pamoate-albendazole than with mebendazole (31.2\% vs. 11.8\%}, keywords = {*Trichuris, Adolescent, Albendazole/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Animals, Antinematodal Agents/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Ascariasis/drug therapy, Ascaris lumbricoides, Child, Combination, Double-Blind Method, Drug Therapy, Female, Hookworm Infections/drug therapy, Humans, Male, Mebendazole/administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Pyrantel Pamoate/administration \& dosage/adverse effects/*analogs \& derivatives, Trichuriasis/*drug therapy}, issn = {1533-4406 (Electronic) 0028-4793 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa1301956}, author = {Speich, B. and Ame, S. M. and Ali, S. M. and Alles, R. and Huwyler, J. and Hattendorf, J. and Utzinger, J. and Albonico, M. and Keiser, J.} } @article {12093, title = {Oxantel pamoate-albendazole for Trichuris trichiura infection}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {370}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, note = {Speich, Benjamin
Ame, Shaali M
Ali, Said M
Alles, Rainer
Huwyler, Jorg
Hattendorf, Jan
Utzinger, Jurg
Albonico, Marco
Keiser, Jennifer
eng
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2014/02/14 06:00
N Engl J Med. 2014 Feb 13;370(7):610-20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1301956.}, month = {Feb 13}, pages = {610-20}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infections with soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura) are widespread and often occur concomitantly. These parasitic-worm infections are typically treated with albendazole or mebendazole, but both drugs show low efficacy against T. trichiura. Albendazole is the drug of choice against hookworm. METHODS: In this double-blind trial conducted on Pemba Island, Tanzania, we randomly assigned children, 6 to 14 years of age, to receive one of four treatments: oxantel pamoate at a dose of 20 mg per kilogram of body weight, plus 400 mg of albendazole, administered on consecutive days; oxantel pamoate at a single dose of 20 mg per kilogram; albendazole at a single dose of 400 mg; or mebendazole at a single dose of 500 mg. We assessed the efficacy and safety profile of oxantel pamoate-albendazole when used in the treatment of T. trichiura infection (primary outcome) and concomitant soil-transmitted helminth infection (secondary outcome). Efficacy was determined by means of assessment of the cure rate and egg-reduction rate. Adverse events were assessed four times after treatment. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 458 children, of whom 450 were infected with T. trichiura, 443 with hookworm, and 293 with A. lumbricoides. The cure rate of T. trichiura infection was significantly higher with oxantel pamoate-albendazole than with mebendazole (31.2\% vs. 11.8\%, P=0.001), as was the egg-reduction rate (96.0\% [95\% confidence interval {CI}, 93.5 to 97.6] vs. 75.0\% [95\% CI, 64.2 to 82.0]). The cure rate with albendazole (2.6\%) and the egg-reduction rate with albendazole (45.0\%; 95\% CI, 32.0 to 56.4) were significantly lower than the rates with mebendazole (P=0.02 for the comparison of cure rates). Oxantel pamoate had low efficacy against hookworm and A. lumbricoides. Adverse events (mainly mild) were reported by 30.9\% of all children. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with oxantel pamoate-albendazole resulted in higher cure and egg-reduction rates for T. trichiura infection than the rates with standard therapy. (Funded by the Medicor Foundation and the Swiss National Science Foundation; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN54577342.).}, keywords = {*Trichuris, Adolescent, Albendazole/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Animals, Antinematodal Agents/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Ascariasis/drug therapy, Ascaris lumbricoides, Child, Double-Blind Method, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Hookworm Infections/drug therapy, Humans, Male, Mebendazole/administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Pyrantel Pamoate/administration \& dosage/adverse effects/*analogs \& derivatives, Trichuriasis/*drug therapy}, isbn = {1533-4406 (Electronic)
0028-4793 (Linking)}, author = {Speich, B. and Ame, S. M. and Ali, S. M. and Alles, R. and Huwyler, J. and Hattendorf, J. and Utzinger, J. and Albonico, M. and Keiser, J.} } @article {8805, title = {{Oxidation-Reduction Potential Measurements of Important Oxidants in Drinking Water}}, journal = {Journal - American Water Works Association}, volume = {106}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {E10{\textendash}E20}, issn = {15518833}, doi = {10.5942/jawwa.2014.106.0002}, url = {http://www.awwa.org/publications/journal-awwa/abstract/articleid/40067697.aspx}, author = {Copeland, Ari and Lytle, Darren A.} } @article {11782, title = {{The Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) as new definitive host for Spirometra erinacei (Cestoda:Diphyllobothriidae)}}, journal = {Acta Trop}, volume = {133}, year = {2014}, pages = {78{\textendash}82}, abstract = {Spirometra erinacei, Faust, Campbell and Kellogg, 1929, is a pseudophyllidean cestode of the family Diphyllobothriidae. The genus Spirometra is cosmopolitan and these parasites infect carnivores, specially felids and canids. In Argentina, S. erinacei and S. mansonoides have been reported sporadically only in domestic definitive hosts. The Pampas fox, Lycalopex gymnocercus, is the most abundant native carnivore in southern South America, where it inhabits grasslands and open woodlands and areas highly modified by extensive ranching and agricultural activities. This report describes the first finding of S. erinacei infecting Pampas fox, and provides an estimate prevalence of this cestode in rural areas of southern Buenos Aires province, Argentina based on 78 complete Pampas fox intestine samples analysis. This study found a 15.4{\%} of prevalence of S. erinacei in small intestine (adult stage) and a 21.8{\%} in fecal samples (egg stage). In the present work, the first case of S. erinacei in a wild definitive host from Argentina was reported expanding the list of definitive hosts of S. erinacei in South America.}, issn = {0001-706X}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.02.006}, author = {Scioscia, Nathalia and Petrigh, Romina and Beldomenico, Pablo and Denegri, Guillermo} } @article {1967, title = {Parallel independent evolution of pathogenicity within the genus Yersinia}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {111}, number = {18}, year = {2014}, note = {Falcao, Juliana/E-9652-2012; Harris, Simon/K-1318-2013; Laukkanen-Ninios, Riikka/F-5175-2015; Parkhill, Julian/G-4703-2011; Harris, Simon/0000-0003-1512-6194; Laukkanen-Ninios, Riikka/0000-0001-7504-4305; Parkhill, Julian/0000-0002-7069-5958; Prentice, Michael/0000-0003-1117-2388; Connor, Thomas/0000-0003-2394-6504; Barquist, Lars/0000-0003-4732-2667; McNally, Alan/0000-0002-3099-630X 14}, pages = {6768-6773}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0027-8424}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1317161111}, url = {://WOS:000335477300062}, author = {Reuter, Sandra and Connor, Thomas R. and Barquist, Lars and Walker, Danielle and Feltwell, Theresa and Harris, Simon R. and Fookes, Maria and Hall, Miquette E. and Petty, Nicola K. and Fuchs, Thilo M. and Corander, Jukka and Dufour, Muriel and Ringwood, Tamara and Savin, Cyril and Bouchier, Christiane and Martin, Liliane and Miettinen, Minna and Shubin, Mikhail and Riehm, Julia M. and Laukkanen-Ninios, Riikka and Sihvonen, Leila M. and Siitonen, Anja and Skurnik, Mikael and Falcao, Juliana Pfrimer and Fukushima, Hiroshi and Scholz, Holger C. and Prentice, Michael B. and Wren, Brendan W. and Parkhill, Julian and Carniel, Elisabeth and Achtman, Mark and McNally, Alan and Thomson, Nicholas R.} } @article {9246, title = {{Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed fresh leafy vegetables in benha, Egypt}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology Research}, year = {2014}, pages = {613960}, author = {Eraky, MA and Rashed, SM and S Nasr Mel and El-Hamshary, AM and Salah El-Ghannam, A} } @article {9416, title = {{Parasitic Contamination of Fruits and Vegetables Collected from Selected Local Markets of Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia}}, journal = {International Scholarly Research Notices}, volume = {2014}, year = {2014}, pages = {382715}, author = {Tefera, T and Biruksew, A and Mekonnen, Z and Eshetu, T} } @article {8610, title = {{Parasitic contamination of vegetables eaten raw in Lahore{\textquoteright}, Pakistan Journal of Zoology}}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Zoology}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {1303{\textendash}1309}, author = {Shafa ul, H and Maqbool, A and Khan, UJ and Yasmin, G and Sultana, R} } @article {9201, title = {{Parasitic contamination on vegetables irrigated with Awash river in selected farms, eastern Showa, Ethiopia}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {104{\textendash}110}, author = {Benti, G and Gemechu, F} } @article {1988, title = {Par{\'a}sitos del tapir centroamericano Tapirus bairdii (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) en Chiapas, M{\'e}xico}, journal = {Revista de Biolog{\'\i}a TropicalRevista de Biologia Tropical}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/04/01}, pages = {445}, publisher = {Universidad de Costa Rica}, isbn = {2215-2075
0034-7744}, author = {Cruz Ald{\'a}n, Epigmenio and Lira Torres, Iv{\'a}n and G{\"u}iris Andrade, Dario Marcelino and Osorio Sarabia, David and Quintero M, Ma Teresa} } @mastersthesis {6231, title = {Parsing the palate: {A} mixed methods analysis of the {U}.{S}. food advocacy network}, year = {2014}, note = {3673088}, school = {University of Oregon}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The U.S. food system is afflicted by a variety of social, ecological, and economic predicaments including hunger, food access inequalities, soil and water degradation, and lack of community control over food. Scholars and activists agree that in order for U.S. food movement actors to affect significant system-wide change, players must bridge a multitude of issue areas and ideological differences. Despite thorough analyses of local and regional food systems, little research has been conducted on either national level advocacy perspectives or the ties that bind and divide food advocacy coalitions. This dissertation{\textquoteright}s central research question examines how the U.S food advocacy movement works to resist the hegemonic domination of the national food system by state and corporate actors. To answer this question, this project develops a social network analysis of 71 national-level food advocacy actors, compiles web-based issue and tax data, and conducts 36 semi-structured interviews with senior food activist staff. Social movement literature and Antonio Gramsci{\textquoteright}s concepts of counter-hegemonic movements and wars of position inform the findings and reveal the national food movement{\textquoteright}s nascent propensity to unite cultural and class struggles to create significant pressure for systematic change in the U.S. food system. Additionally, this research tests existing theoretical work related to the food advocacy network and distinctions between interest group and social movement type organizations. This dissertation reveals that despite most activists{\textquoteright} conviction that a constellation of agri-business and state policies dominate the U.S. food system, significant network rifts, framing dilemmas, strategic conflicts, and resource complexities prevent national food activists from generating a robust challenge to hegemonic food system actors.}, keywords = {0344:Social research, 0359:Food Science, Biological sciences, Food regimes, Food Science, Food systems, Social movements, Social network analysis, Social research, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1652558133?accountid=14270}, author = {Friesen, Matthew Charles} } @article {14218, title = {Pathogenesis of human diffusely adhering {Escherichia} coli expressing {Afa}/{Dr} adhesins ({Afa}/{Dr} {DAEC}): current insights and future challenges.}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {823{\textendash}69}, abstract = {The pathogenicity and clinical pertinence of diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing the Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC) in urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pregnancy complications are well established. In contrast, the implication of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC in diarrhea is still under debate. These strains are age dependently involved in diarrhea in children, are apparently not involved in diarrhea in adults, and can also be asymptomatic intestinal microbiota strains in children and adult. This comprehensive review analyzes the epidemiology and diagnosis and highlights recent progress which has improved the understanding of Afa/Dr DAEC pathogenesis. Here, I summarize the roles of Afa/Dr DAEC virulence factors, including Afa/Dr adhesins, flagella, Sat toxin, and pks island products, in the development of specific mechanisms of pathogenicity. In intestinal epithelial polarized cells, the Afa/Dr adhesins trigger cell membrane receptor clustering and activation of the linked cell signaling pathways, promote structural and functional cell lesions and injuries in intestinal barrier, induce proinflammatory responses, create angiogenesis, instigate epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like events, and lead to pks-dependent DNA damage. UTI-associated Afa/Dr DAEC strains, following adhesin-membrane receptor cell interactions and activation of associated lipid raft-dependent cell signaling pathways, internalize in a microtubule-dependent manner within urinary tract epithelial cells, develop a particular intracellular lifestyle, and trigger a toxin-dependent cell detachment. In response to Afa/Dr DAEC infection, the host epithelial cells generate antibacterial defense responses. Finally, I discuss a hypothetical role of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC strains that can act as "silent pathogens" with the capacity to emerge as "pathobionts" for the development of inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal carcinogenesis.}, keywords = {Adhesins, Bacterial, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: drug therapy, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Gene Expression Regulation, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Risk Factors, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics}, issn = {1098-6618}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00036-14}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278576}, author = {Servin, Alain L} } @article {8133, title = {{Pathogenesis of human diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC): current insights and future challenges.}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {823{\textendash}69}, abstract = {

The pathogenicity and clinical pertinence of diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing the Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC) in urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pregnancy complications are well established. In contrast, the implication of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC in diarrhea is still under debate. These strains are age dependently involved in diarrhea in children, are apparently not involved in diarrhea in adults, and can also be asymptomatic intestinal microbiota strains in children and adult. This comprehensive review analyzes the epidemiology and diagnosis and highlights recent progress which has improved the understanding of Afa/Dr DAEC pathogenesis. Here, I summarize the roles of Afa/Dr DAEC virulence factors, including Afa/Dr adhesins, flagella, Sat toxin, and pks island products, in the development of specific mechanisms of pathogenicity. In intestinal epithelial polarized cells, the Afa/Dr adhesins trigger cell membrane receptor clustering and activation of the linked cell signaling pathways, promote structural and functional cell lesions and injuries in intestinal barrier, induce proinflammatory responses, create angiogenesis, instigate epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like events, and lead to pks-dependent DNA damage. UTI-associated Afa/Dr DAEC strains, following adhesin-membrane receptor cell interactions and activation of associated lipid raft-dependent cell signaling pathways, internalize in a microtubule-dependent manner within urinary tract epithelial cells, develop a particular intracellular lifestyle, and trigger a toxin-dependent cell detachment. In response to Afa/Dr DAEC infection, the host epithelial cells generate antibacterial defense responses. Finally, I discuss a hypothetical role of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC strains that can act as \"silent pathogens\" with the capacity to emerge as \"pathobionts\" for the development of inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal carcinogenesis.

}, keywords = {Adhesins, Bacterial, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: drug therapy, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention {\&} control, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Gene Expression Regulation, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Risk Factors, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics}, issn = {1098-6618}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00036-14}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278576}, author = {Servin, Alain L} } @article {2407, title = {{Pathogenesis of human diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC): current insights and future challenges.}}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {823{\textendash}69}, abstract = {The pathogenicity and clinical pertinence of diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing the Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC) in urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pregnancy complications are well established. In contrast, the implication of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC in diarrhea is still under debate. These strains are age dependently involved in diarrhea in children, are apparently not involved in diarrhea in adults, and can also be asymptomatic intestinal microbiota strains in children and adult. This comprehensive review analyzes the epidemiology and diagnosis and highlights recent progress which has improved the understanding of Afa/Dr DAEC pathogenesis. Here, I summarize the roles of Afa/Dr DAEC virulence factors, including Afa/Dr adhesins, flagella, Sat toxin, and pks island products, in the development of specific mechanisms of pathogenicity. In intestinal epithelial polarized cells, the Afa/Dr adhesins trigger cell membrane receptor clustering and activation of the linked cell signaling pathways, promote structural and functional cell lesions and injuries in intestinal barrier, induce proinflammatory responses, create angiogenesis, instigate epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like events, and lead to pks-dependent DNA damage. UTI-associated Afa/Dr DAEC strains, following adhesin-membrane receptor cell interactions and activation of associated lipid raft-dependent cell signaling pathways, internalize in a microtubule-dependent manner within urinary tract epithelial cells, develop a particular intracellular lifestyle, and trigger a toxin-dependent cell detachment. In response to Afa/Dr DAEC infection, the host epithelial cells generate antibacterial defense responses. Finally, I discuss a hypothetical role of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC strains that can act as "silent pathogens" with the capacity to emerge as "pathobionts" for the development of inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal carcinogenesis.}, keywords = {Adhesins, Bacterial, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: drug therapy, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Gene Expression Regulation, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Risk Factors, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics}, issn = {1098-6618}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00036-14}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278576}, author = {Servin, Alain L} } @article {16209, title = {PCR and culture identification of pathogenic Leptospira from coastal soil in Leyte, Philippines after a storm surge during Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)}, journal = {Appl Environ MicrobiolAppl Environ MicrobiolAppl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {80}, number = {22}, year = {2014}, note = {Saito, Mitsumasa
Miyahara, Satoshi
Villanueva, Sharon Y A M
Aramaki, Natsumi
Ikejiri, Mami
Kobayashi, Yoshie
Guevarra, Jonathan P
Masuzawa, Toshiyuki
Gloriani, Nina G
Yanagihara, Yasutake
Yoshida, Shin-Ichi
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 Aug 29. pii: AEM.02568-14.}, month = {Aug 29}, pages = {6926-6932}, edition = {2014/08/31}, abstract = {Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. Most of the outbreaks of leptospirosis occur after floods caused by heavy rain in endemic countries. It has been believed that overflowing of seawater rarely causes outbreak because the leptospires are killed by salt water. On November 8, 2013, a storm surge caused by Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) inundated the entire Tacloban and Palo in Leyte, Philippines. The present study was carried out in order to determine whether the environmental leptospires in soil are able to survive after the storm surge in the affected areas. We collected 23 wet soil samples along the coastal areas of Tacloban and Palo two months after the storm surge. The samples were suspended with HEPES buffer, and the supernatant were cultured in liquid or semi-solid Korthof{\textquoteright}s media supplemented with five antimicrobial agents to inhibit the growth of contaminants. Leptospires were isolated from primary cultures of 22 out of 23 samples. DNA of pathogenic Leptospira species was detected in 11 samples (47.8\%) by analysis of nested flaB-PCR. Eventually, two pathogenic Leptospira strains were isolated and showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Leptospira kmetyi. These isolates, when experimentally mixed with soil, were found to survive in seawater for four days. These results showed a possibility that leptospires living in soil survived after the storm surge. Our findings may serve as a warning that when seawater inundates the land during storm surge or tsunami, an outbreak of leptospirosis could occur in the disaster-stricken area.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)
0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Saito, M. and Miyahara, S. and Villanueva, S. Y. and Aramaki, N. and Ikejiri, M. and Kobayashi, Y. and Guevarra, J. P. and Masuzawa, T. and Gloriani, N. G. and Yanagihara, Y. and Yoshida, S. I.} } @article {6564, title = {Perpetuation of {H}5N1 and {H}9N2 avian influenza viruses in natural water bodies}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {95}, number = {Pt\_7}, year = {2014}, month = {jul}, pages = {1430{\textendash}1435}, issn = {0022-1317, 1465-2099}, doi = {10.1099/vir.0.063438-0}, url = {http://jgv.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.063438-0}, author = {Zhang, H. and Li, Y. and Chen, J. and Chen, Q. and Chen, Z.} } @article {9138, title = {{Perpetuation of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses in natural water bodies}}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {95}, number = {PART 7}, year = {2014}, pages = {1430{\textendash}1435}, abstract = {Water bodies are an important route for the spread and transmission of avian influenza virus (AIV). The determining factor for an AIV to transmit through diffusion in water is the term of viability of the virus in the water body. To better understand the perpetuation of AIV in natural water bodies, and thus the risks of AIV spread and transmission via such bodies, we systematically studied the inactivation dynamics of two AIV strains (H5N1 and H9N2) at different temperatures in water bodies of important migratory bird habitats within China (Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake, the Hubei segment of the Yangtze River and Qinghai Lake). We also studied the impact of water-borne micro-organisms on the perpetuation of AIV. Our findings indicated that water is very likely an important route for the epidemic spread of AIV, especially during the autumn and winter seasons. In addition, water-borne micro-organisms might antagonize the persistence of AIV.}, isbn = {0022-1317}, issn = {14652099}, doi = {10.1099/vir.0.063438-0}, author = {Zhang, Hongbo and Li, Yan and Chen, Jianjun and Chen, Quanjiao and Chen, Ze} } @article {7929, title = {{Persistence of infectious Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages after disinfection treatments.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {apr}, pages = {2142{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

In Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), induction of Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages (Stx phages) causes the release of free phages that can later be found in the environment. The ability of Stx phages to survive different inactivation conditions determines their prevalence in the environment, the risk of stx transduction, and the generation of new STEC strains. We evaluated the infectivity and genomes of two Stx phages ($\Phi$534 and $\Phi$557) under different conditions. Infectious Stx phages were stable at 4, 22, and 37\°C and at pH 7 and 9 after 1 month of storage but were completely inactivated at pH 3. Infective Stx phages decreased moderately when treated with UV (2.2-log10 reduction for an estimated UV dose of 178.2 mJ/cm(2)) or after treatment at 60 and 68\°C for 60 min (2.2- and 2.5-log10 reductions, respectively) and were highly inactivated (3 log10) by 10 ppm of chlorine in 1 min. Assays in a mesocosm showed lower inactivation of all microorganisms in winter than in summer. The number of Stx phage genomes did not decrease significantly in most cases, and STEC inactivation was higher than phage inactivation under all conditions. Moreover, Stx phages retained the ability to lysogenize E. coli after some of the treatments.

}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.04006-13}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24463973}, author = {Allu{\'e}-Guardia, Anna and Mart{\'\i}nez-Castillo, Alexandre and Muniesa, Maite} } @article {2147, title = {{Persistence of infectious Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages after disinfection treatments.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {2142{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

In Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), induction of Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages (Stx phages) causes the release of free phages that can later be found in the environment. The ability of Stx phages to survive different inactivation conditions determines their prevalence in the environment, the risk of stx transduction, and the generation of new STEC strains. We evaluated the infectivity and genomes of two Stx phages ($\Phi$534 and $\Phi$557) under different conditions. Infectious Stx phages were stable at 4, 22, and 37\°C and at pH 7 and 9 after 1 month of storage but were completely inactivated at pH 3. Infective Stx phages decreased moderately when treated with UV (2.2-log10 reduction for an estimated UV dose of 178.2 mJ/cm(2)) or after treatment at 60 and 68\°C for 60 min (2.2- and 2.5-log10 reductions, respectively) and were highly inactivated (3 log10) by 10 ppm of chlorine in 1 min. Assays in a mesocosm showed lower inactivation of all microorganisms in winter than in summer. The number of Stx phage genomes did not decrease significantly in most cases, and STEC inactivation was higher than phage inactivation under all conditions. Moreover, Stx phages retained the ability to lysogenize E. coli after some of the treatments.

}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.04006-13}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24463973}, author = {Allu{\'e}-Guardia, Anna and Mart{\'\i}nez-Castillo, Alexandre and Muniesa, Maite} } @article {13908, title = {Persistence of infectious {Shiga} toxin-encoding bacteriophages after disinfection treatments.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {apr}, pages = {2142{\textendash}9}, abstract = {In Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), induction of Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages (Stx phages) causes the release of free phages that can later be found in the environment. The ability of Stx phages to survive different inactivation conditions determines their prevalence in the environment, the risk of stx transduction, and the generation of new STEC strains. We evaluated the infectivity and genomes of two Stx phages (Φ534 and Φ557) under different conditions. Infectious Stx phages were stable at 4, 22, and 37{\textdegree}C and at pH 7 and 9 after 1 month of storage but were completely inactivated at pH 3. Infective Stx phages decreased moderately when treated with UV (2.2-log10 reduction for an estimated UV dose of 178.2 mJ/cm(2)) or after treatment at 60 and 68{\textdegree}C for 60 min (2.2- and 2.5-log10 reductions, respectively) and were highly inactivated (3 log10) by 10 ppm of chlorine in 1 min. Assays in a mesocosm showed lower inactivation of all microorganisms in winter than in summer. The number of Stx phage genomes did not decrease significantly in most cases, and STEC inactivation was higher than phage inactivation under all conditions. Moreover, Stx phages retained the ability to lysogenize E. coli after some of the treatments.}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.04006-13}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24463973}, author = {Allu{\'e}-Guardia, Anna and Mart{\'\i}nez-Castillo, Alexandre and Muniesa, Maite} } @booklet {3858, title = {Place and {Child} {Health}: {The} {Interaction} of {Population} {Density} and {Sanitation} in {Developing} {Countries} ({Policy} {Research} {Working} {Paper} {No}. 7124)}, year = {2014}, publisher = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Hathi, P and Haque, S and Pant, L and et al. Coffey, D.} } @booklet {3475, title = {{Place and Child Health: The Interaction of Population Density and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Policy Research Working Paper No. 7124)}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-7124.}, author = {Hathi, P and Haque, S and Pant, L and et al. Coffey, D.} } @article {6175, title = {Pollution characteristics of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in Wangyanggou River, Shijiazhuang, China}, journal = {Journal of Agro-Environmental Science}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {1174-1182}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Y, Xu and Y, Zhang and CS, Guo and HM, Wang and DM, Wang and K, Wang and XC, Li and J, Xu} } @article {12533, title = {Pollution from drug manufacturing: review and perspectives}, journal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. BPhil. Trans. R. Soc. B}, volume = {369}, year = {2014}, pages = {20130571}, isbn = {0962-8436}, author = {Larsson, DG Joakim} } @article {16850, title = {Pollution indicators and pathogenic microorganisms in wastewater treatment: implication on receiving water bodies}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy}, volume = {2}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {205{\textendash}212}, publisher = {Science Publishing Group}, author = {Olaolu, Tomilola Debby and Akpor, Oghenerobor Benjamin and Akor, Charity Omeche} } @article {5849, title = {{Population dynamics and ecology of Arcobacter in sewage.}}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {525}, author = {Fisher, Jenny C and Levican, Arturo and Figueras, Mar{\'\i}a J and McLellan, Sandra L} } @article {14366, title = {Population dynamics and ecology of {Arcobacter} in sewage.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {525}, author = {Fisher, Jenny C and Levican, Arturo and Figueras, Mar{\'\i}a J and McLellan, Sandra L} } @article {1658, title = {Possible Eradication of Wild Poliovirus Type 3 {\textemdash} Worldwide, 2012}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {63}, number = {45}, year = {2014}, pages = {1031-1033}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate polio worldwide. Since then, four of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions have been certified as polio-free: the Americas in 1994 (1), the Western Pacific Region in 2000 (2), the European Region in 2002 (3), and the South-East Asia Region in 2014 (4). Currently, nearly 80\% of the world\&$\#$39;s population lives in areas certified as polio-free. Certification may be considered when \≥3 years have passed since the last isolation of wild poliovirus (WPV) in the presence of sensitive, certification-standard surveillance (1\–4).* Although regional eradication has been validated in the European Region and the Western Pacific Region, outbreaks resulting from WPV type 1 (WPV1) imported from known endemic areas were detected and controlled in these regions in 2010 and 2011, respectively (5). The last reported case associated with WPV type 2 (WPV2) was in India in 1999, marking global interruption of WPV2 transmission (6). The completion of polio eradication was declared a programmatic emergency for public health in 2012, and the international spread of WPV1 was declared a public health emergency of international concern in May 2014. The efforts needed to interrupt all indigenous WPV1 transmission are now being focused on the remaining endemic countries: Nigeria, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. WPV type 3 (WPV3) has not been detected in circulation since November 11, 2012. This report summarizes the evidence of possible global interruption of transmission of WPV3, based on surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and environmental surveillance.

}, author = {Kew, O. M. and Cochi, S. L. and Jafari, H. S. and Wassilak, S. G. F. and Mast, E. E. and Diop, O. M. and Tangermann, R. H. and Armstrong, G. L.} } @article {14734, title = {Possible {Eradication} of {Wild} {Poliovirus} {Type} 3 {\textemdash} {Worldwide}, 2012}, journal = {MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep}, volume = {63}, year = {2014}, pages = {1031{\textendash}1033}, abstract = {In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate polio worldwide. Since then, four of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions have been certified as polio-free: the Americas in 1994 (1), the Western Pacific Region in 2000 (2), the European Region in 2002 (3), and the South-East Asia Region in 2014 (4). Currently, nearly 80\% of the world{\textquoteright}s population lives in areas certified as polio-free. Certification may be considered when >=3 years have passed since the last isolation of wild poliovirus (WPV) in the presence of sensitive, certification-standard surveillance (1{\textendash}4).* Although regional eradication has been validated in the European Region and the Western Pacific Region, outbreaks resulting from WPV type 1 (WPV1) imported from known endemic areas were detected and controlled in these regions in 2010 and 2011, respectively (5). The last reported case associated with WPV type 2 (WPV2) was in India in 1999, marking global interruption of WPV2 transmission (6). The completion of polio eradication was declared a programmatic emergency for public health in 2012, and the international spread of WPV1 was declared a public health emergency of international concern in May 2014. The efforts needed to interrupt all indigenous WPV1 transmission are now being focused on the remaining endemic countries: Nigeria, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. WPV type 3 (WPV3) has not been detected in circulation since November 11, 2012. This report summarizes the evidence of possible global interruption of transmission of WPV3, based on surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and environmental surveillance.}, author = {Kew, O. M. and Cochi, S. L. and Jafari, H. S. and Wassilak, S. G. F. and Mast, E. E. and Diop, O. M. and Tangermann, R. H. and Armstrong, G. L.} } @article {14733, title = {Possible eradication of wild poliovirus type 3{\textendash}worldwide, 2012}, journal = {MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep}, volume = {63}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {1031{\textendash}3}, abstract = {In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate polio worldwide. Since then, four of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions have been certified as polio-free: the Americas in 1994, the Western Pacific Region in 2000, the European Region in 2002, and the South-East Asia Region in 2014. Currently, nearly 80\% of the world{\textquoteright}s population lives in areas certified as polio-free. Certification may be considered when {\textgreater}/=3 years have passed since the last isolation of wild poliovirus (WPV) in the presence of sensitive, certification-standard surveillance. Although regional eradication has been validated in the European Region and the Western Pacific Region, outbreaks resulting from WPV type 1 (WPV1) imported from known endemic areas were detected and controlled in these regions in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The last reported case associated with WPV type 2 (WPV2) was in India in 1999, marking global interruption of WPV2 transmission. The completion of polio eradication was declared a programmatic emergency for public health in 2012, and the international spread of WPV1 was declared a public health emergency of international concern in May 2014. The efforts needed to interrupt all indigenous WPV1 transmission are now being focused on the remaining endemic countries: Nigeria, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. WPV type 3 (WPV3) has not been detected in circulation since November 11, 2012. This report summarizes the evidence of possible global interruption of transmission of WPV3, based on surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and environmental surveillance.}, keywords = {*Disease Eradication, *Population Surveillance, Global Health/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Infant, Poliomyelitis/epidemiology/*prevention \& control, Poliovirus/classification/isolation \& purification}, issn = {1545-861X (Electronic) 0149-2195 (Linking)}, author = {Kew, O. M. and Cochi, S. L. and Jafari, H. S. and Wassilak, S. G. and Mast, E. E. and Diop, O. M. and Tangermann, R. H. and Armstrong, G. L. and Centers for Disease, Control and MMWR Recommendation Report} } @article {15007, title = {Possible eradication of wild poliovirus type 3{\textendash}worldwide, 2012}, journal = {MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep}, volume = {63}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {1031{\textendash}3}, abstract = {In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate polio worldwide. Since then, four of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions have been certified as polio-free: the Americas in 1994, the Western Pacific Region in 2000, the European Region in 2002, and the South-East Asia Region in 2014. Currently, nearly 80\% of the world{\textquoteright}s population lives in areas certified as polio-free. Certification may be considered when {\textbackslash}textgreater/=3 years have passed since the last isolation of wild poliovirus (WPV) in the presence of sensitive, certification-standard surveillance. Although regional eradication has been validated in the European Region and the Western Pacific Region, outbreaks resulting from WPV type 1 (WPV1) imported from known endemic areas were detected and controlled in these regions in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The last reported case associated with WPV type 2 (WPV2) was in India in 1999, marking global interruption of WPV2 transmission. The completion of polio eradication was declared a programmatic emergency for public health in 2012, and the international spread of WPV1 was declared a public health emergency of international concern in May 2014. The efforts needed to interrupt all indigenous WPV1 transmission are now being focused on the remaining endemic countries: Nigeria, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. WPV type 3 (WPV3) has not been detected in circulation since November 11, 2012. This report summarizes the evidence of possible global interruption of transmission of WPV3, based on surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and environmental surveillance.}, keywords = {*Disease Eradication, *Population Surveillance, Global Health/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Infant, Poliomyelitis/epidemiology/*prevention \& control, Poliovirus/classification/isolation \& purification}, issn = {1545-861X (Electronic) 0149-2195 (Linking)}, author = {Kew, O. M. and Cochi, S. L. and Jafari, H. S. and Wassilak, S. G. and Mast, E. E. and Diop, O. M. and Tangermann, R. H. and Armstrong, G. L. and Centers for Disease, Control and MMWR Recommendation Report} } @article {7487, title = {Post-crisis {Zimbabwe}{\textquoteright}s innovative financing mechanisms in the social sectors: a practical approach to implementing the new deal for engagement in fragile states}, journal = {BMC international health and human rights}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, pages = {35}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Donor engagement in transitional settings, complex emergencies and fragile states is increasing. Neither short-term humanitarian aid nor traditional development financing are well adapted for such environments. Multi-donor trust funds, in their current form, can be unwieldy and subject to long delays in initiation and work best when national governments are already strong. We reviewed the aid modalities used in Zimbabwe through the period of crisis, 2008-2012 and their results and implications. Literature review and case experience was utilised. DISCUSSION: By focusing on working with line ministries in non-contested sectors to determine local priorities rather than following global prescriptions, pooling funds to achieve scale rather than delivering through fragmented projects, and building on national systems and capacities rather than setting up parallel mechanisms, the Transition Fund Model employed in Zimbabwe by UNICEF and partners in partnership with the Inclusive Government was able to achieve important results in health, education, social support and water services in a challenging setting. In addition, forums for collaboration were developed that provided a platform for further action. The initial emphasis on service delivery diffused much of the political delicateness that impeded progress in other sectors. The Zimbabwean experience may provide a model of innovative financing for countries facing similar circumstances. Such models may represent a new practical application of the Paris Principles, consistent with the major tenets of the 2011 New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States agreed in Busan. As we approach the Millennium Development Goal deadline, an over-arching, mutli-sectoral and independent evaluation of this approach is recommended in order to validate findings and assess broader replicability of this approach.}, keywords = {Child, Child Welfare, Cooperative Behavior, Developing Countries, Economic, Economic development, Economic Recession, Education, Financial Management, Financing, Health, Health Services, Humans, International Cooperation, Models, Organized, sanitation, Social welfare, United Nations, water, Zimbabwe}, issn = {1472-698X}, doi = {10.1186/s12914-014-0035-6}, author = {Salama, Peter and Ha, Wei and Negin, Joel and Muradzikwa, Samson} } @article {5055, title = {Predicting severe enterovirus 71 infection: {Age}, comorbidity, and parental behavior matter}, journal = {J Microbiol Immunol Infect}, year = {2014}, author = {Huang, WC and Shih, WL and Yang, SC and Yen, TY and Lee, JT and Huang, YC and Li, CC and Hsieh, YC and Lin, TY and Chang, LY and Huang, LM} } @article {14675, title = {Predicting severe enterovirus 71 infection: {Age}, comorbidity, and parental behavior matter}, journal = {J Microbiol Immunol Infect}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major pathogens that cause severe enteroviral infections. Our aim was to study the behavioral and household risk factors for its serious complications. METHODS: Between May 2011 and November 2012, we enrolled children who had symptoms of EV71 infection from six hospitals in Taiwan. The caregivers of each patient were interviewed to determine their hand hygiene habits in relation to EV71 infection. The severity of EV71 infection was classified as follows: Stage 1, hand-foot-mouth disease or herpangina; Stage 2, meningitis or myoclonic jerk; Stage 3A, encephalitis; Stage 3B, cardiopulmonary failure. Stages 2 to 3B were defined as severe EV71 infection. Children with Stages 3A and 3B infection were designated as the critical group. RESULTS: A total of 399 patients had laboratory-confirmed EV71 infection. Three risks factors were associated with the different degrees of severity in EV71 infection. Children {\textless}2 years old had much greater risks for severe EV71 infection [odds ratio (OR) 1.8; 95\% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-2.8], delayed medical evaluation for critical infection (OR 9.4; 95\% CI, 3.6-24.1), and developmental retardation for cardiopulmonary failure (OR 8.3; 95\% CI, 2.0-33.7). Among all the habits and household factors, caregivers in the critical group had a significantly lower rate in terms of cleaning the faucet after washing their hands (OR 2.63; 95\% CI, 1.14-6.08). CONCLUSIONS: Children {\textless}2 years old, developmental retardation, and delayed medical intervention were associated with severe EV71 infection. Cleaning water faucets after hand washing was a protective habit that reduced the risk of complications.}, keywords = {developmental delay, enterovirus 71, hand hygiene, hand-foot-mouth disease, herpangina, Risk Factors}, issn = {1995-9133 (Electronic) 1684-1182 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmii.2014.11.013}, author = {Huang, W. C. and Shih, W. L. and Yang, S. C. and Yen, T. Y. and Lee, J. T. and Huang, Y. C. and Li, C. C. and Hsieh, Y. C. and Lin, T. Y. and Chang, L. Y. and Huang, L. M.} } @article {14988, title = {Predicting severe enterovirus 71 infection: {Age}, comorbidity, and parental behavior matter}, journal = {J Microbiol Immunol Infect}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major pathogens that cause severe enteroviral infections. Our aim was to study the behavioral and household risk factors for its serious complications. METHODS: Between May 2011 and November 2012, we enrolled children who had symptoms of EV71 infection from six hospitals in Taiwan. The caregivers of each patient were interviewed to determine their hand hygiene habits in relation to EV71 infection. The severity of EV71 infection was classified as follows: Stage 1, hand-foot-mouth disease or herpangina; Stage 2, meningitis or myoclonic jerk; Stage 3A, encephalitis; Stage 3B, cardiopulmonary failure. Stages 2 to 3B were defined as severe EV71 infection. Children with Stages 3A and 3B infection were designated as the critical group. RESULTS: A total of 399 patients had laboratory-confirmed EV71 infection. Three risks factors were associated with the different degrees of severity in EV71 infection. Children {\textbackslash}textless2 years old had much greater risks for severe EV71 infection [odds ratio (OR) 1.8; 95\% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-2.8], delayed medical evaluation for critical infection (OR 9.4; 95\% CI, 3.6-24.1), and developmental retardation for cardiopulmonary failure (OR 8.3; 95\% CI, 2.0-33.7). Among all the habits and household factors, caregivers in the critical group had a significantly lower rate in terms of cleaning the faucet after washing their hands (OR 2.63; 95\% CI, 1.14-6.08). CONCLUSIONS: Children {\textbackslash}textless2 years old, developmental retardation, and delayed medical intervention were associated with severe EV71 infection. Cleaning water faucets after hand washing was a protective habit that reduced the risk of complications.}, keywords = {developmental delay, enterovirus 71, hand hygiene, hand-foot-mouth disease, herpangina, Risk Factors}, issn = {1995-9133 (Electronic) 1684-1182 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmii.2014.11.013}, author = {Huang, W. C. and Shih, W. L. and Yang, S. C. and Yen, T. Y. and Lee, J. T. and Huang, Y. C. and Li, C. C. and Hsieh, Y. C. and Lin, T. Y. and Chang, L. Y. and Huang, L. M.} } @article {7905, title = {Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter species isolated from poultry meat in Iran}, journal = {British Poultry Science}, volume = {55}, year = {2014}, pages = {174{\textendash}180}, author = {Rahimi, Ebrahim} } @article {5798, title = {{Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcobacter species in cow milk, water buffalo milk and fresh village cheese.}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {188}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {11{\textendash}14}, author = {Yesilmen, Simten and Vural, Aydin and Mehmet E Erkan and Ibrahim H Yildirim} } @article {14315, title = {Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of {Arcobacter} species in cow milk, water buffalo milk and fresh village cheese.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {188}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {11{\textendash}14}, author = {Yesilmen, Simten and Vural, Aydin and Mehmet E Erkan and Ibrahim H Yildirim} } @article {7682, title = {Prevalence and determinants of Campylobacter infection among under five children with acute watery diarrhea in Mwanza, North Tanzania}, journal = {Archives of Public Health}, volume = {72}, year = {2014}, pages = {17}, author = {Deogratias,A. P. and Mushi,M. F. and Paterno,L. and Tappe,D. and Seni,J. and Kabymera,R. and Kidenya,B. R. and Mshana,S. E.} } @article {4794, title = {{Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium, Enterocytozoon, Giardia and Cyclospora in diarrheal outpatients in China}}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2334-14-25.}, author = {Liu, H and Shen, Y and Yin, J and Yuan, Z and Jiang, Y and Xu, Y and Pan, W and Hu, Y and Cao, J} } @article {4566, title = {Prevalence and molecular characterisation of human adenovirus in diarrhoeic children in {Tanzania}; a case control study}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {666}, issn = {1471-2334}, doi = {10.1186/s12879-014-0666-1}, author = {Moyo, S. J. and Hanevik, K. and Blomberg, B. and Kommedal, O. and Nordbo, S. A. and Maselle, S. and Langeland, N.} } @article {553, title = {Prevalence and molecular characterisation of human adenovirus in diarrhoeic children in Tanzania; a case control study}, journal = {BMC Infect Dis}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, note = {1471-2334 Moyo, Sabrina John Hanevik, Kurt Blomberg, Bjorn Kommedal, Oyvind Nordbo, Svein Arne Maselle, Samuel Langeland, Nina Journal Article England BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Dec 12;14(1):666. doi: 10.1186/s12879-014-0666-1.}, pages = {666}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND: Human adenovirus (HAdV) causes acute diarrhoea sporadically, as well as in outbreaks. Understanding the prevalence and types of HAdV in diarrhoea is important for control and preventive measures, especially in the African region where there is a high burden of diarrhoeal disease. The present study assessed the prevalence, molecular characteristics, seasonality and associated clinical features of HAdV infection Tanzanian children below two years of age with and without diarrhoea between 2010-2011. METHODS: Stool specimens, demographic and clinical information were collected in 690 cases and 545 controls. All stool samples were screened for HAdV-antigen using ELISA. Positive samples subsequently underwent real-time PCR and sequencing for molecular typing. RESULTS: HAdV was detected in 37 children, corresponding to a prevalence of 3.5\% (24/690) in diarrhoeic and 2.4\% (13/545) in non-diarrhoeic children (P > 0.05). Among HAdV-infected children, the median age was significantly lower in diarrhoeic than in non-diarrhoeic children (10 vs. 14 months, P<0.001). More than half of HAdV infected (54.2\%) were dehydrated as compared to diarrhoeic children without HAdV (45.8\%}, issn = {1471-2334}, doi = {10.1186/s12879-014-0666-1}, author = {Moyo, S. J. and Hanevik, K. and Blomberg, B. and Kommedal, O. and Nordbo, S. A. and Maselle, S. and Langeland, N.} } @article {12346, title = {Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant fecal bacteria in a river impacted by both an antibiotic production plant and urban treated discharges}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {488-489}, year = {2014}, month = {Aug 1}, pages = {220-7}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic)
0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Sidrach-Cardona, R. and Hijosa-Valsero, M. and Marti, E. and Balcazar, J. L. and B{\'e}cares, E.} } @article {5812, title = {{Prevalence of Arcobacter species among humans, Belgium, 2008-2013.}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {1731{\textendash}1734}, author = {Anne M Van den Abeele and Vogelaers, Dirk and Van Hende, Johan and Houf, Kurt} } @article {14329, title = {Prevalence of {Arcobacter} species among humans, {Belgium}, 2008-2013.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {1731{\textendash}1734}, author = {Anne M Van den Abeele and Vogelaers, Dirk and Van Hende, Johan and Houf, Kurt} } @article {9380, title = {{Prevalence of Entamoeba species in captive primates in zoological gardens in the UK}}, journal = {PeerJ}, year = {2014}, pages = {2}, author = {Regan, CS and Yon, L and Hossain, M and Elsheikha, HM} } @article {1187, title = {Prevalence of human papillomaviruses in semen: a systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {Hum. Reprod}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {640-651}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Alphapapillomavirus Belgium CANADA cancer conflict contamination detection DNA EPIDEMIOLOGY Fertility GENOME Genotyping health human humans IF infectious Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous isolation \& purification methods MODEL Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections Population POPULATIONS prevalence PREVENTION prevention \& control Preventive Medicine Research Risk SAMPLES Science Semen SIZE SPECIMENS standards Support Tissue}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24365799}, author = {Laprise, C. and Trottier, H. and Monnier, P. and Coutlee, F. and Mayrand, M.H.} } @article {2803, title = {Prevalence of human papillomaviruses in semen: a systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {Hum. Reprod}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {640-651}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Alphapapillomavirus Belgium CANADA cancer conflict contamination detection DNA EPIDEMIOLOGY Fertility GENOME Genotyping health human humans IF infectious Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous isolation \& purification methods MODEL Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections Population POPULATIONS prevalence PREVENTION prevention \& control Preventive Medicine Research Risk SAMPLES Science Semen SIZE SPECIMENS standards Support Tissue}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24365799}, author = {Laprise, C. and Trottier, H. and Monnier, P. and Coutlee, F. and Mayrand, M.H.} } @article {248, title = {Prevalence of Rotavirus Diarrhea among Hospitalized Under-five Children}, journal = {Indian Pediatrics}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, note = {Times Cited: 1 1}, pages = {27-31}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0019-6061}, url = {://WOS:000330502900007}, author = {Mathew, M. A. and Paulose, Abraham and Chitralekha, S. and Nair, M. K. C. and Kang, Gagandeep and Kilgore, Paul} } @article {7362, title = {Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus and risk factors in rural areas of {Anhui} {Province}}, journal = {Rheumatology International}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {347{\textendash}356}, issn = {0172-8172, 1437-160X}, doi = {10.1007/s00296-013-2902-1}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00296-013-2902-1}, author = {Zou, Yan-Feng and Feng, Chen-Chen and Zhu, Ji-Min and Tao, Jin-Hui and Chen, Gui-Mei and Ye, Qian-Ling and Cen, Han and Leng, Rui-Xue and Pan, Fa-Ming and Pan, Hai-Feng and Li, Rui and Fan, Yin-Guang and Wang, Bin and Li, Xiang-Pei and Zhang, Feng-Yu and Ye, Dong-Qing} } @article {7412, title = {Primary {Drinking} {Water} {Source} and {Acute} {Gastrointestinal} {Illness}: {New} {Mexico}, 2007}, journal = {Water Quality, Exposure and Health}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, issn = {1876-1658, 1876-1666}, doi = {10.1007/s12403-014-0148-0}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12403-014-0148-0}, author = {Feinman, Shawna J. and Ryan, P. Barry and Toth, Barbara and Honey, Wayne A. and Gargano, Julia W.} } @article {3040, title = {Primary pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma accompanied by a hydatid cyst}, journal = {Respiratory Care}, volume = {59}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {e186{\textendash}189}, keywords = {Aged, B-Cell, Biopsy, Bronchoscopy, Diagnosis, Differential, Echinococcosis, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Lymphoma, Male, Marginal Zone, Pulmonary, Tomography, X-Ray Computed}, issn = {1943-3654}, doi = {10.4187/respcare.03113}, author = {G{\"o}ya, Cemil and Hamidi, Cihad and Cetin{\c c}akmak, Mehmet G{\"u}li and Hattapo{\u g}lu, Salih and Teke, Memik} } @mastersthesis {7106, title = {Principles for optimizing the scale of direct potable water reuse: {Economic} network modeling studies}, year = {2014}, note = {3681483}, school = {University of Miami}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The US National Research Council recently recommended direct potable water reuse (DPR), or potable water reuse without environmental buffer, for consideration to address rising US water demand. In addition, conveyance of wastewater and water to and from centralized treatment plants currently consumes on average four times the energy of treatment in the US. Moreover, scaling of DPR systems involves tradeoffs beyond those of treatment facility economy-of-scale versus cost and energy of conveyance. In particular, additional factors favoring distributed DPR include minimization of energy for upgradient distribution of treated water, and retention of wastewater thermal energy. Therefore, a network modeling study addressing the optimal scale of DPR plants, considering variability in population density and topography, is presented in this dissertation. First, information on the cost of unit treatment processes potentially useful for DPR versus system capacity is reviewed, converted to constant 2012 US dollars, and synthesized. A logarithmic variant of the Williams Law cost function is proposed as applicable over orders of magnitude of system capacity, for the subject processes: activated sludge, membrane bioreactor, coagulation/flocculation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, peroxone and granular activated carbon. Results are then demonstrated versus 10 DPR case studies. A generalized model of the cost of DPR water as a function of treatment plant scale, assuming futuristic, optimized conveyance networks, is then proposed for purposes of developing design principles. Fractal landscapes representing flat, hilly, and mountainous topographies were simulated, with urban, suburban, and rural housing distributions placed by modified preferential growth algorithm. Treatment plants were allocated by agglomerative hierarchical clustering, networked to buildings by minimum spanning tree. Simulation results indicate total DPR capital and operation \& maintenance (O\&M) costs, assuming new urban facilities with 20-year design life capable of mineralizing chemical oxygen demand to below detection limits, is competitive with current water/wastewater service costs at scales of ca. one plant per 10,000 residences. Costs for rural systems are high and dominated at most scales by the cost of capital for pipeline installation, while urban/suburban system cost is driven by a balance between pipeline installation and treatment equipment capital. The optimal scale of mineralizing DPR systems is projected to range widely in rural areas, and to range to service populations at least as small as 100 homes in suburban areas and 1000 residences in urban areas. Therefore, distributed DPR systems are recommended for consideration for municipal water and wastewater system capacity expansion projects, particularly in new construction zones. Finally, the proposed model is applied and demonstrated to evaluate the feasibility and optimal scale of DPR plants versus current plans for treatment capacity expansion in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Local data on the distribution of population and housing structures, and topography, were input, to evaluate four scenarios for the expansion service area: (a) proposed new wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and assumed new water treatment plant treating County-projected flow; (b) central DPR treating flow expected under generalized conditions; (c) central DPR treating County-projected flow; (d) optimal distributed DPR treating expected generalized flow; and (e) new central water and wastewater systems treating expected generalized flow. Results suggest that DPR systems which mineralize organics so as to essentially eliminate discharge of endocrine-disrupting compounds to the environment may represent a practical alternative in many applications. Total cost was minimized at a scale of 46 plants for the service population of 671,823(4,810 per plant). Though DPR capital cost is projected at approximately twice that of the current plan, the total unit cost of \$13.00/1000 gallons when added to O\&M costs is approximately 51\% higher than might be estimated for the current plan, and is less than reported for several major US cities and Florida municipalities. Overall, the model presented in this work confirms DPR as a potential water management alternative to address increasing water demand in the future, and presents an optimization approach that may be useful in planning studies. General design principals regarding the scale of DPR systems include the use of 100-10,000-home DPR systems in urban/suburban areas, and consideration of systems that return nutrients to agricultural sectors in rural areas.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Direct potable water reuse, Environmental engineering, Optimization, water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1655904952?accountid=14270}, author = {Guo, Tianjiao} } @article {6559, title = {Priority setting in global health: towards a minimum {DALY} value}, journal = {Health Economics}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {feb}, pages = {248{\textendash}252}, abstract = {Rational and analytic healthcare decision making employed by many national healthcare-funding bodies could also be expected from global health donors. Cost effectiveness analysis of healthcare investment options presents the effectiveness of a particular action in proportion to the resources required, and cost effectiveness thresholds, while somewhat arbitrary, define the level at which the investment can be considered value for money. Currently, cost effectiveness thresholds reflect the national budget context or willingness-to-pay, which is problematic when making cross-country comparisons. Defining a global minimum monetary value for the disability adjusted life year (DALY) would in effect set a global baseline cost effectiveness threshold. A global minimum DALY value would reflect a universal minimum value on human health, irrespective of a national provider{\textquoteright}s willingness or ability to pay. A minimum DALY value and associated threshold has both limitations and flaws but is justified on similar grounds to the Millennium Development Goals or the absolute poverty threshold and has the potential to radically improve transparency and efficiency of priority setting in global health.}, keywords = {cost effectiveness threshold, Cost-Benefit Analysis, DALY, Decision making, Global Health, Health Priorities, Humans, priority setting, Quality-Adjusted Life Years}, issn = {1099-1050}, doi = {10.1002/hec.2925}, author = {Drake, Tom} } @article {15246, title = {A probabilistic model of gastroenteritis risks associated with consumption of street food salads in {Kumasi}, {Ghana}: evaluation of methods to estimate pathogen dose from water, produce or food quality.}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {487}, year = {2014}, pages = {130{\textendash}142}, abstract = {With a rapidly growing urban population in Kumasi, Ghana, the consumption of street food is increasing. Raw salads, which often accompany street food dishes, are typically composed of perishable vegetables that are grown in close proximity to the city using poor quality water for irrigation. This study assessed the risk of gastroenteritis illness (caused by rotavirus, norovirus and Ascaris lumbricoides) associated with the consumption of street food salads using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). Three different risk assessment models were constructed, based on availability of microbial concentrations: 1) Water - starting from irrigation water quality, 2) Produce - starting from the quality of produce at market, and 3) Street - using microbial quality of street food salad. In the absence of viral concentrations, published ratios between faecal coliforms and viruses were used to estimate the quality of water, produce and salad, and annual disease burdens were determined. Rotavirus dominated the estimates of annual disease burden (\~{}10(-3)Disability Adjusted Life Years per person per year (DALYs pppy)), although norovirus also exceeded the 10(-4)DALY threshold for both Produce and Street models. The Water model ignored other on-farm and post-harvest sources of contamination and consistently produced lower estimates of risk; it likely underestimates disease burden and therefore is not recommended. Required log reductions of up to 5.3 (95th percentile) for rotavirus were estimated for the Street model, demonstrating that significant interventions are required to protect the health and safety of street food consumers in Kumasi. Estimates of virus concentrations were a significant source of model uncertainty and more data on pathogen concentrations is needed to refine QMRA estimates of disease burden.}, keywords = {drinking water, Drinking Water: parasitology, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: statistics \& numerical data, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Ghana, Ghana: epidemiology, Humans, Kumasi, Models, QMRA, Risk Assessment, Statistical, Vegetables, Vegetables: parasitology, Water quality}, author = {S F Barker and Amoah, Philip and Drechsel, Pay} } @article {13664, title = {{A probabilistic model of gastroenteritis risks associated with consumption of street food salads in Kumasi, Ghana: evaluation of methods to estimate pathogen dose from water, produce or food quality.}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {487}, year = {2014}, pages = {130{\textendash}142}, abstract = {

With a rapidly growing urban population in Kumasi, Ghana, the consumption of street food is increasing. Raw salads, which often accompany street food dishes, are typically composed of perishable vegetables that are grown in close proximity to the city using poor quality water for irrigation. This study assessed the risk of gastroenteritis illness (caused by rotavirus, norovirus and Ascaris lumbricoides) associated with the consumption of street food salads using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). Three different risk assessment models were constructed, based on availability of microbial concentrations: 1) Water - starting from irrigation water quality, 2) Produce - starting from the quality of produce at market, and 3) Street - using microbial quality of street food salad. In the absence of viral concentrations, published ratios between faecal coliforms and viruses were used to estimate the quality of water, produce and salad, and annual disease burdens were determined. Rotavirus dominated the estimates of annual disease burden ({\~{}}10(-3)Disability Adjusted Life Years per person per year (DALYs pppy)), although norovirus also exceeded the 10(-4)DALY threshold for both Produce and Street models. The Water model ignored other on-farm and post-harvest sources of contamination and consistently produced lower estimates of risk; it likely underestimates disease burden and therefore is not recommended. Required log reductions of up to 5.3 (95th percentile) for rotavirus were estimated for the Street model, demonstrating that significant interventions are required to protect the health and safety of street food consumers in Kumasi. Estimates of virus concentrations were a significant source of model uncertainty and more data on pathogen concentrations is needed to refine QMRA estimates of disease burden.

}, keywords = {drinking water, Drinking Water: parasitology, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: statistics {\&} numerical data, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Ghana, Ghana: epidemiology, Humans, Kumasi, Models, QMRA, Risk Assessment, Statistical, Vegetables, Vegetables: parasitology, Water quality}, author = {Barker, SF and Amoah, Philip and Drechsel, Pay} } @article {13622, title = {A probabilistic quantitative microbial risk assessment model of norovirus disease burden from wastewater irrigation of vegetables in Shepparton, Australia}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {54}, year = {2014}, pages = {347{\textendash}362}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {H F Mok and S F Barker and Hamilton, Andrew J} } @article {13683, title = {{A probabilistic quantitative microbial risk assessment model of norovirus disease burden from wastewater irrigation of vegetables in Shepparton, Australia.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {54}, year = {2014}, month = {may}, pages = {347{\textendash}62}, abstract = {Wastewater can be an important resource for water-scarce regions of the world, but a major barrier to its use is the associated health risk. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is a probabilistic modeling technique used to determine the health risks from wastewater reuse, but only a handful of QMRA studies have examined the norovirus health risks from consumption of vegetables irrigated with human wastewater, even though norovirus is a, if not the most, significant microbial cause of diarrheal disease world-wide. Furthermore, the majority of these studies have focused only on risks from lettuce consumption. To meet the knowledge gap in health risks for other vegetables, a QMRA model was constructed for agricultural wastewater irrigation in the regional city of Shepparton, Australia, using fecal shedding rates to estimate norovirus concentration in raw sewage. Annual norovirus disease burden was estimated for the consumption of lettuce, broccoli, cabbage, Asian vegetables, and cucumber after irrigation with treated wastewater. Results indicate that the waste stabilization pond treatment did not have sufficient virus removal to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold for acceptable level of risk for wastewater reuse, but addition of disinfection treatments provided acceptable results for consumption of cucumber and broccoli. This is the first QMRA study to incorporate virus accumulation from previous wastewater irrigation events.}, keywords = {Agricultural Irrigation, Australia, Caliciviridae Infections, Caliciviridae Infections: etiology, Cost of Illness, Humans, Models, Norovirus, Norovirus: physiology, QMRA, Risk Assessment, Seasons, Statistical, Vegetable, Vegetables, Vegetables: adverse effects, Virus, Waste Water, Waste Water: virology, wastewater, Water Purification}, author = {Mok, Hoi-Fei and S F Barker and Hamilton, Andrew J} } @article {15172, title = {A probabilistic quantitative microbial risk assessment model of norovirus disease burden from wastewater irrigation of vegetables in {Shepparton}, {Australia}}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {54}, year = {2014}, pages = {347{\textendash}362}, author = {Mok, Hoi-Fei and S F Barker and Hamilton, Andrew J} } @article {15265, title = {A probabilistic quantitative microbial risk assessment model of norovirus disease burden from wastewater irrigation of vegetables in {Shepparton}, {Australia}.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {54}, year = {2014}, month = {may}, pages = {347{\textendash}62}, abstract = {

Wastewater can be an important resource for water-scarce regions of the world, but a major barrier to its use is the associated health risk. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is a probabilistic modeling technique used to determine the health risks from wastewater reuse, but only a handful of QMRA studies have examined the norovirus health risks from consumption of vegetables irrigated with human wastewater, even though norovirus is a, if not the most, significant microbial cause of diarrheal disease world-wide. Furthermore, the majority of these studies have focused only on risks from lettuce consumption. To meet the knowledge gap in health risks for other vegetables, a QMRA model was constructed for agricultural wastewater irrigation in the regional city of Shepparton, Australia, using fecal shedding rates to estimate norovirus concentration in raw sewage. Annual norovirus disease burden was estimated for the consumption of lettuce, broccoli, cabbage, Asian vegetables, and cucumber after irrigation with treated wastewater. Results indicate that the waste stabilization pond treatment did not have sufficient virus removal to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold for acceptable level of risk for wastewater reuse, but addition of disinfection treatments provided acceptable results for consumption of cucumber and broccoli. This is the first QMRA study to incorporate virus accumulation from previous wastewater irrigation events.

}, keywords = {Agricultural Irrigation, Australia, Caliciviridae Infections, Caliciviridae Infections: etiology, Cost of Illness, Humans, Models, Norovirus, Norovirus: physiology, QMRA, Risk Assessment, Seasons, Statistical, Vegetable, Vegetables, Vegetables: adverse effects, Virus, Waste Water, Waste Water: virology, wastewater, Water Purification}, author = {H F Mok and S F Barker and Hamilton, Andrew J} } @booklet {3663, title = {Progress on {Sanitation} and {Drinking}-water, 2014 {Update}.}, year = {2014}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @booklet {3459, title = {{Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water, 2014 Update.}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @article {12550, title = {Proliferation of multidrug-resistant new delhi metallo-β-lactamase genes in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Northern China}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology LettersEnvironmental Science \& Technology Letters}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/01/14}, pages = {26-30}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Luo, Yi and Yang, Fengxia and Mathieu, Jacques and Mao, Daqing and Wang, Qing and Alvarez, P. J. J.} } @article {7686, title = {A prospective follow-up study on transmission of Campylobacter from poultry to abattoir workers}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {684-688}, author = {Ellstr{\"o}m, P and Hansson, I and S{\"o}derstr{\"o}m, C and Engvall, EO and Rautelin, H} } @book {12529, title = {Protocol for evaluating the permissiveness of bacterial communities toward conjugal plasmids by quantification and isolation of transconjugants}, series = {Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols}, number = {Springer Protocols Handbook}, year = {2014}, pages = {275-288}, publisher = {Humana Press}, organization = {Humana Press}, isbn = {3662504499}, author = {Kl{\"u}mper, Uli and Dechesne, Arnaud and Smets, Barth F} } @article {10220, title = {{Protozoan predation is differentially affected by motility of enteric pathogens in water vs. sediments}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {751{\textendash}760}, author = {Wanjugi, P and Harwood, VJ} } @article {11574, title = {{Pulmonary sparganosis mansoni: a case report from a non-endemic region}}, journal = {Journal of Thoracic Disease}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {120{\textendash}124}, author = {Cheng, K and Gao, B and Liu, J and Xu, J} } @article {10422, title = {Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Hepatitis A Virus in Wastewaters in Tunisia}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {246-52}, author = {B{\'e}ji-Hamza, A. and Kh{\'e}lifi-Gharbi, H. and Hassine-Zaafrane, M. and S Della Libera and Iaconelli, M. and Muscillo, M. and Petricca, S. and Ciccaglione, AR and Bruni, R. and Taffon, S. and Equestre, M. and Aouni, M. and La Rosa, G.} } @booklet {12597, title = {Quality environmental research for evidence-based policy}, year = {2014}, publisher = {European Commission DG Environment}, address = {Science Communication Unit, University of the West of England, Bristol }, author = {Science for Environment Policy,} } @article {17280, title = {Quantification and characterization of Salmonella spp. isolates in sewage sludge with potential usage in agriculture}, journal = {Bmc MicrobiologyBmc Microbiology}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, month = {Oct 22}, isbn = {1471-2180}, author = {Krzyzanowski, Flavio, Jr. and Zappelini, Lincohn and Martone-Rocha, Solange and Dropa, Milena and Matte, Maria Helena and Nacache, Flavia and Pepe Razzolini, Maria Tereza} } @article {1668, title = {Quantification and genetic analysis of salivirus/klassevirus in wastewater in Arizona, USA}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, note = {Kitajima, Masaaki Iker, Brandon C Rachmadi, Andri T Haramoto, Eiji Gerba, Charles P eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2014/05/28 06:00 Food Environ Virol. 2014 Sep;6(3):213-6. doi: 10.1007/s12560-014-9148-2. Epub 2014 May 27.}, pages = {213-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Salivirus/klassevirus sequences were identified in 7 (15\%) wastewater samples collected in Arizona monthly for a year, with the highest concentration of 2.28 x 10(5) and 2.46 x 10(4) copies/L in influent and effluent, respectively. This is the first report of quantification and genetic analysis of salivirus/klassevirus in water samples in the United States.}, keywords = {Arizona Base Sequence Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Picornaviridae/classification/*genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification Waste Water/*virology}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9148-2}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24863500}, author = {Kitajima, M. and Iker, B. C. and Rachmadi, A. T. and Haramoto, E. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {17370, title = {Quantification of Salmonella Typhi in water and sediments by molecular-beacon based qPCR}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safetyEcotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {108}, year = {2014}, pages = {58-64}, isbn = {0147-6513}, author = {Rani, Neetika and Vajpayee, Poornima and Bhatti, Saurabh and Singh, Smriti and Shanker, Rishi and Gupta, Kailash Chand} } @article {12352, title = {Quantitative and qualitative impact of hospital effluent on dissemination of the integron pool}, journal = {The ISME Journal}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {Apr}, pages = {768-77}, edition = {2013/10/25}, isbn = {1751-7370 (Electronic)
1751-7362 (Linking)}, author = {Stalder, T. and Barraud, O. and Jove, T. and Casellas, M. and Gaschet, M. and Dagot, C. and Ploy, M. C.} } @article {10976, title = {A {Quantitative} {Assessment} {Method} for {Ascaris} {Eggs} on {Hands}}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {may}, pages = {e96731}, abstract = {The importance of hands in the transmission of soil transmitted helminths, especially Ascaris and Trichuris infections, is under-researched. This is partly because of the absence of a reliable method to quantify the number of eggs on hands. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a method to assess the number of Ascaris eggs on hands and determine the egg recovery rate of the method. Under laboratory conditions, hands were seeded with a known number of Ascaris eggs, air dried and washed in a plastic bag retaining the washing water, in order to determine recovery rates of eggs for four different detergents (cationic [benzethonium chloride 0.1\% and cetylpyridinium chloride CPC 0.1\%], anionic [7X 1\% - quadrafos, glycol ether, and dioctyl sulfoccinate sodium salt] and non-ionic [Tween80 0.1\% -polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate]) and two egg detection methods (McMaster technique and FLOTAC). A modified concentration McMaster technique showed the highest egg recovery rate from bags. Two of the four diluted detergents (benzethonium chloride 0.1\% and 7X 1\%) also showed a higher egg recovery rate and were then compared with de-ionized water for recovery of helminth eggs from hands. The highest recovery rate (95.6\%) was achieved with a hand rinse performed with 7X 1\%. Washing hands with de-ionized water resulted in an egg recovery rate of 82.7\%. This washing method performed with a low concentration of detergent offers potential for quantitative investigation of contamination of hands with Ascaris eggs and of their role in human infection. Follow-up studies are needed that validate the hand washing method under field conditions, e.g. including people of different age, lower levels of contamination and various levels of hand cleanliness.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0096731}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096731}, author = {Jeandron, Aurelie and Ensink, Jeroen H. J. and Thamsborg, Stig M. and Dalsgaard, Anders and Sengupta, Mita E.} } @article {7018, title = {Quantitative assessment of infection risk from exposure to waterborne pathogens in urban floodwater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {48}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {90{\textendash}99}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.022}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135413007148}, author = {de Man, H. and van den Berg, H.H.J.L. and Leenen, E.J.T.M. and Schijven, J.F. and Schets, F.M. and van der Vliet, J.C. and van Knapen, F. and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {14750, title = {Quantitative detection of human enteric adenoviruses in river water by microfluidic digital polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {70}, year = {2014}, pages = {555{\textendash}60}, abstract = {We describe an assay for simple and accurate quantification of human enteric adenoviruses (EAdVs) in water samples using a recently developed quantification method named microfluidic digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR). The assay is based on automatic distribution of reaction mixture into a large number of nanolitre-volume reaction chambers and absolute copy number quantification from the number of chambers containing amplification products on the basis of Poisson statistics. This assay allows absolute quantification of target genes without the use of standard DNA. Concentrations of EAdVs in Japanese river water samples were successfully quantified by the developed dPCR assay. The EAdVs were detected in seven of the 10 samples (1 L each), and the concentration ranged from 420 to 2,700 copies/L. The quantified values closely resemble those by most probable number (MPN)-PCR and real-time PCR when standard DNA was validated by dPCR whereas they varied substantially when the standard was not validated. Accuracy and sensitivity of the dPCR was higher than those of real-time PCR and MPN-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has successfully quantified enteric viruses in river water using dPCR. This method will contribute to better understanding of existence of viruses in water.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Adenoviruses, Fresh Water/*microbiology, Human/*isolation \& purification, Intestines/virology, Microfluidics/*methods, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Rivers}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2014.262}, author = {Kishida, N. and Noda, N. and Haramoto, E. and Kawaharasaki, M. and Akiba, M. and Sekiguchi, Y.} } @article {15019, title = {Quantitative detection of human enteric adenoviruses in river water by microfluidic digital polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {70}, year = {2014}, pages = {555{\textendash}60}, abstract = {We describe an assay for simple and accurate quantification of human enteric adenoviruses (EAdVs) in water samples using a recently developed quantification method named microfluidic digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR). The assay is based on automatic distribution of reaction mixture into a large number of nanolitre-volume reaction chambers and absolute copy number quantification from the number of chambers containing amplification products on the basis of Poisson statistics. This assay allows absolute quantification of target genes without the use of standard DNA. Concentrations of EAdVs in Japanese river water samples were successfully quantified by the developed dPCR assay. The EAdVs were detected in seven of the 10 samples (1 L each), and the concentration ranged from 420 to 2,700 copies/L. The quantified values closely resemble those by most probable number (MPN)-PCR and real-time PCR when standard DNA was validated by dPCR whereas they varied substantially when the standard was not validated. Accuracy and sensitivity of the dPCR was higher than those of real-time PCR and MPN-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has successfully quantified enteric viruses in river water using dPCR. This method will contribute to better understanding of existence of viruses in water.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Adenoviruses, Fresh Water/*microbiology, Human/*isolation \& purification, Intestines/virology, Microfluidics/*methods, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Rivers}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2014.262}, author = {Kishida, N. and Noda, N. and Haramoto, E. and Kawaharasaki, M. and Akiba, M. and Sekiguchi, Y.} } @book {15237, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment}, year = {2014}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.}, edition = {2}, address = {New Jersey}, keywords = {QMRA, Risk Assessment, wastewater}, isbn = {978-1-118-14529-6}, author = {Haas, N. Charles and Rose, B. Joan and Gerba, P. Charles} } @book {16685, title = {Quantitative {Microbial} {Risk} {Assessment}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {John Wiley}, organization = {John Wiley}, author = {Haas, C. N., J. B. Rose and Gerba, C. P.} } @book {13655, title = {{Quantitative microbial risk assessment}}, year = {2014}, pages = {1{\textendash}404}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc.}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc.}, edition = {2}, address = {New Jersey}, keywords = {QMRA, Risk Assessment, wastewater}, isbn = {978-1118145296}, author = {Haas, NC and Rose, JB and Gerba, PC} } @book {14647, title = {Quantitative {Microbial} {Risk} {Assessment}, 2nd {Edition}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {Wiley}, address = {New York}, author = {Haas, C. N. and Rose, J. B. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {4169, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment related to urban wastewater and lagoon water reuse in Abidjan, C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, year = {2014}, pages = {301{\textendash}309}, author = {Yapo, RI and Kon{\'e}, B and Bonfoh, B and Ciss{\'e}, G and Zinsstag, J and Nguyen-Viet, {\`\i} H} } @article {15236, title = {A {Quantitative} {Risk} {Assessment} of {Verotoxigenic} {E}. coli ({VTEC}) in {Private} {Groundwater} {Sources} in the {Republic} of {Ireland}}, journal = {Human and Ecological Risk Assessment}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {1446{\textendash}1468}, abstract = {Based on the sampling of 262 private domestic wells in Ireland, mainly located inHigh/Extremevulnerability areas, a quantitative model was developed for prediction of gastrointestinal infection risk attributable to verotoxigenicE. coli(VTEC) contamination of private wells in Ireland. Models are based on maximum likelihoods and predict an overall crude incidence rate of 28.3/100,000 well users per annum; approximately 5-6 times higher than crude incidence rates reported within the Irish population and up to 40 times higher than the current EU mean. Predicted crude incidence rates (CIR) of 21.6/100,000 and 88.7/100,000 were associated with borehole and hand-dug wells users, respectively, with predicted annual probabilities of 0.1\% and 0.17\%, respectively. Predicted annual infection risks associated with both (untreated) well types exceed the USEPA acceptable target of {\textbackslash}textless1 infection/10,000 consumers/year. Where treatment systems are employed, models predict that a relatively small pathogen log reduction is necessary to meet health targets. Sensitivity analyses indicate that pathogen loading and dose-response are the input variables with the greatest contribution to model outputs. Using a more conservative assumption for pathogen contribution ratio, models predict a lower annual CIR of 5.56/100,000. Due to limitations in inherent assumptions, model results, while useful, should be treated with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]}, keywords = {E. coli, Groundwater, infection, Ireland, Microbial risk assessment, QMRA}, issn = {15497860}, doi = {10.1080/10807039.2013.862065}, author = {Hynds, Paul D. and Gill, Laurence W. and Misstear, Bruce D.} } @article {13654, title = {{A Quantitative Risk Assessment of Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) in Private Groundwater Sources in the Republic of Ireland}}, journal = {Human and Ecological Risk Assessment}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {1446{\textendash}1468}, abstract = {Based on the sampling of 262 private domestic wells in Ireland, mainly located inHigh/Extremevulnerability areas, a quantitative model was developed for prediction of gastrointestinal infection risk attributable to verotoxigenicE. coli(VTEC) contamination of private wells in Ireland. Models are based on maximum likelihoods and predict an overall crude incidence rate of 28.3/100,000 well users per annum; approximately 5-6~times higher than crude incidence rates reported within the Irish population and up to 40~times higher than the current EU mean. Predicted crude incidence rates (CIR) of 21.6/100,000 and 88.7/100,000 were associated with borehole and hand-dug wells users, respectively, with predicted annual probabilities of 0.1{\%} and 0.17{\%}, respectively. Predicted annual infection risks associated with both (untreated) well types exceed the USEPA acceptable target of {\textless}1 infection/10,000 consumers/year. Where treatment systems are employed, models predict that a relatively small pathogen log reduction is necessary to meet health targets. Sensitivity analyses indicate that pathogen loading and dose-response are the input variables with the greatest contribution to model outputs. Using a more conservative assumption for pathogen contribution ratio, models predict a lower annual CIR of 5.56/100,000. Due to limitations in inherent assumptions, model results, while useful, should be treated with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]}, keywords = {E. coli, Groundwater, infection, Ireland, Microbial risk assessment, QMRA}, isbn = {1080-7039}, issn = {15497860}, doi = {10.1080/10807039.2013.862065}, author = {Hynds, Paul D. and Gill, Laurence W. and Misstear, Bruce D.} } @article {13209, title = {Quorum sensing activity of Aeromonas caviae strain YL12, a bacterium isolated from compost}, journal = {Sensors (Basel).}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, pages = {7026-7040}, doi = {10.3390/s140407026}, author = {Lim, Y. L. and Ee, R. and Yin, W. F. and Chan, K. G.} } @article {2005, title = {A rare case of urinary balantidiasis in an elderly renal failure patient}, journal = {Tropical Parasitology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {47}, isbn = {2229-5070}, author = {Karuna, T and Khadanga, S} } @article {3077, title = {Real time {PCR} to detect the environmental faecal contamination by {Echinococcus} multilocularis from red fox stools}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {201}, number = {1-2}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {40{\textendash}47}, abstract = {The oncosphere stage of Echinococcus multilocularis in red fox stools can lead, after ingestion, to the development of alveolar echinococcosis in the intermediate hosts, commonly small mammals and occasionally humans. Monitoring animal infection and environmental contamination is a key issue in public health surveillance. We developed a quantitative real-time PCR technique (qPCR) to detect and quantify E. multilocularis DNA released in fox faeces. A qPCR technique using a hydrolysis probe targeting part of the mitochondrial gene rrnL was assessed on (i) a reference collection of stools from 57 necropsied foxes simultaneously investigated using the segmental sedimentation and counting technique (SSCT) (29 positive for E. multilocularis worms and 28 negative animals for the parasite); (ii) a collection of 114 fox stools sampled in the field: two sets of 50 samples from contrasted endemic regions in France and 14 from an E. multilocularis-free area (Greenland). Of the negative SSCT controls, 26/28 were qPCR-negative and two were weakly positive. Of the positive SSCT foxes, 25/29 samples were found to be positive by qPCR. Of the field samples, qPCR was positive in 21/50 (42\%) and 5/48 (10.4\%) stools (2 samples inhibited), originating respectively from high and low endemic areas. In faeces, averages of 0.1 pg/μl of DNA in the Jura area and 0.7 pg/μl in the Sa{\^o}ne-et-Loire area were detected. All qPCR-positive samples were confirmed by sequencing. The qPCR technique developed here allowed us to quantify environmental E. multilocularis contamination by fox faeces by studying the infectious agent directly. No previous study had performed this test in a one-step reaction.}, keywords = {Animals, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Environmental contamination, Environmental monitoring, Feces, Fox faeces, Foxes, QPCR, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, SSCT, Vulpes vulpes}, issn = {1873-2550}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.023}, author = {Knapp, Jenny and Millon, Laurence and Mouzon, Lorane and Umhang, G{\'e}rald and Raoul, Francis and Ali, Zeinaba Said and Combes, Beno{\^\i}t and Comte, S{\'e}bastien and Gbaguidi-Haore, Houssein and Grenouillet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Giraudoux, Patrick} } @article {2181, title = {{Recent progress towards development of a Shigella vaccine}}, journal = {Expert Review of Vaccines}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {The burden of dysentery due to shigellosis among children in the developing world is still a major concern. A safe and efficacious vaccine against this disease is a priority, since no licensed vaccine is available. This review provides an update of vaccine achievements focusing on subunit vaccine strategies and the forthcoming strategies surrounding this approach. In particular, this review explores several aspects of the pathogenesis of shigellosis and the elicited immune response as being the basis of vaccine requirements. The use of appropriate Shigella antigens, together with the right adjuvants, may offer safety, efficacy and more convenient delivery methods for massive worldwide vaccination campaigns.}, keywords = {adjuvants, mucosal delivery, Nanoparticles, Shigella, subunit vaccines}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1586/erv.12.135?journalCode=ierv20}, author = {Ana I Camacho and Juan M Irache and Gamazo, Carlos} } @article {13949, title = {Recent progress towards development of a {Shigella} vaccine}, journal = {Expert Review of Vaccines}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, abstract = {The burden of dysentery due to shigellosis among children in the developing world is still a major concern. A safe and efficacious vaccine against this disease is a priority, since no licensed vaccine is available. This review provides an update of vaccine achievements focusing on subunit vaccine strategies and the forthcoming strategies surrounding this approach. In particular, this review explores several aspects of the pathogenesis of shigellosis and the elicited immune response as being the basis of vaccine requirements. The use of appropriate Shigella antigens, together with the right adjuvants, may offer safety, efficacy and more convenient delivery methods for massive worldwide vaccination campaigns.}, keywords = {adjuvants, mucosal delivery, Nanoparticles, Shigella, subunit vaccines}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1586/erv.12.135?journalCode=ierv20}, author = {Ana I Camacho and Juan M Irache and Gamazo, Carlos} } @mastersthesis {6551, title = {Reconfiguring the city in the global {South}: rationalities, techniques and subjectivities in the local governance of energy}, year = {2014}, note = {U618480}, school = {University of Durham (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}![CDATA[Debates around climate change and resource security are reshaping the way cities conceive and develop their infrastructures. Electricity systems play a key role in this transformation, as cities across the world set out to implement local energy strategies via decentralised and low carbon energy systems. Such transformation is of particular relevance for cities in the global South, where rapid economic growth and an increase in energy consumption coexist with acute social needs and unmet infrastructure provision. Through a comparative study of two cities (Thane, in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India, and S{\~a}o Paulo, in Brazil) this thesis evaluates the way in which public and private stakeholders are implementing a new form of local energy generation through the use of domestic solar hot water (SHW) systems as a mechanism for reducing electricity consumption. By focusing on the governing mechanisms involved in scaling-up solar technologies and the ways by which these are mobilised to serve contrasting interests in the city, the thesis examines the emerging local governance of energy in the global South. The thesis uses Foucault{\textquestiondown}s analytics of governmentality as a conceptual tool aimed at unpacking the different ways by which energy in the city, in its material and socio-political formations, is thought of, mobilised, and transformed. Through a combination of interviews, site visits, and ethnographic techniques, it examines how this transformation in urban infrastructures is changing the manner in which energy is governed, the spatial and socio-political implications of this transformation, and the way in which the material dimensions of SHW systems influence the transformation process. The thesis discusses the governmental rationales involved in the making of a local governance of energy, the key governmental techniques involved in operationalizing a solar energy regime, and the multiple ways in which energy subjects are imagined within this process.]]{\textgreater}}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU618480, 0999:Urban planning, Bibliographies, http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10606/, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1651909136?accountid=14270}, author = {LuqueAyala, Andres Eduardo} } @article {12988, title = {Reconnaissance of 47 antibiotics and associated microbial risks in seafood sold in the United States}, journal = {J. Hazard. Mater.}, year = {2014}, pages = {10-17}, author = {Done, H.Y. and Halden, R.U} } @article {4712, title = {{Recovery of Cyclospora cayetanensis among asymptomatic rural Thai schoolchildren}}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {119{\textendash}123}, author = {Thima, K and Mori, H and Praevanit, R and Mongkhonmu, S and Waikagul, J and Watthanakulpanich, D} } @article {11698, title = {{Recurred Sparganosis 1 Year after Surgical Removal of a Sparganum in a Korean Woman}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {75{\textendash}78}, abstract = {

Sparganosis, an infection due to the plerocercoid of Spirometra erinacei, are found worldwide but the majority of cases occur in East Asia including Korea. This report is on a recurred case of sparganosis in the subcutaneous tissue of the right lower leg 1 year after a surgical removal of a worm from a similar region. At admission, ultrasonography {\{}(USG){\}} of the lesion strongly suggested sparganosis, and a worm was successfully removed which turned out to be a sparganum with scolex. Since sparganum has a variable life span, and may develop into a life-threatening severe case, a patient once diagnosed as sparganosis should be properly followed-up for a certain period of time. Although imaging modalities were useful for the diagnosis of sparganosis as seen in this case, serological test such as {\{}ELISA{\}} should also be accompanied so as to support the preoperative diagnosis.

}, issn = {0023-4001}, doi = {10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.75}, author = {Lee, Young-Il and Seo, Min and Park, Hyun-Woo} } @article {8699, title = {{Reduction and characterization of bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment station via ventilation}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Sciences (China)}, volume = {26}, year = {2014}, pages = {1575{\textendash}1583}, abstract = {Bioaerosols from wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. In the present study, airborne microorganisms generated from a wastewater treatment station (WWTS) that uses an oxidation ditch process were diminished by ventilation. Conventional sampling and detection methods combined with cloning/sequencing techniques were applied to determine the groups, concentrations, size distributions, and species diversity of airborne microorganisms before and after ventilation. There were 3021??537CFU/m3 of airborne bacteria and 926??132CFU/m3 of airborne fungi present in the WWTS bioaerosol. Results showed that the ventilation reduced airborne microorganisms significantly compared to the air in the WWTS. Over 60{\%} of airborne bacteria and airborne fungi could be reduced after 4hr of air exchange. The highest removal (92.1{\%} for airborne bacteria and 89.1{\%} for fungi) was achieved for 0.65-1.1??m sized particles. The bioaerosol particles over 4.7??m were also reduced effectively. Large particles tended to be lost by gravitational settling and small particles were generally carried away, which led to the relatively easy reduction of bioaerosol particles 0.65-1.1??m and over 4.7??m in size. An obvious variation occurred in the structure of the bacterial communities when ventilation was applied to control the airborne microorganisms in enclosed spaces. ?? 2014.}, keywords = {Bioaerosols, Clone library, Genetic, Vertical oxidation ditch, Wastewater treatment station}, issn = {10010742}, doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2014.06.001}, author = {Guo, Xuesong and Wu, Pianpian and Ding, Wenjie and Zhang, Weiyi and Li, Lin} } @article {6380, title = {Reflections on the development of health economics in low- and middle-income countries}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society}, volume = {281}, number = {1789}, year = {2014}, month = {aug}, pages = {20140451}, abstract = {Health economics is a relatively new discipline, though its antecedents can be traced back to William Petty FRS (1623-1687). In high-income countries, the academic discipline and scientific literature have grown rapidly since the 1960s. In low- and middle-income countries, the growth of health economics has been strongly influenced by trends in health policy, especially among the international and bilateral agencies involved in supporting health sector development. Valuable and influential research has been done in areas such as cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis, financing of healthcare, healthcare provision, and health systems analysis, but there has been insufficient questioning of the relevance of theories and policy recommendations in the rich world literature to the circumstances of poorer countries. Characteristics such as a country{\textquoteright}s economic structure, strength of political and social institutions, management capacity, and dependence on external agencies, mean that theories and models cannot necessarily be transferred between settings. Recent innovations in the health economics literature on low- and middle-income countries indicate how health economics can be shaped to provide more relevant advice for policy. For this to be taken further, it is critical that such countries develop stronger capacity for health economics within their universities and research institutes, with greater local commitment of funding.}, keywords = {20th Century, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Delivery of Health Care, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, economics, Health Economics, Health Policy, Health systems, Healthcare Financing, History, Humans, Income, low- and middle-income countries, Medical, Socioeconomic Factors}, issn = {1471-2954}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2014.0451}, author = {Mills, Anne} } @mastersthesis {6240, title = {A regional comparison of the structure and function of benthic macroinvertebrate communities within {Precambrian} {Shield} and {St}. {Lawrence} lowland lakes in south-central {Ontario}}, year = {2014}, note = {MR95875}, school = {Trent University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Benthic macroinvertebrtes (BMI) are functionally important in aquatic ecosystems; as such, knowledge of their community structure and function is critical for understanding these systems. BMI were sampled from ten lakes in each of two regions of south-central Ontario to investigate which chemical and physical variables could be shaping their community structure and function. Ten Precambrian Shield lakes in the Muskoka-Haliburton region, and ten St Lawrence lowland lakes in the Kawartha lakes region were sampled. These lakes are geologically and chemically distinct, creating natural chemical and physical gradients within and between both regions. Community function was assessed using stable isotope analysis to elucidate carbon transfer dynamics (δ 13 C) and food web interactions (δ15 N). It was predicted that the BMI from Shield lakes would have a δ13 C signature indicative of allochthonous carbon subsidies, whereas the lowland lake BMI signatures would reflect autochthonous production. Additionally, it was predicted that the food web length (measured in δ15 N units) would be different in Shield and lowland lakes. Both of these predictions were supported; however, the data indicate that δ13 C signatures are more likely influenced by catchment geology (represented by bicarbonate concentration) than the extent of allochthony. The best predictor of food web length was found to be region. To assess BMI community structure, taxonomic richness, \%EPT (\% Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera; a water quality index), and distribution of functional feeding groups were examined. Based on chemistry it was expected that the Shield lakes would be more speciose, and of greater water quality (relatively lower nutrient levels). These predictions were rejected; since there were no significant regional differences in taxonomic richness or biologically inferred water quality (\%EPT). However, sediment size was found to best explain the variability in both metrics, with greater richness and \%EPT found at sites with medium and small substrates than those with large substrates. Significant regional differences were found in the distribution of functional feeding groups. Most notably, there were significantly greater proportions of scrapers and shredders in the lowland and Shield lakes, respectively. Based on the feeding mechanisms of these invertebrates it can be inferred that allochthonous subsidies are likely of greater importance to Shield lake BMI communities than those of the lowland lakes; supporting the carbon transfer prediction. These findings provide insight about the structure and function of BMI communities from two dominant lake types in Ontario, and could be useful when determining how future chemical and physical changes will impact these communities.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0425:Biogeochemistry, 0793:Limnology, Benthic macroinvertebrates, Biogeochemistry, Biological sciences, Community function, Community structure, Earth sciences, Ecology, Limnology, Precambrian Shield, St. Lawrence lowlands, Stable isotopes}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1501432018?accountid=14270}, author = {Burke, Samantha M.} } @article {1984, title = {Reisolation and redescription of Balantidium duodeni Stein, 1867 (Litostomatea, Trichostomatia)}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {113}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/09/04}, pages = {4207-4215}, isbn = {0932-0113
1432-1955}, author = {Chistyakova, LV and Kostygov, AY and Kornilova, OA and Yurchenko, V} } @article {2442, title = {{Relationship among Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and their differentiation.}}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Microbiology : [Publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {1131{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Shigellosis produces inflammatory reactions and ulceration on the intestinal epithelium followed by bloody or mucoid diarrhea. It is caused by enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) as well as any species of the genus Shigella, namely, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei. This current species designation of Shigella does not specify genetic similarity. Shigella spp. could be easily differentiated from E. coli, but difficulties observed for the EIEC-Shigella differentiation as both show similar biochemical traits and can cause dysentery using the same mode of invasion. Sequencing of multiple housekeeping genes indicates that Shigella has derived on several different occasions via acquisition of the transferable forms of ancestral virulence plasmids within commensal E. coli and form a Shigella-EIEC pathovar. EIEC showed lower expression of virulence genes compared to Shigella, hence EIEC produce less severe disease than Shigella spp. Conventional microbiological techniques often lead to confusing results concerning the discrimination between EIEC and Shigella spp. The lactose permease gene (lacY) is present in all E. coli strains but absent in Shigella spp., whereas $\beta$-glucuronidase gene (uidA) is present in both E. coli and Shigella spp. Thus uidA gene and lacY gene based duplex real-time PCR assay could be used for easy identification and differentiation of Shigella spp. from E. coli and in particular EIEC.

}, issn = {1678-4405}, author = {Ud-Din, Abu and Wahid, Syeda} } @article {14256, title = {Relationship among {Shigella} spp. and enteroinvasive {Escherichia} coli ({EIEC}) and their differentiation.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {jan}, pages = {1131{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Shigellosis produces inflammatory reactions and ulceration on the intestinal epithelium followed by bloody or mucoid diarrhea. It is caused by enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) as well as any species of the genus Shigella, namely, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei. This current species designation of Shigella does not specify genetic similarity. Shigella spp. could be easily differentiated from E. coli, but difficulties observed for the EIEC-Shigella differentiation as both show similar biochemical traits and can cause dysentery using the same mode of invasion. Sequencing of multiple housekeeping genes indicates that Shigella has derived on several different occasions via acquisition of the transferable forms of ancestral virulence plasmids within commensal E. coli and form a Shigella-EIEC pathovar. EIEC showed lower expression of virulence genes compared to Shigella, hence EIEC produce less severe disease than Shigella spp. Conventional microbiological techniques often lead to confusing results concerning the discrimination between EIEC and Shigella spp. The lactose permease gene (lacY) is present in all E. coli strains but absent in Shigella spp., whereas β-glucuronidase gene (uidA) is present in both E. coli and Shigella spp. Thus uidA gene and lacY gene based duplex real-time PCR assay could be used for easy identification and differentiation of Shigella spp. from E. coli and in particular EIEC.}, issn = {1678-4405}, author = {Abu Ud Din and Wahid, Syeda} } @article {211, title = {Relationship between viral detection and turbidity in a watershed contaminated with group A rotavirus}, journal = {Environ Sci Pollut Res Int}, year = {2014}, note = {1614-7499 Assis, Andressa Silvino Ferreira Cruz, Lucas Taffarel Ferreira, Aline Siqueira Bessa, Martha Eunice de Oliveira Pinto, Miriam Aparecida Vieira, Carmen Baur Otenio, Marcelo Henrique Miagostovich, Marize Pereira da Rosa E Silva, Maria Luzia Journal article Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014 Dec 4.}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Enteric viruses are present in aquatic environments due to contamination by raw sewage, even in the absence of fecal coliforms, which are considered to be significant indicators when it comes to microbial water quality assessment. This study investigated the presence of group A rotavirus (RVA) in surface water from a river basin in Minas Gerais, Brazil, assessing the influence of the urbanization, the rainfall, and the microbiological and physico-chemical parameters regarding water quality. Forty-eight surface water samples collected in urbanized and non-urbanized areas, both in dry and rainy periods, were obtained throughout the study. The viral particles were concentrated by adsorption-elution in a negatively charged membrane. Fecal coliforms, as well as physico-chemical water parameters were determined at each point in all collections. The RVA was detected in 62.5 \% (30/48) of the water samples through a real-time PCR assay. All the sequenced RVA strains belonged to genotype I1. The RVA was detected in 50.0 \% (11/22) of the water samples regarded as being acceptable by current microbiological standards. The presence of the RVA and the viral load were influenced by the collection area (p < 0.05). It was also observed a significant association between the RVA and detecting the turbidity of water (p < 0.05). The collected data showed a high level of contamination in this watershed by the discharge of raw sewage, highlighting the need for urgent measures to improve water quality, ensuring the safe use of this matrix.}, issn = {0944-1344}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-014-3874-8}, url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/787/art\%253A10.1007\%252Fs11356-014-3874-8.pdf?auth66=1418778764_013a803beaa9044f4c251b74cc402d9a\&ext=.pdf}, author = {Assis, A. S. and Cruz, L. T. and Ferreira, A. S. and Bessa, M. E. and de Oliveira Pinto, M. A. and Vieira, C. B. and Otenio, M. H. and Miagostovich, M. P. and da Rosa, E. Silva M. L.} } @article {212, title = {Relationship between viral detection and turbidity in a watershed contaminated with group A rotavirus}, journal = {Environ Sci Pollut Res Int}, year = {2014}, note = {1614-7499 Assis, Andressa Silvino Ferreira Cruz, Lucas Taffarel Ferreira, Aline Siqueira Bessa, Martha Eunice de Oliveira Pinto, Miriam Aparecida Vieira, Carmen Baur Otenio, Marcelo Henrique Miagostovich, Marize Pereira da Rosa E Silva, Maria Luzia Journal article Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014 Dec 4.}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Enteric viruses are present in aquatic environments due to contamination by raw sewage, even in the absence of fecal coliforms, which are considered to be significant indicators when it comes to microbial water quality assessment. This study investigated the presence of group A rotavirus (RVA) in surface water from a river basin in Minas Gerais, Brazil, assessing the influence of the urbanization, the rainfall, and the microbiological and physico-chemical parameters regarding water quality. Forty-eight surface water samples collected in urbanized and non-urbanized areas, both in dry and rainy periods, were obtained throughout the study. The viral particles were concentrated by adsorption-elution in a negatively charged membrane. Fecal coliforms, as well as physico-chemical water parameters were determined at each point in all collections. The RVA was detected in 62.5 \% (30/48) of the water samples through a real-time PCR assay. All the sequenced RVA strains belonged to genotype I1. The RVA was detected in 50.0 \% (11/22) of the water samples regarded as being acceptable by current microbiological standards. The presence of the RVA and the viral load were influenced by the collection area (p < 0.05). It was also observed a significant association between the RVA and detecting the turbidity of water (p < 0.05). The collected data showed a high level of contamination in this watershed by the discharge of raw sewage, highlighting the need for urgent measures to improve water quality, ensuring the safe use of this matrix.}, issn = {0944-1344}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-014-3874-8}, url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/787/art\%253A10.1007\%252Fs11356-014-3874-8.pdf?auth66=1421006878_94e12e5950fa86d7697830c881ca853f\&ext=.pdf}, author = {Assis, A. S. and Cruz, L. T. and Ferreira, A. S. and Bessa, M. E. and de Oliveira Pinto, M. A. and Vieira, C. B. and Otenio, M. H. and Miagostovich, M. P. and da Rosa, E. Silva M. L.} } @article {15420, title = {The relationship between water, sanitation and schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, month = {Dec}, pages = {e3296}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Access to "safe" water and "adequate" sanitation are emphasized as important measures for schistosomiasis control. Indeed, the schistosomes{\textquoteright} lifecycles suggest that their transmission may be reduced through safe water and adequate sanitation. However, the evidence has not previously been compiled in a systematic review. METHODOLOGY: We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting schistosome infection rates in people who do or do not have access to safe water and adequate sanitation. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 31 December 2013, without restrictions on year of publication or language. Studies{\textquoteright} titles and abstracts were screened by two independent assessors. Papers deemed of interest were read in full and appropriate studies included in the meta-analysis. Publication bias was assessed through the visual inspection of funnel plots and through Egger{\textquoteright}s test. Heterogeneity of datasets within the meta-analysis was quantified using Higgins{\textquoteright} I2. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Safe water supplies were associated with significantly lower odds of schistosomiasis (odds ratio (OR) = 0.53, 95\% confidence interval (CI): 0.47-0.61). Adequate sanitation was associated with lower odds of Schistosoma mansoni, (OR = 0.59, 95\% CI: 0.47-0.73) and Schistosoma haematobium (OR = 0.69, 95\% CI: 0.57-0.84). Included studies were mainly cross-sectional and quality was largely poor. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that increasing access to safe water and adequate sanitation are important measures to reduce the odds of schistosome infection. However, most of the studies were observational and quality was poor. Hence, there is a pressing need for adequately powered cluster randomized trials comparing schistosome infection risk with access to safe water and adequate sanitation, more studies which rigorously define water and sanitation, and new research on the relationships between water, sanitation, hygiene, human behavior, and schistosome transmission.}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Grimes, J. E. and Croll, D. and Harrison, W. E. and Utzinger, J. and Freeman, M. C. and Templeton, M. R.} } @mastersthesis {7401, title = {Relationship of {Pre}-{Transplant} {Periodontal} {Assessment} and {Post}-{Transplant} {Outcomes} in {Allogeneic} {Hematopoietic} {Cell} {Transplantation}}, year = {2014}, note = {1562806}, school = {University of Washington}, type = {phdMaster{\textquoteright}s}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Background: Global immunosuppression, particularly neutropenia, following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) increases the risk of post-transplant (post-TXP) bacteremia. Periodontal infection is highly prevalent in the general and HCT populations. Periodontal bacteria represent a potentially significant source of blood stream infection through compromised gingival epithelium and oral mucosal barriers. Aim: The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationship between pre-TXP periodontal assessment and post-TXP bacteremia of potential oral/periodontal origin in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. Secondarily, maximum periodontal probing depths (PPD) measurements were compared against total inpatient hospitalization days and death within 100 days. Influence of completion of recommended pre-TXP periodontal therapy was also examined in relation to each outcome. Methods: Medical and dental records were reviewed for 609 consecutive patients treated with allogeneic HCT at Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (SCCA) between 1/27/2005-1/31/2013 who met eligibility requirements. Patients completed pre-TXP oral medicine examination, which included fixed 12-site partial mouth PPD assessment, as part of standard work-up. In accordance with standard of care protocols, every effort was made to stabilize dental/periodontal infections prior to TXP which included intensive oral hygiene instructions, periodontal scaling, curettage, sulcular antibiotic placement, and dental extractions (EXT). Blood cultures results obtained according to standard center protocol were reviewed for bacteria of potential oral/periodontal origin. All patients received antibacterial prophylaxis per center protocol in anticipation of neutropenia (standard = Levofloxacin 750mg/d). Results: 416 of 609 patients had maximum PPDs consistent with periodontal disease (>=4mm), including 104 patients with at least one site >=6mm. 275 patients completed periodontal therapy (including EXT prior to TXP). Incidence of possible/likely oral bacteremia was 37\% (Group 1, PPD 2-3mm), 43\% (Group 2, and 34\% (Group 3, PPD >=6mm) respectively. No significant differences were noted between periodontal classification and outcomes of interest, though a trend approaching significance was seen in Group 2 [HR bacteremia of possible/likely oral origin: Any = 1.28 (1.0-1.7); Gram(+) = 1.22 (0.9-1.6); Gram(-) 1.45 (0.8-2.6)]. Periodontal therapy was recommended more often in group 3 (p = 0.000) and patients in group 3 were significantly more likely to have completed intensive periodontal therapy (regular to heavy scaling, curettage, and local antibiotic therapy) prior to transplant (p = 0.0000 for each). Conclusions: Maximum pre-transplant PPD assessed during partial mouth fixed site periodontal assessment in this setting was not predictive of post-TXP bacteremia of oral/periodontal origin in the SCCA Oral Medicine Service{\textquoteright}s HCT population. Similarly, maximum PPD was not associated with increased hospitalization within the first 100 days post-transplant or survival at day 100. Though not statistically significant, our results suggest that patients with maximum PPD >=6mm may be at decreased risk for post-transplant bacteremia compared to those with intermediate PPDs (4-5mm) due to more aggressive pre-transplant periodontal intervention in those with deeper pockets. HCT patients with pre-transplant PPDs consistent with periodontal disease may be at increased risk for coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) bacteremia though further study is necessary to confirm an oral source in these infections.}, keywords = {0567:Dentistry, 0992:Oncology, Bacteremia, Dentistry, Health and environmental sciences, Hematopoietic cell transplantation, Oncology, Periodontal disease, Periodontitis}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1566477247?accountid=14270}, author = {Dean, David Ryan} } @article {3682, title = {Relative abundance and treatment reduction of viruses during wastewater treatment processes{\textendash}identification of potential viral indicators.}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {488}, year = {2014}, pages = {290-296}, author = {Kitajima, M and Iker, BC and I L Pepper and C P Gerba} } @article {16692, title = {Relative abundance and treatment reduction of viruses during wastewater treatment processes ? {Identification} of potential viral indicators}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {488{\textendash}489}, year = {2014}, pages = {290{\textendash}296}, author = {Kitajima, M., B. C. Iker, I. L. Pepper and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {5252, title = {{Relative abundance and treatment reduction of viruses during wastewater treatment processes: identification of potential viral indicators}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {488}, year = {2014}, pages = {290{\textendash}296}, author = {Kitajima, M and Iker, BC and Pepper, IL and Gerba, C P} } @article {17122, title = {Relative abundance and treatment reduction of viruses during wastewater treatment processes{\textemdash}identification of potential viral indicators}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {488}, year = {2014}, pages = {290{\textendash}296}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Kitajima, Masaaki and Iker, Brandon C and Pepper, Ian L and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {10046, title = {{Relative inactivation of faecal indicator bacteria and sewage markers in freshwater and seawater microcosms}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {348{\textendash}354}, author = {Ahmed, W and Gyawali, P and J P Sidhu and Toze, S} } @article {7174, title = {Relative inactivation of faecal indicator bacteria and sewage markers in freshwater and seawater microcosms}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {sep}, pages = {348{\textendash}354}, issn = {02668254}, doi = {10.1111/lam.12285}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/lam.12285}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Gyawali, P. and Sidhu, J.P.S. and Toze, S.} } @article {16900, title = {Removal and Deactivation of Intestinal Parasites in Aerobic Mesophilic Composting Reactor for Urine Diverting Composting Toilet}, journal = {Compost Science and Utilization}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {242{\textendash}252}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Sossou, SK and Sou/Dakoure, M and Hijikata, N and Quenum, A and Maiga, AH and Funamizu, N} } @article {17474, title = {{Removal and Deactivation of Intestinal Parasites in Aerobic Mesophilic Composting Reactor for Urine Diverting Composting Toilet}}, journal = {COMPOST SCIENCE {\&} UTILIZATION}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {242{\textendash}252}, issn = {1065-657X}, doi = {10.1080/1065657X.2014.938873}, author = {Sossou, S K and Dakoure, M Sou and Hijikata, N and Quenum, A and Ma{\"\i}ga, A H and Funamizu, N} } @article {11973, title = {Removal and Deactivation of~Intestinal Parasites in Aerobic Mesophilic Composting Reactor for Urine~Diverting Composting Toilet}, journal = {Compost Science \&~Utilization}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {242-252}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Sossou, S.K. and M Sou/Dakoure and Hijikata, N. and Quenum, A. and A.H., Maiga and N Funamizu} } @article {1851, title = {Removal of indigenous coliphages and enteric viruses during riverbank filtration from highly polluted river water in Delhi (India)}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, note = {Sprenger, C Lorenzen, G Grunert, A Ronghang, M Dizer, H Selinka, H-C Girones, R Lopez-Pila, J M Mittal, A K Szewzyk, R England J Water Health. 2014 Jun;12(2):332-42. doi: 10.2166/wh.2014.134.}, pages = {332-42}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Emerging countries frequently afflicted by waterborne diseases require safe and cost-efficient production of drinking water, a task that is becoming more challenging as many rivers carry a high degree of pollution. A study was conducted on the banks of the Yamuna River, Delhi, India, to ascertain if riverbank filtration (RBF) can significantly improve the quality of the highly polluted surface water in terms of virus removal (coliphages, enteric viruses). Human adenoviruses and noroviruses, both present in the Yamuna River in the range of 10(5) genomes/100 mL, were undetectable after 50 m infiltration and approximately 119 days of underground passage. Indigenous somatic coliphages, used as surrogates of human pathogenic viruses, underwent approximately 5 log10 removal after only 3.8 m of RBF. The initial removal after 1 m was 3.3 log10, and the removal between 1 and 2.4 m and between 2.4 and 3.8 m was 0.7 log10 each. RBF is therefore an excellent candidate to improve the water situation in emerging countries with respect to virus removal.

}, keywords = {Chemical/analysis Water Purification/*methods Water Quality Water Supply, Coliphages/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Feces/virology Filtration/*methods Groundwater/*virology India Rivers/*virology Water Pollution}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.134}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24937227}, author = {Sprenger, C. and Lorenzen, G. and Grunert, A. and Ronghang, M. and Dizer, H. and Selinka, H. C. and Girones, R. and Lopez-Pila, J. M. and Mittal, A. K. and Szewzyk, R.} } @article {10866, title = {Removal of pathogens by membrane bioreactors: a review of the mechanisms, influencing factors and reduction in chemical disinfectant dosing}, journal = {Water}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, pages = {3603{\textendash}3630}, author = {Hai, Faisal I and Riley, Thomas and Shawkat, Samia and Magram, Saleh F and Yamamoto, Kazuo} } @article {7705, title = {Removal of pathogens by membrane bioreactors: A Review of the mechanisms, influencing factors and reduction in chemical disinfectant dosing}, journal = {Water}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {3603-3630}, author = {Hai,F. I. and Riley,T. and Shawkat,S. and Magram,S. F. and Yamamoto,K.} } @article {15739, title = {Removal of Pathogens by Membrane Bioreactors: A Review of the Mechanisms, Influencing Factors and Reduction in Chemical Disinfectant Dosing}, journal = {Water}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, pages = {3603}, isbn = {2073-4441}, author = {Hai, Faisal and Riley, Thomas and Shawkat, Samia and Magram, Saleh and Yamamoto, Kazuo} } @article {14240, title = {Removal of {Total} {Coliforms}, {Thermotolerant} {Coliforms}, and {Helminth} {Eggs} in {Swine} {Production} {Wastewater} {Treated} in {Anaerobic} and {Aerobic} {Reactors}}, journal = {International journal of {\textbackslash}ldots}, year = {2014}, author = {Z Sylvestre} } @article {8145, title = {{Removal of Total Coliforms, Thermotolerant Coliforms, and Helminth Eggs in Swine Production Wastewater Treated in Anaerobic and Aerobic Reactors}}, journal = {International Journal of Microbiology}, year = {2014}, author = {Z Sylvestre} } @article {14840, title = {Removal of {Total} {Coliforms}, {Thermotolerant} {Coliforms}, and {Helminth} {Eggs} in {Swine} {Production} {Wastewater} {Treated} in {Anaerobic} and {Aerobic} {Reactors}}, journal = {International journal of {\textbackslash}textbackslashldots}, year = {2014}, author = {Z Sylvestre} } @article {2428, title = {{Removal of Total Coliforms, Thermotolerant Coliforms, and Helminth Eggs in Swine Production Wastewater Treated in Anaerobic and Aerobic Reactors}}, journal = {International journal of {\l}dots}, year = {2014}, author = {Z Sylvestre} } @article {522, title = {[Research progress in human adenovirus]}, journal = {Bing Du Xue Bao}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, note = {Gao, Wen-Juan Jin, Yu Duan, Zhao-Jun English Abstract Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review China Bing Du Xue Bao. 2014 Mar;30(2):193-200.}, pages = {193-200}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human adenovirus (HAdV) is one of the most important pathogens in infants and young children with acute respiratory infections and other diseases. This article reviews the literature on HAdV, including its molecular biological characteristics, detection and typing, and pathogenic mechanism, the clinical features and epidemiological characteristics of HAdV-related diseases, and the prevention and control of HAdV infections. So far, 67 types of HAdV have been identified, including recombinant variants discovered in recent years. The major epidemic strains that cause acute respiratory infections are HAdV-3 and HAdV-7, both of which belong to the subgroup B. HAdV often leads to acute respiratory infections, but it also causes diseases of other systems. HAdV-related diseases have similar clinical manifestations as those caused by other respiratory viruses, but often accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. The pathogenic mechanism of HAdV remains unclear, especially for the new recombinant variants, due to few studies on their association with diseases. Because there are no prospective, large randomized controlled trials of HAdV infections, the treatment of HAdV infections is controversial. Vaccine is the most effective measure to reduce respiratory HAdV infections, but it is still not commercially available.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Human/*virology Adenoviruses, Human/classification/genetics/isolation \& purification/*physiology Animals Humans}, issn = {1000-8721 (Print) 1000-8721}, author = {Gao, W. J. and Jin, Y. and Duan, Z. J.} } @article {4480, title = {[{Research} progress in human adenovirus]}, journal = {Bing Du Xue Bao}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {193{\textendash}200}, issn = {1000-8721 (Print) 1000-8721}, author = {Gao, W. J. and Jin, Y. and Duan, Z. J.} } @article {260, title = {A Retrospective Analysis of Acute Gastroenteritis Agents in Children Admitted to a University Hospital Pediatric Emergency Unit}, journal = {Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2008-3645}, doi = {10.5812/jjm.9148}, url = {://WOS:000335561100001}, author = {Suat, Bicer and Defne, Col and Ciler, Erdag Gulay and Tuba, Giray and Yesim, Gurol and Gulden, Yilmaz and Ayca, Vitrinel and Berna, Ozelgun} } @booklet {3471, title = {{Revealed Preference for Open Defecation: Evidence from a New Survey in Rural North India (SQUAT Working Paper No. 1).}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {RICE Institute}, address = {Amston, CT}, author = {Coffey, D and Gupta, A and et al. Hathi, P} } @booklet {3519, title = {Revealed {Preference} for {Open} {Defecation}: {Evidence} from a {New} {Survey} in {Rural} {North} {India} ({SQUAT} {Working} {Paper} {No}. 1).}, year = {2014}, publisher = {RICE Institute}, address = {Amston, CT}, author = {Coffey, D and Gupta, A and et al. Hathi, P} } @article {3738, title = {Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure?}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {28}, number = {446-461}, year = {2014}, pages = {446-461}, author = {D{\'o}r{\'o}, R and L{\'a}szl{\'o}, B and Martella, V and Leshem, E and Gentsch, J and Parashar, U and B{\'a}nyai, K} } @article {1905, title = {A review on sewage disinfection and need of improvement}, journal = {Desalination and Water Treatment}, year = {2014}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1080/19443994.2014.967307}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.967307}, author = {Verma, K. and Gupta, K. D. and Gupta, A. B.} } @article {12350, title = {A rifamycin inactivating phosphotransferase family shared by environmental and pathogenic bacteria}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {111}, number = {19}, year = {2014}, month = {May 13}, pages = {7102-7}, isbn = {1091-6490 (Electronic)
0027-8424 (Linking)}, author = {Spanogiannopoulos, P. and Waglechner, N. and Koteva, K. and Wright, G. D.} } @article {16009, title = {Risk analysis for occurrences of schistosomiasis in the coastal area of Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco, Brazil}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, pages = {101}, author = {Gomes, E.C. and Leal-Neto, O.B. and de Oliveira, F.J. and Campos Jr., J.V. and Souza-Santos, R. and Barbosa, C.S.} } @article {456, title = {Risk factors of rotavirus diarrhea in hospitalized children in Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar: a prospective cohort study}, journal = {Bmc Gastroenterology}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1471-230X}, doi = {10.1186/1471-230x-14-54}, url = {://WOS:000334417800001}, author = {Salim, Hendra and Karyana, I. Putu Gede and Sanjaya-Putra, I. Gusti Ngurah and Budiarsa, Soetjiningsih and Soenarto, Yati} } @article {2816, title = {A risk for non-sexual transmission of human papillomavirus?}, journal = {Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, pages = {1165-1170}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {cancer Disinfectants HOST human humans immunology microbiology Papillomavirus Pennsylvania PREVENTION Research Risk SPREAD transmission virus}, doi = {doi: 10.1586/14787210.2014.959497}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25199987}, author = {Ryndock, E.J. and Meyers, C.} } @article {7662, title = {Role of environmental survival in transmission of Campylobacter jejuni}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {356}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, note = {http://femsle.oxfordjournals.org/content/356/1/8.full.pdf}, pages = {8-19}, abstract = {

Campylobacter species are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, with C. jejuni responsible for the majority of these cases. Although it is clear that livestock, and particularly poultry, are the most common source, it is likely that the natural environment (soil and water) plays a key role in transmission, either directly to humans or indirectly via farm animals. It has been shown using multilocus sequence typing that some clonal complexes (such as ST-45) are more frequently isolated from environmental sources such as water, suggesting that strains vary in their ability to survive in the environment. Although C. jejuni are fastidious microaerophiles generally unable to grow in atmospheric levels of oxygen, C. jejuni can adapt to survival in the environment, exhibiting aerotolerance and starvation survival. Biofilm formation, the viable but nonculturable state, and interactions with other microorganisms can all contribute to survival outside the host. By exploiting high-throughput technologies such as genome sequencing and RNA Seq, we are well placed to decipher the mechanisms underlying the variations in survival between strains in environments such as soil and water and to better understand the role of environmental persistence in the transmission of C. jejuni directly or indirectly to humans.

}, isbn = {0378-1097}, url = {http://femsle.oxfordjournals.org/content/356/1/8}, author = {Bronowski,Christina and James,Chloe E. and Winstanley,Craig} } @article {7392, title = {Role of \textit{{Helicobacter} pylori} infection in autoimmune systemic rheumatic diseases}, journal = {World Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {20}, number = {36}, year = {2014}, pages = {12839}, issn = {1007-9327}, doi = {10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12839}, url = {http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i36/12839.htm}, author = {Radi{\'c}, Mislav} } @article {3985, title = {RotaFlesh issues 2014}, volume = {2015}, number = {July 30th, 2015}, year = {2014}, publisher = {PATH}, url = {http://sites.path.org/rotavirusvaccine/current-issue-of-rotaflash-jpg/rotaflash-issues-2014/} } @article {239, title = {Rotavirus and Norovirus infections among acute gastroenteritis children in Morocco}, journal = {Bmc Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1471-2334}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2334-14-300}, url = {://WOS:000337311600001}, author = {El Qazoui, Maria and Oumzil, Hicham and Baassi, Larbi and El Omari, Nezha and Sadki, Khalid and Amzazi, Saaid and Benhafid, Mohamed and El Aouad, Rajae} } @article {262, title = {Rotavirus diversity among diarrheal children in Delhi, India during 2007-2012}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {32}, year = {2014}, note = {Times Cited: 1 1}, pages = {A62-A67}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0264-410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.005}, url = {://WOS:000340977500014}, author = {Tiku, Vasundhara Razdan and Sharma, Sumit and Verma, Anil and Kumar, Praveen and Raghavendhar, Siva and Aneja, Satinder and Paul, Vinod Kumar and Bhan, Maharaj Kishan and Ray, Pratima} } @article {452, title = {Rotavirus G and P types circulating in the eastern region of Kenya: predominance of G9 and emergence of G12 genotypes}, journal = {The Pediatric infectious disease journal}, volume = {33 Suppl 1}, year = {2014}, note = {5}, pages = {S85-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization has recommended that rotavirus (RV) vaccines be included in all national immunization programs as part of a strategy to control RV-associated diarrheal diseases. Hospital-based surveillance of RV infection is therefore crucial in monitoring the impact pre- and post-vaccine introduction and also to document changes in genotype distribution. This study sought to determine the RV genotypes circulating in the eastern region of Kenya before introduction of the RV vaccine. METHODS: During September 2009 to August 2011, 500 stool samples were collected from children <5 years of age admitted for acute diarrhea in hospitals in the eastern region of Kenya and analyzed for the presence of group A RV using an enzyme immunoassay. G and P genotypes were determined using hemi-nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty nine out of 500 (38\%) samples analyzed were positive for rotavirus. The following G types were detected: G9 (50.9\%), G1 (26.8\%), G8 (12.1\%), G12 (3.1\%), G2 (0.6\%), mixed G (1.3\%) and 5.1\% were G nontypeable. P types detected included: P[8] (63.7\%), P[4] (12.1\%), P[6] (4.5\%), mixed P (7.6\%) and 12.1\% were P nontypeable. The most dominant strain was G9P[8] (35\%), followed by G1P[8] (26.8\%), G8P[4] (9.6\%), G12P[6] (2.5\%), G9P[6] (1.9\%), G9P[4] (1.3\%), G8P[8] (1.3\%), and G2P[4] (0.6\%). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates the recurring changing genotypes of RV circulating in Kenya, with genotypes G9, G1 and G8 being the dominant strains circulating in the eastern region of Kenya between 2009 and 2011. Additionally, G12 genotype was detected for the first time in Kenya.}, doi = {10.1097/inf.0000000000000059}, url = {://MEDLINE:24343620}, author = {Kiulia, Nicholas M. and Nyaga, Martin M. and Seheri, Mapaseka L. and Wolfaardt, Marianne and van Zyl, Walda B. and Esona, Mathew D. and Irimu, Grace and Inoti, Murithi and Gatinu, Bernard W. and Njenga, Peter K. and Taylor, Maureen B. and Nyachieo, Atunga} } @article {3625, title = {Rotavirus G2P4 detection in fresh vegetables and oysters in Mexico City.}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {77}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {1953{\textendash}1959}, abstract = {

Rotaviruses are the principal cause of dehydration caused by diarrhea in children younger than 2 years of age. Although these viral infections have mainly been associated with ingestion of fecally contaminated food and water, few studies have addressed the presence of the virus in food that is consumed raw or slightly cooked. In this work, 30 oyster samples and 33 vegetable samples were examined for the presence of rotavirus genotypes to evaluate their potential to produce gastrointestinal infections. The rotaviruses were identified by reverse transcriptase \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} amplification of the \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} gene. G and P genotyping was also performed by reverse transcriptase \{\{\}PCR,\{\}\} with a detection sensitivity of up to 15 \{\{\}PFU/ml.\{\}\} Rotaviruses were found in 17 (26.9\{\%\}) of 63 samples (10 oysters and 7 vegetables). The G2 genotype was found in 11 (64.7\{\%\}) of 17 of the rotavirus strains, and 16 (94.1\{\%\}) of 17 had the P[4] genotype. The combined genotypes found most frequently were \{\{\}G2P[4]\{\}\} (10 [58.82\{\%\}] of 17), \{\{\}GNTP[4]\{\}\} (6 [35.29\{\%\}] of 17), and \{\{\}G2P[NT]\{\}\} (1 [5.8\{\%\}] of 17).

}, doi = {10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-426}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-426}, author = {Quiroz-Santiago, Carolina and V{\'a}zquez-Salinas, Carlos and Natividad-Bonifacio, Ivan and Barr{\'o}n-Romero, Blanca L and Qui{\~n}ones-Ram{\'\i}rez, Elsa I} } @article {2625, title = {Rotavirus Home - Symptoms}, year = {2014} } @article {3565, title = {Rotavirus {Home} - {Symptoms}}, year = {2014}, author = {CDC} } @article {17212, title = {Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiologyFrontiers in microbiology}, volume = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {391}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {Gal-Mor, Ohad and Boyle, Erin C and Grassl, Guntram A} } @article {14504, title = {Sample preparation prior to molecular amplification: complexities and opportunities}, journal = {Curr Opin Virol}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {feb}, pages = {66{\textendash}70}, abstract = {Molecular amplification using Reverse Transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) is currently considered as the gold standard to detect enteric human pathogenic viruses such as norovirus and hepatitis A virus in food and water. However, the molecular-based detection requires an adequate sampling strategy and a sample preparation specific for viruses. Sampling for enteric human viruses in water and food should not necessarily follow bacterial sampling plans. The development of a reference detection method including sample preparation as proposed in ISO/TS 15216 represents a milestone to facilitate the evaluation of the performance and eventually validation of future virus detection methods. The potential viral infectivity linked to a positive PCR result is a remaining issue and pretreatments allowing the differentiation of infectious viruses would be useful for future risk assessments.}, keywords = {Food Microbiology, Humans, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Specimen Handling/*methods, Virology/*methods, Viruses/*isolation \& purification, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1879-6265 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.004}, author = {Butot, S. and Zuber, S. and Baert, L.} } @article {1495, title = {Sample preparation prior to molecular amplification: complexities and opportunities}, journal = {Curr Opin Virol}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, note = {Butot, Sophie Zuber, Sophie Baert, Leen eng Review Netherlands 2014/01/21 06:00 Curr Opin Virol. 2014 Feb;4:66-70. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.004. Epub 2014 Jan 16.}, pages = {66-70}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Molecular amplification using Reverse Transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) is currently considered as the gold standard to detect enteric human pathogenic viruses such as norovirus and hepatitis A virus in food and water. However, the molecular-based detection requires an adequate sampling strategy and a sample preparation specific for viruses. Sampling for enteric human viruses in water and food should not necessarily follow bacterial sampling plans. The development of a reference detection method including sample preparation as proposed in ISO/TS 15216 represents a milestone to facilitate the evaluation of the performance and eventually validation of future virus detection methods. The potential viral infectivity linked to a positive PCR result is a remaining issue and pretreatments allowing the differentiation of infectious viruses would be useful for future risk assessments.}, keywords = {Food Microbiology Humans Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Specimen Handling/*methods Virology/*methods Viruses/*isolation \& purification Water Microbiology}, issn = {1879-6265 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.004}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441295}, author = {Butot, S. and Zuber, S. and Baert, L.} } @inbook {1332, title = {Sand filters for removal of microbes and nutrients from wastewater during a one-year pilot study in a cold temperate climate}, booktitle = {J Environ Manage}, volume = {133}, year = {2014}, note = {Kauppinen, Ari Martikainen, Kati Matikka, Ville Veijalainen, Anna-Maria Pitkanen, Tarja Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi Miettinen, Ilkka T Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Journal of environmental management S0301-4797(13)00748-2 [pii] J Environ Manage. 2014 Jan 15;133:206-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.008. Epub 2013 Dec 31.}, pages = {206-13}, publisher = {2013 Elsevier Ltd}, organization = {2013 Elsevier Ltd}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are recognised as potential threats to groundwater or other water environments subject to discharged effluents. In this study, the microbiological and nutrient removal properties of three different pilot-scale sand filters (SFs) were followed over a one-year period. Moreover, a separate phosphorus removal unit was tested for six months. For the best treatment system, the average log removals were 2.2-3.5 for pathogenic human noro- and adenoviruses and 4.3-5.2 and 4.6-5.4 for indicator viruses and bacteria, respectively. The system that effectively removed microbes was also efficient at removing nutrients. However, the poorest treatment system yielded substantially lower removals. The remarkable differences noted between the studied SFs highlights the importance of construction materials and the careful planning of the filters. Moreover, seasonal conditions appear to have a clear effect on purification efficiencies, emphasising the vulnerability of these systems especially in cold climates.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Base Sequence Cold Temperature Coliphages/isolation \& purification DNA Primers Finland Norovirus/isolation \& purification Pilot Projects Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Silicon Dioxide Waste Water/ chemistry/ viro}, isbn = {1095-8630 (Electronic) 0301-4797 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.008}, author = {Kauppinen, A. and Martikainen, K. and Matikka, V. and Veijalainen, A. M. and Pitkanen, T. and Heinonen-Tanski, H. and Miettinen, I. T.} } @article {7733, title = {Sand filters for removal of microbes and nutrients from wastewater during a one-year pilot study in a cold temperate climate}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {133}, year = {2014}, note = {CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 0401664; 0 (DNA Primers); 0 (Waste Water); 7631-86-9 (Silicon Dioxide); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/07/18 [received]; 2013/11/28 [revised]; 2013/12/02 [accepted]; 2013/12/31 [aheadofprint]; ppublish}, month = {Jan 15}, pages = {206-213}, abstract = {

Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are recognised as potential threats to groundwater or other water environments subject to discharged effluents. In this study, the microbiological and nutrient removal properties of three different pilot-scale sand filters (SFs) were followed over a one-year period. Moreover, a separate phosphorus removal unit was tested for six months. For the best treatment system, the average log removals were 2.2-3.5 for pathogenic human noro- and adenoviruses and 4.3-5.2 and 4.6-5.4 for indicator viruses and bacteria, respectively. The system that effectively removed microbes was also efficient at removing nutrients. However, the poorest treatment system yielded substantially lower removals. The remarkable differences noted between the studied SFs highlights the importance of construction materials and the careful planning of the filters. Moreover, seasonal conditions appear to have a clear effect on purification efficiencies, emphasising the vulnerability of these systems especially in cold climates.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification, Base Sequence, Cold Temperature, Coliphages/isolation \& purification, DNA Primers, Enteric viruses, FINLAND, microbial indicators, Norovirus/isolation \& purification, nutrients, Onsite wastewater treatment, Pathogens, Pilot Projects, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sand filter, Silicon Dioxide, Waste Water/chemistry/virology}, isbn = {1095-8630; 0301-4797}, author = {Kauppinen,A. and Martikainen,K. and Matikka,V. and Veijalainen,A. M. and Pitk{\"a}nen,T. and Heinonen-Tanski,H. and Miettinen,I. T.} } @article {4517, title = {Sand filters for removal of microbes and nutrients from wastewater during a one-year pilot study in a cold temperate climate}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {133}, year = {2014}, pages = {206{\textendash}13}, isbn = {1095-8630 (Electronic) 0301-4797 (Linking)}, author = {Kauppinen, A. and Martikainen, K. and Matikka, V. and Veijalainen, A. M. and Pitkanen, T. and Heinonen-Tanski, H. and Miettinen, I. T.} } @article {17118, title = {Sand filters for removal of microbes and nutrients from wastewater during a one-year pilot study in a cold temperate climate}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {133}, year = {2014}, pages = {206{\textendash}213}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Kauppinen, Ari and Martikainen, Kati and Matikka, Ville and Veijalainen, Anna-Maria and Pitkanen, Tarja and Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi and Miettinen, Ilkka T} } @article {17379, title = {Sanitation ability of anaerobic digestion performed at different temperature on sewage sludge}, journal = {Science of the Total EnvironmentScience of the total environmentSci Total Environ}, volume = {466}, year = {2014}, month = {Jan 1}, pages = {888-897}, keywords = {Ammonia, Anaerobic digestion, ascaris-suum eggs, bacteria, biogas plants, Compost, fecal coliform, Inactivation, Pathogen, Pathogens, reduction, Salmonella, Salmonella spp., Sewage sludge, waste}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Scaglia, B. and D{\textquoteright}Imporzano, G. and Garuti, G. and Negri, M. and Adani, F.} } @booklet {3899, title = {Sanitation and Externalities: Evidence from Early Childhood Health in Rural India (Policy Research Working Paper No. 6737)}, year = {2014}, publisher = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Andr{\'e}s, LA and Brice{\~n}o, B and Chase, C and Echenique, JA} } @booklet {3771, title = {Sanitation21 {A} {Planning} {Framework} for {Improving} {City}-wide {Sanitation} {Services}.}, year = {2014}, publisher = {International Water Association, Den Haag; Abteilung Siedlungshygiene und Wasser f{\"u}r Entwicklung, Eidgen{\"o}ssische Anstalt f{\"u}r Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gew{\"a}sserschutz, D{\"u}bendorf; and Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Internationale Zusammenarbe}, address = {Eschborn}, author = {Parkinson, J and L{\"u}thi, C and Walther, D} } @booklet {3445, title = {{Sanitation21 A Planning Framework for Improving City-wide Sanitation Services.}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {International Water Association, Den Haag; Abteilung Siedlungshygiene und Wasser f{\"u}r Entwicklung, Eidgen{\"o}ssische Anstalt f{\"u}r Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gew{\"a}sserschutz, D{\"u}bendorf; and Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Internationale Zusammenarbe}, address = {Eschborn}, author = {Parkinson, J and Lüthi, C and Walther, D} } @mastersthesis {7336, title = {Scaling of surface soil moisture and solute movement from local- to field-scales in unsaturated soils}, year = {2014}, note = {3669498}, school = {Purdue University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Describing subsurface soil moisture and solute movement over a range of spatial scales is a major challenge because of multi-scale heterogeneity exhibited by many field soils. Soil moisture evolution is achieved by numerical solution of the Richards equation. Modeling solute movement requires the flow field from this numerical solution of the Richards equation as an input for yet another numerical solution of the advection-dispersion equation. These numerical solutions are computationally very intensive, and may not provide the insights that are possible from simpler analytical representations. Moreover, measurement techniques are not in accordance with the scale at which information on soil moisture or solute fluxes are desired. In situ point measurements are expensive and provide information at few selected points only. On the other hand, the spatial resolution of remote sensing data is too coarse for hydrologic applications. Consequently, new strategies are needed to span the intervening scales. The focus of this work is on utilizing physics-based approaches to span vertical solute movement and surface soil moisture from local (point)- to field-scale. This scaling needs to account for heterogeneity in soil properties, among which the spatial variability in soil saturated hydraulic conductivity typically has the most prominent role. This variability is modeled as a log-normal field, and forms the basis for the scaling hypotheses in this thesis. Analytical solutions for solute movement at the local-scale are developed to describe transport of solute particles along the main characteristic of the flow field. Local-scale model development is achieved by using a sharp-front approximation for water movement along with advective transport. Solutions from a local-scale model are first presented for pre- and post-ponding conditions associated with fields subjected to rainfall. These local solutions are upscaled to field-scale solute transport by appropriate integration methods. Expressions for travel time moments and mean field-scale behavior are developed. Theoretical results are corroborated with an extensive set of numerical Monte-Carlo simulations and 3-D numerical solutions for various forms of soil heterogeneity. Comparison with field-scale experimental results is provided for context. Model results describe both short term transient behavior of field-scale properties, as well as asymptotic behavior at a specified control plane. To further describe surface soil moisture evolution under rainfall at local- and field-scales, scaling curves are developed based on a sharp-front approximation. Apart from describing field-scale behavior, the analytical solutions assist in aggregation and disaggregation of surface soil moisture at different scales. The theoretical expressions developed for surface soil moisture and solute movement are compared with numerical and field experiments for corroboration. The study provides useful insight into the role of rainfall-controlled versus soil-controlled water and solute movement in heterogeneous unsaturated soils. Model results are expected to perform better for sandy loam and loamy sand soils where the sharp-front approximation for water movement is a good approximation and the solute transport is likely to be dominated by advection. Future work should strive for more generality in soil properties when describing solute movement. Extension to larger (watershed) scales will require understanding of heterogeneity not only in soil properties, but also in terrain geometry and stream networks.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, concentration, Infiltration, Local- and field-scale, Sharp-front model, Surface soil moisture, Unsaturated zone}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1648677323?accountid=14270}, author = {Ojha, Richa} } @article {7299, title = {Scaling up integrated prevention campaigns for global health: costs and cost-effectiveness in 70 countries}, journal = {BMJ open}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {e003987}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study estimated the health impact, cost and cost-effectiveness of an integrated prevention campaign (IPC) focused on diarrhoea, malaria and HIV in 70 countries ranked by per capita disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) burden for the three diseases. METHODS: We constructed a deterministic cost-effectiveness model portraying an IPC combining counselling and testing, cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, referral to treatment and condom distribution for HIV prevention; bed nets for malaria prevention; and provision of household water filters for diarrhoea prevention. We developed a mix of empirical and modelled cost and health impact estimates applied to all 70 countries. One-way, multiway and scenario sensitivity analyses were conducted to document the strength of our findings. We used a healthcare payer{\textquoteright}s perspective, discounted costs and DALYs at 3\% per year and denominated cost in 2012 US dollars. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: The primary outcome was cost-effectiveness expressed as net cost per DALY averted. Other outcomes included cost of the IPC; net IPC costs adjusted for averted and additional medical costs and DALYs averted. RESULTS: Implementation of the IPC in the 10 most cost-effective countries at 15\% population coverage would cost US\$583 million over 3 years (adjusted costs of US\$398 million), averting 8.0 million DALYs. Extending IPC programmes to all 70 of the identified high-burden countries at 15\% coverage would cost an adjusted US\$51.3 billion and avert 78.7 million DALYs. Incremental cost-effectiveness ranged from US\$49 per DALY averted for the 10 countries with the most favourable cost-effectiveness to US\$119, US\$181, US\$335, US\$1692 and US\$8340 per DALY averted as each successive group of 10 countries is added ordered by decreasing cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: IPC appears cost-effective in many settings, and has the potential to substantially reduce the burden of disease in resource-poor countries. This study increases confidence that IPC can be an important new approach for enhancing global health.}, keywords = {Health Economics}, issn = {2044-6055}, doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003987}, author = {Marseille, Elliot and Jiwani, Aliya and Raut, Abhishek and Verguet, St{\'e}phane and Walson, Judd and Kahn, James G.} } @article {6507, title = {{\textquoteright}{Scaling}-up is a craft not a science{\textquoteright}: {Catalysing} scale-up of health innovations in {Ethiopia}, {India} and {Nigeria}}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, volume = {121}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {30{\textendash}38}, abstract = {Donors and other development partners commonly introduce innovative practices and technologies to improve health in low and middle income countries. Yet many innovations that are effective in improving health and survival are slow to be translated into policy and implemented at scale. Understanding the factors influencing scale-up is important. We conducted a qualitative study involving 150 semi-structured interviews with government, development partners, civil society organisations and externally funded implementers, professional associations and academic institutions in 2012/13 to explore scale-up of innovative interventions targeting mothers and newborns in Ethiopia, the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and the six states of northeast Nigeria, which are settings with high burdens of maternal and neonatal mortality. Interviews were analysed using a common analytic framework developed for cross-country comparison and themes were coded using Nvivo. We found that programme implementers across the three settings require multiple steps to catalyse scale-up. Advocating for government to adopt and finance health innovations requires: designing scalable innovations; embedding scale-up in programme design and allocating time and resources; building implementer capacity to catalyse scale-up; adopting effective approaches to advocacy; presenting strong evidence to support government decision making; involving government in programme design; invoking policy champions and networks; strengthening harmonisation among external programmes; aligning innovations with health systems and priorities. Other steps include: supporting government to develop policies and programmes and strengthening health systems and staff; promoting community uptake by involving media, community leaders, mobilisation teams and role models. We conclude that scale-up has no magic bullet solution - implementers must embrace multiple activities, and require substantial support from donors and governments in doing so.}, keywords = {Child Health Services, Developing Countries, Ethiopia, Female, Health Plan Implementation, Health Policy, Humans, India, Infant, Innovations, Maternal and newborn health, Maternal Health Services, Newborn, Nigeria, Northeast Nigeria, Program Development, Qualitative Research, Scale-up, Uttar Pradesh}, issn = {1873-5347}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.046}, author = {Spicer, Neil and Bhattacharya, Dipankar and Dimka, Ritgak and Fanta, Feleke and Mangham-Jefferies, Lindsay and Schellenberg, Joanna and Tamire-Woldemariam, Addis and Walt, Gill and Wickremasinghe, Deepthi} } @article {15354, title = {Schistosomiasis Haematobium, Corsica, France}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {20}, year = {2014}, pages = {1595-1597}, author = {Berry, A. and Mon{\'e}, H. and Iriart, Xavier . and Mouahid, Gabriel. and Aboo, Olivier . and Boissier, J{\'e}r{\^o}me. and Fillaux, Judith. and Cassaing, Sophie. and Debuisson, C{\'e}cile. and Valentin, Alexis. and Mitta, Guillaume. and Th{\'e}ron, Andr{\'e}. and Magnaval, Jean-Fran{\c c}ois.} } @article {12465, title = {Science for Environment Policy Future Brief: Public risk perception and environmental policy. Report produced for the European Commission DG Environment}, year = {2014}, address = {University of the West of England, Bristol } } @article {4564, title = {Seasonal evaluation of bioaerosols from indoor air of residential apartments within the metropolitan area in {South} {Korea}}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {186}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {2111{\textendash}20}, issn = {1573-2959 (Electronic) 0167-6369 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-013-3521-8}, author = {Moon, K. W. and Huh, E. H. and Jeong, H. C.} } @article {12515, title = {Selection of a multidrug resistance plasmid by sublethal levels of antibiotics and heavy metals}, journal = {MBioMbio}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {e01918-14}, isbn = {2150-7511}, author = {Gullberg, Erik and Albrecht, Lisa M and Karlsson, Christoffer and Sandegren, Linus and Andersson, Dan I} } @article {3054, title = {A semi-automated magnetic capture probe based {DNA} extraction and real-time {PCR} method applied in the {Swedish} surveillance of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in red fox ({Vulpes} vulpes) faecal samples}, journal = {Parasites \& Vectors}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {583}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Following the first finding of Echinococcus multilocularis in Sweden in 2011, 2985 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were analysed by the segmental sedimentation and counting technique. This is a labour intensive method and requires handling of the whole carcass of the fox, resulting in a costly analysis. In an effort to reduce the cost of labour and sample handling, an alternative method has been developed. The method is sensitive and partially automated for detection of E. multilocularis in faecal samples. The method has been used in the Swedish E. multilocularis monitoring program for 2012-2013 on more than 2000 faecal samples. METHODS: We describe a new semi-automated magnetic capture probe DNA extraction method and real time hydrolysis probe polymerase chain reaction assay (MC-PCR) for the detection of E. multilocularis DNA in faecal samples from red fox. The diagnostic sensitivity was determined by validating the new method against the sedimentation and counting technique in fox samples collected in Switzerland where E. multilocularis is highly endemic. RESULTS: Of 177 foxes analysed by the sedimentation and counting technique, E. multilocularis was detected in 93 animals. Eighty-two (88\%, 95\% C.I 79.8-93.9) of these were positive in the MC-PCR. In foxes with more than 100 worms, the MC-PCR was positive in 44 out of 46 (95.7\%) cases. The two MC-PCR negative samples originated from foxes with only immature E. multilocularis worms. In foxes with 100 worms or less, (n = 47), 38 (80.9\%) were positive in the MC-PCR. The diagnostic specificity of the MC-PCR was evaluated using fox scats collected within the Swedish screening. Of 2158 samples analysed, two were positive. This implies that the specificity is at least 99.9\% (C.I. = 99.7-100). CONCLUSIONS: The MC-PCR proved to have a high sensitivity and a very high specificity. The test is partially automated but also possible to perform manually if desired. The test is well suited for nationwide E. multilocularis surveillance programs where sampling of fox scats is done to reduce the costs for sampling and where a test with a high sensitivity and a very high specificity is needed.

}, keywords = {Animals, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Epidemiological Monitoring, Foxes, Helminth, Magnetics, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sweden}, issn = {1756-3305}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-014-0583-6}, author = {Isaksson, Mats and Hagstr{\"o}m, A. and Armua-Fernandez, Maria Teresa and Wahlstr{\"o}m, Helene and Agren, EO and Miller, Andrea and Holmberg, Anders and Lukacs, Morten and Casulli, Adriano and Deplazes, Peter and Juremalm, Mikael} } @article {10997, title = {Sensitivity of diagnostic tests for human soil-transmitted helminth infections: a meta-analysis in the absence of a true gold standard}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {44}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {765{\textendash}774}, issn = {0020-7519}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.05.009}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4186778/}, author = {Nikolay, Birgit and Brooker, Simon J and Pullan, Rachel L} } @booklet {1539, title = {Sequential resuspension of biofilm components (viruses, prokaryotes and protists) as measured by erodimetry experiments in the Brouage mudflat (French Atlantic coast)}, volume = {92}, year = {2014}, pages = {56-65}, publisher = {Elsevier http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00168/27922/ last accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article}, abstract = {Resuspension thresholds in terms of friction velocity were experimentally quantified for the prokaryotes, protists and for the first time, viruses of intertidal mudflat biofilms. Differences in resuspension thresholds could be related to the type, behaviour and size of microorganisms and their association with particles. Free microorganisms (viruses, bacteria and some nanoflagellates) were resuspended by weak flow at friction velocities lower than 2 cm s- 1. Chlorophyll a, some nanoflagellates and attached bacteria were resuspended together with the bed{\textquoteright}s muddy sediment, which required friction velocities larger than 3 cm s- 1. Diatoms smaller than 60 μm were resuspended at velocities between 3 and 5 cm s- 1, while those larger than 60 μm were resuspended at higher friction velocities (5.5 to 6.5 cm s- 1). The thresholds of resuspension also depended on the micro-scale position of microorganisms in the sediment (horizontal and vertical distribution). In the field, the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a (a proxy of microphytobenthos) was skewed, with a maximum in the first 2 mm of sediment. Along the neap-spring tidal cycle, chlorophyll a revealed an increase in MPB biomass in the first 2 mm of the sediment, in relation to light increases with exposure durations. The horizontal distribution of chlorophyll a could be inferred from erosion experiments. During the initial phase of biofilm growth, the distribution of chlorophyll a seemed horizontally homogeneous, and was uniformly eroded at the beginning of the increase in chlorophyll a. From these results, we can make a hypothesis: in the subsequent phase of biofilm growth until the maximum of emersion duration, the eroded quantity of chlorophyll a was larger than expected based from chlorophyll a vertical distribution, suggesting that biofilm horizontal distribution became patchy and enriched chlorophyll a were preferentially eroded. When emersion duration and biofilm growth decreased, the trend was reversed, and eroded quantity of chlorophyll a was lower than expected from chlorophyll a vertical distribution, suggesting that areas with low chlorophyll a were preferentially eroded. Such erosion patterns when biofilm growth decreased probably resulted from the bulldozing activity of a surficial sediment bioturbator, the gastropod Peringia ulvae. Our study did not directly prove this horizontal distribution but it should be further discussed. This distribution need to be studied to acquire real evidence of patchy distributions.}, author = {Dupuy, C. and Mallet, C. and Guizien, K. and Montanie, H. and Breret, M. and Mornet, F. and Fontaine, C. and Nerot, C. and Orvain, F.} } @article {14569, title = {Sequential resuspension of biofilm components (viruses, prokaryotes and protists) as measured by erodimetry experiments in the {Brouage} mudflat ({French} {Atlantic} coast)}, journal = {Journal Of Sea Research}, volume = {92}, year = {2014}, pages = {56{\textendash}65}, abstract = {Resuspension thresholds in terms of friction velocity were experimentally quantified for the prokaryotes, protists and for the first time, viruses of intertidal mudflat biofilms. Differences in resuspension thresholds could be related to the type, behaviour and size of microorganisms and their association with particles. Free microorganisms (viruses, bacteria and some nanoflagellates) were resuspended by weak flow at friction velocities lower than 2 cm s- 1. Chlorophyll a, some nanoflagellates and attached bacteria were resuspended together with the bed{\textquoteright}s muddy sediment, which required friction velocities larger than 3 cm s- 1. Diatoms smaller than 60 μm were resuspended at velocities between 3 and 5 cm s- 1, while those larger than 60 μm were resuspended at higher friction velocities (5.5 to 6.5 cm s- 1). The thresholds of resuspension also depended on the micro-scale position of microorganisms in the sediment (horizontal and vertical distribution). In the field, the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a (a proxy of microphytobenthos) was skewed, with a maximum in the first 2 mm of sediment. Along the neap-spring tidal cycle, chlorophyll a revealed an increase in MPB biomass in the first 2 mm of the sediment, in relation to light increases with exposure durations. The horizontal distribution of chlorophyll a could be inferred from erosion experiments. During the initial phase of biofilm growth, the distribution of chlorophyll a seemed horizontally homogeneous, and was uniformly eroded at the beginning of the increase in chlorophyll a. From these results, we can make a hypothesis: in the subsequent phase of biofilm growth until the maximum of emersion duration, the eroded quantity of chlorophyll a was larger than expected based from chlorophyll a vertical distribution, suggesting that biofilm horizontal distribution became patchy and enriched chlorophyll a were preferentially eroded. When emersion duration and biofilm growth decreased, the trend was reversed, and eroded quantity of chlorophyll a was lower than expected from chlorophyll a vertical distribution, suggesting that areas with low chlorophyll a were preferentially eroded. Such erosion patterns when biofilm growth decreased probably resulted from the bulldozing activity of a surficial sediment bioturbator, the gastropod Peringia ulvae. Our study did not directly prove this horizontal distribution but it should be further discussed. This distribution need to be studied to acquire real evidence of patchy distributions.}, author = {Dupuy, C. and Mallet, C. and Guizien, K. and Montanie, H. and Breret, M. and Mornet, F. and Fontaine, C. and Nerot, C. and Orvain, F.} } @article {14570, title = {Sequential resuspension of biofilm components (viruses, prokaryotes and protists) as measured by erodimetry experiments in the {Brouage} mudflat ({French} {Atlantic} coast)}, journal = {Journal Of Sea Research}, volume = {92}, year = {2014}, pages = {56{\textendash}65}, abstract = {Resuspension thresholds in terms of friction velocity were experimentally quantified for the prokaryotes, protists and for the first time, viruses of intertidal mudflat biofilms. Differences in resuspension thresholds could be related to the type, behaviour and size of microorganisms and their association with particles. Free microorganisms (viruses, bacteria and some nanoflagellates) were resuspended by weak flow at friction velocities lower than 2 cm s- 1. Chlorophyll a, some nanoflagellates and attached bacteria were resuspended together with the bed{\textquoteright}s muddy sediment, which required friction velocities larger than 3 cm s- 1. Diatoms smaller than 60 μm were resuspended at velocities between 3 and 5 cm s- 1, while those larger than 60 μm were resuspended at higher friction velocities (5.5 to 6.5 cm s- 1). The thresholds of resuspension also depended on the micro-scale position of microorganisms in the sediment (horizontal and vertical distributions). In the field, the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a (a proxy of microphytobenthos) was skewed, with a maximum in the first 2 mm of sediment. Along the neap{\textendash}spring tidal cycle, chlorophyll a revealed an increase in MPB biomass in the first 2 mm of the sediment, in relation to light increases with exposure durations. The horizontal distribution of chlorophyll a could be inferred from erosion experiments. During the initial phase of biofilm growth, the distribution of chlorophyll a seemed horizontally homogeneous, and was uniformly eroded at the beginning of the increase in chlorophyll a. From these results, we can make a hypothesis: in the subsequent phase of biofilm growth until the maximum of emersion duration, the eroded quantity of chlorophyll a was larger than expected based from chlorophyll a vertical distribution, suggesting that biofilm horizontal distribution became patchy and enriched chlorophyll a was preferentially eroded. When emersion duration and biofilm growth decreased, the trend was reversed, and eroded quantity of chlorophyll a was lower than expected from chlorophyll a vertical distribution, suggesting that areas with low chlorophyll a were preferentially eroded. Such erosion patterns when biofilm growth decreased probably resulted from the bulldozing activity of a surficial sediment bioturbator, the gastropod Peringia ulvae. Our study did not directly prove this horizontal distribution but it should be further discussed. This distribution needs to be studied to acquire real evidence of patchy distributions.}, author = {Dupuy, C. and Mallet, C. and Guizien, K. and Montanie, H. and Br{\'e}ret, M. M. and Mornet, F. and Fontaine, C. and Nerot, C. and Orvain, F.} } @article {11221, title = {{Seroepidemiology of Toxocara Canis infection among primary schoolchildren in the capital area of the Republic of the Marshall Islands}}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2334-14-261}, author = {Fu, Chung-Jung and Chuang, Ting-Wu and Lin, Huei-Shan and Wu, Chih-Hsiung and Liu, Yung-Ching and Langinlur, Mailynn K and Lu, Min-Yun and Hsiao, Wesley Wei-Wen and Fan, Chia-Kwung} } @article {8211, title = {{Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Polish children and adults depending on socioeconomic status and living conditions}}, journal = {Advances in Medical Sciences}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {147{\textendash}150}, abstract = {Purpose Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the causes of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer and MALT-lymphoma. The frequency of H. pylori infection is different in various regions of the world and dependent on age, socioeconomic and hygiene status. The objective of this study was to assess seroprevalence and the associated socioeconomic and sociodemographic characteristics influencing H. pylori infection in children and adults in Polish population. Material/methods In multicenter epidemiological studies, H. pylori infection occurrence was assessed in Poland in the years 2002 and 2003. The seroprevalence of H. pylori infection diagnosis was based on IgG anti-H. pylori antibodies concentration above 24 UI/ml, which was measured using ELISA test. The study included 6565 subjects: 3307 adults (50.37{\%}) and 3258 children (49.63{\%}). Results Positive result was observed in 3827 subjects (58.29{\%}), i.e. 1043 children (32.01{\%}) and 2784 adults (84.19{\%}). H. pylori infection prevalence was greater in children of poor economic status, who were born in a rural area, lived in crowded houses with no running tap water and with toilet outside the house, and who did not observe hygiene rules. In adults, the factors predisposing to higher probability of being H. pylori infected included: being born in a rural area, having low family income and elementary education, smoking tobacco, drinking high proof alcohols as well as not observing of hygiene rules. Conclusions Improvement of socioeconomic status, sanitary and hygienic conditions and the education of the society might decrease H. pylori infection prevalence in children and in adults.}, keywords = {epidemiology, helicobacter pylori, Seroprevalence}, isbn = {1896-1126}, issn = {18984002}, doi = {10.1016/j.advms.2014.01.003}, author = {Laszewicz, Wiktor and Iwa??czak, Franciszek and Iwa??czak, Barbara} } @article {8300, title = {Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Polish children and adults depending on socioeconomic status and living conditions}, journal = {Advances in Medical Sciences}, volume = {59}, year = {2014}, pages = {147{\textendash}150}, author = {{\L}aszewicz, Wiktor and Iwa{\'n}czak, Franciszek and Iwa{\'n}czak, Barbara} } @article {13839, title = {Seroprevalence of {Helicobacter} pylori infection in {Polish} children and adults depending on socioeconomic status and living conditions}, journal = {Advances in Medical Sciences}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {147{\textendash}150}, abstract = {Purpose Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the causes of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer and MALT-lymphoma. The frequency of H. pylori infection is different in various regions of the world and dependent on age, socioeconomic and hygiene status. The objective of this study was to assess seroprevalence and the associated socioeconomic and sociodemographic characteristics influencing H. pylori infection in children and adults in Polish population. Material/methods In multicenter epidemiological studies, H. pylori infection occurrence was assessed in Poland in the years 2002 and 2003. The seroprevalence of H. pylori infection diagnosis was based on IgG anti-H. pylori antibodies concentration above 24 UI/ml, which was measured using ELISA test. The study included 6565 subjects: 3307 adults (50.37\%) and 3258 children (49.63\%). Results Positive result was observed in 3827 subjects (58.29\%), i.e. 1043 children (32.01\%) and 2784 adults (84.19\%). H. pylori infection prevalence was greater in children of poor economic status, who were born in a rural area, lived in crowded houses with no running tap water and with toilet outside the house, and who did not observe hygiene rules. In adults, the factors predisposing to higher probability of being H. pylori infected included: being born in a rural area, having low family income and elementary education, smoking tobacco, drinking high proof alcohols as well as not observing of hygiene rules. Conclusions Improvement of socioeconomic status, sanitary and hygienic conditions and the education of the society might decrease H. pylori infection prevalence in children and in adults.}, keywords = {epidemiology, helicobacter pylori, Seroprevalence}, issn = {18984002}, doi = {10.1016/j.advms.2014.01.003}, author = {Laszewicz, Wiktor and Iwa??czak, Franciszek and Iwa??czak, Barbara} } @article {14333, title = {A severe case of persistent diarrhoea associated with {Arcobacter} cryaerophilus but attributed to {Campylobacter} sp. and a review of the clinical incidence of {Arcobacter} spp.}, journal = {New microbes and new infections}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {31{\textendash}37}, author = {Figueras, M J and Levican, A and Pujol, I and Ballester, F and M J Rabada-Quilez and Gomez-Bertomeu, F} } @article {5816, title = {{A severe case of persistent diarrhoea associated with Arcobacter cryaerophilus but attributed to Campylobacter sp. and a review of the clinical incidence of Arcobacter spp.}}, journal = {New Microbes and New Infections}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {31{\textendash}37}, author = {Figueras, M J and Levican, A and Pujol, I and Ballester, F and M J Rabada-Quilez and Gomez-Bertomeu, F} } @article {5070, title = {Severe respiratory illness associated with enterovirus {D}68 - {Missouri} and {Illinois}, 2014}, journal = {MMWR}, volume = {63}, number = {36}, year = {2014}, pages = {798{\textendash}799}, author = {Midgley, CM and Jackson, MA and Selvarangan, R and Turabelidze, G and Obringer, E and Johnson, D and Giles, BL and Patel, A and Echols, F and Oberste, MS and Nix, WA and Watson, JT and Gerber, SI} } @inbook {14166, title = {Shiga {Toxin}-encoding {Phages}: {Multifunctional} {Gene} {Ferries}}, booktitle = {Pathogenic {Escherichia} coli: {Molecular} and {Cellular} {Microbiology}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Caister Academic Press}, organization = {Caister Academic Press}, address = {London}, author = {Muniesa, M and Schmidt, H}, editor = {Morabito, Stefano} } @inbook {8100, title = {{Shiga Toxin-encoding Phages: Multifunctional Gene Ferries}}, booktitle = {Pathogenic Escherichia coli: Molecular and Cellular Microbiology}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Caister Academic Press}, organization = {Caister Academic Press}, address = {London}, author = {Muniesa, M and Schmidt, H}, editor = {Morabito, Stefano} } @article {12475, title = {Shotgun metagenomics reveals a wide array of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile elements in a polluted lake in India}, journal = {Frontiers in MicrobiologyFrontiers in microbiology}, volume = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {648}, author = {Bengtsson-Palme, Johan and Boulund, Fredrik and Fick, Jerker and Kristiansson, Erik and Larsson, DG Joakim} } @article {12329, title = {Simultaneous detection of three antiviral and four antibiotic compounds in source-separated urine with liquid chromatography}, journal = {Journal of Separation Science}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {Feb}, pages = {219-27}, keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/blood/chemistry/isolation \& purification/*urine, Antiviral Agents/blood/chemistry/isolation \& purification/*urine, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/*methods, High-performance liquid chromatography, Humans, Pharmaceuticals, Solid Phase Extraction, Solid-phase extraction, Sustainable sanitation, Urine}, isbn = {1615-9314 (Electronic)
1615-9306 (Linking)}, author = {Pynnonen, S. T. and Tuhkanen, T. A.} } @article {8585, title = {{Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the interferon gamma gene are associated with distinct types of retinochoroidal scar lesions presumably caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection}}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {99{\textendash}107}, author = {Peixe, RG and Boechat, MS and Rangel, AL and Rosa, RF and Petzl-Erler, ML and Bahia-Oliveira, LM} } @article {8330, title = {{Small-scale household biogas digesters: An option for global warming mitigation or a potential climate bomb?}}, journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews}, volume = {33}, year = {2014}, pages = {736{\textendash}741}, doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2014.02.033}, author = {Bruun, S. and Soumann Jensen, L. and Thi Khanh Vu, V. and Sommer, S.} } @article {10262, title = {Small-scale household biogas digesters: An option for global warming mitigation or a potential climate bomb?}, journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews}, volume = {33}, year = {2014}, pages = {736{\textendash}741}, author = {Bruun, Sander and Lars S Jensen and Sommer, Sven} } @article {12011, title = {Soil-transmitted helminth infections and associated risk factors in three Orang Asli tribes in Peninsular Malaysia}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, note = {Anuar, Tengku Shahrul
Salleh, Fatmah Md
Moktar, Norhayati
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2014/02/15 06:00
Sci Rep. 2014 Feb 14;4:4101. doi: 10.1038/srep04101.}, month = {Feb 14}, pages = {4101}, abstract = {Currently, information on prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections among different tribes of Orang Asli (aboriginal) is scarce in Malaysia. The present study is a cross-sectional study aimed at determining the factors associated with the prevalence of STH infections among the Proto-Malay, Negrito and Senoi tribes. Faecal samples were collected from 500 participants and socioeconomic data was collected via pre-tested questionnaire. All samples were processed using formalin-ether sedimentation and Wheatley{\textquoteright}s trichrome staining. Trichuris trichiura (57\%) was the most common STH seen among the participants, followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (23.8\%) and hookworm (7.4\%). Trichuriasis and ascariasis showed an age-dependency relationship; significantly higher rates were observed among Senois who aged <15 years. Likewise, Negritos also showed an age-dependency association with ascariasis affecting mainly the under 15 years old individuals. Multivariate logistic regression model indicated the following predictors of trichuriasis among these communities; being aged <15 years, consuming raw vegetables, belonging to a large household members (>/=8) and earning low household income (2045-2322 (Linking)}, author = {Anuar, T. S. and Salleh, F. M. and Moktar, N.} } @article {16503, title = {Soil-transmitted helminth infections and associated risk factors in three {Orang} {Asli} tribes in {Peninsular} {Malaysia}}, journal = {Sci Rep}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {4101}, abstract = {Currently, information on prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections among different tribes of Orang Asli (aboriginal) is scarce in Malaysia. The present study is a cross-sectional study aimed at determining the factors associated with the prevalence of STH infections among the Proto-Malay, Negrito and Senoi tribes. Faecal samples were collected from 500 participants and socioeconomic data was collected via pre-tested questionnaire. All samples were processed using formalin-ether sedimentation and Wheatley{\textquoteright}s trichrome staining. Trichuris trichiura (57\%) was the most common STH seen among the participants, followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (23.8\%) and hookworm (7.4\%). Trichuriasis and ascariasis showed an age-dependency relationship; significantly higher rates were observed among Senois who aged {\textless}15 years. Likewise, Negritos also showed an age-dependency association with ascariasis affecting mainly the under 15 years old individuals. Multivariate logistic regression model indicated the following predictors of trichuriasis among these communities; being aged {\textless}15 years, consuming raw vegetables, belonging to a large household members ({\textgreater}/=8) and earning low household income ({\textless}RM500). Meanwhile, ascariasis was significantly related to participants being aged {\textless}15 years and earning low household income. Two risk factors were found to be associated with hookworm infection; consuming raw vegetables and eating contaminated fresh fruits.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Ancylostomatoidea/isolation \& purification, Animals, Ascaris lumbricoides/isolation \& purification, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Feces/parasitology, Female, Fruit/parasitology, Helminthiasis/*diagnosis/epidemiology/parasitology, Humans, Logistic Models, Malaysia/epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Preschool, prevalence, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Trichuris/isolation \& purification, Vegetables/parasitology, Young Adult}, issn = {2045-2322 (Electronic) 2045-2322 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1038/srep04101}, author = {Anuar, T. S. and Salleh, F. M. and Moktar, N.} } @article {8987, title = {Solar Pasteurization}, journal = {Low Cost Emergency Water Purification Technologies: Integrated Water Security Series}, year = {2014}, pages = {31-53}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {://WOS:000339483100004}, author = {Ray, C. and Jain, R.} } @article {8892, title = {Solar water disinfection by a Parabolic Trough Concentrator (PTC): flow-cytometric analysis of bacterial inactivation}, journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production}, volume = {67}, year = {2014}, pages = {62-71}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0959-6526}, doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.014}, url = {://WOS:000332805800007 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0959652613008688/1-s2.0-S0959652613008688-main.pdf?_tid=aa9528b8-4aac-11e6-bd16-00000aab0f01\&acdnat=1468601793_136a0d957d27d1d28ac034855b987cf9}, author = {Bigoni, R. and Kotzsch, S. and Sorlini, S. and Egli, T.} } @article {5538, title = {{Source identification of bacterial and viral pathogens and their survival/fading in the process of wastewater treatment, reclamation, and environmental reuse}}, journal = {World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology}, year = {2014}, pages = {109{\textendash}120}, abstract = {Pathogenic safety is drawing wide concern in water reclamation and reuse. In order to elucidate survive/fade of pathogens during the processes of wastewater treatment and reclamation, general indicators (fecal coliform and Escherichia coli), pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella and Shigella) and viruses (enterovirus, rotavirus and norovirus) were investigated in an A(2)O-MBR system. Attention was paid to their strengths from different sources, at various stages of the treatment, and in the product water. According to findings, black water was the main source for pathogens-at least 1-2-log higher in concentration than those from other sources. The preliminary treatment of wastewater by fine screens could bring about 0.2-0.4-log removal for almost all pathogens. The biological treatment units achieved almost identical removal (1.3-1.7-log) for bacteria and viruses. However, subsequent treatment in the membrane bioreactor showed varied removal for fecal coliform (4.7-log), E. coli (2.6-log) and the other pathogens (0.7-1.0-log), indicating that a high reduction of indicator bacteria may not imply equivalent removal of bacterial and viral pathogens. Chlorination was proved to be effective for eliminating all pathogens. In the artificial lake where the product water was stored, fecal coliform was not detected during the study period, but E. coli and pathogens were frequently detected, indicating that these bacterial and viral pathogens may be originating from non-fecal sources. On sunny summer days, the lake water could be bacteria-free due to sunlight radiation, but viruses were still detectable. Therefore, secondary disinfection may have to be adopted when the reclaimed water stored in such an open reservoir is supplied for strict reuse purposes.}, keywords = {Pathogens removal, Real-time PCR, Source identification, Wastewater treatment, Water reclamation}, isbn = {1573-0972 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0959-3993 (Linking)}, issn = {09593993}, doi = {10.1007/s11274-014-1770-5}, author = {Zhou, Jinhong and Wang, Xiaochang C. and Ji, Zheng and Xu, Limei and Yu, Zhenzhen} } @article {15654, title = {Spatial and temporal distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in a drinking water resource: Implications for monitoring and risk assessment}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {472}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/02/15/}, pages = {1023-1035}, keywords = {Faecal indicators, Hydro-climatology, Land use, Microbial risk, surface water, Waterborne parasites}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Burnet, Jean-Baptiste and Penny, Christian and Ogorzaly, Leslie and H M Cauchie} } @article {8495, title = {{Spatial distribution of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in soil in a rural area: Influence of cats and land use}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {205}, number = {3-4}, year = {2014}, pages = {629{\textendash}637}, author = {Gotteland, C and Gilot-Fromont, E and Aubert, D and Poulle, ML and Dupuis, E and Dard{\'e}, ML and Forin-Wiart, MA and Rabilloud, M and Riche, B and Villena, I} } @article {6995, title = {Spatial-{Temporal} {Survey} and {Occupancy}-{Abundance} {Modeling} {To} {Predict} {Bacterial} {Community} {Dynamics} in the {Drinking} {Water} {Microbiome}}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {may}, pages = {e01135{\textendash}14{\textendash}e01135{\textendash}14}, issn = {2150-7511}, doi = {10.1128/mBio.01135-14}, url = {http://mbio.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/mBio.01135-14}, author = {Pinto, A. J. and Schroeder, J. and Lunn, M. and Sloan, W. and Raskin, L.} } @article {4303, title = {{Specificity of coliphages in evaluating marker efficacy: a new insight for water quality indicators.}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {208}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {115{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Conventional procedures for qualitative assessment of coliphage are time consuming multiple step approach for achieving results. A modified and rapid technique has been introduced for determination of coliphage contamination among potable water sources during water borne outbreaks. During December 2013, 40 water samples from different potable water sources, were received for water quality analyses, from a jaundice affected Municipality of West Bengal, India. Altogether, 30{\%} water samples were contaminated with coliform (1-20 cfu/ml) and 5{\%} with E. coli (2-5 cfu/ml). Among post-outbreak samples, preponderance of coliform has decreased (1-4 cfu/ml) with total absence of E. coli. While standard technique has detected 55{\%} outbreak samples with coliphage contamination, modified technique revealed that 80{\%}, double than that of bacteriological identification rate, were contaminated with coliphages (4-20 pfu/10 ml). However, post-outbreak samples were detected with 1-5 pfu/10 ml coliphages among 20{\%} samples. Coliphage detection rate through modified technique was nearly double (50{\%}) than that of standard technique (27.5{\%}). In few samples (with coliform load of 10-100 cfu/ml), while modified technique could detect coliphages among six samples (10-20 pfu/10 ml), standard protocol failed to detect coliphage in any of them. An easy, rapid and accurate modified technique has thereby been implemented for coliphage assessment from water samples. Coliform free water does not always signify pathogen free potable water and it is demonstrated that coliphage is a more reliable \&$\#$39;biomarker\&$\#$39; to ascertain contamination level in potable water.

}, keywords = {Bacterial Load, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Disease Outbreaks, drinking water, Drinking Water: virology, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Humans, India, India: epidemiology, Jaundice, Jaundice: epidemiology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral Load, Water quality}, issn = {1879-0984}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.036}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25128451}, author = {Mookerjee, Subham and Batabyal, Prasenjit and Halder, Madhumanti and Palit, Anup} } @article {14865, title = {Sporadic isolation of sabin-like polioviruses and high-level detection of non-polio enteroviruses during sewage surveillance in seven {Italian} cities, after several years of inactivated poliovirus vaccination}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, month = {aug}, pages = {4491{\textendash}501}, abstract = {Sewage surveillance in seven Italian cities between 2005 and 2008, after the introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccination (IPV) in 2002, showed rare polioviruses, none that were wild-type or circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), and many other enteroviruses among 1,392 samples analyzed. Two of five polioviruses (PV) detected were Sabin-like PV2 and three PV3, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR results. Neurovirulence-related mutations were found in the 5{\textquoteright}noncoding region (5{\textquoteright}NCR) of all strains and, for a PV2, also in VP1 region 143 (Ile{\textbackslash}textgreaterThr). Intertypic recombination in the 3D region was detected in a second PV2 (Sabin 2/Sabin 1) and a PV3 (Sabin 3/Sabin 2). The low mutation rate in VP1 for all PVs suggests limited interhuman virus passages, consistent with efficient polio immunization in Italy. Nonetheless, these findings highlight the risk of wild or Sabin poliovirus reintroduction from abroad. Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were detected, 448 of which were coxsackievirus B (CVB) and 294 of which were echoviruses (Echo). Fifty-six NPEVs failing serological typing were characterized by sequencing the VP1 region (nucleotides [nt] 2628 to 2976). A total of 448 CVB and 294 Echo strains were identified; among those strains, CVB2, CVB5, and Echo 11 predominated. Environmental CVB5 and CVB2 strains from this study showed high sequence identity with GenBank global strains. The high similarity between environmental NPEVs and clinical strains from the same areas of Italy and the same periods indicates that environmental strains reflect the viruses circulating in the population and highlights the potential risk of inefficient wastewater treatments. This study confirmed that sewage surveillance can be more sensitive than acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in monitoring silent poliovirus circulation in the population as well as the suitability of molecular approaches to enterovirus typing.}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {AEM.00108-14 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.00108-14}, author = {Battistone, A. and Buttinelli, G. and Fiore, S. and Amato, C. and Bonomo, P. and Patti, A. M. and Vulcano, A. and Barbi, M. and Binda, S. and Pellegrinelli, L. and Tanzi, M. L. and Affanni, P. and Castiglia, P. and Germinario, C. and Mercurio, P. and Cicala, A. and Triassi, M. and Pennino, F. and Fiore, L.} } @article {14463, title = {Sporadic isolation of sabin-like polioviruses and high-level detection of non-polio enteroviruses during sewage surveillance in seven {Italian} cities, after several years of inactivated poliovirus vaccination}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, month = {aug}, pages = {4491{\textendash}501}, abstract = {Sewage surveillance in seven Italian cities between 2005 and 2008, after the introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccination (IPV) in 2002, showed rare polioviruses, none that were wild-type or circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), and many other enteroviruses among 1,392 samples analyzed. Two of five polioviruses (PV) detected were Sabin-like PV2 and three PV3, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR results. Neurovirulence-related mutations were found in the 5{\textquoteright}noncoding region (5{\textquoteright}NCR) of all strains and, for a PV2, also in VP1 region 143 (Ile{\textgreater}Thr). Intertypic recombination in the 3D region was detected in a second PV2 (Sabin 2/Sabin 1) and a PV3 (Sabin 3/Sabin 2). The low mutation rate in VP1 for all PVs suggests limited interhuman virus passages, consistent with efficient polio immunization in Italy. Nonetheless, these findings highlight the risk of wild or Sabin poliovirus reintroduction from abroad. Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were detected, 448 of which were coxsackievirus B (CVB) and 294 of which were echoviruses (Echo). Fifty-six NPEVs failing serological typing were characterized by sequencing the VP1 region (nucleotides [nt] 2628 to 2976). A total of 448 CVB and 294 Echo strains were identified; among those strains, CVB2, CVB5, and Echo 11 predominated. Environmental CVB5 and CVB2 strains from this study showed high sequence identity with GenBank global strains. The high similarity between environmental NPEVs and clinical strains from the same areas of Italy and the same periods indicates that environmental strains reflect the viruses circulating in the population and highlights the potential risk of inefficient wastewater treatments. This study confirmed that sewage surveillance can be more sensitive than acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in monitoring silent poliovirus circulation in the population as well as the suitability of molecular approaches to enterovirus typing.}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {AEM.00108-14 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.00108-14}, author = {Battistone, A. and Buttinelli, G. and Fiore, S. and Amato, C. and Bonomo, P. and Patti, A. M. and Vulcano, A. and Barbi, M. and Binda, S. and Pellegrinelli, L. and Tanzi, M. L. and Affanni, P. and Castiglia, P. and Germinario, C. and Mercurio, P. and Cicala, A. and Triassi, M. and Pennino, F. and Fiore, L.} } @article {1462, title = {Sporadic isolation of sabin-like polioviruses and high-level detection of non-polio enteroviruses during sewage surveillance in seven Italian cities, after several years of inactivated poliovirus vaccination}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {80}, number = {15}, year = {2014}, note = {Battistone, A Buttinelli, G Fiore, S Amato, C Bonomo, P Patti, A M Vulcano, A Barbi, M Binda, S Pellegrinelli, L Tanzi, M L Affanni, P Castiglia, P Germinario, C Mercurio, P Cicala, A Triassi, M Pennino, F Fiore, L Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Applied and environmental microbiology Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 Aug;80(15):4491-501.}, pages = {4491-501}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Sewage surveillance in seven Italian cities between 2005 and 2008, after the introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccination (IPV) in 2002, showed rare polioviruses, none that were wild-type or circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), and many other enteroviruses among 1,392 samples analyzed. Two of five polioviruses (PV) detected were Sabin-like PV2 and three PV3, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR results. Neurovirulence-related mutations were found in the 5{\textquoteright}noncoding region (5{\textquoteright}NCR) of all strains and, for a PV2, also in VP1 region 143 (Ile>Thr). Intertypic recombination in the 3D region was detected in a second PV2 (Sabin 2/Sabin 1) and a PV3 (Sabin 3/Sabin 2). The low mutation rate in VP1 for all PVs suggests limited interhuman virus passages, consistent with efficient polio immunization in Italy. Nonetheless, these findings highlight the risk of wild or Sabin poliovirus reintroduction from abroad. Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were detected, 448 of which were coxsackievirus B (CVB) and 294 of which were echoviruses (Echo). Fifty-six NPEVs failing serological typing were characterized by sequencing the VP1 region (nucleotides [nt] 2628 to 2976). A total of 448 CVB and 294 Echo strains were identified; among those strains, CVB2, CVB5, and Echo 11 predominated. Environmental CVB5 and CVB2 strains from this study showed high sequence identity with GenBank global strains. The high similarity between environmental NPEVs and clinical strains from the same areas of Italy and the same periods indicates that environmental strains reflect the viruses circulating in the population and highlights the potential risk of inefficient wastewater treatments. This study confirmed that sewage surveillance can be more sensitive than acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in monitoring silent poliovirus circulation in the population as well as the suitability of molecular approaches to enterovirus typing.}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {AEM.00108-14 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.00108-14}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24814793}, author = {Battistone, A. and Buttinelli, G. and Fiore, S. and Amato, C. and Bonomo, P. and Patti, A. M. and Vulcano, A. and Barbi, M. and Binda, S. and Pellegrinelli, L. and Tanzi, M. L. and Affanni, P. and Castiglia, P. and Germinario, C. and Mercurio, P. and Cicala, A. and Triassi, M. and Pennino, F. and Fiore, L.} } @article {9775, title = {{Stress exacerbates infectivity and pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: in vitro and in vivo evidences}}, journal = {PLOS One}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, pages = {294567}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0094567}, author = {Chandramathi, S and Kumar, S and Sivanandam, S and Kuppusamy, UR} } @article {16138, title = {A study on the presence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in environmental water samples obtained from selected recreational areas in Terengganu, Malaysia}, journal = {Research Journal of Pharmacy and TechnologyResearch Journal of Pharmacy and Technology}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, pages = {1153}, publisher = {A\&V Publications}, isbn = {0974-3618}, author = {Ismail, Salwani and Wahab, Noor Zarina Abd and Badya, Norhidayah and Rahman, Nor Iza A. and Yeo, Chew Chieng and Latif, Ahmad Zubaidi A. and Haque, Mainul} } @article {8944, title = {Sunlight mediated inactivation mechanisms of Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli in clear water versus waste stabilization pond water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {50}, year = {2014}, pages = {307-317}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.046}, url = {://WOS:000330909600031 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S004313541300852X/1-s2.0-S004313541300852X-main.pdf?_tid=d00d4c20-4aab-11e6-b5e7-00000aacb35d\&acdnat=1468601427_d1cd1d8a56cb4cd36a944724c035d7ce http://ac.els-cdn.com/S004313541300852X/1-s2.0-S004313}, author = {Kadir, K. and Nelson, K. L.} } @article {5403, title = {{Sunlight mediated inactivation mechanisms of Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli in clear water versus waste stabilization pond water}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {50}, year = {2014}, pages = {307{\textendash}317}, author = {Kadir, K and Nelson, KL} } @article {17247, title = {Supplement 2008-2010 (no. 48) to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme}, journal = {Res MicrobiolRes Microbiol}, volume = {165}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {Sep}, pages = {526-30}, edition = {2014/07/23}, keywords = {*Serogroup, DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics, MLST, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Salmonella, Salmonella enterica/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, Serovars, Taxonomy, White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme}, isbn = {1769-7123 (Electronic)
0923-2508 (Linking)}, author = {Issenhuth-Jeanjean, S. and Roggentin, P. and Mikoleit, M. and Guibourdenche, M. and de Pinna, E. and Nair, S. and Fields, P. I. and Weill, F. X.} } @mastersthesis {6470, title = {Supplementing soybean meal with {Camelina} ({Camelina} sativa) in tilapia diets and optimizing commercial tilapia diets for use in intensive systems in the {Western} region of the {United} {States}}, year = {2014}, note = {3634261}, school = {The University of Arizona}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The feed production cost in tilapia diets is driven by the prices of its ingredients such as fishmeal (FM) and soybean meal (SBM). Fishmeal and soymeal combined with other ingredients provides fish with the nutrients required for growth and sustaining life. Soybean meal is used as an alternative to fishmeal, but prices for this traditional ingredient have increased significantly in recent years as a result of high market demand from other industries. Consequently, there has been an increase interest by tilapia nutritionists and feed manufacturers to find less expensive, alternative feedstuffs for use in tilapia diets. Camelina (Camelina sativa) is an oil seed crop grown in higher latitudes especially along the US - Canada border, northern China and northern Europe. Camelina after removal of most of the edible oil has been proposed as a fish feed ingredient. A sixty-day feeding trial was conducted and diets were formulated to contain various levels of camelina inclusion (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25\%) for the "camelina meal" while the "camelina oil" was formulated to contain one level (4.7\%) of oil and was divided as "raw" and 4.7 "wash". The results indicated that that fishes fed diets containing camelina ingredients had growth performance and feed utilization results that were similar to fish fed the commercial diet (P{\textgreater}0.05). There were significant differences (P{\textless}0.05) for body organ indices and body composition. The 15\% camelina meal diet was the lowest cost experimental diet per kilogram gain and therefore, this alternative ingredient might be a potential replacement for soymeal in a more cost effective feed formulation. The fatty acid composition of tilapia fillets was also analyzed at the end of the feeding trial. The inclusion of camelina meal and oil in tilapia diets resulted in significant increases in the Omega-3/Omega-6 ratio in fillets when compared to the control. The 15\% camelina meal provided the best results of the experimental diets yielding significantly higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and lower saturated fatty aid (SFA) than the control diet. On a commercial scale, tilapia commercial feeds differ in both formulated nutrient levels and ingredient composition. In intensive system culture, natural food is limited making it important that all nutrients are supplied through a complete pelleted diet. An advantage to feeding a pelleted diet is that the pellet-type feed enables the farmers, feed formulators and manufactures to design a diet that provides an optimal nutritional mix for tilapia. Precise levels in the protein and lipid percentages of tilapia diets can reduce feed costs and also reduce the amount of underutilized protein and lipids stored as fat in tilapia. Feed comprises of over 60\% of the variable cost in the intensive aquaculture operation; if feed prices were to increase, it would be a substantial amount for tilapia producers to absorb. Therefore an improved diet formulation designed for tilapia can increase profitability. Results indicated that the experimental diets (28\% Crude Protein (CP)-Amino Acid (AA), 28\% CP and 40\% CP) performed similar to the control diet (32\% CP) as it relates to fish growth. The experiment conducted on a commercial scale at an operating farm found that feeding tilapia the lowest protein level diets (28\% CP) resulted in higher biomass gain per raceway, biomass gain per fish and significantly higher protein efficiency ratio (PER) when compared to the control diet (32\% CP). The 28\% CP diet also had the second best FCR value and most importantly higher returns based on its FCR when compared to the control diet (32\% CP).}, keywords = {0475:Animal sciences, 0595:Water Resource Management, 0792:Aquatic sciences, Animal sciences, Aquaculture, Aquatic sciences, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1614192870?accountid=14270}, author = {Ramotar-John, Badule Pamila} } @article {4328, title = {{Surveillance of enteric viruses and coliphages in a tropical urban catchment.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {58}, year = {2014}, month = {jul}, pages = {122{\textendash}31}, abstract = {

An assessment of the occurrence and concentration of enteric viruses and coliphages was carried out in highly urbanized catchment waters in the tropical city-state of Singapore. Target enteric viruses in this study were noroviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses and rotaviruses. In total, 65 water samples were collected from canals and the reservoir of the Marina catchment on a monthly basis over a period of a year. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and single agar layer plaque assay (SAL) were used to enumerate target enteric viruses and coliphages in water samples, respectively. The most prevalent pathogen were noroviruses, detected in 37 samples (57{\%}), particularly norovirus genogroup II (48{\%}), with a mean concentration of 3.7 \× 10(2) gene copies per liter. Rotavirus was the second most prevalent virus (40{\%}) with a mean concentration of 2.5 \× 10(2) GC/L. The mean concentrations of somatic and male-specific coliphages were 2.2 \× 10(2) and 1.1 \× 10(2) PFU/100 ml, respectively. The occurrence and concentration of each target virus and the ratio of somatic to male-specific coliphages varied at different sampling sites in the catchment. For sampling sites with higher frequency of occurrence and concentration of viruses, the ratio of somatic to male-specific coliphages was generally much lower than other sampling sites with lower incidences of enteric viruses. Overall, higher statistical correlation was observed between target enteric viruses than between enteric viruses and coliphages. However, male-specific coliphages were positively correlated with norovirus concentrations. A multi-level integrated surveillance system, which comprises the monitoring of bacterial indicators, coliphages and selected enteric viruses, could help to meet recreational and surface water quality criteria in a complex urbanized catchment.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae, Adenoviridae: genetics, Adenoviridae: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, enterovirus, Enterovirus: genetics, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: virology, Norovirus, Norovirus: genetics, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Recreation, rotavirus, Rotavirus: genetics, Rotavirus: isolation {\&} purification, Seasons, Singapore, Tropical Climate, Urban Renewal, Water Microbiology, Water quality}, issn = {1879-2448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.051}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24747143}, author = {Rezaeinejad, S and G G Vergara and Woo, C H and Lim, T T and Sobsey, M D and Gin, K Y H} } @article {5545, title = {{Surveillance of enteric viruses and coliphages in a tropical urban catchment}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {58}, year = {2014}, pages = {122{\textendash}131}, abstract = {

An assessment of the occurrence and concentration of enteric viruses and coliphages was carried out in highly urbanized catchment waters in the tropical city-state of Singapore. Target enteric viruses in this study were noroviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses and rotaviruses. In total, 65 water samples were collected from canals and the reservoir of the Marina catchment on a monthly basis over a period of a year. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and single agar layer plaque assay (SAL) were used to enumerate target enteric viruses and coliphages in water samples, respectively. The most prevalent pathogen were noroviruses, detected in 37 samples (57{\%}), particularly norovirus genogroup II (48{\%}), with a mean concentration of 3.7??102 gene copies per liter. Rotavirus was the second most prevalent virus (40{\%}) with a mean concentration of 2.5??102GC/L. The mean concentrations of somatic and male-specific coliphages were 2.2??102 and 1.1??102PFU/100ml, respectively. The occurrence and concentration of each target virus and the ratio of somatic to male-specific coliphages varied at different sampling sites in the catchment. For sampling sites with higher frequency of occurrence and concentration of viruses, the ratio of somatic to male-specific coliphages was generally much lower than other sampling sites with lower incidences of enteric viruses. Overall, higher statistical correlation was observed between target enteric viruses than between enteric viruses and coliphages. However, male-specific coliphages were positively correlated with norovirus concentrations. A multi-level integrated surveillance system, which comprises the monitoring of bacterial indicators, coliphages and selected enteric viruses, could help to meet recreational and surface water quality criteria in a complex urbanized catchment. ?? 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

}, keywords = {Coliphages, Enteric viruses, Quantitative PCR, Recreational water quality, Urban catchment}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {18792448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.051}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.051}, author = {Rezaeinejad, S and G G Vergara and Woo, CH and Lim, TT and Sobsey, MD and Gin, KYH} } @article {10427, title = {Surveillance of Hepatitis A Virus in Urban Sewages and Comparison with Cases Notified in the Course of an Outbreak, Italy 2013}, journal = {BioMed Central Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, pages = {419}, author = {La Rosa, G. and S Della Libera and Iaconelli, M. and Ciccaglione, A.R. and Bruni, R. and Taffon, S. and Equestre, M. and Alfonsi, V. and Rizzo, C. and Tosti, M.E. and Chironna, M. and Roman{\`o}, L. and Zanetti, A.R. and Muscillo, M.} } @article {1545, title = {Survival of Adenovirus, Rotavirus, Hepatitis A Virus, Pathogenic Bacteria and Bacterial Indicators in Ground Water}, journal = {World Applied Sciences Journal}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {337-348}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The aim of this work is to study the survival of genome and infectious units of adenovirus type 40, rotavirus Wa strain and Hepatitis A virus (HAV) HM 175 adapted strain in Egyptian ground water at different temperatures and their relationships with the persistence of bacterial indicators and pathogenic bacteria. Also, study the effect of limestone on the same viruses and bacteria in ground water. The genome of adenovirus was the more stable and persistent followed by rotavirus Wa strain and finally HAV HM 175 adapted strain. There were gradual decreases in the genome of the three tested viruses parallel with the time. After 12 weeks, adenovirus type 40 genome copies reductions were 0.05 log10, 0.5 log10 and 1.5 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C, 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C respectively. Rotavirus genome copies reductions were 0.1 log10, 0.7 log10 and 2.3 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively. HAV genome copies reductions were 0.2 log10, 0.8 log10 and 2.7 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C, 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively. The infectious units of adenovirus were the more stable and persistent than rotavirus Wa strain. There were gradual decreases in the infectious units of the two tested viruses parallel with the time. After 12 weeks, adenovirus infectious units reductions were 0.5 log10, 1.5 log10 and 3 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C, 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively.Rotavirus infectious units reductions were 0.7 log10, 1.8 log10 and 3.5 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C, 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively. Higher stability for the genomes of the three tested viruses and the infectious units of adenovirus and rotavirus than E. coli, Enterococcus fecalis, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in ground water at 22{\textdegree}C after 12 weeks was observed. The results showed that, there were gradual decreases. One log10 reduction was recorded after 5 weeks for E coli, Salmonella spp. after 8 weeks for Staphylococcus aureus and after 9 weeks for Enterococcus fecalis when all of them were seeded separately. On the other hand bacterial indicators (E. coli and Enterococcus fecalis) had more survival than pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella Spp. and Staphylococcus aureus). The persistence of viruses and bacterial indicators as well as pathogenic bacteria in ground water treated with limestone was also studied. After 96 hours, the mean reductions of genome copies and infectious units were 0.9 log10, 1.2 log10 and 1.4 log10 for adenovirus type 40, rotavirus Wa strain and HAV HM 175 adapted strain genome copies, respectively and 1.8 log10 and 2.3 log10 for adenovirus type 40 and rotavirus Wa strain infectious units respectively in ground water treated with limestone (6.7 g/l). Also, the results showed that, decrease one log (removal 90\%) in flask which contained Salmonella spp. and E. coli treated with limestone was observed after 2 and 4 hours, respectively, the effect of limestone on bacterial indicators and pathogens was faster and higher than the effect on viral genome and infectious units.}, author = {El-Senousy, W. M. and Osman, G. A. and Melegy, A. A.} } @article {14579, title = {Survival of {Adenovirus}, {Rotavirus}, {Hepatitis} {A} {Virus}, {Pathogenic} {Bacteria} and {Bacterial} {Indicators} in {Ground} {Water}}, journal = {World Applied Sciences Journal}, volume = {29}, year = {2014}, pages = {337{\textendash}348}, abstract = {The aim of this work is to study the survival of genome and infectious units of adenovirus type 40, rotavirus Wa strain and Hepatitis A virus (HAV) HM 175 adapted strain in Egyptian ground water at different temperatures and their relationships with the persistence of bacterial indicators and pathogenic bacteria. Also, study the effect of limestone on the same viruses and bacteria in ground water. The genome of adenovirus was the more stable and persistent followed by rotavirus Wa strain and finally HAV HM 175 adapted strain. There were gradual decreases in the genome of the three tested viruses parallel with the time. After 12 weeks, adenovirus type 40 genome copies reductions were 0.05 log10, 0.5 log10 and 1.5 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C, 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C respectively. Rotavirus genome copies reductions were 0.1 log10, 0.7 log10 and 2.3 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively. HAV genome copies reductions were 0.2 log10, 0.8 log10 and 2.7 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C, 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively. The infectious units of adenovirus were the more stable and persistent than rotavirus Wa strain. There were gradual decreases in the infectious units of the two tested viruses parallel with the time. After 12 weeks, adenovirus infectious units reductions were 0.5 log10, 1.5 log10 and 3 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C, 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively.Rotavirus infectious units reductions were 0.7 log10, 1.8 log10 and 3.5 log10 at 4{\textdegree}C, 22{\textdegree}C and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively. Higher stability for the genomes of the three tested viruses and the infectious units of adenovirus and rotavirus than E. coli, Enterococcus fecalis, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in ground water at 22{\textdegree}C after 12 weeks was observed. The results showed that, there were gradual decreases. One log10 reduction was recorded after 5 weeks for E coli, Salmonella spp. after 8 weeks for Staphylococcus aureus and after 9 weeks for Enterococcus fecalis when all of them were seeded separately. On the other hand bacterial indicators (E. coli and Enterococcus fecalis) had more survival than pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella Spp. and Staphylococcus aureus). The persistence of viruses and bacterial indicators as well as pathogenic bacteria in ground water treated with limestone was also studied. After 96 hours, the mean reductions of genome copies and infectious units were 0.9 log10, 1.2 log10 and 1.4 log10 for adenovirus type 40, rotavirus Wa strain and HAV HM 175 adapted strain genome copies, respectively and 1.8 log10 and 2.3 log10 for adenovirus type 40 and rotavirus Wa strain infectious units respectively in ground water treated with limestone (6.7 g/l). Also, the results showed that, decrease one log (removal 90\%) in flask which contained Salmonella spp. and E. coli treated with limestone was observed after 2 and 4 hours, respectively, the effect of limestone on bacterial indicators and pathogens was faster and higher than the effect on viral genome and infectious units.}, author = {El-Senousy, W. M. and Osman, G. A. and Melegy, A. A.} } @article {4631, title = {Survival of adenovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis {A} virus, pathogenic bacteria and bacterial indicators in ground water.}, journal = {World Applied Sciences Journal}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {337{\textendash}348}, author = {W M El-Senousy and G A Osman and A A Melegy} } @article {10979, title = {Survival of {Ascaris} suum and {Ascaridia} galli eggs in liquid manure at different ammonia concentrations and temperatures}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {204}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {aug}, pages = {249{\textendash}257}, abstract = {Eggs of Ascaris suum from pigs are highly resistant and commonly used as a conservative indicator of pathogen inactivation during slurry storage. Eggs of Ascaridia galli, the poultry ascarid, are also known to be highly resistant but the suitability as an indicator of pathogen inactivation has never been tested. Pig slurry has to be stored for several months to inactivate pathogens but chemical treatment of slurry may reduce this time. The suitability of A. galli as an indicator of slurry sanitation was tested by comparing the survival of eggs of A. suum and A. galli in pig slurry. In addition, the effect of urea treatment on inactivation of ascarid eggs in relation to storage time was also tested. Nylon bags with 10,000 eggs of either species were placed in 200ml plastic bottles containing either urea-treated (2\%) or untreated pig slurry for up to 120 days at 20{\textdegree}C, 6 days at 30{\textdegree}C, 36h at 40{\textdegree}C or 2h at 50{\textdegree}C. At all the temperatures in both slurry types, A. galli eggs were inactivated at a significantly faster rate (P{\textless}0.05) compared to A. suum eggs. For each 10{\textdegree}C raise in temperature from 20{\textdegree}C, T50 (time needed to inactivate 50\% of eggs) for both types of eggs was reduced markedly. At all temperatures, viability of eggs of both species was significantly higher (P{\textless}0.05) in untreated slurry compared to urea-treated slurry except A. galli eggs at 20{\textdegree}C where no significant difference was detected. In untreated slurry, the levels of pH (6.33{\textendash}9.08) and ammonia (0.01{\textendash}1.74mM) were lower (P{\textless}0.0001) compared to that of urea-treated slurry (pH: 8.33{\textendash}9.28 and ammonia 1{\textendash}13mM). The study demonstrated that A. galli eggs are more sensitive to unfavourable conditions compared to A. suum eggs. The use of A. galli eggs as hygiene indicator may thus be suitable to assess inactivation of pathogens that are more sensitive than A. galli eggs. Addition of urea may markedly reduce the storage time of slurry needed to inactivate A. suum and A. galli eggs.}, keywords = {Ammonia, Eggs, Slurry, Temperature, viability}, issn = {0304-4017}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.017}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401714002969}, author = {Katakam, Kiran Kumar and Mejer, Helena and Dalsgaard, Anders and Kyvsgaard, Niels Christian and Thamsborg, Stig Milan} } @article {732, title = {Survival of Enterotoxigenic E. coli O157: H7 Strains in Different Water Sources}, journal = {International Journal of Environment}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {12/2014}, pages = {212-220}, chapter = {212}, abstract = {
The aims of this work are to evaluate the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in ground, River Nile and drainage water, to compare with the same water after sterilization and also, to determine tolerability of different E. coli O157:H7 strains in tested water. It was achieved by inoculation 106 CFU from three E. coli O157:H7 strains; ATCC 35150 (Strain 1), (Strain 2) and (Strain 3) isolated from River Nile and El-Rahawy Drain, respectively into two portion; sterile and non-sterile portion of ground, River Nile and El- Rahawy Drain water. All strains possesses five virulence genes (stx1 (Shiga toxin 1), stx2 (Shiga toxin 2), eae (intimin), rfbE (O157 antigen), and fliC (flagellar antigen)). It was found that, the prolonged survival E. coli O157:H7 was observed up till 98 days in sterilized wastewater followed by survival for 84 days in both sterilized ground and River Nile water. E. coli O157:H7 survived in all sterilized tested water types longer than non sterilized water. It was found that the E. coli O157:H7 isolated from wastewater sample had the longest survival time (98 days) in sterilized wastewater compared to the other strain (reference strain and isolate of River Nile).
}, issn = {2077-4508}, url = {http://www.curresweb.com/ije/2014/212-220.pdf}, author = {M A El-leithy}, editor = {El- Shatoury E H} } @article {8858, title = {Survival of Enterotoxigenic E. coli O157: H7 Strains in Different Water Sources}, journal = {International Journal of Environment}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {10/2014}, pages = {212-220}, type = {Research}, chapter = {212}, abstract = {The aims of this work are to evaluate the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in ground, River Nile and
drainage water, to compare with the same water after sterilization and also, to determine tolerability of different
E. coli O157:H7 strains in tested water. It was achieved by inoculation 106 CFU from three E. coli O157:H7
strains; ATCC 35150 (Strain 1), (Strain 2) and (Strain 3) isolated from River Nile and El-Rahawy Drain,
respectively into two portion; sterile and non-sterile portion of ground, River Nile and El- Rahawy Drain water.
All strains possesses five virulence genes (stx1 (Shiga toxin 1), stx2 (Shiga toxin 2), eae (intimin), rfbE (O157
antigen), and fliC (flagellar antigen)). It was found that, the prolonged survival E. coli O157:H7 was observed
up till 98 days in sterilized wastewater followed by survival for 84 days in both sterilized ground and River Nile
water. E. coli O157:H7 survived in all sterilized tested water types longer than non sterilized water. It was found
that the E. coli O157:H7 isolated from wastewater sample had the longest survival time (98 days) in sterilized
wastewater compared to the other strain (reference strain and isolate of River Nile).}, keywords = {E. coli O157:H7, El-Rahawy Drain water, River Nile water, Survival}, issn = {2077-4508}, author = {M. AZAB EL-LIETHY and Gamila El-Taweel} } @article {5530, title = {{Survival of Norovirus Surrogate on Various Food-Contact Surfaces}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {182{\textendash}188}, abstract = {Norovirus (NoV) is an environmental threat to humans, which spreads easily from one infected person to another, causing foodborne and waterborne diseases. Therefore, precautions against NoV infection are important in the preparation of food. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival of murine norovirus (MNV), as a NoV surrogate, on six different food-contact surfaces: ceramic, wood, rubber, glass, stainless steel, and plastic. We inoculated 10(5) PFU of MNV onto the six different surface coupons that were then kept at room temperature for 28~days. On the food-contact surfaces, the greatest reduction in MNV was 2.28 log10 PFU/coupon, observed on stainless steel, while the lowest MNV reduction was 1.29 log10 PFU/coupon, observed on wood. The rank order of MNV reduction, from highest to lowest, was stainless steel, plastic, rubber, glass, ceramic, and wood. The values of d R (time required to reduce the virus by 90~{\%}) on survival plots of MNV determined by a modified Weibull model were 277.60~h (R (2)~=~0.99) on ceramic, 492.59~h (R (2)~=~0.98) on wood, 173.56~h on rubber (R (2)~=~0.98), 97.18~h (R (2)~=~0.94) on glass, 91.76~h (R (2)~=~0.97) on stainless steel, and 137.74~h (R (2)~=~0.97) on plastic. The infectivity of MNV on all food-contact surfaces remained after 28~days. These results show that MNV persists in an infective state on various food-contact surfaces for long periods. This study may provide valuable information for the control of NoV on various food-contact surfaces, in order to prevent foodborne disease.}, keywords = {Food-contact surface, Norovirus, Survival, Weibull model}, isbn = {1867-0334}, issn = {18670342}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9154-4}, author = {An N Kim and Shin Y Park and San C Bae and Mi H Oh and Sang D Ha} } @article {6320, title = {Survival of {Salmonella} enterica in {Aerated} and {Nonaerated} {Wastewaters} from {Dairy} {Lagoons}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {11249{\textendash}11260}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph111111249}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/11/11249/}, author = {Ravva, Subbarao and Sarreal, Chester} } @article {9118, title = {{Survival of salmonella enterica in aerated and nonaerated wastewaters from dairy lagoons}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {11249{\textendash}11260}, abstract = {Salmonella is the most commonly identified foodborne pathogen in produce, meat and poultry. Cattle are known reservoirs of Salmonella and the pathogen excreted in feces ends up in manure flush lagoons. Salmonella enterica survival was monitored in wastewater from on-site holding lagoons equipped or not with circulating aerators at two dairies. All strains had poor survival rates and none proliferated in waters from aerated or settling lagoons. Populations of all three Salmonella serovars declined rapidly with decimal reduction times (D) of {\{}{\textless}{\}}2 days in aerated microcosms prepared from lagoon equipped with circulators. Populations of Salmonella decreased significantly in aerated microcosms {\$}\backslash{\$}r{\$}\backslash{\$}n(D = 4.2 d) compared to nonaerated waters (D = 7.4 d) and in summer (D = 3.4 d) compared to winter (D = 9.0 d). We propose holding the wastewater for sufficient decimal reduction cycles in lagoons to yield pathogen-free nutrient-rich water for crop irrigations and fertilization.}, keywords = {Aeration, Aerators, Dairy wastewater, Decimal reduction times, Manure, Salmonella, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Montevideo, Salmonella Thompson, Survival}, issn = {16604601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph111111249}, author = {Ravva, Subbarao V and Sarreal, Chester Z} } @article {2805, title = {Susceptibility of high-risk human papillomavirus type 16 to clinical disinfectants}, journal = {The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, volume = {69}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC4019329}, pages = {1546-1550}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {antiviral agents Biology cancer cell line concentration DISEASE DISEASES Disinfectants DISINFECTION drug effects Drug Resistance, Viral human Human papillomavirus 16 humans immunology infectious methods Microbial Sensitivity Tests microbiology Molecular Molecular Biology Papillomavirus PARTICLES Pennsylvania pharmacology Research RESISTANCE RESISTANT Sexually Transmitted Diseases So}, doi = {doi: 10.1093/jac/dku006}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24500190}, author = {Meyers, J. and Ryndock, E. and Conway, M.J. and Meyers, C. and Robison, R.} } @mastersthesis {6751, title = {The sustainability of community-based water supply organizations ({CWOS}): {A} case study analysis of rural {Colombia}}, year = {2014}, note = {1568338}, school = {Trent University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{A}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The world has met the target of halving the number of people without access to improved-drinking water . However, the focus in rural areas (where 83\% of the people without access to improved-drinking water live) has been on the construction of infrastructure, rather than on the strengthening of existing local institutions to create a long-term sustainable solution. This research aims to understand what are the necessary characteristics that CWOs, the main rural water supplier institutions around the world, must have to offer safe water continuously and in the long term. The results indicate that to offer such conditions, internal and external characteristic need to coexist. Those characteristics will emerge from case studies analysis in rural and peri-urban areas in Colombia, through interviews, surveys, document reviews, observation exercises, and a comparison with the literature. Internal characteristics include proper infrastructure conditions, user satisfaction, best management practices, social capital, be a development catalyzer, and environmental awareness. External characteristics include easy access to subsidies, efficient communication channels with authorities, continuous training, and environmental legislation/education. This study concludes that enforcing these characteristics will strengthen the existing institutions and can provide a sustainable solution for rural water supply issues.}, keywords = {0454:Management, 0550:Latin American Studies, 0640:Sustainability, Community-based water supply organizations, Costs, Financial sustainability, Latin American Studies, management, Rural colombia, Social sciences, State subsidies, Sustainability, Water tariffs}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1624892969?accountid=14270}, author = {Pulido-Rozo, Andreina} } @article {8318, title = {Sustainable development goals: outcome document}, year = {2014}, institution = {United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs}, address = {New York}, url = {http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/focussdgs.html} } @mastersthesis {6752, title = {A {System} {Dynamics} {Approach} to {Integrated} {Water} and {Energy} {Resources} {Management}}, year = {2014}, note = {3617199}, school = {University of South Florida}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Water and energy are two of the most important resources for societal prosperity and economic development. It is clear that water and energy are intrinsically linked together and depend on one another in modern society. To date, however, efforts on water-energy nexus concentrate on quantifying the energy use in water cycle or the water use in energy production. From management perspective, water and energy are still managed separately. Little work has been done to investigate the impacts of the management options associated with one resource on the other and examine the integrated water and energy management options. Accordingly, the overall goal of this study is to examine the integrated management options for long-term regional water and energy resources management with consideration of their interactions through a system dynamics approach. System dynamics is based on systems thinking, which focuses on the system structure and offers a deeper insight into problems. It can link ecological, human, and social elements of water and energy systems in one modeling platform to investigate their interactions A four-step system dynamics modeling process was used in this study, which includes problem articulation, model formulation, model testing, and scenario design and simulation. Tampa Bay region was chosen as the study area, which is located on the west central coast of Florida and estuary along the Gulf of Mexico. This study considered a 100-year time scale with monthly interval, the first 30 years of which are used for model validation and the rest of which are for simulation. In order to investigate the interrelationship between water and energy systems, two sub-models (i.e., water sub-model and energy sub-model) were developed first. The water sub-model is composed of sectoral water demand (agriculture, industry, municipality, and energy sector), water supply (surface water, groundwater, reclaimed water, and water imports), and water quality and energy consumption associated with water supply. The result shows that surface water level increases by 1.32\~{}1.39\% when considering water quality and 1.10\~{}1.30\% considering both water quality and energy consumption. There is a slight decrease in groundwater storage (0.02{\textasciitilde}0.08\%) compared with the reference behavior. The result also reveals that water conservation education is the most effective option to reduce the freshwater withdrawals (\~{}17.3\%), followed by rebates on indoor water-efficient appliances (\~{}15.4\%). Water loss control has a high potential to reduce freshwater withdrawals but it is not effective currently due to limited budget. The implementation of minimum surface water level reduces the surface water withdrawal by 26 MGD (million gallons per day) and requires alternative water supply sources to meet the water demands. The energy sub-model consists of sectoral energy demand (agriculture, industry, municipality, and water sector), energy supply (coal, natural gas, oil, and electricity), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water pollution associated with energy supply. The result finds that cost of fuels is the primary concern of determining the energy mix for power generation. The current electricity mix in the study area consists of 35.4\% fuels from coal, 44.6\% from natural gas, and 20\% from oil. When considering the environmental impacts associated with energy supply, this percentage of coal reduces to 10.6\%, and GHG emissions and water pollution can be reduced by 22\% and 43\% accordingly. The result also shows that energy price is most effect of reducing the demand (\~{}16.3\%), followed by energy conservation education (\~{}10.6\%). Rebates on household appliances are the least effective option (\~{}3.6\%) due to consumers{\textquoteright} low willingness to pay. Combining the supply decision incorporating environmental impacts and the demand option of energy price increase, the reductions of GHG emissions and water pollution can reach 37\% and 55\%, respectively. The integrated model is developed by linking the water and energy models through the interactions between water and energy systems identified by the system archetypes. The result shows that water demand is reinforced by energy demand, and vice versa. This growth, however, is limited by water and energy availability. The result also reveals that some decisions to solve the problems of one resource result in the problems of the other resource. The increase of water price is one of these, which decreases the water demand by 24.3\% but leads to increase of the energy demand by 1.53\% due to the use of reclaimed water. Rebates on indoor water-efficient appliances are effective to reduce both water and energy demands largely due to the household energy use in water heating. In addition, this study demonstrates that integrated management options can improve the uses of water and energy, but decisions without considering each other may lead to more issues. For example, reclaimed water, a supply management option considering the energy, can increase the water balance index by 27.3\% and the energy balance index by 0.14\%; it can also reduce the water pollution by 11.76\% and the GHG emissions by 13.16\%. Seawater desalination, a supply management option without integrated consideration, intends to decrease the water shortage but eventually increases the water balance index by 29.7\%. It also causes the increases in water pollution and GHG emissions by 89.79\% and 14.53\%, respectively. Similarly, solar energy presents the advantage in increasing the balance indices and reducing the environmental impacts. This study is an initial attempt to link water and energy systems to explore integrated management options. It is limited by the data availability, assumptions for model simplification, and lack of consideration of climate change. The recommendations for future study include (a) employing a more accurate projection or representation of precipitation, (b) testing the energy model with local data, (c) considering water and energy allocation between different users under shortages, (d) examining the environmental impacts associated with bay water withdrawal for power generation, (e) investigating the water and energy use under climate change, and (f) involving stakeholders early in model development and continuous participation in policy analysis.}, keywords = {0537:Engineering, 0595:Water Resource Management, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Demand and supply, Earth sciences, Engineering, Environmental engineering, Greenhouse gas emission, Management options, System archetypes, Water quality, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1527018574?accountid=14270}, author = {Zhuang, Yilin} } @article {11983, title = {Systematic review: assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low-and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression}, journal = {Tropical Medicine \& International Health}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, year = {2014}, pages = {928-942}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1365-3156}, author = {Wolf, Jennyfer and Pr{\"u}ss-Ust{\"u}n, Annette and Cumming, Oliver and Bartram, Jamie and Bonjour, Sophie and Cairncross, Sandy and Clasen, Thomas and Colford, John M and Curtis, Valerie and France, Jennifer} } @article {9979, title = {{A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Africa}}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {308}, abstract = {BACKGROUND Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infection is a newly recognized serious threat to global public health and Africa is suspected to be among the most severely affected regions in the world. Understanding HEV epidemiology in Africa will expedite the implementation of evidence-based control policies aimed at preventing the spread of HEV including policies for the use of available resources such as HEV vaccines. METHODS Here we present a comprehensive review of HEV epidemiology in Africa based on published data. We searched for articles on HEV epidemiology in Africa from online databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science and critically reviewed appropriate publications to extract consistent findings, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest future studies. RESULTS Taking a particularly high toll in pregnant women and their fetuses, HEV has infected human populations in 28 of 56 African countries. Since 1979, 17 HEV outbreaks have been reported about once every other year from Africa causing a reported 35,300 cases with 650 deaths. CONCLUSIONS In Africa, HEV infection is not new, is widespread, and the number of reported outbreaks are likely a significant underestimate. The authors suggest that this is a continent-wide public health problem that deserves the attention of local, regional and international agencies to implement control policies that can save numerous lives, especially those of pregnant women and their fetuses.}, keywords = {Africa, Hepatitis E, OUTBREAK, Pregnancy, Review}, isbn = {1471-2334}, issn = {1471-2334}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2334-14-308}, url = {http://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-14-308}, author = {Kim, J.H. and Nelson, K.E. and Panzner, U. and Kasture, Y. and Labrique, A.B. and Wierzba, T.F.} } @article {7165, title = {A systematic review of waterborne disease burden methodologies from developed countries}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {dec}, pages = {634}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2014.049}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2014.049}, author = {Murphy, H. M. and Pintar, K. D. M. and McBean, E. A. and Thomas, M. K.} } @article {12741, title = {{Systems biology studies of adult Paragonimus lung flukes facilitate the identification of immunodominant parasite antigens}}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, pages = {e3242}, author = {McNulty, SN and Fischer, PU and Townsend, RR and Curtis, KC and Weil, GJ and Mitreva, M} } @article {12519, title = {Tackling soil diversity with the assembly of large, complex metagenomes}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {111}, number = {13}, year = {2014}, pages = {4904-4909}, isbn = {0027-8424}, author = {Howe, Adina Chuang and Jansson, Janet K and Malfatti, Stephanie A and Tringe, Susannah G and Tiedje, James M and Brown, C Titus} } @article {11342, title = {Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis control and elimination through community-based interventions}, journal = {Current tropical medicine reports}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {181-193}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2196-3045}, author = {Carabin, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Traor{\'e}, Aminata A} } @booklet {3747, title = {{\textquoteleft}{Teen} girls gang-raped and hanged from a tree{\textquoteright} police}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Thomson Reuters Foundation}, address = {New Delhi}, author = {Bhalla, N} } @booklet {3467, title = {{{\textquoteleft}Teen girls gang-raped and hanged from a tree{\textquoteright} police}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Thomson Reuters Foundation}, address = {New Delhi}, author = {Bhalla, N} } @mastersthesis {7224, title = {Temperature effects on food web interactions: {From} lakes to landscapes}, year = {2014}, note = {3633596}, school = {Dartmouth College}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Temperature has powerful effects on all scales of biological organization from biochemical reactions to ecosystem processes. Despite the well-appreciated influence and thorough understanding of the physiological and population consequences of temperature, it is difficult to predict how changing temperatures might restructure biological communities. One reason for this disconnect involves a lack of understanding of how temperature can alter biological interactions between species. I add to the understanding of the effects of temperature on species interactions by exploring 1) how temperature alters the success of Daphnia lumholtzi - a non-native cladoceran zooplanker-by changing species interactions and 2) the quality of a key ecological subsidy. I first addressed how temperature and increases in cyanobacteria alter resource competition between Daphnia lumholtzi and the native Daphnia pulex. I combined a laboratory competition experiment and a mesocosm experiment to show that while D. lumholtzi may benefit from increases in temperature, associated increased cyanobacterial blooms may hinder its performance. Secondly, I conducted a field mesocosm experiment and a laboratory growth experiment to suggest that organismal thermal sensitivity may predict the outcome of temperature-mediated species interactions, and that D. lumholtzi may benefit from warmer water temperatures. Subsequently, I provide support the hypothesis that variable thermal sensitivities among a sunfish predator, D. lumholtzi, and D. pulex can generate temperature-dependent enemy release using both a mathematical model and a field experiment. Lastly, I addressed the potential for climate warming to impact lakes by altering the quality of ecological subsidies. I show that experimental soil warming can alter the chemical composition of deciduous leaves, the physical and chemical environment of the aquatic ecosystems to which leaves were added, and the pelagic food web. Compared to leaves from ambient-temperate soils, leaves from warmed soils decreased water column phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon, reducing bacterial densities. However, the diminished carbon and phosphorus resulting from soil warming also increased light availability that ultimately stimulated cladoceran zooplankton relative to ambient-temperature leaves. These results highlight the importance of conducting research across ecosystem boundaries to accurately predict the ecological consequences of climate change.}, keywords = {0285:Agronomy, 0329:Ecology, Agronomy, Biological sciences, Climate change, Community ecology, Competition, Ecology, Freshwater ecosystems, Invasive species, Species interactions}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1611215443?accountid=14270}, author = {Fey, Samuel Butler} } @article {5876, title = {{Temporal and farm-management-associated variation in faecal pat prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in ruminants.}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {142}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {apr}, pages = {861{\textendash}870}, author = {Grove-White, D H and Leatherbarrow, A J H and Cripps, P J and Diggle, P J and French, N P} } @article {14393, title = {Temporal and farm-management-associated variation in faecal pat prevalence of {Arcobacter} spp. in ruminants.}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {142}, number = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {apr}, pages = {861{\textendash}870}, author = {Grove-White, D H and Leatherbarrow, A J H and Cripps, P J and Diggle, P J and French, N P} } @mastersthesis {6592, title = {Temporal and spatial scaling of coupled hydrological and biogeochemical processes in river basins}, year = {2014}, note = {3646678}, school = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The goal of this dissertation is to understand nutrient delivery processes in river networks, including the processes and factors controlling both the flow generation and nutrient retention mechanisms. An analysis framework that synthesizes the bottom-up and top-down approaches is implemented in this dissertation to explore these questions. In the top-down approach, empirical data from several catchments within the continental United States is analyzed to generate patterns across gradients of scale, climate, and topography to guide the study of the underlying mechanisms as well as to serve as the inspiration to generate hypotheses regarding possible explanations of the empirical observations. In the bottom-up approach, models are developed based on the understanding gained in through the data analysis to test hypotheses and to discover previously hidden relationships and laws which could further facilitate future data collection, data analysis and model development. The dissertation is separated into two parts governing the two major perspectives that underpin nutrient transport and transformation processes in river networks: hydrology and biogeochemistry. Part one focuses on how soil moisture and the dominant hydrological processes change across a climate gradient, the factors governing these spatio-temporal patterns, and in particular, the effects of climate (i.e. aridity, seasonality). Analysis of the flow regime curves reveals the dominant runoff generation processes in catchments across the continental United States and is used in the model development that follows. The study of flow recession curves also reveals insights for the future modeling of the storage-discharge relationship governing subsurface stormflow. These studies demonstrate the overall influence of climate (i.e. seasonality and aridity) on the various hydrologic processes through long-term co-evolution of climate, soils, vegetation and topography. With the understanding gained of the processes related to the movement of water, the carrier and controller of nutrients, the second part of the dissertation looks at the nutrient delivery and uptake processes across the river network: the influence of spatial scale on these processes, and the effects of temporal variability of flow inherited from climate. Empirical relationships between several nutrient uptake metrics and the flow condition and nutrient concentration level are derived from field measurements and are incorporated into a coupled hydrology and biogeochemistry model to simulate the nutrient uptake processes across river networks, from the small headwater streams all the way to big rivers. The effect of hydrologic variability inherited from climate on nutrient uptake is then examined. The studies highlighted the contribution of big rivers downstream to overall nutrient uptake and also have emphasized the important role of flow variability on nutrient retention. The results arising from this dissertation research have helped to significantly improve our understanding of nutrient transport and transformation processes across river networks, which could prove extremely useful to government agencies and community organizations on the effective use of land use management and water quality regulation to alleviate water quality problems in rivers and in receiving waters such as the Gulf of Mexico. On the other hand, this work has demonstrated the feasibility and power of the study framework that combines both the bottom-up and top-down approaches to the study of complex environmental problems, and could be adopted in future studies involving hydrologic and/or biogeochemical processes.}, keywords = {0368:Physical geography, 0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0425:Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemical processes, Biogeochemistry, Earth sciences, Hydrologic processes, Hydrologic sciences, Nutrient delivery, Physical geography, River basin, Spatial scaling, Temporal scaling}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1642727911?accountid=14270}, author = {Ye, Sheng} } @article {1692, title = {[Temporal fluctuation and genetic characterization of echovirus 11 isolates upon surveillance of environmental sewage in Shandong Province, China]}, journal = {Bing Du Xue Bao}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, note = {Li, Wen-Feng Tao, Ze-Xin Yang, Jing Lin, Xiao-Juan Liu, Yao Ji, Feng Wang, Hai-Yan Wang, Su-Ting Song, Li-Zhi Xu, Ai-Qiangh chi English Abstract Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t China 2015/01/08 06:00 Bing Du Xue Bao. 2014 Sep;30(5):561-6.}, pages = {561-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {We wished to analyze the genetic characterization of echovirus 11 (Echo11) from samples of environmental sewage in Shandong Province (China). The VP1 coding region was typed as the strains were amplified. Phylogenetic analyses on the VP1 sequences from these isolates, strains isolated from AFP cases in the period 1994-2010 and others published in GenBank were conducted. From 2011 to 2012, 94 Echo11 strains were isolated from samples of environmental sewage in Jinan and Linyi City in Shandong Province. Numbers of Echo11 were seasonal and reached peaks in the summer and autumn in both cities; A- mong these isolates, nucleotide (nt) identities were 89.5\%-100.0\% whereas amino acid (aa) identities were 95.4\%-100.0\%. The nt and aa identities were 76.6\%-79.7\% and 90.4\%-92.5\% between those strains and the prototype (Gregory) strain of Echo11, respectively. All isolates from Shandong Province were the A genotype and the strains evolved very rapidly, which suggested that several transmission chains was co-circulating. We described the temporal fluctuation and genetic characterization of Echo11 isolates from surveillance of environmental sewage in Shandong Province, thereby providing important information for exploring the dynamic change and genetic variation of circulating human enteroviruses in this Province in China.}, keywords = {China Enterovirus B, Human/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Phylogeny Sewage/*virology}, issn = {1000-8721 (Print) 1000-8721 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25562967}, author = {Li, W. F. and Tao, Z. X. and Yang, J. and Lin, X. J. and Liu, Y. and Ji, F. and Wang, H. Y. and Wang, S. T. and Song, L. Z. and Xu, A. Q.} } @article {8628, title = {{Th1 and Th2 immune response to P30 and ROP18 peptides in human toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Medical Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {203}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {315{\textendash}322}, author = {Torres-Morales, E and Taborda, L and Cardona, N and De-la-Torre, A and Sepulveda-Arias, JC and Patarroyo, MA and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE} } @article {4353, title = {{A theoretical analysis of how strain-specific viruses can control microbial species diversity.}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {111}, number = {21}, year = {2014}, month = {may}, pages = {7813{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Pelagic prokaryote communities are often dominated by the SAR11 clade. The recent discovery of viruses infecting this clade led to the suggestion that such dominance could not be explained by assuming SAR11 to be a defense specialist and that the explanation therefore should be sought in its competitive abilities. The issue is complicated by the fact that prokaryotes may develop strains differing in their balance between competition and viral defense, a situation not really captured by present idealized models that operate only with virus-controlled "host groups." We here develop a theoretical framework where abundance within species emerges as the sum over virus-controlled strains and show that high abundance then is likely to occur for species able to use defense mechanisms with a low trade-off between competition and defense, rather than by extreme investment in one strategy or the other. The J-shaped activity-abundance community distribution derived from this analysis explains the high proportion low-active prokaryotes as a consequence of extreme defense as an alternative to explanations based on dormancy or death due to nutrient starvation.}, keywords = {Alphaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria: virology, Biodiversity, Biological, Computer Simulation, Models, Population Dynamics, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1091-6490}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1400909111}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4040589{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {T F Thingstad and V\aage, Selina and Storesund, Julia E and Sandaa, Ruth-Anne and Giske, Jarl} } @article {17205, title = {Thermal and Nonthermal Factors Affecting Survival of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in Animal Manure-Based Compost Mixtures}, journal = {Journal of Food ProtectionJournal of food protection}, volume = {77}, number = {9}, year = {2014}, month = {Sep}, pages = {1512-1518}, keywords = {anaerobic-digestion, bacterial communities, cattle manure, enterica serovar typhimurium, escherichia-coli o157-h7, Inactivation, sewage-sludge, strength agricultural waste, thermophilic aerobic digestion, volatile fatty-acids}, isbn = {0362-028x}, author = {Erickson, M. C. and Liao, J. and Ma, L. and Jiang, X. and Doyle, M. P.} } @article {17202, title = {Thermal treatment for pathogen inactivation as a risk mitigation strategy for safe recycling of organic waste in agriculture}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural WastesJournal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural WastesJournal of Environmental Science and Health Part }, volume = {49}, number = {9}, year = {2014}, pages = {679-689}, keywords = {anaerobic-digestion, biogas plants, bovine feces, bovine parvovirus, D-value, Enteric viruses, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, heat-treatment, Manure, ppv, Salmonella, salmonella-typhimurium, sanitization treatment, sewage-sludge, Survival, z-value}, isbn = {0360-1234}, author = {Elving, J. and Vinneras, B. and Albihn, A. and Ottoson, J. R.} } @article {16337, title = {Though not reservoirs, dogs might transmit Leptospira in New Caledonia}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {4316-4325}, author = {Gay, N. and Soup{\'e}-Gilbert, M. E. and Goarant, C.} } @article {11679, title = {{Three cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection in Korea}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {52}, year = {2014}, pages = {673{\textendash}676}, author = {Kim, HJ and Eom, KS and Seo, M} } @mastersthesis {6733, title = {Three essays in decentralized public finance}, year = {2014}, note = {3639955}, school = {Northern Illinois University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation contains three essays that examine aspects of decentralized public finance in South Africa. A growing number of studies have examined the extent to which political considerations impact on the allocation of intergovernmental transfers within fiscally decentralized economies. However, most of these studies have mainly focused on decentralized, developed countries. While extensions to developing countries is gradually growing, there remains limited empirical analysis of the political economy of intergovernmental grant allocations in the context of fiscally decentralized countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Motivated by this gap in the existing literature, the first chapter outlines the first essay of this dissertation, and applies a theoretical model of redistributive politics in a multiparty, multi-level government system to test whether political considerations influence the transfer of discretionary grants from the national government to the 234 municipalities in South Africa. The results of multi-level model estimates suggest that political characteristics of a municipality have a substantial positive influence on the amount of discretionary grants received from the incumbent national government. For the second essay, the effects of fiscal decentralization on regional inequalities is investigated using panel data for the 234 municipalities that constitute South Africa{\textquoteright}s local government sphere over the period 2003{\^a}AS2012. The main findings that emerge from the analysis can be summarized as follows: there exists a statistically significant relationship between fiscal decentralization and inequality in the context of South Africa{\textquoteright}s municipality, with the exact nature of the relationship dependent on how fiscal decentralization is measured. Where measures of fiscal decentralization are revenue based, the regression estimates support the hypothesis that as a commitment device, fiscal decentralization provides incentives that decrease inter-municipal inequality; on the otherhand, expenditure based fiscal decentralization contribute to increased inter-municipal disparities. These findings are robust across the different specifications considered. Finally, in the third chapter which presents the third essay of the dissertation, the relationship between public spending and labor productivity is investigated using panel data for South Africa{\textquoteright}s 234 municipalities over the period 2003-2012. The paper estimates a simple Cobb-Douglas production function that explicitly includes the impact of private capital and productive public expenditure in the area of socio-economic infrastructure (such as roads, electricity, and water and sanitation) on municipal labor productivity. The results provide fairly strong evidence that government capital has a statistically significant negative effect on regional labor productivity. However, estimates indicate a strongly positive and statistically significant relationship between private sector activities and labor productivity. These findings are robust across the different econometric specifications considered in the paper.}, keywords = {0511:Economic theory, Decentralization, Econometrics, Economic theory, Intergovernmental transfers, Local government, Political economy, Social sciences, South Africa}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1615407124?accountid=14270}, author = {Amusa, H.A.} } @mastersthesis {7411, title = {Three {Essays} on the {Economics} of {Groundwater} {Management} {Institutions}}, year = {2014}, note = {3637399}, school = {University of California, Santa Barbara}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Institutions can emerge and evolve to solve environmental and natural resource problems. However, these resources are often characterized by scientific complexity, a lack of complete property rights, and dispersed benefits. Aligning private and social benefits and costs can increase total social welfare, but also requires increased control over the resource, which is costly. Increased control comes through strengthening property rights, which may be held by the state, by local user groups, individuals, or a combination. This dissertation explores how knowledge of the physical properties of a resource, and in particular groundwater, is critical to understanding the incentives to engage in bargaining over property rights, lobbying, or other management program. The first chapter explores how properties of an aquifer influence the incentives of groundwater irrigators to engage in collective management. Using data from Kansas, counties with high hydraulic conductivity, a measure of how "common" the groundwater resource is, are shown to benefit more from management, among other results. The chapter demonstrates the benefit of directing management based on physical properties of a resource. The second chapter explores how the separation of ground and surface water rights can create differences in preferences over policy alternatives, expressed through political channels. Economic efficiency may not be the key determinant of outcomes as affected parties interact with politicians and administrative agencies. An economic model is introduced to explore the political choice of the environmental good, instruments to be used (quantity restrictions, subsidies or taxes), or how costs will be distributed. A case analysis of water-trading/access restrictions on copper mining firms in northern Chile{\textquoteright}s Antofagasta Region illustrates the key points of a theoretical framework. The third chapter presents interdisciplinary work that explores how outflows benefitting ecosystems may warrant maintaining groundwater tables at higher levels than private economic incentives would indicate. A case in northern Chile is examined. Here, a wetland and lacustrine environment and a village dependent on that environment disappeared due to water extraction for use in mining. The paper explores how economics and hydrology illustrate the inherent tradeoffs in this type of development.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0501:Economics, 0511:Economic theory, Earth sciences, Economic theory, economics, Groundwater management, Hydrologic sciences, Natural resource problems, Social benefits, Social sciences, Social welfare}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1617399125?accountid=14270}, author = {Edwards, Eric Charles} } @mastersthesis {7154, title = {Topics in {Hedonic} {Valuation}}, year = {2014}, note = {3617454}, school = {Duke University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Environmental goods such as clean air and water are integral to human quality of life. However, because these amenities are not priced, their monetary values are not directly apparent. As a result, Hedonic methods have been employed as a tool to recover household Marginal Willingness To Pay (MWTP) for these goods to inform policy-making given constrained public resources. This thesis consists of three chapters tied to the Hedonic valuation of a particular environmental {\textquoteright}bad,{\textquoteright} a brownfield site. Brownfield properties are lands that cannot be used due to the presence of a low-risk, hazardous substance. The first chapter uses property value hedonics to reveal household willingness to pay for brownfield cleanup (joint work with Kevin Haninger and Christopher Timmins). We exploit variation in space and time to deal with the potential bias in estimating MWTP due to unobservable variables that are correlated with both housing prices and site cleanup. Furthermore, there has been recent work showing that if equilibrium price functions change over time, the capitalization of changes in neighborhood amenities into property values over time (e.g. brownfield cleanup) may neither represent the preferences of those living in the neighborhood before changes occurred or after. To address this, we provide a way to estimate cleanup without assuming that the hedonic price function is stable over time, an assumption that would likely be violated if site cleanup brought about significant changes to the community populations around the sites. The second chapter considers two sources of distortions in the valuation of non-marketed goods - an expectations bias and a learning bias. If consumers suspect that cleanup of a brownfield is likely before it is cleaned (expectation) or gain new information about the severity of the brownfield contamination (information), then baseline period prices need to be adjusted to account for these potential distortions to the MWTP estimate. To address this, I collect a new data set on brownfield contamination information over time from Massachusetts, and recover hedonic values from a dynamic neighborhood choice framework that allows agents to learn about brownfield hazards in a Bayesian fashion. I find a MWTP estimate of {\textbackslash}\$888.38 per unit of site contamination when accounting for learning and forward-looking behavior, which is more than double the simple hedonic estimate. Furthermore, parameters from my model can be used to calculate the average value of information provided by a site assessment. The final chapter, joint work with Gabrielle Inder, examines whether different types of information about brownfield contamination capitalize into property values differently. More specifically, we estimate a property value hedonic model to test if housing prices are impacted differently if information about nearby contamination is released as a continuous measure as opposed to a binary measure (i.e. exceeding a threshold value or not). We do this by exploiting variation in contaminant thresholds used, holding constant the contaminant level, due to regulatory requirements for brownfield investigations in the State of Massachusetts. As the variation in threshold levels are tied to the level of human exposure of the areas in which these contaminated sites exist, threshold exceedance is potentially endogenous to unobserved neighborhood characteristics that also impact housing values. To deal with this, we take an Instrumental Variables approach using variation in threshold exceedance due to the location of underground water sources. After instrumenting for threshold exceedance with the presence of an aquifer underground, our estimates indicate a 10{\textbackslash}\% decrease in housing values from exceeding contaminant thresholds, but that continuous toxicity levels have a negative but insignificant effect. These findings suggest that polices aimed to improve public awareness about pollution should be cognizant of how information is conveyed, as it may allow for better design of information provision programs aimed to improve environmental quality.}, keywords = {0438:Environmental economics, 0501:Economics, Brownfield cleanup, Brownfield contamination, economics, Environmental economics, Massachusetts, Non-marketed goods, Property values, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1527018917?accountid=14270}, author = {Ma, Lala Xun} } @inbook {8406, title = {{Toxoplasmosis in the Middle East and North Africa}}, booktitle = {Neglected Tropical Diseases-Middle East and North Africa}, year = {2014}, pages = {235{\textendash}249}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Vienna}, author = {Bouratbine, A and Aoun, K} } @article {5848, title = {{Tracking human sewage microbiome in a municipal wastewater treatment plant.}}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {98}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {apr}, pages = {3317{\textendash}3326}, author = {Cai, Lin and Ju, Feng and Zhang, Tong} } @article {14365, title = {Tracking human sewage microbiome in a municipal wastewater treatment plant.}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {98}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {apr}, pages = {3317{\textendash}3326}, author = {Cai, Lin and Ju, Feng and Zhang, Tong} } @article {7205, title = {Transition overtime in household latrine use in rural {Bangladesh}: a longitudinal cohort study}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, pages = {721}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In a low-income country like Bangladesh, where the poverty rate is higher in rural compared to urban areas, the consistent use of sanitary latrines over time is a challenge. To address this issue, the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) program of the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) was devised to improve health of the rural poor through enhanced sanitation services, such as by providing loans or education. Sanitary latrine use in households and changes over time were assessed in this study. METHODS: This was a longitudinal cohort study of the baseline, midline, and end line status of the WASH project. Households assessed in all three rounds of surveys (26,404 in each survey) were included in the analysis. Thirty thousand households from 50 upazilas (sub-districts) were selected in two stages: i) thirty villages were selected from each of the 50 upazilas by cluster sampling, and ii) twenty households were chosen systematically from each selected village. A female member capable of providing household-level information was interviewed from each house using the pre-tested questionnaire. Spot observations of some components were made to assess the quality of sanitary latrine use. The adjusted log-binomial regression was performed and risk ratios with 95\% confidence intervals were estimated for sanitary latrine use. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Stata software. RESULTS: The use of sanitary latrines by households increased significantly from the baseline (31.7\%) to midline (41.5\%) and end line (57.4\%) assessment points. The proportion of physically verified clean latrines increased significantly from 33.4\% at baseline to 50.8\% at the midline and 53.3\% at the end line. Analysis of changes in latrine-use showed that 73.3\% of the baseline latrine-using households continued to do so at the end line, while the rest switched to unsanitary practices. Households with better socioeconomic status were more likely to use sanitary latrines. CONCLUSION: There are improvements in ownership and use of sanitary latrines by households over the years in WASH intervention areas. However, switching of some households from sanitary to unsanitary latrines remains a matter of concern regarding sustainability.}, keywords = {Adult, Bangladesh, Family Characteristics, Female, Health Behavior, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Longitudinal Studies, Poverty, Rural Population, sanitation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Toilet Facilities}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-14-721}, author = {Akter, Tahera and Ali, Abu R. M. M. and Dey, Nepal C.} } @article {14601, title = {Transport and removal of viruses in saturated sand columns under oxic and anoxic conditions{\textendash}{Potential} implications for groundwater protection}, journal = {Int J Hyg Environ Health}, volume = {217}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {861{\textendash}70}, abstract = {To protect groundwater as a drinking water resource from microbiological contamination, protection zones are installed. While travelling through these zones, concentrations of potential pathogens should decline to levels that pose no risks to human health. Removal of viruses during subsurface passage is influenced by physicochemical conditions, such as oxygen concentration, which also affects virus survival. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of redox conditions on the removal of viruses during sand filtration. Experiments in glass columns filled with medium-grained sand were conducted to investigate virus removal in the presence and absence of dissolved oxygen. Bacteriophages MS2 and PhiX174, as surrogates for human enteric viruses were spiked in pulsed or in continuous mode and pumped through the columns at a filter velocity of about 1m/d. Virus breakthrough curves were analyzed by calculating total viral elimination and fitted using one-dimensional transport models (CXTFIT and HYDRUS-1D). While short-term experiments with pulsed virus application showed only small differences with regard to virus removal under oxic and anoxic conditions, a long-term experiment with continuous dosing revealed a clearly lower elimination of viruses under anoxic conditions. These findings suggest that less inactivation and less adsorption of viruses in anoxic environments affect their removal. Therefore, in risk assessment studies aimed to secure drinking water resources from viral contamination and optimization of protection zones, the oxic and anoxic conditions in the subsurface should also be considered.}, keywords = {*Oxygen, *Silicon Dioxide, *Viruses, *Water Microbiology, Adsorption, Bacteriophages, Drinking Water/*virology, Filtration, Groundwater, Groundwater/*virology, Health risk, Humans, Levivirus, Models, Oxidation-Reduction, Theoretical, Transport, Viruses, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1618-131X (Electronic) 1438-4639 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.06.004}, author = {Frohnert, A. and Apelt, S. and Klitzke, S. and Chorus, I. and Szewzyk, R. and Selinka, H. C.} } @article {14945, title = {Transport and removal of viruses in saturated sand columns under oxic and anoxic conditions{\textendash}{Potential} implications for groundwater protection}, journal = {Int J Hyg Environ Health}, volume = {217}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {861{\textendash}70}, abstract = {To protect groundwater as a drinking water resource from microbiological contamination, protection zones are installed. While travelling through these zones, concentrations of potential pathogens should decline to levels that pose no risks to human health. Removal of viruses during subsurface passage is influenced by physicochemical conditions, such as oxygen concentration, which also affects virus survival. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of redox conditions on the removal of viruses during sand filtration. Experiments in glass columns filled with medium-grained sand were conducted to investigate virus removal in the presence and absence of dissolved oxygen. Bacteriophages MS2 and PhiX174, as surrogates for human enteric viruses were spiked in pulsed or in continuous mode and pumped through the columns at a filter velocity of about 1m/d. Virus breakthrough curves were analyzed by calculating total viral elimination and fitted using one-dimensional transport models (CXTFIT and HYDRUS-1D). While short-term experiments with pulsed virus application showed only small differences with regard to virus removal under oxic and anoxic conditions, a long-term experiment with continuous dosing revealed a clearly lower elimination of viruses under anoxic conditions. These findings suggest that less inactivation and less adsorption of viruses in anoxic environments affect their removal. Therefore, in risk assessment studies aimed to secure drinking water resources from viral contamination and optimization of protection zones, the oxic and anoxic conditions in the subsurface should also be considered.}, keywords = {*Oxygen, *Silicon Dioxide, *Viruses, *Water Microbiology, Adsorption, Bacteriophages, Drinking Water/*virology, Filtration, Groundwater, Groundwater/*virology, Health risk, Humans, Levivirus, Models, Oxidation-Reduction, Theoretical, Transport, Viruses, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1618-131X (Electronic) 1438-4639 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.06.004}, author = {Frohnert, A. and Apelt, S. and Klitzke, S. and Chorus, I. and Szewzyk, R. and Selinka, H. C.} } @article {11778, title = {{Travel-acquired subcutaneous Sparganum proliferum infection diagnosed by molecular methods.}}, journal = {British Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {170}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {741{\textendash}743}, doi = {10.1111/bjd.12679}, author = {Schauer, F and Poppert, S and Technau-Hafsi, K and Mockenhaupt, M and Muntau, B and Hacker, G and Tappe, D and Jakob, T} } @article {1736, title = {Treated wastewater effluent as a source of microbial pollution of surface water resources}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, note = {Naidoo, Shalinee Olaniran, Ademola O eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review Switzerland 2013/12/25 06:00 Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013 Dec 23;11(1):249-70. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110100249.}, pages = {249-70}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Since 1990, more than 1.8 billion people have gained access to potable water and improved sanitation worldwide. Whilst this represents a vital step towards improving global health and well-being, accelerated population growth coupled with rapid urbanization has further strained existing water supplies. Whilst South Africa aims at spending 0.5\% of its GDP on improving sanitation, additional factors such as hydrological variability and growing agricultural needs have further increased dependence on this finite resource. Increasing pressure on existing wastewater treatment plants has led to the discharge of inadequately treated effluent, reinforcing the need to improve and adopt more stringent methods for monitoring discharged effluent and surrounding water sources. This review provides an overview of the relative efficiencies of the different steps involved in wastewater treatment as well as the commonly detected microbial indicators with their associated health implications. In addition, it highlights the need to enforce more stringent measures to ensure compliance of treated effluent quality to the existing guidelines.}, keywords = {Animals Humans Waste Water/*microbiology *Water Microbiology *Water Pollution *Water Purification *Water Supply}, issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph110100249}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24366046}, author = {Naidoo, S. and Olaniran, A. O.} } @article {958, title = {Treating progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with interleukin 7 and vaccination with JC virus capsid protein VP1}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {59}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {1588{\textendash}1592}, author = {Sospedra, M and Schippling, S and Yousef, S and Jelcic, I and Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Planas, R and Stellmann, JP and Demina, V and Cinque, P and Garcea, R and Croughs, T and Girones, R and Martin, R} } @article {9849, title = {{Treatment failure in patients with chronic Blastocystis infection}}, journal = {J Med Microbiol}, volume = {63}, year = {2014}, pages = {252{\textendash}257}, doi = {10.1099/jmm.0.065508-0}, author = {Roberts, T and Ellis, J and Harkness, J and Marriott, D and Stark, D} } @article {3047, title = {Treatment of echinococcosis: albendazole and mebendazole{\textendash}what else?}, journal = {Parasite (Paris, France)}, volume = {21}, year = {2014}, pages = {70}, abstract = {The search for novel therapeutic options to cure alveolar echinococcosis (AE), due to the metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis, is ongoing, and these developments could also have a profound impact on the treatment of cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the closely related Echinococcus granulosus s.l. Several options are being explored. A viable strategy for the identification of novel chemotherapeutically valuable compounds includes whole-organism drug screening, employing large-scale in vitro metacestode cultures and, upon identification of promising compounds, verification of drug efficacy in small laboratory animals. Clearly, the current focus is targeted towards broad-spectrum anti-parasitic or anti-cancer drugs and compound classes that are already marketed, or that are in development for other applications. The availability of comprehensive Echinococcus genome information and gene expression data, as well as significant progress on the molecular level, has now opened the door for a more targeted drug discovery approach, which allows exploitation of defined pathways and enzymes that are essential for the parasite. In addition, current in vitro and in vivo models that are used to assess drug efficacy should be optimized and complemented by methods that give more detailed information on the host-parasite interactions that occur during drug treatments. The key to success is to identify, target and exploit those parasite molecules that orchestrate activities essential to parasite survival.}, keywords = {albendazole, Animals, Anthelmintics, Cell Division, Clarithromycin, Cytostatic Agents, Drug Design, Drug Evaluation, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Forecasting, Guanidines, Helminth Proteins, Hepatic, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Imidazoles, Larva, Mebendazole, Mefloquine, Mice, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Preclinical, Thiazoles, Thiophenes}, issn = {1776-1042}, doi = {10.1051/parasite/2014073}, author = {Hemphill, Andrew and Stadelmann, Britta and Rufener, Reto and Spiliotis, Markus and Boubaker, Ghalia and M{\"u}ller, Joachim and M{\"u}ller, Norbert and Gorgas, Daniela and Gottstein, Bruno} } @article {975, title = {Trichodysplasia spinulosa: rare presentation of polyomavirus infection in immunocompromised patients}, journal = {Journal of Cutaneus Medical Surgery}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {430{\textendash}435}, author = {Kirchhof, MG and Shojania, K and Hull, MW and Crawford, RI and Au, S} } @article {6149, title = {Triclosan as a surrogate for household biocides: An investigation into biocides in aquatic environments of a highly urbanized region}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {58}, year = {2014}, pages = {269-279}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Zhi F Chen and Guang G Ying and You S Liu and Qian Q Zhang and Jian L Zhao and Shuang S Liu and Chen, Jun and Feng J Peng and Hua J Lai and Chang G Pan} } @mastersthesis {6585, title = {Tsunami and storm wave impacts on coastal bridges}, year = {2014}, note = {3691726}, school = {University of Hawai{\textquoteright}i at Manoa}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Wave loads on coastal bridges due to tsunami and storm waves are studied through a set of laboratory experiments and numerical calculations. Effects of wave nonlinearity and entrapped air on wave loading under conditions where the bridge may be partially or fully inundated are of particular interest. In addition, effects of compressibility and scaling are investigated through numerical calculations. With the destruction of bridges during recent events such as the 2011 Tohoku tsunami and hurricanes Katrina in 2005 and Ivan in 2004, this highlights the importance of this research in understanding the mechanisms of failure during such events to prevent future coastal bridge failures. Destruction of these bridges is not only financially costly, but can prevent emergency services from reaching coastal communities, thus potentially contributing to loss of life. Along with the bridges, this research is applicable to other coastal and offshore structures, such as piers, submerged breakwaters and offshore platforms, in which wave loading or entrapped air is of concern. To investigate this problem, an extensive set of experiments is conducted on a flat plate, bridge model with girders, and a bridge model with varying percentages of trapped air that serves as a valuable benchmark for understanding wave loads on coastal structures, and bridges in particular. The wave cases tested include an extensive set of water depths, wave amplitudes and wave periods (for periodic waves) to cover a wide range of solitary and shallow-water to intermediate-water depth cnoidal waves. A range of model elevations was also tested to cover a range where the entire model is fully submerged below the water surface, to where the model is fully elevated above the water surface, and in the case of the model with girders, the girders are fully elevated as well. Experiments were conducted in a two-dimensional wave flume located in the University of Hawaii at Manoa{\textquoteright}s Hydraulics Lab in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department. The models used were representative of a 1:35 scale model of a two-lane coastal bridge, typical in an island community. To study the effects of entrapped air, a series of experiments is conducted where side panels were added to each side of the model to trap air between the girders. Then different percentages of air-relief openings are added to the panels to capture a range of cases where no air can escape between the girders, to where all the air can escape and the wave can freely interact with the bottom of the bridge deck. Data from these experiments show the largest vertical uplift forces and forces in the direction of wave propagation on a flat plate and a bridge model occur when the structure is near the still-water level (SWL). For the cases where air is trapped, the addition of air relief openings significantly reduces uplift forces. Many current empirical relations estimating wave loads on coastal bridges only take hydrostatic effects into account. When compared with empirical estimations, data from these experiments show both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces must be taken into consideration. Comparison is also made with numerical calculations solving incompressible Euler{\textquoteright}s equations by use of the CFD software OpenFOAM, discussed in Hayatdavoodi (2013), Seiffert, Hayatdavoodi \& Ertekin (2014), and Hayatdavoodi, Seiffert \& Ertekin (2014b) with excellent agreement. Effects of compressibility and scaling are tested numerically by solving compressible and incompressible Euler{\textquoteright}s equations. Numerical calculations show that the effects of compressibility on the long duration forces are small. Calculations also show that when Froude scaling is applied to forces on the model scale, the forces agree well with force calculations at the prototype scale. These results have important design implications for bridge engineers.}, keywords = {0547:Ocean engineering, Applied sciences, Coastal bridges, Creidal wave, Entrapped air, Ocean engineering, Open FOAM, Solitary wave, Wave force}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1672939119?accountid=14270}, author = {Seiffert, Betsy Rose} } @booklet {5380, title = {{Tundra wetlands: the treatment of municipal wastewaters. RBC blue water project: performance and operational tools}}, year = {2014}, pages = {380}, publisher = {CWAT, Fleming College}, author = {Chouinard, A and Balch, GC and Jorgensen, SE and Yates, CN and Wootton, BC} } @article {11790, title = {{Two human cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection in Korea}}, journal = {The Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {apr}, pages = {197{\textendash}199}, issn = {1738-0006}, doi = {10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.197}, url = {http://parasitol.kr/journal/view.php?doi=10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.197}, author = {Song, Su-Min and Yang, Hye-Won and Jung, Min Kyu and Heo, Jun and Cho, Chang Min and Goo, Youn-Kyoung and Hong, Yeonchul and Chung, Dong-Il} } @article {3053, title = {Ultrasonographic features of the liver with cystic echinococcosis in sheep}, journal = {Veterinary Record Open}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {e000004}, abstract = {{OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to gain information about the ultrasonographic features of livers with cystic echinococcosis, as well as to evaluate the use of ultrasonography for diagnosis of such disease in sheep. DESIGN: This was a retrospective study during the period April 2011 to March 2013. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 22 Baladi sheep (aged three to six years) were included in this study. Based on clear hepatic ultrasonographic findings, all animals were classified into two groups: those with hepatic cysts (n=9) and without liver cysts (healthy liver}, keywords = {Liver, Parasitology, Sheep, Ultrasonography}, issn = {2052-6113}, doi = {10.1136/vropen-2013-000004}, author = {Hussein, Hussein Awad and Elrashidy, Mohammed} } @article {3005, title = {Ultrasound as a monitoring tool for cystic echinococcosis in sheep}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {203}, number = {1-2}, year = {2014}, month = {jun}, pages = {59{\textendash}64}, abstract = {An ultrasound-based survey for cystic echinococcosis (CE) in sheep was carried out in Sardinia in 2012. The study was done on three farms (A, B, C) which had been pre-selected for different CE prevalence levels (A: {\textbackslash}textgreater80\%, B: 50-80\%, C: {\textbackslash}textless50\%). In total, 129 sheep were examined on the farms using portable ultrasound equipment (A: n=51, B: n=30, C: n=48). Within a period of 20 days after ultrasound examination, all sheep were slaughtered and underwent a parasitological post-mortem examination for cysts in the liver and lungs. With post-mortem as gold standard, ultrasonography gave a test sensitivity of 88.7\% and a specificity of 75.9\%, while the positive and negative predictive values were 81.8\% and 84.6\%, respectively. When only sheep with fertile cysts were considered, the sensitivity of the test increased to 100\%. We conclude that the ultrasound examination of the liver in sheep - using state-of-the-art technology - is a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool, which is cost-effective, highly appropriate for field use and requires only moderate time (no shaving required). The method can also be applied to other livestock species and will be useful tool in epidemiological studies, monitoring schemes and vaccination/control trials.}, keywords = {Animals, Cystic echinococcosis, Echinococcosis, Hepatic, Intra vitam diagnosis, Italy, Liver, Lung, Predictive Value of Tests, Sardinia, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, Ultrasonography}, issn = {1873-2550}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.016}, author = {Dore, F. and Varcasia, A. and Pipia, A. P. and Sanna, G. and Pinna Parpaglia, M. L. and Corda, A. and Romig, T. and Scala, A.} } @article {5588, title = {{Ultraviolet Light Inactivation of Murine Norovirus and Human Norovirus GII: PCR May Overestimate the Persistence of Noroviruses Even When Combined with Pre-PCR Treatments}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {48{\textendash}57}, abstract = {Transmission of gastroenteritis-causing noroviruses may be significant via contaminated surfaces. Measures for control, e.g. disinfection with ultraviolet irradiation (UV), are therefore necessary for interrupting this transmission. Human norovirus (HuNoV) GII.4 and Murine norovirus (MuNoV) were used to study the efficacy of UV for virus inactivation on dry glass surfaces. MuNoV inactivation was measured using viability assay and the reduction in viral RNA levels for both viruses using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-QPCR). For each UV dose, two parallel sample groups were detected using RT-QPCR: one group was enzymatically pre-PCR treated with Pronase and RNAse enzymes, while the other was not treated enzymatically. In the viability assay, loss of infectivity and a 4-log reduction of MuNoV were observed when the viruses on glass slides were treated with a UV dose of 60~mJ/cm(2) or higher. In the RT-QPCR assay, a steady 2-log decline of MuNoV and HuNoV RNA levels was observed when UV doses were raised from 0 to 150~mJ/cm(2). A distinct difference in RNA levels of pretreated and non-pretreated samples was observed with UV doses of 450-1.8~{\texttimes}~10(3)~mJ/cm(2): the RNA levels of untreated samples remained over 1.0~{\texttimes}~10(3) PCR units (pcr-u), while the RNA levels of enzyme-treated samples declined below 100~pcr-u. However, the data show a prominent difference between the persistence of MuNoV observed with the infectivity assay and that of viral RNA detected using RT-QPCR. Methods based on genome detection may overestimate norovirus persistence even when samples are pretreated before genome detection.}, keywords = {Environmental surfaces, Murine norovirus, Norovirus, UV irradiation}, isbn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, issn = {18670334}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-013-9128-y}, author = {R{\"o}nnqvist, M. and A Mikkel{\"a} and Tuominen, P. and Salo, S. and Maunula, L.} } @article {13659, title = {{Uncertainty of population risk estimates for pathogens based on qmra or epidemiology: A case study of campylobacter in the Netherlands}}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {847{\textendash}864}, abstract = {Epidemiology and quantitative microbiological risk assessment are disciplines in which the same public health measures are estimated, but results differ frequently. If large, these differences can confuse public health policymakers. This article aims to identify uncertainty sources that explain apparent differences in estimates for Campylobacter spp. incidence and attribution in the Netherlands, based on four previous studies (two for each discipline). An uncertainty typology was used to identify uncertainty sources and the NUSAP method was applied to characterize the uncertainty and its influence on estimates. Model outcomes were subsequently calculated for alternative scenarios that simulated very different but realistic alternatives in parameter estimates, modeling, data handling, or analysis to obtain impressions of the total uncertainty. For the epidemiological assessment, 32 uncertainty sources were identified and for QMRA 67. Definitions (e.g., of a case) and study boundaries (e.g., of the studied pathogen) were identified as important drivers for the differences between the estimates of the original studies. The range in alternatively calculated estimates usually overlapped between disciplines, showing that proper appreciation of uncertainty can explain apparent differences between the initial estimates from both disciplines. Uncertainty was not estimated in the original QMRA studies and underestimated in the epidemiological studies. We advise to give appropriate attention to uncertainty in QMRA and epidemiological studies, even if only qualitatively, so that scientists and policymakers can interpret reported outcomes more correctly. Ideally, both disciplines are joined by merging their strong respective properties, leading to unified public health measures.}, keywords = {Attribution, NUSAP, QMRA, Typology}, isbn = {0272-4332}, issn = {15396924}, doi = {10.1111/risa.12153}, author = {Bouwknegt, Martijn and Knol, Anne B. and van der Sluijs, Jeroen P. and Evers, Eric G.} } @article {15241, title = {Uncertainty of population risk estimates for pathogens based on qmra or epidemiology: {A} case study of campylobacter in the {Netherlands}}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, pages = {847{\textendash}864}, abstract = {Epidemiology and quantitative microbiological risk assessment are disciplines in which the same public health measures are estimated, but results differ frequently. If large, these differences can confuse public health policymakers. This article aims to identify uncertainty sources that explain apparent differences in estimates for Campylobacter spp. incidence and attribution in the Netherlands, based on four previous studies (two for each discipline). An uncertainty typology was used to identify uncertainty sources and the NUSAP method was applied to characterize the uncertainty and its influence on estimates. Model outcomes were subsequently calculated for alternative scenarios that simulated very different but realistic alternatives in parameter estimates, modeling, data handling, or analysis to obtain impressions of the total uncertainty. For the epidemiological assessment, 32 uncertainty sources were identified and for QMRA 67. Definitions (e.g., of a case) and study boundaries (e.g., of the studied pathogen) were identified as important drivers for the differences between the estimates of the original studies. The range in alternatively calculated estimates usually overlapped between disciplines, showing that proper appreciation of uncertainty can explain apparent differences between the initial estimates from both disciplines. Uncertainty was not estimated in the original QMRA studies and underestimated in the epidemiological studies. We advise to give appropriate attention to uncertainty in QMRA and epidemiological studies, even if only qualitatively, so that scientists and policymakers can interpret reported outcomes more correctly. Ideally, both disciplines are joined by merging their strong respective properties, leading to unified public health measures.}, keywords = {Attribution, NUSAP, QMRA, Typology}, issn = {15396924}, doi = {10.1111/risa.12153}, author = {Bouwknegt, Martijn and Knol, Anne B. and van der Sluijs, Jeroen P. and Evers, Eric G.} } @article {12243, title = {Underappreciated Role of Regionally Poor Water Quality on Globally Increasing Antibiotic Resistance}, journal = {Environmental Science \& TechnologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {20}, year = {2014}, note = {Times Cited: 12
Larsson, D.G. Joakim/0000-0002-5496-0328

12
1520-5851}, month = {Oct 21}, pages = {11746-11747}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Graham, David W. and Collignon, Peter and Davies, Julian and Larsson, D. G. Joakim and Snape, Jason} } @article {12514, title = {Underappreciated role of regionally poor water quality on globally increasing antibiotic resistance}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {48}, year = {2014}, pages = {11746-11747}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Graham, David W and Collignon, Peter and Davies, Julian and Larsson, DG Joakim and Snape, Jason} } @mastersthesis {6284, title = {Understanding the responses of precipitation, evaporative demand, and terrestrial water availability to planetary temperature in climate models}, year = {2014}, note = {3641628}, school = {University of Washington}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In many models of land hydrology, precipitation (P ) and potential evapotranspiration (PET, a.k.a. evaporative demand) are the main inputs that determine actual evapotranspiration, runoff, soil moisture, and aridity or drought. In the first three chapters of this work, we attempt to understand the robust subtropical P declines, planet-wide PET increases, and widespread P /PET declines projected under strong greenhouse warming in CMIP5, a large suite of global climate models (GCMs). Motivated by the apparent absence of this aridification during past greenhouse eras (and the apparent aridity of the ice ages), in the final chapter we use a very simple land model coupled to an atmospheric GCM and a slab ocean to evaluate the relevance and robustness of the P /PET responses to warming across a wide range of boundary conditions and modeling choices. In the CMIP5 projections, robust P declines are almost entirely found within the equator-side flanks and extensions of the model extratropical P belts (including both dry and wet regions), not in the centers of the subtropical dry zones nor on the dry margins of the tropical wet belts. This implies that they are primarily caused by the dynamic poleward retreat of extratropically driven P, not by the thermodynamic increase in dry-zone moisture divergence (which occurs largely as an evaporation increase.) The robust P declines are largely found over the oceans and intersect land only in certain regions; most land locations see non-robust changes in P or robust increases in P. On the other hand, Penman-Monteith PET robustly increases everywhere on land, usually by a low double-digit percentage. This is because the simulated Penman-Monteith PET response is almost always dominated by the response to the local warming itself, not by the responses to concurrent changes in surface radiation, relative humidity (RH), or wind speed. For given values of the latter three variables, warming increases the numerator of the Penman-Monteith equation at a roughly Clausius-Clapeyron rate, {\textasciitilde} 6\% K -1 , but it increases the denominator more slowly, especially in colder base climates. Thus, evaporative demand increases with local warming at around 1.5-4 \% K -1 , where the larger values occur in colder regions. A simple analytic scaling for this sensitivity very accurately predicts the PET response field of each model. This PET increase is large enough that in each of the 16 CMIP5 models examined, the ratio P /PET declines with global warming in most land areas in the tropics, the subtropics, and the midlatitudes, implying aridification. However, in our idealized-land GCM, the weakly increasing land P response and strongly increasing PET response that enable this are not general. Depending on the prescribed ocean heat transport, continental configuration, and base planetary temperature, greenhouse warming often causes our modeled land P to strongly decrease, or sometimes to increase so strongly as to entirely suppress the PET increase (even as global-mean P increases weakly in all cases.) The former occurs when the basic-state terrestrial climate is already drier, and the latter occurs when it is quite wet. Future work may investigate what drives this broad range of land P and PET responses to warming, and whether this idealized-model behavior sheds any light on the tension between non-arid past greenhouses and the arid future projections.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0404:Climate Change, 0725:Atmospheric sciences, Aridity, Atmospheric sciences, Climate change, Climate modeling, Earth sciences, Global warming, Hydrologic sciences, Potential evapotranspiration, Precipitation, Water cycle}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1629064021?accountid=14270}, author = {Scheff, Jacob} } @article {2978, title = {Unintentional wildlife poisoning and proposals for sustainable management of rodents}, journal = {Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {apr}, pages = {315{\textendash}321}, abstract = {In Europe, bromadiolone, an anticoagulant rodenticide authorized for plant protection, may be applied intensively in fields to control rodents. The high level of poisoning of wildlife that follows such treatments over large areas has been frequently reported. In France, bromadiolone has been used to control water voles (Arvicola terrestris) since the 1980s. Both regulation and practices of rodent control have evolved during the last 15 years to restrict the quantity of poisoned bait used by farmers. This has led to a drastic reduction of the number of cases of poisoned wildlife reported by the French surveillance network SAGIR. During the autumn and winter 2011, favorable weather conditions and high vole densities led to the staging of several hundreds of Red Kites (Milvus milvus) in the Puy-de-D{\^o}me department (central France). At the same time, intensive treatments with bromadiolone were performed in this area. Although no misuse has been mentioned by the authorities following controls, 28 Red Kites and 16 Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo) were found dead during surveys in November and December 2011. For all these birds, poisoning by bromadiolone as the main cause of death was either confirmed or highly suspected. Other observations suggest a possible impact of bromadiolone on the breeding population of Red Kites in this area during the spring 2011. French regulation of vole control for plant protection is currently under revision, and we believe this event calls for more sustainable management of rodent outbreaks. Based on large-scale experiments undertaken in eastern France, we propose that direct control of voles at low density (with trapping or limited chemical treatments) and mechanical destruction of vole tunnels, mole control, landscape management, and predator fostering be included in future regulation because such practices could help resolve conservation and agricultural issues.}, keywords = {4-Hydroxycoumarins, Animals, Anticoagulants, Arvicola terrestris, Arvicolinae, Conservation of Natural Resources, Endangered Species, Envenenamiento de especies amenazadas, Environmental Policy, estrategias de mitigaci{\'o}n de pesticidas, France, Hawks, Milvus milvus, pesticide mitigation strategies, poisoning of threatened species, Red Kite, rodenticida, rodenticide, Rodenticides, Seasons, water vole}, issn = {1523-1739}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.12230}, author = {Coeurdassier, Michael and Riols, Romain and Decors, Anouk and Mionnet, Aymeric and David, Fabienne and Quintaine, Thomas and Truchetet, Denis and Scheifler, Renaud and Giraudoux, Patrick} } @article {13912, title = {A universal polysaccharide conjugated vaccine against {O}111 {E}. coli}, journal = {Human Vaccines \& Immunotherapeutics}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {2864{\textendash}2874}, abstract = {E. coli O111 strains are responsible for outbreaks of blood diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome throughout the world. Because of their phenotypic variability, the development of a vaccine against these strains which targets an antigen that is common to all of them is quite a challenge. Previous results have indicated, however, that O111 LPS is such a candidate, but its toxicity makes LPS forbidden for human use. To overcome this problem, O111 polysaccharides were conjugated either to cytochrome C or to EtxB (a recombinant B subunit of LT) as carrier proteins. The O111-cytochrome C conjugate was incorporated in silica SBA-15 nanoparticles and administered subcutaneously in rabbits, while the O111-EtxB conjugate was incorporated in Vaxcine(TM), an oil-based delivery system, and administered orally in mice. The results showed that one year post-vaccination, the conjugate incorporated in silica SBA-15 generated antibodies in rabbits able to inhibit the adhesion of all categories of O111 E. coli to epithelial cells. Importantly, mice immunized orally with the O111-EtxB conjugate in Vaxcine(TM) generated systemic and mucosal humoral responses against all categories of O111 E. coli as well as antibodies able to inhibit the toxic effect of LT in vitro. In summary, the results obtained by using 2 different approaches indicate that a vaccine that targets the O111 antigen has the potential to prevent diarrhea induced by O111 E. coli strains regardless their mechanism of virulence. They also suggest that a conjugated vaccine that uses EtxB as a carrier protein has potential to combat diarrhea induced by ETEC.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial, Bacterial Adhesion, Bacterial Adhesion: immunology, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: chemistry, Bacterial Toxins: immunology, Bacterial: blood, Bacterial: immunology, Cell Line, Conjugate, Conjugate: immunology, Conjugate: therapeutic use, Cytochromes c, Cytochromes c: chemistry, Cytochromes c: immunology, Drug Carriers, Drug Carriers: therapeutic use, Endotoxins, Endotoxins: immunology, Enterotoxins, Enterotoxins: chemistry, Enterotoxins: immunology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: immunology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: chemistry, Escherichia coli Proteins: immunology, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: immunology, Female, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: immunology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: prevention \& control, Humans, Inbred BALB C, Male, Mice, Nanoparticles, Nanoparticles: therapeutic use, Polysaccharides, Rabbits, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide: chemistry, Vaccines}, issn = {2164-5515}, doi = {10.4161/21645515.2014.972145}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25483465}, author = {Andrade, Gabrielle R and New, Roger R C and Sant{\textquoteright}Anna, Osvaldo A and Williams, Neil A and Alves, Rosely C B and Pimenta, Daniel C and Vigerelli, Hugo and Melo, Bruna S and Rocha, Let{\'\i}cia B and Piazza, Roxane M F and Mendon{\c c}a-Previato, Lucia and Domingos, Marta O} } @article {7932, title = {{A universal polysaccharide conjugated vaccine against O111 E. coli}}, journal = {Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, month = {nov}, pages = {2864{\textendash}2874}, abstract = {

E. coli O111 strains are responsible for outbreaks of blood diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome throughout the world. Because of their phenotypic variability, the development of a vaccine against these strains which targets an antigen that is common to all of them is quite a challenge. Previous results have indicated, however, that O111 LPS is such a candidate, but its toxicity makes LPS forbidden for human use. To overcome this problem, O111 polysaccharides were conjugated either to cytochrome C or to EtxB (a recombinant B subunit of LT) as carrier proteins. The O111-cytochrome C conjugate was incorporated in silica SBA-15 nanoparticles and administered subcutaneously in rabbits, while the O111-EtxB conjugate was incorporated in Vaxcine(TM), an oil-based delivery system, and administered orally in mice. The results showed that one year post-vaccination, the conjugate incorporated in silica SBA-15 generated antibodies in rabbits able to inhibit the adhesion of all categories of O111 E. coli to epithelial cells. Importantly, mice immunized orally with the O111-EtxB conjugate in Vaxcine(TM) generated systemic and mucosal humoral responses against all categories of O111 E. coli as well as antibodies able to inhibit the toxic effect of LT in vitro. In summary, the results obtained by using 2 different approaches indicate that a vaccine that targets the O111 antigen has the potential to prevent diarrhea induced by O111 E. coli strains regardless their mechanism of virulence. They also suggest that a conjugated vaccine that uses EtxB as a carrier protein has potential to combat diarrhea induced by ETEC.

}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial, Bacterial Adhesion, Bacterial Adhesion: immunology, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: chemistry, Bacterial Toxins: immunology, Bacterial: blood, Bacterial: immunology, Cell Line, Conjugate, Conjugate: immunology, Conjugate: therapeutic use, Cytochromes c, Cytochromes c: chemistry, Cytochromes c: immunology, Drug Carriers, Drug Carriers: therapeutic use, Endotoxins, Endotoxins: immunology, Enterotoxins, Enterotoxins: chemistry, Enterotoxins: immunology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: immunology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention {\&} control, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: chemistry, Escherichia coli Proteins: immunology, Escherichia coli: classification}, issn = {2164-5515}, doi = {10.4161/21645515.2014.972145}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25483465}, author = {Andrade, Gabrielle R and New, Roger R C and Sant{\textquoteright}Anna, Osvaldo A and Williams, Neil A and Alves, Rosely C B and Pimenta, Daniel C and Vigerelli, Hugo and Melo, Bruna S and Rocha, Let{\'\i}cia B and Piazza, Roxane M F and Mendon{\c c}a-Previato, Lucia and Domingos, Marta O} } @article {2149, title = {{A universal polysaccharide conjugated vaccine against O111 E. coli}}, journal = {Human Vaccines \& Immunotherapeutics}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, year = {2014}, pages = {2864{\textendash}2874}, abstract = {E. coli O111 strains are responsible for outbreaks of blood diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome throughout the world. Because of their phenotypic variability, the development of a vaccine against these strains which targets an antigen that is common to all of them is quite a challenge. Previous results have indicated, however, that O111 LPS is such a candidate, but its toxicity makes LPS forbidden for human use. To overcome this problem, O111 polysaccharides were conjugated either to cytochrome C or to EtxB (a recombinant B subunit of LT) as carrier proteins. The O111-cytochrome C conjugate was incorporated in silica SBA-15 nanoparticles and administered subcutaneously in rabbits, while the O111-EtxB conjugate was incorporated in Vaxcine(TM), an oil-based delivery system, and administered orally in mice. The results showed that one year post-vaccination, the conjugate incorporated in silica SBA-15 generated antibodies in rabbits able to inhibit the adhesion of all categories of O111 E. coli to epithelial cells. Importantly, mice immunized orally with the O111-EtxB conjugate in Vaxcine(TM) generated systemic and mucosal humoral responses against all categories of O111 E. coli as well as antibodies able to inhibit the toxic effect of LT in vitro. In summary, the results obtained by using 2 different approaches indicate that a vaccine that targets the O111 antigen has the potential to prevent diarrhea induced by O111 E. coli strains regardless their mechanism of virulence. They also suggest that a conjugated vaccine that uses EtxB as a carrier protein has potential to combat diarrhea induced by ETEC.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial, Bacterial Adhesion, Bacterial Adhesion: immunology, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: chemistry, Bacterial Toxins: immunology, Bacterial: blood, Bacterial: immunology, Cell Line, Conjugate, Conjugate: immunology, Conjugate: therapeutic use, Cytochromes c, Cytochromes c: chemistry, Cytochromes c: immunology, Drug Carriers, Drug Carriers: therapeutic use, Endotoxins, Endotoxins: immunology, Enterotoxins, Enterotoxins: chemistry, Enterotoxins: immunology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: immunology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: chemistry, Escherichia coli Proteins: immunology, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: immunology, Female, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: immunology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: prevention \& control, Humans, Inbred BALB C, Male, Mice, Nanoparticles, Nanoparticles: therapeutic use, Polysaccharides, Rabbits, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide: chemistry, Vaccines}, issn = {2164-5515}, doi = {10.4161/21645515.2014.972145}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25483465}, author = {Andrade, Gabrielle R and New, Roger R C and Sant{\textquoteright}Anna, Osvaldo A and Williams, Neil A and Alves, Rosely C B and Pimenta, Daniel C and Vigerelli, Hugo and Melo, Bruna S and Rocha, Let{\'\i}cia B and Piazza, Roxane M F and Mendon{\c c}a-Previato, Lucia and Domingos, Marta O} } @article {9851, title = {{Update on the molecular epidemiology and diagnostic tools for Blastocystis sp}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {131}, doi = {10.4172/2161-0703.1000131}, author = {Roberts, T and Stark, D and Harkness, J and Ellis, J} } @article {9852, title = {{Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp.}}, journal = {Gut Pathogens}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {17}, doi = {10.1186/1757-4749-6-17}, author = {Roberts, T and Stark, D and Harkness, J and Ellis, J} } @article {14556, title = {Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses - worldwide, {July} 2012-{December} 2013}, journal = {MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep}, volume = {63}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {242{\textendash}8}, abstract = {In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis worldwide. One of the main tools used in polio eradication efforts has been live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), an inexpensive vaccine easily administered by trained volunteers. OPV might require several doses to induce immunity, but then it provides long-term protection against paralytic disease through durable humoral immunity. Rare cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis can occur among immunologically normal OPV recipients, their contacts, and persons who are immunodeficient. In addition, vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) can emerge in areas with low OPV coverage to cause polio outbreaks and can replicate for years in persons who have primary, B-cell immunodeficiencies. This report updates previous surveillance summaries and describes VDPVs detected worldwide during July 2012-December 2013. Those include a new circulating VDPV (cVDPV) outbreak identified in Pakistan in 2012, with spread to Afghanistan; an outbreak in Afghanistan previously identified in 2009 that continued into 2013; a new outbreak in Chad that spread to Cameroon, Niger, and northeastern Nigeria; and an outbreak that began in Somalia in 2008 that continued and spread to Kenya in 2013. A large outbreak in Nigeria that was identified in 2005 was nearly stopped by the end of 2013. Additionally, 10 newly identified persons in eight countries were found to excrete immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPVs), and VDPVs were found among immunocompetent persons and environmental samples in 13 countries. Because the majority of VDPV isolates are type 2, the World Health Organization has developed a plan for coordinated worldwide replacement of trivalent OPV (tOPV) with bivalent OPV (bOPV; types 1 and 3) by 2016, preceded by introduction of at least 1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) containing all three poliovirus serotypes into routine immunization schedules worldwide to ensure high population immunity to all polioviruses.}, keywords = {Attenuated/administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Child, Female, Global Health/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Infant, Male, Oral/administration \& dosage/*adverse effects, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/etiology/prevention \& control, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification, Preschool, Serotyping, Vaccines}, issn = {1545-861X (Electronic) 0149-2195 (Linking)}, author = {Diop, O. M. and Burns, C. C. and Wassilak, S. G. and Kew, O. M.} } @article {14918, title = {Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses - worldwide, {July} 2012-{December} 2013}, journal = {MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep}, volume = {63}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {242{\textendash}8}, abstract = {In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis worldwide. One of the main tools used in polio eradication efforts has been live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), an inexpensive vaccine easily administered by trained volunteers. OPV might require several doses to induce immunity, but then it provides long-term protection against paralytic disease through durable humoral immunity. Rare cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis can occur among immunologically normal OPV recipients, their contacts, and persons who are immunodeficient. In addition, vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) can emerge in areas with low OPV coverage to cause polio outbreaks and can replicate for years in persons who have primary, B-cell immunodeficiencies. This report updates previous surveillance summaries and describes VDPVs detected worldwide during July 2012-December 2013. Those include a new circulating VDPV (cVDPV) outbreak identified in Pakistan in 2012, with spread to Afghanistan; an outbreak in Afghanistan previously identified in 2009 that continued into 2013; a new outbreak in Chad that spread to Cameroon, Niger, and northeastern Nigeria; and an outbreak that began in Somalia in 2008 that continued and spread to Kenya in 2013. A large outbreak in Nigeria that was identified in 2005 was nearly stopped by the end of 2013. Additionally, 10 newly identified persons in eight countries were found to excrete immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPVs), and VDPVs were found among immunocompetent persons and environmental samples in 13 countries. Because the majority of VDPV isolates are type 2, the World Health Organization has developed a plan for coordinated worldwide replacement of trivalent OPV (tOPV) with bivalent OPV (bOPV; types 1 and 3) by 2016, preceded by introduction of at least 1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) containing all three poliovirus serotypes into routine immunization schedules worldwide to ensure high population immunity to all polioviruses.}, keywords = {Attenuated/administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Child, Female, Global Health/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Infant, Male, Oral/administration \& dosage/*adverse effects, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/etiology/prevention \& control, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification, Preschool, Serotyping, Vaccines}, issn = {1545-861X (Electronic) 0149-2195 (Linking)}, author = {Diop, O. M. and Burns, C. C. and Wassilak, S. G. and Kew, O. M.} } @article {2798, title = {Urine testing for HPV}, journal = {BMJ}, volume = {349}, year = {2014}, pages = {g5542}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Alphapapillomavirus cancer Cervix Uteri DNA dna, viral Female Hospital Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests humans isolation \& purification Papillomavirus Infections Science urine Viral virology}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25230583}, author = {Kitchener, H.C. and Owens, G.L.} } @mastersthesis {6576, title = {User {Compliance}, {Field} {Efficacy}, and {Greenhouse} {Gas} {Emissions} of an {Ultraviolet} {Water} {Disinfection} {System} and other {Drinking} {Water} {Treatment} {Alternatives} for {Rural} {Households} in {Mexico}}, year = {2014}, note = {3685996}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Many households in developing countries rely on contaminated and untreated drinking water sources, contributing to gastrointestinal illness and other health risks. Even piped water quality is often unreliable because of poorly-maintained treatment or distribution systems. Household water treatment (HWT) systems aim to enable users to treat their water at the point of use, making it safe to drink. While some HWT options have been successful in improving health in developing countries, low adoption and sustained use outside pilot projects and epidemiological trials remains one of the current challenges with this approach. Furthermore, Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment models predict that the health benefits from water quality interventions drop significantly with even occasional consumption of contaminated water. Therefore, to be effective, HWT options need to achieve high user compliance rates and provide safe water reliably. I begin my thesis with an interdisciplinary analysis of the field of water, health, and development, followed by a description of my research study site. Using an interdisciplinary research approach, grounded in the local context, I led the development of an ultraviolet (UV) water disinfection system for rural households. This included an iterative process of design and field tests to create a user-friendly system and laboratory research to improve the performance of the technology. I also collaborated with a non-profit organization based in Mexico in the design of an implementation program to support the adoption and consistent use of the UV system. Then I present the design and application of a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial in rural Mexico to evaluate compliance with the implementation program and field efficacy of the UV system. I developed a framework that disaggregates and measures the components of compliance from initial adoption of a safe water practice to exclusive consumption of safe water. I applied this framework to measure compliance across intervention and control groups and to test if additional program components that improve convenience to users can be a cost-effective approach to increase compliance. I present evidence that the implementation program significantly improved compliance with the habit of consuming safe water, when compared to the practice of purchasing water bottled in reusable 20 L containers in the control group. The additional program components proved to be a cost-effective strategy to increase compliance immediately post-intervention, but their impact degraded with time. By analyzing results across different compliance components, I find limitations of the current HWT approach. I present the rational for pilot testing strategies outside the current HWT paradigm, such as expanding a narrow focus on drinking water to making all domestic water safe to drink or switching from a product-based to a service delivery model. As a second component of the randomized trial, I present a series of controlled comparisons to evaluate the field efficacy of the UV system using E. coli as a fecal contamination indicator in drinking water. I use an as-treated-analysis to isolate the impact of the system and contrast these results with an impact evaluation of the implementation program led by a research colleague. I also created a drinking water reliability framework to compare potential contamination impacts from different household water management practices and a logistic regression model to assess household risk factors for post-UV-treatment contamination. I show that treating water with the UV system and storing it in 20 L narrow-necked containers, allowed households to significantly improve their drinking water quality and gain access to a more reliable source of safe water. In the final chapter I investigate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the use of HWT technologies in Mexico. I do that by carrying out a literature review of existing studies assessing energy use of water treatment technologies; using secondary data to perform a life cycle assessment (LCA) capturing the embedded CO 2 equivalent emissions of individual HWT products; and developing model to calculate a metric of GHG emissions per volume of water used representative of the HWT sector in Mexico. Filtration, ozone, and UV disinfection technologies resulted in similar LCA emissions, while reverse osmosis had emissions five times higher than the average of the rest. I also find GHG emissions of HWT to be 30 times lower than water bottled in 20 L reusable containers. In a context in which mortgage institutions have created green credit mechanisms, this result is useful for expanding financing options for HWT products, which are often more cost-effective than bottled water, but require a higher capital investment. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0573:Public health, 0595:Water Resource Management, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, developing country, Earth sciences, Environmental engineering, Escherichia coli, Health and environmental sciences, household water treatment, Life cycle assessment, Point-of-use, Public health, Sustained use, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1666860453?accountid=14270}, author = {Reygadas Robles Gil, Fermin} } @proceedings {6087, title = {Using Artificial DNA as tracer in a bedrock river of the Middle Bussento Karst System (Cilento, Vallo Diano and Alburni European and Global Geopark, southern Italy)}, journal = {Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Engineering Mechanics, Structures, Engineering Geology}, year = {2014}, pages = {105{\textendash}112}, publisher = {Editors: Viccione, G., and Guarnaccia, C}, author = {Bovolin, Vittorio and Cuomo, Albina and Guida, Domenico and Jan W Foppen} } @mastersthesis {10283, title = {Using Black Soldier Fly for waste recycling and effective Salmonella spp. reduction}, year = {2014}, school = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences}, author = {Gabler, Florian and Vinner{\r a}s, Bj{\"o}rn} } @booklet {990, title = {UVC Inactivation of dsDNA and ssRNA Viruses in Water: UV Fluences and a qPCR-Based Approach to Evaluate Decay on Viral Infectivity}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

Disinfection by low-pressure monochromatic ultraviolet (UVC) radiation (253.7\ nm) became an important technique to sanitize drinking water and also wastewater in tertiary treatments. In order to prevent the transmission of waterborne viral diseases, the analysis of the disinfection kinetics and the quantification of infectious viral pathogens and indicators are highly relevant and need to be addressed. The families Adenoviridae and Polyomaviridae comprise human and animal pathogenic viruses that have been also proposed as indicators of fecal contamination in water and as Microbial Source Tracking tools. While it has been previously suggested that dsDNA viruses may be highly resistant to UVC radiation compared to other viruses or bacteria, no information is available on the stability of polyomavirus toward UV irradiation. Here, the inactivation of dsDNA (HAdV2 and JCPyV) and ssRNA (MS2 bacteriophage) viruses was analyzed at increasing UVC fluences. A minor decay of 2-logs was achieved for both infectious JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) and human adenoviruses 2 (HAdV2) exposed to a UVC fluence of 1,400\ J/m(2), while a decay of 4-log was observed for MS2 bacteriophages (ssRNA). The present study reveals the high UVC resistance of dsDNA viruses, and the UV fluences needed to efficiently inactivate JCPyV and HAdV2 are predicted. Furthermore, we show that in conjunction with appropriate mathematical models, qPCR data may be used to accurately estimate virus infectivity.

}, keywords = {Adenovirus, JC polyomavirus, MS2 bacteriophage, QPCR, UV inactivation}, isbn = {1867-0334}, issn = {18670334}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-014-9157-1}, author = {Calgua, Byron and Carratal{\`a}, Anna and Guerrero-Latorre, Laura and A A Corr{\^e}a and Kohn, Tamar and Sommer, Regina and Girones, Rosina} } @article {16924, title = {Validation of a full-scale membrane bioreactor and the impact of membrane cleaning on the removal of microbial indicators}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {155}, year = {2014}, pages = {432{\textendash}437}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {van den Akker, Ben and Trinh, Trang and Coleman, Heather M and Stuetz, Richard M and Le-Clech, Pierre and Khan, Stuart J} } @article {9730, title = {Validation of Flotac for the detection and quantification of Troglodytella abrassarti and Neobalantidium coli in chimpanzees and pigs}, journal = {The Journal of Parisitology}, volume = {100}, year = {2014}, pages = {662-670}, author = {R{\r u}{\v z}icov{\'a}, M and K J Petr{\v z}elkov{\'a} and B. Kalousov{\'a} and D Modr{\'y} and K Pomajb{\'\i}kov{\'a}} } @article {10270, title = {A value proposition: Resource recovery from faecal sludge{\textemdash}Can it be the driver for improved sanitation?}, journal = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling}, volume = {88}, year = {2014}, pages = {32{\textendash}38}, author = {Diener, Stefan and Semiyaga, Swaib and Niwagaba, Charles B and Ashley M Muspratt and Jean B Gning and Mb{\'e}gu{\'e}r{\'e}, Mbaye and Joseph E Ennin and Zurbr{\"u}gg, Christian and Strande, Linda} } @article {8714, title = {{Variation of raw wastewater microbiological quality in dry and wet weather conditions}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {21}, year = {2014}, pages = {5318{\textendash}5328}, abstract = {The microbiological quality of urban wastewaters presents important environmental, sanitary, and political challenges. However, the variability of untreated wastewater quality is seldom known when it comes to microbial parameters. This study aims to evaluate the variability of microbiological quality in wastewater influents from different wastewater treatment plants connected to combined and partially separate sewer networks in the Parisian area and to evaluate the impact of this variability on the treatment efficiency and on the accuracy of wastewater effluent monitoring. The densities of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci, and their partitioning on settleable particles were analyzed at the inlet of two wastewater treatment plants during dry weather (130 composite samples and 7 days sampled every 2 hours) and storm events (39 composite samples, and 7 rain courses) from 2008 to 2012. The results showed that fecal indicator densities vary according to the network characteristics and according to the meteorological conditions. During storm events, a significant dilution of E. coli and enterococci was observed, as well as a decrease in the settleable fraction of E. coli during the maximal impact of the storm. However, storm events did not significantly impact the regular FIB monitoring. FIB removals by primary and secondary treatment were significantly correlated with FIB densities in influent wastewater; however, meteorological conditions also influenced the removal of FIB.}, keywords = {Escherichia coli, Fecal indicator bacteria, Intestinal enterococci, Raw wastewater, Storm event, Temporal and spatial variability}, isbn = {1614-7499 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0944-1344 (Linking)}, issn = {16147499}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-013-2361-y}, author = {Lucas, Francoise S. and Therial, Claire and Goncalves, Alexandre and Servais, Pierre and Rocher, Vincent and Mouchel, Jean Marie} } @article {16609, title = {Ventilated improved pit ({VIP}) latrines, {Guide} 27}, year = {2014}, author = {Reed, Bob} } @article {12853, title = {Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines, Guide 27}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Water, Engineering and Development Centre Loughborough University}, author = {Reed, Bob} } @article {16228, title = {Viability of Leptospira Isolates from a Human Outbreak in Thailand in Various Water Types, pH, and Temperature Conditions}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {91}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, note = {Stoddard, Robyn A
Bui, Duy
Haberling, Dana L
Wuthiekanun, Vanaporn
Thaipadungpanit, Janjira
Hoffmaster, Alex R
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014 Sep 8. pii: 13-0748.}, month = {Sep 8}, pages = {1020-1022}, edition = {2014/09/10}, abstract = {Leptospira spp. isolated from patients during a multiyear outbreak in Thailand were genotyped using multilocus sequence typing and a majority were identified as ST34, especially in earlier years. We tested whether ST34 isolates were better adapted to survive in various pH levels, temperatures, and water sources. Motility and growth were monitored over a 12-week period. Early year ST34 isolates did not appear to have a significant fitness advantage over non-ST34, however, this may have been because a majority of the isolates survived to the termination of the study, with the exception being at high temperature (37 degrees C) and/or basic pH (8.65). Failure to detect a significant fitness advantage of ST34 may be a result of the length of the study or the small sample size. Lengthening the study and looking at virulence and maintenance in the host could yield additional information about this outbreak.}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Stoddard, R. A. and Bui, D. and Haberling, D. L. and Wuthiekanun, V. and Thaipadungpanit, J. and Hoffmaster, A. R.} } @article {2596, title = {Viral contamination of aerosol and surfaces through toilet use in health care and other settings.}, journal = {American journal of infection control}, volume = {42}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {758-762}, abstract = {The airborne spreading of enteric viruses can occur through the aerosol and droplets produced by toilet flushing. These can contaminate the surrounding environment, but few data exist to estimate the risk of exposure and infection. For this reason environmental monitoring of air and selected surfaces was carried out in 2 toilets of an office building and in 3 toilets of a hospital before and after cleaning operations.}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajic.2014.03.026}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2014.03.026}, author = {Verani, Marco and Bigazzi, Roberto and Carducci, Annalaura} } @article {3770, title = {Viral contamination of aerosol and surfaces through toilet use in health care and other settings.}, journal = {American Journal of Infection Control}, volume = {42}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {758{\textendash}762}, abstract = {

The airborne spreading of enteric viruses can occur through the aerosol and droplets produced by toilet flushing. These can contaminate the surrounding environment, but few data exist to estimate the risk of exposure and infection. For this reason environmental monitoring of air and selected surfaces was carried out in 2 toilets of an office building and in 3 toilets of a hospital before and after cleaning operations.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajic.2014.03.026}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2014.03.026}, author = {Verani, Marco and Bigazzi, Roberto and Carducci, Annalaura} } @article {841, title = {Viral contamination of aerosol and surfaces through toilet use in health care and other settings.}, journal = {American journal of infection control}, volume = {42}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {758-762}, abstract = {The airborne spreading of enteric viruses can occur through the aerosol and droplets produced by toilet flushing. These can contaminate the surrounding environment, but few data exist to estimate the risk of exposure and infection. For this reason environmental monitoring of air and selected surfaces was carried out in 2 toilets of an office building and in 3 toilets of a hospital before and after cleaning operations.}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajic.2014.03.026}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2014.03.026}, author = {Verani, Marco and Bigazzi, Roberto and Carducci, Annalaura} } @article {301, title = {Viral pathogens in water: occurrence, public health impact, and available control strategies}, year = {2014}, author = {Gibson, KE} } @inbook {1322, title = {Viral pathogens in water: occurrence, public health impact, and available control strategies}, booktitle = {Curr Opin Virol}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, note = {Gibson, Kristen E Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review Current opinion in virology S1879-6257(13)00208-3 [pii] Curr Opin Virol. 2014 Feb;4:50-7. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.005. Epub 2014 Jan 14.}, pages = {50-7}, publisher = {2014 Elsevier B.V}, organization = {2014 Elsevier B.V}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {The public health impact of the transmission of viruses in water is significant worldwide. Waterborne viruses can be introduced into our recreational and finished drinking water sources through a variety of pathways ultimately resulting in the onset of illness in a portion of the exposed population. Although there have been advances in both drinking water treatment technologies and source water protection strategies, waterborne disease outbreaks (WBDOs) due to viral pathogens still occur each year worldwide. By highlighting the prevalence of viral pathogens in water as well as (1) the dominant viruses of concern, (2) WBDOs due to viruses, and (3) available water treatment technologies, the goal of this review is to provide insight into the public health impact of viruses in water.}, keywords = {Disease Transmission, Infectious/ prevention \& control Disinfection/methods Humans Virus Diseases/ prevention \& control/ transmission Viruses/ isolation \& purification Water Microbiology Water Purification/methods}, isbn = {1879-6265 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.005}, author = {Gibson, K. E.} } @article {1580, title = {Viral pathogens in water: occurrence, public health impact, and available control strategies}, journal = {Current opinion in virology}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, note = {Gibson, Kristen E Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review Netherlands Current opinion in virology Curr Opin Virol. 2014 Feb;4:50-7. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.005. Epub 2014 Jan 14.}, pages = {50-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The public health impact of the transmission of viruses in water is significant worldwide. Waterborne viruses can be introduced into our recreational and finished drinking water sources through a variety of pathways ultimately resulting in the onset of illness in a portion of the exposed population. Although there have been advances in both drinking water treatment technologies and source water protection strategies, waterborne disease outbreaks (WBDOs) due to viral pathogens still occur each year worldwide. By highlighting the prevalence of viral pathogens in water as well as (1) the dominant viruses of concern, (2) WBDOs due to viruses, and (3) available water treatment technologies, the goal of this review is to provide insight into the public health impact of viruses in water.}, keywords = {Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention \& control Disinfection/methods Humans Virus Diseases/*prevention \& control/*transmission Viruses/*isolation \& purification *Water Microbiology Water Purification/methods}, issn = {1879-6265 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.005 S1879-6257(13)00208-3 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440908}, author = {Gibson, K. E.} } @article {2488, title = {Viral pathogens in water: occurrence, public health impact, and available control strategies}, year = {2014}, author = {Gibson, KE} } @article {11926, title = {Viral pathogens in water: occurrence, public health impact, and available control strategies}, journal = {Current opinion in virology}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {50-57}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1879-6257}, author = {Gibson, Kristen E} } @article {3871, title = {Viral pathogens in water: occurrence, public health impact, and available control strategies}, journal = {Current Opinion in Virology}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, pages = {50{\textendash}57}, author = {Gibson, K E} } @article {14626, title = {Viral pathogens in water: occurrence, public health impact, and available control strategies}, journal = {Current opinion in virology}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {feb}, pages = {50{\textendash}7}, abstract = {The public health impact of the transmission of viruses in water is significant worldwide. Waterborne viruses can be introduced into our recreational and finished drinking water sources through a variety of pathways ultimately resulting in the onset of illness in a portion of the exposed population. Although there have been advances in both drinking water treatment technologies and source water protection strategies, waterborne disease outbreaks (WBDOs) due to viral pathogens still occur each year worldwide. By highlighting the prevalence of viral pathogens in water as well as (1) the dominant viruses of concern, (2) WBDOs due to viruses, and (3) available water treatment technologies, the goal of this review is to provide insight into the public health impact of viruses in water.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Disease Transmission, Disinfection/methods, Humans, Infectious/*prevention \& control, Virus Diseases/*prevention \& control/*transmission, Viruses/*isolation \& purification, Water Purification/methods}, issn = {1879-6265 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.005 S1879-6257(13)00208-3 [pii]}, author = {Gibson, K. E.} } @article {14956, title = {Viral pathogens in water: occurrence, public health impact, and available control strategies}, journal = {Current opinion in virology}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {feb}, pages = {50{\textendash}7}, abstract = {The public health impact of the transmission of viruses in water is significant worldwide. Waterborne viruses can be introduced into our recreational and finished drinking water sources through a variety of pathways ultimately resulting in the onset of illness in a portion of the exposed population. Although there have been advances in both drinking water treatment technologies and source water protection strategies, waterborne disease outbreaks (WBDOs) due to viral pathogens still occur each year worldwide. By highlighting the prevalence of viral pathogens in water as well as (1) the dominant viruses of concern, (2) WBDOs due to viruses, and (3) available water treatment technologies, the goal of this review is to provide insight into the public health impact of viruses in water.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Disease Transmission, Disinfection/methods, Humans, Infectious/*prevention \& control, Virus Diseases/*prevention \& control/*transmission, Viruses/*isolation \& purification, Water Purification/methods}, issn = {1879-6265 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.005 S1879-6257(13)00208-3 [pii]}, author = {Gibson, K. E.} } @conference {5740, title = {{Virus Reduction in Constructed Wetland as an Additional Wastewater Treatment for Water Reuse}}, booktitle = {The 11th International Symposium on Southeast Asian Water Environment}, year = {2014}, author = {Rachmadi, A and Kitajima, M and Gerba, Ch P} } @article {14676, title = {Viruses as groundwater tracers: using ecohydrology to characterize short travel times in aquifers}, journal = {Ground Water}, volume = {52}, year = {2014}, month = {apr}, pages = {187{\textendash}93}, abstract = {Viruses are attractive tracers of short ({\textless}3 year) travel times in aquifers because they have unique genetic signatures, are detectable in trace quantities, and are mobile in groundwater. Virus "snaphots" result from infection and disappearance in a population over time; therefore, the virus snapshot shed in the fecal wastes of an infected population at a specific point in time can serve as a marker for tracking virus and groundwater movement. The virus tracing approach and an example application are described to illustrate their ability to characterize travel times in high-groundwater velocity settings, and provide insight unavailable from standard hydrogeologic approaches. Although characterization of preferential flowpaths does not usually characterize the majority of other travel times occurring in the groundwater system (e.g., center of plume mass; tail of the breakthrough curve), virus approaches can trace very short times of transport, and thus can fill an important gap in our current hydrogeology toolbox.}, keywords = {*Viruses, *Water Microbiology, *Water Movements, Environmental monitoring, Groundwater/*virology, Water Supply}, issn = {1745-6584 (Electronic) 0017-467X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/gwat.12158}, author = {Hunt, R. J. and Borchardt, M. A. and Bradbury, K. R.} } @article {14989, title = {Viruses as groundwater tracers: using ecohydrology to characterize short travel times in aquifers}, journal = {Ground Water}, volume = {52}, year = {2014}, month = {apr}, pages = {187{\textendash}93}, abstract = {Viruses are attractive tracers of short ({\textbackslash}textless3 year) travel times in aquifers because they have unique genetic signatures, are detectable in trace quantities, and are mobile in groundwater. Virus "snaphots" result from infection and disappearance in a population over time; therefore, the virus snapshot shed in the fecal wastes of an infected population at a specific point in time can serve as a marker for tracking virus and groundwater movement. The virus tracing approach and an example application are described to illustrate their ability to characterize travel times in high-groundwater velocity settings, and provide insight unavailable from standard hydrogeologic approaches. Although characterization of preferential flowpaths does not usually characterize the majority of other travel times occurring in the groundwater system (e.g., center of plume mass; tail of the breakthrough curve), virus approaches can trace very short times of transport, and thus can fill an important gap in our current hydrogeology toolbox.}, keywords = {*Viruses, *Water Microbiology, *Water Movements, Environmental monitoring, Groundwater/*virology, Water Supply}, issn = {1745-6584 (Electronic) 0017-467X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/gwat.12158}, author = {Hunt, R. J. and Borchardt, M. A. and Bradbury, K. R.} } @inbook {5743, title = {{Viruses: Hepatitis A Virus}}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Food Safety}, year = {2014}, pages = {198{\textendash}204}, publisher = {Academic Press, Elsevier}, organization = {Academic Press, Elsevier}, address = {Waltham, M.A }, author = {Rze{\.z}utka, A and Cook, N}, editor = {Motarjemi, Y} } @article {6054, title = {Virus-sized colloid transport in a single pore: Model development and sensitivity analysis}, journal = {Journal of contaminant hydrology}, volume = {164}, year = {2014}, pages = {163{\textendash}180}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Seetha, N and Kumar, MS Mohan and Majid S Hassanizadeh and Raoof, Amir} } @article {15044, title = {W. {Nebraska} {Biocontainment} {Unit} perspective on disposal of {Ebola} medical waste}, journal = {Am. J. Infect. Control}, volume = {42}, year = {2014}, pages = {1256{\textendash}1257}, author = {Lowe, J. L. and Gibbs, S. G. and Schwedhelm, S. and Nguyen, J. and Smith, P.} } @article {9596, title = {W. Nebraska Biocontainment Unit perspective on disposal of Ebola medical waste}, journal = {American Journal of Infection Control}, volume = {42}, year = {2014}, pages = {1256-1257}, author = {Lowe, JL and Gibbs, SG and Schwedhelm, S and Nguyen, J and Smith, P} } @booklet {3450, title = {{WASH in Schools Empowers Girls{\textquoteright} Education: Proceedings of the Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools Virtual Conference 2013.}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {United Nations Children{\textquoteright}s Fund and Columbia University}, address = {New York}, author = {Sommer, M and Vasquez, E and et al. Worthington, N} } @booklet {3921, title = {{WASH} in {Schools} {Empowers} {Girls}{\textquoteright} {Education}: {Proceedings} of the {Menstrual} {Hygiene} {Management} in {Schools} {Virtual} {Conference} 2013.}, year = {2014}, publisher = {United Nations Children{\textquoteright}s Fund and Columbia University}, address = {New York}, author = {Sommer, M and Vasquez, E and et al. Worthington, N} } @article {12467, title = {Waste water effluent contributes to the dissemination of CTX-M-15 in the natural environment}, journal = {Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyJournal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {1785-1791}, isbn = {1460-2091}, author = {Amos, Gregory CA and Hawkey, PM and Gaze, William H and Wellington, EM} } @article {8990, title = {Waste water sterilization by cobalt Co-60 for the agricultural irrigation: a case study}, journal = {International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, pages = {11-18}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Sabbagh, S. and El Mahmoudi, A. S. and Al-Dakheel, Y. Y.} } @article {12494, title = {Wastewater as a point source of antibiotic-resistance genes in the sediment of a freshwater lake}, journal = {The ISME journalThe ISME journal}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {1381-1390}, isbn = {1751-7362}, author = {Czekalski, Nadine and D{\'\i}ez, Elena Gasc{\'o}n and B{\"u}rgmann, Helmut} } @article {8963, title = {Wastewater engineering: Treatment and Resource recovery}, journal = {McGraw-Hill Education, New York}, year = {2014}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Metcalf, Eddy and Eddy, M.} } @book {10263, title = {Wastewater engineering: treatment and resource recovery}, year = {2014}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, edition = {5th}, author = {Burton, F.L. and Stensel, H.D. and Tchobanoglous, G.} } @book {15203, title = {Wastewater engineering: treatment and {Resource} recovery}, year = {2014}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, author = {Burton, Franklin Louis and Stensel, H David and Tchobanoglous, George} } @book {5283, title = {Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery}, year = {2014}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, edition = {5th edition}, address = {New York, USA}, author = {Mohammed, AO and Tchobanoglous, G and Stensel, H.D. and Tsuchihashi, R. and Burton, A.F.} } @booklet {5311, title = {Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery, 5th ed.}, year = {2014}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA}, author = {Metcalf and Eddy Ltd} } @book {8717, title = {{Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill Education}, organization = {McGraw-Hill Education}, edition = {5}, address = {New York}, isbn = {0073401188}, author = {Tchobanoglous, G. and David Stensel, H. and Tsuchihashi, R. and Burton, F.} } @article {8969, title = {Water and Wastewater Disinfection by Ultrasound Irradiation-a Critical Review}, journal = {Global Nest Journal}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {561-577}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1790-7632}, url = {://WOS:000343378300013}, author = {Naddeo, V. and Cesaro, A. and Mantzavinos, D. and Fatta-Kassinos, D. and Belgiorno, V.} } @article {16278, title = {Water connection (New) Danube. Lower Lobau (Nationalpark Donauauen), Water quality report for microbiology/water hygiene}, year = {2014}, institution = {Municipal Department MA45, Vienna Water}, address = {Vienna, Austria}, author = {Farnleitner, A. and Derx, J. and Frick, C. and Reiner, P. and Savio, D. and Zoufal-Hruza, C. and Reischer, G. and Mach, R. and Kirschner, A. and Zoufal, W. and Nadiotis-Tsaka, T. and Sommer, R. and Blaschke, A.P.} } @article {16289, title = {Water connection (New) Danube {\textendash} Lower Lobau (Nationalpark Donauauen), Water Quantity Report for Groundwater}, year = {2014}, institution = {Municipial Department MA45 {\textendash} Vienna Waters}, address = {Vienna, Austria}, author = {Taschke, R. and Blaschke, A.P. and Gabriel, H. and Mayr, E.} } @mastersthesis {7388, title = {Water for sport: {The} (re)production of global crisis}, year = {2014}, note = {3625750}, school = {The Florida State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Water is a natural resource with which the Global North is familiar with, but unfamiliar - conscious of its importance, but unconscious of its complexity. People with access to clean water know that they receive water in their hands or glass when they turn on the faucet, but how it reaches that point is really unimportant over the course of their day. Yet, the battle for access to and control of water has been burgeoning for centuries: the Nile River Wars have raged on for centuries and continue today (Waterbury, 1979); access to clean drinking water was determined by social class in the middle ages resulting in impressive aqueduct systems and social division (Magnusson, 2001); cholera spread throughout India during the colonization period as the caste system was introduced and clean water was a privilege strictly for the colonizers and elite (Arnold, 1986); conservation of water through times of drought plagued the Southwestern United States through the early to middle twentieth centuries leading to large dam projects and governmental subsidies for farmers (Glennon, 2009); and, water is currently a resource interwoven within a larger discussion involving environmental marketization (Bakker, 2007). There has been a plethora of solutions proposed, greed exposed, and bodies decomposed, but the problem exists as much now as ever. The era we enter into now is one of new media and technology that helps to expose individuals to the human body in need. This media exposure has led to the widespread adoption of the phrase "water crisis" and has involved a growth in the number of non-profits involved with water problems. First entering the public lexicon in 1991, "{\textquoteright}crisis{\textquoteright} over environmental issues have been presented by well-intentioned activists and organisations promoting the changes needed to bring about sustainable development" (Newson, 2009, p. 17). This crisis can be in large part accredited to failed government initiatives and privatization efforts that continue to create problems (Bakker, 2010). The non-profit era born from a turn in economic policies away from social welfare programming (King, 2000; Specht \& Courtney, 1994; Trattner, 1999), has seemingly come to the rescue of the failures between the state and the private entity. This turn toward an era dominated by non-profits and a discourse of the good, philanthropic American citizen has witnessed the rise of the social marketing conglomerate. These social marketing groups are comprised of non-profit organizations, multinational corporations, local communities, and governments all working towards behavioral changes (Kotler \& Lee, 2009) on the part of the Global North consumer of their message or the Global South receiver of their aid. One avenue the social marketing groups have chosen to utilize is sport. It is on this idea of sport and the human body as a site for the development and reproduction of historical struggles for life, power, and control that this project focuses. To this end, I followed the water as it flows quite literally as a resource, to a commodity, to money, to commodity, and back again through multi-method qualitative inquiry. This interpretive ethnography (Denzin, 1997) consisted of three qualitative methods of inquiry. The first is a descriptive content analysis of the discourse of water and the implementation of programs providing clean drinking water to those in the Global South. The second type of analysis is semi-structured and reflexive interviews (Denzin, 2001) with participants in events raising money for water and members of social marketing groups. The final part of the analysis is a critical ethnography of water charities in the Global North. Through this method, I understood who gets to speak for whom and what type of bodies matter in the search for the answer to the world{\textquoteright}s water crisis.}, keywords = {0392:Environmental philosophy, 0430:Sports Management, 0459:Communication, Communication, Communication and the arts, Crisis, Environmental philosophy, Organizational ethnography, Philosophy, Political economy, religion and theology, Social Marketing, Social sciences, Sport for development, Sports Management, Water charity}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1557708743?accountid=14270}, author = {Bunds, Kyle S.} } @booklet {10119, title = {{Water quality {\textemdash} Enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria {\textemdash} Part 1: Membrane filtration method for waters with low bacterial background flora}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {International Standardization Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @article {7384, title = {Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {PLoS Med}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {e1001620}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001620}, author = {Strunz, Eric C. and Addiss, David G. and Stocks, Meredith E. and Ogden, Stephanie and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Freeman, Matthew C.} } @article {12919, title = {Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {e1001620}, author = {Strunz, Eric C and Addiss, David G and Stocks, Meredith E and Ogden, Stephanie and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Freeman, Matthew C} } @article {8340, title = {{Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}}, journal = {PLOS Medicine}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {e1001620}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001620}, author = {Strunz, Eric C and Addiss, David G and Stocks, Meredith E and Ogden, Stephanie and Freeman, Matthew C} } @article {16665, title = {Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {PLoS medicine}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, pages = {e1001620}, author = {Strunz, Eric C and Addiss, David G and Stocks, Meredith E and Ogden, Stephanie and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Freeman, Matthew C} } @article {4148, title = {{Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis}}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {11}, year = {2014}, pages = {e1001620}, author = {Strunz, EC and Addiss, DG and Stocks, ME and Ogden, S and Utzinger, J and Freeman, MC} } @article {10523, title = {{Water sources as reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1 strains in Bepanda, Douala (Cameroon): relationship between isolation and physico-chemical factors}}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, pages = {421{\textendash}431}, author = {Akoachere, JTK and Mbuntcha, CKP} } @inbook {4127, title = {{Waterborne and environmentally-borne giardiasis}}, booktitle = {Giardia: a model organism}, year = {2014}, pages = {29{\textendash}69}, publisher = {Springer Wien}, organization = {Springer Wien}, address = {New York}, author = {Robertson, LJ and Lim, YAL}, editor = {Lujan, HD and Svard, S} } @article {4107, title = {{Waterborne parasites: a current status from the Philippines}}, journal = {Parasit. Vectors}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {244}, author = {Onichandran, S and Kumar, T and Salibay, CC and Dungca, JZ and Tabo, HA and Tabo, N and Tan, TC and Lim, YA and Sawangjaroen, N and Phiriyasamith, S and Andiappan, H and Ithoi, I and Lau, YL and Nissapatorn, V} } @mastersthesis {6828, title = {"{We} {Just} {Built} {It}:" {Code} {Enforcement}, {Local} {Politics}, and the {Informal} {Housing} {Market} in {Southeast} {Los} {Angeles} {County}}, year = {2014}, note = {3708337}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation is an exploration of the role of informality in the housing market in southeast Los Angeles County. While informality has long been the subject of scholarship in cases from the Global South, and increasingly in the United States, examinations of housing informality in the US thus far have largely been situated in rural and peri-urban areas. This work seeks to interrogate informality in housing processes unfolding within the very heart of northern North America{\textquoteright}s leading industrial metropolis. After a brief preface, the dissertation{\textquoteright}s second chapter reviews literature on various aspects of informality and on Accessory Dwelling Units, or additions or conversions of living quarters on residential properties. Chapter 3 introduces the work{\textquoteright}s methodological pillars, and describes the four major, mixed methods relied upon. These are a survey of code enforcement officers; interviews and direct observation; and analyses of rental and property sales markets. Two other, minor, methods employed are an analysis of building footprints and the analysis of secondary data. Chapter 4 introduces the single case used in the dissertation. This is a group of 14 communities, with a total population of 700,000, that are collectively referred to via the neologism City of Gateway. Next follows a historical overview of the area. Following a discussion of the 1965 Watts riots as a historical watershed, trends in the City of Gateway{\textquoteright}s economy and population that have driven a dramatic informalization of the housing stock since that time are examined. Chapter 5 describes the physical expression of the informal housing market in the City of Gateway, in seven extralegal modes that involve either the conversion of existing space or the addition of new space, and the tactics used to effect them. Chapter 5 closes with a quantification and discussion of the consequences of the characteristic urban form produced by the informal housing market, horizontal density, which is the addition of density by more intensively covering lots with buildings rather than building upwards. Chapter 6 describes the "nuts and bolts" of the informal housing market. It presents evidence that extralegal rentals are, on balance, generally (though not always) cheaper for their occupants than formal market alternatives. It examines presale ordinances that some cities have passed to try to disrupt the informal housing market by intervening in the sale of residential property. It discusses the important role of appraisers in providing or denying mortgage credit to current or would-be homeowners with extralegal space. An analysis of property sales transactions provides evidence that extralegal space does not appear to be capitalized in property values. Finally, the chapter discusses barriers imposed by the current US mortgage system to financing the construction of rentable space on residential properties. Chapter 7 is an examination of the role played by code enforcement in shaping the informal housing market in the City of Gateway. Specifically, it examines how code enforcement departments allocate their time and effort given that there are far more potential enforcement actions than their capacity allows. The chapter presents arguments that code enforcement reshapes the informal housing market while failing to suppress it; that it is applied unevenly; and that it paradoxically helps maintain the informal order of the informal housing market. Chapter 8 begins by arguing that issues related to informal housing, when they are discussed at all in the local political sphere, tend to be filtered through the reductive frame of law and order. The chapter presents reasons for this state of affairs, both ones specific to the City of Gateway and others that are more general and potentially applicable to other places in the US. Chapter 8 closes with a summary of high-profile local debates in which informal housing{\textquoteright}s influence is considerable but rarely acknowledged: fair share housing, water and sewer utility capacity, parking, and school crowding. The conclusion, Chapter 9, begins by assessing the positive and negative attributes of the informal housing system. A normative judgment is made that the former outweigh the latter, although the drawbacks are considerable and in need of urgent attention. A multiscalar palette of policy interventions intended to usefully and justly intervene in the informal housing system is put forth. Many of these are within the ambit of local government, but action in other spheres{\textendash}in state and even federal government, and within the housing NGO sector{\textendash}is needed. Next, lessons for advocates, policymakers, and researchers drawn from the broader implications of this dissertation are presented. After that follows a speculative discussion about the role of culture in comparison with economic necessity in driving the informal housing market in the City of Gateway. Next, informed speculation about the future of the City of Gateway{\textquoteright}s housing market is presented. The dissertation closes with a discussion of these trends{\textquoteright} implications for the City of Gateway{\textquoteright}s continued existence as that increasingly rare of type of place, a working class enclave in the heart of a vast global metropolis.}, keywords = {0999:Urban planning, Accessory dwelling units, Code enforcement, Housing market, Informal housing, Local politics, Los angeles, Social sciences, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1697922508?accountid=14270}, author = {Wegmann, Jacob Anthony George} } @article {10823, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2013}, volume = {89}, number = {31}, year = {2014}, pages = {345{\textendash}356} } @article {10825, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera}, volume = {89}, number = {31}, year = {2014}, pages = {345{\textendash}356}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {3484, title = {{What Influences Open Defecation and Latrine Ownership in Rural Households? Findings from a Global Review.}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Water and Sanitation Program, The World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Connell, K} } @booklet {3552, title = {What {Influences} {Open} {Defecation} and {Latrine} {Ownership} in {Rural} {Households}? {Findings} from a {Global} {Review}.}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Water and Sanitation Program, The World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Connell, K} } @article {6974, title = {What makes {Health} {Demand}-{Side} {Financing} {Schemes} {Work} in {Low}-and {Middle}-{Income} {Countries}? {A} {Realist} {Review}}, journal = {Journal of Public Health Research}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {dec}, pages = {304}, abstract = {This realist review explored causal pathways of the possible consumer effects of health sector demand-side financial (DSF) incentives, their contextual factors and mechanisms in low-and-middle-income countries. We searched six electronic data bases and identified 659 abstracts with different evaluation designs. Based on methodological rigor and content relevance, only 24 studies published up to April 2013 were selected for the final review. A conceptual framework consisting of various program theories on potential context-mechanism-outcome (C-M-O) configuration of DSF initiative was designed, tested and adapted during the review. Synthesized results were presented as a C-M-O configuration for each of the consumer -side effect. DSF was effective to improve health seeking behaviour considerably and health status to some extent. The causal pathway of DSF{\textquoteright}s functioning and effectiveness was not linear. Key demand-side contextual factors which affected DSF{\textquoteright}s consumer-side effects were background characteristics of the beneficiaries including their socio-cultural beliefs, motivations, and level of health awareness. At the supply-side, service availability status and provider incentives were contextual determinants. The mechanisms which enabled the interaction of contextual influence were consumer and provider accountability and consumer trust on providers. In order to enhance DSF programs{\textquoteright} effectiveness, their design and implementation should carefully consider the potential contextual elements that may influence the causal pathways. Significance for public healthThis article focuses on a rare topic i.e. Realist Review, which is an emerging concept to explore causal factors behind every intervention that make it effective or ineffective. This manuscript is a first attempt on a Realist Review of health sector demand-side financing (DSF) in a number of low-and middle-income countries. DSF is a widely employed health promotion strategy in many countries to improve health seeking behaviour. However, the existing evidence explores only its effectiveness and not the determinants of its effectiveness. It is also essential to understand the causal pathways of DSF{\textquoteright}s effectiveness, i.e. what are the factors affecting its effectiveness. This Realist Review attempts to explore the causal pathways of effectiveness of many prominent DSF initiatives in the world. The study findings have policy implications and will be widely referred to in future.}, keywords = {Demand-side financing, Health promotion, low- and middle-income countries, realist review}, issn = {2279-9028}, doi = {10.4081/jphr.2014.304}, author = {Gopalan, Saji S. and Das, Ashis and Mutasa, Ronald} } @article {6417, title = {Widespread {Molecular} {Detection} of \textit{{Legionella} pneumophila} {Serogroup} 1 in {Cold} {Water} {Taps} across the {United} {States}}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {mar}, pages = {3145{\textendash}3152}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es4055115}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es4055115}, author = {Donohue, Maura J. and O{\textquoteright}Connell, Katharine and Vesper, Stephen J. and Mistry, Jatin H. and King, Dawn and Kostich, Mitch and Pfaller, Stacy} } @booklet {3874, title = {World {Urbanization} {Prospects}: {The} 2014 {Revision} {\textendash} {Highlights}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Population Division, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}, address = {New York}, author = {UNDESA} } @booklet {3455, title = {{World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision {\textendash} Highlights}}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Population Division, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}, address = {New York}, author = {UNDESA} } @inbook {11783, title = {{Zoonosis de origen acu{\'a}tico: la regi{\'o}n de los bosques patag{\'o}nicos}}, booktitle = {Temas de Zoonosis VI}, year = {2014}, pages = {295{\textendash}303}, publisher = {Asociaci{\'o}n Argentina de Zoonosis}, organization = {Asociaci{\'o}n Argentina de Zoonosis}, address = {Buenos Aires, Argentina}, author = {Semenas, L}, editor = {Basualdo Farjat, J and Enria, D and Martino, P and Rosenzvit, M and Seijo, A} } @booklet {11185, journal = {Cdc.gov}, year = {2013}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxocariasis/gen_info/faqs.html} } @article {799, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {87}, number = {20}, year = {2013}, pages = {11096-11106}, abstract = {Rotaviruses, nonenveloped viruses presenting a distinctive triple-layered particle architecture enclosing a segmented double-stranded {RNA} genome, exhibit a unique morphogenetic pathway requiring the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies called viroplasms in a process involving the nonstructural viral proteins {NSP5} and {NSP2.} In these structures the concerted packaging and replication of the 11 positive-polarity single-stranded {RNAs} take place to generate the viral double-stranded {RNA} {(dsRNA)} genomic segments. Rotavirus infection is a leading cause of gastroenteritis-associated severe morbidity and mortality in young children, but no effective antiviral therapy exists. Herein we investigate the antirotaviral activity of the thiazolide anti-infective nitazoxanide and reveal a novel mechanism by which thiazolides act against rotaviruses. Nitazoxanide and its active circulating metabolite, tizoxanide, inhibit simian {A/SA11-G3P[2]} and human {Wa-G1P[8]} rotavirus replication in different types of cells with 50\% effective concentrations {(EC50s)} ranging from 0.3 to 2 {\&\#x3BC;g/ml} and 50\% cytotoxic concentrations {(CC50s)} higher than 50 {\&\#x3BC;g/ml.} Thiazolides do not affect virus infectivity, binding, or entry into target cells and do not cause a general inhibition of viral protein expression, whereas they reduce the size and alter the architecture of viroplasms, decreasing rotavirus {dsRNA} formation. As revealed by protein/protein interaction analysis, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, and viroplasm-like structure formation analysis, thiazolides act by hindering the interaction between the nonstructural proteins {NSP5} and {NSP2.} Altogether the results indicate that thiazolides inhibit rotavirus replication by interfering with viral morphogenesis and may represent a novel class of antiviral drugs effective against rotavirus gastroenteritis.}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.01213-13}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01213-13}, author = {La Frazia, Simone and Ciucci, Alessandra and Arnoldi, Francesca and Coira, Maurizio and Gianferretti, Patrizia and Angelini, Mara and Belardo, Giuseppe and Burrone, Oscar R and Jean F Rossignol and Santoro, MG} } @article {2553, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {87}, number = {20}, year = {2013}, pages = {11096-11106}, abstract = {Rotaviruses, nonenveloped viruses presenting a distinctive triple-layered particle architecture enclosing a segmented double-stranded {RNA} genome, exhibit a unique morphogenetic pathway requiring the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies called viroplasms in a process involving the nonstructural viral proteins {NSP5} and {NSP2.} In these structures the concerted packaging and replication of the 11 positive-polarity single-stranded {RNAs} take place to generate the viral double-stranded {RNA} {(dsRNA)} genomic segments. Rotavirus infection is a leading cause of gastroenteritis-associated severe morbidity and mortality in young children, but no effective antiviral therapy exists. Herein we investigate the antirotaviral activity of the thiazolide anti-infective nitazoxanide and reveal a novel mechanism by which thiazolides act against rotaviruses. Nitazoxanide and its active circulating metabolite, tizoxanide, inhibit simian {A/SA11-G3P[2]} and human {Wa-G1P[8]} rotavirus replication in different types of cells with 50\% effective concentrations {(EC50s)} ranging from 0.3 to 2 {\&\#x3BC;g/ml} and 50\% cytotoxic concentrations {(CC50s)} higher than 50 {\&\#x3BC;g/ml.} Thiazolides do not affect virus infectivity, binding, or entry into target cells and do not cause a general inhibition of viral protein expression, whereas they reduce the size and alter the architecture of viroplasms, decreasing rotavirus {dsRNA} formation. As revealed by protein/protein interaction analysis, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, and viroplasm-like structure formation analysis, thiazolides act by hindering the interaction between the nonstructural proteins {NSP5} and {NSP2.} Altogether the results indicate that thiazolides inhibit rotavirus replication by interfering with viral morphogenesis and may represent a novel class of antiviral drugs effective against rotavirus gastroenteritis.}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.01213-13}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01213-13}, author = {La Frazia, Simone and Ciucci, Alessandra and Arnoldi, Francesca and Coira, Maurizio and Gianferretti, Patrizia and Angelini, Mara and Belardo, Giuseppe and Burrone, Oscar R and Jean F Rossignol and Santoro, MG} } @article {11149, title = {{5 year efficacy of a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in Kolkata, India: a cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial}}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious Diseases}, volume = {13}, year = {2013}, pages = {1050{\textendash}1056}, author = {Bhattacharya, SK and Sur, D and Ali, M and Kanungo, S and Ae You, Y and Manna, B and Sah, B and Niyogi, SK and Park, JK and Sarkar, B and Puri, MK and Kim, DR and Deen, JL and Holmgren, J and Carbis, R and Dhingra, MS and Donner, A and Nair, GB and Lopez, AL and Wierzba, TF and J D Clemens} } @article {4219, title = {{Abatement of Helminth Eggs and Bacterial and Viral Indicators in Soil after Land Application of Treated Sludges}}, journal = {Journal of Water Resource and Protection}, volume = {05}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {1155{\textendash}1164}, publisher = {Scientific Research Publishing}, abstract = {The reduction of helminth eggs, fecal coliforms and somatic coliphages present in sewage sludge after treatments and abatement by application to soil was determined. Traditional stabilization processes produced small changes in the concentrations of the parameters studied. In contrast, thermal treatments and liming produced dramatic reductions. Fecal coliforms were the most affected by both types of treatments; somatic coliphages showed some persistence after 30 minutes at 60{\textdegree}C; and both somatic coliphages and helminth eggs showed some persistence to storage in quick lime. However, both treatments supplied biosolid suitable for unrestricted application in agriculture. Abatement in soils in the climatic conditions tested (mild to cold temperatures and high relative humidity) was slow and took several months to reach the background levels. These results suggest that environmental conditions (temperature and humidity) play the main role in inactivating the microorganisms, since abatement was similar in different soil types. The extended permanence of pathogens and microbial indicators in soil after the application of treated sludges indicates that, in the normal weather conditions of the areas where the study was performed and the amounts of sludges applied, contaminant microbes are not easily mobilized from the complex matrixes that constitute the treated sludges and that consequently in normal conditions their release as diffuse pollution is of lesser importance.}, issn = {1945-3094}, doi = {10.4236/jwarp.2013.512122}, url = {http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=40548{\&}{\#}abstract}, author = {Campos, Claudia and Beltr{\'a}n, Milena and Duarte, Marcela and Medina, Luz and Lucena, Francisco and Jofre, Juan} } @article {4589, title = {Adenovirus and Norovirus Contaminants in Commercially Distributed Shellfish}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, year = {2013}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-013-9133-1}, author = {Rodriguez-Manzano, J and Hundesa, A and Calgua, B and Carratal{\`a}, A and Maluquer de Motes, C and Rusinol, M and Moresco, V. and Ramos, AP and Martinez-Marca, F and Calvo, M and Monte Barardi, CR and Girones, R and Bofill-Mas, S} } @article {1270, title = {Adenovirus and Norovirus Contaminants in Commercially Distributed Shellfish}, journal = {Food Environ Virol}, year = {2013}, note = {Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus Hundesa, Ayalkibet Calgua, Byron Carratala, Anna Maluquer de Motes, Carlos Rusinol, Marta Moresco, Vanessa Ramos, Ana Paula Martinez-Marca, Fernando Calvo, Miquel Monte Barardi, Celia Regina Girones, Rosina Bofill-Mas, Silvia Food and environmental virology Food Environ Virol. 2013 Nov 29.}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Shellfish complying with European Regulations based on quantification of fecal bacterial indicators (FIB) are introduced into markets; however, information on viruses, more stable than FIB, is not available in the literature. To assess the presence of noroviruses (NoVs) GI and GII and human adenoviruses (HAdV) in domestic and imported mussels and clams (n = 151) their presence was analyzed during winter seasons (2004-2008) in north-west Spanish markets through a routine surveillance system. All samples tested negative for NoV GI and 13 \% were positive for NoV GII. The role of HAdV as viral indicator was evaluated in 20 negative and 10 positive NoV GII samples showing an estimated sensitivity and specificity of HAdV to predict the presence of NoV GII of 100 and 74 \% (cut-off 0.5). The levels of HAdV and NoVs and the efficiency of decontamination in shellfish depuration plants (SDP) were evaluated analyzing pre- and post-depurated mussels collected in May-June 2010 from three different SDP. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence and quantification of HAdV between pre- and post-depurated shellfish and between seawater entering and leaving the depuration systems. Moreover, infectious HAdV were detected in depurated mussels. These results confirm previous studies showing that current controls and depuration treatments limiting the number of FIB do not guarantee the absence of viruses in shellfish.}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-013-9133-1}, author = {Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Hundesa, A. and Calgua, B. and Carratala, A. and Maluquer de Motes, C. and Rusi{\~n}ol, M. and Moresco, V. and Ramos, A. P. and Martinez-Marca, F. and Calvo, M. and Monte Barardi, C. R. and Girones, R. and Bofill-Mas, S.} } @article {4660, title = {Adenovirus-associated health risks for recreational activities in a multi-use coastal watershed based on site-specific quantitative microbial risk assessment}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {6309-6325}, author = {Kundu, A and McBride, G and Wuertz, S} } @article {5879, title = {{Adherence to and invasion of human intestinal cells by Arcobacter species and their virulence genotypes.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {16}, year = {2013}, month = {aug}, pages = {4951{\textendash}4957}, author = {Levican, Arturo and Alkeskas, Aldukali and G{\"u}nter, Claudia and Forsythe, Stephen J and Maria J Figueras} } @article {14396, title = {Adherence to and invasion of human intestinal cells by {Arcobacter} species and their virulence genotypes.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {16}, year = {2013}, month = {aug}, pages = {4951{\textendash}4957}, author = {Levican, Arturo and Alkeskas, Aldukali and G{\"u}nter, Claudia and Forsythe, Stephen J and Maria J Figueras} } @mastersthesis {6264, title = {Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide on fine rubber particle media ({FRPM})}, year = {2013}, note = {3566161}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A commercial rubber waste product, fine rubber particle media (FRPM), was found to adsorb hydrogen sulfide gas (H2 S) from biogas. Compared with traditional H2 S adsorbents, economic advantages make FRPM a potentially attractive alternative. A number of experiments were conducted to investigate fundamental information, surface properties, and breakthrough characteristics of these innovative adsorbents. The physical properties, composition and surface chemistry were investigated and compared with commonly available commercial H 2 S adsorbents, such as activated carbon and metal oxide, in order to compare performance and to assess the possible adsorption mechanism. The components of FRPM samples were similar to conventional tire rubber. The specific surface area was less than 1\% of activated carbon. The data supported that FRPM samples were particulate in nature with limited porosity. Infrared analysis and metal analysis experiments showed no direct evidence that the adsorption was a pure physical process. Analysis of experimental results and comparison to scientific literature suggest that two components contribute to the H 2 S adsorption{\textendash}carbon black and zinc. Fine rubber particle media (FRPM) derived from consumer waste sources, such as discarded vehicle tires, has been found to adsorb hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) from biogas. The challenge for FRPM reuse in biogas scrubbing applications is to increase its adsorption capacity so that it competes well with traditional adsorbents in terms of effectiveness and life cycle cost. In this research, zinc content, particle size, moisture content, temperature, and packing density were varied during H 2 S breakthrough tests. High zinc concentration and lower particle size increased the adsorption capacity of FRPM significantly while moisture content played an important role in the process. Additionally, H2 S removal by FRPM was optimized at a packing density of 75\% of the column volume, and the adsorption capacity increased with reactor temperature in a low range (20{\textdegree}C\~{}85{\textdegree}C). Two regeneration methods of spent FRPM were developed and tested. One efficient solution regeneration method using ZnCl2 solutions was evaluated in this research for its ability to recover FRPM{\textquoteright}s H 2 S adsorption capacity. Adsorption capacity recovery of FRPM following washing with a zinc solution (1g ZnCl2 /L) yielded an adsorption capacity of 120\% of the original. A half strength solution (0.5g ZnCl 2 /L) recovered 110\% of the adsorption capacity after the first wash and 80\% after the second wash. Thermal regeneration at a temperature of 80{\textdegree}C worked well in the first three regeneration cycles and reached approximately 100\% recovery. However, the regeneration capacity decreased with additional cycling. During thermal regeneration, at least 30\% of H 2 S adsorption capacity was attributed to physical adsorption, which occurred at room temperature.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0775:Environmental engineering, Adsorption, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Environmental engineering, Fine rubber particle media, Hydrogen sulfide, Tire rubber}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1417777951?accountid=14270}, author = {Wang, Ning} } @article {12333, title = {Advanced treatment of urban wastewater by UV radiation: Effect on antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {Jun}, pages = {171-6}, keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Microbial, *Ultraviolet Rays, Amoxicillin/pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology, Disinfection/methods, Escherichia coli/*drug effects/*radiation effects, Halogenation, Photolysis, Sulfamethoxazole/pharmacology, Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods, Waste Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation \& purification, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {1879-1298 (Electronic)
0045-6535 (Linking)}, author = {Rizzo, L. and Fiorentino, A. and Anselmo, A.} } @article {12202, title = {Aerobic digestion reduces the quantity of antibiotic resistance genes in residual municipal wastewater solids}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {17}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {Burch, Tucker R and Sadowsky, Michael J and LaPara, Timothy M} } @article {13136, title = {Aeromonas australiensis sp. nov., isolated from irrigation water}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {63}, year = {2013}, pages = {2270-2276}, author = {M. Aravena-Roman and Beaz-Hidalgo, R. and Inglis, T. J. and Riley, T. V. and A. J. Martinez-Murcia and Chang, B. J. and Figueras, M. J.} } @article {13304, title = {Aeromonas australiensis sp. nov., isolated from irrigation water}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, year = {2013}, pages = {2270-2276}, author = {Aravena-Rom{\'a}n, M and Beaz-Hidalgo, R and T J Inglis and T V Riley and Mart{\'\i}nez-Murcia, AJ, and Chang, BJ and M J Figueras} } @article {13218, title = {Aeromonas cavernicola sp. nov., isolated from fresh water of a brook in a cavern}, journal = {Current Microbiology}, volume = {66}, year = {2013}, pages = {197-204}, doi = {10.1007/s00284-012-0253-x}, author = {A. Martinez-Murcia and Beaz-Hidalgo, R. and Svec, P. and Saavedra, M. J. and Figueras, M. J. and Sedlacek, I.} } @article {12201, title = {Air-drying beds reduce the quantities of antibiotic resistance genes and class 1 integrons in residual municipal wastewater solids}, journal = {Environmental science and technology}, volume = {47}, number = {17}, year = {2013}, pages = {9965-9971}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Burch, Tucker R and Sadowsky, Michael J and LaPara, Timothy M} } @article {7268, title = {Altered {Protozoan} and {Bacterial} {Communities} and {Survival} of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in {Monensin}-{Treated} {Wastewater} from a {Dairy} {Lagoon}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {e54782}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0054782}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054782}, author = {Ravva, Subbarao V. and Sarreal, Chester Z. and Mandrell, Robert E.}, editor = {Brown, Sam Paul} } @article {4349, title = {{Alternate Indicator Organisms for Reclaimed Water in North Carolina}}, journal = {Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {2013}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {107{\textendash}114}, publisher = {Water Environment Federation}, issn = {19386478}, doi = {10.2175/193864713813503558}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wefproc/2013/00002013/00000002/art00012}, author = {Patricia D. Stiegel and Mann, Melanie and Dalton, Marla} } @article {17207, title = {Ammonia sanitisation of sewage sludge using urea}, journal = {Water Science and TechnologyWater Science and TechnologyWater Sci Technol}, volume = {68}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {1866-1872}, keywords = {ammonia sanitisation, Disinfection, Enterococcus, human urine, Inactivation, Manure, pH, Salmonella, Sewage sludge, Temperature, TOXICITY, Viruses, waste}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Fidjeland, J. and Lalander, C. and Jonsson, H. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {17319, title = {Analyzing Indicator Microorganisms, Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli, and Regrowth Potential of Foodborne Pathogens in Various Organic Fertilizers}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and DiseaseFoodborne Pathogens and DiseaseFoodborne Pathog Dis}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, month = {Jun}, pages = {520-527}, keywords = {antimicrobial resistance, commensal, composted sewage-sludge, DNA extraction, Fresh produce, listeria-monocytogenes, Manure, Salmonella, suppression, Survival}, isbn = {1535-3141}, author = {Miller, C. and Heringa, S. and Kim, J. and Jiang, X. P.} } @article {8353, title = {{Ancient water and sanitation systems {\textendash} applicability for the contemporary urban developing world}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {67}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {935{\textendash}941}, keywords = {bond, corresponding author, t}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2013.628}, author = {Bond, T and Roma, E and Foxon, K M and Templeton, M R and Buckley, C A} } @article {2813, title = {Animal papillomaviruses}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {445}, number = {1-2}, year = {2013}, pages = {213-223}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {animal animals Belgium BOVINE classification COMPLETE GENOME detection DISCOVERY DIVERSITY DNA dna, Genetic REGION Research veterinary Viral virology, Molecular GENE Genes, viral Evolution, Viral genetic variation genetics GENOME GENOMES GENOMIC DIVERSITY HOST HOST RANGE Host Specificity Laboratories metabolism Oncogene Proteins, Viral Open Reading Frames Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections pathogenicity phylogeny physiology PROTEIN PROTEINS recombination Recombination}, doi = {doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.007}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23711385}, author = {Rector, A. and Van Ranst, M.} } @article {16776, title = {Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013}, year = {2013}, publisher = {U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf} } @article {12534, title = {Antibiotic resistance{\textemdash}the need for global solutions}, journal = {The Lancet infectious diseasesThe Lancet infectious diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, pages = {1057-1098}, isbn = {1473-3099}, author = {Laxminarayan, Ramanan and Duse, Adriano and Wattal, Chand and Zaidi, Anita KM and Wertheim, Heiman FL and Sumpradit, Nithima and Vlieghe, Erika and Hara, Gabriel Levy and Gould, Ian M and Goossens, Herman} } @article {12296, title = {Antimicrobial Resistance Trends in Denmark Following the Ban on Including Antimicrobials in Livestock Feeds. http://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ID/ID-420-W.pdf}, journal = {Purdue Extension ID-420-W}, number = {6 August 2013}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Purdue University}, author = {Massow, A. and Ebner, P.} } @article {8200, title = {{Antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance patterns among helicobacter pylori strains from the gambia, west africa}}, journal = {Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {1231{\textendash}1237}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori is a globally important and genetically diverse gastric pathogen that infects most people in developing countries. Eradication efforts are complicated by antibiotic resistance, which varies in frequency geographically. There are very few data on resistance in African strains. Sixty-four Gambian H. pylori strains were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. The role of rdxA in metronidazole (Mtz) susceptibility was tested by DNA transformation and sequencing; RdxA protein variants were interpreted in terms of RdxA structure. Forty-four strains (69{\%}) were resistant to at least 8 $μ$g of Mtz/ml. All six strains from infants, but only 24{\%} of strains from adults, were sensitive (P = 0.0031). Representative Mtz-resistant (Mtz(r)) strains were rendered Mtz susceptible (Mtz(s)) by transformation with a functional rdxA gene; conversely, Mtz(s) strains were rendered Mtz(r) by rdxA inactivation. Many mutations were found by Gambian H. pylori rdxA sequencing; mutations that probably inactivated rdxA in Mtz(r) strains were identified and explained using RdxA protein{\textquoteright}s structure. All of the strains were sensitive to clarithromycin and erythromycin. Amoxicillin and tetracycline resistance was rare. Sequence analysis indicated that most tetracycline resistance, when found, was not due to 16S rRNA gene mutations. These data suggest caution in the use of Mtz-based therapies in The Gambia. The increasing use of macrolides against respiratory infections in The Gambia calls for continued antibiotic susceptibility monitoring. The rich variety of rdxA mutations that we found will be useful in further structure-function studies of RdxA, the enzyme responsible for Mtz susceptibility in this important pathogen.}, issn = {00664804}, doi = {10.1128/AAC.00517-12}, author = {Secka, Ousman and Berg, Douglas E. and Antonio, Martin and Corrah, Tumani and Tapgun, Mary and Walton, Robert and Thomas, Vivat and Galano, Juan J. and Sancho, Javier and Adegbola, Richard A. and Thomas, Julian E.} } @article {13829, title = {Antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance patterns among helicobacter pylori strains from the gambia, west africa}, journal = {Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {1231{\textendash}1237}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori is a globally important and genetically diverse gastric pathogen that infects most people in developing countries. Eradication efforts are complicated by antibiotic resistance, which varies in frequency geographically. There are very few data on resistance in African strains. Sixty-four Gambian H. pylori strains were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. The role of rdxA in metronidazole (Mtz) susceptibility was tested by DNA transformation and sequencing; RdxA protein variants were interpreted in terms of RdxA structure. Forty-four strains (69\%) were resistant to at least 8 μg of Mtz/ml. All six strains from infants, but only 24\% of strains from adults, were sensitive (P = 0.0031). Representative Mtz-resistant (Mtz(r)) strains were rendered Mtz susceptible (Mtz(s)) by transformation with a functional rdxA gene; conversely, Mtz(s) strains were rendered Mtz(r) by rdxA inactivation. Many mutations were found by Gambian H. pylori rdxA sequencing; mutations that probably inactivated rdxA in Mtz(r) strains were identified and explained using RdxA protein{\textquoteright}s structure. All of the strains were sensitive to clarithromycin and erythromycin. Amoxicillin and tetracycline resistance was rare. Sequence analysis indicated that most tetracycline resistance, when found, was not due to 16S rRNA gene mutations. These data suggest caution in the use of Mtz-based therapies in The Gambia. The increasing use of macrolides against respiratory infections in The Gambia calls for continued antibiotic susceptibility monitoring. The rich variety of rdxA mutations that we found will be useful in further structure-function studies of RdxA, the enzyme responsible for Mtz susceptibility in this important pathogen.}, issn = {00664804}, doi = {10.1128/AAC.00517-12}, author = {Secka, Ousman and Berg, Douglas E. and Antonio, Martin and Corrah, Tumani and Tapgun, Mary and Walton, Robert and Thomas, Vivat and Galano, Juan J. and Sancho, Javier and Adegbola, Richard A. and Thomas, Julian E.} } @article {15917, title = {The Applicability of TaqMan-Based Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assays for Detecting and Enumerating Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts in the Environment}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {e66562}, edition = {2013/06/28}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidium parvum/*genetics, Drinking Water/*parasitology, Humans, Mice, Oocysts, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, RNA, Protozoan/*genetics, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/*genetics}, isbn = {1932-6203}, author = {Staggs, S. E. and Beckman, E. M. and Keely, S. P. and Mackwan, R. and Ware, M. W. and Moyer, A. P. and Ferretti, J. A. and Sayed, A. and Xiao, L. and Villegas, E. N.} } @article {4799, title = {{Application of a qPCR assay with melting curve analysis for detection and differentiation of protozoan oocysts in human fecal samples from Dominican Republic}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {89}, year = {2013}, pages = {892{\textendash}898}, author = {Lalonde, LF and Reyes, J and Gajadhar, AA} } @article {5670, title = {{Application of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Virology: a Review}}, journal = {The Open Virology Journal}, volume = {27}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {84{\textendash}90}, author = {Cobo, F} } @article {13668, title = {{Application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to analyze the public health risk from poor drinking water quality in a low income area in Accra, Ghana}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {449}, year = {2013}, pages = {134{\textendash}142}, abstract = {In Accra, Ghana, a majority of inhabitants lives in over-crowded areas with limited access to piped water supply, which is often also intermittent. This study assessed in a densely populated area the risk from microbial contamination of various sources of drinking water, by conducting a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) to estimate the risk to human health from microorganism exposure and dose{\textendash}response relationships. Furthermore the cost-effectiveness in reducing the disease burden through targeted interventions was evaluated. Five risk pathways for drinking water were identified through a survey (110 families), namely household storage, private yard taps, communal taps, communal wells and water sachets. Samples from each source were analyzed for Escherichia coli and Ascaris contamination. Published ratios between E. coli and other pathogens were used for the QMRA and disease burden calculations. The major part of the burden of disease originated from E. coli O157:H7 (78{\%}) and the least important contributor was Cryptosporidium (0.01{\%}). Other pathogens contributed 16{\%} (Campylobacter), 5{\%} (Rotavirus) and 0.3{\%} (Ascaris). The sum of the disease burden of these pathogens was 0.5DALYs per person per year, which is much higher than the WHO reference level. The major contamination pathway was found to be household storage. Disinfection of water at household level was the most cost-effective intervention ({\textless}5USD/DALY-averted) together with hygiene education. Water supply network improvements were significantly less cost-effective.}, keywords = {Accra, burden of disease, Cost effectiveness, DALY, drinking water, Ghana, Microbial risk assessment, QMRA, wastewater, Waterborne disease, West-Africa}, author = {Machdar, E. and van der Steen, N.P. and Raschid-Sally, L. and Lens, P.N.L.} } @article {15250, title = {Application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to analyze the public health risk from poor drinking water quality in a low income area in {Accra}, {Ghana}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {449}, year = {2013}, pages = {134{\textendash}142}, abstract = {In Accra, Ghana, a majority of inhabitants lives in over-crowded areas with limited access to piped water supply, which is often also intermittent. This study assessed in a densely populated area the risk from microbial contamination of various sources of drinking water, by conducting a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) to estimate the risk to human health from microorganism exposure and dose{\textendash}response relationships. Furthermore the cost-effectiveness in reducing the disease burden through targeted interventions was evaluated. Five risk pathways for drinking water were identified through a survey (110 families), namely household storage, private yard taps, communal taps, communal wells and water sachets. Samples from each source were analyzed for Escherichia coli and Ascaris contamination. Published ratios between E. coli and other pathogens were used for the QMRA and disease burden calculations. The major part of the burden of disease originated from E. coli O157:H7 (78\%) and the least important contributor was Cryptosporidium (0.01\%). Other pathogens contributed 16\% (Campylobacter), 5\% (Rotavirus) and 0.3\% (Ascaris). The sum of the disease burden of these pathogens was 0.5DALYs per person per year, which is much higher than the WHO reference level. The major contamination pathway was found to be household storage. Disinfection of water at household level was the most cost-effective intervention ({\textbackslash}textless5USD/DALY-averted) together with hygiene education. Water supply network improvements were significantly less cost-effective.}, keywords = {Accra, burden of disease, Cost effectiveness, DALY, drinking water, Ghana, Microbial risk assessment, QMRA, wastewater, Waterborne disease, West-Africa}, author = {Machdar, E. and van der Steen, N.P. and Raschid-Sally, L. and Lens, P.N.L.} } @article {1778, title = {Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {47}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, note = {Qu, Xiaolei Alvarez, Pedro J J Li, Qilin eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review England 2013/04/11 06:00 Water Res. 2013 Aug 1;47(12):3931-46. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.058. Epub 2013 Mar 26.}, pages = {3931-46}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Providing clean and affordable water to meet human needs is a grand challenge of the 21st century. Worldwide, water supply struggles to keep up with the fast growing demand, which is exacerbated by population growth, global climate change, and water quality deterioration. The need for technological innovation to enable integrated water management cannot be overstated. Nanotechnology holds great potential in advancing water and wastewater treatment to improve treatment efficiency as well as to augment water supply through safe use of unconventional water sources. Here we review recent development in nanotechnology for water and wastewater treatment. The discussion covers candidate nanomaterials, properties and mechanisms that enable the applications, advantages and limitations as compared to existing processes, and barriers and research needs for commercialization. By tracing these technological advances to the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, the present review outlines the opportunities and limitations to further capitalize on these unique properties for sustainable water management.}, keywords = {Disinfection Humans Nanostructures/chemistry Nanotechnology/*methods Waste Water/*chemistry Water/*chemistry Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.058}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23571110}, author = {Qu, X. and Alvarez, P. J. and Li, Q.} } @article {13290, title = {AQU-1, a chromosomal class C β-lactamase, among clinical Aeromonas dhakensis isolates: distribution and clinical significance.}, journal = {International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents}, volume = {42}, year = {2013}, pages = {456-461}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.08.002}, author = {Wu, C. J. and Wang, H. C. and Chen, P. L. and Chang, M. C. and Sunny Sun and Chou, P.H. and Ko, W.C.} } @article {14381, title = {Arcobacter anaerophilus sp. nov., isolated from an estuarine sediment and emended description of the genus {Arcobacter}.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {63}, number = {Pt 12}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {4619{\textendash}4625}, author = {T S Sasi Jyothsna and Rahul, K and Ramaprasad, E V V and Sasikala, Ch and Ramana, Ch V} } @article {5864, title = {{Arcobacter anaerophilus sp. nov., isolated from an estuarine sediment and emended description of the genus Arcobacter.}}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {63}, number = {Pt 12}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {4619{\textendash}4625}, author = {T S Sasi Jyothsna and Rahul, K and Ramaprasad, E V V and Sasikala, Ch and Ramana, Ch V} } @article {5851, title = {{Arcobacter cloacae sp. nov. and Arcobacter suis sp. nov., two new species isolated from food and sewage.}}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {feb}, pages = {22{\textendash}27}, author = {Levican, Arturo and Collado, Luis and Maria J Figueras} } @article {14368, title = {Arcobacter cloacae sp. nov. and {Arcobacter} suis sp. nov., two new species isolated from food and sewage.}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {feb}, pages = {22{\textendash}27}, author = {Levican, Arturo and Collado, Luis and Maria J Figueras} } @article {14416, title = {Arcobacter species and their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes in {Finnish} raw milk during summer 2011.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {76}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, month = {sep}, pages = {1630{\textendash}1632}, author = {Revez, Joana and Huuskonen, Marianne and Ruusunen, Marjo and Lindstr{\"o}m, Miia and Marja L H{\"a}nninen} } @article {5899, title = {{Arcobacter species and their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes in Finnish raw milk during summer 2011.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {76}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {1630{\textendash}1632}, author = {Revez, Joana and Huuskonen, Marianne and Ruusunen, Marjo and Lindstr{\"o}m, Miia and Marja L H{\"a}nninen} } @article {6172, title = {An artificial sweetener and pharmaceutical compounds as co-tracers of urban wastewater in groundwater}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {461}, year = {2013}, pages = {348-359}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Van Stempvoort, DR and Roy, JW and Grabuski, J and Brown, SJ and Bickerton, G and Sverko, E} } @article {4757, title = {{Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections associated with wastewater and human excreta use in agriculture in Vietnam}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {62}, year = {2013}, pages = {172{\textendash}180}, author = {Pham-Duc, P and Nguyen-Viet, H and Hattendorf, J and Zinsstag, J and Phung-Dac, C and Zurbr{\"u}gg, C and Odermatt, P} } @article {4135, title = {{Assessing the infection risk of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in public drinking water delivered by surface water systems in Sao Paulo State, Brazil}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {442}, year = {2013}, pages = {389{\textendash}396}, author = {Sato, MI and Galvani, AT and Padula, JA and Nardocci, AC and Lauretto Mde, S and Razzolini, MT and Hachich, EM} } @article {15899, title = {Assessing the infection risk of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in public drinking water delivered by surface water systems in Sao Paulo State, Brazil}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {442}, year = {2013}, month = {Jan 1}, pages = {389-96}, edition = {2012/11/28}, keywords = {*Water Purification/methods, Brazil, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/microbiology/*prevention \& control, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Drinking Water/*parasitology/standards, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/epidemiology/microbiology/*prevention \& control, Humans, Monte Carlo Method, Population Density, Risk Assessment, Urbanization}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Sato, M. I. and Galvani, A. T. and Padula, J. A. and Nardocci, A. C. and Lauretto Mde, S. and Razzolini, M. T. and Hachich, E. M.} } @article {7310, title = {Assessing willingness to pay for improved sanitation in rural {Vietnam}}, journal = {Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {jul}, pages = {275{\textendash}284}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The willingness to pay (WTP) for the construction of bathrooms with a flush toilet was assessed in households in a rural community in northern Vietnam. We also examined the effects of socio-economic factors on the WTP. METHODS: The contingent valuation method, an economic survey technique, was used. We used the iterative bidding game technique to elicit household WTP that involved a sequence of dichotomous choice questions followed by a final open-ended question. A total of 370 households that did not have toilets were selected for this study. Respondents to the questionnaire were the primary income earners and decision-makers of their respective household. RESULTS: Of those responding to the questionnaire, 62.1 \% reported being willing to pay for the construction of bathrooms with a flush toilet. The mean and median of maximum WTP amounts were Viet Nam Dong (VND) 15.6 million and VND 13.0 million, respectively (minimum VND 2.0 million; maximum VND 45.0 million). Significant correlates of the WTP rate were: (1) gender of the head of household, (2) age of the head of household, (3) economic status of household, (4) type of current toilet, (5) satisfaction with existing toilet, and (6) knowledge of health effects of poor sanitation. The significant determinants of WTP amount were (1) geographic location and (2) economic status of household. CONCLUSION: About two-third of the households in the study area were willing to pay for an improvement in their current sanitation arrangements. Both WTP rate and WP amount were strongly influenced by the economic status of the households and health knowledge of the study respondents.}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Attitude to Health, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Rural Population, sanitation, Socioeconomic Factors, Vietnam, Young Adult}, issn = {1347-4715}, doi = {10.1007/s12199-012-0317-3}, author = {Van Minh, Hoang and Nguyen-Viet, Hung and Thanh, Nguyen Hoang and Yang, Jui-Chen} } @article {11792, title = {{Assessment of a potential agricultural application of Bangkok-digested sewage sludge and finished compost products}}, journal = {Waste Management and Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {925{\textendash}936}, author = {Sreesai, S and Peapueng, P and Tippayamongkonkun, T and Sthiannopkao, S} } @article {3580, title = {Assessment of burden of v{\'\i}rus agents in an urban sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {110{\textendash}110}, author = {Fumian, TM and Vieira, CB and Leite, JP and Miagostovich, MP} } @article {1363, title = {Assessment of human adenovirus removal by qPCR in an advanced water reclamation plant in Georgia, USA}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, note = {Liu, P Herzegh, O Fernandez, M Hooper, S Shu, W Sobolik, J Porter, R Spivey, N Moe, C Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Journal of applied microbiology J Appl Microbiol. 2013 Jul;115(1):310-8. doi: 10.1111/jam.12237. Epub 2013 May 16.}, pages = {310-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {AIMS: To assess human adenoviruses (HAdVs) removal in an advanced wastewater treatment facility and compare two parallel tertiary treatment methods for the removal of HAdVs. METHODS AND RESULTS: Tangential flow ultrafiltration was used to concentrate the water samples, and HAdVs were precipitated by polyethylene glycol. HAdVs were detected only by TaqMan real-time PCR, and HAdV genotype was determined by DNA sequence. HAdVs were detected in 100\% of primary clarification influent, secondary clarification effluent and granular media (GM) filtration effluent samples but only in 31.2\% of membrane filtration (MF) effluent and 41.7\% of final effluent (FE) samples, respectively. The average HAdVs loads were significantly reduced along the treatments but HAdVs were still present in FE. Comparison of two parallel treatments (GM vs MF) showed that MF was technically superior to GM for the removal of HAdVs. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that adenoviruses are not completely removed by treatment processes. MF is a better treatment for removal of adenoviruses than GM filtration. Because only qPCR was used, the results only indicate the removal of adenovirus DNA and not the infectivity of viruses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Presence of HAdVs in FE by qPCR suggests a potential public health risk from exposure to the treated wastewater and using the FE for recreational or water reuse purposes should be cautious.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Fluid/ methods Waste Water/ virology, Human/genetics/ isolation \& purification Filtration Georgia Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Waste Disposal}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12237}, author = {Liu, P. and Herzegh, O. and Fernandez, M. and Hooper, S. and Shu, W. and Sobolik, J. and Porter, R. and Spivey, N. and Moe, C.} } @article {4548, title = {Assessment of human adenovirus removal by qPCR in an advanced water reclamation plant in Georgia, USA}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {310{\textendash}8}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12237}, author = {Liu, P. and Herzegh, O. and Fernandez, M. and Hooper, S. and Shu, W. and Sobolik, J. and Porter, R. and Spivey, N. and Moe, C.} } @article {5414, title = {{Assessment of pathogen removal potential of root zone technology from domestic wastewater}}, journal = {UJERT}, volume = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {401{\textendash}406}, author = {Makvana, KS and Sharma, MK} } @article {5874, title = {{Assessment of the prevalence and diversity of emergent campylobacteria in human stool samples using a combination of traditional and molecular methods.}}, journal = {Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {apr}, pages = {434{\textendash}436}, author = {Collado, Luis and Guti{\'e}rrez, Magali and Gonz{\'a}lez, Mario and Fern{\'a}ndez, Heriberto} } @article {14391, title = {Assessment of the prevalence and diversity of emergent campylobacteria in human stool samples using a combination of traditional and molecular methods.}, journal = {Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {apr}, pages = {434{\textendash}436}, author = {Collado, Luis and Guti{\'e}rrez, Magali and Gonz{\'a}lez, Mario and Fern{\'a}ndez, Heriberto} } @article {2733, title = {Assessment of water and seafood microbiology quality in a mangrove region in Vit{\'o}ria, Brazil}, year = {2013}, abstract = {{ABSTRACT} Mangroves are vital part of the local economy for some communities in the region of Vit{\'o}ria, Brazil. Oysters, mussels, and crabs, which are naturally abundant in the mangroves, are harvested and largely consumed in restaurants and by the population. In ...}, author = {Keller, K and T{\'u}lio, CS} } @article {3628, title = {Assessment of water and seafood microbiology quality in a mangrove region in {Vit{\'o}ria}, {Brazil}.}, journal = {Journal of Water Health}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {573{\textendash}580}, author = {Keller, R and Justino, JF and Cassini, ST} } @article {1098, title = {Assessment of water and seafood microbiology quality in a mangrove region in Vit{\'o}ria, Brazil}, year = {2013}, author = {Regina, K and T{\'u}lio, CS} } @article {14731, title = {Assessment of water and seafood microbiology quality in a mangrove region in {Vitoria}, {Brazil}}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {11}, year = {2013}, month = {sep}, pages = {573{\textendash}80}, abstract = {Mangroves are vital part of the local economy for some communities in the region of Vitoria, Brazil. Oysters, mussels, and crabs, which are naturally abundant in the mangroves, are harvested and largely consumed in restaurants and by the population. In recent years, unusually high rates of annual gastroenteritis cases have been reported in the region suggesting an association between the consumption of contaminated shellfish and the development of gastrointestinal diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate water samples and mussels collected in the mangrove region using bacterial indicator Escherichia coli and enteric viruses (adenovirus, rotavirus, and norovirus). Our results showed that the region of study is impacted by a continuous discharge of domestic sewage. Although E. coli was detected at low densities in water samples, mussels were shown to be 400 times more contaminated throughout the period of the study. Adenovirus and rotavirus genomes were detected by nested-polymerase chain reaction respectively in 76 and 88\% of water samples and 100\% of mussel samples. Norovirus was found in 4.8\% of water samples and was not detected in the mussels. The screening of bivalves for the presence of health-significant enteric viruses can help in the prevention of outbreaks among shellfish consumers and contribute to improvement of the estuarine environment.}, keywords = {*Food Contamination, *Food Microbiology, *Water Microbiology, Animals, Brazil/epidemiology, Enterovirus/isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Gastroenteritis/epidemiology/*microbiology/virology, Humans, Norovirus/isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rotavirus/isolation \& purification, Seafood/*microbiology/virology, wetlands}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.245}, author = {Keller, R. and Justino, J. F. and Cassini, S. T.} } @article {8471, title = {{Association of a NOD2 gene polymorphism and T-helper 17 cells with presumed ocular toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {207}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {152{\textendash}163}, author = {Dutra, MS and Bela, S R and Peixoto-Rangel, AL and Fakiola, M and Cruz, AG and Gazzinelli, A and Quites, HF and Bahia-Oliveira, LM and Peixe, RG and Campos, WR and Higino-Rocha, AC and Miller, NE and Blackwell, JM and Antonelli, LR and Gazzinelli, RT} } @inbook {3657, title = {Astroviruses}, booktitle = {Fields Virology}, volume = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {609-628}, author = {M{\'e}ndez, E and Arias, C F} } @article {16197, title = {Asymptomatic and chronic carriage of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). }, journal = {Vet Microbiol.Vet Microbiol.}, volume = {164}, number = {1-2}, year = {2013}, pages = {177-183.}, author = {Prager, K. C. and Greig, D. J. and Alt, D. P. and Galloway, R. L. and Hornsby, R. L. and Palmer, L. J. and Soper, J. and Wu, Q. and Zuerner, R. L. and Gulland, F. M. and Lloyd-Smith, J. O.} } @article {14831, title = {Attribution of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths to food commodities by using outbreak data, {United} {States}, 1998-2008.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {407{\textendash}15}, abstract = {Each year, {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater9 million foodborne illnesses are estimated to be caused by major pathogens acquired in the United States. Preventing these illnesses is challenging because resources are limited and linking individual illnesses to a particular food is rarely possible except during an outbreak. We developed a method of attributing illnesses to food commodities that uses data from outbreaks associated with both simple and complex foods. Using data from outbreak-associated illnesses for 1998-2008, we estimated annual US foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths attributable to each of 17 food commodities. We attributed 46\% of illnesses to produce and found that more deaths were attributed to poultry than to any other commodity. To the extent that these estimates reflect the commodities causing all foodborne illness, they indicate that efforts are particularly needed to prevent contamination of produce and poultry. Methods to incorporate data from other sources are needed to improve attribution estimates for some commodities and agents.}, keywords = {Animals, bacteria, commodities, commodity groups, Contamination, E. coli, epidemiology, Food, foodborne illnesses, foodborne infections, outbreak data, plans, Salmonella, Shiga toxin{\textendash}producing Escherichia coli, United States}, issn = {1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid1903.111866}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622497 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3647642}, author = {Painter, John A and Hoekstra, Robert M and Ayers, Tracy and Tauxe, Robert V and Braden, Christopher R and Angulo, Frederick J and Griffin, Patricia M} } @article {14179, title = {Attribution of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths to food commodities by using outbreak data, {United} {States}, 1998-2008.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {407{\textendash}15}, abstract = {Each year, {\textbackslash}textgreater9 million foodborne illnesses are estimated to be caused by major pathogens acquired in the United States. Preventing these illnesses is challenging because resources are limited and linking individual illnesses to a particular food is rarely possible except during an outbreak. We developed a method of attributing illnesses to food commodities that uses data from outbreaks associated with both simple and complex foods. Using data from outbreak-associated illnesses for 1998-2008, we estimated annual US foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths attributable to each of 17 food commodities. We attributed 46\% of illnesses to produce and found that more deaths were attributed to poultry than to any other commodity. To the extent that these estimates reflect the commodities causing all foodborne illness, they indicate that efforts are particularly needed to prevent contamination of produce and poultry. Methods to incorporate data from other sources are needed to improve attribution estimates for some commodities and agents.}, keywords = {Animals, bacteria, commodities, commodity groups, Contamination, E. coli, epidemiology, Food, foodborne illnesses, foodborne infections, outbreak data, plans, Salmonella, Shiga toxin{\textendash}producing Escherichia coli, United States}, issn = {1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid1903.111866}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622497 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3647642}, author = {Painter, John A and Hoekstra, Robert M and Ayers, Tracy and Tauxe, Robert V and Braden, Christopher R and Angulo, Frederick J and Griffin, Patricia M} } @article {8110, title = {{Attribution of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths to food commodities by using outbreak data, United States, 1998-2008.}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {407{\textendash}15}, abstract = {

Each year, {\textgreater}9 million foodborne illnesses are estimated to be caused by major pathogens acquired in the United States. Preventing these illnesses is challenging because resources are limited and linking individual illnesses to a particular food is rarely possible except during an outbreak. We developed a method of attributing illnesses to food commodities that uses data from outbreaks associated with both simple and complex foods. Using data from outbreak-associated illnesses for 1998-2008, we estimated annual US foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths attributable to each of 17 food commodities. We attributed 46{\%} of illnesses to produce and found that more deaths were attributed to poultry than to any other commodity. To the extent that these estimates reflect the commodities causing all foodborne illness, they indicate that efforts are particularly needed to prevent contamination of produce and poultry. Methods to incorporate data from other sources are needed to improve attribution estimates for some commodities and agents.

}, keywords = {Animals, bacteria, commodities, commodity groups, Contamination, E. coli, epidemiology, Food, foodborne illnesses, foodborne infections, outbreak data, plans, Salmonella, Shiga toxin{\textendash}producing Escherichia coli, United States}, issn = {1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid1903.111866}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622497 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3647642}, author = {Painter, John A and Hoekstra, Robert M and Ayers, Tracy and Tauxe, Robert V and Braden, Christopher R and Angulo, Frederick J and Griffin, Patricia M} } @article {7285, title = {Bacteria, viruses, and parasites in an intermittent stream protected from and exposed to pasturing cattle: {Prevalence}, densities, and quantitative microbial risk assessment}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {16}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, pages = {6244{\textendash}6257}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.041}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135413006167}, author = {Wilkes, G. and Brassard, J. and Edge, T.A. and Gannon, V. and Jokinen, C.C. and Jones, T.H. and Neumann, N. and Pintar, K.D.M. and Ruecker, N. and Schmidt, P.J. and Sunohara, M. and Topp, E. and Lapen, D.R.} } @article {8716, title = {{Bacterial-aerosol emission from wastewater treatment plant}}, journal = {Desalination and Water Treatment}, volume = {51}, year = {2013}, pages = {4478{\textendash}4488}, doi = {10.1080/19443994.2013.769668}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tdwt20}, author = {Malakootian, M. and Radhakrishna, N. and Pourshaaban, M.P. and Hossaini, H.} } @article {9724, title = {Balantidium coli in urine sediment: report of a rare case presenting with hematuria}, journal = {Journal of Parasitic Disesaes}, volume = {37}, year = {2013}, pages = {283-285}, author = {Bandyopadhyay, A and K. Majumder and B. K. Goswami} } @article {16691, title = {Bayesian modeling of enteric virus density in wastewater using left-censored data}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {185{\textendash}193}, author = {Kato, T. and Miura, T. and Okabe, S. and Sano, D.} } @article {16782, title = {Bayesian modeling of enteric virus density in wastewater using left-censored data}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {185-193}, author = {Kato, T. and Miura, T. and Okabe, S. and Sano, D.} } @article {1962, title = {Behavior of Yersinia enterocolitica in the Presence of the Bacterivorous Acanthamoeba castellanii}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {20}, year = {2013}, note = {7}, pages = {6407-6413}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/aem.01915-13}, url = {://WOS:000325807200026}, author = {Lambrecht, E. and Bare, J. and Van Damme, I. and Bert, W. and Sabbe, K. and Houf, K.} } @article {7522, title = {Bioaccumulation experiments in mussels contaminated with the food-borne pathogen Arcobacter butzleri: preliminary data for risk assessment}, journal = {BioMed Research International}, volume = {2013}, year = {2013}, pages = {153419}, author = {Ottaviani, Donatella and Chierichetti, Serena and Rocchegiani, Elena and Bartolini, Chiara and Masini, Laura and Santarelli, Sabrina and Leoni, Francesca} } @article {15373, title = {Biophysical and formulation studies of the Schistosoma mansoni TSP-2 extracellular domain recombinant protein, a lead vaccine candidate antigen for intestinal schistosomiasis}, journal = {Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, year = {2013}, note = {Journal Article
United States}, month = {Nov}, pages = {2351-61}, abstract = {A candidate vaccine to prevent human schistosomiasis is under development. The vaccine is comprised of a recombinant 9 kDa antigen protein corresponding to the large extracellular domain of a tetraspanin surface antigen protein of Schistosoma mansoni, Sm-TSP-2. Here, we describe the biophysical profile of the purified, recombinant Sm-TSP-2 produced in the yeast PichiaPink, which in preclinical studies in mice was shown to be an effective vaccine against intestinal schistosomiasis. Biophysical techniques including circular dichroism, intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence and light scattering were employed to generate an empirical phase diagram, a color based map of the physical stability of the vaccine antigen over a wide range of temperatures and pH. From these studies a pH range of 6.0-8.0 was determined to be optimal for maintaining the stability and conformation of the protein at temperatures up to 25 degrees C. Sorbitol, sucrose and trehalose were selected as excipients that prevented physical degradation during storage. The studies described here provide guidance for maximizing the stability of soluble recombinant Sm-TSP-2 in preparation of its further development as a vaccine.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, Helminth/*chemistry/genetics/isolation \& purification, Biophysical Phenomena, Circular Dichroism, Drug Compounding, Drug Stability, Excipients/pharmacology, Fluorometry, Helminth Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/isolation \& purification, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Mice, Pichia/genetics, Protein Conformation, Protein Stability, Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology/*prevention \& control, Temperature, Tetraspanins/*chemistry/genetics/isolation \& purification, Vaccines/*chemistry/*immunology/isolation \& purification}, isbn = {2164-554X (Electronic)
2164-5515 (Linking)}, author = {Cheng, W. and Curti, E. and Rezende, W. C. and Kwityn, C. and Zhan, B. and Gillespie, P. and Plieskatt, J. and Joshi, S. B. and Volkin, D. B. and Hotez, P. J. and Middaugh, C. R. and Bottazzi, M. E.} } @article {9900, title = {{Blastocystis, an unrecognized parasite: an overview of pathogenesis and diagnosis}}, journal = {Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease}, volume = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {167{\textendash}178}, doi = {10.1177/2049936113504754}, author = {Wawrzyniak, I and Poirier, P and Viscogliosi, E and Dionigia, M and Texier, C and Delbac, F and Alaoui, HE} } @article {9857, title = {{Blastocystis: consensus of treatment and controversies}}, journal = {Tropical Parasitology}, volume = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {35{\textendash}39}, doi = {10.4103/2229-5070.113901}, author = {Sekar, U and Shanti, M} } @article {9764, title = {{Blastocystis infection in Malaysia: evidence of waterborne and human-to-human transmissions among Proto-Malay, Negrito, and Senoi tribes of Orang Sali}}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {40}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182012000340}, author = {Anuar, TS and Ghani, MKA and Azreen, SN and Salleh, FM and Moktar, N} } @article {9844, title = {{Blastocystis subtypes detected in humans and animals from Colombia}}, journal = {Infect Genet Evol}, volume = {22}, year = {2013}, pages = {223{\textendash}228}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2013.07.020}, author = {Ram{\'\i}rez, JD and S{\'a}nchez, LV and Bautista, DC and Corredor, AF and Florez, AC and Stensvold, CR} } @article {9839, title = {{Blastocystis: taxonomy, biology, and virulence}}, journal = {Tropical Parasitology}, volume = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {17{\textendash}25}, doi = {10.4103/2229-5070.113894}, author = {Parija, SC and Jeremiah, SS} } @mastersthesis {6267, title = {Bridging {Environmental} {Physiology} and {Community} {Ecology}: {Temperature} {Effects} at the {Community} {Level}}, year = {2013}, note = {3536472}, school = {Oregon State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Most climate change predictions focus on the response of individual species to changing local conditions and ignore species interactions, largely due to the lack of a sound theoretical foundation for how interactions are expected to change with climate and how to incorporate them into climate change models. Much of the variability in species interaction strengths may be governed by fundamental constraints on physiological rates, possibly providing a framework for including species interactions into climate change models. Metabolic rates, ingestion rates and many other physiological rates are relatively predictable from body size and body temperature due to constraints imposed by the physical and chemical laws that govern fluid dynamics and the kinetics of biochemical reaction times. My dissertation assesses the usefulness of this framework by exploring the community-level consequences of physiological constraints. In Chapter 2, I incorporated temperature and body size scaling into the biological rate parameters of a series of realistically structured trophic network models. The relative magnitude of the temperature scaling parameters affecting consumer energetic costs (metabolic rates) and energetic gains (ingestion rates) determined how consumer energetic efficiency changed with temperature. I systematically changed consumer energetic efficiency and examined the sensitivity of network stability and species persistence to various temperatures. I found that a species{\textquoteright} probability of extinction depended primarily on the effects of organismal physiology (body size and energetic efficiency with respect to temperature) and secondarily on the effects of local food web structure (trophic level and consumer generality). This suggests that physiology is highly influential on the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. If consumer energetic efficiency declined as temperature increased, that is, species did best at lower temperatures, then the simulated networks had greater stability at lower temperatures. The opposite scenario resulted in greater stability at higher temperatures. Thus, much of the community-level response depends on what species energetic efficiencies at the organismal-level really are, which formed the research question for Chapter 3: How does consumer energetic efficiency change with temperature? Existing evidence is scarce but suggestive of decreasing consumer energetic efficiency with increasing temperature. I tested this hypothesis on seven rocky intertidal invertebrate species by measuring the relative temperature scaling of their metabolic and ingestion rates as well as consumer interaction strength under lab conditions. Energetic efficiencies of these rocky intertidal invertebrates declined and species interaction strengths tended to increase with temperature. Thus, in the rocky intertidal, the mechanistic effect of temperature would be to lower community stability at higher temperatures. Chapter 4 tests if the mechanistic effects of temperature on ingestion rates and species interaction strengths seen in the lab are apparent under field conditions. Bruce Menge and I related bio-mimetic estimates of body temperatures to estimates of per capita mussel ingestion rates and species interaction strengths by the ochre sea star Pisaster ochraceus , a keystone predator of the rocky intertidal. We found a strong, positive effect of body temperature on both per capita ingestion rates and interaction strengths. However, the effects of season and the unique way in which P. ochraceus regulates body temperatures were also apparent, leaving room for adaptation and acclimation to partially compensate for the mechanistic constraint of body temperature. Community structure of the rocky intertidal is associated with environmental forcing due to upwelling, which delivers cold, nutrient rich water to the nearshore environment. As upwelling is driven by large-scale atmospheric pressure gradients, climate change has the potential to affect a wide range of significant ecological processes through changes in water temperature. In Chapter 5, my coauthors and I identified long-term trends in the phenology of upwelling events that are consistent with climate change predictions: upwelling events are becoming stronger and longer. As expected, longer upwelling events were related to lower average water temperatures in the rocky intertidal. Furthermore, recruitment rates of barnacles and mussels were associated with the phenology of upwelling events. Thus climate change is altering the mode and the tempo of environmental forcing in nearshore ecosystems, with ramifications for community structure and function. Ongoing, long-term changes in environmental forcing in rocky intertidal ecosystems provide an opportunity to understand how temperature shapes community structure and the ramifications of climate change. My dissertation research demonstrates that the effect of temperature on organismal performance is an important force structuring ecological communities and has potential as a tractable framework for predicting the community level effects of climate change.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0404:Climate Change, 0768:Environmental science, Biological sciences, Body size scaling, Climate change, Community ecology, Earth sciences, Ecology, Environmental physiology, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Species interactions, Temperature effects, Upwelling}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1315736002?accountid=14270}, author = {Iles, Alison C.} } @article {12206, title = {A brief multi-disciplinary review on antimicrobial resistance in medicine and its linkage to the global environmental microbiota}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {96}, edition = {2013/05/16}, keywords = {antimicrobial resistance, environment, human and veterinary medicine, resistance genes, Soil, wastewater}, isbn = {1664-302X (Electronic)
1664-302X (Linking)}, author = {Cantas, L. and Shah, S. Q. and Cavaco, L. M. and Manaia, C. M. and Walsh, F. and Popowska, M. and Garelick, H. and B{\"u}rgmann, H. and S{\o}rum, H.} } @article {12260, title = {Broad host range plasmids}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {348}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, note = {Jain, Aayushi Srivastava, Preeti
Jain, Aayushi/0000-0002-9103-1923
1574-6968}, month = {Nov}, pages = {87-96}, abstract = {

Plasmids are and will remain important cloning vehicles for biotechnology. They have also been associated with the spread of a number of diseases and therefore are a subject of environmental concern. With the advent of sequencing technologies, the database of plasmids is increasing. It will be of immense importance to identify the various bacterial hosts in which the plasmid can replicate. The present review article describes the features that confer broad host range to the plasmids, the molecular basis of plasmid host range evolution, and applications in recombinant DNA technology and environment.

}, isbn = {0378-1097}, author = {Jain, A. and Srivastava, P.} } @mastersthesis {6726, title = {Building "21st {Century} {Sewer} {Socialism}": {Sanitation} and {Venezuela}{\textquoteright}s {Technical} {Water} {Committees}}, year = {2013}, note = {MS25290}, school = {University of Ottawa (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{A}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis assesses the potential of Venezuela{\textquoteright}s technical water committees (mesas t{\'e}cnicas de agua, MTAs) to address governance and logistical challenges for improving sanitation in the barrios (low income settlements) of Caracas. The MTAs are a radical experiment in urban planning whereby beneficiary communities map their own water and sanitation needs and help to plan infrastructure development, which is financed by the state. In addition to improving services, the MTAs aim to promote "popular" or "citizen power" as part of a broader political transformation, the Bolivarian Process (1999-present). Based on Hickey and Mohan{\textquoteright}s (2005) four criteria for "transformative participation," the paper argues that the MTAs have opened spaces for citizen empowerment and improved services in the barrios; however, participation at the local scale cannot resolve many of the challenges for improving sanitation such as institutional overlap and the financing gap, especially given that sanitation is the least profitable form of service provision in terms of economic and political payoffs.}, keywords = {0550:Latin American Studies, 0615:Political science, 0700:Social structure, Governance, Informal settlements, Latin America, Latin American Studies, Participatory development, Political science, sanitation, Social sciences, Social structure, Urban, Venezuela, water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1504821620?accountid=14270}, author = {McMillan, Rebecca} } @article {13199, title = {Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {382}, year = {2013}, pages = {209-222}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2}, author = {Kotloff, K. L. and Nataro, J. P. and Blackwelder, W. C. and Nasrin, D. and Farag, T. H. and Panchalingam, S. and Wu, Y. and Sow, S. O. and Sur, D. and Breiman, R. F. and Faruque, A. S. and Zaidi, A. K. and Saha, D. and Alonso, P. L. and Tamboura, B. and Sanogo, D. and Onwuchekwa, U. and Manna, B. and Ramamurthy, T. and Kanungo, S. and Ochieng, J. B. and Omore, R. and Oundo, J. O. and Hossain, A. and Das, S. K. and Ahmed, S. and Qureshi, S. and Quadri, F. and Adegbola, R. A. and Antonio, M. and Hossain, M. J. and Akinsola, A. and Mandomando, I. and Nhampossa, T. and Ac�cio, S. and Biswas, K. and O{\textquoteright}reilly, C. E. and Mintz, E. D. and Berkeley, L. Y. and Muhsen, K. and Sommerfelt, H. and Robins-Browne, R. M. and Levine, Mm.} } @article {3946, title = {Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the {Global} {Enteric} {Multicenter} {Study}, {GEMS}): a prospective, case-control study}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {382}, number = {9888}, year = {2013}, pages = {209{\textendash}22}, author = {Kotloff, KL and Nataro, JP and Blackwelder, WC and Nasrin, D and Farag, TH and Panchalingam, S. and Wu, Y and Sow, SO and Sur, D. and Breiman, RF and Faruque, AS and Zaidi, AK and Saha, D and Alonso, PL and Tamboura, B. and Sanogo, D. and Onwuchekwa, U. and Manna, B. and Ramamurthy, T. and Kanungo, S and Ochieng, JB and Omore, R. and Oundo, JO} } @article {2495, title = {Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, {GEMS):} a prospective, case- {\textellipsis}}, year = {2013}, author = {Kotloff, KL and Nataro, JP and Blackwelder, WC and Nasrin, D} } @article {3530, title = {Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the {Global} {Enteric} {Multicenter} {Study}, {GEMS}): a prospective, case-study}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {382}, number = {9888}, year = {2013}, pages = {209{\textendash}22}, author = {Kotloff KL1, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Wu Y, Sow SO, Sur D, Breiman RF, Faruque AS, Zaidi AK, Saha D, Alonso PL, Tamboura B, Sanogo D, Onwuchekwa U, Manna B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ochieng JB, Omore R, Oundo JO, Hoss} } @article {11944, title = {Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {382}, number = {9888}, year = {2013}, pages = {209-222}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0140-6736}, author = {Kotloff, Karen L and Nataro, James P and Blackwelder, William C and Nasrin, Dilruba and Farag, Tamer H and Panchalingam, Sandra and Wu, Yukun and Sow, Samba O and Sur, Dipika and Breiman, Robert F} } @article {308, title = {Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, {GEMS):} a prospective, case- {\textellipsis}}, year = {2013}, author = {Kotloff, KL and Nataro, JP and Blackwelder, WC and Nasrin, D} } @article {15781, title = {Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {382}, number = {9888}, year = {2013}, month = {Jul 20}, pages = {209-22}, edition = {2013/05/18}, keywords = {Africa South Of The Sahara, Asia, Western/epidemiology, Bacterial Infections/*mortality, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Cost of Illness, Developing Countries, Diarrhea, Infantile/microbiology/mortality, Diarrhea/*microbiology/*mortality, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Prospective Studies, Rotavirus Infections/*mortality}, isbn = {0140-6736}, author = {Kotloff, K. L. and Nataro, J. P. and Blackwelder, W. C. and Nasrin, D. and Farag, T. H. and Panchalingam, S. and Wu, Y. and Sow, S. O. and Sur, D. and Breiman, R. F. and Faruque, A. S. and Zaidi, A. K. and Saha, D. and Alonso, P. L. and Tamboura, B. and Sanogo, D. and Onwuchekwa, U. and Manna, B. and Ramamurthy, T. and Kanungo, S. and Ochieng, J. B. and Omore, R. and Oundo, J. O. and Hossain, A. and Das, S. K. and Ahmed, S. and Qureshi, S. and Quadri, F. and Adegbola, R. A. and Antonio, M. and Hossain, M. J. and Akinsola, A. and Mandomando, I. and Nhampossa, T. and Acacio, S. and Biswas, K. and O{\textquoteright}reilly, C. E. and Mintz, E. D. and Berkeley, L. Y. and Muhsen, K. and Sommerfelt, H. and Robins-Browne, R. M. and Levine, M. M.} } @article {5655, title = {The burden of liver disease in Europe: a review of available epidemiological data}, journal = {Journal of Hepatology}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {593{\textendash}608}, author = {Blachier, M and Leleu, H and Peck-Radosavljevic, M and D C Valla and Roudot-Thoraval, F} } @article {7806, title = {CadF expression in Campylobacter jejuni strains incubated under low-temperature water microcosm conditions which induce the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, note = {ID: Patrone2013}, pages = {979-988}, abstract = {Campylobacter jejuni is a major gastrointestinal pathogen that colonizes host mucosa via interactions with extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin. The aim of this work was to study in vitro the adhesive properties of C. jejuni ATCC 33291 and C. jejuni 241 strains, in both culturable and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) forms. To this end, the expression of the outer-membrane protein CadF, which mediates C. jejuni binding to fibronectin, was evaluated. VBNC bacteria were obtained after 46{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textquotedblleft}48{\^A} days of incubation in freshwater at 4{\^A} {\^A}{\textdegree}C. In both cellular forms, the expression of the cadF gene, assessed at different time points by RT-PCR, was at high levels until the third week of VBNC induction, while the intensity of the signal declined during the last stage of incubation. CadF protein expression by the two C. jejuni strains was analysed using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry; the results indicated that the protein, although at low levels, is also present in the VBNC state. Adhesion assays with culturable and VBNC cells, evaluated on Caco-2 monolayers, showed that non-culturable bacteria retain their ability to adhere to intestinal cells, though at a reduced rate. Our results demonstrate that the C. jejuni VBNC population maintains an ability to adhere and this may thus have an important role in the pathogenicity of this microorganism.}, isbn = {1572-9699}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10482-013-9877-5}, author = {Patrone,Vania and Campana,Raffaella and Vallorani,Luciana and Dominici,Sabrina and Federici,Sara and Casadei,Lucia and Gioacchini,Anna M. and Stocchi,Vilberto and Baffone,Wally} } @article {7771, title = {Campylobacter Infection in Children in Malawi Is Common and Is Frequently Associated with Enteric Virus Co-Infections}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {03/26}, pages = {e59663}, abstract = {Background Campylobacter species are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world. However, comparatively few studies have determined the epidemiological features of campylobacteriosis in resource-poor settings. Methods A total of 1,941 faecal specimens collected from symptomatic (diarrhoeic) children and 507 specimens from asymptomatic (non-diarrhoeic) children hospitalised in Blantyre, Malawi, between 1997 and 2007, and previously tested for the presence of rotavirus and norovirus, was analysed for C. jejuni and C. coli using a real time PCR assay. Results Campylobacter species were detected in 415/1,941 (21\%) of diarrhoeic children, with C. jejuni accounting for 85\% of all cases. The median age of children with Campylobacter infection was 11 months (range 0.1{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textquotedblleft}55 months), and was significantly higher than that for children with rotavirus and norovirus (6 months and 7 months respectively; P<0.001). Co-infection with either rotavirus or norovirus was noted in 41\% of all cases in the diarrhoeic group. In contrast, the detection rate of Campylobacter in the non-diarrhoeic group was 14\%, with viral co-infection identified in 16\% of children with Campylobacter. There was no association between Campylobacter detection rate and season over the 10 year period. Discussion Using molecular detection methodology in hospitalised Malawian children, we have demonstrated a high prevalence of Campylobacter infection, with frequent viral co-infection. The burden of Campylobacter infection in young African children may be greater than previously recognised.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371\%2Fjournal.pone.0059663}, author = {Mason,Jenifer and Iturriza-Gomara,Miren and Sarah J. O{\textquoteright}Brien and Ngwira,Bagrey M. and Dove,Winifred and Martin CJ Maiden and Cunliffe,Nigel A.} } @article {7762, title = {Campylobacteriosis in Urban versus Rural Areas: A Case-Case Study Integrated with Molecular Typing to Validate Risk Factors and to Attribute Sources of Infection}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, month = {12/26}, pages = {e83731}, abstract = {{Campylobacter infection is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and most clinical cases appear as isolated, sporadic infections for which the source is rarely apparent. From July 2005 to December 2007 we conducted a prospective case-case study of sporadic, domestically-acquired Campylobacter enteritis in rural versus urban areas and a prevalence study of Campylobacter in animal and environmental sources in the Eastern Townships, Quebec. Isolates were typed using Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) to reinforce the case-case findings and to assign a source probability estimate for each human isolate. The risk of human campylobacteriosis was 1.89-fold higher in rural than urban areas. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis identified two independent risk factors associated with human Campylobacter infections acquired in rural area: occupational exposure to animals (OR = 10.6, 95\% CI: 1.2{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textquotedblleft}91}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371\%2Fjournal.pone.0083731}, author = {Levesque,Simon and Fournier,Eric and Carrier,Nathalie and Frost,Eric and Arbeit,Robert D. and Michaud,Sophie} } @article {11802, title = {{Case report: Molecular diagnosis of subcutaneous Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Sparganosis in a japanese Immigrant}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {198{\textendash}202}, issn = {0002-9637}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0406}, author = {Tappe, Dennis and Berger, Luise and Haeupler, Alexandra and Muntau, Birgit and Raez, Paul and Harder, Yves and Specht, Katja and da Costa, Clarissa and Poppert, Sven} } @article {11659, title = {{Cerebral sparganosis in mainland Chinese patients}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Neuroscience}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, year = {2013}, pages = {1514{\textendash}1519}, author = {Hong, D and Xie, H and Zhu, M and Wan, H and Xu, R and Wu, Y} } @inbook {15789, title = {Chapter 12: Hybrid processes, new generation membranes and MBR designs.
}, booktitle = {Membrane Biological Reactors: Theory, Modeling, Design, Management and Applications to Wastewater Reuse}, year = {2013}, pages = {379-400}, publisher = {IWA Publishing, UK}, organization = {IWA Publishing, UK}, author = {Lefebvre, Olivier and Ng, Kok Kwang and Tang, Melvin and Ng, How} } @inbook {12789, title = {{Chapter 23. Paragonimiasis}}, booktitle = {Neuroparasitology and Tropical Neurology}, year = {2013}, pages = {283{\textendash}296}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam, Netherlands}, author = {Garcia, H and Tanowitz, H and Del Brutto, OD} } @article {14671, title = {Characteristics of an environmentally monitored prolonged type 2 vaccine derived poliovirus shedding episode that stopped without intervention}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {e66849}, abstract = {Vaccine derived poliovirus (VDPV) type 2 strains strongly divergent from the corresponding vaccine strain, Sabin 2, were repeatedly isolated from sewage in Slovakia over a period of 22 months in 2003-2005. Cell cultures of stool specimens from known immune deficient patients and from an identified putative source population of 500 people failed to identify the potential excretor(s) of the virus. The occurrence of VDPV in sewage stopped without any intervention. No paralytic cases were reported in Slovakia during the episode. According to a GenBank search and similarity plotting-analysis, the closest known relative of the first isolate PV2/03/SVK/E783 through all main sections of the genome was the type 2 poliovirus Sabin strain, with nucleotide identities in 5{\textquoteright}UTR, P1, P2, P3, and 3{\textquoteright}UTR parts of the genome of 88.6, 85.9, 87.3, 88.5, and 94.0 percent, respectively. Phenotypic properties of selected Slovakian aVDPV strains resembled those of VDPV strains isolated from immune deficient individuals with prolonged PV infection (iVDPV), including antigenic changes and moderate neurovirulence in the transgenic mouse model. One hundred and two unique VP1 coding sequences were determined from VDPV strains isolated from 34 sewage specimens. Nucleotide differences from Sabin 2 in the VP1 coding region ranged from 12.5 to 15.6 percent, and reached a maximum of 9.6 percent between the VDPV strains under study. Most of the nucleotide substitutions were synonymous but as many as 93 amino acid positions out of 301 in VP1 showed substitutions. We conclude that (1) individuals with prolonged poliovirus infection are not as rare as suggested by the studies on immune deficient patients known to the health care systems and (2) genetic divergence of VDPV strains may remain extensive during years long replication in humans.}, keywords = {*Genetic Variation, Amino Acid, Amino Acid Sequence, Amino Acid Substitution, Animals, Antibodies, Capsid Proteins/chemistry/*genetics, Child, Environmental Microbiology, Humans, Mice, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Oral/immunology, Phylogeny, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/classification/*genetics/immunology, Protein Multimerization, Seasons, Sequence Homology, Sewage/*virology, Slovakia, Transgenic, Vaccination, Viral/blood}, issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0066849}, author = {Hovi, T. and Paananen, A. and Blomqvist, S. and Savolainen-Kopra, C. and Al-Hello, H. and Smura, T. and Shimizu, H. and Nadova, K. and Sobotova, Z. and Gavrilin, E. and Roivainen, M.} } @article {14985, title = {Characteristics of an environmentally monitored prolonged type 2 vaccine derived poliovirus shedding episode that stopped without intervention}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {e66849}, abstract = {Vaccine derived poliovirus (VDPV) type 2 strains strongly divergent from the corresponding vaccine strain, Sabin 2, were repeatedly isolated from sewage in Slovakia over a period of 22 months in 2003-2005. Cell cultures of stool specimens from known immune deficient patients and from an identified putative source population of 500 people failed to identify the potential excretor(s) of the virus. The occurrence of VDPV in sewage stopped without any intervention. No paralytic cases were reported in Slovakia during the episode. According to a GenBank search and similarity plotting-analysis, the closest known relative of the first isolate PV2/03/SVK/E783 through all main sections of the genome was the type 2 poliovirus Sabin strain, with nucleotide identities in 5{\textquoteright}UTR, P1, P2, P3, and 3{\textquoteright}UTR parts of the genome of 88.6, 85.9, 87.3, 88.5, and 94.0 percent, respectively. Phenotypic properties of selected Slovakian aVDPV strains resembled those of VDPV strains isolated from immune deficient individuals with prolonged PV infection (iVDPV), including antigenic changes and moderate neurovirulence in the transgenic mouse model. One hundred and two unique VP1 coding sequences were determined from VDPV strains isolated from 34 sewage specimens. Nucleotide differences from Sabin 2 in the VP1 coding region ranged from 12.5 to 15.6 percent, and reached a maximum of 9.6 percent between the VDPV strains under study. Most of the nucleotide substitutions were synonymous but as many as 93 amino acid positions out of 301 in VP1 showed substitutions. We conclude that (1) individuals with prolonged poliovirus infection are not as rare as suggested by the studies on immune deficient patients known to the health care systems and (2) genetic divergence of VDPV strains may remain extensive during years long replication in humans.}, keywords = {*Genetic Variation, Amino Acid, Amino Acid Sequence, Amino Acid Substitution, Animals, Antibodies, Capsid Proteins/chemistry/*genetics, Child, Environmental Microbiology, Humans, Mice, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Oral/immunology, Phylogeny, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/classification/*genetics/immunology, Protein Multimerization, Seasons, Sequence Homology, Sewage/*virology, Slovakia, Transgenic, Vaccination, Viral/blood}, issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0066849}, author = {Hovi, T. and Paananen, A. and Blomqvist, S. and Savolainen-Kopra, C. and Al-Hello, H. and Smura, T. and Shimizu, H. and Nadova, K. and Sobotova, Z. and Gavrilin, E. and Roivainen, M.} } @article {1620, title = {Characteristics of an environmentally monitored prolonged type 2 vaccine derived poliovirus shedding episode that stopped without intervention}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, note = {Hovi, Tapani Paananen, Anja Blomqvist, Soile Savolainen-Kopra, Carita Al-Hello, Haider Smura, Teemu Shimizu, Hiroyuki Nadova, Katarina Sobotova, Zdenka Gavrilin, Eugene Roivainen, Merja PLoS One. 2013 Jul 31;8(7):e66849. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066849. Print 2013.}, pages = {e66849}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Vaccine derived poliovirus (VDPV) type 2 strains strongly divergent from the corresponding vaccine strain, Sabin 2, were repeatedly isolated from sewage in Slovakia over a period of 22 months in 2003-2005. Cell cultures of stool specimens from known immune deficient patients and from an identified putative source population of 500 people failed to identify the potential excretor(s) of the virus. The occurrence of VDPV in sewage stopped without any intervention. No paralytic cases were reported in Slovakia during the episode. According to a GenBank search and similarity plotting-analysis, the closest known relative of the first isolate PV2/03/SVK/E783 through all main sections of the genome was the type 2 poliovirus Sabin strain, with nucleotide identities in 5{\textquoteright}UTR, P1, P2, P3, and 3{\textquoteright}UTR parts of the genome of 88.6, 85.9, 87.3, 88.5, and 94.0 percent, respectively. Phenotypic properties of selected Slovakian aVDPV strains resembled those of VDPV strains isolated from immune deficient individuals with prolonged PV infection (iVDPV), including antigenic changes and moderate neurovirulence in the transgenic mouse model. One hundred and two unique VP1 coding sequences were determined from VDPV strains isolated from 34 sewage specimens. Nucleotide differences from Sabin 2 in the VP1 coding region ranged from 12.5 to 15.6 percent, and reached a maximum of 9.6 percent between the VDPV strains under study. Most of the nucleotide substitutions were synonymous but as many as 93 amino acid positions out of 301 in VP1 showed substitutions. We conclude that (1) individuals with prolonged poliovirus infection are not as rare as suggested by the studies on immune deficient patients known to the health care systems and (2) genetic divergence of VDPV strains may remain extensive during years long replication in humans.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence Amino Acid Substitution Animals Antibodies, Amino Acid Sewage/*virology Slovakia Vaccination, Molecular Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Poliovirus/classification/*genetics/immunology Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/immunology Protein Multimerization Seasons Sequence Homology, Transgenic Models, Viral/blood Capsid Proteins/chemistry/*genetics Child Environmental Microbiology *Genetic Variation Humans Mice Mice}, issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0066849}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23935826}, author = {Hovi, T. and Paananen, A. and Blomqvist, S. and Savolainen-Kopra, C. and Al-Hello, H. and Smura, T. and Shimizu, H. and Nadova, K. and Sobotova, Z. and Gavrilin, E. and Roivainen, M.} } @article {12887, title = {Characteristics of latrines in central Tanzania and their relation to fly catches}, journal = {PloS One}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {e67951}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, author = {Irish, Seth and Aiemjoy, Kristen and Torondel, Belen and Abdelahi, Faraji and Ensink, Jeroen HJ} } @article {16638, title = {Characteristics of latrines in central {Tanzania} and their relation to fly catches}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {e67951}, author = {Irish, Seth and Aiemjoy, Kristen and Torondel, Belen and Abdelahi, Faraji and Ensink, Jeroen HJ} } @article {3080, title = {Characterization of a surface glycoprotein from {Echinococcus} multilocularis and its mucosal vaccine potential in dogs}, journal = {PloS One}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {e69821}, abstract = {Alveolar echinococcosis is a refractory disease caused by the metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. The life cycle of this parasite is maintained primarily between foxes and many species of rodents; thus, dogs are thought to be a minor definitive host except in some endemic areas. However, dogs are highly susceptible to E. multilocularis infection. Because of the close contact between dogs and humans, infection of dogs with this parasite can be an important risk to human health. Therefore, new measures and tools to control and prevent parasite transmission required. Using 2-dimensional electrophoresis followed by western blot (2D-WB) analysis, a large glycoprotein component of protoscoleces was identified based on reactivity to intestinal IgA in dogs experimentally infected with E. multilocularis. This component, designated SRf1, was purified by gel filtration using a Superose 6 column. Glycosylation analysis and immunostaining revealed that SRf1 could be distinguished from Em2, a major mucin-type antigen of E. multilocularis. Dogs (n=6) were immunized intranasally with 500 {\textmu}g of SRf1 with cholera toxin subunit B by using a spray syringe, and a booster was given orally using an enteric capsule containing 15 mg of the same antigen. As a result, dogs immunized with this antigen showed an 87.6\% reduction in worm numbers compared to control dogs (n=5) who received only PBS administration. A weak serum antibody response was observed in SRf1-immunized dogs, but there was no correlation between antibody response and worm number. We demonstrated for the first time that mucosal immunization using SRf1, a glycoprotein component newly isolated from E. multilocularis protoscoleces, induced a protection response to E. multilocularis infection in dogs. Thus, our data indicated that mucosal immunization using surface antigens will be an important tool to facilitate the development of practical vaccines for definitive hosts.}, keywords = {Administration, Animals, Antigens, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Female, Helminth, Hepatic, Immunoglobulin A, Intestine, Intranasal, Membrane Glycoproteins, Small, Vaccines}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0069821}, author = {Kouguchi, Hirokazu and Matsumoto, Jun and Nakao, Ryo and Yamano, Kimiaki and Oku, Yuzaburo and Yagi, Kinpei} } @article {4068, title = {Characterization of effluent water qualities from satellite membrane bioreactor facilities}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {5065{\textendash}5075}, author = {Hirani, ZM and Bukhari, Z and Oppenheimer, J and Jjemba, P and LeChevallier, MW and Jacangelo, JG} } @article {4501, title = {Characterization of effluent water qualities from satellite membrane bioreactor facilities}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {5065{\textendash}75}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Hirani, Z. M. and Bukhari, Z. and Oppenheimer, J. and Jjemba, P. and LeChevallier, M. W. and Jacangelo, J. G.} } @article {2698, title = {Characterization of hepatitis E virus from sporadic hepatitis cases and sewage samples from Vellore, south India}, year = {2013}, doi = {10.1093/trstmh/trt030}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trt030}, author = {Vivek, R and Zachariah, UG} } @article {1060, title = {Characterization of hepatitis E virus from sporadic hepatitis cases and sewage samples from Vellore, south India}, year = {2013}, doi = {10.1093/trstmh/trt030}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trt030}, author = {Vivek, R and Zachariah, UG} } @article {1642, title = {Chlorine dioxide inactivation of enterovirus 71 in water and its impact on genomic targets}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, note = {Jin, Min Shan, Jinyang Chen, Zhaoli Guo, Xuan Shen, Zhiqiang Qiu, Zhigang Xue, Bin Wang, Yongguang Zhu, Dunwan Wang, Xinwei Li, Junwen Environ Sci Technol. 2013 May 7;47(9):4590-7. doi: 10.1021/es305282g. Epub 2013 Apr 16.}, pages = {4590-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

To control the waterborne transmission of enterovirus 71(EV71), which is associated with hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD), it is essential to know the inactivation effectiveness of disinfectants on EV71 in water. In this article, we present a comparative analysis of the effects on EV71 following exposure to chlorine dioxide (ClO2) under different doses, pH, and temperature conditions. We show that the EV71 exhibited strong resistance to ClO2 (more than the MS2 standard) and that Ct value ranges required for a 4-log reduction of EV71 in buffered, disinfectant demand-free water at pH 7.2 and 20 degrees C by ClO2 were 4.24-6.62 mg/L.min according to the efficiency factor Hom model. ClO2 inactivation of the virus was temperature- and pH-dependent. The virucidal efficiency was higher at pH 8.2 than at pH 5.6 and pH 7.2 and higher at 36 degrees C than at 4 and 20 degrees C. In addition, we also observed the impact of ClO2 on the entire viral genome using RT-PCR, which indicated that the 5\&$\#$39; noncoding region (5\&$\#$39;-NCR) within the EV71 genome, specifically the 1-118 nt region, was the most easily damaged by ClO2 and correlated with viral infectivity. Our study has not only provided guidelines for EV71 disinfection strategies of waste and drinking water, but also confirmed the importance of the 5\&$\#$39;-NCR for EV71 infectivity and may demonstrate a general inactivation by ClO2 of enteric virus by damaging the 5\&$\#$39;-NCR. Furthermore, 5\&$\#$39;-NCR can be used as a target region for PCR to investigate infectious virus contamination in environmental water and evaluate the inactivation effects of ClO2.

}, keywords = {Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology Chlorine Compounds/*pharmacology Enterovirus A, Human/*drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Oxides/*pharmacology Polymerase Chain Reaction Temperature Virulence *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es305282g}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23560857}, author = {Jin, M. and Shan, J. and Chen, Z. and Guo, X. and Shen, Z. and Qiu, Z. and Xue, B. and Wang, Y. and Zhu, D. and Wang, X. and Li, J.} } @article {14711, title = {Chlorine dioxide inactivation of enterovirus 71 in water and its impact on genomic targets}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, month = {may}, pages = {4590{\textendash}7}, abstract = {To control the waterborne transmission of enterovirus 71(EV71), which is associated with hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD), it is essential to know the inactivation effectiveness of disinfectants on EV71 in water. In this article, we present a comparative analysis of the effects on EV71 following exposure to chlorine dioxide (ClO2) under different doses, pH, and temperature conditions. We show that the EV71 exhibited strong resistance to ClO2 (more than the MS2 standard) and that Ct value ranges required for a 4-log reduction of EV71 in buffered, disinfectant demand-free water at pH 7.2 and 20 degrees C by ClO2 were 4.24-6.62 mg/L.min according to the efficiency factor Hom model. ClO2 inactivation of the virus was temperature- and pH-dependent. The virucidal efficiency was higher at pH 8.2 than at pH 5.6 and pH 7.2 and higher at 36 degrees C than at 4 and 20 degrees C. In addition, we also observed the impact of ClO2 on the entire viral genome using RT-PCR, which indicated that the 5{\textquoteright} noncoding region (5{\textquoteright}-NCR) within the EV71 genome, specifically the 1-118 nt region, was the most easily damaged by ClO2 and correlated with viral infectivity. Our study has not only provided guidelines for EV71 disinfection strategies of waste and drinking water, but also confirmed the importance of the 5{\textquoteright}-NCR for EV71 infectivity and may demonstrate a general inactivation by ClO2 of enteric virus by damaging the 5{\textquoteright}-NCR. Furthermore, 5{\textquoteright}-NCR can be used as a target region for PCR to investigate infectious virus contamination in environmental water and evaluate the inactivation effects of ClO2.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology, Chlorine Compounds/*pharmacology, Enterovirus A, Human/*drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oxides/*pharmacology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Temperature, Virulence}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es305282g}, author = {Jin, M. and Shan, J. and Chen, Z. and Guo, X. and Shen, Z. and Qiu, Z. and Xue, B. and Wang, Y. and Zhu, D. and Wang, X. and Li, J.} } @article {11152, title = {{Cholera Outbreaks in Nigeria Are Associated with Multidrug Resistant Atypical El Tor and Non-O1/Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae}}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {e2409}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0002049}, author = {Marin, MA and Thompson, CC and Freitas, FS and Fonseca, EL and Aboderin, AO} } @article {10629, title = {{Cholera outbreaks in urban Bangladesh in 2011}}, journal = {Epidemiology (Sunnyvale, Calif.)}, volume = {126}, year = {2013}, doi = {10.4172/2161-1165.1000126.}, author = {Haque, F and M J Hossain and Kundu, SK and Naser, AM and Rahman, M and Luby, SP} } @article {10538, title = {{Cholera surveillance during the Haiti epidemic - the first 2 years}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {368}, year = {2013}, pages = {599{\textendash}609}, author = {Barzilay, EJ and Schaad, N and Magloire, R and Mung, KS and Boncy, J and Dahourou, GA} } @article {11899, title = {Cholera surveillance during the Haiti epidemic{\textemdash}the first 2 years}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {368}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {599-609}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0028-4793}, author = {Barzilay, Ezra J and Schaad, Nicolas and Magloire, Roc and Mung, Kam S and Boncy, Jacques and Dahourou, Georges A and Mintz, Eric D and Steenland, Maria W and Vertefeuille, John F and Tappero, Jordan W} } @inbook {4416, title = {Ciliate-adenovirus interactions in experimental co-cultures of Euplotes octocarinatus and in wastewater environment}, booktitle = {Eur J Protistol}, volume = {49}, year = {2013}, pages = {381-8}, publisher = {2012 Elsevier GmbH}, organization = {2012 Elsevier GmbH}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Germany}, isbn = {1618-0429 (Electronic) 0932-4739 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejop.2012.11.003}, author = {Battistini, R. and Marcucci, E. and Verani, M. and Di Giuseppe, G. and Dini, F. and Carducci, A.} } @article {4444, title = {Ciliate-adenovirus interactions in experimental co-cultures of Euplotes octocarinatus and in wastewater environment}, journal = {European Journal of Protistology}, volume = {49}, year = {2013}, pages = {381{\textendash}8}, isbn = {1618-0429 (Electronic) 0932-4739 (Linking)}, author = {Battistini, R and Marcucci, E and Verani, M and Di Giuseppe, G and Dini, F and Carducci, A} } @article {505, title = {Ciliate-adenovirus interactions in experimental co-cultures of Euplotes octocarinatus and in wastewater environment}, journal = {Eur J Protistol}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, note = {Battistini, Roberta Marcucci, Elisa Verani, Marco Di Giuseppe, Graziano Dini, Fernando Carducci, Annalaura Germany Eur J Protistol. 2013 Aug;49(3):381-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejop.2012.11.003. Epub 2013 Jan 3.}, pages = {381-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The aim of the present work was to study the dynamics of the interactions between human adenovirus and ciliates under both experimental and field conditions. Experimental co-cultures of the ciliated protozoan Euplotes octocarinatus and human adenovirus (HAdV) type 2 were established and virus internalization was investigated using nested PCR and direct immunofluorescence (IF). In addition, to study protozoa-virus interactions in the field, wild ciliates were isolated from active sludges of a wastewater treatment plant and analyzed for the presence of adenovirus using direct IF. In vitro experiments revealed HAdV type 2 inside Euplotes cells after 15min of contact and its persistence until at least 35 days post infection. In addition, our results showed the adsorption of adenovirus on the surface of wild ciliates. We conclude that HAdV is taken up by ciliates, however more studies are necessary in order to better investigate the mechanisms, the infectivity of internalized virus and the protective effects of internalization against disinfection.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Direct Humans Microbial Interactions Polymerase Chain Reaction Time Factors Waste Water/ parasitology/ virology, Human/ growth \& development Coculture Techniques Endocytosis Environment Euplotes/ growth \& development Fluorescent Antibody Technique}, issn = {1618-0429 (Electronic) 0932-4739 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejop.2012.11.003}, author = {Battistini, R. and Marcucci, E. and Verani, M. and Di Giuseppe, G. and Dini, F. and Carducci, A.} } @article {15553, title = {A circular analysis of chronobiology of Schistosoma japonicum cercarial emergence from hilly areas of Anhui, China}, journal = {Exp Parasitol}, volume = {135}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, month = {Oct}, pages = {421-5}, abstract = {About 46 mammal species have been suspected as reservoir hosts for Schistosoma japonicum and therefore the track of the target parasites, in relation to definitive host species, may be of great importance in terms of theoretical and practical implications. The circadian rhythm of cercariae emergence, a genetically controlled behavior for parasites to adapt to their definitive hosts, may seem to be a perfect biological marker for S. japonicum. In this study, a late (or nocturnal) cercarial emergence pattern was observed on the parasites from one hilly region in Anhui of China, where rodents serve as reservoirs, and on the first generation of the parasites. Moreover, by using the circular statistics, the homogeneity of parasites in such trait was also demonstrated. All these provide evidence for the genetically controlled biological trait, which seems essential in the investigation of macro- or micro-dynamics of parasite transmission of interest. This is particularly true in the case of S. japonicum when multiple parasite isolates or strains are more likely to exist.}, keywords = {Animals, China/epidemiology, Circadian Rhythm/*genetics, Mice, Schistosoma japonicum/genetics/growth \& development/*physiology, Schistosomiasis japonica/epidemiology/parasitology/*transmission, Snails/*parasitology}, isbn = {1090-2449 (Electronic)
0014-4894 (Linking)}, author = {Su, J. and Zhou, F. and Lu, D. B.} } @article {15965, title = { A circular analysis of chronobiology of Schistosoma japonicum cercarial emergence from hilly areas of Anhui, China}, journal = {Exp Parasitol}, volume = {135}, year = {2013}, pages = {421-5}, author = {Su, J. and Zhou, F. and Lu, D.B.} } @article {6715, title = {Clinical and economic burden of emergency department visits due to gastrointestinal diseases in the {United} {States}}, journal = {The American journal of gastroenterology}, volume = {108}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {1496{\textendash}1507}, url = {http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v108/n9/abs/ajg2013199a.html}, author = {Myer, Parvathi A. and Mannalithara, Ajitha and Singh, Gurjot and Singh, Gurkirpal and Pasricha, Pankaj J. and Ladabaum, Uri} } @article {15894, title = {Clinical and subclinical infections with Cryptosporidium in animals}, journal = {New Zealand Veterinary Journal}, volume = {61}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {Jan}, pages = {1-10}, edition = {2012/11/09}, keywords = {*Animals, Domestic, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/parasitology/pathology/*veterinary, Global Health}, isbn = {0048-0169 (Print)
0048-0169}, author = {Santin, M.} } @article {10217, title = {{Clostridium perfringens is not suitable for the indication of fecal pollution from ruminant wildlife but is associated with excreta from nonherbivorous animals and human sewage}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {16}, year = {2013}, pages = {5089{\textendash}5092}, author = {Vierheilig, J and Frick, C and Mayer, RE and Kirschner, AKT and Reischer, GH and Derx, J and Mach, RL and Sommer, R and Farnleitner, AH} } @article {11858, title = {{Coliforms and helminths eggs removals by coagulation-flocculation treatment based on natural polymers}}, journal = {Journal of Water Resource and Protection}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {1027{\textendash}1036}, author = {Zamudio-Perez, E and Rojas-Valencia, N and Chairez, I and Torres, L G} } @article {1775, title = {Combining cell lines to optimize isolation of human enterovirus from clinical specimens: report of 25 years of experience}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, note = {Prim, Nuria Rodriguez, Graciela Margall, Nuria Del Cuerpo, Margarita Trallero, Gloria Rabella, Nuria eng Evaluation Studies 2012/11/06 06:00 J Med Virol. 2013 Jan;85(1):116-20. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23426. Epub 2012 Nov 4.}, pages = {116-20}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Cell culture is still the gold standard for the diagnosis of human enteroviruses (HEVs) although molecular techniques are required for detection of some serotypes. Due to the diversity of HEVs, a single cell line is not susceptible to all serotypes, and several lines are required to optimize the isolation of HEVs. In this study, the results of HEV isolation during the last 25 years are reported. A total of 1,192 HEVs were isolated and isolation rates varied depending on the cell line used. MRC5 cells yielded the best results (70.7\%), followed by A549 cells (52.6\%), RD cells (37.5\%), and HEp-2 cells (29.7\%). A total of 521 HEVs were characterized, and HEV-B was the most frequent species (81\%). Polioviruses (PV) and HEV-A were isolated less frequently (17\% and 1\%, respectively). None of the cell lines detected all the enteroviruses. MRC5 cells were the most susceptible for isolation of echoviruses (85.7\%) and PVs (85.4\%), whereas HEp2 was the most susceptible for Coxsackieviruses B (82.6\%). Some serotypes were isolated in one cell line only. 40.5\% of echoviruses were isolated in MRC5 cells whereas 42.3\% and 23.9\% of Coxsackieviruses B were isolated in RD cells and HEp2 cells, respectively. Although A549 cells did not achieve the best performance for any enterovirus serotypes, they isolated 52.6\% of the total HEVs. In view of these results, MRC5 cells, A549 cells, and RD cells should be combined to optimize isolation of HEVs.}, keywords = {Animals Cell Culture Techniques/methods Cell Line Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods Enterovirus/*growth \& development/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus Infections/*diagnosis/*virology Humans Virology/*methods}, issn = {1096-9071 (Electronic) 0146-6615 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.23426}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124895}, author = {Prim, N. and Rodriguez, G. and Margall, N. and Del Cuerpo, M. and Trallero, G. and Rabella, N.} } @mastersthesis {6200, title = {Community and {Household} {Management} {Strategies} for {Water} {Supply} and {Treatment} in {Rural} and {Peri}-urban {Areas} in the {Developing} {World}}, year = {2013}, note = {3588391}, school = {University of South Florida}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Eighty percent of the 780 million people worldwide that access water from an unimproved source live in rural areas. In rural areas, water systems are often managed by community based organizations and many of these systems do not provide service at the designed levels. The Sustainability Analysis Tool developed in Chapter 2 can inform decision making, characterize specific needs of rural communities in the management of their water systems, and identify weaknesses in training regimes or support mechanisms. The framework was tested on 61 statistically representative geographically stratified sample communities with rural water systems in the Dominican Republic. The results demonstrated the impact that long term support by outside groups to support community management activities can improve sustainability indicators, including financial sustainability which is a significant issue throughout the world. When analyzing the financial sustainability of water systems, it is important to consider all life-cycle costs including the expenditures made by households. Chapter 3 analyzes financial and economic expenditures on water services in 9 rural and peri-urban communities in Burkina Faso. Data from household and water point surveys were used to determine: socio-economic status, financial and economic expenditures, and service levels received by each household. In Burkina Faso recurrent financial and economic expenditures on water service ranged between US\$5 and US\$9.5 per person per year, with cumulative costs approximately US\$19.5 per person per year. The average expenditures on water in Burkina Faso were well above the affordability threshold used by World Bank demonstrating the need to improve subsidies in the water sector. The sustainability of water supply systems and the ability to ensure the health benefits of these systems is also influenced by the deficiencies in sanitation infrastructure. Unimproved sanitation can be a source of water contamination and a risk factor in water related disease. Furthermore, the effective management of community water supply infrastructure is not a sufficient condition for ensuring water quality and eliminating health risks to consumers. As a result water treatment technologies, such as ceramic water filters (CWFs), implemented and managed at the household level and combined with safe storage practices are proposed as a means of reducing these risks. The performance of CWFs in laboratory settings has differed significantly from field studies with regard to microbial treatment efficacy and also hydraulic efficiency. Chapter 4 presents a 14 month field study of two locally manufactured CWFs conducted in a rural community in the Dominican Republic. Each of the 59 households in the community received one filter. The CWFs in this study performed poorly with regard to water quality and hydraulic performance. Focus group meetings and household survey suggests that flow rate is a major issue for user acceptability. To address the user concerns Chapter 5 presents two mathematical models for improving the hydraulic performance for the frustum and paraboloid designs. The models can be used to predict how changes in user behavior or filter geometry affects the volume of water produced and therefore can be used as tools to help optimize filter performance.}, keywords = {0573:Public health, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Ceramic filter, drinking water, Environmental engineering, Health and environmental sciences, Life-cycle cost, Public health, Sustainability assessment, Sustainable development, Wash}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1428170277?accountid=14270}, author = {Schweitzer, Ryan W.} } @article {6554, title = {Community responses to government defunding of watershed projects: a comparative study in {India} and the {USA}}, journal = {Environmental Management}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {571{\textendash}585}, abstract = {When central governments decentralize natural resource management (NRM), they often retain an interest in the local efforts and provide funding for them. Such outside investments can serve an important role in moving community-based efforts forward. At the same time, they can represent risks to the community if government resources are not stable over time. Our focus in this article is on the effects of withdrawal of government resources from community-based NRM. A critical question is how to build institutional capacity to carry on when the government funding runs out. This study compares institutional survival and coping strategies used by community-based project organizations in two different contexts, India and the United States. Despite higher links to livelihoods, community participation, and private benefits, efforts in the Indian cases exhibited lower survival rates than did those in the U.S. cases. Successful coping strategies in the U.S. context often involved tapping into existing institutions and resources. In the Indian context, successful coping strategies often involved building broad community support for the projects and creatively finding additional funding sources. On the other hand, the lack of local community interest, due to the top-down development approach and sometimes narrow benefit distribution, often challenged organizational survival and project maintenance.}, keywords = {Conservation of Natural Resources, Consumer Participation, Financing, Government, Humans, India, Nonprofit, Ohio, Organizations, Water Supply}, issn = {1432-1009}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-012-0008-2}, author = {Koontz, Tomas M. and Sen, Sucharita} } @article {6864, title = {A community-based study of menstrual hygiene practices and willingness to pay for sanitary napkins among women of a rural community in northern {India}}, journal = {The National Medical Journal of India}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {335{\textendash}337}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hygiene-related practices of women during menstruation are of paramount importance. There is a lack of sizeable literature on menstrual practices from northern India. We documented the menstrual hygiene practices of rural women and assessed their willingness to pay for sanitary napkins. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done in villages under the Comprehensive Rural Health Services Project (CRHSP), situated in Ballabgarh, Haryana. The study participants were women in the age group of 15-45 years. Nine villages were selected randomly while the number of respondents in each selected village was decided through the probability propor-tionate to size sampling method. The households were selected using systematic sampling. One woman was interviewed in each household using a pre-tested questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 995 women were interviewed. A majority of them (62\%) were unaware of the reason(s) for menstruation. The role of the health sector in providing information regarding menstruation was low as only a few women (1.5\%) had got information from the auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM)/health worker (HW). For the majority of women, besides religious activities, other routine activities did not suffer during menstruation. Only 28.8\% of women were using sanitary napkins and of those who did not use napkins, only one-fourth (25.3\%) were willing to buy them. The mean (SD) price per napkin that these women were ready to pay was Rs. 0.54 (0.43), equivalent to US\$ 0.01. CONCLUSION: Women in the reproductive age group should be provided with appropriate information about menstruation, and they should be told about the advantages of using sanitary napkins. Health sector functionaries should play a proactive role in the delivery of such information.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Attitudes, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Knowledge, Humans, India, Menstrual Hygiene Products, Menstruation, Middle Aged, Practice, Residence Characteristics, Rural Health Services, Rural Population, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult}, issn = {0970-258X}, author = {Misra, Puneet and Upadhyay, Ravi Prakash and Sharma, Vinita and Anand, Krishnan and Gupta, Vivek} } @article {16210, title = {Comparative analysis of Leptospira strains isolated from environmental soil and water in the Philippines and Japan}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol.Appl Environ Microbiol.}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {Jan}, pages = {601-609.}, keywords = {*Soil Microbiology, *Water Microbiology, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, genotype, Japan, Leptospira/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Molecular Sequence Data, Philippines, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA}, author = {Saito, M. and Villanueva, S. Y. and Chakraborty, A. and Miyahara, S. and Segawa, T. and Asoh, T. and Ozuru, R. and Gloriani, N. G. and Yanagihara, Y. and Yoshida, S.} } @article {5526, title = {{Comparing human norovirus surrogates: murine norovirus and Tulane virus.}}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {139{\textendash}43}, abstract = {Viral surrogates are widely used by researchers to predict human norovirus behavior. Murine norovirus (MNV) is currently accepted as the best surrogate and is assumed to mimic the survival and inactivation of human noroviruses. Recently, a new calicivirus, the Tulane virus (TV), was discovered, and its potential as a human norovirus surrogate is being explored. This study aimed to compare the behavior of the two potential surrogates under varying treatments of pH (2.0 to 10.0), chlorine (0.2 to 2,000 ppm), heat (50 to 75{\textdegree}C), and survival in tap water at room (20{\textdegree}C) and refrigeration (4{\textdegree}C) temperatures for up to 30 days. Viral infectivity was determined by the plaque assay for both MNV and TV. There was no significant difference between the inactivation of MNV and TV in all heat treatments, and for both MNV and TV survival in tap water at 20{\textdegree}C over 30 days. At 4{\textdegree}C, MNV remained infectious over 30 days at a titer of approximately 5 log PFU/ml, whereas TV titers decreased significantly by 5 days. MNV was more pH stable, as TV titers were reduced significantly at pH 2.0, 9.0, and 10.0, as compared with pH 7.0, whereas MNV titers were only significantly reduced at pH 10.0. After chlorine treatment, there was no significant difference in virus with the exception of at 2 ppm, where TV decreased significantly compared with MNV. Compared with TV, MNV is likely a better surrogate for human noroviruses, as MNV persisted over a wider range of pH values, at 2 ppm of chlorine, and without a loss of titer at 4{\textdegree}C.}, keywords = {Animals, Caliciviridae, Caliciviridae: drug effects, Caliciviridae: growth {\&} development, Caliciviridae: pathogenicity, Chlorine, Chlorine: pharmacology, Food Microbiology, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Kinetics, Mice, Norovirus, Norovirus: drug effects, Norovirus: growth {\&} development, Norovirus: pathogenicity, Species Specificity, Temperature, Time Factors, Viral Plaque Assay}, isbn = {0362-028X}, issn = {1944-9097}, doi = {10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-216}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23317870}, author = {Kirsten A Hirneisen and Kniel, Kalmia E} } @article {17049, title = {Comparison of Enterococcus species diversity in marine water and wastewater using Enterolert and EPA Method 1600}, journal = {Journal of environmental and public health}, volume = {2013}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Hindawi Publishing Corporation}, author = {Ferguson, Donna M and Griffith, John F and McGee, Charles D and Weisberg, Stephen B and Hagedorn, Charles} } @article {10165, title = {{Comparison of PCR and quantitative real-time PCR methods for the characterization of ruminant and cattle fecal pollution sources}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {6921{\textendash}6928}, author = {Raith, MR and Kelty, CA and Griffith, JF and Schriewer, A and Wuertz, S and Mieszkin, S and Gourmelon, M and Reischer, GH and Farnleitner, AH and Ervin, JS and Holden, PA and Ebentier, DL and Jay, JA and Wang, D and Boehm, AB and T G Aw and J B Rose and Balleste, E and Meijer, WG and Sivaganesan, M and Shanks, OC} } @article {9864, title = {{Comparison of sequencing (barcode region) and sequence-tagged-site PCR for Blastocystis subtyping}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {51}, year = {2013}, pages = {190{\textendash}194}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.02541-12}, author = {Stensvold, CR} } @article {13263, title = {Comparison of the microbial community structures of untreated wastewaters from different geographic locales}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, year = {2013}, pages = {2906-2913}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03448-12}, author = {Shanks, OC and Newton, RJ and Kelty, CA and Huse, SM and Sogin, ML and McLellan, SL} } @article {5865, title = {{Comparison of the microbial community structures of untreated wastewaters from different geographic locales.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, month = {may}, pages = {2906{\textendash}2913}, author = {Shanks, Orin C and Newton, Ryan J and Kelty, Catherine A and Huse, Susan M and Sogin, Mitchell L and McLellan, Sandra L} } @article {14382, title = {Comparison of the microbial community structures of untreated wastewaters from different geographic locales.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, month = {may}, pages = {2906{\textendash}2913}, author = {Shanks, Orin C and Newton, Ryan J and Kelty, Catherine A and Huse, Susan M and Sogin, Mitchell L and McLellan, Sandra L} } @article {17104, title = {Composting toilets a misnomer: excessive ammonia from urine inhibits microbial activity yet is insufficient in sanitizing the end-product}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {119}, year = {2013}, pages = {29{\textendash}35}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Hill, Geoffrey B and Baldwin, Susan A and Vinner\aas, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {12298, title = {The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database}, journal = {Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, volume = {57}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, note = {McArthur, Andrew G. Waglechner, Nicholas Nizam, Fazmin Yan, Austin Azad, Marisa A. Baylay, Alison J. Bhullar, Kirandeep Canova, Marc J. De Pascale, Gianfranco Ejim, Linda Kalan, Lindsay King, Andrew M. Koteva, Kalinka Morar, Mariya Mulvey, Michael R. O{\textquoteright}Brien, Jonathan S. Pawlowski, Andrew C. Piddock, Laura J. V. Spanogiannopoulos, Peter Sutherland, Arlene D. Tang, Irene Taylor, Patricia L. Thaker, Maulik Wang, Wenliang Yan, Marie Yu, Tennison Wright, Gerard D.
McArthur, Andrew/0000-0002-1142-3063; Piddock, Laura/0000-0003-1460-473X; Wright, Gerard/0000-0002-9129-7131}, month = {Jul}, pages = {3348-3357}, abstract = {

The field of antibiotic drug discovery and the monitoring of new antibiotic resistance elements have yet to fully exploit the power of the genome revolution. Despite the fact that the first genomes sequenced of free living organisms were those of bacteria, there have been few specialized bioinformatic tools developed to mine the growing amount of genomic data associated with pathogens. In particular, there are few tools to study the genetics and genomics of antibiotic resistance and how it impacts bacterial populations, ecology, and the clinic. We have initiated development of such tools in the form of the Comprehensive Antibiotic Research Database (CARD; http://arpcard.mcmaster.ca). The CARD integrates disparate molecular and sequence data, provides a unique organizing principle in the form of the Antibiotic Resistance Ontology (ARO), and can quickly identify putative antibiotic resistance genes in new unannotated genome sequences. This unique platform provides an informatic tool that bridges antibiotic resistance concerns in health care, agriculture, and the environment.

}, isbn = {0066-4804}, author = {McArthur, A. G. and Waglechner, N. and Nizam, F. and Yan, A. and Azad, M. A. and Baylay, A. J. and Bhullar, K. and Canova, M. J. and De Pascale, G. and Ejim, L. and Kalan, L. and King, A. M. and Koteva, K. and Morar, M. and Mulvey, M. R. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, J. S. and Pawlowski, A. C. and Piddock, L. J. V. and Spanogiannopoulos, P. and Sutherland, A. D. and Tang, I. and Taylor, P. L. and Thaker, M. and Wang, W. L. and Yan, M. and Yu, T. and Wright, G. D.} } @article {2766, title = {Comprehensive control of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {31 }, year = {2013}, pages = {H1-31}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent AFRICA Alabama AUSTRALIA Awareness Belgium Biochemistry Biology Biomedical Research Boston CALIFORNIA CANADA cancer CELLS CENTERS Cervix Uteri CHALLENGE CHILDREN control detection Developed Countries Developing Countries DISEASE DISEASES EPIDEM}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24332295}, author = {Bosch, FX and Broker, TR and Forman, D and Moscicki, AB and Gillison, ML and Doorbar, J and Stern, PL and Stanley, M and Arbyn, M and Poljak, M and Cuzick, J and Castle, PE and Schiller, JT and Markowitz, LE and Fisher, WA and Canfell, K and Denny, LA and Franco, EL and Steben, M and Kane, MA and Schiffman, M and Meijer, CJ and Sankaranarayanan, R and Castellsague, X and Kim, JJ and Brotons, M and Alemany, L and Albero, G and Diaz, M and de Sanjos{\'e} , S} } @article {15835, title = {The concentration of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water--the role and importance of recovery efficiency}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {47}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, month = {May 1}, pages = {2479-88}, edition = {2013/03/16}, keywords = {Animals, Australia, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Least-Squares Analysis, Normal Distribution, Regression Analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Rivers/parasitology, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Ongerth, J. E.} } @mastersthesis {6281, title = {Confocal {Microscopy} of {Jammed} {Matter}: {From} {Elasticity} to {Granular} {Thermodynamics}}, year = {2013}, note = {3557007}, school = {New York University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Packings of particles are ubiquitous in nature and are of interest not only to the scientific community but also to the food, pharmaceutical, and oil industries. In this thesis we use confocal microscopy to investigate packing geometry and stress transmission in 3D jammed particulate systems. By introducing weak depletion attraction we probe the accessible phase-space and demonstrate that a microscopic approach to jammed matter gives validity to statistical mechanics framework, which is intriguing because our particles are not thermally activated. We show that the fluctuations of the local packing parameters can be successfully captured by the recently proposed {\textquoteright}granocentric{\textquoteright} model, which generates packing statistics according to simple stochastic processes. This model enables us to calculate packing entropy and granular temperature, the so-called {\textquoteright}compactivity{\textquoteright}, therefore, providing a basis for a statistical mechanics of granular matter. At a jamming transition point at which there are formed just enough number of contacts to guarantee the mechanical stability, theoretical arguments suggest a singularity which gives rise to the surprising scaling behavior of the elastic moduli and the microstructure, as observed in numerical simulations. Since the contact network in 3D is typically hidden from view, experimental test of the scaling law between the coordination number and the applied pressure is lacking in the literature. Our data show corrections to the linear scaling of the pressure with density which takes into account the creation of contacts. Numerical studies of vibrational spectra, in turn, reveal sudden features such as excess of low frequency modes, dependence of mode localization and structure on the pressure. Chapter four describes the first calculation of vibrational density of states from the experimental 3D data and is in qualitative agreement with the analogous computer simulations. We study the configurational role of the pressure and demonstrate that low frequency modes become progressively localized as the packing density is increased. Another application of our oil-in-water emulsions serves to mimic cell adhesion in biological tissues. By analyzing the microstructure in 3D we find that a threshold compression force is necessary to overcome electrostatic repulsion and surface elasticity and establish protein-mediated adhesion.}, keywords = {0605:Physics, 0611:Condensed matter physics, Condensed matter physics, Density of states, Emulsions, Granocentric, Jamming, Packing, Physics, Pure sciences, Tissue}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1332708464?accountid=14270}, author = {Jorjadze, Ivane} } @article {8644, title = {{Congenital toxoplasma infection: monthly prenatal screening decreases transmission rate and improves clinical outcome at age 3 years}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {56}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {1223{\textendash}1231}, author = {Wallon, M and Peyron, F and Cornu, C and Vinault, S and Abrahamowicz, M and Kopp, CB and Binquet, C} } @mastersthesis {7456, title = {Consequences of riparian land use for macroinvertebrate communities and trout in upland streams}, year = {2013}, note = {U611664}, school = {Cardiff University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}![CDATA[{\textless}p lang="en-GB" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"{\textgreater}Climate change is predicted to negatively impact ecosystems globally. Freshwaters are particularly susceptible, due to thermal and hydrological sensitivity and poikilothermic fauna. Such change may ultimately imperil ecosystems service provision. Adaptation schemes that limit ecological and economic impacts are therefore widely advocated. The major management action recommended for rivers is restoration of {\textquestiondown}buffer strips{\textquestiondown} of riparian tree cover, which can lower stream water temperatures, and should therefore protect thermally sensitive species, including economically important salmonid fish (Family: Salmonidae). {\textless}p lang="en-GB" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"{\textgreater}Despite thermal consequences being well-quantified, community-wide biotic responses to restoration remain unexplored. Such ecological consequences may ultimately govern the efficacy of this measure in protecting focal species, but there is limited evidence available from which to predict restoration outcomes and inform management efforts. {\textless}p lang="en-GB" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"{\textgreater}Using 24 upland streams, this thesis assessed ecological consequences of differential catchment tree cover on stream communities. Using surveys and experimentation, the project assessed the role catchment afforestation in mediating the importance of terrestrial resource subsidies to stream food webs, structuring macroinvertebrate communities, and supporting salmonid fish. {\textless}p lang="en-GB" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"{\textgreater}Several lines of evidence indicated that wider catchment tree cover controls the functional composition of stream communities, by mediating availability of terrestrial resources. However, buffer strips did not approximate the effects of wider broadleaf forest, and supported communities that were functionally indistinguishable from streams draining unafforested moorland. Unexpectedly, catchment broadleaf cover did not ultimately affect salmonid populations, contrary to expectations. {\textless}p lang="en-GB" style="margin-bottom: 0cm"{\textgreater}In combination, these results contribute to the understanding of land use effects on stream communities, and provide clear evidence needed to guide future management efforts. These findings suggest two distinct adaptation options: restoration of buffer strips should be able to confer benefits to fish populations, by offsetting thermal impacts without jeopardising food availability. However, re-instatement of wider broadleaf forest could potentially re-establish woodland stream communities. ]]{\textgreater}}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU611664, 0329:Ecology, Bibliographies, Biological sciences, Ecology, http://orca.cf.ac.uk/57732/, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1548708516?accountid=14270}, author = {Thomas, Stephen Michael} } @article {16113, title = {A conserved region of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like A and B proteins as a DNA vaccine elicits a prophylactic immune response against leptospirosis.}, journal = {Clin Vaccine Immunol.Clin Vaccine Immunol.}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {725-731.}, author = {Forster, K. M. and Hartwig, D. D. and Seixas, F. K. and Bacelo, K. L. and Amaral, M. and Hartleben, C. P. and Dellagostin, O. A.} } @article {7511, title = {Contaminant {Intrusion} in {Water} {Distribution} {Systems} - {A} {Lagrangian}-{Eulerian} {Transient} {Water} {Quality} {Model}}, journal = {Journal - American Water Works Association}, volume = {105}, year = {2013}, month = {jun}, pages = {E278{\textendash}E290}, issn = {15518833}, doi = {10.5942/jawwa.2013.105.0061}, url = {http://www.awwa.org/publications/journal-awwa/abstract/articleid/37200323.aspx}, author = {Mansour-Rezaei, S. and Naser, Gh. and Malekpour, A. and Karney, B.W.} } @mastersthesis {6423, title = {Control of mineral scaling in power plant recirculating cooling systems using treated municipal wastewater}, year = {2013}, note = {3577124}, school = {University of Pittsburgh}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Water availability represents a growing concern for meeting human needs in the future. It is estimated that more than 60\% of the world{\textquoteright}s population will lack access to an adequate supply by 2025, largely in Asia, Africa, and Latin America (Feeley et al., 2008). The U.S. is also not immune from water supply problems. As water use is increasing every year, at least 36 states are anticipating local, regional, or statewide water shortages by 2013, even under non-drought conditions (EPA, 2008). In response to the water scarcity issue, wastewater reuse is recognized as an environmentally sound approach for sustainable water management. Among the major freshwater users in the US, thermoelectric power generation has recently become the top user (201 Bgal/day or 49\% of total water withdrawals). Each kilowatt-hour (kWh) of the thermoelectric generation requires the use of approximately 25 gallons of water, which is primarily for cooling purposes (Feeley et al., 2008). As population growth and economic development continue to increase the demand for electric power, it is necessary to ensure a reliable and abundant water source for thermoelectric power generation. However, freshwater shortages and the competing demand from other water uses will increase pressure on power plants to reduce water consumption and adopt wastewater reuse. Several cases in arid areas, such as Arizona and Texas, have shown that lack of available cooling water sources can result in suspension in operation of existing power plants and delay construction of new power plants (Feeley and Ramezan, 2003; Dishneau, 2007). Power plant cooling demands large quantities of relatively low quality water when compared to other uses of water (e.g., drinking and food production). Therefore, alternative sources to replace freshwater for cooling system operation are likely to be in great demand in the near future. Among all the alternatives, treated municipal wastewater (MWW) is a promising candidate for power plant cooling due to its widespread availability and consistent quality (Li et al., 2011a; EPRI, 2008). Use of treated MWW as make-up water for cooling in power plants has been in full-scale operation for several decades (Osborn, 1970; Humphris, 1977; Rebhun and Engel, 1988; Wijesinghe et al., 1996). However, these power plants typically use treated MWW only as a fraction of the total makeup water needed or only after significant additional treatment before addition to the recirculating cooling systems (Wijesinghe et al., 1996; Li et al., 2011a). Few studies have focused on the feasibility of using treated MWW as the dominant makeup water with or without additional prior treatment. The main challenges when using MWW as cooling system makeup are scaling, corrosion, and biofouling (biological growth) due to impaired water quality (Wijesinghe et al., 1996; Selby et al., 1996; Puckorius, 2003; Vidic, 2009). The term "scaling" is generally used to describe the collection and growth of unwanted inorganic salts which increases both pressure drop and resistance to heat transfer in the cooling systems (Neufeld et al., 1985). The scaling problem would be exacerbated under typical recirculating cooling tower operations (i.e., elevated temperature and evaporative loss of water that leads to concentration of minerals). Because of the negative environmental impacts, traditional once-through cooling water systems are discouraged and recirculating cooling water systems are the only option for new or repermitted thermoelectric power plants (Reynolds, 1980). Mineral scaling could be prevented in a number of ways. For mineral deposits that are pH-dependent, like calcium carbonate, acid addition can reduce the pH and alkalinity in the recirculating systems and thus lower the formation potential of some mineral scales. However, increased corrosion rates would occur at lower pH (Troup and Richardson, 1978). Physical water treatment (PWT) methods, including magnetic fields, electric fields, alteration of surface charges of water, and mechanical disturbance for scaling control have been reported in bench-and pilot-scale studies (Cho et al., 2004). However, the effect of the PWT on the mineral scaling is still questionable in real practice (Troup and Richardson, 1978). Up to now, addition of chemicals that serve as antiscalants is still the most effective approach for mitigating mineral scaling (Al Nasser et al., 2011). Although there is abundant experience with scaling inhibition in freshwater, scaling control for treated MWW used as makeup for cooling systems is rather challenging due to its complicated water chemistry. Most antiscalants that have been proven effective in freshwater may not be as effective in treated MWW (Li et al., 2011b). In order to advance the reuse of the treated MWW as cooling water in power plants, it is necessary to develop and implement sound scaling control technologies for different types of treated MWW.}, keywords = {0542:Chemical engineering, 0595:Water Resource Management, 0775:Environmental engineering, Antiscalants, Applied sciences, Chemical engineering, Cooling water management, Earth sciences, Environmental engineering, Mineral scaling, wastewater, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1468715692?accountid=14270}, author = {Liu, Wenshi} } @mastersthesis {6887, title = {Crafting solutions in {Tajikistan}: {How} the fair trade market can empower the abandoned wives of labor migrants}, year = {2013}, note = {1525170}, school = {Southern Connecticut State University}, type = {phdM.{A}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {One million men travel from Tajikistan to Russia every year to find work. Low wages and racial discrimination prevent many laborers from obtaining a substantial income for their families. Meanwhile, the migrant wives back in Tajikistan are likely to face economic and psychological hurdles. Many of the women who are abandoned by their husbands might try to economically sustain themselves through unhealthy survival methods such as polygamy or prostitution. This thesis explores how implementing fair trade into Tajik society can benefit divorced or widowed migrant wives in the country{\textquoteright}s slow economy. The fair trade movement allows disadvantaged individuals in developing countries to produce and sell traditional handcrafts on an international market that guarantees fair wages and safe working conditions. Tajik artisans have already made efforts to sustain themselves through the production of crafts, but fair trade companies have not made any efforts to work in the country. If women from Tajikistan were given the opportunity to participate in this movement, they can join a wide network of artisans, advocates, and shoppers who share the common goal of creating social change. They would also be able to pay their children{\textquoteright}s school fees, ensure that their communities have safe drinking water, and keep their families financially stable. Most importantly, fair trade will help to shrink the economic gap between men and women and give abandoned wives the independence they need to stand on their own.}, keywords = {0453:Womens studies, Fair Trade, Labor Migration, Russia, Social sciences, Tajikistan, Womens studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1517934029?accountid=14270}, author = {Lombardi, Therese} } @article {9914, title = {A cross-sectional study on intestinal parasitic infections in rural communities, northeast Thailand}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {51}, year = {2013}, pages = {727-34}, author = {Boonjarsapinyo, S. and T. Boonmars and B. Kaewsamut and N. Ekobol and P. Laummaunwai and R. Aukkanimart and N. Wonkchalee and A. Juasook and A. Juasook} } @article {5002, title = {{A cross-sectional study on the potential transmission of the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini and other fishborne zoonotic trematodes by aquaculture fish}}, journal = {Clinical Pathology of Foodborne Diseases}, volume = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {35{\textendash}41}, author = {Pitaksakulrat, O and Sithithaworn, P and Laoprom, N and Laha, T and Petney, TN and Andrews, RH} } @article {4957, title = {{Cryptic and asymptomatic Opisthorchis felineus infections}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {88}, year = {2013}, pages = {364{\textendash}366}, author = {Armignacco, O and Ferri, F and Gomez-Morales, MA and Caterini, L and Pozio, E} } @article {15898, title = {Cryptosporidiosis among children in an endemic semiurban community in southern India: does a protected drinking water source decrease infection?}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {Aug}, pages = {398-406}, edition = {2013/05/28}, keywords = {*Endemic Diseases, Child, Preschool, children, cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Diarrhea/parasitology, drinking water, Drinking Water/*parasitology, Feces/parasitology, Humans, Incidence, India, India/epidemiology, Infant, Infant, Newborn, quasi-experimental study, Suburban Population}, isbn = {1058-4838}, author = {Sarkar, R. and Ajjampur, S. S. and Prabakaran, A. D. and Geetha, J. C. and Sowmyanarayanan, T. V. and Kane, A. and Duara, J. and Muliyil, J. and Balraj, V. and Naumova, E. N. and Ward, H. and Kang, G.} } @article {15648, title = {Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {Jan}, pages = {115-34}, edition = {2013/01/09}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/parasitology/*pathology/transmission/*veterinary, Cryptosporidium/genetics/growth \& development/*pathogenicity, Gastroenteritis/parasitology/pathology/veterinary, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Virulence, Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism}, isbn = {0893-8512}, author = {Bouzid, M. and Hunter, P. R. and Chalmers, R. M. and Tyler, K. M.} } @article {5995, title = {{Culture systems for hepatitis E virus}}, journal = {Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {48}, year = {2013}, pages = {147{\textendash}158}, author = {Okamoto, H} } @article {3806, title = {Cyclosporin a inhibits rotavirus replication and restores interferon-beta signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo.}, journal = {\{\{\}PloS\{\}\} one}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {e71815}, abstract = {Rotavirus \{\{\}(RV)\{\}\} is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children. Currently, there is no specific drug available against rotavirus, largely due to the lack of an ideal target molecule which has hampered drug development. Our previous studies have revealed that cyclosporin A \{\{\}(CsA)\{\}\} might be potentially useful as an \{\{\}anti-RV\{\}\} drug. We therefore used both cellular and mouse models to study the immunological safety and effectiveness of \{\{\}CsA\{\}\} as an \{\{\}anti-RV\{\}\} drug. We found that \{\{\}CsA\{\}\} treatment of \{\{\}HT-29\{\}\} cells before, during, and after viral infection efficiently inhibited Wa strain \{\{\}RV\{\}\} replication and restored \{\{\.I}FN-\{\&\}\{\#\}x3B2;\{\}\} expression in a \{\{\}HT-29\{\}\} cell line model. Exploring the underlying mechanisms showed that \{\{\}CsA\{\}\} promoted Interferon Regulatory Factor-5 \{\{\}(IRF-5)\{\}\} expression (a key positive regulator of the type I \{\{\.I}FN\{\}\} signaling pathway), but not \{\{\.I}RF-1,\{\}\} \{\{\.I}RF-3,\{\}\} or \{\{\.I}RF-7.\{\}\} Additionally, \{\{\}CsA\{\}\} inhibited \{\{\}SOCS-1\{\}\} expression (the key negative regulator of \{\{\.I}FN-\{\&\}\{\#\}x3B1;/\{\&\}\{\#\}x3B2;),\{\}\} but not \{\{\}SOCS-2\{\}\} or \{\{\}SOCS-3.\{\}\} The antiviral effect of \{\{\}CsA\{\}\} was confirmed in an \{\{\}RV-infected\{\}\} neonatal mouse model by evaluation of antigen clearance and assessment of changes in intestinal tissue pathology. Also, no differences in T cell frequency or proliferation between the \{\{\}CsA-\{\}\} and vehicle-treated groups were observed. Thus, both our in vitro and in vivo findings suggest that \{\{\}CsA,\{\}\} through modulating the expression of key regulators in \{\{\.I}FN\{\}\} signaling pathway, promote type I \{\{\.I}FN-based\{\}\} intracellular innate immunity in \{\{\}RV\{\}\} host cells. These findings suggest that \{\{\}CsA\{\}\} may be a useful candidate to develop a new \{\{\}anti-RV\{\}\} strategy, although further evaluation and characterization of \{\{\}CsA\{\}\} on \{\{\}RV-induced\{\}\} diarrhea are warranted.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0071815}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071815}, author = {Shen, Zigang and He, Haiyang and Wu, Yuzhang and Li, Jintao} } @article {13282, title = {de los Reyes, VC, Sucaldito, MN, and Tayag, E (2015)}, journal = {A community-based gastroenteritis outbreak after Typhoon Haiyan, Leyte, Philippines Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {1-6}, doi = {doi: 10.5365/wpsar.2014.5.1.010}, author = {Ventura, R. J. and Muhi, E.} } @article {12974, title = {Decay of human enteric pathogens in agricultural soil amended with biosolids: Key findings from a comprehensive research project to examine potential health risks.}, journal = {Journal of the Australian Water Association}, volume = {40}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {2{\textendash}6}, publisher = {Australian Water Association}, author = {Schwarz, Karen and Toze, S and Pritchard, Deborah and Sidhu, J and Li, Y} } @article {14284, title = {Declining reactivation ability of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 following incubation within soil}, journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry}, volume = {63}, year = {2013}, pages = {85{\textendash}88}, doi = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.03.031}, author = {Williams, A Prysor and Gordon, Helen E and Jones, Davey L and Killham, Ken and Strachan, Norval J C and Forbes, Ken J} } @article {2468, title = {{Declining reactivation ability of Escherichia coli O157 following incubation within soil}}, journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry}, volume = {63}, year = {2013}, pages = {85{\textendash}88}, doi = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.03.031}, author = {Williams, A Prysor and Gordon, Helen E and Jones, Davey L and Killham, Ken and Strachan, Norval J C and Forbes, Ken J} } @article {993, title = {Decription of a novel viral tool to identify and quantify ovine faecal pollution in the environment}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {458-460}, year = {2013}, pages = {355{\textendash}360}, abstract = {

Farmed animals such as sheep, cattle, swine and poultry play an important role in microbial contamination of water, crops and food, and introduce large quantities of pathogens into the environment. The ability to determine the origin of faecal pollution in water resources is essential when establishing a robust and efficient water management system. Animal-specific viruses have previously been suggested as microbial source tracking tools, but specific ovine viral markers have not been reported before now. Previous studies have shown that polyomaviruses are host-specific, highly prevalent and are commonly excreted in urine. Furthermore, they have been reported to infect several vertebrate species but not sheep. That situation encouraged the study of a new putative ovine polyomavirus (OPyV) and its use to determine whether faecal pollution originates from ovine faecal/urine contamination.Putative OPyV DNA was amplified from ovine urine and faecal samples using a broad-spectrum nested PCR (nPCR). Specific nested PCR and quantitative PCR assays were developed and applied to faecal and environmental samples, including sheep slurries, slaughterhouse wastewater effluents, urban sewage and river water samples. Successful amplification by PCR was achieved in sheep urine samples, sheep slaughterhouse wastewater and downstream sewage effluents. The assay was specific and was negative in samples of human, bovine, goat, swine and chicken origin. Ovine faecal pollution was detected in river water samples by applying the designed methods. These results provide a quantitative tool for the analysis of OPyV as a suitable viral indicator of sheep faecal contamination that may be present in the environment. {\textcopyright} 2013.

}, keywords = {Faecal contamination, Microbial source tracking, Ovine polyomavirus, water}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0048-9697 (Linking)}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.028}, author = {Rusi{\~n}ol, Marta and Carratal{\`a}, Anna and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Bach, Alex and Kern, Anita and Vantarakis, Apostolos and Girones, Rosina and Bofill-Mas, Silvia} } @article {7900, title = {{Defining cell culture conditions to improve human norovirus infectivity assays}}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {863{\textendash}868}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2012.636.}, author = {Straub, TM and Hutchinson, JR and Bartholomew, RA and Valdez, CO and Valentine, NB and Dohnalkova, A and Ozanich, RM and Bruckner-Lea, CJ} } @article {7596, title = {Description of a novel viral tool to identify and quantify ovine faecal pollution in the environment}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {458-460}, number = {355-360}, year = {2013}, pages = {355-360}, author = {Rusi{\~n}ol, M. and Carratal{\`a}, A and Hundesa, A and Bach, A and Kern, A and Vantarakis, A and Girones, R and Bofill-Mas, S} } @article {13795, title = {Description of a novel viral tool to identify and quantify ovine faecal pollution in the environment}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {458-460}, number = {355-360}, year = {2013}, author = {Rusi{\~n}ol M, Carratala A, Hundesa A, Bach A, Kern A, Vantarakis A, Girones R, Bofill-Mas S} } @article {7081, title = {Designing a handwashing station for infrastructure-restricted communities in {Bangladesh} using the integrated behavioural model for water, sanitation and hygiene interventions ({IBM}-{WASH})}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {13}, year = {2013}, pages = {877}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of infection; however, handwashing rates in infrastructure-restricted settings remain low. Handwashing stations{\textendash}a dedicated, convenient location where both soap and water are available for handwashing{\textendash}are associated with improved handwashing practices. Our aim was to identify a locally feasible and acceptable handwashing station that enabled frequent handwashing for two subsequent randomized trials testing the health effects of this behaviour. METHODS: We conducted formative research in the form of household trials of improved practices in urban and rural Bangladesh. Seven candidate handwashing technologies were tested by nine to ten households each during two iterative phases. We conducted interviews with participants during an introductory visit and two to five follow up visits over two to six weeks, depending on the phase. We used the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) to guide selection of candidate handwashing stations and data analysis. Factors presented in the IBM-WASH informed thematic coding of interview transcripts and contextualized feasibility and acceptability of specific handwashing station designs. RESULTS: Factors that influenced selection of candidate designs were market availability of low cost, durable materials that were easy to replace or replenish in an infrastructure-restricted and shared environment. Water storage capacity, ease of use and maintenance, and quality of materials determined the acceptability and feasibility of specific handwashing station designs. After examining technology, psychosocial and contextual factors, we selected a handwashing system with two different water storage capacities, each with a tap, stand, basin, soapy water bottle and detergent powder for pilot testing in preparation for the subsequent randomized trials. CONCLUSIONS: A number of contextual, psychosocial and technological factors influence use of handwashing stations at five aggregate levels, from habitual to societal. In interventions that require a handwashing station to facilitate frequent handwashing with soap, elements of the technology, such as capacity, durability and location(s) within the household are key to high feasibility and acceptability. More than one handwashing station per household may be required. IBM-WASH helped guide the research and research in-turn helped validate the framework.}, keywords = {Adult, Bangladesh, Diarrhea, Equipment Design, Female, Hand Disinfection, Health Behavior, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Public health, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Respiratory Tract Infections, sanitation, Soaps, Surveys and Questionnaires, Water Supply}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-13-877}, author = {Hulland, Kristyna R. S. and Leontsini, Elli and Dreibelbis, Robert and Unicomb, Leanne and Afroz, Aasma and Dutta, Notan Chandra and Nizame, Fosiul Alam and Luby, Stephen P. and Ram, Pavani K. and Winch, Peter J.} } @article {12204, title = {Detecting Human Bacterial Pathogens in Wastewater Treatment Plants by a High-Throughput Shotgun Sequencing Technique}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, note = {Cai, Lin Zhang, Tong
Cai, Lin/K-2105-2013; Zhang, Tong/C-6786-2008}, month = {May}, pages = {5433-5441}, abstract = {

Human pathogens are one of the major threats to global public health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serve as city guts to receive and digest various human pathogens. Several techniques have been developed to detect human pathogens in WWTPs and to assess potential environmental risks. In this study, we employed 24 metagenomic DNA data sets derived from a high-throughput shotgun sequencing technique to more accurately and efficiently detect human bacterial pathogens in influent, activated sludge, and effluent of two Hong Kong WWTPs. Each data set was quality-filtered and normalized to 12 500 000 DNA sequences with a length of 150-190 bp. Then, a BLASTN search against Greengenes general 16S rRNA gene database and human pathogenic bacteria 16S rRNA gene database, a BLASTX search against human pathogenic bacteria virulence factor database, as well as MetaPhlAn analysis were conducted to survey the distribution, diversity, and abundance of human bacterial pathogens. The results revealed that (i) nine bacterial pathogens were detected; (ii) the overall pathogenic bacteria abundance was estimated as 0.06-3.20\% in the total bacteria population using 16S rRNA gene fingerprinting; (iii) pathogenic bacteria detected in activated sludge and effluent shared similar profiles but were different from influent based on both 16S rRNA gene and virulence factor fingerprintings; (iv) Mycobacterium tuberculosis-like species may present potential pathogenic risks because it was detected with high abundance in both activated sludge and effluent. These findings provided a comprehensive profile of commonly concerned human pathogens in two Hong Kong WWTPs and demonstrated that the high-throughput shotgun sequencing technique is a feasible and effectual approach for environmental detection of human bacterial pathogens.

}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Cai, L. and Zhang, T.} } @article {2904, title = {Detecting nested clusters of human alveolar echinococcosis}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {140}, number = {13}, year = {2013}, pages = {1693{\textendash}1700}, abstract = {Recent changes in the epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in Eurasia have led to increasing concerns about the risk of human AE and the need for a thorough evaluation of the epidemiological situation. The aim of this study was to explore the use of a National Register to detect complex distribution patterns on several scales. The data were human AE cases from the FrancEchino register, diagnosed in France from 1982 to 2011. We used the Kulldorff spatial scan analysis to detect non-random locations of cases. We proposed an exploratory method that was based on the successive detection of nested clusters inside each of the statistically significant larger clusters. This method revealed at least 4 levels of disease clusters during the study period. The spatial variations of cluster location over time were also shown. We conclude that National Human AE registers, although not exempted from epidemiological biases, are currently the best way to achieve an accurate representation of human AE distribution on various scales. Finally, we confirm the multi-scale clustered distribution of human AE, and we hypothesize that our study may be a reasonable starting point from which to conduct additional research and explore the processes that underlie such distributions.}, keywords = {Animals, Cluster Analysis, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, France, Hepatic, Humans, Male, Monte Carlo Method, prevalence, Registries, Spatial Analysis}, issn = {1469-8161}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182013001352}, author = {Said-Ali, Zeinaba and Grenouillet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Knapp, Jenny and Bresson-Hadni, Solange and Vuitton, Dominique Ang{\`e}le and Raoul, Francis and Richou, Carine and Millon, Laurence and Giraudoux, Patrick and Francechino Network} } @article {5720, title = {{Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis A Virus and Norovirus in Mussels from Galicia (NW Spain)}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {110{\textendash}118}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-013-9108-2}, author = {C F Manso and J L Romalde} } @article {1286, title = {Detection and characterization of human pathogenic viruses circulating in community wastewater using multi target microarrays and polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, note = {Wong, Mark V M Hashsham, Syed A Gulari, Erdogan Rouillard, Jean-Marie Aw, Tiong Gim Rose, Joan B Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2013 Dec;11(4):659-70. doi: 10.2166/wh.2013.322.}, pages = {659-70}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Sewage pollution remains the most significant source of human waterborne pathogens. This study describes the detection and characterization of human enteric viruses in community wastewaters using cell culture coupled with multiple target microarrays (with a total of 780 unique probes targeting 27 different groups of both DNA and RNA viruses) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Over a 13-month sampling period, RNA viruses (astroviruses and enteroviruses) were more frequently detected compared to DNA viruses (adenoviruses, particularly type 41 and BK polyomavirus). Overall, many more viruses were shed during the winter months (December-February) compared to the summer months. Exploration of the multiple types of enteric viruses particularly in winter months identified much more significant prevalence of key viral pathogens associated with sewage pollution of the water environment than previously realized and seasonal disinfection used in some parts of the world may lead to a seeding of ambient waters. Molecular characterization of pathogenic viruses in community wastewater will improve the understanding of the potential risk of waterborne disease transmission of viral pathogens.}, keywords = {Cities Humans Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/ methods Polymerase Chain Reaction/ methods Viruses/genetics/ isolation \& purification/ pathogenicity Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.322}, author = {Wong, M. V. and Hashsham, S. A. and Gulari, E. and Rouillard, J. M. and Aw, T. G. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {1934, title = {Detection and characterization of human pathogenic viruses circulating in community wastewater using multi target microarrays and polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, note = {Wong, Mark V M Hashsham, Syed A Gulari, Erdogan Rouillard, Jean-Marie Aw, Tiong Gim Rose, Joan B England J Water Health. 2013 Dec;11(4):659-70. doi: 10.2166/wh.2013.322.}, pages = {659-70}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Sewage pollution remains the most significant source of human waterborne pathogens. This study describes the detection and characterization of human enteric viruses in community wastewaters using cell culture coupled with multiple target microarrays (with a total of 780 unique probes targeting 27 different groups of both DNA and RNA viruses) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Over a 13-month sampling period, RNA viruses (astroviruses and enteroviruses) were more frequently detected compared to DNA viruses (adenoviruses, particularly type 41 and BK polyomavirus). Overall, many more viruses were shed during the winter months (December-February) compared to the summer months. Exploration of the multiple types of enteric viruses particularly in winter months identified much more significant prevalence of key viral pathogens associated with sewage pollution of the water environment than previously realized and seasonal disinfection used in some parts of the world may lead to a seeding of ambient waters. Molecular characterization of pathogenic viruses in community wastewater will improve the understanding of the potential risk of waterborne disease transmission of viral pathogens.}, keywords = {Cities Humans Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/*methods Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Viruses/genetics/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity *Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.322}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24334840}, author = {Wong, M. V. and Hashsham, S. A. and Gulari, E. and Rouillard, J. M. and Aw, T. G. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {4632, title = {Detection and characterization of human pathogenic viruses circulating in community wastewater using multi target microarrays and polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {659{\textendash}70}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.322}, author = {Wong, M. V. and Hashsham, S. A. and Gulari, E. and Rouillard, J. M. and Aw, T. G. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {10831, title = {{Detection and confirmation of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in environmental and clinical samples by a direct cell multiplex PCR}}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {39}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {611{\textendash}614}, author = {Yadava, JP and Jain, M and Goel, AK} } @article {12200, title = {Detection and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants: a review}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety}, volume = {91}, year = {2013}, month = {May}, pages = {1-9}, edition = {2013/02/19}, keywords = {*Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, *Drug Resistance, Bacterial, *Environmental Monitoring, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Bacteria/drug effects/genetics/isolation \& purification, Disinfection/standards, Humans, Waste Water/*microbiology}, isbn = {1090-2414 (Electronic)
0147-6513 (Linking)}, author = {Bouki, C. and Venieri, D. and Diamadopoulos, E.} } @article {2744, title = {Detection and quantification of classic and emerging viruses by skimmed-milk flocculation and PCR in river water from two geographical areas}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {2797-810}, author = {Calgua, B and Fumian, T and Rusinol, M and Rodriguez-Manzano, J} } @article {14338, title = {Detection of {Campylobacter} species and {Arcobacter} butzleri in stool samples by use of real-time multiplex {PCR}.}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {253{\textendash}259}, author = {de Boer, Richard F and Ott, Alewijn and G{\"u}ren, Pinar and van Zanten, Evert and van Belkum, Alex and Kooistra-Smid, Anna M D} } @article {5821, title = {{Detection of Campylobacter species and Arcobacter butzleri in stool samples by use of real-time multiplex PCR.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {253{\textendash}259}, author = {de Boer, Richard F and Ott, Alewijn and G{\"u}ren, Pinar and van Zanten, Evert and van Belkum, Alex and Kooistra-Smid, Anna M D} } @article {4095, title = {{Detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts by IFA, PCR and LAMP in surface water from Rasht, Iran}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {107}, year = {2013}, pages = {511{\textendash}517}, author = {Mahmoudi, MR and Kazemi, B and Mohammadiha, A and Mirzaei, A and Karanis, P} } @article {15886, title = {The detection of Cryptosporidium and the resolution of mixtures of species and genotypes from water}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {15}, year = {2013}, month = {Apr}, pages = {3-9}, edition = {2012/10/24}, keywords = {*Genotype, Base Sequence, Cryptosporidium/*classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, DNA, Protozoan, Environmental monitoring, Genetic Variation, Molecular Sequence Data, Oocysts, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {1567-1348}, author = {Ruecker, N. J. and Matsune, J. C. and Lapen, D. R. and Topp, E. and Edge, T. A. and Neumann, N. F.} } @article {4865, title = {{Detection of Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia in ready-to-eat packaged leafy greens in Ontario, Canada}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {76}, year = {2013}, pages = {307{\textendash}313}, author = {Dixon, B and Parrington, L and Cook, A and Pollari, F and Farber, J} } @article {1245, title = {Detection of enteric viruses in Hungarian surface waters: first steps towards environmental surveillance}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, note = {Kern, Anita Kadar, Mihaly Szomor, Katalin Berencsi, Gyorgy Kapusinszky, Beatrix Vargha, Marta Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2013 Dec;11(4):772-82. doi: 10.2166/wh.2013.242.}, pages = {772-82}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Waterborne viruses infect the human population through the consumption of contaminated drinking water and by direct contact with polluted surface water during recreational activity. Although water related viral outbreaks are a major public health concern, virus detection is not a part of the water quality monitoring scheme, mainly due to the absence of routine analysis methods. In the present study, we implemented various approaches for water concentration and virus detection, and tested on Hungarian surface water samples. Eighty samples were collected from 16 sites in Hungary. Samples were concentrated by glass wool and membrane filtration. Human adenoviruses were detected by conventional and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods in 56\% (45/80) of the samples; viral titers ranged from 8.60 x 10(1) to 3.91 x 10(4) genome copies per liter. Noroviruses and enteroviruses were detected in 30\% (24/80) and 13\% (10/80) of samples, respectively, by reverse transcription-PCR assays. Results indicate a high prevalence of viral human pathogens in surface waters, suggesting the necessity of a detailed survey focusing on the quality of natural bathing waters and drinking water sources.}, keywords = {Enteritis/ epidemiology/ virology Environmental Monitoring/ methods Humans Hungary/epidemiology Rivers/ virology Virus Diseases/epidemiology/ virology Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.242}, author = {Kern, A. and Kadar, M. and Szomor, K. and Berencsi, G. and Kapusinszky, B. and Vargha, M.} } @article {4518, title = {Detection of enteric viruses in Hungarian surface waters: first steps towards environmental surveillance}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {772{\textendash}82}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.242}, author = {Kern, A. and Kadar, M. and Szomor, K. and Berencsi, G. and Kapusinszky, B. and Vargha, M.} } @article {14732, title = {Detection of enteric viruses in {Hungarian} surface waters: first steps towards environmental surveillance}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {11}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {772{\textendash}82}, abstract = {Waterborne viruses infect the human population through the consumption of contaminated drinking water and by direct contact with polluted surface water during recreational activity. Although water related viral outbreaks are a major public health concern, virus detection is not a part of the water quality monitoring scheme, mainly due to the absence of routine analysis methods. In the present study, we implemented various approaches for water concentration and virus detection, and tested on Hungarian surface water samples. Eighty samples were collected from 16 sites in Hungary. Samples were concentrated by glass wool and membrane filtration. Human adenoviruses were detected by conventional and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods in 56\% (45/80) of the samples; viral titers ranged from 8.60 x 10(1) to 3.91 x 10(4) genome copies per liter. Noroviruses and enteroviruses were detected in 30\% (24/80) and 13\% (10/80) of samples, respectively, by reverse transcription-PCR assays. Results indicate a high prevalence of viral human pathogens in surface waters, suggesting the necessity of a detailed survey focusing on the quality of natural bathing waters and drinking water sources.}, keywords = {Enteritis/*epidemiology/*virology, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Humans, Hungary/epidemiology, Rivers/*virology, Virus Diseases/epidemiology/*virology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.242}, author = {Kern, A. and Kadar, M. and Szomor, K. and Berencsi, G. and Kapusinszky, B. and Vargha, M.} } @article {10694, title = {{Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, and Vibrio cholerae in tap water and bottled drinking water in Isfahan, Iran}}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {13}, year = {2013}, pages = {556{\textendash}262}, author = {Momtaz, H and Dehkordi, FS and Rahimi, E and Asgarifar, A} } @article {3992, title = {The detection of Giardia cysts in a large-scale wastewater treatment plant in Hamburg, Germany}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health}, volume = {76}, year = {2013}, pages = {509{\textendash}514}, author = {Ajonina, C and Buzie, C and Otterpohl, R} } @article {8199, title = {{Detection of helicobacter pylori in city water, dental units{\textquoteright} water, and bottled mineral water in Isfahan, Iran}}, journal = {The Scientific World Journal}, volume = {2013}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori infection in human is one of the most common infections worldwide. However, the origin and transmission of this bacterium has not been clearly explained. One of the suggested theories is transmission via water. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate of H. pylori in tap water, dental units{\textquoteright} water, and bottled mineral water in Iran. In the present study, totally 200 water samples were collected in Isfahan province and tested for H. pylori by cultural method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by the detection of the ureC (glmM) gene. Using cultural method totally 5 cultures were positive. Two out of 50 tap water samples (4{\%}), 2 out of 35 dental units{\textquoteright} water (5.8{\%}) samples, and 1 out of 40 (2.5{\%}) from water cooler in public places were found to be contaminated with H. pylori. H. pylori ureC gene was detected in 14 (7{\%}) of water samples including 5 tap water (10{\%}), 4 dental units{\textquoteright} water (11.4{\%}), 1 refrigerated water with filtration, and 4 (10{\%}) water cooler in public places samples. This may be due to the coccoid form of bacteria which is detected by PCR method.}, issn = {1537744X}, doi = {10.1155/2013/280510}, author = {Ahmad R Bahrami and Rahimi, Ebrahim and Hajieh G Safaei} } @article {13828, title = {Detection of helicobacter pylori in city water, dental units{\textquoteright} water, and bottled mineral water in {Isfahan}, {Iran}}, journal = {The Scientific World Journal}, volume = {2013}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori infection in human is one of the most common infections worldwide. However, the origin and transmission of this bacterium has not been clearly explained. One of the suggested theories is transmission via water. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate of H. pylori in tap water, dental units{\textquoteright} water, and bottled mineral water in Iran. In the present study, totally 200 water samples were collected in Isfahan province and tested for H. pylori by cultural method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by the detection of the ureC (glmM) gene. Using cultural method totally 5 cultures were positive. Two out of 50 tap water samples (4\%), 2 out of 35 dental units{\textquoteright} water (5.8\%) samples, and 1 out of 40 (2.5\%) from water cooler in public places were found to be contaminated with H. pylori. H. pylori ureC gene was detected in 14 (7\%) of water samples including 5 tap water (10\%), 4 dental units{\textquoteright} water (11.4\%), 1 refrigerated water with filtration, and 4 (10\%) water cooler in public places samples. This may be due to the coccoid form of bacteria which is detected by PCR method.}, issn = {1537744X}, doi = {10.1155/2013/280510}, author = {Ahmad R Bahrami and Rahimi, Ebrahim and Hajieh G Safaei} } @article {2743, title = {Detection of human adenovirus, rotavirus and enterovirus in water samples collected on dairy farms from Tenente Portela, Northwest of Rio Grande do Sul, {\textellipsis}}, year = {2013}, author = {F R Spilki and Luz, RB and Fabres, RB and Soliman, MC} } @article {8538, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Turkish River and Drinking Water Samples by Different PCR and LAMP Methods}}, journal = {Clean-Soil Air Water}, volume = {41}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {963{\textendash}968}, author = {Koloren, Z and Demirel, E} } @article {8491, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in different water resources by Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {231{\textendash}236}, author = {Gallas-Lindemann, C and Sotiriadou, I and Mahmoodi, MR and Karanis, P} } @article {10728, title = {{Detection of Vibrio cholerae in environmental waters including drinking water reservoirs of Azerbaijan}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology Reports}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {30{\textendash}38}, author = {Rashid, A and Haley, BJ and Rajabov, M and Ahmadova, A and Gurbanov, S and Colwell, R and Huq, A} } @article {10632, title = {{Detection of Vibrio spp. in water, some aquatic insects and fish species in River Nile, Egypt}}, journal = {Global Veterinaria}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {253{\textendash}263}, author = {Hassanin, MA and Lotfy, NL and Abdel Megeed, KN and Abdel-Gawad, FK and El Taweel, GE and Bassem, SM} } @mastersthesis {6881, title = {Determinants of headwater stream condition in central {Iowa}: {An} empirical study}, year = {2013}, note = {1551837}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Headwater streams constitute the majority of stream length of river systems, and have important roles in terms of landscape processes and as habitat for organisms. These bodies of water are also tightly coupled with the local terrestrial landscape, making them ideal for studying linkages between land use and stream condition. Despite the ubiquity and importance of these streams, they are often overlooked and damaged. Previous research has shown that both urban and agricultural land use negatively impact stream condition, and that the magnitude of anthropogenic effects is generally greater in urban landscapes. Understanding of agricultural and urban land use impacts on streams depends on identifying cause and effect linkages between human system (demographic) features, terrestrial landscape features, and biophysical characteristics of streams. Using correlation analysis, path analysis, and non-metric multidimensional scaling, I simultaneously investigated these relationships in 29 central Iowa watersheds that collectively represented a strong urban-rural gradient. These analyses enabled me to quantify the impact of human land use on headwater streams, and identify direct and indirect mechanisms for human impacts on benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Aquatic macroinvertebrates were a primary focus of this study because they have well-established utility as indicators of stream condition due to their diverse environmental requirements, and importance in food webs. Results suggested that urban land use had a greater negative impact than agricultural land use on stream condition, as indicated by spatial variation in total invertebrate taxon richness and the percentage of the total number of invertebrates that were mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), and caddisflies (Trichoptera). Urban impacts appeared to be caused by pollutants delivered to streams by impervious surfaces, while agricultural effects were the result of nitrogen enrichment from croplands. Regardless of land use, watershed area had a positive impact on the invertebrate community through its effects on stream discharge. Similarly, the effect of coarse substrate on the invertebrate community was also positive regardless of watershed land use. My study therefore provided valuable insight into the direct and indirect effects of social and biophysical factors impacting headwater streams affected by urban and rural land uses in central Iowa.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, Biological sciences, Ecology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1500549528?accountid=14270}, author = {Olson, Alister Ryan} } @article {6103, title = {Development of a methodology for the application of synthetic DNA in stream tracer injection experiments}, journal = {Water Resources Research}, volume = {49}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {5369{\textendash}5380}, author = {Jan W Foppen and Seopa, Judith and Bakobie, Noel and Bogaard, Thom} } @article {4571, title = {Development of a quantitative immunocapture real-time {PCR} assay for detecting structurally intact adenoviral particles in water}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {194}, year = {2013}, pages = {235{\textendash}41}, isbn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, author = {Ogorzaly, L. and Bonot, S. and Moualij, B. E. and Zorzi, W. and Cauchie, H. M.} } @inbook {1261, title = {Development of a quantitative immunocapture real-time PCR assay for detecting structurally intact adenoviral particles in water}, booktitle = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {194}, year = {2013}, note = {Ogorzaly, Leslie Bonot, Sebastien Moualij, Benaissa El Zorzi, Willy Cauchie, Henry-Michel Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Journal of virological methods S0166-0934(13)00263-2 [pii] J Virol Methods. 2013 Dec;194(1-2):235-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.009. Epub 2013 Jul 11.}, pages = {235-41}, publisher = {2013 Elsevier B.V}, organization = {2013 Elsevier B.V}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {Development of rapid, sensitive and specific methods for detection of infectious enteric viruses in water is challenging but crucial for gaining reliable information for risk assessment. An immunocapture real-time PCR (IC-qPCR) was designed to detect jointly the two major viral particle components, i.e. the capsid protein and the viral genome. Targeting both constituents helps circumventing the technical limits of cell culture approaches and the inability of PCR based methods to predict the infectious status. Two waterborne pathogenic virus models, human adenovirus types 2 and 41, were chosen for this study. IC-qPCR showed a detection limit of 10MPNCU/reaction with a dynamic range from 10(2) to 10(6)MPNCU/reaction. Sensitivity was thus 100-fold higher compared to ELISA-based capture employing the same anti-hexon antibodies. After optimisation, application on environmental water samples was validated, and specificity towards the targeted virus types was obtained through the qPCR step. Heat-treated pure samples as well as surface water samples brought evidence that this method achieves detection of encapsidated viral genomes while excluding free viral genome amplification. As a consequence, adenovirus concentrations estimated by IC-qPCR were below those calculated by direct qPCR. The results demonstrate that the IC-qPCR method is a sensitive and rapid tool for detecting, in a single-tube assay, structurally intact and thus potentially infectious viral particles in environmental samples.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/genetics/immunology/ isolation \& purification Capsid Proteins/immunology DNA, Viral/genetics Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/ methods Sensitivity and Specificity Specimen Handling/ methods Time Factors Virology/ methods Water Microbiology}, isbn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.009}, author = {Ogorzaly, L. and Bonot, S. and Moualij, B. E. and Zorzi, W. and Cauchie, H. M.} } @inbook {17123, title = {Development of a reverse transcription-quantitative PCR system for detection and genotyping of Aichi viruses in clinical and environmental samples}, booktitle = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {13}, year = {2013}, pages = {3952{\textendash}3958}, author = {Kitajima, Masaaki and Hata, Akihiko and Yamashita, Teruo and Haramoto, Eiji and Minagawa, Hiroko and Katayama, Hiroyuki} } @article {10833, title = {{Development of an immunochromatographic test strip for detection of cholera toxin}}, journal = {BioMed Research Internationational Vol 2013}, year = {2013}, author = {Yamasaki, E and Sakamoto, R and Matsumoto, T and Morimatsu, F and Kurazono, T and Hiroi, T and Nair, GB and Kurazono, H} } @article {16193, title = {Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis.}, journal = {Med Malad Infect.Med Malad Infect.}, volume = {43}, year = {2013}, pages = {1-9}, author = {Picardeau, M.} } @article {548, title = {Diagnosis and treatment of adenovirus infection in immunocompromised patients}, journal = {Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, note = {1744-8336 Matthes-Martin, Susanne Boztug, Heidrun Lion, Thomas Journal Article Review England Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013 Oct;11(10):1017-28. doi: 10.1586/14787210.2013.836964. Epub 2013 Sep 27.}, pages = {1017-28}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In immunocompromised patients, human adenovirus (HAdV) infections can cause life-threatening multiorgan disease. This review summarizes the incidence and risk factors of invasive human adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients as well as the recently developed standards for diagnostic methods and strategies according to the predominant risk factors in adults and children. Recommendations for preemptive and therapeutic treatment strategies and the outcome in different risk groups are presented. Novel therapeutic approaches including CMX001, a new orally bioavailable lipid conjugate of cidofovir and the transfer of adenovirus-specific donor T cells in the context of allogeneic stem cell transplantation are discussed.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Homologous Treatment Outcome Viral Load/drug effects, Human/*immunology Adult Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use Child Cytosine/*analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use Humans *Immunocompromised Host Incidence Organophosphonates/*therapeutic use Risk Factors *Stem Cell Transplantation T-Lymphocytes/cytology/im, Human/diagnosis/epidemiology/*immunology/*therapy Adenoviruses}, issn = {1478-7210}, doi = {10.1586/14787210.2013.836964}, author = {Matthes-Martin, S. and Boztug, H. and Lion, T.} } @article {4557, title = {Diagnosis and treatment of adenovirus infection in immunocompromised patients}, journal = {Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {1017{\textendash}28}, issn = {1478-7210}, doi = {10.1586/14787210.2013.836964}, author = {Matthes-Martin, S. and Boztug, H. and Lion, T.} } @article {10668, title = {{Diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae O1 Infection in Africa}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {208}, number = {suppl{\_}1}, year = {2013}, pages = {S23{\textendash}S31}, author = {Keddy, KH and Sooka, A and Parsons, MB and Njanpop-Lafourcade, BM and Fitchet, K and Smith, AM} } @mastersthesis {7019, title = {A {Diagnostic} {Suite} of {Models} for the {Evaluation} of {Oceanic} {Mesoscale} {Eddy} {Parameterizations}}, year = {2013}, note = {3561918}, school = {University of Colorado at Boulder}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The practice of modeling geophysical fluid flows has grown tremendously in concert with recent advances in computing power. To study the climate models must simulate centuries of real time, a difficulty made worse by the need to capture fine-scale (eddy) activity. Turbulence at scales ranging from 10 km to 250 km, whose coherent structures are colloquially referred to as mesoscale eddies, is of particular interest because of its ability to transport and mix water masses, and because it dominates the oceanic kinetic energy budget. As of the writing of this dissertation, it also happens to represent the cutting edge in OGCM resolution, hence the need for skillful parameterizations. Calibration and evaluation of such parameterizations is the focus of this work. An "eddy parameterization challenge suite" is being developed, consisting of a set of high- resolution tracer experiments designed to assist in parameterizing subgridscale processes in ocean models. In each experiment, multiple tracers are initialized in a frontal spindown simulation designed to mimic the stirring effect of mesoscale eddies. Diagnosis of an eddy transport tensor is performed by inverting a matrix of passive tracer gradients, each of which is assumed to satisfy an identical linear flux-gradient relationship. Aspects of the matrix inversion are explored, including the implications of overdetermining the linear relationship using a large number of tracers. Two sets of simulations, featuring Eady-like and exponential stratification, allow us to investigate scaling laws and vertical structures of the eddy transport tensor. The diagnosed tensor reproduces the horizontal transport of an active tracer (buoyancy) to within {\textpm}7\% and the vertical transport to within {\textpm}12\%. The derived scalings are shown to be close in form to the Gent and McWilliams (1990) and Redi (1982) diffusivity tensors, with a magnitude that varies in space and time. The parameterization suite is also used to evaluate an extant scheme (Ferrari et al., 2010) and to recommend improvements. We also attempt a local scaling for the along-isopycnal diffusivity and argue that it is unlikely that any such scaling can be written as a simple function of the velocity, stratification, or eddy variances.}, keywords = {0415:Physical oceanography, Earth sciences, Eddy transport, Mesoscale eddies, Ocean circulation, Physical oceanography}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1366756219?accountid=14270}, author = {Bachman, S. D.} } @inbook {1857, title = {Diagnostic virology.}, booktitle = {Fields Virology, Sixth Edition}, year = {2013}, pages = {414{\textendash}451}, publisher = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}, organization = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Philadelphia}, author = {Storch, G. A. and Wang, D.}, editor = {Knipe, D. M. and Howley, P. M. and I, Cohen J. and Griffin, D. E and Lamb, R. A. and Martin, M. A. and Racaniello, V. R. and Roizman, B.} } @article {2964, title = {Diagnostics and epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in slaughtered pigs from large-scale husbandries in {Germany}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {112}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {feb}, pages = {629{\textendash}636}, abstract = {By means of the official meat inspection of domestic pigs, exceptionally high proportions of livers affected by encapsulated nodules containing whitish to light yellow, viscous to pasty material ("microabscesses") were detected. The swine had been raised on four different farms, being located in distinct regions of Germany (Brandenburg, Thuringia, Upper Franconia). Macroscopical and histological examination of 77 samples of livers revealed granulomatous to necrotizing hepatitis with attendance of numerous eosinophils. In 61 \% (n = 47) of the lesions, eosinophilic, band-like acellular structures resembling the laminated layer of Echinococcus sp. were visible. Moreover, representative samples (n = 11) showed a positive reaction of these structures with Periodic acid-Schiff. Altogether, the findings were consistent with alveolar echinococcosis. Echinococcus multilocularis DNA could be demonstrated in selected samples (n = 7) by polymerase chain reaction. Epidemiological considerations suggest contamination of the forage with fox tapeworm eggs to be the most likely source of infection on two of the farms, as some of the fodder had been stored in the open, being amenable to infected definitive hosts. On the two other farms, mainly straw litter has to be taken into account regarding the transmission route, since carnivores excreting eggs of E. multilocularis could have gained access to the straw storage. The presented cases show that adequate mechanisms of meat inspection may provide important data for the purposes of surveillance and risk assessment of human alveolar echinococcosis.}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, Animals, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Germany, Helminth, Hepatic, Liver, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Swine, Swine Diseases}, issn = {1432-1955}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-012-3177-2}, author = {B{\"o}ttcher, Denny and Bangoura, Berit and Schm{\"a}schke, Ronald and M{\"u}ller, Kristin and Fischer, Stefan and Vobis, Volkmar and Meiler, Hermann and Wolf, Gunter and Koller, Andreas and Kramer, Sabine and Overhoff, Markus and Gawlowska, Sandra and Schoon, Heinz-Adolf} } @article {9185, title = {{Different clinical outcomes of Entamoeba histolytica in Malaysia: does genetic diversity exist?}}, journal = {Korean J Parasitol}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {231}, author = {Anuar, TS and Al-Mekhlafi, HM and Ghani, MKA and Azreen, SN and Salleh, FM and Ghazali, N and Bernadus, M and Moktar, N} } @article {10129, title = {{Differential decay of enterococci and Escherichia coli originating from two fecal pollution sources}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {79}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {2488{\textendash}2492}, author = {Korajkic, A and McMinn, BR and Harwood, VJ and Shanks, OC and Fout, GS and Ashbolt, NJ} } @article {6736, title = {Differential {Decay} of {Enterococci} and {Escherichia} coli {Originating} from {Two} {Fecal} {Pollution} {Sources}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, month = {apr}, pages = {2488{\textendash}2492}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03781-12}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.03781-12}, author = {Korajkic, A. and McMinn, B. R. and Harwood, V. J. and Shanks, O. C. and Fout, G. S. and Ashbolt, N. J.} } @article {3108, title = {Differential {Detection} of {Echinococcus} {Spp}. {Copro}-{DNA} by {Nested}-{PCR} in {Domestic} and {Wild} {Definitive} {Hosts} in {Moghan} {Plain}, {Iran}}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {107{\textendash}113}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite Echinococcus granulosus, there are merely two old reports of E. multilocularis infection among Iranian canids of Moghan Plain, the only area known endemic for the species. We detected specific DNA markers in fecal samples by PCR (Copro-PCR) for differential diagnosis of Echinococcus species in living canids. METHODS: Totally 144 fecal samples from domestic dogs, red foxes and a golden jackal were examined for genus-specific Echinococcus coproantigens using ELISA. Forty two positive or ambiguous samples were further examined for Echinococcus species-specific DNA markers by two different set of nested-PCR. RESULTS: Twenty five out of 144 (17.4\%) animals were contaminated with E. granulosus including 14 (23.7\%) domestic dogs, 10 (11.9\%) red foxes and one (100\%) golden jackal. But none of them harboured E. multilocularis species-specific Copro-DNA. The overall prevalence of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis infections in canids of the area was estimated to be 17.4\% and 0.0\%, respectively. There was a significant relation between the results of Copro-PCR and CA-ELISA. CONCLUSION: The lack of E. multilocularis infection, compared to previous reports may be due to the differences in used diagnostic methods and/or recently limited territories of wild canids and altered their food resources in this particular area.}, keywords = {Canids, Copro-DNA, Echinococcus, Iran}, issn = {1735-7020}, author = {Mobedi, I. and Zare-Bidaki, M. and Siavashi, Mr and Naddaf, Sr and Kia, Eb and Mahmoudi, M.} } @inbook {11807, title = {{Difilobotriasis}}, booktitle = {Parasitolog{\'\i}a Humana}, year = {2013}, pages = {202{\textendash}213}, publisher = {McGrawHill}, organization = {McGrawHill}, chapter = {Difilobotr}, address = {First edition}, author = {Torres, P}, editor = {Apt, W} } @article {2882, title = {Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990{\textendash}2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010}, journal = {The lancet}, volume = {380}, year = {2013}, pages = {2197{\textendash}2223}, author = {Murray, Christopher JL and Vos, Theo and Lozano, Rafael and Naghavi, Mohsen and Flaxman, Abraham D and Michaud, Catherine and Ezzati, Majid and Shibuya, Kenji and Salomon, Joshua A and Abdalla, Safa and others} } @article {2659, title = {Discharge-based QMRA for estimation of public health risks from exposure to stormwater-borne pathogens in recreational waters in the United States.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {47}, number = {14}, year = {2013}, pages = {5282-5297}, abstract = {

This study is the first to report a quantitative microbial risk assessment {(QMRA)} on pathogens detected in stormwater discharges-of-concern, rather than relying on pathogen measurements in receiving waters. The pathogen concentrations include seven {{"}Reference} Pathogens{"} identified by the {U.S.} {EPA:} Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Salmonella, Norovirus, Rotavirus, Enterovirus, and Adenovirus. Data were collected from 12 sites representative of seven discharge types (including residential, commercial/industrial runoff, agricultural runoff, combined sewer overflows, and forested land), mainly during wet weather conditions during which times human health risks can be substantially elevated. The risks calculated herein therefore generally apply to short-term conditions (during and just after rainfall events) and so the results can be used by water managers to potentially inform the public, even for waters that comply with current criteria (based as they are on a 30-day mean risk). Using an example waterbody and mixed source, pathogen concentrations were used in {QMRA} models to generate risk profiles for primary and secondary water contact (or inhalation) by adults and children. A number of critical assumptions and considerations around the {QMRA} analysis are highlighted, particularly the harmonization of the pathogen concentrations measured in discharges during this project with those measured (using different methods) during the published dose-response clinical trials. Norovirus was the most dominant predicted health risk, though further research on its dose-response for illness (cf. infection) is needed. Even if the example mixed-source concentrations of pathogens had been reduced 30 times (by inactivation and mixing), the predicted swimming-associated illness rates - largely driven by Norovirus infections - can still be appreciable. Rotavirus generally induced the second-highest incidence of risk among the tested pathogens while risks for the other Reference Pathogens {(Giardia,} Cryptosporidium, Adenovirus, Enterovirus and Salmonella) were considerably lower. Secondary contact or inhalation resulted in considerable reductions in risk compared to primary contact. Measurements of Norovirus and careful incorporation of its concentrations into risk models (harmonization) should be a critical consideration for future {QMRA} efforts. The discharge-based {QMRA} approach presented herein is particularly relevant to cases where pathogens cannot be reliably detected in receiving waters with detection limits relevant to human health effects.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.001}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.001}, author = {McBride, Graham B and Stott, Rebecca and Miller, Woutrina and Bambic, Dustin and Wuertz, Stefan} } @article {13675, title = {{Discharge-based QMRA for estimation of public health risks from exposure to stormwater-borne pathogens in recreational waters in the United States}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {14}, year = {2013}, pages = {5282{\textendash}5297}, abstract = {This study is the first to report a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) on path- ogens detected in stormwater discharges-of-concern, rather than relying on pathogen measurements in receiving waters. The pathogen concentrations include seven {\textquotedblleft}Reference Pathogens{\textquotedblright} identified by the U.S. EPA: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Salmonella, Norovirus, Rotavirus, Enterovirus, and Adenovirus. Data were collected from 12 sites representative of seven discharge types (including residential, commercial/industrial runoff, agricultural runoff, comMcBride, G. B., Stott, R., Miller, W., Bambic, D., {\&} Wuertz, S. (2013). Discharge-based QMRA for estimation of public health risks from exposure to stormwater-borne pathogens in recreational waters in the United States. Water Research, 1{\textendash}16. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.001bined sewer overflows, and forested land), mainly during wet weather condi- tions during which times human health risks can be substantially elevated. The risks calculated herein therefore generally apply to short-term conditions (during and just after rainfall events) and so the results can be used by water managers to potentially inform the public, even for waters that comply with current criteria (based as they are on a 30-day mean risk). Using an example waterbody and mixed source, pathogen concentrations were used in QMRA models to generate risk profiles for primary and secondary water contact (or inhalation) by adults and children. A number of critical assumptions and considerations around the QMRA analysis are highlighted, particularly the harmonization of the pathogen concentrations measured in discharges during this project with those measured (using different methods) during the published doseeresponse clinical trials. Norovirus was the most dominant predicted health risk, though further research on its doseeresponse for illness (cf. infection) is needed. Even if the example mixed-source concentrations of pathogens had been reduced 30 times (by inactivation and mixing), the predicted swimming-associated illness rates e largely driven by Norovirus infections e can still be appreciable. Rotavirus generally induced the second-highest incidence of risk among the tested pathogens while risks for the other Reference Pathogens (GiardiaCryptosporidium, Adenovirus, Enterovirus and Salmonella) were considerably lower. Sec- ondary contact or inhalation resulted in considerable reductions in risk compared to pri- mary contact. Measurements of Norovirus and careful incorporation of its concentrations into risk models (harmonization) should be a critical consideration for future QMRA efforts. The discharge-based QMRA approach presented herein is particularly relevant to cases where pathogens cannot be reliably detected in receiving waters with detection limits relevant to human health effects.}, keywords = {bacteria, Health, Norovirus, Pathogens, Protozoa, QMRA, QPCR, rotavirus, Stormwater, USA, Virus}, author = {McBride, Graham B. and Stott, Rebecca and Miller, Woutrina and Bambic, Dustin and Wuertz, Stefan} } @article {15257, title = {Discharge-based {QMRA} for estimation of public health risks from exposure to stormwater-borne pathogens in recreational waters in the {United} {States}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {14}, year = {2013}, pages = {5282{\textendash}5297}, abstract = {This study is the first to report a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) on path- ogens detected in stormwater discharges-of-concern, rather than relying on pathogen measurements in receiving waters. The pathogen concentrations include seven {\textquotedblleft}Reference Pathogens{\textquotedblright} identified by the U.S. EPA: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Salmonella, Norovirus, Rotavirus, Enterovirus, and Adenovirus. Data were collected from 12 sites representative of seven discharge types (including residential, commercial/industrial runoff, agricultural runoff, comMcBride, G. B., Stott, R., Miller, W., Bambic, D., \& Wuertz, S. (2013). Discharge-based QMRA for estimation of public health risks from exposure to stormwater-borne pathogens in recreational waters in the United States. Water Research, 1{\textendash}16. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.001bined sewer overflows, and forested land), mainly during wet weather condi- tions during which times human health risks can be substantially elevated. The risks calculated herein therefore generally apply to short-term conditions (during and just after rainfall events) and so the results can be used by water managers to potentially inform the public, even for waters that comply with current criteria (based as they are on a 30-day mean risk). Using an example waterbody and mixed source, pathogen concentrations were used in QMRA models to generate risk profiles for primary and secondary water contact (or inhalation) by adults and children. A number of critical assumptions and considerations around the QMRA analysis are highlighted, particularly the harmonization of the pathogen concentrations measured in discharges during this project with those measured (using different methods) during the published doseeresponse clinical trials. Norovirus was the most dominant predicted health risk, though further research on its doseeresponse for illness (cf. infection) is needed. Even if the example mixed-source concentrations of pathogens had been reduced 30 times (by inactivation and mixing), the predicted swimming-associated illness rates e largely driven by Norovirus infections e can still be appreciable. Rotavirus generally induced the second-highest incidence of risk among the tested pathogens while risks for the other Reference Pathogens (GiardiaCryptosporidium, Adenovirus, Enterovirus and Salmonella) were considerably lower. Sec- ondary contact or inhalation resulted in considerable reductions in risk compared to pri- mary contact. Measurements of Norovirus and careful incorporation of its concentrations into risk models (harmonization) should be a critical consideration for future QMRA efforts. The discharge-based QMRA approach presented herein is particularly relevant to cases where pathogens cannot be reliably detected in receiving waters with detection limits relevant to human health effects.}, keywords = {bacteria, Health, Norovirus, Pathogens, Protozoa, QMRA, QPCR, rotavirus, Stormwater, USA, Virus}, author = {McBride, Graham B. and Stott, Rebecca and Miller, Woutrina and Bambic, Dustin and Wuertz, Stefan} } @article {956, title = {Discovery of STL polyomavirus, a polyomavirus of ancestral recombinant origin that encodes a unique T antigen by alternative splicing}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {436}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {295{\textendash}303}, abstract = {

The family Polyomaviridae is comprised of circular double-stranded DNA viruses, several of which are associated with diseases, including cancer, in immunocompromised patients. Here we describe a novel polyomavirus recovered from the fecal microbiota of a child in Malawi, provisionally named STL polyomavirus (STLPyV). We detected STLPyV in clinical stool specimens from USA and The Gambia at up to 1\% frequency. Complete genome comparisons of two STLPyV strains demonstrated 5.2\% nucleotide divergence. Alternative splicing of the STLPyV early region yielded a unique form of T antigen, which we named 229T, in addition to the expected large and small T antigens. STLPyV has a mosaic genome and shares an ancestral recombinant origin with MWPyV. The discovery of STLPyV highlights a novel alternative splicing strategy and advances our understanding of the complex evolutionary history of polyomaviruses. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier Inc.

}, keywords = {Alternative splicing, Polyomavirus, Recombination, Tumor antigen, Virus discovery}, isbn = {1096-0341 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0042-6822 (Linking)}, issn = {00426822}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2012.12.005}, author = {Lim, Efrem S. and Reyes, Alejandro and Antonio, Martin and Saha, Debasish and Ikumapayi, Usman N. and Adeyemi, Mitchell and Stine, O. Colin and Skelton, Rebecca and Brennan, Daniel C. and Mkakosya, Rajhab S. and Manary, Mark J. and Gordon, Jeffrey I. and Wang, David} } @article {13318, title = {Discrimination of viable from non-viable Gram-negative bacterial pathogens in airborne particles using propidium monoazide-assisted qPCR}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {449}, year = {2013}, pages = {237 -243}, author = {Kaushik, R and Balasubramanian, R} } @article {3321, title = {Diseases associated with human papillomavirus infection}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {445}, year = {2013}, chapter = {21-34}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2013.06.007}, author = {Cubie, H.A.} } @article {12649, title = {Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {110}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {3435-3440}, isbn = {0027-8424}, author = {Zhu, Yong-Guan and Johnson, Timothy A and Su, Jian-Qiang and Qiao, Min and Guo, Guang-Xia and Stedtfeld, Robert D and Hashsham, Syed A and Tiedje, James M} } @article {9760, title = {{Diversity and distribution of Blastocystis sp. subtypes in non-human primates}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {140}, year = {2013}, pages = {966{\textendash}971}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182013000255}, author = {Alfellani, MA and Jacob, AS and Perea, NA and Krecek, RS and Taner-Muella, D and Verweij, JJ and Levecke, B and Tannich, E and Clark, G and Stensvold, CR} } @article {6082, title = {A DNA tracer used in column tests for hydrogeology applications}, journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, volume = {70}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {3143{\textendash}3154}, author = {Aquilanti, Lucia and Clementi, Francesca and Landolfo, Sara and Nanni, Torquato and Palpacelli, Stefano and Tazioli, Alberto} } @book {10390, title = {Domestic wastewater treatment in developing countries}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, author = {Mara, Duncan} } @article {2908, title = {Drivers of {Echinococcus} multilocularis transmission in {China}: small mammal diversity, landscape or climate?}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {e2045}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human alveolar echinococcocosis (AE) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the cestode E. multilocularis. Its life-cycle includes more than 40 species of small mammal intermediate hosts. Therefore, host biodiversity losses could be expected to alter transmission. Climate may also have possible impacts on E. multilocularis egg survival. We examined the distribution of human AE across two spatial scales, (i) for continental China and (ii) over the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau. We tested the hypotheses that human disease distribution can be explained by either the biodiversity of small mammal intermediate host species, or by environmental factors such as climate or landscape characteristics. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS: The distributions of 274 small mammal species were mapped to 967 point locations on a grid covering continental China. Land cover, elevation, monthly rainfall and temperature were mapped using remotely sensed imagery and compared to the distribution of human AE disease at continental scale and over the eastern Tibetan plateau. Infection status of 17,589 people screened by abdominal ultrasound in 2002-2008 in 94 villages of Tibetan areas of western Sichuan and Qinghai provinces was analyzed using generalized additive mixed models and related to epidemiological and environmental covariates. We found that human AE was not directly correlated with small mammal reservoir host species richness, but rather was spatially correlated with landscape features and climate which could confirm and predict human disease hotspots over a 200,000 km(2) region. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: E. multilocularis transmission and resultant human disease risk was better predicted from landscape features that could support increases of small mammal host species prone to population outbreaks, rather than host species richness. We anticipate that our study may be a starting point for further research wherein landscape management could be used to predict human disease risk and for controlling this zoonotic helminthic.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Biodiversity, Child, China, Climate, Disease Reservoirs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Female, Geography, Hepatic, Humans, Male, Mammals, Middle Aged, Preschool, Risk Factors, Young Adult}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0002045}, author = {Giraudoux, Patrick and Raoul, Francis and Pleydell, David and Li, Tiaoying and Han, Xiuming and Qiu, Jiamin and Xie, Yan and Wang, Hu and Ito, Akira and Craig, Philip S.} } @mastersthesis {7244, title = {Dynamic {Frequency} and {Voltage} {Scaling} {Rivalrous} {Real}-time {Embedded} {Systems}}, year = {2013}, note = {3586180}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Some embedded real-time systems have hardware elements that naturally interfere with each other, preventing their simultanious use. The primary example studied in this thesis, among others, is that of a switch-mode power supply (SMPS) driving a Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) embedded system containing other hardware elements which, by either necessity or design, are prone to sulfer interference. In this configuration, these hardware elements can be considered rivalrous, an economics term for goods which cannot be used correctly by more than one entity at a time. However, thanks to our deployment of Rivalrous Hardware Scheduling (RHS) which allows the application of real-time scheduling techniques to rivalrous hardware tasks, we can allow the temporal isolation of otherwise incompatible (e.g. noise-generating and noise-sensitive) tasks without interference, all the while minimize energy consumption and satisfying hard realtime deadlines. We demonstrate these proposed scheduling techniques and other concepts by building them into several embedded platforms, including underwater communication and down-well communication. Another contribution of this dissertation is to demonstrate various novel benefits from building up the walls of abstraction between embedded system hardware and software through the use of automated code and scheduling analysis. This abstraction allows the deployment of various stages of automated code design, bridging the gap between the need for embedded systems and the difficulty in their design. To this end, we have developed new methods and implemented them in various tools enabling the rapid prototyping of various stages of embedded systems design. One such tool is the RaPTEX toolchain, which allows users to utilize the modular interface to simplify the creation of new custom applications, alleviating the need for high-level user design decisions, which can be handled by the toolchain. This presents three main areas of contribution to the research community. The first area of contribution is to the area of Real-Time Scheduling (RTS), where the novel concepts of Rivalrous Hardware Scheduling (RHS) and Quasi-Static Scheduling (QSS) bring the application of existing software scheduling theory to schedule hardware tasks, with demonstrable benefits. The second area consists of the challenges faced and lessons learned while developing a series of ultrasonic communication systems, for communication in shallow water channels and then for down-well communication on a drilling platform. The final area of contribution is the design and implementation of Automated Tools to aid designers to more quickly and thoroughly deploy unique embedded systems.}, keywords = {0464:Computer Engineering, 0790:Systems science, 0984:Computer science, Applied sciences, Computer Engineering, Computer science, Embedded real-time systems, Frequency scaling, suffer interference, Switch-mode power supply, Systems science, Voltage scaling}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1513579656?accountid=14270}, author = {Parsons, Gregory S.} } @mastersthesis {6714, title = {Dynamics of sea temperature variability on {Florida}{\textquoteright}s reef tract}, year = {2013}, note = {3594384}, school = {University of Miami}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Variability in 5- to 25-year records of hourly mean in situ sea temperature, ocean currents, and meteorology at diverse shallow-water habitats in the Florida reef tract (FRT) is analyzed. Tidal, diurnal, and annual periodicities generally dominate sea temperature variability, with strong variability apparent in the "weather band" of 3-42 d at one reef-flat site, and at the local inertial period at one offshore site near the shelf break. A statistically significant interannual warming trend is also observed at this one offshore site only. Significant covariability between sea temperature and coincident air temperature, wind speed, sea-surface temperature (SST) gradients, and incident radiation (light) is also found. However, this covariability itself varies with an annual period, and differs between sites with similar depths, apparently due to differences in seafloor slope. A coastal ocean reef heat budget is estimated from the hourly mean in situ sea temperature, meteorology, satellite SST, and reanalysis data for each site, together with a model of insolation absorption in the water column and heat exchange at the seafloor. A term for smaller-scale heat advection, the so-called horizontal convection (HC) or thermal siphon, previously observed at coral reefs elsewhere in the world, balances the heat budget. At six of the eight sites analyzed, the budget matches the long-term annual climatology of observed in situ sea temperature variability within estimated uncertainty, and matches full seasons at the two other sites. Budget results also match the observed daily sea temperature variability, with R2 {\textgreater} 0.3, root mean squared error {\textless} 0.1 K, and bias {\textless} 10 mK at most sites. Results are most sensitive to the scaling chosen for the horizontal convection parameterization, to assumed rates of insolation absorption (Kd ), and to uncertainties in estimated surface currents and sea temperature gradients. However, estimates for horizontal heat exchange, cross-shore gradients, and insolation absorption rates in the water-column are found to compare well with direct in situ and satellite measurements. The heat budget is also shown to produce reliable results when using only remotely sensed and reanalysis data, providing a mechanism for more reliable monitoring of thermal stress on coral reefs where long in situ records are not available. Finally, modes of sea-temperature variability, particularly for periods when variability is large or poorly explained by the heat budget, are analyzed in the context of other meteorological and oceanographic data using the techniques of heuristic ecological forecasting, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and an artificial neural network called a Self-Organizing Map (SOM). Anomalous patterns of meteorological and circulation variability are identified from the in situ and satellite record, that are associated with periods when observed sea temperature variability is not well-explained by the heat budget. A combination of these methods is shown to improve the understanding of past reef ecological impacts related to thermal stress, such as coral bleaching. Applications of the present research for improved understanding of coastal physical oceanography and coral reef ecology in the FRT are briefly discussed.}, keywords = {0415:Physical oceanography, 0595:Water Resource Management, Coral reefs, Earth sciences, Florida reef tracts, Heat budget, Horizontal convection, Physical oceanography, Sea temperature, Thermal stress, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1442547777?accountid=14270}, author = {Gramer, Lewis J.} } @article {9725, title = { Dysenteric syndrome due to Balantidium coli: a case report}, journal = {New Microbiologica}, volume = {36}, year = {2013}, pages = {203-205}, author = {Bellanger, A.P and E. Scherer and A. Cazorla and F. Grenouillet} } @article {1609, title = {Eco-friendly management of enteroviruses in wastewater}, journal = {Water Science}, volume = {27}, number = {54}, year = {2013}, pages = {19-29}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The wastewater treatment facility in El-Manzala (sedimentation basins followed by vegetated cells) was investigated to evaluate its performance as a low cost treatment facility in managing viral pollution. Sedimentation basins are considered to be physical treatment, while vegetated cells are considered as biological treatment. Enteroviruses were detected and determined using two techniques, cell culture as infectivity assay and real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (real time RT-PCR) as a molecular biological technology. The results revealed that the wastewater treatment facility in El-Manzala showed good performance under Egyptian climatic conditions. The aquatic macrophytes system (biological treatment) showed better performance compared to the sedimentation basins (physical treatment) in removing viral loads. Enteroviruses load at the wetland inlet ranged between 50 and 100\% as viral infectivity (VI) by cell culture, and between 4.9 {\texttimes} 104 and 59.5 {\texttimes} 105 gene copies (GC) by real time RT-PCR. The virus load after sedimentation basins ranged between 25 and 50\% as VI and between 3.7 {\texttimes} 102 and 4.5 {\texttimes} 104 GC, while after the biological treatment recorded 0\% as VI and between 0 and 2 GC. An empirical model was developed to describe the relationship between the quantity of enteroviruses using molecular biology and infective assay as a predictor variable. The present study concluded that the wastewater treatment wetland in El-Manzala can be considered as an effective facility in reducing viral contamination of the Bahr El-Baqar drainage water}, author = {Hegazy, A. M and El-Salakawy, A. H. and Shaban, M. M. and Yehia, M. M.. and AbuSalama, M. S.} } @article {14659, title = {Eco-friendly management of enteroviruses in wastewater}, journal = {Water Science}, volume = {27}, year = {2013}, pages = {19{\textendash}29}, abstract = {The wastewater treatment facility in El-Manzala (sedimentation basins followed by vegetated cells) was investigated to evaluate its performance as a low cost treatment facility in managing viral pollution. Sedimentation basins are considered to be physical treatment, while vegetated cells are considered as biological treatment. Enteroviruses were detected and determined using two techniques, cell culture as infectivity assay and real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (real time RT-PCR) as a molecular biological technology. The results revealed that the wastewater treatment facility in El-Manzala showed good performance under Egyptian climatic conditions. The aquatic macrophytes system (biological treatment) showed better performance compared to the sedimentation basins (physical treatment) in removing viral loads. Enteroviruses load at the wetland inlet ranged between 50 and 100\% as viral infectivity (VI) by cell culture, and between 4.9 {\texttimes} 104 and 59.5 {\texttimes} 105 gene copies (GC) by real time RT-PCR. The virus load after sedimentation basins ranged between 25 and 50\% as VI and between 3.7 {\texttimes} 102 and 4.5 {\texttimes} 104 GC, while after the biological treatment recorded 0\% as VI and between 0 and 2 GC. An empirical model was developed to describe the relationship between the quantity of enteroviruses using molecular biology and infective assay as a predictor variable. The present study concluded that the wastewater treatment wetland in El-Manzala can be considered as an effective facility in reducing viral contamination of the Bahr El-Baqar drainage water}, author = {Hegazy, A. M. and El-Salakawy, A. H. and Shaban, M. M. and Yehia, M. M. and AbuSalama, M. S.} } @article {6711, title = {Editorial {Commentary}: {Challenges} to {Estimating} {Norovirus} {Disease} {Burden}}, journal = {Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {61{\textendash}62}, issn = {2048-7193, 2048-7207}, doi = {10.1093/jpids/pis134}, url = {http://jpids.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/jpids/pis134}, author = {Yen, C. and Hall, A. J.} } @article {17412, title = {The effect of colony formation on the heat inactivation dynamics of Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella typhimurium}, journal = {Food Research InternationalFood Research International}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1746-1752}, keywords = {bacterial colonies, colony formation, E. coli, Food, gel microstructure, gelified medium, GROWTH, heat resistance, Inactivation, listeria-monocytogenes, Meat, pH, Poultry, Salmonella, Temperature, thermal inactivation, xanthan gum}, isbn = {0963-9969}, author = {Velliou, E. G. and Noriega, E. and Van Derlinden, E. and Mertens, L. and Boons, K. and Geeraerd, A. H. and Devlieghere, F. and Van Impe, J. F.} } @article {6053, title = {Effect of dissolved calcium on the removal of bacteriophage PRD1 during soil passage: The role of double-layer interactions}, journal = {Journal of Contaminant Hydrology}, volume = {144}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {78{\textendash}87}, author = {Sadeghi, Gholamreza and Behrends, Thilo and Schijven, Jack F and Majid S Hassanizadeh} } @article {11339, title = {Effect of ensilation of potato on viability of Taenia hydatigena eggs}, journal = {Experimental parasitology}, volume = {133}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {483-486}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0014-4894}, author = {Buttar, Birpal S and Nelson, Mark L and Busboom, Jan R and Hancock, Dale D and Walsh, Douglas B and Jasmer, Douglas P} } @article {8943, title = {Effect of gamma irradiation on bacteriophages used as viral indicators}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {11}, year = {2013}, pages = {3673-3678}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.036}, url = {://WOS:000320497500012 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135413003655/1-s2.0-S0043135413003655-main.pdf?_tid=efbd1138-535a-11e6-9ba1-00000aacb35f\&acdnat=1469556251_4d424ff756d216951a444a88f772173d}, author = {Jebri, S. and Hmaied, F. and Jofre, J. and Yahya, M and Mendez, J. and Barkallah, I. and Hamdi, M.} } @inbook {1296, title = {Effect of organic carbon on sorption of human adenovirus to soil particles and laboratory containers}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, note = {Wong, Kelvin Voice, Thomas C Xagoraraki, Irene Water research S0043-1354(13)00253-4 [pii] Water Res. 2013 Jun 15;47(10):3339-46. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.029. Epub 2013 Mar 27.}, pages = {3339-46}, publisher = {2013 Elsevier Ltd}, organization = {2013 Elsevier Ltd}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {A key factor controlling the relationship between virus release and human exposure is how virus particles interact with soils, sediments and other solid particles in the environment and in engineered treatment systems. Finding no previous investigations of human adenovirus (HAdV) sorption, we performed a series of experiments to evaluate the role of soil organic carbon (SOC) and solution-phase dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on sorption capacity and reversibility. In preliminary methodological studies, we found that as much as 99\% of HAdV was lost from inorganic buffer suspensions in polypropylene (PP) laboratory containers, but little loss occurred when using suspensions with substantial amounts of DOC or with glass containers from either type of suspension. It was confirmed that this loss was due to sorption rather than inactivation by using lysis-based recovery techniques and qPCR measurements that do not depend on virus viability. In isotherm experiments, soils with 2\% OC had approximately four-fold greater sorption capacity for HAdV than 8\% OC soils; moreover, the sorption capacity of 2\% OC soils was reduced approximately seven-fold with an aqueous solution containing 150 mg/L of humic acid. After sequential extractions, higher fractions of sorbed HAdV were released from 8\% OC soils. The amounts of HAdV and OC released remained relatively constant throughout each extraction step, indicating that desorbed HAdV could be caused primarily by the detachment of SOC from soils. Overall, results from this study suggest that OC plays a critical role in the sorption and desorption of HAdV, and as a result, on its environmental fate and transport.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ chemistry/genetics Adsorption Carbon Laboratories Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Soil Soil Microbiology}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.029}, author = {Wong, K. and Voice, T. C. and Xagoraraki, I.} } @article {17194, title = {Effect of the enrichment medium on the detection and diversity of Salmonella from porcine duodenal content}, journal = {Foodborne Pathog DisFoodborne Pathog DisFoodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {Feb}, pages = {182-8}, edition = {2013/01/23}, keywords = {Abattoirs, Animals, Culture Media/*chemistry, Duodenum/*microbiology, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Food Contamination, Food Microbiology, genotype, Salmonella/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Sensitivity and Specificity, Serotyping, Swine/*microbiology}, isbn = {1535-3141}, author = {De Busser, E. V. and Maes, D. and Houf, K. and Dewulf, J. and De Zutter, L.} } @article {12481, title = {Effect of wastewater colloids on membrane removal of antibiotic resistance genes}, journal = {Water researchWater research}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {130-140}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Breazeal, Maria V Riquelme and Novak, John T and Vikesland, Peter J and Pruden, Amy} } @article {12586, title = {Effect of wastewater colloids on membrane removal of microconstituent antibiotic resistance genes}, journal = {Water ResearchWater research}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {130-140}, isbn = {0065-7727}, author = {Riquelme, Maria V and Pati, Paramjeet and Vikesland, Peter J and Novak, John T and Pruden-Bagchi, Amy J} } @article {3712, title = {Effectiveness of monovalent and pentavalent rotavirus vaccine.}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {132}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {e25{\textendash}e33}, abstract = {Previous \{\{\}US\{\}\} evaluations have not assessed monovalent rotavirus vaccine \{\{\}(RV1,\{\}\} a \{\{\}G1P[8]\{\}\} human rotavirus strain) effectiveness, because of its later introduction (2008). Using case-control methodology, we measured the vaccine effectiveness \{\{\}(VE)\{\}\} of the 2-dose \{\{\}RV1\{\}\} and 3-dose pentavalent vaccine \{\{\}(RV5)\{\}\} series against rotavirus disease resulting in hospital emergency department or inpatient care.}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2012-3804}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-3804}, author = {Cortese, Margaret M and Immergluck, Lilly C and Held, Melissa and Jain, Shabnam and Chan, Trisha and Grizas, Alexandra P and Khizer, Saadia and Barrett, Carol and Quaye, Osbourne and Mijatovic-Rustempasic, Slavica and Gautam, Rashi and Bowen, Michael D and Moore, Jessica and Tate, Jacqueline E and Parashar, Umesh D and V{\'a}zquez, Marietta} } @article {3885, title = {Effectiveness of monovalent rotavirus vaccine in Bolivia: case-control study}, year = {2013}, author = {Patel, M M and Patzi, M and Pastor, D and Nina, A and Roca, Y and Alvarez, L} } @article {15278, title = {Effectiveness of monovalent rotavirus vaccine in Bolivia: case-control study}, journal = {Bmj}, volume = {346}, year = {2013}, pages = {f3726}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1756-1833}, author = {Patel, Manish M and Patzi, Maritza and Pastor, Desiree and Nina, Aleida and Roca, Yelin and Alvarez, Leovigildo and Iniguez, Volga and Rivera, Rosario and Tam, Ka Ian and Quaye, Osbourne} } @article {5566, title = {{Effects and clinical significance of GII.4 Sydney norovirus, United States, 2012-2013.}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {1231{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

During 2012, global detection of a new norovirus (NoV) strain, GII.4 Sydney, raised concerns about its potential effect in the United States. We analyzed data from NoV outbreaks in 5 states and emergency department visits for gastrointestinal illness in 1 state during the 2012-13 season and compared the data with those of previous seasons. During August 2012-April 2013, a total of 637 NoV outbreaks were reported compared with 536 and 432 in 2011-2012 and 2010-2011 during the same period. The proportion of outbreaks attributed to GII.4 Sydney increased from 8{\%} in September 2012 to 82{\%} in March 2013. The increase in emergency department visits for gastrointestinal illness during the 2012-13 season was similar to that of previous seasons. GII.4 Sydney has become the predominant US NoV outbreak strain during the 2012-13 season, but its emergence did not cause outbreak activity to substantially increase from that of previous seasons.

}, keywords = {Caliciviridae Infections, Caliciviridae Infections: epidemiology, Caliciviridae Infections: transmission, Caliciviridae Infections: virology, Disease Outbreaks, DNA, Emergency Service, Epidemiological Monitoring, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Gastroenteritis: virology, genotype, Hospital, Hospitalization, Humans, Norovirus, Norovirus: genetics, Phylogeny, Sequence Analysis, United States, United States: epidemiology}, isbn = {1080-6059 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1080-6040 (Linking)}, issn = {1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid1908.130458}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3739516{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Leshem, Eyal and Wikswo, Mary and Barclay, Leslie and Brandt, Eric and Storm, William and Salehi, Ellen and DeSalvo, Traci and Davis, Tim and Saupe, Amy and Dobbins, Ginette and Booth, Hillary A and Biggs, Christianne and Garman, Katie and Woron, Amy M and Parashar, Umesh D and J Vinj{\'e} and A J Hall} } @article {12210, title = {Effects of Advanced Treatment Systems on the Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Wastewater Treatment Plants from Hangzhou, China}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {15}, year = {2013}, note = {Chen, Hong Zhang, Mingmei}, month = {Aug}, pages = {8157-8163}, abstract = {

This study aimed at quantifying the concentration and removal of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in three municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) employing different advanced treatment systems [biological aerated filter, constructed wetland, and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection]. The concentrations of tetM, tetO, tetQ, tetW, sulI, sulII, intI1, and 16S rDNA genes were examined in wastewater and biosolid samples. In municipal WWTPs, ARG reductions of 1-3 orders of magnitude were observed, and no difference was found among the three municipal WWTPs with different treatment processes (p \> 0.05). In advanced treatment systems, 1-3 orders of magnitude of reductions in ARGs were observed in constructed wetlands, 0.6-1.2 orders of magnitude of reductions in ARGs were observed in the biological aerated filter, but no apparent decrease by UV disinfection was observed. A significant difference was found between constructed wetlands and biological filter (p \< 0.05) and between constructed wetlands and UV disinfection (p \< 0.05). In the constructed wetlands, significant correlations were observed in the removal of ARGs and 16S rDNA genes (R-2 = 0.391-0.866; p \< 0.05). Constructed wetlands not only have the comparable ARG removal values with WWTP (p \> 0.05) but also have the advantage in ARG relative abundance removal, and it should be given priority to be an advanced treatment system for further ARG attenuation from WWTP.

}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Chen, H. and Zhang, M. M.} } @article {5542, title = {{Effects of Bacterial, Chemical, Physical and Meteorological Variables on Virus Removal by a Wastewater Treatment Plant}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {69{\textendash}76}, abstract = {The purpose of wastewater treatment is to minimize chemical and microbial contamination of recipient waters. The present study evaluated the impacts of meteorological variables, such as temperature and rainfall, on the removal of human viruses and indicators by a wastewater treatment plant servicing Pisa, Italy. Data were obtained during four sampling campaigns from 2007 to 2010. Wastewater sewage samples were analyzed for human adenovirus (HAdV) and norovirus using quantitative molecular techniques. In parallel, Escherichia coli, enterococci and somatic coliphages were measured, and meteorological and chemical data were recorded. We detected a continuous presence of HAdV in both influent and effluent samples with an average removal rate of 2.01~log10 Genomic Copies/l. An association between meteorological parameters and viral removal rates was detected only for rainfall and HAdV removal during a specific sampling campaign. No correlation was found between viral data and microbial, chemical and physical ones. Viral removal rates were not strongly influenced by meteorological conditions and were unrelated to other process indicators routinely monitored. Our results suggest that HAdV is a suitable parameter to assess the viral removal efficiency of wastewater treatment plants, particularly in the case of heavy rainfall.}, keywords = {Human adenovirus, Norovirus, Viral survival, Wastewater treatment}, issn = {18670334}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-013-9105-5}, author = {Carducci, A. and Verani, M.} } @article {4457, title = {Effects of bacterial, chemical, physical and meteorological variables on virus removal by a wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {69{\textendash}76}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-013-9105-5}, author = {Carducci, A. and Verani, M.} } @article {1309, title = {Effects of bacterial, chemical, physical and meteorological variables on virus removal by a wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Food Environ Virol}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, note = {Carducci, A Verani, M United States Food and environmental virology Food Environ Virol. 2013 Mar;5(1):69-76. doi: 10.1007/s12560-013-9105-5. Epub 2013 Feb 13.}, pages = {69-76}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The purpose of wastewater treatment is to minimize chemical and microbial contamination of recipient waters. The present study evaluated the impacts of meteorological variables, such as temperature and rainfall, on the removal of human viruses and indicators by a wastewater treatment plant servicing Pisa, Italy. Data were obtained during four sampling campaigns from 2007 to 2010. Wastewater sewage samples were analyzed for human adenovirus (HAdV) and norovirus using quantitative molecular techniques. In parallel, Escherichia coli, enterococci and somatic coliphages were measured, and meteorological and chemical data were recorded. We detected a continuous presence of HAdV in both influent and effluent samples with an average removal rate of 2.01 log10 Genomic Copies/l. An association between meteorological parameters and viral removal rates was detected only for rainfall and HAdV removal during a specific sampling campaign. No correlation was found between viral data and microbial, chemical and physical ones. Viral removal rates were not strongly influenced by meteorological conditions and were unrelated to other process indicators routinely monitored. Our results suggest that HAdV is a suitable parameter to assess the viral removal efficiency of wastewater treatment plants, particularly in the case of heavy rainfall.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ isolation \& purification Coliphages/ isolation \& purification Enterococcus/ isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/ methods Escherichia coli/ isolation \& purification Italy Norovirus/ isolation \& purification Reverse Transcriptase Polym}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-013-9105-5}, author = {Carducci, A. and Verani, M.} } @article {17005, title = {Effects of bacterial, chemical, physical and meteorological variables on virus removal by a wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Food and environmental virology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {69{\textendash}76}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Carducci, Annalaura and Verani, Marco} } @article {8681, title = {{Effects of Bacterial, Chemical, Physical and Meterological Variables on Virus Removal by a Wastewater Treatment Plant}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {69{\textendash}76}, author = {Carducci, A. and Verani, M.} } @booklet {3735, title = {Effects of {Early}-life {Exposure} to {Sanitation} on {Childhood} {Cognitive} {Skills}: {Evidence} from {India}{\textquoteright}s {Total} {Sanitation} {Campaign} ({Policy} {Research} {Working} {Paper} {No}. {WPS} 6659).}, year = {2013}, publisher = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Spears, D and Lamba, S} } @booklet {3489, title = {{Effects of Early-life Exposure to Sanitation on Childhood Cognitive Skills: Evidence from India{\textquoteright}s Total Sanitation Campaign (Policy Research Working Paper No. WPS 6659).}}, year = {2013}, publisher = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6659.}, author = {Spears, D and Lamba, S} } @article {16275, title = {Effects of fluctuations in river water level on virus removal by bank filtration and aquifer passage - A scenario analysis}, journal = {Journal of Contaminant Hydrology}, volume = {147}, year = {2013}, month = {Apr}, pages = {34-44}, keywords = {cape-cod, Dispersion, gravel aquifer, groundwater model, hydraulic conductivity, injection, Microorganisms, parameters, river fluctuation, riverbank filtration, sandy aquifer, saturated porous-media, Transport, Virus removal, well field}, isbn = {0169-7722}, author = {Derx, J. and Blaschke, A. P. and Farnleitner, A. H. and Pang, L. and Bloschl, G. and Schijven, J. F.} } @article {3143, title = {Efficacy of anthelmintic baiting of foxes against {Echinococcus} multilocularis in northern {Japan}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {198}, number = {1-2}, year = {2013}, month = {nov}, pages = {122{\textendash}126}, abstract = {Field application of anthelmintic baits against Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) was conducted on Nemuro Peninsula at the eastern edge of Hokkaido, Japan. The total study area was 412 km(2), of which 135 km(2) were used for bait distribution. Commercial baits containing 50mg praziquantel were distributed by car along roads outside towns and villages in a density of 15/km(2). Additional baits were distributed around fox breeding dens. Baiting was done from November 1999 to January 2006 at an average frequency of 4.3 distribution rounds per years (in total 27 rounds). Prevalence in foxes collected in the baiting and non-baiting areas were determined by necropsy. Base prevalence (before baiting) was 49.4\% (CI95\%: 43.7-55.0) in the baiting area and 70.5\% (CI95\%: 60.2-79.2) in the non-baiting area. During the first and second half of the baiting period, the prevalence in the baited area changed to 26.2\% (CI95\%: 14.4-42.3) and later to 15.8\% (CI95\%: 7.9-28.4), but remained at a high level in the neighboring non-baited area with 60.4\% (CI95\%: 45.3-73.9) and 65.0\% (CI95\%: 40.9-83.7). Our data show, that significant prevalence reduction (but not elimination) of E. multilocularis in foxes can be achieved by this method under epidemiological conditions, which are fundamentally different from those in Europe where most previous studies have been done.}, keywords = {Animals, Anthelmintics, Baiting, Control, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Foxes, Japan, Praziquantel, prevalence, Time Factors, Vulpes vulpes}, issn = {1873-2550}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.08.006}, author = {Takahashi, Kenichi and Uraguchi, Kohji and Hatakeyama, Hideki and Giraudoux, Patrick and Romig, Thomas} } @article {3877, title = {The efficiency of concentration methods used to detect enteric viruses in anaerobically digested sludge.}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {77{\textendash}83}, author = {Prado, T and Guilayn C Wde and Gaspar, AM and Miagostovich, MP} } @article {9439, title = {{Elimination of Nematode Cysts and Ova from Hospital Sewage by Activated Sludge Process}}, journal = {Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment}, year = {2013}, author = {Yousefi, Z and Hezarjaribi, HZ} } @article {3158, title = {The emergence of echinococcosis in central {Asia}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {140}, number = {13}, year = {2013}, month = {nov}, pages = {1667{\textendash}1673}, abstract = {SUMMARY Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, there was an increase in the number of cases of human echinococcosis recorded throughout central Asia. Between 1991 and 2001 incidence rates of cystic echinococcosis (CE) increased by 4 fold or more. There also appeared to be increases in prevalence of CE in livestock and prevalences of Echinococcus granulosus reported in dogs. The increase in human echinococcosis was associated with changes in livestock husbandry, decline in veterinary public health services, increases in dog populations and increased poverty, all of which served to promote transmission of E. granulosus. A few years after reports of increased transmission of E. granulosus, the first reports of E. multilocularis infection in dogs were recorded. Further studies indicated that in both Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan prevalences of up to 18\% were present. Recently there has been a dramatic increase in the number of cases of human alveolar echinococcosis recorded in Kyrgyzstan with over 60 cases reported in 2011.}, keywords = {Animals, Asia, Central, Child, Disease Vectors, DNA, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Feces, Helminth, Hepatic, Host Specificity, Humans, Livestock, Molecular Epidemiology, Species Specificity}, issn = {1469-8161}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182013000516}, author = {Torgerson, P. R.} } @inbook {1758, title = {Enteroviruses as agents of emerging infectious diseases}, booktitle = {Fields Virology, Sixth Edition}, year = {2013}, pages = {490-530}, publisher = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}, organization = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Philadelphia }, author = {Pallansch, M. and Oberste, M. S. and Whitton, J. L.}, editor = {Knipe, D. M. and Howley, P. M. and I, Cohen J. and Griffin, D. E and Lamb, R. A. and Martin, M. A. and Racaniello, V. R. and Roizman, B.} } @article {9053, title = {{Environmental Effectors on the Inactivation of Human Adenoviruses in Water}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {203{\textendash}214}, abstract = {Environmental factors are highly relevant to the global dissemination of viral pathogens. However, the specific contribution of major effectors such as temperature and sunlight on the inactivation of waterborne viruses is not well characterized. In this study, the effect of temperature (7, 20, and 37~{\textdegree}C), UVB and UVA radiation on viral inactivation was evaluated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), mineral water, wastewater, 1,000-fold diluted wastewater and seawater. The stability of human adenoviruses infectivity, known as human pathogens and indicators of fecal contamination, was monitored during 24~h, both in the dark and exposed to UV radiation by immunofluorescence assays. In the dark, no Human adenovirus (HAdV) inactivation was observed in PBS and mineral water at any of the temperatures studied, whereas at 37~{\textdegree}C in reactors with higher microbial concentration (wastewater, diluted wastewater, and seawater), decays between 2.5 and 5 log were recorded. UVB radiation showed a dramatic effect on HAdV inactivation and 6-log were achieved in all reactors by the end of the experiments. The effect of UVA showed to be dependent on the water matrix analyzed. At 20~{\textdegree}C, HAdV showed a 2-log decay in all reactors radiation while at 37~{\textdegree}C, results in wastewater, diluted wastewater, and seawater reactors were equivalent to those observed in the dark. These results suggest UVB radiation as the major environmental factor challenging viral inactivation, followed by biotic activity indirectly associated to higher temperatures and finally, by UVA radiation.}, keywords = {Inactivation, infectivity, Microorganisms, Temperature, UVA, UVB, Viruses, water}, issn = {18670334}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-013-9123-3}, author = {Carratal{\`a}, Anna and Rusi{\~n}ol, Marta and Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus and Guerrero-Latorre, Laura and Sommer, Regina and Girones, Rosina} } @article {7621, title = {Environmental effectors on the inactivation of human adenoviruses in water}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {203{\textendash}214}, author = {Carratal{\`a}, Anna and Rusi{\~n}ol, Marta and Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus and Guerrero-Latorre, Laura and Sommer, Regina and Girones, Rosina} } @article {10685, title = {{Environmental reservoirs and mechanisms of persistence of Vibrio cholerae}}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {1{\textendash}15}, author = {Lutz, C and Erken, M and Noorian, P and Sun, S and McDougald, D.} } @article {7390, title = {Envisaging beyond community-based health insurance in {Nepal}}, journal = {Journal of Nepal Health Research Council}, volume = {11}, number = {25}, year = {2013}, month = {sep}, pages = {I{\textendash}II}, keywords = {Financing, Global Health, Health, Health Expenditures, Health Policy, Humans, Insurance, Nepal, Personal}, issn = {1999-6217}, author = {Magar, A.} } @article {556, title = {Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: A review of current concepts in management}, journal = {Journal of Optometry}, volume = {06}, number = {02}, year = {2013}, pages = {69-74}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is an ocular surface infection caused by adenovirus. To date, there are no approved topical antiadenoviral therapeutics to treat EKC. Recent research reveals that treatment with topical corticosteroids for symptomatic relief of EKC enhances adenovirus replication and delays cell shedding from the ocular surface which delays adenovirus elimination. The current management of EKC largely revolves around accurate diagnosis of the condition and implementation of disinfection protocol to prevent its spread. Development of an effective antiviral treatment that addresses inflammation and does not prolong viral shedding would provide significant benefit. The literature reports on a variety of therapeutics that could potentially satisfy this deficiency. Topical ganciclovir and povidone-iodine combination drops have shown the most recent potential, but both therapeutics need to be investigated in larger scale studies. Until an antiadenoviral option is produced, the treatment of EKC should maintain a judicious case by case approach aiming to contain its dissemination and prevent visual consequences.}, keywords = {Adenovirus. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Pseudomembrane. Subepithelial infiltrates. Adenovirus shedding. ER}, issn = {310}, url = {http://www.journalofoptometry.org/en/epidemic-keratoconjunctivitis-a-review-of/articulo/90197282/}, author = {Pihos, Andria M.} } @article {4574, title = {Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: {A} review of current concepts in management}, journal = {Journal of Optometry}, volume = {06}, number = {02}, year = {2013}, pages = {69{\textendash}74}, issn = {310}, url = {http://www.journalofoptometry.org/en/epidemic-keratoconjunctivitis-a-review-of/articulo/90197282/}, author = {Pihos, Andria M.} } @inbook {1738, title = {Epidemiology}, booktitle = {Fields Virology, Sixth Edition}, year = {2013}, pages = {314-337}, publisher = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}, organization = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Philadelphia}, author = {Nathanson, N. and Moss, W. J. and 2013. Epidemiology. In: Knipe, D.M., Howley, PM, Cohen JI, Griffin, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Racaniello VR, Roizman B. (Eds.), Fields Virology, sixth ed. Wolters Kluver, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia,}, editor = {Knipe, D. M. and Howley, P. M. and I, Cohen J. and Griffin, D. E and Lamb, R. A. and Martin, M. A. and Racaniello, V. R. and Roizman, B.} } @article {256, title = {Epidemiology and clinical features of rotavirus and norovirus infection among children in Ji{\textquoteright}nan, China}, journal = {Virology Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2013}, note = {Times Cited: 2 2}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1743-422X}, doi = {10.1186/1743-422x-10-302}, url = {://WOS:000325503100001}, author = {Sai, Lintao and Sun, Jintang and Shao, Lihua and Chen, Shuai and Liu, Haihong and Ma, Lixian} } @article {11450, title = {Epidemiology and management of cysticercosis and Taenia solium taeniasis in Europe, systematic review 1990{\textendash}2011}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {e69537}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1932-6203}, author = {Zammarchi, Lorenzo and Strohmeyer, Marianne and Bartalesi, Filippo and Bruno, Elisa and Mu{\~n}oz, Jos{\'e} and Buonfrate, Dora and Nicoletti, Alessandra and Garc{\'\i}a, H{\'e}ctor Hugo and Pozio, Edoardo and Bartoloni, Alessandro} } @article {5773, title = {{Epidemiology and Prevention of Hepatitis A in Travelers}}, journal = {Journal of Travel Medicine}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {394{\textendash}399}, doi = {10.1111/jtm.12058}, author = {Wu, D and Guo, CY} } @article {11250, title = {{The epidemiology and public health importance of toxocariasis: A zoonosis of global importance}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {43}, number = {12-13}, year = {2013}, pages = {999{\textendash}1008}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.07.004}, author = {Macpherson, Calum N L} } @article {10028, title = {{Epidemiology, geographical distribution, and economic consequences of swine zoonoses: a narrative review}}, journal = {Emerging Microbes and Infections}, volume = {2}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, pages = {e92}, abstract = {

Emerging Microbes and Infections (2013) 2, e92; doi:10.1038/emi.2013.87

}, keywords = {epidemiology, NONE, Review, Swine, Transmission, Zoonoses}, isbn = {2222-1751}, issn = {2222-1751}, doi = {10.1038/emi.2013.87}, url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/emi.2013.87}, author = {Salah U Khan and Atanasova, Kalina R and Krueger, Whitney S and Ramirez, Alejandro and Gray, Gregory C} } @inbook {9946, title = {{Epidemiology of human astrovirus}}, booktitle = {Astrovirus research: essential ideas, everyday impacts, future directions.}, year = {2013}, pages = {1{\textendash}18}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {New York, NY}, abstract = {Astroviruses were first identified in the feces of children in 1975. Since then, they have been found in {\~{}} 3 to 20{\%} of children with diarrhea. Given that serological studies have demonstrated that up to 90{\%} of children have been exposed to at least one strain of astrovirus by age 9, the prevalence of infection may be much higher. Supporting this are studies demonstrating that astroviruses can also be isolated in a subset of asymptomatic individuals, suggesting that a proportion of infected individuals shed the virus asymptomatically or for some time after the resolution of other symptoms of infection. Asymptomatic carriers may be a major reservoir for astroviruses in the environment and could contribute to dissemination of the virus. Astroviruses are extremely stable in the environment and can be transmitted nosocomially, directly from infected individuals and potentially animals, and through contaminated food and water. Although typically an acute disease, astrovirus infection in premature infants may be associated with the development of necrotizing enterocolitis and in new-onset celiac disease in children. Immunocompromised children are even more susceptible often developing persistent infections that lead to wasting or even systemic infections associated with fatal encephalitis. In spite of its importance, little is known about astrovirus pathogenesis, molecular biology, epidemiology, or cell biology. The goal of this book is to provide the latest and most up-to-date information on this medically important and rapidly evolving group of viruses. It will include sections on the history of astroviruses and their disease in humans; information on viral replication and immune responses; new information on how astroviruses induce disease including the expression of a viral enterotoxin regulating intestinal epithelial cell tight junctions, the isolation and identification of new astrovirus genotypes in mammals including humans, and astroviruses of veterinary importance. Finally, the book will also introduce the complexity of astrovirus epidemiology and potential as an important new zoonotic disease, and its role in food-borne disease. This will be the first book of its kind and will be of great interest to microbiologists, virologists, infectious disease specialists, immunologists, pediatricians, public health and food safety experts, veterinarians, poultry industry specialists, and researchers and clinicians interested in enteritis. ​}, isbn = {978-1-4614-4735-1}, author = {Bosch A, Guix S, Pint{\'o} RM.}, editor = {Schultz-Cherry, Stacey} } @inbook {10368, title = {{Epidemiology of human astrovirus}}, booktitle = {Astrovirus Research: Essential Ideas, Everyday Impacts, Future Directions}, year = {2013}, pages = {1{\textendash}18}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {New York, NY }, author = {Bosch, A and Guix, SPR}, editor = {Schultz-Cherry, S} } @article {13596, title = {Epidemiology of human fascioliasis and intestinal parasitosis among schoolchildren in Lake Tana Basin, northwest Ethiopia}, journal = {Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg.}, volume = {107}, year = {2013}, pages = {480-486}, author = {Fentie, T. and Ergoiu, S. and Gedefaw, M. and Desta, A.} } @article {11337, title = {Epilepsy and Neurocysticercosis in Latin America: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {e2480}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0002480}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371\%2Fjournal.pntd.0002480}, author = {Bruno, Elisa and Bartoloni, Alessandro and Zammarchi, Lorenzo and Strohmeyer, Marianne and Bartalesi, Filippo and Bustos, Javier A. and Santiva{\~n}ez, Saul and Garcia, Hector H. and Nicoletti, Alessandra and the, Cohemi Project Study Group} } @article {17099, title = {Escherichia coli removal and internal dynamics in subsurface flow ecotechnologies: effects of design and plants}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {61}, year = {2013}, pages = {564{\textendash}574}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Headley, Tom and Nivala, Jaime and Kassa, Kinfe and Olsson, Linda and Wallace, Scott and Brix, Hans and van Afferden, Manfred and M{\"u}ller, Roland} } @article {7038, title = {Escherichia coli survival in waters: {Temperature} dependence}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {feb}, pages = {569{\textendash}578}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.027}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135412007415}, author = {Blaustein, R.A. and Pachepsky, Y. and Hill, R.L. and Shelton, D.R. and Whelan, G.} } @article {9049, title = {{Escherichia coli survival in waters: Temperature dependence}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {569{\textendash}578}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Knowing the survival rates of water-borne Escherichia coli is important in evaluating microbial contamination and making appropriate management decisions. E. coli survival rates are dependent on temperature, a dependency that is routinely expressed using an analogue of the Q10 model. This suggestion was made 34 years ago based on 20 survival curves taken from published literature, but has not been revisited since then. The objective of this study was to re-evaluate the accuracy of the Q10 equation, utilizing data accumulated since 1978. We assembled a database of 450 E. coli survival datasets from 70 peer-reviewed papers. We then focused on the 170 curves taken from experiments that were performed in the laboratory under dark conditions to exclude the effects of sunlight and other field factors that could cause additional variability in results. All datasets were tabulated dependencies "log concentration vs. time." There were three major patterns of inactivation: about half of the datasets had a section of fast log-linear inactivation followed by a section of slow log-linear inactivation; about a quarter of the datasets had a lag period followed by log-linear inactivation; and the remaining quarter were approximately linear throughout. First-order inactivation rate constants were calculated from the linear sections of all survival curves and the data grouped by water sources, including waters of agricultural origin, pristine water sources, groundwater and wells, lakes and reservoirs, rivers and streams, estuaries and seawater, and wastewater. Dependency of E. coli inactivation rates on temperature varied among the water sources. There was a significant difference in inactivation rate values at the reference temperature between rivers and agricultural waters, wastewaters and agricultural waters, rivers and lakes, and wastewater and lakes. At specific sites, the Q10 equation was more accurate in rivers and coastal waters than in lakes making the value of the Q10 coefficient appear to be site-specific. Results of this work indicate possible sources of uncertainty to be accounted for in watershed-scale microbial water quality modeling. ?? 2012.}, keywords = {Database, Inactivation, Q10 model, Temperature effect, Water types}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic){\$}\backslash{\$}r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.027}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.027}, author = {Blaustein, R A and Pachepsky, Y and Hill, R L and Shelton, D R and Whelan, G} } @mastersthesis {7044, title = {Essays on {Externalities} and {Agriculture} in the {United} {States} and {Brazil}}, year = {2013}, note = {3720385}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Chapter 1: Economic Factors Affecting Diversified Farming Systems. In response to a shift toward specialization and mechanization during the 20th century, there has been momentum on the part of a vocal contingent of consumers, producers, researchers, and policy makers who call for a transition toward a new model of agriculture. This model employs fewer synthetic inputs, incorporates practices which enhance biodiversity and environmental services at local, regional, and global scales, and takes into account the social implications of production practices, market dynamics, and product mixes. Within this vision, diversified farming systems (DFS) have emerged as a model that incorporates functional biodiversity at multiple temporal and spatial scales to maintain ecosystem services critical to agricultural production. This essay{\textquoteright}s aim is to provide an economists{\textquoteright} perspective on the factors which make diversified farming systems economically attractive, or not-so-attractive, to farmers, and to discuss the potential for and roadblocks to widespread adoption. The essay focuses on how a range of existing and emerging factors drive profitability and adoption of DFS, and suggests that, in order for DFS to thrive, a number of structural changes are needed. These include: 1) public and private investment in the development of low-cost, practical technologies that reduce the costs of production in DFS, 2) support for and coordination of evolving markets for ecosystem services and products from DFS and 3) the elimination of subsidies and crop insurance programs that perpetuate the unsustainable production of staple crops. This work suggests that subsidies and funding be directed, instead, toward points 1) and 2), as well as toward incentives for consumption of nutritious food. Chapter 2: Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon released approximately 5.7 billion tons of CO2 to the atmosphere between 2000 and 2010, and 50-80\% of this deforestation was for pasture. Most assume that increasing demand for cattle products produced in Brazil caused this deforestation, but the empirical work to-date on cattle documents only correlations between cattle herd size, pasture expansion, cattle prices, and deforestation. This essay uses panel data on deforestation and Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) status{\textendash}an exogenous demand shifter{\textendash}to estimate whether changes in FMD status caused new deforestation in municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon and cerrado biomes during the 2000-2010 period. Becoming certified as FMD-free caused annual deforestation to be 42\% to 85\% higher than deforestation rates in infected municipalities, on average, during the 2000-2010 period. Chapter 3: Potential for heterogeneity in the returns to sub-therapeutic antibiotics in U.S. pork and poultry operations. Each year, more than 50,000 people in the U.S. die from hospital-acquired bacterial infections, millions experience episodes of foodborne illness, and reported cases of "superbugs" such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are on the rise. For those who acquire a resistant infection, resistance is associated with a longer duration of treatment, the use of more potent antibiotics, and longer hospital stays. This, in turn, means increased health care costs and costs to society due to antibiotic-resistant infections. Antibiotic resistance is contributing to the scope and severity of this health care crisis, and at least some of the responsibility for antibiotic resistance sits on the shoulders of industrial livestock production. In livestock operations, low or sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics (STAs) are used to promote growth, in addition to their use to prevent and control disease. Today, more antibiotics are used in livestock production and the production of milk and eggs than in humans. While the use of sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics is regulated less stringently in the United States than in the European Union, there is movement toward such regulation. Beginning in the 1970s, economic researchers began to study the potential impacts of bans on the use of sub-therapeutic antibiotics on the pork, poultry, and beef sectors and on U.S. consumers, but there has been little study of how heterogeneity impacts antibiotic use, and in turn, how it impacts returns to using antibiotics in U.S. livestock operations. I concentrate on U.S. pork and poultry operations since they are the largest users of sub-therapeutic antibiotics by volume in the U.S., and explore the existing literature on the economics of sub-therapeutic antibiotic use for glimpses of heterogeneity in the returns to antibiotic use. Perhaps the most interesting source of heterogeneity in returns to antibiotic use may be heterogeneity in management and/or the use of potential substitutes for antibiotics, such as improved sanitation practices and more modern facilities. Productivity and use of technologies that substitute for STA use vary amongst producers, and likely by region and farm size. Thus, the marginal abatement costs of reducing STA use vary across industries, producers, production systems, and regions. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0438:Environmental economics, 0475:Animal sciences, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Agriculture, Animal sciences, Antibiotics, Biological sciences, Brazil, Cattle, Deforestation, Diversified farming systems, Environmental economics, Foot-and-mouth disease, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1725960882?accountid=14270}, author = {Bowman, Maria Susannah} } @article {6197, title = {Estimates of the {Burden} of {Foodborne} {Illness} in {Canada} for 30 {Specified} {Pathogens} and {Unspecified} {Agents}, {Circa} 2006}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, month = {jul}, pages = {639{\textendash}648}, issn = {1535-3141, 1556-7125}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2012.1389}, url = {http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/fpd.2012.1389}, author = {Thomas, M. Kate and Murray, Regan and Flockhart, Logan and Pintar, Katarina and Pollari, Frank and Fazil, Aamir and Nesbitt, Andrea and Marshall, Barbara} } @article {4709, title = {{Estimates of the burden of foodborne illness in Canada for 30 specified pathogens and unspecified agents, Circa 2006}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {639{\textendash}648}, author = {Thomas, MK and Murray, R and Flockhart, L and Pintar, K and Pollari, F and Fazil, A and Nesbitt, A and Marshall, B} } @article {7847, title = {Estimates of the Burden of Foodborne Illness in Canada for 30 Specified Pathogens and Unspecified Agents, Circa 2006}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, note = {J1: Foodborne Pathog Dis}, month = {07}, pages = {639-648}, abstract = {Estimates of foodborne illness are important for setting food safety priorities and making public health policies. The objective of this analysis is to estimate domestically acquired, foodborne illness in Canada, while identifying data gaps and areas for further research. Estimates of illness due to 30 pathogens and unspecified agents were based on data from the 2000{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textquotedblleft}2010 time period from Canadian surveillance systems, relevant international literature, and the Canadian census population for 2006. The modeling approach required accounting for under-reporting and underdiagnosis and to estimate the proportion of illness domestically acquired and through foodborne transmission. To account for uncertainty, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to generate a mean estimate and 90\% credible interval. It is estimated that each year there are 1.6 million (1.2{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textquotedblleft}2.0 million) and 2.4 million (1.8{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textquotedblleft}3.0 million) episodes of domestically acquired foodborne illness related to 30 known pathogens and unspecified agents, respectively, for a total estimate of 4.0 million (3.1{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textquotedblleft}5.0 million) episodes of domestically acquired foodborne illness in Canada. Norovirus, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., and nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. are the leading pathogens and account for approximately 90\% of the pathogen-specific total. Approximately one in eight Canadians experience an episode of domestically acquired foodborne illness each year in Canada. These estimates cannot be compared with prior crude estimates in Canada to assess illness trends as different methodologies were used.}, isbn = {1535-3141; 1556-7125}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3696931/}, author = {Thomas,M. K. and Murray,Regan and Flockhart,Logan and Pintar,Katarina and Pollari,Frank and Fazil,Aamir and Nesbitt,Andrea and Marshall,Barbara} } @article {8321, title = {Ethnicity is a strong predictor for Helicobacter pylori infection in young women in a multi-ethnic European city}, journal = {Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology}, volume = {28}, year = {2013}, pages = {1705{\textendash}1711}, author = {Hollander, Wouter J and Holster, I Lisanne and Hoed, Caroline M and Deurzen, Frances and Vuuren, Anneke J and Jaddoe, Vincent W and Hofman, Albert and Perez Perez, Guillermo I and Blaser, Martin J and Moll, Henri{\"e}tte A and others} } @article {13106, title = {Evaluating the effects of variable water chemistry on bacterial transport during infiltration}, journal = {Journal of Contaminant Hydrology}, volume = {150}, year = {2013}, pages = {54{\textendash}64}, author = {Zhang, Haibo and Nahjan A Nordin and Olson, Mira S} } @article {4474, title = {Evaluation and molecular characterization of human adenovirus in drinking water supplies: viral integrity and viability assays}, journal = {Virology Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {166}, issn = {1743-422X (Electronic) 1743-422X (Linking)}, author = {Fongaro, G. and Nascimento, M. A. and Rigotto, C. and Ritterbusch, G. and da Silva, A. D. and Esteves, P. A. and Barardi, C. R.} } @article {1228, title = {Evaluation and molecular characterization of human adenovirus in drinking water supplies: viral integrity and viability assays}, journal = {Virol J}, volume = {10}, year = {2013}, note = {Fongaro, Gislaine Nascimento, Mariana A do Rigotto, Caroline Ritterbusch, Giseli da Silva, Alessandra D{\textquoteright} A Esteves, Paulo A Barardi, Celia R M England Virology journal}, pages = {166}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are the second-leading cause of childhood gastroenteritis worldwide. This virus is commonly found in environmental waters and is very resistant to water disinfection and environmental stressors, especially UV light inactivation. Molecular techniques, such as PCR-based methods (Polymerase Chain Reaction), are commonly used to detect and identify viral contamination in water, although PCR alone does not allow the discrimination between infectious and non-infectious viral particles. A combination of cell culture and PCR has allowed detection of infectious viruses that grow slowly or fail to produce cytopathic effects (CPE) in cell culture. This study aimed to assess the integrity and viability of human adenovirus (HAdV) in environmental water and evaluate circulating strains by molecular characterization in three sites of the water supply in Florianopolis, Santa Catarina Island, Brazil: Peri Lagoon water, spring source water, and water from the public water supply system. METHODS: Water samples were collected, concentrated and HAdV quantified by real-time PCR. Viral integrity was evaluated by enzymatic assay (DNase I) and infectivity by plaque assay (PA) and integrated cell culture using transcribed mRNA (ICC-RT-qPCR). Samples containing particles of infectious HAdV were selected for sequencing and molecular characterization. RESULTS: The analyzed sites contained 83, 66 and 58\% undamaged HAdV particles (defined as those in which the genetic material is protected by the viral capsid) at Peri Lagoon, spring source water and public supply system water, respectively. Of these, 66\% of the particles (by PA) and 75\% (by ICC-RT-qPCR) HAdV were shown to be infectious, due to being undamaged in Peri Lagoon, 33\% (by PA) and 58\% (by ICC-RT-qPCR) in spring source water and 8\% (by PA) and 25\% (by ICC-RT-qPCR) in the public water supply system. ICC-RT-qPCR, a very sensitive and rapid technique, was able to detect as low as 1 x 102 HAdV genome copies per milliliter of infectious viral particles in the environmental water samples. The molecular characterization studies indicated that HAdV-2 was the prevalent serotype. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate a lack of proper public health measures. We suggest that HAdV can be efficiently used as a marker of environmental and drinking water contamination and ICC-RT-qPCR demonstrated greater sensitivity and speed of detection of infectious viral particles compared to PA.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/genetics/ isolation \& purification/ physiology Brazil DNA, Viral/metabolism Deoxyribonuclease I/metabolism Drinking Water/ virology Humans Microbial Viability Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Viral Load}, issn = {1743-422X (Electronic) 1743-422X (Linking)}, author = {Fongaro, G. and Nascimento, M. A. and Rigotto, C. and Ritterbusch, G. and da Silva, A. D. and Esteves, P. A. and Barardi, C. R.} } @article {7533, title = {{Evaluation of bovine feces-associated microbial source tracking markers and their correlations with fecal indicators and zoonotic pathogens in a Βrisbane, Αustralia, reservoir}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {2682-2691}, abstract = {

This study was aimed at evaluating the host specificity and host sensitivity of two bovine feces-associated bacterial (BacCow-UCD and cowM3) and one viral {\{}left open bracket{\}}bovine adenovirus (B-AVs){\{}right open bracket{\}} microbial source tracking (MST) markers by screening 130 fecal and wastewater samples from 10 target and nontarget host groups in southeast Queensland, Australia. In addition, 36 water samples were collected from a reservoir and tested for the occurrence of all three bovine feces-associated markers along with fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157, and Salmonella spp. The overall host specificity values of the BacCow-UCD, cowM3, and B-AVs markers to differentiate between bovine and other nontarget host groups were 0.66, 0.88, and 1.00, respectively (maximum value of 1.00). The overall host sensitivity values of these markers, however, in composite bovine wastewater and individual bovine fecal DNA samples were 0.93, 0.90, and 0.60, respectively (maximum value of 1.00). Among the 36 water samples tested, 56{\%}, 22{\%}, and 6{\%} samples were PCR positive for the BacCow-UCD, cowM3, and B-AVs markers, respectively. Among the 36 samples tested, 50{\%} and 14{\%} samples were PCR positive for the Campylobacter 16S rRNA and E. coli O157 rfbE genes, respectively. Based on the results, we recommend that multiple bovine feces-associated markers be used if possible for bovine fecal pollution tracking. Nonetheless, the presence of the multiple bovine feces-associated markers along with the presence of potential zoonotic pathogens indicates bovine fecal pollution in the reservoir water samples. Further research is required to understand the decay rates of these markers in relation to FIB and zoonotic pathogens. \© 2013, American Society for Microbiology.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03234-12}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Sritharan, T. and Palmer, A. and Sidhu, J.P.S. and Tozea, S.} } @article {13733, title = {Evaluation of bovine feces-associated microbial source tracking markers and their correlations with fecal indicators and zoonotic pathogens in a brisbane, australia, reservoir}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, abstract = {This study was aimed at evaluating the host specificity and host sensitivity of two bovine feces-associated bacterial (BacCow-UCD and cowM3) and one viral \{left open bracket\}bovine adenovirus (B-AVs)\{right open bracket\} microbial source tracking (MST) markers by screening 130 fecal and wastewater samples from 10 target and nontarget host groups in southeast Queensland, Australia. In addition, 36 water samples were collected from a reservoir and tested for the occurrence of all three bovine feces-associated markers along with fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157, and Salmonella spp. The overall host specificity values of the BacCow-UCD, cowM3, and B-AVs markers to differentiate between bovine and other nontarget host groups were 0.66, 0.88, and 1.00, respectively (maximum value of 1.00). The overall host sensitivity values of these markers, however, in composite bovine wastewater and individual bovine fecal DNA samples were 0.93, 0.90, and 0.60, respectively (maximum value of 1.00). Among the 36 water samples tested, 56\%, 22\%, and 6\% samples were PCR positive for the BacCow-UCD, cowM3, and B-AVs markers, respectively. Among the 36 samples tested, 50\% and 14\% samples were PCR positive for the Campylobacter 16S rRNA and E. coli O157 rfbE genes, respectively. Based on the results, we recommend that multiple bovine feces-associated markers be used if possible for bovine fecal pollution tracking. Nonetheless, the presence of the multiple bovine feces-associated markers along with the presence of potential zoonotic pathogens indicates bovine fecal pollution in the reservoir water samples. Further research is required to understand the decay rates of these markers in relation to FIB and zoonotic pathogens. {\textcopyright} 2013, American Society for Microbiology.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03234-12}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Sritharan, T. and Palmer, A. and Sidhu, J.P.S. and Tozea, S.} } @article {10049, title = {{Evaluation of bovine feces-associated microbial source tracking markers and their correlations with fecal indicators and zoonotic pathogens in a Brisbane, Australia, reservoir}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, year = {2013}, pages = {2682{\textendash}2691}, author = {Ahmed, W and Sritharan, T and Palmer, A and J P Sidhu and Toze, S} } @mastersthesis {6220, title = {An evaluation of commercial rates as a form of local taxation}, year = {2013}, note = {U619753}, school = {University College Cork (Ireland)}, type = {phdM.{Res}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}![CDATA[Having worked in a number of different sections of the Finance \& Roads Departments in Cork City Council for the past ten years I have developed an interest in the way Local Authorities charge their customers for the use of their services. The areas I have worked include Domestic Refuse, Commercial Water, Roads \& Transportation \& Commercial Rates. The area I have a particular interest in an aim to focus on is one in which there is no such service provided but a form of local tax is nonetheless levied. The revenue generated from such a charge has the utmost importance to every Local Authority in Ireland. My research is entitled as \{u201C\}An evaluation of Commercial Rates as a form of local taxation\{u201D\}. My thesis is based on the principles in a review of the book \{u201C\}Wealth of Nations\{u201D\} by Adam Smith. The four main principles I aim to apply my research to are based on: \{u2022\}Equity \{u2022\}Certainty \{u2022\}Convenience \{u2022\}Simplicity. The main body of my research has taken me into the area of Local Government Finance. Here I have evaluated considerable information from areas such as working papers, reports, books, acts, legislation and newspaper cut-outs. The working model with which I base my thesis on is that of Cork City Council. The research process is aimed at the main stakeholders who are: \{u202\}Cork City Council, \{u2022\}The Valuation Office \{u202\}The Ratepaper I concentrated on as many documents, statistics and texts as possible on the subjects. The process of structured interviews were undertaken to evaluate all aspects of Commercial Rates. ]]{\textgreater}}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU619753, 0617:Public administration, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public administration, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1651908151?accountid=14270}, author = {O{\textquestiondown}Donovan, I.} } @article {9015, title = {Evaluation of germicidal UV-LEDs inactivation and photoreactivation efficiency on Escherichia coli in municipal sewage}, journal = {Environmental Protection and Resources Exploitation, Pts 1-3}, volume = {807-809}, year = {2013}, pages = {1283-1289}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1022-6680}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.807-809.1283}, url = {://WOS:000336344000241 http://www.scientific.net/AMR.807-809.1283}, author = {Wang, L. and Sun, Y. J. and Zhao, X. H. and Zhang, H. C.} } @article {4498, title = {Evaluation of human adenovirus and human polyomavirus as indicators of human sewage contamination in the aquatic environment}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {6750{\textendash}61}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Hewitt, J. and Greening, G. E. and Leonard, M. and Lewis, G. D.} } @article {7294, title = {Evaluation of human adenovirus and human polyomavirus as indicators of human sewage contamination in the aquatic environment}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {17}, year = {2013}, month = {nov}, pages = {6750{\textendash}6761}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.001}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135413006787}, author = {Hewitt, Joanne and Greening, Gail E. and Leonard, Margaret and Lewis, Gillian D.} } @article {1007, title = {Evaluation of human adenovirus and human polyomavirus as indicators of human sewage contamination in the aquatic environment}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {17}, year = {2013}, pages = {6750{\textendash}6761}, abstract = {

Discharge of inadequately treated human wastewater into surface waters used for recreation, drinking water, irrigation and shellfish cultivation may present a public health hazard due to the potential shedding of high concentrations of pathogenic viruses from the human gastrointestinal tract. Human adenovirus (HAdV) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) are ubiquitous in humans and have excellent survival characteristics in the environment, so are potential candidates for indicators of human sewage contamination. Using qPCR assays, the prevalence and quantity of HAdV and HPyV JC and BK were determined in influent and effluent wastewater and receiving waters (river, urban stream, estuarine), then compared with norovirus (NoV) presence, a significant human pathogen which is not necessarily ubiquitously excreted into the environment. HAdV and HPyV were frequently detected in high concentrations in wastewater and wastewater-contaminated waters confirming their use as potential indicators for the presence of human sewage. Overall, there was a correlation between the presence of HAdV and HPyV with NoV but there were some notable exceptions including the higher frequency of NoV compared to HAdV and HPyV in estuarine waters impacted by wastewater overflows. We found that HAdV and HPyV detection by qPCR was a suitable tool for evaluating water quality and that their detection can aid in determining pollution sources, thus providing useful information for health risk assessments. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

}, keywords = {Environmental waters, Faecal pollution, Human adenovirus, Human polyomavirus, Indicators, Norovirus, wastewater}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.001}, author = {Hewitt, Joanne and Greening, Gail E. and Leonard, Margaret and Lewis, Gillian D.} } @inbook {1240, title = {Evaluation of human adenovirus and human polyomavirus as indicators of human sewage contamination in the aquatic environment}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, note = {Hewitt, Joanne Greening, Gail E Leonard, Margaret Lewis, Gillian D Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(13)00678-7 [pii] Water Res. 2013 Nov 1;47(17):6750-61. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.001. Epub 2013 Sep 19.}, pages = {6750-61}, publisher = {2013 Elsevier Ltd}, organization = {2013 Elsevier Ltd}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {Discharge of inadequately treated human wastewater into surface waters used for recreation, drinking water, irrigation and shellfish cultivation may present a public health hazard due to the potential shedding of high concentrations of pathogenic viruses from the human gastrointestinal tract. Human adenovirus (HAdV) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) are ubiquitous in humans and have excellent survival characteristics in the environment, so are potential candidates for indicators of human sewage contamination. Using qPCR assays, the prevalence and quantity of HAdV and HPyV JC and BK were determined in influent and effluent wastewater and receiving waters (river, urban stream, estuarine), then compared with norovirus (NoV) presence, a significant human pathogen which is not necessarily ubiquitously excreted into the environment. HAdV and HPyV were frequently detected in high concentrations in wastewater and wastewater-contaminated waters confirming their use as potential indicators for the presence of human sewage. Overall, there was a correlation between the presence of HAdV and HPyV with NoV but there were some notable exceptions including the higher frequency of NoV compared to HAdV and HPyV in estuarine waters impacted by wastewater overflows. We found that HAdV and HPyV detection by qPCR was a suitable tool for evaluating water quality and that their detection can aid in determining pollution sources, thus providing useful information for health risk assessments.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ physiology Estuaries Humans Polyomavirus/ physiology Rivers/virology Sewage/ virology Statistics, Nonparametric Waste Water/virology Water Microbiology Water Pollution Water Purification}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.001}, author = {Hewitt, J. and Greening, G. E. and Leonard, M. and Lewis, G. D.} } @article {17297, title = {Evaluation of the strain variability of Salmonella enterica acid and heat resistance}, journal = {Food MicrobiologyFood Microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {Jun}, pages = {259-267}, keywords = {acid resistance, different ph, enteritidis pt4, escherichia-coli o157-h7, heat resistance, listeria-monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, serovar typhimurium dt104, stationary-phase, strain variability, stress resistance, thermal inactivation, tolerance response, wild-type}, isbn = {0740-0020}, author = {Lianou, A. and Koutsoumanis, K. P.} } @article {14547, title = {Evaluation of viral concentration methods from irrigation and processing water}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {187}, year = {2013}, month = {feb}, pages = {294{\textendash}303}, abstract = {Four viral concentration methods were evaluated for their efficiency in recovering murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) (surrogate for human noroviruses (NoV)) and MS2 bacteriophages from processing water (1L) and four different types of irrigation water (bore hole water, rain water, open well and river water) (2-5L). Three methods were based on the viral adsorption and elution principle, two methods using an electronegative HA-membrane (Katayama et al., 2002), one method using an electropositive Zetapor membrane according to CEN/TC275/WG6/TAG4 and the fourth method was based on size exclusion using a tangential flow filtration system. Detection of MNV-1 was achieved by real-time RT-PCR and detection of MS2 by double-layer plaque assay. For the recovery of MNV-1, the method using an electronegative HA-filter in combination with an elution buffer earlier optimized by Hamza et al. (2009) (Method 1) performed best for all types of water (recovery: 5.8-21.9\%). In case of MS2 detection, the best method depended upon the type of water although Method 1 provided the most consistent recovery. To complete this evaluation, the Method 1 was evaluated further for the concentration of human enteric viruses (GI and GII NoV, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotaviruses) in the same five types of water. Although detection of rotaviruses (RV) was somewhat less efficient, Method 1 proved reliable for the detection of NoV and HAV in all water types. Mean recovery efficiencies ranging from 4.8\% for detection of GI NoV in open well water to 32.1\% for detection of HAV in bore hole water, depending on the water type and the viral pathogen analyzed.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Adsorption, Filtration/methods, Hepatitis A virus/isolation \& purification, Levivirus/*isolation \& purification, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rotavirus/isolation \& purification, Specimen Handling/*methods, Viral Plaque Assay, Virology/*methods}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.11.028}, author = {De Keuckelaere, A. and Baert, L. and Duarte, A. and Stals, A. and Uyttendaele, M.} } @article {15656, title = {Evidence for a structural role for acid-fast lipids in oocyst walls of Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and Eimeria}, journal = {MBio}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {Sep 3}, pages = {e00387-13}, edition = {2013/09/05}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Wall/*chemistry/metabolism, Chickens, Cryptosporidium/chemistry/growth \& development/*metabolism, Eimeria/chemistry/growth \& development/*metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, Lipids/*chemistry, Oocysts/*chemistry/growth \& development/metabolism, Poultry Diseases/*parasitology, Protozoan Infections, Animal/*parasitology, Protozoan Proteins/metabolism, Staining and Labeling, Toxoplasma/chemistry/growth \& development/*metabolism}, author = {Bushkin, G. G. and Motari, E. and Carpentieri, A. and Dubey, J. P. and Costello, C. E. and Robbins, P. W. and Samuelson, J.} } @article {9048, title = {{Evidence for coexistence of distinct escherichia coli populations in various aquatic environments and their survival in estuary water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {15}, year = {2013}, pages = {4684{\textendash}4693}, abstract = {Escherichia coli, a commensal bacterium from the intestinal tracts of humans and vertebrate animals, has been used as one of two bacterial indicators of fecal contamination, along with intestinal enterococci, to monitor the microbiological quality of water. However, water environments are now recognized as a secondary habitat where some strains can survive. We investigated the survival of E. coli isolates collected from bodies of water in France exhibiting distinct profiles of contamination, defined according to the following criteria: vicinity of the point sources of contamination, land use, hydrology, and physicochemical characteristics of the receiving water. We selected 88 E. coli strains among a collection of 352 strains to carry out a microcosm experiment in filtered estuarine water for 14 days at 10{\textdegree}C. The relationship between the survival of E. coli strains and genotypic and phenotypic characteristics was analyzed. This work showed that distinct E. coli survival types, able to survive from between 7 and 14 days to less than 2 days, coexisted in the water. E. coli isolates that rapidly lost their culturability were more frequently isolated in water recently contaminated by fecal bacteria of human origin, and most were multiresistant to antibiotics and harbored several virulence factors. In contrast, persistent strains able to survive from 4 to 14 days were more often found in water with low levels of fecal bacteria, belonged mainly to the B1 phylogroup, often harbored only one virulence factor, kspE or ompT, and were able to grow at 7{\textdegree}C.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00698-13}, author = {Berthe, T and Ratajczak, M and Clermont, O and Denamur, E and Petit, F} } @article {7352, title = {Evidence for {Coexistence} of {Distinct} {Escherichia} coli {Populations} in {Various} {Aquatic} {Environments} and {Their} {Survival} in {Estuary} {Water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {15}, year = {2013}, month = {aug}, pages = {4684{\textendash}4693}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00698-13}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.00698-13}, author = {Berthe, T. and Ratajczak, M. and Clermont, O. and Denamur, E. and Petit, F.} } @article {7471, title = {Evidence of association between type 1 diabetes and exposure to enterovirus in {Cuban} children and adolescents}, journal = {MEDICC review}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {29{\textendash}32}, url = {http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S1555-79602013000100007}, author = {Sarmiento, Luis and Cubas-Due{\~n}as, Ileana and Cabrera-Rode, Eduardo} } @article {7521, title = {Evolution of microbial community diversity and enzymatic activity during composting}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {164}, year = {2013}, pages = {189{\textendash}198}, author = {He, Yumei and Xie, Kaizhi and Xu, Peizhi and Huang, Xu and Gu, Wenjie and Zhang, Fabao and Tang, Shuanhu} } @article {5882, title = {{Evolution of microbial community diversity and enzymatic activity during composting.}}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {164}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {feb}, pages = {189{\textendash}198}, author = {He, Yumei and Xie, Kaizhi and Xu, Peizhi and Huang, Xu and Gu, Wenjie and Zhang, Fabao and Tang, Shuanhu} } @article {14399, title = {Evolution of microbial community diversity and enzymatic activity during composting.}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {164}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {feb}, pages = {189{\textendash}198}, author = {He, Yumei and Xie, Kaizhi and Xu, Peizhi and Huang, Xu and Gu, Wenjie and Zhang, Fabao and Tang, Shuanhu} } @article {11037, title = {Examination of soil samples for the incidence of geohelminth parasites in {Ebonyi} north-central area of {Ebonyi} {State}, south-east of {Nigeria}}, journal = {Archives of Applied Science Research}, volume = {5}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {41{\textendash}48}, author = {Nwoke, E. U. and Ibiam, G.A. and Odikamnoro, O. O. and Umah, O. V. and Arom, O. T. and Orji, I.} } @mastersthesis {7136, title = {Examining the tradeoffs and synergies of interdependent environmental policies: {Managing} reactive nitrogen and greenhouse gases from agroecosystems}, year = {2013}, note = {3614293}, school = {University of California, Davis}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Reactive N emissions have many adverse environmental impacts{\textendash} including air pollution and water pollution{\textendash}and N can take many different forms and compounds (e.g. NH3 , NOx , N2 O ) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The agricultural sector is the largest source of N pollution, largely from intensification of meat production and increased use of synthetic N fertilizer, which affects both water quality and climate change. Regulation of N emissions is complicated by the fact that policy designed to reduce one type of pollution may interact in positive or negative ways with efforts to reduce other types of pollution. Chapter 1 develops a biophysical-economic model that compares and contrasts environmental outcomes (i.e. nutrient runoff and GHG emissions), as a set of profit-maximizing farmers respond to three different policy scenarios: the inclusion of agriculture in (1) a local nutrient trading market only; (2) an international carbon market only; and (3) both a nutrient trading market and a carbon market concurrently. Chapter 1 examines the potential for surprising cross-price effects by allowing for adjustments first solely on polluting input use, then second, on land-use change. Chapter 2 explores complementarity of abatement practices in the Lake Rotorua catchment in New Zealand (NZ) using an agro-environmental economic model, NManager. The application presents an ideal case study since the local government is considering the implementation of a nutrient trading scheme (NTS) to reduce nutrient discharges to the lake from non-point sources such as farmland. The, abatement costs, the environmental impacts, and the distribution of costs and benefits under three different types of initial N permit allocation in the agricultural sector are evaluated under three policy scenarios: the inclusion of the agricultural sector in (1) the nutrient trading market only; (2) the NZ GHG emissions trading scheme (ETS) only; and (3) both the regional NTS and the NZ ETS concurrently. Results illustrate that (i) the total level of GHG mitigation is higher when there exist both the NTS and NZ ETS compared to when there is only a NZ ETS; (ii) the permit price of nutrient discharges decreases as the permit price of GHG emissions increases; and (iii) there are stark differences in land-use change under each policy scenario-the GHG ETS alone resulted in no land-use change, the NTS alone resulted in no remaining dairy, while the dual policy setting (GHG ETS and NTS) made dairy, a highly profitable but also N intensive farm activity, to be economically viable once again. This suggests that there could be gains from an additional environmental regulation. Chapter 3 extends the theoretical partial equilibrium model developed in Chapter 1, by exploring the effect of different environmental policies (e.g. taxes and tradable permit schemes) when producers have multiple abatement options that affect multiple types of pollution. The key results are derived for the case where there are multiple types of land use, two farm management inputs or options for each type of land use, and two types of pollution, i.e. nutrient runoffs and GHG emissions. When there is a nutrient trading scheme (NTS) that endogenously determines the price of nitrogen pollution, an increase in the permit price of GHG emissions decreases the permit price of nutrient leaching if farm inputs are complements, but can raise it if the farm inputs are substitutes. Even though the aggregate level of N leaching is unaffected by the price of GHG emissions, the response of GHG emissions to the price of GHG emissions is affected by the presence of the NTS. When inputs are complements, GHG emissions are less responsive to a change in the price of GHG than they are in the absence of an NTS, while if farm inputs are substitutes the responsiveness of GHG emissions to a change in the price of GHG increases. As a consequence, the optimal type of environmental policy depends on the degree to which pollution generating farm inputs are substitutes or complements. Chapter 4 develops a tradable pollution permit system that allows the trade of N permits between air and water emissions. Such a combined permit system has the potential to lower both abatement costs and the damages from pollution. The analysis focuses on welfare gains from a combined permit system over both separate pollution permit systems and no permit system for various degrees of spillover effects in the pollutants and for various degrees of synergies in abating water and air pollution. The model developed in Chapter 4 sets the conceptual groundwork for future numerical application, for example to proposed policies in New Zealand and California.}, keywords = {0438:Environmental economics, 0503:Agricultural economics, 0768:Environmental science, Agricultural economics, Climate change, Environmental economics, Environmental science, Greenhouse gas, Health and environmental sciences, interactions, Nitrogen, Social sciences, Taxes, Tradable permits}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1517118518?accountid=14270}, author = {Yeo, Boon-Ling} } @article {15975, title = {{Exploring global Cryptosporidium emissions to surface water}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {442}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhoea worldwide. This paper presents the first model-based inventory with 0.5 by 0.5degree resolution of global Cryptosporidium emissions for the year 2000 from humans and animals to surface water. The model is based on nutrient distribution modelling, because the sources and transport of oocysts and nutrients to the surface water are comparable. Total emissions consist of point source emissions from wastewater and nonpoint source emissions by runoff of oocysts in manure from agricultural lands. Results indicate a global emission of 3{\texttimes}10 17 oocysts per year, with comparable contributions from point and nonpoint sources. Hot-spot areas for point sources are big cities in China, India and Latin America, while the area with the largest nonpoint source emissions is in China. Uncertainties in the model are large. Main areas for further study are (i) excretion rates of oocysts by humans and animals, (ii) emissions of humans not connected to sewage systems, and (iii) retention of oocysts to determine surface water pathogen concentrations rather than emissions. Our results are useful to health organisations to identify priority areas for further study and intervention. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium, Global modelling, surface water}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.013}, author = {Hofstra, N. and Bouwman, A.F. and Beusen, A.H.W. and Medema, G.J.} } @article {12633, title = {Exploring variation of antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge over a four-year period through a metagenomic approach}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {18}, year = {2013}, pages = {10197-10205}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Yang, Ying and Li, Bing and Ju, Feng and Zhang, Tong} } @article {3715, title = {Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections}, journal = {World Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {19}, number = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {8974{\textendash}8985}, doi = {10.3748/wjg.v19.i47.8974.}, author = {Halliez, MC and Buret, AG} } @article {7090, title = {Extreme water-related weather events and waterborne disease}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {141}, number = {04}, year = {2013}, month = {apr}, pages = {671{\textendash}686}, issn = {0950-2688, 1469-4409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268812001653}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268812001653}, author = {Cann, K. F. and Thomas, D. Rh. and Salmon, R. L. and Wyn-Jones, A. P. and Kay, D.} } @article {17286, title = {Faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) - From a hygiene aspect}, journal = {Science of the Total EnvironmentScience of the total environmentSci Total Environ}, volume = {458}, year = {2013}, month = {Aug 1}, pages = {312-318}, keywords = {Animal Feed, ascaris-suum eggs, black soldier fly, dairy manure, diptera stratiomyidae, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, faecal management, protein source, reuse agriculture, solid-waste, Storage, SYSTEM}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Lalander, C. and Diener, S. and Magri, M. E. and Zurbr{\"u}gg, C. and Lindstrom, A. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {10294, title = {Faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens){\textemdash}From a hygiene aspect}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {458}, year = {2013}, pages = {312{\textendash}318}, author = {Lalander, Cecilia and Diener, Stefan and Maria E Magri and Zurbr{\"u}gg, Christian and Lindstr{\"o}m, Anders and Vinner{\r a}s, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {13392, title = {{Faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) {\textendash} From a hygiene aspect}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {458-460}, year = {2013}, pages = {312{\textendash}318}, author = {Lalander, C., Diener, S., Magri, M.E., Zurbrugg, C., Lindstr{\"o}m, A., Vinner\aas, B.} } @article {13485, title = {Fasciola hepatica: the therapeutic potential of a worm secretome}, journal = {Int J Parasitol}, volume = {43}, year = {2013}, pages = {283-291}, author = {Robinson, M. W. and Dalton, J. P. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, B. A. and Donelly, S.} } @article {13522, title = {Fascioliasis and intestinal parasitoses affecting schoolchildren in Atlixco, Puebla State, Mexico: Epidemiology and treatment with nitazoxanide}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, year = {2013}, pages = {16}, author = {Zumaquero-Rios, J. L. and Sarracent-Perez, J. and Rojas-Garcia, R. and Rojas-Rivero, L. and Martinez-Tovilla, Y. and Valero, M. A. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @inbook {4139, title = {{Fate and behaviour of parasites in wastewater treatment systems}}, booktitle = {Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology}, year = {2013}, pages = {491{\textendash}521}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {London}, author = {Scott, R}, editor = {Mara, D and Horan, N} } @article {5764, title = {{The Fate of Murine Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus During Preparation of Fresh Produce by Cutting and Grating}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {52{\textendash}60}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9099-4}, author = {Wang, Q and Erickson, M and Ortega, YR and Cannon, JL} } @article {17162, title = {Fate of Naturally Occurring Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Other Zoonotic Pathogens during Minimally Managed Bovine Feedlot Manure Composting Processes}, journal = {Journal of Food ProtectionJournal of food protection}, volume = {76}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, month = {Aug}, pages = {1308-1321}, keywords = {CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI, carcass sponge samples, clostridium-difficile, enterica serovar typhimurium, Heat inactivation, multiplex pcr assays, multistate outbreak, Salmonella spp., selective medium, UNITED-STATES}, isbn = {0362-028x}, author = {Berry, E. D. and Millner, P. D. and Wells, J. E. and Kalchayanand, N. and Guerini, M. N.} } @article {13127, title = {Fecal indicators and bacterial pathogens in bottled water from Dhaka, Bangladesh}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {44}, year = {2013}, pages = {97-103}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Yusuf, R. and Hasan, I. and Ashraf, W. and Goonetilleke, A. and Toze, S. and Gardner, T.} } @article {10080, title = {{Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {e76993}, author = {De Angelis, M and Piccolo, M and Vannini, L and Siragusa, S and De Giacomo, A and Serrazzanetti, DI and Cristofori, F and Guerzoni, ME and Gobbetti, M and Francavilla, R} } @article {11290, title = {{Fecal Shedding of Toxocara canis and Other Parasites in Foxes and Coyotes on Prince Edward Island, Canada}}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {394{\textendash}397}, doi = {10.7589/2012-04-113}, author = {Wapenaar, Wendela and Barkema, Herman W and O{\textquoteleft}Handley, Ryan} } @article {14639, title = {The final stages of the global eradication of poliomyelitis}, journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci}, volume = {368}, year = {2013}, month = {aug}, pages = {20120140}, abstract = {The global incidence of poliomyelitis has dropped by more than 99 per cent since the governments of the world committed to eradication in 1988. One of the three serotypes of wild poliovirus has been eradicated and the remaining two serotypes are limited to just a small number of endemic regions. However, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has faced a number of challenges in eradicating the last 1 per cent of wild-virus transmission. The polio endgame has also been complicated by the recognition that vaccination with the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) must eventually cease because of the risk of outbreaks of vaccine-derived polioviruses. I describe the major challenges to wild poliovirus eradication, focusing on the poor immunogenicity of OPV in lower-income countries, the inherent limitations to the sensitivity and specificity of surveillance, the international spread of poliovirus and resulting outbreaks, and the potential significance of waning intestinal immunity induced by OPV. I then focus on the challenges to eradicating all polioviruses, the problem of vaccine-derived polioviruses and the risk of wild-type or vaccine-derived poliovirus re-emergence after the cessation of oral vaccination. I document the role of research in the GPEI{\textquoteright}s response to these challenges and ultimately the feasibility of achieving a world without poliomyelitis.}, keywords = {20th Century, 21st Century, Disease Eradication/history/*methods, History, Humans, Mass Vaccination/*methods, Oral/*history/immunology, Poliomyelitis/*history/*prevention \& control/transmission, Poliovirus Vaccine, Public Health/*methods/trends}, issn = {1471-2970 (Electronic) 0962-8436 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2012.0140 rstb.2012.0140 [pii]}, author = {Grassly, N. C.} } @article {14965, title = {The final stages of the global eradication of poliomyelitis}, journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci}, volume = {368}, year = {2013}, month = {aug}, pages = {20120140}, abstract = {The global incidence of poliomyelitis has dropped by more than 99 per cent since the governments of the world committed to eradication in 1988. One of the three serotypes of wild poliovirus has been eradicated and the remaining two serotypes are limited to just a small number of endemic regions. However, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has faced a number of challenges in eradicating the last 1 per cent of wild-virus transmission. The polio endgame has also been complicated by the recognition that vaccination with the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) must eventually cease because of the risk of outbreaks of vaccine-derived polioviruses. I describe the major challenges to wild poliovirus eradication, focusing on the poor immunogenicity of OPV in lower-income countries, the inherent limitations to the sensitivity and specificity of surveillance, the international spread of poliovirus and resulting outbreaks, and the potential significance of waning intestinal immunity induced by OPV. I then focus on the challenges to eradicating all polioviruses, the problem of vaccine-derived polioviruses and the risk of wild-type or vaccine-derived poliovirus re-emergence after the cessation of oral vaccination. I document the role of research in the GPEI{\textquoteright}s response to these challenges and ultimately the feasibility of achieving a world without poliomyelitis.}, keywords = {20th Century, 21st Century, Disease Eradication/history/*methods, History, Humans, Mass Vaccination/*methods, Oral/*history/immunology, Poliomyelitis/*history/*prevention \& control/transmission, Poliovirus Vaccine, Public Health/*methods/trends}, issn = {1471-2970 (Electronic) 0962-8436 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2012.0140 rstb.2012.0140 [pii]}, author = {Grassly, N. C.} } @mastersthesis {6415, title = {Finding a reasonable aquifer yield: {Decision} support methods for groundwater policy development in {Texas}}, year = {2013}, note = {3577694}, school = {The University of Texas at Austin}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Managing groundwater can be difficult because there is no common perspective among stakeholders about what they wish for their desired future conditions (DFCs) for Texas{\textquoteright} aquifers. Conflicts over how to manage aquifers, whether to mine or sustain groundwater levels are complicated by diverse state and local approaches. This dissertation proposes a decision support method to derive acceptable future aquifer conditions through engaging stakeholders by combining five processes: landowner surveys, stakeholder and decision maker focus groups, contingent valuation, system element identification and scenario-testing. Surveys of water users identified conflicts among water users and decision makers{\textquoteright} preferences. For example, how much is groundwater worth in Texas? Responses to two survey questions revealed a willingness to buy groundwater for an average of \$2,872 per acre-foot. Most landowners most did not want to sell groundwater at any cost. Those willing to sell revealed an average of \$4,069 per acre-foot, resulting in a 1.4 ratio of willingness-to-accept-payment compared to willingness-to-pay. A survey of landowners and decision makers indicated that 41 percent of landowners indicated that no new users be issued permits to support stable Trinity Aquifer groundwater levels. Meanwhile, the decision makers chose a DFC of a 30 foot drawdown in the Trinity Aquifer over 50 years. Stakeholder surveys identified the {\textquoteright}best groundwater decision makers{\textquoteright} as being the stakeholders or well owners, yet 75 percent of the decision makers preferred the groundwater conservation district board presidents. This suggests that stakeholders would prefer to be the decision makers rather than being asked for their preferences. One decision-maker focus group identified 12 elements representing their understanding of the DFC process. These elements form a system information diagram or preference map. Such a map can help identify alternative pathways for solving problems in the decision process. These complexities remain challenging as Texas moves toward more local regulatory control, more competing interests, and less certainty about Texas{\textquoteright} future groundwater supply.}, keywords = {0595:Water Resource Management, 0630:Public policy, Aquifer yield, Decision support, Earth sciences, Future aquifer conditions, Groundwater, Public policy, Social sciences, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1476195330?accountid=14270}, author = {Petrossian, Rima V.} } @article {11856, title = {{First identification of eggs of the Asian fish tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea) in human stool.}}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {jun}, pages = {268{\textendash}271}, abstract = {We report the first case of egg isolation of the Asian fish tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Bothriocephalidea) from human stool. A male patient from Saint Laurent du Maroni (French Guiana) presenting abdominal pain was examined in France for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites. Diphyllobothrium-like eggs were observed in his stool. However, molecular phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of rDNA and COI genes showed that the eggs observed belong to a bothriocephalidean cestode B. acheilognathi. The adult life stages of B. acheilognathi cestodes are known as invasive parasites of a wide spectrum of fish; however, they have not been described to parasitize any mammals. This human infection seems to be accidental and represents a parasite passage through human intestine after the consumption of an infected fish host.}, issn = {1873-0329}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2013.02.001}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23422154}, author = {Yera, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Kuchta, Roman and Brabec, Jan and Peyron, Fran{\c c}ois and Dupouy-Camet, Jean} } @article {16215, title = {First isolation of Leptospira interrogans from Lycalopex griseus (South American gray fox) in Argentina shows new MLVA genotype.}, journal = { J Wildl Dis.}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {168-172}, author = {Scialfa, E. and Brihuega, B. and Venzano, A. and Morris, W. E. and Bolpe, J. and Schettino, M.} } @article {305, title = {First molecular detection of group A rotavirus in urban and hospital sewage systems by {nested-RT} {PCR} in Shiraz, Iran}, year = {2013}, author = {Kargar, M and Javdani, N and Najafi, A} } @article {2492, title = {First molecular detection of group A rotavirus in urban and hospital sewage systems by {nested-RT} {PCR} in Shiraz, Iran}, year = {2013}, author = {Kargar, M and Javdani, N and Najafi, A} } @article {3582, title = {First molecular detection of group {A} rotavirus in urban and hospital sewage systems by nested-{RT} {PCR} in {Shiraz}, {Iran}}, journal = {Journal of environmental health sciences and engineering}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {4}, author = {Kargar, M and Javdani, N and Najafi, A and Tahamtan, Y} } @article {3168, title = {[{First} report of {Echinococcus} vogeli in a paca in {Misiones} province, {Argentina}]}, journal = {Revista Argentina De Microbiolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {sep}, pages = {169{\textendash}173}, abstract = {We report the first finding of Echinococcus vogeli in a paca, Cuniculus paca, in the tropical forest of Misiones, in the north of Argentina. The presence of the bush dog, Speothos venaticus, E. vogel{\'\i}s only natural definitive host, was also reported. The polycystic hydatids, 2 to 3 cm in diameter, were only found in the liver of an adult paca. The size range of the hooks and the relative proportion blade/handle did not show significant differences with respect to the ones reported for E. vogeli. The size of E. granulosus hooks, measured for comparison purposes, was significantly smaller (p E. vogeli in Argentina. The probability of finding neotropical echinococcosis in humans reinforces the need to expand the search for E. vogeli in Argentina. Echinococcosis due to E. vogeli is very aggressive and may cause death in about a third of the human population affected.}, keywords = {Animals, Argentina, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Liver, Rodentia}, issn = {0325-7541}, author = {Vizcaychipi, Katherina A. and Helou, Marcia and Dematteo, Karen and Macchiaroli, Natalia and Cucher, Marcela and Rosenzvit, Mara and D{\textquoteright}Alessandro, Antonio} } @article {3007, title = {Food and water security issues in {Russia} {III}: food- and waterborne diseases in the {Russian} {Arctic}, {Siberia} and the {Far} {East}, 2000-2011}, journal = {International Journal of Circumpolar Health}, volume = {72}, year = {2013}, pages = {21856}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The food- and waterborne disease situation in Russia requires special attention. Poor quality of centralized water supplies and sewage systems, biological and chemical contamination of drinking water, as well as contamination of food products, promote widespread infectious diseases, significantly exceeding nationwide rates in the population living in the two-thirds of Russian northern territories. OBJECTIVES: The general aim was to assess the levels of food- and waterborne diseases in selected regions of Russian Arctic, Siberia and the Far East (for the period 2000-2011), and to compare disease levels among regions and with national levels in Russia. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study is the first comparative assessment of the morbidity in these fields of the population of 18 selected regions of Russian Arctic, Siberia and the Far East, using official statistical sources. The incidences of infectious and parasitic food- and waterborne diseases among the general population (including indigenous peoples) have been analyzed in selected regions (per 100,000 of population, averaged for 2000-2011). RESULTS: Among compulsory registered infectious and parasitic diseases, there were high rates and widespread incidences in selected regions of shigellosis, yersiniosis, hepatitis A, tularaemia, giardiasis, enterobiasis, ascariasis, diphyllobothriasis, opistorchiasis, echinococcosis and trichinellosis. CONCLUSION: Incidences of infectious and parasitic food- and waterborne diseases in the general population of selected regions of the Russian Arctic, Siberia and the Far East (2000-2011) are alarmingly high. Parallel solutions must be on the agenda, including improvement of sanitary conditions of cities and settlements in the regions, modernization of the water supply and of the sewage system. Provision and monitoring of the quality of the drinking water, a reform of the general healthcare system and the epidemiological surveillance (including gender-divided statistics), enhancement of laboratory diagnostics and the introduction of preventive actions are urgently needed.}, keywords = {Arctic Regions, Far East, Food Contamination, food- and waterborne diseases, Foodborne Diseases, Humans, Incidence, infections, parasites, Russia, Russian Arctic, sanitation, Sewage, Siberia, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution}, issn = {2242-3982}, doi = {10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21856}, author = {Dudarev, Alexey A. and Dorofeyev, Vitaliy M. and Dushkina, Eugenia V. and Alloyarov, Pavel R. and Chupakhin, Valery S. and Sladkova, Yuliya N. and Kolesnikova, Tatjana A. and Fridman, Kirill B. and Nilsson, Lena Maria and Evengard, Birgitta} } @article {15875, title = {Foodborne cryptosporidiosis: is there really more in Nordic countries?}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {Jan}, pages = {3-9}, edition = {2012/11/14}, keywords = {Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology, Cryptosporidium/physiology, Food Parasitology, Foodborne Diseases/*epidemiology, Humans, Risk Factors, Scandinavian and Nordic Countries/epidemiology}, isbn = {1471-4922}, author = {Robertson, L. J. and Chalmers, R. M.} } @article {4805, title = {{Foodborne outbreaks in Canada linked to produce: 2001 through 2009}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {76}, year = {2013}, pages = {173{\textendash}183}, author = {Kozak, GK and MacDonald, D and Landry, L and Farber, JM} } @article {2980, title = {Fox baiting against {Echinococcus} multilocularis: contrasted achievements among two medium size cities}, journal = {Preventive Veterinary Medicine}, volume = {111}, number = {1-2}, year = {2013}, month = {aug}, pages = {147{\textendash}155}, abstract = {In Europe, most cities are currently colonized by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), which are considered to be the main definitive host of the zoonotic cestode Echinococcus multilocularis. The risk of transmission to humans is of particular concern where high fox populations overlap with high human populations. The distribution of baits containing praziquantel has successfully reduced the infection pressure in rural areas and in small plots within large cities. The purpose of this study was to assess its efficiency in two medium size cities (less than 100,000 inhabitants) in areas of high human alveolar echinococcosis incidence. From August 2006 to March 2009, 14 baiting campaigns of praziquantel treatment were run in Annemasse and Pontarlier (Eastern France), each of which encompassed 33 km(2), with a density of 40 baits/km(2). The bait consumption appeared to be lower in strictly urban context compared to suburban areas (78.9\% vs. 93.4\%) and lower in Annemasse than in Pontarlier (82.2\% vs. 89.5\%). During our study, the prevalence of E. multilocularis, as assessed by EM-ELISA on fox faeces collected in the field in Annemasse, was lower within the treated area than in the rural control area. A "before/during" treatment comparison revealed a significant decrease of spring prevalence from 13.3\% to 2.2\%. No significant change in prevalence was detected in Pontarlier (stable prevalence: 9.1\%) where the contamination of the treated area followed the temporal trend observed in the control area. There, a greater resilience of the parasite{\textquoteright}s life cycle, probably due to a strong pressure of recontamination from outside the treated area, may have counteracted the prophylaxis treatment. These contrasted outcomes suggest that the frequency of fox anthelmintic treatment should be adapted to the local situation.}, keywords = {Animals, Anthelmintics, Cities, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Feces, Foxes, France, Hepatic, Humans, Praziquantel, prevalence, Seasons, Zoonoses}, issn = {1873-1716}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.03.016}, author = {Comte, S. and Raton, V. and Raoul, F. and Hegglin, D. and Giraudoux, P. and Deplazes, P. and Favier, S. and Gottschek, D. and Umhang, G. and Bou{\'e}, F. and Combes, B.} } @article {5358, title = {Free water surface constructed wetlands }, year = {2013}, url = {http://wetpac.ca/freewatersurfaceconstructedwetlands} } @article {220, title = {Gastroenteritis hospitalizations in older children and adults in the United States before and after implementation of infant rotavirus vaccination}, journal = {Jama}, volume = {310}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, note = {1538-3598 Gastanaduy, Paul A Curns, Aaron T Parashar, Umesh D Lopman, Ben A Journal Article United States JAMA. 2013 Aug 28;310(8):851-3. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.170800.}, pages = {851-3}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Child Child, control Rotavirus Vaccines/*administration \&, control/*virology Hospitalization/*statistics \&, dosage United States/epidemiology, Factual Female Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/prevention \&, numerical data Humans Immunization Programs Male Middle Aged Patient Discharge/statistics \&, numerical data Retrospective Studies Rotavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention \&, Preschool Databases}, issn = {0098-7484}, doi = {10.1001/jama.2013.170800}, url = {http://jama.jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/JAMA/927523/jld130021.pdf}, author = {Gastanaduy, P. A. and Curns, A. T. and Parashar, U. D. and Lopman, B. A.} } @article {11923, title = {Gastrointestinal pathogen distribution in symptomatic children in Sydney, Australia}, journal = {J Epidemiol Glob Health}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {11-21}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2210-6006}, doi = {10.1016/j.jegh.2012.11.004}, author = {Fletcher, S. and Van Hal, S. and Andresen, D. and McLaws, M. L. and Stark, D. and Harkness, J. and Ellis, J.} } @article {7215, title = {Gastrointestinal pathogen distribution in symptomatic children in {Sydney}, {Australia}}, journal = {Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {11{\textendash}21}, issn = {22106006}, doi = {10.1016/j.jegh.2012.11.004}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2210600612000627}, author = {Fletcher, Stephanie and Van Hal, Sebastian and Andresen, David and McLaws, Mary-Louise and Stark, Damien and Harkness, John and Ellis, John} } @article {12129, title = {Gastrointestinal pathogen distribution in symptomatic children in Sydney, Australia.}, journal = {J Epidemiol Glob Health}, volume = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {11-21}, author = {Fletcher, S. and S. Van Hal and D. Andresen and M. L. McLaws and D. Stark and J. Harkness and J. Ellis} } @article {14355, title = {Genetic diversity, antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming ability of {Arcobacter} butzleri isolated from poultry and environment from a {Portuguese} slaughterhouse.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {162}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {82{\textendash}88}, author = {Ferreira, Susana and Fraqueza, Maria J and Queiroz, Jo{\~a}o A and Domingues, Fernanda C and Oleastro, M{\'o}nica} } @article {5838, title = {{Genetic diversity, antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming ability of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from poultry and environment from a Portuguese slaughterhouse.}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {162}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {82{\textendash}88}, author = {Ferreira, Susana and Fraqueza, Maria J and Queiroz, Jo{\~a}o A and Domingues, Fernanda C and Oleastro, M{\'o}nica} } @article {6005, title = {{Genetic variability and the classification of hepatitis E virus}}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {87}, year = {2013}, pages = {4161{\textendash}4169}, author = {Smith, DB and Purdy, MA and Simmonds, P} } @article {13536, title = {Genetically confirmed Fasciola hepaticogigantica n. sp}, journal = {J Egypt Soc Parasitol.}, volume = {43}, year = {2013}, pages = {23-32}, author = {Khalifa, R. M. A. and El-Hady, H. A. and Omran, E. K. and Ahmed, N. S.} } @article {4555, title = {Genome sequence of a novel virus of the species human adenovirus d associated with acute gastroenteritis}, journal = {Genome Announcements}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, issn = {2169-8287 (Print)}, doi = {10.1128/genomeA.00068-12}, author = {Matsushima, Y. and Shimizu, H. and Kano, A. and Nakajima, E. and Ishimaru, Y. and Dey, S. K. and Watanabe, Y. and Adachi, F. and Mitani, K. and Fujimoto, T. and Phan, T. G. and Ushijima, H.} } @article {546, title = {Genome sequence of a novel virus of the species human adenovirus d associated with acute gastroenteritis}, journal = {Genome Announc}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, note = {Matsushima, Yuki Shimizu, Hideaki Kano, Atsuko Nakajima, Etsuko Ishimaru, Yoko Dey, Shuvra Kanti Watanabe, Yuki Adachi, Fuyuka Mitani, Kohnosuke Fujimoto, Tsuguto Phan, Tung Gia Ushijima, Hiroshi Journal Article United States Genome Announc. 2013 Jan;1(1). pii: e00068-12. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00068-12. Epub 2013 Jan 15.}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A novel virus of the species human adenovirus D, HAdV-67 (P-New/H9/F25), was first isolated from diarrheal feces of six children in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. The genome of this novel virus may be composed of multiple recombinations among HAdV-9, HAdV-25, HAdV-26, HAdV-33, HAdV-46, and an unknown human adenovirus D which was an origin of HAdV-67.}, issn = {2169-8287 (Print)}, doi = {10.1128/genomeA.00068-12}, author = {Matsushima, Y. and Shimizu, H. and Kano, A. and Nakajima, E. and Ishimaru, Y. and Dey, S. K. and Watanabe, Y. and Adachi, F. and Mitani, K. and Fujimoto, T. and Phan, T. G. and Ushijima, H.} } @article {3989, title = {{Genome sequencing of Giardia lamblia genotypes A2 and B isolates (DH and GS) and comparative analysis with the genomes of genotypes A1 and E (WB and Pig)}}, journal = {Genome Biology and Evolution}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {2498{\textendash}2511}, author = {Adam, RD and Dahlstrom, EW and Martens, CA and Bruno, DP and Barbian, KD and Ricklefs, SM and Hernandez, MM and Narla, NP and Patel, RB and Porcella, SF and Nash, TE} } @article {4313, title = {{Genome signature-based dissection of human gut metagenomes to extract subliminal viral sequences.}}, journal = {Nature Communications}, volume = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {2420}, abstract = {

Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) have a key role in shaping the development and functional outputs of host microbiomes. Although metagenomic approaches have greatly expanded our understanding of the prokaryotic virosphere, additional tools are required for the phage-oriented dissection of metagenomic data sets, and host-range affiliation of recovered sequences. Here we demonstrate the application of a genome signature-based approach to interrogate conventional whole-community metagenomes and access subliminal, phylogenetically targeted, phage sequences present within. We describe a portion of the biological dark matter extant in the human gut virome, and bring to light a population of potentially gut-specific Bacteroidales-like phage, poorly represented in existing virus like particle-derived viral metagenomes. These predominantly temperate phage were shown to encode functions of direct relevance to human health in the form of antibiotic resistance genes, and provided evidence for the existence of putative \&$\#$39;viral-enterotypes\&$\#$39; among this fraction of the human gut virome.

}, keywords = {Adult, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: genetics, Base Sequence, beta-Lactamases, beta-Lactamases: metabolism, Chromosomes, Chromosomes: genetics, Ecosystem, Gastrointestinal Tract, Gastrointestinal Tract: microbiology, Gastrointestinal Tract: virology, Genetic Variation, Genome, Host Specificity, Host Specificity: genetics, Humans, Male, Metagenome, Metagenome: genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Proteome, Proteome: genetics, Viral, Viral: genetics}, issn = {2041-1723}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms3420}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3778543{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Ogilvie, Lesley A and Bowler, Lucas D and Caplin, Jonathan and Dedi, Cinzia and Diston, David and Cheek, Elizabeth and Taylor, Huw and Ebdon, James E and Jones, Brian V} } @article {6188, title = {Genotype {GI}.6 {Norovirus}, {United} {States}, 2010{\textendash}2012}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {1317{\textendash}1320}, issn = {1080-6040, 1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid1908.130445}, url = {http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/8/13-0445_article.htm}, author = {Leshem, Eyal and Barclay, Leslie and Wikswo, Mary and Vega, Everardo and Gregoricus, Nicole and Parashar, Umesh D. and J Vinj{\'e} and Aron J Hall} } @article {6680, title = {Genotype {GI}.6 {Norovirus}, {United} {States}, 2010{\textendash}2012}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, month = {aug}, pages = {1317{\textendash}1320}, issn = {1080-6040, 1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid1908.130445}, url = {http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/8/13-0445_article.htm}, author = {Leshem, Eyal and Barclay, Leslie and Wikswo, Mary and Vega, Everardo and Gregoricus, Nicole and Parashar, Umesh D. and J Vinj{\'e} and Aron J Hall} } @article {4636, title = {Genotyping of clinically relevant human adenoviruses by array-in-well hybridization assay}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {551{\textendash}7}, issn = {1198-743x}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03926.x}, author = {Yliharsila, M. and Harju, E. and Arppe, R. and Hattara, L. and Holsa, J. and Saviranta, P. and Soukka, T. and Waris, M.} } @article {8623, title = {{Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii Isolates from Soil Samples in Tehran, Iran}}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {227{\textendash}233}, author = {Tavalla, M and Oormazdi, H and Akhlaghi, L and Shojaee, S and Razmjou, E and Hadighi, R and Meamar, AR} } @article {12384, title = {Genotyping using whole-genome sequencing is a realistic alternative to surveillance based on phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing}, journal = {Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, note = {Zankari, Ea Hasman, Henrik Kaas, Rolf Sommer Seyfarth, Anne Mette Agerso, Yvonne Lund, Ole Larsen, Mette Voldby Aarestrup, Frank M.
Lund, Ole/F-4437-2014
Lund, Ole/0000-0003-1108-0491; Kaas, Rolf Sommer/0000-0002-5050-8668
1460-2091}, month = {Apr}, pages = {771-777}, abstract = {

Objectives: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates is essential for clinical diagnosis, to detect emerging problems and to guide empirical treatment. Current phenotypic procedures are sometimes associated with mistakes and may require further genetic testing. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) may soon be within reach even for routine surveillance and clinical diagnostics. The aim of this study was to evaluate WGS as a routine tool for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance compared with current phenotypic procedures. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed on 200 isolates originating from Danish pigs, covering four bacterial species. Genomic DNA was purified from all isolates and sequenced as paired-end reads on the lumina platform. The web servers Res Finder and MLST (www.genomicepidemiology.org) were used to identify acquired antimicrobial resistance genes and MLST types (where MLST stands for multilocus sequence typing). Res Finder results were compared with phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing results using EUCAST epidemiological cut-off values and MLST types. Results: A total of 3051 different phenotypic tests were performed; 482 led to the categorizing of isolates as resistant and 2569 as susceptible. Seven cases of disagreement between tested and predicted susceptibility were observed, six of which were related to spectinomycin resistance in Escherichia coli. Correlation between MLST type and resistance profiles was only observed in Salmonella Typhimurium, where isolates belonging to sequence type (ST) 34 were more resistant than ST19 isolates. Conclusions: High concordance (99.74\%) between phenotypic and predicted antimicrobial susceptibility was observed. Thus, antimicrobial resistance testing based on WGS is an alternative to conventional phenotypic methods.

}, isbn = {0305-7453}, author = {Zankari, E. and Hasman, H. and Kaas, R. S. and Seyfarth, A. M. and Agerso, Y. and Lund, O. and Larsen, M. V. and Aarestrup, F. M.} } @article {324, title = {Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea}, year = {2013}, author = {Walker, CLF and Rudan, I and Liu, L and Nair, H and Theodoratou, E} } @article {930, title = {Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {381}, number = {9875}, year = {2013}, pages = {1405-1416}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Walker, Christa L and Rudan, Igor and Liu, Li and Nair, Harish and Theodoratou, Evropi and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and O{\textquoteright}Brien, Katherine L and Campbell, Harry and Black, Robert E} } @article {2512, title = {Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {381}, number = {9875}, year = {2013}, pages = {1405-1416}, author = {Walker, Christa L and Rudan, Igor and Liu, Li and Nair, Harish and Theodoratou, Evropi and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and O{\textquoteright}Brien, Katherine L and Campbell, Harry and Black, Robert E} } @article {3528, title = {Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {381}, number = {9875}, year = {2013}, pages = {1405{\textendash}1416}, author = {Walker, Christa L and Rudan, Igor and Liu, Li and Nair, Harish and Theodoratou, Evropi and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and O\$\textbackslashbackslash\$textquoterightBrien, Katherine L and Campbell, Harry and Black, Robert E} } @article {3789, title = {Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {381}, number = {9875}, year = {2013}, pages = {1405{\textendash}1416}, author = {Walker, Christa L and Rudan, Igor and Liu, Li and Nair, Harish and Theodoratou, Evropi and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and O{\textquoteright}Brien, Katherine L. and Campbell, Harry and Black, Robert E} } @article {8627, title = {{The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {91}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {501{\textendash}508}, author = {Torgerson, PR and Mastroiacovo, P} } @article {4536, title = {Global causes of diarrheal disease mortality in children <5 years of age: a systematic review}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {e72788}, issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Lanata, C. F. and Fischer-Walker, C. L. and Olascoaga, A. C. and Torres, C. X. and Aryee, M. J. and Black, R. E.} } @article {10004, title = {{Global distribution of group A rotavirus strains in horses: A systematic review}}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {31}, number = {48}, year = {2013}, month = {nov}, pages = {5627{\textendash}5633}, abstract = {Group A rotavirus (RVA) is a major cause of diarrhea and diarrhea-related mortality in foals in parts of the world. In addition to careful horse farm management, vaccination is the only known alternative to reduce the RVA associated disease burden on horse farms. The precise evaluation of vaccine effectiveness against circulating strains needs enhanced surveillance of equine RVAs in areas where vaccine is already available or vaccine introduction is anticipated. Therefore, we undertook the overview of relevant information on epidemiology of equine RVA strains through systematic search of public literature databases. Our findings indicated that over 99{\%} of equine RVA strains characterized during the past three decades belonged to two common genotypes, G3P[12] and G14P[12], whereas most of the minority equine RVA strains were probably introduced from a heterologous host by interspecies transmission. These baseline data on RVA strains in horses shall contribute to a better understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of strain prevalence in vaccinated and non-vaccinated herds.}, keywords = {epidemiology, Equine, Equus caballus, rotavirus, Surveillance, Vaccination}, issn = {0264410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.045}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23994380 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264410X13011365}, author = {Papp, Hajnalka and Matthijnssens, Jelle and Martella, Vito and Ciarlet, Max and Krisztian Banyai} } @article {4166, title = {{Global occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in shellfish: Should Canada take a closer look?}}, journal = {Food Research International}, volume = {52}, year = {2013}, pages = {119{\textendash}135}, author = {Willis, JE and McClure, JT and Davidson, J and McClure, C and Greenwood, SJ} } @article {15943, title = {Global occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in shellfish: Should Canada take a closer look?}, journal = {Food Research International}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {2013/06/01/}, pages = {119-135}, keywords = {Canada, Food safety, Shellfish}, isbn = {0963-9969}, author = {Willis, Jessica E. and McClure, J. T. and Davidson, Jeff and McClure, Carol and Greenwood, Spencer J.} } @article {8346, title = {{Global, regional, and country level need for data on wastewater generation, treatment, and use}}, journal = {Agricutlural Water Management}, volume = {130}, year = {2013}, pages = {1{\textendash}13}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, author = {Sato, Toshio and Qadir, Manzoor and Yamamoto, Sadahiro and Endo, Tsuneyoshi and Zahoor, Ahmad} } @article {3872, title = {Global seasonality of rotavirus disease.}, journal = {The Pediatric infectious disease journal}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {e134{\textendash}e147}, abstract = {A substantial number of surveillance studies have documented rotavirus prevalence among children admitted for dehydrating diarrhea. We sought to establish global seasonal patterns of rotavirus disease before the introduction of widespread vaccination.}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0b013e31827d3b68}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31827d3b68}, author = {Patel, Manish M and Pitzer, Virginia E and Alonso, Wladimir J and Vera, David and Lopman, Ben and Tate, Jacqueline and Viboud, Cecile and Parashar, Umesh D} } @article {4981, title = {{Global status of fish-borne zoonotic trematodiasis in humans}}, journal = {Acta Parasitologica}, volume = {58}, year = {2013}, pages = {231{\textendash}258}, author = {Hung, NM and Madsen, H and Fried, B} } @booklet {3916, title = {Good {Governance} for {Prison} {Health} in the 21st {Century}: {A} {Policy} {Brief} on the {Organization} of {Prison} {Health}.}, year = {2013}, publisher = {World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe}, address = {Copenhagen}, author = {Enggist, S} } @booklet {3430, title = {{Good Governance for Prison Health in the 21st Century: A Policy Brief on the Organization of Prison Health.}}, year = {2013}, publisher = {World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe}, address = {Copenhagen}, author = {Enggist, S} } @article {5454, title = {{Greywater treatment by slanted soil system}}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {50}, year = {2013}, pages = {62{\textendash}68}, author = {Ushijima, K and Ito, KN and Ito, R and Funamizu, N} } @book {16712, title = {Guidelines for validating treatment processes for pathogen reduction - {Supporting} {Class} {A} recycled water schemes in {Victoria}}, year = {2013}, note = {Published: �urlhttps://www2.health.vic.gov.au/about/publications/policiesandguidelines/Guidelines-for-validating-treatment-processes-for-pathogen-reduction-Supporting-Class-A-recycled-water-schemes-in-Victoria} } @article {1359, title = {Health effects associated with wastewater treatment, reuse, and disposal.}, journal = {Water environmental research}, volume = {85}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {1954-1977}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Jin, Y and Maleky, N and Kramer, NA and Ikehata, K} } @article {9738, title = {Helminth therapies: Translating the unknown unknowns to known knowns}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {43}, year = {2013}, pages = {293- 299}, author = {Khan, A.R. and P.G. Fallon} } @article {11662, title = {{Helminths of the gastrointestinal tract among children in Kano, Northern Nigeria}}, journal = {Asian Journal of Biological and Life Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {122{\textendash}126}, author = {Ihesiulor, G U and Kashibu, E and Azeez-Akande, O and Imoru, M} } @article {5929, title = {{Hepatitis E virus in pork liver sausage, France}}, journal = {Emerging Infection Diseases}, volume = {19}, year = {2013}, pages = {264{\textendash}266}, author = {Berto, A and Grierson, S and Hakze R van der Honing and Martelli, F and Johne, R and Reetz, J and Ulrich, RG and Pavio, N and W H van der Poel and Banks, M} } @article {6003, title = {{Hepatitis E virus: new faces of an old infection}}, journal = {Annals of Hepatology}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {861{\textendash}870}, author = {Riveiro-Barciela, M and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Fr{\'\i}as, F and Buti, M} } @article {9995, title = {{High occurrence of hepatitis E virus in samples from wastewater treatment plants in Switzerland and comparison with other enteric viruses}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {14}, year = {2013}, pages = {5101{\textendash}5109}, abstract = {Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for many enterically transmitted viral hepatitides around the world. It is currently one of the waterborne diseases of global concern. In industrialized countries, HEV appears to be more common than previously thought, even if it is rarely virulent. In Switzerland, seroprevalence studies revealed that HEV is endemic, but no information was available on its environmental spread. The aim of this study was toinvestigate -using qPCR- the occurrence and concentration of HEV and three other viruses (norovirus genogroup II, human adenovirus-40 and porcine adenovirus) in influents and effluents of 31 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Switzerland. Low concentrations of HEV were detected in 40 out of 124 WWTP influent samples, showing that HEV is commonly present in this region. The frequency of HEV occurrence was higher in summer than in winter. No HEV was detected in WWTP effluent samples, which indicates a low risk of environmental contamination. HEV occurrence and concentrations were lower than those of norovirus and adenovirus. The autochthonous HEV genotype 3 was found in all positive samples, but a strain of the non-endemic and highly pathogenic HEV genotype I was isolated in one sample, highlighting the possibility of environmental circulation of this genotype. A porcine fecal marker (porcine adenovirus) was not detected in HEV positive samples, indicating that swine are not the direct source of HEV present in wastewater. Further investigations will be necessary to determine the reservoirs and the routes of dissemination of HEV. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {Adenovirus, Hepatitis E, HEV, Norovirus, QPCR, wastewater}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.050}, author = {Masclaux, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric G. and Hotz, Philipp and Friedli, Drita and Savova-Bianchi, Dessislava and Oppliger, Anne} } @article {7917, title = {{High occurrence of hepatitis E virus in samples from wastewater treatment plants in Switzerland and comparison with other enteric viruses.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {14}, year = {2013}, month = {sep}, pages = {5101{\textendash}5109}, abstract = {

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for many enterically transmitted viral hepatitides around the world. It is currently one of the waterborne diseases of global concern. In industrialized countries, HEV appears to be more common than previously thought, even if it is rarely virulent. In Switzerland, seroprevalence studies revealed that HEV is endemic, but no information was available on its environmental spread. The aim of this study was to investigate -using qPCR- the occurrence and concentration of HEV and three other viruses (norovirus genogroup II, human adenovirus-40 and porcine adenovirus) in influents and effluents of 31 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Switzerland. Low concentrations of HEV were detected in 40 out of 124 WWTP influent samples, showing that HEV is commonly present in this region. The frequency of HEV occurrence was higher in summer than in winter. No HEV was detected in WWTP effluent samples, which indicates a low risk of environmental contamination. HEV occurrence and concentrations were lower than those of norovirus and adenovirus. The autochthonous HEV genotype 3 was found in all positive samples, but a strain of the non-endemic and highly pathogenic HEV genotype I was isolated in one sample, highlighting the possibility of environmental circulation of this genotype. A porcine fecal marker (porcine adenovirus) was not detected in HEV positive samples, indicating that swine are not the direct source of HEV present in wastewater. Further investigations will be necessary to determine the reservoirs and the routes of dissemination of HEV.

}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Animals, Chemical Fractionation, Feces, Filtration, Fluid, genetics, Hepatitis E virus, Human, Humans, isolation {\&} purification, methods, Norovirus, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Porcine, Reproducibility of Results, Seasons, Swine, Switzerland, Virology, Waste Disposal, Waste Water, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.050}, author = {Masclaux, Frederic G and Hotz, Philipp and Friedli, Drita and Savova-Bianchi, Dessislava and Oppliger, Anne} } @article {8548, title = {{High prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst shedding in stray and pet cats (Felis catus) in Virginia, United States}}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {4}, author = {Lilly, EL and Wortham, CD} } @booklet {6851, title = {Households and the {Environment} {Survey} 2011}, year = {2013}, author = {Statistics Canada} } @mastersthesis {6432, title = {How water became public in {Progressive}-{Era} {New} {York}, 1883{\textendash}1917}, year = {2013}, note = {3546090}, school = {City University of New York}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Four distinctive features of this historical period prompted the City of New York to undertake water management. First, the severe drought of 1881 forced the city to expedite construction of the New Croton Aqueduct in 1883. While the city was building the new aqueduct, the urban public began to spend their leisure time at the High Bridge, which monumentalized the Old Croton Aqueduct and raised awareness of public water. Second, the cholera scare of 1892 prompted the city to protect the Croton watershed from pollution. Third, the high-profile derailment of an intricate scheme of graft, in 1899, drove city officials to begin to eliminate private water companies and to increase vigilance about municipal corruption related to water. Fourth, the consolidation of Greater New York increased city and state power and improvements in municipal finance facilitated a new public water bureaucracy, which allowed the city to build, manage, and pay for its own water system, marked by the completion of the Catskills system in 1917. The management of water serves as an early example of government intervention in New York, which began before public schools, before the subway, and before government regulation of private gas and electric companies. Support for the idea of public water emerged as early as 1835 when the public voted in favor of building the city-run Croton water system, but public water was not on solid ground until much later. In fact, the idea of public water preceded the necessary infrastructure, bureaucracy, and finances required to make it possible. While no municipal operation is ever wholly public or private, between 1883 and 1917, the notion of public management of water triumphed in New York. It was during this long historical moment that city officials and New Yorkers began to think of, and to treat, water as a public resource. By providing a new synthesis of the cultural, economic, political, and social history of water in New York during this critical period, this study emphasizes the complexity and contingency in the story of how New York{\textquoteright}s water became public.}, keywords = {0337:American history, 0477:Environmental Studies, American history, Croton, Environmental Studies, Health and environmental sciences, Municipal politics, New York City, Public health, sanitation, Social sciences, water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1241400322?accountid=14270}, author = {Malin, Gwynneth C.} } @booklet {531, title = {Human Adenovirus Genotype Classification}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Word Press}, type = {Web Page}, author = {J R Brister and James Chodosh and David T Curiel and Albert Heim and Morris S Jones and Adriana Kajon and Thomas Lion and Donald Seto and Qiwei Zhang} } @article {5034, title = {Human enterovirus surveillance in the Slovak Republic from 2001 to 2011}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {141}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, pages = {2658-2662}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0950-2688}, doi = {10.1017/s0950268813000563}, url = {://WOS:000330370300022}, author = {Klement, C. and Kissova, R. and Lengyelova, V. and Stipalova, D. and Sobotova, Z. and Galama, J. M. D. and Bopegamage, S.} } @article {14753, title = {Human enterovirus surveillance in the {Slovak} {Republic} from 2001 to 2011}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {141}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {2658{\textendash}62}, abstract = {We report the outcome of an 11-year programme monitoring sewage water and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases as part of the World Health Organization (WHO) strategy for polio eradication in the Slovak Republic (SR). Polioviruses (PV) and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV), prior to and after the change in polio vaccination strategy, were detected. Sewage treatment plant samples from 48 localities spread over the Western, Central and Eastern regions and clinical material from AFP cases were examined. The WHO standard procedures were followed with regard to virus isolation and identification. There were 538 commonly detected human enteroviruses (HEVs) including 213 (40\%) coxsackie B viruses (CBV), 200 (37\%) echoviruses and 113 (21\%) Sabin-like PVs (PV1, 2, 3) including vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) isolates. The percentage of PV isolates fell from 66\% to 30\% during 2001-2005 and thereafter fell to zero. CBV5, CBV2 and echovirus 3 were the NPEVs endemic during the study period.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Enterovirus Infections/*epidemiology/*virology, Enterovirus/*classification/*isolation \& purification, Epidemiological Monitoring, Humans, Preschool, Sewage/*virology, Slovakia/epidemiology}, issn = {1469-4409 (Electronic) 0950-2688 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268813000563}, author = {Klement, C. and Kissova, R. and Lengyelova, V. and Stipalova, D. and Sobotova, Z. and Galama, J. M. and Bopegamage, S.} } @article {15020, title = {Human enterovirus surveillance in the {Slovak} {Republic} from 2001 to 2011}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {141}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {2658{\textendash}62}, abstract = {We report the outcome of an 11-year programme monitoring sewage water and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases as part of the World Health Organization (WHO) strategy for polio eradication in the Slovak Republic (SR). Polioviruses (PV) and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV), prior to and after the change in polio vaccination strategy, were detected. Sewage treatment plant samples from 48 localities spread over the Western, Central and Eastern regions and clinical material from AFP cases were examined. The WHO standard procedures were followed with regard to virus isolation and identification. There were 538 commonly detected human enteroviruses (HEVs) including 213 (40\%) coxsackie B viruses (CBV), 200 (37\%) echoviruses and 113 (21\%) Sabin-like PVs (PV1, 2, 3) including vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) isolates. The percentage of PV isolates fell from 66\% to 30\% during 2001-2005 and thereafter fell to zero. CBV5, CBV2 and echovirus 3 were the NPEVs endemic during the study period.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Enterovirus Infections/*epidemiology/*virology, Enterovirus/*classification/*isolation \& purification, Epidemiological Monitoring, Humans, Preschool, Sewage/*virology, Slovakia/epidemiology}, issn = {1469-4409 (Electronic) 0950-2688 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268813000563}, author = {Klement, C. and Kissova, R. and Lengyelova, V. and Stipalova, D. and Sobotova, Z. and Galama, J. M. and Bopegamage, S.} } @article {13438, title = {Human fascioliasis in South Africa}, journal = {South Afr Med J.}, volume = {103}, year = {2013}, pages = {658-659}, author = {Black, J. and Ntusi, N. and Stead, P. and Mayosi, B. and Mendelson, M.} } @article {12179, title = {Human health risk assessment (HHRA) for environmental development and transfer of antibiotic resistance}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {121}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {993-1001}, author = {Ashbolt, N. J. and Am{\'e}zquita, A. and Backhaus, T. and Borriello, S. P. and Brandt, K. and Collignon, P. and Coors, A. and Finley, R. and Gaze, W. H. and Heberer, T. and Lawrence, J. and Larsson, D. G. J. and McEwen, S. A. and Ryan, J. and Sch{\"o}nfeld, J. and Silley, P. and Snape, J. R. and van den Eede, C. and Topp, E.} } @article {12471, title = {Human health risk assessment (HHRA) for environmental development and transfer of antibiotic resistance}, journal = {Environmental Health PerspectivesEnvironmental Health PerspectivesEnvironmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {121}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {993-1001}, author = {Ashbolt, N. J. and Am{\'e}zquita, A. and Backhaus, T. and Borriello, S. P. and Brandt, K. and Collignon, P. and Coors, A. and Finley, R. and Gaze, W. H. and Heberer, T. and Lawrence, J. and Larsson, D. G. J. and McEwen, S. A. and Ryan, J. and Sch{\"o}nfeld, J. and Silley, P. and Snape, J. R. and van den Eede, C. and Topp, E.} } @article {982, title = {Human JC polyomavirus in normal colorectal mucosa, hyperplastic polyps, sporadic adenomas, and adenocarcinomas in Portugal}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {85}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, pages = {2119{\textendash}2127}, abstract = {

John Cunningham virus (JCV) infects chronically human populations worldwide and probably might confer a higher risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). The prevalence of JCV DNA has been determined in normal colon mucosa and compared it with different degrees of colorectal lesions, as well as viral presence in the urine of the individuals in the study. JCV DNA was detected by a nested-PCR approach targeting the JCV small-t antigen in 100 healthy controls, and 100 patients undergoing biopsy for diagnosis of colorectal disorders. JCV DNA was detected in 40\% of normal mucosa from controls and patients. JCV DNA presence in urine was also similar in controls and patients (37-41\% range). JCV DNA detection in normal mucosa and urine reflects the infected population in Portugal. However, in cases with colorectal tumor lesions, JCV DNA was detected in 90\% cases, independently of histological type or grade, and this increase was significantly higher with respect to its normal surrounding mucosa. This higher detection of JCV DNA in tumor lesions with respect to its own normal mucosa suggested that a selection for virus containing cells has occurred at some early stage in tumor initiation or progression. JCV may have a specific tropism for colon epithelial cells with some inherent predisposition that makes them more prone to oncogenic transformation, with selection of infected cells. Several p53 polymorphisms in intron 2, common to both groups, were more frequently detected in colorectal pathology cases. A novel p53 mutation in the 3{\textquoteright} untranslated region (exon 11) was identified in 10 patients.

}, keywords = {Colonic polyps, Colorectal cancer, Colorectal neoplasms, Human JC polyomavirus, JCV, Polyomavirus infections, Polyomavirus large T antigens}, isbn = {1096-9071 (Electronic)0146-6615 (Linking)}, issn = {01466615}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.23705}, author = {Coelho, TR and Gaspar, Rita and Figueiredo, Pedro and Mendon{\c c}a, Cristina and Lazo, Pedro A. and Almeida, Lu{\'\i}s} } @article {2788, title = {Human papillomavirus vertical transmission: Review of current data}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {56}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {1451-1456}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Awareness BOVINE BRAZIL detection DISEASE DISEASES DNA FAILURE Female FETAL Genetic genetics human humans infant INFANTS INFECTION Infectious Disease Transmission, Infectious Research SPREAD Support TISSUE transmission vertical transmission virology, Vertical LYMPHOCYTES MODEL Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections Placenta PREGNANCY Pregnancy Complications}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23392393}, author = {Freitas, AC and Mariz, FC and Silva, MA and Jesus, AL} } @article {14703, title = {Human rhinoviruses}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Rev}, volume = {26}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {135{\textendash}62}, abstract = {Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), first discovered in the 1950s, are responsible for more than one-half of cold-like illnesses and cost billions of dollars annually in medical visits and missed days of work. Advances in molecular methods have enhanced our understanding of the genomic structure of HRV and have led to the characterization of three genetically distinct HRV groups, designated groups A, B, and C, within the genus Enterovirus and the family Picornaviridae. HRVs are traditionally associated with upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, and sinusitis. In recent years, the increasing implementation of PCR assays for respiratory virus detection in clinical laboratories has facilitated the recognition of HRV as a lower respiratory tract pathogen, particularly in patients with asthma, infants, elderly patients, and immunocompromised hosts. Cultured isolates of HRV remain important for studies of viral characteristics and disease pathogenesis. Indeed, whether the clinical manifestations of HRV are related directly to viral pathogenicity or secondary to the host immune response is the subject of ongoing research. There are currently no approved antiviral therapies for HRVs, and treatment remains primarily supportive. This review provides a comprehensive, up-to-date assessment of the basic virology, pathogenesis, clinical epidemiology, and laboratory features of and treatment and prevention strategies for HRVs.}, keywords = {Genetic Variation, genotype, Humans, Otitis Media/epidemiology/virology, Picornaviridae Infections/*epidemiology/*virology, Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/virology, Rhinovirus/classification/*genetics/*pathogenicity, Sinusitis/epidemiology/virology}, issn = {1098-6618 (Electronic) 0893-8512 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00077-12}, author = {Jacobs, S. E. and Lamson, D. M. and St George, K. and Walsh, T. J.} } @article {1638, title = {Human rhinoviruses}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Rev}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, note = {Jacobs, Samantha E Lamson, Daryl M St George, Kirsten Walsh, Thomas J eng Review 2013/01/09 06:00 Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013 Jan;26(1):135-62. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00077-12.}, pages = {135-62}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), first discovered in the 1950s, are responsible for more than one-half of cold-like illnesses and cost billions of dollars annually in medical visits and missed days of work. Advances in molecular methods have enhanced our understanding of the genomic structure of HRV and have led to the characterization of three genetically distinct HRV groups, designated groups A, B, and C, within the genus Enterovirus and the family Picornaviridae. HRVs are traditionally associated with upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, and sinusitis. In recent years, the increasing implementation of PCR assays for respiratory virus detection in clinical laboratories has facilitated the recognition of HRV as a lower respiratory tract pathogen, particularly in patients with asthma, infants, elderly patients, and immunocompromised hosts. Cultured isolates of HRV remain important for studies of viral characteristics and disease pathogenesis. Indeed, whether the clinical manifestations of HRV are related directly to viral pathogenicity or secondary to the host immune response is the subject of ongoing research. There are currently no approved antiviral therapies for HRVs, and treatment remains primarily supportive. This review provides a comprehensive, up-to-date assessment of the basic virology, pathogenesis, clinical epidemiology, and laboratory features of and treatment and prevention strategies for HRVs.}, keywords = {Genetic Variation Genotype Humans Otitis Media/epidemiology/virology Picornaviridae Infections/*epidemiology/*virology Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/virology Rhinovirus/classification/*genetics/*pathogenicity Sinusitis/epidemiology/virology}, issn = {1098-6618 (Electronic) 0893-8512 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00077-12}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23297263}, author = {Jacobs, S. E. and Lamson, D. M. and St George, K. and Walsh, T. J.} } @article {15431, title = {Hybridisation between the two major African schistosome species of humans}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, month = {Jul}, pages = {687-9}, abstract = {It is generally accepted that Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium, causing intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis, respectively, are not able to hybridise, due to the high phylogenetic distance between them. Cloning of nuclear internal transcribed spacer rDNA and partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 fragments revealed two internal transcribed spacer rDNA genotypes within single eggs and miracidia, one identical to S. mansoni and the other identical to S. haematobium, suggesting hybrid ancestry. The cytochrome c oxidase 1 clones always belonged to only one of the parental species. This demonstrates that offspring of heterologous pairing between these two species is not (always) parthenogenetic.}, keywords = {Animals, Chimera, Cloning, Molecular, DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics, Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics, Schistosoma haematobium/ genetics, Schistosoma mansoni/ genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA}, isbn = {1879-0135 (Electronic)
0020-7519 (Linking)}, author = {Huyse, T. and Van den Broeck, F. and Hellemans, B. and Volckaert, F. A. and Polman, K.} } @article {8503, title = {{Hydrologic and Vegetative Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Toxoplasma gondii Surrogate Microspheres in Coastal Wetlands}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {1859{\textendash}1865}, author = {Hogan, JN and Daniels, ME and Watson, FG and Oates, SC and Miller, MA and Conrad, PA and Shapiro, K and Hardin, D and Dominik, C and Melli, A and Jessup, DA and Miller, WA} } @article {6999, title = {The {\textquoteleft}{Hygiene} hypothesis{\textquoteright} and the sharp gradient in the incidence of autoimmune and allergic diseases between {Russian} {Karelia} and {Finland}}, journal = {APMIS}, volume = {121}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, month = {jun}, pages = {478{\textendash}493}, issn = {09034641}, doi = {10.1111/apm.12023}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/apm.12023}, author = {Kondrashova, Anita and Seiskari, Tapio and Ilonen, Jorma and Knip, Mikael and Hy{\"o}ty, Heikki} } @article {2325, title = {{Hygienic quality of artificial greywater subjected to aerobic treatment: a comparison of three filter media at increasing organic loading rates.}}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {34}, number = {17-20}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {2657{\textendash}62}, abstract = {With a growing world population, the lack of reliable water sources is becoming an increasing problem. Reusing greywater could alleviate this problem. When reusing greywater for crop irrigation it is paramount to ensure the removal of pathogenic organisms. This study compared the pathogen removal efficiency of pine bark and activated charcoal filters with that of conventional sand filters at three organic loading rates. The removal efficiency of Escherichia coli O157:H7 decreased drastically when the organic loading rate increased fivefold in the charcoal and sand filters, but increased by 2 log10 in the bark filters. The reduction in the virus model organism coliphage phiX174 remained unchanged with increasing organic loading in the charcoal and sand filters, but increased by 2 log10 in the bark filters. Thus, bark was demonstrated to be the most promising material for greywater treatment in terms of pathogen removal.}, keywords = {Bacteriophage phi X 174, Bacteriophage phi X 174: isolation \& purification, Charcoal, Charcoal: chemistry, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Filtration, Filtration: instrumentation, Pinus, Pinus: chemistry, Plant Bark, Plant Bark: chemistry, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide: chemistry, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: instrumentation}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2013.783603}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3827671\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Lalander, Cecilia and Dalahmeh, Sahar and J{\"o}nsson, H{\r a}kan and Vinner{\r a}s, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {14122, title = {Hygienic quality of artificial greywater subjected to aerobic treatment: a comparison of three filter media at increasing organic loading rates.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {34}, number = {17-20}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {2657{\textendash}62}, abstract = {With a growing world population, the lack of reliable water sources is becoming an increasing problem. Reusing greywater could alleviate this problem. When reusing greywater for crop irrigation it is paramount to ensure the removal of pathogenic organisms. This study compared the pathogen removal efficiency of pine bark and activated charcoal filters with that of conventional sand filters at three organic loading rates. The removal efficiency of Escherichia coli O157:H7 decreased drastically when the organic loading rate increased fivefold in the charcoal and sand filters, but increased by 2 log10 in the bark filters. The reduction in the virus model organism coliphage phiX174 remained unchanged with increasing organic loading in the charcoal and sand filters, but increased by 2 log10 in the bark filters. Thus, bark was demonstrated to be the most promising material for greywater treatment in terms of pathogen removal.}, keywords = {Bacteriophage phi X 174, Bacteriophage phi X 174: isolation \& purification, Charcoal, Charcoal: chemistry, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Filtration, Filtration: instrumentation, Pinus, Pinus: chemistry, Plant Bark, Plant Bark: chemistry, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide: chemistry, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: instrumentation}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2013.783603}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3827671\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Lalander, Cecilia and Dalahmeh, Sahar and J{\"o}nsson, H\textbackslasha akan and Vinner\textbackslasha as, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {14821, title = {Hygienic quality of artificial greywater subjected to aerobic treatment: a comparison of three filter media at increasing organic loading rates.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {34}, number = {17-20}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {2657{\textendash}62}, abstract = {With a growing world population, the lack of reliable water sources is becoming an increasing problem. Reusing greywater could alleviate this problem. When reusing greywater for crop irrigation it is paramount to ensure the removal of pathogenic organisms. This study compared the pathogen removal efficiency of pine bark and activated charcoal filters with that of conventional sand filters at three organic loading rates. The removal efficiency of Escherichia coli O157:H7 decreased drastically when the organic loading rate increased fivefold in the charcoal and sand filters, but increased by 2 log10 in the bark filters. The reduction in the virus model organism coliphage phiX174 remained unchanged with increasing organic loading in the charcoal and sand filters, but increased by 2 log10 in the bark filters. Thus, bark was demonstrated to be the most promising material for greywater treatment in terms of pathogen removal.}, keywords = {Bacteriophage phi X 174, Bacteriophage phi X 174: isolation \& purification, Charcoal, Charcoal: chemistry, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Filtration, Filtration: instrumentation, Pinus, Pinus: chemistry, Plant Bark, Plant Bark: chemistry, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide: chemistry, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: instrumentation}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2013.783603}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3827671\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Lalander, Cecilia and Dalahmeh, Sahar and J{\"o}nsson, H\textbackslashtextbackslasha akan and Vinner\textbackslashtextbackslasha as, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {8068, title = {{Hygienic quality of artificial greywater subjected to aerobic treatment: a comparison of three filter media at increasing organic loading rates.}}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {34}, number = {17-20}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {2657{\textendash}62}, abstract = {

With a growing world population, the lack of reliable water sources is becoming an increasing problem. Reusing greywater could alleviate this problem. When reusing greywater for crop irrigation it is paramount to ensure the removal of pathogenic organisms. This study compared the pathogen removal efficiency of pine bark and activated charcoal filters with that of conventional sand filters at three organic loading rates. The removal efficiency of Escherichia coli O157:H7 decreased drastically when the organic loading rate increased fivefold in the charcoal and sand filters, but increased by 2 log10 in the bark filters. The reduction in the virus model organism coliphage phiX174 remained unchanged with increasing organic loading in the charcoal and sand filters, but increased by 2 log10 in the bark filters. Thus, bark was demonstrated to be the most promising material for greywater treatment in terms of pathogen removal.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophage phi X 174, Bacteriophage phi X 174: isolation {\&} purification, Charcoal, Charcoal: chemistry, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Filtration, Filtration: instrumentation, Pinus, Pinus: chemistry, Plant Bark, Plant Bark: chemistry, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide: chemistry, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: instrumentation}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2013.783603}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3827671{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Lalander, Cecilia and Dalahmeh, Sahar and Haakan J{\"o}nsson and Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas} } @article {1991, title = {Balantidium coli: an unrecognized cause of vertebral osteomyelitis and myelopathy}, journal = {Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {2013/03}, pages = {310-313}, isbn = {1547-5654}, author = {Dhawan, S and Jain, D and Mehta, VS} } @article {15834, title = {ICR SS protozoan data site-by-site: a picture of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in U.S. surface water}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {47}, number = {18}, year = {2013}, month = {Sep 17}, pages = {10145-54}, edition = {2013/08/16}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Environmental monitoring, Fresh Water/*analysis, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Government Regulation, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency/legislation \& jurisprudence, Water Pollutants/*isolation \& purification, Water Supply/*analysis/legislation \& jurisprudence}, isbn = {0013-936x}, author = {Ongerth, J. E.} } @article {13231, title = {Identification error of Aeromonas aquariorum: a causative agent of septicemia}, journal = {Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {76}, year = {2013}, pages = {106-109}, doi = {10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.01.019}, author = {Morinaga, Y. and Yanagihara, K. and Eugenin, F. L. and Beaz-Hidalgo, R. and Kohno, S. and M. J Figueras Salvat} } @article {10026, title = {{Identification of a new cyclovirus in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute central nervous system infections.}}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {e00231{\textendash}13}, abstract = {Acute central nervous system (CNS) infections cause substantial morbidity and mortality, but the etiology remains unknown in a large proportion of cases. We identified and characterized the full genome of a novel cyclovirus (tentatively named cyclovirus-Vietnam [CyCV-VN]) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of two Vietnamese patients with CNS infections of unknown etiology. CyCV-VN was subsequently detected in 4{\%} of 642 CSF specimens from Vietnamese patients with suspected CNS infections and none of 122 CSFs from patients with noninfectious neurological disorders. Detection rates were similar in patients with CNS infections of unknown etiology and those in whom other pathogens were detected. A similar detection rate in feces from healthy children suggested food-borne or orofecal transmission routes, while high detection rates in feces from pigs and poultry (average, 58{\%}) suggested the existence of animal reservoirs for such transmission. Further research is needed to address the epidemiology and pathogenicity of this novel, potentially zoonotic virus.}, issn = {2150-7511}, doi = {10.1128/mBio.00231-13}, author = {Tan, Le Van and H R van Doorn and Ho DT Nghia and Tran TH Chau and Le TP Tu and de Vries, Michel and Canuti, Marta and Deijs, Martin and Jebbink, Maarten F and Baker, Stephen and Bryant, Juliet E and Tham, Nguyen Thi and BKrong, Nguyen Thi Thuy Chinh and Boni, Maciej F and Loi, Tran Quoc and Phuong, Le Thi and Verhoeven, Joost T P and Crusat, Martin and Jeeninga, Rienk E and Schultsz, Constance and Chau, Nguyen Van Vinh and Hien, Tran Tinh and van der Hoek, Lia and Farrar, Jeremy and de Jong, Menno D} } @article {978, title = {Identification of a Novel Human Polyomavirus in Organs of the Gastrointestinal Tract}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, abstract = {

Polyomaviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with a circular double-stranded DNA genome. Using a generic polyomavirus PCR targeting the VP1 major structural protein gene, a novel polyomavirus was initially identified in resected human liver tissue and provisionally named Human Polyomavirus 12 (HPyV12). Its 5033 bp genome is predicted to encode large and small T antigens and the 3 structural proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3. Phylogenetic analyses did not reveal a close relationship to any known human or animal polyomavirus. Investigation of organs, body fluids and excretions of diseased individuals and healthy subjects with both HPyV12-specific nested PCR and quantitative real-time PCR revealed additional virus-positive samples of resected liver, cecum and rectum tissues and a positive fecal sample. A capsomer-based IgG ELISA was established using the major capsid protein VP1 of HPyV12. Seroprevalences of 23\% and 17\%, respectively, were determined in sera from healthy adults and adolescents and a pediatric group of children. These data indicate that the virus naturally infects humans and that primary infection may already occur in childhood.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, issn = {19326203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0058021}, author = {Korup, Sarah and Rietscher, Janita and Calvignac-Spencer, S{\'e}bastien and Trusch, Franziska and Hofmann, J{\"o}rg and Moens, Ugo and Sauer, Igor and Voigt, Sebastian and Schmuck, Rosa and Ehlers, Bernhard} } @article {3666, title = {Identification of an avian group {A} rotavirus containing a novel {VP}4 gene with a close relationship to those of mammalian rotaviruses}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {94}, number = {Pt 1}, year = {2013}, pages = {136{\textendash}142}, doi = {10.1099/vir.0.047381-0}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.047381-0}, author = {Trojnar, Eva and Sachsenr{\"o}der, Jana and Twardziok, Sven and Reetz, Jochen and Otto, Peter H and Johne, Reimar} } @article {14744, title = {Identification of human and animal fecal contamination after rainfall in the {Han} {River}, {Korea}}, journal = {Microbes and environments / JSME}, volume = {28}, year = {2013}, pages = {187{\textendash}94}, abstract = {We investigated the effect of rainfall on the levels and sources of microbial contamination in the Han River, Korea. Thirty-four samples were collected at two sampling sites located upstream and downstream in the river from July 2010 to February 2011. Various fecal indicator microorganisms, including total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., somatic and male-specific (F+) coliphage, and four major enteric viruses were analyzed. Rainfall was positively correlated with the levels of fecal coliform and norovirus at both sampling sites. Additionally, rainfall was positively correlated with the levels of total coliform, E. coli, Enterococcus spp., and F+ coliphage at the upstream site. To identify the source of fecal contamination, microbial source tracking (MST) was conducted using both male-specific (F+) RNA coliphage and the Enterococcus faecium esp gene as previously described. Our results clearly indicated that the majority of fecal contamination at the downstream Han River site was from a human source. At the upstream sampling site, contamination from human fecal matter was very limited; however, fecal contamination from non-point animal sources increased following rainfall. In conclusion, our data suggest that rainfall significantly affects the level and source of fecal contamination in the Han River, Korea.}, keywords = {*Rain, *Water Pollution, Animals, Bacteria/*isolation \& purification, Forensic Anthropology, Humans, Republic of Korea, Rivers/*microbiology, Viruses/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1347-4405 (Electronic) 1342-6311 (Linking)}, author = {Kim, J. Y. and Lee, H. and Lee, J. E. and Chung, M. S. and Ko, G. P.} } @article {14477, title = {Identification of viral pathogen diversity in sewage sludge by metagenome analysis}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, month = {feb}, pages = {1945{\textendash}51}, abstract = {The large diversity of viruses that exist in human populations are potentially excreted into sewage collection systems and concentrated in sewage sludge. In the U.S., the primary fate of processed sewage sludge (class B biosolids) is application to agricultural land as a soil amendment. To characterize and understand infectious risks associated with land application, and to describe the diversity of viruses in human populations, shotgun viral metagenomics was applied to 10 sewage sludge samples from 5 wastewater treatment plants throughout the continental U.S, each serving between 100,000 and 1,000,000 people. Nearly 330 million DNA sequences were produced and assembled, and annotation resulted in identifying 43 (26 DNA, 17 RNA) different types of human viruses in sewage sludge. Novel insights include the high abundance of newly emerging viruses (e.g., Coronavirus HKU1, Klassevirus, and Cosavirus) the strong representation of respiratory viruses, and the relatively minor abundance and occurrence of Enteroviruses. Viral metagenome sequence annotations were reproducible and independent PCR-based identification of selected viruses suggests that viral metagenomes were a conservative estimate of the true viral occurrence and diversity. These results represent the most complete description of human virus diversity in any wastewater sample to date, provide engineers and environmental scientists with critical information on important viral agents and routes of infection from exposure to wastewater and sewage sludge, and represent a significant leap forward in understanding the pathogen content of class B biosolids.}, keywords = {*Metagenome, DNA, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reproducibility of Results, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/*virology, Viral/*chemistry}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es305181x}, author = {Bibby, K. and Peccia, J.} } @article {14873, title = {Identification of viral pathogen diversity in sewage sludge by metagenome analysis}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, month = {feb}, pages = {1945{\textendash}51}, abstract = {The large diversity of viruses that exist in human populations are potentially excreted into sewage collection systems and concentrated in sewage sludge. In the U.S., the primary fate of processed sewage sludge (class B biosolids) is application to agricultural land as a soil amendment. To characterize and understand infectious risks associated with land application, and to describe the diversity of viruses in human populations, shotgun viral metagenomics was applied to 10 sewage sludge samples from 5 wastewater treatment plants throughout the continental U.S, each serving between 100,000 and 1,000,000 people. Nearly 330 million DNA sequences were produced and assembled, and annotation resulted in identifying 43 (26 DNA, 17 RNA) different types of human viruses in sewage sludge. Novel insights include the high abundance of newly emerging viruses (e.g., Coronavirus HKU1, Klassevirus, and Cosavirus) the strong representation of respiratory viruses, and the relatively minor abundance and occurrence of Enteroviruses. Viral metagenome sequence annotations were reproducible and independent PCR-based identification of selected viruses suggests that viral metagenomes were a conservative estimate of the true viral occurrence and diversity. These results represent the most complete description of human virus diversity in any wastewater sample to date, provide engineers and environmental scientists with critical information on important viral agents and routes of infection from exposure to wastewater and sewage sludge, and represent a significant leap forward in understanding the pathogen content of class B biosolids.}, keywords = {*Metagenome, DNA, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reproducibility of Results, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/*virology, Viral/*chemistry}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es305181x}, author = {Bibby, K. and Peccia, J.} } @article {3515, title = {Identification of viral pathogen diversity in sewage sludge by metagenome analysis.}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {1945{\textendash}1951}, author = {Bibby, K and Peccia, J} } @article {5853, title = {{Identifying the seasonal origins of human campylobacteriosis.}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {141}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, month = {jun}, pages = {1267{\textendash}1275}, author = {Strachan, N J C and Rotariu, O and Smith-Palmer, A and Cowden, J and Sheppard, S K and O{\textquoteright}Brien, S J and Maiden, M C J and MacRae, M and Bessell, P R and Matthews, L and Reid, S W J and Innocent, G T and Ogden, I D and Forbes, K J} } @article {14370, title = {Identifying the seasonal origins of human campylobacteriosis.}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {141}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, month = {jun}, pages = {1267{\textendash}1275}, author = {Strachan, N J C and Rotariu, O and Smith-Palmer, A and Cowden, J and Sheppard, S K and O{\textquoteright}Brien, S J and Maiden, M C J and MacRae, M and Bessell, P R and Matthews, L and Reid, S W J and Innocent, G T and Ogden, I D and Forbes, K J} } @article {13573, title = {Immunomodulatory molecules of Fasciola hepatica: Candidates for both vaccine and immunotherapeutic development}, journal = {Vet Parasitol}, volume = {195}, year = {2013}, pages = {272-285}, author = {Dalton, J. P. and Robinson, M. W. and Mulcahy, G. and O{\textquoteright}Neill, S. M. and Donnelly, S.} } @article {11924, title = {The Impact of a School-Based Hygiene, Water Quality and Sanitation Intervention on Soil-Transmitted Helminth Reinfection: A Cluster-Randomized Trial}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {89}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {875-883}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {doi:https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0237}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0237}, author = {Freeman, Matthew C. and Clasen, Thomas and Brooker, Simon J. and Akoko, Daniel O. and Rheingans, Richard} } @article {6607, title = {Impact of {Indian} {Total} {Sanitation} {Campaign} on latrine coverage and use: a cross-sectional study in {Orissa} three years following programme implementation}, journal = {PloS One}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {e71438}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Faced with a massive shortfall in meeting sanitation targets, some governments have implemented campaigns that use subsidies focused on latrine construction to overcome income constraints and rapidly expand coverage. In settings like rural India where open defecation is common, this may result in sub-optimal compliance (use), thereby continuing to leave the population exposed to human excreta. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate latrine coverage and use among 20 villages (447 households, 1933 individuals) in Orissa, India where the Government of India{\textquoteright}s Total Sanitation Campaign had been implemented at least three years previously. We defined coverage as the proportion of households that had a latrine; for use we identified the proportion of households with at least one reported user and among those, the extent of reported use by each member of the household. RESULTS: Mean latrine coverage among the villages was 72\% (compared to {\textless}10\% in comparable villages in the same district where the Total Sanitation Campaign had not yet been implemented), though three of the villages had less than 50\% coverage. Among these households with latrines, more than a third (39\%) were not being used by any member of the household. Well over a third (37\%) of the members of households with latrines reported never defecating in their latrines. Less than half (47\%) of the members of such households reported using their latrines at all times for defecation. Combined with the 28\% of households that did not have latrines, it appears that most defecation events in these communities are still practiced in the open. CONCLUSION: A large-scale campaign to implement sanitation has achieved substantial gains in latrine coverage in this population. Nevertheless, gaps in coverage and widespread continuation of open defecation will result in continued exposure to human excreta, reducing the potential for health gains}, keywords = {Attitude, Cross-Sectional Studies, environment, Family Characteristics, Female, Health promotion, Humans, India, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Public health, Residence Characteristics, Rural Population, sanitation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Toilet Facilities}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0071438}, author = {Barnard, Sharmani and Routray, Parimita and Majorin, Fiona and Peletz, Rachel and Boisson, Sophie and Sinha, Antara and Clasen, Thomas} } @article {12294, title = {Impact of manure fertilization on the abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and frequency of detection of antibiotic resistance genes in soil and on vegetables at harvest}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {18}, year = {2013}, month = {Sep}, pages = {5701-9}, keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Bacterial, *Soil Microbiology, Agriculture/*methods, Animals, Bacteria/*drug effects/*isolation \& purification, Bacterial Load, Cattle, DNA, Bacterial/genetics/isolation \& purification, Genes, Bacterial, Humans, Manure/*microbiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Swine, Vegetables/*microbiology}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)
0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Marti, R. and Scott, A. and Tien, Y. C. and Murray, R. and Sabourin, L. and Zhang, Y. and Topp, E.} } @article {12557, title = {The impact of manure fertilization on the abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and frequency of detection of antibiotic resistance genes in soil, and on vegetables at harvest}, journal = {Applied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and environmental microbiology}, year = {2013}, author = {Romain Marti and Andrew Scott and Yuan-Ching Tien and Roger Murray and Lyne Sabourin and Yun Zhang and Edward Topp} } @mastersthesis {6727, title = {Impact of organic load on sanitizer efficacy against {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 during pilot-plant production of fresh-cut lettuce}, year = {2013}, note = {3587872}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Addition of chemical sanitizers during commercial flume washing of leafy greens remains the sole microbial mitigation strategy. However, continued Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks have raised concerns regarding recirculation of wash water, with the accumulation of organic load during processing leading to decreased efficacy of chlorine-based sanitizers. Reliable methods to quantify the impact of organic load on sanitizing efficacy do not yet exist. Initially, the efficacy of six different wash treatments (water alone, 50 ppm peroxyacetic acid, 50 ppm mixed peracid, or 50 ppm available chlorine either alone or acidified to pH 6.5 with citric acid (CA) or T-128) was assessed using 5.4 kg of iceberg lettuce inoculated to contain 10 6 CFU/g of a 4-strain non-toxigenic, GFP-labeled, ampicillin-resistant cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 in a pilot-scale leafy green processing line consisting of a commercial shredder, conveyor, flume tank, shaker table, and centrifugal dryer. Without an organic load in the water, none of the sanitizers were more effective (P <= 0.05) than water alone at reducing E. coli O157:H7 populations on lettuce, with reductions ranging from 0.8 to 1.4 log CFU/g. However, chlorine, chlorine + CA, and chlorine + T-128 were generally more effective (P <= . 0.05) than the other treatments against E. coli O157:H7 in the flume water, with reductions of 3.8, 5.5, and 5.4 log CFU/ml after 90 s of processing, respectively. Thereafter, a novel and cost-effective carboy system was developed to assess the efficacy of the same five sanitizing agents against E. coli O157:H7 in wash water containing an organic load of 0 to 10\% (w/v) blended lettuce. After iceberg lettuce previously inoculated to contain E. coli O157:H7 at 106 CFU/g was washed for 90 s, E. coli O157:H7 persistence was subsequently correlated to various physicochemical parameters of the wash water. Organic load negatively impacted the efficacy of chlorine, chlorine + CA, and chlorine + T-128 (P <= 0.05), with typical E. coli O157:H7 reductions of {\textless} 1 log CFU/ml after 10 min of exposure. However, the efficacy of peroxyacetic acid and mixed peracid was unaffected by organic load (P {\textgreater} 0.05), with average E. coli O157:H7 reductions of \~{}4.8 and \~{}5.5 log CFU/ml, respectively, after 10 min of exposure. Finally, efficacy of the same five sanitizer treatments was assessed against E. coli O157:H7 on iceberg lettuce, in wash water, and on surfaces of a pilot-scale processing line using flume water containing an organic load of 0 to 10\% (w/v) blended lettuce. Organic load negatively impacted the efficacy of all three chlorine treatments (P <= 0.05), with typical E. coli O157:H7 reductions of {\textgreater} 5 log CFU/ml by the end of processing with no organic load in the wash water and 0.9 - 3.7 log CFU/ml with a 10\% organic load. Organic load rarely impacted (P {\textgreater} 0.05) the efficacy of either peroxyacetic acid or mixed peracid, with typical reductions of {\textgreater} 5 log CFU/ml in wash water throughout processing for all organic loads. Sanitizer efficacy against E. coli O157:H7on lettuce was seldom impacted by organic load. In both the carboy system and the pilot-scale processing line, reduced sanitizer efficacy generally correlated to increases (P <= 0.05) in total solids, chemical oxygen demand and turbidity, and decreases (P <= 0.05) in maximum filterable volume, indicating that these tests may be effective alternatives to the industry standard of oxygen/reduction potential. These findings demonstrate that monitoring of both sanitizer concentration and wash water quality is critical to minimizing the likelihood of amplifying a previously isolated contamination event.}, keywords = {0359:Food Science, 0410:Microbiology, Biological sciences, Escherichia coli o157:h7, Food processing, Food Science, Fresh-cut lettuce, Microbiology, organic load, Sanitizers}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1427346212?accountid=14270}, author = {Davidson, Gordon Ray} } @article {6719, title = {Impact of {Regular} {Soap} {Provision} to {Primary} {Schools} on {Hand} {Washing} and {E}. coli {Hand} {Contamination} among {Pupils} in {Nyanza} {Province}, {Kenya}: {A} {Cluster}-{Randomized} {Trial}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, pages = {698{\textendash}708}, issn = {0002-9637}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.12-0387}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/doi/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0387}, author = {Saboori, S. and Greene, L. E. and Moe, C. L. and Freeman, M. C. and Caruso, B. A. and Akoko, D. and Rheingans, R. D.} } @article {8528, title = {{The impact of the waterborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii and analysis efforts for water detection: an overview and update}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research International}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {86{\textendash}99}, author = {Karanis, P and Aldeyarbi, HM and Mirhashemi, ME and Khalil, KM} } @article {13316, title = {Implication of lateral genetic transfer in the emergence of Aeromonas hydrophila isolates of epidemic outbreaks in channel catfish}, journal = {PLoS One}, year = {2013}, pages = {e80943}, author = {M J Hossain and G C Waldbieser and Sun, D and N K Capps and Hemstreet, WB and Carlisle, K and Griffin, MJ and Khoo, L and Goodwin, AE and Sonstegard, TS and Hayden, K and Newton, JC and Terhune, JS and M R Liles} } @article {11590, title = {{Imported diphyllobothriasis in Switzerland: molecular methods to define a clinical case of Diphyllobothrium infection as Diphyllobothrium dendriticum}}, journal = {Eurosurveillance}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {pii: 20355}, author = {De Marval, F and Gottstein, B and Weber, M and Wicht, B} } @article {8337, title = {{The impoverished gut- a triple burden of diarrhea, stunting, and chronic disease}}, journal = {Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology and Hepatology}, volume = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {220{\textendash}229}, doi = {10.1038/nrgastro.2012.239}, author = {Guerrant, R.I. and DeBoer, M.D. and Moore, S.R. and Scharf, R.J. and Lima, A.A.M.} } @article {4833, title = {{The impoverished gut-a triple burden of diarrhoea, stunting and chronic disease}}, journal = {Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol}, volume = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {220{\textendash}229}, author = {Guerrant, RL and DeBoer, MD and Moore, SR and Scharf, RJ and Lima, AA} } @booklet {3412, title = {{Improving Child Nutrition: The Achievable Imperative for Global Progress.}}, year = {2013}, publisher = {UNICEF}, address = {New York}, author = {UNICEF} } @booklet {3861, title = {Improving {Child} {Nutrition}: {The} {Achievable} {Imperative} for {Global} {Progress}.}, year = {2013}, publisher = {UNICEF}, address = {New York}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {9805, title = {{In vitro division modalities developed by Blastocystis hominis examined with the acridine orange stain}}, journal = {Analele Stiintifice ale Universit{\u a}tii {\quotedblbase}Alexandru Ioan Cuza{\textquotedblright} din Iasi, s. Biologie animal}, year = {2013}, author = {Grecu, D and Neagu, A and Harmanescu, E and Moglan, I} } @article {9083, title = {{Inactivation Kinetics of {\{}{\textless}{\}}i{\{}{\textgreater}{\}}Cryptosporidium parvum{\{}{\textless}{\}}/i{\{}{\textgreater}{\}} Oocysts in a Swine Waste Lagoon and Spray Field}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {337{\textendash}342}, issn = {0022-3395}, doi = {10.1645/GE-3193.1}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1645/GE-3193.1}, author = {Jenkins, Michael B and Liotta, Janice L and Bowman, Dwight D} } @article {16532, title = {Inactivation of bacteria and helminth in wastewater treatment plant effluent using oxidation processes}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {68}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {1825{\textendash}9}, abstract = {The contamination of bodies of water by raw and even treated sewage is worrying because pathogens that affect public health and the environment are not fully eliminated in wastewater treatment systems. The disinfection step is an important barrier to adopt to reduce this contamination. However, widely used disinfectants such as chlorine do not guarantee the inactivation of resistant organisms such as spore-forming bacteria and helminth eggs. This study evaluated the effectiveness of processes of peroxidation (H2O2), ultraviolet radiation (UV) and peroxidation assisted by ultraviolet radiation (H2O2/UV) in terms of reduction and inactivation of total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, helminth eggs and larvae present in a treated sewage. Doses of UV radiation of 70 mJ cm(-2) and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 30 mg L(-1) were used. The number of bacteria reduced after UV and H2O2/UV processes was 3 and 4 log, respectively. An average reduction of 59\% in the number of eggs was verified when using H2O2, UV, and H2O2/UV processes. Helminth larvae were reduced by 24\% after H2O2 and UV; the process H2O2/UV did not reduce the number of larvae. Statistically significant differences between the processes for both organisms were not observed.}, keywords = {Animals, Disinfection/*methods, Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects/radiation effects, Escherichia coli/drug effects/radiation effects, Female, Fluid/*methods, Helminths/drug effects/radiation effects, Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology, Larva/drug effects/radiation effects, Ovum/drug effects/radiation effects, Oxidation-Reduction, Ultraviolet Rays, Waste Disposal, Waste Water/*microbiology/*parasitology}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2013.431}, author = {Guadagnini, R. A. and dos Santos, L. U. and Franco, R. M. and Guimaraes, J. R.} } @article {12040, title = {Inactivation of bacteria and helminth in wastewater treatment plant effluent using oxidation processes}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {68}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, note = {Guadagnini, Regiane Aparecida
dos Santos, Luciana Urbano
Franco, Regina Maura Bueno
Guimaraes, Jose Roberto
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2013/11/05 06:00
Water Sci Technol. 2013;68(8):1825-9. doi: 10.2166/wst.2013.431.}, pages = {1825-9}, abstract = {

The contamination of bodies of water by raw and even treated sewage is worrying because pathogens that affect public health and the environment are not fully eliminated in wastewater treatment systems. The disinfection step is an important barrier to adopt to reduce this contamination. However, widely used disinfectants such as chlorine do not guarantee the inactivation of resistant organisms such as spore-forming bacteria and helminth eggs. This study evaluated the effectiveness of processes of peroxidation (H2O2), ultraviolet radiation (UV) and peroxidation assisted by ultraviolet radiation (H2O2/UV) in terms of reduction and inactivation of total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, helminth eggs and larvae present in a treated sewage. Doses of UV radiation of 70 mJ cm(-2) and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 30 mg L(-1) were used. The number of bacteria reduced after UV and H2O2/UV processes was 3 and 4 log, respectively. An average reduction of 59\% in the number of eggs was verified when using H2O2, UV, and H2O2/UV processes. Helminth larvae were reduced by 24\% after H2O2 and UV; the process H2O2/UV did not reduce the number of larvae. Statistically significant differences between the processes for both organisms were not observed.

}, keywords = {Animals, Disinfection/*methods, Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects/radiation effects, Escherichia coli/drug effects/radiation effects, Female, Helminths/drug effects/radiation effects, Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology, Larva/drug effects/radiation effects, Ovum/drug effects/radiation effects, Oxidation-Reduction, Ultraviolet Rays, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods, Waste Water/*microbiology/*parasitology}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Guadagnini, R. A. and dos Santos, L. U. and Franco, R. M. and Guimaraes, J. R.} } @article {10990, title = {Inactivation of {Pathogens} in {Feces} by {Desiccation} and {Urea} {Treatment} for {Application} in {Urine}-{Diverting} {Dry} {Toilets}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, month = {apr}, pages = {2156{\textendash}2163}, abstract = {Ecological sanitation technologies can be effective in providing health and environmental pollution control if they can efficiently reduce the pathogenicity of microorganisms carried in fecal material to safe levels. This study evaluated the sanitizing effects of different additives for dry treatment of feces from urine-diverting dry toilets, based on inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX, and Ascaris suum. The additives, ash (A) and oyster shell (O) in different amounts and urea (U) to optimize the process, were compared with no additive, solely urea, and sawdust as controls (C) and were covered ([x\%O:A]) or uncovered (x\%O:A). The main inactivation factors found were desiccation, ammonia content, and pH. S. Typhimurium and E. faecalis were more affected by the ammonia content. A combination of neutral to high pH and desiccation was most effective for inactivation of MS2, and desiccation was most effective for inactivation of ΦX and A. suum. The inactivation rate was modeled for all combinations studied. The most promising treatments were [150\%O:A+U], 150\%O:A+U, and 150\%O:A. According to the models, these could inactivate, for example, 7 log10 units of all bacteria and bacteriophages within 83, 125, and 183 days, respectively. The inactivation of A. suum was modeled, albeit the measured decay in egg viability was low.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03920-12}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/79/7/2156.abstract}, author = {Maria E Magri and Luiz S Philippi and Vinner{\r a}s, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {13394, title = {{Inactivation of pathogens in feces by desiccation and urea treatment for application in urine-diverting dry toilets}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {2156{\textendash}2163}, abstract = {

Ecological sanitation technologies can be effective in providing health and environmental pollution control if they can efficiently reduce the pathogenicity of microorganisms carried in fecal material to safe levels. This study evaluated the sanitizing effects of different additives for dry treatment of feces from urine-diverting dry toilets, based on inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, bacteriophages MS2 and $\Phi$X, and Ascaris suum. The additives, ash (A) and oyster shell (O) in different amounts and urea (U) to optimize the process, were compared with no additive, solely urea, and sawdust as controls (C) and were covered ([x{\%}O:A]) or uncovered (x{\%}O:A). The main inactivation factors found were desiccation, ammonia content, and pH. S. Typhimurium and E. faecalis were more affected by the ammonia content. A combination of neutral to high pH and desiccation was most effective for inactivation of MS2, and desiccation was most effective for inactivation of $\Phi$X and A. suum. The inactivation rate was modeled for all combinations studied. The most promising treatments were [150{\%}O:A+U], 150{\%}O:A+U, and 150{\%}O:A. According to the models, these could inactivate, for example, 7 log(10) units of all bacteria and bacteriophages within 83, 125, and 183 days, respectively. The inactivation of A. suum was modeled, albeit the measured decay in egg viability was low.

}, isbn = {8791189802}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03920-12}, author = {Maria E Magri and Luiz S Philippi and Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas} } @article {1706, title = {Inactivation of pathogens in feces by desiccation and urea treatment for application in urine-diverting dry toilets}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, note = {Magri, Maria Elisa Philippi, Luiz Sergio Vinneras, Bjorn eng 2013/01/22 06:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 Apr;79(7):2156-63. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03920-12. Epub 2013 Jan 18.}, pages = {2156-63}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Ecological sanitation technologies can be effective in providing health and environmental pollution control if they can efficiently reduce the pathogenicity of microorganisms carried in fecal material to safe levels. This study evaluated the sanitizing effects of different additives for dry treatment of feces from urine-diverting dry toilets, based on inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, bacteriophages MS2 and PhiX, and Ascaris suum. The additives, ash (A) and oyster shell (O) in different amounts and urea (U) to optimize the process, were compared with no additive, solely urea, and sawdust as controls (C) and were covered ([x\%O:A]) or uncovered (x\%O:A). The main inactivation factors found were desiccation, ammonia content, and pH. S. Typhimurium and E. faecalis were more affected by the ammonia content. A combination of neutral to high pH and desiccation was most effective for inactivation of MS2, and desiccation was most effective for inactivation of PhiX and A. suum. The inactivation rate was modeled for all combinations studied. The most promising treatments were [150\%O:A+U], 150\%O:A+U, and 150\%O:A. According to the models, these could inactivate, for example, 7 log(10) units of all bacteria and bacteriophages within 83, 125, and 183 days, respectively. The inactivation of A. suum was modeled, albeit the measured decay in egg viability was low.}, keywords = {Cell Survival *Desiccation Disinfectants/*pharmacology Feces/microbiology/parasitology/virology Microbial Viability Sanitation/*methods Urea/*pharmacology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03920-12}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23335764}, author = {Magri, M. E. and Philippi, L. S. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {17306, title = {Inactivation of Pathogens in Feces by Desiccation and Urea Treatment for Application in Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets}, journal = {Applied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, month = {Apr}, pages = {2156-2163}, keywords = {Ammonia, ascaris-suum, Disinfection, diversion toilets, ecological sanitation, fecal matter, Manure, Survival, technologies, waste-water}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Magri, M. E. and Philippi, L. S. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {17481, title = {{Inactivation of pathogens in feces by desiccation and urea treatment for application in urine-diverting dry toilets.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, month = {apr}, pages = {2156{\textendash}2163}, abstract = {Ecological sanitation technologies can be effective in providing health and environmental pollution control if they can efficiently reduce the pathogenicity of microorganisms carried in fecal material to safe levels. This study evaluated the sanitizing effects of different additives for dry treatment of feces from urine-diverting dry toilets, based on inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, bacteriophages MS2 and PhiX, and Ascaris suum. The additives, ash (A) and oyster shell (O) in different amounts and urea (U) to optimize the process, were compared with no additive, solely urea, and sawdust as controls (C) and were covered ([x{\%}O:A]) or uncovered (x{\%}O:A). The main inactivation factors found were desiccation, ammonia content, and pH. S. Typhimurium and E. faecalis were more affected by the ammonia content. A combination of neutral to high pH and desiccation was most effective for inactivation of MS2, and desiccation was most effective for inactivation of PhiX and A. suum. The inactivation rate was modeled for all combinations studied. The most promising treatments were [150{\%}O:A+U], 150{\%}O:A+U, and 150{\%}O:A. According to the models, these could inactivate, for example, 7 log(10) units of all bacteria and bacteriophages within 83, 125, and 183 days, respectively. The inactivation of A. suum was modeled, albeit the measured decay in egg viability was low.}, keywords = {Cell Survival, Desiccation, Disinfectants, Feces, methods, Microbial Viability, Microbiology, Parasitology, pharmacology, sanitation, Urea, Virology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03920-12}, author = {Magri, Maria Elisa and Philippi, Luiz Sergio and Vinner{\r a}s, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {8921, title = {Inactivation of Pseudomonas putida by pulsed electric field treatment: a study on the correlation of treatment parameters and inactivation efficiency in the short-pulse range}, journal = {The Journal of Membrane Biology}, volume = {246}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {769-781}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0022-2631}, url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/916/art\%253A10.1007\%252Fs00232-013-9547-6.pdf?originUrl=http\%3A\%2F\%2Flink.springer.com\%2Farticle\%2F10.1007\%2Fs00232-013-9547-6\&token2=exp=1477248871~acl=\%2Fstatic\%2Fpdf\%2F916\%2Fart\%25253A10.1007\%25252Fs00232-013-95}, author = {Frey, Wolfgang and Gusbeth, Christian and Schwartz, Thomas} } @article {8796, title = {{Inactivation, reactivation and regrowth of indigenous bacteria in reclaimed water after chlorine disinfection of a municipal wastewater treatment plant}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Sciences (China)}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {1319{\textendash}1325}, publisher = {The Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences}, abstract = {Disinfection of reclaimed water prior to reuse is important to prevent the transmission of pathogens. Chlorine is a widely utilized disinfectant and as such is a leading contender for disinfection of reclaimed water. To understand the risks of chlorination resulting from the potential selection of pathogenic bacteria, the inactivation, reactivation and regrowth rates of indigenous bacteria were investigated in reclaimed water after chlorine disinfection. Inactivation of total coliforms, Enterococcus and Salmonella showed linear correlations, with constants of 0.1384, 0.1624 and 0.057 L/(mg{\textperiodcentered}min) and R2 of 0.7617, 0.8316 and 0.845, respectively. However, inactivation of total viable cells by measurement of metabolic activity typically showed a linear correlation at lower chlorine dose (0-22 (mg{\textperiodcentered}min)/L), and a trailing region with chlorine dose increasing from 22 to 69 (mg{\textperiodcentered}min)/L. Reactivation and regrowth of bacteria were most likely to occur after exposure to lower chlorine doses, and extents of reactivation decreased gradually with increasing chlorine dose. In contrast to total coliforms and Enterococcus, Salmonella had a high level of regrowth and reactivation, and still had 2{\%} regrowth even after chlorination of 69 (mg{\textperiodcentered}min)/L and 24 hr storage. The bacterial compositions were also significantly altered by chlorination and storage of reclaimed water, and the ratio of Salmonella was significantly increased from 0.001{\%} to 0.045{\%} after chlorination of 69 (mg{\textperiodcentered}min)/L and 24 hr storage. These trends indicated that chlorination contributes to the selection of chlorine-resistant pathogenic bacteria, and regrowth of pathogenic bacteria after chlorination in reclaimed water with a long retention time could threaten public health security during wastewater reuse. {\textcopyright} 2013 The Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.}, keywords = {Inactivation, Indigenous bacteria, Reactivation, reclaimed water, Regrowth}, isbn = {1001-0742}, issn = {10010742}, doi = {10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60176-4}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60176-4}, author = {Li, Dan and Zeng, Siyu and Gu, April Z. and He, Miao and Shi, Hanchang} } @article {1735, title = {Incidence and characteristics of sporadic norovirus gastroenteritis associated with hospitalization of children less than 5 years of age in Israel}, journal = {Pediatr Infect Dis J}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, note = {Muhsen, Khitam Kassem, Eias Rubinstein, Uri Schachter, Yaakov Kremer, Adi Goren, Sophy Zilberstein, Ilana Ephros, Moshe Cohen, Dani Shulman, Lester M Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States The Pediatric infectious disease journal Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 Jun;32(6):688-90. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e318287fc81.}, pages = {688-90}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The incidence of sporadic GII norovirus gastroenteritis associated with hospitalization was examined among 515 children aged <5 years in a prospective study in Israel. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, norovirus was detected in stools of 89 (17.3\%) children, yielding an estimated incidence of 3.3 per 1000 children. Genotypes GII.3 (40.4\%) and GII.4a (21.3\%) predominated, though year-to-year variation was observed.}, issn = {1532-0987 (Electronic) 0891-3668 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0b013e318287fc81}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23411623}, author = {Muhsen, K. and Kassem, E. and Rubinstein, U. and Schachter, Y. and Kremer, A. and Goren, S. and Zilberstein, I. and Ephros, M. and Cohen, D. and Shulman, L. M.} } @article {5860, title = {{Increased risk for Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli infection of pet origin in dog owners and evidence for genetic association between strains causing infection in humans and their pets.}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {141}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {2526{\textendash}2535}, author = {Mughini Gras, L and Smid, J H and Wagenaar, J A and Koene, M G J and Havelaar, A H and Friesema, I H M and French, N P and Flemming, C and Galson, J D and Graziani, C and Busani, L and Van Pelt, W} } @article {14377, title = {Increased risk for {Campylobacter} jejuni and {C}. coli infection of pet origin in dog owners and evidence for genetic association between strains causing infection in humans and their pets.}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {141}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {2526{\textendash}2535}, author = {Mughini Gras, L and Smid, J H and Wagenaar, J A and Koene, M G J and Havelaar, A H and Friesema, I H M and French, N P and Flemming, C and Galson, J D and Graziani, C and Busani, L and Van Pelt, W} } @article {7781, title = {Increased risk for Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli infection of pet origin in dog owners and evidence for genetic association between strains causing infection in humans and their pets}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {141}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, month = {12/00}, pages = {2526-2535}, abstract = {

SUMMARYWe compared Campylobacter jejuni/coli multilocus sequence types (STs) from pets (dogs/cats) and their owners and investigated risk factors for pet-associated human campylobacteriosis using a combined source-attribution and case-control analysis. In total, 132/687 pet stools were Campylobacter-positive, resulting in 499 strains isolated (320 C. upsaliensis/helveticus, 100 C. jejuni, 33 C. hyointestinalis/fetus, 10 C. lari, 4 C. coli, 32 unidentified). There were 737 human and 104 pet C. jejuni/coli strains assigned to 154 and 49 STs, respectively. Dog, particularly puppy, owners were at increased risk of infection with pet-associated STs. In 2/68 cases vs. 0\Â\·134/68 expected by chance, a pet and its owner were infected with an identical ST (ST45, ST658). Although common sources of infection and directionality of transmission between pets and humans were unknown, dog ownership significantly increased the risk for pet-associated human C. jejuni/coli infection and isolation of identical strains in humans and their pets occurred significantly more often than expected.

}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-increased-risk-for-span-class-italic-campylobacter-jejuni-span-and-span-class-italic-c-coli-span-infection-of-pet-origin-in-dog-owners-and-evidence-for-genetic-association-between-strains-causing-infe}, author = {Mughini-Gras,L. and Smid,J. H. and Wagenaar,J. A. and Koene,M. G. J. and Havelaar,A. H. and Friesema,I. H. M. and French,N. P. and Flemming,C. and Galson,J. D. and Graziani,C. and Busani,L. and Van Pelt,W.} } @article {7137, title = {Increasing {Incidence} of {Type} 1 {Diabetes} in {Youth}: {Twenty} years of the {Philadelphia} {Pediatric} {Diabetes} {Registry}}, journal = {Diabetes Care}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, month = {jun}, pages = {1597{\textendash}1603}, issn = {0149-5992, 1935-5548}, doi = {10.2337/dc12-0767}, url = {http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.2337/dc12-0767}, author = {Lipman, T. H. and Levitt Katz, L. E. and Ratcliffe, S. J. and Murphy, K. M. and Aguilar, A. and Rezvani, I. and Howe, C. J. and Fadia, S. and Suarez, E.} } @article {223, title = {Incubation periods of viral gastroenteritis: a systematic review}, journal = {BMC Infect Dis}, volume = {13}, year = {2013}, note = {1471-2334 Lee, Rachel M Lessler, Justin Lee, Rose A Rudolph, Kara E Reich, Nicholas G Perl, Trish M Cummings, Derek A T K22 AI092150-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England BMC Infect Dis. 2013 Sep 25;13:446. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-446.}, pages = {446}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Accurate knowledge of incubation period is important to investigate and to control infectious diseases and their transmission, however statements of incubation period in the literature are often uncited, inconsistent, and/or not evidence based. METHODS: In a systematic review of the literature on five enteric viruses of public health importance, we found 256 articles with incubation period estimates, including 33 with data for pooled analysis. RESULTS: We fit a log-normal distribution to pooled data and found the median incubation period to be 4.5 days (95\% CI 3.9-5.2 days) for astrovirus, 1.2 days (95\% CI 1.1-1.2 days) for norovirus genogroups I and II, 1.7 days (95\% CI 1.5-1.8 days) for sapovirus, and 2.0 days (95\% CI 1.4-2.4 days) for rotavirus. CONCLUSIONS: Our estimates combine published data and provide sufficient quantitative detail to allow for these estimates to be used in a wide range of clinical and modeling applications. This can translate into improved prevention and control efforts in settings with transmission or the risk of transmission.}, keywords = {Gastroenteritis/*virology Humans Time Factors Virus Diseases/*virology Virus Physiological Phenomena Viruses/classification/genetics/*isolation \&, purification}, issn = {1471-2334}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2334-13-446}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3849296/pdf/1471-2334-13-446.pdf}, author = {Lee, R. M. and Lessler, J. and Lee, R. A. and Rudolph, K. E. and Reich, N. G. and Perl, T. M. and Cummings, D. A.} } @article {9989, title = {{Incubation periods of viral gastroenteritis: a systematic review.}}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {13}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {446}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Accurate knowledge of incubation period is important to investigate and to control infectious diseases and their transmission, however statements of incubation period in the literature are often uncited, inconsistent, and/or not evidence based. METHODS: In a systematic review of the literature on five enteric viruses of public health importance, we found 256 articles with incubation period estimates, including 33 with data for pooled analysis. RESULTS: We fit a log-normal distribution to pooled data and found the median incubation period to be 4.5 days (95{\%} CI 3.9-5.2 days) for astrovirus, 1.2 days (95{\%} CI 1.1-1.2 days) for norovirus genogroups I and II, 1.7 days (95{\%} CI 1.5-1.8 days) for sapovirus, and 2.0 days (95{\%} CI 1.4-2.4 days) for rotavirus. CONCLUSIONS: Our estimates combine published data and provide sufficient quantitative detail to allow for these estimates to be used in a wide range of clinical and modeling applications. This can translate into improved prevention and control efforts in settings with transmission or the risk of transmission.

}, issn = {1471-2334}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2334-13-446}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3849296{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Lee, Rachel M and Lessler, Justin and Lee, Rose A and Rudolph, Kara E and Reich, Nicholas G and Perl, Trish M and Cummings, Derek A T} } @article {10131, title = {{Indigenous microbiota and habitat influence Escherichia coli survival more than sunlight in simulated aquatic environments}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {79}, number = {17}, year = {2013}, pages = {5329{\textendash}5337}, author = {Korajkic, A and Wanjugi, P and Harwood, VJ} } @article {7464, title = {Indigenous {Microbiota} and {Habitat} {Influence} {Escherichia} coli {Survival} {More} than {Sunlight} in {Simulated} {Aquatic} {Environments}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {17}, year = {2013}, month = {sep}, pages = {5329{\textendash}5337}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01362-13}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.01362-13}, author = {Korajkic, A. and Wanjugi, P. and Harwood, V. J.} } @article {6992, title = {Infectivity of {GI} and {GII} noroviruses established from oyster related outbreaks}, journal = {Epidemics}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {jun}, pages = {98{\textendash}110}, issn = {17554365}, doi = {10.1016/j.epidem.2012.12.004}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1755436512000576}, author = {Thebault, Anne and Teunis, Peter F.M. and Le Pendu, Jacques and Le Guyader, Fran{\c c}oise S. and Denis, Jean-Baptiste} } @article {12912, title = {Influence of latrine proximity and type on tubewell water quality and diarrheal disease in Bangladesh}, journal = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {299{\textendash}308}, author = {Escamilla, Veronica and Knappett, Peter SK and Yunus, Mohammad and Streatfield, PK and Emch, Michael} } @article {16658, title = {Influence of latrine proximity and type on tubewell water quality and diarrheal disease in {Bangladesh}}, journal = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {299{\textendash}308}, author = {Escamilla, Veronica and Knappett, Peter SK and Yunus, Mohammad and Streatfield, PK and Emch, Michael} } @article {10221, title = {{The influence of predation and competition on the survival of commensal and pathogenic fecal bacteria in aquatic habitats}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {517{\textendash}526}, author = {Wanjugi, P and Harwood, VJ} } @mastersthesis {7195, title = {The influence of water velocity on aquatic macroinvertebrate functional structure and production in the {Cache} {River} in southern {Illinois}}, year = {2013}, note = {1541997}, school = {Southern Illinois University at Carbondale}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The Cache River, located in southern Illinois, faces a unique set of restoration challenges due to multiple anthropogenic modifications to the watershed. In 1915 the Cache River was disconnected and divided into two sub-watersheds, the upper Cache River (UCR) and the lower Cache River (LCR). This alteration has led to impairments in both sections of the Cache River. The UCR currently suffers from channel incision and wetland loss due to an increase in channel slope, while the LCR experiences decreased flows and related habitat degradation. Currently, watershed managers are proposing to restore a more natural flow regime to the LCR through some degree of hydrologic reconnection. I quantified the effects of small-scale differences in flow velocities on snag-dwelling aquatic macroinvertebrates in the UCR and LCR. My study was designed to provide critical information on potential ecological responses to proposed reconnection of the Cache River by examining the effects of flow on elements of ecosystem structure (macroinvertebrate community structure, diversity, richness, evenness, biomass, and abundance) and function (secondary production). Total snag-dwelling macroinvertebrate abundance was higher in the LCR (p {\textless} 0.001), and both total biomass and total production did not differ between the UCR and LCR. Passive filter-feeders (families Hydropsychidae and Simuliidae), EPT taxa (orders Ephmeroptera Plecoptera and Trichoptera), and Elmidae were more abundant and had higher biomass on snags in the UCR compared to the LCR. Due to high variability in estimates, only Elmidae production was higher in the UCR (p {\textless} 0.05), with non-significant trends of higher production of passive filter-feeders and EPT taxa in the UCR. Non metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations showed different communities on snags in the UCR and LCR, and analysis of similarity indicated these differences were significant (ANOSIM Global R = 0.98, p {\textless} 0.05). This UCR community was more diverse (p {\textless} 0.05) and composed of larger-sized individuals than the LCR (p {\textless} 0.001). In contrast, the LCR community was composed mainly of taxa that are associated with very low flows (e.g., zooplankton), tolerant of degraded conditions (e.g., Isopoda and Chironomidae), and generally smaller in body size. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend for higher total production in the LCR (28.90 {\textpm} 54.51) (mean {\textpm} 95\% CI) than the UCR (10.22 {\textpm} 6.43). This trend was driven primarily by a patchily distributed Chironomidae, which were highly productive on some LCR snags. However, given the degraded water quality in the LCR, the ultimate fate of this production is not clear. The more natural flow regime in the UCR is likely driving many of the differences between the UCR and LCR that I observed, but relationships may be complex, as flow influences biota in numerous direct and indirect ways. This study is the first I know of to examine the structure and function of macroinvertebrate communities prior to hydrologic restoration of a river. Results will assist resource managers in the justification, planning, and execution of hydrologic restoration in the Cache watershed. Given that many river restoration projects are not based on sound ecological information and principles, this project can also serve as a model for future river restoration efforts.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0472:Zoology, Aquatic invertebrates, Biological sciences, Cache River, Ecology, Illinois, Restoration, Seondary production, Velocity, Zoology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1419425231?accountid=14270}, author = {Scholl, Eric A.} } @article {1506, title = {An innovative sewage sludge reduction by using a combined mesophilic anaerobic and thermophilic aerobic process with thermal-alkaline treatment and sludge recirculation}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {129}, year = {2013}, note = {Cho, Hyun Uk Park, Sang Kyu Ha, Jeong Hyub Park, Jong Moon eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2013/08/24 06:00 J Environ Manage. 2013 Nov 15;129:274-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.07.009. Epub 2013 Aug 22.}, pages = {274-82}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Lab-scale High Efficiency Digestion (HED) systems containing a Mesophilic Anaerobic Reactor (MAR), Thermophilic Aerobic Reactor (TAR), liquid/solid separation unit, and thermal-alkaline treatment were developed to evaluate the efficiencies of sludge reduction and methane production. The HED process was divided into three phases to examine the influence of sludge pretreatment and pretreated sludge recirculation using TCOD and VSS reduction, COD solubilization, and methane production. The VSS removal with a solid/liquid separation unit, sludge recirculation, and thermal-alkaline treatment drastically increased up to 95\% compared to the feed concentration. In addition, the results of COD solubilization and VSS/TSS showed that the solubilization of cells and organic matters by the thermal-alkaline treatment was highly increased, which was also consistent with the SEM images. In particular, the methane production rate increased 24-fold when the feed sludge and recirculated sludge were pretreated together. Collectively, the HED experiments performed with sludge recirculation and thermal-alkaline treatment demonstrated that the HED systems can be successfully employed for highly efficient sewage sludge reduction and methane gas production.

}, keywords = {Aerobiosis Anaerobiosis Biodegradation, Electron, Environmental Biofuels/*analysis Chromatography, Fluid/*methods High efficiency digestion system Mesophilic anaerobic reactor Methane production Sludge reduction Thermal-alkaline treatment Thermophilic aerobic reactor, Gas Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Environmental Monitoring Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods Hot Temperature Microscopy, Scanning Sewage/*analysis Waste Disposal}, issn = {1095-8630 (Electronic) 0301-4797 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.07.009}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968913}, author = {Cho, H. U. and Park, S. K. and Ha, J. H. and Park, J. M.} } @article {13951, title = {The inside story of {Shigella} invasion of intestinal epithelial cells.}, journal = {Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine}, volume = {3}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, pages = {a016717}, abstract = {As opposed to other invasive pathogens that reside into host cells in a parasitic mode, Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, invades the colonic mucosa but does not penetrate further to survive into deeper tissues. Instead, Shigella invades, replicates, and disseminates within the colonic mucosa. Bacterial invasion and spreading in intestinal epithelium lead to the elicitation of inflammatory responses responsible for the tissue destruction and shedding in the environment for further infection of other hosts. In this article, we highlight specific features of the Shigella arsenal of virulence determinants injected by a type III secretion apparatus (T3SA) that point to the targeting of intestinal epithelial cells as a discrete route of invasion during the initial event of the infectious process.}, keywords = {Adaptation, Bacillary, Bacillary: microbiology, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: physiology, Colon, Colon: microbiology, Dysentery, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestinal Mucosa: microbiology, Physiological, Physiological: physiology, Shigella, Shigella: genetics, Shigella: pathogenicity, Virulence, Virulence: genetics}, issn = {2157-1422}, doi = {10.1101/cshperspect.a016717}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24086068}, author = {Carayol, Nathalie and Guy T Van Nhieu} } @inbook {2183, title = {{The inside story of Shigella invasion of intestinal epithelial cells.}}, booktitle = {Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine}, volume = {3}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, pages = {a016717}, abstract = {

As opposed to other invasive pathogens that reside into host cells in a parasitic mode, Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, invades the colonic mucosa but does not penetrate further to survive into deeper tissues. Instead, Shigella invades, replicates, and disseminates within the colonic mucosa. Bacterial invasion and spreading in intestinal epithelium lead to the elicitation of inflammatory responses responsible for the tissue destruction and shedding in the environment for further infection of other hosts. In this article, we highlight specific features of the Shigella arsenal of virulence determinants injected by a type III secretion apparatus (T3SA) that point to the targeting of intestinal epithelial cells as a discrete route of invasion during the initial event of the infectious process.

}, keywords = {Adaptation, Bacillary, Bacillary: microbiology, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: physiology, Colon, Colon: microbiology, Dysentery, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestinal Mucosa: microbiology, Physiological, Physiological: physiology, Shigella, Shigella: genetics, Shigella: pathogenicity, Virulence, Virulence: genetics}, issn = {2157-1422}, doi = {10.1101/cshperspect.a016717}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24086068}, author = {Carayol, Nathalie and Guy T Van Nhieu} } @article {14444, title = {Insidious reintroduction of wild poliovirus into {Israel}, 2013}, journal = {Euro Surveill}, volume = {18}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Israel was certified as polio-free country in June 2002, along with the rest of the World Health Organization European Region. Some 11 years later, wild-type polio virus (1) (WPV(1)) was isolated initially from routine sewage samples collected between 7 and 13 April 2013 in two cities in the Southern district. WPV(1)-specific analysis of samples indicated WPV(1) introduction into that area in early February 2013. National supplementary immunisation with oral polio vaccine has been ongoing since August 2013.}, issn = {1560-7917 (Electronic) 1025-496X (Linking)}, doi = {20586 [pii]}, author = {Anis, E. and Kopel, E. and Singer, S. R. and Kaliner, E. and Moerman, L. and Moran-Gilad, J. and Sofer, D. and Manor, Y. and Shulman, L. M. and Mendelson, E. and Gdalevich, M. and Lev, B. and Gamzu, R. and Grotto, I.} } @article {6929, title = {The {Integrated} {Behavioural} {Model} for {Water}, {Sanitation}, and {Hygiene}: a systematic review of behavioural models and a framework for designing and evaluating behaviour change interventions in infrastructure-restricted settings}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {13}, year = {2013}, pages = {1015}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Promotion and provision of low-cost technologies that enable improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices are seen as viable solutions for reducing high rates of morbidity and mortality due to enteric illnesses in low-income countries. A number of theoretical models, explanatory frameworks, and decision-making models have emerged which attempt to guide behaviour change interventions related to WASH. The design and evaluation of such interventions would benefit from a synthesis of this body of theory informing WASH behaviour change and maintenance. METHODS: We completed a systematic review of existing models and frameworks through a search of related articles available in PubMed and in the grey literature. Information on the organization of behavioural determinants was extracted from the references that fulfilled the selection criteria and synthesized. Results from this synthesis were combined with other relevant literature, and from feedback through concurrent formative and pilot research conducted in the context of two cluster-randomized trials on the efficacy of WASH behaviour change interventions to inform the development of a framework to guide the development and evaluation of WASH interventions: the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (IBM-WASH). RESULTS: We identified 15 WASH-specific theoretical models, behaviour change frameworks, or programmatic models, of which 9 addressed our review questions. Existing models under-represented the potential role of technology in influencing behavioural outcomes, focused on individual-level behavioural determinants, and had largely ignored the role of the physical and natural environment. IBM-WASH attempts to correct this by acknowledging three dimensions (Contextual Factors, Psychosocial Factors, and Technology Factors) that operate on five-levels (structural, community, household, individual, and habitual). CONCLUSIONS: A number of WASH-specific models and frameworks exist, yet with some limitations. The IBM-WASH model aims to provide both a conceptual and practical tool for improving our understanding and evaluation of the multi-level multi-dimensional factors that influence water, sanitation, and hygiene practices in infrastructure-constrained settings. We outline future applications of our proposed model as well as future research priorities needed to advance our understanding of the sustained adoption of water, sanitation, and hygiene technologies and practices.}, keywords = {Developing Countries, Health Behavior, Humans, Hygiene, Models, Psychology, Public health, sanitation, Theoretical, Water Supply}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-13-1015}, author = {Dreibelbis, Robert and Winch, Peter J. and Leontsini, Elli and Hulland, Kristyna R. S. and Ram, Pavani K. and Unicomb, Leanne and Luby, Stephen P.} } @mastersthesis {6381, title = {Integrating {Solute} {Transport}, {Metabolism} and {Processing} in {Stream} {Ecosystems}}, year = {2013}, note = {3574313}, school = {Oregon State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {After three decades of active research coupling hydrology and stream ecology, the connection among solute transport, metabolism and processing is still unresolved. These knowledge gaps obscure the functioning of stream ecosystems and how those ecosystems interact with other landscape processes. We must resolve these challenges to wisely manage water resources, because there is a need to understand controls on stream ecosystems at local, regional and continental scales, and because we need to predict instream biogeochemical processes in environments and conditions that do not have supporting data. More robust methods are required to deconvolve signal imprints of solute transport, metabolism and processing, thus allowing the development and implementation of improved decision-making approaches for stream management. Recognizing that uncertainty and equifinality are ubiquitous issues in hydrologic problems, this dissertation focuses on the development of parsimonious methods to couple solute transport, metabolism and processing in stream ecosystems. These methods consist of scaling and predicting relationships for solute transport, efficient modeling frameworks to estimate processing rates in streams, and the use of the smart tracer resazurin to estimate stream metabolism at different spatial scales. This dissertation is the result of lab and field experiments, meta-analyses, and mathematical, statistical and computational modeling. The most significant contributions of this dissertation to the hydrological and biogeosciences are: (1) there are scaling relationships in stream solute transport. We found that the coefficient of skewness (CSK ) of conservative tracer breakthrough curves is statistically constant over time and this result can be used to predict solute transport. (2) The CSK of all commonly used solute transport models decreases over time. This shows that current theory is inconsistent with experimental data and suggests that a revised theory of solute transport is needed. (3) Simple algebraic relationships can be used to estimate processing rates in streams. This eliminates the need to calibrate highly uncertain (and intermediate) parameters. (4) Under some common stream transport conditions dispersion does not play an important role in the estimation of processing rates and, therefore, can be neglected. Under such conditions, no computer modeling is needed to estimate processing rates. (5) Even if the reactions of target and proxy tracers happen in exactly the same locations at rates that are linearly proportional, the exact relationship between the two volume-averaged rates can be nonlinear and a function of transport conditions. However, the uncertainty in the estimation of the target processing rate is linearly proportional to the proxy-tracer processing rate. (6) The transformation of resazurin is nearly perfectly, positively correlated with aerobic microbial respiration. Therefore, resazurin can be used as a surrogate to measure respiration in situ and in vivo at different spatial scales (this is an extension of (5)). (7) Community respiration rates in streams may not need to be "corrected" for temperature between daytime and nighttime, because even when photosynthetically active radiation and stream water temperature are different, respiration rates might not be different across nighttime and daytime conditions.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0543:Civil engineering, 0595:Water Resource Management, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Earth sciences, Hydrologic sciences, Hyporheic exchange, Solute transport, Stream ecosystems, Stream management, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1442203270?accountid=14270}, author = {Gonzalez Pinzon, Ricardo A.} } @article {6866, title = {Integration of water, sanitation, and hygiene for the prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases: a rationale for inter-sectoral collaboration}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {e2439}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002439}, author = {Freeman, Matthew C. and Ogden, Stephanie and Jacobson, Julie and Abbott, Daniel and Addiss, David G. and Amnie, Asrat G. and Beckwith, Colin and Cairncross, Sandy and Callejas, Rafael and Colford Jr, Jack M. and others} } @article {2556, title = {Interventions to address deaths from childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea equitably: what works and at what cost?}, journal = {Lancet {(London,} England)}, volume = {381}, number = {9875}, year = {2013}, pages = {1417-1429}, abstract = {Global mortality in children younger than 5 years has fallen substantially in the past two decades from more than 12 million in 1990, to {6\&\#xB7;9} million in 2011, but progress is inconsistent between countries. Pneumonia and diarrhoea are the two leading causes of death in this age group and have overlapping risk factors. Several interventions can effectively address these problems, but are not available to those in need. We systematically reviewed evidence showing the effectiveness of various potential preventive and therapeutic interventions against childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia, and relevant delivery strategies. We used the Lives Saved Tool model to assess the effect on mortality when these interventions are applied. We estimate that if implemented at present annual rates of increase in each of the 75 Countdown countries, these interventions and packages of care could save 54\% of diarrhoea and 51\% of pneumonia deaths by 2025 at a cost of {US\$3\&\#xB7;8} billion. However, if coverage of these key evidence-based interventions were scaled up to at least 80\%, and that for immunisations to at least 90\%, 95\% of diarrhoea and 67\% of pneumonia deaths in children younger than 5 years could be eliminated by 2025 at a cost of {\$6\&\#xB7;715} billion. New delivery platforms could promote equitable access and community platforms are important catalysts in this respect. Furthermore, several of these interventions could reduce morbidity and overall burden of disease, with possible benefits for developmental outcomes.}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60648-0}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60648-0}, author = {Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and Das, Jai K and Walker, Neff and Rizvi, Arjumand and Campbell, Harry and Rudan, Igor and Black, Robert E and Lancet Diarrhoea and Pneumonia Interventions Study Group} } @article {3559, title = {Interventions to address deaths from childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea equitably: what works and at what cost?}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {381}, number = {9875}, year = {2013}, pages = {1417{\textendash}1429}, abstract = {Global mortality in children younger than 5 years has fallen substantially in the past two decades from more than 12 million in 1990, to \{\{\}6\{\&\}\{\#\}xB7;9\{\}\} million in 2011, but progress is inconsistent between countries. Pneumonia and diarrhoea are the two leading causes of death in this age group and have overlapping risk factors. Several interventions can effectively address these problems, but are not available to those in need. We systematically reviewed evidence showing the effectiveness of various potential preventive and therapeutic interventions against childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia, and relevant delivery strategies. We used the Lives Saved Tool model to assess the effect on mortality when these interventions are applied. We estimate that if implemented at present annual rates of increase in each of the 75 Countdown countries, these interventions and packages of care could save 54\{\%\} of diarrhoea and 51\{\%\} of pneumonia deaths by 2025 at a cost of \{\{\}US\{\$\}3\{\&\}\{\#\}xB7;8\{\}\} billion. However, if coverage of these key evidence-based interventions were scaled up to at least 80\{\%\}, and that for immunisations to at least 90\{\%\}, 95\{\%\} of diarrhoea and 67\{\%\} of pneumonia deaths in children younger than 5 years could be eliminated by 2025 at a cost of \{\{\}\{\$\}6\{\&\}\{\#\}xB7;715\{\}\} billion. New delivery platforms could promote equitable access and community platforms are important catalysts in this respect. Furthermore, several of these interventions could reduce morbidity and overall burden of disease, with possible benefits for developmental outcomes.}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60648-0}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60648-0}, author = {Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and Das, Jai K and Walker, Neff and Rizvi, Arjumand and Campbell, Harry and Rudan, Igor and Black, Robert E and Diarrhoea, Lancet and Group, Pneumonia Interventions Study} } @article {802, title = {Interventions to address deaths from childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea equitably: what works and at what cost?}, journal = {Lancet {(London,} England)}, volume = {381}, number = {9875}, year = {2013}, pages = {1417-1429}, abstract = {Global mortality in children younger than 5 years has fallen substantially in the past two decades from more than 12 million in 1990, to {6\&\#xB7;9} million in 2011, but progress is inconsistent between countries. Pneumonia and diarrhoea are the two leading causes of death in this age group and have overlapping risk factors. Several interventions can effectively address these problems, but are not available to those in need. We systematically reviewed evidence showing the effectiveness of various potential preventive and therapeutic interventions against childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia, and relevant delivery strategies. We used the Lives Saved Tool model to assess the effect on mortality when these interventions are applied. We estimate that if implemented at present annual rates of increase in each of the 75 Countdown countries, these interventions and packages of care could save 54\% of diarrhoea and 51\% of pneumonia deaths by 2025 at a cost of {US\$3\&\#xB7;8} billion. However, if coverage of these key evidence-based interventions were scaled up to at least 80\%, and that for immunisations to at least 90\%, 95\% of diarrhoea and 67\% of pneumonia deaths in children younger than 5 years could be eliminated by 2025 at a cost of {\$6\&\#xB7;715} billion. New delivery platforms could promote equitable access and community platforms are important catalysts in this respect. Furthermore, several of these interventions could reduce morbidity and overall burden of disease, with possible benefits for developmental outcomes.}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60648-0}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60648-0}, author = {Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and Das, Jai K and Walker, Neff and Rizvi, Arjumand and Campbell, Harry and Rudan, Igor and Black, Robert E and Lancet Diarrhoea and Pneumonia Interventions Study Group} } @article {7015, title = {Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children}, journal = {The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews}, volume = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {CD009382}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions are frequently implemented to reduce infectious diseases, and may be linked to improved nutrition outcomes in children. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of interventions to improve water quality and supply (adequate quantity to maintain hygiene practices), provide adequate sanitation and promote handwashing with soap, on the nutritional status of children under the age of 18 years and to identify current research gaps. SEARCH METHODS: We searched 10 English-language (including MEDLINE and CENTRAL) and three Chinese-language databases for published studies in June 2012.~We searched grey literature databases, conference proceedings and websites, reviewed reference lists and contacted experts and authors. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised (including cluster-randomised), quasi-randomised and non-randomised controlled trials, controlled cohort or cross-sectional studies and historically controlled studies, comparing WASH interventions among children aged under 18 years. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently sought and extracted data on childhood anthropometry, biochemical measures of micronutrient status, and adherence, attrition and costs either from published reports or through contact with study investigators. We calculated mean difference (MD) with 95\% confidence intervals (CI). We conducted study-level and individual-level meta-analyses to estimate pooled measures of effect for randomised controlled trials only. MAIN RESULTS: Fourteen studies (five cluster-randomised controlled trials and nine non-randomised studies with comparison groups) from 10 low- and middle-income countries including 22,241 children at baseline and nutrition outcome data for 9,469 children provided relevant information. Study duration ranged from 6 to 60 months and all studies included children under five years of age at the time of the intervention. Studies included WASH interventions either singly or in combination. Measures of child anthropometry were collected in all 14 studies, and nine studies reported at least one of the following anthropometric indices: weight-for-height, weight-for-age or height-for-age. None of the included studies were of high methodological quality as none of the studies masked the nature of the intervention from participants.Weight-for-age, weight-for-height and height-for-age z-scores were available for five cluster-randomised controlled trials with a duration of between 9 and 12 months. Meta-analysis including 4,627 children identified no evidence of an effect of WASH interventions on weight-for-age z-score (MD 0.05; 95\% CI -0.01 to 0.12). Meta-analysis including 4,622 children identified no evidence of an effect of WASH interventions on weight-for-height z-score (MD 0.02; 95\% CI -0.07 to 0.11). Meta-analysis including 4,627 children identified a borderline statistically significant effect of WASH interventions on height-for-age z-score (MD 0.08; 95\% CI 0.00 to 0.16). These findings were supported by individual participant data analysis including information on 5,375 to 5,386 children from five cluster-randomised controlled trials.No study reported adverse events. Adherence to study interventions was reported in only two studies (both cluster-randomised controlled trials) and ranged from low ({\textless} 35\%) to high ({\textgreater} 90\%). Study attrition was reported in seven studies and ranged from 4\% to 16.5\%. Intervention cost was reported in one study in which the total cost of the WASH interventions was USD 15/inhabitant. None of the studies reported differential impacts relevant to equity issues such as gender, socioeconomic status and religion. AUTHORS{\textquoteright} CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence from meta-analysis of data from cluster-randomised controlled trials with an intervention period of 9-12 months is suggestive of a small benefit of WASH interventions (specifically solar disinfection of water, provision of soap, and improvement of water quality) on length growth in children under five years of age. The duration of the intervention studies was relatively short and none of the included studies is of high methodological quality.~Very few studies provided information on intervention adherence, attrition and costs. There are several ongoing trials in low-income country settings that may provide robust evidence to inform these findings.}, keywords = {Age Factors, Body Height, Body Weight, Child, Developing Countries, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Hygiene, Infant, Malnutrition, Nutritional Status, Preschool, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, sanitation, Water quality, Water Supply}, issn = {1469-493X}, doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD009382.pub2}, author = {Dangour, Alan D. and Watson, Louise and Cumming, Oliver and Boisson, Sophie and Che, Yan and Velleman, Yael and Cavill, Sue and Allen, Elizabeth and Uauy, Ricardo} } @article {4716, title = {{Intestinal parasitosis in school children of Lalitpur district of Nepal}}, journal = {BMC Research Notes}, volume = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {449}, doi = {10.1186/1756-0500-6-449.}, author = {Tandukar, S and Ansari, S and Adhikari, N and Shrestha, A and Gautam, J and Sharma, B and Rajbhandari, D and Gautam, S and Nepal, HP and Sherchand, JB} } @article {12214, title = {Intrinsic antibiotic resistance: Mechanisms, origins, challenges and solutions}, journal = {International Journal of Medical Microbiology}, volume = {303}, number = {6-7}, year = {2013}, note = {Times Cited: 71
Wright, Gerard/0000-0002-9129-7131

73}, month = {Aug}, pages = {287-292}, isbn = {1438-4221}, author = {Cox, Georgina and Wright, Gerard D.} } @article {15569, title = {Introgressive hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium group species in Senegal: species barrier break down between ruminant and human schistosomes}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, pages = {e2110}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Schistosomes are dioecious parasitic flatworms, which live in the vasculature of their mammalian definitive hosts. They are the causative agent of schistosomiasis, a disease of considerable medical and veterinary importance in tropical and subtropical regions. Schistosomes undergo a sexual reproductive stage within their mammalian host enabling interactions between different species, which may result in hybridization if the species involved are phylogenetically close. In Senegal, three closely related species in the Schistosoma haematobium group are endemic: S. haematobium, which causes urogenital schistosomiasis in humans, and S. bovis and S. curassoni, which cause intestinal schistosomiasis in cows, sheep and goats. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Large-scale multi-loci molecular analysis of parasite samples collected from children and domestic livestock across Senegal revealed that interactions and hybridization were taking place between all three species. Evidence of hybridization between S. haematobium/S. curassoni and S. haematobium/S. bovis was commonly found in children from across Senegal, with 88\% of the children surveyed in areas of suspected species overlap excreting hybrid miracidia. No S. haematobium worms or hybrids thereof were found in ruminants, although S. bovis and S. curassoni hybrid worms were found in cows. Complementary experimental mixed species infections in laboratory rodents confirmed that males and females of each species readily pair and produce viable hybrid offspring. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: THESE DATA PROVIDE INDISPUTABLE EVIDENCE FOR: the high occurrence of bidirectional hybridization between these Schistosoma species; the first conclusive evidence for the natural hybridisation between S. haematobium and S. curassoni; and demonstrate that the transmission of the different species and their hybrids appears focal. Hybridization between schistosomes has been known to influence the disease epidemiology and enhance phenotypic characteristics affecting transmission, morbidity and drug sensitivity. Therefore, understanding and monitoring such inter-species interactions will be essential for optimizing and evaluating control strategies across such potential hybrid zones.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Animals, Cattle, Child, Female, Goats/parasitology, Humans, Hybridization, Genetic/*genetics/physiology, Male, Ruminants/*parasitology, Schistosoma haematobium/classification/*genetics/pathogenicity, Senegal, Sheep/parasitology}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Webster, B. L. and Diaw, O. T. and Seye, M. M. and Webster, J. P. and Rollinson, D.} } @inbook {5579, title = {{Investigating norovirus removal by microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and precoagulation-microfiltration processes using recombinant norovirus virus-like particles and real-time immuno-PCR}}, booktitle = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {15}, year = {2013}, pages = {5819{\textendash}5827}, abstract = {

The removal of microorganisms by drinking water treatment processes has been widely investigated in laboratory-scale experiments using artificially propagated microorganisms. However, this approach cannot be applied to norovirus removal, because this virus does not grow in cell or organ culture, and this fact has hampered our ability to investigate its behavior during drinking water treatment. To overcome this difficulty, our research group previously used recombinant norovirus virus-like particles (rNV-VLPs), which consist of an artificially expressed norovirus capsid protein, in laboratory-scale drinking water treatment experiments. However, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method generally used to detect rNV-VLPs is not sensitive enough to evaluate high removal ratios such as those obtained by ultrafiltration (UF). We therefore developed and applied a real-time immuno-polymerase chain reaction (iPCR) assay for rNV-VLP quantification to investigate norovirus removal by microfiltration (MF), UF, and hybrid precoagulation-MF processes. The rNV-VLP detection limit with the developed iPCR assay was improved at least 1000-fold compared with ELISA. Whereas MF with a nominal pore size of 0.1$\μ$m could not eliminate NV-VLPs, a 4-log reduction was achieved by UF with a molecular weight cutoff of 1kDa. When MF was combined with precoagulation (\≥10$\μ$mol-Fe/L for ferric chloride; \≥20$\μ$mol-Al/L for polyaluminum chloride; \≥40$\μ$mol-Al/L for alum), the performance of the hybrid process in eliminating rNV-VLPs was greater than that achieved by the 1kDa UF. For all processes, the removal ratios of the bacteriophages MS2 and Q$\beta$ were greater than the rNV-VLP removal ratios by 1-2 logs, so neither bacteriophage can be recommended as a possible conservative surrogate for predicting the behavior of native NV during these processes. \© 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

}, keywords = {bacteriophage, Drinking water treatment, MS2, Norovirus, Q$\beta$, Virus-like particles}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.004}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.004}, author = {Matsushita, Taku and Shirasaki, Nobutaka and Tatsuki, Yuichi and Matsui, Yoshihiko} } @mastersthesis {6737, title = {Investigation of soil and plant characteristics across a continuum of non-native earthworm invasion in hardwood forests, {Tettegouche} {State} {Park}, {MN} {USA}}, year = {2013}, note = {1547688}, school = {University of Minnesota}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Invasive earthworms cause profound changes in forest floor thickness, soil structure and chemistry, and plant community composition within cold temperate hardwood forests. However, few studies have examined these effects across a continuum of earthworm invasion and in conjunction with canopy disturbance. The research objectives of this thesis were to determine the changes of earthworm invasion on the upper soil horizon{\textquoteright}s thickness, gravimetric water content, potential horizon field capacity, and available nitrogen and phosphorus; and plant communities in hardwood forest sites within Tettegouche State Park, MN USA. All sites were uneven-aged, unmanaged northern hardwood forests of an approximate age of 225 years. The canopies were dominated by sugar maple and had experienced substantial canopy disturbance (9.7 - 20.5\% opening) during an ice storm in spring 2009. Earthworms were sampled in the fall of 2010-2011. Each of the four sites were invaded by differing earthworm assemblages ranging from minimally invaded (1 species and average biomass of 0.1729 AFDgrams/m2) to heavily invaded (5 species and average biomass of 14.12 AFDgrams/m2). In the upper soil horizons O horizon thickness decreased and A horizon thickness increased with increasing earthworm richness and biomass. Mineral soil gravimetric water content was measured biweekly (May-August 2011) but did not differ among sites. Total potential horizon field capacity, including the O horizon, determined that 53-59\% of the available water in a 12 cm deep core at field capacity is held in the O horizon. Availability of NO3 was significantly higher in the heavily invaded site compared to all other sites. Plant communities were assessed in the summer of 2009-2011, nonmetric multidimensional scaling was used to analyze the relationship of herbaceous plant species richness and percent cover to environmental variables and that species richness and diversity indices were positively correlated with O horizon thickness and negatively correlated with earthworm richness and biomass. The main conclusions of this study are that 1) moderate canopy disturbance had no affect on soil characteristics, or earthworms and plant communities; 2) earthworm assemblages (richness and biomass) were strongly correlated with changes in forest floor thickness, moisture holding capacity, nitrogen availability and plant community composition in these sugar maple forests, and 3) traditional exclusion of the O horizon when measuring water holding capacity in forest soils should be reconsidered given the large proportion of potential water holding capacity it provides, and is lost when a site is heavily invaded by earthworms. The implications of the loss of the O horizon and the associated loss of water holding capacity on ecosystem functions and biotic communities of hardwood forest systems need to be more fully explored.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0481:Soil sciences, 0768:Environmental science, Acer saccharum, Biological sciences, Earthworm invasion, Ecology, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Nitrate, Plant communities, Soil moisture, Soil sciences, Upper soil horizons}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1464789387?accountid=14270}, author = {Bennett, Zachary David} } @article {7353, title = {Investigation of the prevalence of thermophilic {Campylobacter} species at {Lake} {Simcoe} recreational beaches}, journal = {Inland Waters}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {93{\textendash}104}, issn = {20442041, 2044205X}, doi = {10.5268/IW-3.1.582}, url = {https://www.fba.org.uk/journals/index.php/IW/article/view/582}, author = {Khan, Izhar} } @article {15380, title = {A Schistosoma haematobium-specific real-time PCR for diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis in serum samples of international travelers and migrants}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, note = {Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, pages = {e2413}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis by microscopy and serological tests may be elusive in travelers due to low egg load and the absence of seroconversion upon arrival. There is need for a more sensitive diagnostic test. Therefore, we developed a real-time PCR targeting the Schistosoma haematobium-specific Dra1 sequence. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The PCR was evaluated on urine (n = 111), stool (n = 84) and serum samples (n = 135), and one biopsy from travelers and migrants with confirmed or suspected schistosomiasis. PCR revealed a positive result in 7/7 urine samples, 11/11 stool samples and 1/1 biopsy containing S. haematobium eggs as demonstrated by microscopy and in 22/23 serum samples from patients with a parasitological confirmed S. haematobium infection. S. haematobium DNA was additionally detected by PCR in 7 urine, 3 stool and 5 serum samples of patients suspected of having schistosomiasis without egg excretion in urine and feces. None of these suspected patients demonstrated other parasitic infections except one with Blastocystis hominis and Entamoeba cyst in a fecal sample. The PCR was negative in all stool samples containing S. mansoni eggs (n = 21) and in all serum samples of patients with a microscopically confirmed S. mansoni (n = 22), Ascaris lumbricoides (n = 1), Ancylostomidae (n = 1), Strongyloides stercoralis (n = 1) or Trichuris trichuria infection (n = 1). The PCR demonstrated a high specificity, reproducibility and analytical sensitivity (0.5 eggs per gram of feces). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The real-time PCR targeting the Dra1 sequence for S. haematobium-specific detection in urine, feces, and particularly serum, is a promising tool to confirm the diagnosis, also during the acute phase of urogenital schistosomiasis.}, keywords = {*Travel, Animals, Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods, DNA, Helminth/genetics, Feces/parasitology, Humans, Parasitology/methods, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Schistosoma haematobium/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis haematobia/*diagnosis/parasitology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Serum/*parasitology, Transients and Migrants, Travel Medicine/*methods, Urine/parasitology}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Cnops, L. and Soentjens, P. and Clerinx, J. and Van Esbroeck, M.} } @article {14036, title = {Isolation and identification of {Shigella} spp. from human fecal samples collected from {Pantnagar}, {India}}, journal = {Veterinary World}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {376{\textendash}379}, author = {Gaurav, Abhishek and Singh, S P and Gill, J P S and Kumar, Rajeev and Kumar, Deepak} } @article {2255, title = {{Isolation and identification of Shigella spp. from human fecal samples collected from Pantnagar, India}}, journal = {Veterinary World}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {376{\textendash}379}, isbn = {0972-8988}, author = {Gaurav, Abhishek and Singh, S P and Gill, J P S and Kumar, Rajeev and Kumar, Deepak} } @article {16072, title = {Isolation and molecular characterization of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Ballum.}, journal = {Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems.Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems.}, volume = {16}, year = {2013}, pages = {143-153.}, author = {Carmona Gasca, C. A. and Ko, A. I. and Ahmed, N. and Hartskeerl, R. and de la Pe{\~n}a-Moctezuma, A.} } @article {11219, title = {{Laboratory diagnosis of human toxocariasis}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {193}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {327{\textendash}336}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.028}, author = {Fillaux, J and Magnaval, J.-F.} } @article {3043, title = {Latent-class methods to evaluate diagnostics tests for {Echinococcus} infections in dogs}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {e2068}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of canine echinococcosis can be a challenge in surveillance studies because there is no perfect gold standard that can be used routinely. However, unknown test specificities and sensitivities can be overcome using latent-class analysis with appropriate data. METHODOLOGY: We utilised a set of faecal and purge samples used previously to explore the epidemiology of canine echinococcosis on the Tibetan plateau. Previously only the purge results were reported and analysed in a largely deterministic way. In the present study, additional diagnostic tests of copro-PCR and copro-antigen ELISA were undertaken on the faecal samples. This enabled a Bayesian analysis in a latent-class model to examine the diagnostic performance of a genus specific copro-antigen ELISA, species-specific copro-PCR and arecoline purgation. Potential covariates including co-infection with Taenia, age and sex of the dog were also explored. The dependence structure of these diagnostic tests could also be analysed. PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: The most parsimonious result, indicated by deviance-information criteria, suggested that co-infection with Taenia spp. was a significant covariate with the Echinococcus infection. The copro-PCRs had estimated sensitivities of 89\% and 84\% respectively for the diagnoses of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus. The specificities for the copro-PCR were estimated at 93 and 83\% respectively. Copro-antigen ELISA had sensitivities of 55 and 57\% for the diagnosis of E. multilocularis and E. granulosus and specificities of 71 and 69\% respectively. Arecoline purgation with an assumed specificity of 100\% had estimated sensitivities of 76\% and 85\% respectively. SIGNIFICANCE: This study also shows that incorporating diagnostic uncertainty, in other words assuming no perfect gold standard, and including potential covariates like sex or Taenia co-infection into the epidemiological analysis may give different results than if the diagnosis of infection status is assumed to be deterministic and this approach should therefore be used whenever possible.}, keywords = {Animals, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Feces, Parasitology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tibet, Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0002068}, author = {Hartnack, Sonja and Budke, Christine M. and Craig, Philip S. and Jiamin, Qiu and Boufana, Belgees and Campos-Ponce, Maiza and Torgerson, Paul R.} } @mastersthesis {7292, title = {Learning and {Using} {Taxonomies} for {Visual} and {Olfactory} {Classification}}, year = {2013}, note = {3564146}, school = {California Institute of Technology}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Humans are able of distinguishing more than 5000 visual categories even in complex environments using a variety of different visual systems all working in tandem. We seem to be capable of distinguishing thousands of different odors as well. In the machine learning community, many commonly used multi-class classifiers do not scale well to such large numbers of categories. This thesis demonstrates a method of automatically creating application-specific taxonomies to aid in scaling classification algorithms to more than 100 categories using both visual and olfactory data. The visual data consists of images collected online and pollen slides scanned under a microscope. The olfactory data was acquired by constructing a small portable sniffing apparatus which draws air over 10 carbon black polymer composite sensors. We investigate performance when classifying 256 visual categories, 8 or more species of pollen and 130 olfactory categories sampled from common household items and a standardized scratch-and-sniff test. Taxonomies are employed in a divide-and-conquer classification framework which improves classification time while allowing the end user to trade performance for specificity as needed. Before classification can even take place, the pollen counter and electronic nose must filter out a high volume of background "clutter" to detect the categories of interest. In the case of pollen this is done with an efficient cascade of classifiers that rule out most non-pollen before invoking slower multi-class classifiers. In the case of the electronic nose, much of the extraneous noise encountered in outdoor environments can be filtered using a sniffing strategy which preferentially samples the visensor response at frequencies that are relatively immune to background contributions from ambient water vapor. This combination of efficient background rejection with scalable classification algorithms is tested in detail for three separate projects: 1) the Caltech-256 Image Dataset, 2) the Caltech Automated Pollen Identification and Counting System (CAPICS) and 3) a portable electronic nose specially constructed for outdoor use.}, keywords = {0984:Computer science, Applied sciences, Classifications, Computer science, Electronic nose, Machine learning, Machine olfaction, Machine vision, Taxonomy}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1411960709?accountid=14270}, author = {Griffin, Greg} } @article {16232, title = {Leptospira Species in Floodwater during the 2011 Floods in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {Sep 3}, pages = {794-796}, edition = {2013/09/05}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Thaipadungpanit, J. and Wuthiekanun, V. and Chantratita, N. and Yimsamran, S. and Amornchai, P. and Boonsilp, S. and Maneeboonyang, W. and Tharnpoophasiam, P. and Saiprom, N. and Mahakunkijcharoen, Y. and Day, N. P. and Singhasivanon, P. and Peacock, S. J. and Limmathurotsakul, D.} } @article {16131, title = {Leptospira Species Infection in Cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management}, journal = {J Feline Med SurgJ Feline Med SurgJ Feline Med Surg}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, month = {Jul}, pages = {576-81}, edition = {2013/07/03}, isbn = {1532-2750 (Electronic)
1098-612X (Linking)}, author = {Hartmann, K. and Egberink, H. and Pennisi, M. G. and Lloret, A. and Addie, D. and Belak, S. and Boucraut-Baralon, C. and Frymus, T. and Gruffydd-Jones, T. and Hosie, M. J. and Lutz, H. and Marsilio, F. and Mostl, K. and Radford, A. D. and Thiry, E. and Truyen, U. and Horzinek, M. C.} } @article {16222, title = {Leptospirosis following a major flood in Central Queensland, Australia}, journal = {Epidemiol InfectEpidemiol InfectEpidemiol Infect}, volume = {141}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {May 25}, pages = {585-590}, edition = {2012/05/26}, isbn = {1469-4409 (Electronic)
0950-2688 (Linking)}, author = {Smith, J. K. and Young, M. M. and Wilson, K. L. and Craig, S. B.} } @article {16239, title = {Leptospirosis in horses}, journal = {Vet MicrobiolVet Microbiol}, volume = {167}, number = {1-2}, year = {2013}, pages = {61-66}, keywords = {Horses, leptospirosis, pathogenesis, uveitis}, isbn = {0378-1135}, author = {Verma, A. and Stevenson, B. and Adler, B.} } @article {11458, title = {Lights and shadows of the Taenia asiatica life cycle and pathogenicity}, journal = {Tropical Parasitology}, volume = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {113-119}, author = {Galan-Puchades, MT and Fuentes, MV} } @article {16196, title = {LipL32 Is a Subsurface Lipoprotein of Leptospira interrogans: presentation of new data and reevaluation of previous studies.}, journal = {PLoS One.PLoS One.}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {e51025.}, author = {Pinne, M. and Haake, D. A.} } @mastersthesis {6522, title = {Liquid-liquid dispersion in batch and in-line rotor stator mixers}, year = {2013}, note = {3600047}, school = {University of Maryland, College Park}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This two-part dissertation investigates the behavior of batch and in-line rotor-stator mixers separately. In the first study, water was dispersed into viscous oil using a batch Silverson L4R rotor-stator mixer. The flow regime was determined by reference to published Power number data and by qualitative differences in drop size data. Drop breakup in laminar flow was analyzed by comparison to published single drop breakup experiments in idealized flow fields. The breakup mechanism in laminar flow was similar to that for simple shear flow and equal to about twice the nominal shear rate in the rotor-stator gap. Drop breakup in turbulent flow followed a mechanistic correlation for mean drop size for drops less than the Kolmogorov microscale, but still large enough that both inertial and viscous effects were manifest. Surfactants decreased drop size with Marangoni effects observed near the CMC for laminar, but not for turbulent flow. Below phase fractions of 0.05, d32 increased in a log-linear fashion with phase fraction for all conditions tested including: laminar and turbulent flow, presence of surfactant, and hydrophobically treated high-shear surfaces. The significant effect of phase fraction was caused by the flow structure being locally laminar near the drops, and was permitted by sufficiently low fluid viscosities which promoted film drainage. Above phase fractions of 0.1, drop sizes plateaued. This was attributed to decreasing coalescence rate and efficiency, along with increasing breakup. In the second study, the power consumption of an IKA 2000/4 in-line pilot scale rotor-stator mixer was measured with a purpose-built torque meter. The power spent by the mixer on pumping was insignificant compared to viscous dissipation. A constant power number was obtained for turbulent flow using constant power per stage with an empirically determined effective diameter for each generator type. For conditions where mean drop size was close to equilibrium, as determined by flowrate independence, previously reported mean drop size data were calculated using the well-known inertial subrange scaling law along with the power draw measurements of the present study. The maximum local energy dissipation rate was found to be nine times the average energy dissipation rate}, keywords = {0542:Chemical engineering, 0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Chemical engineering, Coalescence, Drop breakup, Drop size, Liquid-liquid dispersion, Mechanical engineering, Power draw, Rotor stator mixers}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1465052243?accountid=14270}, author = {Rueger, Paul Edwin} } @article {6422, title = {Long-{Term} {Consequences} of {Foodborne} {Infections}}, journal = {Infectious Disease Clinics of North America}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {sep}, pages = {599{\textendash}616}, issn = {08915520}, doi = {10.1016/j.idc.2013.05.003}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0891552013000421}, author = {Batz, Michael B. and Henke, Evan and Kowalcyk, Barbara} } @article {7338, title = {The long-term dynamics of mortality benefits from improved water and sanitation in less developed countries}, journal = {PloS One}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {e74804}, abstract = {The problem of inadequate access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in less-developed nations has received much attention over the last several decades (most recently in the Millennium Development Goals), largely because diseases associated with such conditions contribute substantially to mortality in poor countries. We present country-level projections for WASH coverage and for WASH-related mortality in developing regions over a long time horizon (1975-2050) and provide dynamic estimates of the economic value of potential reductions in this WASH-related mortality, which go beyond the static results found in previous work. Over the historical period leading up to the present, our analysis shows steady and substantial improvements in WASH coverage and declining mortality rates across many developing regions, namely East Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. The economic value of potential health gains from eliminating mortality attributable to poor water and sanitation has decreased substantially, and in the future will therefore be modest in these regions. Where WASH-related deaths remain high (in parts of South Asia and much of Sub-Saharan Africa), if current trends continue, it will be several decades before economic development and investments in improved water and sanitation will result in the capture of these economic benefits. The fact that health losses will likely remain high in these two regions over the medium term suggests that accelerated efforts are needed to improve access to water and sanitation, though the costs and benefits of such efforts in specific locations should be carefully assessed.}, keywords = {Developing Countries, Global Health, Humans, Models, sanitation, Survival Rate, Theoretical, Water Supply}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0074804}, author = {Jeuland, Marc A. and Fuente, David E. and Ozdemir, Semra and Allaire, Maura C. and Whittington, Dale} } @article {12328, title = {Management options for reducing the release of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes to the environment}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {121}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, note = {Times Cited: 128
Brandt, Kristian Koefoed/I-3240-2012; Larsson, D.G. Joakim/; Zhang, Tong/C-6786-2008; Zhu, Yong-Guan/A-1412-2009; CAS, KLUEH-Cooperation/E-1148-2017; CAS, KLUEH/G-8978-2016; Topp, Ed/; Lazorchak, James/
Brandt, Kristian Koefoed/0000-0001-7886-9708; Larsson, D.G. Joakim/0000-0002-5496-0328; Zhu, Yong-Guan/0000-0003-3861-8482; Topp, Ed/0000-0002-8273-9372; Lazorchak, James/0000-0002-7354-7571
1
135}, month = {Aug}, pages = {878-885}, isbn = {0091-6765}, author = {Pruden, Amy and Larsson, D. G. Joakim and Amezquita, Alejandro and Collignon, Peter and Brandt, Kristian K. and Graham, David W. and Lazorchak, James M. and Suzuki, Satoru and Silley, Peter and Snape, Jason R. and Topp, Edward and Zhang, Tong and Zhu, Yong-Guan} } @article {12581, title = {Management options for reducing the release of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes to the environment}, journal = {Environmental Health PerspectivesEnvironmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {121}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {878-885}, author = {Amy Pruden and D. G. Joakim Larsson and Alejandro Am{\'e}zquita and Peter Collignon and Kristian K. Brandt David W. Graham and James R. Lazorchak and Satoru Suzuki and Peter Silley and Jason R. Snape and Edward Topp and Tong Zhang and Yong-Guan Zhu} } @article {12582, title = {Management options for reducing the release of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes to the environment}, journal = {Environmental health perspectivesEnvironmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {121}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {878}, author = {Pruden, Amy and Larsson, DG Joakim and Amezquita, Alejandro and Collignon, Peter and Brandt, Kristian K and Graham, David W and Lazorchak, James M and Suzuki, Satoru and Silley, Peter and Snape, Jason R} } @article {7829, title = {Managing compost stability and amendment to soil to enhance soil heating during soil solarization}, journal = {Waste Management}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {5}, pages = {1090-1096}, abstract = {Soil solarization is a method of soil heating used to eradicate plant pathogens and weeds that involves passive solar heating of moist soil mulched (covered) with clear plastic tarp. Various types of organic matter may be incorporated into soil prior to solarization to increase biocidal activity of the treatment process. Microbial activity associated with the decomposition of soil organic matter may increase temperatures during solarization, potentially enhancing solarization efficacy. However, the level of organic matter decomposition (stability) necessary for increasing soil temperature is not well characterized, nor is it known if various amendments render the soil phytotoxic to crops following solarization. Laboratory studies and a field trial were performed to determine heat generation in soil amended with compost during solarization. Respiration was measured in amended soil samples prior to and following solarization as a function of soil depth. Additionally, phytotoxicity was estimated through measurement of germination and early growth of lettuce seedlings in greenhouse assays. Amendment of soil with 10\% (g/g) compost containing 16.9 mg CO2/g dry weight organic carbon resulted in soil temperatures that were 2{\textendash}4 {\textdegree}C higher than soil alone. Approximately 85\% of total organic carbon within the amended soil was exhausted during 22 days of solarization. There was no significant difference in residual respiration with soil depth down to 17.4 cm. Although freshly amended soil proved highly inhibitory to lettuce seed germination and seedling growth, phytotoxicity was not detected in solarized amended soil after 22 days of field solarization.}, keywords = {Compost, Heat generation, Phytotoxicity, Soil amendment, Soil respiration, Solarization}, isbn = {0956-053X}, author = {Simmons,Christopher W. and Guo,Hongyun and Claypool,Joshua T. and Marshall,Megan N. and Perano,Kristen M. and Stapleton,James J. and VanderGheynst,Jean S.} } @article {7700, title = {Marked host specificity and lack of phylogeographic population structure of Campylobacter jejuni in wild birds}, journal = {Molecular Ecology}, volume = {22}, year = {2013}, pages = {1463-1472}, author = {Griekspoor,P. and Colles,F. M. and McCarthy,N. D. and Hansbro,P. M. and Ashhurst-Smith,C. and Olsen,B. and Hasselquist,D. and Maiden,M. C. and Waldenstrom,J.} } @article {6069, title = {A mathematical model for removal of human pathogenic viruses and bacteria by slow sand filtration under variable operational conditions}, journal = {water research}, volume = {47}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {2592{\textendash}2602}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Schijven, Jack F and van den Berg, Harold HJL and Colin, Michel and Dullemont, Yolanda and Hijnen, Wim AM and Magic-Knezev, Alexandra and Oorthuizen, Wim A and Wubbels, Gerhard} } @article {8469, title = {{Mechanics of the Toxoplasma gondii oocyst wall}}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA}, volume = {110}, number = {28}, year = {2013}, pages = {11535{\textendash}11540}, author = {Dum{\`e}tre, A and Dubey, JP and Ferguson, DJ and Bongrand, P and Azas, N and Puech, PH} } @article {12305, title = {Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in finfish aquaculture environments}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {233}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {Miranda, Claudio D and Tello, Alfredo and Keen, Patricia L} } @article {10873, title = {Mechanisms of MS2 bacteriophage removal by fouled ultrafiltration membrane subjected to different cleaning methods}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {47}, number = {23}, year = {2013}, pages = {13422{\textendash}13429}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Lu, Ruiqing and Mosiman, Daniel and Nguyen, Thanh H} } @article {12598, title = {Metagenomic insights into chlorination effects on microbial antibiotic resistance in drinking water}, journal = {Water researchWater research}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {111-120}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Shi, Peng and Jia, Shuyu and Zhang, Xu-Xiang and Zhang, Tong and Cheng, Shupei and Li, Aimin} } @article {12368, title = {Metagenomic Profiling of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Mobile Genetic Elements in a Tannery Wastewater Treatment Plant}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, note = {Wang, Zhu Zhang, Xu-Xiang Huang, Kailong Miao, Yu Shi, Peng Liu, Bo Long, Chao Li, Aimin
王, 铸/I-3824-2016
王, 铸/0000-0002-6763-8194}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {

Antibiotics are often used to prevent sickness and improve production in animal agriculture, and the residues in animal bodies may enter tannery wastewater during leather production. This study aimed to use Illumina high-throughput sequencing to investigate the occurrence, diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in aerobic and anaerobic sludge of a full-scale tannery wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Metagenomic analysis showed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria dominated in the WWTP, but the relative abundance of archaea in anaerobic sludge was higher than in aerobic sludge. Sequencing reads from aerobic and anaerobic sludge revealed differences in the abundance of functional genes between both microbial communities. Genes coding for antibiotic resistance were identified in both communities. BLAST analysis against Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database (ARDB) further revealed that aerobic and anaerobic sludge contained various ARGs with high abundance, among which sulfonamide resistance gene sul1 had the highest abundance, occupying over 20\% of the total ARGs reads. Tetracycline resistance genes (tet) were highly rich in the anaerobic sludge, among which tet33 had the highest abundance, but was absent in aerobic sludge. Over 70 types of insertion sequences were detected in each sludge sample, and class 1 integrase genes were prevalent in the WWTP. The results highlighted prevalence of ARGs and MGEs in tannery WWTPs, which may deserve more public health concerns.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, author = {Wang, Z. and Zhang, X. X. and Huang, K. L. and Miao, Y. and Shi, P. and Liu, B. and Long, C. and Li, A. M.} } @article {2797, title = {Metagenomic sequencing of "HPV-negative" condylomas detects novel putative HPV types}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {440}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {1-7}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent adult Betapapillomavirus classification COMPLETE GENOME Condylomata Acuminata Female Gammapapillomavirus genetics GENOME genome, viral GENOMES human humans isolation \& purification Laboratories male Metagenomics methods microbiology Middle Aged mollusca Molluscum Contagiosum Molluscum contagiosum virus Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus PCR Research SAMPLES SEQUENCE SEQUENCES Sequenci}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23522725}, author = {Johansson, H. and Bzhalava, D. and Ekstrom, J. and Hultin, E. and Dillner, J. and Forslund, O.} } @article {5593, title = {{Method validation for norovirus detection in naturally contaminated irrigation water and fresh produce}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {167}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {74{\textendash}79}, abstract = {

Human enteric viruses are shed in extremely high numbers in the feces of infected individuals, becoming environmental contaminants and eventually leading to contamination of a variety of foodstuffs at the pre-harvest stage. Among these foods at risk is fresh produce and irrigation water is a major vehicle for crop contamination. In the present study, a standardized molecular method for quantitative virus assay has been evaluated in different types of fresh produce and in irrigation water for human norovirus (NoV) detection. Two different virus concentration procedures, polyethylene-glycol precipitation (PEG) and organic flocculation (OF), were employed. The procedures were initially assayed in spiked samples and later validated on naturally contaminated samples from the Nile Delta in Egypt. Overall, PEG provided significantly (p{\textless}0.05) better virus recoveries than OF for both irrigation water and salad vegetable virus analysis. NoV GI and GII recoveries in spiked irrigation water ranged from 22.0{\%} to 43.3{\%} and from 12.6{\%} to 16.4{\%} with the PEG and OF methods, respectively. In experimentally contaminated salad vegetables, virus recoveries ranged from 28.0{\%} to 48.0{\%} and from 14.0{\%} to 18.8{\%} by PEG precipitation and OF, respectively. Using PEG precipitation, NoV was found in 31.9{\%} of naturally contaminated irrigation water samples. Both NoV GI and GII were detected in these samples with genome copy numbers of around 102 per liter. Virus analyses performed in naturally contaminated fresh produce that included green onion, watercress, radish, leek, and lettuce show that NoV GI was present in 20.8{\%}-34.0{\%} of the samples with genome copy numbers of around 102 per gram. When OF was employed, NoV was found in 25.0{\%} of the irrigation water samples. Both genogroups could be found in these samples with genome copy numbers of around 10 per liter. In fresh produce, GI was present in 16.0{\%}-25.7{\%} of the samples with genome copy numbers per gram of around 10. Surprisingly, NoV GII was not detected in any salad vegetable despite highly satisfactory virus/nucleic acid extraction and enzyme efficiencies reported in the assays.Available reliable standardized assays for virus detection in food matrices including appropriate quality assurance and quality control measures to assess the efficiency of critical steps in virus analysis open the possibility to produce consistent and accurate exposure data to be used in QMRA (quantitative microbial risk assessment) and at the same time may enable the formulation of guidelines to ensure the virological quality of selected commodities in specific scenarios to reduce the risk of foodborne virus infections. \© 2013 Elsevier B.V.

}, keywords = {Enteric viruses, Foodborne viruses, Norovirus, Virus assay, Waterborne viruses}, issn = {01681605}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.023}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.023}, author = {Waled M El-Senousy and Isabel M Costafreda and Rosa M Pinto and Bosch, Albert} } @article {7197, title = {Methods for primary concentration of viruses from water samples: a review and meta-analysis of recent studies}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {jul}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12143}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jam.12143}, author = {Cashdollar, J.L. and Wymer, L.} } @article {14515, title = {Methods for primary concentration of viruses from water samples: a review and meta-analysis of recent studies}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {115}, year = {2013}, month = {jul}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, abstract = {Since the beginning of environmental virology in the mid-twentieth century, a key challenge to scientists in the environmental field has been how to collect, isolate and detect pathogenic viruses from water that is used for drinking and/or recreational purposes. Early studies investigated different types of membrane filters, with more sophisticated technologies being developed more recently. The purpose of this study was to look at the current state of the science of methods for the concentration of viruses from water. Several technologies were reviewed, and associated data were included in a meta-analysis which showed that electronegative filters, electropositive filters and ultrafilters are comparable in performance and that significant differences in recovery are due to virus type rather than filter type, water matrix or sample volume. This information is useful, as it will help to determine which method(s) should be used, particularly if there is a specific viral type being targeted for a particular study. In addition, it will be helpful when sampling different environmental water matrices and/or when budget allowance must be taken into consideration. Taken together, this will be useful in performing viral occurrence studies, which ultimately can help ensure safer water for both humans and the environment.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Drinking Water/virology, Filtration/methods, Viruses/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12143}, author = {Cashdollar, J. L. and Wymer, L.} } @article {1499, title = {Methods for primary concentration of viruses from water samples: a review and meta-analysis of recent studies}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, note = {Cashdollar, J L Wymer, L Meta-Analysis Review England Journal of applied microbiology J Appl Microbiol. 2013 Jul;115(1):1-11. doi: 10.1111/jam.12143. Epub 2013 Feb 8.}, pages = {1-11}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Since the beginning of environmental virology in the mid-twentieth century, a key challenge to scientists in the environmental field has been how to collect, isolate and detect pathogenic viruses from water that is used for drinking and/or recreational purposes. Early studies investigated different types of membrane filters, with more sophisticated technologies being developed more recently. The purpose of this study was to look at the current state of the science of methods for the concentration of viruses from water. Several technologies were reviewed, and associated data were included in a meta-analysis which showed that electronegative filters, electropositive filters and ultrafilters are comparable in performance and that significant differences in recovery are due to virus type rather than filter type, water matrix or sample volume. This information is useful, as it will help to determine which method(s) should be used, particularly if there is a specific viral type being targeted for a particular study. In addition, it will be helpful when sampling different environmental water matrices and/or when budget allowance must be taken into consideration. Taken together, this will be useful in performing viral occurrence studies, which ultimately can help ensure safer water for both humans and the environment.}, keywords = {Drinking Water/virology Filtration/methods Viruses/*isolation \& purification *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12143}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23360578}, author = {Cashdollar, J. L. and Wymer, L.} } @article {6641, title = {Microbial community changes with decaying chloramine residuals in a lab-scale system}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {13}, year = {2013}, month = {sep}, pages = {4666{\textendash}4679}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.035}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135413003643}, author = {Bal Krishna, K.C. and Sathasivan, Arumugam and Ginige, Maneesha P.} } @article {7343, title = {Microbial quality and bacteria pathogens in private wells used for drinking water in northeastern {Ohio}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {sep}, pages = {555}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.247}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2013.247}, author = {Won, Gayeon and Gill, Amy and LeJeune, Jeffery T.} } @article {4577, title = {Microbial reduction in wastewater treatment using {Fe}(3+) and {Al}(3+) coagulants and {PAA} disinfectant}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {581{\textendash}9}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.241}, author = {Pradhan, S. K. and Kauppinen, A. and Martikainen, K. and Pitkanen, T. and Kusnetsov, J. and Miettinen, I. T. and Pessi, M. and Poutiainen, H. and Heinonen-Tanski, H.} } @article {1369, title = {Microbial reduction in wastewater treatment using Fe(3+) and Al(3+) coagulants and PAA disinfectant}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, note = {Pradhan, Surendra K Kauppinen, Ari Martikainen, Kati Pitkanen, Tarja Kusnetsov, Jaana Miettinen, Ilkka T Pessi, Matti Poutiainen, Hannu Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2013 Dec;11(4):581-9. doi: 10.2166/wh.2013.241.}, pages = {581-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Wastewater is an important source of pathogenic enteric microorganisms in surface water and a major contaminating agent of drinking water. Although primary and secondary wastewater treatments reduce the numbers of microorganisms in wastewater, significant numbers of microbes can still be present in the effluent. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of tertiary treatment for municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using PIX (FeCl3) or PAX (AlCl3) coagulants and peracetic acid (PAA) the disinfectant to reduce microbial load in effluent. Our study showed that both PIX and PAX efficiently reduced microbial numbers. PAA disinfection greatly reduced the numbers of culturable indicator microorganisms (Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, F-specific RNA coliphages and somatic DNA coliphages). In addition, pathogenic microorganisms, thermotolerant Campylobacter, Salmonella and norovirus GI, were successfully reduced using the tertiary treatments. In contrast, clostridia, Legionella, rotavirus, norovirus GII and adenovirus showed better resistance against PAA compared to the other microorganisms. However, interpretation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis results will need further studies to clarify the infectivity of the pathogenic microbes. In conclusion, PIX and PAX flocculants followed by PAA disinfectant can be used as a tertiary treatment for municipal WWTP effluents to reduce the numbers of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms.}, keywords = {Aluminum/ chemistry Chemical Fractionation Coliphages/drug effects Disinfectants/pharmacology Iron/ chemistry Peracetic Acid/ pharmacology Waste Disposal, Fluid/ methods Water Microbiology Water Purification/methods}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.241}, author = {Pradhan, S. K. and Kauppinen, A. and Martikainen, K. and Pitkanen, T. and Kusnetsov, J. and Miettinen, I. T. and Pessi, M. and Poutiainen, H. and Heinonen-Tanski, H.} } @article {7813, title = {Microbial reduction in wastewater treatment using Fe(3+) and Al(3+) coagulants and PAA disinfectant}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, note = {JID: 101185420; 0 (Disinfectants); CPD4NFA903 (Aluminum); E1UOL152H7 (Iron); I6KPI2E1HD (Peracetic Acid); ppublish}, month = {Dec}, pages = {581-589}, abstract = {

Wastewater is an important source of pathogenic enteric microorganisms in surface water and a major contaminating agent of drinking water. Although primary and secondary wastewater treatments reduce the numbers of microorganisms in wastewater, significant numbers of microbes can still be present in the effluent. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of tertiary treatment for municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using PIX (FeCl3) or PAX (AlCl3) coagulants and peracetic acid (PAA) the disinfectant to reduce microbial load in effluent. Our study showed that both PIX and PAX efficiently reduced microbial numbers. PAA disinfection greatly reduced the numbers of culturable indicator microorganisms (Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, F-specific RNA coliphages and somatic DNA coliphages). In addition, pathogenic microorganisms, thermotolerant Campylobacter, Salmonella and norovirus GI, were successfully reduced using the tertiary treatments. In contrast, clostridia, Legionella, rotavirus, norovirus GII and adenovirus showed better resistance against PAA compared to the other microorganisms. However, interpretation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis results will need further studies to clarify the infectivity of the pathogenic microbes. In conclusion, PIX and PAX flocculants followed by PAA disinfectant can be used as a tertiary treatment for municipal WWTP effluents to reduce the numbers of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms.

}, keywords = {Aluminum/chemistry, Chemical Fractionation, Coliphages/drug effects, Disinfectants/pharmacology, Fluid/methods, Iron/chemistry, Peracetic Acid/pharmacology, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/methods}, isbn = {1477-8920; 1477-8920}, author = {Pradhan,S. K. and Kauppinen,A. and Martikainen,K. and Pitk{\"a}nen,T. and Kusnetsov,J. and Miettinen,I. T. and Pessi,M. and Poutiainen,H. and Heinonen-Tanski,H.} } @article {5855, title = {{A microbial signature approach to identify fecal pollution in the waters off an urbanized coast of Lake Michigan.}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {may}, pages = {1011{\textendash}1023}, author = {Newton, Ryan J and Bootsma, Melinda J and Morrison, Hilary G and Sogin, Mitchell L and McLellan, Sandra L} } @article {14372, title = {A microbial signature approach to identify fecal pollution in the waters off an urbanized coast of {Lake} {Michigan}.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {may}, pages = {1011{\textendash}1023}, author = {Newton, Ryan J and Bootsma, Melinda J and Morrison, Hilary G and Sogin, Mitchell L and McLellan, Sandra L} } @article {13801, title = {Microbial water quality in freshwater lakes with different land use}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {115}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Aims: The relationship between land use (undeveloped, cattle grazing, urban), faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) levels and microbial source tracking (MST) marker detection was investigated in lakes created following phosphate mining. Methods and Results: Faecal coliforms and enterococci were cultured, and MST markers were detected by PCR [Methanobrevibacter smithii, human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), ruminant, human (HF183) and general Bacteroidales]. FIB levels varied significantly by sampling date and were correlated with antecedent rainfall. FIB levels varied with land use category only in the case of faecal coliform levels in sediments of urban lakes, which were significantly greater than those in undeveloped or cattle-impacted lakes. Ruminant Bacteroidales were detected consistently in cattle-impacted lakes (57\%) and rarely in other lakes. HPyVs was the only human source marker detected. Conclusions: Rainfall was more strongly associated with FIB levels than land use category. The detection frequency of only the ruminant MST marker was associated with land use. Significance and Impact of Study: Microbial source tracking (MST) can fine-tune the assessment of human health risk from recreational use of inland waters, particularly when similar FIB levels but different surrounding land use and probable impacts exist. {\textcopyright} 2013 The Society for Applied Microbiology.}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12312}, author = {Staley, Z.R. and Chase, E. and Mitraki, C. and Crisman, T.L. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {7604, title = {{Microbial water quality in freshwater lakes with different land use}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {115}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {1240-1250}, abstract = {

Aims: The relationship between land use (undeveloped, cattle grazing, urban), faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) levels and microbial source tracking (MST) marker detection was investigated in lakes created following phosphate mining. Methods and Results: Faecal coliforms and enterococci were cultured, and MST markers were detected by PCR [Methanobrevibacter smithii, human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), ruminant, human (HF183) and general Bacteroidales]. FIB levels varied significantly by sampling date and were correlated with antecedent rainfall. FIB levels varied with land use category only in the case of faecal coliform levels in sediments of urban lakes, which were significantly greater than those in undeveloped or cattle-impacted lakes. Ruminant Bacteroidales were detected consistently in cattle-impacted lakes (57{\%}) and rarely in other lakes. HPyVs was the only human source marker detected. Conclusions: Rainfall was more strongly associated with FIB levels than land use category. The detection frequency of only the ruminant MST marker was associated with land use. Significance and Impact of Study: Microbial source tracking (MST) can fine-tune the assessment of human health risk from recreational use of inland waters, particularly when similar FIB levels but different surrounding land use and probable impacts exist. {\textcopyright} 2013 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12312}, author = {Staley, Z.R. and Chase, E. and Mitraki, C. and Crisman, T.L. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {16078, title = {Microbiological evaluation of water during the 2011 flood crisis in Thailand}, journal = {Sci Total EnvironSci Total EnvironSci Total Environ}, volume = {463-464C}, year = {2013}, month = {Jul 16}, pages = {959-967}, edition = {2013/07/23}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic)
0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Chaturongkasumrit, Y. and Techaruvichit, P. and Takahashi, H. and Kimura, B. and Keeratipibul, S.} } @article {5548, title = {{Microbiology of food and animal feed {\textemdash} Horizontal method for determination of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in food using real-time RT-PCR {\textemdash} Part 2: Method for qualitative detection}}, journal = {ISO/TS 15216-2}, year = {2013}, author = {for Standardization, International Organization} } @article {5608, title = {{Microbiology of food and animal feed {\textendash} Horizontal method for determination of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in food using real-time RT-PCR {\textendash} Part 1: Method for quantification}}, journal = {ISO/TS 15216-1}, year = {2013}, author = {for Standardization, International Organization} } @article {6023, title = {Microbiology of food and animal feed -- Horizontal method for determination of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in food using real-time RT-PCR -- Part 1: Method for quantification}, year = {2013} } @article {6024, title = {Microbiology of food and animal feed {\textemdash} Horizontal method for determination of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in food using real-time RT-PCR {\textemdash} Part 2: Method for qualitative detection}, year = {2013} } @article {9566, title = {{Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis after rugby tournament, Singapore}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {1484{\textendash}1486}, author = {Tan, J and Lee, P and Lai, Y and Hishamuddin, P and Tay, J and Tan, AL and Chan, KS and Lin, R and Tan, D and Cutter, J and Goh, KT} } @article {9458, title = {{Microsporidian Diversity in Soil, Sand, and Compost of the Pacific Northwest}}, journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology}, year = {2013}, author = {Ardila-Garcia, AM and Raghuram, N and Sihota, P and Fast, NM} } @article {12679, title = {Mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA evidence supports the existence of a new Trichuris species in the endangered fran{\c c}ois{\textquoteright} leaf-monkey}, journal = {PLos One}, volume = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {e66249}, author = {Liu, GH and Gasser, RB and Nejsum, P and Wang, Y and Chen, Q and Song, HQ and Zhu, XQ} } @article {7698, title = {Modeling the effect of light and salinity on viable but non-culturable (VBNC) Enterococcus}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47(10)}, year = {2013}, pages = {3315-3328}, author = {Gin,K. Y. and Goh,S. G.} } @inbook {12852, title = {Modelling the filling rate of pit latrines}, booktitle = {Water SA}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {555-562}, author = {Brouckaert, CJ and Foxon, KM and Wood, K} } @article {16608, title = {Modelling the filling rate of pit latrines}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {00{\textendash}00}, author = {Brouckaert, CJ and Foxon, KM and Wood, K} } @article {4691, title = {{Molecular characterization of Cyclospora-like organisms from golden snub-nosed monkeys in Qinling Mountain in Shaanxi province, northwestern China}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {e58216}, author = {Zhao, GH and Cong, MM and Bian, QQ and Cheng, WY and Wang, RJ and Qi, M and Zhang, LX and Lin, Q and Zhu, XQ} } @article {10700, title = {{Molecular characterization of high-level-cholera-toxin-producing El Tor variant Vibrio cholerae strains in the Zanzibar Archipelago of Tanzania}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {51}, year = {2013}, pages = {1040{\textendash}1045}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.03162-12}, author = {Naha, A and Chowdhury, G and Ghosh-Banerjee, J and Senoh, M and Takahashi, T and Ley, B and Thriemer, K and Deen, J and Seidlein, LV and Ali, SM and Khatib, A and Ramamurthy, T and Nandy, RK and Nair, GB and Takeda, Y and Mukhopadhyay, AK} } @article {4848, title = {{Molecular characterization of human-pathogenic microsporidia and Cyclospora cayetanensis isolated from various water sources in Spain: a year-long longitudinal study}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, year = {2013}, pages = {449{\textendash}459}, author = {Galv{\'a}n, AL and Magnet, A and Izquierdo, F and Fenoy, S and Rueda, C and Fern{\'a}ndez Vadillo, C and Henriques-Gil, N and del Aguila, C} } @article {9504, title = {{Molecular Characterization of Human-Pathogenic Microsporidia and Cyclospora cayetanensis Isolated from Various Water Sources in Spain: a Year-Long Longitudinal Study}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {449{\textendash}459}, author = {Galv{\'a}n, AL and Magnet, A and Izquierdo, F and Fenoy, S and Rueda, C and Fern{\'a}ndez Vadillo, C and Henriques-Gil, N and del Aguila, C} } @article {8285, title = {Molecular detection of Campylobacter spp. and fecal indicator bacteria during the northern migration of sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) at the central Platte river}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, year = {2013}, pages = {3762{\textendash}3769}, author = {Lu, Jingrang and Ryu, Hodon and Vogel, Jason and Jorge Santo Domingo and Ashbolt, Nicholas J} } @article {8533, title = {{Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water soruces of district Nowshehra Khyber Pakhtunhwa, Pakistan}}, journal = {Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part a-Current Issues}, volume = {76}, number = {14}, year = {2013}, pages = {837{\textendash}841}, author = {Khan, I and Khan, AM and Ayaz, S and Khan, S and Anees, M and Khan, SA and Ullah, F} } @inbook {1678, title = {Molecular detection of viruses in water and sewage}, booktitle = {Viruses in Food and Water}, year = {2013}, pages = {97-125}, publisher = {Woodhead Publishing}, organization = {Woodhead Publishing}, type = {Book Section}, author = {La Rosa, G and Muscillo, M}, editor = {Cook, N} } @article {8634, title = {{Molecules to modeling: Toxoplasma gondii oocysts at the human-animal-environment interface}}, journal = {Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {217{\textendash}231}, author = {VanWormer, E and Fritz, H and Shapiro, K and Mazet, JA and Conrad, PA} } @mastersthesis {6249, title = {Monitoring global water and sanitation}, year = {2013}, note = {U612261}, school = {Cranfield University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}![CDATA[{\textless}p lang="en-GB" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"{\textgreater}The process of determining outputs and outcomes plays a key role in the setting of global targets, in defining national sector policy and strategic plans and in ensuring a continuous, safe supply of affordable water. Each of these actions, are integrally linked by aggregated data sets generated through an effective monitoring and evaluation (M\&E) process. This thesis examines the various components of M\&E across three case studies: Global, Kenya and Uganda, including aspects such as whether roles and responsibilities are realistically assigned and whether there is a recurring set of core indicators being monitored and reported. The research has also sought to establish an evidence base of the associated costs and efficacy of use of M\&E. Through purposive and snowball sampling, fieldwork was undertaken across the case studies with 85 key stakeholders. Programme, national and global level data sets were collected through structured literature reviews, document and data archive reviews, key informant and semi-structured interviews. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods were applied. The results demonstrate that despite having a recurring global goal and associated target, the number and variety of indicators reported against has grown over time and at each level. In turn this is placing a burden on already resource constrained countries. Regardless of the various principles of harmonization and alignment, countries are still required to manage internally and externally driven parallel systems. Whilst the research suggests the costs of M\&E are escalating, the full extent of this increase remains unknown as does the extent of efficacy of use of M\&E. Despite evidence that country-led ME processes are at some level achieving their objectives, with the continuing complexities of the sector particularly around the accompanying aid architecture, ME is not currently {\textquoteleft}fit for purpose{\textquestiondown} for use in the WASH sector and is unlikely to be providing value for money. ]]{\textgreater}}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU612261, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Bibliographies, http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8474, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1548708271?accountid=14270}, author = {Norman, Rachel} } @mastersthesis {6635, title = {Monitoring global water and sanitation}, year = {2013}, note = {U612261}, school = {Cranfield University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU612261, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Bibliographies, http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8474, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1548708271?accountid=14270}, author = {Norman, Rachel} } @article {6155, title = {Monitoring the perturbation of soil and groundwater microbial communities due to pig production activities}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {2620-2629}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {P Y Hong and Yannarell, Anthony C and Dai, Qinghua and Ekizoglu, Melike and Mackie, Roderick I} } @mastersthesis {6982, title = {Monopoly and {Micro}-irrigation in {Smallholder} {Water} {Markets}: {Using} exploratory modeling to consider interactions between market structure and agricultural technology subsidies}, year = {2013}, note = {3575485}, school = {The Pardee RAND Graduate School}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Many rural agricultural areas around the world are facing severely depleted groundwater resources, which farmers rely on to increase agricultural productivity through irrigation. If groundwater in these areas is to be sustainably utilized, total withdrawals must be diminished from their current levels, which may cause a welfare loss on the part of farmers and their communities. The level of welfare loss (if any) and its distribution will depend which of a wide array of policies are implemented to curtail water use. In theory, the policies may take many forms, including direct and indirect rationing, direct and indirect marginal pricing, tradable water rights, and subsidizing water efficient technologies such as microirrigation. Depending on the environment in which they are implemented, these policies vary widely in terms of cost, effectiveness, and political feasibility, and may lead to many non-obvious interactions when multiple policies are implemented simultaneously. This research contributes to a policy debate motivated by the situation in North Gujarat, India, where a mix of recently enacted policies has somewhat helped to improve the groundwater situation, but in an inefficient manner. Specifically, this research is aimed at understanding the changes water market participants may experience should there be a move to formalize water markets and establish tradable water rights - a costly and politically challenging proposition, but one with ostensibly significant advantages. It considers the situation in which fragmented private groundwater markets already exist as a collection of monopolies, and a policy is needed to reduce village-level water use to sustainable levels, vii focusing on two questions. What are the marginal effects of a tradable water rights system on income distribution across buyers and sellers, and how are they contingent on a variety of policy settings and other uncertainties? These questions are addressed using a simulation framework in which a population of smallholder agents exchanges water in competitive and monopolistic water markets. In any given model run, agents are modeled as producing one of two crops: a water inefficient low revenue crop, and a water efficient crop with higher revenues that also requires capital investment to grow (which captures the choice between flood irrigation versus microirrigation, though can also represent field crops vs horticulture). Farmers are assumed to maximize profits subject to water prices which determined by policy or endogenous water markets, and subject to capital constraints on their ability to adopt microirrigation, which are in turn affected by subsidy and loan policy for the water efficient technology. While the individual agent-level model is somewhat simplistic from an agronomic perspective, a systematic and wide parametric exploration of agent interaction via the water market allows characterization of the outcomes that may arise from the simultaneous interaction of many different policies, under many different population types. I present results showing the impacts to buyer and seller populations across tens of thousands of parameter combinations chosen to explore this range of plausible interactions. Not surprisingly, buyers typically benefit from the merging of fragmented monopolies into a single competitive water market, often at the expense of sellers who lose their monopoly rent. However, in a surprisingly large number of cases the gains from trade among sellers can outweigh their losses in monopoly rent, and in some cases buyers can be made worse off. Pairing the market formalization with subsidies to adopt microirrigation can improve outcomes for both buyers and sellers, though such subsidies are not always Pareto-improving at the private level, due differential adoption and productivity levels between buyers and sellers. They are also socially inefficient in many cases once subsidy costs have been accounted for. In general, the "win-win" potential of formalizing the water market depends heavily on viii cropping patterns, agent characteristics governing technology adoption, and the degree of water scarcity. This implies that, while the establishment of tradable water rights will often bring many benefits to smallholder populations, it is not guaranteed to do so and any ex-ante detailed assessments of such a policy must consider village- and aquifer-level details, as well as the factors governing technology adoption.}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, 0595:Water Resource Management, 0630:Public policy, 0640:Sustainability, Agricultural economics, Earth sciences, Economic development, Heterogeneous agents, India, Micro-irrigation, North Gujarat, Public policy, Scenario analysis, Social sciences, Sustainability, Technology adoption, Water markets, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1462545579?accountid=14270}, author = {Bryant, Benjamin} } @article {9786, title = {{Morphological diagnosis and occurrence of Blastocystis spp. obtained from the stool samples of domestic bird species commercialized in municipal markets}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {20{\textendash}26}, author = {Bomfim, TCB and Couto, MCM} } @article {2801, title = {Mucosal and cutaneous human papillomaviruses detected in raw sewages}, journal = {PLoS. One}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC3544852}, pages = {e52391}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {analysis cancer detection DIVERSITY DNA Environment Genetic genetic diversity GENOME GENOMES GENOMIC DIVERSITY Genotype genotypes human Italy MUCOSAL Papillomavirus PCR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS PLANTS PREVENTION Primary Prevention PRODUCT PRODUCTS REGION Res}, doi = {doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052391}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23341898}, author = {La Rosa, G and Fratini, M and Accardi, L and D{\textquoteright}Oro, G and S Della Libera and Muscillo, M and Di Bonito, P} } @mastersthesis {6832, title = {A multi-disciplinary laboratory and field study in drinking water quality: {A} novel technique for assessing suspended solids concentrations in the floc blanket, analysis of floc blanket dynamics, and a field study of sources of waterborne disease transmi}, year = {2013}, note = {3571254}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation contains results of investigations related to: (1) application of floc blankets in vertical-upflow sedimentation tanks for low-cost, gravity driven water treatment plants and (2) sources of waterborne disease transmission in the Ethiopian highlands. Floc blankets are fluidized beds of flocculated, suspended particles that can significantly enhance particle removal in vertical-upflow sedimentation tanks relative to the removals obtained in the absence of floc blankets. An experimental apparatus was built to evaluate floc blanket dynamics and mechanisms underlying floc blanket performance. Blanket dynamics are not well understood, but are important for understanding blanket formation and operational control in full-scale water treatment plants. Sequential image analysis provided suspended solids concentration and floc-water interface height (i.e., floc blanket height) through analysis of transmitted light intensity through a 1.3 cm thick section of a floc blanket. Suspended solids concentrations were calibrated to known kaolinite and aluminum hydroxide concentrations and then turbidity measurements were employed to validate image analysis of solids concentration in the floc blanket, as well as in the floc blanket supernatant. Analysis of consecutive images revealed distinct stages in floc blanket formation: thickening (increasing suspended solids concentration) absent a floc-water interface, thickening with an interface, and steady-state. Preliminary performance data suggest blanket performance is more significantly related to blanket suspended solids concentration than blanket height. Future investigators are recommended to study: inflow and bottom geometry conditions which impact re-suspension of particles, mechanisms of particle removal in the blanket, and the impact of natural organic matter (NOM) on blanket performance, formation, and stability. Bacterial counts and household surveys were performed in a town in the Ethiopian Highlands which experienced an acute watery diarrhea (AWD) outbreak in 2008. A multivariate regression model related to household self-reported incidence of diarrhea indicated that the incidence of diarrhea was related to sanitary disposal of feces from children under five, and locating hand washing stations near to household latrines. Significant risk factors (p-value {\textless} 0.05) associated with disease incidence varied by socio-economic status, in part, because water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) behaviors were linked with socio-economic status. All source and household samples for fecal contamination failed World Health Organization (WHO) water quality standards. Analysis of water quality data and risk factors at the household level revealed that household water contamination was likely related to hand contact with water. Analysis of hand rinsing data (before and after hand washing) revealed a significantly higher reduction in microbial contamination when soap was utilized during hand washing (94\% reduction with soap compared to 49\% for washing with only water). Analysis of these results suggest that future interventions which focus on increasing the number of people who wash their hands with soap or improving household water quality will reduce waterborne disease incidence.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0595:Water Resource Management, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, drinking water, Earth sciences, Environmental engineering, Floc blankets, Suspended solids, Water quality, Water Resource Management, Waterborne diseases}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1426182537?accountid=14270}, author = {Hurst, Matthew William} } @article {12182, title = {Multiple pathways of genome plasticity leading to development of antibiotic resistance}, journal = {Journal of Antibiotics}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {288-315}, author = {Baharoglu, Zeynep and Garriss, Genevi{\`e}ve and Mazel, Didier} } @inbook {15423, title = {Multiple regression for the Schistosomiasis positivity index estimates in the Minas Gerais State-Brazil at small communities and cities levels}, booktitle = {Parasitic Diseases-Schistosomiasis - InTech}, year = {2013}, author = {Guimaraes, R.J.P.S. and Freitas, C.C. and Dutra, L.V. and Oliveira, G. and Carvalho, O.S.} } @article {2965, title = {A multiplex {PCR} for the simultaneous detection and genotyping of the {Echinococcus} granulosus complex}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {e2017}, abstract = {Echinococcus granulosus is characterized by high intra-specific variability (genotypes G1-G10) and according to the new molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus, the E. granulosus complex has been divided into E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3), E. equinus (G4), E. ortleppi (G5), and E. canadensis (G6-G10). The molecular characterization of E. granulosus isolates is fundamental to understand the spatio-temporal epidemiology of this complex in many endemic areas with the simultaneous occurrence of different Echinococcus species and genotypes. To simplify the genotyping of the E. granulosus complex we developed a single-tube multiplex PCR (mPCR) allowing three levels of discrimination: (i) Echinococcus genus, (ii) E. granulosus complex in common, and (iii) the specific genotype within the E. granulosus complex. The methodology was established with known DNA samples of the different strains/genotypes, confirmed on 42 already genotyped samples (Spain: 22 and Bulgaria: 20) and then successfully applied on 153 unknown samples (Tunisia: 114, Algeria: 26 and Argentina: 13). The sensitivity threshold of the mPCR was found to be 5 ng Echinoccoccus DNA in a mixture of up to 1 {\textmu}g of foreign DNA and the specificity was 100\% when template DNA from closely related members of the genus Taenia was used. Additionally to DNA samples, the mPCR can be carried out directly on boiled hydatid fluid or on alkaline-lysed frozen or fixed protoscoleces, thus avoiding classical DNA extractions. However, when using Echinococcus eggs obtained from fecal samples of infected dogs, the sensitivity of the mPCR was low ({\textbackslash}textless40\%). Thus, except for copro analysis, the mPCR described here has a high potential for a worldwide application in large-scale molecular epidemiological studies on the Echinococcus genus.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Child, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Humans, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Molecular Epidemiology, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Parasitology, Preschool}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0002017}, author = {Boubaker, Ghalia and Macchiaroli, Natalia and Prada, Laura and Cucher, Marcela A. and Rosenzvit, Mara C. and Ziadinov, Iskender and Deplazes, Peter and Saarma, Urmas and Babba, Hamouda and Gottstein, Bruno and Spiliotis, Markus} } @article {4926, title = {Multistate outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis infections associated with fresh produce: focus on the Texas investigations}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {143}, year = {2013}, pages = {3451{\textendash}3458}, author = {Abanyie, F and Harvey, RR and J R Harris and Wiegand, RE and Gaul, L and Desvignes-Kendrick, M and Irvin, K and Williams, I and Hall, RL and Herwaldt, B and Gray, EB and Qvarnstrom, Y and Wise, ME and Cantu, V and Cantey, PT and Bosch, S and da Silva, AJ and Fields, A and Bishop, H and Wellman, A and Beal, J and Wilson, N and A E Fiore and Tauxe, R and Lance, S and Slutsker, L and Parise, M and Multistate Cyclosporiasis Outbreak Investigation, Team} } @inbook {1901, title = {Natural persistence of food and waterborne viruses}, booktitle = {Viruses in Food and Water}, year = {2013}, pages = {179-204.}, publisher = {Elsevier, Woodhead Publishing}, organization = {Elsevier, Woodhead Publishing}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Vasickova, P. and Kovarcik, K.}, editor = {Cook, N.} } @article {10664, title = {{Natural selection in a Bangladeshi population from the cholera-endemic Ganges River Delta}}, journal = {Science Translational Medicine}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {186{\textendash}192}, author = {Karlsson, EK and Harris, JB and Tabrizi, S and Rahman, A and Shlyakhter, I and Patterson, N and O{\textquoteright}Dushlaine, C and Schaffner, SF and Gupta, S and Chowdhury, F and Sheikh, A and Shin, OS and Ellis, C and Becker, CE and Stuart, LM and Calderwood, SB and Ryan, ET and Qadri, F and Sabeti, PC and LaRocque, RC} } @article {2009, title = {Neglected tropical diseases of Oceania: review of their prevalence, distribution, and opportunities for control}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {2013/01/31}, pages = {e1755}, isbn = {1935-2735}, author = {Kline, K and McCarthy, JS and Pearson, M and Loukas, A and Hotez, PJ} } @article {1130, title = {New insights into human papillomavirus-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma}, journal = {Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC3665382}, pages = {77-87}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {assay ASSOCIATION cancer Carcinoma Carcinoma, Hpv EPIDEMIOLOGY Epithelium Genotype Head and Neck Neoplasms Hospital human humans INFECTION Italy Middle Aged Molecular Palatine Tonsil Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections Population prevalence Prognosis RATES REGION SELECTION Support SURVIVAL THERA, Squamous Cell complications detection DIAGNOSIS DNA dna probes Dna Probes}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23853396}, author = {Boscolo-Rizzo, P. and Del, Mistro A. and Bussu, F. and Lupato, V. and Baboci, L. and Almadori, G. and DA Mosto, M.C. and Paludetti, G.} } @article {2767, title = {New insights into human papillomavirus-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma}, journal = {Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC3665382}, pages = {77-87}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {assay ASSOCIATION cancer Carcinoma Carcinoma, Hpv EPIDEMIOLOGY Epithelium Genotype Head and Neck Neoplasms Hospital human humans INFECTION Italy Middle Aged Molecular Palatine Tonsil Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections Population prevalence Prognosis RATES REGION SELECTION Support SURVIVAL THERA, Squamous Cell complications detection DIAGNOSIS DNA dna probes Dna Probes}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23853396}, author = {Boscolo-Rizzo, P. and Del, Mistro A. and Bussu, F. and Lupato, V. and Baboci, L. and Almadori, G. and DA Mosto, M.C. and Paludetti, G.} } @article {10222, title = {{A new method for tracking poultry litter in the Potomac Basin headwaters of West Virginia}}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {115}, year = {2013}, pages = {445{\textendash}454}, author = {Weidhaas, J and Lipscomb, E} } @inbook {1225, title = {New methods for the concentration of viruses from urban sewage using quantitative PCR}, booktitle = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {187}, year = {2013}, note = {Calgua, Byron Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus Hundesa, Ayalkibet Sunen, Esther Calvo, Miquel Bofill-Mas, Silvia Girones, Rosina Comparative Study Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Journal of virological methods S0166-0934(12)00371-0 [pii] J Virol Methods. 2013 Feb;187(2):215-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.10.012. Epub 2012 Nov 16.}, pages = {215-21}, publisher = {2012 Elsevier B.V}, organization = {2012 Elsevier B.V}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {Viruses are among the most important pathogens present in water contaminated with feces or urine and represent a serious risk to human health. Four procedures for concentrating viruses from sewage have been compared in this work, three of which were developed in the present study. Viruses were quantified using PCR techniques. According to statistical analysis and the sensitivity to detect human adenoviruses (HAdV), JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) and noroviruses genogroup II (NoV GGII): (i) a new procedure (elution and skimmed-milk flocculation procedure (ESMP)) based on the elution of the viruses with glycine-alkaline buffer followed by organic flocculation with skimmed-milk was found to be the most efficient method when compared to (ii) ultrafiltration and glycine-alkaline elution, (iii) a lyophilization-based method and (iv) ultracentrifugation and glycine-alkaline elution. Through the analysis of replicate sewage samples, ESMP showed reproducible results with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 16\% for HAdV, 12\% for JCPyV and 17\% for NoV GGII. Using spiked samples, the viral recoveries were estimated at 30-95\% for HAdV, 55-90\% for JCPyV and 45-50\% for NoV GGII. ESMP was validated in a field study using twelve 24-h composite sewage samples collected in an urban sewage treatment plant in the North of Spain that reported 100\% positive samples with mean values of HAdV, JCPyV and NoV GGII similar to those observed in other studies. Although all of the methods compared in this work yield consistently high values of virus detection and recovery in urban sewage, some require expensive laboratory equipment. ESMP is an effective low-cost procedure which allows a large number of samples to be processed simultaneously and is easily standardizable for its performance in a routine laboratory working in water monitoring. Moreover, in the present study, a CV was applied and proposed as a parameter to evaluate and compare the methods for detecting viruses in sewage samples.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ isolation \& purification Humans JC Virus/ isolation \& purification Norovirus/ isolation \& purification Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/ methods Reproducibility of Results Sewage/ virology Spain Specimen Handling/ methods Virology/ methods}, isbn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.10.012}, author = {Calgua, B. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Hundesa, A. and Sunen, E. and Calvo, M. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Girones, R.} } @article {14507, title = {New methods for the concentration of viruses from urban sewage using quantitative {PCR}}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {187}, year = {2013}, month = {feb}, pages = {215{\textendash}21}, abstract = {Viruses are among the most important pathogens present in water contaminated with feces or urine and represent a serious risk to human health. Four procedures for concentrating viruses from sewage have been compared in this work, three of which were developed in the present study. Viruses were quantified using PCR techniques. According to statistical analysis and the sensitivity to detect human adenoviruses (HAdV), JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) and noroviruses genogroup II (NoV GGII): (i) a new procedure (elution and skimmed-milk flocculation procedure (ESMP)) based on the elution of the viruses with glycine-alkaline buffer followed by organic flocculation with skimmed-milk was found to be the most efficient method when compared to (ii) ultrafiltration and glycine-alkaline elution, (iii) a lyophilization-based method and (iv) ultracentrifugation and glycine-alkaline elution. Through the analysis of replicate sewage samples, ESMP showed reproducible results with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 16\% for HAdV, 12\% for JCPyV and 17\% for NoV GGII. Using spiked samples, the viral recoveries were estimated at 30-95\% for HAdV, 55-90\% for JCPyV and 45-50\% for NoV GGII. ESMP was validated in a field study using twelve 24-h composite sewage samples collected in an urban sewage treatment plant in the North of Spain that reported 100\% positive samples with mean values of HAdV, JCPyV and NoV GGII similar to those observed in other studies. Although all of the methods compared in this work yield consistently high values of virus detection and recovery in urban sewage, some require expensive laboratory equipment. ESMP is an effective low-cost procedure which allows a large number of samples to be processed simultaneously and is easily standardizable for its performance in a routine laboratory working in water monitoring. Moreover, in the present study, a CV was applied and proposed as a parameter to evaluate and compare the methods for detecting viruses in sewage samples.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/*isolation \& purification, Humans, JC Virus/*isolation \& purification, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Reproducibility of Results, Sewage/*virology, Spain, Specimen Handling/*methods, Virology/*methods}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.10.012}, author = {Calgua, B. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Hundesa, A. and Sunen, E. and Calvo, M. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Girones, R.} } @article {4455, title = {New methods for the concentration of viruses from urban sewage using quantitative {PCR}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {187}, year = {2013}, pages = {215{\textendash}21}, isbn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, author = {Calgua, B and Rodriguez-Manzano, J and Hundesa, A and Su{\~n}{\'e}n, E and Calvo, M and Bofill-Mas, S and Girones, R} } @booklet {3630, title = {The {New} {Microfinance} {Handbook}: {A} {Financial} {Market} {System} {Perspective}.}, year = {2013}, publisher = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Ledgerwood, J and Earne, J and Nelson, C} } @booklet {3481, title = {{The New Microfinance Handbook: A Financial Market System Perspective.}}, year = {2013}, publisher = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, doi = {10.1596/978-0-8213-8927-0}, author = {Ledgerwood, J and Earne, J and Nelson, C} } @article {9754, title = {{No Title}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {e84372}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0084372}, author = {Abdulsalam, AM and Ithoi, I and Al-Mekhlafi, HM and Al-Mekhlafi, AM and Ahmed, A and Surin, J} } @article {9843, title = {{No Title}}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {295}, doi = {10.1186/1756-3305-6-295}, author = {Rajamanikam, A and Govind, SK} } @article {10166, title = {{No Title}}, journal = {Environmental Science {\&} Technology}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {8548{\textendash}8456}, author = {Reischer, GH and Ebdon, JE and Bauer, JM and Schuster, N and Ahmed, W and Astrom, J and Blanch, AR and Bloschl, G and Byamukama, D and Coakley, T and Ferguson, C and Goshu, G and Ko, G and A M De Roda Husman and Mushi, D and Poma, R and Pradhan, B and Rajal, V and Schade, MA and Sommer, R and Taylor, H and Toth, EM and Vrajmasu, V and Wuertz, S and Mach, RL and Farnleitner, AH} } @article {17053, title = {Norovirus and FRNA bacteriophage determined by RT-qPCR and infectious FRNA bacteriophage in wastewater and oysters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {14}, year = {2013}, pages = {5222{\textendash}5231}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Flannery, John and Keaveney, Sin{\'e}ad and Rajko-Nenow, Paulina and O{\textquoteright}Flaherty, Vincent and Dor{\'e}, William} } @article {6848, title = {Norovirus and {Medically} {Attended} {Gastroenteritis} in {U}.{S}. {Children}}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {368}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {1121{\textendash}1130}, issn = {0028-4793, 1533-4406}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMsa1206589}, url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMsa1206589}, author = {Payne, Daniel C. and J Vinj{\'e} and Szilagyi, Peter G. and Edwards, Kathryn M. and Mary A Staat and Weinberg, Geoffrey A. and Hall, Caroline B. and Chappell, James and Bernstein, David I. and Curns, Aaron T. and Wikswo, Mary and Shirley, S. Hannah and Aron J Hall and Lopman, Benjamin and Parashar, Umesh D.} } @article {5495, title = {{Norovirus and medically attended gastroenteritis in U.S. children.}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {368}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {1121{\textendash}1130}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Cases of rotavirus-associated acute gastroenteritis have declined since the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, but the burden of norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis in children remains to be assessed. METHODS: We conducted active surveillance for laboratory-confirmed cases of norovirus among children younger than 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis in hospitals, emergency departments, and outpatient clinical settings. The children resided in one of three U.S. counties during the years 2009 and 2010. Fecal specimens were tested for norovirus and rotavirus. We calculated population-based rates of norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis and reviewed billing records to determine medical costs; these data were extrapolated to the U.S. population of children younger than 5 years of age. RESULTS: Norovirus was detected in 21{\%} of young children (278 of 1295) seeking medical attention for acute gastroenteritis in 2009 and 2010, with norovirus detected in 22{\%} (165 of 742) in 2009 and 20{\%} (113 of 553) in 2010 (P=0.43). The virus was also detected in 4{\%} of healthy controls (19 of 493) in 2009. Rotavirus was identified in 12{\%} of children with acute gastroenteritis (152 of 1295) in 2009 and 2010. The respective rates of hospitalization, emergency department visits, and outpatient visits for the norovirus were 8.6, 146.7, and 367.7 per 10,000 children younger than 5 years of age in 2009 and 5.8, 134.3, and 260.1 per 10,000 in 2010, with an estimated cost per episode of {\$}3,918, {\$}435, and {\$}151, respectively, in 2009. Nationally, we estimate that the average numbers of annual hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and outpatient visits due to norovirus infection in 2009 and 2010 among U.S. children in this age group exceeded 14,000, 281,000, and 627,000, respectively, with more than {\$}273 million in treatment costs each year. CONCLUSIONS: Since the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, norovirus has become the leading cause of medically attended acute gastroenteritis in U.S. children and is associated with nearly 1 million health care visits annually. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).

}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Ambulatory Care, Caliciviridae Infections, Child, economics, Emergency Service, epidemiology, Female, Gastroenteritis, Health Care Costs, Hospital, Hospitalization, Humans, Infant, isolation {\&} purification, Male, Norovirus, Population Surveillance, Preschool, Prospective Studies, rotavirus, Rotavirus Infections, statistics {\&} numerical data, United States, Virology}, issn = {1533-4406 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMsa1206589}, author = {Payne, Daniel C and J Vinj{\'e} and Szilagyi, Peter G and Edwards, Kathryn M and Mary A Staat and Weinberg, Geoffrey A and Hall, Caroline B and Chappell, James and Bernstein, David I and Curns, Aaron T and Wikswo, Mary and Shirley, S Hannah and A J Hall and Lopman, Benjamin and Parashar, Umesh D} } @article {5587, title = {{Norovirus and MS2 inactivation kinetics of UV-A and UV-B with and without TiO2}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {15}, year = {2013}, pages = {5607{\textendash}5613}, abstract = {

Germicidal ultraviolet, such as 254-nm UV-C, is a common method of disinfection of pathogenic enteric viruses. However, the disinfection efficacies of UV-A or -B in terms of inactivating waterborne viruses such as norovirus have not been characterized. We evaluated the inactivation kinetics of MS2 bacteriophage and murine norovirus (MNV), a surrogate of human norovirus (NoV), by UV-A and -B. In addition to UV disinfection, we further investigated whether the presence of TiO2 could enhance the virus inactivation kinetics of UV-A and -B. Both MS2 and MNV were highly resistant to UV-A. However, the addition of TiO2 enhanced the efficacy of UV-A for inactivating these viruses. UV-A dose of 1379mJ/cm2 resulted in a 4 log10 reduction. In comparison, UV-B alone effectively inactivated both MS2 and MNV, as evidenced by the 4 log10 reduction by 367mJ/cm2 of UV-B. The addition of TiO2 increased the inactivation of MS2; however, it did not significantly increase the efficacy of UV-B disinfection for inactivating MNV. When these treatments were applied to field water such as groundwater, the results were generally consistent with the laboratory findings. Our results clearly indicated that UV-B is useful for the disinfection of waterborne norovirus. However, MNV was quite resistant to UV-A, and UV-A effectively inactivated the tested viruses only when used in combination with TiO2. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

}, keywords = {MS2 phage, Murine norovirus, Norovirus, Titanium dioxide, UV-A inactivation, UV-B inactivation}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.035}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.035}, author = {Jung E Lee and G Ko} } @article {5578, title = {{Norovirus and Other Human Enteric Viruses in Moroccan Shellfish}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {35{\textendash}40}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of human enteric viruses in shellfish collected along the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Coast of Morocco. A total of 77 samples were collected from areas potentially contaminated by human sewage. Noroviruses were detected in 30 {\%} of samples, with an equal representation of GI and GII strains, but were much more frequently found in cockles or clams than in oysters. The method used, including extraction efficiency controls, allowed the quantification of virus concentration. As in previous reports, results showed levels of contamination between 100 and 1,000 copies/g of digestive tissues. Sapoviruses were detected in 13 {\%} of samples mainly in oyster and clam samples. Hepatitis A virus was detected in two samples, with concentrations around 100 RNA copies/g of digestive tissues. Only two samples were contaminated with enterovirus and none with norovirus GIV or Aichi virus. This study highlights the interest of studying shellfish samples from different countries and different production areas. A better knowledge of shellfish contamination helps us to understand virus levels in shellfish and to improve shellfish safety, thus protecting consumers.}, keywords = {Environmental conditions, Hepatitis A virus, Morocco, Norovirus, Quantification, Shellfish}, issn = {18670334}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9095-8}, author = {Benabbes, Laila and Ollivier, Joanna and Schaeffer, Julien and Parnaudeau, Sylvain and Rhaissi, Houria and Nourlil, Jalal and Le Guyader, Fran{\c c}oise S.} } @article {5612, title = {{Norovirus contamination levels in ground water treatment systems used for food-catering facilities in South Korea}}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {5}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {1646{\textendash}1654}, abstract = {This study aimed to inspect norovirus contamination of groundwater treatment systems used in food-catering facilities located in South Korea. A nationwide study was performed in 2010. Water samples were collected and, for the analysis of water quality, the temperature, pH, turbidity, and residual chlorine content were assessed. To detect norovirus genotypes GI and GII, RT-PCR and semi-nested PCR were performed with specific NV-GI and NV-GII primer sets, respectively. The PCR products amplified from the detected strains were then subjected to sequence analyses. Of 1,090 samples collected in 2010, seven (0.64{\%}) were found to be norovirus-positive. Specifically, one norovirus strain was identified to have the GI-6 genotype, and six GII strains had the GII, GII-3, GII-4, and GII-17 genotypes. The very low detection rate of norovirus most likely reflects the preventative measures used. However, this virus can spread rapidly from person to person in crowded, enclosed places such as the schools investigated in this study. To promote better public health and sanitary conditions, it is necessary to periodically monitor noroviruses that frequently cause epidemic food poisoning in South Korea.}, keywords = {genotype, Groundwater, Nationwide, Norovirus}, issn = {19994915}, doi = {10.3390/v5071646}, author = {Bo R Lee and Sung G Lee and Jong H Park and Kwang Y Kim and Sang R Ryu and Ok J Rhee and Park, Jeong Woong and Lee, Jeong Su and Soon Y Paik} } @article {5601, title = {{Norovirus contamination on French marketed oysters}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {166}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {244{\textendash}248}, abstract = {

Contaminated shellfish have been implicated in gastroenteritis outbreaks in different countries. As no regulation has been set up yet regarding viral contamination of food, very few data are available on the prevalence of contaminated products on the market. This study presents data obtained from oysters collected on the French market in one producing area over a 16. month period of time. Noroviruses were detected in 9{\%} of samples with a seasonal impact and influence of climatic events. Contamination levels were low and, surprisingly, oysters sampled directly from the producer were found to have less contamination than oysters from supermarkets. \© 2013 Elsevier B.V.

}, keywords = {Calicivirus, Market, Norovirus, Oyster, prevalence, Quantification}, isbn = {0168-1605}, issn = {01681605}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.07.022}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.07.022}, author = {Schaeffer, Julien and Jean C Le Saux and Lora, Monica and Atmar, Robert L. and Le Guyader, Fran{\c c}oise S.} } @article {5492, title = {{Norovirus disease in the united states}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {1198{\textendash}1205}, abstract = {Although recognized as the leading cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis across all age groups, norovirus has remained poorly characterized with respect to its endemic disease incidence. Use of different methods, including attributable proportion extrapolation, population-based surveillance, and indirect modeling, in several recent studies has considerably improved norovirus disease incidence estimates for the United States. Norovirus causes an average of 570-800 deaths, 56,000-71,000 hospitalizations, 400,000 emergency department visits, 1.7-1.9 million outpatient visits, and 19-21 million total illnesses per year. Persons {\textgreater}65 years of age are at greatest risk for norovirus-associated death, and children {\textless}5 years of age have the highest rates of norovirus-associated medical care visits. Endemic norovirus disease occurs year round but exhibits a pronounced winter peak and increases by <= 50{\%} during years in which pandemic strains emerge. These findings support continued development and targeting of appropriate interventions, including vaccines, for norovirus disease.}, isbn = {1080-6040}, issn = {10806040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1908.130465}, author = {Aron J Hall and Lopman, Ben A. and Payne, Daniel C. and Patel, Manish M. and Gasta{\~n}aduy, Paul A. and J Vinj{\'e} and Parashar, Umesh D.} } @article {6605, title = {Norovirus {Disease} in the {United} {States}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, month = {aug}, pages = {1198{\textendash}1205}, issn = {1080-6040, 1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid1908.130465}, url = {http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/8/13-0465_article.htm}, author = {Aron J Hall and Lopman, Ben A. and Payne, Daniel C. and Patel, Manish M. and Gasta{\~n}aduy, Paul A. and J Vinj{\'e} and Parashar, Umesh D.} } @article {5504, title = {{Norovirus outbreaks: a systematic review of commonly implicated transmission routes and vehicles}}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {141}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, month = {aug}, pages = {1563{\textendash}1571}, abstract = {Causal mechanisms of norovirus outbreaks are often not revealed. Understanding the transmission route (e.g., foodborne, waterborne, or environmental) and vehicle (e.g., shellfish or recreational water) of a norovirus outbreak, however, is of great public health importance; this information can facilitate interventions for an ongoing outbreak and regulatory action to limit future outbreaks. Towards this goal, we conducted a systematic review to examine whether published outbreak information was associated with the implicated transmission route or vehicle. Genogroup distribution was associated with transmission route and food vehicle, but attack rate and the presence of GII.4 strain were not associated with transmission route, food vehicle, or water vehicle. Attack rate, genogroup distribution, and GII.4 strain distribution also varied by other outbreak characteristics (e.g. setting, season, and hemisphere). These relationships suggest that different genogroups exploit different environmental conditions and thereby can be used to predict the likelihood of various transmission routes or vehicles.}, issn = {0950-2688}, doi = {10.1017/S095026881300006X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3742101/}, author = {Bitler, E J and Matthews, J E and Dickey, B W and Eisenberg, J N S and Leon, J S} } @article {5536, title = {{Norovirus surrogate survival on spinach during preharvest growth.}}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {103}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {389{\textendash}94}, abstract = {Produce can become contaminated with human viral pathogens in the field through soil, feces, or water used for irrigation; through application of manure, biosolids, pesticides, and fertilizers; and through dust, insects, and animals. The objective of this study was to assess the survival and stability of human noroviruses and norovirus surrogates (Murine norovirus [MNV] and Tulane virus [TV]) on foliar surfaces of spinach plants in preharvest growth conditions. Spinach plants were housed in a biocontrol chamber at optimal conditions for up to 7 days and infectivity was determined by plaque assay. Virus inoculation location had the largest impact on virus survival as viruses present on adaxial leaf surfaces had lower decimal reduction time (D values) than viruses present on abaxial leaf surfaces. Under certain conditions, spinach type impacted virus survival, with greater D values observed from survival on semi-savoy spinach leaves. Additional UVA and UVB exposure to mimic sunlight affected virus survival on adaxial surfaces for both semi-savoy and smooth spinach plants for both viruses. Human GII norovirus inoculated onto semi-savoy spinach had an average D value that was not statistically significant from MNV and TV, suggesting that these surrogates may have similar survival on spinach leaves compared with human noroviruses. An understanding of the behavior of enteric viruses on spinach leaves can be used to enhance growers{\textquoteright} guidelines and for risk assessment with certain growing conditions.}, keywords = {Caliciviridae, Caliciviridae: growth {\&} development, Caliciviridae: radiation effects, Cryoelectron Microscopy, Electron, Food Contamination, Humans, Microscopy, Norovirus, Norovirus: growth {\&} development, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Norovirus: physiology, Norovirus: radiation effects, Plant Diseases, Plant Diseases: virology, Plant Leaves, Plant Leaves: virology, Scanning, Species Specificity, Spinacia oleracea, Spinacia oleracea: cytology, Spinacia oleracea: radiation effects, Spinacia oleracea: virology, Time Factors, Ultraviolet Rays, Virus Inactivation, Virus Inactivation: radiation effects}, isbn = {0031-949X (Print)$\backslash$r0031-949X (Linking)}, issn = {0031-949X}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-09-12-0231-FI}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23506365}, author = {Kirsten A Hirneisen and Kniel, Kalmia E} } @inbook {2026, title = {Novel insights into the genetic diversity of Balantidium and Balantidium-like cyst-forming ciliates}, booktitle = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {2013/03/28}, pages = {e2140}, isbn = {1935-2735}, author = {Pomajb{\'\i}kov{\'a}, K and Oborn{\'\i}k, M and Hor{\'a}k, A and Petr{\v z}elkov{\'a}, KJ and Grim, JN and Levecke, B and Todd, A and Mulama, M and Kiyang, J and Modr{\'y}, D} } @article {8587, title = {{Observational study to assess pregnant women{\textquoteright}s knowledge and behaviour to prevent toxoplasmosis, listeriosis and cytomegalovirus}}, journal = {BMC Pregnancy Childbirth}, volume = {13}, year = {2013}, pages = {98}, author = {Pereboom, MT and Manni{\"e}n, J and Spelten, ER and Schellevis, FG and Hutton, EK} } @mastersthesis {6755, title = {The occurrence and distribution of {Enterococcus} in an urban coastal watershed}, year = {2013}, note = {1545478}, school = {University of Massachusetts Boston}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Enterococcus is the standard environmental indicator of marine fecal pollution in the US. At present, indicator counts are not discriminative however, as they do not differentiate between individual species the genus, two of which correlate with levels of humans marine pathogens. In this study the occurrences of fecal and non-fecal enterococci were observed in two Massachusetts coastal watersheds. Sample collections were made at multiples sites and subsequently enriched through selective media. Species-specific PCR was then performed on all bacterial isolates recovered by the enrichment process. In the urban location, the frequency of E. faecalis among the observed isolates increased from 25 percent to 59 percent compared to the more pristine sampling site. Also E. faecium, an indicator bacterium, was not present in the non-urban watershed. These results in conjunction with multiple dimensional scaling analyses suggest that E. faecalis may in fact be prevalent not only in high densities areas within urban coastal watersheds but ubiquitously. On the other hand, E. faecium may only persist in urban environments associated with high human densities. Consequently, coastal wetlands that possess endemic indicator bacteria may have an impact on the reliability of water quality analysis, leading to possible public health concerns as well as financial ramifications for local communities.}, keywords = {0410:Microbiology, 0573:Public health, 0768:Environmental science, Biological sciences, Enterococcus, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Indicator, Microbiology, Public health, Saltmarshes, Spartina, Watershed}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1443848577?accountid=14270}, author = {Bryant-Allen, Steven} } @article {14297, title = {Occurrence and genetic diversity of {Arcobacter} spp. in a spinach-processing plant and evaluation of two {Arcobacter}-specific quantitative {PCR} assays.}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {jun}, pages = {235{\textendash}243}, author = {Hausdorf, Lena and Neumann, Maria and Bergmann, Ingo and Sobiella, Kerstin and Mundt, Kerstin and Fr{\"o}hling, Antje and Schl{\"u}ter, Oliver and Klocke, Michael} } @article {5780, title = {{Occurrence and genetic diversity of Arcobacter spp. in a spinach-processing plant and evaluation of two Arcobacter-specific quantitative PCR assays.}}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {235{\textendash}243}, author = {Hausdorf, Lena and Neumann, Maria and Bergmann, Ingo and Sobiella, Kerstin and Mundt, Kerstin and Fr{\"o}hling, Antje and Schl{\"u}ter, Oliver and Klocke, Michael} } @article {7701, title = {Occurrence and population density of Campylobacter jejuni in irrigation ponds on produce farms in the Suwannee River Watershed}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {59 (5)}, year = {2013}, pages = {339-346}, author = {Gu, G and Luo, Z and Cevallos-Cevallos, JM and Adams, P and Vellidis, G and Wright, A and van Bruggen, AH} } @article {4167, title = {Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {2431{\textendash}2445}, author = {Xiao, G and Qiu, Z and Qi, J and Chen, JA and Liu, F and Liu, W and Luo, J and Shu, W} } @article {14658, title = {Occurrence and reduction of human viruses, {F}-specific {RNA} coliphage genogroups and microbial indicators at a full-scale wastewater treatment plant in {Japan}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {114}, year = {2013}, month = {feb}, pages = {545{\textendash}54}, abstract = {AIMS: To evaluate and compare the reductions of human viruses and F-specific coliphages in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant based on the quantitative PCR (qPCR) and plate count assays. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 24 water samples were collected from four locations at the plant, and the relative abundance of human viruses and F-RNA phage genogroups were determined by qPCR. Of the 10 types of viruses tested, enteric adenoviruses were the most prevalent in both influent and effluent wastewater samples. Of the different treatment steps, the activated sludge process was most effective in reducing the microbial loads. Viruses and F-RNA phages showed variable reduction; among them, GI and GIII F-RNA phages showed the lowest and the highest reduction, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ten types of viruses were present in wastewater that is discharged into public water bodies after treatment. The variability in reduction for the different virus types demonstrates that selection of adequate viral indicators is important for evaluating the efficacy of wastewater treatment and ensuring the water safety. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our comprehensive analyses of the occurrence and reduction of viruses and indicators can contribute to the future establishment of appropriate viral indicators to evaluate the efficacy of wastewater treatment.}, keywords = {Coliphages/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Japan, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, RNA Phages/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Sewage/virology, Waste Disposal Facilities, Waste Water/microbiology/*virology, Water Microbiology, Water Purification}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12051}, author = {Hata, A. and Kitajima, M. and Katayama, H.} } @article {4253, title = {{Occurrence and reduction of human viruses, F-specific RNA coliphage genogroups and microbial indicators at a full-scale wastewater treatment plant in Japan.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {545{\textendash}54}, abstract = {

AIMS: To evaluate and compare the reductions of human viruses and F-specific coliphages in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant based on the quantitative PCR (qPCR) and plate count assays. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 24 water samples were collected from four locations at the plant, and the relative abundance of human viruses and F-RNA phage genogroups were determined by qPCR. Of the 10 types of viruses tested, enteric adenoviruses were the most prevalent in both influent and effluent wastewater samples. Of the different treatment steps, the activated sludge process was most effective in reducing the microbial loads. Viruses and F-RNA phages showed variable reduction; among them, GI and GIII F-RNA phages showed the lowest and the highest reduction, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ten types of viruses were present in wastewater that is discharged into public water bodies after treatment. The variability in reduction for the different virus types demonstrates that selection of adequate viral indicators is important for evaluating the efficacy of wastewater treatment and ensuring the water safety. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our comprehensive analyses of the occurrence and reduction of viruses and indicators can contribute to the future establishment of appropriate viral indicators to evaluate the efficacy of wastewater treatment.

}, keywords = {Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Japan, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: genetics, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Waste Disposal Facilities, Waste Water, Waste Water: microbiology, Waste Water: virology, Water Microbiology, Water Purification}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12051}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23170920}, author = {Hata, A and Kitajima, M and Katayama, H} } @article {8701, title = {{Occurrence and reduction of human viruses, F-specific RNA coliphage genogroups and microbial indicators at a full-scale wastewater treatment plant in Japan}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {545{\textendash}554}, abstract = {AIMS: To evaluate and compare the reductions of human viruses and F-specific coliphages in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant based on the quantitative PCR (qPCR) and plate count assays.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 24 water samples were collected from four locations at the plant, and the relative abundance of human viruses and F-RNA phage genogroups were determined by qPCR. Of the 10 types of viruses tested, enteric adenoviruses were the most prevalent in both influent and effluent wastewater samples. Of the different treatment steps, the activated sludge process was most effective in reducing the microbial loads. Viruses and F-RNA phages showed variable reduction; among them, GI and GIII F-RNA phages showed the lowest and the highest reduction, respectively.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: Ten types of viruses were present in wastewater that is discharged into public water bodies after treatment. The variability in reduction for the different virus types demonstrates that selection of adequate viral indicators is important for evaluating the efficacy of wastewater treatment and ensuring the water safety.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nSIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our comprehensive analyses of the occurrence and reduction of viruses and indicators can contribute to the future establishment of appropriate viral indicators to evaluate the efficacy of wastewater treatment.}, keywords = {F-phages, microbial indicators, RT-qPCR, Viruses, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {1364-5072}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12051}, author = {Hata, A. and Kitajima, M. and Katayama, H.} } @article {17091, title = {Occurrence and reduction of human viruses, F-specific RNA coliphage genogroups and microbial indicators at a full-scale wastewater treatment plant in J apan}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {545{\textendash}554}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Hata, A and Kitajima, M and Katayama, H} } @article {12489, title = {Occurrence and removal of antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater and rural domestic sewage treatment systems in eastern China}, journal = {Environment InternationalEnvironment International}, volume = {55}, year = {2013}, note = {Chen, Hong Zhang, Mingmei}, month = {May}, pages = {9-14}, abstract = {Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging environmental contaminants and pose a threat to public health. In this study, four tetracycline resistance genes (tetM, tetO, tetQ and tetW) and two sulfonamide resistance genes (still and sulII) were evaluated in 4 municipal wastewater and 8 rural domestic sewage treatment systems with different wastewater handling abilities and treatment processes using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In the influents, the relative abundance of different ARGs showed significant variations among the sampling sites. In addition, significant correlations (tetQ: R-2 = 0.712, P<0.05; tetO: R-2 = 0.394, P<0.05) between the gene copy numbers and wastewater-receiving capacity were observed. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation (R-2 = 0.756, P<0.05) between the gene copy numbers of sulI and intI1, whereas the gene numbers of tetM and sulI were strongly correlated with 16S rDNA. Significant reductions (1-3 orders of magnitude) in ARGs were observed in municipal wastewater treatment systems, but a smaller reduction was found in the rural domestic sewage treatment systems. These results provide insights into the occurrence and removal of ARGs in wastewater treatment systems in both rural and urban areas in eastern China. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {0160-4120}, author = {Chen, H. and Zhang, M. M.} } @article {15915, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in effluent from sewage treatment plant from eastern Poland}, journal = {Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {Spec no. 1}, year = {2013}, pages = {57-62}, edition = {2014/07/09}, keywords = {*Waste Disposal, Fluid, *Water Purification, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/parasitology, Cryptosporidium/genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Giardia/genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/epidemiology/parasitology, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Oocysts/growth \& development, Poland/epidemiology, prevalence, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage/*parasitology}, isbn = {1232-1966}, author = {Sroka, J. and Stojecki, K. and Zdybel, J. and Karamon, J. and Cencek, T. and Dutkiewicz, J.} } @article {4147, title = {{Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in effluent from sewage treatment plant from eastern Poland}}, journal = {Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {57{\textendash}62}, author = {Sroka, J and Stojecki, K and Zdybel, J and Karamon, J and Cencek, T and Dutkiewicz, J} } @article {13925, title = {Occurrence of generic {Escherichia} coli, {E}. coli {O}157 and {Salmonella} spp. in water and sediment from leafy green produce farms and streams on the {Central} {California} coast.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {165}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {jul}, pages = {65{\textendash}76}, abstract = {Irrigation with water of poor microbiological quality can elevate levels of bacteria on produce. This study aimed to identify climate and management variables associated with generic Escherichia coli in irrigation water on leafy green produce farms and to measure the prevalence of E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. in irrigation and non-irrigation water sources on these farms. Water and sediment samples collected from various points along irrigation systems, as well as from streams and ponds on farms on the Central California coast between May 27th, 2008 and October 26th, 2010 were cultured for generic E. coli (MPN/100 mL or cfu 100 g) (n=436), E. coli O157 (n=437), and (n=163) Salmonella. Variables were based on grower{\textquoteright}s management practices, landscape features in proximity to samples (e.g., distance to roads and ranches/livestock), and climate data accessed from an online database. Negative binomial regression models were constructed to test associations between generic E. coli (MPN/100 mL) in water from farms and variables. Arithmetic mean concentration of E. coli for water, not including those from Moore swabs, and sediment samples, was 7.1{\texttimes}10(2) MPN/100 mL and 1.0{\texttimes}10(4) cfu/100 g, respectively. Matched by collection day, E. coli concentration in sediment (cfu/100 g) was typically 10- to 1000-fold higher than the overlying water (MPN/100 mL) for these irrigation systems. Generic E. coli concentration (MPN/100 mL) increased by 60.1\% for each 1m/s increase in wind speed and decreased by 3\% for each 10 m increase in the distance between the sample location and rangeland. Moore swabs detected a higher proportion of E. coli O157 (13.8\%) positive water samples compared to grab samples (1.8\%); 1.7\% of sediment samples had detectable levels of this pathogen. Interestingly, season was not significantly associated with E. coli O157 presence in water or sediments from produce farms or water sources with public access. Salmonella was detected in 6\% (6/96) water and 4.3\% (3/67) sediment samples. Generic E. coli concentration was not significantly associated with the presence of either E. coli O157 or Salmonella in water or sediment samples, suggesting that, for this 2.5-year period and geographical location, generic E. coli would likely be an unreliable indicator bacteria for predicting the presence of these food- and waterborne pathogens in a key produce production environment.}, issn = {1879-3460}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.04.003}, author = {Benjamin, Lisa and Atwill, Edward R and Jay-Russell, Michele and Cooley, Michael and Carychao, Diana and Gorski, Lisa and Mandrell, Robert E} } @article {2159, title = {{Occurrence of generic Escherichia coli, E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. in water and sediment from leafy green produce farms and streams on the Central California coast.}}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {165}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {65{\textendash}76}, abstract = {Irrigation with water of poor microbiological quality can elevate levels of bacteria on produce. This study aimed to identify climate and management variables associated with generic Escherichia coli in irrigation water on leafy green produce farms and to measure the prevalence of E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. in irrigation and non-irrigation water sources on these farms. Water and sediment samples collected from various points along irrigation systems, as well as from streams and ponds on farms on the Central California coast between May 27th, 2008 and October 26th, 2010 were cultured for generic E. coli (MPN/100 mL or cfu 100 g) (n=436), E. coli O157 (n=437), and (n=163) Salmonella. Variables were based on grower{\textquoteright}s management practices, landscape features in proximity to samples (e.g., distance to roads and ranches/livestock), and climate data accessed from an online database. Negative binomial regression models were constructed to test associations between generic E. coli (MPN/100 mL) in water from farms and variables. Arithmetic mean concentration of E. coli for water, not including those from Moore swabs, and sediment samples, was 7.1{\texttimes}10(2) MPN/100 mL and 1.0{\texttimes}10(4) cfu/100 g, respectively. Matched by collection day, E. coli concentration in sediment (cfu/100 g) was typically 10- to 1000-fold higher than the overlying water (MPN/100 mL) for these irrigation systems. Generic E. coli concentration (MPN/100 mL) increased by 60.1\% for each 1m/s increase in wind speed and decreased by 3\% for each 10 m increase in the distance between the sample location and rangeland. Moore swabs detected a higher proportion of E. coli O157 (13.8\%) positive water samples compared to grab samples (1.8\%); 1.7\% of sediment samples had detectable levels of this pathogen. Interestingly, season was not significantly associated with E. coli O157 presence in water or sediments from produce farms or water sources with public access. Salmonella was detected in 6\% (6/96) water and 4.3\% (3/67) sediment samples. Generic E. coli concentration was not significantly associated with the presence of either E. coli O157 or Salmonella in water or sediment samples, suggesting that, for this 2.5-year period and geographical location, generic E. coli would likely be an unreliable indicator bacteria for predicting the presence of these food- and waterborne pathogens in a key produce production environment.}, issn = {1879-3460}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.04.003}, author = {Benjamin, Lisa and Atwill, Edward R and Jay-Russell, Michele and Cooley, Michael and Carychao, Diana and Gorski, Lisa and Mandrell, Robert E} } @article {7944, title = {{Occurrence of generic Escherichia coli, E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. in water and sediment from leafy green produce farms and streams on the Central California coast.}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {165}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {jul}, pages = {65{\textendash}76}, abstract = {

Irrigation with water of poor microbiological quality can elevate levels of bacteria on produce. This study aimed to identify climate and management variables associated with generic Escherichia coli in irrigation water on leafy green produce farms and to measure the prevalence of E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. in irrigation and non-irrigation water sources on these farms. Water and sediment samples collected from various points along irrigation systems, as well as from streams and ponds on farms on the Central California coast between May 27th, 2008 and October 26th, 2010 were cultured for generic E. coli (MPN/100 mL or cfu 100 g) (n=436), E. coli O157 (n=437), and (n=163) Salmonella. Variables were based on grower\&$\#$39;s management practices, landscape features in proximity to samples (e.g., distance to roads and ranches/livestock), and climate data accessed from an online database. Negative binomial regression models were constructed to test associations between generic E. coli (MPN/100 mL) in water from farms and variables. Arithmetic mean concentration of E. coli for water, not including those from Moore swabs, and sediment samples, was 7.1\×10(2) MPN/100 mL and 1.0\×10(4) cfu/100 g, respectively. Matched by collection day, E. coli concentration in sediment (cfu/100 g) was typically 10- to 1000-fold higher than the overlying water (MPN/100 mL) for these irrigation systems. Generic E. coli concentration (MPN/100 mL) increased by 60.1{\%} for each 1m/s increase in wind speed and decreased by 3{\%} for each 10 m increase in the distance between the sample location and rangeland. Moore swabs detected a higher proportion of E. coli O157 (13.8{\%}) positive water samples compared to grab samples (1.8{\%}); 1.7{\%} of sediment samples had detectable levels of this pathogen. Interestingly, season was not significantly associated with E. coli O157 presence in water or sediments from produce farms or water sources with public access. Salmonella was detected in 6{\%} (6/96) water and 4.3{\%} (3/67) sediment samples. Generic E. coli concentration was not significantly associated with the presence of either E. coli O157 or Salmonella in water or sediment samples, suggesting that, for this 2.5-year period and geographical location, generic E. coli would likely be an unreliable indicator bacteria for predicting the presence of these food- and waterborne pathogens in a key produce production environment.

}, issn = {1879-3460}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.04.003}, author = {Benjamin, Lisa and Atwill, Edward R and Jay-Russell, Michele and Cooley, Michael and Carychao, Diana and Gorski, Lisa and Mandrell, Robert E} } @article {1603, title = {Occurrence of Human Cosavirus in Wastewater and River Water in Japan}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, year = {2013}, note = {Haramoto, Eiji Otagiri, Mikie ENG 2013/08/15 06:00 Food Environ Virol. 2013 Aug 13.}, pages = {62-66}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human cosavirus was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 71 \% of raw sewage and 29 \% each of secondary-treated sewage and river water samples in the Kofu Basin, Japan. The highest concentration was 2.80 x 106 copies/l. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed multiple genotypes of the virus in wastewater.}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-013-9120-6}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23943064}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Otagiri, M.} } @article {1602, title = {Occurrence of pepper mild mottle virus in drinking water sources in Japan}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {79}, number = {23}, year = {2013}, note = {Haramoto, Eiji Kitajima, Masaaki Kishida, Naohiro Konno, Yoshiaki Katayama, Hiroyuki Asami, Mari Akiba, Michihiro eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2013/09/24 06:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 Dec;79(23):7413-8. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02354-13. Epub 2013 Sep 20.}, pages = {7413-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is a plant virus that has been recently proposed as a potential indicator of human fecal contamination of environmental waters; however, information on its geographical occurrence in surface water is still limited. We aimed to determine the seasonal and geographic occurrence of PMMoV in drinking water sources all over Japan. Between July 2008 and February 2011, 184 source water samples were collected from 30 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs); viruses from 1 to 2 liters of each sample were concentrated by using an electronegative membrane, followed by RNA extraction and reverse transcription. Using quantitative PCR, PMMoV was detected in 140 (76\%) samples, with a concentration ranging from 2.03x10(3) to 2.90x10(6) copies/liter. At least one of the samples from 27 DWTPs (n=4 or 8) was positive for PMMoV; samples from 10 of these DWTPs were always contaminated. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of PMMoV among geographical regions but not a seasonal difference. PMMoV was frequently detected in samples that were negative for human enteric virus or Escherichia coli. A phylogenetic analysis based on the partial nucleotide sequences of the PMMoV coat protein gene in 12 water samples from 9 DWTPs indicated that there are genetically diverse PMMoV strains present in drinking water sources in Japan. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the occurrence of PMMoV in environmental waters across wide geographical regions.}, keywords = {Capsid Proteins/genetics Cluster Analysis Drinking Water/*virology *Genetic Variation Genotype Japan Molecular Sequence Data *Phylogeography RNA, DNA Tobamovirus/*isolation \& purification, Viral/genetics Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Seasons Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02354-13}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24056461}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Kitajima, M. and Kishida, N. and Konno, Y. and Katayama, H. and Asami, M. and Akiba, M.} } @article {14655, title = {Occurrence of pepper mild mottle virus in drinking water sources in {Japan}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {79}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {7413{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is a plant virus that has been recently proposed as a potential indicator of human fecal contamination of environmental waters; however, information on its geographical occurrence in surface water is still limited. We aimed to determine the seasonal and geographic occurrence of PMMoV in drinking water sources all over Japan. Between July 2008 and February 2011, 184 source water samples were collected from 30 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs); viruses from 1 to 2 liters of each sample were concentrated by using an electronegative membrane, followed by RNA extraction and reverse transcription. Using quantitative PCR, PMMoV was detected in 140 (76\%) samples, with a concentration ranging from 2.03x10(3) to 2.90x10(6) copies/liter. At least one of the samples from 27 DWTPs (n=4 or 8) was positive for PMMoV; samples from 10 of these DWTPs were always contaminated. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of PMMoV among geographical regions but not a seasonal difference. PMMoV was frequently detected in samples that were negative for human enteric virus or Escherichia coli. A phylogenetic analysis based on the partial nucleotide sequences of the PMMoV coat protein gene in 12 water samples from 9 DWTPs indicated that there are genetically diverse PMMoV strains present in drinking water sources in Japan. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the occurrence of PMMoV in environmental waters across wide geographical regions.}, keywords = {*Genetic Variation, *Phylogeography, Capsid Proteins/genetics, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Drinking Water/*virology, genotype, Japan, Molecular Sequence Data, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Seasons, Sequence Analysis, Tobamovirus/*isolation \& purification, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02354-13}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Kitajima, M. and Kishida, N. and Konno, Y. and Katayama, H. and Asami, M. and Akiba, M.} } @article {14975, title = {Occurrence of pepper mild mottle virus in drinking water sources in {Japan}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {79}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {7413{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is a plant virus that has been recently proposed as a potential indicator of human fecal contamination of environmental waters; however, information on its geographical occurrence in surface water is still limited. We aimed to determine the seasonal and geographic occurrence of PMMoV in drinking water sources all over Japan. Between July 2008 and February 2011, 184 source water samples were collected from 30 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs); viruses from 1 to 2 liters of each sample were concentrated by using an electronegative membrane, followed by RNA extraction and reverse transcription. Using quantitative PCR, PMMoV was detected in 140 (76\%) samples, with a concentration ranging from 2.03x10(3) to 2.90x10(6) copies/liter. At least one of the samples from 27 DWTPs (n=4 or 8) was positive for PMMoV; samples from 10 of these DWTPs were always contaminated. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of PMMoV among geographical regions but not a seasonal difference. PMMoV was frequently detected in samples that were negative for human enteric virus or Escherichia coli. A phylogenetic analysis based on the partial nucleotide sequences of the PMMoV coat protein gene in 12 water samples from 9 DWTPs indicated that there are genetically diverse PMMoV strains present in drinking water sources in Japan. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the occurrence of PMMoV in environmental waters across wide geographical regions.}, keywords = {*Genetic Variation, *Phylogeography, Capsid Proteins/genetics, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Drinking Water/*virology, genotype, Japan, Molecular Sequence Data, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Seasons, Sequence Analysis, Tobamovirus/*isolation \& purification, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02354-13}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Kitajima, M. and Kishida, N. and Konno, Y. and Katayama, H. and Asami, M. and Akiba, M.} } @article {6151, title = {Occurrence of seven artificial sweeteners in the aquatic environment and precipitation of Tianjin, China}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {14}, year = {2013}, pages = {4928-4937}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Gan, Zhiwei and Sun, Hongwen and Feng, Biting and Wang, Ruonan and Zhang, Yanwei} } @article {1241, title = {Occurrence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. and adenoviruses in Finnish bathing waters and purified sewage effluents}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, note = {Hokajarvi, Anna-Maria Pitkanen, Tarja Siljanen, Henri M P Nakari, Ulla-Maija Torvinen, Eila Siitonen, Anja Miettinen, Ilkka T Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2013 Mar;11(1):120-34. doi: 10.2166/wh.2012.192.}, pages = {120-34}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A total of 50 Finnish bathing water samples and 34 sewage effluent samples originating from 17 locations were studied in the summers of 2006 and 2007. Campylobacter were present in 58\% and adenoviruses in 12\% of all bathing water samples; 53\% of all sewage effluent samples were positive for Campylobacter spp. and 59\% for adenoviruses. C. jejuni was the most common Campylobacter species found and human adenovirus serotype 41 was the most common identified adenovirus type. Bathing water temperature displayed a significant negative relationship with the occurrence of Campylobacter. One location had identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of C. coli isolates in the bathing water and in sewage effluent, suggesting that sewage effluent was the source of C. coli at this bathing site. The counts of faecal indicator bacteria were not able to predict the presence of Campylobacter spp. or adenoviruses in the bathing waters. Thus the observed common presence of these pathogens in Finnish sewage effluents and bathing waters may represent a public health risk. The low water temperature in Finland may enhance the prevalence of Campylobacter in bathing waters. More attention needs to be paid to minimizing the concentrations of intestinal pathogens in bathing waters.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/classification/ isolation \& purification Campylobacter/ classification/ isolation \& purification/physiology Enterococcus/isolation \& purification Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification Feces/microbiology Finland Hot Temperature Humans Lake}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.192}, author = {Hokajarvi, A. M. and Pitkanen, T. and Siljanen, H. M. and Nakari, U. M. and Torvinen, E. and Siitonen, A. and Miettinen, I. T.} } @article {7714, title = {Occurrence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. and adenoviruses in Finnish bathing waters and purified sewage effluents}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, note = {JID: 101185420; ppublish}, month = {Mar}, pages = {120-134}, abstract = {

A total of 50 Finnish bathing water samples and 34 sewage effluent samples originating from 17 locations were studied in the summers of 2006 and 2007. Campylobacter were present in 58\% and adenoviruses in 12\% of all bathing water samples; 53\% of all sewage effluent samples were positive for Campylobacter spp. and 59\% for adenoviruses. C. jejuni was the most common Campylobacter species found and human adenovirus serotype 41 was the most common identified adenovirus type. Bathing water temperature displayed a significant negative relationship with the occurrence of Campylobacter. One location had identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of C. coli isolates in the bathing water and in sewage effluent, suggesting that sewage effluent was the source of C. coli at this bathing site. The counts of faecal indicator bacteria were not able to predict the presence of Campylobacter spp. or adenoviruses in the bathing waters. Thus the observed common presence of these pathogens in Finnish sewage effluents and bathing waters may represent a public health risk. The low water temperature in Finland may enhance th

}, isbn = {1477-8920; 1477-8920}, author = {Hokaj{\"a}rvi,A. M. and Pitk{\"a}nen,T. and Siljanen,H. M. and Nakari,U. M. and Torvinen,E. and Siitonen,A. and Miettinen,I. T.} } @article {4504, title = {Occurrence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. and adenoviruses in Finnish bathing waters and purified sewage effluents}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {120{\textendash}34}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.192}, author = {Hokajarvi, A. M. and Pitkanen, T. and Siljanen, H. M. and Nakari, U. M. and Torvinen, E. and Siitonen, A. and Miettinen, I. T.} } @article {10517, title = {{Occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in some households engaged in livestock farming in some parts of Zaria, Nigeria}}, journal = {Advances in Microbiology}, volume = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {128{\textendash}131}, author = {Abakpa, GO and Umoh, VJ and Ameh, JB} } @article {10085, title = {{Occurrence of waterborne pathogens and Escherichia coli at offshore drinking water intakes in lake Ontario}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {79}, year = {2013}, pages = {5799{\textendash}5813}, author = {Edge, TA and Khan, IU and Bouchard, R and Guo, J and Hill, S and Locas, A and Moore, L and Neumann, N and Nowak, E and Payment, P and Yang, R and Yerubandi, R and Watson, S} } @article {4027, title = {{Occurrence of waterborne pathogens and Escherichia coli at offshore drinking water intakes in lake Ontario}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {19}, year = {2013}, pages = {5799{\textendash}5813}, author = {Edge, TA and Khan, IU and Bouchard, R and Hill, S and Locas, A and Moore, L and Neumann, N and Nowak, E and Payment, P and Yang, R and Yerubandi, R and Watson, S} } @article {7339, title = {Occurrence of {Waterborne} {Pathogens} and {Escherichia} coli at {Offshore} {Drinking} {Water} {Intakes} in {Lake} {Ontario}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {19}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, pages = {5799{\textendash}5813}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00870-13}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.00870-13}, author = {Edge, T. A. and Khan, I. U. H. and Bouchard, R. and Guo, J. and Hill, S. and Locas, A. and Moore, L. and Neumann, N. and Nowak, E. and Payment, P. and Yang, R. and Yerubandi, R. and Watson, S.} } @article {14572, title = {Occurrence of waterborne pathogens and {Escherichia} coli at offshore drinking water intakes in lake {Ontario}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {79}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, pages = {5799{\textendash}813}, abstract = {The occurrence of waterborne pathogens was investigated at three drinking water intakes located about 2 km offshore in Lake Ontario. Water sampling was conducted over 3 years for Campylobacter spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., cultivable enteric viruses, and water quality parameters. All pathogens were detected in the offshore source water for each water treatment plant (WTP1 to WTP3), although at relatively low frequencies and concentrations. Giardia was the most common pathogen, occurring in 36\% of water samples from the influent of WTP1 (n = 46), and with a maximum concentration of 0.70 cysts/liter in this influent. Cryptosporidium occurred as frequently as 15\% in the WTP2 influent (n = 35), with a maximum concentration of 0.40 oocysts/liter in the WTP1 influent. The human Bacteroidales HF183 DNA marker was most common in the WTP1 influent (19\%), and this was the only WTP where the Cryptosporidium hominis genotype was detected. No water quality parameter was predictive of pathogen occurrence across all three WTP influents. Escherichia coli was often below detection when pathogens were detected, and spikes in E. coli concentrations often did not coincide with pathogen occurrence. After summer rain events, river plumes had E. coli concentrations as high as 222 CFU/100 ml in surface waters 2 km offshore, without impacting drinking water intakes below the thermocline on the lake bottom. At times, prechlorination to control mussels at offshore intake cribs compromised the use of E. coli for "raw" water quality assessment, particularly for chlorine-resistant Cryptosporidium. E. coli measured by standard methods did not reliably predict pathogen occurrence at drinking water intakes in offshore ecosystems.}, keywords = {Bacterial Load, Bacteroidetes/*isolation \& purification, Campylobacter/*isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Drinking Water/microbiology/parasitology, Escherichia coli/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*microbiology/*parasitology, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Lakes, Ontario}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00870-13}, author = {Edge, T. A. and Khan, I. U. and Bouchard, R. and Guo, J. and Hill, S. and Locas, A. and Moore, L. and Neumann, N. and Nowak, E. and Payment, P. and Yang, R. and Yerubandi, R. and Watson, S.} } @article {5181, title = {{Occurrence, removal and accumulation in sludge of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs in a full-scale anaerobic pond in Burkina Faso}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {193{\textendash}200}, keywords = {Anaerobic pond, Helminths eggs, Ouagadougou, Protozoan cyst, Sludge, viability}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2012.557}, author = {Y Konat{\'e} and A H Maiga and D Basset and B Picot and C Casellas} } @article {11144, title = {Oceans, Climate, and Health: Cholera as a Model of Infectious Diseases in a Changing Environment}, journal = {Civic Scientist Lecture Series at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Houston, TX, March}, volume = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {2013}, author = {Colwell, Rita} } @article {13186, title = {of Disease Study Collaborators (2015)}, journal = {Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for}, volume = {301}, year = {2013}, pages = {743-800}, author = {Global Burden} } @article {2787, title = {Oncogenic Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus in Water Environments: Is There a Potential for Waterborne Transmission?}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {1-12}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {ABUNDANCE Attention cancer Carcinoma DISEASE DISEASES DNA Environment family health HOST human ILLNESS Immunocompromised Host Incidence INFECTION INFECTIONS Italy LESIONS LIGHT Merkel cell polyomavirus neurological disease Papillomavirus Paralysis pathoge}, doi = {doi: 10.1007/s12560-013-9134-0}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24293168}, author = {Fratini, M and Di Bonito, P and La Rosa, G} } @article {11455, title = {One world health: Socioeconomic burden and parasitic disease control priorities}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {195}, year = {2013}, pages = {223-232}, author = {Toregerson, PR} } @article {3488, title = {{Open defecation and childhood stunting in India: an ecological analysis of new data from 112 Districts.}}, journal = {PLoS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {e73784}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0073784.}, author = {Spears, D and Ghosh, A and Cumming, O} } @article {3888, title = {Open defecation and childhood stunting in {India}: an ecological analysis of new data from 112 {Districts}.}, journal = {PLoS one}, volume = {8}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {e73784}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0073784.}, author = {Spears, D and Ghosh, A and Cumming, O} } @article {5003, title = {{Opisthorchis felineus, an emerging infection in Italy and its implication for the European Union}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {126}, year = {2013}, pages = {54{\textendash}62}, author = {Pozio, E and Armignacco, O and Ferri, F and Gomez Morales, MA} } @article {4839, title = {{An outbreak of Cyclospora infection on a cruise ship}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {141}, year = {2013}, pages = {508{\textendash}516}, author = {Gibbs, RA and Nanyonjo, R and Pingault, NM and Combs, BG and Mazzucchelli, T and Armstrong, P and Tarling, G and Dowse, GK} } @article {5868, title = {{An Outbreak of Foodborne Illness Among Attendees of a Wedding Reception in Wisconsin Likely Caused by Arcobacter butzleri}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {250{\textendash}255}, author = {Lappi, Victoria and Archer, John R and Cebelinski, Elizabeth and Leano, Fe and Besser, John M and Klos, Rachel F and Medus, Carlota and Smith, Kirk E and Fitzgerald, Collette and Davis, Jeffrey P} } @article {14385, title = {An {Outbreak} of {Foodborne} {Illness} {Among} {Attendees} of a {Wedding} {Reception} in {Wisconsin} {Likely} {Caused} by {Arcobacter} butzleri}, journal = {Foodborne pathogens and disease}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {250{\textendash}255}, author = {Lappi, Victoria and Archer, John R and Cebelinski, Elizabeth and Leano, Fe and Besser, John M and Klos, Rachel F and Medus, Carlota and Smith, Kirk E and Fitzgerald, Collette and Davis, Jeffrey P} } @article {13571, title = {An outbreak of human fascioliasis gigantica in southwest China}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {71520}, author = {Chen, J. X. and Chen, M. X. and Ai, L. and Xu, X. N. and Jiao, J. M. and Zhu, T. J. and Su, H. Y. and Zang, W. and Luo, J. J. and Guo, Y. H. and Lv, S. and Zhou, X. N.} } @article {9535, title = {{Outbreak of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis with rugby sport due to soil exposure}}, journal = {Eye}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {747{\textendash}754}, author = {Kwok, AK and Tong, JM and Tang, BS and Poon, RW and Li, WW and Yuen, KY} } @article {13077, title = {An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with a secondary water supply system in a factory in south China}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {283}, author = {Li, Yuan and Guo, Hongxiong and Xu, Zhenghui and Zhou, Xiaotao and Zhang, Hailong and Zhang, Lijie and Miao, Jing and Pan, Yi} } @inbook {12688, title = {{Paragonimiasis}}, booktitle = {roparasitology and Tropical Neurology}, year = {2013}, pages = {283{\textendash}296}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, chapter = {23}, address = {Amsterdam, Netherlands}, author = {Chai, JY}, editor = {Garcia, H and Tanowitz, H and Del Brutto, OD} } @inbook {12709, title = {{Paragonimus}}, booktitle = {Molecular Detection of Human Parasitic Pathogens}, year = {2013}, pages = {423{\textendash}435}, publisher = {CRC Press, Taylor {\&} Francis Group, LLC}, organization = {CRC Press, Taylor {\&} Francis Group, LLC}, chapter = {3}, address = {Boca Raton, FL}, author = {Sugiyama, H and Singh, TS and Rangsiruji, A}, editor = {Liu, D} } @article {12780, title = {{Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Vietnam: an update}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {51}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {621{\textendash}627}, author = {Doanh, PN and Horii, Y and Nawa, Y} } @mastersthesis {6269, title = {Parallel {Monte} {Carlo} {Synthetic} {Acceleration} methods for discrete transport problems}, year = {2013}, note = {3596726}, school = {The University of Wisconsin - Madison}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This work researches and develops Monte Carlo Synthetic Acceleration (MCSA) methods as a new class of solution techniques for discrete neutron transport and fluid flow problems. Monte Carlo Synthetic Acceleration methods use a traditional Monte Carlo process to approximate the solution to the discrete problem as a means of accelerating traditional fixed-point methods. To apply these methods to neutronics and fluid flow and determine the feasibility of these methods on modern hardware, three complementary research and development exercises are performed. First, solutions to the SPN discretization of the linear Boltzmann neutron transport equation are obtained using MCSA with a difficult criticality calculation for a light water reactor fuel assembly used as the driving problem. To enable MCSA as a solution technique a group of modern preconditioning strategies are researched. MCSA when compared to conventional Krylov methods demonstrated improved iterative performance over GMRES by converging in fewer iterations when using the same preconditioning. Second, solutions to the compressible Navier-Stokes equations were obtained by developing the Forward-Automated Newton-MCSA (FANM) method for nonlinear systems based on Newton{\textquoteright}s method. Three difficult fluid benchmark problems in both convective and driven flow regimes were used to drive the research and development of the method. For 8 out of 12 benchmark cases, it was found that FANM had better iterative performance than the Newton-Krylov method by converging the nonlinear residual in fewer linear solver iterations with the same preconditioning. Third, a new domain decomposed algorithm to parallelize MCSA aimed at leveraging leadership-class computing facilities was developed by utilizing parallel strategies from the radiation transport community. The new algorithm utilizes the Multiple-Set Overlapping-Domain strategy in an attempt to reduce parallel overhead and add a natural element of replication to the algorithm. It was found that for the current implementation of MCSA, both weak and strong scaling improved on that observed for production implementations of Krylov methods.}, keywords = {0552:Nuclear engineering, Applied sciences, Domain decomposition, Monte Carlo synthetic acceleration, Navier-Stokes, Neutronics, Nuclear engineering, Parallel computing}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1449206072?accountid=14270}, author = {Slattery, Stuart R.} } @article {5180, title = {{Parasite removal by waste stabilisation pond in Burkina Faso, accumulation and inactivation in sludge}}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {50}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {101{\textendash}106}, issn = {09258574}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.03.021}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0925857412001164}, author = {Y Konat{\'e} and A H Maiga and D Basset and C Casellas and B Picot} } @article {15218, title = {Parasite removal by waste stabilisation pond in {Burkina} {Faso}, accumulation and inactivation in sludge}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {50}, year = {2013}, pages = {101{\textendash}106}, author = {Konat{\'e}, Y and Maiga, AH and Basset, D and Casellas, C and Picot, B} } @article {12140, title = {Parasites Fasciola}, volume = {2018}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/fasciola/disease.html} } @article {12141, title = {Parasites - Hookworm}, volume = {2018}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/disease.html} } @article {12139, title = {Parasites - Taeniasis}, volume = {2018}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/taeniasis/disease.html} } @article {12142, title = {Parasites - Toxocariasis (also known as Roundworm Infection)}, volume = {2018}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxocariasis/index.html} } @article {12143, title = {Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as Whipworm Infection)}, volume = {2018}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/whipworm/disease.html} } @article {17338, title = {Pathogen and indicator inactivation in source-separated human urine heated by the sun}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for DevelopmentJournal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for DevelopmentJournal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {181-188}, keywords = {Ammonia, Eggs, Inactivation, Pathogen, pH, Sanitisation, Sludge, source-separation, Survival, Temperature, Urea, Urine, Viruses, waste-water}, isbn = {2043-9083}, author = {Nordin, A. and Niwagaba, C. and Jonsson, H. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {15161, title = {Pathogen reduction requirements for direct potable reuse in {Antarctica}: evaluating human health risks in small communities}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {461}, year = {2013}, pages = {723{\textendash}733}, author = {S F Barker and Packer, Michael and Scales, Peter J and Gray, Stephen and Snape, Ian and Hamilton, Andrew J} } @article {13612, title = {Pathogen reduction requirements for direct potable reuse in Antarctica: evaluating human health risks in small communities}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {461}, year = {2013}, pages = {723{\textendash}733}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Barker, SF and Packer, Michael and Scales, Peter J and Gray, Stephen and Snape, Ian and Hamilton, Andrew J} } @inbook {1610, title = {Pathogenesis of viral infection}, booktitle = {Fields Virology, Sixth Edition}, year = {2013}, pages = {254-285}, publisher = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}, organization = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Philadelphia}, author = {Heise, M. T. and Virgin, H. W.}, editor = {Knipe, D. M. and Howley, P. M. and I, Cohen J. and Griffin, D. E and Lamb, R. A. and Martin, M. A. and Racaniello, V. R. and Roizman, B.} } @article {16053, title = {Pathogenic and Saprophytic Leptospira Species in Water and Soils from Selected Urban Sites in Peninsular Malaysia}, journal = {Microbes EnvironMicrobes EnvironMicrobes Environ}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {Jan 30}, pages = {135-140}, edition = {2013/02/01}, isbn = {1347-4405 (Electronic)
1342-6311 (Linking)}, author = {Benacer, D. and Woh, P. Y. and Mohd Zain, S. N. and Amran, F. and Thong, K. L.} } @article {15737, title = {Pathogenic parasites and enteroviruses in wastewater: support for a regulation on water reuse}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {1512-8}, edition = {2013/04/05}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Ascaris/isolation \& purification, Brazil, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/isolation \& purification, Giardia/isolation \& purification, Recycling/legislation \& jurisprudence, Risk Assessment, Waste Water/*parasitology/*virology}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223}, author = {Hachich, E. M. and Galvani, A. T. and Padula, J. A. and Stoppe, N. C. and Garcia, S. C. and Bonanno, V. M. and Barbosa, M. R. and Sato, M. I.} } @article {4059, title = {{Pathogenic parasites and enteroviruses in wastewater: support for a regulation on water reuse}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {67}, year = {2013}, pages = {1512{\textendash}1518}, author = {Hachich, EM and Galvani, AT and Padula, JA and Stoppe, NC and Garcia, SC and Bonanno, VMS and Sato, MIZ} } @article {459, title = {Performance Characteristics of qPCR Assays Targeting Human- and Ruminant-Associated Bacteroidetes for Microbial Source Tracking across Sixteen Countries on Six Continents}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, year = {2013}, note = {Reischer, Georg H
Ebdon, James E
Bauer, Johanna M
Schuster, Nathalie
Ahmed, Warish
Astrom, Johan
Blanch, Anicet R
Bloschl, Gunter
Byamukama, Denis
Coakley, Tricia
Ferguson, Christobel
Goshu, Goraw
Ko, Gwangpyo
de Roda Husman, Ana Maria
Mushi, Douglas
Poma, Ramiro
Pradhan, Bandana
Rajal, Veronica
Schade, Margit A
Sommer, Regina
Taylor, Huw
Toth, Erika M
Vrajmasu, Virgil
Wuertz, Stefan
Mach, Robert L
Farnleitner, Andreas H
ENG
2013/06/13 06:00
Environ Sci Technol. 2013 Jul 10.}, month = {Jul 10}, abstract = {

Numerous quantitative PCR assays for microbial fecal source tracking (MST) have been developed and evaluated in recent years. Widespread application has been hindered by a lack of knowledge regarding the geographical stability and hence applicability of such methods beyond the regional level. This study assessed the performance of five previously reported quantitative PCR assays targeting human-, cattle-, or ruminant-associated Bacteroidetes populations on 280 human and animal fecal samples from 16 countries across six continents. The tested cattle-associated markers were shown to be ruminant-associated. The quantitative distributions of marker concentrations in target and nontarget samples proved to be essential for the assessment of assay performance and were used to establish a new metric for quantitative source-specificity. In general, this study demonstrates that stable target populations required for marker-based MST occur around the globe. Ruminant-associated marker concentrations were strongly correlated with total intestinal Bacteroidetes populations and with each other, indicating that the detected ruminant-associated populations seem to be part of the intestinal core microbiome of ruminants worldwide. Consequently tested ruminant-targeted assays appear to be suitable quantitative MST tools beyond the regional level while the targeted human-associated populations seem to be less prevalent and stable, suggesting potential for improvements in human-targeted methods.

}, isbn = {1520-5851 (Electronic)
0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/es304367t}, author = {Reischer, G. H. and Ebdon, J. E. and Bauer, J. M. and Schuster, N. and Ahmed, W. and Astrom, J. and Blanch, A. R. and Bloschl, G. and Byamukama, D. and Coakley, T. and Ferguson, C. and Goshu, G. and Ko, G. and A M De Roda Husman and Mushi, D. and Poma, R. and Pradhan, B. and Rajal, V. and Schade, M. A. and Sommer, R. and Taylor, H. and Toth, E. M. and Vrajmasu, V. and Wuertz, S. and Mach, R. L. and Farnleitner, A. H.} } @article {16362, title = {Performance characteristics of qPCR assays targeting human-and ruminant-associated Bacteroidetes for microbial source tracking across sixteen countries on six continents}, journal = {Environmental science and technology}, volume = {47}, number = {15}, year = {2013}, pages = {8548-8556}, author = {Reischer, G. H. and Ebdon, J. E. and Bauer, J. M. and Schuster, N. and Ahmed, W. and Astrom, J. and Blanch, A.R. and Bloschl, G. and Byamukama, D. and Coakley, T. and Ferguson, C. and Goshu, G. and Ko, G. P. and de Roda Husman, A. M. and Mushi, D. and Poma, R. and Pradhan, B. and Rajal, V.} } @article {12468, title = {Performance of a constructed wetland in Grand Marais, Manitoba, Canada: Removal of nutrients, pharmaceuticals, and antibiotic resistance genes from municipal wastewater}, journal = {Chemistry Central JournalChemistry Central Journal}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {54}, isbn = {1752-153X}, author = {Anderson, Julie C and Carlson, Jules C and Low, Jennifer E and Challis, Jonathan K and Wong, Charles S and Knapp, Charles W and Hanson, Mark L} } @article {5412, title = {{Performance of a single stage vertical flow constructed wetland system treating raw domestic sewage in Brazil}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {68}, year = {2013}, pages = {1599{\textendash}1606}, author = {Lana, LCO and Moraes, DC and von Sperling, M and Morato, MLN and Vasconcellos, GR and Paraense, MO and Moreira, TPA} } @article {5785, title = {{Performance of five molecular methods for monitoring Arcobacter spp.}}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {220}, author = {Levican, Arturo and Maria J Figueras} } @article {14302, title = {Performance of five molecular methods for monitoring {Arcobacter} spp.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {220}, author = {Levican, Arturo and Maria J Figueras} } @article {10068, title = {{Performance of forty-one microbial source tracking methods: a twenty-seven lab evaluation study}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {6812{\textendash}6828}, author = {Boehm, AB and Van De Werfhorst, LC and Griffith, JF and Holden, PA and Jay, JA and Shanks, OC and Wang, D and Weisberg, SB} } @article {10069, title = {{Performance of forty-one microbial source tracking methods: a twenty-seven lab evaluation study}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {15}, number = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {18}, abstract = {

6812-6828

}, author = {Boehm, AB and Van De Werfhorst, LC and Griffith, JF and Holden, PA and Jay, JA and Shanks, OC and Wang, D and Weisberg, SB} } @article {10137, title = {{Performance of human fecal anaerobe-associated PCR-based assays in a multi-laboratory method evaluation study}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {6897{\textendash}6908}, author = {Layton, BA and Cao, Y and Ebentier, DL and Hanley, K and Balleste, E and Brandao, J and Byappanahalli, M and Converse, R and Farnleitner, AH and Gentry-Shields, J and Gidley, ML and Gourmelon, M and Lee, CS and Lee, J and Lozach, S and Madi, T and Meijer, WG and Noble, R and Peed, L and Reischer, GH and Rodrigues, R and J B Rose and Schriewer, A and Sinigalliano, C and Srinivasan, S and Stewart, J and Van De Werfhorst, LC and Wang, D and Whitman, R and Wuertz, S and Jay, J and Holden, PA and Boehm, AB and Shanks, O and Griffith, JF} } @article {4076, title = {{Performic acid for advanced wastewater disinfection}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {68}, year = {2013}, pages = {2090{\textendash}2096}, author = {Karpova, T and Pekonen, P and Gramstad, R and {\"O}jstedt, U and Laborda, S and Heinonen-Tanski, H and Ch{\'a}vez, A and Jim{\'e}nez, B} } @article {6165, title = {Persistence of artificial sweeteners in a 15-year-old septic system plume}, journal = {Journal of Hydrology}, volume = {477}, year = {2013}, pages = {43-54}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Robertson, WD and Van Stempvoort, DR and Solomon, DK and Homewood, J and Brown, SJ and Spoelstra, J and Schiff, SL} } @booklet {1895, title = {Physical/Chemical Treatment Processes}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, publisher = {USEPA https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CCAQFjAAahUKEwjmzuSp3aTHAhVIuBoKHUabD1U\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwater.epa.gov\%2Fscitech\%2Fwastetech\%2Fupload\%2FEmerging-Technologies-Report-2.pdf\&ei=69rLVaatM8jwasa2vqgF\&usg=AFQjCNEtShu}, type = {Electronic Book Section} } @inbook {1780, title = {Picornaviridae: The viruses and replication}, booktitle = {Fields Virology, Sixth Edition}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}, organization = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Philadelphia}, author = {Racaniello, V. R.}, editor = {Knipe, D. M. and Howley, P. M. and I, Cohen J. and Griffin, D. E and Lamb, R. A. and Martin, M. A. and Racaniello, V. R. and Roizman, B.} } @article {1869, title = {Picornavirus and enterovirus diversity with associated human diseases}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {14}, year = {2013}, note = {Tapparel, Caroline Siegrist, Fredy Petty, Tom J Kaiser, Laurent eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review Netherlands 2012/12/04 06:00 Infect Genet Evol. 2013 Mar;14:282-93. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.10.016. Epub 2012 Nov 29.}, pages = {282-93}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Members of the Picornaviridae family are non-enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses with a 30nm icosahedral capsid. This virus family exhibits a considerable amount of genetic variability driven both by mutation and recombination. Recently, three previously unknown human picornaviruses, namely the human Saffold cardiovirus, cosavirus and salivirus, have been identified in stools or respiratory samples from subjects presenting symptoms ranging from gastroenteritis to acute flaccid paralysis. However, these viruses were also frequently detected in asymptomatic subjects and their clinical relevance remains to be elucidated. The Enterovirus genus is a prototype example of the Picornaviridae heterogeneity at both genetic and phenotypic levels. This genus is divided into 10 species, seven of which contain human viruses, including three Rhinovirus species. Both human rhino- and enteroviruses are also characterized by high levels of genetic variability, as exemplified by the existence of over 250 different serotypes and the recent discovery of new enterovirus genotypes and the Rhinovirus C species. Despite their common genomic features, rhinoviruses are restricted to the respiratory tract, whereas the vast majority of enteroviruses infect the gastrointestinal tract and can spread to other organs, such as the heart or the central nervous system. Understanding the genetic determinants of such phenotypic diversity is an important challenge and a field for future investigation. Better characterization of these ubiquitous human pathogens may help to develop vaccines or antiviral treatments and to monitor the emergence of new strains.

}, keywords = {Enterovirus/classification/*genetics Enterovirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology *Genetic Variation Humans Phenotype Picornaviridae/classification/*genetics Picornaviridae Infections/*epidemiology/virology}, issn = {1567-7257 (Electronic) 1567-1348 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2012.10.016}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201849}, author = {Tapparel, C. and Siegrist, F. and Petty, T. J. and Kaiser, L.} } @article {3083, title = {Pilot field trial of the {EG}95 vaccine against ovine cystic echinococcosis in {Rio} {Negro}, {Argentina}: early impact and preliminary data}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {127}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {aug}, pages = {143{\textendash}151}, abstract = {Cystic echinococcosis is endemic in the Rio Negro province of Argentina. After 30 years of control using praziquantel in dogs the transmission rate to humans and sheep has decreased significantly, however transmission persists. The objective of the study is to assess the impact of the inclusion of the EG95 vaccine for sheep in the control programme, including analysis of the vaccine{\textquoteright}s operative feasibility in field conditions. The vaccine was applied in an area comprising four communities of native people including 79 farms with 3146 lambs and 311 dogs in total. Seventy one farms were designated as control areas where no vaccinations were undertaken while vaccinations of lambs undertaken on 91 farms. Lambs received two vaccinations with the EG95 vaccine followed by a single booster injection when the animals were 1-1.5 years of age. Farm locations were defined using GPS coordinates for the houses. Evidence for Echinococcus granulosus transmission was monitored by coproantigen ELISA on samples of dog faeces, by E. granulosus-specific PCR using soil samples, and anti-E. granulosus antibody assessments in sera from 2 to 4 teeth lambs, purgation of dogs to detect E. granulosus worms and necropsy on adult sheep. Before the vaccine was introduced, 26.2\% of sheep with 2-4 teeth were positive using ELISA/WB, the prevalence decreased to 7.8\% at the third year following use of the vaccine. Necropsy of animals older than 6 years (not vaccinated) showed that 66.1\% of animals were infected with E. granulosus. In dogs, 4\% was found positive for E. granulosus using arecoline purgation and 24.7\% of the farms were infected using coproELISA/WB. During the first year of vaccination 2721 lambs received the first vaccine dose and 2448 received a booster. In the second year 2138 lambs were initially vaccinated and 1745 received a booster, and 1308 animals received the third dose. During the third year 1110 lambs received the first dose from which 539 received a booster and 723 animals received the third dose. An analysis of advantages and limitations of the diagnostic techniques used and the ability of the geospatial analysis to detect risk area are included. Based in the immunodiagnostic techniques, the EG95 vaccine has been able to prevent the infection in animals up to 3 years old. Also, the difficulties in the field for the correct vaccine administration and the social features and habits that may impact on echinococcosis control are included in the analysis.}, keywords = {Animals, Argentina, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Hepatic, Pilot Projects, prevalence, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, Vaccines}, issn = {1873-6254}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.04.009}, author = {Larrieu, Edmundo and Herrero, Eduardo and Mujica, Guillermo and Labanchi, Jose Luis and Araya, Daniel and Grizmado, Claudia and Calabro, Arnoldo and Talmon, Gabriel and Ruesta, Guillermo and Perez, Alicia and Gatti, Antonio and Santill{\'a}n, Graciela and Cabrera, Marta and Arezzo, Marcos and Seleiman, Marcos and Cavagi{\'o}n, Laura and Cachau, Mariela Garc{\'\i}a and Alvarez Rojas, Cristian A. and Gino, Lilia and Gauci, Charles G. and Heath, David D. and Lamberti, Roberto and Lightowlers, Marshall W.} } @article {1876, title = {Pit latrines and groundwater contamination: negative impacts of a popular sanitation method}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {121}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, note = {Tillett, Tanya Comment News United States Environmental health perspectives Environ Health Perspect. 2013 May;121(5):a169. doi: 10.1289/ehp.121-a169.}, pages = {a169}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Groundwater/*standards Humans Toilet Facilities/*standards}, issn = {1552-9924 (Electronic) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.121-a169}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635913}, author = {Tillett, T.} } @article {1356, title = {Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {121}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, note = {Graham, Jay P Polizzotto, Matthew L Review United States Environmental health perspectives}, pages = {521-30}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pit latrines are one of the most common human excreta disposal systems in low-income countries, and their use is on the rise as countries aim to meet the sanitation-related target of the Millennium Development Goals. There is concern, however, that discharges of chemical and microbial contaminants from pit latrines to groundwater may negatively affect human health. OBJECTIVES: Our goals were to a) calculate global pit latrine coverage, b) systematically review empirical studies of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality, c) evaluate latrine siting standards, and d) identify knowledge gaps regarding the potential for and consequences of groundwater contamination by latrines. METHODS: We used existing survey and population data to calculate global pit latrine coverage. We reviewed the scientific literature on the occurrence of contaminants originating from pit latrines and considered the factors affecting transport of these contaminants. Data were extracted from peer-reviewed articles, books, and reports identified using Web of ScienceSM, PubMed, Google, and document reference lists. DISCUSSION: We estimated that approximately 1.77 billion people use pit latrines as their primary means of sanitation. Studies of pit latrines and groundwater are limited and have generally focused on only a few indicator contaminants. Although groundwater contamination is frequently observed downstream of latrines, contaminant transport distances, recommendations based on empirical studies, and siting guidelines are variable and not well aligned with one another. CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve environmental and human health, future research should examine a larger set of contextual variables, improve measurement approaches, and develop better criteria for siting pit latrines.}, keywords = {Ammonia/analysis Chlorides/analysis Groundwater/ standards Humans Nitrates/analysis Sanitation/standards Toilet Facilities/ standards Water Microbiology Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis Water Pollution}, issn = {1552-9924 (Electronic) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, author = {Graham, J. P. and Polizzotto, M. L.} } @article {1590, title = {Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {121}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, note = {Graham, Jay P Polizzotto, Matthew L Review United States Environmental health perspectives Environ Health Perspect. 2013 May;121(5):521-30. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1206028. Epub 2013 Mar 11.}, pages = {521-30}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pit latrines are one of the most common human excreta disposal systems in low-income countries, and their use is on the rise as countries aim to meet the sanitation-related target of the Millennium Development Goals. There is concern, however, that discharges of chemical and microbial contaminants from pit latrines to groundwater may negatively affect human health. OBJECTIVES: Our goals were to a) calculate global pit latrine coverage, b) systematically review empirical studies of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality, c) evaluate latrine siting standards, and d) identify knowledge gaps regarding the potential for and consequences of groundwater contamination by latrines. METHODS: We used existing survey and population data to calculate global pit latrine coverage. We reviewed the scientific literature on the occurrence of contaminants originating from pit latrines and considered the factors affecting transport of these contaminants. Data were extracted from peer-reviewed articles, books, and reports identified using Web of ScienceSM, PubMed, Google, and document reference lists. DISCUSSION: We estimated that approximately 1.77 billion people use pit latrines as their primary means of sanitation. Studies of pit latrines and groundwater are limited and have generally focused on only a few indicator contaminants. Although groundwater contamination is frequently observed downstream of latrines, contaminant transport distances, recommendations based on empirical studies, and siting guidelines are variable and not well aligned with one another. CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve environmental and human health, future research should examine a larger set of contextual variables, improve measurement approaches, and develop better criteria for siting pit latrines.}, keywords = {Ammonia/analysis Chlorides/analysis Groundwater/*standards Humans Nitrates/analysis Sanitation/standards Toilet Facilities/*standards Water Microbiology Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis Water Pollution}, issn = {1552-9924 (Electronic) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.1206028}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23518813}, author = {Graham, J. P. and Polizzotto, M. L.} } @article {14638, title = {Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {121}, year = {2013}, month = {may}, pages = {521{\textendash}30}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pit latrines are one of the most common human excreta disposal systems in low-income countries, and their use is on the rise as countries aim to meet the sanitation-related target of the Millennium Development Goals. There is concern, however, that discharges of chemical and microbial contaminants from pit latrines to groundwater may negatively affect human health. OBJECTIVES: Our goals were to a) calculate global pit latrine coverage, b) systematically review empirical studies of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality, c) evaluate latrine siting standards, and d) identify knowledge gaps regarding the potential for and consequences of groundwater contamination by latrines. METHODS: We used existing survey and population data to calculate global pit latrine coverage. We reviewed the scientific literature on the occurrence of contaminants originating from pit latrines and considered the factors affecting transport of these contaminants. Data were extracted from peer-reviewed articles, books, and reports identified using Web of ScienceSM, PubMed, Google, and document reference lists. DISCUSSION: We estimated that approximately 1.77 billion people use pit latrines as their primary means of sanitation. Studies of pit latrines and groundwater are limited and have generally focused on only a few indicator contaminants. Although groundwater contamination is frequently observed downstream of latrines, contaminant transport distances, recommendations based on empirical studies, and siting guidelines are variable and not well aligned with one another. CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve environmental and human health, future research should examine a larger set of contextual variables, improve measurement approaches, and develop better criteria for siting pit latrines.}, keywords = {Ammonia/analysis, Chemical/analysis, Chlorides/analysis, Groundwater/*standards, Humans, Nitrates/analysis, Sanitation/standards, Toilet Facilities/*standards, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution}, issn = {1552-9924 (Electronic) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.1206028}, author = {Graham, J. P. and Polizzotto, M. L.} } @article {14964, title = {Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {121}, year = {2013}, month = {may}, pages = {521{\textendash}30}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pit latrines are one of the most common human excreta disposal systems in low-income countries, and their use is on the rise as countries aim to meet the sanitation-related target of the Millennium Development Goals. There is concern, however, that discharges of chemical and microbial contaminants from pit latrines to groundwater may negatively affect human health. OBJECTIVES: Our goals were to a) calculate global pit latrine coverage, b) systematically review empirical studies of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality, c) evaluate latrine siting standards, and d) identify knowledge gaps regarding the potential for and consequences of groundwater contamination by latrines. METHODS: We used existing survey and population data to calculate global pit latrine coverage. We reviewed the scientific literature on the occurrence of contaminants originating from pit latrines and considered the factors affecting transport of these contaminants. Data were extracted from peer-reviewed articles, books, and reports identified using Web of ScienceSM, PubMed, Google, and document reference lists. DISCUSSION: We estimated that approximately 1.77 billion people use pit latrines as their primary means of sanitation. Studies of pit latrines and groundwater are limited and have generally focused on only a few indicator contaminants. Although groundwater contamination is frequently observed downstream of latrines, contaminant transport distances, recommendations based on empirical studies, and siting guidelines are variable and not well aligned with one another. CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve environmental and human health, future research should examine a larger set of contextual variables, improve measurement approaches, and develop better criteria for siting pit latrines.}, keywords = {Ammonia/analysis, Chemical/analysis, Chlorides/analysis, Groundwater/*standards, Humans, Nitrates/analysis, Sanitation/standards, Toilet Facilities/*standards, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Pollution}, issn = {1552-9924 (Electronic) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.1206028}, author = {Graham, J. P. and Polizzotto, M. L.} } @article {17070, title = {Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review}, journal = {Environmental health perspectives}, volume = {121}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {521{\textendash}530}, publisher = {National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences}, author = {Graham, Jay P and Polizzotto, Matthew L} } @article {10092, title = {{Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review}}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {121}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {521{\textendash}530}, author = {Graham, JP and Polizzotto, ML} } @article {8331, title = {{Pit Latrines and Their Impacts on Groundwater Quality : A Systematic Review}}, volume = {121}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {521{\textendash}530}, author = {Graham, Jay P and Polizzotto, Matthew L} } @article {12859, title = {Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {121}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {521}, author = {Graham, Jay P and Polizzotto, Matthew L} } @article {15733, title = {Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {121}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {May}, pages = {521-30}, edition = {2013/03/23}, keywords = {Ammonia/analysis, Chlorides/analysis, Groundwater/*standards, Humans, Nitrates/analysis, Sanitation/standards, Toilet Facilities/*standards, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis, Water Pollution}, isbn = {0091-6765}, author = {Graham, J. P. and Polizzotto, M. L.} } @article {16614, title = {Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review}, journal = {Environmental health perspectives}, volume = {121}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {521}, author = {Graham, Jay P and Polizzotto, Matthew L} } @mastersthesis {6241, title = {Plant water use and canopy-fog interactions across a land use change trajectory of pasture to pine reforestation in a seasonally dry tropical montane cloud belt}, year = {2013}, note = {3572952}, school = {University of New Hampshire}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Understanding evapotranspiration (ET) variation associated with land use change is critical for assessing impacts on water resources and improving the applicability of climate models to predict water availability under future climate scenarios. The overall objective was two-fold: i) to examine ET variation associated to a land use change trajectory foreseen to increase in tropical mountains, and ii) to assess fog effects on tree transpiration ( E t ) and the potential implications of projected diminishing fog occurrence. An actively grazed pasture (PAS) represented the land use change baseline, and young (YREF) and mature (MREF) Pinus patula plantations represented typical reforestation efforts and subsequent local forest management. A combination of process-based measurements of near-surface climate and plant physiology were used to derive rates of E t and ET over a 1.5-year period in the seasonally dry tropical montane cloud belt of central Veracruz, Mexico. Four stand-alone articles are presented. In the first chapter, sap velocity radial profiles are studied in detail as a critical initial step in up-scaling point measurements to whole-tree sapflow and deriving reliable estimates of stand-level Et . The second chapter presents ET estimations for the three land cover types. Ranking of ET normalized by available energy (net radiation) was: PAS (0.80) = YREF (0.80) {\textgreater} MREF (0.42). Results suggest that in this high radiation and non-water lirriited environment, planting P. patula on former pasture uplands would not result in substantial increases in ET after {\textgreater}10 years of planting. Next, the Et suppression effect of fog was examined in the third chapter. Given relatively low fog frequency under current climate, if all fog occurrences are replaced by overcast conditions, the potential change in annual Et for YREF was estimated as a 2\% increase; for sunny conditions, the increase was 17\%. Lastly, in chapter 4, examination of nighttime Et in relation to the dynamics of fog occurrence revealed a slight increase in hourly rates during dry nights following fog events. These findings suggest that climate change-related decreases in dry-season precipitation, more than diminishing fog occurrence alone, presents a worrisome prospect for the study area due to potential reductions in soil water reserves.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0738:Nuclear chemistry, 0768:Environmental science, Canopy-fog interactions, Cloud belt, Earth sciences, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Hydrologic sciences, Land use change, Nuclear chemistry, Pine reforestation, Pinus patula, Plant water use, Pure sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1437020619?accountid=14270}, author = {Alvarado Barrientos, Maria Susana} } @article {8976, title = {Point-of-use water disinfection using UV light-emitting diodes to reduce bacterial contamination}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {5441-5448}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0944-1344}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-013-1564-6}, url = {://WOS:000321908600035 http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/556/art\%253A10.1007\%252Fs11356-013-1564-6.pdf?originUrl=http\%3A\%2F\%2Flink.springer.com\%2Farticle\%2F10.1007\%2Fs11356-013-1564-6\&token2=exp=1470767828~acl=\%2Fstatic\%2Fpdf\%2F556\%2Fart}, author = {Nelson, K. Y. and McMartin, D. W. and Yost, C. K. and Runtz, K. J. and Ono, T.} } @mastersthesis {6573, title = {Policy change, sustainability, and environmental justice: {Applications} of the {Long} {Island} {MARKAL} model}, year = {2013}, note = {3561213}, school = {City University of New York}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The objective of this study is to develop a robust and sustainable energy (electricity) path for Long Island. Waste water management and solid municipal waste have been incorporated into a MARKAL energy-planning model for the short through long term (50 years) planning horizons. In addition, an analysis of the impacts on the local scale, of a carbon tax has been carried out. By examining the Long Island MARKAL the nexus of sustainability and environmental justice is elucidated. Suggestions for examining, testing, and improving sustainability plans are also provided.}, keywords = {0474:Environmental management, 0619:Environmental Justice, 0630:Public policy, 0640:Sustainability, Carbon tax, Electricity, Environmental justice, environmental management, Health and environmental sciences, Long Island, Public policy, Social sciences, Sustainability, Sustainable energy}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1362254897?accountid=14270}, author = {Friedman, David Stephen} } @booklet {1922, title = {Polio eradication and endgame strategic plan 2013-2018 (GPEI/WHO)}, year = {2013}, publisher = {WHO www.polioeradication.org/Portals/0/Document/Resources/StrategyWork/GPEI_Plan_FactFile_EN.pdf Last accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {1920, title = {Poliovirus detected from environmental samples in Egypt}, year = {2013}, publisher = {WHO Global Alert and Response (GAR); http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_02_11/en/ Last accessed 17-05-2015}, type = {Online Database}, url = {http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_02_11/en/ last accessed on 17-05-2015.}, author = {WHO} } @article {3138, title = {Polycystic echinococcosis in the state of {Acre}, {Brazil}: contribution to patient diagnosis, treatment and prognosis}, journal = {Mem{\'o}rias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {108}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {aug}, pages = {533{\textendash}540}, abstract = {The lack of knowledge regarding polycystic hydatid disease results in delayed or even incorrect diagnosis. The lack of systematic information regarding treatment also makes it difficult to assess the results and prognosis in patients with peritoneal and hepatic lesions caused by Echinococcus vogeli. Here we describe the clinical features of patients, propose a radiological classification protocol and describe a therapeutic option for the treatment of hydatid disease that previously had only been used for cases of cystic echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus). A prospective cohort study was initiated in 1999 and by 2009 the study included 60 patients. These patients were classified according to the PNM classification (parasite lesion, neighbouring organ invasion and metastases) and placed in one of three therapeutic modalities: (i) chemotherapy with albendazole at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day, (ii) surgical removal of cysts or (iii) percutaneous puncture of the cysts via puncture, aspiration, injection and re-aspiration (PAIR). The results were stratified according to therapeutic outcome: "cure", "clinical improvement", "no improvement", "death" or "no information". The PNM classification was useful in indicating the appropriate therapy in cases of polycystic hydatid disease. In conclusion, surgical therapy produced the best clinical results of all the therapies studied based on "cure" and "clinical improvement" outcomes. The use of PAIR for treatment requires additional study.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adult, Aged, albendazole, Animals, Anticestodal Agents, Brazil, Cohort Studies, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Young Adult}, issn = {1678-8060}, author = {Siqueira, Nilton Ghiotti de and Siqueira, Cl{\'a}udia Maria Villar Maziero de and Rodrigues-Silva, Ros{\^a}ngela and Soares, Manoel do Carmo P. and P{\'o}voa, Marinete Marins} } @booklet {1000, title = {Polyomavirus inactivation - A review}, journal = {Biologicals}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {63{\textendash}70}, abstract = {

Polyomavirus inactivation has been studied since the 1950s when it became apparent that certain polio vaccines were contaminated with SV40. Relatively high temperatures (???70 ??C) are required to effect thermal inactivation of the polyomaviruses. The chemical inactivants that are effective (??-propiolactone, ethanol, sodium hydroxide, and formaldehyde) are those that have displayed efficacy for other small, non-enveloped viruses, such as the circoviruses. Low pH inactivation can be effective, especially at pH at or below 3 and at higher temperatures. Polyomaviruses are more resistant to UV-C irradiation than are other small non-enveloped viruses such as the parvoviruses and caliciviruses. The efficacy of photodynamic inactivation of polyomaviruses is very much dye-dependent, with toluidine blue, acridine orange, and methylene blue dyes being effective photosensitizers. Ionizing radiation can be effective, depending on the conditions employed and the inactivation matrix. Inactivation of the oncogenic properties of the polyomaviruses may require higher doses of inactivant than those required to inactivate infectivity. While the polyomaviruses are considered to be highly resistant to inactivation, the degree of resistance is dependent upon the specific approach under consideration. For certain approaches, such as UV-C and gamma-irradiation, the polyomaviruses appear to be more resistant than other small non-enveloped viruses. ?? 2012 The International Alliance for Biological Standardization.

}, keywords = {Avian polyomavirus, BK virus, Disinfectant/chemical inactivation, Gamma-irradiation, Heat inactivation, JC Virus, Low pH inactivation, Mouse polyomavirus, Photodynamic inactivation, SV40, UV-C irradiation, Viral inactivation, X-irradiation}, issn = {10451056}, doi = {10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.09.011}, author = {Nims, Raymond W. and Plavsic, Mark} } @article {2929, title = {Populations at risk for alveolar echinococcosis, {France}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {721{\textendash}728}, abstract = {During 1982-2007, alveolar echinococcosis (AE) was diagnosed in 407 patients in France, a country previously known to register half of all European patients. To better define high-risk groups in France, we conducted a national registry-based study to identify areas where persons were at risk and spatial clusters of cases. We interviewed 180 AE patients about their way of life and compared responses to those of 517 controls. We found that almost all AE patients lived in 22 d{\'e}partements in eastern and central France (relative risk 78.63, 95\% CI 52.84-117.02). Classification and regression tree analysis showed that the main risk factor was living in AE-endemic areas. There, most at-risk populations lived in rural settings (odds ratio [OR] 66.67, 95\% CI 6.21-464.51 for farmers and OR 6.98, 95\% CI 2.88-18.25 for other persons) or gardened in nonrural settings (OR 4.30, 95\% CI 1.82-10.91). These findings can help sensitization campaigns focus on specific groups.}, keywords = {Adult, agricultural workers diseases, albendazole, alveolar echinococcosis, Animals, Anthelmintics, communicable disease prevention and control, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Endemic Diseases, epidemiology, Female, Foxes, France, Hepatic, Humans, Liver, Male, Mebendazole, Middle Aged, parasites, Registries, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, rural health, Rural Population, Socioeconomic Factors, Zoonoses}, issn = {1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid1905.120867}, author = {Piarroux, Martine and Piarroux, Renaud and Knapp, Jenny and Bardonnet, Karine and Dumortier, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Watelet, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and G{\'e}rard, Alain and Beytout, Jean and Abergel, Armand and Bresson-Hadni, Solange and Gaudart, Jean and FrancEchino Surveillance Network} } @article {5166, title = {{The potential for self-sanitisation of faecal sludge by intrinsic ammonia.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {16}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, pages = {6014{\textendash}23}, abstract = {Faecal sludge has the potential to be used as a sustainable fertiliser in agriculture, but the sludge must be sanitised due to its content of pathogenic microorganisms. The intrinsic ammonia from the urine may be sufficient for sanitisation of the sludge if it is not too diluted by flush water or lost by ventilation. To evaluate the potential for this sanitisation method, inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium and Ascaris suum eggs during treatment were assessed. The inactivation was studied at different storage temperatures (10-28~{\textdegree}C) and in several sludge mixes with different contents of urine, faeces and flush water, and with ammonia concentrations from 40 to 400~mM. All pathogens were inactivated by the ammonia, and ascaris eggs were the most persistent. Lower flush water volume and higher urine content favoured inactivation, mainly due to increased uncharged ammonia (NH3) concentration. The lag phase in ascaris inactivation was shortened by increasing temperature and NH3 concentration, while post-lag phase inactivation was not influenced by NH3 concentration. Faecal sludge can be sanitised by airtight storage without the use of additives when flush water volumes are sufficiently low. For temperatures of 23-28~{\textdegree}C, a 3 log reduction of ascaris egg viability can be achieved within 1-6 months depending on ammonia concentration and temperature.}, keywords = {ammonia sanitisation}, issn = {1879-2448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.024}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23941983}, author = {Fidjeland, J{\o}rgen and Maria E Magri and Haakan J{\"o}nsson and Albihn, Ann and Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas} } @article {8806, title = {{The potential for self-sanitisation of faecal sludge by intrinsic ammonia}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {16}, year = {2013}, pages = {6014{\textendash}6023}, abstract = {Faecal sludge has the potential to be used as a sustainable fertiliser in agriculture, but the sludge must be sanitised due to its content of pathogenic microorganisms. The intrinsic ammonia from the urine may be sufficient for sanitisation of the sludge if it is not too diluted by flush water or lost by ventilation. To evaluate the potential for this sanitisation method, inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium and Ascaris suum eggs during treatment were assessed. The inactivation was studied at different storage temperatures (10{\textendash}28~{\textdegree}C) and in several sludge mixes with different contents of urine, faeces and flush water, and with ammonia concentrations from 40 to 400~mM. All pathogens were inactivated by the ammonia, and ascaris eggs were the most persistent. Lower flush water volume and higher urine content favoured inactivation, mainly due to increased uncharged ammonia (NH3) concentration. The lag phase in ascaris inactivation was shortened by increasing temperature and NH3 concentration, while post-lag phase inactivation was not influenced by NH3 concentration. Faecal sludge can be sanitised by airtight storage without the use of additives when flush water volumes are sufficiently low. For temperatures of 23{\textendash}28~{\textdegree}C, a 3 log reduction of ascaris egg viability can be achieved within 1{\textendash}6 months depending on ammonia concentration and temperature.}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.024}, author = {Fidjeland, J{\o}rgen and Maria E Magri and Haakan J{\"o}nsson and Albihn, Ann and Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas} } @article {12873, title = {The potential for self-sanitisation of faecal sludge by intrinsic ammonia}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {16}, year = {2013}, pages = {6014{\textendash}6023}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Fidjeland, J{\o}rgen and Maria E Magri and Haakan J{\"o}nsson and Albihn, Ann and Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas} } @article {17208, title = {The potential for self-sanitisation of faecal sludge by intrinsic ammonia}, journal = {Water ResearchWater researchWater Res}, volume = {47}, number = {16}, year = {2013}, month = {Oct 15}, pages = {6014-6023}, keywords = {ammonia sanitisation, ascaris, Ascaris eggs, bacteria, Elimination, faecal sludge, Helminth eggs, Inactivation, RISK-FACTORS, sanitation, systematic analysis, Temperature, toilet, Urine, viability, waste}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Fidjeland, J. and Magri, M. E. and Jonsson, H. and Albihn, A. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {17490, title = {{The potential for self-sanitisation of faecal sludge by intrinsic ammonia}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {16}, year = {2013}, pages = {6014{\textendash}6023}, abstract = {Faecal sludge has the potential to be used as a sustainable fertiliser in agriculture, but the sludge must be sanitised due to its content of pathogenic microorganisms. The intrinsic ammonia from the urine may be sufficient for sanitisation of the sludge if it is not too diluted by flush water or lost by ventilation. To evaluate the potential for this sanitisation method, inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium and Ascaris suum eggs during treatment were assessed. The inactivation was studied at different storage temperatures (10-28{\textdegree}C) and in several sludge mixes with different contents of urine, faeces and flush water, and with ammonia concentrations from 40 to 400mM. All pathogens were inactivated by the ammonia, and ascaris eggs were the most persistent. Lower flush water volume and higher urine content favoured inactivation, mainly due to increased uncharged ammonia (NH3) concentration. The lag phase in ascaris inactivation was shortened by increasing temperature and NH3 concentration, while post-lag phase inactivation was not influenced by NH3 concentration. Faecal sludge can be sanitised by airtight storage without the use of additives when flush water volumes are sufficiently low. For temperatures of 23-28{\textdegree}C, a 3 log reduction of ascaris egg viability can be achieved within 1-6 months depending on ammonia concentration and temperature. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {ammonia sanitisation, ascaris, bacteria, faecal sludge, Helminth eggs, Inactivation, toilet}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.024}, author = {Fidjeland, J{\o}rgen and Magri, Maria Elisa and J{\"o}nsson, H\aakan and Albihn, Ann and Vinner\aas, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {16625, title = {The potential for self-sanitisation of faecal sludge by intrinsic ammonia}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {47}, number = {16}, year = {2013}, pages = {6014{\textendash}6023}, author = {Fidjeland, J{\o}rgen and Maria E Magri and J{\"o}nsson, H\textbackslasha akan and Albihn, Ann and Vinner\textbackslasha as, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {12788, title = {{Praziquantel treatment in trematode and cestode infections: an update}}, journal = {Infection and Chemotherapy}, volume = {45}, year = {2013}, pages = {32{\textendash}43}, author = {Chai, JY} } @article {11572, title = {{Praziquantel treatment trematode and cestode infections: an update}}, journal = {Infection and Chemotherapy}, volume = {45}, year = {2013}, pages = {32{\textendash}43}, author = {Chai, JY} } @mastersthesis {7030, title = {Prediction of extreme wave-structure interactions for multi-columned structures in deep water}, year = {2013}, note = {U633106}, school = {University of Oxford (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdD.{Phil}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}![CDATA[{\textless}p{\textgreater}With a continuing and rising demand for hydrocarbons, the energy companies are installing infrastructure ever further offshore, where such infrastructure is often exposed to extreme waves. This thesis explores some aspects of wave-structure interaction, particularly the maximum water surface elevation increase in severe storms due to these local interactions. {\textless}p{\textgreater}The effects on wave-structure interactions of column cross-sectional shape are investigated using linear and second-order wave diffraction theory. For multi-column structures, the excitation of locally resonant wave modes (near-trapping) is studied for several column cross-sectional shapes, and a simple method for estimating the surface elevation mode shape is given. The structure of the quadratic transfer functions for second-order sum wave elevation is investigated and an approximation assuming these QTFs are flat perpendicular to the leading diagonal is shown to be adequate for the first few lowest frequency modes. {\textless}p{\textgreater}NewWave-type focused wave groups can be used as a more realistic model of extreme ocean waves. A Net Amplification Factor based on the NewWave model is given as an efficient tool for finding the incident frequencies most likely to cause a violent wave-structure interaction and where these violent responses are likely to occur. Statistics are collected from Monte Carlo type simulations of random waves to verify the use of the Net Amplification Factor. Going beyond linear calculations, surface elevation statistics are collected to second-order and a {\textquoteleft}designer{\textquoteright} wave is found to model the most extreme surface elevation responses. A {\textquoteleft}designer{\textquoteright} wave can be identified at required levels of return period to help to understand the relative size of harmonic components in extreme waves. {\textless}p{\textgreater}The methods developed with a fixed body are then applied to an identical hull which is freely floating, and the responses between the fixed and moving cases are compared. The vertical heave motion of a semi-submersible in-phase with the incident wave crests is shown to lead to a much lower probability of water-deck impact for the same hull shape restrained vertically. The signal processing methods developed are also applied to a single column to allow comparison with experimental results. Individual harmonic components of the hydrodynamic force are identified up to at least the fifth harmonic. Stokes scaling is shown to hold even for the most violent interactions. It is also shown that the higher harmonic components of the hydrodynamic force can be reconstructed from just the fundamental force time history, and a transfer function in the form of a single phase and an amplitude for each harmonic. The force is also reconstructed well to second-order from the surface elevation time history using diffraction transfer functions. Finally, possible causes of damage to a platform high above mean water level in the North Sea are investigated. ]]{\textgreater}}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU633106, 0547:Ocean engineering, 0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dd7320c1-7121-4ea7-827f-527af9405e9a, Mechanical engineering, Ocean engineering, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1685877335?accountid=14270}, author = {Grice, James Robert} } @article {9732, title = {Preliminary insights into the impact of dietary starch on the ciliate, Neobalantidium coli, in captive chimpanzees}, journal = {Plos One}, year = {2013}, author = {Schovancov{\'a}, K and K Pomajb{\'\i}kov{\'a} and P Prochazka and D Modr{\'y} and P Bolechov{\'a} and K J Petr{\v z}elkov{\'a}} } @article {13057, title = {Preliminary study on the effect of wastewater storage in septic tank on E. coli concentration in summer}, journal = {Water}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {1141{\textendash}1151}, author = {Appling, Dominique and Habteselassie, Mussie Y and Radcliffe, David and Bradshaw, James K} } @article {5852, title = {{Presence of Campylobacter and Arcobacter species in in-line milk filters of farms authorized to produce and sell raw milk and of a water buffalo dairy farm in Italy.}}, journal = {Journal of Dairy Science}, volume = {96}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {may}, pages = {2801{\textendash}2807}, author = {Serraino, A and Florio, D and Giacometti, F and Piva, S and Mion, D and Zanoni, R G} } @article {14369, title = {Presence of {Campylobacter} and {Arcobacter} species in in-line milk filters of farms authorized to produce and sell raw milk and of a water buffalo dairy farm in {Italy}.}, journal = {Journal of dairy science}, volume = {96}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {may}, pages = {2801{\textendash}2807}, author = {Serraino, A and Florio, D and Giacometti, F and Piva, S and Mion, D and Zanoni, R G} } @article {14442, title = {Presence of enteroviruses in recreational water in {Wuhan}, {China}}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {193}, year = {2013}, month = {nov}, pages = {327{\textendash}31}, abstract = {Contaminated recreational waters pose a public health concern, as the potential for waterborne diseases exists in water contaminated with human fecal waste. Worldwide, bacterial indicators such as Escherichia coli, enterococci, and total and fecal coliform are used as indicators of water quality. However, enteric viruses also present a public health concern and their presence cannot always be determined based on bacterial indicators. This study explores the use of molecular detection methods of enteric viruses as indicators of fecal contamination. Four viruses, enterovirus, norovirus genogroups I and II, and male-specific FRNA coliphage, were tested in this study. Highly sensitive RT-PCR methods developed at the University of Hawaii at Manoa were utilized to evaluate environmental samples collected from three lakes in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Sixteen of twenty-five sites tested positive for at least one virus. Enterovirus was the most commonly detected virus, followed by norovirus genogroup I. These findings support the use of molecular detection methods to test for enteric virus presence in recreational freshwater sources in China as alternative water quality indicators, and utilize recently developed, highly sensitive methods of detection of these viruses. In addition, these findings suggest that there is substantial fecal contamination of the three lakes tested in this study.}, keywords = {*Water Pollution, China, Coliphages/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*virology, Humans, Male, Norovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Water quality}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.06.028}, author = {Allmann, E. and Pan, L. and Li, L. and Li, D. and Wang, S. and Lu, Y.} } @article {9286, title = {{Prevalence and characters of Entamoeba histolytica infection in Saudi infants and children admitted with diarrhea at 2 main hospitals at south Jeddah: a re-emerging serious infection with unusual presentation}}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {32{\textendash}40}, author = {Hegazi, MA and Patel, TA and El-Deek, BS} } @article {4044, title = {Prevalence and distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater and the surface, drinking and ground waters in the Lower Rhine, Germany}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {141}, year = {2013}, pages = {9{\textendash}21}, author = {Gallas-Lindemann, C and Sotiriadou, I and Plutzer, J and Karanis, P} } @article {15719, title = {Prevalence and distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater and the surface, drinking and ground waters in the Lower Rhine, Germany}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {141}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {Jan}, pages = {9-21}, edition = {2012/09/27}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Drinking Water/*parasitology, Germany, Giardia lamblia/*isolation \& purification, Groundwater/*parasitology, Humans, Parasite Load, prevalence, Waste Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0950-2688}, author = {Gallas-Lindemann, C. and Sotiriadou, I. and Plutzer, J. and Karanis, P.} } @article {8219, title = {{Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori in Turkey: a nationally-representative, cross-sectional, screening with the {\textonesuperior}{\textthreesuperior}C-Urea breath test.}}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {1215}, publisher = {BioMed Central}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is an important global pathogen infecting approximately 50{\%} of the world\&$\#$39;s population. This study was undertaken in order to estimate the prevalence rate of Helicobacter pylori infections among adults living in Turkey and to investigate the associated risk factors. METHOD: This study was a nationally representative cross sectional survey, using weighted multistage stratified cluster sampling. All individuals aged \≥18 years in the selected households were invited to participate in the survey. Ninety two percent (n = 2382) of the households in 55 cities participated; 4622 individuals from these households were tested with the \¹\³C-Urea breath test. Helicobacter pylori prevalence and associated factors were analysed by the t test, chi square and multiple logistic regression with SPSS11.0. RESULTS: The weighted overall prevalence was 82.5{\%} (95{\%} CI: 81.0-84.2) and was higher in men. It was lowest in the South which has the major fruit growing areas of the country. The factors included in the final model were sex, age, education, marital status, type of insurance (social security), residential region, alcohol use, smoking, drinking water source. While education was the only significant factor for women, residential region, housing tenure, smoking and alcohol use were significant for men in models by sex. CONCLUSION: In Turkey, Helicobacter pylori prevalence was found to be very high. Individuals who were women, elderly adults, single, had a high educational level, were living in the fruit growing region, had social security from Emekli Sandigi, were drinking bottled water, non smokers and regular alcohol consumers, were under less risk of Helicobacter pylori infection than others.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Alcohol Drinking: epidemiology, Breath Tests, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: epidemiology, Helicobacter Infections: etiology, helicobacter pylori, Humans, Male, prevalence, Risk Factors, Smoking, Smoking: epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, Turkey, Turkey: epidemiology, Urea, Urea: analysis, Young Adult}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-13-1215}, url = {http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1215}, author = {Ozaydin, Nilufer and Turkyilmaz, Sinan A and Cali, Sanda} } @article {13847, title = {Prevalence and risk factors of {Helicobacter} pylori in {Turkey}: a nationally-representative, cross-sectional, screening with the {\textonesuperior}{\textthreesuperior}{C}-{Urea} breath test.}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {1215}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is an important global pathogen infecting approximately 50\% of the world{\textquoteright}s population. This study was undertaken in order to estimate the prevalence rate of Helicobacter pylori infections among adults living in Turkey and to investigate the associated risk factors. METHOD: This study was a nationally representative cross sectional survey, using weighted multistage stratified cluster sampling. All individuals aged >=18 years in the selected households were invited to participate in the survey. Ninety two percent (n = 2382) of the households in 55 cities participated; 4622 individuals from these households were tested with the {\textonesuperior}{\textthreesuperior}C-Urea breath test. Helicobacter pylori prevalence and associated factors were analysed by the t test, chi square and multiple logistic regression with SPSS11.0. RESULTS: The weighted overall prevalence was 82.5\% (95\% CI: 81.0-84.2) and was higher in men. It was lowest in the South which has the major fruit growing areas of the country. The factors included in the final model were sex, age, education, marital status, type of insurance (social security), residential region, alcohol use, smoking, drinking water source. While education was the only significant factor for women, residential region, housing tenure, smoking and alcohol use were significant for men in models by sex. CONCLUSION: In Turkey, Helicobacter pylori prevalence was found to be very high. Individuals who were women, elderly adults, single, had a high educational level, were living in the fruit growing region, had social security from Emekli Sandigi, were drinking bottled water, non smokers and regular alcohol consumers, were under less risk of Helicobacter pylori infection than others.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Alcohol Drinking: epidemiology, Breath Tests, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: epidemiology, Helicobacter Infections: etiology, helicobacter pylori, Humans, Male, prevalence, Risk Factors, Smoking, Smoking: epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, Turkey, Turkey: epidemiology, Urea, Urea: analysis, Young Adult}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-13-1215}, url = {http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1215}, author = {Ozaydin, Nilufer and Turkyilmaz, Sinan A and Cali, Sanda} } @article {14423, title = {Prevalence and risk factors of {Helicobacter} pylori in {Turkey}: a nationally-representative, cross-sectional, screening with the {\textonesuperior}{\textthreesuperior}{C}-{Urea} breath test.}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {1215}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is an important global pathogen infecting approximately 50\% of the world{\textquoteright}s population. This study was undertaken in order to estimate the prevalence rate of Helicobacter pylori infections among adults living in Turkey and to investigate the associated risk factors. METHOD: This study was a nationally representative cross sectional survey, using weighted multistage stratified cluster sampling. All individuals aged >=18 years in the selected households were invited to participate in the survey. Ninety two percent (n = 2382) of the households in 55 cities participated; 4622 individuals from these households were tested with the {\textonesuperior}{\textthreesuperior}C-Urea breath test. Helicobacter pylori prevalence and associated factors were analysed by the t test, chi square and multiple logistic regression with SPSS11.0. RESULTS: The weighted overall prevalence was 82.5\% (95\% CI: 81.0-84.2) and was higher in men. It was lowest in the South which has the major fruit growing areas of the country. The factors included in the final model were sex, age, education, marital status, type of insurance (social security), residential region, alcohol use, smoking, drinking water source. While education was the only significant factor for women, residential region, housing tenure, smoking and alcohol use were significant for men in models by sex. CONCLUSION: In Turkey, Helicobacter pylori prevalence was found to be very high. Individuals who were women, elderly adults, single, had a high educational level, were living in the fruit growing region, had social security from Emekli Sandigi, were drinking bottled water, non smokers and regular alcohol consumers, were under less risk of Helicobacter pylori infection than others.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Alcohol Drinking: epidemiology, Breath Tests, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: epidemiology, Helicobacter Infections: etiology, helicobacter pylori, Humans, Male, prevalence, Risk Factors, Smoking, Smoking: epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, Turkey, Turkey: epidemiology, Urea, Urea: analysis, Young Adult}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-13-1215}, url = {http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1215}, author = {Ozaydin, Nilufer and Turkyilmaz, Sinan A and Cali, Sanda} } @article {7760, title = {Prevalence, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Campylobacter species among under five diarrheic children at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia}, journal = {BMC Pediatrics}, volume = {13}, year = {2013}, note = {J1: BMC Pediatr}, month = {05/14}, pages = {82-82}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent reports indicate that Campylobacter species are becoming one of the leading causes of bacterial diarrhoeal disease worldwide and most of the isolates are resistant to different antibiotics. This study aimed at determining the prevalence, associated risk factors and susceptibility pattern of Campylobacter species in under-five diarrheic children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2011 to March 2012. Samples were collected from under five diarrhoeic children who visited University of Gondar Teaching Hospital and seeking medical services during the study period. Stool specimens were aseptically inoculated using selective media and species isolation was further processed following standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility test for Campylobacter species was performed using the standard agar disc diffusion method. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16 packages. Odd ratio was used to see their association between variables and then logistic regression was used to measure strengths of association. P-values less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. RESULT: A total of 285 under five children with diarrhoea were included in this study. Of these144 (50.5\%) were males and 141(49.5\%) were females with the age range of one month to five years and mean age of 2.26 years (25months). Among 285 stool specimens cultured, 44(15.4\%) of them were positive for Campylobacter species. Culture positivity for Campylobacter was higher in children below 12 months of age. Latrine usage, water source, boiling drinking water, bottle feeding, nutritional status and exposure to domestic animals had statistically significant association. Highest drug resistance rate were found in ampicillin (68.2\%), tetracycline (56.8\%) and trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (54.5\%). CONCLUSION: Isolation rate of Campylobacter species were frequent among under five children. The frequency was higher in those children who were malnourished, drinking of unprotected water and direct contact with infected animals (especially cats, dogs, pigeons, hens and their products). The antimicrobial resistance patterns for some of the commonly prescribed antibiotics were high. Therefore, awareness of hand washing and proper boiling of drinking water are probably important in preventing infection with Campylobacter species and childhood diarrhea should not be underestimated and effectiveness of the drugs should be continuously monitored by doing antimicrobial susceptibility test.}, isbn = {1471-2431}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3663702/}, author = {Lengerh,Ayalew and Moges,Feleke and Unakal,Chandrashekhar and Anagaw,Belay} } @article {11605, title = {{Pr{\'e}valence de l {\textquoteright} infestation par Diphyllobothrium latum de diff{\'e}rents poissons des lacs L{\'e}man , du Bourget et d {\textquoteright} Annecy et {\'e}valuation de l {\textquoteright} incidence des cas humains aupr{\`e}s des laboratoires d {\textquoteright} analyse m{\'e}dicale de la r{\'e}gion}}, journal = {Bulletin epidemiologique sante animale et alimentation}, volume = {67}, year = {2013}, pages = {2{\textendash}5}, keywords = {diphyllobothriosis, diphyllobothrium latum, lake fish}, author = {Dupouy-Camet, Jean and Haidar, Malak and Dei-cas, Eduardo and Espinat, Laurent and Benmostefa, Amine and Guillard, Jean and Aliouat-denis, Marie and Ap-hp, Cochin and Descartes, Paris and Umr, Cnrs and Carrtel, U M R} } @article {14319, title = {Prevalence, distribution and antibiotic resistance of emergent {Arcobacter} spp. from clinically healthy cattle and goats.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {feb}, pages = {9{\textendash}16}, author = {Shah, A H and Saleha, A A and Zunita, Z and Murugaiyah, M and Aliyu, A B and Jafri, N} } @article {5802, title = {{Prevalence, distribution and antibiotic resistance of emergent Arcobacter spp. from clinically healthy cattle and goats.}}, journal = {Transboundary and Emerging Diseases}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {9{\textendash}16}, author = {Shah, A H and Saleha, A A and Zunita, Z and Murugaiyah, M and Aliyu, A B and Jafri, N} } @article {5913, title = {Prevalence, distribution and antibiotic resistance of emergent Arcobacter spp. from clinically healthy cattle and goats}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {60}, year = {2013}, pages = {9{\textendash}16}, author = {Shah, AH and Saleha, AA and Zunita, Z and Murugaiyah, M and Aliyu, AB and Jafri, Nida} } @article {2007, title = {Prevalence, hematology, and treatment of balantidiasis among donkeys in and around Lahore, Pakistan}, journal = {Veterinary ParasitologyVeterinary Parasitology}, volume = {196}, number = {1-2}, year = {2013}, month = {2013/09}, pages = {203-205}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Khan, A. and Khan, M. S. and Avais, M. and Ijaz, M. and Ali, M. M. and Abbas, T.} } @article {16293, title = {Prevalence of enteroviruses in children with and without hand, foot, and mouth disease in China}, journal = {W. BMC Infect. Dis.W. BMC Infect. Dis.}, volume = {13}, year = {2013}, pages = {606}, author = {Zhang, X. and Hongyu, W. and Shujun, D. and Wang, X. and Chen, X. and Wo, Y. and Wang, L. and Huang, D. and Liu, W. and Cao, W.} } @article {11922, title = {Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Pathogens In Developed and Developing Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}, journal = {J Public Health Res}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {42-53}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2279-9028 (Print)}, doi = {10.4081/jphr.2013.e9}, author = {Fletcher, S. M. and McLaws, M. L. and Ellis, J. T.} } @article {12130, title = {Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Pathogens In Developed and Developing Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}, journal = {J Public Health Res }, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {42-53}, author = {Fletcher, S. M. and M. L. McLaws and J. T. Ellis} } @article {8299, title = {The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Netherlands}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {48}, year = {2013}, pages = {794{\textendash}800}, author = {van Blankenstein, Mark and van Vuuren, Anneke J and Looman, Caspar WN and Ouwendijk, Martine and Kuipers, Ernst J} } @article {11075, title = {Prevalence of intestinal helminthes infections among primary school children in urban and semi-urban areas in {Rivers} {State}, {Nigeria}}, journal = {World Rural Observations}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {52{\textendash}61}, author = {Odu, N. N. and Elechi, V. I. and Okonko, I. O.} } @article {11082, title = {Prevalence of intestinal helminths infections among school children in relation to occupation of parents and toilet facilities in {Maru} {L}. {G}. {A}., {Zamfara}}, journal = {Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare}, volume = {3}, number = {19}, year = {2013}, pages = {87{\textendash}90}, author = {Shehu, M. M. and Kabiru, A. and Abubakar, U. and Mohammed, K.} } @article {10933, title = {Prevalence of intestinal parasites in vegetables sold in {Ilorin}, {Nigeria}.}, journal = {American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {1275{\textendash}1282}, author = {Alade, G.O and Alade, T.O and Adewuyi, I.K} } @article {15091, title = {Prevalence of intestinal parasites in vegetables sold in {Ilorin}}, journal = {Nigeria. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, pages = {1275{\textendash}1282}, author = {Alade, G. O. and Alade, T. O. and Adewuyi, I. K.} } @article {5041, title = {Prevalence of Nonpolio Enteroviruses in the Sewage of Guangzhou City, China, from 2009 to 2012}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {24}, year = {2013}, pages = {7679-7683}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/aem.02058-13}, url = {://WOS:000327814600016}, author = {Zheng, Huanying and Lu, Jing and Zhang, Yong and Yoshida, Hiromu and Guo, Xue and Liu, Leng and Li, Hui and Zeng, Hanri and Fang, Ling and Mo, Yanling and Yi, Lina and Chosa, Toru and Xu, Wenbo and Ke, Changwen} } @article {9248, title = {{Prevalence of parasitic contamination of raw vegetables in Khorramabad, Iran}}, journal = {Food Control}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {92{\textendash}95}, author = {Ezatpour, B and Chegeni, AS and Abdollahpour, F and Aazami, M and Alirezaei, M} } @article {4419, title = {Prevalence of respiratory adenovirus species B and C in sewage sludge}, journal = {Environ Sci Process Impacts}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {336-8}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2050-7887}, doi = {10.1039/c2em30831b}, author = {Bibby, K. and Peccia, J.} } @article {4447, title = {Prevalence of respiratory adenovirus species {B} and {C} in sewage sludge}, journal = {Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {336{\textendash}8}, issn = {2050-7887}, doi = {10.1039/c2em30831b}, author = {Bibby, K. and Peccia, J.} } @inbook {1935, title = {Preventing and controlling viral contamination of shellfish}, booktitle = {Viruses in food and water}, year = {2013}, pages = {281-292.}, type = {Book Section}, abstract = {A significant proportion of infectious foodborne illnesses worldwide can be attributed to human enteric viruses. Bivalve molluscan shellfish can act as vehicles for transmission of enteric viruses. Viruses accumulate in shellfish digestive diverticula and can infect humans upon ingestion of raw or undercooked shellfish meat. The use of indicator bacteria as an index of fecal contamination in shellfish growing areas reduced bacterial gastrointestinal infections but this practice is believed to have limited predictive value for enteric viral pathogen contamination. Mitigation strategies such as depuration or relaying exist to reduce or eliminate potential enteric virus hazards associated with consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish.}, author = {Woods, J. W. and Burkhardt III, W.}, editor = {Cook, N.} } @inbook {1513, title = {Principles of Virology}, booktitle = {Fields Virology, Sixth Edition}, year = {2013}, pages = {21-25}, publisher = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams and Wilkins}, organization = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams and Wilkins}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Philadelphia }, author = {Condit, RC and Knipe, DM and Howley, PM and I, Cohen J and Griffin, DE and Lamb, RA and Martin, MA and Racaniello, VR and Roizman, B} } @article {15292, title = {A probabilistic model of norovirus disease burden associated with greywater irrigation of home-produced lettuce in Melbourne, Australia}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {1421-1432}, author = {Barker, S F and O{\textquoteright}Toole, J and Sinclair, M and Malawaraarachchi, M and Leder, K and Hamilton, A J} } @article {15293, title = {A probabilistic model of norovirus disease burden associated with greywater irrigation of home-produced lettuce in Melbourne, Australia}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {1421-1432}, author = {Barker, S F and O{\textquoteright}Toole, Joanne and Sinclair, M. I. and Malawaraarachchi, Manori and Leder, K. and Hamilton, A J} } @article {13237, title = {Production and degradation of N-acylhomoserine lactone quorum sensing signal molecules in bacteria isolated from activated sludge}, journal = {Bioscience, Biotechnology, Biochemistry}, volume = {77}, year = {2013}, pages = {2436-2440}, doi = {10.1271/bbb.130553}, author = {Ochiai, S. and Morohoshi, T. and Kurabeishi, A. and Shinozaki, M. and Fujita, H. and Sawada, I. and Ikeda, T.} } @booklet {16004, title = {{Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water. 2012 Update}}, journal = {WHO/Unicef Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation}, year = {2013}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @article {12286, title = {Proliferation of multidrug-resistant New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase genes in municipal wastewater treatment plants in northern China}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology Letters}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {26-30}, isbn = {2328-8930}, author = {Luo, Yi and Yang, Fengxia and Mathieu, Jacques and Mao, Daqing and Wang, Qing and Alvarez, PJJ} } @article {6986, title = {Promoting universal financial protection: a case study of new management of community health insurance in {Tanzania}}, journal = {Health Research Policy and Systems / BioMed Central}, volume = {11}, year = {2013}, pages = {21}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF), a compulsory formal sector scheme took over the management of the Community Health Fund (CHF), a voluntary informal sector scheme, in 2009. This study assesses the origins of the reform, its effect on management and reporting structures, financial flow adequacy, reform communication and acceptability to key stakeholders, and initial progress towards universal coverage. METHODS: The study relied on national data sources and an in-depth collective case study of a rural and an urban district to assess awareness and acceptability of the reform, and fund availability and use relative to need in a sample of facilities. RESULTS: The reform was driven by a national desire to expand coverage and increase access to services. Despite initial delays, the CHF has been embedded within the NHIF organisational structure, bringing more intensive and qualified supervision closer to the district. National CHF membership has more than doubled. However, awareness of the reform was limited below the district level due to the reform{\textquoteright}s top-down nature. The reform was generally acceptable to key stakeholders, who expected that benefits between schemes would be harmonised.The reform was unable to institute changes to the CHF design or district management structures because it has so far been unable to change CHF legislation which also limits facility capacity to use CHF revenue. Further, revenue generated is currently insufficient to offset treatment and administration costs, and the reform did not improve the revenue to cost ratio. Administrative costs are also likely to have increased as a result of the reform. CONCLUSION: Informal sector schemes can benefit from merger with formal sector schemes through improved data systems, supervision, and management support. However, effects will be maximised if legal frameworks can be harmonised early on and a reduction in administrative costs is not guaranteed.}, keywords = {Community Health Services, Cost Sharing, Financing, Health Care Reform, Health Expenditures, Health Policy, Health Services Accessibility, Health Services Administration, Humans, National Health Programs, Organized, Personal Satisfaction, Tanzania, Universal Coverage}, issn = {1478-4505}, doi = {10.1186/1478-4505-11-21}, author = {Borghi, Josephine and Maluka, Stephen and Kuwawenaruwa, August and Makawia, Suzan and Tantau, Juma and Mtei, Gemini and Ally, Mariam and Macha, Jane} } @article {6019, title = {{Protection against hepatitis E virus infection by naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Infectious Diseases}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {397{\textendash}405}, author = {Zhang, J and Zhang, XF and Zhou, C and Wang, ZZ and Huang, SJ and Yao, X and Liang, ZL and Wu, T and Li, JX and Yan, Q and Yang, CL and Jiang, HM and Huang, HJ and Xian, YL and Shih, JW and Ng, MH and Li, YM and Wang, JZ and Zhu, FC and N S Xia} } @article {2008, title = {Protozoan parasites in a wastewater treatment plant of Bangladesh}, journal = {University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University}, volume = {31}, year = {2013}, month = {2013/06/18}, publisher = {Bangladesh Journals Online (JOL)}, isbn = {1023-6104}, author = {Khanum, H. and Khanam, S. S. and Sultana, M. and Uddin, M. H. and Dhar, R. C. and Islam, M. S.} } @article {2030, title = {Public health threat caused by zoonotic diseases in Bangladesh}, journal = {Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary MedicineBangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {2013/01/22}, publisher = {Bangladesh Journals Online (JOL)}, isbn = {2308-0922
1729-7893}, author = {Samad, M. A.} } @mastersthesis {6884, title = {Quality and {Vegetation} {Community} {Analysis} of a {Late} {Successional} {Prairie} in {Macoupin} {County}, {Illinois}}, year = {2013}, note = {1551905}, school = {Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The goal of the present study was to determine the quality of a late successional prairie located in Macoupin County, Illinois, and to examine plant community structure. The site is believed to have been cropped at some point in the past, but has now been lying fallow for about forty years experiencing occasional fires and mowing. It was hypothesized that the site would have low floristic integrity since no restoration or management practices have been routinely implemented. Vegetation cover data were collected in early and late summer of 2011 and 2012 from 102 plots located randomly throughout the site. Species richness (S), antilog of Shannon diversity ( N 1 ), average coefficient of conservatism (mean C ) and Floristic Quality Index (FQI ) were calculated for each sampling session. These were also calculated for a comprehensive species list from the study site and four sites of known quality for comparison (N1 was not included in these calculations due to a lack of abundance data). Bray-Curtis dissimilarities were also calculated based on the species composition of these sites. Auchenorrhyncha (Insects: Hemiptera) were collected on four 40 m transects within the site. Auchenorrhyncha Quality Index ( AQI ), S, N1 and mean C were calculated based on count data from these transects and others located in eight comparison sites. A 3D ordination was constructed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and vectors representing the diversity indices as well as site size were fitted to the ordination. Analysis of the abundance data showed that from 2011 to 2012 there was a decline in all four diversity index scores. This was likely due to an extended drought period that occurred in 2012 and further studies are necessary to determine if the plant community can recover and stabilize after the disturbance. Comparisons between the study site and other high quality restorations and remnants revealed that the site does indeed have high floristic integrity, contrary to the hypothesis, though it was not very similar to any of the other sites in species composition. Results from the Auchenorrhyncha survey were consistent with those of the vegetation survey. When compared with those of other high quality sites, diversity index scores from the study site were all very similar and in some cases higher. This, again, was contrary to the hypothesis. In the ordination, transects clearly grouped based on the site they occurred in, and Axis 3 was negatively correlated with S though only slightly. A 3D ordination using NMDS was also constructed for vegetation abundance data collected from the 102 random plots. Vectors for a number of variables (average coefficient of conservatism ( mean C ), average wetness coefficient (mean WC ), organic matter content (\%OM ), and year ) were fitted to the ordination to determine which ones were driving the community structure. The vector for mean C was positively correlated with Axis 1, while the vector for year followed a similar trajectory in the opposite direction. This shows the same thing as the diversity variables calculated for species within the plots, that from 2011 to 2012 there was a drop in the mean C for the site, again likely due to drought. On Axis 1, there is a slight separation of plots occurring in the northern half of the site from those occurring in the southern half. This may be due to increased disturbance experienced by the southern sections because of their proximity to buildings. This may also be an artifact of the apparent bias towards dry-habitat species that exists in the designation of C values, as the southern sections remain relatively wet well into late summer months. The vector for mean WC is negatively correlated with Axis 2, revealing that Axis 2 likely corresponds to environmental variables associated with water availability. The vector for \%OM is negatively correlated with Axis 3, which corresponds to factors that affect the development of organic matter in the soil. These factors include topography, which can directly affect soil moisture. Higher moisture levels lead to higher organic matter content. Thus, seemingly, the major gradients driving plant community structure in the study site are all related to water availability. Results of this research will be useful in determining what management strategies should be used for the persistence of this prairie habitat. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0309:Plant biology, 0329:Ecology, Biological sciences, Ecology, Plant biology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1500828192?accountid=14270}, author = {Spagnolo, Sara} } @booklet {1009, title = {Quantification of human and animal viruses to differentiate the origin of the fecal contamination present in environmental samples}, journal = {BioMed Research International}, volume = {2013}, year = {2013}, abstract = {

Many different viruses are excreted by humans and animals and are frequently detected in fecal contaminated waters causing public health concerns. Classical bacterial indicator such as E. coli and enterococci could fail to predict the risk for waterborne pathogens such as viruses. Moreover, the presence and levels of bacterial indicators do not always correlate with the presence and concentration of viruses, especially when these indicators are present in low concentrations. Our research group has proposed new viral indicators and methodologies for determining the presence of fecal pollution in environmental samples as well as for tracing the origin of this fecal contamination (microbial source tracking). In this paper, we examine to what extent have these indicators been applied by the scientific community. Recently, quantitative assays for quantification of poultry and ovine viruses have also been described. Overall, quantification by qPCR of human adenoviruses and human polyomavirus JC, porcine adenoviruses, bovine polyomaviruses, chicken/turkey parvoviruses, and ovine polyomaviruses is suggested as a toolbox for the identification of human, porcine, bovine, poultry, and ovine fecal pollution in environmental samples.

}, issn = {23146133}, doi = {10.1155/2013/192089}, author = {Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Rusi{\~n}ol, Marta and Fernandez-Cassi, Xavier and Carratal{\`a}, Anna and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Girones, Rosina} } @article {1278, title = {Quantification of human norovirus GII, human adenovirus, and fecal indicator organisms in wastewater used for irrigation in Accra, Ghana}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, note = {Silverman, Andrea I Akrong, Mark O Amoah, Philip Drechsel, Pay Nelson, Kara L Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2013 Sep;11(3):473-88. doi: 10.2166/wh.2013.025.}, pages = {473-88}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is frequently used to estimate health risks associated with wastewater irrigation and requires pathogen concentration estimates as inputs. However, human pathogens, such as viruses, are rarely quantified in water samples, and simple relationships between fecal indicator bacteria and pathogen concentrations are used instead. To provide data that can be used to refine QMRA models of wastewater-fed agriculture in Accra, stream, drain, and waste stabilization pond waters used for irrigation were sampled and analyzed for concentrations of fecal indicator microorganisms (human-specific Bacteroidales, Escherichia coli, enterococci, thermotolerant coliform, and somatic and F+ coliphages) and two human viruses (adenovirus and norovirus genogroup II). E. coli concentrations in all samples exceeded limits suggested by the World Health Organization, and human-specific Bacteroidales was found in all but one sample, suggesting human fecal contamination. Human viruses were detected in 16 out of 20 samples, were quantified in 12, and contained 2-3 orders of magnitude more norovirus than predicted by norovirus to E. coli concentration ratios assumed in recent publications employing indicator-based QMRA. As wastewater irrigation can be beneficial for farmers and municipalities, these results should not discourage water reuse in agriculture, but provide motivation and targets for wastewater treatment before use on farms.

}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ isolation \& purification Agricultural Irrigation Bacteria/ isolation \& purification Colony Count, Microbial Environmental Monitoring/ methods Feces/microbiology/ virology Ghana Guidelines as Topic Humans Norovirus/ isolation \& purification Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Risk Assessment Waste Water/microbiology/ virology Water Microbiology World}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.025}, author = {Silverman, A. I. and Akrong, M. O. and Amoah, P. and Drechsel, P. and Nelson, K. L.} } @article {15238, title = {Quantification of microbial risks to human health caused by waterborne viruses and bacteria in an urban slum}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {116}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {447{\textendash}463}, abstract = {AIMS: To determine the magnitude of microbial risks from waterborne viruses and bacteria in Bwaise III in Kampala (Uganda), a typical slum in Sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS AND RESULTS: A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was carried out to determine the magnitude of microbial risks from waterborne pathogens through various exposure pathways in Bwaise III in Kampala (Uganda). This was based on the concentration of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., rotavirus (RV) and human adenoviruses F and G (HAdV) in spring water, tap water, surface water, grey water and contaminated soil samples. The total disease burden was 680 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 1000 persons per year. The highest disease burden contribution was caused by exposure to surface water open drainage channels (39\%) followed by exposure to grey water in tertiary drains (24\%), storage containers (22\%), unprotected springs (8\%), contaminated soil (7\%) and tap water (0{\textperiodcentered}02\%). The highest percentage of the mean estimated infections was caused by E. coli O157:H7 (41\%) followed by HAdV (32\%), RV (20\%) and Salmonella spp. (7\%). In addition, the highest infection risk was 1 caused by HAdV in surface water at the slum outlet, while the lowest infection risk was 2{\textperiodcentered}71 {\texttimes} 10(-6) caused by E. coli O157:H7 in tap water. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the slum environment is polluted, and the disease burden from each of the exposure routes in Bwaise III slum, with the exception of tap water, was much higher than the WHO reference level of tolerable risk of 1 {\texttimes} 10(-6) DALYs per person per year. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The findings of this study provide guidance to governments, local authorities and nongovernment organizations in making decisions on measures to reduce infection risk and the disease burden by 10(2) to 10(5) depending on the source of exposure to achieve the desired health impacts. The infection risk may be reduced by sustainable management of human excreta and grey water, coupled with risk communication during hygiene awareness campaigns at household and community level. The data also provide a basis to make strategic investments to improve sanitary conditions in urban slums.}, keywords = {Kampala, QMRA, Uganda, wastewater}, author = {Katukiza, A Y and Ronteltap, M and van der Steen, P and Foppen, J W A and Lens, P N L} } @article {13656, title = {{Quantification of microbial risks to human health caused by waterborne viruses and bacteria in an urban slum}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {116}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {447{\textendash}463}, abstract = {AIMS: To determine the magnitude of microbial risks from waterborne viruses and bacteria in Bwaise III in Kampala (Uganda), a typical slum in Sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS AND RESULTS: A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was carried out to determine the magnitude of microbial risks from waterborne pathogens through various exposure pathways in Bwaise III in Kampala (Uganda). This was based on the concentration of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., rotavirus (RV) and human adenoviruses F and G (HAdV) in spring water, tap water, surface water, grey water and contaminated soil samples. The total disease burden was 680 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 1000 persons per year. The highest disease burden contribution was caused by exposure to surface water open drainage channels (39{\%}) followed by exposure to grey water in tertiary drains (24{\%}), storage containers (22{\%}), unprotected springs (8{\%}), contaminated soil (7{\%}) and tap water (0{\textperiodcentered}02{\%}). The highest percentage of the mean estimated infections was caused by E. coli O157:H7 (41{\%}) followed by HAdV (32{\%}), RV (20{\%}) and Salmonella spp. (7{\%}). In addition, the highest infection risk was 1 caused by HAdV in surface water at the slum outlet, while the lowest infection risk was 2{\textperiodcentered}71 {\texttimes} 10(-6) caused by E. coli O157:H7 in tap water. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the slum environment is polluted, and the disease burden from each of the exposure routes in Bwaise III slum, with the exception of tap water, was much higher than the WHO reference level of tolerable risk of 1 {\texttimes} 10(-6) DALYs per person per year. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The findings of this study provide guidance to governments, local authorities and nongovernment organizations in making decisions on measures to reduce infection risk and the disease burden by 10(2) to 10(5) depending on the source of exposure to achieve the desired health impacts. The infection risk may be reduced by sustainable management of human excreta and grey water, coupled with risk communication during hygiene awareness campaigns at household and community level. The data also provide a basis to make strategic investments to improve sanitary conditions in urban slums.}, keywords = {Kampala, QMRA, Uganda, wastewater}, author = {Katukiza, A Y and Ronteltap, M and van der Steen, P and Foppen, J W A and Lens, P N L} } @article {10266, title = {Quantifying benefits of resource recovery from sanitation provision in a developing world setting}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {131}, year = {2013}, pages = {7{\textendash}15}, author = {Cornejo, Pablo K and Zhang, Qiong and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {15162, title = {Quantifying benefits of resource recovery from sanitation provision in a developing world setting}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {131}, year = {2013}, pages = {7{\textendash}15}, author = {Cornejo, Pablo K and Zhang, Qiong and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {11257, title = {{Quantifying sources of environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {193}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {390{\textendash}397}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.034}, author = {Morgan, E R and Azam, D and Pegler, K} } @article {15274, title = {Quantitative assessment of infection risk from exposure to waterborne pathogens in urban floodwater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {48}, number = {2014}, year = {2013}, pages = {90{\textendash}99}, abstract = {Flooding and heavy rainfall have been associated with waterborne infectious disease outbreaks, however, it is unclear to which extent they pose a risk for public health. Here, risks of infection from exposure to urban floodwater were assessed using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). To that aim, urban floodwaters were sampled in the Netherlands during 23 events in 2011 and 2012. The water contained Campylobacter jejuni (prevalence 61\%, range 14- {\textbackslash}textgreater103 MPN/l), Giardia spp. (35\%, 0.1{\textendash}142 cysts/l), Cryptosporidium (30\%, 0.1{\textendash}9.8 oocysts/l), noroviruses (29\%, 102{\textendash}104 pdu/l) and enteroviruses (35\%, 103{\textendash}104 pdu/l). Exposure data collected by questionnaire, revealed that children swallowed 1.7 ml (mean, 95\% Confidence Interval 0{\textendash}4.6 ml) per exposure event and adults swallowed 0.016 ml (mean, 95\% CI 0{\textendash}0.068 ml) due to hand-mouth contact. The mean risk of infection per event for children, who were exposed to floodwater originating from combined sewers, storm sewers and rainfall generated surface runoff was 33\%, 23\% and 3.5\%, respectively, and for adults it was 3.9\%, 0.58\% and 0.039\%. The annual risk of infection was calculated to compare flooding from different urban drainage systems. An exposure frequency of once every 10 years to flooding originating from combined sewers resulted in an annual risk of infection of 8\%, which was equal to the risk of infection of flooding originating from rainfall generated surface runoff 2.3 times per year. However, these annual infection risks will increase with a higher frequency of urban flooding due to heavy rainfall as foreseen in climate change projections.}, keywords = {Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, enterovirus, Exposure, Flooding, Giardia, Heavy rainfall, Ingestion, Norovirus, Quantitative microbial risk assessment, Risk of infection}, author = {de Man, H. and van den Berg, H.H.J.L. and Leenen, E.J.T.M. and Schijven, J.F. and Schets, F.M. and van der Vliet, J.C. and van Knapen, F. and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {13692, title = {{Quantitative assessment of infection risk from exposure to waterborne pathogens in urban floodwater}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {48}, number = {2014}, year = {2013}, pages = {90{\textendash}99}, abstract = {Flooding and heavy rainfall have been associated with waterborne infectious disease outbreaks, however, it is unclear to which extent they pose a risk for public health. Here, risks of infection from exposure to urban floodwater were assessed using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). To that aim, urban floodwaters were sampled in the Netherlands during 23 events in 2011 and 2012. The water contained Campylobacter jejuni (prevalence 61{\%}, range 14- {\textgreater}103 MPN/l), Giardia spp. (35{\%}, 0.1{\textendash}142 cysts/l), Cryptosporidium (30{\%}, 0.1{\textendash}9.8 oocysts/l), noroviruses (29{\%}, 102{\textendash}104 pdu/l) and enteroviruses (35{\%}, 103{\textendash}104 pdu/l). Exposure data collected by questionnaire, revealed that children swallowed 1.7 ml (mean, 95{\%} Confidence Interval 0{\textendash}4.6 ml) per exposure event and adults swallowed 0.016 ml (mean, 95{\%} CI 0{\textendash}0.068 ml) due to hand-mouth contact. The mean risk of infection per event for children, who were exposed to floodwater originating from combined sewers, storm sewers and rainfall generated surface runoff was 33{\%}, 23{\%} and 3.5{\%}, respectively, and for adults it was 3.9{\%}, 0.58{\%} and 0.039{\%}. The annual risk of infection was calculated to compare flooding from different urban drainage systems. An exposure frequency of once every 10 years to flooding originating from combined sewers resulted in an annual risk of infection of 8{\%}, which was equal to the risk of infection of flooding originating from rainfall generated surface runoff 2.3 times per year. However, these annual infection risks will increase with a higher frequency of urban flooding due to heavy rainfall as foreseen in climate change projections.}, keywords = {Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, enterovirus, Exposure, Flooding, Giardia, Heavy rainfall, Ingestion, Norovirus, Quantitative microbial risk assessment, Risk of infection}, author = {de Man, H. and van den Berg, H.H.J.L. and Leenen, E.J.T.M. and Schijven, J.F. and Schets, F.M. and van der Vliet, J.C. and van Knapen, F. and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {14746, title = {Quantitative characterization of the inhibitory effects of salt, humic acid, and heavy metals on the recovery of waterborne norovirus by electropositive filters}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {11}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {613{\textendash}22}, abstract = {The virus adsorption-elution technique (VIRADEL) using electropositively charged filters is used frequently for recovering enteric viruses from water. The filter-absorbed virus is typically eluted, concentrated, and subsequently detected by culture or molecular methods. Human norovirus (HuNoV), one of the most important waterborne pathogens, cannot be cultivated by conventional culture methods and is typically detected using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. However, it is plausible that various inhibitors could be concentrated simultaneously during the VIRADEL process and affect RT-PCR assays. In this study, we evaluated the effect of typical inhibitors, including humic acid, heavy metals, and salt, on the recovery of norovirus by two different electropositive filters: 1MDS and Nanoceram. Known amounts of HuNoV and murine norovirus were inoculated in 1 L of surface water containing various concentrations of humic acid, heavy metals (cadmium and lead), or NaCl. Our results indicate that the presence of heavy metals or salt significantly reduced the recovery of virus from the electropositive filters. Thus, care should be taken when analyzing waterborne norovirus using electropositive filters in environments with high concentrations of heavy metal inhibitors or salts.}, keywords = {Adsorption, Cadmium/*chemistry, Electrochemical Techniques/instrumentation, Filtration/*methods, Heavy/chemistry, Humans, Humic Substances/*analysis, Lead/*chemistry, Metals, Norovirus/*chemistry, Sodium Chloride/*chemistry, Water Microbiology, Water Purification}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.187}, author = {Kim, M. and Ko, G.} } @article {15016, title = {Quantitative characterization of the inhibitory effects of salt, humic acid, and heavy metals on the recovery of waterborne norovirus by electropositive filters}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {11}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {613{\textendash}22}, abstract = {The virus adsorption-elution technique (VIRADEL) using electropositively charged filters is used frequently for recovering enteric viruses from water. The filter-absorbed virus is typically eluted, concentrated, and subsequently detected by culture or molecular methods. Human norovirus (HuNoV), one of the most important waterborne pathogens, cannot be cultivated by conventional culture methods and is typically detected using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. However, it is plausible that various inhibitors could be concentrated simultaneously during the VIRADEL process and affect RT-PCR assays. In this study, we evaluated the effect of typical inhibitors, including humic acid, heavy metals, and salt, on the recovery of norovirus by two different electropositive filters: 1MDS and Nanoceram. Known amounts of HuNoV and murine norovirus were inoculated in 1 L of surface water containing various concentrations of humic acid, heavy metals (cadmium and lead), or NaCl. Our results indicate that the presence of heavy metals or salt significantly reduced the recovery of virus from the electropositive filters. Thus, care should be taken when analyzing waterborne norovirus using electropositive filters in environments with high concentrations of heavy metal inhibitors or salts.}, keywords = {Adsorption, Cadmium/*chemistry, Electrochemical Techniques/instrumentation, Filtration/*methods, Heavy/chemistry, Humans, Humic Substances/*analysis, Lead/*chemistry, Metals, Norovirus/*chemistry, Sodium Chloride/*chemistry, Water Microbiology, Water Purification}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.187}, author = {Kim, M. and Ko, G.} } @article {13998, title = {Rapid diagnosis of diarrhea caused by {Shigella} sonnei using dipsticks; comparison of rectal swabs, direct stool and stool culture}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, year = {2013}, pages = {e80267}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We evaluated a dipstick test for rapid detection of Shigella sonnei on bacterial colonies, directly on stools and from rectal swabs because in actual field situations, most pathologic specimens for diagnosis correspond to stool samples or rectal swabs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The test is based on the detection of S. sonnei lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-side chains using phase I-specific monoclonal antibodies coupled to gold particles, and displayed on a one-step immunochromatographic dipstick. A concentration as low as 5 ng/ml of LPS was detected in distilled water and in reconstituted stools in 6 minutes. This is the optimal time for lecture to avoid errors of interpretation. In distilled water and in reconstituted stools, an unequivocal positive reaction was obtained with 4 x 10(6) CFU/ml of S. sonnei. The specificity was 100\% when tested with a battery of Shigella and different unrelated strains. When tested on 342 rectal swabs in Chile, specificity (281/295) was 95.3\% (95\% CI: 92.9\% - 97.7\%) and sensitivity (47/47) was 100\%. Stool cultures and the immunochromatographic test showed concordant results in 95.5 \% of cases (328/342) in comparative studies. Positive and negative predictive values were 77\% (95\% CI: 65\% - 86.5\%) and 100\% respectively. When tested on 219 stools in Chile, Vietnam, India and France, specificity (190/198) was 96\% (95\% CI 92\%-98\%) and sensitivity (21/21) was 100\%. Stool cultures and the immunochromatographic test showed concordant results in 96.3 \% of cases (211/219) in comparative studies. Positive and negative predictive values were 72.4\% (95\% CI 56.1\%-88.6\%) and 100 \%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This one-step dipstick test performed well for diagnosis of S. sonnei both on stools and on rectal swabs. These data confirm a preliminary study done in Chile.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0080267 PONE-D-13-22571 [pii]}, author = {Duran, C and Nato, F and Dartevelle, S and L N Phuong and Taneja, N and Ungeheuer, M N and Soza, G and Anderson, L and Benadof, D and Zamorano, A and Diep, T T and Nguyen, T Q and Nguyen, V H and Ottone, C and Begaud, E and Pahil, S and Prado, V and Sansonetti, P and Germani, Y} } @article {7986, title = {{Rapid diagnosis of diarrhea caused by Shigella sonnei using dipsticks; comparison of rectal swabs, direct stool and stool culture}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, year = {2013}, pages = {e80267}, edition = {2013/11/28}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We evaluated a dipstick test for rapid detection of Shigella sonnei on bacterial colonies, directly on stools and from rectal swabs because in actual field situations, most pathologic specimens for diagnosis correspond to stool samples or rectal swabs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The test is based on the detection of S. sonnei lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-side chains using phase I-specific monoclonal antibodies coupled to gold particles, and displayed on a one-step immunochromatographic dipstick. A concentration as low as 5 ng/ml of LPS was detected in distilled water and in reconstituted stools in 6 minutes. This is the optimal time for lecture to avoid errors of interpretation. In distilled water and in reconstituted stools, an unequivocal positive reaction was obtained with 4 x 10(6) CFU/ml of S. sonnei. The specificity was 100{\%} when tested with a battery of Shigella and different unrelated strains. When tested on 342 rectal swabs in Chile, specificity (281/295) was 95.3{\%} (95{\%} CI: 92.9{\%} - 97.7{\%}) and sensitivity (47/47) was 100{\%}. Stool cultures and the immunochromatographic test showed concordant results in 95.5 {\%} of cases (328/342) in comparative studies. Positive and negative predictive values were 77{\%} (95{\%} CI: 65{\%} - 86.5{\%}) and 100{\%} respectively. When tested on 219 stools in Chile, Vietnam, India and France, specificity (190/198) was 96{\%} (95{\%} CI 92{\%}-98{\%}) and sensitivity (21/21) was 100{\%}. Stool cultures and the immunochromatographic test showed concordant results in 96.3 {\%} of cases (211/219) in comparative studies. Positive and negative predictive values were 72.4{\%} (95{\%} CI 56.1{\%}-88.6{\%}) and 100 {\%}, respectively. CONCLUSION: This one-step dipstick test performed well for diagnosis of S. sonnei both on stools and on rectal swabs. These data confirm a preliminary study done in Chile.}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0080267 PONE-D-13-22571 [pii]}, author = {Duran, C and Nato, F and Dartevelle, S and L N Phuong and Taneja, N and Ungeheuer, M N and Soza, G and Anderson, L and Benadof, D and Zamorano, A and Diep, T T and Nguyen, T Q and Nguyen, V H and Ottone, C and Begaud, E and Pahil, S and Prado, V and Sansonetti, P and Germani, Y} } @article {2222, title = {{Rapid diagnosis of diarrhea caused by Shigella sonnei using dipsticks; comparison of rectal swabs, direct stool and stool culture}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, year = {2013}, pages = {e80267}, edition = {2013/11/28}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We evaluated a dipstick test for rapid detection of Shigella sonnei on bacterial colonies, directly on stools and from rectal swabs because in actual field situations, most pathologic specimens for diagnosis correspond to stool samples or rectal swabs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The test is based on the detection of S. sonnei lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-side chains using phase I-specific monoclonal antibodies coupled to gold particles, and displayed on a one-step immunochromatographic dipstick. A concentration as low as 5 ng/ml of LPS was detected in distilled water and in reconstituted stools in 6 minutes. This is the optimal time for lecture to avoid errors of interpretation. In distilled water and in reconstituted stools, an unequivocal positive reaction was obtained with 4 x 10(6) CFU/ml of S. sonnei. The specificity was 100\% when tested with a battery of Shigella and different unrelated strains. When tested on 342 rectal swabs in Chile, specificity (281/295) was 95.3\% (95\% CI: 92.9\% - 97.7\%) and sensitivity (47/47) was 100\%. Stool cultures and the immunochromatographic test showed concordant results in 95.5 \% of cases (328/342) in comparative studies. Positive and negative predictive values were 77\% (95\% CI: 65\% - 86.5\%) and 100\% respectively. When tested on 219 stools in Chile, Vietnam, India and France, specificity (190/198) was 96\% (95\% CI 92\%-98\%) and sensitivity (21/21) was 100\%. Stool cultures and the immunochromatographic test showed concordant results in 96.3 \% of cases (211/219) in comparative studies. Positive and negative predictive values were 72.4\% (95\% CI 56.1\%-88.6\%) and 100 \%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This one-step dipstick test performed well for diagnosis of S. sonnei both on stools and on rectal swabs. These data confirm a preliminary study done in Chile.}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0080267 PONE-D-13-22571 [pii]}, author = {Duran, C and Nato, F and Dartevelle, S and L N Phuong and Taneja, N and Ungeheuer, M N and Soza, G and Anderson, L and Benadof, D and Zamorano, A and Diep, T T and Nguyen, T Q and Nguyen, V H and Ottone, C and Begaud, E and Pahil, S and Prado, V and Sansonetti, P and Germani, Y} } @article {16255, title = {Rapid isolation and susceptibility testing of Leptospira spp. using a new solid medium, LVW agar}, journal = {Antimicrob Agents ChemotherAntimicrob Agents ChemotherAntimicrob Agents Chemother}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {Jan}, pages = {297-302}, keywords = {*Agar, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Carbon dioxide, Colony Count, Microbial, Culture Media/*chemistry, Humans, Leptospira interrogans/*drug effects/*growth \& development/isolation \&, Leptospirosis/drug therapy/microbiology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, purification/pathogenicity, Rabbits}, isbn = {1098-6596 (Electronic)
0066-4804 (Linking)}, author = {Wuthiekanun, V. and Amornchai, P. and Paris, D. H. and Langla, S. and Thaipadunpanit, J. and Chierakul, W. and Smythe, L. D. and White, N. J. and Day, N. P. and Limmathurotsakul, D. and Peacock, S. J.} } @article {3296, title = {The Rapidly Expanding Family of Human Polyomaviruses: Recent Developments in Understanding Their Life Cycle and Role in Human Pathology}, journal = {PLoS Pathogens}, volume = {9}, year = {2013}, chapter = {e1003206}, author = {White, MK}, editor = {Gordon, J and Khalili, K} } @article {2958, title = {Rare cystic liver lesions: a diagnostic and managing challenge}, journal = {World Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {19}, number = {43}, year = {2013}, month = {nov}, pages = {7603{\textendash}7619}, abstract = {Cystic formations within the liver are a frequent finding among populations. Besides the common cystic lesions, like simple liver cysts, rare cystic liver lesions like cystadenocarcinoma should also be considered in the differential diagnosis. Thorough knowledge of each entity{\textquoteright}s nature and course are key elements to successful treatment. Detailed search in PubMed, Cochrane Database, and international published literature regarding rare cystic liver lesions was carried out. In our research are included not only primary rare lesions like cystadenoma, hydatid cyst, and polycystic liver disease, but also secondary ones like metastasis from gastrointestinal stromal tumors lesions. Up-to date knowledge regarding diagnosis and management of rare cystic liver lesions is provided. A diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm is also proposed. The need for a multidisciplinary approach by a team including radiologists and surgeons familiar with liver cystic entities, diagnostic tools, and treatment modalities is stressed. Patients with cystic liver lesions must be carefully evaluated by a multidisciplinary team, in order to receive the most appropriate treatment, since many cystic liver lesions have a malignant potential and evolution.}, keywords = {Algorithms, Caroli, Caroli Disease, Clinical Protocols, Cystadenocarcinoma, Cystadenoma, Cystic tumor, Cysts, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Gastrointestinal stromal tumors, Hepatic, Hepatic lesion, Humans, Hydatid cyst, Liver cyst, Liver Diseases, Liver Neoplasms, Metastases, Patient Care Team, Polycystic liver disease, Predictive Value of Tests, Treatment Outcome}, issn = {2219-2840}, doi = {10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7603}, author = {Bakoyiannis, Andreas and Delis, Spiros and Triantopoulou, Charina and Dervenis, Christos} } @article {3651, title = {Rare types of rotaviruses isolated from children with acute gastroenteritis in Patras, Greece.}, journal = {Intervirology}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {237{\textendash}241}, abstract = {

Acute diarrhea remains a major public health issue worldwide, with gastroenteritis agents associated with a high morbidity, especially in infants and young children. A 1-year study (2009-2010) of rotavirus \{\{\}(RV)-caused\{\}\} pediatric diarrhea was performed on hospitalized children admitted with symptoms of acute diarrhea to the University Hospital of Patras, Greece.

}, doi = {10.1159/000351183}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000351183}, author = {Kokkinos, Petros A and Ziros, Panos G and Monini, Marina and Lampropoulou, Petroula and Karampini, Anthoula and Papachatzi, Eleni and Mantagos, Stefanos and Ruggeri, Franco M and Vantarakis, Apostolos} } @article {8603, title = {{Is reactivation of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis associated to increased annual rainfall}}, journal = {Parasite}, volume = {20}, year = {2013}, pages = {44}, author = {Rudzinski, M and Meyer, A and Khoury, M and Couto, C} } @article {1743, title = {Recent advances in drinking water disinfection: successes and challenges.}, journal = {Rev Environ Contam Toxicol.}, volume = {222}, year = {2013}, pages = {111-170}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Drinking water is the most important single source of human exposure to gastroenteric diseases, mainly as a result of the ingestion of microbial contaminated water. Waterborne microbial agents that pose a health risk to humans include enteropathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Therefore, properly assessing whether these hazardous agents enter drinking water supplies, and if they do, whether they are disinfected adequately, are undoubtedly aspects critical to protecting public health. As new pathogens emerge, monitoring for relevant indicator microorganisms (e.g., process microbial indicators, fecal indicators, and index and model organisms) is crucial to ensuring drinking water safety. Another crucially important step to maintaining public health is implementing Water Safety Plans (WSPs), as is recommended by the current WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Good WSPs include creating health-based targets that aim to reduce microbial risks and adverse health effects to which a population is exposed through drinking water. The use of disinfectants to inactivate microbial pathogens in drinking water has played a central role in reducing the incidence of waterborne diseases and is considered to be among the most successful interventions for preserving and promoting public health. Chlorine-based disinfectants are the most commonly used disinfectants and are cheap and easy to use. Free chlorine is an effective disinfectant for bacteria and viruses; however, it is not always effective against C. parvum and G. lamblia. Another limitation of using chlorination is that it produces disinfection by-products (DBPs), which pose potential health risks of their own. Currently, most drinking water regulations aggressively address DBP problems in public water distribution systems. The DBPs of most concern include the trihalomethanes (THMs), the haloacetic acids (HAAs), bromate, and chlorite. However, in the latest edition of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, it is recommended that water disinfection should never be compromised by attempting to control DBPs. The reason for this is that the risks of human illness and death from pathogens in drinking water are much greater than the risks from exposure to disinfectants and disinfection by-products. Nevertheless, if DBP levels exceed regulatory limits, strategies should focus on eliminating organic impurities that foster their formation, without compromising disinfection. As alternatives to chlorine, disinfectants such as chloramines, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and UV disinfection are gaining popularity. Chlorine and each of these disinfectants have individual advantage and disadvantage in terms of cost, efficacystability, ease of application, and nature of disinfectant by-products (DBPs). Based on efficiency, ozone is the most efficient disinfectant for inactivating bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. In contrast, chloramines are the least efficient and are not recommended for use as primary disinfectants. Chloramines are favored for secondary water disinfection, because they react more slowly than chlorine and are more persistent in distribution systems. In addition, chloramines produce lower DBP levels than does chlorine, although microbial activity in the distribution system may produce nitrate from monochloramine, when it is used as a residual disinfectant, Achieving the required levels of water quality, particularly microbial inactivation levels, while minimizing DBP formation requires the application of proper risk and disinfection management protocols. In addition, the failure of conventional treatment processes to eliminate critical waterborne pathogens in drinking water demand that improved and/or new disinfection technologies be developed. Recent research has disclosed that nanotechnology may offer solutions in this area, through the use of nanosorbents, nanocatalysts, bioactive nanoparticles, nanostructured catalytic membranes, and nanoparticle-enhanced filtration.}, author = {Ngwenya, N. and Ncube, E. J. and Parsons, J.} } @inbook {16842, title = {Recent advances in drinking water disinfection: successes and challenges}, booktitle = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology}, year = {2013}, pages = {111{\textendash}170}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, author = {Ngwenya, Nonhlanhla and Ncube, Esper J and Parsons, James} } @article {2204, title = {{Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, pages = {822{\textendash}80}, abstract = {Although Escherichia coli can be an innocuous resident of the gastrointestinal tract, it also has the pathogenic capacity to cause significant diarrheal and extraintestinal diseases. Pathogenic variants of E. coli (pathovars or pathotypes) cause much morbidity and mortality worldwide. Consequently, pathogenic E. coli is widely studied in humans, animals, food, and the environment. While there are many common features that these pathotypes employ to colonize the intestinal mucosa and cause disease, the course, onset, and complications vary significantly. Outbreaks are common in developed and developing countries, and they sometimes have fatal consequences. Many of these pathotypes are a major public health concern as they have low infectious doses and are transmitted through ubiquitous mediums, including food and water. The seriousness of pathogenic E. coli is exemplified by dedicated national and international surveillance programs that monitor and track outbreaks; unfortunately, this surveillance is often lacking in developing countries. While not all pathotypes carry the same public health profile, they all carry an enormous potential to cause disease and continue to present challenges to human health. This comprehensive review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the intestinal pathotypes of E. coli.}, keywords = {Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents: therapeutic use, Bacterial, Bacterial: drug effects, Child, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: diagnosis, Diarrhea: epidemiology, Diarrhea: microbiology, Diarrhea: physiopathology, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Reservoirs, Disease Reservoirs: microbiology, Disease Transmission, Drug Resistance, Epidemiological Monitoring, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli Vaccines, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: metabolism, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Evolution, Humans, Infant, Infectious, Molecular, Phylogeny, Preschool}, issn = {1098-6618}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00022-13}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3811233\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Croxen, Matthew A and Law, Robyn J and Scholz, Roland and Keeney, Kristie M and Wlodarska, Marta and B B Finlay} } @article {7972, title = {{Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, pages = {822{\textendash}80}, abstract = {

Although Escherichia coli can be an innocuous resident of the gastrointestinal tract, it also has the pathogenic capacity to cause significant diarrheal and extraintestinal diseases. Pathogenic variants of E. coli (pathovars or pathotypes) cause much morbidity and mortality worldwide. Consequently, pathogenic E. coli is widely studied in humans, animals, food, and the environment. While there are many common features that these pathotypes employ to colonize the intestinal mucosa and cause disease, the course, onset, and complications vary significantly. Outbreaks are common in developed and developing countries, and they sometimes have fatal consequences. Many of these pathotypes are a major public health concern as they have low infectious doses and are transmitted through ubiquitous mediums, including food and water. The seriousness of pathogenic E. coli is exemplified by dedicated national and international surveillance programs that monitor and track outbreaks; unfortunately, this surveillance is often lacking in developing countries. While not all pathotypes carry the same public health profile, they all carry an enormous potential to cause disease and continue to present challenges to human health. This comprehensive review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the intestinal pathotypes of E. coli.

}, keywords = {Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents: therapeutic use, Bacterial, Bacterial: drug effects, Child, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: diagnosis, Diarrhea: epidemiology, Diarrhea: microbiology, Diarrhea: physiopathology, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Reservoirs, Disease Reservoirs: microbiology, Disease Transmission, Drug Resistance, Epidemiological Monitoring, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli Vaccines, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli: metabolism, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Evolution, Humans, Infant, Infectious, Molecular, Phylogeny, Preschool}, issn = {1098-6618}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00022-13}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3811233{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Croxen, Matthew A and Law, Robyn J and Scholz, Roland and Keeney, Kristie M and Wlodarska, Marta and B B Finlay} } @article {13975, title = {Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic {Escherichia} coli.}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, pages = {822{\textendash}80}, abstract = {Although Escherichia coli can be an innocuous resident of the gastrointestinal tract, it also has the pathogenic capacity to cause significant diarrheal and extraintestinal diseases. Pathogenic variants of E. coli (pathovars or pathotypes) cause much morbidity and mortality worldwide. Consequently, pathogenic E. coli is widely studied in humans, animals, food, and the environment. While there are many common features that these pathotypes employ to colonize the intestinal mucosa and cause disease, the course, onset, and complications vary significantly. Outbreaks are common in developed and developing countries, and they sometimes have fatal consequences. Many of these pathotypes are a major public health concern as they have low infectious doses and are transmitted through ubiquitous mediums, including food and water. The seriousness of pathogenic E. coli is exemplified by dedicated national and international surveillance programs that monitor and track outbreaks; unfortunately, this surveillance is often lacking in developing countries. While not all pathotypes carry the same public health profile, they all carry an enormous potential to cause disease and continue to present challenges to human health. This comprehensive review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the intestinal pathotypes of E. coli.}, keywords = {Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents: therapeutic use, Bacterial, Bacterial: drug effects, Child, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: diagnosis, Diarrhea: epidemiology, Diarrhea: microbiology, Diarrhea: physiopathology, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Reservoirs, Disease Reservoirs: microbiology, Disease Transmission, Drug Resistance, Epidemiological Monitoring, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli Vaccines, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: metabolism, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Evolution, Humans, Infant, Infectious, Molecular, Phylogeny, Preschool}, issn = {1098-6618}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00022-13}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3811233\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Croxen, Matthew A and Law, Robyn J and Scholz, Roland and Keeney, Kristie M and Wlodarska, Marta and B B Finlay} } @article {9780, title = {{Recent developments in Blastocystis research}}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {82}, year = {2013}, pages = {1{\textendash}32}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-407706-5.00001-0}, author = {Clark, CG and Van Der Giezen, M and Alfellani, MA and Stensvold, CR} } @article {7961, title = {{Recent progress towards development of a Shigella vaccine}}, journal = {Expert Review of Vaccines}, volume = {12}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis}, abstract = {

The burden of dysentery due to shigellosis among children in the developing world is still a major concern. A safe and efficacious vaccine against this disease is a priority, since no licensed vaccine is available. This review provides an update of vaccine achievements focusing on subunit vaccine strategies and the forthcoming strategies surrounding this approach. In particular, this review explores several aspects of the pathogenesis of shigellosis and the elicited immune response as being the basis of vaccine requirements. The use of appropriate Shigella antigens, together with the right adjuvants, may offer safety, efficacy and more convenient delivery methods for massive worldwide vaccination campaigns.

}, keywords = {adjuvants, mucosal delivery, Nanoparticles, Shigella, subunit vaccines}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1586/erv.12.135?journalCode=ierv20}, author = {Ana I Camacho and Juan M Irache and Gamazo, Carlos} } @article {10208, title = {{Recommendations following a multi-laboratory comparison of microbial source tracking methods}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {18}, year = {2013}, pages = {6829{\textendash}6838}, author = {JR Stewart and Boehm, AB and Dubinsky, EA and Fong, TT and Goodwin, KD and Griffith, JF and Noble, RT and Shanks, OC and Vijayavel, K and Weisberg, SB} } @article {13227, title = {Reduction of Aeromonas hidrophyla biofilm on stainless stell surface by essential oils}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {44}, year = {2013}, pages = {73-80}, doi = {10.1590/S1517-83822013005000015}, author = {Millezi, A. F. and Cardoso, Md and Alves, E. and Piccoli, R. H.} } @article {6176, title = {Reduction of bacteriophage MS2 by filtration and irradiation determined by culture and quantitative real-time RT{\textendash}PCR}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {256{\textendash}266}, author = {Lodder, WJ and Van Den Berg, HHJL and Rutjes, SA and Bouwknegt, M and Schijven, JF and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {7302, title = {Relationship between water quality parameters and the survival of indicator microorganisms {\textendash} \textit{{Escherichia} coli} {\textendash} in a stormwater wetland}, journal = {Water Science \& Technology}, volume = {68}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, pages = {1650}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2013.386}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wst.2013.386}, author = {Cheng, Jing and Niu, Siping and Kim, Youngchul} } @article {9057, title = {{Relationship between water quality parameters and the survival of indicator microorganisms - Escherichia coli - In a stormwater wetland}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {68}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {1650{\textendash}1656}, abstract = {Indicator microorganisms - Escherichia coli - in a stormwater wetland controlling non-point source pollution in the Keum River basin was studied and the relationship between water quality parameters and the survival of E. coli was investigated by Pearson correlation analysis based on 16 sets of data collected on dry days. A significant seasonal variation of the density of E. coli was observed in the influent and effluent. A dominant decay of E. coli was found in almost all the wetland components. In the settling pond, the density was observed to vary negatively with pH and the removal of total suspended solids, and the decay was promoted by solar radiation. In the aeration pond, the survival of E. coli was encouraged negatively by the dilution effect, unfavorable increase of dissolved oxygen (DO) and sedimentation with coarse particles. In the marsh wetland, the reduction of E. coli was positively influenced by UV radiation, obvious increase of pH, DO and sedimentation with algae and particles. In the polishing pond, the introduction of E. coli with avian feces and growth of the bacteria were more prevalent than decay. Although this introduction or growth was almost negligible, further study will be conducted in the future.}, keywords = {Dry days, E. coli, indicator microorganisms, Non-point pollution, Stormwater wetland}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2013.386}, author = {Cheng, Jing and Niu, Siping and Kim, Youngchul} } @article {5450, title = {{Removal efficiency of a constructed wetland combined with ultrasound and UV devices for wastewater reuse in agriculture}}, journal = {Environ. Technol}, volume = {34}, year = {2013}, pages = {2327{\textendash}2336}, author = {Toscano, A and Hellio, C and Marzo, A and Milani, M and Lebret, K and Cirelli, GL and Langergraber, G} } @article {12542, title = {Removal mechanisms and kinetics of trace tetracycline by two types of activated sludge treating freshwater sewage and saline sewage}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution ResearchEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {3024-3033}, isbn = {0944-1344}, author = {Li, Bing and Zhang, Tong} } @article {8686, title = {{Removal of indicator bacteriophages from municipal wastewater by a full-scale membrane bioreactor and a conventional activated sludge process: Implications to water reuse}}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {129}, year = {2013}, pages = {526{\textendash}531}, abstract = {The effectiveness of a full scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) in the removal of bacteriophages and bacterial fecal indicators from municipal wastewater was compared with that obtained by conventional activated sludge process (CASP). Somatic coliphages (SOMCPH) and F-RNA specific bacteriophages (FRNAPH) were always detected in the pre-treated effluent (mean: 6Log10), while phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis were not always present (mean: 3.9Log10). The MBR process was able to achieve respectively 2.7 and 1.7Log10 higher reductions of SOMCPH and FRNAPH compared to CASP (significant differences: P{\textless}0.05). SOMCPH were found to be the most suitable indicators for assessing MBR performance, since they showed greater resistance to biofiltration than FRNAPH and a more regular distribution in pre-treated effluent than BFRAGPH. Moreover, since the traditional bacterial indicators were almost totally removed by biofiltration, SOMCPH proved to be the best indicators to evaluate the microbiological risk when MBR effluent is discharged into natural waters or reused. ?? 2012 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Fecal indicators, Membrane bioreactor, Wastewater treatment, Water reuse}, isbn = {0960-8524}, issn = {09608524}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.113}, author = {De Luca, Giovanna and Sacchetti, Rossella and Leoni, Erica and Zanetti, Franca} } @article {3217, title = {{Removal of indicator bacteriophages from municipal wastewater by a full-scale membrane bioreactor and a conventional activated sludge process: Implications to water reuse}}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {129}, year = {2013}, pages = {526{\textendash}531}, abstract = {The effectiveness of a full scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) in the removal of bacteriophages and bacterial fecal indicators from municipal wastewater was compared with that obtained by conventional activated sludge process (CASP). Somatic coliphages (SOMCPH) and F-RNA specific bacteriophages (FRNAPH) were always detected in the pre-treated effluent (mean: 6Log10), while phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis were not always present (mean: 3.9Log10). The MBR process was able to achieve respectively 2.7 and 1.7Log10 higher reductions of SOMCPH and FRNAPH compared to CASP (significant differences: P{\textless}0.05). SOMCPH were found to be the most suitable indicators for assessing MBR performance, since they showed greater resistance to biofiltration than FRNAPH and a more regular distribution in pre-treated effluent than BFRAGPH. Moreover, since the traditional bacterial indicators were almost totally removed by biofiltration, SOMCPH proved to be the best indicators to evaluate the microbiological risk when MBR effluent is discharged into natural waters or reused. ?? 2012 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Fecal indicators, Membrane bioreactor, Wastewater treatment, Water reuse}, isbn = {0960-8524}, issn = {09608524}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.113}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.113}, author = {De Luca, Giovanna and Sacchetti, Rossella and Leoni, Erica and Zanetti, Franca} } @article {10858, title = {Removal of indicator bacteriophages from municipal wastewater by a full-scale membrane bioreactor and a conventional activated sludge process: Implications to water reuse}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {129}, year = {2013}, pages = {526{\textendash}531}, author = {De Luca, Giovanna and Sacchetti, Rossella and Leoni, Erica and Zanetti, Franca} } @article {17028, title = {Removal of indicator bacteriophages from municipal wastewater by a full-scale membrane bioreactor and a conventional activated sludge process: implications to water reuse}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {129}, year = {2013}, pages = {526{\textendash}531}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {De Luca, Giovanna and Sacchetti, Rossella and Leoni, Erica and Zanetti, Franca} } @article {716, title = {Removal of waterborne bacteria from surface water and groundwater by cost-effective household water treatment systems (HWTS): A sustainable solution for improving water quality in rural communities of Africa}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {39}, year = {2013}, month = {07/2013}, pages = {445-456}, abstract = {
In this study 5 household water-treatment devices/systems (HWTS) were constructed using inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel, zeolites and clays). They included the silver-impregnated porous pot filter (SIPP), the ceramic candle filter (CCF), the conventional biosand filter (BSF-S), a modified biosand filter with zeolites (BSF-Z), and a bucket filter (BF). Their ability to remove turbidity and pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae) from synthetic sterile water, groundwater and surface-water sources was evaluated. The flow rates ranged from 0.05 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 to 2.49 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 for SIPP; 1 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 to 4 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 for CCF; 0.81 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 to 6.84 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 for BSF-S; 1.74 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 to 19.2 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 for BSF-Z; and from 106.5 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 to 160.5 l{\textperiodcentered}h-1 for BF. The highest (64\% to 98\% (0.74 to 1.08 NTU)) and lowest (14\% to 76\% (2.91 to 7.19 NTU)) average percentage turbidity removals were noted for SIPP and BF, respectively. The SIPP was the only device that consistently removed 100\% of all target pathogens throughout the study. Its performance was found to be significantly superior (p\<0.05) compared to that of the other four devices. Sixty (60\%) to 100\% bacterial removals were observed for BSF-S; 90\% to 100\% for BSF-Z; 90\% to 100\% for CCF; and 40\% to 99.9\% for BF. Based on the findings of this study the SIPP can be recommended for use by rural communities as it consistently produced high-quality water that complied with the SANS 241 turbidity and microbiological limits for drinking water.
}, keywords = {household water treatment, safe drinking water, waterborne pathogens}, isbn = {1816-7950}, url = {http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/wsa/v39n4/02.pdf}, author = {M N B Momba and K Mwabi, B B Mamba} } @article {5930, title = {{Replication of hepatitis E virus in three-dimensional cell culture}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {187}, year = {2013}, pages = {327{\textendash}332}, author = {Berto, A and W H van der Poel and Hakze R van der Honing and Martelli, F and La Ragione, RM and Inglese, N and Collins, J and Grierson, S and Johne, R and Reetz, J and Dastjerdi, A and Banks, M} } @article {13216, title = {Resistance and inactivation kinetics of bacterial strains isolated from the non-chlorinated and chlorinated effluents of a WWTP}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {3363-3383}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph10083363}, author = {S. Martinez-Hernandez and Vazquez-Rodriguez, G. A. and Beltran-Hernandez, R. I. and Prieto-Garcia, F. and Miranda-Lopez, J. M. and Franco-Abuin, C. M. and Alvarez-Hernandez, A. and Iturbe, U. and Coronel-Olivares, C.} } @article {13470, title = {Resistance of Fasciola hepatica against triclabendazole in cattle in Cajamarca (Peru): A clinical trial and in vive efficacy test in sheep}, journal = {Vet Parasitol}, volume = {195}, year = {2013}, pages = {118-121}, author = {Ortiz, P. and Scarcella, S. and Cerna, C. and Rosales, C. and Cabrera, M. and Guzman, M. and Lamenza, P. and Solana, H.} } @article {6323, title = {Review of {Campylobacter} spp. in drinking and environmental waters}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {95}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, pages = {39{\textendash}47}, issn = {01677012}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.008}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167701213001838}, author = {Pitkanen, Tarja} } @article {7809, title = {Review of Campylobacter spp. in drinking and environmental waters}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {95}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {10}, pages = {39-47}, keywords = {Until 2006, BKPyV and JCPyV were the only known human polyomaviruses. A third polyomavirus, simian virus 40 whose natural host is the macaque was accidently introduced into man because of contaminated poliovirus vaccines, although there is epidemiological evidence that SV40 may be transmitted between man independently from contaminated vaccines. Since 2007, 10 new human polyomaviruses have been identified: KIPyV, WUPyV, Merkel cell polyomavirus, trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus, and human polyomaviruses 6, 7, 9, 10, STL, and 12. Moreover, the DNA of the monkey lymphotropic polyomavirus has been amplified from human peripheral blood. Seroepidemiological studies frequently based on the presence of antibodies against the major capsid protein VP1 or virus-like particles indicate that most human adults have been exposed to many, if not all, human polyomaviruses. However, because of the high amino acid sequence identity between VP1 of some human polyomaviruses, cross-reactivity of antibodies is occasionally observed. In addition, human sera possess reactivity against VP1 of polyomaviruses from other species, suggesting serological cross-reaction with known or closely related, yet unidentified human polyomaviruses and/or the possibility of zoonotic transmission. Thus, current serological results should be interpreted with caution, and controls excluding cross-reactivity with other polyomaviruses are required.

}, issn = {10529276}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.1747}, author = {Moens, Ugo and Van Ghelue, Marijke and Song, Xiaobo and Ehlers, Bernhard} } @article {8446, title = {{Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibody in HIV/AIDS-infected individuals in Maputo, Mozambique}}, journal = {Revista de Sa{\'u}de P{\'u}blica}, volume = {47}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {890{\textendash}896}, author = {Domingos, A and Ito, LS and Coelho, E and L{\'u}cio, JM and Matida, LH and Ramos Jr, AN} } @article {325, title = {Setting research priorities to reduce mortality and morbidity of childhood diarrhoeal disease in the next 15 years}, year = {2013}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001446}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001446}, author = {Wazny, K and Zipursky, A and Black, R and Curtis, V and Duggan, C} } @article {2513, title = {Setting research priorities to reduce mortality and morbidity of childhood diarrhoeal disease in the next 15 years}, year = {2013}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001446}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001446}, author = {Wazny, K and Zipursky, A and Black, R and Curtis, V and Duggan, C} } @article {3636, title = {Setting research priorities to reduce mortality and morbidity of childhood diarrhoeal disease in the next 15 years}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {e1001446}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001446}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001446}, author = {Wazny, K and Zipursky, A and Black, R and Curtis, V and Duggan, C and Guerrant, R and Levine, M and Petri, WA Jr and M Santosham and Scharf, R and Sherman, PM and Simpson, E and Young, M and Bhutta, ZA} } @article {8439, title = {{Severe South American ocular toxoplasmosis is associated with decreased Ifn-$\gamma$/Il-17a and increased Il-6/Il-13 intraocular levels}}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, year = {2013}, pages = {e2541}, author = {De-la-Torre, A and Sauer, A and Pfaff, AW and Bourcier, T and Brunet, J and Speeg-Schatz, C and Ballonzoli, L and Villard, O and Ajzenberg, D and Sundar, N and Grigg, ME and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE and Candolfi, E} } @article {14780, title = {Sewage pollution in urban stormwater runoff as evident from the widespread presence of multiple microbial and chemical source tracking markers}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {463-464}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The concurrence of human sewage contamination in urban stormwater runoff (n=. 23) from six urban catchments across Australia was assessed by using both microbial source tracking (MST) and chemical source tracking (CST) markers. Out of 23 stormwater samples human adenovirus (HAv), human polyomavirus (HPv) and the sewage-associated markers; Methanobrevibacter smithii nifH and Bacteroides HF183 were detected in 91\%, 56\%, 43\% and 96\% of samples, respectively. Similarly, CST markers paracetamol (87\%), salicylic acid (78\%) acesulfame (96\%) and caffeine (91\%) were frequently detected. Twenty one samples (91\%) were positive for six to eight sewage related MST and CST markers and remaining two samples were positive for five and four markers, respectively. A very good consensus ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater. 91\%) observed between the concurrence of the HF183, HAv, acesulfame and caffeine suggests good predictability of the presence of HAv in samples positive for one of the three markers. High prevalence of HAv (91\%) also suggests that other enteric viruses may also be present in the stormwater samples which may pose significant health risks. This study underscores the benefits of employing a set of MST and CST markers which could include monitoring for HF183, adenovirus, caffeine and paracetamol to accurately detect human sewage contamination along with credible information on the presence of human enteric viruses, which could be used for more reliable public health risk assessments. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is recommended that some degree of treatment of captured stormwater would be required if it were to be used for non-potable purposes. {\textcopyright} 2013.}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.020}, author = {Sidhu, J.P.S. and Ahmed, W. and Gernjak, W. and Aryal, R. and McCarthy, D. and Palmer, A. and Kolotelo, P. and Toze, S.} } @article {15151, title = {Sewage pollution in urban stormwater runoff as evident from the widespread presence of multiple microbial and chemical source tracking markers}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {463}, year = {2013}, pages = {488{\textendash}496}, author = {Sidhu, JPS and Ahmed, W and Gernjak, W and Aryal, R and McCarthy, D and Palmer, A and Kolotelo, P and Toze, S} } @article {13036, title = {Sewage pollution in urban stormwater runoff as evident from the widespread presence of multiple microbial and chemical source tracking markers}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {463}, year = {2013}, pages = {488{\textendash}496}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Sidhu, JPS and Ahmed, W and Gernjak, W and Aryal, R and McCarthy, D and Palmer, A and Kolotelo, P and Toze, S} } @article {979, title = {Sewage pollution in urban stormwater runoff as evident from the widespread presence of multiple microbial and chemical source tracking markers}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {463-464}, year = {2013}, pages = {488{\textendash}496}, abstract = {

The concurrence of human sewage contamination in urban stormwater runoff (n=. 23) from six urban catchments across Australia was assessed by using both microbial source tracking (MST) and chemical source tracking (CST) markers. Out of 23 stormwater samples human adenovirus (HAv), human polyomavirus (HPv) and the sewage-associated markers; Methanobrevibacter smithii nifH and Bacteroides HF183 were detected in 91\%, 56\%, 43\% and 96\% of samples, respectively. Similarly, CST markers paracetamol (87\%), salicylic acid (78\%) acesulfame (96\%) and caffeine (91\%) were frequently detected. Twenty one samples (91\%) were positive for six to eight sewage related MST and CST markers and remaining two samples were positive for five and four markers, respectively. A very good consensus (\>. 91\%) observed between the concurrence of the HF183, HAv, acesulfame and caffeine suggests good predictability of the presence of HAv in samples positive for one of the three markers. High prevalence of HAv (91\%) also suggests that other enteric viruses may also be present in the stormwater samples which may pose significant health risks. This study underscores the benefits of employing a set of MST and CST markers which could include monitoring for HF183, adenovirus, caffeine and paracetamol to accurately detect human sewage contamination along with credible information on the presence of human enteric viruses, which could be used for more reliable public health risk assessments. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is recommended that some degree of treatment of captured stormwater would be required if it were to be used for non-potable purposes. {\textcopyright} 2013.

}, keywords = {Adenovirus, Fecal source tracking, Micro-pollutants, Sewage contamination, Stormwater}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.020}, author = {Sidhu, J. P S and Ahmed, W. and Gernjak, W. and Aryal, R. and McCarthy, D. and Palmer, A. and Kolotelo, P. and Toze, S.} } @article {13799, title = {Sewage pollution in urban stormwater runoff as evident from the widespread presence of multiple microbial and chemical source tracking markers}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {463-464}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The concurrence of human sewage contamination in urban stormwater runoff (n=. 23) from six urban catchments across Australia was assessed by using both microbial source tracking (MST) and chemical source tracking (CST) markers. Out of 23 stormwater samples human adenovirus (HAv), human polyomavirus (HPv) and the sewage-associated markers; Methanobrevibacter smithii nifH and Bacteroides HF183 were detected in 91\%, 56\%, 43\% and 96\% of samples, respectively. Similarly, CST markers paracetamol (87\%), salicylic acid (78\%) acesulfame (96\%) and caffeine (91\%) were frequently detected. Twenty one samples (91\%) were positive for six to eight sewage related MST and CST markers and remaining two samples were positive for five and four markers, respectively. A very good consensus ({\textbackslash}textgreater. 91\%) observed between the concurrence of the HF183, HAv, acesulfame and caffeine suggests good predictability of the presence of HAv in samples positive for one of the three markers. High prevalence of HAv (91\%) also suggests that other enteric viruses may also be present in the stormwater samples which may pose significant health risks. This study underscores the benefits of employing a set of MST and CST markers which could include monitoring for HF183, adenovirus, caffeine and paracetamol to accurately detect human sewage contamination along with credible information on the presence of human enteric viruses, which could be used for more reliable public health risk assessments. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is recommended that some degree of treatment of captured stormwater would be required if it were to be used for non-potable purposes. {\textcopyright} 2013.}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.020}, author = {Sidhu, J.P.S. and Ahmed, W. and Gernjak, W. and Aryal, R. and McCarthy, D. and Palmer, A. and Kolotelo, P. and Toze, S.} } @article {7600, title = {{Sewage pollution in urban stormwater runoff as evident from the widespread presence of multiple microbial and chemical source tracking markers}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {463-464}, year = {2013}, pages = {488-496}, abstract = {

The concurrence of human sewage contamination in urban stormwater runoff (n=. 23) from six urban catchments across Australia was assessed by using both microbial source tracking (MST) and chemical source tracking (CST) markers. Out of 23 stormwater samples human adenovirus (HAv), human polyomavirus (HPv) and the sewage-associated markers; Methanobrevibacter smithii nifH and Bacteroides HF183 were detected in 91{\%}, 56{\%}, 43{\%} and 96{\%} of samples, respectively. Similarly, CST markers paracetamol (87{\%}), salicylic acid (78{\%}) acesulfame (96{\%}) and caffeine (91{\%}) were frequently detected. Twenty one samples (91{\%}) were positive for six to eight sewage related MST and CST markers and remaining two samples were positive for five and four markers, respectively. A very good consensus ({\textgreater}. 91{\%}) observed between the concurrence of the HF183, HAv, acesulfame and caffeine suggests good predictability of the presence of HAv in samples positive for one of the three markers. High prevalence of HAv (91{\%}) also suggests that other enteric viruses may also be present in the stormwater samples which may pose significant health risks. This study underscores the benefits of employing a set of MST and CST markers which could include monitoring for HF183, adenovirus, caffeine and paracetamol to accurately detect human sewage contamination along with credible information on the presence of human enteric viruses, which could be used for more reliable public health risk assessments. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is recommended that some degree of treatment of captured stormwater would be required if it were to be used for non-potable purposes. {\textcopyright} 2013.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.020}, author = {Sidhu, J.P.S. and Ahmed, W. and Gernjak, W. and Aryal, R. and McCarthy, D. and Palmer, A. and Kolotelo, P. and Toze, S.} } @book {13025, title = {Sewer processes: microbial and chemical process engineering of sewer networks}, year = {2013}, publisher = {CRC press}, organization = {CRC press}, author = {Hvitved-Jacobsen, Thorkild and Vollertsen, Jes and Nielsen, Asbj{\o}rn Haaning} } @article {4293, title = {{Shiga toxin 2-encoding bacteriophages in human fecal samples from healthy individuals.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {16}, year = {2013}, month = {aug}, pages = {4862{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages (Stx phages) carry the stx gene and convert nonpathogenic bacterial strains into Shiga toxin-producing bacteria. Previous studies have shown that high densities of free and infectious Stx phages are found in environments polluted with feces and also in food samples. Taken together, these two findings suggest that Stx phages could be excreted through feces, but this has not been tested to date. In this study, we purified Stx phages from 100 fecal samples from 100 healthy individuals showing no enteric symptoms. The phages retrieved from each sample were then quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In total, 62{\%} of the samples carried Stx phages, with an average value of 2.6 \× 10(4) Stx phages/g. This result confirms the excretion of free Stx phages by healthy humans. Moreover, the Stx phages from feces were able to propagate in enrichment cultures of stx-negative Escherichia coli (strains C600 and O157:H7) and in Shigella sonnei, indicating that at least a fraction of the Stx phages present were infective. Plaque blot hybridization revealed lysis by Stx phages from feces. Our results confirm the presence of infectious free Stx phages in feces from healthy persons, possibly explaining the environmental prevalence observed in previous studies. It cannot be ruled out, therefore, that some positive stx results obtained during the molecular diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-related diseases using stool samples are due to the presence of Stx phages.

}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages: physiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: virology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Humans, Infant, Nucleic Acid, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Homology, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Shiga Toxin 2: metabolism, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: virology, Shigella sonnei, Shigella sonnei: virology, Viral Plaque Assay}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01158-13}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3754710{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Mart{\'\i}nez-Castillo, Alexandre and Quir{\'o}s, Pablo and Navarro, Ferran and Mir{\'o}, Elisenda and Muniesa, Maite} } @article {8069, title = {{Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in drinking water supplies of north Paran{\'a} State, Brazil.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {114}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {apr}, pages = {1230{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

AIM: To determine the occurrence and characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in drinking water supplies treated and untreated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Drinking water samples (n = 1850) were collected from 41 municipalities in the north of Paran\á State between February 2005 and January 2006. Escherichia coli isolates (n = 300) were recovered from water and investigated for the presence of virulence markers related to STEC by PCR. STEC isolates recovered were then characterized for both phenotypic and genotypic traits. A total of 12 isolates (11 from untreated water and one from treated water) were positive for stx, including five positive for both stx1 and stx2, two positive for stx1 and five positive for stx2. None of the STEC isolates contained eae, but other virulence genes were observed such as ehxA (100{\%}), saa (100{\%}), lpfAO113 (75{\%}), iha (42{\%}), subAB (25{\%}) and cdtV (8{\%}). Multidrug resistance was identified in 25{\%} of the STEC isolates. The 12 STEC isolates belonged to seven distinct serotypes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing revealed the presence of two clusters and two clones in this region. CONCLUSION: Drinking water, especially from untreated water supplies, can be source of STEC strains potentially pathogenic for humans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The investigation of the drinking water supplies for pathogenic E. coli, as STEC, may be useful to prevent waterborne outbreaks.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Brazil, Cercopithecus aethiops, drinking water, Drinking Water: microbiology, Drug Resistance, Electrophoresis, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Gel, genotype, Hemolysin Proteins, Hemolysin Proteins: genetics, Multiple, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Pulsed-Field, Serotyping, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: genetics, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: classification, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} puri, Vero Cells, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Water Supply}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12113}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23279284}, author = {Lascowski, K M S and Guth, B E C and Martins, F H and Rocha, S P D and Irino, K and Pelayo, J S} } @article {14125, title = {Shiga toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli in drinking water supplies of north {Paran{\'a}} {State}, {Brazil}.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {114}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {apr}, pages = {1230{\textendash}9}, abstract = {AIM: To determine the occurrence and characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in drinking water supplies treated and untreated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Drinking water samples (n = 1850) were collected from 41 municipalities in the north of Paran{\'a} State between February 2005 and January 2006. Escherichia coli isolates (n = 300) were recovered from water and investigated for the presence of virulence markers related to STEC by PCR. STEC isolates recovered were then characterized for both phenotypic and genotypic traits. A total of 12 isolates (11 from untreated water and one from treated water) were positive for stx, including five positive for both stx1 and stx2, two positive for stx1 and five positive for stx2. None of the STEC isolates contained eae, but other virulence genes were observed such as ehxA (100\%), saa (100\%), lpfAO113 (75\%), iha (42\%), subAB (25\%) and cdtV (8\%). Multidrug resistance was identified in 25\% of the STEC isolates. The 12 STEC isolates belonged to seven distinct serotypes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing revealed the presence of two clusters and two clones in this region. CONCLUSION: Drinking water, especially from untreated water supplies, can be source of STEC strains potentially pathogenic for humans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The investigation of the drinking water supplies for pathogenic E. coli, as STEC, may be useful to prevent waterborne outbreaks.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Brazil, Cercopithecus aethiops, drinking water, Drinking Water: microbiology, Drug Resistance, Electrophoresis, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Gel, genotype, Hemolysin Proteins, Hemolysin Proteins: genetics, Multiple, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Pulsed-Field, Serotyping, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: genetics, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: classification, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri, Vero Cells, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Water Supply}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12113}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23279284}, author = {Lascowski, K M S and Guth, B E C and Martins, F H and Rocha, S P D and Irino, K and Pelayo, J S} } @article {2328, title = {{Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in drinking water supplies of north Paran{\'a} State, Brazil.}}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {114}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {apr}, pages = {1230{\textendash}9}, abstract = {AIM: To determine the occurrence and characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in drinking water supplies treated and untreated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Drinking water samples (n = 1850) were collected from 41 municipalities in the north of Paran{\'a} State between February 2005 and January 2006. Escherichia coli isolates (n = 300) were recovered from water and investigated for the presence of virulence markers related to STEC by PCR. STEC isolates recovered were then characterized for both phenotypic and genotypic traits. A total of 12 isolates (11 from untreated water and one from treated water) were positive for stx, including five positive for both stx1 and stx2, two positive for stx1 and five positive for stx2. None of the STEC isolates contained eae, but other virulence genes were observed such as ehxA (100\%), saa (100\%), lpfAO113 (75\%), iha (42\%), subAB (25\%) and cdtV (8\%). Multidrug resistance was identified in 25\% of the STEC isolates. The 12 STEC isolates belonged to seven distinct serotypes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing revealed the presence of two clusters and two clones in this region. CONCLUSION: Drinking water, especially from untreated water supplies, can be source of STEC strains potentially pathogenic for humans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The investigation of the drinking water supplies for pathogenic E. coli, as STEC, may be useful to prevent waterborne outbreaks.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Brazil, Cercopithecus aethiops, drinking water, Drinking Water: microbiology, Drug Resistance, Electrophoresis, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Gel, genotype, Hemolysin Proteins, Hemolysin Proteins: genetics, Multiple, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Pulsed-Field, Serotyping, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: genetics, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: classification, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri, Vero Cells, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Water Supply}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12113}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23279284}, author = {Lascowski, K M S and Guth, B E C and Martins, F H and Rocha, S P D and Irino, K and Pelayo, J S} } @article {11234, title = {{The significance of cerebral toxocariasis: a model system for exploring the link between brain involvement, behaviour and the immune response}}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology}, volume = {216}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, pages = {78{\textendash}83}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.074120}, author = {Holland, C V and Hamilton, C M} } @article {13844, title = {The significance of virulence factors in {Helicobacter} pylori.}, journal = {Journal of digestive diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, month = {jul}, pages = {341{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is linked to various gastroduodenal diseases; however, only a small fraction of these patients develop associated diseases. Despite the high prevalence of H. pylori infection in Africa and South Asia, the incidence of gastric cancer in these areas is much lower than those in other countries. The incidence of gastric cancer tends to decrease from north to south in East Asia. Such geographical differences in the pathology can be explained, at least in part, by the presence of different types of H. pylori virulence factors in addition to host and environmental factors. Virulence factors of H. pylori, such as CagA, VacA, DupA, IceA, OipA and BabA, have been demonstrated to be the predictors of severe clinical outcomes. Interestingly, a meta-analysis showed that CagA seropositivity was associated with gastric cancer compared with gastritis, even in East Asian countries where almost the strains possess cagA. Another meta-analysis also confirmed the significance of vacA, dupA and iceA. However, it is possible that additional important pathogenic genes may exist because H. pylori consists of approximately 1600 genes. Despite the advances in our understanding of the development of H. pylori infection-related diseases, further work is required to clarify the roles of H. pylori virulence factors.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Genes, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: complications, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: pathogenicity, Humans, Stomach Neoplasms, Stomach Neoplasms: microbiology, Virulence, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Virulence: genetics}, issn = {1751-2980}, doi = {10.1111/1751-2980.12054}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3721066\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Shiota, Seiji and Suzuki, Rumiko and Yamaoka, Yoshio} } @article {8216, title = {{The significance of virulence factors in Helicobacter pylori.}}, journal = {Journal of Digestive Diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, month = {jul}, pages = {341{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is linked to various gastroduodenal diseases; however, only a small fraction of these patients develop associated diseases. Despite the high prevalence of H.\ pylori infection in Africa and South Asia, the incidence of gastric cancer in these areas is much lower than those in other countries. The incidence of gastric cancer tends to decrease from north to south in East Asia. Such geographical differences in the pathology can be explained, at least in part, by the presence of different types of H.\ pylori virulence factors in addition to host and environmental factors. Virulence factors of H.\ pylori, such as CagA, VacA, DupA, IceA, OipA and BabA, have been demonstrated to be the predictors of severe clinical outcomes. Interestingly, a meta-analysis showed that CagA seropositivity was associated with gastric cancer compared with gastritis, even in East Asian countries where almost the strains possess cagA. Another meta-analysis also confirmed the significance of vacA, dupA and iceA. However, it is possible that additional important pathogenic genes may exist because H.\ pylori consists of approximately 1600 genes. Despite the advances in our understanding of the development of H.\ pylori infection-related diseases, further work is required to clarify the roles of H.\ pylori virulence factors.

}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Genes, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: complications, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: pathogenicity, Humans, Stomach Neoplasms, Stomach Neoplasms: microbiology, Virulence, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Virulence: genetics}, issn = {1751-2980}, doi = {10.1111/1751-2980.12054}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3721066{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Shiota, Seiji and Suzuki, Rumiko and Yamaoka, Yoshio} } @article {9073, title = {{Simulated sunlight inactivation of norovirus and FRNA bacteriophage in seawater}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {115}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {915{\textendash}922}, abstract = {AIMS: To investigate norovirus (NoV) and F-specific RNA (FRNA) bacteriophage inactivation in seawater under simulated sunlight and temperature conditions representative of summer (235~W~m(-2) ; 17{\textdegree}C) and winter (56~W~m(-2) ; 10{\textdegree}C) conditions in Ireland.{\$}\backslash{\$}n{\$}\backslash{\$}nMETHODS AND RESULTS: Inactivation experiments were carried out using a collimated beam of simulated sunlight and 100~ml of filtered seawater seeded with virus under controlled temperature conditions. NoV concentrations were determined using RT-qPCR, and FRNA bacteriophage concentrations were determined using RT-qPCR and by plaque assay. For all virus types, the fluence required to achieve a 90{\{}{\%}{\}} reduction in detectable viruses (S90 value) using RT-qPCR was not significantly different between summer and winter conditions. S90 values for FRNA bacteriophage determined by plaque assay were significantly less than those determined by RT-qPCR. Unlike S90 values determined by RT-qPCR, a significant difference existed between summer and winter S90 values for infectious FRNA bacteriophage.{\$}\backslash{\$}n{\$}\backslash{\$}nCONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that RT-qPCR significantly overestimates the survival of infectious virus and is therefore unsuitable for determining the inactivation rates of viruses in seawater.{\$}\backslash{\$}n{\$}\backslash{\$}nSIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Results from this study provide initial data on the inactivation of NoV and FRNA bacteriophage in seawater under representative summer and winter conditions and will be of interest to shellfish and water management agencies alike.}, keywords = {FRNA bacteriophage, Norovirus, Plaque Assay, RT-qPCR, Solar disinfection, Virus Inactivation}, isbn = {1364-5072}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12279}, author = {Flannery, J and Rajko-Nenow, P and Keaveney, S and O{\textquoteright}Flaherty, V and Dor{\'e}, W} } @article {6669, title = {Simulated sunlight inactivation of norovirus and {FRNA} bacteriophage in seawater}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {115}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {sep}, pages = {915{\textendash}922}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12279}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jam.12279}, author = {Flannery, J. and Rajko-Nenow, P. and Keaveney, S. and O{\textquoteright}Flaherty, V. and Dore, W.} } @article {5730, title = {{Single-Dose Administration of Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccination in the Context of Hepatitis A Vaccine Recommendations}}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, year = {2013}, pages = {e939{\textendash}44}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2013.04.012}, author = {Ott, JJ and Wiersma, ST} } @article {8968, title = {Singlet Oxygen Formation from Wastewater Organic Matter}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {15}, year = {2013}, pages = {8179-8186}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0013-936X}, doi = {10.1021/es401814s}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es401814s http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es401814s}, author = {Mostafa, Sim{\'o}n and Rosario-Ortiz, Fernando L.} } @article {15433, title = {Snail intermediate host/Schistosoma haematobium relationships from three transmission sites in Benin (West Africa)}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {112}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Germany}, month = {Jan}, pages = {227-33}, abstract = {The relationships between three strains of Schistosoma haematobium (Doh, So-Tchanhoue and Toho-Todougba; from Benin, West Africa) and their snail hosts were assessed by measurement of several life-history traits, including the infection rate; pre-patent period; cercarial production of each parasite strain; and growth, fecundity and survival of the host snails. Adaptations to its local snail host was found for the Toho-Todougba strain and included a short pre-patent period, a long patent period and production of more cercariae in its local snail host. In contrast, the life-history traits of the Doh and So-Tchanhoue strains indicated non-local adaptations, as some sympatric host-parasite combinations were not compatible, the highest infection rates occurred in the allopatric snail Bulinus wrighti, and the duration of cercarial production was short because of the high level of mortality of the snails. Furthermore, snail reproduction ceased following infection by each of the three parasite strains, and the life-history traits were not influenced by the miracidial dose.}, keywords = {*Host-Parasite Interactions, Adolescent, Animals, Benin, Child, Humans, purification/pathogenicity/*physiology, Schistosoma haematobium/growth \& development/isolation \&, Schistosomiasis haematobia/parasitology, Snails/*parasitology}, isbn = {1432-1955 (Electronic)
0932-0113 (Linking)}, author = {Ibikounl{\'e}, M. and Mouahid, G. and Mintsa Ngu{\'e}ma, R. and Sakiti, N. and Massougbodji, A. and Mon{\'e}, H.} } @article {8301, title = {Sociodemographic determinants of prevalence and incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Portuguese adults}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {18}, year = {2013}, pages = {413{\textendash}422}, author = {Bastos, Joana and Peleteiro, B{\'a}rbara and Barros, Rita and Alves, Lu{\'\i}s and Severo, Milton and F{\'a}tima Pina, Maria and Pinto, Hugo and Carvalho, Sandra and Marinho, Ana and Guimar{\~a}es, Jo{\~a}o T and others} } @article {11237, title = {{Soil contamination by parasite eggs in rural village in the Philippines}}, journal = {Tropical Biomedicine}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {495{\textendash}503}, author = {Horiuchi, S and Paller, V G and Uga, S} } @article {4201, title = {{Solar Advanced Oxidation Processes as disinfection tertiary treatments for real wastewater: Implications for water reclamation}}, journal = {Applied Catalysis B: Environmental}, volume = {136-137}, year = {2013}, month = {jun}, pages = {341{\textendash}350}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the disinfection of a real secondary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant using added H2O2 (20 and 50mgL-1), TiO2 (100mgL-1) and photo-Fenton under natural solar radiation in compound parabolic collector photo-reactors. For this purpose, the naturally occurring Escherichia coli, spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SRC), somatic coliphages (SOMCPH) and F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNA) were tested before and along the different solar treatments. Results for E. coli showed the different treatments efficiency rank: photo-Fenton pH 3{\textgreater}H2O2 (20mgL-1)/solar{\textgreater}TiO2/solar{\textgreater}solar photo-inactivation. On the other hand, for viral indicators the ranking was: photo-Fenton pH 3{\textgreater}TiO2/solar{\textgreater}H2O2 (20mgL-1)/solar{\textgreater}solar photo-inactivation. SRC was the most resistant indicator microorganism in all the evaluated processes. For the first time these solar processes have been evaluated for naturally occurring conventional indicators such as E. coli and alternative indicators such as SOMCPH and FRNA as viral indicators or spores of SRC as protozoan indicators. Some of the tested solar photo-oxidation treatments have shown their capability to reduce E. coli concentrations to a suitable level for water reuse (according to different reclaimed water guidelines) within affordable treatment times.}, keywords = {AOP, Bacteriophages, E. coli, reclaimed water, Solar disinfection}, issn = {09263373}, doi = {10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.01.069}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926337313001057}, author = {Agull{\'o}-Barcel{\'o}, M. and Polo-L{\'o}pez, M.I. and Lucena, F. and Jofre, J. and Fernandez-Ibanez, P.} } @article {16959, title = {Solar advanced oxidation processes as disinfection tertiary treatments for real wastewater: implications for water reclamation}, journal = {Applied Catalysis B: Environmental}, volume = {136}, year = {2013}, pages = {341{\textendash}350}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Agull{\'o}-Barcel{\'o}, M{\'\i}riam and Polo-L{\'o}pez, Mar{\'\i}a I and Lucena, Francesco and Jofre, Joan and Fernandez-Iba{\~n}ez, Pilar} } @article {14499, title = {Source and transport of human enteric viruses in deep municipal water supply wells}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, month = {may}, pages = {4096{\textendash}103}, abstract = {Until recently, few water utilities or researchers were aware of possible virus presence in deep aquifers and wells. During 2008 and 2009 we collected a time series of virus samples from six deep municipal water-supply wells. The wells range in depth from approximately 220 to 300 m and draw water from a sandstone aquifer. Three of these wells draw water from beneath a regional aquitard, and three draw water from both above and below the aquitard. We also sampled a local lake and untreated sewage as potential virus sources. Viruses were detected up to 61\% of the time in each well sampled, and many groundwater samples were positive for virus infectivity. Lake samples contained viruses over 75\% of the time. Virus concentrations and serotypes observed varied markedly with time in all samples. Sewage samples were all extremely high in virus concentration. Virus serotypes detected in sewage and groundwater were temporally correlated, suggesting very rapid virus transport, on the order of weeks, from the source(s) to wells. Adenovirus and enterovirus levels in the wells were associated with precipitation events. The most likely source of the viruses in the wells was leakage of untreated sewage from sanitary sewer pipes.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Genes, Geology, Humans, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage/virology, Viral}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es400509b}, author = {Bradbury, K. R. and Borchardt, M. A. and Gotkowitz, M. and Spencer, S. K. and Zhu, J. and Hunt, R. J.} } @article {14883, title = {Source and transport of human enteric viruses in deep municipal water supply wells}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, month = {may}, pages = {4096{\textendash}103}, abstract = {Until recently, few water utilities or researchers were aware of possible virus presence in deep aquifers and wells. During 2008 and 2009 we collected a time series of virus samples from six deep municipal water-supply wells. The wells range in depth from approximately 220 to 300 m and draw water from a sandstone aquifer. Three of these wells draw water from beneath a regional aquitard, and three draw water from both above and below the aquitard. We also sampled a local lake and untreated sewage as potential virus sources. Viruses were detected up to 61\% of the time in each well sampled, and many groundwater samples were positive for virus infectivity. Lake samples contained viruses over 75\% of the time. Virus concentrations and serotypes observed varied markedly with time in all samples. Sewage samples were all extremely high in virus concentration. Virus serotypes detected in sewage and groundwater were temporally correlated, suggesting very rapid virus transport, on the order of weeks, from the source(s) to wells. Adenovirus and enterovirus levels in the wells were associated with precipitation events. The most likely source of the viruses in the wells was leakage of untreated sewage from sanitary sewer pipes.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Genes, Geology, Humans, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage/virology, Viral}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es400509b}, author = {Bradbury, K. R. and Borchardt, M. A. and Gotkowitz, M. and Spencer, S. K. and Zhu, J. and Hunt, R. J.} } @article {6728, title = {Source and {Transport} of {Human} {Enteric} {Viruses} in {Deep} {Municipal} {Water} {Supply} {Wells}}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, month = {may}, pages = {4096{\textendash}4103}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es400509b}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es400509b}, author = {Bradbury, Kenneth R. and Borchardt, Mark A. and Gotkowitz, Madeline and Spencer, Susan K. and Zhu, Jun and Hunt, Randall J.} } @article {1491, title = {Source and transport of human enteric viruses in deep municipal water supply wells}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {47}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, note = {Bradbury, Kenneth R Borchardt, Mark A Gotkowitz, Madeline Spencer, Susan K Zhu, Jun Hunt, Randall J eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2013/04/11 06:00 Environ Sci Technol. 2013 May 7;47(9):4096-103. doi: 10.1021/es400509b. Epub 2013 Apr 19.}, pages = {4096-103}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Until recently, few water utilities or researchers were aware of possible virus presence in deep aquifers and wells. During 2008 and 2009 we collected a time series of virus samples from six deep municipal water-supply wells. The wells range in depth from approximately 220 to 300 m and draw water from a sandstone aquifer. Three of these wells draw water from beneath a regional aquitard, and three draw water from both above and below the aquitard. We also sampled a local lake and untreated sewage as potential virus sources. Viruses were detected up to 61\% of the time in each well sampled, and many groundwater samples were positive for virus infectivity. Lake samples contained viruses over 75\% of the time. Virus concentrations and serotypes observed varied markedly with time in all samples. Sewage samples were all extremely high in virus concentration. Virus serotypes detected in sewage and groundwater were temporally correlated, suggesting very rapid virus transport, on the order of weeks, from the source(s) to wells. Adenovirus and enterovirus levels in the wells were associated with precipitation events. The most likely source of the viruses in the wells was leakage of untreated sewage from sanitary sewer pipes.}, keywords = {Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Genes, Viral Geology Humans Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sewage/virology *Water Microbiology *Water Supply}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es400509b}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23570447}, author = {Bradbury, K. R. and Borchardt, M. A. and Gotkowitz, M. and Spencer, S. K. and Zhu, J. and Hunt, R. J.} } @article {12906, title = {A spatial analysis of pit latrine density and groundwater source contamination}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {185}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {4261{\textendash}4272}, author = {Wright, Jim A and Cronin, Aidan and Okotto-Okotto, Joseph and Yang, Hong and Pedley, Steve and Gundry, Stephen W} } @article {16652, title = {A spatial analysis of pit latrine density and groundwater source contamination}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {185}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {4261{\textendash}4272}, author = {Wright, Jim A and Cronin, Aidan and Okotto-Okotto, Joseph and Yang, Hong and Pedley, Steve and Gundry, Stephen W} } @article {10615, title = {{Spatio-temporal dynamics of cholera during the first year of the epidemic in Haiti}}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {7}, year = {2013}, pages = {2145}, author = {Gaudart, J and Rebaudet, S and Barrais, R and Boncy, J and Faucher, B and Piarroux, M and Magloire, R and Thimothe, G and Piarroux, R} } @article {12193, title = {Starvation, Together with the SOS Response, Mediates High Biofilm-Specific Tolerance to the Fluoroquinolone Ofloxacin}, journal = {PloS Genetics}, number = {1}, year = {2013}, note = {Bernier, Steve P. Lebeaux, David DeFrancesco, Alicia S. Valomon, Amandine Soubigou, Guillaume Coppee, Jean-Yves Ghigo, Jean-Marc Beloin, Christophe
Beloin, Christophe/F-9284-2012
Beloin, Christophe/0000-0002-0344-3443; Valomon, Amandine/0000-0002-2004-2262}, month = {Jan}, abstract = {

High levels of antibiotic tolerance are a hallmark of bacterial biofilms. In contrast to well-characterized inherited antibiotic resistance, molecular mechanisms leading to reversible and transient antibiotic tolerance displayed by biofilm bacteria are still poorly understood. The physiological heterogeneity of biofilms influences the formation of transient specialized subpopulations that may be more tolerant to antibiotics. In this study, we used random transposon mutagenesis to identify biofilm-specific tolerant mutants normally exhibited by subpopulations located in specialized niches of heterogeneous biofilms. Using Escherichia coli as a model organism, we demonstrated, through identification of amino acid auxotroph mutants, that starved biofilms exhibited significantly greater tolerance towards fluoroquinolone ofloxacin than their planktonic counterparts. We demonstrated that the biofilm-associated tolerance to ofloxacin was fully dependent on a functional SOS response upon starvation to both amino acids and carbon source and partially dependent on the stringent response upon leucine starvation. However, the biofilm-specific ofloxacin increased tolerance did not involve any of the SOS-induced toxin-antitoxin systems previously associated with formation of highly tolerant persisters. We further demonstrated that ofloxacin tolerance was induced as a function of biofilm age, which was dependent on the SOS response. Our results therefore show that the SOS stress response induced in heterogeneous and nutrient-deprived biofilm microenvironments is a molecular mechanism leading to biofilm-specific high tolerance to the fluoroquinolone ofloxacin.

}, isbn = {1553-7404}, author = {Bernier, S. P. and Lebeaux, D. and DeFrancesco, A. S. and Valomon, A. and Soubigou, G. and Coppee, J. Y. and Ghigo, J. M. and Beloin, C.} } @article {11460, title = {Studies on the potential and public health importance of non-biting synanthropic flies in the mechanical transmission of human enterohelminths}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {107}, year = {2013}, pages = {812-818}, author = {Adenusi, AA and Adewoga, TO} } @mastersthesis {7157, title = {The study of constitutive relationships of multi-phase flow for geological carbon sequestration}, year = {2013}, note = {1535624}, school = {Colorado School of Mines}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {To develop effective strategies for safely storing CO 2 in deep geological formations, it is necessary to understand the fundamental processes that contribute to stable entrapment in naturally heterogeneous subsurface formations. However, controlled experiments to generate data at all scales of interest are not feasible, and it is challenging to use supercritical CO 2 (scCO2 ) in laboratory settings. Therefore, numerical modeling will be an essential tool for properly characterizing the capillary trapping of scCO2 in saline aquifers as well as improving the understanding of complex processes in multiphase flow systems. To produce an effective numerical model to simulate scCO2 behavior, it is essential to have reliable constitutive relationships such as the capillary pressure (Pc ){\textendash}saturation (Sw ) and relative permeability (kr ){\textendash}saturation (Sw ) relationships. Although previous studies have used constitutive models to derive constitutive relationships, the accuracy of the constitutive models for various fluids and porous media remains uncertain. Therefore, this research project developed column experiments to derive constitutive relationships by using surrogate fluids instead of scCO 2 and brine and to investigate the applicability of the constitutive models. Having the surrogate fluids makes it more feasible and cost effective to run the experiments because they can be conducted at ambient conditions. Next, the results of an intermediate tank experiment conducted to explore trapping mechanisms of scCO 2 and a numerical simulation using TOUGH2 T2VOC, using the derived constitutive relationships, were compared to verify the applicability of the derived constitutive relationships. Establishing the applicability of surrogate fluids to both measure Pc -Sw and kr -Sw relationships and producing accurate constitutive relationships will allow researchers to develop a greater understanding of the multiphase flow system and the trapping mechanisms of scCO2 in saline aquifers. Leverett scaling, the entry pressure scaling method, and the dielectric sensor method were used to obtain the Pc -Sw relationships. Both scaling methods use Pc {\textendash}Sw relationships from an air/water system in which data was collected in previous studies. All three methods yielded similar curves for the Pc -Sw relationship. However, the entry pressure scaling method shows a slightly higher entry pressure value compared to other two methods. Moreover, the irreducible saturation and residual saturation for the Soltrol 220/ Glycerol-water mixture differed from the air/water systems. Therefore, the study required measuring these two saturations independently from the scaling methods. The long column method and the hydrostatic method were used to measure the kr -Sw relationships. The experimentally obtained kr -Sw relationships differed greatly from the constitutive model kr -Sw relationships such as the van Genuchten-Mualem model. It can be concluded that the van Genuchten-Mualem model cannot be used for this test fluid and sand. Also, the result demonstrated that it is important to measure the kr -Sw relationships independently from the constitutive models. Moreover, the results did not show any hysteresis behavior. Lastly, the experimentally obtained constitutive relationships were applied to the numerical model to investigate the applicability of measured constitutive relationships and to examine the impact of constitutive relationships on the two-phase flow system. The simulation which used the experimentally obtained constitutive relationships better replicated the tank experiment compared to the one using the constitutive models without investigating the accuracy of its model. However, the numerical model could not reproduce the movement of the front of the plume because of the inappropriate entry pressure value. Overall, the study demonstrated the impact of the constitutive relationships on the two-phase flow system and the importance of having the applicable constitutive relationships to obtain a better numerical model.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0466:Geological, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Capillary pressure, Carbon sequestration, Constitutive relationship, Earth sciences, Environmental engineering, Geological, Hydrologic sciences, Relative permeability, Saturation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1346675436?accountid=14270}, author = {Mori, Hiroko} } @article {11063, title = {The study on ecological sanitation system in {Dar}-es-{Salam} ({Tanzania}).}, journal = {International Journal of Development and Sustainability}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {2256{\textendash}2265}, author = {Mahenge, A. S.} } @article {9850, title = {{Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates from a variety of animals from New South Wales, Australia}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {196}, year = {2013}, pages = {85{\textendash}89}, author = {Roberts, T and Stark, D and Harkness, J and Ellis, J} } @mastersthesis {6584, title = {Success to {Abundant} {Water} {Supply} in {Kathmandu} {Valley}}, year = {2013}, note = {1547867}, school = {University of Minnesota}, type = {phdM.{Arch}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Despite being renowned as one of the richest countries in water resources with the snowcaps of the Himalayas, Nepal has not been able to utilize its tremendous water resources. Agriculture, which is the major occupation of Nepalese people, has a water requirement that is very high throughout the entire year. Besides the need of fresh drinking water for human consumption, the importance of surface water sources is also high because of the country{\textquoteright}s dependency on hydropower electricity. Today, Kathmandu, the capital city, is already facing an overwhelming tragedy of clean potable water scarcity with only a few hours of water supply per week and blackout of more than 12 hours per day. Besides lack of quantity, quality issues are also contributing to the water crisis. Rapid population growth and direct waste disposal into the rivers within the city are the major two reasons for the depletion of both surface and ground water quality and quantity as well. Cultural and political interventions further exacerbate the issue. Various government and non-government organizations both national as well as international, are attempting to fulfill the water demand for all of the water users in the valley. However, the progress towards both quality and quantity has been slow due to lack of appropriate technology, bureaucratic entanglements and lack of finance. Not to be forgotten are the huge roles of corruption at the various levels of bureaucracy and more than a decade long political unrest. The case in Kathmandu Valley is not so unique water crisis compared to other parts of the world. Nepal water problems are not caused by lack of the resources but for other reasons unrelated to its abundant water resources such as distribution, management and lack of infrastructures etc. In this context, this paper intends to explore the major problems and the hurdles in supply of safe and sufficient drinking water, to study and analyze the ongoing efforts to resolve the problems and to recommend the most culturally appropriate, adaptable and cost effective principles and strategies to create sustainable water management system in the Valley. The study will include surveys to determine the public perception of the water crisis, conduct interviews of water officials in the rural and urban areas of Kathmandu Valley and given an analysis of recent reports and studies from previous experts, quantification of local water availability for sustainable management and future supply. This research will reveal some of the hidden issues behind the water crisis and direct to appropriate and cost effective solutions for developing countries like Nepal. The water budget calculation will disclose the availability of local sustainable water and provides the measures and necessity to maintain the balance in hydrological cycle which helps to assure water availability in future for the abundant water supply in Kathmandu Valley. I believe that abundant supply of safe drinking water is possible from the existing water resources if it can be used with a sustainably managed system. I hope to illuminate and clarify the issues surrounding the water crisis and make recommendations to help people move towards a more sustainable supply of potable water.}, keywords = {0477:Environmental Studies, 0640:Sustainability, 0729:Architecture, Architecture, Communication and the arts, Environmental Studies, Health and environmental sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal, Social sciences, Sustainability, Sustainable, water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1465433839?accountid=14270}, author = {Manandhar, Indira} } @article {8996, title = {Sunlight Inactivation of Human Viruses and Bacteriophages in Coastal Waters Containing Natural Photosensitizers}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {1870-1878}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0013-936x}, doi = {10.1021/es3036913}, url = {://WOS:000315326700012 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es3036913}, author = {Silverman, A. I. and Peterson, B. M. and Boehm, A. B. and McNeill, K. and Nelson, K. L.} } @article {5229, title = {{Sunlight inactivation of human viruses and bacteriophages in coastal waters containing natural photosensitizers.}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {1870{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Sunlight inactivation of poliovirus type 3 (PV3), adenovirus type 2 (HAdV2), and two bacteriophage (MS2 and PRD1) was investigated in an array of coastal waters to better understand solar inactivation mechanisms and the effect of natural water constituents on observed inactivation rates (k(obs)). Reactor scale inactivation experiments were conducted using a solar simulator, and k(obs) for each virus was measured in a sensitizer-free control and five unfiltered surface water samples collected from different sources. k(obs) values varied between viruses in the same water matrix, and for each virus in different matrices, with PV3 having the fastest and MS2 the slowest k(obs) in all waters. When exposed to full-spectrum sunlight, the presence of photosensitizers increased k(obs) of HAdV2, PRD1 and MS2, but not PV3, which provides evidence that the exogenous sunlight inactivation mechanism, involving damage by exogenously produced reactive intermediates, played a greater role for these viruses. While PV3 inactivation was observed to be dominated by endogenous mechanisms, this may be due to a masking of exogenous k(obs) by significantly faster endogenous k(obs). Results illustrate that differences in water composition can shift absolute and relative inactivation rates of viruses, which has important implications for natural wastewater treatment systems, solar disinfection (SODIS), and the use of indicator organisms for monitoring water quality.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae, Adenoviridae: radiation effects, Bacteriophage PRD1, Bacteriophage PRD1: radiation effects, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Levivirus, Levivirus: radiation effects, Oxygen, Poliovirus, Poliovirus: radiation effects, Salinity, Sunlight, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es3036913}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23384052}, author = {Silverman, Andrea I and Peterson, Britt M and Boehm, Alexandria B and McNeill, Kristopher and Nelson, Kara L} } @article {5178, title = {{Sunlight mediated inactivation mechanisms of Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli in clear water versus waste stabilization pond water}}, journal = {Water Research}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, keywords = {bacteria, inactivation mechanism, reactive oxygen, sensitizers, wastewater, wavelength}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.046}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004313541300852X}, author = {Kadir, Khalid and Nelson, Kara L.} } @article {2019, title = {Supplemental feeding drives endoparasite infection in wild boar in Western Spain}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {196}, number = {1-2}, year = {2013}, month = {2013/09}, pages = {114-123}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Navarro-Gonzalez, N and Fern{\'a}ndez-Llario, P and P{\'e}rez-Mart{\'\i}n, JE and Mentaberre, Gregorio and L{\'o}pez-Mart{\'\i}n, JM and Lav{\~A}n, Santiago and Serrano, E} } @mastersthesis {7228, title = {Surface-groundwater {Mixing} in {Rivers}}, year = {2013}, note = {3563687}, school = {Northwestern University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In river networks, exchange between the main channel and the subsurface is essential to biogeochemical processes. Residence times in the heterogeneous sediment are much longer than travel times in the main channel, introducing substantial delays in the downstream propagation of solutes. Streambed topography is fractal, inducing multi scale head gradients that drive fluxes in and out of the bed. Together, these processes contribute to anomalous downstream transport along river networks. This thesis details three key contributions that each elucidate an aspect of hyporheic exchange and anomalous transport in rivers. The first contribution presents a versatile stochastic model of reactive transport in river systems that allows for broad travel time distributions. The model incorporates the effects of river structure and local chemical and biological processes on whole-stream biogeochemistry. The water column flows relatively fast and is typically well aerated, but the benthic region flows slower and is colonised by autotrophic biofilms. The bed sediment harbour rich heterotrophic communities living in a heterogeneous but much slower flow field, where residence time distributions are broad. Because these very distinct reactive regions aggregate at the reach scale to produce compounded transport signatures, it is critical to account for them explicitly. The second contribution presents a physically based model that simulates solute transport in rivers and describe the scaling expected when water flows over alluvium. I use a particle tracking approach to solve transport equations in two dimensions and show that the presence of an underlying porous bed leads to ubiquitous anomalous downstream motion. Considering network scaling relationships, I am able to predict the transport scaling trends across river networks, from steep first order mountain streams to large rivers. Finally, I present experimental evidence that the fractal topography of a sand bed influences the scaling of solute transport. Riverbed topography is known to induce hyporheic exchange and influence transport dynamics along river networks. However, detailed datasets that include both topography and solute transport are lacking. In this last chapter, we provide such data and show that the fractal properties of the bed topography lead to the late time anomalous scaling of the solute data.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0425:Biogeochemistry, 0484:Geomorphology, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Biogeochemistry, Earth sciences, Environmental engineering, Geomorphology, Groundwater, Hydrologic sciences, River networks, Riverbed topography, Solute transport, surface water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1400007243?accountid=14270}, author = {Aubeneau, Antoine F.} } @article {9966, title = {{Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - United States, 1998-2008.}}, journal = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002)}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {jun}, pages = {1{\textendash}34}, abstract = {

PROBLEM/CONDITION: Foodborne diseases cause an estimated 48 million illnesses each year in the United States, including 9.4 million caused by known pathogens. Foodborne disease outbreak surveillance provides valuable insights into the agents and foods that cause illness and the settings in which transmission occurs. CDC maintains a surveillance program for collection and periodic reporting of data on the occurrence and causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States. This surveillance system is the primary source of national data describing the numbers of illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths; etiologic agents; implicated foods; contributing factors; and settings of food preparation and consumption associated with recognized foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States. REPORTING PERIOD: 1998-2008. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System collects data on foodborne disease outbreaks, defined as the occurrence of two or more cases of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food. Public health agencies in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. territories, and Freely Associated States have primary responsibility for identifying and investigating outbreaks and use a standard form to report outbreaks voluntarily to CDC. During 1998-2008, reporting was made through the electronic Foodborne Outbreak Reporting System (eFORS). Results: During 1998-2008, CDC received reports of 13,405 foodborne disease outbreaks, which resulted in 273,120 reported cases of illness, 9,109 hospitalizations, and 200 deaths. Of the 7,998 outbreaks with a known etiology, 3,633 (45{\%}) were caused by viruses, 3,613 (45{\%}) were caused by bacteria, 685 (5{\%}) were caused by chemical and toxic agents, and 67 (1{\%}) were caused by parasites. Among the 7,724 (58{\%}) outbreaks with an implicated food or contaminated ingredient reported, 3,264 (42{\%}) could be assigned to one of 17 predefined commodity categories: fish, crustaceans, mollusks, dairy, eggs, beef, game, pork, poultry, grains/beans, oils/sugars, fruits/nuts, fungi, leafy vegetables, root vegetables, sprouts, and vegetables from a vine or stalk. The commodities implicated most commonly were poultry (18.9{\%}; 95{\%} confidence interval [CI] = 17.4-20.3) and fish (18.6{\%}; CI = 17.2-20), followed by beef (11.9{\%}; CI = 10.8-13.1). The pathogen-commodity pairs most commonly responsible for outbreaks were scombroid toxin/histamine and fish (317 outbreaks), ciguatoxin and fish (172 outbreaks), Salmonella and poultry (145 outbreaks), and norovirus and leafy vegetables (141 outbreaks). The pathogen-commodity pairs most commonly responsible for outbreak-related illnesses were norovirus and leafy vegetables (4,011 illnesses), Clostridium perfringens and poultry (3,452 illnesses), Salmonella and vine-stalk vegetables (3,216 illnesses), and Clostridium perfringens and beef (2,963 illnesses). Compared with the first 2 years of the study (1998-1999), the percentage of outbreaks associated with leafy vegetables and dairy increased substantially during 2006-2008, while the percentage of outbreaks associated with eggs decreased. INTERPRETATION: Outbreak reporting rates and implicated foods varied by state and year, respectively; analysis of surveillance data for this 11-year period provides important information regarding changes in sources of illness over time. A substantial percentage of foodborne disease outbreaks were associated with poultry, fish, and beef, whereas many outbreak-related illnesses were associated with poultry, leafy vegetables, beef, and fruits/nuts. The percentage of outbreaks associated with leafy vegetables and dairy increased during the surveillance period, while the percentage associated with eggs decreased. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS: Outbreak surveillance data highlight the etiologic agents, foods, and settings involved most often in foodborne disease outbreaks and can help to identify food commodities and preparation settings in which interventions might be most effective. Analysis of data collected over several years of surveillance provides a means to assess changes in the food commodities associated most frequently with outbreaks that might occur following improvements in food safety or changes in consumption patterns or food preparation practices. Prevention of foodborne disease depends on targeted interventions at appropriate points from food production to food preparation. Efforts to reduce foodborne illness should focus on the pathogens and food commodities causing the most outbreaks and outbreak-associated illnesses, including beef, poultry, fish, and produce.

}, keywords = {Disease Outbreaks, Disease Outbreaks: statistics {\&} numerical data, Food Contamination, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: etiology, Hospitalization, Hospitalization: statistics {\&} numerical data, Humans, Population Surveillance, Salmonella Food Poisoning, Salmonella Food Poisoning: epidemiology, United States, United States: epidemiology}, issn = {1545-8636}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804024}, author = {Hannah L Gould and Walsh, Kelly A and Vieira, Antonio R and Herman, Karen and Williams, Ian T and A J Hall and Cole, Dana} } @mastersthesis {6332, title = {Surveillance of {Methicillin}-{Resistant} {Staphylococcus} aureus in a {Periodontal} {Clinic}}, year = {2013}, note = {1541886}, school = {University of California, San Francisco}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a staphylococcal bacterium that is resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. Today, MRSA accounts for 50-70\% of the nosocomial S. aureus infections acquired in healthcare facilities. MRSA contaminated surfaces and MRSA colonized human carriers can act as reservoirs for transmission, and dental clinics may serve as a source of disease transmission in the community. Objective: Survey an 18 chair university-based periodontal clinic for MRSA contamination among hard environmental surfaces, dental unit water lines (DUWLs), aerosols, and human carriers. Methods: (1) Hard environmental surface contamination. 18 air-water syringes (AWS) from the assistant{\textquoteright}s rack were swabbed, incubated for 24 hours, and streaked onto a selective chromogenic medium that detects MRSA (CMRSAII). (2) DUWL contamination. The Millipore heterotrophic plate count sampler was used to sample water from the 18 DUWLs. Following a 48-hour incubation, grown colonies were inoculated on the CMRSAII plates. (3) Dental procedure aerosol contamination. The Millipore M Air T Tester was used to collect 1000L of aerosol during ultrasonic scaling procedures or surgical procedures using highspeed handpieces. After a 24-hour incubation, colonies morphologically consistent with S. aureus were picked, sub-cultured, and swabbed onto CMRSAII plates. (4) Human carriers. 30 healthy volunteers were recruited among the periodontal residents, staff, and faculty (IRB\#12-08736). Specimens were obtained from the anterior nares, incubated overnight, then triple streaked onto CMRSAII plates. Results: (1) The AWS swabs yielded no MRSA colonies at 24 or 48 hours. (2) No MRSA were detected in the DUWLs. (3) 21 aerosol samples were taken during periodontal procedures using ultrasonics or dental handpieces. No MRSA were detected. (4) 30 samples from the anterior nares were collected and no MRSA were detected. Four individuals had Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci. Conclusion: This study did not detect MRSA in the university-based periodontal clinic on environmental surfaces, DUWLs, aerosols, or human carriers. The literature so far, in conjunction with the data from this study, collectively suggests that the occupational risk of MRSA infection in a dental setting is probably minimal.}, keywords = {0410:Microbiology, 0567:Dentistry, Biological sciences, Dentistry, Health and environmental sciences, Microbiology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1420363451?accountid=14270}, author = {Lai, Yen-Tseng} } @article {10585, title = {{Survival and growth of Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. in well water used for drinking purposes in Garoua (North Cameroon)}}, journal = {International Journal of Bacteriology}, volume = {1-7}, year = {2013}, author = {Djaouda, M and Gak{\'e}, B and Menye, DE and Togouet, SHZ and Nola, M and Njin{\'e}, T} } @article {5847, title = {{Survival of Arcobacter butzleri during production and storage of artisan water buffalo mozzarella cheese.}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, month = {sep}, pages = {820{\textendash}824}, author = {Serraino, Andrea and Giacometti, Federica and Daminelli, Paolo and Losio, Marina N and Finazzi, Guido and Marchetti, Giacomo and Zambrini, Angelo V and Rosmini, Roberto} } @article {14364, title = {Survival of {Arcobacter} butzleri during production and storage of artisan water buffalo mozzarella cheese.}, journal = {Foodborne pathogens and disease}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, year = {2013}, month = {sep}, pages = {820{\textendash}824}, author = {Serraino, Andrea and Giacometti, Federica and Daminelli, Paolo and Losio, Marina N and Finazzi, Guido and Marchetti, Giacomo and Zambrini, Angelo V and Rosmini, Roberto} } @article {7114, title = {Survival of multi-drug resistant enteropathogenic \textit{{Escherichia} coli} and \textit{{Salmonella} paratyphi} in {Vembanadu} lake as a function of saltwater barrier along southwest coast of {India}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {jun}, pages = {324}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.221}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2013.221}, author = {Chandran, Abhirosh and Suson, P. S. and Thomas, A. P. and Hatha, Mohamed and Mazumder, Asit} } @article {12187, title = {Survival of multidrug-resistant bacteria in thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of dairy manure and waste milk}, journal = {Animal Science Journal}, volume = {84}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {May}, pages = {426-33}, keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Anaerobiosis/*physiology, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Bacteria/drug effects/*growth \& development, Cattle, Manure/*microbiology, Methane, Milk/*microbiology, Temperature, Time Factors}, isbn = {1740-0929 (Electronic)
1344-3941 (Linking)}, author = {Beneragama, N. and Iwasaki, M. and Lateef, S. A. and Yamashiro, T. and Ihara, I. and Umetsu, K.} } @article {1456, title = {Swimmer illness associated with marine water exposure and water quality indicators: impact of widely used assumptions}, journal = {Epidemiology}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, note = {Arnold, Benjamin F Schiff, Kenneth C Griffith, John F Gruber, Joshua S Yau, Vincent Wright, Catherine C Wade, Timothy J Burns, Susan Hayes, Jacqueline M McGee, Charles Gold, Mark Cao, Yiping Weisberg, Stephen B Colford, John M Jr eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2013/09/21 06:00 Epidemiology. 2013 Nov;24(6):845-53. doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000434431.06765.4a.}, pages = {845-53}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Studies of health risks associated with recreational water exposure require investigators to make choices about water quality indicator averaging techniques, exposure definitions, follow-up periods, and model specifications; however, investigators seldom describe the impact of these choices on reported results. Our objectives are to report illness risk from swimming at a marine beach affected by nonpoint sources of urban runoff, measure associations between fecal indicator bacteria levels and subsequent illness among swimmers, and investigate the sensitivity of results to a range of exposure and outcome definitions. METHODS: In 2009, we enrolled 5674 people in a prospective cohort at Malibu Beach, a coastal marine beach in California, and measured daily health symptoms 10-19 days later. Concurrent water quality samples were analyzed for indicator bacteria using culture and molecular methods. We compared illness risk between nonswimmers and swimmers, and among swimmers exposed to various levels of fecal indicator bacteria. RESULTS: Diarrhea was more common among swimmers than nonswimmers (adjusted odds ratio = 1.88 [95\% confidence interval = 1.09-3.24]) within 3 days of the beach visit. Water quality was generally good (fecal indicator bacteria levels exceeded water quality guidelines for only 7\% of study samples). Fecal indicator bacteria levels were not consistently associated with swimmer illness. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that overall inference was not substantially affected by the choice of exposure and outcome definitions. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the 3 days following a beach visit may be the most relevant period for health outcome measurement in recreational water studies. Under the water quality conditions observed in this study, fecal indicator bacteria levels were not associated with swimmer illness.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult *Bathing Beaches California/epidemiology Child Child, Preschool Diarrhea/epidemiology/*etiology Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Infant Male Middle Aged Prospective Studies Recreation Risk *Swimming Time Factors Water Microbiology/*standards Water Quality/*standards Yo}, issn = {1531-5487 (Electronic) 1044-3983 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1097/01.ede.0000434431.06765.4a}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24045718}, author = {Arnold, B. F. and Schiff, K. C. and Griffith, J. F. and Gruber, J. S. and Yau, V. and Wright, C. C. and Wade, T. J. and Burns, S. and Hayes, J. M. and McGee, C. and Gold, M. and Cao, Y. and Weisberg, S. B. and Colford, J. M., Jr.} } @article {14860, title = {Swimmer illness associated with marine water exposure and water quality indicators: impact of widely used assumptions}, journal = {Epidemiology}, volume = {24}, year = {2013}, month = {nov}, pages = {845{\textendash}53}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Studies of health risks associated with recreational water exposure require investigators to make choices about water quality indicator averaging techniques, exposure definitions, follow-up periods, and model specifications; however, investigators seldom describe the impact of these choices on reported results. Our objectives are to report illness risk from swimming at a marine beach affected by nonpoint sources of urban runoff, measure associations between fecal indicator bacteria levels and subsequent illness among swimmers, and investigate the sensitivity of results to a range of exposure and outcome definitions. METHODS: In 2009, we enrolled 5674 people in a prospective cohort at Malibu Beach, a coastal marine beach in California, and measured daily health symptoms 10-19 days later. Concurrent water quality samples were analyzed for indicator bacteria using culture and molecular methods. We compared illness risk between nonswimmers and swimmers, and among swimmers exposed to various levels of fecal indicator bacteria. RESULTS: Diarrhea was more common among swimmers than nonswimmers (adjusted odds ratio = 1.88 [95\% confidence interval = 1.09-3.24]) within 3 days of the beach visit. Water quality was generally good (fecal indicator bacteria levels exceeded water quality guidelines for only 7\% of study samples). Fecal indicator bacteria levels were not consistently associated with swimmer illness. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that overall inference was not substantially affected by the choice of exposure and outcome definitions. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the 3 days following a beach visit may be the most relevant period for health outcome measurement in recreational water studies. Under the water quality conditions observed in this study, fecal indicator bacteria levels were not associated with swimmer illness.}, keywords = {*Bathing Beaches, *Swimming, Adolescent, Adult, California/epidemiology, Child, Diarrhea/epidemiology/*etiology, Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Prospective Studies, Recreation, Risk, Time Factors, Water Microbiology/*standards, Water Quality/*standards, Young Adult}, issn = {1531-5487 (Electronic) 1044-3983 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1097/01.ede.0000434431.06765.4a}, author = {Arnold, B. F. and Schiff, K. C. and Griffith, J. F. and Gruber, J. S. and Yau, V. and Wright, C. C. and Wade, T. J. and Burns, S. and Hayes, J. M. and McGee, C. and Gold, M. and Cao, Y. and Weisberg, S. B. and Colford, J. M.} } @article {14448, title = {Swimmer illness associated with marine water exposure and water quality indicators: impact of widely used assumptions}, journal = {Epidemiology}, volume = {24}, year = {2013}, month = {nov}, pages = {845{\textendash}53}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Studies of health risks associated with recreational water exposure require investigators to make choices about water quality indicator averaging techniques, exposure definitions, follow-up periods, and model specifications; however, investigators seldom describe the impact of these choices on reported results. Our objectives are to report illness risk from swimming at a marine beach affected by nonpoint sources of urban runoff, measure associations between fecal indicator bacteria levels and subsequent illness among swimmers, and investigate the sensitivity of results to a range of exposure and outcome definitions. METHODS: In 2009, we enrolled 5674 people in a prospective cohort at Malibu Beach, a coastal marine beach in California, and measured daily health symptoms 10-19 days later. Concurrent water quality samples were analyzed for indicator bacteria using culture and molecular methods. We compared illness risk between nonswimmers and swimmers, and among swimmers exposed to various levels of fecal indicator bacteria. RESULTS: Diarrhea was more common among swimmers than nonswimmers (adjusted odds ratio = 1.88 [95\% confidence interval = 1.09-3.24]) within 3 days of the beach visit. Water quality was generally good (fecal indicator bacteria levels exceeded water quality guidelines for only 7\% of study samples). Fecal indicator bacteria levels were not consistently associated with swimmer illness. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that overall inference was not substantially affected by the choice of exposure and outcome definitions. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the 3 days following a beach visit may be the most relevant period for health outcome measurement in recreational water studies. Under the water quality conditions observed in this study, fecal indicator bacteria levels were not associated with swimmer illness.}, keywords = {*Bathing Beaches, *Swimming, Adolescent, Adult, California/epidemiology, Child, Diarrhea/epidemiology/*etiology, Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Prospective Studies, Recreation, Risk, Time Factors, Water Microbiology/*standards, Water Quality/*standards, Young Adult}, issn = {1531-5487 (Electronic) 1044-3983 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1097/01.ede.0000434431.06765.4a}, author = {Arnold, B. F. and Schiff, K. C. and Griffith, J. F. and Gruber, J. S. and Yau, V. and Wright, C. C. and Wade, T. J. and Burns, S. and Hayes, J. M. and McGee, C. and Gold, M. and Cao, Y. and Weisberg, S. B. and Colford, J. M.} } @article {15547, title = {Swimmer{\textquoteright}s itch: etiology, impact, and risk factors in Europe}, journal = {Trends Parasitol}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, note = {Soldanova, Miroslava
Selbach, Christian
Kalbe, Martin
Kostadinova, Aneta
Sures, Bernd
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
England
2013/01/12 06:00
Trends Parasitol. 2013 Feb;29(2):65-74. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.12.002. Epub 2013 Jan 7.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {65-74}, abstract = {This review summarizes current knowledge about the occurrence and distribution of swimmer{\textquoteright}s itch, with a focus on Europe. Although recent publications have reviewed the biology and systematics of bird schistosomes and their complex host-parasite interactions, the underlying ecological factors that create favorable conditions for the parasites and the way humans interact with infested water bodies require further attention. Relevant studies from the past decade were analyzed to reveal an almost complete set of ecological factors as a prerequisite for establishing the life cycle of bird schistosomes. Based on both records of the occurrence of the parasite infective agents, and epidemiological studies that investigate outbreaks of swimmer{\textquoteright}s itch, this review concentrates on the risk factors for humans engaged in recreational water activities.}, keywords = {*Host-Parasite Interactions, *Swimming, Animals, Bird Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology, Birds/parasitology, Europe/epidemiology, Humans, prevalence, Risk Factors, Schistosoma/physiology, Schistosomiasis/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control, Skin Diseases, Parasitic/*epidemiology/parasitology, Snails/parasitology}, isbn = {1471-5007 (Electronic)
1471-4922 (Linking)}, author = {Soldanova, M. and Selbach, C. and Kalbe, M. and Kostadinova, A. and Sures, B.} } @article {17160, title = {SYBR{\textregistered}Green qPCR Salmonella detection system allowing discrimination at the genus, species and subspecies levels}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and BiotechnologyApplied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {97}, number = {22}, year = {2013}, month = {November 01}, pages = {9811-9824}, type = {journal article}, abstract = {In this work, a three-level Salmonella detection system based on a combination of seven SYBR{\textregistered}Green qPCR was developed. This detection system discriminates Salmonella at the genus, species and subspecies levels using a single 96-well plate. The SYBR{\textregistered}Green qPCR assays target the invA, rpoD, iroB and safC genes, as well as the STM0296 locus, putatively coding for a cytoplasmic protein. This study includes the design of primer pairs, in silico and in situ selectivity, sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility evaluations of the seven SYBR{\textregistered}Green qPCR assays. Each detection level displayed a selectivity of 100~\%. This combinatory SYBR{\textregistered}Green qPCR system was also compared with three commercially available Salmonella qPCR detection kits. This comparison highlighted the importance of using a multi-gene detection system to be able to detect every target strain, even those with deletion or mutation of important genes.}, isbn = {1432-0614}, author = {Barbau-Piednoir, Elodie and Bertrand, Sophie and Mahillon, Jacques and Roosens, Nancy H. and Botteldoorn, Nadine} } @article {11889, title = {A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Global Seasonality of Norovirus}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, pages = {e75922}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0075922}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075922}, author = {Ahmed, Sharia M. and Lopman, Benjamin A. and Levy, Karen} } @article {3116, title = {A systematic review of the epidemiology of echinococcosis in domestic and wild animals}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {e2249}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human echinococcosis is a neglected zoonosis caused by parasites of the genus Echinococcus. The most frequent clinical forms of echinococcosis, cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), are responsible for a substantial health and economic burden, particularly to low-income societies. Quantitative epidemiology can provide important information to improve the understanding of parasite transmission and hence is an important part of efforts to control this disease. The purpose of this review is to give an insight on factors associated with echinococcosis in animal hosts by summarising significant results reported from epidemiological studies identified through a systematic search. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The systematic search was conducted mainly in electronic databases but a few additional records were obtained from other sources. Retrieved entries were examined in order to identify available peer-reviewed epidemiological studies that found significant risk factors for infection using associative statistical methods. One hundred studies met the eligibility criteria and were suitable for data extraction. Epidemiological factors associated with increased risk of E. granulosus infection in dogs included feeding with raw viscera, possibility of scavenging dead animals, lack of anthelmintic treatment and owners{\textquoteright} poor health education and indicators of poverty. Key factors associated with E. granulosus infection in intermediate hosts were related to the hosts{\textquoteright} age and the intensity of environmental contamination with parasite eggs. E. multilocularis transmission dynamics in animal hosts depended on the interaction of several ecological factors, such as hosts{\textquoteright} population densities, host-prey interactions, landscape characteristics, climate conditions and human-related activities. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Results derived from epidemiological studies provide a better understanding of the behavioural, biological and ecological factors involved in the transmission of this parasite and hence can aid in the design of more effective control strategies.}, keywords = {Animals, Dogs, Domestic, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Wild}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0002249}, author = {Otero-Abad, Belen and Torgerson, Paul R.} } @article {6440, title = {A {Systematic} {Review} of the {Health} and {Social} {Effects} of {Menstrual} {Hygiene} {Management}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {apr}, pages = {e62004}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0062004}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062004}, author = {Sumpter, Colin and Torondel, Belen}, editor = {RezaBaradaran, Hamid} } @article {2810, title = {Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {13}, year = {2013}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC3618302}, pages = {39}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent adult AFRICA Aged AMERICA Asia CANADA Condylomata Acuminata Databases Direct DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY Female Global Health health human humans Incidence infectious Latin America male methods Middle Aged Papillomavirus Population POPULATIONS prevale}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347441}, author = {Patel, H. and Wagner, M. and Singhal, P. and Kothari, S.} } @article {15187, title = {Taenia eggs in a stabilization pond system with poor hydraulics: concern for human cysticercosis?}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {68}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, pages = {2698{\textendash}2703}, author = {Verbyla, Matthew E and Oakley, Stewart M and Lizima, Louis A and Zhang, Jie and Iriarte, Mercedes and Tejada-Martinez, Andres E and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {12658, title = {Taenia eggs in a stabilization pond system with poor hydraulics: concern for human cysticercosis?}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {68}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, pages = {2698{\textendash}2703}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Verbyla, Matthew E and Oakley, Stewart M and Lizima, Louis A and Zhang, Jie and Iriarte, Mercedes and Tejada-Martinez, Andres E and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {11442, title = {Taenia eggs in a stabilization pond system with poor hydraulics: concern for human cysticercosis?}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, year = {2013}, pages = {wst2013660}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {Verbyla, Matthew E and Oakley, Stewart M and Lizima, Louis A and Zhang, Jie and Iriarte, Mercedes and Tejada-Martinez, Andres E and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {5238, title = {{Taenia eggs in a stabilization pond system with poor hydraulics: concern for human cysticercosis?}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {68}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, month = {jan}, pages = {2698{\textendash}2703}, abstract = {

The objective of this study is to compare the removal of Taenia eggs to the removal of Ascaris eggs in a wastewater stabilization pond system consisting of three ponds in series, where the hydraulic residence time distribution has been characterized via a tracer study supported by computational fluid dynamics modeling. Despite a theoretical hydraulic retention time of 30 days, the peak dye concentration was measured in the effluent of the first pond after only 26 hours. The smaller-sized Taenia eggs were detected in higher concentrations than Ascaris eggs in the raw wastewater. Ascaris eggs were not detected in the pond system effluent, but 45 Taenia eggs/L were detected in the system effluent. If some of these eggs were of the species Taenia solium, and if the treated wastewater were used for the irrigation of crops for human consumption, farmers and consumers could potentially be at risk for neurocysticercosis. Thus, limits for Taenia eggs in irrigation water should be established, and precautions should be taken in regions where pig taeniasis is endemic. The results of this study indicate that the theoretical hydraulic retention time (volume/flow) of a pond is not always a good surrogate for helminth egg removal.

}, keywords = {corresponding author, matthew e, verbyla}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2013.556}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24355860}, author = {Verbyla, ME and S M Oakley and Lizima, LA and Zhang, J and Iriarte, M and Tejada-Martinez, AE and Mihelcic, JR} } @article {9687, title = {Taeniid species of the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) in Portugal with special focus on Echinococcus spp.}, journal = {Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {50-53}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijppaw.2012.11.007}, author = {Guerra, D. and Armua-Fernandez, M.T and Silva, M and Bravo, I. and Santos, N and Deplazes, P and Carvalho, L.M.M. de} } @article {11686, title = {{Tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda) Neglected or Emerging Human Parasite?}}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, pages = {e2535}, abstract = {

A total number of 14 valid species of Diphyllobothrium tapeworms have been described in literature to be capable of causing diphyllobothriosis, with D. latum being the major causative agent of all human infections. However, recent data indicate that some of these infections, especially when diagnosed solely on the basis of morphology, have been identified with this causative agent incorrectly, confusing other Diphyllobothrium species with D. latum. Another widely distributed species, D. dendriticum, has never been considered as a frequent parasite of man, even though it is found commonly throughout arctic and subarctic regions parasitizing piscivorous birds and mammals. Recent cases of Europeans infected with this cestode called into question the actual geographic distribution of this tapeworm, largely ignored by medical parasitologists. On the basis of revision of more than 900 available references and a description and revision of recent European human cases using morphological and molecular (cox1) data supplemented by newly characterized D. dendriticum sequences, we updated the current knowledge of the life-cycle, geographic distribution, epidemiological status, and molecular diagnostics of this emerging causal agent of zoonotic disease of man. The tapeworm D. dendriticum represents an example of a previously neglected, probably underdiagnosed parasite of man with a potential to spread globally. Recent cases of diphyllobothriosis caused by D. dendriticum in Europe {\{}(Netherlands,{\}} Switzerland and Czech Republic), where the parasite has not been reported previously, point out that causative agents of diphyllobothriosis and other zoonoses can be imported throughout the world. Molecular tools should be used for specific and reliable parasite diagnostics, and also rare or non-native species should be considered. This will considerably help improve our knowledge of the distribution and epidemiology of these human parasites.

}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0002535}, author = {Kuchta, Roman and Brabec, Jan and Kub{\'a}{\v c}kov{\'a}, Petra and Scholz, Tom{\'a}{\v s}} } @article {4838, title = {{Targeting apicoplasts in malaria parasites}}, journal = {Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets}, volume = {17}, year = {2013}, pages = {167{\textendash}177}, author = {Goodman, CD and McFadden, GI} } @article {6160, title = {Temporal variability of combined sewer overflow contaminants: Evaluation of wastewater micropollutants as tracers of faecal contamination}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {13}, year = {2013}, pages = {4370-4382}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Anne S Madoux-Humery and Dorner, Sarah and Sauv{\'e}, S{\'e}bastien and Aboulfadl, Khadija and Galarneau, Martine and Servais, Pierre and Pr{\'e}vost, Mich{\`e}le} } @inbook {11629, title = {{Teniasis por Taenia solium, Taenia saginata y Taenia asiatica}}, booktitle = {Parasitolog{\'\i}a Humana}, year = {2013}, pages = {184{\textendash}194}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, author = {Flisser, A and Willingham, AL}, editor = {Apt, W} } @article {14548, title = {Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: focus on the influence of the start-up. {A} review}, journal = {Crit Rev Biotechnol}, volume = {33}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {448{\textendash}60}, abstract = {The thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) of sewage sludge has often been found to be less stable than mesophilic treatment. In comparison to mesophilic digesters, thermophilic reactors treating sludge are generally characterized by relatively high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the effluent along with poor effluent quality, indicating a lower level of process stability. However, reviewing the literature related to the procedure for obtaining a thermophilic inoculum, it seems that most of the problems associated with the instability and the accumulation of organic intermediates are the result of the manner in which the thermophilic sludge has been obtained. In this paper, the different options available for obtaining an anaerobic digester operating at thermophilic temperature (55 degrees C) have been reviewed. In this light, rapid heating to the target temperature followed by the development of thermophilic microorganisms, which can be determined by VFA dropping to {\textless}/= 500 mg acetic acid L(-1) before increasing the organic loading rate (OLR), has been determined the most suitable means of establishing TAD.}, keywords = {*Bioreactors/microbiology, *Sewage, Anaerobiosis, Archaea/metabolism, Bacteria/metabolism, Hot Temperature}, issn = {1549-7801 (Electronic) 0738-8551 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3109/07388551.2012.726962}, author = {De la Rubia, M. A. and Riau, V. and Raposo, F. and Borja, R.} } @article {14912, title = {Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: focus on the influence of the start-up. {A} review}, journal = {Crit Rev Biotechnol}, volume = {33}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {448{\textendash}60}, abstract = {The thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) of sewage sludge has often been found to be less stable than mesophilic treatment. In comparison to mesophilic digesters, thermophilic reactors treating sludge are generally characterized by relatively high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the effluent along with poor effluent quality, indicating a lower level of process stability. However, reviewing the literature related to the procedure for obtaining a thermophilic inoculum, it seems that most of the problems associated with the instability and the accumulation of organic intermediates are the result of the manner in which the thermophilic sludge has been obtained. In this paper, the different options available for obtaining an anaerobic digester operating at thermophilic temperature (55 degrees C) have been reviewed. In this light, rapid heating to the target temperature followed by the development of thermophilic microorganisms, which can be determined by VFA dropping to {\textbackslash}textless/= 500 mg acetic acid L(-1) before increasing the organic loading rate (OLR), has been determined the most suitable means of establishing TAD.}, keywords = {*Bioreactors/microbiology, *Sewage, Anaerobiosis, Archaea/metabolism, Bacteria/metabolism, Hot Temperature}, issn = {1549-7801 (Electronic) 0738-8551 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3109/07388551.2012.726962}, author = {De la Rubia, M. A. and Riau, V. and Raposo, F. and Borja, R.} } @article {1523, title = {Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: focus on the influence of the start-up. A review}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Biotechnology}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, note = {De la Rubia, M A Riau, V Raposo, F Borja, R eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review England 2012/11/01 06:00 Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2013 Dec;33(4):448-60. doi: 10.3109/07388551.2012.726962. Epub 2012 Oct 30.}, pages = {448-60}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

The thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) of sewage sludge has often been found to be less stable than mesophilic treatment. In comparison to mesophilic digesters, thermophilic reactors treating sludge are generally characterized by relatively high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the effluent along with poor effluent quality, indicating a lower level of process stability. However, reviewing the literature related to the procedure for obtaining a thermophilic inoculum, it seems that most of the problems associated with the instability and the accumulation of organic intermediates are the result of the manner in which the thermophilic sludge has been obtained. In this paper, the different options available for obtaining an anaerobic digester operating at thermophilic temperature (55 degrees C) have been reviewed. In this light, rapid heating to the target temperature followed by the development of thermophilic microorganisms, which can be determined by VFA dropping to = 500 mg acetic acid L(-1) before increasing the organic loading rate (OLR), has been determined the most suitable means of establishing TAD.

}, keywords = {Anaerobiosis Archaea/metabolism Bacteria/metabolism *Bioreactors/microbiology Hot Temperature *Sewage}, issn = {1549-7801 (Electronic) 0738-8551 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3109/07388551.2012.726962}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23110727}, author = {De la Rubia, M. A. and Riau, V. and Raposo, F. and Borja, R.} } @mastersthesis {6208, title = {"{They} {Come}, but {They} {Don}{\textquoteright}t {Spend} as {Much} {Money}": {Livelihoods}, {Dietary} {Diversity}, {Food} {Security}, and {Nutritional} {Status} in {Two} {Roatan} {Communities} in the {Wake} of {Global} {Crises} in {Food} {Prices} and {Finance}}, year = {2013}, note = {3558996}, school = {University of South Florida}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation explores the associations between recent global crises in staple food prices and finance and the following aspects of life in two communities on the island of Roat{\'a}n, Islas de La Bahia (Bay Islands), Honduras: household livelihoods; food commoditization; dietary diversity; food security; and nutritional status. The aims of this study are: ) assess the geographic and economic source(s) of foods consumed by two different communities on Roat{\'a}n; b) discover how the most recent economic and food crises have affected foodways and nutrition on Roat{\'a}n; c) assess how these crises have affected economic growth of the tourism sector on Roat{\'a}n. The two study sites are the towns of West End and Punta Gorda, towns with different histories and different trajectories in the recent tourism boom on the island. West End is a small village located at the western edge of Roat{\'a}n and has experienced a steady growth in tourism since the 1980s. Tourism in Punta Gorda has grown noticeably since the cruise ships started making ports of call to the island in the early Twenty First Century. The theoretical perspective of this study is an amalgamation of bioculturalism and political ecology, as the strengths of these two approaches are complementary. In this case, the project is biocultural in that it investigates the linkages between global and local level political economic processes, cultural traits, and biological health indicators. The project is political ecological because it addresses the intersection of the political economic and the ecological by describing changing land use and subsistence patterns in the context of a shift in the local economy to tourism based wage labor. In terms of methodology, this project employs a mixed methods approach which triangulates qualitative and quantitative data collected through a variety of means. Participant observation, the detailed observation of and participation in social events, special occasions, work activities, and other events of daily life underpins the entire methodology. Other qualitative methods include informal interviews and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative methods include surveys to assess dietary diversity and food security and anthropometric measurements such as weight and height that serve as a baseline for calculating nutritional indices such as body mass index and body fat percentage. Overall, the sample is split about evenly in primary household livelihoods between formal tourism work, small scale enterprise, and the category of shipping, seafood, and office work. At the community level, West End is more heavily involved in tourism work and Punta Gorda is more heavily involved in shipping, seafood, and office work. Both communities have a strong component of small scale enterprise, including artisanal fishermen, water taxi operators, and vendors of food and souvenirs. Both communities are imbedded in a highly commoditized food system, with all households in the sample buying the majority of their food rather than growing or catching it. The two main effects of this circumstance are that dietary diversity and food security are associated with income level and that the current trend of rising food prices, which is associated with a trend of rising fuel prices, is making certain foods harder for some households to obtain. In general, the sample has a mode of medium dietary diversity and moderate food insecurity. Significant factors influencing dietary diversity are community, occupational group, income group, and how frequently a household does artisanal fishing. Significant factors in food security include occupational group and income group. For adult respondents, obesity is a pervasive problem and is evident in results for body mass index, body fat percentage, and waste to hip ratio, as well as in frequent discourse about diabetes and hypertension. Child measurement results show no problem with stunting or wasting and a lower prevalence of obesity than in adults. While the nutritional picture in these two communities is not as dire as it is in many Central American examples, there is room for improvement. Recommendations stemming from this project include: communities gardens to bolster access to a more diverse diet; a cooperative based on fishing of an invasive marine species in order to control its population an provide a sustainable livelihood for artisanal fishermen; and a tourism customer service course to make local people more competitive for a wider array of tourism jobs.}, keywords = {0326:Cultural anthropology, 0550:Latin American Studies, 0570:Nutrition, Bioculturalism, Cultural anthropology, Financial crisis, Food security, Health and environmental sciences, Honduras, Latin American Studies, Nutrition, Nutritional health, Political ecology, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1353100227?accountid=14270}, author = {Brown, Racine Marcus} } @article {3814, title = {Thiazolides, a new class of antiviral agents effective against rotavirus infection, target viral morphogenesis, inhibiting viroplasm formation.}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {87}, number = {20}, year = {2013}, pages = {11096{\textendash}11106}, author = {La Frazia, S and Ciucci, A and Arnoldi, F and Coira, M and Gianferretti, P and Angelini, M and Belardo, G and Burrone, OR and Rossignol, JF and Santoro, MG} } @article {15527, title = {Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {128}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
Netherlands}, month = {Nov}, pages = {423-40}, abstract = {It is time to raise global awareness to the possibility of schistosomiasis elimination and to support endemic countries in their quest to determine the most appropriate approaches to eliminate this persistent and debilitating disease. The main interventions for schistosomiasis control are reviewed, including preventive chemotherapy using praziquantel, snail control, sanitation, safe water supplies, and behaviour change strategies supported by information, education and communication (IEC) materials. Differences in the biology and transmission of the three main Schistosoma species (i.e. Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni and S. japonicum), which impact on control interventions, are considered. Sensitive diagnostic procedures to ensure adequate surveillance in areas attaining low endemicity are required. The importance of capacity building is highlighted. To achieve elimination, an intersectoral approach is necessary, with advocacy and action from local communities and the health community to foster cooperative ventures with engineers, the private sector, governments and non-governmental organizations specialized in water supply and sanitation. Examples of successful schistosomiasis control programmes are reviewed to highlight what has been learnt in terms of strategy for control and elimination. These include St. Lucia and other Caribbean islands, Brazil and Venezuela for S. mansoni; Saudi Arabia and Egypt for both S. mansoni and S. haematobium; Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritius and the Islamic Republic of Iran for S. haematobium; Japan and the People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China for S. japonicum. Additional targets for elimination or even eradication could be the two minor human schistosome species S. guineenisis and S. intercalatum, which have a restricted distribution in West and Central Africa. The examples show that elimination of schistosomiasis is an achievable and desirable goal requiring full integration of preventive chemotherapy with the tools of transmission control. An agenda for the elimination of schistosomiasis would aim to identify the gaps in knowledge, and define the tools, strategies and guidelines that will help national control programmes move towards elimination, including an internationally accepted mechanism that allows verification/confirmation of elimination.}, keywords = {*Disease Eradication, Capacity building, Communicable Disease Control/*methods/*organization \& administration, Global Health, Humans, Schistosomiasis/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control}, isbn = {1873-6254 (Electronic)
0001-706X (Linking)}, author = {Rollinson, D. and Knopp, S. and Levitz, S. and Stothard, J. R. and Tchuem Tchuent{\'e}, L. A. and Garba, A. and Mohammed, K. A. and Schur, N. and Person, B. and Colley, D. G. and Utzinger, J.} } @article {8554, title = {{TORCH serology and group B Streptococcus screening analysis in the population of a maternity}}, journal = {Acta M{\'e}dica Portuguesa}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {549{\textendash}554}, author = {Lito, D and Francisco, T and Salva, I and Tavares, M and Oliveira, R and Neto, MT} } @article {11217, title = {{Toxocara egg soil contamination and its seroprevalence among public school children in Los Ba{\~n}os, Laguna, Philippines}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {551{\textendash}560}, author = {Fajutag, A J and Paller, V G} } @article {11204, title = {{Toxocara encephalitis presenting with autonomous nervous system involvement}}, journal = {Infection}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {691{\textendash}694}, doi = {10.1007/s15010-012-0342-6}, author = {Caldera, F and Burlone, M E and Genchi, C and Pirisi, M and Bartoli, E} } @article {11285, title = {{Toxocara spp. infections in paratenic hosts}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {193}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {375{\textendash}389}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.033}, author = {Strube, Christina and Heuer, Lea and Janecek, Elisabeth} } @article {11988, title = {Toxocariasis - General Information}, volume = {2017}, number = {11 Apr. 2017}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia }, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxocariasis/gen_info/faqs.html} } @article {8633, title = {{Toxoplasma gondii, Source to Sea: Higher Contribution of Domestic Felids to Terrestrial Parasite Loading Despite Lower Infection Prevalence}}, journal = {Ecohealth}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {277{\textendash}289}, author = {VanWormer, E and Conrad, PA and Miller, MA and Melli, AC and Carpenter, TE and Mazet, JAK} } @article {5988, title = {{Tracing enteric viruses in the European berry fruit supply chain}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {167}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {177{\textendash}185}, author = {Maunula, L and Kaupke, A and Vasickova, P and S{\"o}derberg, K and Kozyra, I and Lazic, S and W H van der Poel and Bouwknegt, M and Rutjes, S and Willems, KA and Moloney, R and D{\textquoteright}Agostino, M and A M De Roda Husman and von Bonsdorff, CH and Rze{\.z}utka, A and Pavlik, I and Petrovic, T and Cook, N} } @article {10211, title = {{Tracking the primary sources of fecal pollution in a tropical watershed in a one-year study}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {79}, year = {2013}, pages = {1689{\textendash}1696}, author = {Toledo-Hernandez, C and Ryu, H and Gonzalez-Nieves, J and Huertas, E and Toranzos, GA and JW Santo Domingo} } @article {11665, title = {{Tradition and transition: parasitic zoonoses of people and animals in Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland}}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {82}, year = {2013}, pages = {33{\textendash}204}, author = {Jenkins, E J and Castrodale, L J and de Rosemond, S J and Dixon, B R and Elmore, S A and Gesy, K M and Hoberg, E P and Polley, L and Shurer, J M and Simard, M and Thompson, R C} } @article {2906, title = {Transmission ecosystems of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in {China} and {Central} {Asia}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {140}, number = {13}, year = {2013}, month = {nov}, pages = {1655{\textendash}1666}, abstract = {From continental to regional scales, the zoonosis alveolar echinococcosis (AE) (caused by Echinococcus multilocularis) forms discrete patches of endemicity within which transmission hotspots of much larger prevalence may occur. Since the late 80s, a number of hotspots have been identified in continental Asia, mostly in China, wherein the ecology of intermediate host communities has been described. This is the case in south Gansu, at the eastern border of the Tibetan plateau, in south Ningxia, in the western Tian Shan of Xinjiang, and in the Alay valley of south Kyrgyzstan. Here we present a comparative natural history and characteristics of transmission ecosystems or ecoscapes. On this basis, regional types of transmission and their ecological characteristics have been proposed in a general framework. Combining climatic, land cover and intermediate host species distribution data, we identified and mapped 4 spatially distinct types of transmission ecosystems typified by the presence of one of the following small mammal {\textquoteright}flagship{\textquoteright} species: Ellobius tancrei, Ochotona curzoniae, Lasiopodomys brandtii or Eospalax fontanierii. Each transmission ecosystem had its own characteristics which can serve as a reference for further in-depth research in the transmission ecology of E. multilocularis. This approach may be used at fine spatial scales to characterize other poorly known transmission systems of the large Eurasian endemic zone, and help in consideration of surveillance systems and interventions.}, keywords = {Animal Distribution, Animals, Arvicolinae, Asia, Central, China, Disease Vectors, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Ecosystem, Feces, Helminth, Hepatic, Host Specificity, Humans, Lagomorpha, Phylogeography, Species Specificity, Wolves}, issn = {1469-8161}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182013000644}, author = {Giraudoux, Patrick and Raoul, Francis and Afonso, Eve and Ziadinov, Iskender and Yang, Yurong and Li, Li and Li, Tiaoying and Qu{\'e}r{\'e}, Jean-Pierre and Feng, Xiaohui and Wang, Qian and Wen, Hao and Ito, Akira and Craig, Philip S.} } @article {5985, title = {{Transmission of hepatitis E virus from rabbits to cynomolgus macaques}}, journal = {Emerging Infection Diseases}, volume = {19}, year = {2013}, pages = {559{\textendash}565}, author = {Liu, P and Bu, QN and Wang, L and Han, J and Du, RJ and Lei, YX and Ouyang, YQ and Li, J and Zhu, YH and Lu, FM and Zhuang, H} } @article {6032, title = {Transport and fate of microbial pathogens in agricultural settings}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {775{\textendash}893}, author = {Bradford, Scott A and Morales, Ver{\'o}nica L and Zhang, Wei and Harvey, Ronald W and Packman, Aaron I and Mohanram, Arvind and Welty, Claire} } @article {3643, title = {Treatment and prevention of rotavirus infection in children.}, journal = {Current Infectious Disease Reports}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {242{\textendash}250}, abstract = {

Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide and continues to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. No antiviral therapy is available. Treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis is limited to rehydration therapy. Recently, therapies, such as probiotics, have been developed as adjuncts to rehydration therapy. Two effective rotavirus vaccines are available and recommended for routine immunization of all infants. These vaccines have been introduced in both developed and developing countries. As rotavirus vaccines are implemented, studies that assess health impact, indirect benefits, and strain changes after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine have been reported. In the United States, rotavirus vaccination has led to dramatic drops in severe rotavirus-related hospitalizations and has reduced emergency room visits. Herd immunity has also been noted after routine rotavirus immunization. There have been no significant strain shifts or escape mutants noted since the introduction of rotavirus vaccines.

}, doi = {10.1007/s11908-013-0333-5}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-013-0333-5}, author = {Dennehy, Penelope H} } @article {12556, title = {Treatment of micropollutants in municipal wastewater: ozone or powdered activated carbon?}, journal = {Science of the total environmentScience of the Total Environment}, volume = {461}, year = {2013}, pages = {480-498}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Margot, Jonas and Kienle, Cornelia and Magnet, Ano{\"y}s and Weil, Mirco and Rossi, Luca and De Alencastro, Luiz Felippe and Abegglen, Christian and Thonney, Denis and Ch{\`e}vre, Nathalie and Sch{\"a}rer, Michael} } @article {5568, title = {{Two gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by GII Noroviruses: host susceptibility and HBGA phenotypes.}}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {e58605}, abstract = {Noroviruses (NoVs) cause epidemic acute gastroenteritis, in which histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) may play an important role in the host susceptibility. To further explore this issue, two outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis caused by a GII.4 and a GII.3 NoV, respectively, in China in 2009 were studied. Stool and saliva samples from symptomatic patients and water samples from the outbreak facilities were collected. RT-PCR showed that 23 out of 33 (GII.4 outbreak) and 12 out of 13 (GII.3outbreak) stool samples were NoV positive. For the GII.4 outbreak the NoV sequences of stool and water samples were from an identical GII.4 strain, while the same GII.3 NoV sequences were found in five stool samples from the GII.3 outbreak. The HBGA phenotypes (A, B, Le(a), Le(b), Le(x), and Le(y)) of all saliva samples were determined, which revealed both secretors and nonsecretors in the symptomatic groups of the two outbreaks. In the GII.3 outbreak, type O individuals appeared less susceptible, while the type A may be more at risk of infection. However, No preference of HBGAs was observed in the GII.4 outbreak. The observation that nonsecretors were infected in both outbreaks differed from the previous results that nonsecretors are resistant to these two GII NoVs.}, keywords = {Blood Group Antigens, Blood Group Antigens: genetics, Caliciviridae Infections, Caliciviridae Infections: epidemiology, China, China: epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Susceptibility, Disease Susceptibility: epidemiology, Disease Susceptibility: virology, Feces, Feces: virology, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Gastroenteritis: virology, Humans, Norovirus, Norovirus: metabolism, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Protein Conformation, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Saliva, Saliva: virology, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1932-6203 (Linking)}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0058605}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3589376{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Jin, Miao and He, Yaqing and Li, Huiying and Huang, Pengwei and Zhong, Weiming and Yang, Hong and Zhang, Hailong and Tan, Ming and Z J Duan} } @article {15932, title = {Ultraviolet light potential for wastewater disinfection}, journal = {Annual Review of Food Science and Technology}, volume = {14}, year = {2013}, pages = {153-164}, author = {Turtoi, M.} } @article {5176, title = {{Unit Process Wetlands for Removal of Trace Organic Contaminants and Pathogens from Municipal Wastewater Effluents.}}, journal = {Environmental Engineering Science}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, month = {aug}, pages = {421{\textendash}436}, abstract = {Treatment wetlands have become an attractive option for the removal of nutrients from municipal wastewater effluents due to their low energy requirements and operational costs, as well as the ancillary benefits they provide, including creating aesthetically appealing spaces and wildlife habitats. Treatment wetlands also hold promise as a means of removing other wastewater-derived contaminants, such as trace organic contaminants and pathogens. However, concerns about variations in treatment efficacy of these pollutants, coupled with an incomplete mechanistic understanding of their removal in wetlands, hinder the widespread adoption of constructed wetlands for these two classes of contaminants. A better understanding is needed so that wetlands as a unit process can be designed for their removal, with individual wetland cells optimized for the removal of specific contaminants, and connected in series or integrated with other engineered or natural treatment processes. In this article, removal mechanisms of trace organic contaminants and pathogens are reviewed, including sorption and sedimentation, biotransformation and predation, photolysis and photoinactivation, and remaining knowledge gaps are identified. In addition, suggestions are provided for how these treatment mechanisms can be enhanced in commonly employed unit process wetland cells or how they might be harnessed in novel unit process cells. It is hoped that application of the unit process concept to a wider range of contaminants will lead to more widespread application of wetland treatment trains as components of urban water infrastructure in the United States and around the globe.}, keywords = {critical review, municipal wastewater, Pathogens, trace organic contaminants, Treatment wetlands}, issn = {1092-8758}, doi = {10.1089/ees.2012.0239}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983451}, author = {Jasper, Justin T and Nguyen, Mi T and Jones, Zackary L and Ismail, Niveen S and Sedlak, David L and Sharp, Jonathan O and Luthy, Richard G and Horne, Alex J and Nelson, Kara L} } @article {6209, title = {Universal health coverage for {India} by 2022: a utopia or reality?}, journal = {Indian Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive \& Social Medicine}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {apr}, pages = {70{\textendash}73}, abstract = {It is the obligation of the state to provide free and universal access to quality health-care services to its citizens. India continues to be among the countries of the world that have a high burden of diseases. The various health program and policies in the past have not been able to achieve the desired goals and objectives. 65(th) World Health Assembly in Geneva identified universal health coverage (UHC) as the key imperative for all countries to consolidate the public health advances. Accordingly, Planning Commission of India constituted a high level expert group (HLEG) on UHC in October 2010. HLEG submitted its report in Nov 2011 to Planning Commission on UHC for India by 2022. The recommendations for the provision of UHC pertain to the critical areas such as health financing, health infrastructure, health services norms, skilled human resources, access to medicines and vaccines, management and institutional reforms, and community participation. India faces enormous challenges to achieve UHC by 2022 such as high disease prevalence, issues of gender equality, unregulated and fragmented health-care delivery system, non-availability of adequate skilled human resource, vast social determinants of health, inadequate finances, lack of inter-sectoral co-ordination and various political pull and push of different forces, and interests. These challenges can be met by a paradigm shift in health policies and programs in favor of vulnerable population groups, restructuring of public health cadres, reorientation of undergraduate medical education, more emphasis on public health research, and extensive education campaigns. There are still areas of concern in fulfilling the objectives of achieving UHC by 2022 regarding financing model for health-care delivery, entitlement package, cost of health-care interventions and declining state budgets. However, the Government{\textquoteright}s commitment to provide adequate finances, recent bold social policy initiatives and enactments such as food security bill, enhanced participation by civil society in all health matters, major initiative by some states such as Tamil Nadu to improve health, water, and sanitation services are good enough reasons for hope that UHC can be achieved by 2022. However, in the absence of sustained financial support, strong political will and leadership, dedicated involvement of all stakeholders and community participation, attainment of UHC by 2022 will remain a Utopia.}, keywords = {Management reforms, Public health, reality, universal health care, utopia}, issn = {0970-0218}, doi = {10.4103/0970-0218.112430}, author = {Singh, Zile} } @article {12334, title = {Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {447}, year = {2013}, month = {Mar 1}, pages = {345-60}, keywords = {*Genes, Bacterial/drug effects, Animals, Bacteria/*drug effects/*genetics, Disinfection/methods, Drug Resistance, Bacterial/*genetics, Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics, environment, Environmental monitoring, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Humans, Risk Factors, Urbanization, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods, Waste Water/*microbiology}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic)
0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Rizzo, L. and Manaia, C. and Merlin, C. and Schwartz, T. and Dagot, C. and Ploy, M. C. and Michael, I. and Fatta-Kassinos, D.} } @article {12588, title = {Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {447}, year = {2013}, pages = {345-360}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Rizzo, L and Manaia, C and Merlin, C and Schwartz, T and Dagot, C and Ploy, MC and Michael, I and Fatta-Kassinos, D} } @article {16169, title = {Use of a high-throughput screen to identify Leptospira mutants unable to colonize the carrier host or cause disease in the acute model of infection.}, journal = {J Med Microbiol.J Med Microbiol.}, volume = {62}, number = {Pt10}, year = {2013}, pages = {1601-1608.}, author = {Marcsisin, R. A. and Bartpho,T. and Bulach, D. M. and Srikram, A. and Sermswan, R. W. and Adler, B. and Murray, G. L.} } @article {717, title = {Use of coliphages to evaluate water treatment processes and determine faecal contamination origin of source waters}, journal = {Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.}, year = {2013}, month = {05/2013}, abstract = {
Viral indicators were used to evaluate the effectiveness of water treatment processes and to determine the source of faecal pollution with a view to promote water source management. Water samples were collected from three critical points of the Temba, Klipdrift and Wallmansthal water treatment plants (raw water, settled water and filtered water). The viral indicator concentrations and selected physicochemical parameters were measured using standard methods. Random water samples were subjected to real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. Subsequent to filtration, the removal efficiency of the three Waterworks was recorded as follows: 93.2, 96.1 and 95.7 \% for somatic coliphages, respectively; and 69.4 and 68.4 \% FRNA coliphages for Temba and Klipdrift. There was a notable 50 \% reappearance of FRNA coliphages in filtered water samples from Wallmansthal. Positive correlations were observed between the physicochemical parameters and somatic coliphages, with the exception of the pH and the temperature in Wallmansthal. Both turbidity and temperature indicated positive correlations with FRNA counts from Temba and Klipdrift. Negative correlations were observed between all the physicochemical parameters and FRNA counts from Wallmansthal. The real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed the persistence of GA genotype FRNA (Group II, which is of human faecal origin) in all the water samples. The MS2 genotype (Group I) and Qb genotype (Group III) FRNA, which are of animal origin, were detected only in the raw water from Temba. Efforts should be focused on the protection ofwater sources and the optimisation of treatment processes in order to prevent viral persistence during water treatment.
}, keywords = {Viral indicators Treatment efficiency Faecal pollution Water source}, url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/391/art\%253A10.1007\%252Fs13762-013-0289-x.pdf?originUrl=http\%3A\%2F\%2Flink.springer.com\%2Farticle\%2F10.1007\%2Fs13762-013-0289-x\&token2=exp=1436884491~acl=\%2Fstatic\%2Fpdf\%2F391\%2Fart\%25253A10.1007\%25252Fs13762-013-028}, author = {MNB Momba and A. Okeyo, M. Coetzee} } @article {15340, title = {Use of sentinel snails for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium transmission on Zanzibar and observations on transmission patterns}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {128}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, note = {Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Netherlands}, month = {Nov}, pages = {234-40}, abstract = {Urogenital schistosomiasis is an important public health issue in Zanzibar. Transmission of the parasite to the human population is related to the distribution of the intermediate snail host, Bulinus globosus. We measured B. globosus abundance and Schistosoma haematobium prevalence within snails in a series of naturally occurring populations and compared prevalence detected by observing cercarial shedding for patent infections, and by PCR using DraI repeat. A total of 2146 B. globosus were collected throughout the study period from 2003 to 2007; of these 85 (3.96\%) were shedding cercariae. The levels of infection detected by PCR were consistently higher (40-100 percent). Levels of exposure to miracidia in the field were measured using sentinel snails. B. globosus (a susceptible host) and B. nasutus (a non-susceptible host) were placed in cages at transmission sites for 72h to observe rates of penetration by miracidia. Both B. globosus and B. nasutus tested positive for S. haematobium by PCR (up to 24\% infected) indicating frequent contamination of the waterbodies with S. haematobium miracidia. The use of sentinel snails coupled with PCR diagnostics could be a sensitive tool for mapping and monitoring transmission of schistosomiasis in areas of low prevalence.}, keywords = {Animals, Bulinus/*parasitology, Humans, Parasite Load, Parasitology/*methods, prevalence, Schistosoma haematobium/*isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis haematobia/epidemiology/*transmission, Sentinel Surveillance, Tanzania/epidemiology, Water/parasitology}, isbn = {1873-6254 (Electronic)
0001-706X (Linking)}, author = {Allan, F. and Dunn, A. M. and Emery, A. M. and Stothard, J. R. and Johnston, D. A. and Kane, R. A. and Khamis, A. N. and Mohammed, K. A. and Rollinson, D.} } @mastersthesis {6579, title = {Using choice experiments to value preferences over stormwater management}, year = {2013}, note = {3614649}, school = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Stated preference methods have long been used to estimate the monetary value of environmental goods and services. I add to the traditional use of choice experiment surveys by assessing different aspects of people{\textquoteright}s preferences over stormwater management control features and outcomes. I study whether heterogeneous status quo influence people{\textquoteright}s willingness to pay for the provision of a public good. I also analyze the inclusion of willingness to help (WTH) or volunteering time as an addition to willingness to pay (WTP) the traditional approach that has the limitation of being focused on budget constraints only. I discuss the results and compare them in two different urban areas of the United States, which helps explore the stability of parameters across different urban areas. Stormwater management is a common environmental issue with a series of characteristics that makes it ideal for the purpose of this study. Stormwater control is a current concern in numerous urban areas across the country, where stormwater runoff becomes a problem, especially with urban sprawl and the impervious surfaces associated with urban growth. Stormwater runoff causes several environmental problems in addition to urban flooding, such as pollution, alteration of hydrological regimes and erosion, but these effects can vary greatly across small areas. Stormwater has been traditionally dealt with big infrastructure projects but there is a decentralized approach that involves smaller scale solutions with ancillary environmental benefits. Cities and municipalities struggle to find the optimal way to estimate the benefits associated with the decentralized stormwater control and consequently, set policies for its potential implementation. I show that people are willing to pay for traditional water quality improvements but also for improved hydrological functions. I find that heterogeneous status quo affects the preferences over stormwater control and proves to be an important factor when designing policy due to the fact that some people might not benefit from certain policies. I also find that people are willing to help or engage in activities that require time like installation and maintenance of stormwater facilities, especially when it implies environmental benefits and not only reduction of flood events. Finally, the comparison between different areas shows that for most attributes, there is no significant differences in the estimates, and find certain factors that might influence preferences over stormwater management.}, keywords = {0438:Environmental economics, Choice experiments, Environmental economics, Nonmarket valuation, Social sciences, Stormwater management, Willingness to help, Willingness to pay}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1517469144?accountid=14270}, author = {Londono Cadavid, Catalina} } @article {3056, title = {Using long-term monitoring of red fox populations to assess changes in rodent control practices.}, journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology}, volume = {50}, year = {2013}, pages = {1406{\textendash}1414}, author = {Jacquot, M and Coeurdassier, M and Couval, G and Renaude, R and Pleydell, D and Truchetet, D and Raoul, F and Giraudoux, P} } @article {14478, title = {Using {QMRA}-based regulation as a water quality management tool in the water security challenge: experience from the {Netherlands} and {Australia}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {7315{\textendash}26}, abstract = {Innovation in the water sector is at play when addressing the global water security challenge. This paper highlights an emerging role for Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) and health-based targets in the design and application of robust and flexible water quality regulation to protect public health. This role is especially critical as traditional supply sources are subject to increased contamination, and recycled wastewater and stormwater become a crucial contribution to integrated water supply strategies. Benefits and weaknesses of QMRA-based regulation are likely to be perceived differently by the multiple stakeholders involved. The goal of the current study is to evaluate the experience of QMRA-based regulation implementation in the Netherlands and Australia, and to draw some lessons learned for regulators, policy makers, the industry and scientists. Water experts from regulatory bodies, government, water utilities, and scientists were interviewed in both countries. This paper explores how QMRA-based regulation has helped decision-making in the Netherlands in drinking water safety management over the past decade. Implementation is more recent in Australia: an analysis of current institutional barriers to nationally harmonized implementation for water recycling regulation is presented. This in-depth retrospective analysis of experiences and perceptions highlights the benefits of QMRA-based regulation and the challenges of implementation. QMRA provides a better assessment of water safety than the absence of indicators. Setting a health target addresses the balance between investments and public safety, and helps understand risks from alternative water sources. Challenges lie in efficient monitoring, institutional support for utilities, interpretation of uncertainty by regulators, and risk communication to consumers.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Quality, Australia, Decision making, Drinking water safety, Netherlands, Public health, QMRA, regulation, Water recycling, Water security, Water Supply/*legislation \& jurisprudence/standards}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.062}, author = {Bichai, F. and Smeets, P. W.} } @article {1477, title = {Using QMRA-based regulation as a water quality management tool in the water security challenge: experience from the Netherlands and Australia}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {47}, number = {20}, year = {2013}, note = {Bichai, Francoise Smeets, Patrick W M H eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2013/11/05 06:00 Water Res. 2013 Dec 15;47(20):7315-26. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.062. Epub 2013 Oct 20.}, pages = {7315-26}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Innovation in the water sector is at play when addressing the global water security challenge. This paper highlights an emerging role for Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) and health-based targets in the design and application of robust and flexible water quality regulation to protect public health. This role is especially critical as traditional supply sources are subject to increased contamination, and recycled wastewater and stormwater become a crucial contribution to integrated water supply strategies. Benefits and weaknesses of QMRA-based regulation are likely to be perceived differently by the multiple stakeholders involved. The goal of the current study is to evaluate the experience of QMRA-based regulation implementation in the Netherlands and Australia, and to draw some lessons learned for regulators, policy makers, the industry and scientists. Water experts from regulatory bodies, government, water utilities, and scientists were interviewed in both countries. This paper explores how QMRA-based regulation has helped decision-making in the Netherlands in drinking water safety management over the past decade. Implementation is more recent in Australia: an analysis of current institutional barriers to nationally harmonized implementation for water recycling regulation is presented. This in-depth retrospective analysis of experiences and perceptions highlights the benefits of QMRA-based regulation and the challenges of implementation. QMRA provides a better assessment of water safety than the absence of indicators. Setting a health target addresses the balance between investments and public safety, and helps understand risks from alternative water sources. Challenges lie in efficient monitoring, institutional support for utilities, interpretation of uncertainty by regulators, and risk communication to consumers.}, keywords = {Australia Decision Making Netherlands *Water Microbiology *Water Quality Water Supply/*legislation \& jurisprudence/standards Drinking water safety Public health Qmra Regulation Water recycling Water security}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.062}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24184021}, author = {Bichai, F. and Smeets, P. W.} } @article {8659, title = {{Vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: new developments and perspectives}}, journal = {Expert Review of Vaccines}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, year = {2013}, pages = {1287{\textendash}1299}, author = {Zhang, NZ and Chen, J and Wang, M and Petersen, E and Zhu, XQ} } @article {8705, title = {{Validation of activated sludge plant preformance for virus and protozoan reduction}}, journal = {Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination}, volume = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {140{\textendash}147}, doi = {10.2166/wrd.2013.032}, author = {Keegan, A.R. and Robinson, B. and Monis, P. and Biebrick, M. and Liston, C.} } @article {17324, title = {Validation of the ANSR (TM) Salmonella Method for Detection of Salmonella spp. in Selected Foods and Environmental Samples}, journal = {Journal of Aoac InternationalJournal of AOAC International}, volume = {96}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {Jul-Aug}, pages = {842-853}, isbn = {1060-3271}, author = {Mozola, M. and Norton, P. and Alles, S. and Gray, R. L. and Tolan, J. and Caballero, O. and Pinkava, L. and Hosking, E. and Luplow, K. and Rice, J.} } @mastersthesis {6908, title = {Valuation of freshwater resources and sustainable management in poverty dominated areas}, year = {2013}, note = {3608451}, school = {Colorado State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This study is designed to reveal the tradeoffs between anthropogenic activities and freshwater ecosystems; discuss different management options for the restoration of freshwater resources in poverty dominated areas; measure the total economic value for freshwater ecosystem services and; to evaluate alternative options in designing a contingent valuation survey in poverty dominated areas. The main objectives of paper one are to identify threats to the River Swat ecosystem and design a management plan to improve water quality and resilience of the system against floods due to climate change. River Swat watershed is located in the north west of Pakistan. During the past three decades, increased human population and growth in agriculture and tourism activities have severely degraded the river system. A three step approach was followed to achieve the mentioned objectives. In the first step, an interdisciplinary team randomly selected ten different sites along the main river and observed the biophysical characteristics of the river. In the second step, an oral history ecological approach was used to collect information on the dynamics of the biophysical characteristics of the system and identify threats responsible for degradation of the system. In the third step, the interdisciplinary team recommended a management plan that could improve the water quality and resilience of the river system against flood in a sustainable way. Paper two measures the economic value for water quality improvement of the river. A contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to interview a sample of 243 households, selected from Swat valley and downstream districts through a stratified random sampling approach. Before asking respondents about their willingness to pay (WTP), the existing water quality situation and the management plan, recommended by the interdisciplinary team, were explained. This paper also estimated the total economic value for water quality improvement under mandatory payment to local government. Though the present value aggregate benefit from mandatory payment to government is half of the amount from donation to a local NGO, it is still sufficient to cover the total cost on the mentioned management plan. Furthermore, a mandatory program may be more feasible than a voluntary program where payment is not assured. Paper three explores the sensitivity of households{\textquoteright} stated WTP to CVM survey tools. CVM is widely used for cost and benefit estimation of natural resource management (NRM) programs. However, due to questionable experiences in developing countries, additional research is needed on CVM survey design and administration and about the robustness of results to changes in survey elements. That{\textquoteright}s why this paper is designed to tests the sensitivity of household{\textquoteright}s stated WTP when payments are mandatory versus voluntary and whether they are to a government agency or a local non-government organization (NGO). To achieve these objectives, a case study of the river Swat water quality improvement was used. To design appropriate and realistic contingent valuation question scenarios, households in Swat valley were asked about their opinion on the provision and management of public goods. The results reveal people{\textquoteright}s lack of trust on payment to government for water quality improvement, possibly because of inefficiency in funds allocation and high corruption. Another possibility might be a strategic behavioral response by the households. In replying to donation to a local NGO for water quality improvement, respondents know that they will not be required to donate to NGO; therefore, they can state a fairly high value. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0438:Environmental economics, 0528:Natural Resource Management, 0595:Water Resource Management, Biological sciences, Contingent valuation method, Earth sciences, Ecology, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem resilience, Ecosystem services, Environmental economics, Freshwater ecosystems, Health and environmental sciences, Natural Resource Management, Non-market valuation, Social sciences, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1496772909?accountid=14270}, author = {Shah, Syed Attaullah} } @article {12617, title = {Vancomycin resistant enterococci: from the hospital effluent to the urban wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Science of the Total EnvironmentScience of the Total Environment}, volume = {450}, year = {2013}, pages = {155-161}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Varela, Ana Rita and Ferro, Giovanna and Vredenburg, Jana and Yan{\i}k, Melike and Vieira, Lucas and Rizzo, Luigi and Lameiras, Catarina and Manaia, C{\'e}lia M} } @article {9761, title = {{Variable geographic distribution of Blastocystis subtypes and its potential implications}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {126}, year = {2013}, pages = {11{\textendash}18}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.12.011}, author = {Alfellani, MA and Stensvold, CR and Vidal-Lapiedra, A and Onuoha, ES and Fagbenro-Beyioku, AF and Clark, CG} } @article {11315, title = {Veterinary and public health aspects of Toxocara spp}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {193}, year = {2013}, pages = {398-403}, author = {overgaauw, P and van Knapen, F} } @article {10980, title = {Viability of {Ascaris} suum eggs in stored raw and separated liquid slurry}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {140}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {378{\textendash}384}, abstract = {SUMMARYSeparation of pig slurry into solid and liquid fractions is gaining importance as a way to manage increasing volumes of slurry. In contrast to solid manure and slurry, little is known about pathogen survival in separated liquid slurry. The viability of Ascaris suum eggs, a conservative indicator of fecal pollution, and its association with ammonia was investigated in separated liquid slurry in comparison with raw slurry. For this purpose nylon bags with 6000 eggs each were placed in 1 litre bottles containing one of the two fractions for 308 days at 5~{\textdegree}C or 25~{\textdegree}C. Initial analysis of helminth eggs in the separated liquid slurry revealed 47 Ascaris eggs per gramme. At 25~{\textdegree}C, egg viability declined to zero with a similar trend in both raw slurry and the separated liquid slurry by day 308, a time when at 5~{\textdegree}C 88\% and 42\% of the eggs were still viable in separated liquid slurry and raw slurry, respectively. The poorer survival at 25~{\textdegree}C was correlated with high ammonia contents in the range of 7{\textperiodcentered}9{\textendash}22{\textperiodcentered}4 mm in raw slurry and 7{\textperiodcentered}3{\textendash}23{\textperiodcentered}2 mm in liquid slurry compared to 3{\textperiodcentered}2{\textendash}9{\textperiodcentered}5 mm in raw slurry and 2{\textperiodcentered}6{\textendash}9{\textperiodcentered}5 mm in liquid slurry stored at 5~{\textdegree}C. The study demonstrates that at 5~{\textdegree}C, A. suum eggs have a higher viability in separated liquid slurry as compared to raw slurry. The hygiene aspect of this needs to be further investigated when separated liquid slurry is used to fertilize pastures or crops.}, keywords = {Ammonia, Ascaris suum eggs, raw slurry, separated liquid slurry, Temperature, viability}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182012001722}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/viability-of-ascaris-suum-eggs-in-stored-raw-and-separated-liquid-slurry/CE77288E43EE6DBFFC9A74FF3EAA7A91}, author = {Katakam, Kiran Kumar and ROEPSTORFF, ALLAN and POPOVIC, OLGA and KYVSGAARD, NIELS C. and Thamsborg, Stig Milan and Dalsgaard, Anders} } @article {11153, title = {{Vibrio cholerae Non-O1, Non-O139 Serogroups and Cholera-like Diarrhea, Kolkata, India}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {464{\textendash}466}, author = {Dutta, D and Chowdhury, G and Pazhani, GP and Guin, S and Dutta, S and Ghosh, S and Rajendran, K and Nandy, RK and Mukhopadhyay, AK and Bhattacharya, MK and Mitra, U and Takeda, YG and Nair, B and Ramamurthy, T} } @book {13674, title = {{Vietnam urban wastewater review: executive summary}}, year = {2013}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington}, abstract = {

Vietnam is facing the challenge of trying to keep pace with increasing environmental pollution associated with rapid urbanization, especially in the larger cities. Over the past 20 years, the Government of Vietnam has made considerable effort to develop urban sanitation policies, legislations and regulations and to invest in urban sanitation including wastewater treatment systems. 2. This study is one of three country studies conducted in the emerging countries of Vietnam, the Philippines and Indonesia as part of the East Asian Urban Sanitation Review. It reviews the effectiveness of the wastewater sector in Vietnam and makes recommendations to the Government on actions to scale up the sector to improve its performance. Lessons that emerge from this study can be considered for the on-going and/or the next generation of wastewater systems. 1.

}, keywords = {Hanoi, Vietnam, wastewater}, author = {World Bank} } @book {15256, title = {Vietnam urban wastewater review: executive summary}, year = {2013}, publisher = {World Bank}, organization = {World Bank}, address = {Washington}, abstract = {Vietnam is facing the challenge of trying to keep pace with increasing environmental pollution associated with rapid urbanization, especially in the larger cities. Over the past 20 years, the Government of Vietnam has made considerable effort to develop urban sanitation policies, legislations and regulations and to invest in urban sanitation including wastewater treatment systems. 2. This study is one of three country studies conducted in the emerging countries of Vietnam, the Philippines and Indonesia as part of the East Asian Urban Sanitation Review. It reviews the effectiveness of the wastewater sector in Vietnam and makes recommendations to the Government on actions to scale up the sector to improve its performance. Lessons that emerge from this study can be considered for the on-going and/or the next generation of wastewater systems. 1.}, keywords = {Hanoi, Vietnam, wastewater}, author = {World Bank} } @booklet {3854, title = {Village {Sanitation} and {Children}{\textquoteright}s {Human} {Capital}: {Evidence} from a {Randomized} {Experiment} by the {Maharashtra} {Government} ({Policy} {Research} {Working} {Paper} {No}. {WPS} 6580).}, year = {2013}, publisher = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Hammer, J and Spears} } @booklet {3474, title = {{Village Sanitation and Children{\textquoteright}s Human Capital: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment by the Maharashtra Government (Policy Research Working Paper No. WPS 6580).}}, year = {2013}, publisher = {World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6580.}, author = {Hammer, J and Spears} } @article {215, title = {Viral agents associated with acute diarrhea among outpatient children in southeastern China}, journal = {Pediatr Infect Dis J}, volume = {32}, number = {7}, year = {2013}, note = {1532-0987 Chen, Yu Li, Zhongjie Han, Dongsheng Cui, Dawei Chen, Xiao Zheng, Shufa Yu, Fei Liu, Jia Lai, Shengjie Yan, Yansheng Lin, Zhong Shi, Zhiyang Wu, Tao Li, Lanjuan Yang, Weizhong Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 Jul;32(7):e285-90. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31828c3de4.}, pages = {e285-90}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acute diarrhea is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, but there have been few reports on the causative viruses associated with acute diarrhea among outpatient children in developing countries. This study was conducted to identify the viral agents in outpatient children with acute diarrhea in southeastern China. METHODS: Eight hundred eleven outpatient children 5 years or younger with acute diarrhea were enrolled. Five enteric viruses were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for each stool specimen. RESULTS: At least 1 virus was detected in 353 (43.5\%) of the subjects. The proportions of rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus were 25.5\%, 18.1\%, 4.4\%, 2.7\% and 1.2\%, respectively. G3P[8] was the most prevalent rotavirus strain. Mixed infections were observed in 65 cases, among which the most prevalent coinfection was rotavirus with other viruses (58 cases, 89.2\%). Rotavirus and norovirus infections showed marked and opposing seasonal patterns. Mixed infection was significantly more common in children older than 1 year (12.2\%) than in those younger than 1 year (7.1\%) (P = 0.026). Clinically, rotavirus infection presented with a longer duration (4.3 +/- 6.7 days) and higher frequency (5.9 +/- 2.0 times/d) of diarrhea than any other viral infection. Vomiting was more common for mixed infections than for single infections (P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: All the 5 common etiologies were detected in this study, with rotavirus and norovirus being the 2 leading agents. Mixed viral infections were common in outpatient children with acute diarrhea, and rotavirus seemed to play a major role in mixed infections.}, keywords = {Child, Preschool China/epidemiology Coinfection/epidemiology/virology Diarrhea/*epidemiology/*virology Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Female Humans Infant Male Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Outpatients Prevalence Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain, purification}, issn = {0891-3668}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0b013e31828c3de4}, author = {Chen, Y. and Li, Z. and Han, D. and Cui, D. and Chen, X. and Zheng, S. and Yu, F. and Liu, J. and Lai, S. and Yan, Y. and Lin, Z. and Shi, Z. and Wu, T. and Li, L. and Yang, W.} } @article {10012, title = {{Viral load of human bocavirus-1 in stools from children with viral diarrhoea in Paraguay}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {141}, number = {12}, year = {2013}, pages = {2576{\textendash}2580}, abstract = {Since their discovery, four species of human bocavirus (HBoV) have been described in patients with respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. However, a clear causal association between HBoV-1 and gastroenteritis has not been demonstrated. In this study, we describe the detection and quantification of HBoV-1 in stools from children with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. HBoV-1 genome was detected in 10{\textperiodcentered}6{\%} of stools with frequent association with rotavirus and norovirus. The median of HBoV-1 viral load was 1{\textperiodcentered}88{\texttimes}104 genome/ml, lower than previously shown in secretions of patients with respiratory infections, without any obvious association between high viral load and presence of HBoV as single agent. Thus, although HBoV-1 was frequently detected in these patients, there is no clear causal association of this agent with diarrhoea. Indeed, HBoV-1 DNA in stools of patients with gastroenteritis without respiratory symptoms may be a remnant of previous infections or associated with prolonged shedding of virus in the respiratory or digestive tracts}, keywords = {d u c t, Gastroenteritis, hbov, Human bocavirus, i n t ro, i o n, meta-genomic study of pooled, Norovirus, rotavirus, specimens of respir-, viral co-infections, was discovered during a}, issn = {0950-2688}, doi = {10.1017/S095026881300023X}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S095026881300023X}, author = {Proenca-Modena, J L. and Martinez, M. and Amarilla, A. A. and Esp{\'\i}nola, E. E. and Galeano, M. E. and Fari{\~n}a, N. and RUSSOMANDO, G. and AQUINO, V. H. and PARRA, G. I. and ARRUDA, E.} } @inbook {1573, title = {Viral presence in waste water and sewage and control methods.}, booktitle = {Food and Water: Risks, Surveillance and Control.}, year = {2013}, pages = {293{\textendash}315}, publisher = {Woodhead Publishing Ltd.}, organization = {Woodhead Publishing Ltd.}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Cambridge, UK }, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Kitajima, M. and Iker, B. C.}, editor = {Cook, N.} } @inbook {14619, title = {Viral presence in waste water and sewage and control methods.}, booktitle = {Food and {Water}: {Risks}, {Surveillance} and {Control}.}, year = {2013}, pages = {293{\textendash}315}, publisher = {Woodhead Publishing Ltd.}, organization = {Woodhead Publishing Ltd.}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Kitajima, M. and Iker, B. C.}, editor = {Cook, N.} } @inbook {17064, title = {Viral presence in waste water and sewage and control methods}, booktitle = {Viruses in Food and Water}, year = {2013}, pages = {293{\textendash}315}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, author = {Gerba, Charles P and Kitajima, M and Iker, B} } @article {6121, title = {Virus and virus-sized microsphere transport in a dolomite rock fracture}, journal = {Water Resources Research}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {808{\textendash}824}, author = {Mondal, Pulin K and Sleep, Brent E} } @article {6144, title = {Virus transport in a discrete fracture}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {47}, number = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {1888{\textendash}1898}, author = {Weisbrod, Noam and Meron, Hanan and Walker, Sharon and Gitis, Vitaly} } @article {2657, title = {VP8*P[8] lineages of group A rotaviruses circulating over 20 years in Brazil: proposal of six different sub-lineages for P[8]-3 clade.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {16}, year = {2013}, pages = {200-205}, abstract = {

Group A rotaviruses {(RVA)} is the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis among children worldwide. Vaccination is considered the best alternative among public health measures to reduce and prevent the global burden caused by {RVA} infections. Rotarix\&\#x2122;, a monovalent vaccine based on a human strain with a {G1P[8]-1} specificity, was introduced in the National Brazilian Immunization Programs {(NIP)} in March, 2006. {RVA} P[8] is the most prevalent P genotype worldwide and four distinct phylogenetic lineages: P[8]-1, -2, -3, and -4 have been described. In the current study phylogenetic analysis of the {VP8(*)} gene of 135 {RVA} P[8] Brazilian strains, in combination with G1, G3, G5 or G9 {VP7} genotype, collected from 1986 to 2011 were carried out for a better understanding of the evolution of this viral genotype in Brazil. Lineages P[8]-1, P[8]-2, and P[8]-3 were observed circulating in Brazil. In 2001 these three P[8] lineages co-circulated simultaneously and this is the first report in South America to date. Considering the P[8] lineage and the G genotype, all G3 strains were related to lineage P[8]-3, whereas the G9 strains were related to P[8]-2 and P[8]-3 and G1 and G5 were related to P[8]-1, P[8]-2, and P[8]-3. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis based on estimate of genetic distances between P[8]-3 strains and the definition of a 1.5\% cutoff value (with relevant statistical support) it was possible to propose a new classification for the P[8]-3 lineage into six different sub-lineages: P[8]-3.1 to P[8]-3.6. These findings reinforce the notion of the existence of constraints within specific {RVA} strains populations. The results obtained in this study reinforce the importance of a continuous {RVA} surveillance of circulating strains in order to predict the possible variants that will circulate in a country, assess the effects of vaccination on {RVA} circulating strains, and ultimately help in the design, challenges, and prospects of {RVA} vaccines.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2013.01.004}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.01.004}, author = {da Silva, Marcelle F and G{\'o}mez, Mariela M and Rose, Tatiana L and Eduardo M Volot{\~a}o and Carvalho-Costa, Filipe A and Bello, Gonzalo and Leite, Jos{\'e} P} } @booklet {3451, title = {{WASH in Schools Empowers Girls{\textquoteright} Education: Proceedings of the Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools Virtual Conference 2012}}, year = {2013}, publisher = {United Nations Children{\textquoteright}s Fund and Columbia University}, address = {New York}, author = {Sommer, M and Vasquez, E and et al. Worthington, N.} } @booklet {3675, title = {{WASH} in {Schools} {Empowers} {Girls}{\textquoteright} {Education}: {Proceedings} of the {Menstrual} {Hygiene} {Management} in {Schools} {Virtual} {Conference} 2012}, year = {2013}, publisher = {United Nations Children{\textquoteright}s Fund and Columbia University}, address = {New York}, author = {Sommer, M and Vasquez, E and et al. Worthington, N.} } @book {10506, title = {Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill Education}, organization = {McGraw-Hill Education}, isbn = {9780073401188}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=6KVKMAEACAAJ}, author = {Burton, F.L. and Tchobanoglous, G. and Tsuchihashi, R. and Stensel, H.D. and Metcalf \& Eddy, I.} } @article {8379, title = {{Wastewater infrastructure for small cities in an urbanizing world: Integrating protection of human health and the environment with resource recovery and food security}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, pages = {3598{\textendash}3605}, author = {Verbyla, M.E. and Oakley, S.M. and J R Mihelcic} } @article {15186, title = {Wastewater infrastructure for small cities in an urbanizing world: integrating protection of human health and the environment with resource recovery and food security}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {47}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {3598{\textendash}3605}, author = {Verbyla, Matthew E and Oakley, Stewart M and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {5239, title = {{Wastewater Infrastructure for Small Cities in an Urbanizing World: Integrating Protection of Human Health and the Environment with Resource Recovery and Food Security}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, pages = {3598{\textendash}3605}, issn = {0013-936X}, doi = {10.1021/es3050955}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3050955}, author = {Verbyla, M.E. and Oakley, S.M. and J R Mihelcic} } @article {13637, title = {Wastewater infrastructure for small cities in an urbanizing world: integrating protection of human health and the environment with resource recovery and food security}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {47}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {3598{\textendash}3605}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Verbyla, Matthew E and Oakley, Stewart M and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {11443, title = {Wastewater infrastructure for small cities in an urbanizing world: integrating protection of human health and the environment with resource recovery and food security}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {47}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {3598-3605}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0013-936X}, author = {Verbyla, Matthew E and Oakley, Stewart M and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {6674, title = {Water {Quality} and {Management} of {Private} {Drinking} {Water} {Wells} in {Pennsylvania}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health}, volume = {75}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, pages = {60{\textendash}66}, author = {Swistock, B.R. and Clemens, S and Rummel, S} } @article {2885, title = {Water quality: guidelines, standards and health: assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease}, journal = {Water Intelligence Online}, volume = {12}, year = {2013}, pages = {9781780405889}, author = {Fewtrell, Lorna and Bartram, Jamie} } @article {6776, title = {Water quality perceptions and willingness to pay for clean water in peri-urban {Cambodian} communities}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {sep}, pages = {489{\textendash}506}, abstract = {This paper studies household demand for improved water quality in peri-urban Cambodia, with particular attention paid to the influence of water quality on willingness to pay (WTP). Utilizing data from 915 household surveys, we analyze responses to a contingent valuation scenario using multivariate logit regression techniques that account for subjective perceptions of water quality. We estimate a mean household WTP for improved water quality of US\$3 (roughly 1.2\% of mean income) per month for households in this sample. We also find that the majority of households believe that their in-house water after storage, handling, and treatment is safe to drink. Furthermore, beliefs about existing levels of water quality have a significant impact on WTP for improved water quality. However, while perceptions of quality (and thus WTP) are highly related to taste preferences, actual water quality is relatively uncorrelated with water quality perceptions. These findings suggest that interventions aiming to increase the adoption of water treatment should account for underlying perceptions of water quality.}, keywords = {Cambodia, Financing, Humans, Logistic Models, Personal, Surveys and Questionnaires, Water Microbiology, Water quality, Water Supply}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2013.212}, author = {Orgill, Jennifer and Shaheed, Ameer and Brown, Joe and Jeuland, Marc} } @booklet {10496, title = {{Water Resources: The Bathing Water Regulations}}, year = {2013} } @article {9591, title = {Water, sanitation and hygiene in Haiti: past, present, and future}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {Oct}, pages = {665-70}, edition = {2013/10/10}, keywords = {*Hygiene, Cholera/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control, Drinking Water/*standards, Haiti/epidemiology, Humans, Sanitation/*trends, Water Supply/*standards}, isbn = {0002-9637}, author = {Gelting, R. and Bliss, K. and Patrick, M. and Lockhart, G. and Handzel, T.} } @article {15039, title = {Water, sanitation and hygiene in {Haiti}: past, present, and future}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {89}, year = {2013}, month = {oct}, pages = {665{\textendash}70}, keywords = {*Hygiene, Cholera/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control, Drinking Water/*standards, Haiti/epidemiology, Humans, Sanitation/*trends, Water Supply/*standards}, issn = {0002-9637}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.13-0217}, author = {Gelting, R. and Bliss, K. and Patrick, M. and Lockhart, G. and Handzel, T.} } @article {15363, title = {Water, sanitation, hygiene and enteric infections in children}, journal = {Archives of Disease in Childhood}, volume = {98}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England}, month = {Aug}, pages = {629-34}, keywords = {*Child Welfare, *Hygiene, *Sanitation, *Water, *Water Supply, Child, Dysentery/*epidemiology/etiology, Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/etiology, Humans, Risk Factors}, isbn = {1468-2044 (Electronic)
0003-9888 (Linking)}, author = {Brown, J. and Cairncross, S. and Ensink, J. H.} } @article {11907, title = {Water, sanitation, hygiene and enteric infections in children}, journal = {Archives of Disease in Childhood}, volume = {98}, number = {8}, year = {2013}, pages = {629-634}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1136/archdischild-2011-301528}, url = {http://adc.bmj.com/content/archdischild/98/8/629.full.pdf}, author = {Brown, Joe and Cairncross, Sandy and Ensink, Jeroen H J} } @article {14608, title = {Waterborne human pathogenic viruses of public health concern}, journal = {Int J Environ Health Res}, volume = {23}, year = {2013}, month = {dec}, pages = {544{\textendash}64}, abstract = {In recent years, the impending impact of waterborne pathogens on human health has become a growing concern. Drinking water and recreational exposure to polluted water have shown to be linked to viral infections, since viruses are shed in extremely high numbers in the faeces and vomit of infected individuals and are routinely introduced into the water environment. All of the identified pathogenic viruses that pose a significant public health threat in the water environment are transmitted via the faecal-oral route. This group, are collectively known as enteric viruses, and their possible health effects include gastroenteritis, paralysis, meningitis, hepatitis, respiratory illness and diarrhoea. This review addresses both past and recent investigations into viral contamination of surface waters, with emphasis on six types of potential waterborne human pathogenic viruses. In addition, the viral associated illnesses are outlined with reference to their pathogenesis and routes of transmission.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Gastroenteritis/epidemiology/*virology, Humans, Public health, Virus Diseases/epidemiology/*transmission/virology, Viruses/classification/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1369-1619 (Electronic) 0960-3123 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/09603123.2013.769205}, author = {Ganesh, A. and Lin, J.} } @article {1319, title = {Waterborne human pathogenic viruses of public health concern}, journal = {Int J Environ Health Res}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, year = {2013}, note = {Ganesh, Atheesha Lin, Johnson Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review England International journal of environmental health research Int J Environ Health Res. 2013 Dec;23(6):544-64. doi: 10.1080/09603123.2013.769205. Epub 2013 Feb 22.}, pages = {544-64}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In recent years, the impending impact of waterborne pathogens on human health has become a growing concern. Drinking water and recreational exposure to polluted water have shown to be linked to viral infections, since viruses are shed in extremely high numbers in the faeces and vomit of infected individuals and are routinely introduced into the water environment. All of the identified pathogenic viruses that pose a significant public health threat in the water environment are transmitted via the faecal-oral route. This group, are collectively known as enteric viruses, and their possible health effects include gastroenteritis, paralysis, meningitis, hepatitis, respiratory illness and diarrhoea. This review addresses both past and recent investigations into viral contamination of surface waters, with emphasis on six types of potential waterborne human pathogenic viruses. In addition, the viral associated illnesses are outlined with reference to their pathogenesis and routes of transmission.}, keywords = {Gastroenteritis/epidemiology/ virology Humans Public Health Virus Diseases/epidemiology/ transmission/virology Viruses/classification/ isolation \& purification Water Microbiology}, issn = {1369-1619 (Electronic) 0960-3123 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/09603123.2013.769205}, author = {Ganesh, A. and Lin, J.} } @article {10822, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2012}, volume = {88}, number = {31}, year = {2013}, pages = {321{\textendash}336} } @article {16240, title = {Whole-cell inactivated leptospirosis vaccine: future prospects.}, journal = {Hum Vaccin Immunother.Hum Vaccin Immunother.}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {763-765.}, author = {Verma, R. and Khanna, P. and Chawla, S.} } @article {13459, title = {The wild boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) as secondary reservoir of Fasciola hepatica in Galicia (NW Spain)}, journal = {Vet Parasitol}, volume = {198}, year = {2013}, pages = {274-283}, author = {Mezo, M. and Gmnzalez-Warleta, M. and Castro-Hermida, J. A. and Manga-Gonzalez, M. Y. and Peixoto, R. and Mas-Coma, S. and Valero, M. A.} } @booklet {1921, title = {World Health Organization. Polio in the Syrian Arab Republic{\textemdash}update. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization;}, year = {2013}, type = {Electronic Article}, url = {http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_11_11polio/en/index.htmlExternal}, author = {WHO} } @article {9998, title = {{Zoonotic and foodborne transmission of hepatitis E virus.}}, journal = {Seminars in Liver Disease}, volume = {33}, year = {2013}, pages = {41{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

Hepatitis E is an important disease in many developing countries of Asia and Africa with large explosive outbreaks and is also endemic with sporadic or cluster cases of hepatitis in many industrialized countries. The causative agent, hepatitis E virus (HEV), is currently classified in the family Hepeviridae. Thus far, four putative genera of HEV representing mammalian, avian, and fish species have been identified and characterized worldwide. Within the mammalian HEV that infects humans, genotypes 1 and 2 are associated with epidemics and restricted to humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic and associated with sporadic and cluster cases of hepatitis E. As a fecal-orally transmitted disease, waterborne transmission is still an important route of HEV transmission especially for large outbreaks associated with genotypes 1 and 2. However, genetic identification of numerous animal strains of HEV and the demonstrated ability of cross-species infection by these animal strains have significantly broadened the host range and diversity of HEV and raised public health concerns for zoonosis and food safety associated with genotypes 3 and 4 HEV infection. Pigs and likely other animal species serve as reservoirs for HEV. Direct contact with infected pigs and other animals and consumption of contaminated animal meat and meat products pose risks for HEV infection. In this article, the current understanding of the zoonotic and foodborne transmissions of HEV as well as strategies to prevent zoonosis and ensure food safety is discussed.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis E}, issn = {1098-8971}, doi = {10.1055/s-0033-1338113}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23564388}, author = {Xiang J Meng} } @article {5000, title = {{The zoonotic fishborne liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis, Opithorchis felineus, and O. viverrini}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {43}, year = {2013}, pages = {1032{\textendash}1046}, author = {Petney, TN and Andrews, RH and Saijuntha, W and Wenz-Mucke, A and Sithaworn, P} } @article {4131, title = {{Zoonotic potential of Giardia}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {43}, year = {2013}, pages = {943{\textendash}956}, author = {Ryan, U and Cacci{\`o}, SM} } @booklet {11366, year = {2012}, type = {Government Document}, url = {http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ken63549.pdf} } @article {3310, title = {2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {Lancet Infectious Diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {136-141}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1473-3099}, doi = {10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70253-5}, url = {://WOS:000299656000022}, author = {Tate, J. E. and Burton, A. H. and Boschi-Pinto, C. and Steele, A. D. and Duque, J. and Parashar, U. D. and S, W. H. O. Coordinated Global Rotavirus} } @article {3504, title = {2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {136{\textendash}141}, author = {Tate, JE and Burton, AH and Boschi-Pinto, C and A D Steele and Duque, J and Parashar, UD} } @article {231, title = {2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {Lancet Infect Dis}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {1474-4457 Tate, Jacqueline E Burton, Anthony H Boschi-Pinto, Cynthia Steele, A Duncan Duque, Jazmin Parashar, Umesh D WHO-coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network Journal Article Meta-Analysis Review United States Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Feb;12(2):136-41. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70253-5. Epub 2011 Oct 24.}, pages = {136-41}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: WHO recommends routine use of rotavirus vaccines in all countries, particularly in those with high mortality attributable to diarrhoeal diseases. To establish the burden of life-threatening rotavirus disease before the introduction of a rotavirus vaccine, we aimed to update the estimated number of deaths worldwide in children younger than 5 years due to diarrhoea attributable to rotavirus infection. METHODS: We used PubMed to identify studies of at least 100 children younger than 5 years who had been admitted to hospital with diarrhoea. Additionally, we required the studies to have a data collection midpoint of the year 2000 or later, to be done in full-year increments, and to assesses diarrhoea attributable to rotavirus with EIAs or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We also included data from countries that participated in the WHO-coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network (consisting of participating member states during 2009) and that met study criteria. For countries that have introduced a rotavirus vaccine into their national immunisation programmes, we excluded data subsequent to the introduction. We classified studies into one of five groups on the basis of region and the level of child mortality in the country in which the study was done. For each group, to obtain estimates of rotavirus-associated mortality, we multiplied the random-effect mean rotavirus detection rate by the 2008 diarrhoea-related mortality figures for countries in that group. We derived the worldwide mortality estimate by summing our regional estimates. FINDINGS: Worldwide in 2008, diarrhoea attributable to rotavirus infection resulted in 453,000 deaths (95\% CI 420,000-494,000) in children younger than 5 years-37\% of deaths attributable to diarrhoea and 5\% of all deaths in children younger than 5 years. Five countries accounted for more than half of all deaths attributable to rotavirus infection: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan; India alone accounted for 22\% of deaths (98,621 deaths). INTERPRETATION: Introduction of effective and available rotavirus vaccines could substantially affect worldwide deaths attributable to diarrhoea. Our new estimates can be used to advocate for rotavirus vaccine introduction and to monitor the effect of vaccination on mortality once introduced.}, keywords = {Child, control/virology Humans Infant Infant, control/virology Rotavirus Vaccines/*administration \&, dosage, Newborn Rotavirus/*immunology Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology/*mortality/prevention \&, Preschool Diarrhea/epidemiology/*mortality/prevention \&}, issn = {1473-3099}, doi = {10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70253-5}, url = {http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1473309911702535/1-s2.0-S1473309911702535-main.pdf?_tid=12f01f56-849f-11e4-94d1-00000aacb360\&acdnat=1418678128_f6e21320176555f3b1ba23860a6e8a8d}, author = {Tate, J. E. and Burton, A. H. and Boschi-Pinto, C. and Steele, A. D. and Duque, J. and Parashar, U. D.} } @article {12640, title = {454 Pyrosequencing reveals bacterial diversity of activated sludge from 14 sewage treatment plants}, journal = {The ISME journalThe ISME journal}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {1137-1147}, isbn = {1751-7362}, author = {Zhang, Tong and Shao, Ming-Fei and Ye, Lin} } @article {4597, title = {Acanthamoeba spp. as vehicle and reservoir of adenoviruses}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {479{\textendash}85}, issn = {0932-0113}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-012-2828-7}, author = {Scheid, P. and Schwarzenberger, R.} } @article {13280, title = {Acinetobacter, Aeromonas and Trichococcus populations dominate the microbial community within urban sewer infrastructure}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {14}, year = {2012}, pages = {2538-2552}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02757.x}, author = {Vandewalle, J. L. and Goetz, G. W. and Huse, S. M. and Morrison, H. G. and Sogin, M. L. and Hoffmann, R. G. and Yan, K. and McLELLAN, S. L.} } @article {5806, title = {{Acinetobacter, Aeromonas and Trichococcus populations dominate the microbial community within urban sewer infrastructure.}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {2538{\textendash}2552}, author = {Vandewalle, J L and Goetz, G W and Huse, S M and Morrison, H G and Sogin, M L and Hoffmann, R G and Yan, K and McLellan, S L} } @article {14323, title = {Acinetobacter, {Aeromonas} and {Trichococcus} populations dominate the microbial community within urban sewer infrastructure.}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {2538{\textendash}2552}, author = {Vandewalle, J L and Goetz, G W and Huse, S M and Morrison, H G and Sogin, M L and Hoffmann, R G and Yan, K and McLellan, S L} } @article {8392, title = {{Acute primary toxoplasmosis in travelers returning from endemic countries}}, journal = {Journal of Travel Medicine}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {57{\textendash}60}, author = {Anand, R and Jones, CW and Ricks, JH and Sofarelli, TA and Hale, DC} } @article {16238, title = {Adaptation of a real-time PCR method for the detection and quantification of pathogenic leptospires in environmental water}, journal = {Can J MicrobiolCan J MicrobiolCan J Microbiol}, volume = {58}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, month = {Jul}, pages = {828-35}, edition = {2012/06/16}, isbn = {1480-3275 (Electronic)
0008-4166 (Linking)}, author = {Vein, J. and Perrin, A. and Berny, P. J. and Benoit, E. and Leblond, A. and Kodjo, A.} } @article {4411, title = {Adenovirus receptors: implications for targeting of viral vectors}, journal = {Trends Pharmacol Sci}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, pages = {442-8}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0165-6147}, doi = {10.1016/j.tips.2012.04.005}, author = {Arnberg, N.} } @article {4438, title = {Adenovirus receptors: implications for targeting of viral vectors}, journal = {Trends in Pharmacological Sciences}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, pages = {442{\textendash}8}, issn = {0165-6147}, doi = {10.1016/j.tips.2012.04.005}, author = {Arnberg, N.} } @article {503, title = {Adenovirus receptors: implications for targeting of viral vectors}, journal = {Trends Pharmacol Sci}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, note = {1873-3735 Arnberg, Niklas Journal Article Review England Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2012 Aug;33(8):442-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.04.005. Epub 2012 May 21.}, pages = {442-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Cancer, cardiovascular disease, and infectious diseases are all global health threats. To combat these diseases with gene therapies, adenovirus-based vectors have been developed. Although certain clinical trials appear successful, there is an obvious need to improve the efficacy of most adenovirus-based vectors. For the most commonly used vector (based on type 5; Ad5), a main problem is its accumulation in the liver, which can be attributed to interactions with specific host factors. The diverse tropism for types other than Ad5 implies that vectors based on alternative types could have advantages. The numerous interactions of different adenoviruses with host molecules - such as the recently identified desmoglein-2 receptor - may cause novel and unexpected obstacles, but also may provide possibilities for vectors based on alternative types. This review provides an update of new and previously known molecules that mediate cellular attachment of human adenoviruses and discusses how these may influence the targeting of adenovirus-based vectors.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/classification/*genetics/physiology Animals Genetic Therapy/adverse effects *Genetic Vectors/adverse effects Humans Liver/pathology Receptors, Virus/*chemistry/metabolism Viral Tropism}, issn = {0165-6147}, doi = {10.1016/j.tips.2012.04.005}, author = {Arnberg, N.} } @article {568, title = {Adenovirus respiratory infections in hospitalized children: clinical findings in relation to species and serotypes}, journal = {Pediatr Infect Dis J}, volume = {31}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, note = {Tabain, Irena Ljubin-Sternak, Suncanica Cepin-Bogovic, Jasna Markovinovic, Leo Knezovic, Ivica Mlinaric-Galinovic, Gordana Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Jul;31(7):680-4. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e318256605e.}, pages = {680-4}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: There are >50 adenovirus (ADV) serotypes that are divided into 7 species (A-G). The aim of this study was to characterize ADV serotypes and species in hospitalized infants and children in the City of Zagreb and Zagreb County and to describe clinical features and laboratory findings of ADV infections according to the causative ADV serotype. METHODS: During the 3-year period from January 2006 to November 2008, 135 children (<10 years of age) with ADV respiratory infection, based on virus isolation, were treated at 2 hospitals in Zagreb. Demographics, clinical presentations and laboratory findings were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 135 ADV isolates, 77 (57.0\%) were type 2, followed by 26 (19.3\%) of type 1, 15 (11.1\%) isolates of type 3, 2 (1.5\%) of type 6 and only 1 (0.7\%) was type 7. Male-to-female ratio was 3.2:1 (103 boys and 32 girls). The mean age was 22.9 months. The most common symptoms were fever (98\%), rhinorrhea (89\%) and cough (71\%). The mean peak body temperature was 39.8 degrees C. Tonsillitis was present in 79 (59\%) and acute otitis media in 37 (28\%) patients. Leukocytosis (>15.0x10(9)/L) was noted in 103 (77\%) patients. Serum C-reactive protein was >40 mg/L in 74 patients (56\%). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was >/=30 mm/h in 91 (71\%) of the 127 patients tested. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the most common isolated serotype was ADV type 2. Most affected children were younger than 3 years. ADV infections in young children can present with prolonged fever, leukocytosis and significantly elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mimicking bacterial infections.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/ epidemiology/pathology Adenoviruses, Hospitalized Child, Human/classification/genetics/ isolation \& purification Child Child, Preschool Croatia/epidemiology Female Humans Infant Male Prevalence Respiratory Tract Infections/ epidemiology/pathology/ virology}, issn = {1532-0987 (Electronic) 0891-3668 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0b013e318256605e}, author = {Tabain, I. and Ljubin-Sternak, S. and Cepin-Bogovic, J. and Markovinovic, L. and Knezovic, I. and Mlinaric-Galinovic, G.} } @article {4608, title = {Adenovirus respiratory infections in hospitalized children: clinical findings in relation to species and serotypes}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {31}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {680{\textendash}4}, issn = {1532-0987 (Electronic) 0891-3668 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0b013e318256605e}, author = {Tabain, I. and Ljubin-Sternak, S. and Cepin-Bogovic, J. and Markovinovic, L. and Knezovic, I. and Mlinaric-Galinovic, G.} } @article {4410, title = {Adenovirus respiratory tract infections in Peru}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, pages = {e46898}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0046898}, author = {Ampuero, J. S. and Ocana, V. and Gomez, J. and Gamero, M. E. and Garcia, J. and Halsey, E. S. and Laguna-Torres, V. A.} } @article {4437, title = {Adenovirus respiratory tract infections in {Peru}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, pages = {e46898}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0046898}, author = {Ampuero, J. S. and Ocana, V. and Gomez, J. and Gamero, M. E. and Garcia, J. and Halsey, E. S. and Laguna-Torres, V. A.} } @article {502, title = {Adenovirus respiratory tract infections in Peru}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, note = {1932-6203 Ampuero, Julia S Ocana, Victor Gomez, Jorge Gamero, Maria E Garcia, Josefina Halsey, Eric S Laguna-Torres, V Alberto Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46898. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046898. Epub 2012 Oct 8.}, pages = {e46898}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Currently, there is a paucity of data regarding human adenovirus (HAdv) circulation in Andean regions of South America. To address this shortcoming, we report the clinical, phylogenetic, and epidemiologic characteristics of HAdv respiratory tract infection from a large sentinel surveillance study conducted among adults and children in Peru. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from participants visiting any of 38 participating health centers, and viral pathogens were identified by immunofluorescence assay in cell culture. In addition, molecular characterization was performed on 226 randomly selected HAdv samples. Between 2000 and 2010, a total of 26,375 participants with influenza-like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) were enrolled in the study. HAdv infection was identified in 2.5\% of cases and represented 6.2\% of all viral pathogens. Co-infection with a heterologous virus was found in 15.5\% of HAdv cases. HAdv infection was largely confined to children under the age of 15, representing 88.6\% of HAdv cases identified. No clinical characteristics were found to significantly distinguish HAdv infection from other respiratory viruses. Geographically, HAdv infections were more common in sites from the arid coastal regions than in the jungle or highland regions. Co-circulation of subgroups B and C was observed each year between 2006 and 2010, but no clear seasonal patterns of transmission were detected. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: HAdv accounted for a significant fraction of those presenting with ILI and SARI in Peru and tended to affect the younger population disproportionately. Longitudinal studies will help better characterize the clinical course of patients with HAdv in Peru, as well as determine the role of co-infections in the evolution of illness.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/classification/genetics/*physiology Adenoviridae Infections/*epidemiology/pathology Adolescent Adult Child Child, Newborn Male Middle Aged Peru/epidemiology Phylogeny Respiratory Tract Diseases/*virology Seasons Young Adult, Preschool Epidemiological Monitoring Female Genotype Humans Infant Infant}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0046898}, author = {Ampuero, J. S. and Ocana, V. and Gomez, J. and Gamero, M. E. and Garcia, J. and Halsey, E. S. and Laguna-Torres, V. A.} } @article {557, title = {Adenovirus-associated deaths in US military during postvaccination period, 1999-2010}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {1080-6059 Potter, Robert N Cantrell, Joyce A Mallak, Craig T Gaydos, Joel C Case Reports Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 Mar;18(3):507-9. doi: 10.3201/eid1803.111238.}, pages = {507-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Adenoviruses are frequent causes of respiratory disease in the US military population. A successful immunization program against adenovirus types 4 and 7 was terminated in 1999. Review of records in the Mortality Surveillance Division, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, identified 8 deaths attributed to adenovirus infections in service members during 1999-2010.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/classification/genetics Adenovirus Infections, Human/*mortality Adolescent Adult Biopsy Female Humans Male *Military Personnel Respiratory Tract Diseases/*mortality United States Viral Vaccines Young Adult}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1803.111238}, author = {Potter, R. N. and Cantrell, J. A. and Mallak, C. T. and Gaydos, J. C.} } @article {4576, title = {Adenovirus-associated deaths in {US} military during postvaccination period, 1999-2010}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {507{\textendash}9}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1803.111238}, author = {Potter, R. N. and Cantrell, J. A. and Mallak, C. T. and Gaydos, J. C.} } @article {13516, title = {Administration of triclabendazole is safe and effective in controlling fascioliasis in an endemic community of the Bolivian Altiplano}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1720}, author = {Villegas, F. and Angles, R. and Barrientos, R. and Barrios, G. and Valero, M. A. and Hamed, K. and Grueningr, H. and Ault, S. K. and Montresor, A. and Engels, D. and Mas-Coma, S. and Gabrielli, A. F.} } @article {13168, title = {Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. dhakensis isolated from feces, water and fish in Mediterranean Spain}, journal = {Microbes and Environments}, volume = {27}, year = {2012}, pages = {367-373}, doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME12009}, author = {Esteve, C. and Alcaide, E. and Blasco, M. D.} } @article {13151, title = {[Aeromonas spp. associated to acute diarrheic disease in Cuba: case-control study]}, journal = {Revista Chilena de Infectologia : Organo Oficial de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectologia.}, volume = {29}, year = {2012}, pages = {44-48}, doi = {10.4067/S0716-10182012000100008}, author = {Bravo, L. and Fernandez, A. and Nunez, F. A. and Rivero, L. A. and Ramirez, M. and Aguila, A. and Ledo, Y. and Cruz, Y. and Hernandez, J.} } @article {13307, title = {Aeromonas spp. whole genomes and virulence factors implicated in fish disease}, journal = {Journal of Fish Disease}, volume = {36}, year = {2012}, pages = {371- 388}, author = {Beaz-Hildago, R and M J Figueras} } @article {3063, title = {Alveolar echinococcosis: spectrum of findings at cross-sectional imaging}, journal = {Radiographics: A Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc}, volume = {32}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {2053{\textendash}2070}, abstract = {Alveolar echinococcosis is a rare parasitic disease caused by the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, which is endemic in many parts of the world. Without timely diagnosis and therapy, the prognosis is dismal, with death the eventual outcome in most cases. Diagnosis is usually based on findings at radiologic imaging and in serologic analyses. Because echinococcal lesions can occur almost anywhere in the body, familiarity with the spectrum of cross-sectional imaging appearances is advantageous. Echinococcal lesions may produce widely varied imaging appearances depending on the parasite{\textquoteright}s growth stage, the tissues or organs affected, and the presence of associated complications. Although the liver is the initial site of mass infestation by E multilocularis, the parasite may disseminate from there to other organs and tissues, such as the lung, heart, brain, bones, and ligaments. In severe infestations, the walls of the bile ducts and blood vessels may be invaded. Disseminated parasitic lesions in unusual locations with atypical imaging appearances may make it difficult to narrow the differential diagnosis. Ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with standard and diffusion-weighted sequences, and MR cholangiopancreatography all provide useful information and play complementary roles in detecting and characterizing echinococcal lesions. Cross-sectional imaging is crucial for differentiating echinococcosis from malignant processes: CT is most useful for depicting the peripheral calcifications surrounding established echinococcal cysts, and MR imaging is most helpful for identifying echinococcosis of the central nervous system.}, keywords = {Anatomy, Cross-Sectional, Diagnosis, Differential, Echinococcosis, Hepatic, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Tomography, X-Ray Computed}, issn = {1527-1323}, doi = {10.1148/rg.327125708}, author = {Kantarci, Mecit and Bayraktutan, Ummugulsum and Karabulut, Nevzat and Aydinli, Bulent and Ogul, Hayri and Yuce, Ihsan and Calik, Muhammet and Eren, Suat and Atamanalp, Sabri Selcuk and Oto, Aytekin} } @article {9714, title = {Amebiasis}, year = {2012}, institution = {American Academy of Pediatrics}, address = {Elk Grove Village, IL} } @article {10992, title = {Ammonia {Inactivation} of {Ascaris} {Ova} in {Ecological} {Compost} by {Using} {Urine} and {Ash}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {15}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {5133{\textendash}5137}, abstract = {Viable ova of Ascaris lumbricoides, an indicator organism for pathogens, are frequently found in feces-derived compost produced from ecological toilets, demonstrating that threshold levels of time, temperature, pH, and moisture content for pathogen inactivation are not routinely met. Previous studies have determined that NH3 has ovicidal properties for pathogens, including Ascaris ova. This research attempted to achieve Ascaris inactivation via NH3 under environmental conditions commonly found in ecological toilets and using materials universally available in an ecological sanitation setting, including compost (feces and sawdust), urine, and ash. Compost mixed with stored urine and ash produced the most rapid inactivation, with significant inactivation observed after 2 weeks and with a time to 99\% ovum inactivation (T 99) of 8 weeks. Compost mixed with fresh urine and ash achieved a T 99 of 15 weeks, after a 4-week lag phase. Both matrices had relatively high total-ammonia concentrations and pH values of {\textgreater}9.24 (pKa of ammonia). In compost mixed with ash only, and in compost mixed with fresh urine only, inactivation was observed after an 11-week lag phase. These matrices contained NH3 concentrations of 164 to 173 and 102 to 277 mg/liter, respectively, when inactivation occurred, which was below the previously hypothesized threshold for inactivation (280 mg/liter), suggesting that a lower threshold NH3 concentration may be possible with a longer contact time. Other significant results include the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia between pH values of 10.4 and 11.6, above the literature threshold pH of 10.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00631-12}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/78/15/5133.abstract}, author = {McKinley, James W. and Parzen, Rebecca E. and Mercado Guzm{\'a}n, {\'A}lvaro} } @article {17471, title = {{Ammonia inactivation of Ascaris ova in ecological compost by using urine and ash.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {15}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {5133{\textendash}5137}, abstract = {Viable ova of Ascaris lumbricoides, an indicator organism for pathogens, are frequently found in feces-derived compost produced from ecological toilets, demonstrating that threshold levels of time, temperature, pH, and moisture content for pathogen inactivation are not routinely met. Previous studies have determined that NH(3) has ovicidal properties for pathogens, including Ascaris ova. This research attempted to achieve Ascaris inactivation via NH(3) under environmental conditions commonly found in ecological toilets and using materials universally available in an ecological sanitation setting, including compost (feces and sawdust), urine, and ash. Compost mixed with stored urine and ash produced the most rapid inactivation, with significant inactivation observed after 2 weeks and with a time to 99{\%} ovum inactivation (T(99)) of 8 weeks. Compost mixed with fresh urine and ash achieved a T(99) of 15 weeks, after a 4-week lag phase. Both matrices had relatively high total-ammonia concentrations and pH values of {\textgreater}9.24 (pK(a) of ammonia). In compost mixed with ash only, and in compost mixed with fresh urine only, inactivation was observed after an 11-week lag phase. These matrices contained NH(3) concentrations of 164 to 173 and 102 to 277 mg/liter, respectively, when inactivation occurred, which was below the previously hypothesized threshold for inactivation (280 mg/liter), suggesting that a lower threshold NH(3) concentration may be possible with a longer contact time. Other significant results include the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia between pH values of 10.4 and 11.6, above the literature threshold pH of 10.}, keywords = {Ammonia, Animals, ascaris, Bolivia, Chemistry, drug effects, Feces, Humans, Linear Models, methods, Ovum, Parasitology, physiology, Sanitary Engineering, Time Factors, Toilet Facilities, TOXICITY, Urine}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00631-12}, author = {McKinley, James W and Parzen, Rebecca E and Mercado Guzm{\'a}n, {\'A}lvaro} } @article {9392, title = {{Amoebiasis in the Tropics: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis}}, journal = {Current Topics in Tropical Medicine}, year = {2012}, pages = {202{\textendash}226}, author = {Samie, A and El Bakri, A and AbuOdeh, R} } @article {3160, title = {Analysis of antibody responses by commercial western blot assay in horses with alveolar echinococcosis}, journal = {The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, month = {jun}, pages = {813{\textendash}815}, abstract = {Commercial western blot (WB) assay was used to detect serum antibodies specific to Echinococcus multilocularis in 23 horses in which infection was confirmed by postmortem inspection at a slaughterhouse. Livers contained from 1 to {\textbackslash}textgreater20 nodular lesions; foci diameter ranged from 1 to 25 mm. Antibody tests of serum from all 23 animals were negative for antigen bands at 7, 16, 18, and 26-28 kDa, which show specificity in the serum of human patients. However, sera from two infected horses with the largest nodules (diameter, 25 mm) showed positive response to one of the 22-kDa and 30-kDa antigen bands. It may be possible to diagnose E. multilocularis infection in horses based on the detection of these bands on commercial WB assay.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Blotting, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Female, Helminth, Hepatic, Horse Diseases, Horses, Humans, Liver, Male, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Western}, issn = {1347-7439}, author = {Ueno, Masahiro and Kuroda, Nobuhiko and Yahagi, Kazue and Ohtaki, Toshihiko and Kawanaka, Masanori} } @article {3170, title = {Analysis of economic burden for patients with cystic echinococcosis in five hospitals in northwest {China}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {106}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {743{\textendash}748}, abstract = {The direct and indirect economic burden of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) was investigated in the five specialist hydatid hospitals in Xinjiang, PR China, to provide information for health policy in the future. A total of 2018 CE patients (age range 2-88 years) attending the hospitals were studied between 2004 and 2008. The per-person direct medical cost was US\$1493.12 (95\% CI 1438.43-1547.80) and the per-person direct non-medical cost was US\$19.67. The indirect economic cost was US\$1435.96 per person, and the disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) lost was approximately 1.03 DALY/person. This study is the first to combine the human capital method with DALYs to analyse the indirect CE economic burden in northwest China. Factors such as age, occupation and hospital level should be considered when developing polices to reduce the economic burden of CE.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Agriculture, Animals, Child, China, Cost of Illness, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Female, Health Care Costs, Health Policy, Hospitalization, Hospitals, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Special, Young Adult}, issn = {1878-3503}, doi = {10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.09.003}, author = {Wang, Le and Wen, Hao and Feng, Xiaohui and Jiang, Xiaoming and Duan, Xinyu} } @article {11295, title = {{Analysis of the course and treatment of toxocariasis in children a long-term observation}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {110}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {2363{\textendash}2371}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-011-2772-y}, author = {Wisniewska-Ligier, M and Wozniakowska-Gesicka, T and Sobolewska-Dryjanska, J and Markiewicz-Jozwiak, A and Wieczorek, M} } @article {9578, title = {{Anthroponotic enteric parasites in monkeys in public park, China}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, pages = {1640{\textendash}1643}, author = {Ye, J and Xiao, L and Ma, J and Guo, M and Liu, L and Feng, Y} } @article {13191, title = {Antibiotic susceptibility profile of Aeromonas species isolated from wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {The Scientific World Journal}, year = {2012}, pages = {764563}, author = {Igbinosa, I. H. and Okoh, A. I.} } @article {15520, title = {Antischistosomal activity of trioxaquines: in vivo efficacy and mechanism of action on Schistosoma mansoni}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {Portela, Julien
Boissier, Jerome
Gourbal, Benjamin
Pradines, Vincent
Colliere, Vincent
Cosledan, Frederic
Meunier, Bernard
Robert, Anne
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2012/02/22 06:00
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(2):e1474. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001474. Epub 2012 Feb 14.}, pages = {e1474}, abstract = {Schistosomiasis is among the most neglected tropical diseases, since its mode of spreading tends to limit the contamination to people who are in contact with contaminated waters in endemic countries. Here we report the in vitro and in vivo anti-schistosomal activities of trioxaquines. These hybrid molecules are highly active on the larval forms of the worms and exhibit different modes of action, not only the alkylation of heme. The synergy observed with praziquantel on infected mice is in favor of the development of these trioxaquines as potential anti-schistosomal agents.}, keywords = {Aminoquinolines/*administration \& dosage/*pharmacology, Animals, Anthelmintics/*administration \& dosage/*pharmacology, Drug Synergism, Female, Humans, Larva/drug effects, Male, Mice, Praziquantel/administration \& dosage/pharmacology, Schistosoma mansoni/*drug effects, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*drug therapy, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Portela, J. and Boissier, J. and Gourbal, B. and Pradines, V. and Colliere, V. and Cosledan, F. and Meunier, B. and Robert, A.} } @article {13517, title = {Apparent Triclabendazole-resistant human Fasciola hepatica infection, the Netherlands.}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {18}, year = {2012}, pages = {1028-1029}, author = {Winkelhagen, A. J. S. and Mank, T. and de Vries, P. J. and Soetekouw, R.} } @article {13810, title = {Application of enteric viruses for fecal pollution source tracking in environmental waters}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Microbial source tracking (MST) tools are used to identify sources of fecal pollution for accurately assessing public health risk and implementing best management practices (BMPs). This review focuses on the potential of enteric viruses for MST applications. Following host infection, enteric viruses replicate and are excreted in high numbers in the hosts{\textquoteright} feces and urine. Due to the specificity in host infection, enteric viruses have been considered one of the most accurate library-independent culture-independent MST tools. In an assessment of molecular viral assays based on sensitivity, specificity and the density of the target virus in fecal-impacted samples, human adenovirus and human polyomavirus were found to be the most promising human-specific viral markers. However, more research is needed to identify promising viral markers for livestock because of cross-reactions that were observed among livestock species or the limited number of samples tested for specificity. Other viral indicators of fecal origin, F+ RNA coliphage and pepper mild mottle virus, have also been proposed as potential targets for developing MST markers. Enhancing the utility of enteric viruses for MST applications through next generation sequencing (NGS) and virus concentration technology is discussed in the latter part of this review. The massive sequence databases generated by shotgun and gene-targeted metagenomics enable more efficient and reliable design of MST assays. Finally, recent studies revealed that alternative virus concentration methodologies may be more cost-effective than standard technologies such as 1MDS; however, improvements in the recovery efficiency and consistency are still needed. Overall, developments in metagenomic information combined with efficient concentration methodologies, as well as high host-specificity, make enteric viruses a promising tool in MST applications. {\textcopyright} 2012 .}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.02.009}, author = {Wong, K. and Fong, T.-T. and Bibby, K. and Molina, M.} } @article {7613, title = {{Application of enteric viruses for fecal pollution source tracking in environmental waters}}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {151-164}, abstract = {

Microbial source tracking (MST) tools are used to identify sources of fecal pollution for accurately assessing public health risk and implementing best management practices (BMPs). This review focuses on the potential of enteric viruses for MST applications. Following host infection, enteric viruses replicate and are excreted in high numbers in the hosts{\textquoteright} feces and urine. Due to the specificity in host infection, enteric viruses have been considered one of the most accurate library-independent culture-independent MST tools. In an assessment of molecular viral assays based on sensitivity, specificity and the density of the target virus in fecal-impacted samples, human adenovirus and human polyomavirus were found to be the most promising human-specific viral markers. However, more research is needed to identify promising viral markers for livestock because of cross-reactions that were observed among livestock species or the limited number of samples tested for specificity. Other viral indicators of fecal origin, F+ RNA coliphage and pepper mild mottle virus, have also been proposed as potential targets for developing MST markers. Enhancing the utility of enteric viruses for MST applications through next generation sequencing (NGS) and virus concentration technology is discussed in the latter part of this review. The massive sequence databases generated by shotgun and gene-targeted metagenomics enable more efficient and reliable design of MST assays. Finally, recent studies revealed that alternative virus concentration methodologies may be more cost-effective than standard technologies such as 1MDS; however, improvements in the recovery efficiency and consistency are still needed. Overall, developments in metagenomic information combined with efficient concentration methodologies, as well as high host-specificity, make enteric viruses a promising tool in MST applications. {\textcopyright} 2012 .

}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.02.009}, author = {Wong, K. and Fong, T.-T. and Bibby, K. and Molina, M.} } @article {1932, title = {Application of enteric viruses for fecal pollution source tracking in environmental waters}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {45}, year = {2012}, note = {Wong, Kelvin Fong, Theng-Theng Bibby, Kyle Molina, Marirosa eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. Review Netherlands 2012/04/28 06:00 Environ Int. 2012 Sep 15;45:151-64. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.02.009. Epub 2012 Apr 24.}, pages = {151-64}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Microbial source tracking (MST) tools are used to identify sources of fecal pollution for accurately assessing public health risk and implementing best management practices (BMPs). This review focuses on the potential of enteric viruses for MST applications. Following host infection, enteric viruses replicate and are excreted in high numbers in the hosts\&$\#$39; feces and urine. Due to the specificity in host infection, enteric viruses have been considered one of the most accurate library-independent culture-independent MST tools. In an assessment of molecular viral assays based on sensitivity, specificity and the density of the target virus in fecal-impacted samples, human adenovirus and human polyomavirus were found to be the most promising human-specific viral markers. However, more research is needed to identify promising viral markers for livestock because of cross-reactions that were observed among livestock species or the limited number of samples tested for specificity. Other viral indicators of fecal origin, F+ RNA coliphage and pepper mild mottle virus, have also been proposed as potential targets for developing MST markers. Enhancing the utility of enteric viruses for MST applications through next generation sequencing (NGS) and virus concentration technology is discussed in the latter part of this review. The massive sequence databases generated by shotgun and gene-targeted metagenomics enable more efficient and reliable design of MST assays. Finally, recent studies revealed that alternative virus concentration methodologies may be more cost-effective than standard technologies such as 1MDS; however, improvements in the recovery efficiency and consistency are still needed. Overall, developments in metagenomic information combined with efficient concentration methodologies, as well as high host-specificity, make enteric viruses a promising tool in MST applications.

}, keywords = {Enterovirus/genetics/*growth \& development/isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/*methods Feces/*virology Humans *Water Microbiology Water Pollution/*analysis/statistics \& numerical data}, issn = {1873-6750 (Electronic) 0160-4120 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2012.02.009}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537583}, author = {Wong, K. and Fong, T. T. and Bibby, K. and Molina, M.} } @article {5778, title = {{Arcobacter bivalviorum sp. nov. and Arcobacter venerupis sp. nov., new species isolated from shellfish.}}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {133{\textendash}138}, author = {Levican, Arturo and Collado, Luis and Aguilar, Carmen and Yustes, Clara and Di{\'e}guez, Ana L and Romalde, Jes{\'u}s L and Maria J Figueras} } @article {14295, title = {Arcobacter bivalviorum sp. nov. and {Arcobacter} venerupis sp. nov., new species isolated from shellfish.}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {may}, pages = {133{\textendash}138}, author = {Levican, Arturo and Collado, Luis and Aguilar, Carmen and Yustes, Clara and Di{\'e}guez, Ana L and Romalde, Jes{\'u}s L and Maria J Figueras} } @article {14328, title = {Arcobacter in {Lake} {Erie} beach waters: an emerging gastrointestinal pathogen linked with human-associated fecal contamination.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {16}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {5511{\textendash}5519}, author = {Lee, Cheonghoon and Agidi, Senyo and Marion, Jason W and Lee, Jiyoung} } @article {5811, title = {{Arcobacter in Lake Erie beach waters: an emerging gastrointestinal pathogen linked with human-associated fecal contamination.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {16}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {5511{\textendash}5519}, author = {Lee, Cheonghoon and Agidi, Senyo and Marion, Jason W and Lee, Jiyoung} } @article {7913, title = {Arcobacter species in diarrhoeal faeces from humans in New Zealand}, journal = {The New Zealand Medical Journal (Online)}, volume = {125}, year = {2012}, pages = {40-46}, author = {Mandisodza, Owen and Burrows, Elizabeth and Nulsen, Mary} } @mastersthesis {7126, title = {Arctic coastal lagoons of {Cape} {Krusenstern} {National} {Monument}: {Subsistence}, ecosystem characterization, and management}, year = {2012}, note = {3526729}, school = {East Carolina University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The main objective of this research was to provide baseline water quality and species data for the five coastal lagoons in Cape Krusenstern National Monument (CAKR). Coastal lagoons are habitat for fish species that are utilized by many local residents in their subsistence lifestyle. The five chapters address the following: 1) background information, 2) summary of subsistence in Alaska, 3) physicochemical and species data collection in the CAKR lagoons between January 2003 - September 2004, 4) development of a long-term monitoring plan for the CAKR lagoons, and 5) overall conclusions. The data demonstrate that salinity and dissolved oxygen were highly variable in all the lagoons, particularly during ice-covered seasons. In contrast, all CAKR lagoons showed little variation in water temperature throughout the seven sampling periods. Multidimensional scaling plots of the physicochemical parameters indicated that Akulaaq, Krusenstern, and Sisualik each provide different environments that are influenced by estuarine connectivity, the conditions at freeze-up, and local weather conditions. Akulaaq Lagoon reached hypersaline levels in April 2003 (62.1 psu {\textpm} 1.8), but was back to estuarine levels by July 2003 (8.1 psu {\textpm} 0.1), representing a highly variable environment. Krusenstern Lagoon provided a more stable environment and is likely a potential overwintering habitat for fish species. Sisualik Lagoon was also highly variable and exhibited the greatest amount of station variability in salinity during any one sampling period (38.2\%). It was the only lagoon to develop a halocline during July 2003 and September 2004. All the CAKR lagoons experienced an increase in chlorophyll a between January and April and in April 2003, a spring bloom was recorded in Krusenstern (29.6 μg/L {\textpm} 8.2). Copepods and Cladocerans were the most abundant zooplankton in all the lagoons. Several Coregonus spp. utilize Akulaaq, Krusenstern, and Sisualik with Sisualik having the greatest number of benthic macroinvertebrate and fish species (N = 20). The National Park Service long-term monitoring protocol for the CAKR coastal lagoons was a direct product of this research. Inventory and monitoring of the resources of the CAKR lagoons is critical during this period of increased resource exploration, global climate change, and continued subsistence in Northwest Alaska.}, keywords = {0528:Natural Resource Management, 0792:Aquatic sciences, Alaska, Aquatic sciences, Arctic, Baseline data collection, Biological sciences, Cape Krusenstern National Monument, Coastal lagoons, Health and environmental sciences, Inventory and monitoring, Natural Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1080970747?accountid=14270}, author = {Reynolds, Melinda J.} } @article {4332, title = {{Assessing the effects of tertiary treated wastewater reuse on a Mediterranean river (Llobregat, NE Spain): pathogens and indicators [corrected].}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research International}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {may}, pages = {1026{\textendash}32}, abstract = {

PURPOSE: Need, coupled with advances in water treatment technology, is motivating a growing interest in augmenting drinking water supplies with reclaimed water. Using reclaimed water to increase the flow of the Llobregat River upstream the water catchment site of the complex multi-step drinking water treatment plant of Sant Joan Desp\í has been considered. The impact of reclaimed water discharges on the load of E. coli, spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia, somatic coliphages, cytopathogenic enteroviruses, and total and infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts in the Llobregat River water was assessed to gain information for funded decisions in potential future emergencies. METHODS: Enterovirus and Cryptosporidium oocysts were concentrated from great water volumes prior to enumeration, whereas indicators were enumerated directly from the samples. Both indicators and pathogens were enumerated by cultural techniques that determine infectious microbes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Densities of both indicators and pathogens in reclaimed water, despite that it was disinfected by UV irradiation alone or by UV irradiation plus chlorination, were significantly lower than their densities in the river water, both upstream and downstream the reclaimed water release site in the river. CONCLUSION: Results gathered indicate that discharging reclaimed water into the river does not increment the load of indicators and pathogens of the river water. Then, in emergency situations due to severe water shortages after prolonged droughts, at least from the infectious diseases point of view, the risks of augmenting drinking water supplies with reclaimed water can be satisfactorily and safely managed.

}, keywords = {Clostridium, Clostridium: classification, Clostridium: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages, Coliphages: classification, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium: classification, Cryptosporidium: isolation {\&} purification, enterovirus, Enterovirus: classification, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Fluid, Oocysts, Oocysts: classification, Rivers, Rivers: microbiology, Spain, Waste Disposal, Water Purification, Water quality, Water Quality: standards}, issn = {1614-7499}, doi = {10.1007/s11356-011-0562-9}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21720867}, author = {Rubiano, Mar{\'\i}a-Eugenia and Agull{\'o}-Barcel{\'o}, M{\'\i}riam and Casas-Mangas, Raquel and Jofre, Juan and Lucena, Francisco} } @article {6531, title = {Assessing the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene and sanitation programme on pupil absence in {Nyanza} {Province}, {Kenya}: a cluster-randomized trial}, journal = {Tropical Medicine \& International Health}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {380{\textendash}391}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02927.x/full}, author = {Freeman, Matthew C. and Greene, Leslie E. and Dreibelbis, Robert and Saboori, Shadi and Muga, Richard and Brumback, Babette and Rheingans, Richard} } @article {9882, title = {{Assessing the importance of zoonotic waterborne pathogens}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, chapter = {World Health Organization (WHO): Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health}, address = {London, UK}, author = {Suresh, K and Toranzos, GA and Fayer, R and Nissaparton, V and Olveda, R and Ashbolt, N and Gannon, V} } @article {16570, title = {Assessing the zoonotic potential of {Ascaris} suum and {Trichuris} suis: looking to the future from an analysis of the past}, journal = {J Helminthol}, volume = {86}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {jun}, pages = {148{\textendash}55}, abstract = {The two geohelminths, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, infect more than a billion people worldwide but are only reported sporadically in the developed part of the world. In contrast, the closely related species A. suum and T. suis in pigs have a truly global distribution, with infected pigs found in most production systems. In areas where pigs and humans live in close proximity or where pig manure is used as fertilizer on vegetables for human consumption, there is a potential risk of cross-infections. We therefore review this relationship between Ascaris and Trichuris in the human and pig host, with special focus on recent evidence concerning the zoonotic potential of these parasites, and identify some open questions for future research.}, keywords = {Animals, Ascariasis/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary, Ascaris suum/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Swine, Swine Diseases/*parasitology/transmission, Trichuriasis/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary, Trichuris/*isolation \& purification, Zoonoses/*epidemiology/*parasitology}, issn = {1475-2697 (Electronic) 0022-149X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X12000193}, author = {Nejsum, P. and Betson, M. and Bendall, R. P. and Thamsborg, S. M. and Stothard, J. R.} } @article {12078, title = {Assessing the zoonotic potential of Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis: looking to the future from an analysis of the past}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {86}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {Nejsum, P
Betson, M
Bendall, R P
Thamsborg, S M
Stothard, J R
eng
Review
England
2012/03/20 06:00
J Helminthol. 2012 Jun;86(2):148-55. doi: 10.1017/S0022149X12000193. Epub 2012 Mar 19.}, month = {Jun}, pages = {148-55}, abstract = {

The two geohelminths, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, infect more than a billion people worldwide but are only reported sporadically in the developed part of the world. In contrast, the closely related species A. suum and T. suis in pigs have a truly global distribution, with infected pigs found in most production systems. In areas where pigs and humans live in close proximity or where pig manure is used as fertilizer on vegetables for human consumption, there is a potential risk of cross-infections. We therefore review this relationship between Ascaris and Trichuris in the human and pig host, with special focus on recent evidence concerning the zoonotic potential of these parasites, and identify some open questions for future research.

}, keywords = {Animals, Ascariasis/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary, Ascaris suum/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Swine, Swine Diseases/*parasitology/transmission, Trichuriasis/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary, Trichuris/*isolation \& purification, Zoonoses/*epidemiology/*parasitology}, isbn = {1475-2697 (Electronic)
0022-149X (Linking)}, author = {Nejsum, P. and Betson, M. and Bendall, R. P. and Thamsborg, S. M. and Stothard, J. R.} } @article {1064, title = {Assessment of burden of virus agents in an urban sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}, year = {2012}, author = {Machado, FT and Baur, VC and Gagliardi, LJP and Pereira, MM} } @article {2702, title = {Assessment of burden of virus agents in an urban sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}, year = {2012}, abstract = {{ABSTRACT} Sewage discharge is considered to be the main source of virus contamination in aquatic environments. There is no correlation between the presence of viruses and the presence of fecal coliforms in water, therefore virological markers are needed when ...}, author = {Fumian, FT and Vieira, VC and Leite, LJP and Miagostovich, MM} } @article {14585, title = {Assessment of degradation byproducts and {NDMA} formation potential during {UV} and {UV}/{H}2O2 treatment of doxylamine in the presence of monochloramine}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {12904{\textendash}12}, abstract = {UV-C radiation is the U.S. EPA recommended technology to remove N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during drinking and recycled water production. Frequently, H(2)O(2) is added to the treatment to remove other recalcitrant compounds and to prevent NDMA reformation. However, the transformation of NDMA precursors during the UV and UV/H(2)O(2) process and the consequences for NDMA formation potential are currently not well understood, in particular in the presence of monochloramine. In this study, doxylamine has been chosen as a model compound to elucidate its degradation byproducts in the UV and UV/H(2)O(2) process and correlate those with changes to the NDMA formation potential. This study shows that during UV treatment in the presence and absence of monochloramine, NDMA formation potential can be halved. However, an increase of more than 30\% was observed when hydrogen peroxide was added. Ultrafast liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer was used for screening and structural elucidation of degradation byproducts identifying 21 chemical structures from the original parent compound. This work shows that further oxidation of NDMA precursors does not necessarily lead to a decrease in NDMA formation potential. Degradation byproducts with increased electron density in the vicinity of the dimethylamino moiety, for example induced by hydroxylation, may have a higher yield of nucleophilic substitution and subsequent NDMA formation compared to the parent compound during chloramination. This work demonstrates the need to consider the formation of oxidation byproducts and associated implications for the control and management of NDMA formation in downstream processes and distribution when integrating oxidative treatments into a treatment train generating either drinking water or recycled water for potable reuse.}, keywords = {Chemical/*chemistry, Chloramines/*chemistry, Dimethylnitrosamine/*chemistry, Doxylamine/*chemistry, Drinking Water/analysis, Hydrogen Peroxide/*chemistry, Oxidation-Reduction, Ultraviolet Rays, Water Pollutants, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es302883n}, author = {Farre, M. J. and Radjenovic, J. and Gernjak, W.} } @article {14936, title = {Assessment of degradation byproducts and {NDMA} formation potential during {UV} and {UV}/{H}2O2 treatment of doxylamine in the presence of monochloramine}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {12904{\textendash}12}, abstract = {UV-C radiation is the U.S. EPA recommended technology to remove N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during drinking and recycled water production. Frequently, H(2)O(2) is added to the treatment to remove other recalcitrant compounds and to prevent NDMA reformation. However, the transformation of NDMA precursors during the UV and UV/H(2)O(2) process and the consequences for NDMA formation potential are currently not well understood, in particular in the presence of monochloramine. In this study, doxylamine has been chosen as a model compound to elucidate its degradation byproducts in the UV and UV/H(2)O(2) process and correlate those with changes to the NDMA formation potential. This study shows that during UV treatment in the presence and absence of monochloramine, NDMA formation potential can be halved. However, an increase of more than 30\% was observed when hydrogen peroxide was added. Ultrafast liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer was used for screening and structural elucidation of degradation byproducts identifying 21 chemical structures from the original parent compound. This work shows that further oxidation of NDMA precursors does not necessarily lead to a decrease in NDMA formation potential. Degradation byproducts with increased electron density in the vicinity of the dimethylamino moiety, for example induced by hydroxylation, may have a higher yield of nucleophilic substitution and subsequent NDMA formation compared to the parent compound during chloramination. This work demonstrates the need to consider the formation of oxidation byproducts and associated implications for the control and management of NDMA formation in downstream processes and distribution when integrating oxidative treatments into a treatment train generating either drinking water or recycled water for potable reuse.}, keywords = {Chemical/*chemistry, Chloramines/*chemistry, Dimethylnitrosamine/*chemistry, Doxylamine/*chemistry, Drinking Water/analysis, Hydrogen Peroxide/*chemistry, Oxidation-Reduction, Ultraviolet Rays, Water Pollutants, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es302883n}, author = {Farre, M. J. and Radjenovic, J. and Gernjak, W.} } @article {2695, title = {Assessment of enteric viruses in a sewage treatment plant located in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Biology}, volume = {72}, year = {2012}, pages = {839-846}, doi = {10.1590/S1519-69842012000500009}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842012000500009}, author = {Vecchia, AD and Fleck, JD and Kluge, M and Comerlato, J} } @article {1057, title = {Assessment of enteric viruses in a sewage treatment plant located in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil}, year = {2012}, doi = {10.1590/S1519-69842012000500009}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842012000500009}, author = {Vecchia, AD and Fleck, JD and Kluge, M and Comerlato, J} } @inbook {1282, title = {Assessment of enteric viruses in a sewage treatment plant located in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil}, booktitle = {Braz J Biol}, volume = {72}, year = {2012}, note = {Vecchia, A D Fleck, J D Kluge, M Comerlato, J Bergamaschi, B Luz, R B Arantes, T S Silva, J V S Thewes, M R Spilki, F R Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia S1519-69842012000500009 [pii] Braz J Biol. 2012 Nov;72(4):839-46.}, pages = {839-46}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Brazil}, abstract = {In order to verify the microbial quality of the influents and effluents of one STP from southern Brazil, an eight-month survey was conducted to examine the presence of total and fecal coliforms and of adenovirus (HAdV), enterovirus (EV), genogroup A rotaviruses (GARV) and Torque teno virus (TTV), in treated effluent samples from Sao Joao/Navegantes STP, Porto Alegre (Brazil). A total of 16 samples were collected, eight of influent (raw sewage, prior to treatment), and the other eight of the effluent (post-treatment sewage). Total and fecal coliform levels ranging from 3.6 x 10(4) to 4.4 x 10(7) MPN/100 mL and 2.9 x 10(3) to 1.7 x 10(7) MPN/100 mL, were detected in all samples. In raw sewage, HAdV (25\%) and GARV (28.6\%) viral genomes were detected. The analysis of effluent samples revealed the presence of HAdV (50\%), EV (37.5\%), and TTV (12.5\%) genomic fragments. All samples, regardless of the month analysed, presented detection of a least one virus genus, except for in April. Higher virus detection rates were observed in treated sewage samples (62.5\%), and in 80\% of them (effluent positive samples) HAdV was detected. Results showed that improvements in sewage monitoring and treatment processes are necessary to reduce the viral and bacterial load on the environment in southern Brazil. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first study showing the monitoring of viral genomes in influent and effluent samples from a STP located in Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), southern Brazil.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Brazil DNA Viruses/ classification/isolation \& purification DNA, Fluid Water Microbiology Water Purification, Viral Enterovirus/isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA Viruses/ classification/isolation \& purification Rotavirus/isolation \& purification Sewage/ virology Torque teno virus/isolation \& purification Waste Disposal}, isbn = {1678-4375 (Electronic) 1519-6984 (Linking)}, author = {Vecchia, A. D. and Fleck, J. D. and Kluge, M. and Comerlato, J. and Bergamaschi, B. and Luz, R. B. and Arantes, T. S. and Silva, J. V. and Thewes, M. R. and Spilki, F. R.} } @article {14163, title = {Assessment of groundwater quality in the rural areas of the {North} {West} {Province}, {South} {Africa}}, journal = {Scientific Research and Essays}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, pages = {903{\textendash}914}, author = {Mpenyana-Monyatsi, L and M NB Momba} } @article {2358, title = {{Assessment of groundwater quality in the rural areas of the North West Province, South Africa}}, journal = {Scientific Research and Essays}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, pages = {903{\textendash}914}, author = {Mpenyana-Monyatsi, L and M NB Momba} } @article {11041, title = {Assessment of {Helminths} {Health} {Risk} {Associated} with reuse of {Raw} and {Treated} {Wastewater} of the {Settat} {City} ({Morocco})}, journal = {Resources and Environment}, volume = {2}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {193{\textendash}201}, issn = {2163-2618}, doi = {10.5923/j.re.20120205.03}, url = {http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.re.20120205.03.html}, author = {Hajjami, K. and M. Ennaji, M. and Fouad, S. and Oubrim, N. and Khallayoune, K. and Cohen, N.} } @article {6418, title = {Assessment of pathogen survival potential during managed aquifer recharge with diffusion chambers}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {693{\textendash}700}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05360.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05360.x}, author = {Sidhu, J.P.S. and Toze, S.} } @article {9124, title = {{Assessment of pathogen survival potential during managed aquifer recharge with diffusion chambers}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {693{\textendash}700}, abstract = {AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy of using in situ diffusion chambers for pathogen decay studies in the aquifer.{\$}\backslash{\$}n{\$}\backslash{\$}nMETHODS AND RESULTS: A comparative microbial inactivation study was carried out in groundwater by seeding selected pathogens and indicators in laboratory microcosms and Teflon diffusion chambers (in situ) fitted with 0.010- and 0.025-{\$}μ{\$}m pore-size membranes. The results have shown that there is a difference in the decay rates obtained from the laboratory microcosms and in situ diffusion chambers for several pathogens. The results suggest that the use of laboratory microcosms to determine pathogen decay during the Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) may lead to underestimation of decay of adenovirus and Cryptosporidium and subsequent inaccurate assessment of the required residence time in the aquifer for pathogens to be removed from the recharged water. The decay rate of two indicator bacteria, Salmonella enterica and adenovirus, was found to be significantly slower (t-test, P {\{}{\textless}{\}} 0.05) in the in situ studies when 0.010-{\$}μ{\$}m pore-size membranes were used. The assessment of potential clogging of the diffusion cell membranes showed no clogging of the membranes within the 50-day duration of the study as very little difference in the diffusion rates between new and old membranes was observed.{\$}\backslash{\$}n{\$}\backslash{\$}nCONCLUSIONS: Laboratory microcosms-based inactivation studies can significantly underestimate the survival potential of enteric viruses in the groundwater. Consequently, in situ studies should be carried out for accurate assessment of potential enteric virus survival in aquifers.{\$}\backslash{\$}n{\$}\backslash{\$}nSIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Reliable assessment of potential public health risks from the presence of pathogens in groundwater is essential for proper management of the MAR schemes. The results of this study suggest that in situ assessment of pathogen survival potential in diffusion chambers provided more reliable data for pathogen risk assessment and subsequent risk mitigation plans for MAR schemes.}, keywords = {Adenovirus, Cryptosporidium parvum, Groundwater, Managed aquifer recharge, pathogen inactivation, Salmonella enterica}, isbn = {1365-2672}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05360.x}, author = {Sidhu, J P S and Toze, S} } @article {7603, title = {{Assessment of sources of human pathogens and fecal contamination in a Florida freshwater lake}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {17}, year = {2012}, abstract = {We investigated the potential for a variety of environmental reservoirs to harbor or contribute fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), DNA markers of human fecal contamination, and human pathogens to a freshwater lake. We hypothesized that submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), sediments, and stormwater act as reservoirs and/or provide inputs of FIB and human pathogens to this inland water. Analysis included microbial source tracking (MST) markers of sewage contamination (Enterococcus faecium esp gene, human-associated Bacteroides HF183, and human polyomaviruses), pathogens (Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and enteric viruses), and FIB (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci). Bayesian analysis was used to assess relationships among microbial and physicochemical variables. FIB in the water were correlated with concentrations in SAV and sediment. Furthermore, the correlation of antecedent rainfall and major rain events with FIB concentrations and detection of human markers and pathogens points toward multiple reservoirs for microbial contaminants in this system. Although pathogens and human-source markers were detected in 55{\%} and 21{\%} of samples, respectively, markers rarely coincided with pathogen detection. Bayesian analysis revealed that low concentrations ({\textless}45 CFU {\texttimes} 100 ml-1) of fecal coliforms were associated with 93{\%} probability that pathogens would not be detected; furthermore the Bayes net model showed associations between elevated temperature and rainfall with fecal coliform and enterococci concentrations, but not E. coli. These data indicate that many under-studied matrices (e.g. SAV, sediment, stormwater) are important reservoirs for FIB and potentially human pathogens and demonstrate the usefulness of Bayes net analysis for water quality assessment. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier Ltd.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.012}, author = {Staley, C. and Reckhow, K.H. and Lukasik, J. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {11308, title = {An assessment of the emergency response among health workers involved in the 2010 cholera outbreak in northern Nigeria}, journal = {Journal of Infection and Public Health}, volume = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {346-353}, author = {Oladele, DA and Oyedeji, KS and Niemogha, MT and Nwaokorie, F and Bamidele, M and Musa, AZ and Adeneye, AK and Bamidele, TA and Ochoga, M and Akinsinde, KA and Brai, BI and Omonigbehin, EA and Fesobi, TW and Smith, SI and Ujah, IA} } @article {1277, title = {Assessment of the incidence of enteric adenovirus species and serotypes in surface waters in the eastern cape province of South Africa: Tyume River as a case study}, journal = {ScientificWorldJournal}, volume = {2012}, year = {2012}, note = {Sibanda, Timothy Okoh, Anthony I Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England TheScientificWorldJournal}, pages = {949216}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {TaqMan real-time PCR was used for the detection and quantitation of adenoviruses in Tyume River water samples over a 12-month period. A total of 72 samples were analysed, and 22 samples were positive for adenovirus. Of the positive samples, 18 were collected from downstream sampling points. Among the downstream sampling points, adenovirus detection rate increased with distance downstream, being 28\%, 33\%, and 39\% for Alice, Drayini, and Manqulweni, respectively. The Alice sampling site had the highest concentrations of adenovirus ranging between 6.54 x 103 genome copies/L and 8.49 x 104 genome copies/L. The observed trend could have been expected considering the level of anthropogenic activities in areas along the lower stretch of Tyume River, with the major one being the effluent of treated and semi treated sewage from wastewater treatment facilities. Adenovirus detection was sporadic at most sampling sites. Multiplex conventional PCR was used for the detection of clinically important adenovirus species B, C, and F and their serotypes. Species C and F adenoviruses were detected in 77\% and 18\% of the samples, respectively. Most adenovirus positive samples were obtained from areas of increased population densities. The presence of adenoviruses may confirm the risk of its transmission to the human population.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/classification/ genetics/isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring Incidence Rivers/ virology South Africa}, issn = {1537-744X (Electronic) 1537-744X (Linking)}, author = {Sibanda, T. and Okoh, A. I.} } @article {4603, title = {Assessment of the incidence of enteric adenovirus species and serotypes in surface waters in the eastern cape province of {South} {Africa}: {Tyume} {River} as a case study}, journal = {The Scientific World Journal}, volume = {2012}, year = {2012}, pages = {949216}, issn = {1537-744X (Electronic) 1537-744X (Linking)}, author = {Sibanda, T. and Okoh, A. I.} } @article {4004, title = {{Assessment of waterborne protozoan passage through conventional drinking water treatment process in Venezuela. J}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, year = {2012}, pages = {324{\textendash}336}, author = {Betancourt, WQ and Mena, KD} } @article {14472, title = {Assessment of waterborne protozoan passage through conventional drinking water treatment process in {Venezuela}}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {10}, year = {2012}, month = {jun}, pages = {324{\textendash}36}, abstract = {Three drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) differing in source water and treatment capacity were investigated for the potential passage of waterborne protozoan (oo)cysts through conventional processing. DWTP I (15,000 L/s), DWTP II (7,500 L/s) and DWTP III (4,300 L/s) provide drinking water for approximately 2.7 million inhabitants of the Metropolitan District of Caracas (Venezuela). The US Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623 for detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia was used to analyze raw water and finished drinking water samples collected from the three plants. (Oo)cyst recovery efficiencies varied between 23 and 84\%. The concentration of confirmed (oo)cysts detected in raw water samples ranged between 1 and 100 per 100 L. (Oo)cyst levels in finished water samples ranged from 2 to 25 per 100 L. These data indicated that the conventional treatment process to produce finished water at two filtration plants was not effective in preventing the passage of protozoan (oo)cysts. Monitoring strategies that include multiple microbial indicators and waterborne pathogens are strongly recommended for accurate source water characterization and for verification of the effectiveness of treatment process barriers to microbial breakthrough in the finished water.}, keywords = {Cities, Cryptosporidium/*physiology, Enterobacteriaceae, Giardia/*physiology, Oocysts/physiology, Sanitary Engineering, Venezuela, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/*methods, Water Supply/*standards, Water/*parasitology}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.118}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Mena, K. D.} } @article {15644, title = {Assessment of waterborne protozoan passage through conventional drinking water treatment process in Venezuela}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {Jun}, pages = {324-36}, edition = {2012/06/22}, keywords = {Cities, Cryptosporidium/*physiology, Enterobacteriaceae, Giardia/*physiology, Oocysts/physiology, Sanitary Engineering, Venezuela, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/*methods, Water Supply/*standards, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Mena, K. D.} } @inbook {16822, title = {Association of fecal indicator bacteria with human viruses and microbial source tracking markers at coastal beaches impacted by nonpoint source pollution}, booktitle = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {18}, year = {2012}, pages = {6423{\textendash}6432}, author = {McQuaig, Shannon and Griffith, John and Harwood, Valerie J} } @article {13785, title = {Association of fecal indicator bacteria with human viruses and microbial source tracking markers at coastal beaches impacted by nonpoint source pollution}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {18}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Water quality was assessed at two marine beaches in California by measuring the concentrations of culturable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and by library-independent microbial source tracking (MST) methods targeting markers of human-associated microbes (human polyomavirus [HPyV] PCR and quantitative PCR, Methanobrevibacter smithii PCR, and Bacteroides sp. strain HF183 PCR) and a human pathogen (adenovirus by nested PCR). FIB levels periodically exceeded regulatory thresholds at Doheny and Avalon Beaches for enterococci (28.5\% and 31.7\% of samples, respectively) and fecal coliforms (20\% and 5.8\%, respectively). Adenoviruses were detected at four of five sites at Doheny Beach and were correlated with detection of HPyVs and human Bacteroides HF183; however, adenoviruses were not detected at Avalon Beach. The most frequently detected human source marker at both beaches was Bacteroides HF183, which was detected in 27\% of samples. Correlations between FIBs and human markers were much more frequent at Doheny Beach than at Avalon Beach; e.g., adenovirus was correlated with HPyVs and HF183. Human sewage markers and adenoviruses were routinely detected in samples meeting FIB regulatory standards. The toolbox approach of FIB measurement coupled with analysis of several MST markers targeting human pathogens used here demonstrated that human sewage is at least partly responsible for the degradation of water quality, particularly at Doheny Beach, and resulted in a more definitive assessment of recreational water quality and human health risk than reliance on FIB concentrations alone could have provided. {\textcopyright} 2012, American Society for Microbiology.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00024-12}, author = {McQuaig, S. and Griffith, J. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {1015, title = {{Association of fecal indicator bacteria with human viruses and microbial source tracking markers at coastal beaches impacted by nonpoint source pollution}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {18}, year = {2012}, pages = {6423{\textendash}6432}, abstract = {Water quality was assessed at two marine beaches in California by measuring the concentrations of culturable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and by library-independent microbial source tracking (MST) methods targeting markers of human-associated microbes (human polyomavirus [HPyV] PCR and quantitative PCR, Methanobrevibacter smithii PCR, and Bacteroides sp. strain HF183 PCR) and a human pathogen (adenovirus by nested PCR). FIB levels periodically exceeded regulatory thresholds at Doheny and Avalon Beaches for enterococci (28.5\% and 31.7\% of samples, respectively) and fecal coliforms (20\% and 5.8\%, respectively). Adenoviruses were detected at four of five sites at Doheny Beach and were correlated with detection of HPyVs and human Bacteroides HF183; however, adenoviruses were not detected at Avalon Beach. The most frequently detected human source marker at both beaches was Bacteroides HF183, which was detected in 27\% of samples. Correlations between FIBs and human markers were much more frequent at Doheny Beach than at Avalon Beach; e.g., adenovirus was correlated with HPyVs and HF183. Human sewage markers and adenoviruses were routinely detected in samples meeting FIB regulatory standards. The toolbox approach of FIB measurement coupled with analysis of several MST markers targeting human pathogens used here demonstrated that human sewage is at least partly responsible for the degradation of water quality, particularly at Doheny Beach, and resulted in a more definitive assessment of recreational water quality and human health risk than reliance on FIB concentrations alone could have provided.}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00024-12}, author = {McQuaig, Shannon and Griffith, John and Harwood, Valerie J.} } @article {1259, title = {Association of fecal indicator bacteria with human viruses and microbial source tracking markers at coastal beaches impacted by nonpoint source pollution}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {18}, year = {2012}, note = {McQuaig, Shannon Griffith, John Harwood, Valerie J Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {6423-32}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Water quality was assessed at two marine beaches in California by measuring the concentrations of culturable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and by library-independent microbial source tracking (MST) methods targeting markers of human-associated microbes (human polyomavirus [HPyV] PCR and quantitative PCR, Methanobrevibacter smithii PCR, and Bacteroides sp. strain HF183 PCR) and a human pathogen (adenovirus by nested PCR). FIB levels periodically exceeded regulatory thresholds at Doheny and Avalon Beaches for enterococci (28.5\% and 31.7\% of samples, respectively) and fecal coliforms (20\% and 5.8\%, respectively). Adenoviruses were detected at four of five sites at Doheny Beach and were correlated with detection of HPyVs and human Bacteroides HF183; however, adenoviruses were not detected at Avalon Beach. The most frequently detected human source marker at both beaches was Bacteroides HF183, which was detected in 27\% of samples. Correlations between FIBs and human markers were much more frequent at Doheny Beach than at Avalon Beach; e.g., adenovirus was correlated with HPyVs and HF183. Human sewage markers and adenoviruses were routinely detected in samples meeting FIB regulatory standards. The toolbox approach of FIB measurement coupled with analysis of several MST markers targeting human pathogens used here demonstrated that human sewage is at least partly responsible for the degradation of water quality, particularly at Doheny Beach, and resulted in a more definitive assessment of recreational water quality and human health risk than reliance on FIB concentrations alone could have provided.}, keywords = {Bacteroides/genetics/ isolation \& purification Bathing Beaches California Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification Humans Methanobrevibacter/genetics/isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction Polyomavirus/genetics/ isolation \& purification Ris}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {McQuaig, S. and Griffith, J. and Harwood, V. J.} } @article {7586, title = {{Association of fecal indicator bacteria with human viruses and microbial source tracking markers at coastal beaches impacted by nonpoint source pollution}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {18}, year = {2012}, pages = {6423-6432}, abstract = {

Water quality was assessed at two marine beaches in California by measuring the concentrations of culturable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and by library-independent microbial source tracking (MST) methods targeting markers of human-associated microbes (human polyomavirus [HPyV] PCR and quantitative PCR, Methanobrevibacter smithii PCR, and Bacteroides sp. strain HF183 PCR) and a human pathogen (adenovirus by nested PCR). FIB levels periodically exceeded regulatory thresholds at Doheny and Avalon Beaches for enterococci (28.5{\%} and 31.7{\%} of samples, respectively) and fecal coliforms (20{\%} and 5.8{\%}, respectively). Adenoviruses were detected at four of five sites at Doheny Beach and were correlated with detection of HPyVs and human Bacteroides HF183; however, adenoviruses were not detected at Avalon Beach. The most frequently detected human source marker at both beaches was Bacteroides HF183, which was detected in 27{\%} of samples. Correlations between FIBs and human markers were much more frequent at Doheny Beach than at Avalon Beach; e.g., adenovirus was correlated with HPyVs and HF183. Human sewage markers and adenoviruses were routinely detected in samples meeting FIB regulatory standards. The toolbox approach of FIB measurement coupled with analysis of several MST markers targeting human pathogens used here demonstrated that human sewage is at least partly responsible for the degradation of water quality, particularly at Doheny Beach, and resulted in a more definitive assessment of recreational water quality and human health risk than reliance on FIB concentrations alone could have provided. {\textcopyright} 2012, American Society for Microbiology.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00024-12}, author = {McQuaig, S. and Griffith, J. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {4560, title = {Association of fecal indicator bacteria with human viruses and microbial source tracking markers at coastal beaches impacted by nonpoint source pollution}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {18}, year = {2012}, pages = {6423{\textendash}32}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {McQuaig, S. and Griffith, J. and Harwood, V. J.} } @article {6575, title = {Attributing human foodborne illness to food sources and water in {Latin} {America} and the {Caribbean} using data from outbreak investigations}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {152}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {jan}, pages = {129{\textendash}138}, issn = {01681605}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.04.018}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168160511002418}, author = {Pires, Sara M. and Vieira, Antonio R. and Perez, Enrique and Wong, Danilo Lo Fo and Hald, Tine} } @booklet {7792, title = {Australia{\textquoteright}s notifiable disease status, 2010: annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System}, number = {36 (1)}, year = {2012}, url = {http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cda-cdi3601-pdf-cnt.htm/$FILE/cdi3601a.pdf} } @article {13125, title = {Bacterial aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases and antimicrobial resistance in Dhaka, Bangladesh 2005-2008.}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {140}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {1678-1684}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268811002135}, author = {Ahmed, D. and Hoque, A. and Elahi, M. S. and Endtz, H. P. and Hossain, M.A.} } @article {6998, title = {Bacterial {Community} {Structure} in the {Drinking} {Water} {Microbiome} {Is} {Governed} by {Filtration} {Processes}}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {16}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {8851{\textendash}8859}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es302042t}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es302042t}, author = {Pinto, Ameet J. and Xi, Chuanwu and Raskin, Lutgarde} } @article {13935, title = {Bacteriophage genes that inactivate the {CRISPR}/{Cas} bacterial immune system}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {493}, number = {7432}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {429{\textendash}432}, issn = {0028-0836}, doi = {10.1038/nature11723}, url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature11723}, author = {Bondy-Denomy, Joe and Pawluk, April and Maxwell, Karen L. and Davidson, Alan R.} } @article {7950, title = {{Bacteriophage genes that inactivate the CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system}}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {493}, number = {7432}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {429{\textendash}432}, publisher = {Nature Research}, issn = {0028-0836}, doi = {10.1038/nature11723}, url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature11723}, author = {Bondy-Denomy, Joe and Pawluk, April and Maxwell, Karen L. and Davidson, Alan R.} } @book {16825, title = {Bacteriophages as surrogates for the fate and transport of pathogens in source water and in drinking water treatment processes}, year = {2012}, publisher = {INTECH Open Access Publisher London}, organization = {INTECH Open Access Publisher London}, author = {Mesquita, Maria MF and Emelko, Monica B} } @article {11013, title = {Balancing {Clinical} and {Environmental} {Responses} to {Infectious} {Diseases}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {379}, number = {9824}, year = {2012}, month = {apr}, pages = {1457{\textendash}1459}, issn = {0140-6736}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61227-0}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890320/}, author = {Remais, Justin V and Eisenberg, Joseph NS} } @article {16973, title = {Balancing hygienization and anaerobic digestion of raw sewage sludge}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {46}, number = {19}, year = {2012}, pages = {6218{\textendash}6227}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Astals, S and Venegas, C and Peces, M and Jofre, J and Lucena, F and Mata-Alvarez, J} } @article {4209, title = {{Balancing hygienization and anaerobic digestion of raw sewage sludge.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {19}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {6218{\textendash}27}, abstract = {

The anaerobic digestion of raw sewage sludge was evaluated in terms of process efficiency and sludge hygienization. Four different scenarios were analyzed, i.e. mesophilic anaerobic digestion, thermophilic anaerobic digestion and mesophilic anaerobic digestion followed by a 60 \°C or by an 80 \°C hygienization treatment. Digester performance (organic matter removal, process stability and biogas yield) and the hygienization efficiency (reduction of Escherichia coli, somatic coliphages and F-specific RNA phages) were the main examined factors. Moreover, a preliminary economical feasibility study of each option was carried out throughout an energy balance (heat and electricity). The obtained results showed that both thermophilic anaerobic digestion and mesophilic anaerobic digestion followed by a hygienization step were able to produce an effluent sludge that fulfills the American and the European legislation for land application. However, higher removal efficiencies of indicators were obtained when a hygienization post-treatment was present. Regarding the energy balance, it should be noted that all scenarios have a significant energy surplus. Particularly, positive heat balances will be obtained for the thermophilic anaerobic digestion and for the mesophilic anaerobic digestion followed by 60 \°C hygienization post-treatment if an additional fresh-sludge/digested sludge heat exchanger is installed for energy recovery.

}, keywords = {Anaerobiosis, Coliphages, Coliphages: pathogenicity, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Fluid, Fluid: instrumentation, Fluid: methods, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: pathogenicity, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Waste Disposal, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {1879-2448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.035}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23063441}, author = {Astals, S and Venegas, C and Peces, M and Jofre, J and Lucena, F and Mata-Alvarez, J} } @article {5946, title = {{Bats worldwide carry hepatitis E virus-related viruses that form a putative novel genus within the family Hepeviridae}}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {86}, year = {2012}, pages = {9134{\textendash}9147}, author = {Drexler, JF and Seelen, A and Corman, VM and Fumie A Tateno and Cottontail, V and Melim R Zerbinati and Gloza-Rausch, F and Klose, SM and Adu-Sarkodie, Y and Oppong, SK} } @booklet {10043, title = {{Bebidas H{\'\i}dricas, Agua y Agua Gasificada}}, year = {2012} } @article {7702, title = {Benefits of Water Safety Plans: microbiology, compliance, and public health}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46 (14)}, year = {2012}, pages = {7782-7789}, author = {Gunnarsd{\'o}ttir, MJ and Gardarsson, SM and Elliott, M and Sigmundsdottir, G and Bartram, J} } @article {15036, title = {Biodegradable bags as emergency sanitation in urban settings: the field experience}, journal = {Waterlines}, volume = {31}, year = {2012}, pages = {122{\textendash}132}, author = {Coloni, F. and van den Bergh, R. and Sittaro, F. and Gianonato, S. and Loots, G. and Maes, P.} } @article {9588, title = {Biodegradable bags as emergency sanitation in urban settings: the field experience}, journal = {Waterlines}, volume = {31}, number = {1\&2}, year = {2012}, pages = {122-132}, author = {Coloni, F and van den Bergh, R and Sittaro, F and Gianonato, S and Loots, G and Maes, P} } @mastersthesis {6940, title = {Biogeochemical and {Biophysical} {Consequences} of {Disturbances} in {Forests} of the {Western} {United} {States}}, year = {2012}, note = {3531759}, school = {Clark University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Forest disturbances are accelerating in magnitude, frequency and extent in the United States, driven by anthropogenic land management practices, as well as climatic factors associated with elevated temperatures and increase in incidence of droughts. These disturbances lead to changes in ecosystem properties associated with forest structure, composition and function. They can have significant consequences for ecosystem services, and can subsequently alter plant biomass accumulation and storage, water availability, and land surface temperatures. The complete carbon, water, and energy consequences of disturbances and their parameterization in ecosystem models is clearly lacking, with need for improved representations of mechanisms related to direct emissions, heterotrophic respiration of disturbance killed biomass, and post-disturbance recovery. The broad scientific purpose of this study is to forge new understanding of the post-disturbance dynamics of carbon, water and energy balance at a range of spatial (local to regional) and temporal (past, present and future) scales. The study integrates multiple datasets and methodological approaches linked to eddy covariance and micro-meteorological observations, forest inventories, process based biophysical and biogeochemical models, statistical analysis, geographical information science (GISci) and remote sensing derived process drivers and disturbance products as well as more recently developed Bayesian-based Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) model-data fusion techniques. The first paper is entitled "Fire induced carbon emissions and regrowth uptake in western United States forests: Documenting variation across forest types, fire severity, and climate regions". This paper is motivated by the need to account for the fire severity effects on all the components of carbon balance including direct and indirect emissions of carbon pools and regrowth sinks at regional scales. The results demonstrate that ecosystem recovery varies greatly by forest type as well as severity, with the maximum net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and its timing, minimum NEP, and NEP crossover time (number of years before NEP {\textgreater} 0) all increasing with higher fire severity. Scaling to the region, under most intensive biomass combustion, western United States (US) fires between 1984 and 2008 imposed a net source of 12.3 TgC yr -1 in 2008. The second paper is entitled "Carbon consequences of bark beetle outbreaks across the western United States". This study is motivated by the need to understand the carbon consequences of bark beetle outbreaks, and associated recovery across larger spatial scales. This study determines that the best estimates of biomass killed ranges from 3.69 to 12.3 Tg C yr -1 , and NEP reduction ranges from 5.02 to 14.46 Tg C yr-1 during 2000 to 2009 bark beetle outbreak period after accounting for data and model uncertainties. The carbon flux legacy of 2000-2009 outbreaks will continue decades into the future (e.g. 2040-2060) as committed emissions from heterotrophic respiration of beetle-killed biomass are partially balanced by forest regrowth and carbon accumulation. The third paper is entitled "On model-data fusion to determine optimal parameter sets for a recently clearcut, regenerating temperate forest: Managing equifinality and uncertainty to quantify inter-annual variability". This study is driven by the need to develop simple and intuitive statistical approaches to quantify equifinality (i.e., different parameter values leading to the same solution). The study demonstrates that equifinality can vary depending on the scale of the parameter space analyzed, and that parameters controlling biological processes have larger equifinality than physical parameters. After accounting for equifinality, this paper goes on to show that parameters related to vegetation structure have larger year-to-year trends than those related to physical function.}, keywords = {0425:Biogeochemistry, 0483:Geobiology, 0786:Biophysics, Biogeochemistry, Biological sciences, Biophysics, Carbon cycle, Earth sciences, Energy balance, Forest disturbances, Geobiology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1170538406?accountid=14270}, author = {Ghimire, Bardan} } @mastersthesis {7056, title = {Biogeographic characterization of fishes from intertidal sandflats in {Pamlico} {River}, {North} {Carolina}}, year = {2012}, note = {1510527}, school = {East Carolina University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The spatial and temporal changes in fish community structure in Pamlico River, North Carolina were analyzed. Salinity and temperature are important water quality parameters influencing fish community structure in estuaries. Fish were collected with an 18 m long bag seine from sandy habitats in Pamlico River, North Carolina. Each station was sampled bi-monthly (August to November) in 2009-2010. The North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries (NCDMF) Program 123 has been collecting fish from two stations in Pamlico River since 1987. There are two main differences between this study and Program 123. First, Program 123 has a much narrower geographic sampling area than this study. I sampled 18 fixed locations from Washington, North Carolina to the mouth of Pamlico Sound; whereas, NCDMF sampled only two stations near Bath, North Carolina. Second, sampling frequency was higher in this study than in Program 123. I sampled bi-weekly in October and November, 2009 and August to November, 2010; whereas, Program 123 sampled monthly from September to November, 2009 and 2010. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM), non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS), and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were used to test for differences in fish community structure both spatially and temporally, in Pamlico River, and to test for the correlation of water quality to fish community structure. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significance in water quality among the various sections. Five species ( Anchoa mitchilli , Menidia beryllina , Brevoortia tyrannus , Leiostomus xanthurus , and Lagodon rhomboides ) accounted for 97.4\% of the total abundance in Pamlico River. Temporal and spatial changes in fish community structure were important in Pamlico River. Temperature was the most important environmental factor correlating with temporal fish community structure in Pamlico River. Salinity was the most important factor in spatial fish community structure. Program 123 captured greater catch per unit effort (CPUE) than this study because Program 123 only sampled the Central section, where greatest fish abundance occurred. However, greater species diversity was captured in this study than in Program 123.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0472:Zoology, Biological sciences, Community structure, Ecology, Fish, North Carolina, Pamlico River, Sandflat, Zoology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1017545685?accountid=14270}, author = {Mabe, M. Wayne} } @article {3324, title = {The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {Nov 20}, year = {2012}, pages = {F55-70}, doi = {doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.083}, author = {Doorbar, J. and Quint, W. and Banks, L. and Bravo, I.G. and Stoler, M. and Broker, T.R. and Stanley, M.A.} } @article {1831, title = {Bioterrorism and Surveillance for Infectious Diseases - Lessons from Poliovirus and Enteric Virus Surveillance}, journal = {Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefence}, volume = {S4}, year = {2012}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.4172/2157-2526.S4-004}, author = {Shulman, L. M. and Manor, Y. and Sofer, D. and Mendelson, E.} } @article {6127, title = {Biotin-and Glycoprotein-Coated Microspheres: Potential Surrogates for Studying Filtration of Cryptosporidium parvum in Porous Media}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {21}, year = {2012}, pages = {11779{\textendash}11787}, author = {Pang, Liping and Nowostawska, Urszula and Weaver, Louise and Hoffman, Gabrielle and Karmacharya, Anjuman and Skinner, Alexandra and Karki, Naveena} } @article {16852, title = {Biotin-and glycoprotein-coated microspheres: potential surrogates for studying filtration of Cryptosporidium parvum in porous media}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {46}, number = {21}, year = {2012}, pages = {11779{\textendash}11787}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Pang, Liping and Nowostawska, Urszula and Weaver, Louise and Hoffman, Gabrielle and Karmacharya, Anjuman and Skinner, Alexandra and Karki, Naveena} } @booklet {972, title = {{BK polyomavirus: Emerging pathogen}}, journal = {Microbes and Infection}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {672{\textendash}683}, abstract = {BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a small double-stranded DNA virus that is an emerging pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. BKPyV is widespread in the general population, but primarily causes disease when immune suppression leads to reactivation of latent virus. Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis in renal and bone marrow transplant patients, respectively, are the most common diseases associated with BKPyV reactivation and lytic infection. In this review, we discuss the clinical relevance, effects on the host, virus life cycle, and current treatment protocols. {\textcopyright} 2012 Institut Pasteur.}, keywords = {BKPyV, Polyomavirus, Transplantation}, isbn = {1769-714X (Electronic)$\backslash$n1286-4579 (Linking)}, issn = {12864579}, doi = {10.1016/j.micinf.2012.02.002}, author = {Bennett, Shauna M. and Broekema, Nicole M. and Imperiale, Michael J.} } @article {9819, title = {{Blastocystis sp.: waterborne zoonotic organism, a possibility?}}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {130}, author = {Lee, L and Chye, TT and Karmacharya, BM and Govind, SK} } @article {9781, title = {{Blastocystis: to treat or not to treat}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {54}, year = {2012}, pages = {105{\textendash}110}, doi = {10.1093/cid/cir810}, author = {Coyle, CM and Varughese, J and Weiss, LM and Tanowitz, HB} } @article {9793, title = {{Blastocystis: to treat or not to treat{\l}dots} but how?}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {55}, year = {2012}, pages = {1431{\textendash}1432}, doi = {10.1093/cid/cis699}, author = {Engsbro, AL and Stensvold, CR} } @article {15563, title = {Blood flukes exploit Peyer{\textquoteright}s Patch lymphoid tissue to facilitate transmission from the mammalian host}, journal = {PLoS Pathogens}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, note = {G0601156/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, month = {Dec}, pages = {e1003063}, abstract = {

Schistosomes are blood-dwelling parasitic helminths which produce eggs in order to facilitate transmission. Intestinal schistosomes lay eggs in the mesenteries, however, it is unclear how their eggs escape the vasculature to exit the host. Using a murine model of infection, we reveal that Schistosoma mansoni exploits Peyer\&$\#$39;s Patches (PP) gut lymphoid tissue as a preferential route of egress for their eggs. Egg deposition is favoured within PP as a result of their more abundant vasculature. Moreover, the presence of eggs causes significant vascular remodeling leading to an expanded venule network. Egg deposition results in a decrease in stromal integrity and lymphoid cellularity, including secretory IgA producing lymphocytes, and the focal recruitment of macrophages. In mice lacking PP, egg excretion is significantly impaired, leading to greater numbers of ova being entrapped in tissues and consequently, exacerbated morbidity. Thus, we demonstrate how schistosomes directly facilitate transmission from the host by targeting lymphoid tissue. For the host, PP-dependency of egg egress represents a trade-off, as limiting potentially life-threatening morbidity is balanced by loss of PP structure and perturbed PP IgA production.

}, keywords = {*Peyer{\textquoteright}s Patches, Animals, Blood Vessels/*parasitology, Cells, Cultured, Eggs/*parasitology, Female, Fibroblasts/parasitology, Flow Cytometry, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Liver Function Tests, Liver/parasitology, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Schistosoma mansoni/*pathogenicity, Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology/parasitology/*transmission}, isbn = {1553-7374 (Electronic)
1553-7366 (Linking)}, author = {Turner, J. D. and Narang, P. and Coles, M. C. and Mountford, A. P.} } @article {10633, title = {{Both El Tor and classical cholera toxin bind blood group determinants}}, journal = {Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications}, volume = {418}, year = {2012}, pages = {731{\textendash}735}, author = {Heggelund, JE and Haugen, E and Lygren, B and Mackenzie, A and A Holmner and Vasile, F and Eina, JJ and Bernardi, A and Krengel, U} } @mastersthesis {6903, title = {Building the {Modern} {Turkish} {Household}: {Koc} {Industries}, 1947-1980}, year = {2012}, note = {3536176}, school = {University of Illinois at Chicago}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation is a study of the changing visual and spatial culture of Turkey during and after the so-called "Marshall Plan Years," from 1947 to 1980. Looking at a series of cultural reconstructions, the dissertation traces the transformations that remade the visual, symbolic, and utilitarian spheres of the nation. Focusing on four seminal products, and the design and production sectors that produced them, notably Ko{\c c} Industries, the dissertation examines tensions within the process of modernization: tensions between tradition and innovation, between local and national, between national and neo-colonial, and between private and state-controlled production and dissemination. By foregrounding the main strand of Ko{\c c} businesses that introduced four seminal products{\textendash} instantaneous water heater, refrigerator, private automobile and television{\textendash}this study exposes the development of a feedback loop that brought forth Turkey{\textquoteright}s consumer economy. A hybrid process occurred in which products came into existence both as a result of Vehbi Ko{\c c}{\textquoteright}s responses to his larger context {\textendash} notably, the changing national political economy and bursts of consumer demand {\textendash} and by his forcing of responses from this context in order to realize his own vision of material well-being for the Turkish nation. Ko{\c c} Corporation transformed in the post-1980 period, during Turkey{\textquoteright}s transition from economic protectionism to global market integration, in order to ensure continuity by seeking global competitiveness. The study concludes with projections about Ko{\c c} Corporation, as it gradually withdraws from manufacturing and seeks corporate power through more abstract means {\textendash} such as concentrating its activities in the fields of energy, finance, and high-tech research.}, keywords = {0333:Middle Eastern history, 0377:Art history, 0389:Design, Art history, Communication and the arts, Consumer culture, Corporate identity, design, Industrialization, Middle Eastern history, Social mobility, Social sciences, Turkey}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1288897671?accountid=14270}, author = {Ersan, Gokhan} } @article {13321, title = {Burden of Aeromonas hydrophila-associated diarrhea among children younger than 2 years in rural Egyptian community}, journal = {Journal of Infection in Developing Countries}, volume = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {842 - 846}, author = {A M Mansour and Abd R Elkhalek and H I Shaheen and El H Mohammady and Refaey, S and Hassan, K and Riddle, M and Sanders, JW and Sebeny, PJ and Young, SY and Frenck, R} } @article {15908, title = {Burden of disease from cryptosporidiosis}, journal = {Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, month = {Oct}, pages = {555-63}, edition = {2012/08/22}, keywords = {*Cost of Illness, *Cryptosporidiosis/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Antigens, Protozoan/analysis, Antiparasitic Agents/therapeutic use, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Global Health, Humans}, isbn = {0951-7375}, author = {Shirley, D. A. and Moonah, S. N. and Kotloff, K. L.} } @article {12892, title = {Business analysis of fecal sludge management: Emptying and transportation services in Africa and Asia}, journal = {Report. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA}, year = {2012}, author = {Chowdhry, Sangeeta and Kone, Doulaye} } @article {15133, title = {Business analysis of fecal sludge management: {Emptying} and transportation services in {Africa} and {Asia}}, journal = {Report. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA}, year = {2012}, author = {Chowdhry, Sangeeta and Kone, Doulaye} } @article {6705, title = {Calculating sample sizes for cluster randomized trials: {We} can keep it simple and efficient!}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology}, volume = {65}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, month = {nov}, pages = {1212{\textendash}1218}, issn = {08954356}, doi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.06.002}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435612001692}, author = {van Breukelen, Gerard J.P. and Candel, Math J.J.M.} } @article {7789, title = {Campylobacter epidemiology: a descriptive study reviewing 1 million cases in England and Wales between 1989 and 2011}, journal = {BMJ Open}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {January 01}, pages = {e001179}, abstract = {

Objectives To review Campylobacter cases in England and Wales over 2 decades and examine the main factors/mechanisms driving the changing epidemiology.Design A descriptive study of Campylobacter patients between 1989 and 2011. Cases over 3 years were linked anonymously to postcode, population density, deprivation indices and census data. Cases over 5 years were anonymously linked to local weather exposure estimates.Setting Patients were from general practice, hospital and environmental health investigations through primary diagnostic laboratories across England and Wales.Participants There were 1 109 406 cases.Outcome measures Description of changes in Campylobacter epidemiology over 23 years and how the main drivers may influence these.Results There was an increase in Campylobacter cases over the past 23 years, with the largest increase in people over 50 years. Changes in the underlying population have contributed to this, including the impacts of population increases after World War I, World War II and the \‘baby boom\’ of the 1960s. A recent increase in risk or ascertainment within this population has caused an increase in cases in all age groups from 2004 to 2011. The seasonal increase in cases between weeks 18 (Early May) and 22 (Early June) was consistent across ages, years and regions and was most marked in children and in more rural regions. Campylobacter prevalence by week in each region correlated with temperature 2 weeks before. There were higher prevalences in areas with a low population density, low deprivation and lower percentage of people of ethnic origin. Data from sero\–phage and multilocus sequence typing show a few common types and many uncommon types.Conclusions The drivers/mechanisms influencing seasonality, age distribution, population density, socioeconomic and long-term differences are diverse and their relative contributions remain to be established. Surveillance and typing provide insights into Campylobacter epidemiology and sources of infection, providing a sound basis for targeted interventions.

}, author = {Nichols,Gordon L. and Richardson,Judith F. and Samuel K Sheppard and Lane,Chris and Sarran,Christophe} } @article {10271, title = {Capital and operating costs of full-scale fecal sludge management and wastewater treatment systems in Dakar, Senegal}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {3705{\textendash}3711}, author = {Pierre H Dodane and Mb{\'e}gu{\'e}r{\'e}, Mbaye and Sow, Ousmane and Strande, Linda} } @mastersthesis {6758, title = {Catchment similarity of hydrologic partitioning along climate gradients}, year = {2012}, note = {3526405}, school = {The University of Arizona}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Climate variability and landscape characteristics interact to define specific catchment hydrological response. Catchments are considered fundamental landscape units to study the water cycle, since all aspects of the land surface component of the hydrological cycle come together in a defined area, which enables scientific research through mass, momentum and energy budgets. The role of climate-landscape interactions in defining hydrologic partitioning, particularly at the catchment scale, however, is still poorly understood. In this study, a catchment scale process-based hydrologic model (hillslope storage Boussinesq- soil moisture model, hsB-SM) was developed to investigate such interactions. The model was applied to 12 catchments across a climate gradient. Dominant time scales (T.S.) of catchment response and their dimensionless ratios were analyzed with respect to climate and landscape features to identify similarities in catchment response. A limited number of model parameters could be related to observable landscape features. Several T.S. and dimensionless numbers show scaling relationships with respect to the investigated hydrological signatures (runoff coefficient, baseflow index, and slope of the flow duration curve). Some dimensionless numbers vary systematically across the climate gradient, pointing to the possibility that this might be the result of systematic co-variation of climate, vegetation and soil related T.S. Each of 12 behavioral hsB-SM models were subsequently subjected to each of 12 different climate forcings. Mean deviations from Budyko{\textquoteright}s hypothesis controlling long-term hydrologic partitioning (represented by the evaporation index, E/P, dependence on the aridity index, PET/P) were computed per catchment and per climate. The trend observed per catchment could be explained by the dimensionless ratio of perched aquifer storage-release T.S. and mean storm duration T.S. The trend observed per climate could be explained by an empirical relationship between fraction of rainy days and average daily temperature during those days. Catchments that produce more E/P have developed in climates that produce less E/P, when compared to Budyko{\textquoteright}s hypothesis. Also, climates that give rise to more E/P are associated with catchments that have vegetation with less efficient water use parameters. These results suggest the possibility of vegetation and soil co-evolution in response to local climate leading to (catchment scale) predictable hydrologic partitioning.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0768:Environmental science, Biological sciences, Catchments, Climate gradients, Coevolution, Earth sciences, Ecology, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Hydrologic partitioning, Hydrologic sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1081710742?accountid=14270}, author = {Carrillo Soto, Gustavo Adolfo} } @article {2960, title = {Challenges for diagnosis and control of cystic hydatid disease}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {123}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {1{\textendash}7}, abstract = {This paper is based on the experience of the authors, with the aim to define the challenges for Echinococcus granulosus (E.g./CE) diagnosis and control for those countries that may now or in the future be contemplating control of hydatid disease. A variety of methods are available for diagnosis in humans but a universal gold standard is lacking. Diagnosis in definitive hosts can avoid necropsy by the use of methods such as coproantigen detection but test performance is variable between populations. A sylvatic cycle adds challenges in some countries and the epidemiology of the parasite in these hosts is poorly understood. Control by solely administering praziquantel to dogs is not effective in developing countries where the disease is endemic. Additional avenues to pursue include the instigation of participatory planning, use of an existing vaccination for intermediate hosts and development of a vaccine and long-acting anthelmitic implants for definitive hosts. Promoting public acceptance of control of the dog population by humane euthanasia and reduced reproduction is also essential.}, keywords = {Animals, Anthelmintics, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Humans, Parasitology, Praziquantel, Zoonoses}, issn = {1873-6254}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.02.066}, author = {Barnes, T. S. and Deplazes, P. and Gottstein, B. and Jenkins, D. J. and Mathis, A. and Siles-Lucas, M. and Torgerson, P. R. and Ziadinov, I. and Heath, D. D.} } @article {1647, title = {Challenges in environmental detection of human viral pathogens}, journal = {Curr Opin Virol}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {Julian, Timothy R Schwab, Kellogg J eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review Netherlands 2012/03/24 06:00 Curr Opin Virol. 2012 Feb;2(1):78-83. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.027. Epub 2011 Dec 9.}, pages = {78-83}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {There is substantial potential for human exposure to viruses in environmental matrixes. Identification of virally contaminated environmental reservoirs requires assays with sufficient sensitivity to detect low copy numbers of viral targets. However, low detection sensitivity frequently requires sample concentration during which inhibitors to downstream assays co-isolate with desired target. Conventional detection assays (e.g., cell culture, polymerase chain reaction) require a priori selection of appropriate cell lines or primers and probes based on the viruses anticipated to be present in the sample. This can underestimate exposure risks by excluding unidentified or unknown virus. Emerging methods including nonspecific adsorption/elution, filtration, and total nucleic acid sequencing, that are capable of concentrating, purifying, and detecting total virus and/or total virus nucleic acid will aid in estimates of exposure risk, source tracking, intervention efficacy, and evaluation of virus fate and transport. Development and implementation of novel virus detection techniques must integrate quality assurance guidelines to validate results and provide opportunities for interstudy comparison.}, keywords = {Animals *Environmental Microbiology Humans Virology/*methods Virus Diseases/*virology Viruses/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1879-6265 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.027}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22440969}, author = {Julian, T. R. and Schwab, K. J.} } @article {14718, title = {Challenges in environmental detection of human viral pathogens}, journal = {Curr Opin Virol}, volume = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {feb}, pages = {78{\textendash}83}, abstract = {There is substantial potential for human exposure to viruses in environmental matrixes. Identification of virally contaminated environmental reservoirs requires assays with sufficient sensitivity to detect low copy numbers of viral targets. However, low detection sensitivity frequently requires sample concentration during which inhibitors to downstream assays co-isolate with desired target. Conventional detection assays (e.g., cell culture, polymerase chain reaction) require a priori selection of appropriate cell lines or primers and probes based on the viruses anticipated to be present in the sample. This can underestimate exposure risks by excluding unidentified or unknown virus. Emerging methods including nonspecific adsorption/elution, filtration, and total nucleic acid sequencing, that are capable of concentrating, purifying, and detecting total virus and/or total virus nucleic acid will aid in estimates of exposure risk, source tracking, intervention efficacy, and evaluation of virus fate and transport. Development and implementation of novel virus detection techniques must integrate quality assurance guidelines to validate results and provide opportunities for interstudy comparison.}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, Animals, Humans, Virology/*methods, Virus Diseases/*virology, Viruses/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1879-6265 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.027}, author = {Julian, T. R. and Schwab, K. J.} } @article {7842, title = {Changes in Causes of Acute Gastroenteritis in the United Kingdom Over 15 Years: Microbiologic Findings From 2 Prospective, Population-Based Studies of Infectious Intestinal Disease}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {54}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, month = {May 01}, pages = {1275-1286}, abstract = {Background. Large-scale, prospective studies of infectious intestinal disease (IID) in developed countries are uncommon. Two studies of IID incidence and etiology have been conducted in the United Kingdom: the Infectious Intestinal Disease Study in England (IID1) in 1993{\textendash}1996 and the Second Study of Infectious Intestinal Disease in the Community (IID2) in 2008{\textendash}2009. We examined changes in etiology and diagnostic yield of IID cases over 15 years.Methods. Fecal samples submitted by IID cases were examined for a range of bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens using traditional and molecular microbiological methods. We calculated the percentage of specimens positive for each organism based on traditional methods and on traditional and molecular methods combined. We compared the distributions of organisms in the 2 studies.Results. For pathogens investigated in both studies, 40\% of fecal samples submitted by cases in IID2 were positive compared with 28\% in IID1. Viruses were most frequent among community cases in IID2. Campylobacter was the most common bacterial pathogen among cases presenting to healthcare. Major differences between the 2 studies were increases in the detection of norovirus and sapovirus and a decline Salmonella.Conclusions. Most fecal specimens were negative for the pathogens tested in both studies, so new strategies are needed to close the diagnostic gap. Among known pathogens, effective control of norovirus, rotavirus, and Campylobacter remain high priorities. The reduction in nontyphoidal salmonellosis demonstrates the success of Europe-wide control strategies, notably an industry-led Salmonella control program in poultry in the United Kingdom.}, author = {Tam,Clarence C. and O{\textquoteright}Brien,Sarah J. and Tompkins,David S. and Bolton,Frederick J. and Berry,Lisa and Dodds,Julie and Choudhury,Dalia and Halstead,Fenella and Iturriza-Gomara,Miren and Mather,Katherine and Rait,Greta and Ridge,Alan and Rodrigues,Laura C. and Wain,John and Wood,Bernard and Gray,James J. and the IID2 Study Executive Committee a} } @article {5668, title = {{Changing Pattern of Hepatitis A Virus Epidemiology in an Area of High Endemicity}}, journal = {Hepatitis Monthly}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {382{\textendash}385}, doi = {10.5812/hepatmon.5940}, author = {Campagna, M and Siddu, A and Meloni, A and Basciu, C and Ferrai, L and Pettinau, A and Cardia, C and Masia, G and Coppola, RC} } @inbook {9148, title = {Chapter 18. UV Water Treatment Technologies}, booktitle = {Water Quality and Treatment}, year = {2012}, publisher = {AWWA}, organization = {AWWA}, address = {Denver, CO}, author = {Linden, KG and Rosenfeldt, EJ} } @inbook {1761, title = {Chapter 190. Viral Gastroenteritis}, booktitle = {Harrison{\textquoteright}s Principles of Internal Medicine}, year = {2012}, pages = {1588-1592}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, type = {Book Section}, edition = {18}, chapter = {190}, address = {New York, NY, USA }, author = {Parashar, U. D. and Glass, R. I.}, editor = {Longo, Dan L. and Fauci, Anthony S. and Kasper, Dennis L. and Hauser, Stephen L. and Jameson, J. Larry and Loscalzo, Joseph} } @article {6002, title = {{Chinese biotech partnership brings first hepatitis E vaccine to the market}}, journal = {Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {1743{\textendash}1744}, author = {Riedmann, EM} } @article {13310, title = {Chironomid egg masses harbour the clinical species Aeromonas taiwanensis and Aeromonas sanarellii}, journal = { FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {337}, year = {2012}, pages = {48-54}, author = {Beaz-Hildago, R and Shaked, T and Laviad, S and Halpern, M and M J Figueras} } @article {17119, title = {Chlor (am) ine disinfection of human pathogenic viruses in recycled waters}, journal = {Smart Water Fund 62M-2114}, year = {2012}, author = {Keegan, Alexandra and Wati, Satiya and Robinson, Bret} } @article {16844, title = {Circovirus Inactivation: A Literature Review.}, journal = {BioProcessing Journal}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, author = {Nims, Raymond and Plavsic, Mark} } @article {9332, title = {{Clinical case of cerebral amebiasis caused by E. histolytica}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {1291{\textendash}1296}, author = {Maldonado-Barrera, CA and Campos-Esparza, MD and Munoz-Fernandez, L and Victoria-Hernandez, JA and Campos-Rodriguez, R and Talamas-Rohana, P and Ventura-Juarez, J} } @article {259, title = {Clinical Characteristics and Genotypes of Rotaviruses in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit}, journal = {Pediatrics and Neonatology}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {Times Cited: 4 4}, pages = {18-23}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1875-9572}, doi = {10.1016/j.pedneo.2011.11.005}, url = {://WOS:000301911100005}, author = {Shim, Jung Ok and Son, Dong Woo and Shim, So-Yeon and Ryoo, Eell and Kim, Wonyong and Jung, Yeon-Chang} } @mastersthesis {6780, title = {Coastal {Resource} {Use}, {Management}, and {Marine} {Protected} {Areas} in the {Philippines}}, year = {2012}, note = {1516074}, school = {University of Washington}, type = {phdM.{M}.{A}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This analysis of coastal resource perceptions and behaviors demonstrates that while there are documented successes throughout the Philippines in community-based integrated coastal management projects, opportunities and challenges remain to fully realize the benefits identified by local communities. Using survey data from 40 communities in Bohol, Luzon, Mindoro Occidental, and Mindoro Oriental, marine conservation perceptions and behaviors were evaluated. Coastal resource users were found to perceive resource problems such as a decline in fish and feel that management and conservation are the responsibility of the government. Barangays (villages) with a community-based marine protected area (MPA) are more likely to support restrictions on fishing activity, report fishing violations, and be a member of bantay dagat (sea guards). Awareness of MPAs in three island provinces was high (70\%) with fishing and seaweed farming households having the highest level of awareness. Overall, resource users perceive MPAs as being beneficial and are willing to protect larger marine areas. Their acceptance is complementary to increasing efforts of scaling up marine reserve areas, especially where MPAs are small. Community participation in marine protected area activities and management in the study sites, recognized as a critical factor in the success of community-based management, is low. This study suggests that given the high community acceptance and perceived benefits of marine protected areas, there is an opportunity to implement more effective management and scale up to ecological and social networks of MPAs. Community-based coastal resource management should involve participatory processes that take into account local needs and expectations, build capacity, and empower community members to manage their resources.}, keywords = {0528:Natural Resource Management, 0595:Water Resource Management, 0792:Aquatic sciences, Aquatic sciences, Biological sciences, Coastal, Earth sciences, Health and environmental sciences, management, Marine protected areas, Natural Resource Management, Perceptions, Philippines, Reserves, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1035157810?accountid=14270}, author = {Wagner, Cherie A.} } @article {7279, title = {Coliform {Bacteria} in {New} {Jersey} {Domestic} {Wells}: {Influence} of {Geology}, {Laboratory}, and {Method}}, journal = {Ground Water}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {no{\textendash}no}, issn = {0017467X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00997.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00997.x}, author = {Atherholt, Thomas B. and Bousenberry, Raymond T. and Carter, Gail P. and Korn, Leo R. and Louis, Judith B. and Serfes, Michael E. and Waller, Debra A.} } @mastersthesis {6444, title = {Collective {Action} and {Institutions}: {The} {Emergence} of {Groundwater} {Governance}}, year = {2012}, note = {3553729}, school = {University of California, Santa Barbara}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Common-pool resources exhibit characteristics of both private and public goods. Consumed through competitive effort and difficult to exclude from uncoordinated users, common-pool resources are susceptible to over-extraction and create incentives for users to ignore the social costs of their extraction decisions. The common-pool resource literature in recent decades has examined the first-order conditions necessary for institutions to emerge to solve the problems of competitive resource extraction and collective action management. This dissertation advances our understanding of the emergence of common-pool resource management by empirically addressing the factors influencing the decision to develop institutions to address collective action problems. The setting to test the determinants of common-pool resource management comprises the groundwater basins of California. Groundwater basins in the state have competing users, which include urban, agricultural, and environmental constituents. In a semi-arid climate with limited surface water supplies and increasing demand for water resources, basins in California are susceptible to common-pool problems, including overdraft, seawater intrusion, and land subsidence. Unlike most states in the western United States, California does not proactively manage groundwater basins at the state level to address localized common-pool groundwater problems. Instead, local agencies and individual users are left with the choice of whether to collectively bargain and develop the institutional rules for groundwater basin management. This dissertation answers three questions regarding common-pool resource governance that are raised in the California groundwater management example. First, what are the determining factors in the emergence of groundwater management institutions? This research finds that groundwater institutions emerge where common-pool problems are severe and the benefits outweigh the transaction costs of forming and maintaining these institutions. Second, given that local agencies and groundwater users collectively act to manage a groundwater basin, what institutions and formal rules will they adopt? This research finds that pumping restrictions, taxes, and adjudicated property rights are likely in groundwater basins where municipal water supply is the dominant water use, persistent overdraft is an issue, and seawater intrusion is a concern. Finally, negotiations for establishing private property rights to groundwater are examined in California{\textquoteright}s adjudicated groundwater basins. An analytical framework is developed to test the importance of the concentration of groundwater use, heterogeneity of users, and aggregate number of users in avoiding costly litigation and reaching voluntary agreements in the shadow of the courts. The factors affecting contracting success are ambiguous. This result is explained, however, by legal uncertainty in the state{\textquoteright}s water rights doctrines.}, keywords = {0595:Water Resource Management, California, Common-pool resource management, Earth sciences, Groundwater basins, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1314982947?accountid=14270}, author = {Donohew, Zachary Robert} } @article {13682, title = {{Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {380}, number = {9859}, year = {2012}, pages = {2129{\textendash}2143}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Measurement of the global burden of disease with disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) requires disability weights that quantify health losses for all non-fatal consequences of disease and injury. There has been extensive debate about a range of conceptual and methodological issues concerning the definition and measurement of these weights. Our primary objective was a comprehensive re-estimation of disability weights for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 through a large-scale empirical investigation in which judgments about health losses associated with many causes of disease and injury were elicited from the general public in diverse communities through a new, standardised approach. METHODS: We surveyed respondents in two ways: household surveys of adults aged 18 years or older (face-to-face interviews in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Peru, and Tanzania; telephone interviews in the USA) between Oct 28, 2009, and June 23, 2010; and an open-access web-based survey between July 26, 2010, and May 16, 2011. The surveys used paired comparison questions, in which respondents considered two hypothetical individuals with different, randomly selected health states and indicated which person they regarded as healthier. The web survey added questions about population health equivalence, which compared the overall health benefits of different life-saving or disease-prevention programmes. We analysed paired comparison responses with probit regression analysis on all 220 unique states in the study. We used results from the population health equivalence responses to anchor the results from the paired comparisons on the disability weight scale from 0 (implying no loss of health) to 1 (implying a health loss equivalent to death). Additionally, we compared new disability weights with those used in WHO\&$\#$39;s most recent update of the Global Burden of Disease Study for 2004. FINDINGS: 13,902 individuals participated in household surveys and 16,328 in the web survey. Analysis of paired comparison responses indicated a high degree of consistency across surveys: correlations between individual survey results and results from analysis of the pooled dataset were 0\·9 or higher in all surveys except in Bangladesh (r=0\·75). Most of the 220 disability weights were located on the mild end of the severity scale, with 58 (26{\%}) having weights below 0\·05. Five (11{\%}) states had weights below 0\·01, such as mild anaemia, mild hearing or vision loss, and secondary infertility. The health states with the highest disability weights were acute schizophrenia (0\·76) and severe multiple sclerosis (0\·71). We identified a broad pattern of agreement between the old and new weights (r=0\·70), particularly in the moderate-to-severe range. However, in the mild range below 0\·2, many states had significantly lower weights in our study than previously. INTERPRETATION: This study represents the most extensive empirical effort as yet to measure disability weights. By contrast with the popular hypothesis that disability assessments vary widely across samples with different cultural environments, we have reported strong evidence of highly consistent results. FUNDING: Bill {\&} Melinda Gates Foundation.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Bangladesh, DALY, Disability Evaluation, Disablitly weight, Empirical Research, Female, GBD, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Indonesia, Internet, Male, Middle Aged, Peru, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Tanzania, United States, Wounds and Injuries, Young Adult}, author = {Salomon, Joshua A and Vos, Theo and Hogan, Daniel R and Gagnon, Michael} } @article {15264, title = {Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: disability weights measurement study for the {Global} {Burden} of {Disease} {Study} 2010.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {380}, number = {9859}, year = {2012}, pages = {2129{\textendash}2143}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Measurement of the global burden of disease with disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) requires disability weights that quantify health losses for all non-fatal consequences of disease and injury. There has been extensive debate about a range of conceptual and methodological issues concerning the definition and measurement of these weights. Our primary objective was a comprehensive re-estimation of disability weights for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 through a large-scale empirical investigation in which judgments about health losses associated with many causes of disease and injury were elicited from the general public in diverse communities through a new, standardised approach. METHODS: We surveyed respondents in two ways: household surveys of adults aged 18 years or older (face-to-face interviews in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Peru, and Tanzania; telephone interviews in the USA) between Oct 28, 2009, and June 23, 2010; and an open-access web-based survey between July 26, 2010, and May 16, 2011. The surveys used paired comparison questions, in which respondents considered two hypothetical individuals with different, randomly selected health states and indicated which person they regarded as healthier. The web survey added questions about population health equivalence, which compared the overall health benefits of different life-saving or disease-prevention programmes. We analysed paired comparison responses with probit regression analysis on all 220 unique states in the study. We used results from the population health equivalence responses to anchor the results from the paired comparisons on the disability weight scale from 0 (implying no loss of health) to 1 (implying a health loss equivalent to death). Additionally, we compared new disability weights with those used in WHO{\textquoteright}s most recent update of the Global Burden of Disease Study for 2004. FINDINGS: 13,902 individuals participated in household surveys and 16,328 in the web survey. Analysis of paired comparison responses indicated a high degree of consistency across surveys: correlations between individual survey results and results from analysis of the pooled dataset were 0{\textperiodcentered}9 or higher in all surveys except in Bangladesh (r=0{\textperiodcentered}75). Most of the 220 disability weights were located on the mild end of the severity scale, with 58 (26\%) having weights below 0{\textperiodcentered}05. Five (11\%) states had weights below 0{\textperiodcentered}01, such as mild anaemia, mild hearing or vision loss, and secondary infertility. The health states with the highest disability weights were acute schizophrenia (0{\textperiodcentered}76) and severe multiple sclerosis (0{\textperiodcentered}71). We identified a broad pattern of agreement between the old and new weights (r=0{\textperiodcentered}70), particularly in the moderate-to-severe range. However, in the mild range below 0{\textperiodcentered}2, many states had significantly lower weights in our study than previously. INTERPRETATION: This study represents the most extensive empirical effort as yet to measure disability weights. By contrast with the popular hypothesis that disability assessments vary widely across samples with different cultural environments, we have reported strong evidence of highly consistent results. FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Bangladesh, DALY, Disability Evaluation, Disablitly weight, Empirical Research, Female, GBD, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Indonesia, Internet, Male, Middle Aged, Peru, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Tanzania, United States, Wounds and Injuries, Young Adult}, author = {Salomon, Joshua A and Vos, Theo and Hogan, Daniel R and Gagnon, Michael and Al, Et} } @article {719, title = {A comparative assessment of chemical contaminant removal by three household water treatment filters}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {38}, year = {2012}, month = {01/2012}, pages = {39-48}, abstract = {
This study was aimed at modifying the design of, constructing, evaluating and comparing chemical contaminant removal efficiency by, 3 household water treatment filters. The filters were: 1) biosand filter (BSF); 2) the ceramic candle filter (CCF); 3) bucket filter (BF). The filters were evaluated for their efficiency in removal of calcium, magnesium, iron and
arsenic, nitrates, phosphates, fluorides, total organic carbon and turbidity, by determining levels of these contaminants in water before and after filtration through the filters. The effects of chlorophyll a concentration (mg/m3) of intake water, as well as the effects of turbidity of intake water, on the flow rates of the filters was quantified and recommendations on the quality of water that could be filtered through these filters were made. Chlorophyll a concentrations in intake water had a positive correlation with the turbidity of the unfiltered water (r = 0.607).The flow rates of the filters were 0.8 l/h - 6.48 l/h (BSF), 0.05 l/h - 2.495 l/h (CCF) and 106.5 l/h - 160.5 l/h (BF). Because of the large particle size materials used in constructing the BF and the design, which caused it to be a rapid sand filter, the biosand filter (BF) was found to have flow rates significantly higher than those of BSF and CCF (p >= 0.05). There was no difference in the efficiency of removal of metals (average 40\% - 50\%) by the filters (p >= 0.05), as the same removal mechanisms (straining, ammonification, fixation and adsorption) were believed to be taking place in all of the filters. The CCF removed total organic carbon (TOC) (up to 39\%) better than the BSF and BF (p <= 0.05). The filters removed turbidity effectively with the BSF having the highest reduction (70\%). The average turbidity reduction efficiency was in the order BSF (70\%) \> BF (51\%) \> CCF (44\%). The BSF, CCF and BF reduced turbidity and other contaminants even after filtering a total cumulative volume greater than 1 000 l.
}, keywords = {Biosand filter, bucket filter, ceramic candle filter, chlorophyll a., flow rate}, url = {http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/73309}, author = {MNB Momba and TO Mahlangu, BB Mamba} } @article {17056, title = {Comparative effectiveness of membrane bioreactors, conventional secondary treatment, and chlorine and UV disinfection to remove microorganisms from municipal wastewaters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {13}, year = {2012}, pages = {4164{\textendash}4178}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Francy, Donna S and Stelzer, Erin A and Bushon, Rebecca N and Brady, Amie MG and Williston, Ashley G and Riddell, Kimberly R and Borchardt, Mark A and Spencer, Susan K and Gellner, Terry M} } @article {8692, title = {{Comparative effectiveness of membrane bioreactors, conventional secondary treatment, and chlorine and UV disinfection to remove microorganisms from municipal wastewaters}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, pages = {4164{\textendash}4178}, abstract = {Log removals of bacterial indicators, coliphage, and enteric viruses were studied in three membrane bioreactor (MBR) activated-sludge and two conventional secondary activated-sludge municipal wastewater treatment plants during three recreational seasons (May-Oct.) when disinfection of effluents is required. In total, 73 regular samples were collected from key locations throughout treatment processes: post-preliminary, post-MBR, post-secondary, post-tertiary, and post-disinfection (UV or chlorine). Out of 19 post-preliminary samples, adenovirus by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was detected in all 19, enterovirus by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was detected in 15, and norovirus GI by qRT-PCR was detected in 11. Norovirus GII and Hepatitis A virus were not detected in any samples, and rotavirus was detected in one sample but could not be quantified. Although culturable viruses were found in 12 out of 19 post-preliminary samples, they were not detected in any post-secondary, post-MBR, post-ultraviolet, or post-chlorine samples. Median log removals for all organisms were higher for MBR secondary treatment (3.02 to {\textgreater}6.73) than for conventional secondary (1.53-4.19) treatment. Ultraviolet disinfection after MBR treatment provided little additional log removal of any organism except for somatic coliphage ({\textgreater}2.18), whereas ultraviolet or chlorine disinfection after conventional secondary treatment provided significant log removals (above the analytical variability) of all bacterial indicators (1.18-3.89) and somatic and F-specific coliphage (0.71 and {\textgreater}2.98). Median log removals of adenovirus across disinfection were low in both MBR and conventional secondary plants (no removal detected and 0.24), and few removals of individual samples were near or above the analytical variability of 1.2 log genomic copies per liter. Based on qualitative examinations of plots showing reductions of organisms throughout treatment processes, somatic coliphage may best represent the removal of viruses across secondary treatment in both MBR and conventional secondary plants. F-specific coliphage and Escherichia coli may best represent the removal of viruses across the disinfection process in MBR facilities, but none of the indicators represented the removal of viruses across disinfection in conventional secondary plants. ?? 2012.}, keywords = {Adenovirus, Disinfection, enterovirus, Membrane bioreactors, Microorganism removal, Norovirus, Quantitative PCR, Virus removal}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.044}, author = {Francy, Donna S. and Stelzer, Erin A. and Bushon, Rebecca N. and Brady, Amie M G and Williston, Ashley G. and Riddell, Kimberly R. and Borchardt, Mark A. and Spencer, Susan K. and Gellner, Terry M.} } @article {4477, title = {Comparative effectiveness of membrane bioreactors, conventional secondary treatment, and chlorine and UV disinfection to remove microorganisms from municipal wastewaters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, pages = {4164{\textendash}78}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Francy, D. S. and Stelzer, E. A. and Bushon, R. N. and Brady, A. M. and Williston, A. G. and Riddell, K. R. and Borchardt, M. A. and Spencer, S. K. and Gellner, T. M.} } @article {14600, title = {Comparative effectiveness of membrane bioreactors, conventional secondary treatment, and chlorine and {UV} disinfection to remove microorganisms from municipal wastewaters}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {4164{\textendash}78}, abstract = {Log removals of bacterial indicators, coliphage, and enteric viruses were studied in three membrane bioreactor (MBR) activated-sludge and two conventional secondary activated-sludge municipal wastewater treatment plants during three recreational seasons (May-Oct.) when disinfection of effluents is required. In total, 73 regular samples were collected from key locations throughout treatment processes: post-preliminary, post-MBR, post-secondary, post-tertiary, and post-disinfection (UV or chlorine). Out of 19 post-preliminary samples, adenovirus by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was detected in all 19, enterovirus by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was detected in 15, and norovirus GI by qRT-PCR was detected in 11. Norovirus GII and Hepatitis A virus were not detected in any samples, and rotavirus was detected in one sample but could not be quantified. Although culturable viruses were found in 12 out of 19 post-preliminary samples, they were not detected in any post-secondary, post-MBR, post-ultraviolet, or post-chlorine samples. Median log removals for all organisms were higher for MBR secondary treatment (3.02 to {\textgreater}6.73) than for conventional secondary (1.53-4.19) treatment. Ultraviolet disinfection after MBR treatment provided little additional log removal of any organism except for somatic coliphage ({\textgreater}2.18), whereas ultraviolet or chlorine disinfection after conventional secondary treatment provided significant log removals (above the analytical variability) of all bacterial indicators (1.18-3.89) and somatic and F-specific coliphage (0.71 and {\textgreater}2.98). Median log removals of adenovirus across disinfection were low in both MBR and conventional secondary plants (no removal detected and 0.24), and few removals of individual samples were near or above the analytical variability of 1.2 log genomic copies per liter. Based on qualitative examinations of plots showing reductions of organisms throughout treatment processes, somatic coliphage may best represent the removal of viruses across secondary treatment in both MBR and conventional secondary plants. F-specific coliphage and Escherichia coli may best represent the removal of viruses across the disinfection process in MBR facilities, but none of the indicators represented the removal of viruses across disinfection in conventional secondary plants.}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, Adenoviridae/genetics/isolation \& purification, Animals, Artificial, Bacteria/isolation \& purification, Bioreactors/*microbiology/virology, Chlorine/*chemistry, Cities, Coliphages/genetics/isolation \& purification, Disinfection/*methods, Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Feces/microbiology/virology, Fluid/*methods, Humans, Membranes, Reproducibility of Results, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage/chemistry/microbiology, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/instrumentation/*methods}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.044 S0043-1354(12)00306-5 [pii]}, author = {Francy, D. S. and Stelzer, E. A. and Bushon, R. N. and Brady, A. M. and Williston, A. G. and Riddell, K. R. and Borchardt, M. A. and Spencer, S. K. and Gellner, T. M.} } @article {14809, title = {Comparative effectiveness of membrane bioreactors, conventional secondary treatment, and chlorine and {UV} disinfection to remove microorganisms from municipal wastewaters.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {46}, number = {13}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {4164{\textendash}78}, abstract = {Log removals of bacterial indicators, coliphage, and enteric viruses were studied in three membrane bioreactor (MBR) activated-sludge and two conventional secondary activated-sludge municipal wastewater treatment plants during three recreational seasons (May-Oct.) when disinfection of effluents is required. In total, 73 regular samples were collected from key locations throughout treatment processes: post-preliminary, post-MBR, post-secondary, post-tertiary, and post-disinfection (UV or chlorine). Out of 19 post-preliminary samples, adenovirus by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was detected in all 19, enterovirus by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was detected in 15, and norovirus GI by qRT-PCR was detected in 11. Norovirus GII and Hepatitis A virus were not detected in any samples, and rotavirus was detected in one sample but could not be quantified. Although culturable viruses were found in 12 out of 19 post-preliminary samples, they were not detected in any post-secondary, post-MBR, post-ultraviolet, or post-chlorine samples. Median log removals for all organisms were higher for MBR secondary treatment (3.02 to {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater6.73) than for conventional secondary (1.53-4.19) treatment. Ultraviolet disinfection after MBR treatment provided little additional log removal of any organism except for somatic coliphage ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater2.18), whereas ultraviolet or chlorine disinfection after conventional secondary treatment provided significant log removals (above the analytical variability) of all bacterial indicators (1.18-3.89) and somatic and F-specific coliphage (0.71 and {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater2.98). Median log removals of adenovirus across disinfection were low in both MBR and conventional secondary plants (no removal detected and 0.24), and few removals of individual samples were near or above the analytical variability of 1.2 log genomic copies per liter. Based on qualitative examinations of plots showing reductions of organisms throughout treatment processes, somatic coliphage may best represent the removal of viruses across secondary treatment in both MBR and conventional secondary plants. F-specific coliphage and Escherichia coli may best represent the removal of viruses across the disinfection process in MBR facilities, but none of the indicators represented the removal of viruses across disinfection in conventional secondary plants.}, issn = {1879-2448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.044}, author = {Francy, Donna S and Stelzer, Erin A and Bushon, Rebecca N and Brady, Amie M G and Williston, Ashley G and Riddell, Kimberly R and Borchardt, Mark A and Spencer, Susan K and Gellner, Terry M} } @article {14944, title = {Comparative effectiveness of membrane bioreactors, conventional secondary treatment, and chlorine and {UV} disinfection to remove microorganisms from municipal wastewaters}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {4164{\textendash}78}, abstract = {Log removals of bacterial indicators, coliphage, and enteric viruses were studied in three membrane bioreactor (MBR) activated-sludge and two conventional secondary activated-sludge municipal wastewater treatment plants during three recreational seasons (May-Oct.) when disinfection of effluents is required. In total, 73 regular samples were collected from key locations throughout treatment processes: post-preliminary, post-MBR, post-secondary, post-tertiary, and post-disinfection (UV or chlorine). Out of 19 post-preliminary samples, adenovirus by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was detected in all 19, enterovirus by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was detected in 15, and norovirus GI by qRT-PCR was detected in 11. Norovirus GII and Hepatitis A virus were not detected in any samples, and rotavirus was detected in one sample but could not be quantified. Although culturable viruses were found in 12 out of 19 post-preliminary samples, they were not detected in any post-secondary, post-MBR, post-ultraviolet, or post-chlorine samples. Median log removals for all organisms were higher for MBR secondary treatment (3.02 to {\textbackslash}textgreater6.73) than for conventional secondary (1.53-4.19) treatment. Ultraviolet disinfection after MBR treatment provided little additional log removal of any organism except for somatic coliphage ({\textbackslash}textgreater2.18), whereas ultraviolet or chlorine disinfection after conventional secondary treatment provided significant log removals (above the analytical variability) of all bacterial indicators (1.18-3.89) and somatic and F-specific coliphage (0.71 and {\textbackslash}textgreater2.98). Median log removals of adenovirus across disinfection were low in both MBR and conventional secondary plants (no removal detected and 0.24), and few removals of individual samples were near or above the analytical variability of 1.2 log genomic copies per liter. Based on qualitative examinations of plots showing reductions of organisms throughout treatment processes, somatic coliphage may best represent the removal of viruses across secondary treatment in both MBR and conventional secondary plants. F-specific coliphage and Escherichia coli may best represent the removal of viruses across the disinfection process in MBR facilities, but none of the indicators represented the removal of viruses across disinfection in conventional secondary plants.}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, Adenoviridae/genetics/isolation \& purification, Animals, Artificial, Bacteria/isolation \& purification, Bioreactors/*microbiology/virology, Chlorine/*chemistry, Cities, Coliphages/genetics/isolation \& purification, Disinfection/*methods, Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Feces/microbiology/virology, Fluid/*methods, Humans, Membranes, Reproducibility of Results, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage/chemistry/microbiology, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/instrumentation/*methods}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.044 S0043-1354(12)00306-5 [pii]}, author = {Francy, D. S. and Stelzer, E. A. and Bushon, R. N. and Brady, A. M. and Williston, A. G. and Riddell, K. R. and Borchardt, M. A. and Spencer, S. K. and Gellner, T. M.} } @article {14020, title = {Comparative effectiveness of membrane bioreactors, conventional secondary treatment, and chlorine and {UV} disinfection to remove microorganisms from municipal wastewaters.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {46}, number = {13}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {4164{\textendash}78}, abstract = {Log removals of bacterial indicators, coliphage, and enteric viruses were studied in three membrane bioreactor (MBR) activated-sludge and two conventional secondary activated-sludge municipal wastewater treatment plants during three recreational seasons (May-Oct.) when disinfection of effluents is required. In total, 73 regular samples were collected from key locations throughout treatment processes: post-preliminary, post-MBR, post-secondary, post-tertiary, and post-disinfection (UV or chlorine). Out of 19 post-preliminary samples, adenovirus by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was detected in all 19, enterovirus by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was detected in 15, and norovirus GI by qRT-PCR was detected in 11. Norovirus GII and Hepatitis A virus were not detected in any samples, and rotavirus was detected in one sample but could not be quantified. Although culturable viruses were found in 12 out of 19 post-preliminary samples, they were not detected in any post-secondary, post-MBR, post-ultraviolet, or post-chlorine samples. Median log removals for all organisms were higher for MBR secondary treatment (3.02 to {\textbackslash}textgreater6.73) than for conventional secondary (1.53-4.19) treatment. Ultraviolet disinfection after MBR treatment provided little additional log removal of any organism except for somatic coliphage ({\textbackslash}textgreater2.18), whereas ultraviolet or chlorine disinfection after conventional secondary treatment provided significant log removals (above the analytical variability) of all bacterial indicators (1.18-3.89) and somatic and F-specific coliphage (0.71 and {\textbackslash}textgreater2.98). Median log removals of adenovirus across disinfection were low in both MBR and conventional secondary plants (no removal detected and 0.24), and few removals of individual samples were near or above the analytical variability of 1.2 log genomic copies per liter. Based on qualitative examinations of plots showing reductions of organisms throughout treatment processes, somatic coliphage may best represent the removal of viruses across secondary treatment in both MBR and conventional secondary plants. F-specific coliphage and Escherichia coli may best represent the removal of viruses across the disinfection process in MBR facilities, but none of the indicators represented the removal of viruses across disinfection in conventional secondary plants.}, issn = {1879-2448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.044}, author = {Francy, Donna S and Stelzer, Erin A and Bushon, Rebecca N and Brady, Amie M G and Williston, Ashley G and Riddell, Kimberly R and Borchardt, Mark A and Spencer, Susan K and Gellner, Terry M} } @article {3223, title = {{Comparative effectiveness of membrane bioreactors, conventional secondary treatment, and chlorine and UV disinfection to remove microorganisms from municipal wastewaters}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {13}, year = {2012}, pages = {4164{\textendash}4178}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Log removals of bacterial indicators, coliphage, and enteric viruses were studied in three membrane bioreactor (MBR) activated-sludge and two conventional secondary activated-sludge municipal wastewater treatment plants during three recreational seasons (May-Oct.) when disinfection of effluents is required. In total, 73 regular samples were collected from key locations throughout treatment processes: post-preliminary, post-MBR, post-secondary, post-tertiary, and post-disinfection (UV or chlorine). Out of 19 post-preliminary samples, adenovirus by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was detected in all 19, enterovirus by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was detected in 15, and norovirus GI by qRT-PCR was detected in 11. Norovirus GII and Hepatitis A virus were not detected in any samples, and rotavirus was detected in one sample but could not be quantified. Although culturable viruses were found in 12 out of 19 post-preliminary samples, they were not detected in any post-secondary, post-MBR, post-ultraviolet, or post-chlorine samples. Median log removals for all organisms were higher for MBR secondary treatment (3.02 to {\textgreater}6.73) than for conventional secondary (1.53-4.19) treatment. Ultraviolet disinfection after MBR treatment provided little additional log removal of any organism except for somatic coliphage ({\textgreater}2.18), whereas ultraviolet or chlorine disinfection after conventional secondary treatment provided significant log removals (above the analytical variability) of all bacterial indicators (1.18-3.89) and somatic and F-specific coliphage (0.71 and {\textgreater}2.98). Median log removals of adenovirus across disinfection were low in both MBR and conventional secondary plants (no removal detected and 0.24), and few removals of individual samples were near or above the analytical variability of 1.2 log genomic copies per liter. Based on qualitative examinations of plots showing reductions of organisms throughout treatment processes, somatic coliphage may best represent the removal of viruses across secondary treatment in both MBR and conventional secondary plants. F-specific coliphage and Escherichia coli may best represent the removal of viruses across the disinfection process in MBR facilities, but none of the indicators represented the removal of viruses across disinfection in conventional secondary plants. ?? 2012.}, keywords = {Adenovirus, Disinfection, enterovirus, Membrane bioreactors, Microorganism removal, Norovirus, Quantitative PCR, Virus removal}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.044}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.044}, author = {Francy, Donna S. and Stelzer, Erin A. and Bushon, Rebecca N. and Brady, Amie M G and Williston, Ashley G. and Riddell, Kimberly R. and Borchardt, Mark A. and Spencer, Susan K. and Gellner, Terry M.} } @article {10852, title = {Comparative effectiveness of membrane bioreactors, conventional secondary treatment, and chlorine and UV disinfection to remove microorganisms from municipal wastewaters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {13}, year = {2012}, pages = {4164{\textendash}4178}, author = {Francy, Donna S and Stelzer, Erin A and Bushon, Rebecca N and Brady, Amie MG and Williston, Ashley G and Riddell, Kimberly R and Borchardt, Mark A and Spencer, Susan K and Gellner, Terry M} } @article {1019, title = {Comparative inactivation of murine norovirus, human adenovirus, and human jc polyomavirus by chlorine in seawater}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {18}, year = {2012}, pages = {6450{\textendash}6457}, abstract = {

Viruses excreted by humans affect the commercial and recreational use of coastal water. Shellfish produced in contaminated waters have been linked to many episodes and outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis, as well as other food-borne diseases worldwide. The risk can be reduced by appropriate treatment following harvesting and by depuration. The kinetics of inactivation of murine norovirus 1 and human adenovirus 2 in natural and artificial seawater by free available chlorine was studied by quantifying genomic copies (GC) using quantitative PCR and infectious viral particles (PFU). Human JC polyomavirus Mad4 kinetics were evaluated by quantitative PCR. DNase or RNase were used to eliminate free genomes and assess potential viral infectivity when molecular detection was performed. At 30 min of assay, human adenovirus 2 showed 2.6- and 2.7-log(10) GC reductions and a 2.3- and 2.4-log(10) PFU reductions in natural and artificial seawater, respectively, and infectious viral particles were still observed at the end of the assay. When DNase was used prior to the nucleic acid extraction the kinetic of inactivation obtained by quantitative PCR was statistically equivalent to the one observed by infectivity assays. For murine norovirus 1, 2.5, and 3.5-log(10) GC reductions were observed in natural and artificial seawater, respectively, while no viruses remained infectious after 30 min of contact with chlorine. Regarding JC polyomavirus Mad4, 1.5- and 1.1-log(10) GC reductions were observed after 30 min of contact time. No infectivity assays were conducted for this virus. The results obtained provide data that might be applicable to seawater used in shellfish depuration.

}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01059-12}, author = {A A Corr{\^e}a and Carratal{\`a}, Anna and Celia R Barardi and Calvo, Miquel and Girones, Rosina and Bofill-Mas, Silvia} } @article {1313, title = {Comparative inactivation of murine norovirus, human adenovirus, and human JC polyomavirus by chlorine in seawater}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {18}, year = {2012}, note = {de Abreu Correa, Adriana Carratala, Anna Barardi, Celia Regina Monte Calvo, Miquel Girones, Rosina Bofill-Mas, Silvia Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {6450-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Viruses excreted by humans affect the commercial and recreational use of coastal water. Shellfish produced in contaminated waters have been linked to many episodes and outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis, as well as other food-borne diseases worldwide. The risk can be reduced by appropriate treatment following harvesting and by depuration. The kinetics of inactivation of murine norovirus 1 and human adenovirus 2 in natural and artificial seawater by free available chlorine was studied by quantifying genomic copies (GC) using quantitative PCR and infectious viral particles (PFU). Human JC polyomavirus Mad4 kinetics were evaluated by quantitative PCR. DNase or RNase were used to eliminate free genomes and assess potential viral infectivity when molecular detection was performed. At 30 min of assay, human adenovirus 2 showed 2.6- and 2.7-log(10) GC reductions and a 2.3- and 2.4-log(10) PFU reductions in natural and artificial seawater, respectively, and infectious viral particles were still observed at the end of the assay. When DNase was used prior to the nucleic acid extraction the kinetic of inactivation obtained by quantitative PCR was statistically equivalent to the one observed by infectivity assays. For murine norovirus 1, 2.5, and 3.5-log(10) GC reductions were observed in natural and artificial seawater, respectively, while no viruses remained infectious after 30 min of contact with chlorine. Regarding JC polyomavirus Mad4, 1.5- and 1.1-log(10) GC reductions were observed after 30 min of contact time. No infectivity assays were conducted for this virus. The results obtained provide data that might be applicable to seawater used in shellfish depuration.

}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ drug effects Animals Chlorine/ pharmacology Disinfectants/ pharmacology Humans JC Virus/ drug effects Mice Microbial Viability/ drug effects Norovirus/ drug effects Polymerase Chain Reaction Seawater/ virology Time Factors Viral Load}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {A de Abreu Correa and Carratala, A. and Barardi, C. R. and Calvo, M. and Girones, R. and Bofill-Mas, S.} } @article {4466, title = {Comparative inactivation of murine norovirus, human adenovirus, and human {JC} polyomavirus by chlorine in seawater}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {18}, year = {2012}, pages = {6450{\textendash}7}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {A de Abreu Correa and Carratala, A. and Barardi, C. R. and Calvo, M. and Girones, R. and Bofill-Mas, S.} } @article {11076, title = {Comparative parasitological evaluation of wastewater using biosand filters and waste stabilisation ponds.}, journal = {World Journal of Life Sciences and Medical Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {8{\textendash}15}, author = {Okonjokwu, O. J. and Inabo, H. I.} } @article {15763, title = {Comparison of assays for sensitive and reproducible detection of cell culture-infectious Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis in drinking water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Jan}, pages = {156-62}, edition = {2011/11/01}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Cell Line, Tumor, Cryptosporidium parvum/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Drinking Water/*microbiology, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, False Positive Reactions, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Humans, Oocysts, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reproducibility of Results, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Johnson, A. M. and Giovanni, G. D. and Rochelle, P. A.} } @article {4596, title = {Comparison of enterovirus and adenovirus concentration and enumeration methods in seawater from {Southern} {California}, {USA} and {Baja} {Malibu}, {Mexico}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {419{\textendash}30}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.011}, author = {Sassoubre, L. M. and Love, D. C. and Silverman, A. I. and Nelson, K. L. and Boehm, A. B.} } @article {1273, title = {Comparison of enterovirus and adenovirus concentration and enumeration methods in seawater from Southern California, USA and Baja Malibu, Mexico}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {Sassoubre, Lauren M Love, David C Silverman, Andrea I Nelson, Kara L Boehm, Alexandria B Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2012 Sep;10(3):419-30. doi: 10.2166/wh.2012.011.}, pages = {419-30}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Despite being important etiological agents of waterborne illness, the sources, transport and decay of human viruses in recreational waters are not well understood. This study examines enterovirus and adenovirus concentrations in coastal water samples collected from four beaches impacted by microbial pollution: (1) Malibu Lagoon, Malibu; (2) Tijuana River, Imperial Beach; (3) Baja Malibu, Baja California; and (4) Punta Bandera, Baja California. Water samples were concentrated using a flocculation-based skim milk method and dead-end membrane filtration (MF). Viruses were enumerated using cell culture infectivity assays and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-QPCR). Across concentration and quantification methods, enteroviruses were detected more often than adenoviruses. For both viruses, MF followed by (RT)QPCR yielded higher concentrations than skim milk flocculation followed by (RT)QPCR or cell culture assays. Samples concentrated by skim milk flocculation and enumerated by (RT)QPCR agreed more closely with concentrations enumerated by cell culture assays than MF followed by (RT)QPCR. The detection of viruses by MF and (RT)QPCR was positively correlated with the presence of infectious viruses. Further research is needed to determine if detection of viruses by rapid methods such as (RT)QPCR can be a useful water quality monitoring tool to assess health risks in recreational waters.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ isolation \& purification Bacteriological Techniques California Enterovirus/classification/ isolation \& purification Humans Mexico Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Seawater/ microbiology Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.011}, author = {Sassoubre, L. M. and Love, D. C. and Silverman, A. I. and Nelson, K. L. and Boehm, A. B.} } @article {6464, title = {Comparison of fecal indicators with pathogenic bacteria and rotavirus in groundwater}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {431}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {314{\textendash}322}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.060}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969712007425}, author = {Ferguson, Andrew S. and Layton, Alice C. and Mailloux, Brian J. and Culligan, Patricia J. and Williams, Daniel E. and Smartt, Abby E. and Sayler, Gary S. and Feighery, John and McKay, Larry D. and Knappett, Peter S.K. and Alexandrova, Ekaterina and Arbit, Talia and Emch, Michael and Escamilla, Veronica and Ahmed, Kazi Matin and Alam, Md. Jahangir and Streatfield, P. Kim and Yunus, Mohammad and Van Geen, Alexander} } @article {3541, title = {Comparison of fecal indicators with pathogenic bacteria and rotavirus in groundwater.}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {431}, year = {2012}, pages = {341{\textendash}322}, author = {Ferguson, AS and Layton, AC and Mailloux, BJ and Culligan, PJ and Williams, DE and Smartt, AE and Sayler, GS and Feighery, J and McKay, LD and Knappett, PS and Alexandrova, E and Arbit, T and Emch, M and Escamilla, V and Ahmed, KM and Alam, MJ and Streatfield, PK and Yunus, M and van Geen, A} } @article {10174, title = {{Comparison of gull feces-specific assays targeting the 16S rRNA genes of Catellicoccus marimammalium and Streptococcus spp}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, year = {2012}, pages = {1909{\textendash}1916}, author = {Ryu, H and Griffith, JF and Khan, IU and Hill, S and Edge, TA and Toledo-Hernandez, C and Gonzalez-Nieves, J and Santo Domingo, J} } @article {10175, title = {{Comparison of gull feces-specific assays targeting the 16S rRNA genes of Catellicoccus marimammalium and Streptococcus spp}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {1909{\textendash}1916}, author = {Ryu, H and Griffith, JF and Khan, IU and Hill, S and Edge, TA and Toledo-Hernandez, C and Gonzalez-Nieves, J and Santo Domingo, J} } @article {16916, title = {Comparison of recreational health risks associated with surfing and swimming in dry weather and post-storm conditions at Southern California beaches using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA)}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {912{\textendash}918}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Tseng, Linda Y and Jiang, Sunny C} } @article {15483, title = {Compatibility polymorphism in snail/schistosome interactions: From field to theory to molecular mechanisms}, journal = {Developmental and Comparative Immunology}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {P20 RR018754/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
R56 AI052363/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Review
United States}, month = {May}, pages = {1-8}, abstract = {

Coevolutionary dynamics in host-parasite interactions potentially lead to an arms race that results in compatibility polymorphism. The mechanisms underlying compatibility have remained largely unknown in the interactions between the snail Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni, one of the agents of human schistosomiasis. This review presents a combination of data obtained from field and laboratory studies arguing in favor of a matching phenotype model to explain compatibility polymorphism. Investigations focused on the molecular determinants of compatibility have revealed two repertoires of polymorphic and/or diversified molecules that have been shown to interact: the parasite antigens S. mansoni polymorphic mucins and the B. glabrata fibrinogen-related proteins immune receptors. We hypothesize their interactions define the compatible/incompatible status of a specific snail/schistosome combination. This line of thought suggests concrete approaches amenable to testing in field-oriented studies attempting to control schistosomiasis by disrupting schistosome-snail compatibility.

}, keywords = {Animals, Biomphalaria/genetics/immunology/*parasitology, Disease Vectors, Evolution, Molecular, Helminth Proteins/genetics, Host-Parasite Interactions/*genetics, Humans, Mucins/genetics, Phenotype, Schistosoma mansoni/genetics/immunology/*physiology}, isbn = {1879-0089 (Electronic)
0145-305X (Linking)}, author = {Mitta, G. and Adema, C. M. and Gourbal, B. and Loker, E. S. and Th{\'e}ron, A.} } @booklet {984, title = {Complete Genome Sequence of a Tenth Human Polyomavirus}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {86}, number = {19}, year = {2012}, pages = {10887{\textendash}10887}, abstract = {

... 3.↵: Schowalter RM,; Pastrana DV,; Pumphrey KA,; Moyer AL,; Buck CB. . 2010. Merkel cell polyomavirus and two previously unknown polyomaviruses are chronically shed from human skin. Cell Host Microbe 7:509{\textendash}515. ... $\backslash$n

}, isbn = {0022-538x}, issn = {0022-538X}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.01690-12}, author = {Buck, C. B. and Phan, G. Q. and Raiji, M. T. and Murphy, P. M. and McDermott, D. H. and McBride, A. A.} } @article {11849, title = {{Complete mitochondrial genomes of Diplogonoporus balaenopterae and Diplogonoporus grandis {\{}(Cestoda:{\}} Diphyllobothriidae) and clarification of their taxonomic relationships.}}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {260{\textendash}266}, abstract = {Although the diplogonadic human tapeworm, Diplogonoporus grandis, has long been considered to be a synonym of the whale tapeworm, Diplogonoporus balaenopterae, the identity of the both species at the complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear {\{}DNA{\}} levels has been not sufficiently undertaken to date. In the present study, to clarify the taxonomic relationships between D. balaenopterae and D. grandis at the molecular level, the complete mitochondrial genomes of both species were sequenced and compared. In addition, the genetic variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer-1 {\{}(ITS-1){\}} region of the ribosomal {\{}RNA{\}} gene were examined. The complete mitochondrial genomes of D. balaenopterae and D. grandis consisted of 13,724 bp and 13,725 bp, respectively. These mitochondrial genomes contained 12 protein-coding, 22 transfer {\{}RNA{\}} and 2 ribosomal {\{}RNA{\}} genes and two longer non-coding regions. Except for Hymenolepis diminuta, the genomic organization in both species was essentially identical to that in other cestode genomes examined to date. However, differences were observed between Diplogonoporus and Diphyllobothrium species in abbreviated stop codons, sequences and the number of repeat units in the 2nd non-coding regions. The genetic differences observed in the mitochondrial genomes, cox1 and {\{}ITS-1{\}} regions of both species were considered typical of intraspecific variation. In conclusion, D. balaenopterae is a taxonomically valid species and D. grandis is a junior synonym of D. balaenopterae based on the zoological nomenclature. Further, molecular-phylogenetic analysis confirmed that D. balaenopterae is more closely related to Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum, the type-species of the genus Diphyllobothrium, and the taxonomical validity of the genera Diplogonoporus and Diphyllobothrium was also discussed.}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2011.10.007}, author = {Yamasaki, H and Ohmae, H and Kuramochi, T} } @article {3702, title = {Complete molecular genome analyses of equine rotavirus {A} strains from different continents reveal several novel genotypes and a largely conserved genotype constellation.}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {93}, number = {Pt4}, year = {2012}, pages = {866{\textendash}875}, author = {Matthijnssens, J and Mi{\~n}o, S and Papp, H and Potgieter, C and Novo, L and Heylen, E and Zeller, M and Garaicoechea, L and Badaracco, A and Lengyel, G and Kisfali, P and Cullinane, A and Collins, PJ and Ciarlet, M and O{\textquoteright}Shea, H and Parre{\~n}o, V and B{\'a}nyai, K and Barrandeguy, M and Van Ranst, M} } @article {14695, title = {Concentration and recovery of viruses from water: a comprehensive review}, journal = {Food and environmental virology}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {jun}, pages = {41{\textendash}67}, abstract = {Enteric viruses are a cause of waterborne disease worldwide, and low numbers in drinking water can present a significant risk of infection. Because the numbers are often quite low, large volumes (100-1,000 L) of water are usually processed. The VIRADEL method using microporous filters is most commonly used today for this purpose. Negatively charged filters require the addition of multivalent salts and acidification of the water sample to effect virus adsorption, which can make large-volume sampling difficult. Positively charged filters require no preconditioning of samples, and are able to concentrate viruses from water over a greater pH range than electronegative filters. The most widely used electropositive filter is the Virosorb 1MDS; however, the Environmental Protection Agency has added the positively charged NanoCeram filters to their proposed Method 1615. Ultrafilters concentrate viruses based on size exclusion rather than electrokinetics, but are impractical for field sampling or processing of turbid water. Elution (recovery) of viruses from filters following concentration is performed with organic (e.g., beef extract) or inorganic solutions (e.g., sodium polyphosphates). Eluates are then reconcentrated to decrease the sample volume to enhance detection methods (e.g., cell culture infectivity assays and molecular detection techniques). While the majority of available filters have demonstrated high virus retention efficiencies, the methods to elute and reconcentrate viruses have met with varying degrees of success due to the biological variability of viruses present in water.}, keywords = {*Viruses, *Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Digestive System Diseases/*virology, Filtration/*methods, Humans}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9080-2}, author = {Ikner, L. A. and Gerba, C. P. and Bright, K. R.} } @article {7886, title = {{Concentration and recovery of viruses from water: A comprehensive review}}, journal = {Food Environ Virol}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {41{\textendash}67}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9080-2}, author = {Ikner, LA and C P Gerba and Bright, KR} } @article {1633, title = {Concentration and recovery of viruses from water: a comprehensive review}, journal = {Food and environmental virology}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {Ikner, Luisa A Gerba, Charles P Bright, Kelly R Review United States Food and environmental virology Food Environ Virol. 2012 Jun;4(2):41-67. doi: 10.1007/s12560-012-9080-2. Epub 2012 May 31.}, pages = {41-67}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Enteric viruses are a cause of waterborne disease worldwide, and low numbers in drinking water can present a significant risk of infection. Because the numbers are often quite low, large volumes (100-1,000 L) of water are usually processed. The VIRADEL method using microporous filters is most commonly used today for this purpose. Negatively charged filters require the addition of multivalent salts and acidification of the water sample to effect virus adsorption, which can make large-volume sampling difficult. Positively charged filters require no preconditioning of samples, and are able to concentrate viruses from water over a greater pH range than electronegative filters. The most widely used electropositive filter is the Virosorb 1MDS; however, the Environmental Protection Agency has added the positively charged NanoCeram filters to their proposed Method 1615. Ultrafilters concentrate viruses based on size exclusion rather than electrokinetics, but are impractical for field sampling or processing of turbid water. Elution (recovery) of viruses from filters following concentration is performed with organic (e.g., beef extract) or inorganic solutions (e.g., sodium polyphosphates). Eluates are then reconcentrated to decrease the sample volume to enhance detection methods (e.g., cell culture infectivity assays and molecular detection techniques). While the majority of available filters have demonstrated high virus retention efficiencies, the methods to elute and reconcentrate viruses have met with varying degrees of success due to the biological variability of viruses present in water.}, keywords = {Digestive System Diseases/*virology Filtration/*methods Humans *Viruses *Water Microbiology *Water Supply}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9080-2}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23412811}, author = {Ikner, L. A. and Gerba, C. P. and Bright, K. R.} } @article {1551, title = {Concentration of norovirus during wastewater treatment and its impact on oyster contamination}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, note = {Flannery, John Keaveney, Sinead Rajko-Nenow, Paulina O{\textquoteright}Flaherty, Vincent Dore, William Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Applied and environmental microbiology Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 May;78(9):3400-6. doi: 10.1128/AEM.07569-11. Epub 2012 Feb 24.}, pages = {3400-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The concentrations of Escherichia coli, F-specific RNA bacteriophage (FRNA bacteriophage), and norovirus genogroup I (NoV GI) and norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) in wastewater were monitored weekly over a 1-year period at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) providing secondary wastewater treatment. A total of 49 samples of influent wastewater and wastewater that had been treated by primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes (primary and secondary treated wastewater) were analyzed. Using a real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), the mean NoV GI and NoV GII concentrations detected in effluent wastewater were 2.53 and 2.63 log(10) virus genome copies 100 ml(-1), respectively. The mean NoV concentrations in wastewater during the winter period (January to March) (n = 12) were 0.82 (NoV GI) and 1.41 (NoV GII) log units greater than the mean concentrations for the rest of the year (n = 37). The mean reductions of NoV GI and GII during treatment were 0.80 and 0.92 log units, respectively, with no significant difference detected in the extent of NoV reductions due to season. No seasonal trend was detected in the concentrations of E. coli or FRNA bacteriophage in wastewater influent and showed mean reductions of 1.49 and 2.13 log units, respectively. Mean concentrations of 3.56 and 3.72 log(10) virus genome copies 100 ml(-1) for NoV GI and GII, respectively, were detected in oysters sampled adjacent to the WWTP discharge. A strong seasonal trend was observed, and the concentrations of NoV GI and GII detected in oysters were correlated with concentrations detected in the wastewater effluent. No seasonal difference was detected in concentrations of E. coli or FRNA bacteriophage detected in oysters.}, keywords = {Animals Bacteriophages/isolation \& purification Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification Norovirus/*isolation \& purification Ostreidae/*virology Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Seasons *Viral Load *Water Microbiology *Water Purification}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.07569-11 AEM.07569-11 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22367079}, author = {Flannery, J. and Keaveney, S. and Rajko-Nenow, P. and O{\textquoteright}Flaherty, V. and Dore, W.} } @article {14593, title = {Concentration of norovirus during wastewater treatment and its impact on oyster contamination}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {78}, year = {2012}, month = {may}, pages = {3400{\textendash}6}, abstract = {The concentrations of Escherichia coli, F-specific RNA bacteriophage (FRNA bacteriophage), and norovirus genogroup I (NoV GI) and norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) in wastewater were monitored weekly over a 1-year period at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) providing secondary wastewater treatment. A total of 49 samples of influent wastewater and wastewater that had been treated by primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes (primary and secondary treated wastewater) were analyzed. Using a real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), the mean NoV GI and NoV GII concentrations detected in effluent wastewater were 2.53 and 2.63 log(10) virus genome copies 100 ml(-1), respectively. The mean NoV concentrations in wastewater during the winter period (January to March) (n = 12) were 0.82 (NoV GI) and 1.41 (NoV GII) log units greater than the mean concentrations for the rest of the year (n = 37). The mean reductions of NoV GI and GII during treatment were 0.80 and 0.92 log units, respectively, with no significant difference detected in the extent of NoV reductions due to season. No seasonal trend was detected in the concentrations of E. coli or FRNA bacteriophage in wastewater influent and showed mean reductions of 1.49 and 2.13 log units, respectively. Mean concentrations of 3.56 and 3.72 log(10) virus genome copies 100 ml(-1) for NoV GI and GII, respectively, were detected in oysters sampled adjacent to the WWTP discharge. A strong seasonal trend was observed, and the concentrations of NoV GI and GII detected in oysters were correlated with concentrations detected in the wastewater effluent. No seasonal difference was detected in concentrations of E. coli or FRNA bacteriophage detected in oysters.}, keywords = {*Viral Load, *Water Microbiology, *Water Purification, Animals, Bacteriophages/isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Ostreidae/*virology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Seasons}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.07569-11 AEM.07569-11 [pii]}, author = {Flannery, J. and Keaveney, S. and Rajko-Nenow, P. and O{\textquoteright}Flaherty, V. and Dore, W.} } @article {15212, title = {Concentration of norovirus during wastewater treatment and its impact on oyster contamination}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {3400{\textendash}3406}, author = {Flannery, John and Keaveney, Sin{\'e}ad and Rajko-Nenow, Paulina and O{\textquoteright}Flaherty, Vincent and Dor{\'e}, William} } @inbook {17054, title = {Concentration of norovirus during wastewater treatment and its impact on oyster contamination}, booktitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {3400{\textendash}3406}, author = {Flannery, John and Keaveney, Sin{\'e}ad and Rajko-Nenow, Paulina and O{\textquoteright}Flaherty, Vincent and Dor{\'e}, William} } @article {12183, title = {Connecting Environment and Genome Plasticity in the Characterization of Transformation-Induced SOS Regulation and Carbon Catabolite Control of the Vibrio cholerae Integron Integrase}, journal = {Journal of Bacteriology}, volume = {194}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, note = {Baharoglu, Zeynep Krin, Evelyne Mazel, Didier
Mazel, Didier/F-9200-2013; baharoglu, zeynep/O-3135-2013
Mazel, Didier/0000-0001-6482-6002;}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1659-1667}, abstract = {

The human pathogen Vibrio cholerae carries a chromosomal superintegron (SI). The SI contains an array of hundreds of gene cassettes organized in tandem which are stable under conditions when no particular stress is applied to bacteria (such as during laboratory growth). Rearrangements of these cassettes are catalyzed by the activity of the associated integron integrase. Understanding the regulation of integrase expression is pivotal to fully comprehending the role played by this genetic reservoir for bacterial adaptation and its connection with the development of antibiotic resistance. Our previous work established that the integrase is regulated by the bacterial SOS response and that it is induced during bacterial conjugation. Here, we show that transformation, another horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mechanism, also triggers integrase expression through SOS induction, underlining the importance of HGT in genome plasticity. Moreover, we report a new cyclic AMP (cAMP)-cAMP receptor protein (CRP)-dependent regulation mechanism of the integrase, highlighting the influence of the extracellular environment on chromosomal gene content. Altogether, our data suggest an interplay between different stress responses and regulatory pathways for the modulation of the recombinase expression, thus showing how the SI remodeling mechanism is merged into bacterial physiology.

}, isbn = {0021-9193}, author = {Baharoglu, Z. and Krin, E. and Mazel, D.} } @article {6427, title = {Considering the {Risk} of {Infection} by {Cryptosporidium} via {Consumption} of {Municipally} {Treated} {Drinking} {Water} from a {Surface} {Water} {Source} in a {Southwestern} {Ontario} {Community}: {Risk} of {Infection} by {Cryptosporidium}}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {32}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, month = {jul}, pages = {1122{\textendash}1138}, issn = {02724332}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01742.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01742.x}, author = {Pintar, K. D. M. and Fazil, A. and Pollari, F. and Waltner-Toews, D. and Charron, D. F. and McEwen, S. A. and Walton, T.} } @article {7498, title = {Consumer preferences for household water treatment products in {Andhra} {Pradesh}, {India}}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {738{\textendash}746}, abstract = {Over 5 billion people worldwide are exposed to unsafe water. Given the obstacles to ensuring sustainable improvements in water supply infrastructure and the unhygienic handling of water after collection, household water treatment and storage (HWTS) products have been viewed as important mechanisms for increasing access to safe water. Although studies have shown that HWTS technologies can reduce the likelihood of diarrheal illness by about 30\%, levels of adoption and continued use remain low. An understanding of household preferences for HWTS products can be used to create demand through effective product positioning and social marketing, and ultimately improve and ensure commercial sustainability and scalability of these products. However, there has been little systematic research on consumer preferences for HWTS products. This paper reports the results of the first state-of-the-art conjoint analysis study of HWTS products. In 2008, we conducted a conjoint analysis survey of a representative sample of households in Andhra Pradesh (AP), India to elicit and quantify household preferences for commercial HWTS products. Controlling for attribute non-attendance in an error components mixed logit model, the study results indicate that the most important features to respondents, in terms of the effect on utility, were the type of product, followed by the extent to which the product removes pathogens, the retail outlet and, the time required to treat 10~L. Holding all other product attributes constant, filters were preferred to combination products and chemical additives. Department stores and weekly markets were the most favorable sales outlets, followed by mobile salespeople. In general, households do not prefer to purchase HWTS products at local shops. Our results can inform the types of products and sales outlets that are likely to be successful in commercial HWTS markets in AP, as well as the influence of different pricing and financing strategies on product demand and uptake.}, keywords = {Adult, Choice Behavior, Commerce, Consumer behavior, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, India, Male, Water Purification}, issn = {1873-5347}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.059}, author = {Poulos, Christine and Yang, Jui-Chen and Patil, Sumeet R. and Pattanayak, Subhrendu and Wood, Siri and Goodyear, Lorelei and Gonzalez, Juan Marcos} } @article {7486, title = {Contaminated {Small} {Drinking} {Water} {Supplies} and {Risk} of {Infectious} {Intestinal} {Disease}: {A} {Prospective} {Cohort} {Study}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {e42762}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0042762}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042762}, author = {Risebro, Helen L. and Breton, Lynette and Aird, Heather and Hooper, Alan and Hunter, Paul R.}, editor = {Cayl{\`a}, Joan A.} } @article {16547, title = {Contamination of vegetables, fruits and soil with geohelmints eggs on organic farms in {Poland}}, journal = {Ann Agric Environ Med}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {421{\textendash}5}, abstract = {The objective of this study was to evaluate the contamination of vegetables, fruits and soil with zoonotic parasite eggs on organic and conventional farms in south-eastern Poland. To evaluate the contamination with eggs of zoonotic parasites, examinations were conducted on 8 conventional and 11 organic farms in south-eastern Poland from May-October in 2008 and 2009. The following fruit and vegetables were selected for the experiment: strawberry, leek, onion, carrot, zucchini, beetroot, parsley, potatoes, celery, rhubarb, lettuce, cabbage, broccoli, pumpkin, young beetroot leaves, cauliflower, French beans, turnip, fennel and sorrel. A total of 187 samples of vegetables, fruits and soil were examined by means of a modified flotation method according to Quinn et al. (1980). Contamination with Ascaris, Trichuris and Toxocara eggs was found, with a higher number of positive samples revealed on conventional (34.7\%), compared to organic farms (18.9\%). The level of contamination in soil samples from conventional farms was higher (88.5\% positive samples), than of those from organic farms (32.8\%). Of the 15 geohelmints eggs, positive samples were found in vegetables: 9 Toxocara eggs, 4 Ascaris eggs and 2 Trichuris eggs. No geohelmints eggs were observed in the strawberry samples. The consumption of vegetables and fruits contaminated with the eggs of parasites may be the cause of parasitoses in humans. Stricter sanitary standards on farms of all types may limit the incidence of parasitic zoonoses.}, keywords = {Agriculture/*methods, Animals, Ascaris/classification/isolation \& purification, Environmental monitoring, Food Contamination/*analysis, Fruit/*parasitology, Helminths/classification/*isolation \& purification, Organic Agriculture/methods, Ovum/classification, Parasite Egg Count, Poland, Seasons, Soil/*parasitology, Toxocara/classification/isolation \& purification, Trichuris/classification/isolation \& purification, Vegetables/*parasitology}, issn = {1898-2263 (Electronic) 1232-1966 (Linking)}, author = {Klapec, T. and Borecka, A.} } @article {12055, title = {Contamination of vegetables, fruits and soil with geohelmints eggs on organic farms in Poland}, journal = {Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {Klapec, Teresa
Borecka, Anna
eng
Comparative Study
Poland
2012/10/02 06:00
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2012;19(3):421-5.}, pages = {421-5}, abstract = {The objective of this study was to evaluate the contamination of vegetables, fruits and soil with zoonotic parasite eggs on organic and conventional farms in south-eastern Poland. To evaluate the contamination with eggs of zoonotic parasites, examinations were conducted on 8 conventional and 11 organic farms in south-eastern Poland from May-October in 2008 and 2009. The following fruit and vegetables were selected for the experiment: strawberry, leek, onion, carrot, zucchini, beetroot, parsley, potatoes, celery, rhubarb, lettuce, cabbage, broccoli, pumpkin, young beetroot leaves, cauliflower, French beans, turnip, fennel and sorrel. A total of 187 samples of vegetables, fruits and soil were examined by means of a modified flotation method according to Quinn et al. (1980). Contamination with Ascaris, Trichuris and Toxocara eggs was found, with a higher number of positive samples revealed on conventional (34.7\%), compared to organic farms (18.9\%). The level of contamination in soil samples from conventional farms was higher (88.5\% positive samples), than of those from organic farms (32.8\%). Of the 15 geohelmints eggs, positive samples were found in vegetables: 9 Toxocara eggs, 4 Ascaris eggs and 2 Trichuris eggs. No geohelmints eggs were observed in the strawberry samples. The consumption of vegetables and fruits contaminated with the eggs of parasites may be the cause of parasitoses in humans. Stricter sanitary standards on farms of all types may limit the incidence of parasitic zoonoses.}, keywords = {Agriculture/*methods, Animals, Ascaris/classification/isolation \& purification, Environmental monitoring, Food Contamination/*analysis, Fruit/*parasitology, Helminths/classification/*isolation \& purification, Organic Agriculture/methods, Ovum/classification, Parasite Egg Count, Poland, Seasons, Soil/*parasitology, Toxocara/classification/isolation \& purification, Trichuris/classification/isolation \& purification, Vegetables/*parasitology}, isbn = {1898-2263 (Electronic)
1232-1966 (Linking)}, author = {Klapec, T. and Borecka, A.} } @article {11245, title = {{Contamination of vegetables, fruits and soil with geohelmints eggs on organic farms in Poland}}, journal = {Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {421{\textendash}425}, author = {Klapec, T and Borecka, A} } @article {15815, title = {Contribution of enteric infection, altered intestinal barrier function, and maternal malnutrition to infant malnutrition in Bangladesh}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {Jan 15}, pages = {185-92}, edition = {2011/11/24}, keywords = {*Nutritional Status, Bangladesh/epidemiology, Chi-Square Distribution, Diarrhea/*epidemiology/metabolism/microbiology/parasitology, Feces/microbiology, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant Nutrition Disorders/economics/*epidemiology/microbiology, Infant, Newborn, Logistic Models, Male, Malnutrition/economics/microbiology/parasitology, Morbidity, Poverty Areas, Prospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors}, isbn = {1058-4838}, author = {Mondal, D. and Minak, J. and Alam, M. and Liu, Y. and Dai, J. and Korpe, P. and Liu, L. and Haque, R. and Petri, W. A., Jr.} } @article {12327, title = {Correlation Between Upstream Human Activities and Riverine Antibiotic Resistance Genes}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {21}, year = {2012}, note = {Pruden, Amy Arabi, Mazdak Storteboom, Heather N.}, month = {Nov}, pages = {11541-11549}, abstract = {

Antimicrobial resistance remains a serious and growing human health challenge. The water environment may represent a key dissemination pathway of resistance elements to and from humans. However, quantitative relationships between landscape features and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have not previously been identified. The objective of this study was to examine correlations between ARGs and putative upstream anthropogenic sources in the watershed. sun (sulfonamide) and tet(W) (tetracycline) were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in bed and suspended sediment within the South Platte River Basin, which originates from a pristine region in the Rocky Mountains and runs through a gradient of human activities. A geospatial database was constructed to delineate surface water pathways from animal feeding operations, wastewater treatment plants, and fish hatchery and rearing units to river monitoring points. General linear regression models were compared. Riverine sul1 correlated with upstream capacities of animal feeding operations (R-2 = 0.35, p \< 0.001) and wastewater treatment plants (R-2 = 0.34, p \< 0.001). Weighting for the inverse distances from animal feeding operations along transport pathways strengthened the observed correlations (R-2 = 0.60-0.64, p \< 0.001), suggesting the importance of these pathways in ARG dissemination. Correlations were upheld across the four sampling events during the year, and averaging sul1 measurements in bed and suspended sediments over all events yielded the strongest correlation (R-2 = 0.92, p \< 0.001). Conversely, a significant relationship with landscape features was not evident for tet(W), which, in contrast to sul1, is broadly distributed in the pristine region and also relatively more prevalent in animal feeding operation lagoons. The findings highlight the need to focus attention on quantifying the contribution of water pathways to the antibiotic resistance disease burden in humans and offer insight into potential strategies to control the spread of ARGs.

}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Pruden, A. and Arabi, M. and Storteboom, H. N.} } @article {12580, title = {Correlation between upstream human activities and riverine antibiotic resistance genes}, journal = {Environmental Science \& TechnologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {21}, year = {2012}, month = {2012/11/06}, pages = {11541-11549}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Pruden, Amy and Arabi, Mazdak and Storteboom, Heather N.} } @article {12235, title = {Correlation of tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotics with corresponding resistance genes and resistant bacteria in a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Science of the Total EnvironmentScience of the Total Environment}, volume = {421}, year = {2012}, note = {Times Cited: 153
沈, 国/L-5652-2014
1
176}, month = {Apr 1}, pages = {173-183}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Gao, Pin and Munir, Mariya and Xagoraraki, Irene} } @article {2895, title = {Criteria for selection of surrogates used to study the fate and control of pathogens in the environment}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {78}, year = {2012}, pages = {1969{\textendash}1977}, author = {Sinclair, Ryan G and Rose, Joan B and Hashsham, Syed A and Gerba, Charles P and Haas, Charles N} } @article {3085, title = {Critical analysis of cystic echinococcosis control programs and praziquantel use in {South} {America}, 1974-2010}, journal = {Revista Panamericana De Salud P{\'u}blica = Pan American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {jan}, pages = {81{\textendash}87}, abstract = {Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most prevalent zoonoses in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay. Control programs in South America were originally modeled after programs developed in insular territories, such as Tasmania and New Zealand. The advent and proven effectiveness of praziquantel, plus the experience of insular models, produced high expectations for rapid advances; however, after 30 years of praziquantel use, no endemic area in South America has obtained eradication. In fact, only modest gains in CE control have been made and impact on prevalence among humans has been slight. A major impediment has been the infrastructure needed to administer praziquantel to dogs in rural areas 8 times per year over numerous years, a requirement for rapid attack stage 1. Such an infrastructure has not been financially or politically sustainable in endemic areas, which tend to be the poorest. On the other hand, certain areas in Argentina have had success with simple and economically viable alternatives. Based primarily on continuous field work supported by the local community, these strategies have significantly decreased transmission to humans, the health sector{\textquoteright}s main objective. In addition, new possibilities and tools, such as the EG95 vaccine, are being evaluated; as are early detection and treatment of asymptomatic carriers.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Animals, Anthelmintics, Antigens, Asymptomatic Diseases, Carrier State, Child, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Drug Utilization, Echinococcosis, Forecasting, Helminth, Helminth Proteins, Humans, Incidence, Infection Control, Population Surveillance, Praziquantel, Preventive Health Services, Program Evaluation, Retrospective Studies, rural health, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, South America, Vaccination, Vaccines, Zoonoses}, issn = {1680-5348}, author = {Larrieu, Edmundo and Zanini, Fabian} } @mastersthesis {6973, title = {A {Critical} {Analysis} of {Technological} {Innovation} and {Economic} {Development} in {Southern} {California}{\textquoteright}s {Urban} {Water} {Reuse} \& {Recycling} {Industry}}, year = {2012}, note = {1512096}, school = {University of California, Los Angeles}, type = {phdM.{U}.{R}.{P}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Southern California{\textquoteright}s urbanization was accomplished through the technologically-aided harvesting of faraway water sources. Today this is too expensive, environmentally damaging, and politically unpopular. Southern California utilities have begun shifting to a strategy of conservation and the development of local sources such as groundwater, desalination, or recycled water. Progressive local water agencies have built advanced water reuse infrastructure projects like Orange County Water District{\textquoteright}s (OCWD) Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS), the world{\textquoteright}s largest and most technologically advanced indirect potable reuse project. At the same time, the region has been mired in a prolonged multiyear economic downturn, leading many observers to advocate economic development through nurturing environmentally sensitive "clean tech" industries. This thesis investigates the Southern California water industry and, specifically, the regional innovation system that has generated major breakthroughs in water reuse technology and infrastructure that has come about due to OCWD{\textquoteright}s{\textendash}and others{\textquoteright}{\textendash}early investment in reuse research. Using an analytical framework derived from economic agglomeration scholarship, innovation systems literature, and an international case study analysis of the water technology innovation systems of Israel, Singapore, Netherlands, and Australia, this study employs qualitative interviews, industry analysis, and a case study of the GWRS project to investigate the regional water industry. It finds a strong local industry{\textendash}often led by a forward looking state government{\textendash}with auspicious growth prospects, but with significant local impediments including overly fragmented markets and consumers, hidden price subsidies, confusing legal institutions, agencies with misaligned incentives, lackluster private industry regional promotion, and unproductive interagency competition. Today other regions throughout the world, even neighboring Northern California, are rapidly growing their water technology expertise{\textendash}occasionally at the expense of Southern California. More effective regional governance and better private sector cooperation would further strengthen the region{\textquoteright}s already robust industry, accelerate the local creation of technological innovation, and manage limited regional water supplies more effectively.}, keywords = {0341:Area Planning and Development, 0366:Geography, 0474:Environmental management, Area Planning and Development, California, environmental management, Geography, Health and environmental sciences, Industry, Innovation, reuse, Social sciences, Technological, water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1021725452?accountid=14270}, author = {Pilip-Florea, Shadrach} } @article {17199, title = {Cross-contamination and recontamination by Salmonella in foods: A review}, journal = {Food Research InternationalFood Research International}, volume = {45}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {545-556}, chapter = {545}, author = {Elena Carrasco, Andr{\'e}s Morales-Rueda, Rosa Mar{\'\i}a Garc{\'\i}a-Gimeno} } @article {13419, title = {Cross-sectional serological survey of human fascioliasis in Haiti}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology Research}, year = {2012}, pages = {1-3}, author = {Agnamey, P. and Fortes-Lopes, E. and Raccurt, C. P. and Boncy, J. and Totet, A.} } @article {15641, title = {Cryptosporidium parvum Infection in SCID Mice Infected with Only One Oocyst: qPCR Assessment of Parasite Replication in Tissues and Development of Digestive Cancer}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {e51232}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, author = {Benamrouz, Sadia and Guyot, Karine and Gazzola, Sophie and Mouray, Anthony and Chassat, Thierry and Delaire, Baptiste and Chab{\'e}, Magali and Gosset, Pierre and Viscogliosi, Eric and Dei-cas, Eduardo and Creusy, Colette and Conseil, Valerie and Certad, Gabriela} } @book {17322, title = {Culture Media for the Isolation of Salmonella}, series = {Handbook of Culture Media for Food and Water Microbiology, 3rd Edition}, year = {2012}, pages = {261-286}, publisher = {Royal Soc Chemistry}, organization = {Royal Soc Chemistry}, address = {Cambridge}, keywords = {contaminated veterinary samples, direct plating, hydrogen-sulfide, methods, motility enrichment, rapid detection, rappaport-vassiliadis medium, selective enrichment media, semisolid rappaport, tetrathionate broth, universal preenrichment broth}, isbn = {978-1-84755-916-6; 978-1-84755-145-0}, author = {Mooijman, K. A.}, editor = {Corry, J. E. L. and Curtis, G. D. W. and Baird, R. M.} } @article {5013, title = {{The current status of opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis in the Mekong Basin}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {61}, year = {2012}, pages = {10{\textendash}16}, author = {Sithithaworn, P and Andrews, RH and Nguyen, VD and Wongsaroj, T and Sinuon, M and Odermatt, P and Nawa, Y and Liang, S and Brindley, PJ and Sripa, B} } @article {10201, title = {{Decay of Bacteroidales genetic markers in relation to traditional fecal indicators for water quality modeling of drinking water sources}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {892{\textendash}900}, author = {Sokolova, E and Astrom, J and Pettersson, TJR and Bergstedt, O and Hermansson, M} } @article {17335, title = {The decline of typhoid and the rise of non-typhoid salmonellae and fungal infections in a changing HIV landscape: bloodstream infection trends over 15 years in southern Vietnam}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and HygieneTransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {106}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {26-34}, isbn = {1878-3503}, author = {Nga, Tran Vu Thieu and Parry, Christopher M and Le, Thuy and Lan, Nguyen Phu Huong and Diep, To Song and Campbell, James I and Hoang, Nguyen Van Minh and Dung, Le Thi and Wain, John and Dolecek, Christiane} } @article {6314, title = {Defensive spending on tap water substitutes: the value of reducing perceived health risks}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {56}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.097}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2011.097}, author = {Dupont, Diane P. and Jahan, Nowshin} } @mastersthesis {7355, title = {Demand for water quality: {Empirical} evidence from a knowledge, attitude, behavior, and choice experiment survey about the {Bagmati} {River} in {Kathmandu}, {Nepal}}, year = {2012}, note = {3526895}, school = {The University of New Mexico}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Surface water ecosystems such as rivers and lakes provide many benefits to the society. These benefits include both market goods such as drinking water, outdoor recreation, fisheries, as well as non market goods such as habitats for aquatic life, biodiversity, aesthetic attributes, and religious values. Because people value both market and non market goods, benefits from both types of goods must be taken into account for any policy change. The primary objective of this dissertation is to assess public preferences and estimate the benefits of improving environmental quality, water quality in particular, using survey data from Kathmandu, Nepal. Chapter 2 provides estimates of the benefits of improving water quality in the Bagmati River using choice experiment data collected from in-person interviews of 1200 households in Kathmandu, Nepal. Four attributes of river health and cost under different management scenarios are used to estimate willingness-to-pay for the improvements in river water quality. Results from a random parameter logit model show that residents of Kathmandu are willing to pay NRS 1520 (NRS 75=US\$ 1) per year to improve the river water quality to a level that is suitable for fish and other aquatic animals from a level that is suitable for walking on the river bank. Similarly, willingness to pay is NRS 1470 per year to improve the river water quality to a level that is suitable for swimming from a level that is suitable for walking on the river bank. In Chapter 3, an attitude-behavior framework is used to investigate the relationship between knowledge, attitude, and behavior towards river conservation, rehabilitation and restoration using data collected from in-person interviews in Kathmandu, Nepal. Results from a bivariate ordered probit model show that pro-environmental attitudes have strong effects on environmental participation. Also, environmental knowledge strongly influences attitude, and participation behavior towards environmental quality. However, scientific and health knowledge do not always translate into pro-environmental behavior. Cultural attachment is strongly associated with pro-environmental attitude, and exposure to information has a strong effect on environmental participation. In Chapter 4, the determinants of water treatment behavior are identified and examined. In particular, the focus is on the impact of knowledge, exposure to information, and community participation towards drinking water treatment behavior. Results from probit regression analyses suggest that knowledge, frequency of exposure to information, and community participation significantly increase the likelihood of utilizing drinking water treatment methods. Households connected to the distribution system are more likely to treat water as compared to those that are not connected to the system. This study is first of its kind to elicit the benefits of improving river water quality in Nepal, and makes a significant contribution to the literature on non market valuation of river water quality improvements in developing countries. Study results will be helpful for policy makers in determining the efficient management strategy, especially for the long term river conservation, rehabilitation, and restoration programs.}, keywords = {0438:Environmental economics, 0501:Economics, 0528:Natural Resource Management, 0595:Water Resource Management, Bagmati River, Choice experiments, Earth sciences, economics, Environmental economics, Health and environmental sciences, Kathmandu, Natural Resource Management, Nepal, Random parameter model, Social sciences, Valuation, Water quality, Water Resource Management, Willingness to pay}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1081472817?accountid=14270}, author = {Katuwal, Hari B.} } @article {6063, title = {Deposition of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in porous media: a synthesis of attachment efficiencies measured under varying environmental conditions}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {17}, year = {2012}, pages = {9491{\textendash}9500}, author = {Park, Yeonjeong and Robert E Atwill and Hou, Lingling and Packman, Aaron I and Harter, Thomas} } @article {9030, title = {Detection and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus in clinical, environmental and putative animal sources}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {157}, year = {2012}, pages = {2363-8}, author = {Ishida, S and Yoshizumi, S and Ikeda, T and Miyoshi, M and Goto, A and Matsubayashi, K and Ikeda, H} } @article {5615, title = {{Detection and Molecular Characterization of Human Noroviruses in Korean Groundwater Between 2008 and 2010}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {115{\textendash}123}, abstract = {RT-PCR, nucleotide sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were performed$\backslash$nfor genotyping and molecular characterization of noroviruses isolated$\backslash$nfrom Korean groundwater. Among 160 samples collected from 80 sites$\backslash$nbetween 2008 and 2010, 14 samples (8.7 {\%}) from 12 sites were positive$\backslash$nfor noroviruses (NoVs). The percentages of NoV-positive samples in 2008,$\backslash$n2009, and 2010 were 22.2, 3.2, and 0 {\%}, respectively, representing a$\backslash$nyearly decrease. GII-positive samples (n = 9, 5.6 {\%}) outnumbered$\backslash$nGI-positive samples (n = 5, 3.1 {\%}). The genotypes of the GI NoVs were$\backslash$nGI.2, GI.5, and GI.6, and the genotypes of the GII NoVs were all GII.4.$\backslash$nOne sample, HM623465, was very similar to CUK-3 and CBNU2 and two GII.4$\backslash$nsequences isolated from the stool of Korean gastroenteritis patients. A$\backslash$nBLASTN search revealed several nucleotide sequences highly similar to$\backslash$nthose of NoVs isolated in this study. The original isolation sources for$\backslash$nthese similar NoVs were mostly stool (n = 731, 80.0 {\%}) and groundwater$\backslash$n(n = 135, 14.8 {\%}), and all the countries from which they were isolated$\backslash$nwere almost in Asia (96.0 {\%}); specifically, China (n = 192, 21.0 {\%}),$\backslash$nJapan (n = 383, 41.9 {\%}), Korea (n = 296, 32.4 {\%}), and other Asian$\backslash$ncountries (n = 6, 0.7 {\%}). These results suggest that Korean groundwater$\backslash$nmight be contaminated with NoVs from the stool of infected patients and$\backslash$nthat these NoVs in turn cause new cases of gastroenteritis through a$\backslash$ntypical fecal-oral route with region-specific circulation. Therefore, it$\backslash$nis important to properly treat sewage, which may include waterborne$\backslash$nviruses and manage point sources in groundwater for national health and$\backslash$nsanitation. In addition, continuous molecular surveillance remains$\backslash$nimportant for understanding circulating NoVs.}, keywords = {Gastroenteritis, genotype, Groundwater, Norovirus, Phylogeny}, isbn = {1867-0334}, issn = {18670334}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9084-y}, author = {Gyu C Lee and Weon H Jheong and Gyoo S Jung and Sung A Oh and Min J Kim and Ok J Rhee and Park, Sujeong and Lee, Chan Hee} } @article {4409, title = {Detection and molecular identification of human adenoviruses and enteroviruses in wastewater from Morocco}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {359-66}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1472-765X (Electronic) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2012.03220.x}, author = {Amdiouni, H. and Faouzi, A. and Fariat, N. and Hassar, M. and Soukri, A. and Nourlil, J.} } @article {4436, title = {Detection and molecular identification of human adenoviruses and enteroviruses in wastewater from {Morocco}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {359{\textendash}66}, issn = {1472-765X (Electronic) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2012.03220.x}, author = {Amdiouni, H. and Faouzi, A. and Fariat, N. and Hassar, M. and Soukri, A. and Nourlil, J.} } @article {1219, title = {Detection and molecular identification of human adenoviruses and enteroviruses in wastewater from Morocco}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, note = {Amdiouni, H Faouzi, A Fariat, N Hassar, M Soukri, A Nourlil, J England Letters in applied microbiology Lett Appl Microbiol. 2012 Apr;54(4):359-66. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2012.03220.x. Epub 2012 Mar 6.}, pages = {359-66}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {AIMS: Reclaimed wastewater is a considerable water resource in Morocco. Its agricultural reuse requires an assessment of viral contamination. The aim of this study was to detect both infectious and noninfectious human adenoviruses (HAdV) and enteroviruses (EV) in raw wastewater and treat effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and domestic sewage in Morocco. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 22 samples were analysed. A polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method was used, followed by integrated cell culture-PCR (ICC-PCR) using two cell lines: human rhabdomyosarcoma tumour tissue and laryngeal carcinoma cells (RD and Hep2 cells). Furthermore, viral genome amplification was confirmed by sequencing. HAdV were detected in 10 (45.5\%) of the 22 samples involving two species: HAdV-B and HAdV-D. EV was detected in 5 (23\%) samples belonging to Coxsackievirus B5 and poliovirus vaccine strain (Sabin 2). CONCLUSIONS: Human adenoviruses and EV were detected in the analysed samples from two WWTPs and HAdV in domestic sewage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work is the first study in Morocco using cell culture, PCR and sequencing of enteric viruses from wastewater. The presence of infectious HAdV and EV in treated effluent emphasizes the need of wastewater treatment surveillance.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/classification/genetics/ isolation \& purification Cell Line, Tumor Enterovirus/classification/genetics/ isolation \& purification Humans Morocco Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Sewage/ virology}, issn = {1472-765X (Electronic) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2012.03220.x}, author = {Amdiouni, H. and Faouzi, A. and Fariat, N. and Hassar, M. and Soukri, A. and Nourlil, J.} } @article {1446, title = {Detection and molecular identification of human adenoviruses and enteroviruses in wastewater from Morocco}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, note = {Amdiouni, H Faouzi, A Fariat, N Hassar, M Soukri, A Nourlil, J eng England 2012/02/14 06:00 Lett Appl Microbiol. 2012 Apr;54(4):359-66. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2012.03220.x. Epub 2012 Mar 6.}, pages = {359-66}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {AIMS: Reclaimed wastewater is a considerable water resource in Morocco. Its agricultural reuse requires an assessment of viral contamination. The aim of this study was to detect both infectious and noninfectious human adenoviruses (HAdV) and enteroviruses (EV) in raw wastewater and treat effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and domestic sewage in Morocco. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 22 samples were analysed. A polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method was used, followed by integrated cell culture-PCR (ICC-PCR) using two cell lines: human rhabdomyosarcoma tumour tissue and laryngeal carcinoma cells (RD and Hep2 cells). Furthermore, viral genome amplification was confirmed by sequencing. HAdV were detected in 10 (45.5\%) of the 22 samples involving two species: HAdV-B and HAdV-D. EV was detected in 5 (23\%) samples belonging to Coxsackievirus B5 and poliovirus vaccine strain (Sabin 2). CONCLUSIONS: Human adenoviruses and EV were detected in the analysed samples from two WWTPs and HAdV in domestic sewage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work is the first study in Morocco using cell culture, PCR and sequencing of enteric viruses from wastewater. The presence of infectious HAdV and EV in treated effluent emphasizes the need of wastewater treatment surveillance.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Cell Line, Tumor Enterovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Humans Morocco Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Sewage/*virology}, issn = {1472-765X (Electronic) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2012.03220.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22324352}, author = {Amdiouni, H. and Faouzi, A. and Fariat, N. and Hassar, M. and Soukri, A. and Nourlil, J.} } @article {14443, title = {Detection and molecular identification of human adenoviruses and enteroviruses in wastewater from {Morocco}}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {54}, year = {2012}, month = {apr}, pages = {359{\textendash}66}, abstract = {AIMS: Reclaimed wastewater is a considerable water resource in Morocco. Its agricultural reuse requires an assessment of viral contamination. The aim of this study was to detect both infectious and noninfectious human adenoviruses (HAdV) and enteroviruses (EV) in raw wastewater and treat effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and domestic sewage in Morocco. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 22 samples were analysed. A polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method was used, followed by integrated cell culture-PCR (ICC-PCR) using two cell lines: human rhabdomyosarcoma tumour tissue and laryngeal carcinoma cells (RD and Hep2 cells). Furthermore, viral genome amplification was confirmed by sequencing. HAdV were detected in 10 (45.5\%) of the 22 samples involving two species: HAdV-B and HAdV-D. EV was detected in 5 (23\%) samples belonging to Coxsackievirus B5 and poliovirus vaccine strain (Sabin 2). CONCLUSIONS: Human adenoviruses and EV were detected in the analysed samples from two WWTPs and HAdV in domestic sewage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work is the first study in Morocco using cell culture, PCR and sequencing of enteric viruses from wastewater. The presence of infectious HAdV and EV in treated effluent emphasizes the need of wastewater treatment surveillance.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Cell Line, Enterovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Human/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Morocco, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Sewage/*virology, Tumor}, issn = {1472-765X (Electronic) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2012.03220.x}, author = {Amdiouni, H. and Faouzi, A. and Fariat, N. and Hassar, M. and Soukri, A. and Nourlil, J.} } @article {14858, title = {Detection and molecular identification of human adenoviruses and enteroviruses in wastewater from {Morocco}}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {54}, year = {2012}, month = {apr}, pages = {359{\textendash}66}, abstract = {AIMS: Reclaimed wastewater is a considerable water resource in Morocco. Its agricultural reuse requires an assessment of viral contamination. The aim of this study was to detect both infectious and noninfectious human adenoviruses (HAdV) and enteroviruses (EV) in raw wastewater and treat effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and domestic sewage in Morocco. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 22 samples were analysed. A polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method was used, followed by integrated cell culture-PCR (ICC-PCR) using two cell lines: human rhabdomyosarcoma tumour tissue and laryngeal carcinoma cells (RD and Hep2 cells). Furthermore, viral genome amplification was confirmed by sequencing. HAdV were detected in 10 (45.5\%) of the 22 samples involving two species: HAdV-B and HAdV-D. EV was detected in 5 (23\%) samples belonging to Coxsackievirus B5 and poliovirus vaccine strain (Sabin 2). CONCLUSIONS: Human adenoviruses and EV were detected in the analysed samples from two WWTPs and HAdV in domestic sewage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work is the first study in Morocco using cell culture, PCR and sequencing of enteric viruses from wastewater. The presence of infectious HAdV and EV in treated effluent emphasizes the need of wastewater treatment surveillance.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Cell Line, Enterovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Human/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Morocco, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Sewage/*virology, Tumor}, issn = {1472-765X (Electronic) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2012.03220.x}, author = {Amdiouni, H. and Faouzi, A. and Fariat, N. and Hassar, M. and Soukri, A. and Nourlil, J.} } @article {5994, title = {{Detection and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis E viruses from mongooses in Okinawa, Japan}}, journal = {The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science}, volume = {74}, year = {2012}, pages = {1665{\textendash}1668}, author = {Nidaira, M and Takahashi, K and Ogura, G and Taira, K and Okano, S and Kudaka, J and Itokazu, K and Mishiro, S and Nakamura, M} } @article {16195, title = {Detection of anti-Leptospira antibodies in captive nonhuman primates from Salvador, Brazil.}, journal = {Am J Primatol. Am J Primatol.}, volume = {74}, year = {2012}, pages = {8-11.}, author = {Pinna, M. H. and Martins, G. and Pinheiro, A. C. and Almeida, D. S. and Ori{\'a}, A. P. and Lilenbaum, W.} } @article {9797, title = {{Detection of concurrent infection of dairy cattle with Blastocystis, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Enterocytozoon by molecular and microscopic methods}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {111}, year = {2012}, pages = {1349{\textendash}1355}, author = {Fayer, R and Santin, M and Macarisin, D} } @article {3915, title = {Detection of enteric viruses in recreational waters of an urban lagoon in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.}, journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {107}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {778{\textendash}784}, author = {Vieira, CB and Mendes, AC and Guimar{\~a}es, FR and Fumian, TM and Leite, JP and Gaspar, AM and Miagostovich, MP} } @article {5496, title = {{Detection of enteric viruses in recreational waters of an urban lagoon in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.}}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {107}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {778{\textendash}784}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to determine the occurrences of the group A rotavirus (RVA), norovirus (NoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in the surface waters of an urban lagoon (Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During one year of surveillance, water samples were obtained from the lagoon and other interconnected ecosystems (river and beach). The samples were concentrated using an adsorption-elution method with a negatively charged membrane and tested by qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. RVA was the most prevalent virus detected (24.3{\%}) with a viral load ranging from 3.0 x 10(1)-5.6 x 10(4) genome copies/L, followed by NoV (18.8{\%}) and HAdV (16.7{\%}). Considering water samples suitable for bathing, according to Escherichia coli criterion ({\textless} 2,000 most probable number/100 mL), viruses were detected in 50{\%} (57/114) of them. Physicochemical parameters were also measured and showed possible correlations between turbidity and RVA presence and between pH and NoV presence. These data demonstrate the importance of considering viral parameters to ensure water quality and the utilisation of these parameters as additional tools for the characterisation of environmental contamination.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae, Brazil, Environmental monitoring, Humans, isolation {\&} purification, Lakes, Norovirus, rotavirus, Virology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1678-8060 (Electronic)}, author = {Vieira, Carmen Baur and Mendes, Anna Carolina de Oliveira and Fl{\'a}via R Guimar{\~a}es and Tulio M Fumian and Leite, Jos{\'e} Paulo Gagliardi and Gaspar, Ana Maria Coimbra and Marize P Miagostovich} } @article {5936, title = {{Detection of human food-borne and zoonotic viruses on irrigated, field-grown strawberries}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, pages = {3763{\textendash}3766}, author = {Brassard, J and Gagn{\'e}, MJ and G{\'e}n{\'e}reux, M and C{\^o}t{\'e}, C} } @article {14485, title = {Detection of imported wild polioviruses and of vaccine-derived polioviruses by environmental surveillance in {Egypt}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {78}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {5406{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Systematic environmental surveillance for poliovirus circulation has been conducted in Egypt since 2000. The surveillance has revealed three independent importations of wild-type poliovirus. In addition, several vaccine-derived polioviruses have been detected in various locations in Egypt. In addition to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance, environmental surveillance can be used to monitor the wild poliovirus and vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation in populations in support of polio eradication initiatives.}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, Base Sequence, DNA, Egypt/epidemiology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Paralysis/*epidemiology/virology, Phylogeny, Poliomyelitis/epidemiology, Poliovirus/*genetics, Population Dynamics, Public Health Surveillance/*methods, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/*virology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00491-12}, author = {Blomqvist, S. and El Bassioni, L. and El Maamoon Nasr, E. M. and Paananen, A. and Kaijalainen, S. and Asghar, H. and de Gourville, E. and Roivainen, M.} } @article {14876, title = {Detection of imported wild polioviruses and of vaccine-derived polioviruses by environmental surveillance in {Egypt}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {78}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {5406{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Systematic environmental surveillance for poliovirus circulation has been conducted in Egypt since 2000. The surveillance has revealed three independent importations of wild-type poliovirus. In addition, several vaccine-derived polioviruses have been detected in various locations in Egypt. In addition to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance, environmental surveillance can be used to monitor the wild poliovirus and vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation in populations in support of polio eradication initiatives.}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, Base Sequence, DNA, Egypt/epidemiology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Paralysis/*epidemiology/virology, Phylogeny, Poliomyelitis/epidemiology, Poliovirus/*genetics, Population Dynamics, Public Health Surveillance/*methods, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/*virology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00491-12}, author = {Blomqvist, S. and El Bassioni, L. and El Maamoon Nasr, E. M. and Paananen, A. and Kaijalainen, S. and Asghar, H. and de Gourville, E. and Roivainen, M.} } @article {1481, title = {Detection of imported wild polioviruses and of vaccine-derived polioviruses by environmental surveillance in Egypt}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {15}, year = {2012}, note = {Blomqvist, Soile El Bassioni, Laila El Maamoon Nasr, Eman M Paananen, Anja Kaijalainen, Svetlana Asghar, Humayun de Gourville, Esther Roivainen, Merja Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Aug;78(15):5406-9. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00491-12. Epub 2012 May 11.}, pages = {5406-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Systematic environmental surveillance for poliovirus circulation has been conducted in Egypt since 2000. The surveillance has revealed three independent importations of wild-type poliovirus. In addition, several vaccine-derived polioviruses have been detected in various locations in Egypt. In addition to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance, environmental surveillance can be used to monitor the wild poliovirus and vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation in populations in support of polio eradication initiatives.}, keywords = {Base Sequence Egypt/epidemiology *Environmental Microbiology Humans Molecular Sequence Data Paralysis/*epidemiology/virology Phylogeny Poliomyelitis/epidemiology Poliovirus/*genetics Population Dynamics Public Health Surveillance/*methods Sequence Analysi, DNA Sewage/*virology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00491-12}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582070}, author = {Blomqvist, S. and El Bassioni, L. and El Maamoon Nasr, E. M. and Paananen, A. and Kaijalainen, S. and Asghar, H. and de Gourville, E. and Roivainen, M.} } @article {4853, title = {Detection of parasites in commonly consumed raw vegetables}, journal = {Alexandria Journal of Medicine}, volume = {48}, year = {2012}, pages = {345{\textendash}352}, author = {el Said, D} } @article {11894, title = {Detection of pathogens in water: from phylochips to qPCR to pyrosequencing}, journal = {Current Opinion in Biotechnology}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {422-430}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0958-1669}, doi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2011.11.016}, author = {Aw, Tiong Gim and Rose, Joan B.} } @article {8857, title = {Detection of Six E. coli O157 Virulence Genes in Water Samples Using Multiplex PCR}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {47}, year = {2012}, pages = {171-188}, type = {Research}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {ESCHERICHIA COLI O157 strains have emerged as important human enteric pathogens. E. coli O157 strains may be transmitted in a variety of ways, including drinking water, recreational water and wastewater. One hundred and seventy five water samples were collected from different water sources from June 2010 to July 2011 and examined for classical bacterial indicators (total bacterial counts at 37oC and 22oC, total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci) and E. coli O157. Total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) among the collected water samples were 83, 76 and 76 out of 175 (MPN- index/100 mL) with incidence ratio of 47\%, 43\% and 43\%, respectively. Escherichia coli O157 was detected in water samples using HiCrome EC O157:H7 agar and multiplex PCR targeting six virulence genes {stx1 (Shiga toxin 1 gene), stx2 (Shiga toxin 2 gene), eae (intimin gene), hlyA (hemolysin gene), rfbE (O157 antigen gene), and fliC (flagellar antigen gene)}. The sensitivity test showed that the multiplex PCR amplified genes with a minimum of 100 CFU of E. coli O157. Conventional method using HiCrome media indicated that 57 out of 175 examined water samples (32\%) contained E. coli O157. The multiplex PCR indicated that, 60 water samples were positive for at least one of the six targeted virulence genes. The most prevalent virulence genes in E. coli O157 isolates were Shiga toxin 2 gene (stx2) (98\%), intimin gene (eae) (98\%) and O157 antigen gene (rfbE) (98\%) followed by Shiga toxin 1 gene (stx1) (84\%) then flagellar antigen gene (flic) (66\%) while Hemolysin gene (hlyA) (0\%) was not detected in any E. coli O157 isolates.}, keywords = {E. coli O157, MULTIPLEX PCR, Virulence gene, water contamination}, url = {ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_259_deb6a43822c542d57c879bf5317b659b.pdf} } @article {4490, title = {Detection of three human adenovirus species in adults with acute respiratory infection in China}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {1051{\textendash}8}, issn = {1435-4373 (Electronic) 0934-9723 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s10096-011-1406-8}, author = {Guo, L. and Gonzalez, R. and Zhou, H. and Wu, C. and Vernet, G. and Wang, Z. and Wang, J.} } @article {1045, title = {Detection of viruses in coastal seawater using Mytilus galloprovincialis as an accumulation matrix.}, journal = {Food and environmental virology}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {81-88}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that shellfish can be used to detect enteric viruses in marine waters where they are present at very low concentrations. Aqua-cultured mussels were placed in the sea just off the mouth of a drainage channel affected by human and animal faecal contamination. Samples were taken from the channel, the sea and the mussels at intervals over two 4-week periods. The samples were tested to verify the presence of both rotaviruses and E. coli. Rotaviruses were detected by Real {Time-PCR,} typed by multiplex {PCR} and subsequently sequenced. E. coli was enumerated in water matrices by a filtering method and in mussels by the {MPN} method. The presence of E. coli in the examined matrices demonstrates contamination of faecal origin throughout the studied environments. Rotaviruses were recorded in channel waters, but not in sea water. In both experiments, rotaviruses were detected in mussels 21 and 28 days after being placed in the sea water off the channel mouth. The use of mussels thus enabled the detection of rotaviruses in waters where the high dilution rendered direct investigation impossible. This study indicates that mussels can be used in marine virological surveillance programs.}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9079-8}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-012-9079-8}, author = {De Donno, Antonella and Grassi, Tiziana and Bagordo, Francesco and Idolo, Adele and Serio, Francesca and Gabutti, Giovanni} } @article {2683, title = {Detection of viruses in coastal seawater using Mytilus galloprovincialis as an accumulation matrix.}, journal = {Food and environmental virology}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {81-88}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that shellfish can be used to detect enteric viruses in marine waters where they are present at very low concentrations. Aqua-cultured mussels were placed in the sea just off the mouth of a drainage channel affected by human and animal faecal contamination. Samples were taken from the channel, the sea and the mussels at intervals over two 4-week periods. The samples were tested to verify the presence of both rotaviruses and E. coli. Rotaviruses were detected by Real {Time-PCR,} typed by multiplex {PCR} and subsequently sequenced. E. coli was enumerated in water matrices by a filtering method and in mussels by the {MPN} method. The presence of E. coli in the examined matrices demonstrates contamination of faecal origin throughout the studied environments. Rotaviruses were recorded in channel waters, but not in sea water. In both experiments, rotaviruses were detected in mussels 21 and 28 days after being placed in the sea water off the channel mouth. The use of mussels thus enabled the detection of rotaviruses in waters where the high dilution rendered direct investigation impossible. This study indicates that mussels can be used in marine virological surveillance programs.}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9079-8}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-012-9079-8}, author = {De Donno, Antonella and Grassi, Tiziana and Bagordo, Francesco and Idolo, Adele and Serio, Francesca and Gabutti, Giovanni} } @article {9479, title = {{Detection of zoonotic intestinal parasites in public parks of Spain. Potential epidemiological role of microsporidia}}, journal = {Zoonoses Public Health}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {23{\textendash}28}, author = {Dado, D and Izquierdo, F and Vera, O and Montoya, A and Mateo, M and Fenoy, S and Galv{\'a}n, AL and Garc{\'\i}a, S and Garc{\'\i}a, A and Ar{\'a}nguez, E and L{\'o}pez, L and del Aguila, C and Mir{\'o}, G} } @article {6163, title = {Determination of artificial sweeteners in water samples by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography{\textendash}tandem mass spectrometry}, journal = {Journal of Chromatography A}, volume = {1256}, year = {2012}, pages = {197-205}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Ord{\'o}{\~n}ez, Edgar Y and Quintana, Jos{\'e} Benito and Rodil, Rosario and Cela, Rafael} } @article {9866, title = {{Development and evaluation of a genus-specific, probe-based, internal-process-controlled real-time PCR assay for sensitive and specific detection of Blastocystis spp}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {50}, year = {2012}, pages = {1847{\textendash}1850}, author = {Stensvold, CR and Ahmed, UN and L O{\textquoteright} Brien Andersen and Nielsen, HV} } @article {10701, title = {{Development and evaluation of a PCR assay for tracking the emergence and dissemination of Haitian variant ctxB in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated from Kolkata, India}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {50}, year = {2012}, pages = {1733{\textendash}1736}, author = {Naha, A and Pazhani, GP and Ganguly, M and Ghosh, S and Ramamurthy, T and Nandy, RK and Nair, GB and Takeda, Y and Mukhopadhyay, AK} } @article {5620, title = {{Development of a novel method for simultaneous concentration of viruses and protozoa from a single water sample}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {182}, number = {1-2}, year = {2012}, pages = {62{\textendash}69}, abstract = {

A novel method, electronegative membrane-vortex (EMV) method, was developed for simultaneous concentration of viruses and protozoa from a single water sample. Viruses and protozoa in a water sample were mixed with a cation solution and adsorbed on an electronegative membrane. Concentrated virus and protozoa samples were obtained as supernatant and pellet fractions, respectively, by vigorous vortex mixing of the membrane and centrifugation of the eluted material. The highest recovery efficiencies of model microbes from river water and tap water by this EMV method were obtained using a mixed cellulose ester membrane with a pore size of 0.45$\μ$m (Millipore) as the electronegative membrane and MgCl 2 as the cation solution. The recovery was 27.7-86.5{\%} for poliovirus, 25.7-68.3{\%} for coliphage Q$\beta$, 28.0-60.0{\%} for Cryptosporidium oocysts, and 35.0-53.0{\%} for Giardia cysts. The EMV method detected successfully indigenous viruses and protozoa in wastewater and river water samples from the Kofu basin, Japan, showing an overall positive rate of 100{\%} (43/43) for human adenovirus, 79{\%} (34/43) for norovirus GI, 65{\%} (28/43) for norovirus GII, 23{\%} (10/43) for Cryptosporidium oocysts, and 60{\%} (26/43) for Giardia cysts. By direct DNA sequencing, a total of four genotypes (AI, AII, B, and G) of Giardia intestinalis were identified in the water samples, indicating that the river water was contaminated with feces from various mammals, including humans. \© 2012 Elsevier B.V.

}, keywords = {Protozoa, Public health, River water, Virus, wastewater}, isbn = {0166-0934}, issn = {01660934}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.03.011}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.03.011}, author = {Haramoto, Eiji and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Asami, Mari and Akiba, Michihiro} } @mastersthesis {7032, title = {Development of a {Rig} and {Testing} {Procedures} for the {Experimental} {Investigation} of {Horizontal} {Axis} {Kinetic} {Turbines}}, year = {2012}, note = {MR88321}, school = {University of Victoria (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{A}.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The research detailed in this thesis was focused on developing an experimental testing system to characterize the non-dimensional performance coefficients of horizontal axis kinetic turbines, including both wind turbines and tidal turbines. The testing rig was designed for use in a water tunnel with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) wake survey equipment to quantify the wake structures. Precision rotor torque measurement and speed control was included, along with the ability to yaw the rotor. The scale of the rotors were purposefully small, to enable rapid-prototyping techniques to be used to produce many different test rotors at low cost to furnish a large experimental dataset. The first part of this work introduces the mechanical design of the testing rig developed for measuring the output power of the scaled rotor models with consideration for the requirements imposed by the PIV wake measurements. The task was to design a rig to fit into an existing water tunnel facility with a cross sectional area of 45 by 45 cm, with a rotor support structure to minimize the flow disturbance while allowing for yawed in flow conditions. A rig with a nominal rotor diameter of 15 cm was designed and built. The size of the rotor was determined by studying the fluid similarities between wind and tidal turbines, and choosing the tip speed ratio as a scaling parameter. In order to maximize the local blade Reynolds number, and to obtain different tip speed ratios, the rig allows a rotational speed in the range of 500 to 1500 RPM with accurate rotor angular position measurements. Rotor torque measurements enable rotor mechanical power to be calculated from simulation results. Additionally, it is included in this section a description of the instrumentation for measurement and the data acquisition system. It was known from the outset that measurements obtained in the experiments would be subject to error due to blockage effects inherent to bounded testing facilities. Thus, the second part of this work was dedicated to developing a novel Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology to post-process the experimental data acquired. This approach utilizes the velocity field data at the rotor plane obtained from the water tunnel PIV test data, and CFD simulations based on the actuator disk concept to account for blockage without the requirement for thrust data which would have been unreliable at the low forces encountered in the tests. Finally, the third part of this work describes the practical aspects of the laboratory project, including a description of the operational conditions for turbine testing. A set of preliminary measurements and results are presented, followed by conclusions and recommendations for future work. Unfortunately, the water tunnel PIV system was broken and thus unavailable for more than a year, so only mechanical measurements were possible with the rig during the course of this thesis work.}, keywords = {0346:Mechanics, 0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Mechanical engineering, Mechanics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1069257096?accountid=14270}, author = {Lartiga, Catalina} } @article {14755, title = {Development of a serotyping enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system based on recombinant truncated hantavirus nucleocapsid proteins for {New} {World} hantavirus infection}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {185}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {74{\textendash}81}, abstract = {New World hantaviruses were divided into five groups based on the amino acid sequence variability of the internal variable region (around 230-302 amino acids) of hantavirus nucleocapsid protein (NP). Sin Nombre virus (SNV), Andes virus, Black Creek Canal virus (BCCV), Carrizal virus (CARV) and Cano Delgadito virus belong to groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Patient and rodent sera were serotyped successfully by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant truncated NP lacking 99 N-terminal amino acids (trNP100) of SNV, CARV and BCCV. The trNP100 of BCCV showed lower reactivity to heterologous sera. In contrast, whole recombinant NP antigens detected both homologous and heterologous antibodies equally. The results together with results of a previous study suggest that trNP100 can distinguish infections among viruses in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 of New World hantaviruses. The serotyping ELISA with trNP100 is useful for epidemiological surveillance in humans and rodents.}, keywords = {Animals, DNA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods, Hantavirus Infections/diagnosis/veterinary/*virology, Hantavirus/*classification/isolation \& purification, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleocapsid Proteins/*diagnostic use/genetics, Recombinant Proteins/diagnostic use/genetics, Rodentia, Sequence Analysis, Serotyping/methods, Virology/*methods}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.06.006}, author = {Koma, T. and Yoshimatsu, K. and Taruishi, M. and Miyashita, D. and Endo, R. and Shimizu, K. and Yasuda, S. P. and Amada, T. and Seto, T. and Murata, R. and Yoshida, H. and Kariwa, H. and Takashima, I. and Arikawa, J.} } @article {15022, title = {Development of a serotyping enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system based on recombinant truncated hantavirus nucleocapsid proteins for {New} {World} hantavirus infection}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {185}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {74{\textendash}81}, abstract = {New World hantaviruses were divided into five groups based on the amino acid sequence variability of the internal variable region (around 230-302 amino acids) of hantavirus nucleocapsid protein (NP). Sin Nombre virus (SNV), Andes virus, Black Creek Canal virus (BCCV), Carrizal virus (CARV) and Cano Delgadito virus belong to groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Patient and rodent sera were serotyped successfully by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant truncated NP lacking 99 N-terminal amino acids (trNP100) of SNV, CARV and BCCV. The trNP100 of BCCV showed lower reactivity to heterologous sera. In contrast, whole recombinant NP antigens detected both homologous and heterologous antibodies equally. The results together with results of a previous study suggest that trNP100 can distinguish infections among viruses in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 of New World hantaviruses. The serotyping ELISA with trNP100 is useful for epidemiological surveillance in humans and rodents.}, keywords = {Animals, DNA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods, Hantavirus Infections/diagnosis/veterinary/*virology, Hantavirus/*classification/isolation \& purification, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleocapsid Proteins/*diagnostic use/genetics, Recombinant Proteins/diagnostic use/genetics, Rodentia, Sequence Analysis, Serotyping/methods, Virology/*methods}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.06.006}, author = {Koma, T. and Yoshimatsu, K. and Taruishi, M. and Miyashita, D. and Endo, R. and Shimizu, K. and Yasuda, S. P. and Amada, T. and Seto, T. and Murata, R. and Yoshida, H. and Kariwa, H. and Takashima, I. and Arikawa, J.} } @article {8823, title = {{Development of surrogate correlation models to predict trace organic contaminant oxidation and microbial inactivation during ozonation}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {19}, year = {2012}, pages = {6257{\textendash}6272}, abstract = {The performance of ozonation in wastewater depends on water quality and the ability to form hydroxyl radicals (OH) to meet disinfection or contaminant transformation objectives. Since there are no on-line methods to assess ozone and OH exposure in wastewater, many agencies are now embracing indicator frameworks and surrogate monitoring for regulatory compliance. Two of the most promising surrogate parameters for ozone-based treatment of secondary and tertiary wastewater effluents are differential UV254 absorbance (??UV254) and total fluorescence (??TF). In the current study, empirical correlations for ??UV254 and ??TF were developed for the oxidation of 18 trace organic contaminants (TOrCs), including 1,4-dioxane, atenolol, atrazine, bisphenol A, carbamazepine, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, meprobamate, naproxen, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA), phenytoin, primidone, sulfamethoxazole, triclosan, trimethoprim, and tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) (R2 = 0.50-0.83) and the inactivation of three microbial surrogates, including Escherichia coli, MS2, and Bacillus subtilis spores (R2 = 0.46-0.78). Nine wastewaters were tested in laboratory systems, and eight wastewaters were evaluated at pilot- and full-scale. A predictive model for OH exposure based on ??UV254 or ??TF was also proposed. ?? 2012 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {Advanced oxidation process (AOP), Disinfection, Fluorescence, Indicator, Indirect potable reuse (IPR), ozone, Pharmaceutical, Trace organic contaminant (TOrC), UV absorbance}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.037}, author = {Gerrity, Daniel and Gamage, Sujanie and Jones, Darryl and Korshin, Gregory V. and Lee, Yunho and Pisarenko, Aleksey and Trenholm, Rebecca a. and von Gunten, Urs and Wert, Eric C. and Snyder, Shane a.} } @article {16279, title = {Development of surrogate correlation models to predict trace organic contaminant oxidation and microbial inactivation during ozonation}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {19}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 1}, pages = {6257-6272}, keywords = {activated carbon filtration, Advanced oxidation process (AOP), aqueous ozone, biological-activity, chemical oxidation, Disinfection, DRINKING-WATER, estrogenic activity, Fluorescence, Indicator, Indirect potable reuse (IPR), Kinetics, ozone, Pharmaceutical, Pharmaceuticals, reuse applications, Trace organic contaminant (TOrC), UV absorbance, waste-water treatment}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Gerrity, D. and Gamage, S. and Jones, D. and Korshin, G. V. and Lee, Y. and Pisarenko, A. and Trenholm, R. A. and von Gunten, U. and Wert, E. C. and Snyder, S. A.} } @article {3140, title = {Diagnosing and staging of cystic echinococcosis: how do {CT} and {MRI} perform in comparison to ultrasound?}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1880}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Imaging plays the key role in diagnosing and staging of CE. The description of CE-specific imaging features and the WHO CE cyst classification is based on ultrasound. The reproducibility of the ultrasound-defined features of CE cysts is variable in MR- and CT-imaging. This is of particular importance for cysts that are not accessible by US and because of the increasing availability and overuse of CT and MR imaging. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Retrospective analysis of patients with abdominal CE cysts of an interdisciplinary CE clinic who had CT and/or MRI scans performed additionally to US imaging. All images were read and interpreted by the same senior radiologist experienced in the diagnosis of CE. US, CT and MR images were staged according to the WHO classification criteria. The agreement beyond chance was quantified by kappa coefficients (κ). 107 patients with 187 CE cysts met the inclusion criteria. All cysts were assessed by US, 138 by CT, and 125 by MRI. The level of agreement beyond chance of the individual CE stages 1-4 was clearly lower for CT, with κ ranging from 0.62 to 0.72, compared to MRI with values of κ between 0.83 and 1.0. For CE5 cysts CT (κ = 0.95) performed better than MRI (κ = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound remains the corner stone of diagnosis, staging and follow up of CE cysts. MRI reproduces the ultrasound-defined features of CE better than CT. If US cannot be performed due to cyst location or patient-specific reasons MRI with heavily T2-weighted series is preferable to CT.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Echinococcosis, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Siphoviridae, Tomography, Ultrasonography, United States, X-Ray Computed, Young Adult}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0001880}, author = {Stojkovic, Marija and Rosenberger, Kerstin and Kauczor, Hans-Ullrich and Junghanss, Thomas and Hosch, Waldemar} } @article {11558, title = {{Diagnostic des cestodes adultes}}, journal = {Revue francophone des laboratoires}, volume = {440}, year = {2012}, pages = {67{\textendash}73}, author = {Bouree, P and Dahane, N and Resende, P and Bisaro, F and Ensaf, A} } @article {7333, title = {Diarrhea {Etiology} in a {Pediatric} {Emergency} {Department}: {A} {Case} {Control} {Study}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {55}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {897{\textendash}904}, issn = {1058-4838, 1537-6591}, doi = {10.1093/cid/cis553}, url = {http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/cid/cis553}, author = {Denno, D. M. and Shaikh, N. and Stapp, J. R. and Qin, X. and Hutter, C. M. and Hoffman, V. and Mooney, J. C. and Wood, K. M. and Stevens, H. J. and Jones, R. and Tarr, P. I. and Klein, E. J.} } @article {9712, title = {Different Clinical Outcomes of~Entamoeba histolytica~in Malaysia: Does Genetic Diversity Exist?}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {51}, year = {2012}, pages = {231{\textendash}236}, author = {Tengku Shahrul, A and Al Mekhlafi, HM and Abdul Ghani, MK and Azreen, SN and Salleh, FM and Ghazali, N and Bernadus, M and Moktar, N} } @article {6162, title = {Differentiating sources of anthropogenic loading to impaired water bodies utilizing ratios of sucralose and other microconstituents}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {18}, year = {2012}, pages = {5904-5916}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Oppenheimer, Joan A and Badruzzaman, Mohammad and Jacangelo, Joseph G} } @article {12137, title = {Diphyllobothrium latum (and other species) FAQs}, volume = {2018}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/diphyllobothrium/faqs.html} } @article {11669, title = {{Diphyllobothrium pacificum infection in seldom associated with megaloblastic anemia}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {87}, year = {2012}, pages = {897{\textendash}901}, author = {Jimenez, JA and Rodr{\'\i}guez, S and Gamboa, R and Rodriguez, L and Garcia, HH} } @article {11400, title = {Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {380}, number = {9859}, year = {2012}, pages = {2197-2223}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0140-6736}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673612616894}, author = {Murray, CJL and Vos, T and Lozano, R and Naghavi, M and Flaxman, AD and Michaud,C and Ezzati, M and Shibuya, K and Salomon, JA and Abdalla, S and Aboyans, V and Abraham, J and Ackerman, I and Aggarwal, R and Ahn, SY and Ali, MK and Alvarado, M and Anderson, HR and Anderson, LM and Andrews, KG and Atkinson, C and Baddour, LM and Bahalim, AN and Barker-Collo, S and Barrero, LH and Bartels, DH and Bas{\'a}{\~n}ez, MG and Baxter, A and Bell, ML and Benjamin, EJ and Bennett, D and Bernab{\'e}, E and Bhalla, K and Bhandari, B and Bikbov, B and Abdulhak, AB and Birbeck, G and Black, JA and Blencowe, H and Blore, JD and Blyth, F and Bolliger, I and Bonaventure, A and Boufous, S and Bourne, R and Boussinesq, M and Braithwaite, T and Brayne, C and Bridgett, L and Brooker, S and Brooks, P and Brugha, TS and Bryan-Hancock, C and Bucello, C and Buchbinder, R and Buckle, G and Budke, CM and Burch, M and Burney, P and Burstein, R and Calabria, B and Campbell, B and Canter, CE and Carabin, H and Carapetis, J and Carmona, L and Cella, C and Charlson, F and Chen, H and Cheng, AT and Chou, D and Chugh, SS and Coffeng, LE and Colan, SD and Colquhoun, S and Colson, KE and Condon, J and Connor, MD and Cooper, LT and Corriere, M and Cortinovis, M and de Vaccaro, KC and Couser, W and Cowie, BC and Criqui, MH and Cross, M and Dabhadkar, KC and Dahiya, M and Dahodwala, N and Damsere-Derry, J and Danaei, G and Davis, A and Leo, DD and Degenhardt, L and Dellavalle, R and Delossantos, A and Denenberg, J and Derrett, S and Des Jarlais, DC and Dharmaratne, SD and others} } @article {15243, title = {Disability-adjusted life years ({DALYs}) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the {Global} {Burden} of {Disease} study 2010.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {380}, number = {9859}, year = {2012}, pages = {2197{\textendash}2223}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Measuring disease and injury burden in populations requires a composite metric that captures both premature mortality and the prevalence and severity of ill-health. The 1990 Global Burden of Disease study proposed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to measure disease burden. No comprehensive update of disease burden worldwide incorporating a systematic reassessment of disease and injury-specific epidemiology has been done since the 1990 study. We aimed to calculate disease burden worldwide and for 21 regions for 1990, 2005, and 2010 with methods to enable meaningful comparisons over time. METHODS: We calculated DALYs as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). DALYs were calculated for 291 causes, 20 age groups, both sexes, and for 187 countries, and aggregated to regional and global estimates of disease burden for three points in time with strictly comparable definitions and methods. YLLs were calculated from age-sex-country-time-specific estimates of mortality by cause, with death by standardised lost life expectancy at each age. YLDs were calculated as prevalence of 1160 disabling sequelae, by age, sex, and cause, and weighted by new disability weights for each health state. Neither YLLs nor YLDs were age-weighted or discounted. Uncertainty around cause-specific DALYs was calculated incorporating uncertainty in levels of all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, prevalence, and disability weights. FINDINGS: Global DALYs remained stable from 1990 (2{\textperiodcentered}503 billion) to 2010 (2{\textperiodcentered}490 billion). Crude DALYs per 1000 decreased by 23\% (472 per 1000 to 361 per 1000). An important shift has occurred in DALY composition with the contribution of deaths and disability among children (younger than 5 years of age) declining from 41\% of global DALYs in 1990 to 25\% in 2010. YLLs typically account for about half of disease burden in more developed regions (high-income Asia Pacific, western Europe, high-income North America, and Australasia), rising to over 80\% of DALYs in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1990, 47\% of DALYs worldwide were from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, 43\% from non-communicable diseases, and 10\% from injuries. By 2010, this had shifted to 35\%, 54\%, and 11\%, respectively. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of DALYs worldwide in 2010 (up from fourth rank in 1990, increasing by 29\%), followed by lower respiratory infections (top rank in 1990; 44\% decline in DALYs), stroke (fifth in 1990; 19\% increase), diarrhoeal diseases (second in 1990; 51\% decrease), and HIV/AIDS (33rd in 1990; 351\% increase). Major depressive disorder increased from 15th to 11th rank (37\% increase) and road injury from 12th to 10th rank (34\% increase). Substantial heterogeneity exists in rankings of leading causes of disease burden among regions. INTERPRETATION: Global disease burden has continued to shift away from communicable to non-communicable diseases and from premature death to years lived with disability. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, many communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders remain the dominant causes of disease burden. The rising burden from mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes will impose new challenges on health systems. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of understanding local burden of disease and setting goals and targets for the post-2015 agenda taking such patterns into account. Because of improved definitions, methods, and data, these results for 1990 and 2010 supersede all previously published Global Burden of Disease results. FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Child, DALY, Female, global burden of disease, Health Status, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, Preschool, prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Sex Factors, World Health, World Health: statistics \& numerical data, Wounds and Injuries, Wounds and Injuries: epidemiology, Young Adult}, author = {Murray, Christopher J L and Vos, Theo and Lozano, Rafael and Naghavi, Mohsen and Flaxman, Abraham D and Michaud, Catherine} } @article {15500, title = {Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {380}, number = {9859}, year = {2012}, note = {Murray, Christopher J L
Vos, Theo
Lozano, Rafael
Naghavi, Mohsen
Flaxman, Abraham D
Michaud, Catherine
Ezzati, Majid
Shibuya, Kenji
Salomon, Joshua A
Abdalla, Safa
Aboyans, Victor
Abraham, Jerry
Ackerman, Ilana
Aggarwal, Rakesh
Ahn, Stephanie Y
Ali, Mohammed K
Alvarado, Miriam
Anderson, H Ross
Anderson, Laurie M
Andrews, Kathryn G
Atkinson, Charles
Baddour, Larry M
Bahalim, Adil N
Barker-Collo, Suzanne
Barrero, Lope H
Bartels, David H
Basanez, Maria-Gloria
Baxter, Amanda
Bell, Michelle L
Benjamin, Emelia J
Bennett, Derrick
Bernabe, Eduardo
Bhalla, Kavi
Bhandari, Bishal
Bikbov, Boris
Bin Abdulhak, Aref
Birbeck, Gretchen
Black, James A
Blencowe, Hannah
Blore, Jed D
Blyth, Fiona
Bolliger, Ian
Bonaventure, Audrey
Boufous, Soufiane
Bourne, Rupert
Boussinesq, Michel
Braithwaite, Tasanee
Brayne, Carol
Bridgett, Lisa
Brooker, Simon
Brooks, Peter
Brugha, Traolach S
Bryan-Hancock, Claire
Bucello, Chiara
Buchbinder, Rachelle
Buckle, Geoffrey
Budke, Christine M
Burch, Michael
Burney, Peter
Burstein, Roy
Calabria, Bianca
Campbell, Benjamin
Canter, Charles E
Carabin, Helene
Carapetis, Jonathan
Carmona, Loreto
Cella, Claudia
Charlson, Fiona
Chen, Honglei
Cheng, Andrew Tai-Ann
Chou, David
Chugh, Sumeet S
Coffeng, Luc E
Colan, Steven D
Colquhoun, Samantha
Colson, K Ellicott
Condon, John
Connor, Myles D
Cooper, Leslie T
Corriere, Matthew
Cortinovis, Monica
de Vaccaro, Karen Courville
Couser, William
Cowie, Benjamin C
Criqui, Michael H
Cross, Marita
Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C
Dahiya, Manu
Dahodwala, Nabila
Damsere-Derry, James
Danaei, Goodarz
Davis, Adrian
De Leo, Diego
Degenhardt, Louisa
Dellavalle, Robert
Delossantos, Allyne
Denenberg, Julie
Derrett, Sarah
Des Jarlais, Don C
Dharmaratne, Samath D
Dherani, Mukesh
Diaz-Torne, Cesar
Dolk, Helen
Dorsey, E Ray
Driscoll, Tim
Duber, Herbert
Ebel, Beth
Edmond, Karen
Elbaz, Alexis
Ali, Suad Eltahir
Erskine, Holly
Erwin, Patricia J
Espindola, Patricia
Ewoigbokhan, Stalin E
Farzadfar, Farshad
Feigin, Valery
Felson, David T
Ferrari, Alize
Ferri, Cleusa P
Fevre, Eric M
Finucane, Mariel M
Flaxman, Seth
Flood, Louise
Foreman, Kyle
Forouzanfar, Mohammad H
Fowkes, Francis Gerry R
Fransen, Marlene
Freeman, Michael K
Gabbe, Belinda J
Gabriel, Sherine E
Gakidou, Emmanuela
Ganatra, Hammad A
Garcia, Bianca
Gaspari, Flavio
Gillum, Richard F
Gmel, Gerhard
Gonzalez-Medina, Diego
Gosselin, Richard
Grainger, Rebecca
Grant, Bridget
Groeger, Justina
Guillemin, Francis
Gunnell, David
Gupta, Ramyani
Haagsma, Juanita
Hagan, Holly
Halasa, Yara A
Hall, Wayne
Haring, Diana
Haro, Josep Maria
Harrison, James E
Havmoeller, Rasmus
Hay, Roderick J
Higashi, Hideki
Hill, Catherine
Hoen, Bruno
Hoffman, Howard
Hotez, Peter J
Hoy, Damian
Huang, John J
Ibeanusi, Sydney E
Jacobsen, Kathryn H
James, Spencer L
Jarvis, Deborah
Jasrasaria, Rashmi
Jayaraman, Sudha
Johns, Nicole
Jonas, Jost B
Karthikeyan, Ganesan
Kassebaum, Nicholas
Kawakami, Norito
Keren, Andre
Khoo, Jon-Paul
King, Charles H
Knowlton, Lisa Marie
Kobusingye, Olive
Koranteng, Adofo
Krishnamurthi, Rita
Laden, Francine
Lalloo, Ratilal
Laslett, Laura L
Lathlean, Tim
Leasher, Janet L
Lee, Yong Yi
Leigh, James
Levinson, Daphna
Lim, Stephen S
Limb, Elizabeth
Lin, John Kent
Lipnick, Michael
Lipshultz, Steven E
Liu, Wei
Loane, Maria
Ohno, Summer Lockett
Lyons, Ronan
Mabweijano, Jacqueline
MacIntyre, Michael F
Malekzadeh, Reza
Mallinger, Leslie
Manivannan, Sivabalan
Marcenes, Wagner
March, Lyn
Margolis, David J
Marks, Guy B
Marks, Robin
Matsumori, Akira
Matzopoulos, Richard
Mayosi, Bongani M
McAnulty, John H
McDermott, Mary M
McGill, Neil
McGrath, John
Medina-Mora, Maria Elena
Meltzer, Michele
Mensah, George A
Merriman, Tony R
Meyer, Ana-Claire
Miglioli, Valeria
Miller, Matthew
Miller, Ted R
Mitchell, Philip B
Mock, Charles
Mocumbi, Ana Olga
Moffitt, Terrie E
Mokdad, Ali A
Monasta, Lorenzo
Montico, Marcella
Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar
Moran, Andrew
Morawska, Lidia
Mori, Rintaro
Murdoch, Michele E
Mwaniki, Michael K
Naidoo, Kovin
Nair, M Nathan
Naldi, Luigi
Narayan, K M Venkat
Nelson, Paul K
Nelson, Robert G
Nevitt, Michael C
Newton, Charles R
Nolte, Sandra
Norman, Paul
Norman, Rosana
O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Martin
O{\textquoteright}Hanlon, Simon
Olives, Casey
Omer, Saad B
Ortblad, Katrina
Osborne, Richard
Ozgediz, Doruk
Page, Andrew
Pahari, Bishnu
Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai
Rivero, Andrea Panozo
Patten, Scott B
Pearce, Neil
Padilla, Rogelio Perez
Perez-Ruiz, Fernando
Perico, Norberto
Pesudovs, Konrad
Phillips, David
Phillips, Michael R
Pierce, Kelsey
Pion, Sebastien
Polanczyk, Guilherme V
Polinder, Suzanne
Pope, C Arden 3rd
Popova, Svetlana
Porrini, Esteban
Pourmalek, Farshad
Prince, Martin
Pullan, Rachel L
Ramaiah, Kapa D
Ranganathan, Dharani
Razavi, Homie
Regan, Mathilda
Rehm, Jurgen T
Rein, David B
Remuzzi, Guiseppe
Richardson, Kathryn
Rivara, Frederick P
Roberts, Thomas
Robinson, Carolyn
De Leon, Felipe Rodriguez
Ronfani, Luca
Room, Robin
Rosenfeld, Lisa C
Rushton, Lesley
Sacco, Ralph L
Saha, Sukanta
Sampson, Uchechukwu
Sanchez-Riera, Lidia
Sanman, Ella
Schwebel, David C
Scott, James Graham
Segui-Gomez, Maria
Shahraz, Saeid
Shepard, Donald S
Shin, Hwashin
Shivakoti, Rupak
Singh, David
Singh, Gitanjali M
Singh, Jasvinder A
Singleton, Jessica
Sleet, David A
Sliwa, Karen
Smith, Emma
Smith, Jennifer L
Stapelberg, Nicolas J C
Steer, Andrew
Steiner, Timothy
Stolk, Wilma A
Stovner, Lars Jacob
Sudfeld, Christopher
Syed, Sana
Tamburlini, Giorgio
Tavakkoli, Mohammad
Taylor, Hugh R
Taylor, Jennifer A
Taylor, William J
Thomas, Bernadette
Thomson, W Murray
Thurston, George D
Tleyjeh, Imad M
Tonelli, Marcello
Towbin, Jeffrey A
Truelsen, Thomas
Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K
Ubeda, Clotilde
Undurraga, Eduardo A
van der Werf, Marieke J
van Os, Jim
Vavilala, Monica S
Venketasubramanian, N
Wang, Mengru
Wang, Wenzhi
Watt, Kerrianne
Weatherall, David J
Weinstock, Martin A
Weintraub, Robert
Weisskopf, Marc G
Weissman, Myrna M
White, Richard A
Whiteford, Harvey
Wiebe, Natasha
Wiersma, Steven T
Wilkinson, James D
Williams, Hywel C
Williams, Sean R M
Witt, Emma
Wolfe, Frederick
Woolf, Anthony D
Wulf, Sarah
Yeh, Pon-Hsiu
Zaidi, Anita K M
Zheng, Zhi-Jie
Zonies, David
Lopez, Alan D
AlMazroa, Mohammad A
Memish, Ziad A
eng
092654/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
095009/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
098045/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
ES00260/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/
ES015459/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/
G0901214/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
K08 HL089675/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/
K23 AG034236/AG/NIA NIH HHS/
Department of Health/United Kingdom
Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Intramural NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
England
London, England
2012/12/19 06:00
Lancet. 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2197-223. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4.}, month = {Dec 15}, pages = {2197-223}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Measuring disease and injury burden in populations requires a composite metric that captures both premature mortality and the prevalence and severity of ill-health. The 1990 Global Burden of Disease study proposed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to measure disease burden. No comprehensive update of disease burden worldwide incorporating a systematic reassessment of disease and injury-specific epidemiology has been done since the 1990 study. We aimed to calculate disease burden worldwide and for 21 regions for 1990, 2005, and 2010 with methods to enable meaningful comparisons over time. METHODS: We calculated DALYs as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). DALYs were calculated for 291 causes, 20 age groups, both sexes, and for 187 countries, and aggregated to regional and global estimates of disease burden for three points in time with strictly comparable definitions and methods. YLLs were calculated from age-sex-country-time-specific estimates of mortality by cause, with death by standardised lost life expectancy at each age. YLDs were calculated as prevalence of 1160 disabling sequelae, by age, sex, and cause, and weighted by new disability weights for each health state. Neither YLLs nor YLDs were age-weighted or discounted. Uncertainty around cause-specific DALYs was calculated incorporating uncertainty in levels of all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, prevalence, and disability weights. FINDINGS: Global DALYs remained stable from 1990 (2.503 billion) to 2010 (2.490 billion). Crude DALYs per 1000 decreased by 23\% (472 per 1000 to 361 per 1000). An important shift has occurred in DALY composition with the contribution of deaths and disability among children (younger than 5 years of age) declining from 41\% of global DALYs in 1990 to 25\% in 2010. YLLs typically account for about half of disease burden in more developed regions (high-income Asia Pacific, western Europe, high-income North America, and Australasia), rising to over 80\% of DALYs in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1990, 47\% of DALYs worldwide were from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, 43\% from non-communicable diseases, and 10\% from injuries. By 2010, this had shifted to 35\%, 54\%, and 11\%, respectively. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of DALYs worldwide in 2010 (up from fourth rank in 1990, increasing by 29\%), followed by lower respiratory infections (top rank in 1990; 44\% decline in DALYs), stroke (fifth in 1990; 19\% increase), diarrhoeal diseases (second in 1990; 51\% decrease), and HIV/AIDS (33rd in 1990; 351\% increase). Major depressive disorder increased from 15th to 11th rank (37\% increase) and road injury from 12th to 10th rank (34\% increase). Substantial heterogeneity exists in rankings of leading causes of disease burden among regions. INTERPRETATION: Global disease burden has continued to shift away from communicable to non-communicable diseases and from premature death to years lived with disability. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, many communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders remain the dominant causes of disease burden. The rising burden from mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes will impose new challenges on health systems. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of understanding local burden of disease and setting goals and targets for the post-2015 agenda taking such patterns into account. Because of improved definitions, methods, and data, these results for 1990 and 2010 supersede all previously published Global Burden of Disease results. FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.}, keywords = {*Health Status, *Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Health/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, prevalence, Sex Factors, Wounds and Injuries/*epidemiology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Murray, C. J. and Vos, T. and Lozano, R. and Naghavi, M. and Flaxman, A. D. and Michaud, C. and Ezzati, M. and Shibuya, K. and Salomon, J. A. and Abdalla, S. and Aboyans, V. and Abraham, J. and Ackerman, I. and Aggarwal, R. and Ahn, S. Y. and Ali, M. K. and Alvarado, M. and Anderson, H. R. and Anderson, L. M. and Andrews, K. G. and Atkinson, C. and Baddour, L. M. and Bahalim, A. N. and Barker-Collo, S. and Barrero, L. H. and Bartels, D. H. and Basanez, M. G. and Baxter, A. and Bell, M. L. and Benjamin, E. J. and Bennett, D. and Bernabe, E. and Bhalla, K. and Bhandari, B. and Bikbov, B. and Bin Abdulhak, A. and Birbeck, G. and Black, J. A. and Blencowe, H. and Blore, J. D. and Blyth, F. and Bolliger, I. and Bonaventure, A. and Boufous, S. and Bourne, R. and Boussinesq, M. and Braithwaite, T. and Brayne, C. and Bridgett, L. and Brooker, S. and Brooks, P. and Brugha, T. S. and Bryan-Hancock, C. and Bucello, C. and Buchbinder, R. and Buckle, G. and Budke, C. M. and Burch, M. and Burney, P. and Burstein, R. and Calabria, B. and B Campbell and Canter, C. E. and Carabin, H. and Carapetis, J. and Carmona, L. and Cella, C. and Charlson, F. and Chen, H. and Cheng, A. T. and Chou, D. and Chugh, S. S. and Coffeng, L. E. and Colan, S. D. and Colquhoun, S. and Colson, K. E. and Condon, J. and Connor, M. D. and Cooper, L. T. and Corriere, M. and Cortinovis, M. and de Vaccaro, K. C. and Couser, W. and Cowie, B. C. and Criqui, M. H. and Cross, M. and Dabhadkar, K. C. and Dahiya, M. and Dahodwala, N. and Damsere-Derry, J. and Danaei, G. and Davis, A. and De Leo, D. and Degenhardt, L. and Dellavalle, R. and Delossantos, A. and Denenberg, J. and Derrett, S. and Des Jarlais, D. C. and Dharmaratne, S. D. and Dherani, M. and Diaz-Torne, C. and Dolk, H. and Dorsey, E. R. and Driscoll, T. and Duber, H. and Ebel, B. and Edmond, K. and Elbaz, A. and Ali, S. E. and Erskine, H. and Erwin, P. J. and Espindola, P. and Ewoigbokhan, S. E. and Farzadfar, F. and Feigin, V. and Felson, D. T. and Ferrari, A. and Ferri, C. P. and Fevre, E. M. and Finucane, M. M. and Flaxman, S. and Flood, L. and Foreman, K. and Forouzanfar, M. H. and Fowkes, F. G. and Fransen, M. and Freeman, M. K. and Gabbe, B. J. and Gabriel, S. E. and Gakidou, E. and Ganatra, H. A. and Garcia, B. and Gaspari, F. and Gillum, R. F. and Gmel, G. and Gonzalez-Medina, D. and Gosselin, R. and Grainger, R. and Grant, B. and Groeger, J. and Guillemin, F. and Gunnell, D. and Gupta, R. and Haagsma, J. and Hagan, H. and Halasa, Y. A. and Hall, W. and Haring, D. and Haro, J. M. and Harrison, J. E. and Havmoeller, R. and Hay, R. J. and Higashi, H. and Hill, C. and Hoen, B. and Hoffman, H. and Hotez, P. J. and Hoy, D. and Huang, J. J. and Ibeanusi, S. E. and Jacobsen, K. H. and James, S. L. and Jarvis, D. and Jasrasaria, R. and Jayaraman, S. and Johns, N. and Jonas, J. B. and Karthikeyan, G. and Kassebaum, N. and Kawakami, N. and Keren, A. and Khoo, J. P. and King, C. H. and Knowlton, L. M. and Kobusingye, O. and Koranteng, A. and Krishnamurthi, R. and Laden, F. and Lalloo, R. and Laslett, L. L. and Lathlean, T. and Leasher, J. L. and Lee, Y. Y. and Leigh, J. and Levinson, D. and Lim, S. S. and Limb, E. and Lin, J. K. and Lipnick, M. and Lipshultz, S. E. and Liu, W. and Loane, M. and Ohno, S. L. and Lyons, R. and Mabweijano, J. and MacIntyre, M. F. and Malekzadeh, R. and Mallinger, L. and Manivannan, S. and Marcenes, W. and March, L. and Margolis, D. J. and Marks, G. B. and Marks, R. and Matsumori, A. and Matzopoulos, R. and Mayosi, B. M. and McAnulty, J. H. and McDermott, M. M. and McGill, N. and McGrath, J. and Medina-Mora, M. E. and Meltzer, M. and Mensah, G. A. and Merriman, T. R. and Meyer, A. C. and Miglioli, V. and Miller, M. and Miller, T. R. and Mitchell, P. B. and Mock, C. and Mocumbi, A. O. and Moffitt, T. E. and Mokdad, A. A. and Monasta, L. and Montico, M. and Moradi-Lakeh, M. and Moran, A. and Morawska, L. and Mori, R. and Murdoch, M. E. and Mwaniki, M. K. and Naidoo, K. and Nair, M. N. and Naldi, L. and Narayan, K. M. and Nelson, P. K. and Nelson, R. G. and Nevitt, M. C. and Newton, C. R. and Nolte, S. and Norman, P. and Norman, R. and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, M. and O{\textquoteright}Hanlon, S. and Olives, C. and Omer, S. B. and Ortblad, K. and Osborne, R. and Ozgediz, D. and Page, A. and Pahari, B. and Pandian, J. D. and Rivero, A. P. and Patten, S. B. and Pearce, N. and Padilla, R. P. and Perez-Ruiz, F. and Perico, N. and Pesudovs, K. and Phillips, D. and Phillips, M. R. and Pierce, K. and Pion, S. and Polanczyk, G. V. and Polinder, S. and Pope, C. A., 3rd and Popova, S. and Porrini, E. and Pourmalek, F. and Prince, M. and Pullan, R. L. and Ramaiah, K. D. and Ranganathan, D. and Razavi, H. and Regan, M. and Rehm, J. T. and Rein, D. B. and Remuzzi, G. and Richardson, K. and Rivara, F. P. and Roberts, T. and Robinson, C. and De Leon, F. R. and Ronfani, L. and Room, R. and Rosenfeld, L. C. and Rushton, L. and Sacco, R. L. and Saha, S. and Sampson, U. and Sanchez-Riera, L. and Sanman, E. and Schwebel, D. C. and Scott, J. G. and Segui-Gomez, M. and Shahraz, S. and Shepard, D. S. and Shin, H. and Shivakoti, R. and Singh, D. and Singh, G. M. and Singh, J. A. and Singleton, J. and Sleet, D. A. and Sliwa, K. and Smith, E. and Smith, J. L. and Stapelberg, N. J. and Steer, A. and Steiner, T. and Stolk, W. A. and Stovner, L. J. and Sudfeld, C. and Syed, S. and Tamburlini, G. and Tavakkoli, M. and Taylor, H. R. and Taylor, J. A. and Taylor, W. J. and Thomas, B. and Thomson, W. M. and Thurston, G. D. and Tleyjeh, I. M. and Tonelli, M. and Towbin, J. A. and Truelsen, T. and Tsilimbaris, M. K. and Ubeda, C. and Undurraga, E. A. and van der Werf, M. J. and van Os, J. and Vavilala, M. S. and Venketasubramanian, N. and Wang, M. and Wang, W. and Watt, K. and Weatherall, D. J. and Weinstock, M. A. and Weintraub, R. and Weisskopf, M. G. and Weissman, M. M. and White, R. A. and Whiteford, H. and Wiebe, N. and Wiersma, S. T. and Wilkinson, J. D. and Williams, H. C. and Williams, S. R. and Witt, E. and Wolfe, F. and Woolf, A. D. and Wulf, S. and Yeh, P. H. and Zaidi, A. K. and Zheng, Z. J. and Zonies, D. and Lopez, A. D. and AlMazroa, M. A. and Memish, Z. A.} } @article {3111, title = {Disability-adjusted life years ({DALYs}) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the {Global} {Burden} of {Disease} {Study} 2010}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {380}, number = {9859}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {2197{\textendash}2223}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Measuring disease and injury burden in populations requires a composite metric that captures both premature mortality and the prevalence and severity of ill-health. The 1990 Global Burden of Disease study proposed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to measure disease burden. No comprehensive update of disease burden worldwide incorporating a systematic reassessment of disease and injury-specific epidemiology has been done since the 1990 study. We aimed to calculate disease burden worldwide and for 21 regions for 1990, 2005, and 2010 with methods to enable meaningful comparisons over time. METHODS: We calculated DALYs as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). DALYs were calculated for 291 causes, 20 age groups, both sexes, and for 187 countries, and aggregated to regional and global estimates of disease burden for three points in time with strictly comparable definitions and methods. YLLs were calculated from age-sex-country-time-specific estimates of mortality by cause, with death by standardised lost life expectancy at each age. YLDs were calculated as prevalence of 1160 disabling sequelae, by age, sex, and cause, and weighted by new disability weights for each health state. Neither YLLs nor YLDs were age-weighted or discounted. Uncertainty around cause-specific DALYs was calculated incorporating uncertainty in levels of all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, prevalence, and disability weights. FINDINGS: Global DALYs remained stable from 1990 (2{\textperiodcentered}503 billion) to 2010 (2{\textperiodcentered}490 billion). Crude DALYs per 1000 decreased by 23\% (472 per 1000 to 361 per 1000). An important shift has occurred in DALY composition with the contribution of deaths and disability among children (younger than 5 years of age) declining from 41\% of global DALYs in 1990 to 25\% in 2010. YLLs typically account for about half of disease burden in more developed regions (high-income Asia Pacific, western Europe, high-income North America, and Australasia), rising to over 80\% of DALYs in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1990, 47\% of DALYs worldwide were from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, 43\% from non-communicable diseases, and 10\% from injuries. By 2010, this had shifted to 35\%, 54\%, and 11\%, respectively. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of DALYs worldwide in 2010 (up from fourth rank in 1990, increasing by 29\%), followed by lower respiratory infections (top rank in 1990; 44\% decline in DALYs), stroke (fifth in 1990; 19\% increase), diarrhoeal diseases (second in 1990; 51\% decrease), and HIV/AIDS (33rd in 1990; 351\% increase). Major depressive disorder increased from 15th to 11th rank (37\% increase) and road injury from 12th to 10th rank (34\% increase). Substantial heterogeneity exists in rankings of leading causes of disease burden among regions. INTERPRETATION: Global disease burden has continued to shift away from communicable to non-communicable diseases and from premature death to years lived with disability. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, many communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders remain the dominant causes of disease burden. The rising burden from mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes will impose new challenges on health systems. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of understanding local burden of disease and setting goals and targets for the post-2015 agenda taking such patterns into account. Because of improved definitions, methods, and data, these results for 1990 and 2010 supersede all previously published Global Burden of Disease results. FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Child, Female, Global Health, Health Status, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, Preschool, prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Sex Factors, Wounds and Injuries, Young Adult}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}, author = {Murray, Christopher J. L. and Vos, Theo and Lozano, Rafael and Naghavi, Mohsen and Flaxman, Abraham D. and Michaud, Catherine and Ezzati, Majid and Shibuya, Kenji and Salomon, Joshua A. and Abdalla, Safa and Aboyans, Victor and Abraham, Jerry and Ackerman, Ilana and Aggarwal, Rakesh and Ahn, Stephanie Y. and Ali, Mohammed K. and Alvarado, Miriam and Anderson, H. Ross and Anderson, Laurie M. and Andrews, Kathryn G. and Atkinson, Charles and Baddour, Larry M. and Bahalim, Adil N. and Barker-Collo, Suzanne and Barrero, Lope H. and Bartels, David H. and Bas{\'a}{\~n}ez, Mar{\'\i}a-Gloria and Baxter, Amanda and Bell, Michelle L. and Benjamin, Emelia J. and Bennett, Derrick and Bernab{\'e}, Eduardo and Bhalla, Kavi and Bhandari, Bishal and Bikbov, Boris and Bin Abdulhak, Aref and Birbeck, Gretchen and Black, James A. and Blencowe, Hannah and Blore, Jed D. and Blyth, Fiona and Bolliger, Ian and Bonaventure, Audrey and Boufous, Soufiane and Bourne, Rupert and Boussinesq, Michel and Braithwaite, Tasanee and Brayne, Carol and Bridgett, Lisa and Brooker, Simon and Brooks, Peter and Brugha, Traolach S. and Bryan-Hancock, Claire and Bucello, Chiara and Buchbinder, Rachelle and Buckle, Geoffrey and Budke, Christine M. and Burch, Michael and Burney, Peter and Burstein, Roy and Calabria, Bianca and Campbell, Benjamin and Canter, Charles E. and Carabin, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Carapetis, Jonathan and Carmona, Loreto and Cella, Claudia and Charlson, Fiona and Chen, Honglei and Cheng, Andrew Tai-Ann and Chou, David and Chugh, Sumeet S. and Coffeng, Luc E. and Colan, Steven D. and Colquhoun, Samantha and Colson, K. Ellicott and Condon, John and Connor, Myles D. and Cooper, Leslie T. and Corriere, Matthew and Cortinovis, Monica and de Vaccaro, Karen Courville and Couser, William and Cowie, Benjamin C. and Criqui, Michael H. and Cross, Marita and Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C. and Dahiya, Manu and Dahodwala, Nabila and Damsere-Derry, James and Danaei, Goodarz and Davis, Adrian and De Leo, Diego and Degenhardt, Louisa and Dellavalle, Robert and Delossantos, Allyne and Denenberg, Julie and Derrett, Sarah and Des Jarlais, Don C. and Dharmaratne, Samath D. and Dherani, Mukesh and Diaz-Torn{\'e}, Cesar and Dolk, Helen and Dorsey, E. Ray and Driscoll, Tim and Duber, Herbert and Ebel, Beth and Edmond, Karen and Elbaz, Alexis and Ali, Suad Eltahir and Erskine, Holly and Erwin, Patricia J. and Espindola, Patricia and Ewoigbokhan, Stalin E. and Farzadfar, Farshad and Feigin, Valery and Felson, David T. and Ferrari, Alize and Ferri, Cleusa P. and F{\`e}vre, Eric M. and Finucane, Mariel M. and Flaxman, Seth and Flood, Louise and Foreman, Kyle and Forouzanfar, Mohammad H. and Fowkes, Francis Gerry R. and Fransen, Marlene and Freeman, Michael K. and Gabbe, Belinda J. and Gabriel, Sherine E. and Gakidou, Emmanuela and Ganatra, Hammad A. and Garcia, Bianca and Gaspari, Flavio and Gillum, Richard F. and Gmel, Gerhard and Gonz{\'a}lez-Medina, Diego and Gosselin, Richard and Grainger, Rebecca and Grant, Bridget and Groeger, Justina and Guillemin, Francis and Gunnell, David and Gupta, Ramyani and Haagsma, Juanita and Hagan, Holly and Halasa, Yara A. and Hall, Wayne and Haring, Diana and Haro, Josep Maria and Harrison, James E. and Havmoeller, Rasmus and Hay, Roderick J. and Higashi, Hideki and Hill, Catherine and Hoen, Bruno and Hoffman, Howard and Hotez, Peter J. and Hoy, Damian and Huang, John J. and Ibeanusi, Sydney E. and Jacobsen, Kathryn H. and James, Spencer L. and Jarvis, Deborah and Jasrasaria, Rashmi and Jayaraman, Sudha and Johns, Nicole and Jonas, Jost B. and Karthikeyan, Ganesan and Kassebaum, Nicholas and Kawakami, Norito and Keren, Andre and Khoo, Jon-Paul and King, Charles H. and Knowlton, Lisa Marie and Kobusingye, Olive and Koranteng, Adofo and Krishnamurthi, Rita and Laden, Francine and Lalloo, Ratilal and Laslett, Laura L. and Lathlean, Tim and Leasher, Janet L. and Lee, Yong Yi and Leigh, James and Levinson, Daphna and Lim, Stephen S. and Limb, Elizabeth and Lin, John Kent and Lipnick, Michael and Lipshultz, Steven E. and Liu, Wei and Loane, Maria and Ohno, Summer Lockett and Lyons, Ronan and Mabweijano, Jacqueline and Macintyre, Michael F. and Malekzadeh, Reza and Mallinger, Leslie and Manivannan, Sivabalan and Marcenes, Wagner and March, Lyn and Margolis, David J. and Marks, Guy B. and Marks, Robin and Matsumori, Akira and Matzopoulos, Richard and Mayosi, Bongani M. and McAnulty, John H. and McDermott, Mary M. and McGill, Neil and McGrath, John and Medina-Mora, Maria Elena and Meltzer, Michele and Mensah, George A. and Merriman, Tony R. and Meyer, Ana-Claire and Miglioli, Valeria and Miller, Matthew and Miller, Ted R. and Mitchell, Philip B. and Mock, Charles and Mocumbi, Ana Olga and Moffitt, Terrie E. and Mokdad, Ali A. and Monasta, Lorenzo and Montico, Marcella and Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar and Moran, Andrew and Morawska, Lidia and Mori, Rintaro and Murdoch, Michele E. and Mwaniki, Michael K. and Naidoo, Kovin and Nair, M. Nathan and Naldi, Luigi and Narayan, K. M. Venkat and Nelson, Paul K. and Nelson, Robert G. and Nevitt, Michael C. and Newton, Charles R. and Nolte, Sandra and Norman, Paul and Norman, Rosana and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Martin and O{\textquoteright}Hanlon, Simon and Olives, Casey and Omer, Saad B. and Ortblad, Katrina and Osborne, Richard and Ozgediz, Doruk and Page, Andrew and Pahari, Bishnu and Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai and Rivero, Andrea Panozo and Patten, Scott B. and Pearce, Neil and Padilla, Rogelio Perez and Perez-Ruiz, Fernando and Perico, Norberto and Pesudovs, Konrad and Phillips, David and Phillips, Michael R. and Pierce, Kelsey and Pion, S{\'e}bastien and Polanczyk, Guilherme V. and Polinder, Suzanne and Pope, C. Arden and Popova, Svetlana and Porrini, Esteban and Pourmalek, Farshad and Prince, Martin and Pullan, Rachel L. and Ramaiah, Kapa D. and Ranganathan, Dharani and Razavi, Homie and Regan, Mathilda and Rehm, J{\"u}rgen T. and Rein, David B. and Remuzzi, Guiseppe and Richardson, Kathryn and Rivara, Frederick P. and Roberts, Thomas and Robinson, Carolyn and De Le{\`o}n, Felipe Rodriguez and Ronfani, Luca and Room, Robin and Rosenfeld, Lisa C. and Rushton, Lesley and Sacco, Ralph L. and Saha, Sukanta and Sampson, Uchechukwu and Sanchez-Riera, Lidia and Sanman, Ella and Schwebel, David C. and Scott, James Graham and Segui-Gomez, Maria and Shahraz, Saeid and Shepard, Donald S. and Shin, Hwashin and Shivakoti, Rupak and Singh, David and Singh, Gitanjali M. and Singh, Jasvinder A. and Singleton, Jessica and Sleet, David A. and Sliwa, Karen and Smith, Emma and Smith, Jennifer L. and Stapelberg, Nicolas J. C. and Steer, Andrew and Steiner, Timothy and Stolk, Wilma A. and Stovner, Lars Jacob and Sudfeld, Christopher and Syed, Sana and Tamburlini, Giorgio and Tavakkoli, Mohammad and Taylor, Hugh R. and Taylor, Jennifer A. and Taylor, William J. and Thomas, Bernadette and Thomson, W. Murray and Thurston, George D. and Tleyjeh, Imad M. and Tonelli, Marcello and Towbin, Jeffrey A. and Truelsen, Thomas and Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K. and Ubeda, Clotilde and Undurraga, Eduardo A. and van der Werf, Marieke J. and Van Os, Jim and Vavilala, Monica S. and Venketasubramanian, N. and Wang, Mengru and Wang, Wenzhi and Watt, Kerrianne and Weatherall, David J. and Weinstock, Martin A. and Weintraub, Robert and Weisskopf, Marc G. and Weissman, Myrna M. and White, Richard A. and Whiteford, Harvey and Wiebe, Natasha and Wiersma, Steven T. and Wilkinson, James D. and Williams, Hywel C. and Williams, Sean R. M. and Witt, Emma and Wolfe, Frederick and Woolf, Anthony D. and Wulf, Sarah and Yeh, Pon-Hsiu and Zaidi, Anita K. M. and Zheng, Zhi-Jie and Zonies, David and Lopez, Alan D. and Almazroa, Mohammad A. and Memish, Ziad A.} } @article {13661, title = {{Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2010.}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {380}, number = {9859}, year = {2012}, pages = {2197{\textendash}2223}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Measuring disease and injury burden in populations requires a composite metric that captures both premature mortality and the prevalence and severity of ill-health. The 1990 Global Burden of Disease study proposed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to measure disease burden. No comprehensive update of disease burden worldwide incorporating a systematic reassessment of disease and injury-specific epidemiology has been done since the 1990 study. We aimed to calculate disease burden worldwide and for 21 regions for 1990, 2005, and 2010 with methods to enable meaningful comparisons over time. METHODS: We calculated DALYs as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). DALYs were calculated for 291 causes, 20 age groups, both sexes, and for 187 countries, and aggregated to regional and global estimates of disease burden for three points in time with strictly comparable definitions and methods. YLLs were calculated from age-sex-country-time-specific estimates of mortality by cause, with death by standardised lost life expectancy at each age. YLDs were calculated as prevalence of 1160 disabling sequelae, by age, sex, and cause, and weighted by new disability weights for each health state. Neither YLLs nor YLDs were age-weighted or discounted. Uncertainty around cause-specific DALYs was calculated incorporating uncertainty in levels of all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, prevalence, and disability weights. FINDINGS: Global DALYs remained stable from 1990 (2{\textperiodcentered}503 billion) to 2010 (2{\textperiodcentered}490 billion). Crude DALYs per 1000 decreased by 23{\%} (472 per 1000 to 361 per 1000). An important shift has occurred in DALY composition with the contribution of deaths and disability among children (younger than 5 years of age) declining from 41{\%} of global DALYs in 1990 to 25{\%} in 2010. YLLs typically account for about half of disease burden in more developed regions (high-income Asia Pacific, western Europe, high-income North America, and Australasia), rising to over 80{\%} of DALYs in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1990, 47{\%} of DALYs worldwide were from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, 43{\%} from non-communicable diseases, and 10{\%} from injuries. By 2010, this had shifted to 35{\%}, 54{\%}, and 11{\%}, respectively. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of DALYs worldwide in 2010 (up from fourth rank in 1990, increasing by 29{\%}), followed by lower respiratory infections (top rank in 1990; 44{\%} decline in DALYs), stroke (fifth in 1990; 19{\%} increase), diarrhoeal diseases (second in 1990; 51{\%} decrease), and HIV/AIDS (33rd in 1990; 351{\%} increase). Major depressive disorder increased from 15th to 11th rank (37{\%} increase) and road injury from 12th to 10th rank (34{\%} increase). Substantial heterogeneity exists in rankings of leading causes of disease burden among regions. INTERPRETATION: Global disease burden has continued to shift away from communicable to non-communicable diseases and from premature death to years lived with disability. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, many communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders remain the dominant causes of disease burden. The rising burden from mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes will impose new challenges on health systems. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of understanding local burden of disease and setting goals and targets for the post-2015 agenda taking such patterns into account. Because of improved definitions, methods, and data, these results for 1990 and 2010 supersede all previously published Global Burden of Disease results. FUNDING: Bill {\&} Melinda Gates Foundation.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Child, DALY, Female, global burden of disease, Health Status, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, Preschool, prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Sex Factors, World Health, World Health: statistics {\&} numerical data, Wounds and Injuries, Wounds and Injuries: epidemiology, Young Adult}, author = {Murray, Christopher J L and Vos, Theo and Lozano, Rafael and Naghavi, Mohsen and Flaxman, Abraham D and Michaud, Catherine} } @article {3293, title = {Discovery of a Novel Polyomavirus in Acute Diarrheal Samples from Children}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {e49449}, author = {Yu, G and Alexander, L and Greninger, PI and Phan, T. G. and Martinez, MA and Luz Sanchex, M and J F Contreras} } @article {8498, title = {{Disease burden of foodborne pathogens in the Netherlands, 2009}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {156}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {231{\textendash}238}, author = {A H Havelaar and Haagsma, JA and Mangen, MJ and Kemmeren, JM and Verhoef, LP and Vijgen, SM and Wilson, M and Friesema, IH and Kortbeek, LM and van Duynhoven, YT and Van Pelt, W} } @article {7185, title = {Disruption of the {Human} {Gut} {Microbiota} following {Norovirus} {Infection}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {e48224}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0048224}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048224}, author = {Nelson, Adam M. and Walk, Seth T. and Taube, Stefan and Taniuchi, Mami and Houpt, Eric R. and Wobus, Christiane E. and Young, Vincent B.}, editor = {Sanz, Yolanda} } @article {14524, title = {Diversity in the enteric viruses detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis from {Mumbai}, {Western} {India}}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {9}, year = {2012}, month = {mar}, pages = {895{\textendash}915}, abstract = {Faecal specimens collected from two outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis that occurred in southern Mumbai, India in March and October, 2006 were tested for seven different enteric viruses. Among the 218 specimens tested, 95 (43.6\%) were positive, 73 (76.8\%) for a single virus and 22 (23.2\%) for multiple viruses. Single viral infections in both, March and October showed predominance of enterovirus (EV, 33.3\% and 40\%) and rotavirus A (RVA, 33.3\% and 25\%). The other viruses detected in these months were norovirus (NoV, 12.1\% and 10\%), rotavirus B (RVB, 12.1\% and 10\%), enteric adenovirus (AdV, 6.1\% and 7.5\%), Aichivirus (AiV, 3\% and 7.5\%) and human astrovirus (HAstV, 3\% and 0\%). Mixed viral infections were largely represented by two viruses (84.6\% and 88.9\%), a small proportion showed presence of three (7.7\% and 11\%) and four (7.7\% and 0\%) viruses in the two outbreaks. Genotyping of the viruses revealed predominance of RVA G2P[4], RVB G2 (Indian Bangladeshi lineage), NoV GII.4, AdV-40, HAstV-8 and AiV B types. VP1/2A junction region based genotyping showed presence of 11 different serotypes of EVs. Although no virus was detected in the tested water samples, examination of both water and sewage pipelines in gastroenteritis affected localities indicated leakages and possibility of contamination of drinking water with sewage water. Coexistence of multiple enteric viruses during the two outbreaks of gastroenteritis emphasizes the need to expand such investigations to other parts of India.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, Adolescent, Adult, Child, DNA, Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/virology, Humans, India/epidemiology, Phylogeny, Sequence Analysis, Viral/genetics, Virus Diseases/*epidemiology/virology, Viruses/classification/genetics, Water Pollutants/analysis, Water Supply/analysis}, issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph9030895 ijerph-09-00895 [pii]}, author = {Chitambar, S. and Gopalkrishna, V. and Chhabra, P. and Patil, P. and Verma, H. and Lahon, A. and Arora, R. and Tatte, V. and Ranshing, S. and Dhale, G. and Kolhapure, R. and Tikute, S. and Kulkarni, J. and Bhardwaj, R. and Akarte, S. and Pawar, S.} } @article {14895, title = {Diversity in the enteric viruses detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis from {Mumbai}, {Western} {India}}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {9}, year = {2012}, month = {mar}, pages = {895{\textendash}915}, abstract = {Faecal specimens collected from two outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis that occurred in southern Mumbai, India in March and October, 2006 were tested for seven different enteric viruses. Among the 218 specimens tested, 95 (43.6\%) were positive, 73 (76.8\%) for a single virus and 22 (23.2\%) for multiple viruses. Single viral infections in both, March and October showed predominance of enterovirus (EV, 33.3\% and 40\%) and rotavirus A (RVA, 33.3\% and 25\%). The other viruses detected in these months were norovirus (NoV, 12.1\% and 10\%), rotavirus B (RVB, 12.1\% and 10\%), enteric adenovirus (AdV, 6.1\% and 7.5\%), Aichivirus (AiV, 3\% and 7.5\%) and human astrovirus (HAstV, 3\% and 0\%). Mixed viral infections were largely represented by two viruses (84.6\% and 88.9\%), a small proportion showed presence of three (7.7\% and 11\%) and four (7.7\% and 0\%) viruses in the two outbreaks. Genotyping of the viruses revealed predominance of RVA G2P[4], RVB G2 (Indian Bangladeshi lineage), NoV GII.4, AdV-40, HAstV-8 and AiV B types. VP1/2A junction region based genotyping showed presence of 11 different serotypes of EVs. Although no virus was detected in the tested water samples, examination of both water and sewage pipelines in gastroenteritis affected localities indicated leakages and possibility of contamination of drinking water with sewage water. Coexistence of multiple enteric viruses during the two outbreaks of gastroenteritis emphasizes the need to expand such investigations to other parts of India.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, Adolescent, Adult, Child, DNA, Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/virology, Humans, India/epidemiology, Phylogeny, Sequence Analysis, Viral/genetics, Virus Diseases/*epidemiology/virology, Viruses/classification/genetics, Water Pollutants/analysis, Water Supply/analysis}, issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph9030895 ijerph-09-00895 [pii]}, author = {Chitambar, S. and Gopalkrishna, V. and Chhabra, P. and Patil, P. and Verma, H. and Lahon, A. and Arora, R. and Tatte, V. and Ranshing, S. and Dhale, G. and Kolhapure, R. and Tikute, S. and Kulkarni, J. and Bhardwaj, R. and Akarte, S. and Pawar, S.} } @article {1504, title = {Diversity in the enteric viruses detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis from Mumbai, Western India}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {Chitambar, Shobha Gopalkrishna, Varanasi Chhabra, Preeti Patil, Pooja Verma, Harsha Lahon, Anismrita Arora, Ritu Tatte, Vaishali Ranshing, Sujata Dhale, Ganesh Kolhapure, Rajendra Tikute, Sanjay Kulkarni, Jagannath Bhardwaj, Renu Akarte, Sulbha Pawar, Sashikant Switzerland International journal of environmental research and public health Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012 Mar;9(3):895-915. doi: 10.3390/ijerph9030895. Epub 2012 Mar 14.}, pages = {895-915}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Faecal specimens collected from two outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis that occurred in southern Mumbai, India in March and October, 2006 were tested for seven different enteric viruses. Among the 218 specimens tested, 95 (43.6\%) were positive, 73 (76.8\%) for a single virus and 22 (23.2\%) for multiple viruses. Single viral infections in both, March and October showed predominance of enterovirus (EV, 33.3\% and 40\%) and rotavirus A (RVA, 33.3\% and 25\%). The other viruses detected in these months were norovirus (NoV, 12.1\% and 10\%), rotavirus B (RVB, 12.1\% and 10\%), enteric adenovirus (AdV, 6.1\% and 7.5\%), Aichivirus (AiV, 3\% and 7.5\%) and human astrovirus (HAstV, 3\% and 0\%). Mixed viral infections were largely represented by two viruses (84.6\% and 88.9\%), a small proportion showed presence of three (7.7\% and 11\%) and four (7.7\% and 0\%) viruses in the two outbreaks. Genotyping of the viruses revealed predominance of RVA G2P[4], RVB G2 (Indian Bangladeshi lineage), NoV GII.4, AdV-40, HAstV-8 and AiV B types. VP1/2A junction region based genotyping showed presence of 11 different serotypes of EVs. Although no virus was detected in the tested water samples, examination of both water and sewage pipelines in gastroenteritis affected localities indicated leakages and possibility of contamination of drinking water with sewage water. Coexistence of multiple enteric viruses during the two outbreaks of gastroenteritis emphasizes the need to expand such investigations to other parts of India.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Child DNA, DNA Virus Diseases/*epidemiology/virology Viruses/classification/genetics Water Pollutants/analysis Water Supply/analysis, Viral/genetics *Disease Outbreaks Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/virology Humans India/epidemiology Phylogeny Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph9030895 ijerph-09-00895 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22690171}, author = {Chitambar, S. and Gopalkrishna, V. and Chhabra, P. and Patil, P. and Verma, H. and Lahon, A. and Arora, R. and Tatte, V. and Ranshing, S. and Dhale, G. and Kolhapure, R. and Tikute, S. and Kulkarni, J. and Bhardwaj, R. and Akarte, S. and Pawar, S.} } @article {12252, title = {Diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes and class-1-integrons in phylogenetically related porcine and human Escherichia coli}, journal = {Veterinary Microbiology}, volume = {160}, number = {3-4}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 7}, pages = {403-12}, type = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, edition = {2012/08/03}, isbn = {1873-2542 (Electronic)
0378-1135 (Linking)}, author = {H{\"o}lzel, C. S. and Harms, K. S. and Bauer, J. and Bauer-Unkauf, I. and H{\"o}rmansdorfer, S. and K{\"a}mpf, P. and M{\"o}lle, G. and Oehme, C. and Preikschat, P. and Schwaiger, K.} } @article {6347, title = {Diversity of bacteria and mycobacteria in biofilms of two urban drinking water distribution systems}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {mar}, pages = {261{\textendash}270}, issn = {0008-4166, 1480-3275}, doi = {10.1139/w11-129}, url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/w11-129}, author = {Liu, Ruyin and Yu, Zhisheng and Zhang, Hongxun and Yang, Min and Shi, Baoyou and Liu, Xinchun} } @article {7208, title = {Drinking water consumption patterns in {Canadian} communities (2001{\textendash}2007)}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {mar}, pages = {69}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.051}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2011.051}, author = {Roche, S. M. and Jones, A. Q. and Majowicz, S. E. and McEwen, S. A. and Pintar, K. D. M.} } @article {9753, title = {{Drinking water is a significant predictor of Blastocystis infection among rural Malaysian primary school}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {139}, year = {2012}, pages = {1014{\textendash}1020}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182012000340}, author = {Abdulsalam, AM and Ithoi, I and Al-Mekhlafi, HM and Ahmed, A and Surin, J and Mak, J} } @article {11214, title = {{Duplex quantitative real-time PCR assay for the detection and discrimination of the eggs of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati (Nematoda, Ascaridoidea) in soil and fecal samples}}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {288}, doi = {10.1186/1756-3305-5-288}, author = {Durant, Jean-Francois and Irenge, Leonid M and Fogt-Wyrwas, Renata and Dumont, Catherine and Doucet, Jean-Pierre and Mignon, Bernard and Losson, Bertrand and Gala, Jean-Luc} } @article {9982, title = {{Dynamics of urinary polyomavirus shedding in healthy adult women}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {84}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {1459{\textendash}1463}, abstract = {The hypothesis was examined that physiologic variation of estrogen concentrations during the menstrual cycle can provoke BK virus (BKV) excretion. BKV and JCV viral loads were determined in urine specimens obtained almost daily from 20 healthy, non-pregnant women over 2 months. Asymptomatic urinary shedding of BKV was observed in 123 (12.0{\%}) of 1,021 specimens from 11 (55{\%}) study subjects. Two subjects excreted JCV in their urine, with one subject excreting detectable JCV in all urine specimens. Analysis of 36 complete menstrual cycles revealed no difference in the prevalence of BKV excretion between pre-ovulatory and post-ovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle. The unexpected day-to-day variability in BKV excretion suggests that as yet unidentified factors may contribute to the periodic shedding of BKV by healthy women.}, keywords = {BK virus, JC Virus, Menstrual cycle, Polyomavirus}, isbn = {0146-6615}, issn = {01466615}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.23319}, author = {Kling, C.L. and Wright, A.T. and Katz, S.E. and Mcclure, G.B. and Gardner, J.S. and Williams, J.T. and Meinerz, Natalie M. and Garcea, Robert L. and Vanchiere, John A.} } @article {3075, title = {Echinococcus multilocularis in {Svalbard}, {Norway}: microsatellite genotyping to investigate the origin of a highly focal contamination}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution: Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {1270{\textendash}1274}, abstract = {Echinococcus multilocularis is a threatening cestode involved in the human alveolar echinococcosis. The parasite, mainly described in temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere was described for the first time in 1999 in the High Arctic Svalbard archipelago, Norway. The origin of this contamination could be due to an anthropogenic introduction from mainland Europe by domestic dogs or with the introduction of the sibling vole, perhaps from mainland Russia (St. Petersburg area), or with roaming Arctic foxes, known as the main definitive host of the parasite in Arctic regions. The genetic diversity of E. multilocularis in Svalbard was investigated here for the first time by genotyping using EmsB microsatellite and compared to other genotyped populations in the main worldwide endemic areas. We found low polymorphism amongst the 27 metacestode isolates from sibling voles trapped in the core of the distribution area of the vole on Svalbard. E. mutilocularis Arctic populations, using the Arctic fox as the definitive host, were genetically separated from European temperate populations that use the red fox, but closely related to St. Lawrence Island samples from Alaska. The result is inconsistent with the hypothesis of an anthropogenic introduction from mainland Europe, but can be seen as consistent with the hypothesis that Arctic foxes introduced E. multilocularis to Svalbard.}, keywords = {Animal Migration, Animals, Arvicolinae, Biological, Disease Vectors, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Endemic Diseases, Europe, Foxes, genotype, Helminth, Microsatellite Repeats, Models, North America, Norway, Phylogeny, Russia}, issn = {1567-7257}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2012.03.008}, author = {Knapp, J. and Staebler, S. and Bart, J. M. and Stien, A. and Yoccoz, N. G. and Dr{\"o}gem{\"u}ller, C. and Gottstein, B. and Deplazes, P.} } @article {2976, title = {Echinococcus multilocularis in urban coyotes, {Alberta}, {Canada}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {1625{\textendash}1628}, abstract = {Echinococcus multilocularis is a zoonotic parasite in wild canids. We determined its frequency in urban coyotes (Canis latrans) in Alberta, Canada. We detected E. multilocularis in 23 of 91 coyotes in this region. This parasite is a public health concern throughout the Northern Hemisphere, partly because of increased urbanization of wild canids.}, keywords = {Alberta, Animals, Coyotes, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis}, issn = {1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid.1810.120119}, author = {Catalano, Stefano and Lejeune, Manigandan and Liccioli, Stefano and Verocai, Guilherme G. and Gesy, Karen M. and Jenkins, Emily J. and Kutz, Susan J. and Fuentealba, Carmen and Duignan, Padraig J. and Massolo, Alessandro} } @article {5426, title = {{Ecological approaches used in nurseries to treat water}}, year = {2012}, author = {Oki, LR and White, SA} } @article {4999, title = {{The ecology of the Bithynia first intermediate hosts of Opisthorchis viverrini}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {61}, year = {2012}, pages = {38{\textendash}45}, author = {Petney, T and Sithithaworn, P and Andrews, R and Kiatsopit, N and Tesana, S and Grundy-Warr, C and Ziegler, A} } @article {10658, title = {{Ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in the coastal and estuarine waters of Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, and Washington (United States)}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, year = {2012}, pages = {7249{\textendash}7257}, author = {Johnson, CN and Bowers, JC and Griffitt, KJ and Molina, V and Clostio, RW and Pei, S and Laws, E and Paranjpye, RN and Strom, MS and Chen, A and Hasan, NA and Huq, A and Noriea III, NF and Grimes, DJ and Colwell, RR} } @article {4739, title = {{Economic burden from health losses due to foodborne illness in the United States}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {75}, year = {2012}, pages = {123{\textendash}131}, author = {Scharf, RL} } @article {15695, title = {Effect of chlorine, blanching, freezing, and microwave heating on Cryptosporidium parvum viability inoculated on green peppers}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {75}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, month = {May}, pages = {936-41}, edition = {2012/05/09}, keywords = {*Food Irradiation, *Food Parasitology, Animals, Capsicum/*microbiology, Chlorine/pharmacology, Consumer Product Safety, Cryptosporidium parvum/drug effects/*growth \& development/radiation effects, Food Handling/*methods, Food Preservation/methods, Freezing, Humans, Microwaves, Oocysts/growth \& development}, isbn = {0362-028x}, author = {Duhain, G. L. and Minnaar, A. and Buys, E. M.} } @article {8904, title = {Effect of coupled UV-A and UV-C LEDs on both microbiological and chemical pollution of urban wastewaters}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {426}, year = {2012}, pages = {304-310}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0048-9697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.043}, url = {://WOS:000304795300034 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0048969712004044/1-s2.0-S0048969712004044-main.pdf?_tid=8654c63e-5e5c-11e6-babc-00000aacb35e\&acdnat=1470766396_4dbc9d1ef4f692b47d7be52cbcfd19be}, author = {Chevremont, A. C. and Farnet, A. M. and Coulomb, B. and Boudenne, J. L.} } @article {7194, title = {Effect of {Disinfectant}, {Water} {Age}, and {Pipe} {Material} on {Occurrence} and {Persistence} of \textit{{Legionella}} , \textit{mycobacteria} , \textit{{Pseudomonas} aeruginosa} , and {Two} {Amoebas}}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {21}, year = {2012}, month = {nov}, pages = {11566{\textendash}11574}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es303212a}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es303212a}, author = {Wang, Hong and Masters, Sheldon and Hong, Yanjuan and Stallings, Jonathan and Falkinham, Joseph O. and Edwards, Marc A. and Pruden, Amy} } @article {7817, title = {Effect of environmental parameters on the inactivation of the waterborne pathogen Campylobacter in a Mediterranean river}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10 (1)}, year = {2012}, pages = {100-107}, author = {Rodr{\'\i}guez, S and Araujo, R} } @article {9121, title = {{Effect of environmental parameters on the inactivation of the waterborne pathogen Campylobacter in a Mediterranean river}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {100{\textendash}107}, abstract = {Campylobacter is a major waterborne pathogen that can be found in rivers of the Mediterranean area. Characteristics of these rivers change throughout the seasons due to variations in environmental parameters. As these variations may affect water survival of Campylobacter, we analyzed it in the Llobregat River using three approaches whose complexity increase progressively: (i) river water microcosms in the laboratory subjected to varying temperatures; (ii) insitu experiments carried out in the river, in which bacteria were exposed to varying levels of environmental parameters; and (iii) monitoring of thermotolerant Campylobacter in the river over two years. Campylobacter was quantified using the most probable number (MPN) method. The results showed that an increase in water temperature accelerates Campylobacter inactivation, measured as the loss of culturability. Insitu experiments revealed that inactivation rates were also affected by sunlight, but not by pH, oxygen concentration or water conductivity. These observations are supported by the seasonality detected in Llobregat River. Campylobacter inactivation was fastest in spring and summer, when temperature and solar radiation were at their highest. The results highlight the importance of considering the inactivation rates in natural conditions to improve the monitoring of this pathogen and thus evaluate properly the health risk associated to water.}, keywords = {Campylobacter, Environmental parameters, Inactivation, Mediterranean, River water}, isbn = {1477-8920}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.044}, author = {Rodr{\'\i}guez, S and Araujo, R} } @article {6453, title = {Effect of environmental parameters on the inactivation of the waterborne pathogen \textit{{Campylobacter}} in a {Mediterranean} river}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {mar}, pages = {100}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.044}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2011.044}, author = {Rodr{\'\i}guez, S. and Araujo, R.} } @article {11033, title = {Effect of {Sanitation} on {Soil}-{Transmitted} {Helminth} {Infection}: {Systematic} {Review} and {Meta}-{Analysis}}, journal = {PLOS Medicine}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {jan}, pages = {1{\textendash}17}, abstract = {A systematic review and meta-analysis by Kathrin Ziegelbauer and colleagues finds that sanitation is associated with a reduced risk of transmission of helminthiases to humans.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001162}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001162}, author = {Ziegelbauer, Kathrin and Speich, Benjamin and M{\"a}usezahl, Daniel and Bos, Robert and Keiser, Jennifer and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg} } @article {16663, title = {Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {PLoS medicine}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1001162}, author = {Ziegelbauer, Kathrin and Speich, Benjamin and M{\"a}usezahl, Daniel and Bos, Robert and Keiser, Jennifer and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg} } @article {12689, title = {{Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis}}, journal = {PLOS Medicine}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1001162}, author = {Ziegelbauer, K and Speich, B and Mausezahl, D and Bos, R and Keiser, J and Utzinger, J} } @article {12917, title = {Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1001162}, author = {Ziegelbauer, Kathrin and Speich, Benjamin and M{\"a}usezahl, Daniel and Bos, Robert and Keiser, Jennifer and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg} } @article {4079, title = {{Effect of sewage treatment plants and diffuse pollution on the occurrence of protozoal parasites in the course of a small river}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {215}, year = {2012}, pages = {577{\textendash}583}, author = {Kistemann, T and Rind, E and Koch, C and Clasen, T and Lengen, C and Exner, M and Rechenburg, A} } @article {7699, title = {Effect of temperature and antimicrobial resistance on survival of Campylobacter jejuni in well water: application of the Weibull model}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {PT: J; TC: 0; UT: WOS:000306401300007}, month = {AUG}, pages = {284-293}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Gonzalez,M. and M L H{\"a}nninen} } @article {10987, title = {Effect of {Temperature} on {Embryonation} of {Ascaris} suum {Eggs} in an {Environmental} {Chamber}}, journal = {The Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {239{\textendash}242}, abstract = {The influence of temperature on the development and embryonation of Ascaris suum eggs was studied using coarse sand medium in an environmental chamber with 50\% humidity. The time required for development and embryonation of eggs was examined under 3 different temperature conditions, 5{\textcelsius}, 25{\textcelsius}, and 35{\textcelsius}. A. suum eggs did not develop over 1 month at the temperature of 5{\textcelsius}. However, other temperature conditions, 25{\textcelsius} and 35{\textcelsius}, induced egg development to the 8-cell-stage at days 5-6 after incubation. All eggs examined developed to the 8-cell stage at day 6 after incubation in the sand medium at 25{\textcelsius}. The higher temperature, 35{\textcelsius}, slightly accelerated the A. suum egg development compared to 25{\textcelsius}, and the development to the 8-cell stage occurred within day 5 after incubation. The formation of larvae in A. suum eggs at temperatures of 35{\textcelsius} and 25{\textcelsius} appeared at days 17 and 19 after incubation, respectively. These findings show that 35{\textcelsius} condition shortens the time for the development of A. suum eggs to the 8-cell-stage in comparison to 25{\textcelsius}, and suggest the possibility of accelerated transmission of this parasite, resulting from global warming and ecosystem changes.}, issn = {0023-4001}, doi = {10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.239}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428571/}, author = {M K Kim and Pyo, Kyoung-Ho and Hwang, Young-Sang and Park, Ki Hwan and Hwang, In Gyun and Chai, Jong-Yil and Shin, Eun-Hee} } @article {17033, title = {The effect of UV-C radiation (254 nm) on candidate microbial source tracking phages infecting a human-specific strain of Bacteroides fragilis (GB-124)}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {262{\textendash}270}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Diston, D and Ebdon, JE and Taylor, HD} } @article {17100, title = {The effectiveness of sewage treatment processes to remove faecal pathogens and antibiotic residues}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {289{\textendash}297}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Hendricks, Rahzia and Pool, Edmund John} } @article {17273, title = {Effectiveness of Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine among children: a cluster randomized trial in Karachi, Pakistan}, journal = {VaccineVaccine}, volume = {30}, number = {36}, year = {2012}, month = {Aug 3}, pages = {5389-95}, edition = {2012/06/23}, keywords = {Adolescent, Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Hepatitis A Vaccines/administration \& dosage/immunology, Humans, Incidence, Male, Pakistan/epidemiology, Polysaccharides, Bacterial/administration \& dosage/adverse effects/*immunology, Typhoid Fever/epidemiology/*prevention \& control, Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/administration \& dosage/adverse effects/*immunology, Vaccination}, isbn = {1873-2518 (Electronic)
0264-410X (Linking)}, author = {Khan, M. I. and Soofi, S. B. and Ochiai, R. L. and Habib, M. A. and Sahito, S. M. and Nizami, S. Q. and Acosta, C. J. and Clemens, J. D. and Bhutta, Z. A. and Domi Typhoid Karachi Vi Effectiveness Study Group} } @article {3998, title = {{Effectiveness of water treatment for the removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {140}, year = {2012}, pages = {2014{\textendash}2022}, author = {Bajer, A and Toczylowska, B and Bednarska, M and Sinski, E} } @article {8508, title = {{Efficacy of rapid treatment initiation following primary Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {54}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {1545{\textendash}1552}, author = {Hotop, A and Hlobil, H and Gross, U} } @article {10611, title = {{Elevation and cholera: an epidemiological spatial analysis of the cholera epidemic in Harare, Zimbabwe, 2008-2009}}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {442}, author = {Fernandez, MAL and Schomaker, M and Mason, PR and Fesselet, JF and Baudot, Y and Boulle, A and Maes, P} } @article {15578, title = {Elimination of schistosomiasis. WHA65.21}, year = {2012} } @article {1186, title = {Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments}, journal = {Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {397-406}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Infections CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM Chronic Disease Conjunctivitis DISEASE DISEASES ENTERIC VIRUSES Environment health HEPATITIS HOST ILLNESS INFECTION INFECTIONS Italy MICROORGANISMS mutation Nervous System pat}, author = {La Rosa, G. and Fratini, M. and S., Della Libera and Iaconelli, M. and Muscillo, M.} } @article {2802, title = {Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments}, journal = {Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {397-406}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Infections CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM Chronic Disease Conjunctivitis DISEASE DISEASES ENTERIC VIRUSES Environment health HEPATITIS HOST ILLNESS INFECTION INFECTIONS Italy MICROORGANISMS mutation Nervous System pat}, author = {La Rosa, G. and Fratini, M. and S., Della Libera and Iaconelli, M. and Muscillo, M.} } @article {3679, title = {Emerging trends in the epidemiology of human astrovirus infection among infants, children and adults hospitalized with acute watery diarrhea in {Kolkata}, {India}.}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, pages = {1685{\textendash}1693}, author = {Pativada, M and Nataraju, SM and Ganesh, B and Rajendran, K and Ramamurthy, T and Ganguly, S and Bhattacharya, MK and Ghosh, M and Kobayashi, N and Krishnan, T} } @article {7048, title = {An enhanced technique combining pre-enrichment and passive filtration increases the isolation efficiency of {Campylobacter} jejuni and {Campylobacter} coli from water and animal fecal samples}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {506{\textendash}513}, issn = {01677012}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2012.09.005}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167701212002837}, author = {Jokinen, Cassandra C. and Koot, Jacqueline M. and Carrillo, Catherine D. and Gannon, Victor P.J. and Jardine, Claire M. and Mutschall, Steven K. and Topp, Edward and Taboada, Eduardo N.} } @article {9388, title = {{Entamoeba bangladeshi nov. sp., Bangladesh}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {1543{\textendash}1545}, author = {Royer, TL and Gilchrist, C and Kabir, M and Arju, T and Ralston, KS and Haque, R and Clark, CG and Petri, WA Jr} } @article {9401, title = {{Entamoeba moshkovskii is associated with diarrhea in infants and causes diarrhea and colitis in mice}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {206}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {744{\textendash}751}, author = {Shimokawa, C and Kabir, M and Taniuchi, M and Mondal, D and Kobayashi, S and Ali, IK and Sobuz, SU and Senba, M and Houpt, E and Haque, R and Petri, WA Jr and Hamano, S} } @article {9288, title = {{Entamoeba moshkovskii perspectives of a new agent to be considered in the diagnosis of amebiasis}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {123}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {139{\textendash}145}, author = {Heredia, RD and Fonseca, JA and Lopez, MC} } @article {9438, title = {{Entamoeba species associated with chronic diarrhoea in Pakistan}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {140}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {323{\textendash}328}, author = {Yakoob, J and Abbas, Z and Beg, MA and Naz, S and Khan, R and Jafri, W} } @article {9253, title = {{Enteric protozoa in the developed world: a public health perspective}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {420{\textendash}449}, author = {Fletcher, SM and Stark, D and Harkness, J and Ellis, J} } @inbook {16996, title = {Enterococci in the environment}, booktitle = {Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {685{\textendash}706}, author = {Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N and Nevers, Meredith B and Korajkic, Asja and Staley, Zachery R and Harwood, Valerie J} } @article {11079, title = {Enumeration of viable and non-viable larvated {Ascaris} eggs with quantitative {PCR}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {594{\textendash}604}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.101}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2012.101}, author = {Raynal, Maria and Villegas, Eric N. and Nelson, Kara L.} } @mastersthesis {6351, title = {Environmental hygiene, food safety and growth in less than five year old children in {Zimbabwe} and {Ethiopia}}, year = {2012}, note = {3531055}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Childhood stunting remains a significant public health challenge with adverse developmental and health outcomes in life and over generations. Efficacious dietary interventions have not achieved full linear growth in height deficient children. This dissertation explores novel causes of poor growth in young children by: identifying pathways of fecal-oral transmission of fecal bacteria in rural Zimbabwean infants using in-depth observation methods (chapter 2), examining the role of poor water, sanitation and hygiene in predicting stunting, in the context of infant and young child feeding, in Ethiopia (Chapter 3) and assessing the extent of aflatoxin exposure in Zimbabwean women and its association with stunting in young children (Chapter 4). In chapter 2, soil and chicken feces ingestion were identified as key pathways for fecal-oral transmission of bacteria in rural Zimbabwean infants. In Chapter 3, poor environmental hygiene was associated with linear growth faltering, independent of socio-economic status, infant feeding and recent morbidity, in Ethiopian children 24-59 months of age. In chapter 4, significant aflatoxin exposure was associated with severe stunting in a dose response manner in rural Zimbabwean children 6 to 59 months of age. The combined results from the three research projects identified environmental hygiene and aflatoxin exposure as two novel causes of stunting in African infants. Existing water, hygiene and sanitation interventions are not sufficient to protect infants and young children from fecal bacteria ingestion through soil and poultry feces. In addition, existing hygiene interventions do not directly address improving household environmental hygiene. Designing effective hygiene interventions will require in-depth understanding of the context and how caregivers and infants interact with their environment. Effective aflatoxin exposure control might also be critical in achieving full growth potential in young children. Our findings raise the need for low cost strategies for aflatoxin control and a holistic approach in designing context- and age-specific hygiene interventions to prevent childhood stunting.}, keywords = {0293:African Studies, 0470:Environmental Health, 0570:Nutrition, Aflatoxin, African Studies, Child growth, Environmental health, Food safety, Health and environmental sciences, Nutrition, Social sciences, Stunting, Under nutrition}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1140475383?accountid=14270}, author = {Ngure, Francis Muigai} } @article {7220, title = {Environmental transmission of norovirus gastroenteritis}, journal = {Current Opinion in Virology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {feb}, pages = {96{\textendash}102}, issn = {18796257}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2011.11.005}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1879625711001702}, author = {Lopman, Ben and Gasta{\~n}aduy, Paul and Geun W Park and A J Hall and Parashar, Umesh D and J Vinj{\'e}} } @article {5702, title = {{Epidemiological and Genetic Analyses of a Diffuse Outbreak of Hepatitis A in Japan}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {219{\textendash}224}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcv.2011.11.008.}, author = {Ishii, K. and Kiyohara, T and Yoshizaki, S and Wakita, T and Shimada, T and Nakamura, N and Nakashima, K and Tada, Y and Noda, M} } @book {6402, title = {Epidemiology: an introduction}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, edition = {2nd ed}, address = {New York, NY}, keywords = {Epidemiologic Methods}, isbn = {978-0-19-975455-7}, author = {Rothman, Kenneth J.} } @article {8600, title = {{Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {264{\textendash}296}, author = {Robert-Gangneux, F and Dard{\'e}, ML} } @article {9546, title = {{Epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Infection in Humans}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology Research}, volume = {2012}, year = {2012}, pages = {981424}, author = {Matos, O and Lobo, ML and Xiao, L} } @article {8589, title = {{Epidemiology of ocular toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Ocular Immunology and Inflammation}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {68{\textendash}75}, author = {Petersen, E and Kijlstra, A and Stanford, M} } @article {1964, title = {Epidemiology, virulence and public health significance of Yersinia enterocolitica in drinking water}, journal = {African Journal of Microbiology Research}, volume = {6}, number = {30}, year = {2012}, pages = {5905-5913}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1996-0808}, doi = {10.5897/ajmr12.180}, url = {://WOS:000308916000004}, author = {Pandove, G. and Sahota, P. and Verma, S. K. and Mahajan, V. and Singh, D. and Singh, J. P.} } @article {7035, title = {Equity in financing and use of health care in {Ghana}, {South} {Africa}, and {Tanzania}: implications for paths to universal coverage}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {380}, number = {9837}, year = {2012}, month = {jul}, pages = {126{\textendash}133}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Universal coverage of health care is now receiving substantial worldwide and national attention, but debate continues on the best mix of financing mechanisms, especially to protect people outside the formal employment sector. Crucial issues are the equity implications of different financing mechanisms, and patterns of service use. We report a whole-system analysis{\textendash}integrating both public and private sectors{\textendash}of the equity of health-system financing and service use in Ghana, South Africa, and Tanzania. METHODS: We used primary and secondary data to calculate the progressivity of each health-care financing mechanism, catastrophic spending on health care, and the distribution of health-care benefits. We collected qualitative data to inform interpretation. FINDINGS: Overall health-care financing was progressive in all three countries, as were direct taxes. Indirect taxes were regressive in South Africa but progressive in Ghana and Tanzania. Out-of-pocket payments were regressive in all three countries. Health-insurance contributions by those outside the formal sector were regressive in both Ghana and Tanzania. The overall distribution of service benefits in all three countries favoured richer people, although the burden of illness was greater for lower-income groups. Access to needed, appropriate services was the biggest challenge to universal coverage in all three countries. INTERPRETATION: Analyses of the equity of financing and service use provide guidance on which financing mechanisms to expand, and especially raise questions over the appropriate financing mechanism for the health care of people outside the formal sector. Physical and financial barriers to service access must be addressed if universal coverage is to become a reality. FUNDING: European Union and International Development Research Centre.}, keywords = {Financing, Ghana, Health Expenditures, Health Facilities, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Income, Organized, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Personal, South Africa, Tanzania, Taxes, Universal Coverage}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60357-2}, author = {Mills, Anne and Ataguba, John E. and Akazili, James and Borghi, Jo and Garshong, Bertha and Makawia, Suzan and Mtei, Gemini and Harris, Bronwyn and Macha, Jane and Meheus, Filip and McIntyre, Di} } @mastersthesis {6645, title = {Essays in applied and development economics}, year = {2012}, note = {U605368}, school = {University of London, University College London (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}![CDATA[This thesis contains three self-contained essays in development and applied economics. Chapter 1 develops a new way to estimate the habit persistence coefficient of consumption using household panel data. In contrast to the traditional approach of estimating an approximate Euler equation, the identification comes from comparing the coevolution of income and consumption. Using Spanish data from 1985 to 1995, we estimate a joint model of habit formation and income variability. Under alternative preference specifications, we find habit persistence plays an important role in smoothing the impact of permanent income shocks on consumption. With our estimated parameters, we find habit persistence reduces the variance of consumption by 40\% over the life-cycle. The presence of habits in consumption offers an explanation for the {\textquestiondown}excess smoothness of consumption{\textquestiondown} puzzle. {\textless}br{\textgreater}Chapter 2 examines the empirical link between inequality and common property resource extraction. Using Tunisian data, we find groundwater table falls less in villages with higher land area inequality. We also design a choice experiment to elicit farmers{\textquestiondown} willingness to pay for a community-based management regime for groundwater use, and their demand for information sharing and accountability. We find farmers are inclined to cooperation and stabilizing water table level, and a majority demand a transparent system with independent monitoring, which is absent from the current management scheme. We further examine the effect of land inequality and heterogeneity on farmers{\textquestiondown} inclination. {\textless}br{\textgreater}Chapter 3 investigates the causal effect of father{\textquestiondown}s labour migration on children{\textquestiondown}s education in rural China. We employ two different empirical strategies which are compared and contrasted. The first strategy uses a fixed effect instrumental variable procedure. The second approach treats education and migration as duration processes using the multivariate duration framework developed by Abbring and van den Berg (2003). We find father{\textquestiondown}s migration has no significant impact on child{\textquestiondown}s lifetime education attainment.]]{\textgreater}}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU605368, 0501:Economics, Bibliographies, economics, http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1364559/, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1512405558?accountid=14270}, author = {Liu, X} } @article {4891, title = {{Estudio cl{\'\i}nico-epidemiol{\'o}gico de coccidiosis intestinales en una poblaci{\'o}n rural de regi{\'o}n semi{\'a}rida del estado Falc{\'o}n, Venezuela}}, journal = {Revista de Investigaci{\'o}n Cl{\'\i}nica}, volume = {53}, year = {2012}, pages = {273{\textendash}288}, author = {Cazorla, D and Acosta, ME and Morales, P} } @article {254, title = {Etiology and epidemiology of viral diarrhea in children under the age of five hospitalized in Tianjin, China}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {157}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, note = {Times Cited: 3 4}, pages = {881-887}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-8608}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-012-1235-9}, url = {://WOS:000303473100009}, author = {Ouyang, Yabo and Ma, Hui and Jin, Min and Wang, Xinwei and Wang, Jingfeng and Xu, Lu and Lin, Shuxiang and Shen, Zhiqiang and Chen, Zhaoli and Qiu, Zhigang and Gao, Zhixian and Peng, Lin and Li, Junwen} } @article {549, title = {European guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of adenovirus infection in leukemia and stem cell transplantation: summary of ECIL-4 (2011)}, journal = {Transpl Infect Dis}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, note = {1399-3062 Matthes-Martin, S Feuchtinger, T Shaw, P J Engelhard, D Hirsch, H H Cordonnier, C Ljungman, P Fourth European Conference on Infections in Leukemia Journal Article Review Denmark Transpl Infect Dis. 2012 Dec;14(6):555-63. doi: 10.1111/tid.12022. Epub 2012 Nov 12.}, pages = {555-63}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human adenovirus (HAdV) infections are increasingly recognized as important pathogens in immunocompromised hosts, especially in patients with severely suppressed T-cell function. The 4th European Conference of Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-4) has developed evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management of HAdV infections. The risk for HAdV-associated disease is increased in children, and risk factors for HAdV disease are T-cell depletion, unrelated and cord blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, graft-versus-host disease grades III-IV, and lymphopenia. The recommended technique for monitoring of high-risk patients is quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cidofovir is the most used antiviral therapy, although no controlled study has been performed. HAdV-specific T-cell therapy is in development.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Human/*diagnosis/etiology/*therapy Europe Humans Leukemia/*complications *Practice Guidelines as Topic Stem Cell Transplantation/*adverse effects}, issn = {1398-2273}, doi = {10.1111/tid.12022}, author = {Matthes-Martin, S. and Feuchtinger, T. and Shaw, P. J. and Engelhard, D. and Hirsch, H. H. and Cordonnier, C. and Ljungman, P.} } @article {1257, title = {European guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of adenovirus infection in leukemia and stem cell transplantation: summary of ECIL-4 (2011)}, journal = {Transpl Infect Dis}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, note = {Matthes-Martin, S Feuchtinger, T Shaw, P J Engelhard, D Hirsch, H H Cordonnier, C Ljungman, P Fourth European Conference on Infections in Leukemia Review Denmark Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society Transpl Infect Dis. 2012 Dec;14(6):555-63. doi: 10.1111/tid.12022. Epub 2012 Nov 12.}, pages = {555-63}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human adenovirus (HAdV) infections are increasingly recognized as important pathogens in immunocompromised hosts, especially in patients with severely suppressed T-cell function. The 4th European Conference of Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-4) has developed evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management of HAdV infections. The risk for HAdV-associated disease is increased in children, and risk factors for HAdV disease are T-cell depletion, unrelated and cord blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, graft-versus-host disease grades III-IV, and lymphopenia. The recommended technique for monitoring of high-risk patients is quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cidofovir is the most used antiviral therapy, although no controlled study has been performed. HAdV-specific T-cell therapy is in development.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Human/ diagnosis/etiology/ therapy Europe Humans Leukemia/ complications Practice Guidelines as Topic Stem Cell Transplantation/ adverse effects}, issn = {1399-3062 (Electronic) 1398-2273 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/tid.12022}, author = {Matthes-Martin, S. and Feuchtinger, T. and Shaw, P. J. and Engelhard, D. and Hirsch, H. H. and Cordonnier, C. and Ljungman, P.} } @article {4558, title = {European guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of adenovirus infection in leukemia and stem cell transplantation: summary of {ECIL}-4 (2011)}, journal = {Transplant Infectious Disease: an Official Journal of the Transplantation Society}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {555{\textendash}63}, issn = {1399-3062 (Electronic) 1398-2273 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/tid.12022}, author = {Matthes-Martin, S. and Feuchtinger, T. and Shaw, P. J. and Engelhard, D. and Hirsch, H. H. and Cordonnier, C. and Ljungman, P.} } @article {1942, title = {Evaluating the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of echovirus 11 isolated from sewage in Shandong Province, China in 2010}, journal = {Virus genes}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {Yang, Jing Cui, Ning Wang, Haiyan Tao, Zexin Liu, Yao Zhang, Heng Yoshida, Hiromu Song, Yanyan Zhang, Yong Song, Lizhi Li, Yan Lin, Xiaojuan Ji, Shengxiang Xu, Wenbo Xu, Aiqiang Virus Genes. 2012 Jun;44(3):388-94. doi: 10.1007/s11262-012-0719-8. Epub 2012 Feb 7.}, pages = {388-94}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Echovirus 11 (E11) is an important human pathogen, but its genetic information in China is in scarce. In this study, 12 sewage samples from Jinan city and 18 from Linyi city were collected in Shandong Province, China in 2010, and E11 was the predominant serotype with 54 isolates from 16 samples. Numbers of E11 isolates reached peaks in August in both Jinan and Linyi city, while another peak occurred in December in Linyi. The complete VP1 genes of all these isolates were sequenced and phylogenetically compared with clinical isolates from Shandong in 1994-2010 (n = 29) and global E11. Shandong isolates segregated into five clusters, four in genogroup A and one in genogroup C. Environmental isolates belonged to two clusters of genogroup A, with high inter-cluster genetic divergence (18.5-20.9\%). No local clinical E11 was isolated in the two cities in 2010, revealing the value of environmental surveillance in investigating circulating viruses. These findings underscored the significance of environmental VP1 sequence divergences in comprehending the local enterovirus circulation, and updated the global molecular epidemiology of E11.}, keywords = {China/epidemiology Cluster Analysis Enterovirus B, DNA Sewage/*virology, Human/classification/*genetics/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology Humans Molecular Epidemiology Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Prevalence RNA, Viral/genetics Seasons Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1572-994X (Electronic) 0920-8569 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s11262-012-0719-8}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22311429}, author = {Yang, J. and Cui, N. and Wang, H. and Tao, Z. and Liu, Y. and Zhang, H. and Yoshida, H. and Song, Y. and Zhang, Y. and Song, L. and Li, Y. and Lin, X. and Ji, S. and Xu, W. and Xu, A.} } @article {7851, title = {Evaluation of four protocols for the detection and isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter from different matrices}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {200-208}, abstract = {

Aims:\  To identify the optimal method for detection of thermophilic Campylobacter at various stages in the food chain, three culture-dependent (direct plating, Bolton and Preston enrichment) and one molecular method (qPCR) were compared for three matrices: poultry faeces (n = 38), neck skin (n = 38) and packed fresh meat (n = 38). Methods and Results:\  Direct plating was compared to enrichment with either Bolton broth (ISO 10272:2006-1) or Preston broth, followed by culture on two selective agars: modified charcoal cefoperazone desoxycholate agar (mCCDA) and Campyfood agar (CFA). Direct plating on CFA provided the highest number of positive samples for faeces and neck skin samples. Enrichment of meat samples in Preston followed by plating on mCCDA gave significantly higher number of positives than the recommended ISO method. Real-time qPCR yielded the highest number of positive samples. Conclusion:\  Direct plating on CFA is optimal for Campylobacter isolation from highly contaminated samples such as faeces or neck skin. When enrichment is required for less-contaminated samples such as poultry meat, Preston broth is the best choice. The maximum of detectable cells predicted by qPCR is a sensitive and powerful evaluation tool. Significance and impact of the study:\  The recommended ISO protocol had the least sensitivity, and application of this method could result in underreporting. We detected a high prevalence of Campylobacter on packed meat to be distributed, which suggests this is still a significant risk for consumers.

}, keywords = {Campylobacter, Detection Methods, enrichment, matrices, Quantification, Real-time PCR}, isbn = {1365-2672}, author = {Ugarte-Ruiz,M. and G{\'o}mez-Barrero,S. and Porrero,M. C. and {\'A}lvarez,J. and Garc{\'\i}a,M. and Comer{\'o}n,M. C. and Wassenaar,T. M. and Dom{\'\i}nguez,L.} } @article {7532, title = {{Evaluation of the nifH gene marker of methanobrevibacter smithii for the detection of sewage pollution in environmental waters in southeast Queensland, Australia}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {543-550}, abstract = {

This study aimed at evaluating the host-specificity and -sensitivity of the nifH gene marker of Methanobrevibacter smithii by screening 272 fecal and wastewater samples from 11 animal species including humans in Southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia. In addition, environmental water samples (n = 21) were collected during the dry and wet weather conditions and tested for the presence of the nifH marker along with other sewage-associated markers, namely, enterococci surface protein (esp) found in Enterococci faecium, Bacteroides HF183, adenoviruses (AVs), and polyomaviruses (PVs). The overall host-specificity of the nifH marker to differentiate between human and animal feces was 0.96 (maximum value of 1), while the overall sensitivity of this marker in human sourced feces and wastewater was 0.81 (maximum value of 1). Among the 21 environmental water samples tested, 2 (10{\%}), 3 (14{\%}), 12 (57{\%}), 6 (29{\%}), and 6 (29{\%}) were positive for the nifH, esp, HF183, AVs and PVs markers, respectively. The prevalence of the nifH marker in environmental water samples, however, was low compared to other markers, suggesting that the use of this marker alone may not be sensitive enough to detect fecal pollution in environmental waters. The nifH marker, however, appears to be sewage-specific in SEQ, Australia, and therefore, it is recommended that this marker should be used as an additional marker in combination with the HF183 or viral markers such as AVs or PVs for accurate and sensitive detection of fecal pollution in SEQ waterways. {\textcopyright} 2011 American Chemical Society.

}, doi = {10.1021/es203372u}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Sidhu, J.P.S. and Toze, S.} } @article {13732, title = {Evaluation of the {nifH} gene marker of methanobrevibacter smithii for the detection of sewage pollution in environmental waters in southeast {Queensland}, {Australia}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, abstract = {This study aimed at evaluating the host-specificity and -sensitivity of the nifH gene marker of Methanobrevibacter smithii by screening 272 fecal and wastewater samples from 11 animal species including humans in Southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia. In addition, environmental water samples (n = 21) were collected during the dry and wet weather conditions and tested for the presence of the nifH marker along with other sewage-associated markers, namely, enterococci surface protein (esp) found in Enterococci faecium, Bacteroides HF183, adenoviruses (AVs), and polyomaviruses (PVs). The overall host-specificity of the nifH marker to differentiate between human and animal feces was 0.96 (maximum value of 1), while the overall sensitivity of this marker in human sourced feces and wastewater was 0.81 (maximum value of 1). Among the 21 environmental water samples tested, 2 (10\%), 3 (14\%), 12 (57\%), 6 (29\%), and 6 (29\%) were positive for the nifH, esp, HF183, AVs and PVs markers, respectively. The prevalence of the nifH marker in environmental water samples, however, was low compared to other markers, suggesting that the use of this marker alone may not be sensitive enough to detect fecal pollution in environmental waters. The nifH marker, however, appears to be sewage-specific in SEQ, Australia, and therefore, it is recommended that this marker should be used as an additional marker in combination with the HF183 or viral markers such as AVs or PVs for accurate and sensitive detection of fecal pollution in SEQ waterways. {\textcopyright} 2011 American Chemical Society.}, doi = {10.1021/es203372u}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Sidhu, J.P.S. and Toze, S.} } @article {4144, title = {{Evaluation of tropical water sources and mollusks in southern Brazil using microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters}}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety}, volume = {76}, year = {2012}, pages = {153{\textendash}161}, author = {Souza, DS and Ramos, AP and Nunes, FF and Moresco, V and Taniguchi, S and D A Leal and Sasaki, ST and B{\'\i}cego, MC and Montone, RC and Durigan, M and Teixeira, AL and Pilotto, MR and Delfino, N and Franco, RM and Melo, CM and Bainy, AC and Barardi, CR} } @article {1004, title = {Evaluation of tropical water sources and mollusks in southern Brazil using microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {153{\textendash}161}, abstract = {

Florian\ópolis, a city located in the Santa Catarina State in southern Brazil, is the national leading producer of bivalve mollusks. The quality of bivalve mollusks is closely related to the sanitary conditions of surrounding waters where they are cultivated. Presently, cultivation areas receive large amounts of effluents derived mainly from treated and non-treated domestic, rural, and urban sewage. This contributes to the contamination of mollusks with trace metals, pesticides, other organic compounds, and human pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoan. The aim of this study was to perform a thorough diagnosis of the shellfish growing areas in Florian\ópolis, on the coast of Santa Catarina. The contamination levels of seawater, sediments, and oysters were evaluated for their microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters at five sea sites in Florian\ópolis, namely three regular oyster cultivation areas (Sites 1, 2, and oyster supplier), a polluted site (Site 3), and a heavily polluted site (Site 4). Samples were evaluated at day zero and after 14 days. Seawater and sediment samples were collected just once, at the end of the experiment. Antioxidant defenses, which may occur in contaminated environments in response to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by organisms, were analyzed in oysters, as well as organic compounds (in oysters and sediment samples) and microbiological contamination (in oysters and seawater samples). The results showed the presence of the following contaminants: fecal coliforms in seawater samples (four sites), human adenovirus (all sites), human noroviruses GI and GII (two sites), Hepatitis A viruses (one site), JC Polyomavirus in an oyster sample from the oyster supplier, Giardia duodenalis cysts, and Cryptosporidium sp oocysts (one site). Among organochlorine pesticides, only DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) were detected in some sediment and oysters samples in very low levels; site 4 had the highest concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) found either in oysters or in sediment samples. The major concentration of fecal sterol coprostanol was found at site 4, followed by site 3. After 14 days of allocation in the four selected sites, there was a significant difference in the enzymes analyzed at the monitored spots. The detection of different contaminants in oysters, seawater, and sediment samples in the present study shows the impact untreated or inadequately treated effluents have on coastal areas. These results highlight the need for public investment in adequate wastewater treatment and adequate treatment of oysters, ensuring safe areas for shellfish production as well as healthier bivalve mollusks for consumption. \© 2011 Elsevier Inc.

}, keywords = {Biomarkers, Marine pollution, Oyster, Protozoan, Virus}, isbn = {0147-6513}, issn = {01476513}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.09.018}, author = {Doris S Souza and Ana PM Ramos and Fabr{\'\i}cio F Nunes and Moresco, Vanessa and Taniguchi, Satie and Diego A Leal and Sasaki, Silvio Tarou and B{\'\i}cego, M{\'a}rcia Caruso and Montone, Rosalinda Carmela and Durigan, Maur{\'\i}cio and Teixeira, Adriano Luiz and Pilotto, Mariana Rangel and Delfino, Nic{\'e}sio and Franco, Regina Maura Bueno and de Melo, Cl{\'a}udio Manoel Rodrigues and Bainy, Afonso Celso Dias and Celia R Barardi} } @article {13866, title = {Evolutionary {History} of the {Helicobacter} pylori {Genome}: {Implications} for {Gastric} {Carcinogenesis}.}, journal = {Gut and liver}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {jan}, pages = {21{\textendash}8}, abstract = {The genome of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori has evolved over the millennia since its migration out of Africa along with its human host approximately 60,000 years ago. Human migrations, after thousands of years of permanent settlement in those lands, resulted in seven prototypes of genetic populations of H. pylori with distinct geographical distributions. In all continents, present day isolates of H. pylori have molecular markers that reflect population migrations. The colonization of the Americas as well as the slave trade introduced European and African strains to the New World. The relationship between H. pylori genome and gastric cancer rates is linked to the presence of the cagA gene, but the knowledge on this subject is incomplete because other genes may be involved in certain populations. A new situation for Homo sapiens is the absence of H. pylori colonization in certain, mostly affluent, populations, apparently brought about by improved home sanitation and widespread use of antibiotics during the last decades. The disappearance of H. pylori from the human microbiota may be linked to emerging epidemics of esophageal adenocarcinoma, some allergic diseases such as asthma and some autoimmune disorders.}, issn = {2005-1212}, doi = {10.5009/gnl.2012.6.1.21}, url = {/pmc/articles/PMC3286735/?report=abstract}, author = {Correa, Pelayo and M B Piazuelo} } @article {8238, title = {{Evolutionary History of the Helicobacter pylori Genome: Implications for Gastric Carcinogenesis.}}, journal = {Gut and Liver}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {jan}, pages = {21{\textendash}8}, publisher = {Editorial Office of Gut and Liver}, abstract = {

The genome of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori has evolved over the millennia since its migration out of Africa along with its human host approximately 60,000 years ago. Human migrations, after thousands of years of permanent settlement in those lands, resulted in seven prototypes of genetic populations of H. pylori with distinct geographical distributions. In all continents, present day isolates of H. pylori have molecular markers that reflect population migrations. The colonization of the Americas as well as the slave trade introduced European and African strains to the New World. The relationship between H. pylori genome and gastric cancer rates is linked to the presence of the cagA gene, but the knowledge on this subject is incomplete because other genes may be involved in certain populations. A new situation for Homo sapiens is the absence of H. pylori colonization in certain, mostly affluent, populations, apparently brought about by improved home sanitation and widespread use of antibiotics during the last decades. The disappearance of H. pylori from the human microbiota may be linked to emerging epidemics of esophageal adenocarcinoma, some allergic diseases such as asthma and some autoimmune disorders.

}, issn = {2005-1212}, doi = {10.5009/gnl.2012.6.1.21}, url = {/pmc/articles/PMC3286735/?report=abstract}, author = {Correa, Pelayo and M B Piazuelo} } @mastersthesis {6307, title = {Experimental studies to investigate pressure loading on target plates}, year = {2012}, note = {3553129}, school = {University of Maryland, College Park}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The pressure distribution on the bottom of an armored vehicle caused by a detonating explosive buried in soil has been long of interest in the community of the Armed Services. This experimental study discusses results from small-scale tests conducted to determine the distribution of pressure on target plates when subjected to loading due to the detonation of buried mines. A new methodology has been developed in order to measure the pressure - time profiles on the bottom of a vehicle. The tests are conducted by using water, saturated sand, and dry sand as the loading media. Different stand off distances are investigated using saturated sand. Kolsky bars and pressure sensors, on the target plate, are used to determine the free-field pressure - time profile of the output of the charge at any location for the vehicle bottom. For verification of the pressure results at certain distances, the specific impulse measured by utilizing different size round plates are employed. In order to investigate the loading mechanisms, high speed cameras are applied. The small-scale test results can be scaled to full scale by using verified scaling laws. The results of this research are of interest to the U.S NAVY and U.S ARMY in order to develop and evaluate computer codes which are mainly used in soil models. These computer codes are to be used to design mine resistant personnel carriers and in the field to predict the threat assessments.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Blast loading, Buried explosives, Impulse measurement, Mechanical engineering, Pressure measurement, Scaling, Target loading}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1313738071?accountid=14270}, author = {Leiste, Hans Ulrich} } @mastersthesis {6491, title = {Factors influencing the decline of native fishes in the upper {Verde} {River} watershed and management options for their conservation}, year = {2012}, note = {1531532}, school = {Northern Arizona University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Native fish in streams throughout the American Southwest are declining. Many native fish species have been extirpated from the Verde River in Arizona in the past few decades. The introduction of non-native fish nearly a century ago, and stocking of non-native game fish have seriously impacted native fish. Increased groundwater pumping due to increasing urban populations, the threat of climate change, and the low priority of instream water rights compared to other water users{\textquoteright} rights leave streamflow in the Verde River watershed in danger of decline. A decline in streamflow leads to loss of instream habitat for native fish, and crowding of native and non-native species. The objectives of this study were 1) to compare native and non-native fish abundance and distribution with respect to habitat characteristics, 2) to describe factors currently threatening native fish, and 3) to explore management and policy options that can mitigate as many of the problems threatening native fish as possible. The thesis is written with two stand-alone chapters because, though both are focused on native fish, they explore different questions using different methods. Chapter one is the report of an observational study examining native and non-native fish distribution and abundance, and differences in habitat utilization. In this study I collected microhabitat data associated with individual native and non-native fish and analyzed the data using Kruskal-Wallace and chi-squared analysis, and non-metric multidimensional scaling. Neither native nor non-native species showed strong affinity for particular habitat characteristics. Non-native fish were far more abundant in the entire study area than native fish, with only two sites predominately populated with native fish. Chapter two is written as a review of the status of, and threats to, native fish of the Verde River, and various management options that could be used to conserve native fish populations. Of all of the possible factors affecting native fish, hydrologic alteration and the continued presence of non-native fish are the biggest threats. Arizona must redefine the legal relationship between surface and groundwater, and monitor groundwater usage to protect instream flows. In addition to protecting instream flows and habitat, native fish must be protected from non-native fish by controlling non-native numbers, and possibly by providing refuge habitat for native fish.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0477:Environmental Studies, 0792:Aquatic sciences, Aquatic sciences, Biological sciences, Ecology, Environmental Studies, Health and environmental sciences, Southwestern native fish, Stream ecology, Verde river}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1270420754?accountid=14270}, author = {Skow, Dena M.} } @inbook {3884, title = {Family {Astroviridae}}, booktitle = {Virus {Taxonomy}: {Classification} and nomenclature of viruses. {Ninth} report of the {International} {Committee} on {Taxonomy} of {Viruses}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses}, organization = {the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses}, author = {Bosch, A and Guix, S and Krishna, N K and M{\'e}ndez, E}, editor = {King, AMQ and Adams, MJ and Carstens, EB and Lefkowitz, EJ} } @article {758, title = {Family Astroviridae. In: King {AMQ,} Adams {MJ,} Carstens {EB,} Lefkowitz {EJ,} editors. Virus Taxonomy: Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Elsevier Academic Press}, author = {Bosch, A and Guix, S and Krishna, NK and M{\'e}ndez, E} } @article {13513, title = {Fasciola hepatica phenotypic characterisation in Andean human endemic areas: valley versus altiplanic patterns analysed in liver flukes from sheep from Cajamarca and Mantaro, Peru}, journal = {Infect Genet Evol}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {403-410}, author = {Valero, M. A. and Perez-Crespo, I. and Khoubbane, M. and Artigas, P. and Panova, M. and Ortiz, P. and Maco, V. and Espinoza, J. R. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {1700, title = {Feasibility of quantitative environmental surveillance in poliovirus eradication strategies}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {78}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, note = {Lodder, W J Buisman, A M Rutjes, S A Heijne, J C Teunis, P F de Roda Husman, A M United States Applied and environmental microbiology Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Jun;78(11):3800-5. Epub 2012 Mar 23.}, pages = {3800-5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The progress of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative is monitored by acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance supplemented with environmental surveillance in selected areas. To assess the sensitivity of environmental surveillance, stools from (re)vaccinated elderly persons with a low seroprevalence and from wastewater were concurrently collected and analyzed in the Netherlands over a prolonged period of time. A total number of 228 healthy individuals with different levels of immunity were challenged with monovalent oral polio vaccine serotype 1 or 3. Poliovirus concentrations were determined by the titration of fecal suspensions on poliovirus-sensitive L20B cells and of sewage concentrates by L20B monolayer plaque assay. Almost half of the individuals (45\%) shed poliovirus on day 3 after challenge, which peaked (57\%) on day 8 with an average poliovirus excretion of 1.3 x 10(5) TCID(50) per g of feces and gradually decreased to less than 5\% on day 42. The virus concentrations in sewage peaked on days 6 to 8 at approximately 100 PFU per liter, remained high until day 14, and subsequently decreased to less than 10 PFU per liter on day 29. The estimated poliovirus concentration in sewage approximated the measured initial virus excretion in feces, within 1 log(10) variation, resulting in a sensitivity of detection of 100 infected but mostly asymptomatic individuals in tens of thousands of individuals. An additional second peak observed in sewage may indicate secondary transmission missed by enterovirus or AFP surveillance in patients. This enables the detection of circulating poliovirus by environmental surveillance, supporting its feasibility as an early warning system.}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {AEM.07972-11 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.07972-11}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22447593}, author = {Lodder, W. J. and Buisman, A. M. and Rutjes, S. A. and Heijne, J. C. and Teunis, P. F. and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {1767, title = {Fecal contamination and diarrheal pathogens on surfaces and in soils among Tanzanian households with and without improved sanitation}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, note = {Pickering, Amy J Julian, Timothy R Marks, Sara J Mattioli, Mia C Boehm, Alexandria B Schwab, Kellogg J Davis, Jennifer Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States Environmental science \& technology Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Jun 5;46(11):5736-43. doi: 10.1021/es300022c. Epub 2012 May 15.}, pages = {5736-43}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Little is known about the extent or pattern of environmental fecal contamination among households using low-cost, on-site sanitation facilities, or what role environmental contamination plays in the transmission of diarrheal disease. A microbial survey of fecal contamination and selected diarrheal pathogens in soil (n = 200), surface (n = 120), and produce samples (n = 24) was conducted in peri-urban Bagamoyo, Tanzania, among 20 households using private pit latrines. All samples were analyzed for E. coli and enterococci. A subset was analyzed for enterovirus, rotavirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, diarrheagenic E. coli, and general and human-specific Bacteroidales fecal markers using molecular methods. Soil collected from the house floor had significantly higher concentrations of E. coli and enterococci than soil collected from the latrine floor. There was no significant difference in fecal indicator bacteria levels between households using pit latrines with a concrete slab (improved sanitation) versus those without a slab. These findings imply that the presence of a concrete slab does not affect the level of fecal contamination in the household environment in this setting. Human Bacteroidales, pathogenic E. coli, enterovirus, and rotavirus genes were detected in soil samples, suggesting that soil should be given more attention as a transmission pathway of diarrheal illness in low-income countries.}, keywords = {Agricultural/microbiology Diarrhea/*microbiology Enterococcus/growth \& development *Environmental Monitoring Escherichia coli/genetics/growth \& development *Family Characteristics Feces/*microbiology Genes, Bacterial/genetics Humans *Sanitation Sequence Analysis, Colony Count, DNA *Soil Microbiology Surface Properties Tanzania, Microbial Crops}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es300022c}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22545817}, author = {Pickering, A. J. and Julian, T. R. and Marks, S. J. and Mattioli, M. C. and Boehm, A. B. and Schwab, K. J. and Davis, J.} } @article {16639, title = {Fecal contamination and diarrheal pathogens on surfaces and in soils among {Tanzanian} households with and without improved sanitation}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {46}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {5736{\textendash}5743}, author = {Pickering, Amy J and Julian, Timothy R and Marks, Sara J and Mattioli, Mia C and Boehm, Alexandria B and Schwab, Kellogg J and Davis, Jennifer} } @article {12888, title = {Fecal contamination and diarrheal pathogens on surfaces and in soils among Tanzanian households with and without improved sanitation}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {46}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {5736{\textendash}5743}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Pickering, Amy J and Julian, Timothy R and Marks, Sara J and Mattioli, Mia C and Boehm, Alexandria B and Schwab, Kellogg J and Davis, Jennifer} } @article {3991, title = {{Fecal indicators and zoonotic pathogens in household drinking water taps fed from rainwater tanks in southeast Queensland, Australia}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, year = {2012}, pages = {219{\textendash}226}, author = {Ahmed, W and Hodgers, L and J P Sidhu and Toze, S} } @article {7638, title = {Fecal Indicators and Zoonotic Pathogens in Household Drinking Water Taps Fed from Rainwater Tanks in Southeast Queensland, Australia}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {January 01}, pages = {219-226}, abstract = {In this study, the microbiological quality of household tap water samples fed from rainwater tanks was assessed by monitoring the numbers of Escherichia coli bacteria and enterococci from 24 households in Southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was also used for the quantitative detection of zoonotic pathogens in water samples from rainwater tanks and connected household taps. The numbers of zoonotic pathogens were also estimated in fecal samples from possums and various species of birds by using qPCR, as possums and birds are considered to be the potential sources of fecal contamination in roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW). Among the 24 households, 63\% of rainwater tank and 58\% of connected household tap water (CHTW) samples contained E. coli and exceeded Australian drinking water guidelines of <1 CFU E. coli per 100 ml water. Similarly, 92\% of rainwater tanks and 83\% of CHTW samples also contained enterococci. In all, 21\%, 4\%, and 13\% of rainwater tank samples contained Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Giardia lamblia, respectively. Similarly, 21\% of rainwater tank and 13\% of CHTW samples contained Campylobacter spp. and G. lamblia, respectively. The number of E. coli (P = 0.78), Enterococcus (P = 0.64), Campylobacter (P = 0.44), and G. lamblia (P = 0.50) cells in rainwater tanks did not differ significantly from the numbers observed in the CHTW samples. Among the 40 possum fecal samples tested, Campylobacter spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, and G. lamblia were detected in 60\%, 13\%, and 30\% of samples, respectively. Among the 38 bird fecal samples tested, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., C. parvum, and G. lamblia were detected in 24\%, 11\%, 5\%, and 13\% of the samples, respectively. Household tap water samples fed from rainwater tanks tested in the study appeared to be highly variable. Regular cleaning of roofs and gutters, along with pruning of overhanging tree branches, might also prove effective in reducing animal fecal contamination of rainwater tanks.}, author = {Ahmed,W. and Hodgers,L. and Sidhu,J. P. S. and Toze,S.} } @article {13512, title = {Field evaluation of a coproantigen detection test for fascioliasis diagnosis and surveillance in human hyperendemic areas of Andean countries}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1812}, author = {Valero, M. A. and Periago, M. V. and Perez-Crespo, I. and Angles, R. and Villegas, F. and Aguirre, C. and Strauss, W. and Espinoza, J. R. and Herrera, P. and Terashima, A. and Tamayo, H. and Engels, D. and Gabrielli, A. F. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {8545, title = {{The first detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in environmental fruits and vegetables samples}}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {1101{\textendash}1108}, author = {Lass, A and Pietkiewicz, H and Szostakowska, B and Myjak, P} } @article {11772, title = {{First Molecular Identification of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum Plerocercoids from Feral Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Chile}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {98}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {1220{\textendash}1226}, issn = {0022-3395}, doi = {10.1645/JP-GE-3097.1}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1645/JP-GE-3097.1}, author = {Rozas, M. and Bohle, H. and Sandoval, a. and Ildefonso, R. and Navarrete, a. and Bustos, P.} } @article {9482, title = {{First reported foodborne outbreak associated with microsporidia, Sweden, October 2009}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {140}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {519{\textendash}527}, author = {Decraene, V and Lebbad, M and Botero-Kleiven, S and Gustavsson, AM and L{\"o}fdahl, M} } @article {4046, title = {{Fish as a possible reservoir for zoonotic Giardia duodenalis Assemblages}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2012}, pages = {2193{\textendash}2196}, author = {Ghoneim, NH and Abdel-Moein, KA and Saeed, H} } @article {7406, title = {Foodborne and {Waterborne} {Infections} in {Elderly} {Community} and {Long}-{Term} {Care} {Facility} {Residents}, {Victoria}, {Australia}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {mar}, pages = {377{\textendash}384}, issn = {1080-6040, 1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid1803.110311}, url = {http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/3/11-0311_article.htm}, author = {Kirk, Martyn D. and Gregory, Joy and Lalor, Karin and Hall, Gillian V and Becker, Niels} } @article {13295, title = {A foodborne outbreak of Aeromonas hydrophila in a college, Xingyi City, Guizhou, China, 2012.}, journal = {Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal}, volume = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {39-43}, author = {Zhang, Q. and Zeng, G. and Shi, G.Q. and Tang, G.P. and Zou, Z.T. and Yao, G.H.} } @article {8523, title = {{Foodborne toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {55}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {845{\textendash}851}, author = {Jones, JL and Dubey, JP} } @article {3887, title = {Full genomic analysis of rabbit rotavirus {G}3P[14] strain {N}5 in {China}: identification of a novel {VP}6 genotype.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {1567{\textendash}1576}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2012.06.010}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2012.06.010}, author = {Guo, Dongchun and Liu, Jiasen and Lu, Yan and Sun, Yan and Yuan, Dongwei and Jiang, Qian and Lin, Huan and Li, Changwen and Si, Changde and Qu, Liandong} } @article {3945, title = {Full genomic analysis of rabbit rotavirus {G}3P[14] strain {N}5 in {China}: identification of a novel {VP}6 genotype.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {1567{\textendash}1576}, abstract = {Group A rotaviruses \{\{\}(RVAs)\{\}\} are major pathogens associated with acute gastroenteritis in young children and in a wide variety of domestic animals. The full-length genome of a rabbit \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} strain, \{\{\}RVA/Rabbit-tc/CHN/N5/1992/G3P[14],\{\}\} showed a \{\{\}G3-P[14]-I17-R3-C3-M3-A9-N1-T1-E3-H2\{\}\} genomic configuration. A novel \{\{\}VP6\{\}\} genotype, I17, was confirmed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain N5 possessed \{\{\}VP1-3,\{\}\} \{\{\}VP7,\{\}\} \{\{\}NSP1-2\{\}\} and \{\{\}NSP4\{\}\} genes closely related to those of the simian strain \{\{\}TUCH,\{\}\} \{\{\}NSP3\{\}\} and \{\{\}NSP5\{\}\} genes closely related to the human strains Wa and \{\{\}69M,\{\}\} and a \{\{\}VP4\{\}\} gene closely related to the rabbit strain 30/96 and sheep strain \{\{\}OVR762.\{\}\} The \{\{\}RRV\{\}\} and \{\{\}TUCH\{\}\} shared their ancestry with canine/feline \{\{\}RVAs\{\}\} and showed a close relationship to the human T152/feline-like \{\{\}RVAs.\{\}\} Comparison with the genotypes of the simian strains \{\{\}TUCH\{\}\} and \{\{\}RRV,\{\}\} canine strains A79-10, \{\{\}CU-1,\{\}\} K9, feline strains Cat2 and Cat97, and human strains T152 and \{\{\}69M\{\}\} showed that \{\{\}RVA/Rabbit-tc/CHN/N5/1992/G3P[14]\{\}\} was possibly of feline/canine origin, or was a multiple reassortment involving canine, feline and human rotaviruses. The sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of rotavirus genomes is critical to the elucidation of the patterns of virus evolution.}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2012.06.010}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2012.06.010}, author = {Guo, Dongchun and Liu, Jiasen and Lu, Yan and Sun, Yan and Yuan, Dongwei and Jiang, Qian and Lin, Huan and Li, Changwen and Si, Changde and Qu, Liandong} } @article {783, title = {Full genomic analysis of rabbit rotavirus {G3P[14]} strain N5 in China: identification of a novel {VP6} genotype.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {1567-1576}, abstract = {Group A rotaviruses {(RVAs)} are major pathogens associated with acute gastroenteritis in young children and in a wide variety of domestic animals. The full-length genome of a rabbit {RVA} strain, {RVA/Rabbit-tc/CHN/N5/1992/G3P[14],} showed a {G3-P[14]-I17-R3-C3-M3-A9-N1-T1-E3-H2} genomic configuration. A novel {VP6} genotype, I17, was confirmed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain N5 possessed {VP1-3,} {VP7,} {NSP1-2} and {NSP4} genes closely related to those of the simian strain {TUCH,} {NSP3} and {NSP5} genes closely related to the human strains Wa and {69M,} and a {VP4} gene closely related to the rabbit strain 30/96 and sheep strain {OVR762.} The {RRV} and {TUCH} shared their ancestry with canine/feline {RVAs} and showed a close relationship to the human T152/feline-like {RVAs.} Comparison with the genotypes of the simian strains {TUCH} and {RRV,} canine strains A79-10, {CU-1,} K9, feline strains Cat2 and Cat97, and human strains T152 and {69M} showed that {RVA/Rabbit-tc/CHN/N5/1992/G3P[14]} was possibly of feline/canine origin, or was a multiple reassortment involving canine, feline and human rotaviruses. The sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of rotavirus genomes is critical to the elucidation of the patterns of virus evolution.}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2012.06.010}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2012.06.010}, author = {Guo, Dongchun and Liu, Jiasen and Lu, Yan and Sun, Yan and Yuan, Dongwei and Jiang, Qian and Lin, Huan and Li, Changwen and Si, Changde and Qu, Liandong} } @article {2537, title = {Full genomic analysis of rabbit rotavirus {G3P[14]} strain N5 in China: identification of a novel {VP6} genotype.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {1567-1576}, abstract = {Group A rotaviruses {(RVAs)} are major pathogens associated with acute gastroenteritis in young children and in a wide variety of domestic animals. The full-length genome of a rabbit {RVA} strain, {RVA/Rabbit-tc/CHN/N5/1992/G3P[14],} showed a {G3-P[14]-I17-R3-C3-M3-A9-N1-T1-E3-H2} genomic configuration. A novel {VP6} genotype, I17, was confirmed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain N5 possessed {VP1-3,} {VP7,} {NSP1-2} and {NSP4} genes closely related to those of the simian strain {TUCH,} {NSP3} and {NSP5} genes closely related to the human strains Wa and {69M,} and a {VP4} gene closely related to the rabbit strain 30/96 and sheep strain {OVR762.} The {RRV} and {TUCH} shared their ancestry with canine/feline {RVAs} and showed a close relationship to the human T152/feline-like {RVAs.} Comparison with the genotypes of the simian strains {TUCH} and {RRV,} canine strains A79-10, {CU-1,} K9, feline strains Cat2 and Cat97, and human strains T152 and {69M} showed that {RVA/Rabbit-tc/CHN/N5/1992/G3P[14]} was possibly of feline/canine origin, or was a multiple reassortment involving canine, feline and human rotaviruses. The sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of rotavirus genomes is critical to the elucidation of the patterns of virus evolution.}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2012.06.010}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2012.06.010}, author = {Guo, Dongchun and Liu, Jiasen and Lu, Yan and Sun, Yan and Yuan, Dongwei and Jiang, Qian and Lin, Huan and Li, Changwen and Si, Changde and Qu, Liandong} } @article {16516, title = {Generalized urticaria induced by the {Na}-{ASP}-2 hookworm vaccine: implications for the development of vaccines against helminths}, journal = {J Allergy Clin Immunol}, volume = {130}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {169{\textendash}76 e6}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Necator americanus Ancylostoma-secreted protein 2 (Na-ASP-2) is secreted by infective hookworm larvae on entry into human hosts. Vaccination of laboratory animals with recombinant Na-ASP-2 provides significant protection against challenge infections. In endemic areas antibodies to Na-ASP-2 are associated with reduced risk of heavy N americanus infections. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant Na-ASP-2 adjuvanted with Alhydrogel in healthy Brazilian adults previously infected with N americanus. METHODS: Participants were randomized to receive Na-ASP-2 or hepatitis B vaccine. Major IgG and IgE epitopes of the Na-ASP-2 molecule were mapped by using sera from these same subjects. Seroepidemiologic studies in adults and children residing in hookworm-endemic areas were conducted to assess the prevalence of IgE responses to Na-ASP-2. RESULTS: Vaccination with a single dose of Na-ASP-2 resulted in generalized urticarial reactions in several volunteers. These reactions were associated with pre-existing Na-ASP-2-specific IgE likely induced by previous hookworm infection. Surveys revealed that a significant proportion of the population in hookworm-endemic areas had increased levels of IgE to Na-ASP-2. Epitope mapping demonstrated sites on the Na-ASP-2 molecule that are uniquely or jointly recognized by IgG and IgE antibodies. CONCLUSION: Infection with N americanus induces increased levels of total and specific IgE to Na-ASP-2 that result in generalized urticaria on vaccination with recombinant Na-ASP-2. These data advance knowledge of vaccine development for helminths given their propensity to induce strong T(H)2 responses. Study data highlight the important differences between the immune responses to natural helminth infection and to vaccination with a recombinant helminth antigen.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Antigens, Brazil/epidemiology, Epitope Mapping, Female, Helminth Proteins/administration \& dosage/*adverse effects/immunology, Helminth/administration \& dosage/*adverse effects/immunology, Humans, Immunoglobulin E/blood, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Male, Middle Aged, Necator americanus/*immunology, Necatoriasis/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention \& control, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Synthetic/administration \& dosage/*adverse effects/immunology, Treatment Outcome, Urticaria/*epidemiology/etiology, Vaccination/adverse effects, Vaccines, Young Adult}, issn = {1097-6825 (Electronic) 0091-6749 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaci.2012.04.027}, author = {Diemert, D. J. and Pinto, A. G. and Freire, J. and Jariwala, A. and Santiago, H. and Hamilton, R. G. and Periago, M. V. and Loukas, A. and Tribolet, L. and Mulvenna, J. and Correa-Oliveira, R. and Hotez, P. J. and Bethony, J. M.} } @article {12024, title = {Generalized urticaria induced by the Na-ASP-2 hookworm vaccine: implications for the development of vaccines against helminths}, journal = {The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology}, volume = {130}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {Diemert, David J
Pinto, Antonio G
Freire, Janaina
Jariwala, Amar
Santiago, Helton
Hamilton, Robert G
Periago, Maria Victoria
Loukas, Alex
Tribolet, Leon
Mulvenna, Jason
Correa-Oliveira, Rodrigo
Hotez, Peter J
Bethony, Jeffrey M
eng
Clinical Trial, Phase I
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2012/05/29 06:00
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Jul;130(1):169-76.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.04.027. Epub 2012 May 26.}, month = {Jul}, pages = {169-76 e6}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Necator americanus Ancylostoma-secreted protein 2 (Na-ASP-2) is secreted by infective hookworm larvae on entry into human hosts. Vaccination of laboratory animals with recombinant Na-ASP-2 provides significant protection against challenge infections. In endemic areas antibodies to Na-ASP-2 are associated with reduced risk of heavy N americanus infections. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant Na-ASP-2 adjuvanted with Alhydrogel in healthy Brazilian adults previously infected with N americanus. METHODS: Participants were randomized to receive Na-ASP-2 or hepatitis B vaccine. Major IgG and IgE epitopes of the Na-ASP-2 molecule were mapped by using sera from these same subjects. Seroepidemiologic studies in adults and children residing in hookworm-endemic areas were conducted to assess the prevalence of IgE responses to Na-ASP-2. RESULTS: Vaccination with a single dose of Na-ASP-2 resulted in generalized urticarial reactions in several volunteers. These reactions were associated with pre-existing Na-ASP-2-specific IgE likely induced by previous hookworm infection. Surveys revealed that a significant proportion of the population in hookworm-endemic areas had increased levels of IgE to Na-ASP-2. Epitope mapping demonstrated sites on the Na-ASP-2 molecule that are uniquely or jointly recognized by IgG and IgE antibodies. CONCLUSION: Infection with N americanus induces increased levels of total and specific IgE to Na-ASP-2 that result in generalized urticaria on vaccination with recombinant Na-ASP-2. These data advance knowledge of vaccine development for helminths given their propensity to induce strong T(H)2 responses. Study data highlight the important differences between the immune responses to natural helminth infection and to vaccination with a recombinant helminth antigen.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Antigens, Helminth/administration \& dosage/*adverse effects/immunology, Brazil/epidemiology, Epitope Mapping, Female, Helminth Proteins/administration \& dosage/*adverse effects/immunology, Humans, Immunoglobulin E/blood, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Male, Middle Aged, Necator americanus/*immunology, Necatoriasis/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention \& control, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Treatment Outcome, Urticaria/*epidemiology/etiology, Vaccination/adverse effects, Vaccines, Synthetic/administration \& dosage/*adverse effects/immunology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1097-6825 (Electronic)
0091-6749 (Linking)}, author = {Diemert, D. J. and Pinto, A. G. and Freire, J. and Jariwala, A. and Santiago, H. and Hamilton, R. G. and Periago, M. V. and Loukas, A. and Tribolet, L. and Mulvenna, J. and Correa-Oliveira, R. and Hotez, P. J. and Bethony, J. M.} } @article {5715, title = {{Genetic Analysis of Hepatitis A Virus Strains that Induced Epidemics in Korea During 2007-2009}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {1252{\textendash}1257}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.01114-11}, author = {Lee, H and Jeong, H and Yun, H and Kim, K and Kim, JH and Yang, JM and Cheon, DS} } @article {14447, title = {Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of enteroviruses from sewage-polluted urban and rural rivers in the {Philippines}}, journal = {Virus Genes}, volume = {45}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {207{\textendash}17}, abstract = {Despite the vast distribution and expansive diversity of enteroviruses reported globally, indicators defining a complete view of the epidemiology of enteroviruses in tropical countries such as the Philippines are yet to be established. Detection of enteroviruses in the environment has been one of the markers of circulating viruses in a community. This study aimed to bridge the gap in the epidemiology of enteroviruses in the Philippines by providing an overview of the occurrence of enteroviruses in both urban and rural rivers. Molecular detection directed at the VP1 region of the enterovirus genome was performed on 44 grab river water samples collected from April to December 2009. The majority of the enterovirus serotypes detected were clustered with human enterovirus C species (HEV-C; 21/42), followed by HEV-B (12/42) and HEV-A (9/42). Porcine enterovirus 9 was also found in 12 out of 44 water samples. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the viruses detected were closely related, if not all forming a monophyletic clade, with those enteroviruses detected previously from acute flaccid paralysis cases in the country. The clustering of environmental and human enterovirus strains implies that the circulation of these strains were associated with river contamination. This study gives further evidence of the environmental persistence of enteroviruses once they are shed in feces and likewise, provides additional data which may help in understanding the epidemiology of enteroviruses in humans, highlighting the need for more studies on the potential public health risks linked with enteroviruses found in the environment and their eventual clinical consequences in the country.}, keywords = {Cluster Analysis, DNA, Enterovirus/*classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Genetic Variation, genotype, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Philippines, Phylogeny, Rivers/*virology, RNA, Rural Population, Sequence Analysis, Urban Population, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1572-994X (Electronic) 0920-8569 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s11262-012-0776-z}, author = {Apostol, L. N. and Imagawa, T. and Suzuki, A. and Masago, Y. and Lupisan, S. and Olveda, R. and Saito, M. and Omura, T. and Oshitani, H.} } @article {14859, title = {Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of enteroviruses from sewage-polluted urban and rural rivers in the {Philippines}}, journal = {Virus Genes}, volume = {45}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {207{\textendash}17}, abstract = {Despite the vast distribution and expansive diversity of enteroviruses reported globally, indicators defining a complete view of the epidemiology of enteroviruses in tropical countries such as the Philippines are yet to be established. Detection of enteroviruses in the environment has been one of the markers of circulating viruses in a community. This study aimed to bridge the gap in the epidemiology of enteroviruses in the Philippines by providing an overview of the occurrence of enteroviruses in both urban and rural rivers. Molecular detection directed at the VP1 region of the enterovirus genome was performed on 44 grab river water samples collected from April to December 2009. The majority of the enterovirus serotypes detected were clustered with human enterovirus C species (HEV-C; 21/42), followed by HEV-B (12/42) and HEV-A (9/42). Porcine enterovirus 9 was also found in 12 out of 44 water samples. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the viruses detected were closely related, if not all forming a monophyletic clade, with those enteroviruses detected previously from acute flaccid paralysis cases in the country. The clustering of environmental and human enterovirus strains implies that the circulation of these strains were associated with river contamination. This study gives further evidence of the environmental persistence of enteroviruses once they are shed in feces and likewise, provides additional data which may help in understanding the epidemiology of enteroviruses in humans, highlighting the need for more studies on the potential public health risks linked with enteroviruses found in the environment and their eventual clinical consequences in the country.}, keywords = {Cluster Analysis, DNA, Enterovirus/*classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Genetic Variation, genotype, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Philippines, Phylogeny, Rivers/*virology, RNA, Rural Population, Sequence Analysis, Urban Population, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1572-994X (Electronic) 0920-8569 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s11262-012-0776-z}, author = {Apostol, L. N. and Imagawa, T. and Suzuki, A. and Masago, Y. and Lupisan, S. and Olveda, R. and Saito, M. and Omura, T. and Oshitani, H.} } @article {1455, title = {Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of enteroviruses from sewage-polluted urban and rural rivers in the Philippines}, journal = {Virus Genes}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {Apostol, Lea Necitas G Imagawa, Tomifumi Suzuki, Akira Masago, Yoshifumi Lupisan, Socorro Olveda, Remigio Saito, Mariko Omura, Tatsuo Oshitani, Hitoshi eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2012/06/30 06:00 Virus Genes. 2012 Oct;45(2):207-17. Epub 2012 Jun 29.}, pages = {207-17}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Despite the vast distribution and expansive diversity of enteroviruses reported globally, indicators defining a complete view of the epidemiology of enteroviruses in tropical countries such as the Philippines are yet to be established. Detection of enteroviruses in the environment has been one of the markers of circulating viruses in a community. This study aimed to bridge the gap in the epidemiology of enteroviruses in the Philippines by providing an overview of the occurrence of enteroviruses in both urban and rural rivers. Molecular detection directed at the VP1 region of the enterovirus genome was performed on 44 grab river water samples collected from April to December 2009. The majority of the enterovirus serotypes detected were clustered with human enterovirus C species (HEV-C; 21/42), followed by HEV-B (12/42) and HEV-A (9/42). Porcine enterovirus 9 was also found in 12 out of 44 water samples. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the viruses detected were closely related, if not all forming a monophyletic clade, with those enteroviruses detected previously from acute flaccid paralysis cases in the country. The clustering of environmental and human enterovirus strains implies that the circulation of these strains were associated with river contamination. This study gives further evidence of the environmental persistence of enteroviruses once they are shed in feces and likewise, provides additional data which may help in understanding the epidemiology of enteroviruses in humans, highlighting the need for more studies on the potential public health risks linked with enteroviruses found in the environment and their eventual clinical consequences in the country.}, keywords = {Cluster Analysis Enterovirus/*classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification Genetic Variation Genotype Humans Molecular Sequence Data Philippines Phylogeny RNA, DNA Urban Population, Viral/genetics Rivers/*virology Rural Population Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1572-994X (Electronic) 0920-8569 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s11262-012-0776-z}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22743820}, author = {Apostol, L. N. and Imagawa, T. and Suzuki, A. and Masago, Y. and Lupisan, S. and Olveda, R. and Saito, M. and Omura, T. and Oshitani, H.} } @article {10093, title = {{Genetic markers for rapid PCR-based identification of gull, Canada goose, duck, and chicken fecal contamination in water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, year = {2012}, pages = {503{\textendash}510}, author = {Green, HC and Dick, LK and Gilpin, B and Samadpour, M and Field, KG} } @article {10094, title = {{Genetic markers for rapid PCR-based identification of gull, Canada goose, duck, and chicken fecal contamination in water}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {503{\textendash}510}, author = {Green, HC and Dick, LP and Gilpin, B and Samadpour, M and Field, KG} } @article {536, title = {Genome analysis of bat adenovirus 2: indications of interspecies transmission}, journal = {J Virol}, volume = {86}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {1098-5514 Kohl, Claudia Vidovszky, Marton Z Muhldorfer, Kristin Dabrowski, Piotr Wojtek Radonic, Aleksandar Nitsche, Andreas Wibbelt, Gudrun Kurth, Andreas Harrach, Balazs Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States J Virol. 2012 Feb;86(3):1888-92. doi: 10.1128/JVI.05974-11. Epub 2011 Nov 30.}, pages = {1888-92}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The genome of bat adenovirus 2 was sequenced and analyzed. It is similar in size (31,616 bp) to the genomes of bat adenovirus 3 and canine adenoviruses 1 and 2. These four viruses are monophyletic and share an identical genome organization, with one E3 gene and four E4 genes unique to this group among the mastadenoviruses. These findings suggest that canine adenoviruses may have originated by interspecies transfer of a vespertilionid bat adenovirus.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/*genetics Adenoviridae Infections/*transmission/virology Animals Chiroptera/*virology Female *Genome, Viral Male Open Reading Frames}, issn = {0022-538x}, doi = {10.1128/jvi.05974-11}, author = {Kohl, C. and Vidovszky, M. Z. and Muhldorfer, K. and Dabrowski, P. W. and Radonic, A. and Nitsche, A. and Wibbelt, G. and Kurth, A. and B Harrach} } @article {4526, title = {Genome analysis of bat adenovirus 2: indications of interspecies transmission}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {86}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {1888{\textendash}92}, issn = {0022-538x}, doi = {10.1128/jvi.05974-11}, author = {Kohl, C. and Vidovszky, M. Z. and Muhldorfer, K. and Dabrowski, P. W. and Radonic, A. and Nitsche, A. and Wibbelt, G. and Kurth, A. and B Harrach} } @article {11154, title = {{Genomic diversity of 2010 Haitian cholera outbreak strains}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, year = {2012}, pages = {E2010{\textendash}E2017}, author = {Hasan, NA and Choia, SY and Eppingerc, M and Clarka, PW and Chena, A and Alame, M and Haleya, BJ and Taviania, E and Hinec, E and Suc, Q and Tallonc, LJ and Prosperf, JB and Furthf, K and Hoqg, MM and Lib, H and Fraser-Liggettc, CM and Craviotoe, A, Huqa, A and Ravelc, J and Cebulab, TA and Colwel, RR} } @article {3585, title = {Genotype constellation and evolution of group A rotaviruses infecting humans}, journal = {Current Opinion in Virology}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {426{\textendash}433}, author = {Matthijnssens, Jelle and Ranst, Marc} } @article {6811, title = {Giardia and {Cryptosporidium} on {Dairy} {Farms} and the {Role} these {Farms} {May} {Play} in {Contaminating} {Water} {Sources} in {Prince} {Edward} {Island}, {Canada}}, journal = {Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {may}, pages = {668{\textendash}673}, issn = {08916640}, doi = {10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00930.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00930.x}, author = {Budu-Amoako, E. and Greenwood, S.J. and Dixon, B.R. and Barkema, H.W. and McClure, J.T.} } @article {4056, title = {{Giardia duodenalis cyst survival in cattle slurry}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {184}, year = {2012}, pages = {330{\textendash}334}, author = {Grit, GH and B{\'e}n{\'e}r{\'e}, E and Ehsan, A and De Wilde, N and Claerebout, E and Vercruysse, J and Maes, L and Geurden, T} } @article {9080, title = {{Giardia duodenalis cyst survival in cattle slurry}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {184}, number = {2{\textendash}4}, year = {2012}, month = {mar}, pages = {330{\textendash}334}, abstract = {Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite known to infect animals and humans. Zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis can occur by the consumption of drinking water produced from surface water that is contaminated by runoff from manure-laden fields or pastures. Although it was previously reported that storing solid cattle manure decreases G. duodenalis cyst viability, no data are available on cyst survival in slurry waste from cattle. In this study the number and the viability of G. duodenalis cysts was determined in cattle slurry for up to 90 days. G. duodenalis cysts were counted in 30 slurry samples with a quantitative direct immunofluorescence assay. The geometric mean number of cysts was reduced by 77{\%} after 90 days (P {\textless} 0.0014), although there was substantial variability between samples. A fluorogenic dye staining using 4',6'-di-amino-2-phenylindole and propidium iodide showed a decreased viability from 45 days onwards, and after 90 days incubation, only 3{\%} of the cysts were viable. Gerbils and lambs were artificially infected with 50 day-old and 90 day-old cysts and faecal excretion of G. duodenalis was monitored between 5 and 7 days after infection. Seven days after infection the gerbils were euthanized for Giardia trophozoite counts. Although one cyst was found in the faeces of one of the gerbils after infection with 50 day-old cysts, no trophozoites were recovered from the intestines of any gerbil (n = 8). Experimental infection of lambs with 105 50 day-old and 90 day-old slurry cysts caused low cyst excretion in one out of two and one out of three lambs, respectively. Together, these data show that storage of cattle slurry for 90 days greatly reduces the number and viability of G. duodenalis cysts.}, keywords = {Cattle, Cyst survival, Giardia duodenalis, infectivity, Slurry}, issn = {0304-4017}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.08.021}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401711005681}, author = {Grit, G H and B{\'e}n{\'e}r{\'e}, E and Ehsan, A and De Wilde, N and Claerebout, E and Vercruysse, J and Maes, L and Geurden, T} } @article {4150, title = {{Giardia- from genome to proteome}}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {78}, year = {2012}, pages = {57{\textendash}95}, author = {Thompson, RCA and Monis, PT} } @book {16513, title = {{GIS} and public health}, year = {2012}, publisher = {The Guilford Press}, organization = {The Guilford Press}, edition = {2nd}, address = {New York}, abstract = {"Authoritative and comprehensive, this is the leading text and professional resource on using geographic information systems (GIS) to analyze and address public health problems. Basic GIS concepts and tools are explained, including ways to access and manage spatial databases. The book presents state-of-the-art methods for mapping and analyzing data on population, health events, risk factors, and health services, and for incorporating geographical knowledge into planning and policy. Numerous maps, diagrams, and real-world applications are featured. The companion Web page provides lab exercises with data that can be downloaded for individual or course use"{\textendash}}, keywords = {Geographic information systems., MEDICAL / Epidemiology, MEDICAL / General, MEDICAL / Health Care Delivery, MEDICAL / Health Policy, MEDICAL / Public Health, Public health Data processing., SCIENCE / Earth Sciences / Geography, SOCIAL SCIENCE / Human Geography, TECHNOLOGY \& ENGINEERING / Cartography}, isbn = {9781609187507 (hardback)}, author = {Cromley, Ellen K. and McLafferty, Sara} } @book {12021, title = {GIS and public health}, year = {2012}, note = {2011019585
Ellen K. Cromley, Sara L. McLafferty.
ill., maps ; 25 cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 425-483) and index.
Machine generated contents note: Introduction1. Geographic Information Systems2. Spatial Data3. Spatial Databases for Public Health4. Mapping Health Information5. Analyzing Spatial Clustering of Health Events6. Analyzing Environmental Hazards7. Analyzing the Risk and Spread of Infectious Diseases8. Exploring the Ecology of Vector-Borne Disease9. Analyzing Access to Health Services10. Locating Health Services11. Health Disparities12. Public Participation GIS and Community Health.}, pages = {xxiv, 503 p.}, publisher = {The Guilford Press}, organization = {The Guilford Press}, edition = {2nd}, address = {New York}, abstract = {"Authoritative and comprehensive, this is the leading text and professional resource on using geographic information systems (GIS) to analyze and address public health problems. Basic GIS concepts and tools are explained, including ways to access and manage spatial databases. The book presents state-of-the-art methods for mapping and analyzing data on population, health events, risk factors, and health services, and for incorporating geographical knowledge into planning and policy. Numerous maps, diagrams, and real-world applications are featured. The companion Web page provides lab exercises with data that can be downloaded for individual or course use"--}, keywords = {Geographic information systems., MEDICAL / Epidemiology, MEDICAL / General, MEDICAL / Health Care Delivery, MEDICAL / Health Policy, MEDICAL / Public Health, Public health Data processing., SCIENCE / Earth Sciences / Geography, SOCIAL SCIENCE / Human Geography, TECHNOLOGY \& ENGINEERING / Cartography}, isbn = {9781609187507 (hardback)}, author = {Cromley, Ellen K. and McLafferty, Sara} } @article {4534, title = {{GIV} noroviruses and other enteric viruses in bivalves: a preliminary study}, journal = {New Microbiol}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {27{\textendash}34}, issn = {1121-7138 (Print) 1121-7138 (Linking)}, author = {La Rosa, G. and Fratini, M. and Spuri Vennarucci, V. and Guercio, A. and Purpari, G. and Muscillo, M.} } @article {1252, title = {GIV noroviruses and other enteric viruses in bivalves: a preliminary study}, journal = {The New Microbiologica}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {La Rosa, Giuseppina Fratini, Marta Spuri Vennarucci, Valentina Guercio, Annalisa Purpari, Giuseppa Muscillo, Michele Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Italy The new microbiologica New Microbiol. 2012 Jan;35(1):27-34. Epub 2012 Jan 10.}, pages = {27-34}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

We evaluated the presence of the enteric viruses: norovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A virus, and hepatitis E virus in bivalves using nested PCR methods and cell culture assays. Noroviruses GII.4 and GIV.1, adenoviruses types 1 and 2, hepatitis A, and echovirus type 7 were detected in the shellfish tested, which were often co-infected. This is the first study to detect such a high level of viral contamination in Italian mussels (up to four different viral groups in a single sample), and the first to document the presence of GIV NoV in shellfish.

}, keywords = {Animals Bivalvia/ virology Cell Line Enterovirus/genetics/ isolation \& purification Food Contamination Food Microbiology/standards Humans Molecular Sequence Data Norovirus/genetics/ isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Viral/analysis Seafood/virology}, issn = {1121-7138 (Print) 1121-7138 (Linking)}, author = {La Rosa, G. and Fratini, M. and Spuri Vennarucci, V. and Guercio, A. and Purpari, G. and Muscillo, M.} } @article {9326, title = {{Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {380}, number = {9859}, year = {2012}, pages = {2095{\textendash}2128}, author = {Lozano, R and Naghavi, M and Foreman, K and Lim, S and Shibuya, K and Aboyans, V and Abraham, J and Adair, T and Aggarwal, R and Ahn, SY and Alvarado, M and Anderson, HR and Anderson, LM and Andrews, KG and Atkinson, C and Baddour, LM and Barker-Collo, S and Bartels, DH and Bell, ML and Benjamin, EJ and Bennett, D and Bhalla, K and Bikbov, B and Bin Abdulhak, A and Birbeck, G and Blyth, F and Bolliger, I and Boufous, S and Bucello, C and Burch, M and Burney, P and Carapetis, J and Chen, H and Chou, D and Chugh, SS and Coffeng, LE and Colan, SD and Colquhoun, S and Colson, KE and Condon, J and Connor, MD and Cooper, LT and Corriere, M and Cortinovis, M and de Vaccaro, KC and Couser, W and Cowie, BC and Criqui, MH and Cross, M and Dabhadkar, KC and Dahodwala, N and De Leo, D and Degenhardt, L and Delossantos, A and Denenberg, J and Des Jarlais, DC and Dharmaratne, SD and Dorsey, ER and Driscoll, T and Duber, H and Ebel, B and Erwin, PJ and Espindola, P and Ezzati, M and Feigin, V and Flaxman, AD and Forouzanfar, MH and Fowkes, FG and Franklin, R and Fransen, M and Freeman, MK and Gabriel, SE and Gakidou, E and Gaspari, F and Gillum, RF and Gonzalez-Medina, D and Halasa, YA and Haring, D and Harrison, JE and Havmoeller, R and Hay, RJ and Hoen, B and Hotez, PJ and Hoy, D and Jacobsen, KH and James, SL and Jasrasaria, R and Jayaraman, S and Johns, N and Karthikeyan, G and Kassebaum, N and Keren, A and Khoo, JP and Knowlton, LM and Kobusingye, O and Koranteng, A and Krishnamurthi, R and Lipnick, M and Lipshultz, SE and Ohno, SL and Mabweijano, J and MacIntyre, MF and Mallinger, L and March, L and Marks, GB and Marks, R and Matsumori, A and Matzopoulos, R and Mayosi, BM and McAnulty, JH and McDermott, MM and McGrath, J and Mensah, GA and Merriman, TR and Michaud, C and Miller, M and Miller, TR and Mock, C and Mocumbi, AO and Mokdad, AA and Moran, A and Mulholland, K and Nair, MN and Naldi, L and Narayan, KM and Nasseri, K and Norman, P and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, M and Omer, SB and Ortblad, K and Osborne, R and Ozgediz, D and Pahari, B and Pandian, JD and Rivero, AP and Padilla, RP and Perez-Ruiz, F and Perico, N and Phillips, D and Pierce, K and Pope, CA 3rd and Porrini, E and Pourmalek, F and Raju, M and Ranganathan, D and Rehm, JT and Rein, DB and Remuzzi, G and Rivara, FP and Roberts, T and De Leon, FR and Rosenfeld, LC and Rushton, L and Sacco, RL and Salomon, JA and Sampson, U and Sanman, E and Schwebel, DC and Segui-Gomez, M and Shepard, DS and Singh, D and Singleton, J and Sliwa, K and Smith, E and Steer, A and Taylor, JA and Thomas, B and Tleyjeh, IM and Towbin, JA and Truelsen, T and Undurraga, EA and Venketasubramanian, N and Vijayakumar, L and Vos, T and Wagner, GR and Wang, M and Wang, W and Watt, K and Weinstock, MA and Weintraub, R and Wilkinson, JD and Woolf, AD and Wulf, S and Yeh, PH and Yip, P and Zabetian, A and Zheng, ZJ and Lopez, AD and Murray, CJ and AlMazroa, MA and Memish, ZA} } @article {15472, title = {Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {380}, number = {9859}, year = {2012}, note = {Lozano, Rafael
Naghavi, Mohsen
Foreman, Kyle
Lim, Stephen
Shibuya, Kenji
Aboyans, Victor
Abraham, Jerry
Adair, Timothy
Aggarwal, Rakesh
Ahn, Stephanie Y
Alvarado, Miriam
Anderson, H Ross
Anderson, Laurie M
Andrews, Kathryn G
Atkinson, Charles
Baddour, Larry M
Barker-Collo, Suzanne
Bartels, David H
Bell, Michelle L
Benjamin, Emelia J
Bennett, Derrick
Bhalla, Kavi
Bikbov, Boris
Bin Abdulhak, Aref
Birbeck, Gretchen
Blyth, Fiona
Bolliger, Ian
Boufous, Soufiane
Bucello, Chiara
Burch, Michael
Burney, Peter
Carapetis, Jonathan
Chen, Honglei
Chou, David
Chugh, Sumeet S
Coffeng, Luc E
Colan, Steven D
Colquhoun, Samantha
Colson, K Ellicott
Condon, John
Connor, Myles D
Cooper, Leslie T
Corriere, Matthew
Cortinovis, Monica
de Vaccaro, Karen Courville
Couser, William
Cowie, Benjamin C
Criqui, Michael H
Cross, Marita
Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C
Dahodwala, Nabila
De Leo, Diego
Degenhardt, Louisa
Delossantos, Allyne
Denenberg, Julie
Des Jarlais, Don C
Dharmaratne, Samath D
Dorsey, E Ray
Driscoll, Tim
Duber, Herbert
Ebel, Beth
Erwin, Patricia J
Espindola, Patricia
Ezzati, Majid
Feigin, Valery
Flaxman, Abraham D
Forouzanfar, Mohammad H
Fowkes, Francis Gerry R
Franklin, Richard
Fransen, Marlene
Freeman, Michael K
Gabriel, Sherine E
Gakidou, Emmanuela
Gaspari, Flavio
Gillum, Richard F
Gonzalez-Medina, Diego
Halasa, Yara A
Haring, Diana
Harrison, James E
Havmoeller, Rasmus
Hay, Roderick J
Hoen, Bruno
Hotez, Peter J
Hoy, Damian
Jacobsen, Kathryn H
James, Spencer L
Jasrasaria, Rashmi
Jayaraman, Sudha
Johns, Nicole
Karthikeyan, Ganesan
Kassebaum, Nicholas
Keren, Andre
Khoo, Jon-Paul
Knowlton, Lisa Marie
Kobusingye, Olive
Koranteng, Adofo
Krishnamurthi, Rita
Lipnick, Michael
Lipshultz, Steven E
Ohno, Summer Lockett
Mabweijano, Jacqueline
MacIntyre, Michael F
Mallinger, Leslie
March, Lyn
Marks, Guy B
Marks, Robin
Matsumori, Akira
Matzopoulos, Richard
Mayosi, Bongani M
McAnulty, John H
McDermott, Mary M
McGrath, John
Mensah, George A
Merriman, Tony R
Michaud, Catherine
Miller, Matthew
Miller, Ted R
Mock, Charles
Mocumbi, Ana Olga
Mokdad, Ali A
Moran, Andrew
Mulholland, Kim
Nair, M Nathan
Naldi, Luigi
Narayan, K M Venkat
Nasseri, Kiumarss
Norman, Paul
O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Martin
Omer, Saad B
Ortblad, Katrina
Osborne, Richard
Ozgediz, Doruk
Pahari, Bishnu
Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai
Rivero, Andrea Panozo
Padilla, Rogelio Perez
Perez-Ruiz, Fernando
Perico, Norberto
Phillips, David
Pierce, Kelsey
Pope, C Arden 3rd
Porrini, Esteban
Pourmalek, Farshad
Raju, Murugesan
Ranganathan, Dharani
Rehm, Jurgen T
Rein, David B
Remuzzi, Guiseppe
Rivara, Frederick P
Roberts, Thomas
De Leon, Felipe Rodriguez
Rosenfeld, Lisa C
Rushton, Lesley
Sacco, Ralph L
Salomon, Joshua A
Sampson, Uchechukwu
Sanman, Ella
Schwebel, David C
Segui-Gomez, Maria
Shepard, Donald S
Singh, David
Singleton, Jessica
Sliwa, Karen
Smith, Emma
Steer, Andrew
Taylor, Jennifer A
Thomas, Bernadette
Tleyjeh, Imad M
Towbin, Jeffrey A
Truelsen, Thomas
Undurraga, Eduardo A
Venketasubramanian, N
Vijayakumar, Lakshmi
Vos, Theo
Wagner, Gregory R
Wang, Mengru
Wang, Wenzhi
Watt, Kerrianne
Weinstock, Martin A
Weintraub, Robert
Wilkinson, James D
Woolf, Anthony D
Wulf, Sarah
Yeh, Pon-Hsiu
Yip, Paul
Zabetian, Azadeh
Zheng, Zhi-Jie
Lopez, Alan D
Murray, Christopher J L
AlMazroa, Mohammad A
Memish, Ziad A
eng
G0901214/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
K08 HL089675/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/
K23 AG034236/AG/NIA NIH HHS/
Intramural NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
London, England
2012/12/19 06:00
Lancet. 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2095-128. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0.}, month = {Dec 15}, pages = {2095-128}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Reliable and timely information on the leading causes of death in populations, and how these are changing, is a crucial input into health policy debates. In the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010), we aimed to estimate annual deaths for the world and 21 regions between 1980 and 2010 for 235 causes, with uncertainty intervals (UIs), separately by age and sex. METHODS: We attempted to identify all available data on causes of death for 187 countries from 1980 to 2010 from vital registration, verbal autopsy, mortality surveillance, censuses, surveys, hospitals, police records, and mortuaries. We assessed data quality for completeness, diagnostic accuracy, missing data, stochastic variations, and probable causes of death. We applied six different modelling strategies to estimate cause-specific mortality trends depending on the strength of the data. For 133 causes and three special aggregates we used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach, which uses four families of statistical models testing a large set of different models using different permutations of covariates. Model ensembles were developed from these component models. We assessed model performance with rigorous out-of-sample testing of prediction error and the validity of 95\% UIs. For 13 causes with low observed numbers of deaths, we developed negative binomial models with plausible covariates. For 27 causes for which death is rare, we modelled the higher level cause in the cause hierarchy of the GBD 2010 and then allocated deaths across component causes proportionately, estimated from all available data in the database. For selected causes (African trypanosomiasis, congenital syphilis, whooping cough, measles, typhoid and parathyroid, leishmaniasis, acute hepatitis E, and HIV/AIDS), we used natural history models based on information on incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality. We separately estimated cause fractions by aetiology for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and meningitis, as well as disaggregations by subcause for chronic kidney disease, maternal disorders, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. For deaths due to collective violence and natural disasters, we used mortality shock regressions. For every cause, we estimated 95\% UIs that captured both parameter estimation uncertainty and uncertainty due to model specification where CODEm was used. We constrained cause-specific fractions within every age-sex group to sum to total mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions. FINDINGS: In 2010, there were 52.8 million deaths globally. At the most aggregate level, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes were 24.9\% of deaths worldwide in 2010, down from 15.9 million (34.1\%) of 46.5 million in 1990. This decrease was largely due to decreases in mortality from diarrhoeal disease (from 2.5 to 1.4 million), lower respiratory infections (from 3.4 to 2.8 million), neonatal disorders (from 3.1 to 2.2 million), measles (from 0.63 to 0.13 million), and tetanus (from 0.27 to 0.06 million). Deaths from HIV/AIDS increased from 0.30 million in 1990 to 1.5 million in 2010, reaching a peak of 1.7 million in 2006. Malaria mortality also rose by an estimated 19.9\% since 1990 to 1.17 million deaths in 2010. Tuberculosis killed 1.2 million people in 2010. Deaths from non-communicable diseases rose by just under 8 million between 1990 and 2010, accounting for two of every three deaths (34.5 million) worldwide by 2010. 8 million people died from cancer in 2010, 38\% more than two decades ago; of these, 1.5 million (19\%) were from trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer. Ischaemic heart disease and stroke collectively killed 12.9 million people in 2010, or one in four deaths worldwide, compared with one in five in 1990; 1.3 million deaths were due to diabetes, twice as many as in 1990. The fraction of global deaths due to injuries (5.1 million deaths) was marginally higher in 2010 (9.6\%) compared with two decades earlier (8.8\%). This was driven by a 46\% rise in deaths worldwide due to road traffic accidents (1.3 million in 2010) and a rise in deaths from falls. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lower respiratory infections, lung cancer, and HIV/AIDS were the leading causes of death in 2010. Ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, stroke, diarrhoeal disease, malaria, and HIV/AIDS were the leading causes of years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) in 2010, similar to what was estimated for 1990, except for HIV/AIDS and preterm birth complications. YLLs from lower respiratory infections and diarrhoea decreased by 45-54\% since 1990; ischaemic heart disease and stroke YLLs increased by 17-28\%. Regional variations in leading causes of death were substantial. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes still accounted for 76\% of premature mortality in sub-Saharan Africa in 2010. Age standardised death rates from some key disorders rose (HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease in particular), but for most diseases, death rates fell in the past two decades; including major vascular diseases, COPD, most forms of cancer, liver cirrhosis, and maternal disorders. For other conditions, notably malaria, prostate cancer, and injuries, little change was noted. INTERPRETATION: Population growth, increased average age of the world{\textquoteright}s population, and largely decreasing age-specific, sex-specific, and cause-specific death rates combine to drive a broad shift from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes towards non-communicable diseases. Nevertheless, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes remain the dominant causes of YLLs in sub-Saharan Africa. Overlaid on this general pattern of the epidemiological transition, marked regional variation exists in many causes, such as interpersonal violence, suicide, liver cancer, diabetes, cirrhosis, Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis, melanoma, and others. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of sound epidemiological assessments of the causes of death on a regular basis. FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death/*trends, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Health/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality/*trends, Sex Factors, Young Adult}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Lozano, R. and Naghavi, M. and Foreman, K. and Lim, S. and Shibuya, K. and Aboyans, V. and Abraham, J. and Adair, T. and Aggarwal, R. and Ahn, S. Y. and Alvarado, M. and Anderson, H. R. and Anderson, L. M. and Andrews, K. G. and Atkinson, C. and Baddour, L. M. and Barker-Collo, S. and Bartels, D. H. and Bell, M. L. and Benjamin, E. J. and Bennett, D. and Bhalla, K. and Bikbov, B. and Bin Abdulhak, A. and Birbeck, G. and Blyth, F. and Bolliger, I. and Boufous, S. and Bucello, C. and Burch, M. and Burney, P. and Carapetis, J. and Chen, H. and Chou, D. and Chugh, S. S. and Coffeng, L. E. and Colan, S. D. and Colquhoun, S. and Colson, K. E. and Condon, J. and Connor, M. D. and Cooper, L. T. and Corriere, M. and Cortinovis, M. and de Vaccaro, K. C. and Couser, W. and Cowie, B. C. and Criqui, M. H. and Cross, M. and Dabhadkar, K. C. and Dahodwala, N. and De Leo, D. and Degenhardt, L. and Delossantos, A. and Denenberg, J. and Des Jarlais, D. C. and Dharmaratne, S. D. and Dorsey, E. R. and Driscoll, T. and Duber, H. and Ebel, B. and Erwin, P. J. and Espindola, P. and Ezzati, M. and Feigin, V. and Flaxman, A. D. and Forouzanfar, M. H. and Fowkes, F. G. and Franklin, R. and Fransen, M. and Freeman, M. K. and Gabriel, S. E. and Gakidou, E. and Gaspari, F. and Gillum, R. F. and Gonzalez-Medina, D. and Halasa, Y. A. and Haring, D. and Harrison, J. E. and Havmoeller, R. and Hay, R. J. and Hoen, B. and Hotez, P. J. and Hoy, D. and Jacobsen, K. H. and James, S. L. and Jasrasaria, R. and Jayaraman, S. and Johns, N. and Karthikeyan, G. and Kassebaum, N. and Keren, A. and Khoo, J. P. and Knowlton, L. M. and Kobusingye, O. and Koranteng, A. and Krishnamurthi, R. and Lipnick, M. and Lipshultz, S. E. and Ohno, S. L. and Mabweijano, J. and MacIntyre, M. F. and Mallinger, L. and March, L. and Marks, G. B. and Marks, R. and Matsumori, A. and Matzopoulos, R. and Mayosi, B. M. and McAnulty, J. H. and McDermott, M. M. and McGrath, J. and Mensah, G. A. and Merriman, T. R. and Michaud, C. and Miller, M. and Miller, T. R. and Mock, C. and Mocumbi, A. O. and Mokdad, A. A. and Moran, A. and Mulholland, K. and Nair, M. N. and Naldi, L. and Narayan, K. M. and Nasseri, K. and Norman, P. and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, M. and Omer, S. B. and Ortblad, K. and Osborne, R. and Ozgediz, D. and Pahari, B. and Pandian, J. D. and Rivero, A. P. and Padilla, R. P. and Perez-Ruiz, F. and Perico, N. and Phillips, D. and Pierce, K. and Pope, C. A., 3rd and Porrini, E. and Pourmalek, F. and Raju, M. and Ranganathan, D. and Rehm, J. T. and Rein, D. B. and Remuzzi, G. and Rivara, F. P. and Roberts, T. and De Leon, F. R. and Rosenfeld, L. C. and Rushton, L. and Sacco, R. L. and Salomon, J. A. and Sampson, U. and Sanman, E. and Schwebel, D. C. and Segui-Gomez, M. and Shepard, D. S. and Singh, D. and Singleton, J. and Sliwa, K. and Smith, E. and Steer, A. and Taylor, J. A. and Thomas, B. and Tleyjeh, I. M. and Towbin, J. A. and Truelsen, T. and Undurraga, E. A. and Venketasubramanian, N. and Vijayakumar, L. and Vos, T. and Wagner, G. R. and Wang, M. and Wang, W. and Watt, K. and Weinstock, M. A. and Weintraub, R. and Wilkinson, J. D. and Woolf, A. D. and Wulf, S. and Yeh, P. H. and Yip, P. and Zabetian, A. and Zheng, Z. J. and Lopez, A. D. and Murray, C. J. and AlMazroa, M. A. and Memish, Z. A.} } @article {1141, title = {Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis}, journal = {Lancet Oncol}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {607-615}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {adult AFRICA Age Distribution Aged analysis ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA bacteria Bacterial Infections Bacterium cancer Cervix Uteri comparative study Developed Countries Developing Countries DIAGNOSIS EPIDEMIOLOGY Female France FUTURE Global Health health HELIC}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575588}, author = {de Martel, C. and Ferlay, J. and Franceschi, S. and Vignat, J. and Bray, F. and Forman, D. and Plummer, M.} } @article {1142, title = {Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis}, journal = {Lancet Oncol}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {607-615}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {adult AFRICA Age Distribution Aged analysis ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA bacteria Bacterial Infections Bacterium cancer Cervix Uteri comparative study Developed Countries Developing Countries DIAGNOSIS EPIDEMIOLOGY Female France FUTURE Global Health health HELIC}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575588}, author = {de Martel, C. and Ferlay, J. and Franceschi, S. and Vignat, J. and Bray, F. and Forman, D. and Plummer, M.} } @article {1143, title = {Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis}, journal = {Lancet Oncol}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {607-615}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {adult AFRICA Age Distribution Aged analysis ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA bacteria Bacterial Infections Bacterium cancer Cervix Uteri comparative study Developed Countries Developing Countries DIAGNOSIS EPIDEMIOLOGY Female France FUTURE Global Health health HELIC}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575588}, author = {de Martel, C. and Ferlay, J. and Franceschi, S. and Vignat, J. and Bray, F. and Forman, D. and Plummer, M.} } @article {1144, title = {Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis}, journal = {Lancet Oncol}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {607-615}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {adult AFRICA Age Distribution Aged analysis ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA bacteria Bacterial Infections Bacterium cancer Cervix Uteri comparative study Developed Countries Developing Countries DIAGNOSIS EPIDEMIOLOGY Female France FUTURE Global Health health HELIC}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575588}, author = {de Martel, C. and Ferlay, J. and Franceschi, S. and Vignat, J. and Bray, F. and Forman, D. and Plummer, M.} } @article {1145, title = {Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis}, journal = {Lancet Oncol}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {607-615}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {adult AFRICA Age Distribution Aged analysis ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA bacteria Bacterial Infections Bacterium cancer Cervix Uteri comparative study Developed Countries Developing Countries DIAGNOSIS EPIDEMIOLOGY Female France FUTURE Global Health health HELIC}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575588}, author = {de Martel, C. and Ferlay, J. and Franceschi, S. and Vignat, J. and Bray, F. and Forman, D. and Plummer, M.} } @article {1146, title = {Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis}, journal = {Lancet Oncol}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {607-615}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {adult AFRICA Age Distribution Aged analysis ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA bacteria Bacterial Infections Bacterium cancer Cervix Uteri comparative study Developed Countries Developing Countries DIAGNOSIS EPIDEMIOLOGY Female France FUTURE Global Health health HELIC}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575588}, author = {de Martel, C. and Ferlay, J. and Franceschi, S. and Vignat, J. and Bray, F. and Forman, D. and Plummer, M.} } @article {1147, title = {Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis}, journal = {Lancet Oncol}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {607-615}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {adult AFRICA Age Distribution Aged analysis ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA bacteria Bacterial Infections Bacterium cancer Cervix Uteri comparative study Developed Countries Developing Countries DIAGNOSIS EPIDEMIOLOGY Female France FUTURE Global Health health HELIC}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575588}, author = {de Martel, C. and Ferlay, J. and Franceschi, S. and Vignat, J. and Bray, F. and Forman, D. and Plummer, M.} } @article {2777, title = {Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis}, journal = {Lancet Oncol}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {607-615}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {adult AFRICA Age Distribution Aged analysis ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA bacteria Bacterial Infections Bacterium cancer Cervix Uteri comparative study Developed Countries Developing Countries DIAGNOSIS EPIDEMIOLOGY Female France FUTURE Global Health health HELIC}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575588}, author = {de Martel, C. and Ferlay, J. and Franceschi, S. and Vignat, J. and Bray, F. and Forman, D. and Plummer, M.} } @article {10526, title = {{The global burden of cholera}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {90}, year = {2012}, pages = {209{\textendash}218A}, author = {Ali, M and Lopez, AL and You, YA and Kim, YE and Sah, B and Maskery, B and Clemens, J} } @article {12773, title = {{Global burden of human food-borne trematodiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis}}, journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {210{\textendash}221}, author = {F{\"u}rst, T and Keiser, J and Utzinger, J} } @article {13598, title = {Global burden of human food-borne trematodiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {Lancet Infect Dis}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {210-221}, author = {F{\"u}rst, T. and Keiser, J. and Utzinger, J.} } @article {10962, title = {The global burden of neglected tropical diseases}, journal = {Public Health}, volume = {126}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {mar}, pages = {233{\textendash}236}, abstract = {Summary The first comprehensive study on the global burden of disease and risk factors was commissioned by the World Bank in 1992. A follow-up study was performed in 2005, and another iteration was commissioned by the World Health Organization in 2010, due for publication in 2011. The author suggests that the global burden of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has been seriously underestimated. The way forward is the integration of control efforts, with programmes coming together to deliver a package of drugs against NTDs. Barriers to continent-wide coverage of drugs against NTDs are political will (missing in those countries with poor governance), funding (approximately half of the \$1.5{\textendash}2 billion is needed) and human resources. However, if the donors who give so much to malaria, tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus would share just 10\% of the amount allocated to the big three, the most common NTDs could become diseases of the past. This could well happen within 7 years, and the targets of GET2020 (Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020) to eliminate trachoma and GAELF (the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis) to eliminate lymphatic filariasis by 2020 are achievable.}, keywords = {disease burden, Elimination, Helminths, Neglected tropical diseases, Schistosomiasis}, issn = {0033-3506}, doi = {10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350611003672}, author = {Fenwick, A.} } @booklet {8369, title = {Global Costs and Benefits of Drinking-water Supply and Sanitation Interventions to Reach the MDG Target and Universal Coverage}, year = {2012}, publisher = {WHO}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, url = {http://www.who.int/water{\_}sanitation{\_}health/publications/2012/globalcosts.pdf} } @mastersthesis {6306, title = {Global {Governors} and {Local} {Governance}: {Transnational} {Networks} and the {Decentralization} of {Watershed} {Management} in {Ecuador}}, year = {2012}, note = {3521908}, school = {The George Washington University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In 2000 rising concern over the destruction of watershed ecosystems prompted "global governors" (e.g., inter-governmental organizations, donor agencies, non-governmental organizations, and technical experts) to set a goal of implementing local Integrated Watershed Management (IWM) reforms in all countries by 2015. Many attempts failed due to clashes with local norms and practices, but some succeeded. Why are transnational coalitions of local, national, and international IWM advocates more successful implementing their agenda in some communities than others? What are the processes by which norms and policies developed at the global level change people{\textquoteright}s behaviors and governance systems at the subnational level? In other words, how do global governors change local governance? This dissertation answers these questions through a subnational comparison of Ecuadorian watersheds. Specifically, it compares attempts to create two new institutions for governing watershed ecosystems: (1) a local, participatory decision-making body, and (2) a local financing mechanism. By creating these institutions local governments and citizens gained the ability to autonomously set policy, raise revenue, and control expenditures for managing local watershed ecosystems. In this sense, they constituted political and fiscal decentralization. Using logistic regression analysis, based on an original dataset of Ecuador{\textquoteright}s 221 cantons, I find that the presence of transnational environmental networks is the independent variable that best explains why some local governments pursued IWM reforms while others did not. I then compare six case studies to explain why some transnational coalitions were more successful implementing reforms than others. The qualitative analysis draws on 31 months of fieldwork, including more than 200 in-depth interviews. The dissertation presents a process model that explains variation in reform success and identifies key breaking points. Variation in outcome is explained by differences in framing and network construction strategies; different combinations produced either success or breakdown at different stages of the reform process. The findings challenge common assumptions reflected in the "cascade," "boomerang," "spiral," and "multilevel" models of global governance. The cases reveal new pathways of influence by which transnational actors implement global policies at the local level in less-developed countries. Local actors in rural Ecuador were poorly connected to the global system and state institutions were weak. Locals were therefore less vulnerable to pressure by international actors and the state than the scholarly literature has suggested. When faced with resistance to watershed management reform, successful coalitions relied on local Ecuadorian advocates who could engage with unwilling subnational groups and play on local vulnerabilities and goals. Rather than pressure from "above" or "below," as stipulated in the literature, successful pressure came from "beside" as subnational groups engaged in a mutually enforcing circle of pressure. I explain this dynamic in my "clockmaker" model of nodal governance.}, keywords = {0474:Environmental management, 0550:Latin American Studies, 0595:Water Resource Management, 0615:Political science, Decentralization, Earth sciences, Ecuador, environmental management, Global governance, Health and environmental sciences, Latin American Studies, Local governance, Political science, Social sciences, Transnational networks, Water Resource Management, Watershed management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1035156245?accountid=14270}, author = {Kauffman, Craig M.} } @article {8620, title = {{Globally diverse Toxoplasma gondii isolates comprise six major clades originating from a small number of distinct ancestral lineages}}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA}, volume = {109}, number = {15}, year = {2012}, pages = {5844{\textendash}5849}, author = {Su, C and Khan, A and Zhou, P and Majumdar, D and Ajzenberg, D and Dard{\'e}, ML and Zhu, XQ and Ajioka, JW and Rosenthal, BM and Dubey, JP and Sibley, LD} } @article {9141, title = {Globally diverse Toxoplasma gondii isolates comprise six major clades originating from a small number of distinct ancestral lineages}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {109}, year = {2012}, pages = {5849}, chapter = {5844}, abstract = {

Marked phenotypic variation characterizes isolates of Toxoplasma gondii, a ubiquitous zoonotic parasite that serves as an important experimental model for studying apicomplexan parasites. Progress in identifying the heritable basis for clinically and epidemiologically significant differences requires a robust system for describing and interpreting evolutionary subdivisions in this prevalent pathogen. To develop such a system, we have examined more than 950 isolates collected from around the world and genotyped them using three independent sets of polymorphic DNA markers, sampling 30 loci distributed across all nuclear chromosomes as well as the plastid genome. Our studies reveal a biphasic pattern consisting of regions in the Northern Hemisphere where a few, highly clonal and abundant lineages predominate; elsewhere, and especially in portions of South America are characterized by a diverse assemblage of less common genotypes that show greater evidence of recombination. Clustering methods were used to organize the marked genetic diversity of 138 unique genotypes into 15 haplogroups that collectively define six major clades. Analysis of gene flow indicates that a small number of ancestral lineages gave rise to the existing diversity through a process of limited admixture. Identification of reference strains for these major groups should facilitate future studies on comparative genomics and identification of genes that control important biological phenotypes including pathogenesis and transmission.

}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1203190109}, author = {Su, C and Khan, A and Zhou, P and Majumdar, D and Ajzenberg, D and Dard{\'e}, M and Zhu, X. Q. and Ajioka, JW and Rosenthal, BM and Dubey, J.P. and Sibley, LD} } @article {9143, title = {Globally diverse Toxoplasma gondii isolates comprise six major clades originating from a small number of distinct ancestral lineages}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA}, volume = {109}, year = {2012}, pages = {5849}, chapter = {5844}, author = {Su, C. and Khan, A. and Zhou, P. and Majumdar, D. and Ajzenberg, D. and Dard{\'e}, M.L. and Zhu, X.Q. and Ajioka, J.W. and Rosenthal, BM and Dubey, J.P and Sibley, LD} } @booklet {2795, title = {GLOBOCAN 2012: Estimated Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012}, year = {2012}, note = {RefMgr field[8]: Not in File}, month = {2012}, type = {Web Page}, keywords = {cancer Incidence MORTALITY prevalence}, url = {http://globocan.iarc.fr/Default.aspx} } @mastersthesis {7246, title = {Government involvement on limiting choice in schools and on firm performance through subsidies}, year = {2012}, note = {3569635}, school = {University of Florida}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {I examine government intervention on limiting textbook choice and on efficiency of water utilities through the use of subsidies. Who gets to decide what textbooks are used in America{\textquoteright}s classrooms varies by state. States can let each school district decide, provide standards that must be followed and make available an incomplete listing of books meeting those standards, or allow schools to only choose books from a list provided by the state. In Chapter 1, I present a model that provides an explanation for state limits on textbook selection by school districts. My findings corroborate the extant literature in regards to interference by state governments in local affairs and extend the morality politics literature by finding a strong link between fundamentalism and state level policies. I also find that state book lists are less likely in more educated states, in states with smaller school districts, and in states with stronger teacher unions. In Chapter 2, I analyze factors that are expected to influence petitions for the use of other textbooks at the school district level for the state of Indiana. The findings provide evidence supporting the costs of decision making as measured by gini coefficients, suggesting that counties that are more unequal in income distribution have a harder time reaching agreements. The results also suggest that citizens who are more fundamentalist than average are more likely to request a waiver to opt out from Indiana{\textquoteright}s state list. In Chapter 3, I examine inefficiencies in Japanese water utility companies. Efficiency in this context is defined as a firm{\textquoteright}s capacity to maximize output given a fixed level of inputs. The findings suggest that the average operation rate, customer density and size variables are associated with lower levels of inefficiency (or higher levels of efficiency), while the raw water proxy, subsidy and outsourcing ratio variables are associated with higher levels of inefficiency. Since inefficiency exists, there is an opportunity to improve Japanese water utilities by working on emulating "best practice" firms whenever possible. Further examination of the variables found to be influencing technical inefficiency, particularly those that are under managerial control, is recommended.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, economics, Firm performance, Government intervention, Social sciences, Textbooks, Water utility companies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1369522082?accountid=14270}, author = {Phillips, Michelle Andrea} } @article {3843, title = {Group A rotavirus detection on environmental surfaces in a hospital intensive care unit.}, journal = {American Journal of Infection Control}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {544{\textendash}547}, abstract = {

Environmental surfaces can play a role in the spread of pathogens, such as enteric viruses, within a hospital. This study assessed the level of contamination of group A rotavirus \{\{\}(RV-A)\{\}\} on environmental surfaces samples from an adult intensive care unit in a hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajic.2011.07.017}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2011.07.017}, author = {Ganime, Ana C and Carvalho-Costa, Filipe A and Mendon{\c c}a, Marcos C and Vieira, Carmen B and Santos, Marisa and Costa Filho, Rubens and Miagostovich, Marize P and Leite, Jos{\'e} P P} } @article {16230, title = {Growth response and shedding of Leptospira spp. in urine following vaccination for leptospirosis in young farmed deer}, journal = {New Zealand veterinary journalNew Zealand veterinary journal}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {14-20}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, isbn = {0048-0169}, author = {Subharat, S. and Wilson, P. R. and Heuer, C. and Collins-Emerson, J. M.} } @booklet {4066, title = {{Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document {\textemdash} Enteric Protozoa: Giardia and Cryptosporidium.}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Water, Air and Climate Change Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada}, address = {Ottawa, Ontario}, author = {Health, Canada} } @booklet {12507, title = {Guidelines for water reuse}, year = {2012}, address = {https://watereuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/epa-2012-guidelines-for-water-reuse.pdf} } @article {7131, title = {Health in {South} {Africa}: changes and challenges since 2009}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {380}, number = {9858}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {2029{\textendash}2043}, abstract = {Since the 2009 Lancet Health in South Africa Series, important changes have occurred in the country, resulting in an increase in life expectancy to 60 years. Historical injustices together with the disastrous health policies of the previous administration are being transformed. The change in leadership of the Ministry of Health has been key, but new momentum is inhibited by stasis within the health management bureaucracy. Specific policy and programme changes are evident for all four of the so-called colliding epidemics: HIV and tuberculosis; chronic illness and mental health; injury and violence; and maternal, neonatal, and child health. South Africa now has the world{\textquoteright}s largest programme of antiretroviral therapy, and some advances have been made in implementation of new tuberculosis diagnostics and treatment scale-up and integration. HIV prevention has received increased attention. Child mortality has benefited from progress in addressing HIV. However, more attention to postnatal feeding support is needed. Many risk factors for non-communicable diseases have increased substantially during the past two decades, but an ambitious government policy to address lifestyle risks such as consumption of salt and alcohol provide real potential for change. Although mortality due to injuries seems to be decreasing, high levels of interpersonal violence and accidents persist. An integrated strategic framework for prevention of injury and violence is in progress but its successful implementation will need high-level commitment, support for evidence-led prevention interventions, investment in surveillance systems and research, and improved human-resources and management capacities. A radical system of national health insurance and re-engineering of primary health care will be phased in for 14 years to enable universal, equitable, and affordable health-care coverage. Finally, national consensus has been reached about seven priorities for health research with a commitment to increase the health research budget to 2{\textperiodcentered}0\% of national health spending. However, large racial differentials exist in social determinants of health, especially housing and sanitation for the poor and inequity between the sexes, although progress has been made in access to basic education, electricity, piped water, and social protection. Integration of the private and public sectors and of services for HIV, tuberculosis, and non-communicable diseases needs to improve, as do surveillance and information systems. Additionally, successful interventions need to be delivered widely. Transformation of the health system into a national institution that is based on equity and merit and is built on an effective human-resources system could still place South Africa on track to achieve Millennium Development Goals 4, 5, and 6 and would enhance the lives of its citizens.}, keywords = {Child, Child Welfare, Chronic Disease, Diffusion of Innovation, Female, Financing, Health Policy, Health Services, Health Services Research, Health Surveys, Healthcare Disparities, Healthy People Programs, HIV Infections, Humans, Maternal Health Services, Mental Disorders, Organized, Pregnancy, Private Sector, Public Sector, South Africa, Tuberculosis, Universal Coverage, Violence, Wounds and Injuries}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61814-5}, author = {Mayosi, Bongani M. and Lawn, Joy E. and van Niekerk, Ashley and Bradshaw, Debbie and Abdool Karim, Salim S. and Coovadia, Hoosen M. and Lancet South Africa team} } @article {17388, title = {Heat inactivation of Salmonella spp. in fresh poultry compost by simulating early phase of composting process}, journal = {Journal of Applied MicrobiologyJournal of applied microbiologyJ Appl Microbiol}, volume = {112}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, month = {May}, pages = {927-935}, keywords = {Ammonia, escherichia-coli o157-h7, listeria-monocytogenes, litter, manure composts, Persistence, poultry composting, salmonella spp, Survival, thermal inactivation, typhimurium, wastes}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Singh, R. and Kim, J. and Jiang, X.} } @article {8204, title = {{Helicobacter pylori in First Nations and recent immigrant populations in Canada}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {97{\textendash}103}, abstract = {The diminishing prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among most segments of the Canadian population has led to changes in the etiologies and patterns of associated upper gastrointestinal diseases, including fewer peptic ulcers and their complications. Canadian Aboriginals and recent immigrants are among populations in which the prevalence of H pylori infection remains high and, therefore, the health risks imposed by H pylori remain a significant concern. Population-based strategies for H pylori eradication in groups with a low prevalence of infection are unlikely to be cost effective, but such measures are attractive in groups in which the prevalence rates of infection remain substantial. In addition to a lower prevalence of peptic ulcers and dyspepsia, the public health value of eradication may be particularly important if this leads to a reduction in the prevalence of gastric cancer in high prevalence groups. Therefore The Canadian Helicobacter Study Group held a conference that brought together experts in the field to address these issues, the results of which are reviewed in the present article. Canadians with the highest prevalence of H pylori infection are an appropriate focus for considering the health advantages of eradicating persistent infection. In Canadian communities with a high prevalence of both H pylori and gastric cancer, there remains an opportunity to test the hypothesis that H pylori infection is a treatable risk factor for malignancy.}, keywords = {Gastric cancer, helicobacter pylori, Immigrants, Native Canadians}, isbn = {0835-7900 (Print)$\backslash$r0835-7900 (Linking)}, issn = {08357900}, author = {Jones, Nicola L. and Chiba, Naoki and Fallone, Carlo and Thomson, Alan and Hunt, Richard and Jacobson, Kevan and Goodman, Karen} } @article {13832, title = {Helicobacter pylori in {First} {Nations} and recent immigrant populations in {Canada}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {97{\textendash}103}, abstract = {The diminishing prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among most segments of the Canadian population has led to changes in the etiologies and patterns of associated upper gastrointestinal diseases, including fewer peptic ulcers and their complications. Canadian Aboriginals and recent immigrants are among populations in which the prevalence of H pylori infection remains high and, therefore, the health risks imposed by H pylori remain a significant concern. Population-based strategies for H pylori eradication in groups with a low prevalence of infection are unlikely to be cost effective, but such measures are attractive in groups in which the prevalence rates of infection remain substantial. In addition to a lower prevalence of peptic ulcers and dyspepsia, the public health value of eradication may be particularly important if this leads to a reduction in the prevalence of gastric cancer in high prevalence groups. Therefore The Canadian Helicobacter Study Group held a conference that brought together experts in the field to address these issues, the results of which are reviewed in the present article. Canadians with the highest prevalence of H pylori infection are an appropriate focus for considering the health advantages of eradicating persistent infection. In Canadian communities with a high prevalence of both H pylori and gastric cancer, there remains an opportunity to test the hypothesis that H pylori infection is a treatable risk factor for malignancy.}, keywords = {Gastric cancer, helicobacter pylori, Immigrants, Native Canadians}, issn = {08357900}, author = {Jones, Nicola L. and Chiba, Naoki and Fallone, Carlo and Thomson, Alan and Hunt, Richard and Jacobson, Kevan and Goodman, Karen} } @article {12885, title = {Helminth transmission in simple pit latrines}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {106}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {709{\textendash}710}, publisher = {Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, author = {Baker, Sarah M and Ensink, Jeroen HJ} } @article {16636, title = {Helminth transmission in simple pit latrines}, journal = {Transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {106}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {709{\textendash}710}, author = {Baker, Sarah M and Ensink, Jeroen HJ} } @article {5721, title = {{Hepatitis A}}, journal = {American Family Physician}, volume = {86}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {1027{\textendash}1034}, author = {S C Matheny and J E Kingery} } @article {5690, title = {{Hepatitis A: Epidemiology and Prevention in Developing Countries}}, journal = {World Journal of Hepatology}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {68{\textendash}73}, doi = {10.4254/WJH.v4.i3.68}, author = {Franco, E and Meleleo, C and Serino, L and Sorbara, D and Zaratti, L} } @article {6018, title = {{Hepatitis E vaccine development: a 14 year odyssey}}, journal = {Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {823{\textendash}827}, author = {Wu, T and Li, SW and Zhang, J and Ng, MH and N S Xia and Zhao, Q} } @article {5968, title = {{Hepatitis E virus: what transplant physicians should know}}, journal = {American Journal of Transplantation}, volume = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {2281{\textendash}2287}, author = {Kamar, N and Legrand-Abravanel, F and Izopet, J and Rostaing, L} } @article {7029, title = {Heterotrophic bacteria in drinking water distribution system: a review}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {184}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {6087{\textendash}6137}, issn = {0167-6369, 1573-2959}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-011-2407-x}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10661-011-2407-x}, author = {Chowdhury, Shakhawat} } @article {7434, title = {High diversity and differential persistence of fecal {Bacteroidales} population spiked into freshwater microcosm}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {jan}, pages = {247{\textendash}257}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.004}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135411006762}, author = {Liang, Zhanbei and He, Zhenli and Zhou, Xuxia and Powell, Charles A. and Yang, Yuangen and Roberts, Michael G. and Stoffella, Peter J.} } @article {9097, title = {{High diversity and differential persistence of fecal Bacteroidales population spiked into freshwater microcosm}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {jan}, pages = {247{\textendash}257}, keywords = {Bacteroidales population, Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, Diversity, Fecal pollution, Freshwater, Persistence}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135411006762}, author = {Liang, Zhanbei and He, Zhenli and Zhou, Xuxia and Powell, Charles A and Yang, Yuangen and Roberts, Michael G and Stoffella, Peter J} } @article {5028, title = {{High prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in a riparian population in Takeo Province, Cambodia}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {50}, year = {2012}, pages = {173{\textendash}176}, author = {Yong, TS and Shin, EH and Chai, JY and Sohn, WM and Eom, KS and Lee, DM and Park, K and Jeoung, HG and Hoang, EH and Lee, YH and Woo, HJ and Lee, JH and Kang, SI and Cha, JK and K H Lee and Yoon, CH and Sinuon, M and Socheat, D} } @article {4958, title = {{High prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in reservoir hosts in four districts of Khon Kaen Province, an opisthorchiasis endemic area of Thailand}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {61}, year = {2012}, pages = {60{\textendash}64}, author = {Aunpromma, S and Tangkawattana, P and Papirom, P and Kanjampa, P and Tesana, S and Sripa, B and Tangkawattana, S} } @article {2773, title = {High risk HPV contamination of endocavity vaginal ultrasound probes: an underestimated route of nosocomial infection?}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC3480505}, pages = {e48137}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Ammonia Anti Infective Agents Anti-Infective Agents Anti-Infective Agents, Local classification contamination Cross Infection Disinfectants DISINFECTION DNA dna, viral drug effects Equipment Contamination Female France genetics Genotype genotypes Glutaral Hospital Hospitals human humans Hydrogen Hydrogen Peroxide INFECTION INFECTIONS infectious instrumentation Laboratories MARKER methods NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION Papil}, doi = {doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048137}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23110191}, author = {Casalegno, JS and K Le Bail Carval and Eibach, D and Valdeyron, ML and Lamblin, G and Jacquemoud, H and Mellier, G and Lina, B and Gaucherand, P and Mathevet, P and Mekki, Y} } @article {3499, title = {High variety of known and new RNA and DNA viruses of diverse origins in untreated sewage}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {86}, number = {22}, year = {2012}, pages = {12161{\textendash}12175}, author = {Ng, TF and Marine, R and Wang, C and Simmonds, P and Kapusinszky, B and Bodhidatta, L and Oderinde, BS and Wommack, KE and Delwart, E} } @article {1742, title = {High variety of known and new RNA and DNA viruses of diverse origins in untreated sewage}, journal = {J Virol}, volume = {86}, number = {22}, year = {2012}, note = {Ng, Terry Fei Fan Marine, Rachel Wang, Chunlin Simmonds, Peter Kapusinszky, Beatrix Bodhidatta, Ladaporn Oderinde, Bamidele Soji Wommack, K Eric Delwart, Eric eng 095831/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom R01 HL105770/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ R01HL083254/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ R01HL105770/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2012/08/31 06:00 J Virol. 2012 Nov;86(22):12161-75. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00869-12. Epub 2012 Aug 29.}, pages = {12161-75}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Deep sequencing of untreated sewage provides an opportunity to monitor enteric infections in large populations and for high-throughput viral discovery. A metagenomics analysis of purified viral particles in untreated sewage from the United States (San Francisco, CA), Nigeria (Maiduguri), Thailand (Bangkok), and Nepal (Kathmandu) revealed sequences related to 29 eukaryotic viral families infecting vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants (BLASTx E score, <10(-4)), including known pathogens (>90\% protein identities) in numerous viral families infecting humans (Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Hepeviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Picobirnaviridae, and Reoviridae), plants (Alphaflexiviridae, Betaflexiviridae, Partitiviridae, Sobemovirus, Secoviridae, Tombusviridae, Tymoviridae, Virgaviridae), and insects (Dicistroviridae, Nodaviridae, and Parvoviridae). The full and partial genomes of a novel kobuvirus, salivirus, and sapovirus are described. A novel astrovirus (casa astrovirus) basal to those infecting mammals and birds, potentially representing a third astrovirus genus, was partially characterized. Potential new genera and families of viruses distantly related to members of the single-stranded RNA picorna-like virus superfamily were genetically characterized and named Picalivirus, Secalivirus, Hepelivirus, Nedicistrovirus, Cadicistrovirus, and Niflavirus. Phylogenetic analysis placed these highly divergent genomes near the root of the picorna-like virus superfamily, with possible vertebrate, plant, or arthropod hosts inferred from nucleotide composition analysis. Circular DNA genomes distantly related to the plant-infecting Geminiviridae family were named Baminivirus, Nimivirus, and Niminivirus. These results highlight the utility of analyzing sewage to monitor shedding of viral pathogens and the high viral diversity found in this common pollutant and provide genetic information to facilitate future studies of these newly characterized viruses.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Motifs Amino Acid Sequence Computational Biology/methods Conserved Sequence DNA Viruses/*genetics DNA, Amino Acid Sewage/*virology Thailand United States Virology/methods, Circular/metabolism Genetic Variation Genome, DNA/methods Sequence Homology, Viral High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*methods Humans Likelihood Functions Molecular Sequence Data Nepal Nigeria Nucleotides/genetics Phylogeny RNA Viruses/*genetics Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1098-5514 (Electronic) 0022-538X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.00869-12}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22933275}, author = {Ng, T. F. and Marine, R. and Wang, C. and Simmonds, P. and Kapusinszky, B. and Bodhidatta, L. and Oderinde, B. S. and Wommack, K. E. and Delwart, E.} } @article {1697, title = {Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for simultaneous recovery of viruses, bacteria and parasites from reclaimed water}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {Liu, Pengbo Hill, Vincent R Hahn, Donghyun Johnson, Trisha B Pan, Yi Jothikumar, Narayanan Moe, Christine L eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. Netherlands 2011/11/24 06:00 J Microbiol Methods. 2012 Jan;88(1):155-61. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.11.007. Epub 2011 Nov 12.}, pages = {155-61}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (UF) is a technique that has been reported to be effective for recovering a diverse array of microbes from water, and may also be potentially useful for microbial monitoring of effluent from water reclamation facilities. However, few data are available to indicate the potential limitations and efficacy of the UF technique for treated wastewater. In this study, recovery efficiencies were determined for various options available for performing the tangential-flow UF technique, including hollow-fiber ultrafilter (i.e., dialyzer) type, ultrafilter pre-treatment (i.e., blocking), and elution. MS2 and PhiX174 bacteriophages, Clostridium perfringens spores, Escherichia coli, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were seeded into 10-L reclaimed water samples to evaluate UF options. Then a single UF protocol was established and studied using seeded and non-seeded 100-L samples from two water reclamation facilities in Georgia, USA. Baxter Exeltra Plus 210 and Fresenius F200NR dialyzers were found to provide significantly higher microbial recovery than Minntech HPH 1400 hemoconcentrators. The selected final UF method incorporated use of a non-blocked ultrafilter for UF followed by elution using a surfactant-based solution. For 10-L samples, this method achieved recovery efficiencies of greater than 50\% recovery of seeded viruses, bacteria, and parasites. There was no significant difference in overall microbial recovery efficiency when the method was applied to 10- and 100-L samples. In addition, detection levels for pathogens in seeded 100-L reclaimed water samples were 1000 PFU HAV, 10,000 GI norovirus particles, \<500 Salmonella and \<200 Cryptosporidium oocysts. These data demonstrate that UF can be an effective technique for recovering diverse microbes in reclaimed water to monitor and improve effluent water quality in wastewater treatment plants.

}, keywords = {Animals Bacteria/*isolation \& purification Fresh Water/analysis/microbiology/*parasitology/virology Parasites/*isolation \& purification Ultrafiltration/instrumentation/*methods Viruses/*isolation \& purification *Water Microbiology Water Quality}, issn = {1872-8359 (Electronic) 0167-7012 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2011.11.007}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22108496}, author = {Liu, P. and Hill, V. R. and Hahn, D. and Johnson, T. B. and Pan, Y. and Jothikumar, N. and Moe, C. L.} } @article {12530, title = {Hospital wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactor: performance and efficiency for organic micropollutant elimination}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {1536-1545}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Kovalova, Lubomira and Siegrist, Hansruedi and Singer, Heinz and Wittmer, Anita and McArdell, Christa S} } @article {7217, title = {Household needs and demand for improved water supply and sanitation in peri-urban ger areas: the case of {Darkhan}, {Mongolia}}, journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, volume = {65}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {1561{\textendash}1566}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-011-1221-7}, author = {Sigel, K. and Altantuul, K. and Basandorj, D.} } @article {3127, title = {Human and canine echinococcosis infection in informal, unlicensed abattoirs in {Lima}, {Peru}}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1462}, abstract = {Echinococcus granulosus infections are a major public health problem in livestock-raising regions around the world. The life cycle of this tapeworm is sustained between dogs (definitive host, canine echinococcosis), and herbivores (intermediary host, cystic hydatid disease). Humans may also develop cystic hydatid disease. Echinococcosis is endemic in rural areas of Peru; nevertheless, its presence or the extension of the problem in urban areas is basically unknown. Migration into Lima, an 8-million habitant{\textquoteright}s metropolis, creates peripheral areas where animals brought from endemic areas are slaughtered without veterinary supervision. We identified eight informal, unlicensed abattoirs in a peripheral district of Lima and performed a cross-sectional study in to assess the prevalence of canine echinococcosis, evaluated by coproELISA followed by PCR evaluation and arecoline purge. Eight of 22 dogs (36\%) were positive to coproELISA, and four (18\%) were confirmed to be infected with E. granulosus tapeworms either by PCR or direct observation (purge). Later evaluation of the human population living in these abattoirs using abdominal ultrasound, chest X-rays and serology, found 3 out of 32 (9.3\%) subjects with echinococcal cysts in the liver (two viable, one calcified), one of whom had also lung involvement and a strongly positive antibody response. Autochthonous transmission of E. granulosus is present in Lima. Informal, unlicensed abattoirs may be sources of infection to neighbouring people in this urban environment.}, keywords = {Abattoirs, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Feces, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Peru, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Preschool, prevalence, Urban Population, Young Adult}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0001462}, author = {Reyes, Maria M. and Taramona, Claudia P. and Saire-Mendoza, Mardeli and Gavidia, Cesar M. and Barron, Eduardo and Boufana, Belgees and Craig, Philip S. and Tello, Luis and Garcia, Hector H. and Santiva{\~n}ez, Saul J.} } @article {2284, title = {{Human enteric pathogen internalization by root uptake into food crops}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathog Dis}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {396{\textendash}405}, edition = {2012/03/31}, abstract = {With an increasing number of outbreaks and illnesses associated with produce contaminated before harvest, understanding the potential and mechanisms of produce contamination by enteric pathogens can aid in the development of preventative and post-harvest processing measures to reduce microbial populations. Enteric pathogens localized at subsurface sites on leafy green plant tissue prevent their removal during washing and inactivation by sanitizers. Root uptake of enteric pathogens and subsequent internalization has been a large area of research with results varying due to differences in experimental design, systems tested, and pathogens and crops used. The potential for uptake of foodborne pathogen, both bacterial and viral, through roots into food crops is reviewed. Various factors shown to affect the ability of human pathogens to internalize include growth substrate (soil vs. hydroponic solution), plant developmental stage, pathogen genus and/or strain, inoculum level, and plant species and cultivar. Several mechanisms of internalization ("active" vs. "passive") of bacteria to plant roots have also been hypothesized.}, isbn = {1556-7125 (Electronic) 1535-3141 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2011.1044}, author = {Hirneisen, K A and Sharma, M and Kniel, K E} } @article {14071, title = {Human enteric pathogen internalization by root uptake into food crops}, journal = {Foodborne Pathog Dis}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {396{\textendash}405}, abstract = {With an increasing number of outbreaks and illnesses associated with produce contaminated before harvest, understanding the potential and mechanisms of produce contamination by enteric pathogens can aid in the development of preventative and post-harvest processing measures to reduce microbial populations. Enteric pathogens localized at subsurface sites on leafy green plant tissue prevent their removal during washing and inactivation by sanitizers. Root uptake of enteric pathogens and subsequent internalization has been a large area of research with results varying due to differences in experimental design, systems tested, and pathogens and crops used. The potential for uptake of foodborne pathogen, both bacterial and viral, through roots into food crops is reviewed. Various factors shown to affect the ability of human pathogens to internalize include growth substrate (soil vs. hydroponic solution), plant developmental stage, pathogen genus and/or strain, inoculum level, and plant species and cultivar. Several mechanisms of internalization ("active" vs. "passive") of bacteria to plant roots have also been hypothesized.}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2011.1044}, author = {Hirneisen, K A and Sharma, M and Kniel, K E} } @article {6882, title = {Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2012}, month = {may}, issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687}, doi = {10.1038/nature11053}, url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature11053}, author = {Yatsunenko, Tanya and Rey, Federico E. and Manary, Mark J. and Trehan, Indi and Dominguez-Bello, Maria Gloria and Contreras, Monica and Magris, Magda and Hidalgo, Glida and Baldassano, Robert N. and Anokhin, Andrey P. and Heath, Andrew C. and Warner, Barbara and Reeder, Jens and Kuczynski, Justin and Caporaso, J. Gregory and Lozupone, Catherine A. and Lauber, Christian and Clemente, Jose Carlos and Knights, Dan and Knight, Rob and Gordon, Jeffrey I.} } @article {4982, title = {{Human infections with liver and minute intestinal flukes in Guangxi, China: analysis by DNA sequencing, ultrasonography, and immunoaffinity chromatography}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {50}, year = {2012}, pages = {391{\textendash}394}, author = {Jeon, HK and Lee, D and Park, H and Min, DY and Rim, HJ and Zhang, H and Yang, Y and Li, X and Eom, KS} } @article {5613, title = {{Human norovirus occurrence and diversity in the Llobregat river catchment, Spain}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {494{\textendash}502}, abstract = {Human noroviruses (NoV) were quantified and characterized in an 18 month survey conducted along the Llobregat river catchment in Spain. Sample types included freshwater, untreated and treated wastewater and drinking water. High NoV genome copy numbers were reported, reaching up to 10(6) l(-1) and 10(9) l(-1) in freshwater and raw sewage respectively. In both types of samples, GII NoV genome copies outnumbered those of GI, although without significance. All samples of semi-treated and treated drinking water were negative for NoV. A clear seasonality of NoV occurrence was observed both in river water and sewage samples, with significantly higher genome copy numbers in the cold than in the warm months period. Mean NoV log reduction rates after biological treatment of sewage were 2.2 and 3.1 for GI and GII respectively. A total of 77 NoV strains isolated in the Llobregat river catchment could be phylogenetically characterized, 44 belonging to GI and 33 to GII. The most prevalent genotype was GI.4, followed by GII.4 and GII.21. Several variants of the pandemic GII.4 strain were detected in the environment, corroborating their circulation among the population.}, isbn = {1462-2920 (Electronic) 1462-2912 (Linking)}, issn = {14622912}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02642.x}, author = {P{\'e}rez-Sautu, Unai and Sano, Daisuke and Guix, Susana and Kasimir, Georg and Rosa M Pinto and Bosch, Albert} } @article {10005, title = {{Human norovirus occurrence and diversity in the Llobregat river catchment, Spain.}}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {feb}, pages = {494{\textendash}502}, abstract = {Human noroviruses (NoV) were quantified and characterized in an 18 month survey conducted along the Llobregat river catchment in Spain. Sample types included freshwater, untreated and treated wastewater and drinking water. High NoV genome copy numbers were reported, reaching up to 10(6) l(-1) and 10(9) l(-1) in freshwater and raw sewage respectively. In both types of samples, GII NoV genome copies outnumbered those of GI, although without significance. All samples of semi-treated and treated drinking water were negative for NoV. A clear seasonality of NoV occurrence was observed both in river water and sewage samples, with significantly higher genome copy numbers in the cold than in the warm months period. Mean NoV log reduction rates after biological treatment of sewage were 2.2 and 3.1 for GI and GII respectively. A total of 77 NoV strains isolated in the Llobregat river catchment could be phylogenetically characterized, 44 belonging to GI and 33 to GII. The most prevalent genotype was GI.4, followed by GII.4 and GII.21. Several variants of the pandemic GII.4 strain were detected in the environment, corroborating their circulation among the population.}, keywords = {Base Sequence, drinking water, Drinking Water: virology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: virology, genotype, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Norovirus, Norovirus: classification, Norovirus: genetics, Norovirus: growth {\&} development, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Phylogeny, Rivers, Rivers: virology, Seasons, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Spain, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution, Water Pollution: statistics {\&} numerical data, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis, Water Supply: statistics {\&} numerical data}, issn = {1462-2920}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02642.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22118046}, author = {P{\'e}rez-Sautu, Unai and Sano, Daisuke and Guix, Susana and Kasimir, Georg and Pint{\'o}, Rosa M and Bosch, Albert} } @book {2775, title = {Human papillomavirus infections: from the laboratory to clinical practice.}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomedicine No.14}, organization = {Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomedicine No.14}, type = {Edited Book}, address = {Philadelphia, PA}, keywords = {human Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections INFECTIONS INFECTION Laboratories}, isbn = {978-1-907568-74-9}, author = {Cobo, F.} } @article {3035, title = {Hydatid lung disease: an analysis of five years cumulative data from {Kolkata}}, journal = {The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India}, volume = {60}, year = {2012}, month = {jul}, pages = {12{\textendash}16}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There is scarcity of clinical data regarding hydatid lung disease from Indian subcontinent. In this retrospective study we analyzed the cumulative data over five year{\textquoteright}s period from two tertiary care hospitals of Kolkata to determine the presentation, treatment and outcome of hydatid disease of lung. METHOD: We analyzed 106 patients on the basis of clinical findings, radiological findings [chest X-ray{\textendash}PA and lateral view, CT scan of thorax and upper abdomen, ultrasonography (USG) of thorax and upper abdomen] and serological test IgG ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) against echinococcus granulosus antigen along with the mode of diagnosis, indications and types of surgery, and outcome of treatment with chemotherapy (albendazole), surgery and combined surgery with chemotherapy. RESULT: There was female preponderance with median age of presentation 33 years with interquartile range of 7. At the time of diagnosis 14.15\% patients were asymptomatic. Cough was the commonest symptom (73.58\%) followed by chest pain (54.72\%). Single sharply demarcated round or oval homogenous opacity was the commonest radiological sign (81.13\%). Complicated cysts such as lung abscess, pleural involvement, pneumonitis and fibrosis were noted in 10.38\%, 13.21\%, 7.55\% and 11.32\% cases respectively. We found that serological test was only 77.01\% sensitive. Eighty-two (86.32\%) patients underwent surgery, and 56.10\% of them received additional chemotherapy with albendazole. The types of operation performed were pericystectomy (in 91.46\% cases), lobectomy (in 6.10\% cases) and pneumonectomy (in 2.44\% cases). Perioperative mortality was nil but morbidity was found in 10.98\% cases with empyema (8.54\%), the commonest complication. Thirteen inoperable patients were treated with albendazole, among them 8 showed reduction of cyst-size, 3 showed no change and 2 patients showed obliteration of cyst. CONCLUSION: Surgery is a safe and effective way of treatment for thoracic hydatid cyst along with perioperative albendazole therapy. There is a scope for chemotherapy with albendazole in inoperable cases.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, albendazole, Animals, Anticestodal Agents, Child, Combined Modality Therapy, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, India, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonectomy, Pulmonary, Radiography, Recurrence, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Thoracic, Tomography, Treatment Outcome, X-Ray Computed, Young Adult}, issn = {0004-5772}, author = {Ghoshal, A. G. and Sarkar, Supriya and Saha, Kaushik and Sarkar, Uday and Kundu, Susmita and Chatterjee, Surajit and Kundu, Somenath} } @mastersthesis {6526, title = {Hydrogen and {Syngas} {Production} from {Biodiesel} {Derived} {Crude} {Glycerol}}, year = {2012}, note = {1506185}, school = {University of Kansas}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In the past decade, the production of biodiesel has increased dramatically. One of the major by-products of biodiesel production is crude glycerol, which is expensive to refine. As a result, the price of crude glycerol has plummeted to the point where biodiesel companies have to pay to dispose of it. This leads to an increased cost of biodiesel production. To make biodiesel production more cost-effective, it is vital that a use for this crude glycerol is found. One possible method is using steam reforming techniques to reform crude glycerol to produce hydrogen or synthesis gas. This gas can be converted to jet or diesel fuel by using Fischer-Tropsch principles or used in traditional hydrogen applications. In this study, the viability of using steam reforming techniques to convert crude glycerol into a hydrogen rich gas is addressed. To do this, the effects of the impurities in crude glycerol on catalyst life and activity were compared to pure glycerol reforming over two different steam reforming catalysts: Ni/MgO and Ni/γ-Al 2 O3 catalysts. Reactions over both catalysts showed that crude glycerol reforming can produce a product gas similar to the gas produced during pure glycerol reforming. Unfortunately, the impurities found in the crude glycerol limited catalyst life over time. They increase coke and tar formation and cause the reactor to plug after several hours. To solve this problem, a simple pre-wash of crude glycerol using acetic acid was performed. The acid-wash removed many of the impurities in the glycerol. Acid-washed glycerol reforming showed dramatic improvements over crude glycerol reforming. The reactions showed increased catalytic activity and little deactivation for 12 to 14 hours. Conversion of reactants to products was \~{}100\% and the product gas had a hydrogen purity of 68-69\%. Thermodynamic equilibrium predictions matched those provided by the experimental results. The role of the different impurities found in crude glycerol was considered. Experimental and thermodynamic results show that the presence of methanol can aid in producing a product gas with a high hydrogen purity but can decrease hydrogen yield. Results indicate that the presence of potassium aids in gasification of the reactant and help prevent carbon formation on the catalyst. The soaps and unreacted triglycerides found in crude glycerol increase coke and tar formation in the reactor and will eventually cause plugging. Future work needs to be performed to fully determine the role of these impurities in crude glycerol reforming.}, keywords = {0542:Chemical engineering, Applied sciences, Biodiesel, Chemical engineering, Crude glycerol, Hydrogen, Nickel, Steam reforming, Syngas}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/921821187?accountid=14270}, author = {Silvey, Luke Grantham} } @mastersthesis {6892, title = {Hydrological politics in megacity: rethinking water governance in {Delhi}}, year = {2012}, note = {U611980}, school = {The University of Wales, Aberystwyth (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}![CDATA[This thesis is about the juxtaposition of two dominant themes of today{\textquestiondown}s world {\textquestiondown} megaurbanization and water management. It sets out to investigate the contemporary water management conditions in a South megacity. In this investigation, the hydraulics serve two purposes: one, as a frame to apprehend various processes that created (and are creating) myriad relationships in this gigantic urban space; and two, as an object of inquiry reveals the genealogy of the ideas or institutions that has led to the spatiotemporal arrangements of the domestic water supply in the megacity. Drawing insights from various analytical perspectives including hydrosocial, urban political ecology, subaltern urbanism, governmentality, postcolonialism, and modernity, the thesis surveys the process of mega-urbanization that shaped the form and design of institutional frameworks, laden with singular and modernist vision of water, and holds this vision and its apparatus {\textquestiondown} state monopoly and segregation- as key producers of multi-layered and diverse risks in water management for the households, the megacity, and the region. Using results from extensive fieldwork in Delhi, the thesis proposes an alternative view to analyse the contemporary concerns and to suggest possible pathways in megacity water management. Rapid emergence of megacities in global South and related concerns of water supply in these places have been investigated, to a large extent, from binary perspectives of planned/slum; formal/informal; economic good/social good; and efficiency/equity. Taking Linton{\textquestiondown}s (2010) phrase {\textquoteleft}from waters to water{\textquestiondown} as a starting point, the thesis travels back into history to witness the hesitant and incomplete transformation of {\textquoteleft}multiple waters{\textquestiondown} into {\textquoteleft}singular and modernist water{\textquestiondown} in the megacity. It helps first in dismantling the myth of binary understanding of the megacity; second, in unearthing the fundamental barriers embedded in the contemporary technoinstitutional regime of the megacity hydraulics; third, in reconstructing the cultural landscapes of water in the megacity, which are gradually marginalized and lost in the dominant discourse on demand and supply of water; and fourth, in indicating the presence of spatio-temporality of risks of different orders in the megacity. \  Next, using empirical results from more than five thousand households in 32 locations within Delhi, the thesis demonstrates the presence of first order risks concerning accessibility, adequacy, quality, affordability, acceptability, seasonal, and source depletion. The management of these risks and the methods of this management, the thesis argues, produce second order risks which are mostly invisible, distant in time and space, uncertain, and politically unattractive. Putting household in focus, the thesis follows a familiar trajectory of measurement of coping strategy; but then it indicates departure by making household as a crucible of ideology and risk management strategies in water management. This innovative approach helps in reconstructing the ideological premise and its workable instruments for the megacity water management, that are as diverse, flexible, dynamic, inclusive, and holistic as a megacity. From knowledge perspective, the thesis contributes the following: first, the binary understanding of a south megacity is a myth and needs to be dismantled as it promotes a singular and modernist vision of water ignoring the local geo-cultural conditions and practices; second, the contemporary megacity water management faces different orders of risks, and its focus on first order risks often remains (or choose to) ignorant of second order risks; third, the household is not only a place to assess the risks and to advance the arguments of willingness to pay, but it is also a significant functional institution to offer ideas and workable solutions, which are local, indigenous, just, and sustainable.]]{\textgreater}}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU611980, 0999:Urban planning, Bibliographies, http://hdl.handle.net/2160/12136, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1548710029?accountid=14270}, author = {Kumar, Chandra Bhushan} } @article {6134, title = {Hydrological tracers using nanobiotechnology: proof of concept}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {16}, year = {2012}, pages = {8928{\textendash}8936}, author = {Sharma, Asha N and Luo, Dan and Todd M Walter} } @inbook {1173, title = {IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: volume 100B-Biological Agents. A review of human carcinogens.}, year = {2012}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, address = {Lyon}, keywords = {Risk humans human}, url = {http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100B/mono100B.pdf} } @article {1996, title = {Balantidium coli in pigs regularly slaughtered at abattoirs of the province of Messina: hygienic observations}, journal = {Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine}, volume = {02}, number = {02}, year = {2012}, pages = {77-80}, isbn = {2165-3356
2165-3364}, author = {Giarratana, F and Muscolino, D and Taviano, G and Ziino, G} } @article {9948, title = {{Identical Consensus Sequence and Conserved Genomic Polymorphism of Hepatitis E Virus during Controlled Interspecies Transmission}}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {86}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {6238{\textendash}6245}, abstract = {High-throughput sequencing of bile and feces from two pigs experimentally infected with human hepatitis E virus (HEV) of genotype 3f revealed the same full-length consensus sequence as in the human sample. Twenty-nine percent of polymorphic sites found in HEV from the human sample were conserved throughout the infection of the heterologous host. The interspecies transmission of HEV quasispecies is the result of a genomic negative-selection pressure on random mutations which can be deleterious to the viral population. HEV intrahost nucleotide diversity was found to be in the lower range of other human RNA viruses but correlated with values found for zoonotic viruses. HEV transmission between humans and pigs does not seem to be modulated by host-specific mutations, suggesting that adaptation is mainly regulated by ecological drivers.}, isbn = {0022-538x}, issn = {0022-538X}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.06843-11}, url = {http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/JVI.06843-11}, author = {Bouquet, J. and Cheval, J. and Rogee, S. and Pavio, N. and Eloit, M.} } @mastersthesis {6989, title = {Identification and remediation of microbial contaminants in the headwaters of an agricultural watershed}, year = {2012}, note = {3530244}, school = {The Ohio State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Forty years after the passage of the Clean Water Act, water contaminated with microbial pathogens is still one of the most severe challenges in the U.S. The inability to differentiate non-point sources of pathogens has severely limited the development of effective management strategies to reduce their presence. To reduce both point and non-point source pollution in U.S. waterways, USEPA established and implemented the limits of the total maximum daily load (TMDL) specific to each watershed since 1985. Meanwhile, USDA and other agencies try to diffuse conservation practices to improve streams. However, microbial contamination remains as one of the most severe problems in natural waterways particular in agricultural-dominant watersheds. To successfully address the problems, it is critical to understand sources of pollution, stream habitat characteristics, and attitudes of local people on their streams to develop effective remediation strategies from a holistic point of view. Using the Upper Sugar Creek as a model watershed, we identified potential sources of microbial pathogens; correlated microbial diversity and stream habitats characteristics; and analyzed factors affecting local people{\textquoteright}s willingness to adopt conservation practices to reduce the presence of microbial pathogens in the watershed. Study results show that the primary sources of microbial pollution in the Upper Sugar Creek were the human coliforms instead of animal coliforms. The increased pathogen level resulted from failing septic systems and the lack of awareness and knowledge regarding microbial pollution and septic systems. Study results also demonstrate that microbial diversity largely depended on land use, precipitation, and temperature, and was positively associated with stream habitat characteristics. Habitat characteristics are determined by two positively correlated variables, the primary headwater habitat evaluation index (HHEI) and headwater macroinvertebrate field evaluation index (HMEFI). They can be used as a rapid tool to access headwaters in the field. Survey results indicated decisive factors affecting people{\textquoteright}s adoption of conservation practices. They are farm size, income, farm succession, sense of place, and awareness and knowledge about stream pollution. Regression results of mean willingness to pay for farmers and non-farmers were \$151.67 and \$156.95 for scenario 2 that microbial pathogen level would be lower than EPA standards for 3 years, and \$171.88 and \$197.57 for scenario 3 that that microbial pathogen level would meet EPA standards for 5 years.}, keywords = {0410:Microbiology, 0768:Environmental science, Agricultural watersheds, Biological sciences, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Microbial contamination, Microbiology, Stream habitats}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1238016084?accountid=14270}, author = {Wei, Xiaoping} } @article {12383, title = {Identification of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes}, journal = {Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, volume = {67}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, note = {Zankari, Ea Hasman, Henrik Cosentino, Salvatore Vestergaard, Martin Rasmussen, Simon Lund, Ole Aarestrup, Frank M. Larsen, Mette Voldby
Lund, Ole/F-4437-2014; Rasmussen, Simon/G-6258-2016
Lund, Ole/0000-0003-1108-0491; Rasmussen, Simon/0000-0001-6323-9041}, month = {Nov}, pages = {2640-2644}, abstract = {

Identification of antimicrobial resistance genes is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms and the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance. As the costs of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) continue to decline, it becomes increasingly available in routine diagnostic laboratories and is anticipated to substitute traditional methods for resistance gene identification. Thus, the current challenge is to extract the relevant information from the large amount of generated data. We developed a web-based method, ResFinder that uses BLAST for identification of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes in whole-genome data. As input, the method can use both pre-assembled, complete or partial genomes, and short sequence reads from four different sequencing platforms. The method was evaluated on 1862 GenBank files containing 1411 different resistance genes, as well as on 23 de-novo-sequenced isolates. When testing the 1862 GenBank files, the method identified the resistance genes with an ID100 (100 identity) to the genes in ResFinder. Agreement between in silico predictions and phenotypic testing was found when the method was further tested on 23 isolates of five different bacterial species, with available phenotypes. Furthermore, ResFinder was evaluated on WGS chromosomes and plasmids of 30 isolates. Seven of these isolates were annotated to have antimicrobial resistance, and in all cases, annotations were compatible with the ResFinder results. A web server providing a convenient way of identifying acquired antimicrobial resistance genes in completely sequenced isolates was created. ResFinder can be accessed at . ResFinder will continuously be updated as new resistance genes are identified.

}, isbn = {0305-7453}, author = {Zankari, E. and Hasman, H. and Cosentino, S. and Vestergaard, M. and Rasmussen, S. and Lund, O. and Aarestrup, F. M. and Larsen, M. V.} } @article {2510, title = {Identification of an avian group A rotavirus containing a novel {VP4} gene with a close relationship to those of mammalian rotaviruses.}, journal = {The Journal of general virology}, year = {2012}, publisher = {highwire}, abstract = {Group A rotaviruses {(RVAs)} are an important cause of diarrhoeal illness in humans, as well as in mammalian and avian animal species. Previous sequence analyses indicated that avian {RVAs} are related only distantly to mammalian {RVAs.} Here, the complete genomes of {RVA} strain {03V0002E10} from turkey {(Meleagris} gallopavo) and {RVA} strain {10V0112H5} from pheasant {(Phasianus} colchicus) were analysed using a combination of 454 deep sequencing and Sanger sequencing technologies. An adenine-rich insertion similar to that found in the chicken {RVA} strain {02V0002G3,} but considerably shorter, was found in the 3{\textquoteright} {NCR} of the {NSP1} gene of the pheasant strain. Most genome segments of both strains were related closely to those of avian {RVAs.} The novel genotype N10 was assigned to the {NSP2} gene of the pheasant {RVA,} which is related most closely to genotype N6 found in avian {RVAs.} However, this virus contains a {VP4} gene of the novel genotype P[37], which is related most closely to {RVAs} from pigs, dogs and humans. This strain either may represent an avian/mammalian rotavirus reassortant, or it carries an unusual avian rotavirus {VP4} gene, thereby broadening the potential genetic and antigenic variability among {RVAs.}}, doi = {10.1099/vir.0.047381-0}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.047381-0}, author = {Eva Trojnar and Jana Sachsenr\"oder and Sven Twardziok and Jochen Reetz and Peter H Otto and Reimar Johne} } @article {929, title = {Identification of an avian group A rotavirus containing a novel {VP4} gene with a close relationship to those of mammalian rotaviruses.}, journal = {The Journal of general virology}, year = {2012}, publisher = {highwire}, abstract = {Group A rotaviruses {(RVAs)} are an important cause of diarrhoeal illness in humans, as well as in mammalian and avian animal species. Previous sequence analyses indicated that avian {RVAs} are related only distantly to mammalian {RVAs.} Here, the complete genomes of {RVA} strain {03V0002E10} from turkey {(Meleagris} gallopavo) and {RVA} strain {10V0112H5} from pheasant {(Phasianus} colchicus) were analysed using a combination of 454 deep sequencing and Sanger sequencing technologies. An adenine-rich insertion similar to that found in the chicken {RVA} strain {02V0002G3,} but considerably shorter, was found in the 3{\textquoteright} {NCR} of the {NSP1} gene of the pheasant strain. Most genome segments of both strains were related closely to those of avian {RVAs.} The novel genotype N10 was assigned to the {NSP2} gene of the pheasant {RVA,} which is related most closely to genotype N6 found in avian {RVAs.} However, this virus contains a {VP4} gene of the novel genotype P[37], which is related most closely to {RVAs} from pigs, dogs and humans. This strain either may represent an avian/mammalian rotavirus reassortant, or it carries an unusual avian rotavirus {VP4} gene, thereby broadening the potential genetic and antigenic variability among {RVAs.}}, doi = {10.1099/vir.0.047381-0}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.047381-0}, author = {Eva Trojnar and Jana Sachsenr\"oder and Sven Twardziok and Jochen Reetz and Peter H Otto and Reimar Johne} } @booklet {995, title = {Identification of MW Polyomavirus, a Novel Polyomavirus in Human Stool}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {86}, number = {19}, year = {2012}, pages = {10321{\textendash}10326}, abstract = {

We have discovered a novel polyomavirus present in multiple human stool samples. The virus was initially identified by shotgun pyrosequencing of DNA purified from virus-like particles isolated from a stool sample collected from a healthy child from Malawi. We subsequently sequenced the virus{\textquoteright} 4,927-bp genome, which has been provisionally named MW polyomavirus (MWPyV). The virus has genomic features characteristic of the family Polyomaviridae but is highly divergent from other members of this family. It is predicted to encode the large T antigen and small T antigen early proteins and the VP1, VP2, and VP3 structural proteins. A real-time PCR assay was designed and used to screen 514 stool samples from children with diarrhea in St. Louis, MO; 12 specimens were positive for MWPyV. Comparison of the whole-genome sequences of the index Malawi case and one St. Louis case demonstrated that the two strains of MWPyV varied by 5.3\% at the nucleotide level. The number of polyomaviruses found in the human body continues to grow, raising the question of how many more species have yet to be identified and what roles they play in humans with and without manifest disease.

}, isbn = {1098-5514 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0022-538X (Linking)}, issn = {0022-538X}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.01210-12}, author = {Siebrasse, E. A. and Reyes, A. and Lim, E. S. and Zhao, G. and Mkakosya, R. S. and Manary, M. J. and Gordon, J. I. and Wang, D.} } @article {3186, title = {Immunology and immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis: an update}, journal = {Clinical \& Developmental Immunology}, volume = {2012}, year = {2012}, pages = {101895}, abstract = {Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by the larval cystic stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. This complex multicellular pathogen produces various antigens which modulate the host immune response and promote parasite survival and development. The recent application of modern molecular and immunological approaches has revealed novel insights on the nature of the immune responses generated during the course of a hydatid infection, although many aspects of the Echinococcus-host interplay remain unexplored. This paper summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the immunology and diagnosis of echinococcosis, indicates areas where information is lacking, and suggests possible new strategies to improve serodiagnosis for practical application.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Antigens, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Helminth, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Immunoassay, Zoonoses}, issn = {1740-2530}, doi = {10.1155/2012/101895}, author = {Zhang, Wenbao and Wen, Hao and Li, Jun and Lin, Renyong and McManus, Donald P.} } @article {3292, title = {Immunotherapy for Polyomavirus: Opportunities and Challenges}, journal = {Immunotherapy}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {617-28}, author = {Dalianis, T} } @article {1370, title = {The impact of combined sewage overflows on the viral contamination of receiving waters}, journal = {Food Environ Virol}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {Rodriguez, Roberto A Gundy, Patricia M Rijal, Geeta K Gerba, Charles P United States Food and environmental virology Food Environ Virol. 2012 Mar;4(1):34-40. doi: 10.1007/s12560-011-9076-3. Epub 2012 Jan 14.}, pages = {34-40}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The contribution of combined sewer overflows (CSO) to the viral contamination of receiving waters was determined. Adenovirus concentrations were determined using the Primary Liver Carcinoma (PLC/PRF/5) cell line and confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Norovirus concentration was determined using the Most Probable Number (MPN) and Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Seventy-five water samples were collected during dry weather and 50 samples were collected during wet weather. CSO events significantly increased the concentration of culturable viruses, adenoviruses, and noroviruses in the receiving waters (P < 0.01). During dry weather, 56\% of samples were positive for total virus cytopathic effects (CPE), adenoviruses were detected in 41\% of the positive cell cultures, and noroviruses in 6\% of the concentrates by direct RT-PCR. During wet weather, 100\% of the samples were positive by CPE, 84\% for adenoviruses, and 40\% in the concentrates for norovirus. Our results demonstrate that CSOs can contribute significant viral loading to receiving waters.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/ isolation \& purification Adenoviridae Infections/virology Caliciviridae Infections/virology Cell Line, Tumor Chicago Environmental Monitoring Humans Norovirus/genetics/ isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards RNA, Viral/genetics/isolation \& purification Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards Risk Assessment Sewage/ virology Water/ standards Water Microbiology Weather}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-011-9076-3}, author = {Rodriguez, R. A. and Gundy, P. M. and Rijal, G. K. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {4588, title = {The impact of combined sewage overflows on the viral contamination of receiving waters}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {34{\textendash}40}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-011-9076-3}, author = {Rodriguez, R. A. and Gundy, P. M. and Rijal, G. K. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {2909, title = {The impact of globalisation on the distribution of {Echinococcus} multilocularis}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {239{\textendash}247}, abstract = {In the past three decades, Echinococcus multilocularis, the cause of human alveolar echinococcosis, has been reported in several new countries both in definitive hosts (canids) as well as in people. Unless treated, infection with this cestode in people is fatal. In previously endemic countries throughout the Northern Hemisphere, geographic ranges and human and animal prevalence levels seem to be increasing. Anthropogenic influences, including increased globalisation of animals and animal products, and altered human/animal interfaces are thought to play a vital role in the global emergence of this pathogenic cestode. Molecular epidemiological techniques are a useful tool for detecting and tracing introductions, and differentiating these from range expansions.}, keywords = {Animals, Carnivora, Disease Reservoirs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Global Health, Hepatic, Humans, prevalence, Pulmonary}, issn = {1471-5007}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2012.03.004}, author = {Davidson, Rebecca K. and Romig, Thomas and Jenkins, Emily and Tryland, Morten and Robertson, Lucy J.} } @article {14468, title = {The impact of temperature on the inactivation of enteric viruses in food and water: a review}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {112}, year = {2012}, month = {jun}, pages = {1059{\textendash}74}, abstract = {Temperature is considered as the major factor determining virus inactivation in the environment. Food industries, therefore, widely apply temperature as virus inactivating parameter. This review encompasses an overview of viral inactivation and virus genome degradation data from published literature as well as a statistical analysis and the development of empirical formulae to predict virus inactivation. A total of 658 data (time to obtain a first log(10) reduction) were collected from 76 published studies with 563 data on virus infectivity and 95 data on genome degradation. Linear model fitting was applied to analyse the effects of temperature, virus species, detection method (cell culture or molecular methods), matrix (simple or complex) and temperature category ({\textless}50 and {\textgreater}/=50 degrees C). As expected, virus inactivation was found to be faster at temperatures {\textgreater}/=50 degrees C than at temperatures {\textless}50 degrees C, but there was also a significant temperature-matrix effect. Virus inactivation appeared to occur faster in complex than in simple matrices. In general, bacteriophages PRD1 and PhiX174 appeared to be highly persistent whatever the matrix or the temperature, which makes them useful indicators for virus inactivation studies. The virus genome was shown to be more resistant than infectious virus. Simple empirical formulas were developed that can be used to predict virus inactivation and genome degradation for untested temperatures, time points or even virus strains.}, keywords = {*Food Microbiology/methods, *Virus Inactivation, *Water Microbiology, DNA Damage, Enterovirus/genetics/*physiology, Genome, Temperature, Viral}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05267.x}, author = {Bertrand, I. and Schijven, J. F. and Sanchez, G. and Wyn-Jones, P. and Ottoson, J. and Morin, T. and Muscillo, M. and Verani, M. and Nasser, A. and A M De Roda Husman and Myrmel, M. and Sellwood, J. and Cook, N. and Gantzer, C.} } @article {4445, title = {The impact of temperature on the inactivation of enteric viruses in food and water: a review}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {112}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {1059{\textendash}74}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05267.x}, author = {Bertrand, I. and Schijven, J. F. and Sanchez, G. and Wyn-Jones, P. and Ottoson, J. and Morin, T. and Muscillo, M. and Verani, M. and Nasser, A. and A M De Roda Husman and Myrmel, M. and Sellwood, J. and Cook, N. and Gantzer, C.} } @article {14869, title = {The impact of temperature on the inactivation of enteric viruses in food and water: a review}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {112}, year = {2012}, month = {jun}, pages = {1059{\textendash}74}, abstract = {Temperature is considered as the major factor determining virus inactivation in the environment. Food industries, therefore, widely apply temperature as virus inactivating parameter. This review encompasses an overview of viral inactivation and virus genome degradation data from published literature as well as a statistical analysis and the development of empirical formulae to predict virus inactivation. A total of 658 data (time to obtain a first log(10) reduction) were collected from 76 published studies with 563 data on virus infectivity and 95 data on genome degradation. Linear model fitting was applied to analyse the effects of temperature, virus species, detection method (cell culture or molecular methods), matrix (simple or complex) and temperature category ({\textbackslash}textless50 and {\textbackslash}textgreater/=50 degrees C). As expected, virus inactivation was found to be faster at temperatures {\textbackslash}textgreater/=50 degrees C than at temperatures {\textbackslash}textless50 degrees C, but there was also a significant temperature-matrix effect. Virus inactivation appeared to occur faster in complex than in simple matrices. In general, bacteriophages PRD1 and PhiX174 appeared to be highly persistent whatever the matrix or the temperature, which makes them useful indicators for virus inactivation studies. The virus genome was shown to be more resistant than infectious virus. Simple empirical formulas were developed that can be used to predict virus inactivation and genome degradation for untested temperatures, time points or even virus strains.}, keywords = {*Food Microbiology/methods, *Virus Inactivation, *Water Microbiology, DNA Damage, Enterovirus/genetics/*physiology, Genome, Temperature, Viral}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05267.x}, author = {Bertrand, I. and Schijven, J. F. and Sanchez, G. and Wyn-Jones, P. and Ottoson, J. and Morin, T. and Muscillo, M. and Verani, M. and Nasser, A. and A M De Roda Husman and Myrmel, M. and Sellwood, J. and Cook, N. and Gantzer, C.} } @article {7206, title = {The impact of water quality on health: evidence from the drinking water infrastructure program in rural {China}}, journal = {Journal of Health Economics}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {jan}, pages = {122{\textendash}134}, abstract = {This paper investigates the effect of a major water quality improvement program in rural China on the health of adults and children. Using panel data covering about 4500 households from 1989 to 2006, I estimate the impact of introducing village-level access to water from water plants on various measures of health. The regression results imply that the illness incidence of adults decreased by 11 percent and their weight-for-height increased by 0.835kg/m, and that children{\textquoteright}s weight-for-height and height itself both rose by 0.446kg/m and 0.962cm respectively, as a result of the program. And these estimates are quite stable across different robustness checks.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Child, China, drinking water, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Program Evaluation, rural health, Water quality}, issn = {1879-1646}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.08.008}, author = {Zhang, Jing} } @mastersthesis {6548, title = {Impacts of a flood pulsing hydrology on plants and invertebrates in riparian wetlands}, year = {2012}, note = {3528939}, school = {Kent State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {I tested the impacts of flood-pulsing on wetland invertebrates and plants along small streams in northeast Ohio. The Flood Pulse Concept (FPC) was developed in large rivers (e.g. Amazon, Danube, and Mississippi rivers). It describes the ecological impacts when rivers flood adjacent riparian habitats, which are a mosaic of permanent flooded wetlands, intermittently flooded wetlands, and terrestrial habitats. Flood-pulsing produces resource subsidies (e.g., water, nutrients, organic matter). Flooding also creates stresses (anoxia, desiccation, high levels of toxins, sediment erosion and deposition) in the wetlands. Floodplain biota are adapted to the predictable flood regime in large rivers. Furthermore, coarse woody debris (CWD) from fallen trees provides a microclimatic refugia for soil organisms in floodplains. As a result, biodiversity and production are usually higher in flood-pulsing wetlands than other wetland habitats. In my dissertation, I used wetland mesocosms at the on-campus Herrick Aquatic Ecology Research Facility (HAERF) to test how the short unpredictable floods in small streams affect wetland plants and invertebrates. I found that flood pulsing creates stresses that control plant community structure in the intermittently flooded zone. There was lower emergent plant diversity and plant cover in the flood-pulse treatment. However, aquatic invertebrates and plants in permanently flooded pools were not affected. I also sampled emerging insects in flood-plain wetlands at Mud Brook Preserve (MBP) and at HAERF. Insect communities were different in permanent pools and intermittently flooded zone at MBP showing that drawdowns are an important environmental factor. The permanent pools at HAERF and MBP were also different, suggesting that mesocosms did not simulate all natural environmental conditions. I tested the impact of CWD by testing naturally and artificially felled trees. Invertebrate communities were varied by region of the floodplain. However, there were few differences in sites with and without CWD suggesting that habitat conditions (soil moisture, temperature) structure soil invertebrate communities. While CWD had few short-term impacts it may be significant at a landscape scale. Overall, the unpredictable short floods in headwater wetlands create both benefits and stressors, but the net impact was negative. Therefore, some aspects of the Flood pulse concept are not applicable to headwater systems.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0388:Hydrologic sciences, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Ecology, Flood pulsing, Hydrologic sciences, Invertebrate communities, Plant communities, Riparian wetlands}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1115315224?accountid=14270}, author = {Drinkard, Maureen K.} } @article {6158, title = {Implications of faecal bacteria input from latrine-polluted ponds for wells in sandy aquifers}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {1361-1370}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Knappett, Peter SK and McKay, Larry D and Layton, Alice and Williams, Daniel E and Alam, Md J and Huq, Md R and Mey, Jacob and Feighery, John E and Culligan, Patricia J and Mailloux, Brian J} } @book {14526, title = {Improving food safety through a one health approach : workshop summary}, year = {2012}, publisher = {National Academies Press}, organization = {National Academies Press}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, abstract = {"Globalization of the food supply has created conditions favorable for the emergence, reemergence, and spread of food-borne pathogens-compounding the challenge of anticipating, detecting, and effectively responding to food-borne threats to health. In the United States, food-borne agents affect 1 out of 6 individuals and cause approximately 48 million illnesses, 128,000 hospitalizations, and 3,000 deaths each year. This figure likely represents just the tip of the iceberg, because it fails to account for the broad array of food-borne illnesses or for their wide-ranging repercussions for consumers, government, and the food industry-both domestically and internationally. A One Health approach to food safety may hold the promise of harnessing and integrating the expertise and resources from across the spectrum of multiple health domains including the human and veterinary medical and plant pathology communities with those of the wildlife and aquatic health and ecology communities. The IOM{\textquoteright}s Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop on December 13 and 14, 2011 that examined issues critical to the protection of the nation{\textquoteright}s food supply. The workshop explored existing knowledge and unanswered questions on the nature and extent of food-borne threats to health. Participants discussed the globalization of the U.S. food supply and the burden of illness associated with foodborne threats to health; considered the spectrum of food-borne threats as well as illustrative case studies; reviewed existing research, policies, and practices to prevent and mitigate foodborne threats; and, identified opportunities to reduce future threats to the nation{\textquoteright}s food supply through the use of a "One Health" approach to food safety. Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach: Workshop Summary covers the events of the workshop and explains the recommendations for future related workshops"{\textendash}Publisher{\textquoteright}s description.}, keywords = {Food Contamination prevention \& control United States Congresses., Food contamination United States Prevention Congresses., Food Microbiology United States Congresses., Foodborne Diseases prevention \& control United States Congresses., Foodborne diseases United States Prevention Congresses., Plant diseases United States Congresses., Plant Pathology United States Congresses., Public health United States Congresses., Veterinary medicine United States Congresses.}, isbn = {9780309259330 (pbk.) 0309259339 (pbk.)}, author = {Choffnes, Eileen R. and Institute of Medicine (U. S.). Forum on Microbial Threats} } @book {14897, title = {Improving food safety through a one health approach : workshop summary}, year = {2012}, publisher = {National Academies Press}, organization = {National Academies Press}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, abstract = {"Globalization of the food supply has created conditions favorable for the emergence, reemergence, and spread of food-borne pathogens-compounding the challenge of anticipating, detecting, and effectively responding to food-borne threats to health. In the United States, food-borne agents affect 1 out of 6 individuals and cause approximately 48 million illnesses, 128,000 hospitalizations, and 3,000 deaths each year. This figure likely represents just the tip of the iceberg, because it fails to account for the broad array of food-borne illnesses or for their wide-ranging repercussions for consumers, government, and the food industry-both domestically and internationally. A One Health approach to food safety may hold the promise of harnessing and integrating the expertise and resources from across the spectrum of multiple health domains including the human and veterinary medical and plant pathology communities with those of the wildlife and aquatic health and ecology communities. The IOM{\textquoteright}s Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop on December 13 and 14, 2011 that examined issues critical to the protection of the nation{\textquoteright}s food supply. The workshop explored existing knowledge and unanswered questions on the nature and extent of food-borne threats to health. Participants discussed the globalization of the U.S. food supply and the burden of illness associated with foodborne threats to health; considered the spectrum of food-borne threats as well as illustrative case studies; reviewed existing research, policies, and practices to prevent and mitigate foodborne threats; and, identified opportunities to reduce future threats to the nation{\textquoteright}s food supply through the use of a "One Health" approach to food safety. Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach: Workshop Summary covers the events of the workshop and explains the recommendations for future related workshops"{\textendash}Publisher{\textquoteright}s description.}, keywords = {Food Contamination prevention \& control United States Congresses., Food contamination United States Prevention Congresses., Food Microbiology United States Congresses., Foodborne Diseases prevention \& control United States Congresses., Foodborne diseases United States Prevention Congresses., Plant diseases United States Congresses., Plant Pathology United States Congresses., Public health United States Congresses., Veterinary medicine United States Congresses.}, isbn = {9780309259330 (pbk.) 0309259339 (pbk.)}, author = {Choffnes, Eileen R. and Threats, Institute of Medicine (U S. ) Forum on Microbial} } @article {3210, title = {{Inactivation of adenovirus using low-dose UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {19}, year = {2012}, pages = {6273{\textendash}6278}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Adenovirus has consistently been observed to be the most resistant known pathogen to disinfection by ultraviolet light. This has had an impact on regulations set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency regarding the use of UV disinfection for virus inactivation in groundwater and surface water. In this study, enhancement of UV inactivation of adenovirus was evaluated when hydrogen peroxide was added to create an advanced oxidation process (AOP). While 4 log reduction of adenovirus was determined to require a UV dose (UV fluence) of about 200 mJ/cm2 from a low pressure (LP) UV source (emitting at 253.7 nm), addition of 10 mg/L H2O2 achieved 4 log inactivation at a dose of 120 mJ/cm2. DNA damage was assessed using a novel nested PCR approach, and similar levels of DNA damage between the two different treatments were noted, suggesting the AOP enhancement in inactivation was not due to additional DNA damage. Hydroxyl radicals produced in the advanced oxidation process are likely able to damage parts of the virus not targeted by LPUV, such as attachment proteins, enhancing the UV-induced inactivation. The AOP-enhanced inactivation potential was modeled in three natural waters. This research sheds light on the inactivation mechanisms of viruses with ultraviolet light and in the presence of hydroxyl radicals and provides a practical means to enhance inactivation of this UV-resistant virus. ?? 2012 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {Advanced oxidation, Disinfection, Low pressure, Ultraviolet light, Virus}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.036}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.036}, author = {Bounty, Sarah and Rodriguez, Roberto A. and Linden, Karl G.} } @article {5147, title = {{Inactivation of Ascaris eggs in water using sequential solar driven photo-Fenton and free chlorine}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {20{\textendash}30}, abstract = {Sequential helminth egg inactivation using a solar driven advanced oxidation process (AOP) followed by chlorine was achieved. The photo-assisted Fenton process was tested alone under different H(2)O(2) and/or Fe(II) concentrations to assess its ability to inactivate Ascaris suum eggs. The effect of free chlorine alone was also tested. The lowest egg inactivation results were found using Fe(II) or H(2)O(2) separately (5 and 140 mmol L(-1), respectively) in dark conditions, which showed about 28{\%} inactivation of helminth eggs. By combining Fe(II) and H(2)O(2) at the same concentrations described earlier, 55{\%} of helminth egg inactivation was achieved. By increasing the reagent{\textquoteright}s concentration two-fold, 83{\%} egg inactivation was achieved after 120 min of reaction time. Process efficiency was enhanced by solar excitation. Using solar disinfection only, the A. suum eggs inactivation reached was the lowest observed (58{\%} egg inactivation after 120 min (120 kJ L(-1))), compared with tests using the photo-Fenton process. The use of the photo-Fenton reaction enhanced the process up to over 99{\%} of egg inactivation after 120 kJ L(-1) when the highest Fe(II) and H(2)O(2) concentration was tested. Practically no effect on the helminth eggs was observed with free chlorine alone after 550 mg min L(-1) was used. Egg inactivation in the range of 25-30{\%} was obtained for sequential processes (AOP then chlorine) using about 150 mg min L(-1).}, keywords = {Advanced oxidation processes, Free chlorine, Helminth eggs, Sequential inactivation, Solar radiation, Water disinfection}, isbn = {1477-8920}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.034}, author = {Bandala, Erick R. and Liliana Gonz{\'a}lez and Jose L Sanchez-Salas and Castillo, Jordana H.} } @article {10267, title = {Inactivation of Ascaris suum by ammonia in feces simulating the parameters of the solar toilet}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, author = {Espinoza, L.M.C. and Yeh, D. and Vinneras, B. and Rajaram, L. and Whiteford, L. and Corvin, J. and Izurieta, R.} } @article {9840, title = {{Incidence and risk factors of Blastocystis infection in an orphanage in Bangkok, Thailand}}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {37}, author = {Pipatsatitpong, D and Rangsin, R and Leelayoova, S and Naaglor, T and Mungthin, M} } @article {4609, title = {Incidence and treatment strategy for disseminated adenovirus disease after haploidentical stem cell transplantation}, journal = {Annals of Hematology}, volume = {91}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, pages = {1305{\textendash}12}, issn = {1432-0584 (Electronic) 0939-5555 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s00277-012-1440-3}, author = {Taniguchi, K. and Yoshihara, S. and Tamaki, H. and Fujimoto, T. and Ikegame, K. and Kaida, K. and Nakata, J. and Inoue, T. and Kato, R. and Fujioka, T. and Okada, M. and Soma, T. and Ogawa, H.} } @article {569, title = {Incidence and treatment strategy for disseminated adenovirus disease after haploidentical stem cell transplantation}, journal = {Ann Hematol}, volume = {91}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, note = {Taniguchi, Kyoko Yoshihara, Satoshi Tamaki, Hiroya Fujimoto, Tsuguto Ikegame, Kazuhiro Kaida, Katsuji Nakata, Jun Inoue, Takayuki Kato, Ruri Fujioka, Tatsuya Okada, Masaya Soma, Toshihiro Ogawa, Hiroyasu Evaluation Studies Germany Annals of hematology Ann Hematol. 2012 Aug;91(8):1305-12. doi: 10.1007/s00277-012-1440-3. Epub 2012 Apr 3.}, pages = {1305-12}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Adenovirus (AdV) infection is an emerging complication in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) and is closely associated with delayed immune reconstitution. In particular, disseminated AdV disease accompanies a high mortality. We retrospectively examined the incidence of AdV infection in patients undergoing unmanipulated haploidentical SCT. Following 121 transplantations in 110 patients, three had asymptomatic AdV viremia, three had localized AdV disease (hemorrhagic cystitis, HC), and seven had disseminated AdV disease (HC + viremia). The median time from transplantation to the onset of AdV-associated HC was 15 days (range 4-39), and the median time to the onset of disseminated AdV disease was 23 days (range 7-38). The cumulative incidence of AdV-associated HC was 8.3 \%, and that of disseminated AdV disease was 5.8 \%. AdV group B (type 11, type 34, or type 35) was detected in plasma samples from all the patients with disseminated AdV disease. Among them, three patients who received either cidofovir or donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) alone progressed to pneumonia and died. The remaining four patients were treated with the combination of cidofovir and low-dose unmanipulated DLI, and all survived. We showed that disseminated AdV disease is a significant complication after haplo-SCT and that the combination of cidofovir and DLI is a promising treatment option.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Homologous/adverse effects Viral Load Young Adult, Human/ epidemiology/ etiology/ therapy Adolescent Adult Aged Female Haplotypes Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/ adverse effects/methods Histocompatibility/physiology Humans Incidence Male Middle Aged Retrospective Studies Risk Factors Tissue Dono}, issn = {1432-0584 (Electronic) 0939-5555 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s00277-012-1440-3}, author = {Taniguchi, K. and Yoshihara, S. and Tamaki, H. and Fujimoto, T. and Ikegame, K. and Kaida, K. and Nakata, J. and Inoue, T. and Kato, R. and Fujioka, T. and Okada, M. and Soma, T. and Ogawa, H.} } @article {12217, title = {Increased levels of multiresistant bacteria and resistance genes after wastewater treatment and their dissemination into Lake Geneva, Switzerland}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {106}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {Czekalski, Nadine and Berthold, Tom and Caucci, Serena and Egli, Andrea and B{\"u}rgmann, Helmut} } @article {12549, title = {In-feed antibiotic effects on the swine intestinal microbiome}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {109}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {1691-1696}, isbn = {0027-8424}, author = {Looft, Torey and Johnson, Timothy A and Allen, Heather K and Bayles, Darrell O and Alt, David P and Stedtfeld, Robert D and Sul, Woo Jun and Stedtfeld, Tiffany M and Chai, Benli and Cole, James R} } @article {13319, title = {Influence of air quality on the composition of microbial pathogens in fresh rainwater}, journal = {Applied Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, year = {2012}, pages = {2813 - 2818}, author = {Kaushik, R and Balasubraminian, R and A A de La Cruz} } @article {16277, title = {The Influence of Place Attachment and Experience Use History on Perceived Depreciative Visitor Behavior and Crowding in an Urban National Park}, journal = {Environmental Management}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {Oct}, pages = {566-580}, keywords = {Attitudes, danube floodplains national park, green spaces, involvement, on-site experience, past experience, Perceptions, place attachment, protected area management, recreation perceptions, recreation use, recreationists, resource, specialization, trail, vienna}, isbn = {0364-152x}, author = {Eder, R. and Arnberger, A.} } @mastersthesis {6820, title = {Influence of riparian harvesting on boreal understory vegetation}, year = {2012}, note = {NR97339}, school = {Lakehead University (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In the boreal forest, understory vegetation accounts for the majority of floristic diversity and affects overstory succession and productivity, nutrient cycling, and wildlife habitat. In riparian forests, understory vegetation also plays an important functional role by reducing erosion, stabilizing the stream channel, and regulating water quality and quantity. Despite this critical importance, effects of harvesting on understory plant communities in riparian forests are still poorly understood. This study uses data from two boreal ecozones in Canada to quantify how overstory harvesting affects understory vegetation communities and how isturbance-response relationships vary from stream edge to uplands. Using data collected during the summer before harvesting (Yr 0), and three summers after harvesting (Yrs 1, 5 and 7) from headwater stream sites on the Boreal Plain study area (Central Alberta), compositional stability (i.e., the measure of change in community membership and abundance) was measured following disturbance. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to ordinate vegetation plots using species cover, and then measured vector length in the ordination space to quantify floristic dissimilarity (i.e., inverse of compositional stability) of each sample plot. Streamside understory plant communities were compositionally more stable relative to upland communities following clearcut harvesting. Compositional stability was positively related to pre-harvest species richness and negatively related to pre-harvest bryoid cover. Changes in species diversity, abundance and turnover following harvesting were also examined. Streamside communities harvested with or without a 30 m riparian buffer, were maintained to a condition similar to uncut forests. However, upland communities were less resistant to overstory harvest, relative to streamside communities, and subsequently colonized by grasses, forbs, and tall shrubs; many of which were present in pre-harvest riparian plots. Mechanical site preparation (i.e., scarification) exacerbates environmental changes following overstory harvest by destroying above- and below-ground plant parts and coarse woody debris and removing more of the forest floor. The response of boreal understory plant communities to overstory harvesting with and without scarification was examined on 24 small stream sites on Boreal Shield (Northwestern Ontario) watersheds. Species composition was not strongly affected by harvesting when forest floor and soil disturbance is minimal; but it was following scarification. However, this effect varied with habitat. First, the riparian and upland plots that were harvested and scarified diverged from the uncut plant communities; however this effect was stronger in the upland communities. Second, changes within the community following scarification were not detectable in the transitional communities; these communities retain species of both riparian and upland communities and thus their flora has lower site fidelity and likely tolerates a wider range of environmental conditions. Scarification profoundly alters the substrate by breaking up coarse woody debris and decreasing the depth of organic matter, which destroys forest floor feathermosses and creates a habitat suitable for early colonizing species (i.e., grasses). This study indicates that streamside understory plant communities are inherently more resilient to stand-replacing disturbance than upland assemblages. I attribute this to the higher moisture availability and shading from tall shrubs associated with riparian habitat that buffers the effect of harvesting on shade-tolerant species in streamside plots. Thus, the response to harvesting is not as marked as it is in the uplands. This study highlights that understory disturbance response relationships can differ within a small spatial scale (i.e., 30 m) based on habitat characteristics, imparted by hydrological processes and disturbance regimes that drive community composition.}, keywords = {0478:Forestry, Biological sciences, Boreal forests, Community ecology, Compositional stability, Diversity-stability hypothesis, Forestry, Logging, Overstory harvesting, Riparian forests}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1356084966?accountid=14270}, author = {MacDonald, Rebecca Louise} } @article {15034, title = {Innovative designs and approaches in sanitation when responding to challenging and complex humanitarian contexts in urban areas}, journal = {Waterlines}, volume = {31}, year = {2012}, pages = {67{\textendash}82}, author = {Bastable, A. and Lamb, J.} } @article {9586, title = {Innovative designs and approaches in sanitation when responding to challenging and complex humanitarian contexts in urban areas}, journal = {Waterlines}, volume = {31}, number = {1\&2}, year = {2012}, pages = {67-82}, author = {Bastable, A and Lamb, J} } @article {4171, title = {{An integrated performance assessment framework for water treatment plants}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, pages = {1673{\textendash}1683}, author = {Zhang, K and G, Achari and Sadiq, R and Langford, CH and Dore, MH} } @book {14530, title = {Integrated {Water} {Resources} {Management} in the {Mediterranean} {Region} {Dialogue} towards new strategy}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands : Imprint: Springer,}, organization = {Springer Netherlands : Imprint: Springer,}, address = {Dordrecht}, abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}This volume has 4 parts with 18 contributions and puts great emphasis on the importance of Integrated Water Resources Management IWRM as the way forward towards food, water, and energy security. It offers a ways and means to better manage the limited water resources; using the water more efficiently; adopting new policies in order to cope with climate change and the drought events; increasing water supply through the use of non conventional water resources, especially waste water; adopting stakeholders participation and information exchange and raising the of public awareness of the value of water. \&\#x00a0;An informative book for all those involved in all aspects of water resources containing valuable information to scientists, researchers, farmers, extension services, students and the public at large.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, keywords = {Agriculture., Biology Data processing., Climatic changes., Environmental management., Life sciences., Pollution.}, isbn = {978-94-007-4756-2}, author = {Choukr-Allah, Redouane and Ragab, Ragab and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Clemente, R. and SpringerLink (Online service)} } @book {14901, title = {Integrated {Water} {Resources} {Management} in the {Mediterranean} {Region} {Dialogue} towards new strategy}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands : Imprint: Springer,}, organization = {Springer Netherlands : Imprint: Springer,}, address = {Dordrecht}, abstract = {{\textbackslash}textlessp{\textbackslash}textgreaterThis volume has 4 parts with 18 contributions and puts great emphasis on the importance of Integrated Water Resources Management IWRM as the way forward towards food, water, and energy security. It offers a ways and means to better manage the limited water resources; using the water more efficiently; adopting new policies in order to cope with climate change and the drought events; increasing water supply through the use of non conventional water resources, especially waste water; adopting stakeholders participation and information exchange and raising the of public awareness of the value of water. \&\#x00a0;An informative book for all those involved in all aspects of water resources containing valuable information to scientists, researchers, farmers, extension services, students and the public at large.{\textbackslash}textless/p{\textbackslash}textgreater}, keywords = {Agriculture., Biology Data processing., Climatic changes., Environmental management., Life sciences., Pollution.}, isbn = {978-94-007-4756-2}, author = {Choukr-Allah, Redouane and Ragab, Ragab and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Clemente, R. and service), SpringerLink (Online} } @article {8315, title = {Integrating a gender perspective in sustainable sanitation}, year = {2012}, institution = {Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)}, url = {http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-1187-8--wg07b20en-factsheet-wg07-gender-sanitation-2011-final2012-03-15-tmsx.pdf}, author = {Wendland, C and Dankelman, I and Ruben, C and Kunze, I and Sommer, M and Mbalo, D} } @article {12351, title = {Integron involvement in environmental spread of antibiotic resistance}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {119}, keywords = {Agriculture, Antibiotic resistance, aquatic ecosystems, integron, Soil, wastewater, water}, isbn = {1664-302X (Electronic)
1664-302X (Linking)}, author = {Stalder, T. and Barraud, O. and Casellas, M. and Dagot, C. and Ploy, M. C.} } @article {17427, title = {Interaction between food-borne pathogens (Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes) and a common soil flagellate (Cercomonas sp.)}, journal = {Journal of Food ResearchJournal of Food Research}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {76-81}, author = {Xuan Thanh, Bui and Wolff, A. and Madsen, M. and Dang Duong, Bang} } @article {15696, title = {Interaction forces drive the environmental transmission of pathogenic protozoa}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb}, pages = {905-12}, edition = {2011/12/14}, keywords = {*Cell Adhesion, *Disease Transmission, Infectious, *Environmental Microbiology, Animals, Cryptosporidium/*pathogenicity, Giardia lamblia/*pathogenicity, Humans, Mollusca/parasitology, Spores, Protozoan/*pathogenicity, Toxoplasma/*pathogenicity}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Dumetre, A. and Aubert, D. and Puech, P. H. and Hohweyer, J. and Azas, N. and Villena, I.} } @article {1868, title = {Intercity spread of echovirus 6 in Shandong Province, China: application of environmental surveillance in tracing circulating enteroviruses}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {19}, year = {2012}, note = {Tao, Zexin Song, Yanyan Wang, Haiyan Zhang, Yong Yoshida, Hiromu Ji, Shengxiang Xu, Aiqiang Song, Lizhi Liu, Yao Cui, Ning Ji, Feng Li, Yan Chen, Peng Xu, Wenbo Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Oct;78(19):6946-53. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01861-12. Epub 2012 Jul 27.}, pages = {6946-53}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Environmental surveillance is an effective approach in investigating circulating enteroviruses and had been conducted in the cities of Jinan and Linyi since February 2008 and April 2010, respectively. This study analyzed 46 sewage samples collected in the two cities in 2011 and found that echovirus 6 (E6) was the predominant serotype, with 134 isolates (65 in Jinan and 69 in Linyi) from 23 (50\%) samples. This differs from the 2010 data that found 29 E6 isolates in Jinan and only 3 in Linyi. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 coding region showed that all environmental E6 samples from 2008 to 2011 (n = 167) segregated into two lineages and revealed an increase in VP1 gene diversity in 2011, suggesting that the increased number of E6 detections reflects a real epidemic in the two cities. Most Linyi isolates (n = 61, or 88\%) in 2011 segregated into sublineage 1a, together with 18 Jinan isolates in 2011. Interestingly, the ancestral VP1 sequence of sublineage 1a inferred using the maximum-likelihood method had 100\% identity with the sequence of one environmental isolate from Jinan in August 2010, suggesting an intercity spread from Jinan to Linyi. By Bayesian phylodynamic methods, the most recent common ancestor of Linyi isolates in sublineage 1a dated back to 24 December 2010, revealing that this sublineage was likely imported into Linyi from August to December in 2010. This study demonstrates that environmental surveillance is a sensitive method in tracing transmission pathways of circulating enteroviruses among different regions and reveals that E6-associated aseptic meningitis is an emerging concern in China.}, keywords = {China/epidemiology Cities Cluster Analysis Echovirus 6, DNA Sewage/virology Viral Structural Proteins/genetics, Human/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Echovirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology *Environmental Microbiology Epidemiological Monitoring Genotype Molecular Epidemiology Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01861-12}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22843520}, author = {Tao, Z. and Song, Y. and Wang, H. and Zhang, Y. and Yoshida, H. and Ji, S. and Xu, A. and Song, L. and Liu, Y. and Cui, N. and Ji, F. and Li, Y. and Chen, P. and Xu, W.} } @article {6978, title = {Interim evaluation of a large scale sanitation, hygiene and water improvement programme on childhood diarrhea and respiratory disease in rural {Bangladesh}}, journal = {Social science \& medicine}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {604{\textendash}611}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611007222}, author = {Huda, Tarique Md Nurul and Unicomb, Leanne and Johnston, Richard B. and Halder, Amal K. and Sharker, Md Abu Yushuf and Luby, Stephen P.} } @article {10193, title = {{Interlaboratory comparison of real-time PCR protocols for quantification of general fecal indicator bacteria}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {945{\textendash}953}, author = {Shanks, OC and Sivaganesan, M and Peed, L and Kelty, CA and Blackwood, AD and Greene, MR and Noble, RT and Bushon, RN and Stelzer, EA and Kinzelman, J and Anan{\textquoteright}eva, T and Sinigalliano, C and Wanless, D and Griffith, J and Cao, Y and Weisberg, S and Harwood, VJ and Staley, C and Oshima, KH and Varma, M and Haugland, RA} } @article {8365, title = {{International shortfall inequality in life expectancy in women and men, 1950-2010}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {90}, year = {2012}, pages = {557{\textendash}632}, url = {http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/8/11-097378/en/}, author = {Hosseinpoor, A.R. and Harper, S. and Lee, J.H. and Lynch, J. and M{\"a}thers, C. and Abou-Zahr, C.} } @mastersthesis {6789, title = {Investigating basic characteristics of turbulence in channel flows using {Lagrangian} concepts}, year = {2012}, note = {3547606}, school = {The University of Oklahoma}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{Many examples of turbulent motion of particles in nature can be better perceived through the concept of backwards turbulent dispersion. Some examples include pollutants in atmosphere or oceans reaching populated human or marine life, mixing scenarios where components are moving towards the mixing location, or temperature noise at a certain downwind location. In these scenarios, turbulent dispersion occurs as the particles diffuse towards a particular location. The combined direct numerical simulation/Lagrangian scalar tracking (DNS/LST) approach is used to obtain Lagrangian statistics of turbulent scalar field. This provides a natural and convenient framework to compute statistics for turbulent backwards scalar dispersion. Using this method, the forwards and backwards single particle and relative dispersion statistics are calculated. The rates of dispersion and the principal direction of transport of heat are studied. Four main regions of the channel, namely, viscous sub-layer, transition region, logarithmic region and center of the channel, are studied with interest. The dispersion characteristics are also analyzed for different types of fluids, including but not limited to}, keywords = {0542:Chemical engineering, Applied sciences, Boundary layers, Channel flows, Chemical engineering, Dispersion, Turbulence}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1268739729?accountid=14270}, author = {Srinivasan, Chiranth} } @mastersthesis {6227, title = {Investigating the use of ion exchange resins for processing biodiesel feedstocks}, year = {2012}, note = {3537223}, school = {Texas A\&M University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Ion exchange resins, commonly used in water treatment, demonstrate promise for the production of biodiesel from biomass feedstocks. The goal of this presented PhD research is to investigate novel uses of ion exchange resins for processing biodiesel feedstocks. Specifically, this research explored using ion exchange resins to remove free fatty acids (FFA) from soybean and waste cooking oils, catalyze transesterification of soybean oil, and catalyze in-situ conversion of dried algal biomass to biodiesel and other recoverable organics. The effect of temperature, moisture content, mixing rate, and resin drying on deacidification of soybean oil with 5\% oleic acid feedstock was explored using Dowex Monosphere MR-450 UPW within a batch reactor. The resins were observed to remove up to 83 {\textpm} 1.3\% of FFA from soybean oil with less than 5\% moisture content while operated at a 20\% resin loading at 50 {\textdegree}C while mixing at 550 rpm. Once operation characteristics impacting deacidification were evaluated, a series of experiments were carried out to demonstrate the use of mixed bed resin to remove FFA from waste cooking oils. An investigation of wash solutions capable of regenerating the resins was also carried out. Using methanol to regenerate the resins resulted in more than 40\% FFA removal over three regeneration cycles, highlighting the utility of resin regeneration as a cost saving measure. Transesterification of soybean oil on Amberlyst A26-OH, a basic ion exchange resin, in the presence of excess methanol was carried out to determine the mechanism of the reaction occurring on the surface. A batch reactor approach was used and reactions were carried out with and without FFA present in the soybean oil feed stock at a 20\% resin loading at 50 {\textdegree}C while mixing at 550 rpm. When FFA was present in the feedstock and methanol is present in excess, the rate constant for methanol consumption increased. Based upon model fitting, the rate constant of methanol consumption was determined to be 2.08x10 -7 /sec with FFA absent and 5.39x10-4 /sec when FFA is present when the Eley-Rideal model was used to fit the data. In-situ conversion of dried algal biomass to biodiesel and other recoverable organics was investigated using a batch reaction system with 1 gram of algae. The system was operated with 40:60 methanol:hexane as the solvent system operated at 50 {\textdegree}C while mixing at 550 rpm over a range of catalyst loadings. The highest observed ester yield, approximately 60\% yield (37 mg ester /g algae ), was observed when air dried algae was reacted with a 20\% resin. An evaluation of the reaction products showed a mixture of esters, phytol, alcohols, and ketones; highlighting the complexity of the reactions occurring during in-situ biomass conversion.}, keywords = {0363:Alternative Energy, 0495:Polymer chemistry, 0542:Chemical engineering, Algal biofuels, Alternative Energy, Applied sciences, Biodiesel, Biomass feedstocks, Chemical engineering, Deacidification, Ion exchange resins, Polymer chemistry, Pure sciences, Transesterification}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1319941502?accountid=14270}, author = {Jamal, Yousuf} } @article {5391, title = {{Laboratory investigation of ammonium and nitrate removal in vertical flow regimes in planted and unplanted wetland columns}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {138}, year = {2012}, pages = {1227{\textendash}1230}, author = {Fuchs, VJ and Gierke, JS and Mihelcic, JR} } @article {12963, title = {Land application of biosolids in the USA: a review}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Soil Science}, volume = {2012}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Hindawi}, author = {Lu, Qin and He, Zhenli L and Stoffella, Peter J} } @article {5023, title = {{A large outbreak of Opisthorchis felineus in Italy suggests that opisthorchiasis develops as a febrile eosinophilic syndrome with cholestasis rather than a hepatitis-like syndrome}}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {31}, year = {2012}, pages = {1089{\textendash}1093}, author = {Traverso, A and Repetto, E and Magnani, S and Meloni, T and Natrella, M and Marchisio, P and Giacomazzi, C and Bernardi, P and Gatti, S and Gomez Morales, MA and Pozio, E} } @article {12082, title = {Larval Habitat Associations with Human Land Uses, Roads, Rivers, and Land Cover for Anopheles albimanus, A. pseudopunctipennis, and A. punctimacula (Diptera: Culicidae) in Coastal and Highland Ecuador}, journal = {Front Physiol}, volume = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {59}, edition = {2012/03/29}, isbn = {1664-042X (Electronic)
1664-042X (Linking)}, author = {Pinault, L. L. and Hunter, F. F.} } @article {16574, title = {Larval {Habitat} {Associations} with {Human} {Land} {Uses}, {Roads}, {Rivers}, and {Land} {Cover} for {Anopheles} albimanus, {A}. pseudopunctipennis, and {A}. punctimacula ({Diptera}: {Culicidae}) in {Coastal} and {Highland} {Ecuador}}, journal = {Front Physiol}, volume = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {59}, issn = {1664-042X (Electronic) 1664-042X (Linking)}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2012.00059}, author = {Pinault, L. L. and Hunter, F. F.} } @article {8507, title = {{Latent toxoplasmosis reduces gray matter density in schizophrenia but not in controls: voxel-based-morphometry (VBM) study}}, journal = {World Journal of Biological Psychiatry}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {501{\textendash}509}, author = {Horacek, J and Flegr, J and Tintera, J and Verebova, K and Spaniel, F and Novak, T and Brunovsky, M and Bubenikova-Valesova, V and Holub, D and Palenicek, T and H{\"o}schl, C} } @article {565, title = {Latest insights on adenovirus structure and assembly}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, note = {1999-4915 San Martin, Carmen Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review Switzerland Viruses. 2012 May;4(5):847-77. doi: 10.3390/v4050847. Epub 2012 May 21.}, pages = {847-77}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Adenovirus (AdV) capsid organization is considerably complex, not only because of its large size (~950 A) and triangulation number (pseudo T = 25), but also because it contains four types of minor proteins in specialized locations modulating the quasi-equivalent icosahedral interactions. Up until 2009, only its major components (hexon, penton, and fiber) had separately been described in atomic detail. Their relationships within the virion, and the location of minor coat proteins, were inferred from combining the known crystal structures with increasingly more detailed cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) maps. There was no structural information on assembly intermediates. Later on that year, two reports described the structural differences between the mature and immature adenoviral particle, starting to shed light on the different stages of viral assembly, and giving further insights into the roles of core and minor coat proteins during morphogenesis [1,2]. Finally, in 2010, two papers describing the atomic resolution structure of the complete virion appeared [3,4]. These reports represent a veritable tour de force for two structural biology techniques: X-ray crystallography and cryoEM, as this is the largest macromolecular complex solved at high resolution by either of them. In particular, the cryoEM analysis provided an unprecedented clear picture of the complex protein networks shaping the icosahedral shell. Here I review these latest developments in the field of AdV structural studies.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/chemistry/*physiology/*ultrastructure Cryoelectron Microscopy Crystallography, Molecular Viral Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism Virion/chemistry/ultrastructure *Virus Assembly adenovirus core proteins cryo-electron microscopy crystallography maturation minor coat proteins structure, X-Ray Humans Macromolecular Substances/chemistry/ultrastructure Models}, issn = {1999-4915}, doi = {10.3390/v4050847}, author = {San Martin, C.} } @article {4595, title = {Latest insights on adenovirus structure and assembly}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {847{\textendash}77}, issn = {1999-4915}, doi = {10.3390/v4050847}, author = {San Martin, C.} } @article {16139, title = {Leptospira and Rodents in Cambodia: Environmental Determinants of Infection}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {86}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1032-1038}, edition = {2012/06/06}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Ivanova, S. and Herbreteau, V. and Blasdell, K. and Chaval, Y. and Buchy, P. and Guillard, B. and Morand, S.} } @article {16102, title = {Leptospirosis and tularaemia in raccoons (Procyon lotor) of Larimer County,}, journal = {Zoonoses Public HealthZoonoses Public Health}, volume = {59}, year = {2012}, pages = {29-34}, author = {Duncan, C. and Krafsur, G. and Podell, B. and Baeten, L. A. and LeVan, I. and Charles, B. and Ehrhart, E. J.} } @article {9867, title = {{Levels of genetic diversity vary dramatically between Blastocystis subtypes}}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {263{\textendash}273}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2011.11.002}, author = {Stensvold, CR and Alfellani, M and Clark, CG} } @mastersthesis {6919, title = {Liberal international environmental justice and foreign direct investment at the {International} {Finance} {Corporation}}, year = {2012}, note = {3523640}, school = {Colorado State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In recent years there have been broad and important debates about whether international environmental justice is attainable within the liberal model. This issue warrants examination, particularly in a context which reflects the strongest possible potential for liberal claims. An especially potent commendation of the liberal model is found in North-to-South foreign direct investment, where liberal advocates identify investment as a key strategy to improve the life chances of the poor. However, foreign direct investment today reflects in many cases dimensions of injustice as between investor and affected populations. Such injustices arise in particular where an investment project taps into local resources such as land, air, water, precious metals, and so on without sufficient participation by affected persons in the benefits of such resource access. These sorts of inequities are especially troubling where the investor originates in one of the wealthier countries of the global North and the recipient country and affected population resides in the global South. This study attempts to then answer the question: may such injustices be remediated within the scope of a liberal model of economic activity and development? That is, can liberal prescriptions for justice be satisfied by liberal economic precepts and patterns? The study first posits a social liberal amendment to dominant contemporary neoliberal understandings. The analysis then turns to the World Bank Group{\textquoteright}s International Finance Corporation as a potential best-case example of efforts to render North-South foreign direct investment more environmentally sound. In particular, the study asks whether the policies and programs of the International Finance Corporation may be fairly seen to accommodate liberal justice precepts. Culling the existing literature, and employing evidence gleaned from documentary analysis and in-person interviews, the study asks whether the International Finance Corporation is durably engaged in advancing international environmental justice in financed projects. Through a deconstruction of International Finance Corporation documents and case studies of a purposive sample of recently-financed projects the study asks whether there is more going on at the International Finance Corporation than mere environmental window-dressing. The analysis shows that a social liberal international environmental justice is being advanced, but not evenly. The study concludes that a stronger implementation of international environmental justice is possible within the social liberal model, but that improvements are needed.}, keywords = {0601:International Relations, 0616:International law, 0619:Environmental Justice, Environmental justice, Foreign direct investment, International environmental justice, International Finance Corporation, International law, International Relations, Liberalism, Social liberalism, Social sciences, World Bank}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1038157234?accountid=14270}, author = {Ehresman, Timothy G.} } @article {15434, title = {Life-history traits indicate local adaptation of the schistosome parasite, Schistosoma mansoni, to its snail host, Biomphalaria pfeifferi}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {132}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, month = {Dec}, pages = {501-7}, abstract = {

The digenean trematode Schistosoma mansoni causes schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis), a significant human disease especially in sub-Saharan Africa. We tested local adaptation of this parasite to its intermediate host, the freshwater snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi, by exposure of S. mansoni to B. pfeifferi from one sympatric and four allopatric populations and measurement of life-history traits of both species over time. The pre-patent period, infection rate, and cercarial production of the parasite were determined, and the shell diameter, fecundity, and survival of the snail host were determined. The results provide evidence for local adaptation of S. mansoni to its sympatric snail host: the pre-patent period was the shortest, the cercarial production was moderate and accompanied by a higher survival rate, the growth was greater during the pre-patent period, and the fecundity was greater during the pre-patent period. The greater growth and fecundity of sympatric B. pfeifferi suggests the presence of growth and fecundity compensation. These fitness traits are relevant to energy allocation of the snail host and to the transmission strategy of the schistosome parasite.

}, keywords = {Adaptation, Physiological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Biomphalaria/*parasitology/physiology, Fertility, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Mice, Middle Aged, Schistosoma mansoni/*physiology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/parasitology/transmission, Young Adult}, isbn = {1090-2449 (Electronic)
0014-4894 (Linking)}, author = {Ibikounl{\'e}, M. and Mouahid, G. and Mintsa Ngu{\'e}ma, R. and Sakiti, N. G. and Kind{\'e}-Gasard, D. and Massougbodji, A. and Mon{\'e}, H.} } @mastersthesis {7072, title = {Linking forest restoration and watershed services: {Investigating} payment for watershed services in northern {Arizona}}, year = {2012}, note = {1511482}, school = {Northern Arizona University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Poor forest health and the resultant threat of catastrophic wildfire threaten resources, local communities and ecosystem services. The Four Forests Restoration Initiative (4FRI) engages a broad base of stakeholders to address forest conditions at the landscape scale, yet is threatened by potential funding shortfalls. The hydrologic response following forest restoration will create tangible, non-market benefits for downstream water users. Payment for Watershed Services (PWS) has been proposed as a means of augmenting funding for forest restoration and management in critical watersheds. PWS are initiatives in which downstream water users (beneficiaries) make payments to upstream landowners/land mangers (providers) to adopt management practices that are linked to improvements in watershed services (Stanton et al. 2010) and have been employed on a limited basis in the western U.S. According to Wunder (2005), for PWS schemes to be feasible: (1) beneficiaries must be willing to pay, and (2) providers must have the institutional preconditions to supply the service. My study uses these criteria to determine the feasibility of PWS in Northern Arizona. In collaboration with my colleague, Dr. Julie Mueller, I estimated the willingness to pay (WTP) for improved watershed services for one group of downstream users, irrigators, following forest restoration activities. We found a positive and statistically significant WTP within our sample of \$183.50 per household, at an aggregated benefit of over \$400,000 annually for 2,181 irrigators. The benefit estimate we found provides evidence that downstream irrigators may be willing to invest in landscape-scale forest restoration to maintain watershed services. I examined the feasibility and design criteria for developing PWS programs in coordination with the USFS to support forest restoration. Using workshops, surveys, interviews and a literature review, I examined seven key components of PWS initiatives, including: governance, provider, watershed services, monitoring effectiveness, beneficiaries, payment mechanism, and financing mechanism. Key findings include: (1) policies are sufficient for PWS; (2) market based approaches are not appropriate; (3) intermediaries are critical in program facilitation; (4) different types of payment mechanisms may be appropriate; (5) USFS must remain impartial in PWS initiation; (6) different user groups are willing-to-pay for the protection and enhancement of watershed services. Our results suggest that PWS is one feasible means of augmenting funding for landscape scale restoration in Northern Arizona.}, keywords = {0477:Environmental Studies, 0478:Forestry, Biological sciences, Contingent valuaation, Environmental Studies, Forestry, Forests, Health and environmental sciences, Institutional design, Payment for ecosystem services, water, Watershed services}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1020130413?accountid=14270}, author = {Swaffar, Wesley W.} } @article {12506, title = {Linking Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment and Epidemiological Data: Informing Safe Drinking Water Trials in Developing Countries}, journal = {Environmental Science \& TechnologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, note = {Times Cited: 29
Nelson, Kara/G-7886-2015

29
1520-5851}, month = {May 1}, pages = {5160-5167}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Enger, Kyle S. and Nelson, Kara L. and Clasen, Thomas and Rose, Joan B. and Eisenberg, Joseph N. S.} } @article {7647, title = {Long-amplicon propidium monoazide-PCR enumeration assay to detect viable Campylobacter and Salmonella}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {863-873}, keywords = {Campylobacter, Polymerase Chain Reaction, propidium monoazide, Salmonella, viability}, isbn = {1365-2672}, author = {Banihashemi,A. and Van Dyke,M. I. and Huck,P. M.} } @article {5729, title = {{Long-Term Protective Effects of Hepatitis A Vaccines. A Systematic Review}}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {3{\textendash}11}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.104}, author = {Ott, JJ and Irving, G and Wiersma, ST} } @booklet {10780, title = {{Managing water under uncertainty and risk. The United Nations World Water Development Report 4}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}, address = {Paris, France}, author = {UNESCO} } @article {14629, title = {Measuring and mitigating inhibition during quantitative real time {PCR} analysis of viral nucleic acid extracts from large-volume environmental water samples}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {4281{\textendash}91}, abstract = {Naturally-occurring inhibitory compounds are a major concern during qPCR and RT-qPCR analysis of environmental samples, particularly large volume water samples. Here, a standardized method for measuring and mitigating sample inhibition in environmental water concentrates is described. Specifically, the method 1) employs a commercially available standard RNA control; 2) defines inhibition by the change in the quantification cycle (C(q)) of the standard RNA control when added to the sample concentrate; and 3) calculates a dilution factor using a mathematical formula applied to the change in C(q) to indicate the specific volume of nuclease-free water necessary to dilute the effect of inhibitors. The standardized inhibition method was applied to 3,193 large-volume water (surface, groundwater, drinking water, agricultural runoff, sewage) concentrates of which 1,074 (34\%) were inhibited. Inhibition level was not related to sample volume. Samples collected from the same locations over a one to two year period had widely variable inhibition levels. The proportion of samples that could have been reported as false negatives if inhibition had not been mitigated was between 0.3\% and 71\%, depending on water source. These findings emphasize the importance of measuring and mitigating inhibition when reporting qPCR results for viral pathogens in environmental waters to minimize the likelihood of reporting false negatives and under-quantifying virus concentration.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Drinking Water/virology, Environmental Monitoring/methods, GB virus C/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Groundwater/virology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Reproducibility of Results, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, RNA, Sewage/virology, Viral/*genetics/isolation \& purification}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.030}, author = {Gibson, K. E. and Schwab, K. J. and Spencer, S. K. and Borchardt, M. A.} } @article {14958, title = {Measuring and mitigating inhibition during quantitative real time {PCR} analysis of viral nucleic acid extracts from large-volume environmental water samples}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {4281{\textendash}91}, abstract = {Naturally-occurring inhibitory compounds are a major concern during qPCR and RT-qPCR analysis of environmental samples, particularly large volume water samples. Here, a standardized method for measuring and mitigating sample inhibition in environmental water concentrates is described. Specifically, the method 1) employs a commercially available standard RNA control; 2) defines inhibition by the change in the quantification cycle (C(q)) of the standard RNA control when added to the sample concentrate; and 3) calculates a dilution factor using a mathematical formula applied to the change in C(q) to indicate the specific volume of nuclease-free water necessary to dilute the effect of inhibitors. The standardized inhibition method was applied to 3,193 large-volume water (surface, groundwater, drinking water, agricultural runoff, sewage) concentrates of which 1,074 (34\%) were inhibited. Inhibition level was not related to sample volume. Samples collected from the same locations over a one to two year period had widely variable inhibition levels. The proportion of samples that could have been reported as false negatives if inhibition had not been mitigated was between 0.3\% and 71\%, depending on water source. These findings emphasize the importance of measuring and mitigating inhibition when reporting qPCR results for viral pathogens in environmental waters to minimize the likelihood of reporting false negatives and under-quantifying virus concentration.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Drinking Water/virology, Environmental Monitoring/methods, GB virus C/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Groundwater/virology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Reproducibility of Results, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, RNA, Sewage/virology, Viral/*genetics/isolation \& purification}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.030}, author = {Gibson, K. E. and Schwab, K. J. and Spencer, S. K. and Borchardt, M. A.} } @article {1582, title = {Measuring and mitigating inhibition during quantitative real time PCR analysis of viral nucleic acid extracts from large-volume environmental water samples}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {46}, number = {13}, year = {2012}, note = {Gibson, K E Schwab, K J Spencer, S K Borchardt, M A eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. England 2012/06/08 06:00 Water Res. 2012 Sep 1;46(13):4281-91. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.030. Epub 2012 May 16.}, pages = {4281-91}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Naturally-occurring inhibitory compounds are a major concern during qPCR and RT-qPCR analysis of environmental samples, particularly large volume water samples. Here, a standardized method for measuring and mitigating sample inhibition in environmental water concentrates is described. Specifically, the method 1) employs a commercially available standard RNA control; 2) defines inhibition by the change in the quantification cycle (C(q)) of the standard RNA control when added to the sample concentrate; and 3) calculates a dilution factor using a mathematical formula applied to the change in C(q) to indicate the specific volume of nuclease-free water necessary to dilute the effect of inhibitors. The standardized inhibition method was applied to 3,193 large-volume water (surface, groundwater, drinking water, agricultural runoff, sewage) concentrates of which 1,074 (34\%) were inhibited. Inhibition level was not related to sample volume. Samples collected from the same locations over a one to two year period had widely variable inhibition levels. The proportion of samples that could have been reported as false negatives if inhibition had not been mitigated was between 0.3\% and 71\%, depending on water source. These findings emphasize the importance of measuring and mitigating inhibition when reporting qPCR results for viral pathogens in environmental waters to minimize the likelihood of reporting false negatives and under-quantifying virus concentration.}, keywords = {Drinking Water/virology Environmental Monitoring/methods GB virus C/*genetics/isolation \& purification Groundwater/virology RNA, Viral/*genetics/isolation \& purification Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Reproducibility of Results Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Sewage/virology *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.030}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673345}, author = {Gibson, K. E. and Schwab, K. J. and Spencer, S. K. and Borchardt, M. A.} } @article {11462, title = {Meat Control Act}, year = {2012} } @article {10177, title = {{Mechanisms for photoinactivation of Enterococcus faecalis in seawater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {21}, year = {2012}, pages = {7776{\textendash}7785}, author = {Sassoubre, LM and Nelson, KL and Boehm, AB} } @article {8621, title = {{Mechanisms of Toxoplasma gondii persistence and latency}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {717{\textendash}733}, author = {Sullivan, WJ and Jeffers, V} } @article {11263, title = {{Meningitis by Toxocara canis after Ingestion of Raw Ostrich Liver}}, journal = {Journal of Korean Medical Science}, volume = {27}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {1105}, doi = {10.3346/jkms.2012.27.9.1105}, author = {Noh, Young and Hong, Sung-Tae and Yun, Ji Young and Park, Hong-Kyun and Oh, Jung-Hwan and Kim, Young Eun and Jeon, Beom S} } @booklet {3435, title = {{Menstrual Hygiene Matters: A Resource for Improving Menstrual Hygiene Around the World.}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {WaterAid}, address = {London}, author = {House, S and Mahon, T and Cavill, S} } @booklet {3818, title = {Menstrual {Hygiene} {Matters}: {A} {Resource} for {Improving} {Menstrual} {Hygiene} {Around} the {World}.}, year = {2012}, publisher = {WaterAid}, address = {London}, author = {House, S and Mahon, T and Cavill, S} } @article {12326, title = {Metagenomic Profiling of Microbial Composition and Antibiotic Resistance Determinants in Puget Sound}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, note = {Port, Jesse A. Wallace, James C. Griffith, William C. Faustman, Elaine M.
Faustman, Elaine/0000-0002-3085-6403}, month = {Oct}, abstract = {

Human-health relevant impacts on marine ecosystems are increasing on both spatial and temporal scales. Traditional indicators for environmental health monitoring and microbial risk assessment have relied primarily on single species analyses and have provided only limited spatial and temporal information. More high-throughput, broad-scale approaches to evaluate these impacts are therefore needed to provide a platform for informing public health. This study uses shotgun metagenomics to survey the taxonomic composition and antibiotic resistance determinant content of surface water bacterial communities in the Puget Sound estuary. Metagenomic DNA was collected at six sites in Puget Sound in addition to one wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) that discharges into the Sound and pyrosequenced. A total of similar to 550 Mbp (1.4 million reads) were obtained, 22 Mbp of which could be assembled into contigs. While the taxonomic and resistance determinant profiles across the open Sound samples were similar, unique signatures were identified when comparing these profiles across the open Sound, a nearshore marina and WWTP effluent. The open Sound was dominated by alpha-Proteobacteria (in particular Rhodobacterales sp.), gamma-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes while the marina and effluent had increased abundances of Actinobacteria, beta-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. There was a significant increase in the antibiotic resistance gene signal from the open Sound to marina to WWTP effluent, suggestive of a potential link to human impacts. Mobile genetic elements associated with environmental and pathogenic bacteria were also differentially abundant across the samples. This study is the first comparative metagenomic survey of Puget Sound and provides baseline data for further assessments of community composition and antibiotic resistance determinants in the environment using next generation sequencing technologies. In addition, these genomic signals of potential human impact can be used to guide initial public health monitoring as well as more targeted and functionally-based investigations.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, author = {Port, J. A. and Wallace, J. C. and Griffith, W. C. and Faustman, E. M.} } @article {7588, title = {{Metagenomics and future perspectives in virus discovery}}, journal = {Current Opinion in Virology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {63-77}, abstract = {

Monitoring the emergence and re-emergence of viral diseases with the goal of containing the spread of viral agents requires both adequate preparedness and quick response. Identifying the causative agent of a new epidemic is one of the most important steps for effective response to disease outbreaks. Traditionally, virus discovery required propagation of the virus in cell culture, a proven technique responsible for the identification of the vast majority of viruses known to date. However, many viruses cannot be easily propagated in cell culture, thus limiting our knowledge of viruses. Viral metagenomic analyses of environmental samples suggest that the field of virology has explored less than 1{\%} of the extant viral diversity. In the last decade, the culture-independent and sequence-independent metagenomic approach has permitted the discovery of many viruses in a wide range of samples. Phylogenetically, some of these viruses are distantly related to previously discovered viruses. In addition, 60-99{\%} of the sequences generated in different viral metagenomic studies are not homologous to known viruses. In this review, we discuss the advances in the area of viral metagenomics during the last decade and their relevance to virus discovery, clinical microbiology and public health. We discuss the potential of metagenomics for characterization of the normal viral population in a healthy community and identification of viruses that could pose a threat to humans through zoonosis. In addition, we propose a new model of the Koch{\textquoteright}s postulates named the {\textquoteright}Metagenomic Koch{\textquoteright}s Postulates{\textquoteright}. Unlike the original Koch{\textquoteright}s postulates and the Molecular Koch{\textquoteright}s postulates as formulated by Falkow, the metagenomic Koch{\textquoteright}s postulates focus on the identification of metagenomic traits in disease cases. The metagenomic traits that can be traced after healthy individuals have been exposed to the source of the suspected pathogen. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2011.12.004}, author = {Mokili, J.L. and Rohwer, F. and Dutilh, B.E.} } @article {13787, title = {Metagenomics and future perspectives in virus discovery}, journal = {Current Opinion in Virology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Monitoring the emergence and re-emergence of viral diseases with the goal of containing the spread of viral agents requires both adequate preparedness and quick response. Identifying the causative agent of a new epidemic is one of the most important steps for effective response to disease outbreaks. Traditionally, virus discovery required propagation of the virus in cell culture, a proven technique responsible for the identification of the vast majority of viruses known to date. However, many viruses cannot be easily propagated in cell culture, thus limiting our knowledge of viruses. Viral metagenomic analyses of environmental samples suggest that the field of virology has explored less than 1\% of the extant viral diversity. In the last decade, the culture-independent and sequence-independent metagenomic approach has permitted the discovery of many viruses in a wide range of samples. Phylogenetically, some of these viruses are distantly related to previously discovered viruses. In addition, 60-99\% of the sequences generated in different viral metagenomic studies are not homologous to known viruses. In this review, we discuss the advances in the area of viral metagenomics during the last decade and their relevance to virus discovery, clinical microbiology and public health. We discuss the potential of metagenomics for characterization of the normal viral population in a healthy community and identification of viruses that could pose a threat to humans through zoonosis. In addition, we propose a new model of the Koch{\textquoteright}s postulates named the {\textquoteright}Metagenomic Koch{\textquoteright}s Postulates{\textquoteright}. Unlike the original Koch{\textquoteright}s postulates and the Molecular Koch{\textquoteright}s postulates as formulated by Falkow, the metagenomic Koch{\textquoteright}s postulates focus on the identification of metagenomic traits in disease cases. The metagenomic traits that can be traced after healthy individuals have been exposed to the source of the suspected pathogen. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2011.12.004}, author = {Mokili, J.L. and Rohwer, F. and Dutilh, B.E.} } @article {17441, title = {Method 1200: Analytical Protocol for Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Drinking Water and Surface Water (EPA. EPA 817-R-12-004)}, year = {2012}, institution = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Washington, DC, USA} } @booklet {4154, title = {{Method 1623.1: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water by filtration/IMS/FA.1 EPA 816-R-12-001}}, year = {2012} } @article {15936, title = {Method 1623.1: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration/IMS/FA}, volume = {EPA 816-R-12-001}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Office of Research and Development, Government Printing Office}, address = {Washington, DC} } @article {10392, title = {Microbial contamination of screenings from wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, author = {Szostkova, Monika and Vitez, Tomas and Marecek, Jan and Losak, Tomas} } @article {15067, title = {Microbial contamination of screenings from wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, author = {Szostkova, Monika and Vitez, Tomas and Marecek, Jan and Losak, Tomas} } @article {10141, title = {{Microbial monitoring of surface water in South Africa: an overview}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {9}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, pages = {2669{\textendash}2693}, author = {Luyt, CD and Tandlich, R and Muller, WK and Wilhelmi, BS} } @article {964, title = {Microbial source tracking to identify human and ruminant sources of faecal pollution in an ephemeral Florida river}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {1396{\textendash}1406}, abstract = {AIMS: Levels and sources of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in an ephemeral Florida river were assessed under different rainfall/flow patterns to explore the effects of rainfall on water quality.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS AND RESULTS: Quantitative PCR for sewage markers [human-associated Bacteroides HF183 and human polyomaviruses (HPyVs)] and PCR for ruminant faecal markers were used to explore contamination sources. Escherichia coli, faecal coliform and enterococci levels consistently exceeded recreational water quality criteria, and sediment FIB levels were about 100-fold higher compared with water. HPyVs detections cooccurred with HF183, which was frequently detected near septic systems. Ruminant markers were detected only in livestock-grazing areas. Significantly greater faecal coliform and E. coli concentrations were observed under no-flow conditions and the levels of faecal coliforms in water column and sediments were negatively correlated with duration since last rain event.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: Septic systems and cattle grazing in this watershed contributed to the formation of FIB reservoirs in sediments, which were persistent following prolonged rainfall.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nSIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Ephemeral water bodies that flow only under the direct influence of recent rainfall are rarely studied. FIB levels in the New River in Florida were greater during dry weather than wet weather, which contrasts with most observations and may be attributed to bacterial reservoirs formed in still pool, sediments and water-saturated soils in this subtropical environment.}, keywords = {Environmental/recreational water, Indicators, Microbial contamination, wastewater, Water quality}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1364-5072 (Linking)}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12007}, author = {Chase, E. and Hunting, J. and Staley, C. and Harwood, V. J.} } @article {13747, title = {Microbial source tracking to identify human and ruminant sources of faecal pollution in an ephemeral {Florida} river}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Aims: Levels and sources of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in an ephemeral Florida river were assessed under different rainfall/flow patterns to explore the effects of rainfall on water quality. Methods and Results: Quantitative PCR for sewage markers [human-associated Bacteroides HF183 and human polyomaviruses (HPyVs)] and PCR for ruminant faecal markers were used to explore contamination sources. Escherichia coli, faecal coliform and enterococci levels consistently exceeded recreational water quality criteria, and sediment FIB levels were about 100-fold higher compared with water. HPyVs detections cooccurred with HF183, which was frequently detected near septic systems. Ruminant markers were detected only in livestock-grazing areas. Significantly greater faecal coliform and E. coli concentrations were observed under no-flow conditions and the levels of faecal coliforms in water column and sediments were negatively correlated with duration since last rain event. Conclusions: Septic systems and cattle grazing in this watershed contributed to the formation of FIB reservoirs in sediments, which were persistent following prolonged rainfall. Significance and Impact of the Study: Ephemeral water bodies that flow only under the direct influence of recent rainfall are rarely studied. FIB levels in the New River in Florida were greater during dry weather than wet weather, which contrasts with most observations and may be attributed to bacterial reservoirs formed in still pool, sediments and water-saturated soils in this subtropical environment. {\textcopyright} 2012 The Society for Applied Microbiology.}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12007}, author = {Chase, E. and Hunting, J. and Staley, C. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {7547, title = {{Microbial source tracking to identify human and ruminant sources of faecal pollution in an ephemeral Florida river}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {1396-1406}, abstract = {

Aims: Levels and sources of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in an ephemeral Florida river were assessed under different rainfall/flow patterns to explore the effects of rainfall on water quality. Methods and Results: Quantitative PCR for sewage markers [human-associated Bacteroides HF183 and human polyomaviruses (HPyVs)] and PCR for ruminant faecal markers were used to explore contamination sources. Escherichia coli, faecal coliform and enterococci levels consistently exceeded recreational water quality criteria, and sediment FIB levels were about 100-fold higher compared with water. HPyVs detections cooccurred with HF183, which was frequently detected near septic systems. Ruminant markers were detected only in livestock-grazing areas. Significantly greater faecal coliform and E. coli concentrations were observed under no-flow conditions and the levels of faecal coliforms in water column and sediments were negatively correlated with duration since last rain event. Conclusions: Septic systems and cattle grazing in this watershed contributed to the formation of FIB reservoirs in sediments, which were persistent following prolonged rainfall. Significance and Impact of the Study: Ephemeral water bodies that flow only under the direct influence of recent rainfall are rarely studied. FIB levels in the New River in Florida were greater during dry weather than wet weather, which contrasts with most observations and may be attributed to bacterial reservoirs formed in still pool, sediments and water-saturated soils in this subtropical environment. {\textcopyright} 2012 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12007}, author = {Chase, E. and Hunting, J. and Staley, C. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {9539, title = {{Microsporidia as emerging pathogens and the implication for public health: A 10-year study on HIV-positive and - negative patients}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, year = {2012}, author = {Lobo, ML and Xiao, L and Antunes, F and Matos, O} } @article {9493, title = {{Microsporidial keratitis in patients with hot springs exposure}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {414{\textendash}418}, author = {Fan, NW and Wu, CC and Chen, TL and Yu, WK and Chen, CP and Lee, SM and Lin, PY} } @article {11476, title = {A mini-review on membrane fouling}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {122}, year = {2012}, pages = {27{\textendash}34}, author = {Guo, W and Ngo, HH and Li, J} } @article {7938, title = {{A model laboratory system to study the synergistic interaction and growth of environmental Escherichia coli with macrophytic green algae}}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {390{\textendash}395}, abstract = {Escherichia coli, an important fecal indicator bacterium, is known to persist and reproduce in association with Cladophora and other macrophytic algae and environmental substrates. Recent increases in the growth of Cladophora and other macrophytic algae in many of the Laurentian Great Lakes result in the accumulation of large amounts of algal biomass along the shoreline and on beaches. While the {\{}Cladophora{\textendash}E.{\}} coli association may pose substantial public health risks, detailed laboratory-based studies have not been done to investigate the bases of the interaction. This is due, in large part, to past inabilities to culture many macrophytic algae under near axenic conditions. Here we describe the development and experimental use of laboratory microcosms to study the synergistic interaction and growth of the green alga Pithophora, a close relative of Cladophora, with environmental E. coli. In the absence of exogenous organic carbon supply, the E. coli population attached to algal filaments increased approximately three orders of magnitude within 72h of inoculation. Growth of E. coli on Pithophora appeared to be limited by dissolved nitrogen with a concentration of {\{}>=66$μ$g/mL{\}} N allowing maximal bacterial growth. In contrast, an environmental strain of Salmonella did not grow under identical conditions in the microcosms, suggesting that this bacterium requires additional growth factors not provided by Cladophora. Since the alga can be maintained in the laboratory for long periods of time, this system allows for further experimentation and understanding of macroalga{\textendash}microbe interactions.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jglr.2012.03.005}, author = {Badgley, Brian D and Ferguson, John and Hou, Zhe and Sadowsky, Michael J} } @article {13919, title = {A model laboratory system to study the synergistic interaction and growth of environmental {Escherichia} coli with macrophytic green algae}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {390{\textendash}395}, abstract = {Escherichia coli, an important fecal indicator bacterium, is known to persist and reproduce in association with Cladophora and other macrophytic algae and environmental substrates. Recent increases in the growth of Cladophora and other macrophytic algae in many of the Laurentian Great Lakes result in the accumulation of large amounts of algal biomass along the shoreline and on beaches. While the \{Cladophora{\textendash}E.\} coli association may pose substantial public health risks, detailed laboratory-based studies have not been done to investigate the bases of the interaction. This is due, in large part, to past inabilities to culture many macrophytic algae under near axenic conditions. Here we describe the development and experimental use of laboratory microcosms to study the synergistic interaction and growth of the green alga Pithophora, a close relative of Cladophora, with environmental E. coli. In the absence of exogenous organic carbon supply, the E. coli population attached to algal filaments increased approximately three orders of magnitude within 72h of inoculation. Growth of E. coli on Pithophora appeared to be limited by dissolved nitrogen with a concentration of \{>=66μg/mL\} N allowing maximal bacterial growth. In contrast, an environmental strain of Salmonella did not grow under identical conditions in the microcosms, suggesting that this bacterium requires additional growth factors not provided by Cladophora. Since the alga can be maintained in the laboratory for long periods of time, this system allows for further experimentation and understanding of macroalga{\textendash}microbe interactions.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jglr.2012.03.005}, author = {Badgley, Brian D and Ferguson, John and Hou, Zhe and Sadowsky, Michael J} } @article {2154, title = {{A model laboratory system to study the synergistic interaction and growth of environmental Escherichia coli with macrophytic green algae}}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {390{\textendash}395}, abstract = {Escherichia coli, an important fecal indicator bacterium, is known to persist and reproduce in association with Cladophora and other macrophytic algae and environmental substrates. Recent increases in the growth of Cladophora and other macrophytic algae in many of the Laurentian Great Lakes result in the accumulation of large amounts of algal biomass along the shoreline and on beaches. While the \{Cladophora{\textendash}E.\} coli association may pose substantial public health risks, detailed laboratory-based studies have not been done to investigate the bases of the interaction. This is due, in large part, to past inabilities to culture many macrophytic algae under near axenic conditions. Here we describe the development and experimental use of laboratory microcosms to study the synergistic interaction and growth of the green alga Pithophora, a close relative of Cladophora, with environmental E. coli. In the absence of exogenous organic carbon supply, the E. coli population attached to algal filaments increased approximately three orders of magnitude within 72h of inoculation. Growth of E. coli on Pithophora appeared to be limited by dissolved nitrogen with a concentration of \{>=66$μ$g/mL\} N allowing maximal bacterial growth. In contrast, an environmental strain of Salmonella did not grow under identical conditions in the microcosms, suggesting that this bacterium requires additional growth factors not provided by Cladophora. Since the alga can be maintained in the laboratory for long periods of time, this system allows for further experimentation and understanding of macroalga{\textendash}microbe interactions.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jglr.2012.03.005}, author = {Badgley, Brian D and Ferguson, John and Hou, Zhe and Sadowsky, Michael J} } @article {6080, title = {Modeling virus transport and remobilization during transient partially saturated flow}, journal = {Vadose Zone Journal}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, publisher = {The Soil Science Society of America, Inc.}, author = {Zhang, Qiulan and Majid S Hassanizadeh and Raoof, Amir and van Genuchten, M Th and Roels, Saskia M} } @article {1951, title = {Modelling bioprocesses and membrane fouling in membrane bioreactor (MBR): a review towards finding an integrated model framework}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {122}, year = {2012}, note = {Zuthi, M F R Ngo, H H Guo, W S Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review England Bioresource technology Bioresour Technol. 2012 Oct;122:119-29. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.090. Epub 2012 May 2.}, pages = {119-29}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

The bioprocesses taking place in activated sludge wastewater treatment system itself are characterized by great complexity and yet incomplete understanding of some of the phenomena involved. The MBR technology inherent deficiencies for its simulation due to additional intrinsic complexities resulting from the interaction between concurrently occurring and dynamic biological processes with membrane filtration and the straightforward adoption of the activated sludge models\&$\#$39; (ASM) frameworks or their modified variations. In this backdrop, this paper compiles a brief overview of the previous developments to the current state-of-the-art mathematical modelling approaches of the MBR system. With extended discussions on particular topics such as applications of modified ASMs to MBR modelling, ASM extensions incorporating soluble microbial products (SMP)/extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) concepts, this paper also provides a guide for different end-users of mathematical models of MBR systems.

}, keywords = {*Biofouling Biomass *Bioreactors *Membranes, Artificial *Models, Theoretical Sewage/microbiology}, issn = {1873-2976 (Electronic) 0960-8524 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.090 S0960-8524(12)00714-6 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22608936}, author = {Zuthi, M. F. and Ngo, H. H. and Guo, W. S.} } @article {4120, title = {{A modified EPA Method 1623 that uses tangential flow hollow-fiber ultrafiltration and heat dissociation steps to detect waterborne Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp}}, journal = {Journal of Visualized Experiments}, volume = {65}, year = {2012}, pages = {4177}, author = {Rhodes, ER and Villegas, LF and Shaw, NJ and Miller, C and Villegas, EN} } @article {4333, title = {{Modified USEPA method 1601 to indicate viral contamination of groundwater}}, journal = {Journal - American Water Works Association}, volume = {104}, number = {08}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {E480{\textendash}E488}, publisher = {American Water Works Association}, keywords = {Detection Methods, Fecal coliforms, Groundwater, Viruses, wastewater, water contamination}, issn = {21644535}, doi = {10.5942/jawwa.2012.104.0115}, url = {http://www.awwa.org/publications/journal-awwa/abstract/articleid/32181020.aspx}, author = {Salter, Robert S. and Durbin, Gregory W.} } @article {8511, title = {{Modulation of innate immunity by Toxoplasma gondii virulence effectors}}, journal = {Nature Reviews Microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {766{\textendash}778}, author = {Hunter, CA and Sibley, LD} } @article {6921, title = {Molecular and phylogenetic approaches for assessing sources of {Cryptosporidium} contamination in water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {16}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {5135{\textendash}5150}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.045}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135412004733}, author = {Ruecker, Norma J. and Matsune, Joanne C. and Wilkes, Graham and Lapen, David R. and Topp, Edward and Edge, Thomas A. and Sensen, Christoph W. and Xiao, Lihua and Neumann, Norman F.} } @booklet {996, title = {Molecular biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the JC virus-induced demyelinating disease of the human brain}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {471{\textendash}506}, abstract = {Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a debilitating and frequently fatal central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease caused by JC virus (JCV), for which there is currently no effective treatment. Lytic infection of oligodendrocytes in the brain leads to their eventual destruction and progressive demyelination, resulting in multiple foci of lesions in the white matter of the brain. Before the mid-1980s, PML was a relatively rare disease, reported to occur primarily in those with underlying neoplastic conditions affecting immune function and, more rarely, in allograft recipients receiving immunosuppressive drugs. However, with the onset of the AIDS pandemic, the incidence of PML has increased dramatically. Approximately 3 to 5\% of HIV-infected individuals will develop PML, which is classified as an AIDS-defining illness. In addition, the recent advent of humanized monoclonal antibody therapy for the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn{\textquoteright}s disease has also led to an increased risk of PML as a side effect of immunotherapy. Thus, the study of JCV and the elucidation of the underlying causes of PML are important and active areas of research that may lead to new insights into immune function and host antiviral defense, as well as to potential new therapies.}, issn = {08938512}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.05031-11}, author = {Ferenczy, Michael W. and Marshall, Leslie J. and Nelson, Christian D S and Atwood, Walter J. and Nath, Avindra and Khalili, Kamel and Majora, Eugene O.} } @article {13434, title = {Molecular characterisation of Galba truncatula, Lymnaea neotropica and L. schirazensis from Cajamarca, Peru and their potential role in transmission of human and animal fascioliasis}, journal = {Parasit Vectors}, volume = {174}, year = {2012}, pages = {16}, author = {Bargues, M. D. and Artigas, P. and Khoubbane, M. and Ortiz, P. and Naquira, C. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {13252, title = {Molecular characterization of clinical isolates of Aeromonas species from Malaysia}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {e30205}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0030205}, author = {Puthucheary, S. D. and Puah, S. M. and Chua, K. H.} } @article {7922, title = {{Molecular detection and genotyping of human noroviruses in influent and effluent water at a wastewater treatment plant in Japan}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {112}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {605{\textendash}613}, abstract = {AIMS: To investigate the prevalence, seasonality and genotype distribution of human noroviruses (NoVs) in wastewater in Japan.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS AND RESULTS: Influent and effluent water samples were collected monthly for a year from a wastewater treatment plant and examined for the presence of genogroups I and II (GI and GII) NoVs. Using real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays, 12 (100{\%}) influent and six (50{\%}) effluent samples were positive for both GI and GII NoV genomes, with a higher prevalence in winter. A total of 152 different NoV strains, comprising 84 GI and 68 GII strains, were identified using seminested RT-PCR assays followed by cloning and sequence analysis. These strains were classified into nine GI genotypes (GI/1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 14) and 13 GII genotypes (GII/1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15 and 16), showing considerable genetic diversity.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: Based on the partial capsid gene sequences, we identified a great number of NoV strains belonging to many genotypes, demonstrating that genetically diverse NoV strains are co-circulating in aquatic environments and human populations.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nSIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our results clearly demonstrate the seasonal trend and genetic diversity of NoVs in wastewater.}, keywords = {Genotyping, Molecular Epidemiology, Noroviruses, Real-time RT-PCR assay, Seminested RT-PCR assay, wastewater}, isbn = {1364-5072}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05231.x}, author = {Kitajima, M. and Haramoto, E. and Phanuwan, C. and Katayama, H. and Furumai, H.} } @article {5500, title = {{Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Noroviruses}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {153{\textendash}167}, abstract = {Noroviruses (NoVs) are a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide in humans and animals and are known as very infectious viral agents. They are spread through feces and vomit via several transmission routes involving person-to-person contact, food, and water. Investigation of these transmission routes requires sensitive methods for detection of NoVs. As NoVs cannot be cultivated to date, detection of these viruses relies on the use of molecular methods such as (real-time) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Regardless of the matrix, detection of NoVs generally requires three subsequent steps: a virus extraction step, RNA purification, and molecular detection of the purified RNA, occasionally followed by molecular genotyping. The current review mainly focused on the molecular detection and genotyping of NoVs. The most conserved region in the genome of human infective NoVs is the ORF1/ORF2 junction and has been used as a preferred target region for molecular detection of NoVs by methods such as (real-time) RT-PCR, NASBA, and LAMP. In case of animal NoVs, broad range molecular assays have most frequently been applied for molecular detection. Regarding genotyping of NoVs, five regions situated in the polymerase and capsid genes have been used for conventional RT-PCR amplification and sequencing. As the expected levels of NoVs on food and in water are very low and inhibition of molecular methods can occur in these matrices, quality control including adequate positive and negative controls is an essential part of NoV detection. Although the development of molecular methods for NoV detection has certainly aided in the understanding of NoV transmission, it has also led to new problems such as the question whether low levels of human NoV detected on fresh produce and shellfish could pose a threat to public health.}, keywords = {Animal, Human, Molecular detection, Molecular genotyping, Norovirus, Real-Time RT-PCR, RT-qPCR}, isbn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, issn = {18670334}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9092-y}, author = {Stals, Ambroos and Mathijs, Elisabeth and Baert, Leen and Botteldoorn, Nadine and Denayer, Sarah and Mauroy, Axel and Scipioni, Alexandra and Daube, Georges and Dierick, Katelijne and Herman, Lieve and van Coillie, Els and Thiry, Etienne and Uyttendaele, Mieke} } @article {2746, title = {Molecular detection of three gastroenteritis viruses in urban surface waters in Beijing and correlation with levels of fecal indicator bacteria}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {184}, year = {2012}, pages = {5563-5570}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-011-2362-6}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2362-6}, author = {He, X and Wei, Y and Cheng, L and Zhang, D and Wang, Z} } @article {9184, title = {{Molecular epidemiology of amoebiasis in Malaysia: highlighting the different risk factors of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infections among Orang Asli communities}}, journal = {Int J Parasitol}, volume = {42}, number = {13-14}, year = {2012}, pages = {1165{\textendash}1175}, author = {Anuar, TS and Al-Mekhlafi, HM and Abdul Ghani, MK and Abu Bakar, E and Azreen, SN and Salleh, FM and Ghazali, N and Bernadus, M and Moktar, N} } @article {2905, title = {Molecular identification of human echinococcosis in the {Altai} region of {Russia}}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {711{\textendash}714}, abstract = {Mitochondrial haplotypes were determined for Echinococcus species infecting individuals diagnosed with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) at Altai State Medical University Hospital in Barnaul, Russia during 2008 to 2011. The nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene was determined for 31 of 34 AE and 8 of 12 CE cases. All of the AE cases were confirmed to be caused by Asian type Echinococcus multilocularis, while CE cases were caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (genotype G1) and Echinococcus canadensis (genotype G6).}, keywords = {Animals, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Haplotypes, Humans, Mitochondrial, Phylogeny, Risk Factors, Russia}, issn = {1873-0329}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2012.05.009}, author = {Konyaev, Sergey V. and Yanagida, Tetsuya and Ingovatova, Galina M. and Shoikhet, Yakov N. and Nakao, Minoru and Sako, Yasuhito and Bondarev, Alexandr Y. and Ito, Akira} } @article {13262, title = {A molecular study on the prevalence and virulence potential of Aeromonas spp. recovered from patients suffering from diarrhea in Israel}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {e30070}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0030070}, author = {Senderovich, Y. and Ken-Dror, S. and Vainblat, I. and Blau, D. and Izhaki, I. and Halpern, M.} } @article {9536, title = {{Molecular Surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by Genotyping and Subtyping Parasites in Wastewater}}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1809}, author = {Li, N and Xiao, L and Wang, L and Zhao, S and Zhao, X and Duan, L and Guo, M and Liu, L and Feng, Y} } @article {11570, title = {{Molecular systematic of three species of Oithona (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) from the Atlantic Ocean: Comparative Analysis Using 28S rDNA}}, journal = {Plos One}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {e35861}, doi = {10.1371/Journal.pone.0035861}, author = {Cepeda, Georgina D and Blanco-Barcial, Leocadio and Bucklin, Ann and Ber{\'o}n, Corina M and Vi{\~n}as, Mar{\'\i}a D} } @inbook {4415, title = {Molecular typing of adenoviruses in pediatric respiratory infections in Buenos Aires, Argentina (1999-2010)}, booktitle = {J Clin Virol}, volume = {53}, year = {2012}, pages = {145-50}, publisher = {2011 Elsevier B.V}, organization = {2011 Elsevier B.V}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Netherlands}, isbn = {1873-5967 (Electronic) 1386-6532 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcv.2011.11.001}, author = {Barrero, P. R. and Valinotto, L. E. and Tittarelli, E. and Mistchenko, A. S.} } @inbook {4443, title = {Molecular typing of adenoviruses in pediatric respiratory infections in Buenos Aires, Argentina (1999-2010)}, booktitle = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {53}, year = {2012}, pages = {145{\textendash}50}, isbn = {1873-5967 (Electronic) 1386-6532 (Linking)}, author = {Barrero, P. R. and Valinotto, L. E. and Tittarelli, E. and Mistchenko, A. S.} } @article {3017, title = {The monetary burden of cystic echinococcosis in {Iran}}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1915}, abstract = {Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a globally distributed parasitic infection of humans and livestock. The disease is of significant medical and economic importance in many developing countries, including Iran. However, the socioeconomic impact of the disease, in most endemic countries, is not fully understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the monetary burden of CE in Iran. Epidemiological data, including prevalence and incidence of CE in humans and animals, were obtained from regional hospitals, the scientific literature, and official government reports. Economic data relating to human and animal disease, including cost of treatment, productivity losses, and livestock production losses were obtained from official national and international datasets. Monte Carlo simulation methods were used to represent uncertainty in input parameters. Mean number of surgical CE cases per year for 2000-2009 was estimated at 1,295. The number of asymptomatic individuals living in the country was estimated at 635,232 (95\% Credible Interval, CI 149,466-1,120,998). The overall annual cost of CE in Iran was estimated at US\$232.3 million (95\% CI US\$103.1-397.8 million), including both direct and indirect costs. The cost associated with human CE was estimated at US\$93.39 million (95\% CI US\$6.1-222.7 million) and the annual cost associated with CE in livestock was estimated at US\$132 million (95\% CI US\$61.8-246.5 million). The cost per surgical human case was estimated at US\$1,539. CE has a considerable economic impact on Iran, with the cost of the disease approximated at 0.03\% of the country{\textquoteright}s gross domestic product. Establishment of a CE surveillance system and implementation of a control program are necessary to reduce the economic burden of CE on the country. Cost-benefit analysis of different control programs is recommended, incorporating present knowledge of the economic losses due to CE in Iran.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Communicable Disease Control, Cost of Illness, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Echinococcosis, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Iran, Livestock, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, Preschool, prevalence}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0001915}, author = {Fasihi Harandi, Majid and Budke, Christine M. and Rostami, Sima} } @article {10431, title = {Monitoring the Hepatitis A Virus in Urban Wastewater from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {106}, year = {2012}, pages = {104-9}, author = {Prado, T. and Fumian, T.M. and Miagostovich, M.P. and Gaspar, A.M.} } @article {3816, title = {Monitoring the hepatitis A virus in urban wastewater from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {106}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {104{\textendash}109}, author = {Prado, T and Fumian, TM and Miagostovich, MP and Gaspar, AM} } @inbook {9904, title = {{Morphology of human and animal Blastocystis isolates with special references to reproductive modes}}, booktitle = {Parasitology Research Monographs}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-32738-4_2}, author = {Yamada, M and Yoshikawa, H} } @booklet {8370, title = {Mortality and burden of disease from water and sanitation. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data}, year = {2012}, url = {http://www.who.int/gho/phe/water{\_}sanitation/burden{\_}text/en/} } @article {7342, title = {Multi-barrier protection of drinking water systems in {Ontario}: {A} comparison of {First} {Nation} and non-{First} {Nation} communities}, journal = {International Indigenous Policy Journal}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/d3632fd8e37f9a4416d0de373294f2a4/1?pq-origsite=gscholar}, author = {Walters, Dan and Spence, Nicholas and Kuikman, Kayli and Singh, Budhendra} } @article {10777, title = {{Multi-drug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 variant El. Tor isolated in northern Vietnam between 2007 and 2010}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology}, volume = {61}, year = {2012}, pages = {431{\textendash}437}, author = {Tran, HD and Alam, M and Trung, NV and Kinh, NV and Nguyen, HH and Pham, VC and Ansaruzzaman, M and Rashed, SM and Bhuiyan, NA and Dao, TT and Endtz, HP and Wertheim, HF} } @mastersthesis {6456, title = {Nanomaterial {Synthesis} and {Integration} for {Sensor} and {Energy} {Applications}}, year = {2012}, note = {3686233}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Nanostructures have unique properties that will be leveraged for next generation sensor and energy applications: large surface-to-volume ratios, increased sensitivity at lower input power levels, and higher current densities all contribute to increased functionality of nanostructure devices. The synthesis and integration of carbon-, metal-, and metal oxide-based nanostructures for sensor and energy applications are studied with the goal of nano-to-micro devices utilizing well-established micro- and nano-fabrication tools and techniques: (1) self-assembled, integrated carbon nanotube gas/pressure sensors; (2) titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanostructures for energy applications; and (3) silver nanowires and graphene for biological and optical sensing platforms. Suspended carbon nanotubes are grown by in situ heating of microstructures, self-assembled and integrated directly for electrothermal gas/pressure sensing. Titanium dioxide nanoswords, synthesized by induction heating, exhibit large areas of crystalline faces demonstrating enhanced photocatalytic activity. TiO 2 nanosword synthesis is scaled for bulk growth and combined with microfabrication techniques to study solar absorption under visible light irradiation for photoelectrochemical cell applications. Silver nanowires are synthesized using oblique angle deposition (OAD), allowing for control over nanowire porosity and morphology based on substrate deposition angle. Graphene devices are fabricated using nanoimprint lithography (NIL) techniques. Suspended carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are grown by in situ heating of microstructures, allowing for the placement of CNTs at specific locations without conventional global furnace heating during the synthesis process. These CNT devices are self-assembled and the integration process monitored via electrical feedback. Electrothermal pressure sensing with selective gas and pressure sensing applications has been demonstrated. Furthermore, control and improvement of the self-assembled contact resistances of nano-to-micro interfaces have been investigated by means of local annealing via Joule heating. Titanium dioxide nanoswords have been synthesized using a rapid induction heating technique. These rutile-phase, single-crystalline nanostructures, typically 40-90 nanometers in thickness, 200-1000 nanometers in width, and up to tens of micrometers in length, exhibit large areas of exposed crystalline faces that show an enhanced photocatalytic reaction. Scaling up the synthesis method for bulk growth and ease of integration with existing microfabrication techniques has been studied for enhanced solar absorption of the titania nanostructures for possible large-scale water splitting applications under direct sunlight. In the third area of this dissertation, silver nanowires arrays were synthesized using oblique-angle deposition (OAD). Based on the angle of metal deposition, the thin-film porosity and nanowire morphology can be controlled. These nanostructure substrates have been used as biological test platforms for nanotoxicology studies, with trends indicating cell viability decreased as the thin film porosity increased. Finally, experimental results of graphene nanopatterning with nanoimprint lithography (NIL) for electrical and optical devices are discussed. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene is transferred onto silicon oxide substrates and patterned using different NIL mold configurations.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, 0565:Nanoscience, 0652:Nanotechnology, Applied sciences, Carbon nanotubes, Electrothermal pressure sensing, Graphene, Mechanical engineering, Nanopatterning, Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, Silver nanowires, Titanium dioxide}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1666865384?accountid=14270}, author = {Chiamori, Heather Chisako} } @article {9976, title = {{Nearly Constant Shedding of Diverse Enteric Viruses by Two Healthy Infants}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {50}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {3427{\textendash}3434}, abstract = {Stool samples from two healthy infant siblings collected at about weekly intervals during their first year of life were analyzed by PCR for 15 different enteric viral genera. Adenovirus, Aichi virus, Anellovirus, Astrovirus, Bocavirus, Enterovirus, Parechovirus, Picobirnavirus, and Rotavirus were detected. Not detected were Coronavirus, Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Salivirus, Sapovirus, and Norovirus. Long-term virus shedding, lasting from one to 12 months, was observed for adenoviruses, anelloviruses, bocaviruses, enteroviruses, parechoviruses, and picobirnaviruses. Repeated administration of oral poliovirus vaccine resulted in progressively shorter periods of poliovirus detection. Four nonpolio enterovirus genotypes were also detected. An average of 1.8 distinct human viruses were found per time point. Ninety-two percent (66/72) of the fecal samples tested contained one to five different human viruses. Two British siblings in the mid-1980s showed nearly constant fecal viral shedding. Our results demonstrate that frequent enteric infections with diverse viruses occur during early childhood in the absence of severe clinical symptoms.}, issn = {0095-1137}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.01589-12}, author = {Kapusinszky, B. and Minor, P. and Delwart, E.} } @article {15532, title = {Neuroschistosomiasis}, journal = {Journal of Neurology}, volume = {259}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States
Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
Germany}, month = {Jan}, pages = {22-32}, abstract = {

Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by digenetic trematode platyhelminths of the genus Schistosoma. Neuroschistosomiasis is one of the most severe clinical outcomes associated with schistosome infection. Neurological complications early during the course of infection are thought to occur through in situ egg deposition following aberrant migration of adult worms to the brain or spinal cord. The presence of eggs in the CNS induces a cell-mediated Th2-driven periovular granulomatous reaction. The mass effect of thousands of eggs and the large granulomas concentrated within the brain or spinal cord explain the signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, myelopathy, radiculopathy and subsequent clinical sequelae. Myelopathy (acute transverse myelitis and subacute myeloradiculopathy) of the lumbosacral region is the most common neurological manifestation of S. mansoni or S. haematobium infection, whereas acute encephalitis of the cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia or internal capsule is typical of S. japonicum infection. Cerebral complications include encephalopathy with headache, visual impairment, delirium, seizures, motor deficits and ataxia, whereas spinal symptoms include lumbar pain, lower limb radicular pain, muscle weakness, sensory loss and bladder dysfunction. The finding of eggs in the stool or a positive serology, provides supportive but not direct evidence of neuroschistosomiasis. A definitive diagnosis can only be made with histopathological study showing Schistosoma eggs and granulomas. Schistosomicidal drugs (notably praziquantel), steroids and surgery are currently used for the treatment of neuroschistosomiasis. During the \&$\#$39;acute phase\&$\#$39; of the disease, neuroschistosomiasis is treated with corticosteroids which are augmented with a course of praziquantel once female worm ovipositioning commences. Surgery should be reserved for special cases such as in those with evidence of medullary compression and in those who deteriorate despite clinical management.

}, keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use, Animals, Artemisinins/therapeutic use, Humans, Immunologic Tests, Life Cycle Stages, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuroschistosomiasis/drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology/parasitology/*pathology, Praziquantel/therapeutic use, Schistosoma, Schistosomicides/therapeutic use, Tomography, X-Ray Computed}, isbn = {1432-1459 (Electronic)
0340-5354 (Linking)}, author = {Ross, A. G. and McManus, D. P. and Farrar, J. and Hunstman, R. J. and Gray, D. J. and Li, Y. S.} } @article {14538, title = {New approaches for enhanced detection of enteroviruses from {Hawaiian} environmental waters}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {e32442}, abstract = {Health risks associated with sewage-contaminated recreational waters are of important public health concern. Reliable water monitoring systems are therefore crucial. Current recreational water quality criteria rely predominantly on the enumeration of bacterial indicators, while potentially dangerous viral pathogens often remain undetected. Human enteric viruses have been proposed as alternative indicators; however, their detection is often hindered by low viral concentrations present in the environment. Reported here are novel and effective laboratory protocols for viral concentration and highly sensitive and optimized RT-PCR for the efficient detection of enteroviruses, an important enteric virus subset, in Hawaiian environmental waters. Eighteen published enterovirus primer pairs were comparatively evaluated for detection sensitivity. The primer set exhibiting the lowest detection limit under optimized conditions, EQ-1/EQ-2, was validated in a field survey of 22 recreational bodies of water located around the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Eleven sites tested positive for enterovirus, indicating fecal contamination at these locations. As an additional means of viral concentration, shellfish were collected from 9 sample sites and subjected to dissection, RNA extraction, and subsequent RT-PCR. Shellfish tissue from 6 of 9 sites tested positive for enterovirus. The techniques implemented here are valuable resources to aid accurate reflection of microbial contamination in Hawaii{\textquoteright}s environmental waters.}, keywords = {Animals, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Feces/virology, Hawaii, Humans, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage/*virology, Shellfish/virology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0032442}, author = {Connell, C. and Tong, H. I. and Wang, Z. and Allmann, E. and Lu, Y.} } @article {1514, title = {New approaches for enhanced detection of enteroviruses from Hawaiian environmental waters}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, note = {Connell, Christina Tong, Hsin-I Wang, Zi Allmann, Erin Lu, Yuanan eng P50ES012740/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2012/05/09 06:00 PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e32442. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032442. Epub 2012 May 2.}, pages = {e32442}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Health risks associated with sewage-contaminated recreational waters are of important public health concern. Reliable water monitoring systems are therefore crucial. Current recreational water quality criteria rely predominantly on the enumeration of bacterial indicators, while potentially dangerous viral pathogens often remain undetected. Human enteric viruses have been proposed as alternative indicators; however, their detection is often hindered by low viral concentrations present in the environment. Reported here are novel and effective laboratory protocols for viral concentration and highly sensitive and optimized RT-PCR for the efficient detection of enteroviruses, an important enteric virus subset, in Hawaiian environmental waters. Eighteen published enterovirus primer pairs were comparatively evaluated for detection sensitivity. The primer set exhibiting the lowest detection limit under optimized conditions, EQ-1/EQ-2, was validated in a field survey of 22 recreational bodies of water located around the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Eleven sites tested positive for enterovirus, indicating fecal contamination at these locations. As an additional means of viral concentration, shellfish were collected from 9 sample sites and subjected to dissection, RNA extraction, and subsequent RT-PCR. Shellfish tissue from 6 of 9 sites tested positive for enterovirus. The techniques implemented here are valuable resources to aid accurate reflection of microbial contamination in Hawaii{\textquoteright}s environmental waters.}, keywords = {Animals Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/*methods Feces/virology Hawaii Humans Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sewage/*virology Shellfish/virology Water Microbiology}, issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0032442}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22567083}, author = {Connell, C. and Tong, H. I. and Wang, Z. and Allmann, E. and Lu, Y.} } @article {15497, title = {A new chronotype of Schistosoma mansoni: adaptive significance}, journal = {Tropical Medicice and International Health}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
Tm \& ih}, month = {Jun}, pages = {727-32}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To optimise host-to-host transmission, digenean trematodes (parasites) synchronize their cercarial emission patterns with the aquatic activities of their vertebrate hosts. Schistosoma mansoni has a strictly diurnal shedding pattern involving two circadian chronotypes: an early shedding pattern with a mean peak occurring at 11:00 h and a late pattern with a mean peak occurring at 16:00 h. We analysed the cercarial emergence pattern of three schistosome populations from Oman where S. mansoni is resurgent. METHODS: For each schistosome population, the cercarial emergence pattern was assessed hourly over several days. Because we identified a new chronotype hitherto unknown in S. mansoni, we undertook taxonomic characterisation based on egg morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequence (COX1). RESULTS: Taxonomic characterisation revealed that the three schistosome populations belong to the species S. mansoni. Hence, this is the first report of this species exhibiting a nocturnal chronotype, with the mean peak occurring at 20:00 h. We interpreted the new chronotype as being the result of a lateral transfer of S. mansoni from humans to Rattus rattus. CONCLUSION: The cercarial emergence pattern of S. mansoni from Oman is circadian, exhibiting either a diurnal or a nocturnal phenotype.}, keywords = {*Circadian Rhythm, Animals, Oman, Phenotype, Schistosoma mansoni/*classification/*physiology, Species Specificity}, isbn = {1365-3156 (Electronic)
1360-2276 (Linking)}, author = {Mouahid, G. and Idris, M. A. and Verneau, O. and Th{\'e}ron, A. and Shaban, M. M. and Mon{\'e}, H.} } @mastersthesis {7193, title = {Non-market valuation using stated preferences: {Applications} in the water sector}, year = {2012}, note = {U640288}, school = {London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}![CDATA[This thesis is concerned with the application of stated preference methods to non-market valuation problems. It reviews the literature on the state of the art of the method, and applies the techniques to three applications in the water sector. In the first application, estimates are presented of the value to households in England and Wales of improvements to the quality of water in the natural environment. The need for value estimates arises from the European Community Water Framework Directive, which drives water policy across the European Union. Area based values were generated to maximise the potential for subsequent policy incorporation and value transfer. These were found to vary from {\textsterling}2,263 to {\textsterling}39,168 per km 2 depending on the population density around the location of the improvement, the ecological scope of that improvement, and the value elicitation method employed. The second application investigates the cost of drought water use restrictions to households and businesses in London. Estimates of willingness to pay for service quality increments often play an important role in the decisions of regulators and regulated companies in industries where consumers have little opportunity to exercise their preferences for service quality. The estimates presented in this chapter are particularly applicable to regulatory appraisals of water company investment expenditure and to planning applications for projects to improve the resilience of urban water supply systems. The final application examines the reliability of values measured before an economic downturn for application during the downturn via analysis of near identical surveys conducted before, and during, the 2008-2010 economic recession. The main result is that the economic downturn led to lower willingness to pay when elicited via 5 the payment card contingent valuation method, but had no effect on values elicited via a dichotomous choice (i.e. referendum-type) contingent valuation question. Potential explanations for this finding are explored in light of the literature on closed-ended versus open-ended elicitation method comparisons.]]{\textgreater}}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU640288, 0366:Geography, Bibliographies, Geography, http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/343/, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1687701199?accountid=14270}, author = {Metcalfe, Paul J} } @inbook {5671, title = {{Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus}}, booktitle = {Omics, Microbial Modeling, and Technologies for Food-Borne Pathogens}, year = {2012}, pages = {269{\textendash}294}, publisher = {DEStech Publications, Inc}, organization = {DEStech Publications, Inc}, address = {Lancaster, Pensylvania, USA }, author = {Cook, N and Hernandez-Perez, M and Iaconelli, M and Diez-Valcarce, M and Kova{\v c}, K and Rodr{\'\i}guez-L{\'a}zaro, D and Rze{\.z}utka, A}, editor = {Yan, X and Juneja, KV and Fratamico, MP and Smith, LJ} } @article {11906, title = {Norovirus Gastroenteritis in Immunocompromised Patients}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {367}, number = {22}, year = {2012}, pages = {2126-2132}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMra1207742}, url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1207742}, author = {Bok , Karin and Green , Kim Y.} } @article {15288, title = {Norovirus outbreak associated with undercooked oysters and secondary household transmission}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {140}, year = {2012}, pages = {276-282}, author = {Alfano-Sobsey, E and Sweat, D and Hall, A and Breedlove, F and Rodriguez, R and Greene, S and Pierce, A and Sobsey, M and Davies, M and Ledford, S L} } @inbook {509, title = {A novel conditionally replicating adenoviral vector with dual expression of IL-24 and arresten inserted in E1 and the region between E4 and fiber for improved melanoma therapy}, booktitle = {Cancer Gene Ther}, volume = {19}, year = {2012}, note = {Chai, L Liu, S Mao, Q Wang, D Li, X Zheng, X Xia, H Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Cancer gene therapy cgt201184 [pii] Cancer Gene Ther. 2012 Apr;19(4):247-54. doi: 10.1038/cgt.2011.84. Epub 2011 Dec 23.}, pages = {247-54}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {Although the combination of gene therapy and virotherapy for cancer therapy has obtained some encouraging results in vitro and in vivo over the past few years, some improvements of the vectors are still urgently needed to enhance their therapeutic effects for cancers. In order to maximize the anti-cancer activities of conditionally replicating adenoviral vectors (CRAd) vector, we for the first time generated a novel CRAd vector by inserting an expression cassette between E4 and the fiber using homologous recombination and tested this vector in melanoma cancer therapy. By using this novel vector we expressed two therapeutic transgenes, IL-24 and arresten, inserted in E1 and the region between E4 and the fiber, respectively, to test the melanoma inhibitory activities of this oncolytic virus in vitro and in vivo. The two therapeutic transgenes were successfully expressed by the novel CRAd, which was confirmed by western blotting. We then showed that this novel CRAd vector significantly suppressed the tumor growth of melanoma in vitro and in vivo compared with the control by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. The novel CRAd vector generated in this study holds promise for developing more effective therapeutics for not only melanoma but also other common cancers.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ genetics Animals Cell Line Cell Proliferation Collagen Type IV/ genetics Female Gene Expression Gene Order Genetic Therapy Genetic Vectors/ genetics Humans Interleukins/ genetics/metabolism Melanoma, Experimental/ genetics/ therapy Mice Mice, Nude Oncogene Proteins, Viral Viral Proteins/genetics Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays}, isbn = {1476-5500 (Electronic) 0929-1903 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1038/cgt.2011.84}, author = {Chai, L. and Liu, S. and Mao, Q. and Wang, D. and Li, X. and Zheng, X. and Xia, H.} } @article {4458, title = {A novel conditionally replicating adenoviral vector with dual expression of {IL}-24 and arresten inserted in {E}1 and the region between {E}4 and fiber for improved melanoma therapy}, journal = {Cancer Gene Therapy}, volume = {19}, year = {2012}, pages = {247{\textendash}54}, isbn = {1476-5500 (Electronic) 0929-1903 (Linking)}, author = {Chai, L. and Liu, S. and Mao, Q. and Wang, D. and Li, X. and Zheng, X. and Xia, H.} } @article {4556, title = {Novel human adenovirus strain, {Bangladesh}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {846{\textendash}8}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1805.111584}, author = {Matsushima, Y. and Shimizu, H. and Kano, A. and Nakajima, E. and Ishimaru, Y. and Dey, S. K. and Watanabe, Y. and Adachi, F. and Suzuki, K. and Mitani, K. and Fujimoto, T. and Phan, T. G. and Ushijima, H.} } @article {547, title = {Novel human adenovirus strain, Bangladesh}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, note = {1080-6059 Matsushima, Yuki Shimizu, Hideaki Kano, Atsuko Nakajima, Etsuko Ishimaru, Yoko Dey, Shuvra Kanti Watanabe, Yuki Adachi, Fuyuka Suzuki, Keiichiro Mitani, Kohnosuke Fujimoto, Tsuguto Phan, Tung Gia Ushijima, Hiroshi Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 May;18(5):846-8. doi: 10.3201/eid1805.111584.}, pages = {846-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {We report a novel human adenovirus D (HAdV-65) isolated from feces of 4 children in Bangladesh who had acute gastroenteritis. Corresponding genes of HAdV-65 were related to a hexon gene of HAdV-10, penton base genes of HAdV-37 and HAdV-58, and a fiber gene of HAdV-9. This novel virus may be a serious threat to public health.}, keywords = {Acute Disease Adenovirus Infections, DNA, Genetic Sequence Analysis, Human/classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification Bangladesh Child Gastroenteritis/virology Genes, Human/virology Adenoviruses, Viral Genome, Viral Humans Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Recombination}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1805.111584}, author = {Matsushima, Y. and Shimizu, H. and Kano, A. and Nakajima, E. and Ishimaru, Y. and Dey, S. K. and Watanabe, Y. and Adachi, F. and Suzuki, K. and Mitani, K. and Fujimoto, T. and Phan, T. G. and Ushijima, H.} } @article {13965, title = {A novel marker for the species-specific detection and quantitation of {Shigella} sonnei by targeting a methylase gene}, journal = {J Microbiol Biotechnol}, volume = {22}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, pages = {1113{\textendash}1117}, abstract = {Shigella sonnei is a causal agent of fever, nausea, stomach cramps, vomiting, and diarrheal disease. The present study describes a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for the specific detection of S. sonnei using a primer pair based on the methylase gene for the amplification of a 325 bp DNA fragment. The qPCR primer set for the accurate diagnosis of Shigella sonnei was developed from publically available genome sequences. This quantitative PCR-based method will potentially simplify and facilitate the diagnosis of this pathogen and guide disease management.}, doi = {JMB022-08-11 [pii]}, author = {Cho, M S and Ahn, T Y and Joh, K and Kwon, O S and Jheong, W H and Park, D S} } @article {2196, title = {{A novel marker for the species-specific detection and quantitation of Shigella sonnei by targeting a methylase gene}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {22}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, pages = {1113{\textendash}1117}, edition = {2012/06/21}, abstract = {

Shigella sonnei is a causal agent of fever, nausea, stomach cramps, vomiting, and diarrheal disease. The present study describes a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for the specific detection of S. sonnei using a primer pair based on the methylase gene for the amplification of a 325 bp DNA fragment. The qPCR primer set for the accurate diagnosis of Shigella sonnei was developed from publically available genome sequences. This quantitative PCR-based method will potentially simplify and facilitate the diagnosis of this pathogen and guide disease management.

}, isbn = {1738-8872 (Electronic)1017-7825 (Linking)}, doi = {JMB022-08-11 [pii]}, author = {Cho, M S and Ahn, T Y and Joh, K and Kwon, O S and Jheong, W H and Park, D S} } @article {3603, title = {Novel \{\{\}{NSP}4\{\}\} genotype in a camel \{\{\}{G}10P[15]\{\}\} rotavirus strain.}, journal = {Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {411{\textendash}421}, abstract = {In this study a Kuwaiti camel rotavirus strain, \{\{\}RVA/Camel-wt/KUW/s21/2010/G10P[15],\{\}\} is characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The strain had multiple genes with high nucleotide sequence similarities to ovine and bovine strains \{\{\}(VP2,\{\}\} \{\&\}\{\#\}x2264; 96\{\%\}; \{\{\}NSP2\{\}\} and \{\{\}NSP5,\{\}\} \{\&\}\{\#\}x2264; 97\{\%\}, \{\{\}NSP3,\{\}\} \{\&\}\{\#\}x2264; 94\{\%\}), or, to porcine strains \{\{\}(VP1,\{\}\} \{\&\}\{\#\}x2264; 89\{\%\}). Other genes had moderate sequence similarities \{\{\}(VP4,\{\}\} \{\&\}\{\#\}x2264; 87\{\%\}; \{\{\}VP6,\{\}\} \{\&\}\{\#\}x2264; 81\{\%\}; \{\{\}VP7,\{\}\} \{\&\}\{\#\}x2264; 82\{\%\}) with reference strains from ruminants. The \{\{\}NSP4\{\}\} gene shared limited sequence identity (\{\&\}\{\#\}x2264; 71\{\%\}) with other mammalian and avian rotavirus \{\{\}NSP4\{\}\} types, and was designated a novel genotype, E15. This study demonstrates genetic diversity in the outer capsid and some backbone genes of an old-world camelid rotavirus strain and uncovers its common evolutionary roots with strains from other ruminants.}, doi = {10.1556/AMicr.59.2012.3.11}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/AMicr.59.2012.3.11}, author = {Papp, Hajnalka and Al-Mutairi, Laila Z and Chehadeh, Wassim and Farkas, Szilvia L and Lengyel, Gy{\"o}rgy and Jakab, Ferenc and Martella, Vito and Sz\$\textbackslashbackslash\$H ucs, Gy{\"o}rgy and B{\'a}nyai, Kriszti{\'a}n} } @article {2538, title = {Novel {NSP4} genotype in a camel {G10P[15]} rotavirus strain.}, journal = {Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {411-421}, abstract = {In this study a Kuwaiti camel rotavirus strain, {RVA/Camel-wt/KUW/s21/2010/G10P[15],} is characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The strain had multiple genes with high nucleotide sequence similarities to ovine and bovine strains {(VP2,} \&\#x2264; 96\%; {NSP2} and {NSP5,} \&\#x2264; 97\%, {NSP3,} \&\#x2264; 94\%), or, to porcine strains {(VP1,} \&\#x2264; 89\%). Other genes had moderate sequence similarities {(VP4,} \&\#x2264; 87\%; {VP6,} \&\#x2264; 81\%; {VP7,} \&\#x2264; 82\%) with reference strains from ruminants. The {NSP4} gene shared limited sequence identity (\&\#x2264; 71\%) with other mammalian and avian rotavirus {NSP4} types, and was designated a novel genotype, E15. This study demonstrates genetic diversity in the outer capsid and some backbone genes of an old-world camelid rotavirus strain and uncovers its common evolutionary roots with strains from other ruminants.}, doi = {10.1556/AMicr.59.2012.3.11}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/AMicr.59.2012.3.11}, author = {Papp, Hajnalka and Al-Mutairi, Laila Z and Chehadeh, Wassim and Farkas, Szilvia L and Lengyel, Gy\"orgy and Jakab, Ferenc and Martella, Vito and Sz{\H u}cs, Gy\"orgy and B{\'a}nyai, Kriszti{\'a}n} } @article {784, title = {Novel {NSP4} genotype in a camel {G10P[15]} rotavirus strain.}, journal = {Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {411-421}, abstract = {In this study a Kuwaiti camel rotavirus strain, {RVA/Camel-wt/KUW/s21/2010/G10P[15],} is characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The strain had multiple genes with high nucleotide sequence similarities to ovine and bovine strains {(VP2,} \&\#x2264; 96\%; {NSP2} and {NSP5,} \&\#x2264; 97\%, {NSP3,} \&\#x2264; 94\%), or, to porcine strains {(VP1,} \&\#x2264; 89\%). Other genes had moderate sequence similarities {(VP4,} \&\#x2264; 87\%; {VP6,} \&\#x2264; 81\%; {VP7,} \&\#x2264; 82\%) with reference strains from ruminants. The {NSP4} gene shared limited sequence identity (\&\#x2264; 71\%) with other mammalian and avian rotavirus {NSP4} types, and was designated a novel genotype, E15. This study demonstrates genetic diversity in the outer capsid and some backbone genes of an old-world camelid rotavirus strain and uncovers its common evolutionary roots with strains from other ruminants.}, doi = {10.1556/AMicr.59.2012.3.11}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/AMicr.59.2012.3.11}, author = {Papp, Hajnalka and Al-Mutairi, Laila Z and Chehadeh, Wassim and Farkas, Szilvia L and Lengyel, Gy\"orgy and Jakab, Ferenc and Martella, Vito and Sz{\H u}cs, Gy\"orgy and B{\'a}nyai, Kriszti{\'a}n} } @article {16581, title = {A {Novel} {Strategy} for {Environmental} {Control} of {Soil} {Transmitted} {Helminthes}}, journal = {Health and the Environment Journal}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, author = {Sharad, S. M. and Ligia Maria, C. E. and Ricardo, I.} } @article {12089, title = {A Novel Strategy for Environmental Control of Soil Transmitted Helminthes}, journal = {Health and the Environment Journal}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, author = {Sharad, S.M. and Ligia Maria, C.E. and Ricardo, I} } @article {13744, title = {A novel tool for specific detection and quantification of chicken/{Turkey} parvoviruses to trace poultry fecal contamination in the environment}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {20}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Poultry farming may introduce pathogens into the environment and food chains. High concentrations of chicken/turkey parvoviruses were detected in chicken stools and slaughterhouse and downstream urban wastewaters by applying new PCR-based specific detection and quantification techniques. Our results confirm that chicken/turkey parvoviruses may be useful viral indicators of poultry fecal contamination. {\textcopyright} 2012, American Society for Microbiology.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01283-12}, author = {Carratala, A. and Rusi{\~n}ol, M. and Hundesa, A. and Biarnes, M. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Vantarakis, A. and Kern, A. and Sunen, E. and Girones, R. and Bofill-Mas, S.} } @article {7544, title = {{A novel tool for specific detection and quantification of chicken/Turkey parvoviruses to trace poultry fecal contamination in the environment}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {20}, year = {2012}, pages = {7496-7499}, abstract = {

Poultry farming may introduce pathogens into the environment and food chains. High concentrations of chicken/turkey parvoviruses were detected in chicken stools and slaughterhouse and downstream urban wastewaters by applying new PCR-based specific detection and quantification techniques. Our results confirm that chicken/turkey parvoviruses may be useful viral indicators of poultry fecal contamination. {\textcopyright} 2012, American Society for Microbiology.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01283-12}, author = {Carratala, A. and Rusi{\~n}ol, M. and Hundesa, A. and Biarnes, M. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Vantarakis, A. and Kern, A. and Sunen, E. and Girones, R. and Bofill-Mas, S.} } @article {6506, title = {Observational {Research} in {Childhood} {Infectious} {Diseases} ({ORChID}): a dynamic birth cohort study}, journal = {BMJ open}, volume = {2}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {e002134}, url = {http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/6/e002134.short}, author = {Lambert, Stephen Bernard and Ware, Robert S. and Cook, Anne L. and Maguire, Frances A. and Whiley, David M. and Bialasiewicz, Seweryn and Mackay, Ian M. and Wang, David and Sloots, Theo P. and Nissen, Michael D. and others} } @article {6773, title = {Occurrence of {Cryptosporidium} and {Giardia} on beef farms and water sources within the vicinity of the farms on {Prince} {Edward} {Island}, {Canada}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {184}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {feb}, pages = {1{\textendash}9}, issn = {03044017}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.10.027}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304401711006868}, author = {Budu-Amoako, Ebo and Greenwood, Spencer J. and Dixon, Brent R. and Barkema, Herman W. and McClure, J.T.} } @article {15653, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia on beef farms and water sources within the vicinity of the farms on Prince Edward Island, Canada}, journal = {Vet Parasitol}, volume = {184}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb 28}, pages = {1-9}, edition = {2011/11/25}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/*veterinary, Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics/*physiology, Feces/parasitology, genotype, Giardia/classification/genetics/*physiology, Giardiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary, Prince Edward Island/epidemiology, Risk Factors, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Budu-Amoako, E. and Greenwood, S. J. and Dixon, B. R. and Barkema, H. W. and McClure, J. T.} } @article {4009, title = {{Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia on beef farms and water sources within the vicinity of the farms on Prince Edward Island, Canada}}, journal = {Vet. Parasitol}, volume = {184}, year = {2012}, pages = {1{\textendash}9}, author = {Budu-Amoako, E and Greenwood, SJ and Dixon, BR and Barkema, HW and McClure, JT} } @article {5908, title = {Occurrence of putative virulence genes in Arcobacter species isolated from humans and animals}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {50}, year = {2012}, pages = {735{\textendash}741}, author = {Douidah, Laid and De Zutter, Lieven and Bar{\'e}, Julie and De Vos, Paul and Vandamme, Peter and Vandenberg, Olivier and Anne M Van den Abeele and Houf, Kurt} } @article {5619, title = {{Occurrence of Viruses and Protozoa in Drinking Water Sources of Japan and Their Relationship to Indicator Microorganisms}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {93{\textendash}101}, abstract = {A nationwide survey of viruses, protozoa, and indicator microorganisms in drinking water sources of Japan was conducted. Among 64 surface water samples collected from 16 drinking water treatment plants, 51 (80 {\%}) samples were positive for at least one of the 11 pathogen types tested, including noroviruses of genogroups I (positive rate, 13 {\%}) and II (2 {\%}), human sapoviruses (5 {\%}), human adenoviruses of serotypes 40 and 41 (39 {\%}), Cryptosporidium oocysts (41 {\%}), and Giardia cysts (36 {\%}). Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and F-specific coliphages were detected in 63 (98 {\%}), 33 (52 {\%}), and 17 (27 {\%}) samples, respectively, and E. coli was judged to be the most suitable indicator of pathogen contamination of drinking water sources. Genogroup-specific real-time PCR for F-specific coliphages revealed the presence of F-specific RNA coliphages of animal genogroup I and human genogroups II and III in 13 (41 {\%}), 12 (39 {\%}), and 1 (3 {\%}), respectively, of 31 plaques isolated.}, keywords = {Drinking water source, Indicator microorganism, Protozoa, Public health, Virus}, isbn = {1256001290820}, issn = {18670334}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9082-0}, author = {Haramoto, Eiji and Kitajima, Masaaki and Kishida, Naohiro and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Asami, Mari and Akiba, Michihiro} } @article {4060, title = {{Occurrence of viruses and protozoa in drinking water sources of Japan and their relationship to indicator microorganisms}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {93{\textendash}101}, author = {Haramoto, E and Kitajima, M and Kishida, N and Katayama, H and Asami, M and Akiba, M} } @article {4061, title = {{Occurrence of viruses and protozoa in drinking water sources of Japan and their relationship to indicator microorganisms}}, journal = {Food Environ. Virol}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {93{\textendash}101}, author = {Haramoto, E and Kitajima, M and Kishida, N and Katayama, H and Asami, M and Akiba, M} } @article {4494, title = {Occurrence of viruses and protozoa in drinking water sources of {Japan} and their relationship to indicator microorganisms}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {93{\textendash}101}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9082-0}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Kitajima, M. and Kishida, N. and Katayama, H. and Asami, M. and Akiba, M.} } @article {1237, title = {Occurrence of viruses and protozoa in drinking water sources of Japan and their relationship to indicator microorganisms}, journal = {Food Environ Virol}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {Haramoto, Eiji Kitajima, Masaaki Kishida, Naohiro Katayama, Hiroyuki Asami, Mari Akiba, Michihiro Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Food and environmental virology Food Environ Virol. 2012 Sep;4(3):93-101. doi: 10.1007/s12560-012-9082-0. Epub 2012 Jul 4.}, pages = {93-101}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A nationwide survey of viruses, protozoa, and indicator microorganisms in drinking water sources of Japan was conducted. Among 64 surface water samples collected from 16 drinking water treatment plants, 51 (80 \%) samples were positive for at least one of the 11 pathogen types tested, including noroviruses of genogroups I (positive rate, 13 \%) and II (2 \%), human sapoviruses (5 \%), human adenoviruses of serotypes 40 and 41 (39 \%), Cryptosporidium oocysts (41 \%), and Giardia cysts (36 \%). Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and F-specific coliphages were detected in 63 (98 \%), 33 (52 \%), and 17 (27 \%) samples, respectively, and E. coli was judged to be the most suitable indicator of pathogen contamination of drinking water sources. Genogroup-specific real-time PCR for F-specific coliphages revealed the presence of F-specific RNA coliphages of animal genogroup I and human genogroups II and III in 13 (41 \%), 12 (39 \%), and 1 (3 \%), respectively, of 31 plaques isolated.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Coliphages/isolation \& purification Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification Drinking Water/ parasitology/ virology Environmental Monitoring/ methods Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification Food Contamination/analys, DNA Water Microbiology, Viral/genetics/isolation \& purification Sapovirus/isolation \& purification Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9082-0}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Kitajima, M. and Kishida, N. and Katayama, H. and Asami, M. and Akiba, M.} } @article {17147, title = {Occurrences of Salmonella spp. in water and soil sample of the Karnafuli river estuary}, journal = {Microbes and HealthMicrobes and Health}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {41-45}, author = {Alam, M. W. and Mohammad, Zafar} } @inbook {1246, title = {One-year weekly survey of noroviruses and enteric adenoviruses in the Tone River water in Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, note = {Kishida, Naohiro Morita, Hisao Haramoto, Eiji Asami, Mari Akiba, Michihiro Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(12)00173-X [pii] Water Res. 2012 Jun 1;46(9):2905-10. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.010. Epub 2012 Mar 13.}, pages = {2905-10}, publisher = {2012 Elsevier Ltd}, organization = {2012 Elsevier Ltd}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {To investigate the actual fluctuations in the concentrations of noroviruses (NoVs) GI and GII, and enteric adenoviruses (EAdVs) in river water and its relationship with the number of acute infectious gastroenteritis patients, one-year weekly quantitative monitoring of NoVs GI and GII and EAdVs was performed in the Tone River in Japan where the surface water is utilized for the main production of drinking water for the Tokyo Metropolitan Area from October 2009 to September 2010. Noroviruses GI and GII and EAdVs were detected in 28 (54\%), 33 (63\%), and 23 (44\%) of the 52 samples (1 L each), respectively. The concentrations of NoVs GI and GII and EAdVs fluctuated strongly and were more abundant in winter and early spring. The concentration of NoVs GI was transiently greater than 10,000 copies/L. The number of acute infectious gastroenteritis patients in the upper river basin was highly correlated with all the viral concentrations, while general microbial indicator data such as turbidity and heterotrophic plate count were independent of viral concentration as suggested in previous studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that clearly shows the strong correlation of the number of gastroenteritis with virus contamination in lower river basin.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ isolation \& purification Data Collection Fresh Water/virology Norovirus/ isolation \& purification Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Tokyo Water Microbiology}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.010}, author = {Kishida, N. and Morita, H. and Haramoto, E. and Asami, M. and Akiba, M.} } @article {4520, title = {One-year weekly survey of noroviruses and enteric adenoviruses in the Tone River water in Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, pages = {2905{\textendash}10}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Kishida, N. and Morita, H. and Haramoto, E. and Asami, M. and Akiba, M.} } @article {5621, title = {{One-year weekly survey of noroviruses and enteric adenoviruses in the Tone River water in Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {2905{\textendash}2910}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {To investigate the actual fluctuations in the concentrations of noroviruses (NoVs) GI and GII, and enteric adenoviruses (EAdVs) in river water and its relationship with the number of acute infectious gastroenteritis patients, one-year weekly quantitative monitoring of NoVs GI and GII and EAdVs was performed in the Tone River in Japan where the surface water is utilized for the main production of drinking water for the Tokyo Metropolitan Area from October 2009 to September 2010. Noroviruses GI and GII and EAdVs were detected in 28 (54{\%}), 33 (63{\%}), and 23 (44{\%}) of the 52 samples (1 L each), respectively. The concentrations of NoVs GI and GII and EAdVs fluctuated strongly and were more abundant in winter and early spring. The concentration of NoVs GI was transiently greater than 10,000 copies/L. The number of acute infectious gastroenteritis patients in the upper river basin was highly correlated with all the viral concentrations, while general microbial indicator data such as turbidity and heterotrophic plate count were independent of viral concentration as suggested in previous studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that clearly shows the strong correlation of the number of gastroenteritis with virus contamination in lower river basin. ?? 2012 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {Enteric adenoviruses, Gastroenteritis, Noroviruses, Real-time PCR, Waterborne infectious diseases}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.010}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.010}, author = {Kishida, Naohiro and Morita, Hisao and Haramoto, Eiji and Asami, Mari and Akiba, Michihiro} } @mastersthesis {6533, title = {Online learning algorithms for network optimization with unknown variables}, year = {2012}, note = {3551482}, school = {University of Southern California}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The formulations and theories of multi-armed bandit (MAB) problems provide fundamental tools for optimal sequential decision making and learning in uncertain environments. They have been widely applied to resource allocation, scheduling, and routing in communication networks, particularly in recent years, as the field is seeing an increasing focus on adaptive online learning algorithms to enhance system performance in stochastic, dynamic, and distributed environments. This dissertation addresses several key problems in this domain. Our first focus is about MAB with linear rewards. As they are fundamentally about combinatorial optimization in unknown environments, one would indeed expect to find even broader use of multi-armed bandits. However, a barrier to their wider application in practice has been the limitation of the basic formulation and corresponding policies, which generally treat each arm as an independent entity. They are inadequate to deal with many combinatorial problems of practical interest in which there are large numbers of arms. In such settings, it is important to consider and exploit any structure in terms of dependencies between the arms. In this dissertation, we show that when the dependencies take a linear form, they can be handled tractably with algorithms that have provably good performance in terms of regret as well as storage and computation. We develop a new class of learning algorithms for different problem settings including i.i.d. rewards, rested Markovian rewards, and restless Markovian rewards, to improve the cost of learning, compared to prior work, for large-scale stochastic network optimization problems. We then consider the problem of optimal power allocation over parallel channels with stochastically time-varying gain-to-noise ratios for maximizing information rate (stochastic water-filling) with both linear and non-linear multi-armed bandit formulations and propose new efficient online learning algorithms for these. Finally, we focus on learning in decentralized settings. The desired objective is to develop decentralized online learning algorithms running at each user to make a selection among multiple choices, where there is no information exchange, such that the sum-throughput of all distributed users is maximized. We make two contributions in this problem. First, we consider the setting where the users have a prioritized ranking, such that it is desired for the K -th ranked user to learn to access the arm offering the K -th highest mean reward. For this problem, we present the first distributed algorithm that yields regret that is uniformly logarithmic over time without requiring any prior assumption about the mean rewards. Second, we consider the case when a fair access policy is required, i.e., it is desired for all users to experience the same mean reward. For this problem, we present a distributed algorithm that yields order-optimal regret scaling with respect to the number of users and arms, better than previously proposed algorithms in the literature.}, keywords = {0464:Computer Engineering, 0544:Electrical engineering, 0984:Computer science, Algorithm design and analysis, Applied sciences, Computer Engineering, Computer science, Electrical engineering, Multi-armed bandits, Network optimization, Online learning algorithms}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1288377043?accountid=14270}, author = {Gai, Yi} } @article {8662, title = {{Oocyst shedding in cats vaccinated by the nasal and rectal routes with crude rhoptry proteins of Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {131}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {223{\textendash}230}, author = {Zulpo, DL and Headley, SA and Biazzono, L and da Cunha, IA and Igarashi, M and de Barros, LD and Taroda, A and Cardim, ST and Bogado, AL and Navarro, IT and Garcia, JL} } @article {4994, title = {{Opisthorchis felineus and Metorchis bilis are the main agents of liver fluke infection of humans in Russia}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {61}, year = {2012}, pages = {25{\textendash}31}, author = {Mordvinov, VA and Yurlova, NI and Ogorodova, LM and Katokhin, AV} } @article {15905, title = {Opportunistic intestinal infections and risk of colorectal cancer among people with AIDS}, journal = {AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses}, volume = {28}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep}, pages = {994-99}, edition = {2011/12/14}, keywords = {Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications/*epidemiology/immunology, Adult, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/complications/*epidemiology/immunology, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/*epidemiology/etiology/virology, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Colorectal Neoplasms/*epidemiology/etiology/virology, Cryptosporidiosis/complications/*epidemiology, Female, Herpes Simplex/complications/*epidemiology, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Inflammation/epidemiology/etiology/virology, Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, United States/epidemiology}, isbn = {0889-2229}, author = {Shebl, F. M. and Engels, E. A. and Goedert, J. J.} } @article {5719, title = {{Oral Fluid and Hepatitis A, B and C: a Literature Review}}, journal = {Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine}, volume = {41}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {505{\textendash}516}, author = {Mahboobi, N and S R Porter and Karayiannis, P and S M Alavian} } @article {8050, title = {{Outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 among French tourists returning from Turkey, September 2011.}}, journal = {Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {pii: 20065}, abstract = {

Eight cases of diarrhoea, including two cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), were identified among 22 French tourists who travelled to Turkey in September 2011. A strain of Escherichia coli O104:H4 stx2-positive, eae-negative, hlyA-negative, aggR-positive, ESBL-negative was isolated from one HUS case. Molecular analyses show this strain to be genetically similar but not indistinguishable from the E. coli O104:H4 2011 outbreak strain of France and Germany. Although the source of infection was not identified, we conclude that the HUS cases had probably been infected in Turkey.

}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22297137}, author = {N Jourdan-da Silva and Watrin, M and Weill, F X and King, L A and Gouali, M and Mailles, A and van Cauteren, D and Bataille, M and Guettier, S and Castrale, C and Henry, P and Mariani, P and Vaillant, V and De Valk, H} } @article {14097, title = {Outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome due to {Shiga} toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli {O}104:{H}4 among {French} tourists returning from {Turkey}, {September} 2011.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europ{\'e}en sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Eight cases of diarrhoea, including two cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), were identified among 22 French tourists who travelled to Turkey in September 2011. A strain of Escherichia coli O104:H4 stx2-positive, eae-negative, hlyA-negative, aggR-positive, ESBL-negative was isolated from one HUS case. Molecular analyses show this strain to be genetically similar but not indistinguishable from the E. coli O104:H4 2011 outbreak strain of France and Germany. Although the source of infection was not identified, we conclude that the HUS cases had probably been infected in Turkey.}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22297137}, author = {N Jourdan-da Silva and Watrin, M and Weill, F X and King, L A and Gouali, M and Mailles, A and van Cauteren, D and Bataille, M and Guettier, S and Castrale, C and Henry, P and Mariani, P and Vaillant, V and De Valk, H} } @article {16212, title = {Outbreak of melioidosis and leptospirosis co-infection following a rescue operation}, journal = {Med J MalaysiaMed J MalaysiaMed J Malaysia}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {Sapian, M
Khair, M T
How, S H
Rajalingam, R
Sahhir, K
Norazah, A
Khebir, V
Jamalludin, A R
Malaysia
Med J Malaysia. 2012 Jun;67(3):293-7.}, month = {Jun}, pages = {293-7}, edition = {2012/10/23}, abstract = {We analyzed the epidemiological data of all people who were involved in the search and rescue operation in Lubuk Yu, a natural recreational forest with waterfall and stream. The hospital admission records of the cases who fulfilled the case definition and the environmental samples result taken at Lubuk Yu recreational area were studied. 153 people were exposed to this outbreak, 85 (55.5\%) were professional rescuers from various government agencies and 68 (44.5\%) were villagers. 21 fulfilled the case definition. Ten cases were confirmed melioidosis, six melioidosis alone and four coinfected with leptospirosis. There were eight deaths in this outbreak, seven were villagers and one professional rescuer. Overall case fatality was 70\%. All confirmed melioidosis cases and seven who died had diabetes mellitus. The morbidity rate were higher among the villagers, 23.5\% compared to professional rescuers, 5.9\%. The case fatality rate were also higher in this group which was 100\% compared to 33.3\% in professional rescuers. The soil and water samples in Lubuk Yu recreational area were positive for leptospira and Burkholderia pseudomallei. The presence of co-infection and co-morbidities especially diabetes mellitus among the exposed led to the high mortality in this outbreak hence a high index of suspicion is important among the healthcare professionals in the management of melioidosis cases. To avoid similar incident in future, search and rescue operation should be only conducted by professional rescuers with appropriate personal protective equipment. A register of rescuers should be maintained for surveillance and follow up if necessary.}, isbn = {0300-5283 (Print)
0300-5283 (Linking)}, author = {Sapian, M. and Khair, M. T. and How, S. H. and Rajalingam, R. and Sahhir, K. and Norazah, A. and Khebir, V. and Jamalludin, A. R.} } @article {235, title = {Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis transmitted by person-to-person contact{\textendash}United States, 2009-2010}, journal = {MMWR Surveill Summ}, volume = {61}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, note = {1545-8636 Wikswo, Mary E Hall, Aron J Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Journal Article United States MMWR Surveill Summ. 2012 Dec 14;61(9):1-12.}, pages = {1-12}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {{PROBLEM/CONDITION: Approximately 179 million cases of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) occur in the United States each year, and outbreaks of AGE are a substantial public health problem. Although CDC has conducted national surveillance for waterborne and foodborne AGE outbreaks since 1971 and 1973, respectively, no national surveillance existed for AGE outbreaks resulting primarily from person-to-person transmission before implementation of the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) in 2009. REPORTING PERIOD: 2009-2010. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: NORS is a national surveillance system launched in 2009 to support the reporting of all waterborne outbreaks and enteric disease outbreaks from foodborne, person-to-person, animal contact, environmental, and unknown modes of transmission. State and local public health agencies in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, five U.S. territories, and three Freely Associated States report these outbreaks to CDC via NORS using a standardized online data entry system. Data are collected on general outbreak characteristics (e.g., dates, number of illnesses, and locations), demographic characteristics of cases (e.g., age and sex), symptoms, case outcomes, and laboratory testing information and results. Only outbreaks reported in NORS with a primary mode of transmission of person-to-person contact are included in this report. RESULTS: During 2009-2010, a total of 2,259 person-to-person AGE outbreaks were reported in NORS from 42 states and the District of Columbia. These outbreaks resulted in 81,491 reported illnesses, 1,339 hospitalizations, and 136 deaths. No etiology was reported in approximately 40\% (n = 840) of outbreaks. Of the remaining 1,419 outbreaks with a reported etiology, 1,270 (89\%) were either suspected or confirmed to be caused solely by norovirus. Other reported etiologies included Shigella (n = 86), Salmonella (n = 16), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) (n = 11), and rotavirus (n = 10). Most (82\%) of the 1,723 outbreaks caused by norovirus or an unknown etiology occurred during the winter months, and outbreaks caused by Shigella or another suspected or confirmed etiology most often occurred during the spring or summer months (62\%}, keywords = {Acute Disease Adolescent Adult Aged Bacterial Infections/epidemiology/*transmission Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology/*transmission Child Data Collection *Disease Outbreaks Female Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/etiology Giardia lamblia/isolation \&, purification *Population Surveillance Seasons United States/epidemiology, purification Giardiasis/epidemiology Humans Male Middle Aged Norovirus/isolation \&}, issn = {0892-3787}, author = {Wikswo, M. E. and Hall, A. J.} } @article {6565, title = {Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis transmitted by person-to-person contact{\textendash}{United} {States}, 2009-2010.}, journal = {Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, DC: 2002)}, volume = {61}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {1{\textendash}12}, url = {http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/23235338}, author = {Wikswo, M. E. and Hall, A. J.} } @article {12138, title = {Parasites - Schistosomiasis}, volume = {2018}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/disease.html} } @article {9282, title = {{Parasitological contamination of freshly eaten vegetables collected from local markets in Alexandria, Egypt: A preliminary study}}, journal = {Food Control}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {500{\textendash}503}, author = {Hassan, A and Farouk, H and Abdul-Ghani, R} } @article {9419, title = {{Parasitological contamination of wastewater irrigated and raw manure fertilized vegetables in Mekelle city and its suburb, Tigray, Ethiopia}}, journal = {Momona Etiopian Journal of Scence}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {77{\textendash}89}, author = {Tomass, Z and Kidane, D} } @article {9441, title = {{Parasitological Contamination of Wastewater Irrigated and Raw Manure Fertilized Vegetables in Mekelle City and Its Suburb, Tigray, Ethiopia}}, journal = {MEJS}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {77{\textendash}89}, author = {Zewdneh, T and Dawit, K} } @article {4007, title = {{A parasitological survey of natural water springs and inhabitants of a tourist city in southeastern Brazil}}, journal = {Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {410{\textendash}417}, author = {Branco, N and D A Leal and Franco, RM} } @article {17470, title = {{Pathogen reduction efficiency of on-site treatment processes in eco-sanitation system.}}, journal = {Waste management {\&} research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA}, volume = {30}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, month = {jul}, pages = {750{\textendash}754}, abstract = {{An experimental study was conducted to assess the pathogen removal efficiency of primary treatment of ecological sanitation (eco-san) system. Ash, lime and soil were used as covering and treatment materials of faeces in the system. A significant rise in pH was observed when the faeces were treated with lime and ash, with a pH value of 11.3 and 9, respectively. Lime treatment was effective in complete destruction of faecal coliforms within 24 h while ash treatment took 30 days of storage to give the same result. On the other hand, no immediate destruction of Ascaris ova was observed during primary treatment of eco-san faeces. Dehydration and storage were other parameters which were considered in the experiment. Faecal coliforms tolerated a moisture content of 3{\%} in untreated faeces while a large number of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs were inactivated by the same level of desiccation, even in the absence of alkaline treatment. The study showed a strong direct relationship between moisture content and viability of Ascaris egg (r = 0.806}, keywords = {Animals, ascaris, Ascaris lumbricoides, Calcium Compounds, Chemistry, Enterobacteriaceae, Feces, Female, Fluid, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, methods, Microbiology, Ovum, Oxides, pathogenicity, sanitation, Soil, Waste Disposal}, issn = {1096-3669 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1177/0734242X11432190}, author = {Endale, Yohannes Tesfaye and Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn and Asfaw, Seyoum Leta} } @article {13384, title = {{Pathogen reduction efficiency of on-site treatment processes in eco-sanitation system}}, journal = {Waste Management and Research}, volume = {30}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {750{\textendash}754}, author = {Y T Endale and B D Yirsaw and S L Asfaw} } @article {9229, title = {{The performance enhancements of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors for domestic sludge treatment{\textendash}a state-of-the-art review}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {3434{\textendash}3470}, author = {Chong, S and Sen, TK and Kayaalp, A and Ang, HM} } @article {1507, title = {The performance enhancements of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors for domestic sludge treatment{\textendash}a state-of-the-art review}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, note = {Chong, Siewhui Sen, Tushar Kanti Kayaalp, Ahmet Ang, Ha Ming eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review England 2012/05/09 06:00 Water Res. 2012 Jul;46(11):3434-70. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.066. Epub 2012 Apr 10.}, pages = {3434-70}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Nowadays, carbon emission and therefore carbon footprint of water utilities is an important issue. In this respect, we should consider the opportunities to reduce carbon footprint for small and large wastewater treatment plants. The use of anaerobic rather than aerobic treatment processes would achieve this aim because no aeration is required and the generation of methane can be used within the plant. High-rate anaerobic digesters receive great interests due to their high loading capacity and low sludge production. Among them, the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors have been most widely used. However, there are still unresolved issues inhibiting the widespread of this technology in developing countries or countries with climate temperature fluctuations (such as subtropical regions). A large number of studies have been carried out in order to enhance the performance of UASB reactors but there is a lack of updated documentation. In face of the existing limitations and the increasing importance of this technology, the authors present an up-to-date review on the performance enhancements of UASB reactors over the last decade. The important aspects of this article are: (i) enhancing the start-up and granulation in UASB reactors, (ii) coupling with post-treatment unit to overcome the temperature constraint, and (iii) improving the removal efficiencies of the organic matter, nutrients and pathogens in the final effluent. Finally the authors have highlighted future research direction based on their critical analysis.

}, keywords = {Anaerobiosis Bioreactors Chitosan Equipment Design Methane Polyethylene Polymers Polyvinyl Alcohol Sewage Waste Disposal, Fluid/*instrumentation/*methods}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.066}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560620}, author = {Chong, S and Sen, TK and Kayaalp, A and Ang, HM} } @article {14527, title = {The performance enhancements of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket ({UASB}) reactors for domestic sludge treatment{\textendash}a state-of-the-art review}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, month = {jul}, pages = {3434{\textendash}70}, abstract = {Nowadays, carbon emission and therefore carbon footprint of water utilities is an important issue. In this respect, we should consider the opportunities to reduce carbon footprint for small and large wastewater treatment plants. The use of anaerobic rather than aerobic treatment processes would achieve this aim because no aeration is required and the generation of methane can be used within the plant. High-rate anaerobic digesters receive great interests due to their high loading capacity and low sludge production. Among them, the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors have been most widely used. However, there are still unresolved issues inhibiting the widespread of this technology in developing countries or countries with climate temperature fluctuations (such as subtropical regions). A large number of studies have been carried out in order to enhance the performance of UASB reactors but there is a lack of updated documentation. In face of the existing limitations and the increasing importance of this technology, the authors present an up-to-date review on the performance enhancements of UASB reactors over the last decade. The important aspects of this article are: (i) enhancing the start-up and granulation in UASB reactors, (ii) coupling with post-treatment unit to overcome the temperature constraint, and (iii) improving the removal efficiencies of the organic matter, nutrients and pathogens in the final effluent. Finally the authors have highlighted future research direction based on their critical analysis.}, keywords = {Anaerobiosis, Bioreactors, Chitosan, Equipment Design, Fluid/*instrumentation/*methods, Methane, Polyethylene, Polymers, Polyvinyl Alcohol, Sewage, Waste Disposal}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.066}, author = {Chong, S. and Sen, T. K. and Kayaalp, A. and Ang, H. M.} } @article {14898, title = {The performance enhancements of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket ({UASB}) reactors for domestic sludge treatment{\textendash}a state-of-the-art review}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, month = {jul}, pages = {3434{\textendash}70}, abstract = {Nowadays, carbon emission and therefore carbon footprint of water utilities is an important issue. In this respect, we should consider the opportunities to reduce carbon footprint for small and large wastewater treatment plants. The use of anaerobic rather than aerobic treatment processes would achieve this aim because no aeration is required and the generation of methane can be used within the plant. High-rate anaerobic digesters receive great interests due to their high loading capacity and low sludge production. Among them, the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors have been most widely used. However, there are still unresolved issues inhibiting the widespread of this technology in developing countries or countries with climate temperature fluctuations (such as subtropical regions). A large number of studies have been carried out in order to enhance the performance of UASB reactors but there is a lack of updated documentation. In face of the existing limitations and the increasing importance of this technology, the authors present an up-to-date review on the performance enhancements of UASB reactors over the last decade. The important aspects of this article are: (i) enhancing the start-up and granulation in UASB reactors, (ii) coupling with post-treatment unit to overcome the temperature constraint, and (iii) improving the removal efficiencies of the organic matter, nutrients and pathogens in the final effluent. Finally the authors have highlighted future research direction based on their critical analysis.}, keywords = {Anaerobiosis, Bioreactors, Chitosan, Equipment Design, Fluid/*instrumentation/*methods, Methane, Polyethylene, Polymers, Polyvinyl Alcohol, Sewage, Waste Disposal}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.066}, author = {Chong, S. and Sen, T. K. and Kayaalp, A. and Ang, H. M.} } @article {17013, title = {Performance evaluation of four field-scale agricultural drainage denitrification bioreactors in Iowa}, journal = {Transactions of the ASABE}, volume = {55}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {2163{\textendash}2174}, publisher = {American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers}, author = {Christianson, Laura and Bhandari, Alok and Helmers, Matthew and Kult, Keegan and Sutphin, Todd and Wolf, Roger} } @mastersthesis {6414, title = {Performance {Management} for {Energy} {Harvesting} {Wireless} {Sensor} {Networks}}, year = {2012}, note = {3506286}, school = {George Mason University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed sensor nodes which monitors environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, sound or pressure, etc. Recently there is increasing need to design Wireless Sensor Network systems that support applications with intensive monitoring and control activities. This application class often has significant data collection and processing requirements, requiring increased levels of energy consumption as compared to other WSN applications. Further, many deeply embedded WSN systems with these data collection and processing requirements are expected to operate without manual battery recharging for several decades, and therefore require energy harvesting techniques. For this class of systems, there are currently few effective approaches that balance careful energy management with high performance communication and computation requirements. My dissertation addresses the above problem. Specifically, I propose a set of algorithms and control methods for energy management in performance-sensitive WSN systems, and harvesting-aware rate allocation for application utility maximization. First I formally define the problem of energy harvesting-aware energy management as two optimization problems, one for individual sensor nodes and another for multi-hop sensor networks. I propose energy management algorithm to solve both problems optimally and efficiently. These solutions combine two energy saving techniques, Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS), and Dynamic Modulation Scaling (DMS), alongside with energy harvesting techniques. I then address a harvesting aware rate allocation problem with the objective of utility maximization. The problem is solved with an optimal centralized algorithm and a distributed algorithm. I conducted extensive simulation-based experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of my proposed algorithms. Specifically I developed simulation software using TOSSIM, the standard WSN simulator, and EPANET, a public domain, water distribution system modeling program. This software simulates in high fidelity the computation and communication activities of WSN nodes, and considers a variety of network setups, energy harvesting profiles (solar and water), and application scenarios, etc. My algorithms are implemented within this simulation environment and compared against a series of rival algorithms under various experimental setups. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the significant advantage of my algorithms over the rival algorithms.}, keywords = {0984:Computer science, Applied sciences, Computer science, Energy consumption, Energy harvesting, Intensive monitoring, Sensor nodes, Wireless sensor networks}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1015163724?accountid=14270}, author = {Zhang, Bo} } @article {2675, title = {Performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor for the aerobic treatment of abattoir wastewater}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {2834}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.063}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.063}, author = {Saji{\^a}a Keskes and Fatma Hmaied and Hana Gannoun and Hassib Bouallagui and Jean Jacques Godon and Moktar Hamdi} } @article {1038, title = {Performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor for the aerobic treatment of abattoir wastewater}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {103}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {2834}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.063}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.063}, author = {Saji{\^a}a Keskes and Fatma Hmaied and Hana Gannoun and Hassib Bouallagui and Jean Jacques Godon and Moktar Hamdi} } @article {973, title = {Performance of two quantitative PCR methods for microbial source tracking of human sewage and implications for microbial risk assessment in recreational waters}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {20}, year = {2012}, pages = {7317{\textendash}7326}, abstract = {Before new, rapid quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods for assessment of recreational water quality and microbial source tracking (MST) can be useful in a regulatory context, an understanding of the ability of the method to detect a DNA target (marker) when the contaminant source has been diluted in environmental waters is needed. This study determined the limits of detection and quantification of the human-associated Bacteroides sp. (HF183) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) qPCR methods for sewage diluted in buffer and in five ambient, Florida water types (estuarine, marine, tannic, lake, and river). HF183 was quantifiable in sewage diluted up to 10(-6) in 500-ml ambient-water samples, but HPyVs were not quantifiable in dilutions of \>10(-4). Specificity, which was assessed using fecal composites from dogs, birds, and cattle, was 100\% for HPyVs and 81\% for HF183. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) estimated the possible norovirus levels in sewage and the human health risk at various sewage dilutions. When juxtaposed with the MST marker detection limits, the QMRA analysis revealed that HF183 was detectable when the modeled risk of gastrointestinal (GI) illness was at or below the benchmark of 10 illnesses per 1,000 exposures, but the HPyV method was generally not sensitive enough to detect potential health risks at the 0.01 threshold for frequency of illness. The tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity in the MST methods indicates that HF183 data should be interpreted judiciously, preferably in conjunction with a more host-specific marker, and that better methods of concentrating HPyVs from environmental waters are needed if this method is to be useful in a watershed management or monitoring context.}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01430-12}, author = {Staley, Christopher and Gordon, Katrina V. and Schoen, Mary E. and Harwood, Valerie J.} } @article {7602, title = {{Performance of two quantitative PCR methods for microbial source tracking of human sewage and implications for microbial risk assessment in recreational waters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {20}, year = {2012}, pages = {7317-7326}, abstract = {

Before new, rapid quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods for assessment of recreational water quality and microbial source tracking (MST) can be useful in a regulatory context, an understanding of the ability of the method to detect a DNA target (marker) when the contaminant source has been diluted in environmental waters is needed. This study determined the limits of detection and quantification of the human-associated Bacteroides sp. (HF183) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) qPCR methods for sewage diluted in buffer and in five ambient, Florida water types (estuarine, marine, tannic, lake, and river). HF183 was quantifiable in sewage diluted up to 10-6 in 500-ml ambient-water samples, but HPyVs were not quantifiable in dilutions of{\textgreater}10-4. Specificity, which was assessed using fecal composites from dogs, birds, and cattle, was 100{\%} for HPyVs and 81{\%} for HF183. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) estimated the possible norovirus levels in sewage and the human health risk at various sewage dilutions. When juxtaposed with the MST marker detection limits, the QMRA analysis revealed that HF183 was detectable when the modeled risk of gastrointestinal (GI) illness was at or below the benchmark of 10 illnesses per 1,000 exposures, but the HPyV method was generally not sensitive enough to detect potential health risks at the 0.01 threshold for frequency of illness. The tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity in the MST methods indicates that HF183 data should be interpreted judiciously, preferably in conjunction with a more host-specific marker, and that better methods of concentrating HPyVs from environmental waters are needed if this method is to be useful in a watershed management or monitoring context. {\textcopyright} 2012, American Society for Microbiology.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01430-12}, author = {Staley, C. and Gordon, K.V. and Schoen, M.E. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {5522, title = {{Persistence and Transferability of Noroviruses on and between Common Surfaces and Foods}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {75}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {927{\textendash}935}, abstract = {Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are the leading cause of foodborne disease, and poor personal hygiene practices of infected workers are the most common mode of contamination. The purpose of this study was to characterize the persistence and transferability of representative noroviruses Norwalk virus (NV), Snow Mountain virus (SMV), and murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) on and between solid surfaces and foods. Changes in virus concentration on artificially inoculated solid surfaces (stainless steel, ceramic, and Formica) or lettuce were monitored over a period of 14 to 42 days. Virus transfer was evaluated from donor (solid surface) to recipient (food, e.g., lettuce and sliced turkey deli meat) for up to 2 h postinoculation. Viruses were recovered by elution and titered with reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and/or infectivity assay, as appropriate. Based on RTqPCR, the concentration of NV and SMV on surfaces dropped gradually over time, with an average reduction of 1.5 to 2.0 and 1.8 to 2.3 log, respectively, after 42 days, with no statistically significant differences by surface. When inoculated onto lettuce stored for 2 weeks at 4{\textdegree}C and room temperature, the titers of NV and SMV dropped by approximately 1.0 and 1.2 to 1.8 log, respectively. Comparatively, the RT-qPCR signal associated with purified HuNoV RNA placed on the same surfaces was more rapidly lost to degradation. Transfer efficiency ranged from 0 to 26 {\%} for lettuce and from 55 to 95 {\%} for sliced turkey deli meat, with statistically significant differences (P <= 0.05) in transferability as a function of contact pressure (100 and 1,000 g/9 cm(2)) and inoculum drying time. When similar experiments were done with MNV-1, infectious virus failed to be detected on solid surfaces after storage day 21, although the virus did persist on lettuce. This study provides much needed quantitative data for use in risk assessment efforts intended to characterize the transmission of HuNoV during food preparation and handling.}, issn = {0362028X}, doi = {10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-460}, author = {Escudero, B. I. and Rawsthorne, H. and Gensel, C. and Jaykus, L. a.} } @article {10210, title = {{Persistence of host-associated Bacteroidales gene markers and their quantitative detection in an urban and agricultural mixed prairie watershed}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {2891{\textendash}2904}, author = {Tambalo, DD and Fremaux, B and Boa, T and Yost, CK} } @article {5528, title = {{Persistence of human norovirus GII.4 and GI.4, murine norovirus, and human adenovirus on soft berries as compared with PBS at commonly applied storage conditions}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {160}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {137{\textendash}144}, abstract = {

Human noroviruses (hNoV) have been detected on soft fruits. Especially raspberries have been found to be associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis suggesting persistence of hNoV on these fruits. Therefore, the persistence of hNoV GII.4 and GI.4, murine norovirus (MNV-1, a culturable surrogate for hNoV), and human adenovirus (hAdV, an indicator for human fecal contamination), on raspberries, strawberries and in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 4??C, 10??C and 21??C, mimicking commonly applied storage conditions was studied by molecular and cell culture techniques. Monophasic, biphasic and Weibull models were fitted to virus counts with maximum likelihood estimation. The tested viruses were persistent (???0.5 log10-unit reduction in viral titer) under all studied conditions in PBS, at 4??C and 10??C on raspberries, and at 4??C on strawberries. The difference in viral persistence on raspberries and strawberries was most pronounced at 21??C. Here, infectious MNV-1 and hAdV particles decayed rapidly on strawberries with TFL-values (time for the first log10-unit reduction) of only 1day (95{\%} CI of 0.6-1 and 0.8-1days, respectively). On raspberries, however, the TFL-value of infectious MNV-1 was found to likely exceed the shelf life of the berries with 3days (95{\%} CI of 2.8-3.1days); hAdV remained infectious with only 0.3 log10-unit reduction (95{\%} CI of 0.2-0.4) in viral titer. For hNoV GI, a TFL-value of 2days (95{\%} CI 1-4days) was determined based on the targeted genome fragment, whereas the TFL-value of hNoV GII exceeded the shelf life of strawberries at 21??C. The greater viral persistence on raspberries as compared to strawberries, especially at 21??C, may at least in part explain why raspberries are more frequently associated with hNoV outbreaks than strawberries. Moreover, our results show that due to the high persistence of the virus already low contamination levels of the highly infectious hNoV may be associated with an infection risk of humans after consumption of raspberries. The estimated decay parameters and uncertainties of this study serve as important input requirements in the quantitative assessment of public health risks from the consumption of soft fruits. ?? 2012 Elsevier B.V.

}, keywords = {Adenovirus, Health risk, Norovirus, Persistence, Raspberries, Strawberries}, isbn = {0168-1605}, issn = {01681605}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.10.008}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.10.008}, author = {Verhaelen, Katharina and Bouwknegt, Martijn and Lodder-Verschoor, Froukje and Rutjes, Saskia A. and Ana M. De Roda Husman} } @article {5527, title = {{Persistence of Norwalk virus, male-specific coliphage, and Escherichia coli on stainless steel coupons and in phosphate-buffered saline.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {75}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {2151{\textendash}7}, abstract = {

Human noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and are frequently transmitted by contaminated food, water, hands, and environmental surfaces. Little is known about their environmental stability and/or which alternative microorganisms can serve as effective surrogates. To examine whether Escherichia coli and male-specific coliphage MS2 can be appropriate surrogates for NoVs, approximately 6.8 log genomic equivalent copies of Norwalk virus (NV), and 6.0 to 6.5 log PFU or CFU of MS2 and E. coli, respectively, were inoculated onto stainless steel coupons and held at 4\°C, room temperature (RT), or 37\°C over a period of 75 min (E. coli and MS2) to 4 weeks. These three microorganisms were also seeded into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and sampled at different time intervals for up to 6 weeks. MS2 and E. coli survived approximately 15 min at 37\°C, 45 min at RT, and 60 min at 4\°C on the stainless steel surfaces. In contrast, NV RNA titers were reduced by only 2.4 log at 37\°C, 1.5 log at RT, and 0.9 log at 4\°C after 4 weeks. MS2 and E. coli were able to survive at least 5 weeks in PBS at 4\°C and RT, and NV was stable in PBS at 4\°C and RT for at least 6 weeks. However, E. coli, MS2, and NV were completely inactivated after 1-, 4-, and 5-week incubations in PBS at 37\°C, respectively. These findings indicate that NoVs are highly persistent on environmental surfaces and in PBS solution at different temperatures. While E. coli does not appear to be an appropriate surrogate for NoVs, MS2 could be more relevant for modeling the environmental persistence of NoVs under wet conditions, but not under dry conditions.

}, keywords = {Biological, Coliphages, Coliphages: growth {\&} development, Consumer Product Safety, Equipment Contamination, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: growth {\&} development, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Microbiology, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Models, Norwalk virus, Norwalk virus: growth {\&} development, Stainless Steel, Temperature, Time Factors}, issn = {1944-9097}, doi = {10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-197}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23212011}, author = {Liu, Pengbo and Lee A Jaykus and Wong, Esther and Moe, Christine} } @article {17225, title = {Persistence of Salmonella enterica during dehydration and subsequent cold storage}, journal = {Food MicrobiologyFood Microbiology}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec}, pages = {415-422}, isbn = {0740-0020}, author = {Gruzdev, N. and Pinto, R. and Sela, S.} } @article {17038, title = {Phages of Bacteroides (GB-124): a novel tool for viral waterborne disease control?}, journal = {Environmental science and technology}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {1163{\textendash}1169}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Ebdon, James E and Sellwood, Jane and Shore, Jane and Taylor, Huw D} } @article {8910, title = {Photochemical Formation of Hydroxyl Radical from Effluent Organic Matter}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {3788-3794}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0013-936X}, doi = {10.1021/es2043454}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2043454 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es2043454}, author = {Dong, Mei Mei and Rosario-Ortiz, Fernando L.} } @article {13154, title = {Phylogenetic diversity, antibiotic resistance and virulence traits of Aeromonas spp. from untreated waters for human consumption}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {159}, year = {2012}, pages = {230-239}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.09.008}, author = {Carvalho, M. J. and A. Martinez-Murcia and Esteves, A. C. and Correia, A. and Saavedra, M. J.} } @proceedings {8893, title = {Pilot scale validation of a solar parabolic concentrator for drinking water disinfection in a rural school in Cameroon}, journal = {In Proceedings: 2012 Tech4Dev International Conference {\textquotedblleft}Technology for Sustainable Development: A Way to Reduce Poverty"}, year = {2012}, type = {Conference Proceedings}, author = {Bigoni, R. and Sorlini, S. and Collivignarelli, C.} } @article {2993, title = {A pilot study on developing mucosal vaccine against alveolar echinococcosis ({AE}) using recombinant tetraspanin 3: {Vaccine} efficacy and immunology}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1570}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We have previously evaluated the vaccine efficacies of seven tetraspanins of Echinococcus multilocularis (Em-TSP1-7) against alveolar echinococcosis (AE) by subcutaneous (s.c.) administration with Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant. Over 85\% of liver cyst lesion number reductions (CLNR) were achieved by recombinant Em-TSP1 (rEm-TSP1) and -TSP3 (rEm-TSP3). However, to develop an efficient and safe human vaccine, the efficacy of TSP mucosal vaccines must be thoroughly evaluated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: rEm-TSP1 and -TSP3 along with nontoxic CpG ODN (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides) adjuvant were intranasally (i.n.) immunized to BALB/c mice and their vaccine efficacies were evaluated by counting liver CLNR (experiment I). 37.1\% (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05) and 62.1\% (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.001) of CLNR were achieved by these two proteins, respectively. To study the protection-associated immune responses induced by rEm-TSP3 via different immunization routes (i.n. administration with CpG or s.c. immunization with Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant), the systemic and mucosal antibody responses were detected by ELISA (experiment II). S.c. and i.n. administration of rEm-TSP3 achieved 81.9\% (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.001) and 62.8\% (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.01) CLNR in the liver, respectively. Both the immunization routes evoked strong serum IgG, IgG1 and IgG2α responses; i.n. immunization induced significantly higher IgA responses in nasal cavity and intestine compared with s.c. immunization (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.001). Both immunization routes induced extremely strong liver IgA antibody responses (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.001). The Th1 and Th2 cell responses were assessed by examining the IgG1/IgG2α ratio at two and three weeks post-immunization. S.c. immunization resulted in a reduction in the IgG1/IgG2α ratio (Th1 tendency), whereas i.n. immunization caused a shift from Th1 to Th2. Moreover, immunohistochemistry showed that Em-TSP1 and -TSP3 were extensively located on the surface of E. multilocularis cysts, protoscoleces and adult worms with additional expression of Em-TSP3 in the inner part of protoscoleces and oncospheres. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated that i.n. administration of rEm-TSP3 with CpG is able to induce both systemic and local immune responses and thus provides significant protection against AE.}, keywords = {adjuvants, Animals, Antibodies, Antigens, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant, Glycoproteins, Helminth, Hepatic, Immunity, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin G, Immunologic, Inbred BALB C, Intestinal Mucosa, Liver, Male, Mice, Mucosal, Nasal Mucosa, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Pilot Projects, Synthetic, Tetraspanins, Vaccines}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0001570}, author = {Dang, Zhisheng and Yagi, Kinpei and Oku, Yuzaburo and Kouguchi, Hirokazu and Kajino, Kiichi and Matsumoto, Jun and Nakao, Ryo and Wakaguri, Hiroyuki and Toyoda, Atsushi and Yin, Hong and Sugimoto, Chihiro} } @mastersthesis {7201, title = {Planktonic microbial community structure in {Great} {South} {Bay}, {NY}, where {Aureococcus} anophagefferens blooms frequently occur}, year = {2012}, note = {3550453}, school = {State University of New York at Stony Brook}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The eukaryotic and prokaryotic planktonic microbial communities in Great South Bay (GSB), NY, were characterized using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP) for both 18S rDNA and 16S rDNA in 2008 when there was an Aureococcus anophagefferens {\textquoteright}brown tide{\textquoteright} bloom and in 2009 when there was no bloom. TRFLP data and A. anophagefferens cell counts using microscopy demonstrated both a spring and a fall bloom in 2008. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling analysis of TRFLP profiles from samples collected along a ten station transect in the middle GSB from May to October (2008) and May to December (2009) revealed that while plankton community structure could change dramatically from week to week, in the same week both 18S and 16S community structure were relatively uniform across the entire transect. Nevertheless, differences in the 18S community between stations generally increased as the geographical distance between two samples increased. The 16S community showed less spatial heterogeneity. Ordination analysis of the two year data set suggested that A. anophagefferens was important in shaping the community structure. During 2008, the diversity of the 18S community measured with four biodiversity indices was significantly lower for samples collected during brown tides than samples collected from non-bloom conditions, while there was no significant difference for the 16S community. In general, the 18S community was more diverse in 2009 than in 2008 while the opposite was the case for the 16S community. According to the picoalgal niche hypothesis of Sieracki and colleagues, the phytoplankton niche is open to picoalgae in Long Island waters in early summer. The hypothesis states that Synechococcus usually dominates the picoalgal niche, but at times when the net growth rate of Synechococcus declines, similarly sized picophytoplankter A. anophagefferens becomes dominant. A reciprocal temporal pattern of the relative abundance of Synechococcus and A. anophagefferens was indeed observed in this study. Additionally, local similarity analysis revealed negative associations between A. anophagefferens and four picophytoplankton: Synechococcus, Bathycoccus, Picochlorum and Picocystis. The picoalgal niche is, therefore, proposed to be expanded to include all the above picoalgae, among which Bathycoccus was unique because it was the only species negatively associated with all other picophytoplankton in the non-brown tide year. In late July the picoalgal niche was taken over by Synechococcus and pico-chlorophytes, probably due to water temperature becoming too high for A. anophagefferens. Therefore, the earlier timing of A. anophagefferens{\textquoteright} increase (spring) than Synechococcus (summer) in 2008 and the higher relative abundance of Bathycoccus in 2009 than 2008 especially in spring implies that Bathycoccus, instead of Synechococcus, may compete with A. anophagefferens for the picoalgal niche in springs of Long Island waters. Both water temperature and selective grazing of zooplankton on other picophytoplankton may have favored A. anophagefferens forming a fall bloom. One piece of evidence that A. anophagefferens might be under less grazing pressure than other phytoplankton is from local similarity analysis, where A. anophagefferens was negatively associated with only one group of grazers while other phytoplankton always had multiple significant associations with grazers and parasitoids such as Telonema, Amoebophrya and Pirsonia, which have not been reported for GSB previously. Turbulent conditions caused by wind mixing may have also helped A. anophagefferens outcompete other phytoplankton in 2008.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0416:Biological oceanography, 0768:Environmental science, Aureococcus anophagefferens, Biological oceanography, Biological sciences, Brown tide bloom, Ecology, Environmental science, Great south bay, Health and environmental sciences, Picoalgal niche, Planktonic microbial community, Trflp}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1286701252?accountid=14270}, author = {Liu, Yuan} } @inbook {1827, title = {Polio and its Epidemiology}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology}, year = {2012}, pages = {8123-8173}, publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media, LLC}, organization = {Springer Science+Business Media, LLC}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Shulman, L. M.}, editor = {Meyers, R.A.} } @article {7849, title = {A polymer microfluidic chip for quantitative detection of multiple water- and foodborne pathogens using real-time fluorogenic loop-mediated isothermal amplification}, journal = {Biomedical Microdevices}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, note = {JID: 100887374; ppublish}, month = {Aug}, pages = {769-778}, abstract = {Inexpensive, portable, and easy-to-use devices for rapid detection of microbial pathogens are needed to ensure safety of water and food. In this study, a disposable polymer microfluidic chip for quantitative detection of multiple pathogens using isothermal nucleic acid amplification was developed. The chip contains an array of 15 interconnected reaction wells with dehydrated primers for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and requires only a single pipetting step for dispensing of sample. To improve robustness of loading and amplification, hydrophobic air vents and microvalves were monolithically integrated in the multi-layered structure of the chip using an inexpensive knife plotter. For quantification, LAMP was performed with a highly fluorescent DNA binding dye (SYTO-82) and the reactions monitored in real-time using a low-cost fluorescence imaging system previously developed by our group (Ahmad et al., Biomed. Microdevices 13(5), 929-937). Starting from genomic DNA mixtures, the chip was successfully evaluated for rapid analysis of multiple virulence and marker genes of Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella, and Vibrio cholerae, enabling detection and quantification of 10-100 genomes per mul in less than 20 min. It is anticipated that the microfluidic chip, along with the real-time imaging system, may be a key enabling technology for developing inexpensive and portable systems for on-site screening of multiple pathogens relevant to food and water safety.}, isbn = {1572-8781; 1387-2176}, author = {Tourlousse,D. M. and Ahmad,F. and Stedtfeld,R. D. and Seyrig,G. and Tiedje,J. M. and Hashsham,S. A.} } @inbook {2431, title = {{Population genetics and molecular epidemiology of Shigella species.}}, booktitle = {Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial Pathogens Epidemiology, Evolution and Molecular Biology}, year = {2012}, pages = {63{\textendash}76}, publisher = {Caister Academic Press}, organization = {Caister Academic Press}, author = {Talukder, K.A and Asmi, I.J}, editor = {Faruque SM} } @inbook {14243, title = {Population genetics and molecular epidemiology of {Shigella} species.}, booktitle = {Foodborne and waterborne bacterial pathogens epidemiology, evolution and molecular biology.}, year = {2012}, pages = {63{\textendash}76}, publisher = {Caister Academic Press}, organization = {Caister Academic Press}, author = {Talukder, K.A and Asmi, I.J}, editor = {Faruque SM} } @article {4828, title = {{Population-based active surveillance for Cyclospora infection-United States, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet),1997-2009}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {54(Suppl.)}, year = {2012}, pages = {S411{\textendash}417}, author = {Hall, RL and Jones, JL and Hurd, S and Smith, G and Mahon, BE and Herwaldt, BL} } @article {12499, title = {Potential impacts of disinfection processes on elimination and deactivation of antibiotic resistance genes during water and wastewater treatment}, journal = {Journal of Environmental MonitoringJournal of Environmental Monitoring}, volume = {14}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {1754-1771}, author = {Dodd, Michael C} } @article {1759, title = {Pre-analytical and analytical procedures for the detection of enteric viruses and enterovirus in water samples}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {184}, number = {1-2}, year = {2012}, note = {Pang, Xiaoli L Lee, Bonita E Pabbaraju, Kanti Gabos, Stephan Craik, Stephen Payment, Pierre Neumann, Norman eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Validation Studies Netherlands 2012/05/29 06:00 J Virol Methods. 2012 Sep;184(1-2):77-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.014. Epub 2012 May 23.}, pages = {77-83}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Practical pre-analytical and analytical procedures were developed and validated for detection of enteric viruses in three water matrices. Both RNA viruses (norovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, and rotavirus) and DNA virus (adenovirus 41) were included in the study. The NanoCeram 90mm laminated disc with electropositive filter and procedures of filtration, elution and flocculation were utilized to concentrate known amount of viruses in different water matrices. Real time quantitative PCR was used to evaluate the recovery of virus and cell culture to assess viral infectivity. There was no PCR inhibition using various concentrations and pH of beef extract eluting buffer. A good recovery of the viruses spiked in 10L of deionized water was achieved for serial dilutions of coxsackievirus (41-67\%), echovirus (22-90\%), norovirus (23-44\%) and rotavirus (24-46\%). Relatively lower recovery was observed for adenovirus 41 (24-35\%). There was no significant difference in viral recovery from deionized, tap and river water samples. The infectivity of recovered adenovirus, coxsackievirus and echovirus was demonstrated using in vitro cell culture. The pre-analytical and analytic procedures attained consistent recovery of RNA and DNA viruses both as infectious viral particles and viral genome, provided effective removal of inhibitory substances, achieved reliable reproducibility, and were relatively inexpensive for monitoring viruses in water.}, keywords = {DNA Viruses/*isolation \& purification Filtration/methods Humans RNA Viruses/*isolation \& purification Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Specimen Handling/methods Virology/*methods *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.014}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22633928}, author = {Pang, X. L. and Lee, B. E. and Pabbaraju, K. and Gabos, S. and Craik, S. and Payment, P. and Neumann, N.} } @article {16784, title = {Predicting susceptibility to norovirus GII.4 by use of a challenge model involving humans}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {206}, year = {2012}, pages = {1386-1393}, author = {Frenck, R. and Bernstein, D.I. and Xia, M. and Huang, P. and Zhong, W. and Parker, S. and Dickey, M. and McNeal, M. and Jiang, X.} } @mastersthesis {6527, title = {Preferred strategies for implementing environmental management systems in {Oklahoma} cities}, year = {2012}, note = {3524468}, school = {Oklahoma State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Cities throughout the United States are currently under pressure to deliver services and become more sustainable without raising taxes or reducing workforces. They are plagued by compliance problems, consent decrees, solid waste disposal issues, garbage problems, wastewater overflows, air pollution, and a host of other environmental issues. To make matters worse, cities face aging infrastructure, rapid urban growth, drought and water supply problems, rising fuel costs, loss of businesses, stagnant or shrinking budgets, and diminished workforces. One possible solution to these challenges is the adoption of Environmental Management Systems (EMSs). This study extends the findings of earlier studies of local governmental EMS programs to demonstrate that preferences for EMS implementation strategies can be predicted from ratings of implementation benefits and barriers. Alternative strategies were formulated for Oklahoma cities with populations greater than 20,000. This study demonstrated that a core strategy, which gains city management support, attracts funding, provides training, improves environmental compliance, and yields cost savings can be defined that meets some of the needs of all cities. Additional strategies were defined to address the particular needs of individual cities such as dedicated implementation teams, improved political support, communications, employee buy-in and training, operational and environmental efficiencies and consistency, risk reduction, relationships with regulator and labor relations. The study{\textquoteright}s conclusions suggest that cities can be encouraged to adopt EMS programs if they are tailored to overcoming the barriers and taking advantage of the perceived benefits as perceived by municipal managers.}, keywords = {0474:Environmental management, Cities, environmental management, Environmental management systems, Health and environmental sciences, Oklahoma, Preferred strategies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1080420405?accountid=14270}, author = {Albright, Matt} } @article {1258, title = {Presence of human noro- and adenoviruses in river and treated wastewater, a longitudinal study and method comparison}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {Maunula, Leena Soderberg, Kirsi Vahtera, Heli Vuorilehto, Veli-Pekka von Bonsdorff, Carl-Henrik Valtari, Maria Laakso, Tuula Lahti, Kirsti Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2012 Mar;10(1):87-99. doi: 10.2166/wh.2011.095.}, pages = {87-99}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Norovirus (NoV) is one of the most common causative agents of waterborne gastroenteritis outbreaks. The main objective of the study was to determine the presence of human NoVs in river water and in treated wastewater (TW) released into the river. During a one-year survey in 2007/2008, NoVs were detected in 30.8\% of river samples (20/65), and 40.5\% of TW samples (17/45) with a real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. NoVs were present in the river water in the winter and spring, coinciding with the NoV epidemiological peak in the community and the presence of NoVs in TW. Later in 2009, the concentration method used, pre-filtration with a Waterra filter combined with filtration through a negatively charged membrane, was evaluated against glass wool filtration and freeze-drying for the detection of adenoviruses in river water. The virus amounts measured varied greatly depending on the virus concentration method. The continued monitoring in the spring of 2009 also revealed that the average concentration of noro- and adenoviruses in TW was 2.64 x 10(3) and 1.29 x 10(4) pcr units per mL, respectively. No correlation between the presence of viruses and Escherichia coli was found. These results may be useful for risk assessment studies.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/ methods Filtration/methods Finland Fresh Water/ virology Gastroenteritis/ virology Humans Longitudinal Studies Norovirus/ isolation \& purification Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reac}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.095}, author = {Maunula, L. and Soderberg, K. and Vahtera, H. and Vuorilehto, V. P. and von Bonsdorff, C. H. and Valtari, M. and Laakso, T. and Lahti, K.} } @article {4559, title = {Presence of human noro- and adenoviruses in river and treated wastewater, a longitudinal study and method comparison}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {87{\textendash}99}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.095}, author = {Maunula, L. and Soderberg, K. and Vahtera, H. and Vuorilehto, V. P. and von Bonsdorff, C. H. and Valtari, M. and Laakso, T. and Lahti, K.} } @article {13287, title = {Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Vibrio, Salmonella, and Aeromonas isolates from various uncooked seafoods in Thailand}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {75}, year = {2012}, pages = {41-47}, author = {Woodring, J. and Srijan, A. and Puripunyakom, P. and Oransathid, W. and Wongstitwilairoong, B. and Mason, C.} } @article {5543, title = {{Prevalence and diversity of norovirus genogroups I and II in Hong Kong marine waters and detection by real-time PCR}}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {64}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {164{\textendash}168}, abstract = {

Marine waters from six sites around Hong Kong with varying levels of sewage pollution were examined for noroviruses (NoVs) by PCR cloning and sequencing of a highly-variable N-terminal region of the VP1 capsid gene, at the ORF1-ORF2 junction of NoV. Phylogenetic analysis of genogroups GI- and GII-specific PCR clones obtained from different marine sites indicated that human NoV GI.1 and GII.4 strains are the most prevalent genotypes circulating in Hong Kong waters. GI- and GII-specific TaqMan-based real-time PCR assays targeting the ORF1-ORF2 junction of NoVs were used to quantify NoV particles in marine water samples in parallel with total Escherichia coli counts which were enumerated on TBX medium. No correlation of any significance between NoV and E. coli counts was observed which highlighted the inadequacy in using E. coli as a fecal indicator to predict the level of NoVs in marine waters to protect public health. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

}, keywords = {Fecal contamination, Hong Kong marine waters, Noroviruses, NoV GI.1, NoV GII.4, TaqMan real-time PCR}, isbn = {1879-3363 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0025-326X (Linking)}, issn = {0025326X}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.037}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.037}, author = {Yang, Ning and Qi, Huizhou and Minnie ML Wong and Rudolf SS Wu and Richard YC Kong} } @article {244, title = {Prevalence and Molecular Genotyping of Group A Rotaviruses in Iranian Children}, journal = {Indian Journal of Virology}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {Times Cited: 3 3}, pages = {24-28}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0970-2822}, doi = {10.1007/s13337-012-0070-7}, url = {://WOS:000304157400004}, author = {Kargar, Mohammad and Akbarizadeh, Amin Reza} } @article {9186, title = {{Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii Infection among Three Orang Asli Ethnic Groups in Malaysia}}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, author = {Anuar, TS and Al-Mekhlafi, HM and Ghani, MKA and Osman, E and Yasin, AM and Nordin, A and Azreen, SN and Salleh, FM and Ghazali, N and Bernadus, M and Moktar, N} } @inbook {1981, title = {Prevalence and sustainable control of Balantidium coli infection in pigs of Ranchi, Jahrkahnd, India}, booktitle = {Veterinary World}, year = {2012}, pages = {94}, isbn = {0972-8988}, author = {Bauri, R and Ranjan, R and Deb, A and Ranjan, R} } @article {11826, title = {{Prevalence, intensity, and abundance of infection and pathogenesis caused by Diphyllobothriosis in vulnerable, native fish and introduced trout in Lake Panguipulli, Chile}}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {937{\textendash}950}, abstract = {

Diphyllobothriosis in fish from freshwater ecosystems in southern Chile was first reported in 1949. Infection by plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium latum and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum occurs in introduced trout {\{}(Oncorhynchus{\}} mykiss) and native fish. We determined the prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance of seasonal infection and tissue damage produced by Diphyllobothrium spp. in native fish {\{}(Percichthys{\}} trucha, Odontesthes mauleanum, and Basilichthys australis) and introduced trout {\{}(O.{\}} mykiss) from Lake Panguipulli, Chile. Prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance of D. latum infection were significantly greater in trout than they were in native fish. Prevalence and mean abundance were similar in O. mauleanum and P. trucha, but they were greater than those in B. australis. Prevalence and abundance were similar among seasons between sexes for the four hosts. For all host species, except P. trucha, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between host length and the abundance of plerocercoids. Infections in muscle tissue were present in 61{\%} of trout compared with 23{\%} in O. mauleanum and 12{\%} in P. trucha, suggesting a greater risk for human infection when consuming trout. In general, prevalence of infection by D. dendriticum was lower than was D. latum prevalence. Encapsulation of plerocercoids was common and severe in 71{\%} of the trout examined. Only slight encapsulation of plerocercoids was found in the native O. mauleanum, and no encapsulation was observed in P. trucha or B. australis. The greater concentration of plerocercoids in the walls of the digestive tract of trout suggests a more-rapid immune response in trout than in native fish. The low frequency of encapsulation of plerocercoids in native fish would mean greater tissue damage in the natives than that observed in the trout because they are free to migrate among the viscera, potentially endangering these native fish populations in regions where Diphyllobothrium spp. are endemic.

}, issn = {0090-3558}, doi = {10.7589/2011-08-235}, author = {Torres, Patricio and Ley{\'a}n, V and Puga, Sonia} } @article {5877, title = {{Prevalence of Arcobacter species on chicken carcasses during processing in Iran}}, journal = {The Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {jun}, pages = {407{\textendash}412}, author = {Rahimi, E and Hormozipoor, H and Gholami Ahangaran, M and Yazdi, F} } @article {5912, title = {Prevalence of Arcobacter species on chicken carcasses during processing in Iran}, journal = {The Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, volume = {21}, year = {2012}, pages = {407{\textendash}412}, author = {Rahimi, E and Hormozipoor, H and Ahangaran, M Gholami and Yazdi, F} } @article {14394, title = {Prevalence of {Arcobacter} species on chicken carcasses during processing in {Iran}}, journal = {The Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {jun}, pages = {407{\textendash}412}, author = {Rahimi, E and Hormozipoor, H and Gholami Ahangaran, M and Yazdi, F} } @article {15922, title = {Prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. in patients with colorectal cancer}, journal = {Polish Journal of Surgery}, volume = {84}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, month = {Jul}, pages = {348-51}, edition = {2012/09/01}, keywords = {Adenocarcinoma/*epidemiology/pathology, Adult, Aged, Colorectal Neoplasms/*epidemiology/pathology, Comorbidity, Cryptosporidiosis/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Feces/*parasitology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Opportunistic Infections/*epidemiology/parasitology, Poland, prevalence}, isbn = {0032-373x}, author = {Sulzyc-Bielicka, V. and Kolodziejczyk, L. and Jaczewska, S. and Bielicki, D. and Kladny, J. and Safranow, K.} } @book {15795, title = {Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in recreational versus non-recreational water sources}, volume = {131}, year = {2012}, pages = {399-403}, author = {Loganathan, Sasdekumar and Yang, Rongchang and Bath, Andrew and Gordon, Cameron and Ryan, Una} } @article {15796, title = {Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in recreational versus non-recreational water sources}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {131}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {2012/08/01/}, pages = {399-403}, keywords = {Genotyping, Recreational water catchment}, isbn = {0014-4894}, author = {Loganthan, Sasdekumar and Yang, Rongchang and Bath, Andrew and Gordon, Cameron and Ryan, Una} } @article {5980, title = {{Prevalence of hepatitis E virus-specific antibodies in humans with occupational exposure to pigs}}, journal = {Medical Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {201}, year = {2012}, pages = {239{\textendash}244}, author = {Krumbholz, A and Mohn, U and Lange, J and Motz, M and Wenzel, JJ and Jilg, W and Walther, M and Straube, E and Wutzler, P and Zell, R} } @article {614, title = {Prevalence of human pathogens and indicators in stormwater runoff in Brisbane, Australia}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {20}, year = {2012}, note = {Special Issue on Stormwater in urban areas}, pages = {6652 - 6660}, abstract = {Elevated numbers of enteric pathogens in the receiving waters following a storm event can be a serious public health concern. The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into the presence of human pathogens of concern in urban stormwater runoff. The involvement of a human sewage as a potential source of contamination was also investigated by using microbial source tracking methods. Water samples (20\&$\#$xa0;L) were collected after storm events and during the dry weather from six sites in Brisbane, Australia. Collected samples were analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), and then concentrated using hollow fiber ultrafiltration followed by molecular detection of selected enteric pathogens. The levels of \{FIB\} were found to frequently exceed the upper limit of Australian guidelines for managing risks in recreational water, during the dry periods and by further several orders of magnitude in the stormwater runoff. Enterococcus spp. numbers as high as 3\&$\#$xa0;{\texttimes}\&$\#$xa0;104 100 mL-1 were detected in the stormwater runoff at the Fitzgibbon site. Human adenovirus and polyomavirus were frequently detected from all six sampling sites during wet and dry weather conditions suggesting their wide spread presence in the urban aquatic environments. Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Salmonella enterica were also detected during both dry and wet weather conditions. Presence of human-specific \{HF183\} Bacteroides marker in most of the samples tested suggests ubiquitous sewage contamination in the urban environment. Since stormwater runoff routinely contains high numbers of \{FIB\} and other enteric pathogens, some degree of treatment of captured stormwater would be required if it were to be used for non-potable purposes.}, keywords = {Salmonella enterica}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.012}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135412001753}, author = {J.P.S. Sidhu and L. Hodgers and W. Ahmed and M.N. Chong and S. Toze} } @article {13798, title = {Prevalence of human pathogens and indicators in stormwater runoff in {Brisbane}, {Australia}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {20}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Elevated numbers of enteric pathogens in the receiving waters following a storm event can be a serious public health concern. The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into the presence of human pathogens of concern in urban stormwater runoff. The involvement of a human sewage as a potential source of contamination was also investigated by using microbial source tracking methods. Water samples (20L) were collected after storm events and during the dry weather from six sites in Brisbane, Australia. Collected samples were analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), and then concentrated using hollow fiber ultrafiltration followed by molecular detection of selected enteric pathogens. The levels of FIB were found to frequently exceed the upper limit of Australian guidelines for managing risks in recreational water, during the dry periods and by further several orders of magnitude in the stormwater runoff. Enterococcus spp. numbers as high as 3{\texttimes}104 100 mL-1 were detected in the stormwater runoff at the Fitzgibbon site. Human adenovirus and polyomavirus were frequently detected from all six sampling sites during wet and dry weather conditions suggesting their wide spread presence in the urban aquatic environments. Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Salmonella enterica were also detected during both dry and wet weather conditions. Presence of human-specific HF183 Bacteroides marker in most of the samples tested suggests ubiquitous sewage contamination in the urban environment. Since stormwater runoff routinely contains high numbers of FIB and other enteric pathogens, some degree of treatment of captured stormwater would be required if it were to be used for non-potable purposes. {\textcopyright} 2012.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.012}, author = {Sidhu, J.P.S. and Hodgers, L. and Ahmed, W. and Chong, M.N. and Toze, S.} } @article {7599, title = {{Prevalence of human pathogens and indicators in stormwater runoff in Brisbane, Australia}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {20}, year = {2012}, pages = {6652-6660}, abstract = {

Elevated numbers of enteric pathogens in the receiving waters following a storm event can be a serious public health concern. The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into the presence of human pathogens of concern in urban stormwater runoff. The involvement of a human sewage as a potential source of contamination was also investigated by using microbial source tracking methods. Water samples (20L) were collected after storm events and during the dry weather from six sites in Brisbane, Australia. Collected samples were analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), and then concentrated using hollow fiber ultrafiltration followed by molecular detection of selected enteric pathogens. The levels of FIB were found to frequently exceed the upper limit of Australian guidelines for managing risks in recreational water, during the dry periods and by further several orders of magnitude in the stormwater runoff. Enterococcus spp. numbers as high as 3{\texttimes}104 100 mL-1 were detected in the stormwater runoff at the Fitzgibbon site. Human adenovirus and polyomavirus were frequently detected from all six sampling sites during wet and dry weather conditions suggesting their wide spread presence in the urban aquatic environments. Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Salmonella enterica were also detected during both dry and wet weather conditions. Presence of human-specific HF183 Bacteroides marker in most of the samples tested suggests ubiquitous sewage contamination in the urban environment. Since stormwater runoff routinely contains high numbers of FIB and other enteric pathogens, some degree of treatment of captured stormwater would be required if it were to be used for non-potable purposes. {\textcopyright} 2012.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.012}, author = {Sidhu, J.P.S. and Hodgers, L. and Ahmed, W. and Chong, M.N. and Toze, S.} } @article {5019, title = {{Prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in humans and fish in Kratie Province, Cambodia}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {124}, year = {2012}, pages = {215{\textendash}220}, author = {Sohn, WM and Yong, TS and Eom, KS and Pyo, KH and Lee, MY and Lim, H and Choe, S and H G Jeong and Sinuon, M and Socheat, D and Chai, JY} } @article {9249, title = {{Prevalence of parasitic contamination in vegetables used for raw consumption in Shahrekord, Iran: Influence of season and washing procedure}}, journal = {Food Control}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {617{\textendash}620}, author = {Fallah, AA and Pirali-Kheirabadi, K and Shirvani, F and Saei-Dehkordi, SS} } @article {11351, title = {Prevalence of porcine cysticercosis and associated risk factors in Homa Bay District, Kenya}, journal = {BMC Veterinary Research}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {234}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1746-6148}, author = {Eshitera, E.E. and Githigia, S.M. and Kitala, P. and Thomas, L.F. and F{\`e}vre, E.M. and Harrison, L.J.S. and Mwihia, E.W. and Otieno, R.O. and Ojiambo, F. and Maingi, N.} } @article {449, title = {Prevalence of severe acute rotavirus gastroenteritis and intussusceptions in Ghanaian children under 5 years of age}, journal = {Journal of Infection in Developing Countries}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {Times Cited: 3 3}, pages = {148-155}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Introduction: Vaccination is the most effective preventive strategy against rotavirus disease. Regional differences in prevalent rotavirus genotypes may affect vaccine efficacy. Pre-vaccine surveillance for burden of rotavirus disease, prevalent rotavirus genotypes, and association between rotavirus disease and intussusceptions helps in monitoring the impact of vaccination. Methodology: A prospective study was conducted from January 2008 to December 2009 in children younger than five years hospitalized for longer than 24 hours with acute gastroenteritis. Data on confirmed cases of intussusception were collected retrospectively. Stools were tested by enzyme immunoassay, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing. Results: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) caused 13.1\% (2,147/16,348) of hospitalizations among children under five years. Stools were tested for 50.2\% (1077/2147) of AGE cases. Of these, 49\% (528/1077) were rotavirus positive. Rotavirus gastroenteritis, non-rotavirus gastroenteritis, and intussusceptions were most prevalent in children under 15 months [80.3\%, 74\% and 91\% respectively]. Rotavirus was detected from more than 60\% of acute gastroenteritis cases during peak months. The prevalence of intussusception showed no seasonal pattern. The peak ages of six to twelve months for acute gastroenteritis and five to eight months for intussusception overlapped. G1, G2 and mixed G/P genotypes were common in the isolated rotaviruses. Conclusion: Rotavirus gastroenteritis causes significant morbidity in children younger than five years of age in Ghana. Although the peak age of rotavirus gastroenteritis and intussusceptions overlapped, there was no seasonal correlation between them. The high prevalence of mixed G/P genotypes in Ghanaian children may affect the effectiveness of vaccination.}, issn = {1972-2680}, url = {://WOS:000305908300008}, author = {Enweronu-Laryea, Christabel C. and Sagoe, Kwamena W. C. and Glover-Addy, Hope and Asmah, Richard H. and Mingle, Julius A. and Armah, George E.} } @article {10779, title = {{Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae in human, poultry, animal excreta and compost samples}}, journal = {Stanford Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {38{\textendash}41}, author = {Uddin, MA and Ullah, MW and Noor, R} } @book {6279, title = {Principles of {Epidemiology} in {Public} {Health} {Practice}- 3rd {Edition} -{An} {Introduction} to {Applied} {Epidemiology} and {Biostatistics}}, year = {2012}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/ss1978.pdf}, author = {CDC} } @article {7694, title = {Progress in understanding preferential detection of live cells using viability dyes in combination with DNA amplification}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {11}, pages = {276-289}, keywords = {Ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide, Viability PCR, Viable cell detection}, isbn = {0167-7012}, author = {Fittipaldi,Mariana and Nocker,Andreas and Codony,Francesc} } @booklet {3491, title = {{Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update.}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @booklet {3589, title = {Progress on {Drinking} {Water} and {Sanitation}: 2012 {Update}.}, year = {2012}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @booklet {10829, title = {{Progress on drinking-water and sanitation: 2012 update. Geneva, World Health Organization/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation, 2012}}, year = {2012} } @article {6991, title = {Progress towards universal coverage: the health systems of {Ghana}, {South} {Africa} and {Tanzania}}, journal = {Health Policy and Planning}, volume = {27 Suppl 1}, year = {2012}, month = {mar}, pages = {i4{\textendash}12}, abstract = {A desire to enhance protection against health care costs and improve equity of access to health care lies at the core of many health sector financing initiatives. Until recently, international debates about financing and health equity have focused primarily on mechanisms to promote equity in relation to very specific elements of health systems. However, in recent years there has been growing interest in considering these equity challenges from a more systemic perspective. In this context, universal health coverage is becoming a rallying call, with a focus on how best universal coverage can be financed. This paper is the first in a special issue which presents a body of research whose overall aim was to critically evaluate existing inequities in health care financing and provision in Ghana, South Africa and Tanzania, and the extent to which health insurance mechanisms (broadly defined) could address financial protection and equity of access challenges. In this first paper we introduce the countries{\textquoteright} health systems, with a special emphasis on existing mechanisms for financial protection. We also identify in broad terms the key challenges for universal coverage, setting the scene for the subsequent papers.}, keywords = {Delivery of Health Care, Financial Support, Financing, Ghana, Personal, South Africa, Tanzania, Universal Coverage}, issn = {1460-2237}, doi = {10.1093/heapol/czs002}, author = {Mills, Anne and Ally, Mariam and Goudge, Jane and Gyapong, John and Mtei, Gemini} } @article {13350, title = {A prospective study on Aeromonas in outpatients with diarrhea in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Microbiology }, volume = {43}, year = {2012}, pages = {966-968}, author = {K D Prediger and S Pereira Rda and C H Winckler Neto and R C Santos and C M Fadel-Picheth and Vizzotto, B.S} } @inbook {13497, title = {Prospects for immunoprophylaxis against Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)}, booktitle = {Parasitic Helminths: Targets, Screens, Drugs and Vaccines}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co}, organization = {Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co}, address = {Germany}, author = {Spithill, T. W. and Carmona, C. and Piedrafita, D. and Smooker, P. M.}, editor = {Caffrey, C.R. and Selzer, P.M.} } @article {16121, title = {Protection against lethal leptospirosis after vaccination with LipL32 coupled or coadministered with the B
subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.}, journal = {Clin Vaccine Immunol.Clin Vaccine Immunol.}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {740-745.}, author = {Grassmann, A. A. and Felix, S. R. and dos Santos, C. X. and Amaral, M. G. and Seixas Neto, A. C. and Fagundes, M. Q. and Seixas, F. K. and da Silva, E. F. and Concei{\c c}{\~a}o, F. R. and Dellagostin, O. A.} } @article {10225, title = {{Pump it up: occurrence and regulation of multi-drug efflux pumps in Bacteroides fragilis}}, journal = {Anaerobe}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {200{\textendash}208}, author = {Wexler, HM} } @article {11585, title = {Qualidade higienico - sanit{\'a}ria de alface (Lactuca sativa) comercializada em supermercados em dourados {\textendash} MS}, journal = {Scientia Agraria}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {53{\textendash}58}, keywords = {Hortali{\c c}a, parasito., sa{\'u}de p{\'u}blica}, author = {Corr{\^e}a, JR and Santos, PC dos and Mauad, JR} } @article {12635, title = {Quantification and characterization of β-lactam resistance genes in 15 sewage treatment plants from East Asia and North America}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnologyApplied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {95}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {1351-1358}, isbn = {0175-7598}, author = {Yang, Ying and Zhang, Tong and Zhang, Xu-Xiang and Liang, Da-Wei and Zhang, Ming and Gao, Da-Wen and Zhu, He-Guang and Huang, Qing-Guo and Fang, Herbert HP} } @article {9252, title = {{Quantification of diarrhea risk related to wastewater contact in Thailand}}, journal = {Ecohealth}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {49{\textendash}59}, author = {Ferrer, A and Nguyen-Viet, H and Zinsstag, J} } @article {1227, title = {Quantitative detection and characterization of human adenoviruses in the Buffalo River in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa}, journal = {Food Environ Virol}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, note = {Chigor, Vincent N Okoh, Anthony I Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Food and environmental virology Food Environ Virol. 2012 Dec;4(4):198-208. doi: 10.1007/s12560-012-9090-0. Epub 2012 Oct 18.}, pages = {198-208}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Buffalo River is an important water resource in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Over a 1-year period (August 2010-July 2011), we assessed the prevalence of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) at a total of 6 sites on the river and three dams along its course. HAdVs were detected by real-time quantitative PCR in about 35 \% of the samples with concentrations ranging from 1.2 x 10(1) genome copies (GC)/l to 4.71 x 10(3) GC/l. HAdVs were detected at 5 of the 6 sampling sites with the detection rate ranging from 8.3 \% at Rooikrantz Dam to 92 \% at Parkside. The HAdV concentrations across the sampling sites were as follows: Parkside (3.25 x 10(2)-4.71 x 10(3) GC/); King William{\textquoteright}s Town (1.02 x 10(2)-4.56 x 10(3) GC/l); and Eluxolzweni (1.17 x 10(2)-3.97 x 10(2) GC/l). Significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations were detected at the non-dam sites compared to the dam sites. A very low mean concentration of 1.86 x 10(1) HAdV GC/l was observed at Bridle Drift Dam. While HAdVs were detected only once at Rooikrantz Dam (1.74 x 10(1) GC/l), no HAdV was detected at Maden Dam. Epidemiologically important serotypes, Ad40/41, constituted 83.3 \%, while Ad21 made up 16.7 \% of the all HAdVs detected and were characterized by qualitative PCR. The Buffalo River presents a public health risk heightened by the presence of Ad 40/41 and Ad21. Our results make imperative the need for assessing water sources for viral contamination in the interest of public health. This work is a significant contribution to the molecular epidemiology of adenoviruses and to the best of our knowledge this is the first report on detection of enteric virus from surface waters in the Eastern Cape.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/genetics Animals Digestive System Diseases/ virology Environmental Monitoring/ methods Fresh Water/ virology Humans Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Rivers/ virology South Africa Water Microbiology}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9090-0}, author = {Chigor, V. N. and Okoh, A. I.} } @article {4462, title = {Quantitative detection and characterization of human adenoviruses in the {Buffalo} {River} in the {Eastern} {Cape} {Province} of {South} {Africa}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {198{\textendash}208}, issn = {1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-012-9090-0}, author = {Chigor, V. N. and Okoh, A. I.} } @article {8547, title = {{Quantitative Estimation of the Viability of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts in Soil}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {15}, year = {2012}, pages = {5127{\textendash}5132}, author = {Lelu, M and Villena, I and Dard{\'e}, ML and Aubert, D and Geers, R and Dupuis, E and Marned, F and Poulle, ML and Gotteland, C and Dum{\`e}tre, A and Gilot-Fromont, E} } @article {14522, title = {Quantitative {RT}-{PCR} detection of hepatitis {A} virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the {Buffalo} {River} and source water dams in the {Eastern} {Cape} {Province} of {South} {Africa}}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {9}, year = {2012}, month = {nov}, pages = {4017{\textendash}32}, abstract = {Human enteric viruses (HEntVs) are a major cause of water-related diseases. The prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV), rotaviruses (RoV) and enteroviruses (EnV) in Buffalo River waters was assessed quantitatively over a period of 12 months (August 2010 to July 2011). Seventy-two samples were collected from six sites, including three dams, and concentrated using the adsorption-elution method. Viral RNA was extracted using a commercial kit, and the viruses were quantified by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR). Two or more viruses were detected in 12.5\% of the samples. HAV was detected in 43.1\% of the samples and in significantly (p {\textless} 0.05) varying concentrations of 1.5 x 10(1)-1.9 x 10(5) genome copies/L compared to RoV and EnV, while RoVs were detected in 13.9\% of samples, with concentrations ranging from 2.5 x 10(1)-2.1 x 10(3) genome copies/L, and EnV were detected in 9.7\% of the samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.3 x 10(1)-8.6 x 10(1) genome copies/L. Only HAV was detected at all the sites, with the Bridle Drift Dam recording significantly higher (p {\textless} 0.05) concentrations. The presence of enteric viruses in Buffalo River may constitute public health risks and the incidence of HAV at all the sites could reflect both the epidemiological status of hepatitis A and HAV persistence in the water environments.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/microbiology, Hepatitis A virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Rotavirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph9114017}, author = {Chigor, V. N. and Okoh, A. I.} } @article {14893, title = {Quantitative {RT}-{PCR} detection of hepatitis {A} virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the {Buffalo} {River} and source water dams in the {Eastern} {Cape} {Province} of {South} {Africa}}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {9}, year = {2012}, month = {nov}, pages = {4017{\textendash}32}, abstract = {Human enteric viruses (HEntVs) are a major cause of water-related diseases. The prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV), rotaviruses (RoV) and enteroviruses (EnV) in Buffalo River waters was assessed quantitatively over a period of 12 months (August 2010 to July 2011). Seventy-two samples were collected from six sites, including three dams, and concentrated using the adsorption-elution method. Viral RNA was extracted using a commercial kit, and the viruses were quantified by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR). Two or more viruses were detected in 12.5\% of the samples. HAV was detected in 43.1\% of the samples and in significantly (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05) varying concentrations of 1.5 x 10(1)-1.9 x 10(5) genome copies/L compared to RoV and EnV, while RoVs were detected in 13.9\% of samples, with concentrations ranging from 2.5 x 10(1)-2.1 x 10(3) genome copies/L, and EnV were detected in 9.7\% of the samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.3 x 10(1)-8.6 x 10(1) genome copies/L. Only HAV was detected at all the sites, with the Bridle Drift Dam recording significantly higher (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05) concentrations. The presence of enteric viruses in Buffalo River may constitute public health risks and the incidence of HAV at all the sites could reflect both the epidemiological status of hepatitis A and HAV persistence in the water environments.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/microbiology, Hepatitis A virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Rotavirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph9114017}, author = {Chigor, V. N. and Okoh, A. I.} } @article {2748, title = {Quantitative {RT-PCR} detection of hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the Buffalo River and source water dams in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {4017-4032}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph9114017}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9114017}, author = {Chigor, VN and Okoh, AI} } @article {216, title = {Quantitative RT-PCR detection of hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the Buffalo River and source water dams in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, note = {1660-4601 Chigor, Vincent Nnamdigadi Okoh, Anthony Ifeanyi Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Switzerland Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012 Nov 5;9(11):4017-32. doi: 10.3390/ijerph9114017.}, pages = {4017-32}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human enteric viruses (HEntVs) are a major cause of water-related diseases. The prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV), rotaviruses (RoV) and enteroviruses (EnV) in Buffalo River waters was assessed quantitatively over a period of 12 months (August 2010 to July 2011). Seventy-two samples were collected from six sites, including three dams, and concentrated using the adsorption-elution method. Viral RNA was extracted using a commercial kit, and the viruses were quantified by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR). Two or more viruses were detected in 12.5\% of the samples. HAV was detected in 43.1\% of the samples and in significantly (p < 0.05) varying concentrations of 1.5 x 10(1)-1.9 x 10(5) genome copies/L compared to RoV and EnV, while RoVs were detected in 13.9\% of samples, with concentrations ranging from 2.5 x 10(1)-2.1 x 10(3) genome copies/L, and EnV were detected in 9.7\% of the samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.3 x 10(1)-8.6 x 10(1) genome copies/L. Only HAV was detected at all the sites, with the Bridle Drift Dam recording significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentrations. The presence of enteric viruses in Buffalo River may constitute public health risks and the incidence of HAV at all the sites could reflect both the epidemiological status of hepatitis A and HAV persistence in the water environments.}, keywords = {Base Sequence DNA Primers Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \&, purification *Water Microbiology, purification Fresh Water/microbiology Hepatitis A virus/genetics/*isolation \&, purification Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Rotavirus/genetics/*isolation \&}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph9114017}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/11/4017/pdf}, author = {Chigor, V. N. and Okoh, A. I.} } @article {8398, title = {{Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {75}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {1278{\textendash}1291}, author = {Batz, MB and Hoffmann, S and Morris, JG} } @article {4911, title = {{Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {75}, year = {2012}, pages = {1278{\textendash}1291}, author = {Batz, MB and Hoffmann, S and Morris, JG Jr} } @article {5009, title = {{Rapid detection and differentiation of Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini eggs in human fecal samples using a duplex real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer PCR and melting curve analysis}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {111}, year = {2012}, pages = {89{\textendash}96}, author = {Sanpool, O and Intapan, PM and Thanchomnang, T and Janwan, P and Lulitanond, V and Doanh, PN and Van Hien, H and Dung do, T and Maleewong, W and Nawa, Y} } @article {8083, title = {{Reactive arthritis after Shigella gastroenteritis in American military in Afghanistan.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Rheumatology : Practical Reports on Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {257{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

In Afghanistan in mid June 2011, 2 US Marines developed reactive arthritis manifested by conjunctivitis, urethritis, arthritis, and circinate balanitis. Their symptoms were preceded by an outbreak in their unit of gastroenteritis caused by Shigella species after ingesting contaminated chicken. Gastroenteritis has plagued military operations for millennia. This report emphasizes that personnel can develop reactive arthritis after bouts of gastrointestinal infections that are common in deployed environments. It is highly recommended to maintain vigilance in keeping reactive arthritis on the differential diagnosis in deployed personnel after bouts of gastroenteritis.

}, issn = {1536-7355}, doi = {10.1097/RHU.0b013e3182614bde}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22832290}, author = {Martin, Donald J and White, Brian K and Rossman, Michael G} } @article {14145, title = {Reactive arthritis after {Shigella} gastroenteritis in {American} military in {Afghanistan}.}, journal = {Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic \& musculoskeletal diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {257{\textendash}8}, abstract = {In Afghanistan in mid June 2011, 2 US Marines developed reactive arthritis manifested by conjunctivitis, urethritis, arthritis, and circinate balanitis. Their symptoms were preceded by an outbreak in their unit of gastroenteritis caused by Shigella species after ingesting contaminated chicken. Gastroenteritis has plagued military operations for millennia. This report emphasizes that personnel can develop reactive arthritis after bouts of gastrointestinal infections that are common in deployed environments. It is highly recommended to maintain vigilance in keeping reactive arthritis on the differential diagnosis in deployed personnel after bouts of gastroenteritis.}, issn = {1536-7355}, doi = {10.1097/RHU.0b013e3182614bde}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22832290}, author = {Martin, Donald J and White, Brian K and Rossman, Michael G} } @article {8683, title = {{Reactor performance and bacterial pathogen removal in response to sludge retention time in a mesophilic anaerobic digester treating sewage sludge}}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {106}, year = {2012}, pages = {20{\textendash}26}, abstract = {The effects of sludge retention time (SRT) on reactor performance and bacterial pathogen removal of sludge mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) were investigated in a continuous stirred tank reactor. The average volatile solids removal remained around 20{\%} and the biogas production rate varied from 100 to 132. ml/l. d. The MAD process was efficient to remove Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli with removal efficiencies increased with SRT from 11. d, 16. d to 25. d. However, the Shigella sp. removal was insignificant. The difference in the resistance of the three pathogens to sludge MAD process is helpful to the selection of pathogen indicators in the biosolids. Log reduction of pathogens determined by MPN was much higher than the data by quantitative PCR, suggesting the presence of viable but non-culturable pathogen cells. This study confirms that the control of appropriate SRT for sludge MAD should take both reactor performance and pathogen removal into account. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {Mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD), Pathogen, Sewage sludge, Sludge retention time (SRT)}, isbn = {0960-8524}, issn = {09608524}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.093}, author = {Chen, Yan and Fu, Bo and Wang, Yan and Jiang, Qian and Liu, He} } @article {1944, title = {Real-time PCR detection of enteric viruses in source water and treated drinking water in Wuhan, China}, journal = {Current Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {Ye, Xiao Yan Ming, Xing Zhang, Yong Lu Xiao, Wen Qing Huang, Xia Ning Cao, Yu Guang Gu, Kang Ding eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2012/05/31 06:00 Curr Microbiol. 2012 Sep;65(3):244-53. doi: 10.1007/s00284-012-0152-1. Epub 2012 May 27.}, pages = {244-53}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

A total of 48 water samples were collected from six water treatment plants in Wuhan and analyzed by real-time PCR assay for viral identification of enterovirus (EV), rotavirus group A (RVA), human adenovirus (HAdV) as well as human adenovirus subgroup F (HAdVF) during the period from December 2010 to October 2011. HAdV, HAdVF, and RVA were all positively detected in the samples of source water and treated drinking water. EV could be found in 46 \% (11/24) of all the source water samples, but only 21 \% (5/24) positive in treated drinking water. The concentrations of these three kinds of enteric viruses detected were as follows: HAdV \> RVA \> EV. The highest removal rate was EV (97 \%), followed by RVA (82 \%), HAdV (73 \%), and HAdVF (72 \%). HAdV and RVA have been abundant in untreated river water and finished water after conventional processes of water treatment plants, while bacterial indicators could not be detected in tap water, which met the standard of China for drinking water bacterial quality. Some factors that could affect the accuracy of qPCR detection are also discussed in this study.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Analysis of Variance China DNA, Bacterial Drinking Water/*virology Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Phylogeny Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Rotavirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Sensitivity and Specificity Sequence Analysis, DNA *Water Microbiology Water Supply/*analysis}, issn = {1432-0991 (Electronic) 0343-8651 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s00284-012-0152-1}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22645016}, author = {Ye, X. Y. and Ming, X. and Zhang, Y. L. and Xiao, W. Q. and Huang, X. N. and Cao, Y. G. and Gu, K. D.} } @article {7272, title = {Recovery of diverse microbes in high turbidity surface water samples using dead-end ultrafiltration}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {429{\textendash}433}, issn = {01677012}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2012.10.001}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167701212003247}, author = {Mull, Bonnie and Hill, Vincent R.} } @article {6191, title = {Recovery of diverse microbes in high turbidity surface water samples using dead-end ultrafiltration}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {429{\textendash}433}, issn = {01677012}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2012.10.001}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167701212003247}, author = {Mull, Bonnie and Hill, Vincent R.} } @booklet {10503, title = {{Recreational Water Quality Criteria}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Washington, DC} } @book {16716, title = {Recreational {Water} {Quality} {Criteria}}, year = {2012}, note = {Published: �urlhttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/rwqc2012.pdf}, author = {Agency, U. S. Environmental Protection} } @inbook {9365, title = {{Red Book}}, booktitle = {Am Acad Pediatrics}, year = {2012}, author = {Pickering, LK and Baker, CJ and Kimberlin, DW} } @article {1797, title = {Reducing the effects of environmental inhibition in quantitative real-time PCR detection of adenovirus and norovirus in recreational seawaters}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {181}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {Rodriguez, Roberto A Thie, Lauren Gibbons, Christopher D Sobsey, Mark D Netherlands J Virol Methods. 2012 Apr;181(1):43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.01.009. Epub 2012 Feb 3.}, pages = {43-50}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is used commonly to detect adenovirus (Ads) and norovirus (Nvs) in recreational waters. However, qPCR detection may be limited by interference from inhibitory substances found in recreational waters. In previous work, viruses in Avalon and Doheny Beach water samples were concentrated by electropositive cartridge filtration and PEG precipitation, and high inhibition was found in the samples when using qPCR for detection of Ads and Nvs. Therefore, different approaches were evaluated for removal or blocking of inhibitory compounds that affect qPCR. Avalon and Doheny concentrates were spiked with known amounts of Ads 41 and Nvs GII, and spiked deionized water was used as a positive control. Modifications included gel chromatography with columns of Sephadex G-200/Chelex 100, different sample volumes for nucleic acid extraction, organic solvent extraction, and nucleic acid precipitation. The efficiency of each treatment varied according to sampling location and virus type. The best option for improved Nvs detection by reverse transcription-qPCR was to reduce the sample volume for nucleic acid purification. The best option for improving Ads detection in both beach samples was Sephadex/Chelex spin column chromatography. Chloroform extraction only improved virus detection in Doheny Beach samples but not in Avalon Beach samples. Observed differences in effective treatments between viruses may be related to the different PCR targets, amplification conditions, and enzymes used in each assay, and differences between beaches may be related to differences in PCR inhibitory environmental compounds at each location. The results suggest that methods for detecting viruses from marine beaches, including treatments for the removal of PCR inhibitory compounds, should be optimized for each sampling site and probably for each virus of interest.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification Bathing Beaches Chromatography, Gel/methods Fractional Precipitation/methods Norovirus/*isolation \& purification Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Seawater/*virology Sensitivity and Specificity Virology/*methods}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.01.009}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22326277}, author = {Rodriguez, R. A. and Thie, L. and Gibbons, C. D. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {8584, title = {{The relationship between Toxoplasma gondii infection and mood disorders in the third National Health and Nutrition Survey}}, journal = {World Journal of Biological Psychiatry}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {290{\textendash}295}, author = {Pearce, BD and Kruszon-Moran, D and Jones, JL} } @inbook {1287, title = {Relationships between human adenoviruses and faecal indicator organisms in European recreational waters}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, note = {Wyer, Mark D Wyn-Jones, A Peter Kay, David Au-Yeung, Ho-Kong Christopher Girones, Rosina Lopez-Pila, Juan de Roda Husman, Ana Maria Rutjes, Saskia Schneider, Oliver Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(12)00250-3 [pii] Water Res. 2012 Sep 1;46(13):4130-41. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.008. Epub 2012 Apr 19.}, pages = {4130-41}, publisher = {2012 Elsevier Ltd}, organization = {2012 Elsevier Ltd}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {Human adenoviruses (HAdV) may be implicated in some disease outbreaks associated with recreational water exposures, typically in swimming pools. Modern molecular methods can be used to detect HAdV in environmental water samples. During the EU FP6 Project VIROBATHE a database of over 290 HAdV analyses with corresponding faecal indicator organism (FIO) determinations was gathered and used to explore statistical associations between HAdV and FIO results. The FIOs measured were Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci and somatic coliphage. Statistically significant trends of increasing proportions of HAdV-positive results in categories of increasing FIO concentration were found in freshwater but not seawater samples. The analysis of these trends in freshwater samples was refined, the trends remaining statistically significant when using categories of 0.5 log(10) intervals of FIO concentration. Logistic regression models were then developed to predict the probability of a HAdV-positive outcome from FIO concentration. Potential applications of these models to predict the probability of HAdV-positive outcomes from routine FIO determinations used to describe recreational water quality exposures and to classify recreational water quality are discussed.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ isolation \& purification Animals Coliphages/isolation \& purification Enterococcus/isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/methods/statistics \& numerical data Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification Europe Feces/ microbiology/virology F}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.008}, author = {Wyer, M. D. and Wyn-Jones, A. P. and Kay, D. and Au-Yeung, H. K. and Girones, R. and Lopez-Pila, J. and A M De Roda Husman and Rutjes, S. and Schneider, O.} } @article {4633, title = {Relationships between human adenoviruses and faecal indicator organisms in {European} recreational waters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, pages = {4130{\textendash}41}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Wyer, M. D. and Wyn-Jones, A. P. and Kay, D. and Au-Yeung, H. K. and Girones, R. and Lopez-Pila, J. and A M De Roda Husman and Rutjes, S. and Schneider, O.} } @article {7469, title = {Relative {Decay} of {Fecal} {Indicator} {Bacteria} and {Human}-{Associated} {Markers}: {A} {Microcosm} {Study} {Simulating} {Wastewater} {Input} into {Seawater} and {Freshwater}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {feb}, pages = {2375{\textendash}2382}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es203019y}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203019y}, author = {Jeanneau, L. and Solecki, O. and W{\'e}ry, N. and Jard{\'e}, E. and Gourmelon, M. and Communal, P. -Y. and Jadas-H{\'e}cart, A. and Caprais, M. -P. and Gruau, G. and A. M. Pourcher} } @article {9082, title = {{Relative Decay of Fecal Indicator Bacteria and Human-Associated Markers: A Microcosm Study Simulating Wastewater Input into Seawater and Freshwater}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {feb}, pages = {2375{\textendash}2382}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, issn = {0013-936X}, doi = {10.1021/es203019y}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203019y}, author = {Jeanneau, L and Solecki, O and Wery, N and Jard{\'e}, E and Gourmelon, M and Communal, P -Y. and Jadas-H{\'e}cart, A and Caprais, M -P. and Gruau, G and A M Pourcher} } @article {10120, title = {{Relative decay of fecal indicator bacteria and human-associated markers: a microcosm study simulating wastewater input into seawater and freshwater}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {2375{\textendash}2382}, author = {Jeanneau, L and Solecki, O and Wery, N and Jard{\'e}, E and Gourmelon, M and Communal, PY and Jadas-H{\'e}cart, A and Caprais, MP and Gruau, G and A M Pourcher} } @article {14777, title = {Relevance of {Bacteroidales} and {F}-specific {RNA} bacteriophages for efficient fecal contamination tracking at the level of a catchment in {France}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {15}, year = {2012}, abstract = {The relevance of three host-associated Bacteroidales markers (HF183, Rum2Bac, and Pig2Bac) and four F-specific RNA bacteriophage genogroups (FRNAPH I to IV) as microbial source tracking markers was assessed at the level of a catchment (Daoulas,France). They were monitored together with fecal indicators (Escherichia coli and enterococci) and chemophysical parameters (rainfall, temperature, salinity, pH, and turbidity) by monthly sampling over 2 years (n=240 water samples) and one specific sampling following an accidental pig manure spillage (n=5 samples). During the 2-year regular monitoring, levels of E. coli,enterococci, total F-specific RNA bacteriophages, and the general Bacteroidales marker AllBac were strongly correlated with one another and with Rum2Bac (r=0.37 to 0.50, P{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless0.0001). Their correlations with HF183 and FRNAPH I and II were lower (r=0.21 to 0.29,P{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless0.001 to P{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless0.0001), and HF183 and enterococci were associated rather than correlated (Fisher{\textquoteright}s exact test, P{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless0.01). Rum2Bac and HF183 enabled 73\% of water samples that had{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater2.7 log10 most probably number (MPN) of E. coli/100 ml to be classified. FRNAPH I and II enabled 33\% of samples at this contamination level to be classified. FRNAPH I and II complemented the water sample classification obtained with the two Bacteroidales markers by an additional 8\%. Pig2Bac and FRNAPH III and IV were observed in a small number of samples (n=0 to 4 of 245). The present study validates Rum2Bac and HF183 as relevant tools to trace fecal contamination originating from ruminant or human waste,respectively, at the level of a whole catchment. {\textcopyright} 2012, American Society for Microbiology.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00315-12}, author = {Mauffret, A. and Caprais, M.-P. and Gourmelon, M.} } @article {13782, title = {Relevance of {Bacteroidales} and {F}-specific {RNA} bacteriophages for efficient fecal contamination tracking at the level of a catchment in {France}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {15}, year = {2012}, abstract = {The relevance of three host-associated Bacteroidales markers (HF183, Rum2Bac, and Pig2Bac) and four F-specific RNA bacteriophage genogroups (FRNAPH I to IV) as microbial source tracking markers was assessed at the level of a catchment (Daoulas,France). They were monitored together with fecal indicators (Escherichia coli and enterococci) and chemophysical parameters (rainfall, temperature, salinity, pH, and turbidity) by monthly sampling over 2 years (n=240 water samples) and one specific sampling following an accidental pig manure spillage (n=5 samples). During the 2-year regular monitoring, levels of E. coli,enterococci, total F-specific RNA bacteriophages, and the general Bacteroidales marker AllBac were strongly correlated with one another and with Rum2Bac (r=0.37 to 0.50, P{\textbackslash}textless0.0001). Their correlations with HF183 and FRNAPH I and II were lower (r=0.21 to 0.29,P{\textbackslash}textless0.001 to P{\textbackslash}textless0.0001), and HF183 and enterococci were associated rather than correlated (Fisher{\textquoteright}s exact test, P{\textbackslash}textless0.01). Rum2Bac and HF183 enabled 73\% of water samples that had{\textbackslash}textgreater2.7 log10 most probably number (MPN) of E. coli/100 ml to be classified. FRNAPH I and II enabled 33\% of samples at this contamination level to be classified. FRNAPH I and II complemented the water sample classification obtained with the two Bacteroidales markers by an additional 8\%. Pig2Bac and FRNAPH III and IV were observed in a small number of samples (n=0 to 4 of 245). The present study validates Rum2Bac and HF183 as relevant tools to trace fecal contamination originating from ruminant or human waste,respectively, at the level of a whole catchment. {\textcopyright} 2012, American Society for Microbiology.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00315-12}, author = {Mauffret, A. and Caprais, M.-P. and Gourmelon, M.} } @article {7583, title = {{Relevance of Bacteroidales and F-specific RNA bacteriophages for efficient fecal contamination tracking at the level of a catchment in France}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {15}, year = {2012}, pages = {5143-5152}, abstract = {

The relevance of three host-associated Bacteroidales markers (HF183, Rum2Bac, and Pig2Bac) and four F-specific RNA bacteriophage genogroups (FRNAPH I to IV) as microbial source tracking markers was assessed at the level of a catchment (Daoulas,France). They were monitored together with fecal indicators (Escherichia coli and enterococci) and chemophysical parameters (rainfall, temperature, salinity, pH, and turbidity) by monthly sampling over 2 years (n=240 water samples) and one specific sampling following an accidental pig manure spillage (n=5 samples). During the 2-year regular monitoring, levels of E. coli,enterococci, total F-specific RNA bacteriophages, and the general Bacteroidales marker AllBac were strongly correlated with one another and with Rum2Bac (r=0.37 to 0.50, P{\textless}0.0001). Their correlations with HF183 and FRNAPH I and II were lower (r=0.21 to 0.29,P{\textless}0.001 to P{\textless}0.0001), and HF183 and enterococci were associated rather than correlated (Fisher{\textquoteright}s exact test, P{\textless}0.01). Rum2Bac and HF183 enabled 73{\%} of water samples that had{\textgreater}2.7 log10 most probably number (MPN) of E. coli/100 ml to be classified. FRNAPH I and II enabled 33{\%} of samples at this contamination level to be classified. FRNAPH I and II complemented the water sample classification obtained with the two Bacteroidales markers by an additional 8{\%}. Pig2Bac and FRNAPH III and IV were observed in a small number of samples (n=0 to 4 of 245). The present study validates Rum2Bac and HF183 as relevant tools to trace fecal contamination originating from ruminant or human waste,respectively, at the level of a whole catchment. {\textcopyright} 2012, American Society for Microbiology.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00315-12}, author = {Mauffret, A. and Caprais, M.-P. and Gourmelon, M.} } @article {14446, title = {Removal {Efficiency} and {Integrity} {Monitoring} {Techniques} for {Virus} {Removal} by {Membrane} {Processes}}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {42}, year = {2012}, pages = {891{\textendash}933}, abstract = {Membranes are a mechanical form of disinfection that works by physical separation of the target pathogen. In theory, an intact membrane is a barrier to pathogens that are larger in size than the pore size of the membrane. However, in practice the pore size distribution or molecular weight cutoff will provide an indication of the separation efficiency and in many cases complete rejection of the virus is not demonstrated by various membrane processes. The general mechanism of pathogen removal by membrane processes is predominantly achieved by size exclusion, influenced by the physicochemical properties of the membrane, surface properties of the pathogens, and the solution environment. However, in order to evaluate the intrinsic performance of the membranes for a specific objective, a standard protocol with defined set of operating conditions is required. Any anomaly with the membrane surface (e.g., abnormally big pores, compromised glue line, holes) and the filtration system (e.g., compromised O-rings, broken mechanical seals) will result in microbial contamination risk of the product water. Therefore, monitoring membrane treatment system integrity is essential for the protection of public health from microbial risk. The demand for real-time monitoring is increasing as the usage of membraneprocessed water is on the rise. Monitoring membrane integrity can be achieved by regular noncontinuous direct integrity testing performed on the membrane itself, or continuous indirect tests carried out on the filtrate. These monitoring techniques provide ongoing assurance that the water quality objectives are continually met. Existing integrity monitoring techniques have been shown in various instances to be reliable and sensitive for detecting contaminants of 1.0 μm and larger, while enteric virus particles are in the size range 0.01{\textendash}0.04 μm. Some of the indirect monitoring techniques are capable of detecting a membrane breach less than 1 μm, but the practical challenge resolution is typically around 1{\textendash}2-log. Similarly, the process control monitoring parameters lack sensitivity and therefore virus breakthrough occurs even before a loss of integrity is detected. At present it is difficult to demonstrate virus removal without conducting challenge tests due to a lack of sufficiently sensitive process monitoring. On the other hand, regulators are under increasing pressure to grant log removal credits for enteric viruses to membrane treatment processes due to the inability of present integrity tests to verify ongoing removal of virus-sized particles. Therefore, finding reliable and sensitive integrity tests for viruses is a high-priority issue in the water treatment sector. The authors aim to review the present state of knowledge on the process efficiencies of virus removal by membrane processes and the associated membrane integrity monitoring practices for virus-sized particles. Some of the knowledge gaps and research needs associated with the existing guidelines and standing protocols for integrity monitoring are also identified.}, doi = {10.1080/10643389.2011.556539}, author = {Antony, A. and Blackbeard, J. and Leslie, G.} } @article {5042, title = {Removal {Efficiency} and {Integrity} {Monitoring} {Techniques} for {Virus} {Removal} by {Membrane} {Processes}}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {42}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {891{\textendash}933}, author = {Antony, A and Blackbeard, J and Leslie, G} } @article {10876, title = {Removal efficiency and integrity monitoring techniques for virus removal by membrane processes}, journal = {Critical reviews in environmental science and technology}, volume = {42}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {891{\textendash}933}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Antony, Alice and Blackbeard, Judy and Leslie, Greg} } @article {718, title = {Removal of Escherichia coli and Faecal Coliforms from Surface Water and Groundwater by Household Water Treatment Devices/Systems: A Sustainable Solution for Improving Water Quality in Rural Communities of the Southern African Development Community Region}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {9}, year = {2012}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {139- 170}, abstract = {
There is significant evidence that household water treatment devices/systems (HWTS) are capable of dramatically improving microbially contaminated water quality. The purpose of this study was to examine five filters [(biosand filter-standard (BSF-S); biosand filter-zeolite (BSF-Z); bucket filter (BF); ceramic candle filter (CCF); and silver-impregnated porous pot (SIPP)] and evaluate their ability to improve the quality of drinking water at the household level. These HWTS were manufactured in the workshop of the Tshwane University of Technology and evaluated for efficiency to remove turbidity, faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli from multiple water source samples, using standard methods. The flow rates ranged from 0.05 L/h to 2.49 L/h for SIPP, 1 L/h to 4 L/h for CCF, 0.81 L/h to 6.84 L/h for BSF-S, 1.74 L/h to 19.2 L/h and 106.5 L/h to 160.5 L/h for BF The turbidity of the raw water samples ranged between 2.17 and 40.4 NTU. The average turbidity obtained after filtration ranged from 0.6 to 8 NTU (BSF-S), 1 to 4 NTU (BSF-Z), 2 to 11 NTU (BF), and from 0.6 to 7 NTU (CCF) and 0.7 to 1 NTU for SIPP. The BSF-S, BSF-Z and CCF removed 2 to 4 log10 (99\% to 100\%) of coliform bacteria, while the BFremoved 1 to 3 log (90\% to 99.9\%) of these bacteria. The performance of the SIPP in removing turbidity and indicator bacteria (\>5 log10, 100\%) was significantly higher compared to that of the other HWTS (p \< 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that the SIPP can be an effective and sustainable HWTS for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) rural communities, as it removed the total concentration of bacteria from test water, can be manufactured using locally available materials, and is easy to operate and to maintain.
}, keywords = {bacterial removal; household water treatment; turbidity; water quality}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/1/139/htm}, author = {MNB Momba and J K Mwabi, B B Mamba} } @article {9659, title = {Removal of faecal indicator pathogens from waters and wastewaters by photoelectrocatalytic oxidation on TiO(2)/Ti films under simulated solar radiation}, journal = {Environ Sci Pollut Res Int}, volume = {19}, year = {2012}, pages = {3782-3790}, author = {Venieri, D and Chatzisymeon, E and Sofianos, SS and Politi, E and Xekoukoulotakis, NP and Katsaounis, A and Mantzavinos, D} } @article {13202, title = {Removal, species dynamics and antimicrobial susceptibility of motile Aeromonads and faecal bacteria during municipal wastewater purification by activated sludges under aride climate}, journal = {Science Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {2012}, year = {2012}, pages = {2276-626X}, doi = {10.7237/sjmb/134}, author = {Lafdal, M. Y. and Malang, S.} } @article {6015, title = {{Report on the International Symposium on Hepatitis E, Seoul, South Korea, 2010}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1}, author = {Wierzba, TF and Panzner, U} } @article {17393, title = {Resistance and survival strategies of Salmonella enterica to environmental stresses}, journal = {Food Research InternationalFood Research International}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {Mar}, pages = {455-481}, keywords = {acid tolerance response, alternative sigma-factor, antimicrobial peptide resistance, escherichia-coli k-12, multiple antibiotic-resistance, osmoregulated periplasmic glucans, penicillin-binding protein-7, Salmonella, serovar typhimurium infection, shock transcription-factor, sigma factors, stress resistance, stress responses, thin aggregative fimbriae, two-component systems}, isbn = {0963-9969}, author = {Spector, M. P. and Kenyon, W. J.} } @article {5222, title = {{Resuspension and settling of helminth eggs in water: Interactions with cohesive sediments.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {3903{\textendash}12}, abstract = {

Helminth parasite eggs in low quality water represent main food safety and health hazards and are therefore important indicators used to determine whether such water can be used for irrigation. Through sedimentation helminth eggs accumulate in the sediment, however resuspension of deposited helminth eggs will lead to increased concentration of suspended eggs in the water. Our study aimed to determine the erodibility (erosion rate and erosion threshold) and settling velocity of Ascaris and Trichuris eggs as well as cohesive sediment at different time points after incorporation into the sediment. Cohesive sediment collected from a freshwater stream was used to prepare a sediment bed onto which helminth eggs were allowed to settle. The erodibility of both sediment and helminth eggs was found to decrease over time indicating that the eggs were incorporated into the surface material of the bed and that this material was stabilized through time. This interaction between eggs and bulk sediment was further manifested in an increased settling velocity of suspended eggs when sediment was present in the suspension as compared to a situation with settling in clean water. The incorporation into the sediment bed and the aggregation with sediment particles decrease the mobility of both helminth egg types. Our findings document that helminth eggs should not be viewed as single entities in water systems when modelling the distribution of eggs since both erodibility and settling velocity of eggs are determined by mobility of the sediment present in the water stream. Recalculation of the erosion threshold for helminth eggs and sediment showed that even at relatively low current velocities i.e. 0.07-0.12ms(-1) newly deposited eggs will be mobile in open irrigation channels. These environmental factors affecting resuspension must be taken into account when developing models for sedimentation of helminth eggs in different water systems.

}, issn = {1879-2448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.033}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591818}, author = {Sengupta, Mita E and Andersen, Thorbj{\o}rn J and Dalsgaard, Anders and Olsen, Annette and Thamsborg, Stig M} } @article {3104, title = {A retrospective study on burden of human echinococcosis based on {Hospital} {Discharge} {Records} from 2001 to 2009 in {Sardinia}, {Italy}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {123}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {184{\textendash}189}, abstract = {Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is an infective zoonosis that represents a worldwide important public health problem. In humans, its manifestations may range from asymptomatic infection to severe disease and possible death, and lead to economic losses from treatment costs and lost wages. Recent studies suggest that this disease has a large social impact in endemic areas, and estimates of burden in terms of monetary and no-monetary impact on human health are essential to allocate financial and technical resources. In Sardinia, the most affected Italian region per number of inhabitants, CE is still endemic, although three eradication campaigns have been carried out in 1962, 1978, and 1987, respectively. To date, the burden of human CE in Sardinia remains poorly defined. In this work, a retrospective study was carried out using public Hospital Discharge Records spanning from 2001 to 2009. During these years, a total of 1409 discharges were recorded: 1196 (84.88\%) records corresponding to patients hospitalized for symptoms directly correlated to CE (primary diagnosis), and 213 (15.11\%) records corresponding to patients hospitalized for symptoms not directly correlated to CE and with an afterwards or concurrent diagnosis of echinococcosis made during the hospitalization (secondary diagnosis). The annual regional average record (discharge rate) was 9.3/100,000 inhabitants. Direct cost associated with diagnosis, surgery or chemotherapy, medical care, and hospitalization in humans were evaluated in this work. Furthermore, burden of disease was also evaluated by using the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), the preferred disease-burden measure of the World Health Organization. Knowing the burden of human CE in Sardinia is extremely important to enable the prioritization of control measures for this preventable neglected disease. This is the first study describing the measure of the overall disease burden in an Italian region endemic for this disease, performed by calculating the number of CE patients from Hospital Discharge Records.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Echinococcosis, Female, Hospitals, Humans, Infant, Italy, Male, Medical Records, Middle Aged, Newborn, Preschool, Retrospective Studies}, issn = {1873-6254}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.05.004}, author = {Mastrandrea, S. and Stegel, G. and Piseddu, T. and Ledda, S. and Masala, G.} } @article {12755, title = {{The return of an old worm: cerebral paragonimiasis presenting with intracerebral hemorrhage}}, journal = {Journal of Korean Medical Science}, volume = {27}, year = {2012}, pages = {1428{\textendash}1432}, author = {Koh, EJ and Kim, SK and Wang, KC and Chai, JY and Chong, S and Park, SH and Cheon, JE and Phi, JH} } @article {15455, title = {A review of female genital schistosomiasis}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {Kjetland, Eyrun F
Leutscher, Peter D C
Ndhlovu, Patricia D
eng
Review
England
2012/01/17 06:00
Trends Parasitol. 2012 Feb;28(2):58-65. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.10.008. Epub 2012 Jan 12.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {58-65}, abstract = {

In a review of the studies on genital schistosomiasis, the cervix, the Fallopian tubes, and the vagina are the most common gynaecological sites to harbour Schistosoma haematobium. Lesions are caused by host responses to dead or viable schistosomiasis eggs and may render women with genital schistosomiasis susceptible to HIV. The typical genital changes, such as sandy patches and pathological blood vessels may make women susceptible to super-infection, cause contact bleeding, decreased fertility, abortions, discharge and bleeding. Further research is needed to find simple, low-tech diagnostic methods, treatment for chronic lesions, and to explore the preventive effects of mass drug administration on symptoms, sandy patches, HPV and the HIV epidemic.

}, keywords = {*Schistosomiasis haematobia/complications/diagnosis/drug, Africa, Animals, Anthelmintics/therapeutic use, Disease Susceptibility, Female, HIV Infections/complications, Humans, Praziquantel/therapeutic use, Schistosoma haematobium, therapy/pathology/transmission, Travel}, isbn = {1471-5007 (Electronic)
1471-4922 (Linking)}, author = {Kjetland, E. F. and Leutscher, P. D. and Ndhlovu, P. D.} } @article {15892, title = {A review on nitrogen and organics removal mechanisms in subsurface flow constructed wetlands: Dependency on environmental parameters, operating conditions and supporting media}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {112}, year = {2012}, month = {2012/12/15/}, pages = {429-448}, keywords = {Constructed wetlands, Environmental parameters, Media, Nitrogen, Operating conditions, Organics}, isbn = {0301-4797}, author = {Saeed, Tanveer and Sun, Guangzhi} } @article {8385, title = {{The revised classification of eukaryotes}}, journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {429{\textendash}493}, author = {Adl, SM and Simpson, AG and Lane, CE and Luke{\v s}, J and Bass, D and Bowser, SS and Brown, MW and Burki, F and Dunthorn, M and Hampl, V and Heiss, A and Hoppenrath, M and Lara, E and Le Gall, L and Lynn, DH and McManus, H and Mitchell, EA and Mozley-Stanridge, SE and Parfrey, LW and Pawlowski, J and Rueckert, S and Shadwick, L and Schoch, CL and Smirnov, A and Spiegel, FW} } @article {2999, title = {Rheumatoid arthritis, alveolar echinococcosis, and rituximab: a case report}, journal = {Joint, Bone, Spine: Revue Du Rhumatisme}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {may}, pages = {325{\textendash}327}, keywords = {Antibodies, Antirheumatic Agents, Arthritis, Echinococcosis, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Middle Aged, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived, Opportunistic Infections, Rheumatoid, Rituximab}, issn = {1778-7254}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.10.014}, author = {Dentan, Charlotte and Mazet, Roseline and Gilson, M{\'e}lanie and Marchou-Lopez, Sylvie and Gaudin, Philippe} } @article {8663, title = {{The rhoptry proteins ROP18 and ROP5 mediate Toxoplasma gondii evasion of the murine, but not the human, interferon-gamma response}}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1002784}, author = {Niedelman, W and Gold, DA and Rosowski, EE and Sprokholt, JK and Lim, D and Farid Arenas, A and Melo, MB and Spooner, E and Yaffe, MB and Saeij, JP} } @article {7780, title = {Risk Factors for Campylobacteriosis of Chicken, Ruminant, and Environmental Origin: A Combined Case-Control and Source Attribution Analysis}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, year = {2012}, month = {08/03}, pages = {e42599}, abstract = {

Background Campylobacteriosis contributes strongly to the disease burden of food-borne pathogens. Case-control studies are limited in attributing human infections to the different reservoirs because they can only trace back to the points of exposure, which may not point to the original reservoirs because of cross-contamination. Human Campylobacter infections can be attributed to specific reservoirs by estimating the extent of subtype sharing between strains from humans and reservoirs using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated risk factors for human campylobacteriosis caused by Campylobacter strains attributed to different reservoirs. Sequence types (STs) were determined for 696 C. jejuni and 41 C. coli strains from endemic human cases included in a case-control study. The asymmetric island model, a population genetics approach for modeling Campylobacter evolution and transmission, attributed these cases to four putative animal reservoirs (chicken, cattle, sheep, pig) and to the environment (water, sand, wild birds) considered as a proxy for other unidentified reservoirs. Most cases were attributed to chicken (66\%) and cattle (21\%), identified as the main reservoirs in The Netherlands. Consuming chicken was a risk factor for campylobacteriosis caused by chicken-associated STs, whereas consuming beef and pork were protective. Risk factors for campylobacteriosis caused by ruminant-associated STs were contact with animals, barbecuing in non-urban areas, consumption of tripe, and never/seldom chicken consumption. Consuming game and swimming in a domestic swimming pool during springtime were risk factors for campylobacteriosis caused by environment-associated STs. Infections with chicken- and ruminant-associated STs were only partially explained by food-borne transmission; direct contact and environmental pathways were also important. Conclusion/Significance This is the first case-control study in which risk factors for campylobacteriosis are investigated in relation to the attributed reservoirs based on MLST profiles. Combining epidemiological and source attribution data improved campylobacteriosis risk factor identification and characterization, generated hypotheses, and showed that genotype-based source attribution is epidemiologically sensible.

}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371\%2Fjournal.pone.0042599}, author = {Lapo M Gras and Smid,Joost H. and Wagenaar,Jaap A. and de Boer,Albert G. and Arie H Havelaar and Ingrid HM Friesema and French,Nigel P. and Busani,Luca and van Pelt,Wilfrid} } @article {7945, title = {{Risk factors for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in preadolescent schoolchildren in Buenos Aires, Argentina.}}, journal = {Journal of Infection in Developing Countries}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, month = {may}, pages = {378{\textendash}86}, abstract = {

INTRODUCTION: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections are the leading cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). STEC is the most common cause of acute kidney disease, responsible for 20{\%} of renal transplants in Argentina. METHODOLOGY: In 2007, an epidemiological survey was conducted among 883 students from the fifth and sixth years of elementary education in the public schools of San Martin City, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Degree of exposure to the known risk factors previously detected in the region as primary causes of STEC infections was evaluated. Risk factors assessed included consumption of hamburgers, poor personal hygiene, and exposure to various types of drinking and recreational water. The study was designed to evaluate exposure to risk factors for STEC infections among different socioeconomic groups. RESULTS: Ninety-five percent of children surveyed reported consumption of hamburgers. Most of these hamburgers were precooked. Children of high and medium strata attended private swimming-pools, while children from the low stratum attended public pools. Only 30.2{\%} of students washed their hands after going to the toilet and only 43.5{\%} reported hand-washing before eating. CONCLUSIONS: Students demonstrated high levels of exposure to identified risk factors for STEC infections. Reduction of these risks will require cultural changes aimed at decreasing morbidity caused by food-borne infections. Institutional framework must provide the necessary resources to implement these changes and emphasize the importance of good personal hygiene. Health education must be implemented to increase food safety awareness of the consumers.

}, keywords = {Argentina, Argentina: epidemiology, Child, Communicable Disease Control, Communicable Disease Control: methods, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention {\&} control, Female, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: prevention {\&} control, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Schools, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} puri}, issn = {1972-2680}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22610703}, author = {Adriana B Bentancor and Ameal, Luis A and Calvi{\~n}o, Mar{\'\i}a F and Martinez, Mar{\'\i}a C and Miccio, Luciano and Degregorio, Osvaldo J} } @article {13926, title = {Risk factors for {Shiga} toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli infections in preadolescent schoolchildren in {Buenos} {Aires}, {Argentina}.}, journal = {Journal of infection in developing countries}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, month = {may}, pages = {378{\textendash}86}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections are the leading cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). STEC is the most common cause of acute kidney disease, responsible for 20\% of renal transplants in Argentina. METHODOLOGY: In 2007, an epidemiological survey was conducted among 883 students from the fifth and sixth years of elementary education in the public schools of San Martin City, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Degree of exposure to the known risk factors previously detected in the region as primary causes of STEC infections was evaluated. Risk factors assessed included consumption of hamburgers, poor personal hygiene, and exposure to various types of drinking and recreational water. The study was designed to evaluate exposure to risk factors for STEC infections among different socioeconomic groups. RESULTS: Ninety-five percent of children surveyed reported consumption of hamburgers. Most of these hamburgers were precooked. Children of high and medium strata attended private swimming-pools, while children from the low stratum attended public pools. Only 30.2\% of students washed their hands after going to the toilet and only 43.5\% reported hand-washing before eating. CONCLUSIONS: Students demonstrated high levels of exposure to identified risk factors for STEC infections. Reduction of these risks will require cultural changes aimed at decreasing morbidity caused by food-borne infections. Institutional framework must provide the necessary resources to implement these changes and emphasize the importance of good personal hygiene. Health education must be implemented to increase food safety awareness of the consumers.}, keywords = {Argentina, Argentina: epidemiology, Child, Communicable Disease Control, Communicable Disease Control: methods, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Female, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: prevention \& control, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Schools, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri}, issn = {1972-2680}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22610703}, author = {Adriana B Bentancor and Ameal, Luis A and Calvi{\~n}o, Mar{\'\i}a F and Martinez, Mar{\'\i}a C and Miccio, Luciano and Degregorio, Osvaldo J} } @article {2160, title = {{Risk factors for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in preadolescent schoolchildren in Buenos Aires, Argentina.}}, journal = {Journal of infection in developing countries}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {378{\textendash}86}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections are the leading cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). STEC is the most common cause of acute kidney disease, responsible for 20\% of renal transplants in Argentina. METHODOLOGY: In 2007, an epidemiological survey was conducted among 883 students from the fifth and sixth years of elementary education in the public schools of San Martin City, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Degree of exposure to the known risk factors previously detected in the region as primary causes of STEC infections was evaluated. Risk factors assessed included consumption of hamburgers, poor personal hygiene, and exposure to various types of drinking and recreational water. The study was designed to evaluate exposure to risk factors for STEC infections among different socioeconomic groups. RESULTS: Ninety-five percent of children surveyed reported consumption of hamburgers. Most of these hamburgers were precooked. Children of high and medium strata attended private swimming-pools, while children from the low stratum attended public pools. Only 30.2\% of students washed their hands after going to the toilet and only 43.5\% reported hand-washing before eating. CONCLUSIONS: Students demonstrated high levels of exposure to identified risk factors for STEC infections. Reduction of these risks will require cultural changes aimed at decreasing morbidity caused by food-borne infections. Institutional framework must provide the necessary resources to implement these changes and emphasize the importance of good personal hygiene. Health education must be implemented to increase food safety awareness of the consumers.}, keywords = {Argentina, Argentina: epidemiology, Child, Communicable Disease Control, Communicable Disease Control: methods, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Female, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: prevention \& control, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Schools, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri}, issn = {1972-2680}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22610703}, author = {Adriana B Bentancor and Ameal, Luis A and Calvi{\~n}o, Mar{\'\i}a F and Martinez, Mar{\'\i}a C and Miccio, Luciano and Degregorio, Osvaldo J} } @article {6916, title = {Risk of {Viral} {Acute} {Gastrointestinal} {Illness} from {Nondisinfected} {Drinking} {Water} {Distribution} {Systems}}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {17}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {9299{\textendash}9307}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es3015925}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es3015925}, author = {Lambertini, Elisabetta and Borchardt, Mark A. and Kieke, Burney A. and Spencer, Susan K. and Loge, Frank J.} } @mastersthesis {6608, title = {The role of cooperative societies in rural finance: evidence from {Ogun} {State}, {Nigeria}}, year = {2012}, note = {U591165}, school = {De Montfort University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}![CDATA[The study assess the roles played by cooperative societies{\textquestiondown} savings and loans services on members{\textquestiondown} economic condition, standard of living and in meeting participants financial needs in rural locations where there is no bank nor other formal financial providers. Using a combination of interview, focus group discussion and questionnaire techniques, the study covers the activities of cooperative societies located in rural communities and villages outside the state capital and local government headquarters where there is no electricity, water and tarred road in Ogun State, Nigeria. From its findings, this study identified and discussed potential areas for the improvement of cooperative societies that could be of benefit to rural finance providers and the cooperative members. The study is the first empirical investigation in Nigeria that focuses on the relevance of cooperative societies on members{\textquestiondown} standard of living in rural communities and villages. The study shed light on how rural communities function {\textquestiondown} how their relationships develop, how individual esteem is increased, how interdependence grows, how hierarchies are maintained {\textquestiondown} and how this is facilitated in part by the loan-making of members promoted cooperatives. It has also provided more evidence on the importance of land ownership, and how this is enhanced when rural communities have access to cheap and affordable loans. It has also provided insights into the development of rural businesses, how complex they are, and how they require more input than the financing received through cooperative loans. The study breaks new ground in informal cooperative functioning, community development and rural finance research by providing a distinction between standard of living and quality of life variables in measuring the economic condition of rural dwellers, and the production of circle of social capital theory that the role of cooperatives to the members involve financial capital, physical capital and social capital which are interrelated. This helps to appropriately identify the roles of cooperative societies in rural finance to increase in household income, ownership of household assets and acquisition of enterprise assets. However, participation in the cooperative does not lead to enterprise profitability, while rural financial needs are more accessible from cooperatives than other sources.]]{\textgreater}}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU591165, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Bibliographies, http://hdl.handle.net/2086/7990, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1414975239?accountid=14270}, author = {Onafowokan, Oluyombo} } @article {1622, title = {Role of environmental poliovirus surveillance in global polio eradication and beyond}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {140}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {Hovi, T Shulman, L M van der Avoort, H Deshpande, J Roivainen, M DE Gourville, E M Review England Epidemiology and infection Epidemiol Infect. 2012 Jan;140(1):1-13. Epub 2011 Aug 18.}, pages = {1-13}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Environmental poliovirus surveillance (ENV) means monitoring of poliovirus (PV) transmission in human populations by examining environmental specimens supposedly contaminated by human faeces. The rationale is based on the fact that PV-infected individuals, whether presenting with disease symptoms or not, shed large amounts of PV in the faeces for several weeks. As the morbidity:infection ratio of PV infection is very low, this fact contributes to the sensitivity of ENV which under optimal conditions can be better than that of the standard acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. The World Health Organization has included ENV in the new Strategic Plan of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative for years 2010-2012 to be increasingly used in PV surveillance, supplementing AFP surveillance. In this paper we review the feasibility of using ENV to monitor wild PV and vaccine-derived PV circulation in human populations, based on global experiences in defined epidemiological situations.}, keywords = {*Disease Eradication Environmental Monitoring Humans Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control/virology Poliovirus/isolation \& purification Poliovirus Vaccines Population Surveillance Sewage/virology *World Health}, issn = {1469-4409 (Electronic) 0950-2688 (Linking)}, doi = {S095026881000316X [pii] 10.1017/S095026881000316X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21849095}, author = {Hovi, T. and Shulman, L. M. and van der Avoort, H. and Deshpande, J. and Roivainen, M. and EM, D. E. Gourville} } @article {14673, title = {Role of environmental poliovirus surveillance in global polio eradication and beyond}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {140}, year = {2012}, month = {jan}, pages = {1{\textendash}13}, abstract = {Environmental poliovirus surveillance (ENV) means monitoring of poliovirus (PV) transmission in human populations by examining environmental specimens supposedly contaminated by human faeces. The rationale is based on the fact that PV-infected individuals, whether presenting with disease symptoms or not, shed large amounts of PV in the faeces for several weeks. As the morbidity:infection ratio of PV infection is very low, this fact contributes to the sensitivity of ENV which under optimal conditions can be better than that of the standard acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. The World Health Organization has included ENV in the new Strategic Plan of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative for years 2010-2012 to be increasingly used in PV surveillance, supplementing AFP surveillance. In this paper we review the feasibility of using ENV to monitor wild PV and vaccine-derived PV circulation in human populations, based on global experiences in defined epidemiological situations.}, keywords = {*Disease Eradication, *World Health, Environmental monitoring, Humans, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control/virology, Poliovirus Vaccines, Poliovirus/isolation \& purification, Population Surveillance, Sewage/virology}, issn = {1469-4409 (Electronic) 0950-2688 (Linking)}, doi = {S095026881000316X [pii] 10.1017/S095026881000316X}, author = {Hovi, T. and Shulman, L. M. and van der Avoort, H. and Deshpande, J. and Roivainen, M. and D. E. Gourville EM} } @article {14986, title = {Role of environmental poliovirus surveillance in global polio eradication and beyond}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {140}, year = {2012}, month = {jan}, pages = {1{\textendash}13}, abstract = {Environmental poliovirus surveillance (ENV) means monitoring of poliovirus (PV) transmission in human populations by examining environmental specimens supposedly contaminated by human faeces. The rationale is based on the fact that PV-infected individuals, whether presenting with disease symptoms or not, shed large amounts of PV in the faeces for several weeks. As the morbidity:infection ratio of PV infection is very low, this fact contributes to the sensitivity of ENV which under optimal conditions can be better than that of the standard acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. The World Health Organization has included ENV in the new Strategic Plan of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative for years 2010-2012 to be increasingly used in PV surveillance, supplementing AFP surveillance. In this paper we review the feasibility of using ENV to monitor wild PV and vaccine-derived PV circulation in human populations, based on global experiences in defined epidemiological situations.}, keywords = {*Disease Eradication, *World Health, Environmental monitoring, Humans, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control/virology, Poliovirus Vaccines, Poliovirus/isolation \& purification, Population Surveillance, Sewage/virology}, issn = {1469-4409 (Electronic) 0950-2688 (Linking)}, doi = {S095026881000316X [pii] 10.1017/S095026881000316X}, author = {Hovi, T. and Shulman, L. M. and van der Avoort, H. and Deshpande, J. and Roivainen, M. and EM, D. E. Gourville} } @article {3797, title = {Rotavirus diversity and evolution in the post-vaccine world}, journal = {Discovery Medicine}, volume = {13}, number = {68}, year = {2012}, pages = {85{\textendash}97}, abstract = {Rotaviruses (RVs) are a large genetically diverse population of segmented double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses that are important causes of gastroenteritis in many animal species. The human RVs are responsible for the deaths of nearly 450,000 infants and young children each year, most occurring in developing countries. Recent large-scale sequencing efforts have revealed that the genomes of human RVs typically consist of phylogenetically linked constellations of eleven dsRNA segments. The presence of such preferred constellations indicate that the human RV genes have co-evolved to produce protein sets that work optimally together to support virus replication. Two of the viral genes encode virion outer capsid proteins (VP7 and VP4) whose antigenic properties define the G/P type of the virus. From year-to-year and place-to-place, the G/P type of human RVs associated with disease can fluctuate dramatically, phenomena that can be associated with the presence and behavior of genetically distinct RV clades. The recent introduction of two live attenuated RV vaccines [RotaTeq (TM) and Rotarix (TM)] into the childhood vaccination programs of various countries has been highly effective in reducing the incidence of RV diarrheal disease. Whether the widespread use of these vaccines will introduce selective pressures on human RVs, triggering genetic and antigenic changes that undermine the effectiveness of vaccinations programs, is uncertain and will require continued surveillance of human RVs.}, author = {Patton, J T} } @article {2506, title = {Rotavirus diversity and evolution in the post-vaccine world}, year = {2012}, author = {Patton, JT} } @article {318, title = {Rotavirus diversity and evolution in the post-vaccine world}, year = {2012}, author = {Patton, JT} } @article {2673, title = {Rotavirus vaccine-derived shedding and viral reassortants}, journal = {Expert Review of Vaccines}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {13111314}, abstract = {{EVALUATION} {OF:} Donato {CM,} Ch{\textquoteright}ng {LS,} Boniface {KF} et al. Identification of strains of {RotaTeq} rotavirus vaccine in infants with gastroenteritis following routine vaccination. J. Infect. Dis. 206(3), 377{\textendash}383 {(2012).Two} live, attenuated rotavirus vaccines, {RotaTeq({\textregistered})} {(Merck)} and Rotarix({\textregistered}) {(GlaxoSmithKline),} have been used in Australia since July 2007 to prevent severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in children. Using active postvaccination monitoring, passive surveillance and state-of-the-art laboratory techniques, Donato et al. report that {RotaTeq} rotavirus vaccine and vaccine-derived strains were detected actively in stool samples from 13 out of 61 (21.3\%) infants having diarrhea within 2 weeks of rotavirus vaccination, and among three out of 460 (0.7\%) cases with acute gastroenteritis captured via the Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program. Six (37.5\%) of these 16 vaccine-derived viral specimens were associated with a {G1P[8]} strain thought to be the result of genetic reassortment between two component {RotaTeq} strains. Although nearly half of these reassortant-associated cases had underlying medical conditions, such as severe combined immunodeficiency disorder, further study is needed to understand the relationship between shedding, viral reassortants and underlying medical conditions.}, doi = {10.1586/erv.12.114}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erv.12.114}, author = {Michael D Bowen and Daniel C Payne} } @article {15525, title = {Safety and immunogenicity of rSh28GST antigen in humans: phase 1 randomized clinical study of a vaccine candidate against urinary schistosomiasis}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, note = {Clinical Trial, Phase I
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, pages = {e1704}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Treatment of urinary schistosomiasis by chemotherapy remains challenging due to rapid re-infection and possibly to limited susceptibility to praziquantel treatment. Therefore, therapeutic vaccines represent an attractive alternative control strategy. The objectives of this study were to assess the safety and tolerability profile of the recombinant 28 kDa glutathione S-transferase of Schistosoma haematobium (rSh28GST) in healthy volunteers, and to determine its immunogenicity. METHODOLOGY: Volunteers randomly received 100 microg rSh28GST together with aluminium hydroxide (Alum) as adjuvant (n = 8), or Alum alone as a comparator (n = 8), twice with a 28-day interval between doses. A third dose of rSh28GST or Alum alone was administered to this group at day 150. In view of the results obtained, another group of healthy volunteers (n = 8) received two doses of 300 microg of rSh28GST, again with a 28-day interval. A six-month follow-up was performed with both clinical and biological evaluations. Immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate was evaluated in terms of specific antibody production, the capacity of sera to inhibit enzymatic activity of the antigen, and in vitro cytokine production. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Among the 24 healthy male participants no serious adverse events were reported in the days or weeks after administration. Four subjects under rSh28GST reported mild reactions at the injection site while a clinically insignificant increase in bilirubin was observed in 8/24 subjects. No hematological nor biochemical evidence of toxicity was detected. Immunological analysis showed that rSh28GST was immunogenic. The induced Th2-type response was characterized by antibodies capable of inhibiting the enzymatic activity of rSh28GST. CONCLUSIONS: rSh28GST in Alum did not induce any significant toxicity in healthy adults and generated a Th2-type immune response. Together with previous preclinical results, the data of safety, tolerability and quality of the specific immune response provide evidence that clinical trials with rSh28GST could be continued in humans as a potential vaccine candidate against urinary schistosomiasis.}, keywords = {Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration \& dosage, Adolescent, Adult, Alum Compounds/administration \& dosage, Animals, Antibodies, Helminth/blood, Antigens, Helminth/administration \& dosage/genetics/*immunology, Cytokines/secretion, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology, Glutathione Transferase/administration \& dosage/genetics/*immunology, Healthy Volunteers, Helminth Proteins/administration \& dosage/genetics/*immunology, Humans, Male, Neutralization Tests, Recombinant Proteins/administration \& dosage/genetics/immunology, Schistosoma haematobium/genetics/*immunology, Schistosomiasis haematobia/*therapy, Vaccination/*adverse effects/*methods, Vaccines, Synthetic/administration \& dosage/genetics/immunology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Riveau, G. and Deplanque, D. and Remoue, F. and Schacht, A. M. and Vodougnon, H. and Capron, M. and Thiry, M. and Martial, J. and Libersa, C. and Capron, A.} } @article {17176, title = {Salmonella in surface and drinking water: Occurrence and water-mediated transmission}, journal = {Food Research InternationalFood Research International}, volume = {45}, year = {2012}, pages = {587-602}, chapter = {587}, author = {Caterina Levantesi, Lucia Bonadonna, Rossella Briancesco, Elisabeth Grohmann, Simon Toze, Valter Tandoi} } @article {17293, title = {Salmonella in surface and drinking water: occurrence and water-mediated transmission}, journal = {Food Research InternationalFood Research International}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {587-602}, isbn = {0963-9969}, author = {Levantesi, Caterina and Bonadonna, Lucia and Briancesco, Rossella and Grohmann, Elisabeth and Toze, Simon and Tandoi, Valter} } @article {17320, title = {Salmonella persistence and transmission strategies}, journal = {Curr Opin MicrobiolCurr Opin Microbiol}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb}, pages = {100-7}, edition = {2011/12/06}, keywords = {Bacterial Shedding, Chronic Disease, Feces/microbiology, HIV Infections/complications, Humans, Immune Evasion, Salmonella enterica/*pathogenicity, Salmonella Infections/epidemiology/immunology/*microbiology/*transmission}, isbn = {1879-0364 (Electronic)
1369-5274 (Linking)}, author = {Monack, D. M.} } @inbook {17143, title = {Salmonellae in the Environment}, booktitle = {Salmonella-Distribution, adaptation, control measures and molecular technologies}, year = {2012}, pages = {19-50}, publisher = {Intech Open}, organization = {Intech Open}, edition = {1st}, address = {London, United Kingdom}, isbn = {-}, issn = {978-953-51-0661-6}, doi = {10.5772/28201}, author = {Abulreesh, H.H. and Annous, B. and Gurtler, J.B.} } @article {5503, title = {{Sapovirus Outbreaks in Long-Term Care Facilities, Oregon and Minnesota, USA, 2002{\textendash}2009}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, month = {may}, pages = {873{\textendash}876}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, abstract = {Sapovirus gives new meaning to the phrase {\textquotedblleft}cradle to grave.{\textquotedblright} Historically, sapovirus has been associated with gastrointestinal illness in children living in group settings such as hospitals, shelters, or refugee camps. But now, sapovirus outbreaks are occurring among elderly residents of long-term care and similar facilities. These elderly residents are especially vulnerable to rapidly transmitted gastrointestinal viruses and serious complications. This virus has been making the rounds in long-term care facilities since 2002, and outbreaks started increasing in 2007. Sapovirus testing should be added to routine diagnostic workups for gastrointestinal infections, regardless of patient age group. Results can be used to develop prevention, control, and treatment guidelines, especially for vulnerable elderly populations.}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1805.111843}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3358050/}, author = {Lee, Lore E and Cebelinski, Elizabeth A and Fuller, Candace and Keene, William E and Smith, Kirk and J Vinj{\'e} and Besser, John M} } @article {6912, title = {School-based health education intervention for prevention of taeniasis and neurocysticercosis: a pilot study}, journal = {The Journal of Communicable Diseases}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {223{\textendash}230}, abstract = {Neurocysticercosis (NC) spreads due to complex socio-cultural and economic conditions prevailing in our country. The up-scaling of the infection among pediatric age group in recent times is related to faulty food preparation and personal hygiene practices, which are amenable to simple preventable measures in daily life. Students are prime targets for educational intervention to change sanitary habits due to their impressionable minds. Further, changing the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of teachers regarding the disease leads to a multiplier effect as they pass on the message to many generations of students. Our previous studies demonstrated significant lacunae in knowledge about the disease epidemiology and prevention among school students and teachers. A pilot health-education intervention program was undertaken in 24 randomly selected municipal primary schools in Delhi, to increase awareness of students and schoolteachers regarding NC. The content of the program was devised based on the analysis of previous KAP studies done in a similar population. The activities consisted of a slide show, a lecture in vernacular language, demonstration of illustrations, charts and samples of infested pork, and question-answer sessions with the audience. Conducting skits involving role-play by trained child artists was used as a unique mode of passing health education messages. Posters and pamphlets in the local language were prepared and distributed in the school. A total of 200 teachers, 4786 students, 846 parents, 79 sanitary staff, 65 school-health nurses and 23 school-health physicians attended the activities. Feedback was collected 3 months after the activity from each school (21 physicians and 70 schoolteachers). All respondents considered the program to be successful in increasing their own and students{\textquoteright} awareness about NC and its prevention. There was significant improvement in teachers{\textquoteright} knowledge about the impact of changing sanitary habits in prevention of the disease, and the appropriate practices to be adopted. This study demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of conducting health education intervention in primary schools for changing sanitary practices for prevention of NC.}, keywords = {Attitudes, Child, Faculty, Health Education, Health Knowledge, Humans, Hygiene, India, Neurocysticercosis, Parents, Pilot Projects, Practice, Preschool, School Health Services, Students, Surveys and Questionnaires}, issn = {0019-5138}, author = {Veena, Kalra and Devendra, Mishra and Kiran, Agrawal} } @article {9957, title = {{Seasonal pattern and genotype distribution of sapovirus infection in Japan, 2003{\textendash}2009}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {140}, number = {01}, year = {2012}, pages = {74{\textendash}77}, abstract = {

Sapovirus, a member of the family Caliciviridae, is one of the major causative agents of viral gastroenteritis affecting all age groups. A total of 3232 faecal specimens collected from infants and children with gastroenteritis in five different regions of Japan during 2003-2009 were examined for sapovirus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Sapoviruses were detected in 131 (4\·05{\%}) patients with the peak observed mainly in the cold season (November-March) in Japan during 2003-2009. During the last 6 years, sapovirus GI/1 was the predominant strain in Japan followed by GIV, GII/3, GII/6, GII/2, GII/12 and GI, respectively.

}, keywords = {1, a significant, acute gastroenteritis is one, and continues to be, cause of morbidity and, de-, diseases in humans, Japan, mortality worldwide, of the most common, sapovirus, seasonality}, issn = {0950-2688}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268811000240}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0950268811000240}, author = {Dey, S. K. and Phathammavong, O. and Nguyen, T. D. and Thongprachum, A. and Chan-it, W. and Okitsu, S. and MIZUGUCHI, M. and Ushijima, H.} } @article {2962, title = {Sensitive and specific immunohistochemical diagnosis of human alveolar echinococcosis with the monoclonal antibody {Em}2G11}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1877}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. Differential diagnosis with cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by E. granulosus and AE is challenging. We aimed at improving diagnosis of AE on paraffin sections of infected human tissue by immunohistochemical testing of a specific antibody. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We have analysed 96 paraffin archived specimens, including 6 cutting needle biopsies and 3 fine needle aspirates, from patients with suspected AE or CE with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) Em2G11 specific for the Em2 antigen of E. multilocularis metacestodes. In human tissue, staining with mAb Em2G11 is highly specific for E. multilocularis metacestodes while no staining is detected in CE lesions. In addition, the antibody detects small particles of E. multilocularis (spems) of less than 1 {\textmu}m outside the main lesion in necrotic tissue, liver sinusoids and lymphatic tissue most probably caused by shedding of parasitic material. The conventional histological diagnosis based on haematoxylin and eosin and PAS stainings were in accordance with the immunohistological diagnosis using mAb Em2G11 in 90 of 96 samples. In 6 samples conventional subtype diagnosis of echinococcosis had to be adjusted when revised by immunohistology with mAb Em2G11. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Immunohistochemistry with the mAb Em2G11 is a new, highly specific and sensitive diagnostic tool for AE. The staining of small particles of E. multilocularis (spems) outside the main lesion including immunocompetent tissue, such as lymph nodes, suggests a systemic effect on the host.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Antibodies, Antigens, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Female, Helminth, Hepatic, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Middle Aged, Monoclonal, Pathology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Young Adult}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0001877}, author = {Barth, Thomas F. E. and Herrmann, Tobias S. and Tappe, Dennis and Stark, Lorenz and Gr{\"u}ner, Beate and Buttenschoen, Klaus and Hillenbrand, Andreas and Juchems, Markus and Henne-Bruns, Doris and Kern, Petra and Seitz, Hanns M. and M{\"o}ller, Peter and Rausch, Robert L. and Kern, Peter and Deplazes, Peter} } @article {8549, title = {{Serologic survey of toxoplasmosis in Seoul and Jeju-do, and a brief review of its seroprevalence in Korea}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {287{\textendash}293}, author = {Lim, H and Lee, SE and Jung, BK and Kim, MK and Lee, MY and Nam, HW and Shin, JG and Yun, CH and Cho, HI and Shin, EH and Chai, JY} } @article {16188, title = {Seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in dogs in Bahia, Brazil}, journal = {Prev Vet MedPrev Vet Med}, volume = {106}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 1}, pages = {79-84}, keywords = {Agglutination Tests/veterinary, Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/*blood, Brazil/epidemiology, Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology/transmission, Dogs, Female, Humans, Leptospira/classification/immunology, Leptospirosis/epidemiology/microbiology/transmission/*veterinary, Male, Risk Factors, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Zoonoses}, author = {Oliveira Lavinsky, M. and Said, R. A. and Strenzel, G. M. and Langoni, H.} } @article {8518, title = {{Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in HIV/AIDS patients and healthy blood donors at the Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua New Guinea}}, journal = {Papua New Guinea Medical Journal}, volume = {55}, number = {1-4}, year = {2012}, pages = {88{\textendash}93}, author = {John, LN and McBride, WJ and Millan, J and Wilson, K} } @article {5665, title = {{Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A Virus Antibodies (anti-HAV) in Adult Inhabitants of Wielkopolska Region, Poland-the Role of Simple Demographic Factors}}, journal = {Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {738{\textendash}741}, author = {Bura, M and Bura, A and Adamek, A and Michalak, M and Marsza{\l}ek, A and Hryckiewicz, K and Mozer-Lisewska, I} } @article {4156, title = {{Sewage sludge: An important biological resource for sustainable agriculture and its environmental implications}}, journal = {American Journal of Plant Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {1708{\textendash}1721}, author = {Usman, K and Khan, S and Ghulam, S and Khan, MU and Khan, N and Khan, MA and Khalil, SK} } @booklet {1522, title = {A Sewer Catastrophe Companion Dry Toilets for Wet Disasters}, year = {2012}, publisher = {https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CB0QFjAAahUKEwjgw7LzopXHAhVCtxQKHdUyCjI\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.portlandoregon.gov\%2Fpbem\%2Farticle\%2F447707\&ei=ZMDDVeCBG8LuUtXlqJAD\&usg=AFQjCNEhfTUQWTVgT4bibplQ0ZBI1nI_sg\&bvm=bv.99556055}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {Danielsson, M. and Lippincott, M.} } @article {12233, title = {The Shared Antibiotic Resistome of Soil Bacteria and Human Pathogens}, journal = {ScienceScience}, volume = {337}, number = {6098}, year = {2012}, note = {Times Cited: 344
Selleck, Elizabeth/0000-0003-0213-1250; Dantas, Gautam/0000-0003-0455-8370; Reyes, Alejandro/0000-0003-2907-3265
1
360}, month = {Aug 31}, pages = {1107-1111}, isbn = {0036-8075}, author = {Forsberg, Kevin J. and Reyes, Alejandro and Wang, Bin and Selleck, Elizabeth M. and Sommer, Morten O. A. and Dantas, Gautam} } @article {17220, title = {Shedding light on Salmonella carriers}, journal = {Trends MicrobiolTrends Microbiol}, volume = {20}, number = {7}, year = {2012}, month = {Jul}, pages = {320-7}, edition = {2012/05/18}, keywords = {*Host-Pathogen Interactions, Bacterial Shedding, Carrier State/*immunology/*microbiology, Feces/microbiology, Humans, Salmonella typhi/classification/genetics/*immunology/*pathogenicity, Typhoid Fever/*immunology/*microbiology}, isbn = {1878-4380 (Electronic)
0966-842X (Linking)}, author = {Gopinath, S. and Carden, S. and Monack, D.} } @article {14167, title = {Shiga toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli {O}104:{H}4: a new challenge for microbiology.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {4065{\textendash}73}, abstract = {In 2011, Germany experienced the largest outbreak with a Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strain ever recorded. A series of environmental and trace-back and trace-forward investigations linked sprout consumption with the disease, but fecal-oral transmission was also documented. The genome sequences of the pathogen revealed a clonal outbreak with enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). Some EAEC virulence factors are carried on the virulence plasmid pAA. From an unknown source, the epidemic strains acquired a lambdoid prophage carrying the gene for the Shiga toxin. The resulting strains therefore possess two different mobile elements, a phage and a plasmid, contributing essential virulence genes. Shiga toxin is released by decaying bacteria in the gut, migrates through the intestinal barrier, and is transported via the blood to target organs, like the kidney. In a mouse model, probiotic bifidobacteria interfered with transport of the toxin through the gut mucosa. Researchers explored bacteriophages, bacteriocins, and low-molecular-weight inhibitors against STEC. Randomized controlled clinical trials of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) patients found none of the interventions superior to supportive therapy alone. Antibodies against one subtype of Shiga toxin protected pigs against fatal neurological infection, while treatment with a toxin receptor decoy showed no effect in a clinical trial. Likewise, a monoclonal antibody directed against a complement protein led to mixed results. Plasma exchange and IgG immunoadsoprtion ameliorated the condition in small uncontrolled trials. The epidemic O104:H4 strains were resistant to all penicillins and cephalosporins but susceptible to carbapenems, which were recommended for treatment.}, keywords = {Animal, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents: administration \& dosage, Antibodies, Antitoxins, Antitoxins: administration \& dosage, Bacterial, Bacterial: administration \& dosage, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: genetics, Cluster Analysis, Disease Models, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: pathology, Escherichia coli Infections: therapy, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: microbiology, Foodborne Diseases: pathology, Foodborne Diseases: therapy, Germany, Germany: epidemiology, Humans, Immunotherapy, Immunotherapy: methods, Mice, Molecular Epidemiology, Molecular Typing, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: classification, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Treatment Outcome}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00217-12}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3370534\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Muniesa, Maite and Jens Α Hammerl and Hertwig, Stefan and Appel, Bernd and Br{\"u}ssow, Harald} } @article {8101, title = {{Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4: a new challenge for microbiology.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {4065{\textendash}73}, abstract = {

In 2011, Germany experienced the largest outbreak with a Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strain ever recorded. A series of environmental and trace-back and trace-forward investigations linked sprout consumption with the disease, but fecal-oral transmission was also documented. The genome sequences of the pathogen revealed a clonal outbreak with enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). Some EAEC virulence factors are carried on the virulence plasmid pAA. From an unknown source, the epidemic strains acquired a lambdoid prophage carrying the gene for the Shiga toxin. The resulting strains therefore possess two different mobile elements, a phage and a plasmid, contributing essential virulence genes. Shiga toxin is released by decaying bacteria in the gut, migrates through the intestinal barrier, and is transported via the blood to target organs, like the kidney. In a mouse model, probiotic bifidobacteria interfered with transport of the toxin through the gut mucosa. Researchers explored bacteriophages, bacteriocins, and low-molecular-weight inhibitors against STEC. Randomized controlled clinical trials of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) patients found none of the interventions superior to supportive therapy alone. Antibodies against one subtype of Shiga toxin protected pigs against fatal neurological infection, while treatment with a toxin receptor decoy showed no effect in a clinical trial. Likewise, a monoclonal antibody directed against a complement protein led to mixed results. Plasma exchange and IgG immunoadsoprtion ameliorated the condition in small uncontrolled trials. The epidemic O104:H4 strains were resistant to all penicillins and cephalosporins but susceptible to carbapenems, which were recommended for treatment.

}, keywords = {Animal, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00217-12}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3370534{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Muniesa, Maite and Jens Α Hammerl and Hertwig, Stefan and Appel, Bernd and Br{\"u}ssow, Harald} } @article {2360, title = {{Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4: a new challenge for microbiology.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {4065{\textendash}73}, abstract = {In 2011, Germany experienced the largest outbreak with a Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strain ever recorded. A series of environmental and trace-back and trace-forward investigations linked sprout consumption with the disease, but fecal-oral transmission was also documented. The genome sequences of the pathogen revealed a clonal outbreak with enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). Some EAEC virulence factors are carried on the virulence plasmid pAA. From an unknown source, the epidemic strains acquired a lambdoid prophage carrying the gene for the Shiga toxin. The resulting strains therefore possess two different mobile elements, a phage and a plasmid, contributing essential virulence genes. Shiga toxin is released by decaying bacteria in the gut, migrates through the intestinal barrier, and is transported via the blood to target organs, like the kidney. In a mouse model, probiotic bifidobacteria interfered with transport of the toxin through the gut mucosa. Researchers explored bacteriophages, bacteriocins, and low-molecular-weight inhibitors against STEC. Randomized controlled clinical trials of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) patients found none of the interventions superior to supportive therapy alone. Antibodies against one subtype of Shiga toxin protected pigs against fatal neurological infection, while treatment with a toxin receptor decoy showed no effect in a clinical trial. Likewise, a monoclonal antibody directed against a complement protein led to mixed results. Plasma exchange and IgG immunoadsoprtion ameliorated the condition in small uncontrolled trials. The epidemic O104:H4 strains were resistant to all penicillins and cephalosporins but susceptible to carbapenems, which were recommended for treatment.}, keywords = {Animal, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents: administration \& dosage, Antibodies, Antitoxins, Antitoxins: administration \& dosage, Bacterial, Bacterial: administration \& dosage, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: genetics, Cluster Analysis, Disease Models, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: pathology, Escherichia coli Infections: therapy, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: microbiology, Foodborne Diseases: pathology, Foodborne Diseases: therapy, Germany, Germany: epidemiology, Humans, Immunotherapy, Immunotherapy: methods, Mice, Molecular Epidemiology, Molecular Typing, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: classification, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Treatment Outcome}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00217-12}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3370534\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Muniesa, Maite and Jens Α Hammerl and Hertwig, Stefan and Appel, Bernd and Br{\"u}ssow, Harald} } @book {12946, title = {Site Specific Risk Assessment Tools for Land Applied Biosolids}, series = {Water Environment Research Foundation}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Water Environment Research Foundation}, organization = {Water Environment Research Foundation}, author = {Gurian, Patrick L and Galada, Heather and Joe, Alrica and Kumar, Arun and Olson, Brett and Olson, Mira S and Richter, Evan and Teng, Jingjie and Zhang, Haibo and Xagoraraki, Irene and others} } @article {5202, title = {{Sludge removal from primary wastewater stabilization ponds with excessive accumulation: a sustainable method for developing regions}}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {jun}, pages = {68}, keywords = {california state university, corresponding author, department of civil engineering, oakley, stewart m}, issn = {2043-9083}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2012.093}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/washdev/002/washdev0020068.htm}, author = {Oakley, Stewart M. and Luciana C Mendon{\c c}a and S{\'e}rgio R Mendon{\c c}a} } @article {5425, title = {{Sludge removal from primary wastewater stabilization ponds with excessive accumulation: a sustainable method for developing regions}}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {68}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2012.093}, author = {S M Oakley and L C Mendon{\c c}a and S R Mendon{\c c}a} } @article {10307, title = {Sludge removal from primary wastewater stabilization ponds with excessive accumulation: a sustainable method for developing regions}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {68{\textendash}78}, author = {S M Oakley and L C Mendon{\c c}a and S R Mendon{\c c}a} } @article {15221, title = {Sludge removal from primary wastewater stabilization ponds with excessive accumulation: a sustainable method for developing regions}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {68{\textendash}78}, author = {Oakley, Stewart M and Luciana C Mendon{\c c}a and S{\'e}rgio R Mendon{\c c}a} } @article {6923, title = {Socio-economic determinants of household out-of-pocket payments on healthcare in {Pakistan}}, journal = {International Journal for Equity in Health}, volume = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {51}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Out-of-pocket (OOP) payment on healthcare is dominant mode of financing in developing countries. In Pakistan it is 67\% of total expenditure on healthcare. Analysis of determinants of OOP health expenditure is a key aspect of equity in healthcare financing. It helps to formulate an effective health policy. Evidence on OOP in Pakistan is sparse. This paper attempts to fill this research gap. METHODS: We estimated determinants of OOP payments on healthcare in Pakistan. We used data sets of Pakistan Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) and Pakistan Standard of Living Measurement (PSLM) Survey for the year 2004-05. We developed a multiple regression model for the determinants of OOP payments using methods of Ordinary Least Square (OLS). We mainly used social, economic, demographic and health variables in our analysis. RESULTS: Median household OOP healthcare in the year 2004-05 was Pakistani Rupees (PKR) 2500 (US\$ 41.99) in 2004-05. Household non-food expenditure was the single highest significant predictor of household OOP health expenditure. Household features like literate head and spouse, at least one obstetric delivery in last three years, unsafe water, unhygienic toilet and household belonging to Khyber Pukhtonkhwa (KPK) province were significant positive predictors of OOP payments. Households with male head, bricks used in housing construction, household with at least one child and no elderly, and head of household in a white collar profession were negative predictors of OOP payments. CONCLUSION: Our analysis confirms earlier findings that economic status and number of old aged members are significant positive predictors of OOP payments. This association can direct government to enhance allocations to healthcare and to include program focusing on non-communicable diseases. Our findings suggest further research to explore beneficiaries of government healthcare programs and determinants of high OOP payments by household residing in KPK province than other province. The interaction between white collar profession and their economic status in predicting OOP payments is also an area for further research.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Delivery of Health Care, Econometric, Family Characteristics, Female, Financing, Health Care Surveys, Humans, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Pakistan, Personal, Preschool, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult}, issn = {1475-9276}, doi = {10.1186/1475-9276-11-51}, author = {Muhammad Malik, Ashar and Azam Syed, Shah Iqbal} } @article {17248, title = {Soil survival of Salmonella and transfer to freshwater and fresh produce}, journal = {Food Research InternationalFood Research International}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {Mar}, pages = {557-566}, author = {Jacobsen, Carsten S. and Bech, Tina B.} } @article {10978, title = {Soil-{Transmitted} {Helminth} {Reinfection} after {Drug} {Treatment}: {A} {Systematic} {Review} and {Meta}-{Analysis}}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, month = {may}, pages = {e1621}, abstract = {Author Summary Infections with soil-transmitted helminths (the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, the whipworm Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm) affect over 1 billion people, particularly rural communities in the developing world. The global strategy to control soil-transmitted helminth infections is {\textquoteleft}preventive chemotherapy{\textquoteright}, which means large-scale administration of anthelmintic drugs to at-risk populations. However, because reinfection occurs after treatment, {\textquoteleft}preventive chemotherapy{\textquoteright} must be repeated regularly. Our systematic review and meta-analysis found that at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment, A. lumbricoides prevalence reached 26\% (95\% confidence interval (CI): 16{\textendash}43\%), 68\% (95\% CI: 60{\textendash}76\%) and 94\% (95\% CI: 88{\textendash}100\%) of pretreatment levels, respectively. For T. trichiura, respective reinfection prevalence at these time points were 36\% (95\% CI: 28{\textendash}47\%), 67\% (95\% CI: 42{\textendash}100\%), and 82\% (95\% CI: 62{\textendash}100\%); and for hookworm, 30\% (95\% CI: 26{\textendash}34\%), 55\% (95\% CI: 34{\textendash}87\%), and 57\% (95\% CI: 49{\textendash}67\%). Prevalence and intensity of reinfection were positively correlated with pretreatment infection status. Our results suggest a frequent anthelmintic drug administration to maximize the benefit of preventive chemotherapy. Moreover, an integrated control strategy, consisting of preventive chemotherapy combined with health education and environmental sanitation is needed to interrupt transmission of soil-transmitted helminths.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0001621}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001621}, author = {Jia, Tie-Wu and Melville, Sara and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and King, Charles H. and Zhou, Xiao-Nong} } @article {9050, title = {{Solar inactivation of four Salmonella serovars in fresh and marine waters}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {504{\textendash}510}, abstract = {Sunlight-mediated disinfection of water is of interest to both the drinking and recreational water quality community of researchers due to its potential to reduce microbial contamination and waterborne illness. Photo-inactivation of enteric bacteria has primarily been investigated using Escherichia coli and laboratory strains of model bacteria. The present study sought to document the photo-inactivation of environmental isolates of Salmonella in filter-sterilized natural seawater and freshwater and to test the hypothesis that diverse Salmonella serovars decay at similar rates both within and between water matrices. The inactivation of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium LT2, Typhimurium ST19, Heidelberg, and Mbandaka was examined in sunlit and dark microcosms. First order decay was observed in sunlit microcosms; the time until 90{\{}{\%}{\}} inactivation was of the order of 10 min. A significant shoulder, of the order of 1 hr in length, was observed in the freshwater microcosms during which concentrations were stable. Serovar Mdandaka decayed more slowly than other serovars in both seawater and freshwater. The serovars were extremely stable in the dark microcosms showing little to no decay over 53 days. The results document intra-species variation in photo-inactivation, likely owing to differences in intracellular concentrations of photo-sensitizing molecules or molecules that quench reactive species.}, keywords = {Disinfection, Enteric pathogens, Microbial pollution, Photo-inactivation, Salmonella, Sunlight}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.084}, author = {Boehm, Alexandria B and Soetjipto, Cherrie and Wang, Dan} } @article {7187, title = {Solar inactivation of four \textit{{Salmonella}} serovars in fresh and marine waters}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {504}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.084}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2012.084}, author = {Boehm, Alexandria B. and Soetjipto, Cherrie and Wang, Dan} } @article {5723, title = {{Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS): a Review from Bench-top to Roof-top}}, journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials}, volume = {235-236}, year = {2012}, pages = {29{\textendash}46}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.053}, author = {McGuigan, KG and Conroy, RM and Mosler, HJ and M du Preez and Ubomba-Jaswa, E and Fernandez-Iba{\~n}ez, P} } @article {8088, title = {{Solar water disinfection (SODIS): a review from bench-top to roof-top.}}, journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials}, volume = {235-236}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {29{\textendash}46}, abstract = {

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) has been known for more than 30 years. The technique consists of placing water into transparent plastic or glass containers (normally 2L PET beverage bottles) which are then exposed to the sun. Exposure times vary from 6 to depending on the intensity of sunlight and sensitivity of the pathogens. Its germicidal effect is based on the combined effect of thermal heating of solar light and UV radiation. It has been repeatedly shown to be effective for eliminating microbial pathogens and reduce diarrhoeal morbidity including cholera. Since 1980 much research has been carried out to investigate the mechanisms of solar radiation induced cell death in water and possible enhancement technologies to make it faster and safer. Since SODIS is simple to use and inexpensive, the method has spread throughout the developing world and is in daily use in more than 50 countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. More than 5 million people disinfect their drinking water with the solar disinfection (SODIS) technique. This review attempts to revise all relevant knowledge about solar disinfection from microbiological issues, laboratory research, solar testing, up to and including real application studies, limitations, factors influencing adoption of the technique and health impact.

}, keywords = {Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, drinking water, Drinking Water: microbiology, Sunlight, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: radiation effects, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods, Water quality}, issn = {1873-3336}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.053}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22906844}, author = {McGuigan, Kevin G and Conroy, Ron{\'a}n M and Hans J Mosler and Martella du Preez and Ubomba-Jaswa, Eunice and Fernandez-Iba{\~n}ez, Pilar} } @article {14152, title = {Solar water disinfection ({SODIS}): a review from bench-top to roof-top.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {235-236}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {29{\textendash}46}, abstract = {Solar water disinfection (SODIS) has been known for more than 30 years. The technique consists of placing water into transparent plastic or glass containers (normally 2L PET beverage bottles) which are then exposed to the sun. Exposure times vary from 6 to depending on the intensity of sunlight and sensitivity of the pathogens. Its germicidal effect is based on the combined effect of thermal heating of solar light and UV radiation. It has been repeatedly shown to be effective for eliminating microbial pathogens and reduce diarrhoeal morbidity including cholera. Since 1980 much research has been carried out to investigate the mechanisms of solar radiation induced cell death in water and possible enhancement technologies to make it faster and safer. Since SODIS is simple to use and inexpensive, the method has spread throughout the developing world and is in daily use in more than 50 countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. More than 5 million people disinfect their drinking water with the solar disinfection (SODIS) technique. This review attempts to revise all relevant knowledge about solar disinfection from microbiological issues, laboratory research, solar testing, up to and including real application studies, limitations, factors influencing adoption of the technique and health impact.}, keywords = {Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, drinking water, Drinking Water: microbiology, Sunlight, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: radiation effects, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods, Water quality}, issn = {1873-3336}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.053}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22906844}, author = {McGuigan, Kevin G and Conroy, Ron{\'a}n M and Hans J Mosler and du Preez, Martella and Ubomba-Jaswa, Eunice and Fernandez-Iba{\~n}ez, Pilar} } @article {8917, title = {Solar water disinfection (SODIS) of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and MS2 coliphage: Effects of additives and alternative container materials}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {1745-1754}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.048}, url = {://WOS:000301400500012 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135411008426/1-s2.0-S0043135411008426-main.pdf?_tid=e6fe8e46-535a-11e6-9eaa-00000aab0f6b\&acdnat=1469556236_2e715d86f05981efc89a3468b8f2c4b2}, author = {Fisher, M. B. and Iriarte, M. and Nelson, K. L.} } @article {8286, title = {Spatial and Temporal Drivers of Zoonotic Pathogen Contamination of an Agricultural Watershed}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {41}, year = {2012}, month = {JAN 2012}, isbn = {0047-2425}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2011.0203}, author = {Cassandra C. Jokinen and Thomas A. Edge and Wendell Koning and Chad R. Laing and David R. Lapen and Jim Miller and Steven Mutschall and Andrew Scott and Eduardo N. Taboada and James E. Thomas and Edward Topp and Graham Wilkes and Victor P. J. Gannon} } @article {5800, title = {{Spatial distribution of the emerging foodborne pathogen Arcobacter in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs.}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {1097{\textendash}1103}, author = {De Smet, Sarah and De Zutter, Lieven and Houf, Kurt} } @article {14317, title = {Spatial distribution of the emerging foodborne pathogen {Arcobacter} in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs.}, journal = {Foodborne pathogens and disease}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {1097{\textendash}1103}, author = {De Smet, Sarah and De Zutter, Lieven and Houf, Kurt} } @article {13858, title = {Specific detection of cultivable {Helicobacter} pylori cells from wastewater treatment plants.}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {327{\textendash}32}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is present in surface water and wastewater, and biofilms in drinking water systems have been reported as possible reservoirs of H. pylori. However, its ability to survive in an infectious state in the environment is hindered because it rapidly loses its cultivability. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of cultivable and therefore viable H. pylori in wastewater treatment plants to understand the role of wastewater in the pathogen{\textquoteright}s transmission. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A modified filter technique was used to obtain a positive H. pylori culture, and specific detection of this pathogen was achieved with FISH and PCR techniques. RESULTS: A total of six positive H. pylori cultures were obtained from the water samples, and molecular techniques positively identified H. pylori in 21 culture-negative samples. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of a culturing procedure after sample filtration followed by the application of a molecular method, such as PCR or FISH, provides a specific tool for the detection, identification, and direct visualization of cultivable and therefore viable H. pylori cells from complex mixed communities such as water samples.}, keywords = {Filtration, Filtration: methods, Fluorescence, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: growth \& development, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Humans, In Situ Hybridization, Microbial Viability, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Waste Water, Waste Water: microbiology}, issn = {1523-5378}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-5378.2012.00961.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22967115}, author = {Moreno, Yolanda and M Α Ferr{\'u}s} } @article {14425, title = {Specific detection of cultivable {Helicobacter} pylori cells from wastewater treatment plants.}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {327{\textendash}32}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is present in surface water and wastewater, and biofilms in drinking water systems have been reported as possible reservoirs of H. pylori. However, its ability to survive in an infectious state in the environment is hindered because it rapidly loses its cultivability. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of cultivable and therefore viable H. pylori in wastewater treatment plants to understand the role of wastewater in the pathogen{\textquoteright}s transmission. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A modified filter technique was used to obtain a positive H. pylori culture, and specific detection of this pathogen was achieved with FISH and PCR techniques. RESULTS: A total of six positive H. pylori cultures were obtained from the water samples, and molecular techniques positively identified H. pylori in 21 culture-negative samples. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of a culturing procedure after sample filtration followed by the application of a molecular method, such as PCR or FISH, provides a specific tool for the detection, identification, and direct visualization of cultivable and therefore viable H. pylori cells from complex mixed communities such as water samples.}, keywords = {Filtration, Filtration: methods, Fluorescence, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: growth \& development, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Humans, In Situ Hybridization, Microbial Viability, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Waste Water, Waste Water: microbiology}, issn = {1523-5378}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-5378.2012.00961.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22967115}, author = {Moreno, Yolanda and M Α Ferr{\'u}s} } @article {8230, title = {{Specific detection of cultivable Helicobacter pylori cells from wastewater treatment plants.}}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {327{\textendash}32}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is present in surface water and wastewater, and biofilms in drinking water systems have been reported as possible reservoirs of H. pylori. However, its ability to survive in an infectious state in the environment is hindered because it rapidly loses its cultivability. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of cultivable and therefore viable H. pylori in wastewater treatment plants to understand the role of wastewater in the pathogen\&$\#$39;s transmission. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A modified filter technique was used to obtain a positive H. pylori culture, and specific detection of this pathogen was achieved with FISH and PCR techniques. RESULTS: A total of six positive H. pylori cultures were obtained from the water samples, and molecular techniques positively identified H. pylori in 21 culture-negative samples. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of a culturing procedure after sample filtration followed by the application of a molecular method, such as PCR or FISH, provides a specific tool for the detection, identification, and direct visualization of cultivable and therefore viable H. pylori cells from complex mixed communities such as water samples.

}, keywords = {Filtration, Filtration: methods, Fluorescence, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: growth {\&} development, Helicobacter pylori: isolation {\&} purification, Humans, In Situ Hybridization, Microbial Viability, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Waste Water, Waste Water: microbiology}, issn = {1523-5378}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-5378.2012.00961.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22967115}, author = {Moreno, Yolanda and Ferr{\'u}s, MA} } @article {3057, title = {Specific detection of {Echinococcus} spp. from the {Tibetan} fox ({Vulpes} ferrilata) and the red fox ({V}. vulpes) using copro-{DNA} {PCR} analysis}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {111}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {1531{\textendash}1539}, abstract = {There are three Echinococcus species, Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, and E. shiquicus, which are distributed on the vast area of pastureland on the eastern Tibetan plateau in China. Tibetan foxes (Vulpes ferrilata) have been determined to be the main wild definitive host of E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus, but little information is available on the prevalence of these two parasites in Tibetan foxes. Consequently, the copro-prevalence of these parasites in foxes from the eastern Tibetan plateau was evaluated in this study. For each copro-DNA sample extracted from fox feces, a 133-bp segment of EgG1 Hae III was used to screen for infection with E. granulosus. Multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was used to target an 874-bp segment of the mitochondrial COI gene to distinguish E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus. Among 184 fecal samples, 120 were from Tibetan foxes and six from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Of the fecal samples from Tibetan foxes, 74 (giving a copro-prevalence of 62\%) showed the presence of Echinococcus spp.: 23 (19\%) were found to contain E. multilocularis, 32 (27\%) E. shiquicus, and 19 (16\%) showed mixed infection with both E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus. Two fecal samples from red foxes were found to be infected with E. multilocularis. No fox feces were found to be infected with E. granulosus. Tests on zinc finger protein genes and a 105-bp fragment of the Sry gene found no significant difference in the prevalence of the two parasites between sexes. The efficiency of our multiplex nested PCR methods were compared with previous polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods and some problems associated with the copro-PCR were discussed.}, keywords = {Animals, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Feces, Female, Foxes, Helminth, Male, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Parasitology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, prevalence, Tibet}, issn = {1432-1955}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-012-2993-8}, author = {Jiang, Weibin and Liu, Nan and Zhang, Gaotian and Renqing, Pengcuo and Xie, Fei and Li, Tiaoying and Wang, Zhenghuan and Wang, Xiaoming} } @article {14546, title = {Stability of human enteric viruses in seawater samples from mollusc depuration tanks coupled with ultraviolet irradiation}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {113}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {1554{\textendash}63}, abstract = {AIMS: To evaluate the stability in seawater of human adenovirus (HAdV2), murine norovirus (MNV-1) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in a shellfish depuration system with and without ultraviolet (UV) treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seawater was seeded with viruses and disinfected using a 36 W lamp. Samples were collected at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h; viruses were concentrated and the viral decay was evaluated using molecular and cell culture methods. Based on the molecular results, at 120 h of disinfection, there was a reduction of more than 3 log(10) for HAdV2 and HAV; MNV-1, a 4.5 log(10) reduction was observed at 72 h. Infectious MNV-1 was not detected after 72 h of treatment; while HAdV2 remained infectious. Seawater not treated demonstrated a progressive viral reduction for the three viruses tested. CONCLUSIONS: The UV reduced the number of viral particles, and the results indicate there is natural and gradual decrease of viral load and viability in seawater. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: UV irradiation is the method of choice for shellfish depuration in many countries; this work showed useful information about the viral stability in seawater and application of UV to water disinfection to be used in shellfish depuration tanks.}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, Adenoviruses, Animals, Aquaculture/methods, Cell Line, Disinfection/*methods, DNA, Hepatitis A virus/*radiation effects, Human/*radiation effects, Humans, Mollusca, Norovirus/*radiation effects, RNA, Seawater/*virology, Tumor, Viral Load, Viral Plaque Assay, Viral/isolation \& purification, Virus Inactivation}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12010}, author = {A de Abreu Correa and Souza, D. S. and Moresco, V. and Kleemann, C. R. and Garcia, L. A. and Barardi, C. R.} } @article {14911, title = {Stability of human enteric viruses in seawater samples from mollusc depuration tanks coupled with ultraviolet irradiation}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {113}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {1554{\textendash}63}, abstract = {AIMS: To evaluate the stability in seawater of human adenovirus (HAdV2), murine norovirus (MNV-1) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in a shellfish depuration system with and without ultraviolet (UV) treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seawater was seeded with viruses and disinfected using a 36 W lamp. Samples were collected at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h; viruses were concentrated and the viral decay was evaluated using molecular and cell culture methods. Based on the molecular results, at 120 h of disinfection, there was a reduction of more than 3 log(10) for HAdV2 and HAV; MNV-1, a 4.5 log(10) reduction was observed at 72 h. Infectious MNV-1 was not detected after 72 h of treatment; while HAdV2 remained infectious. Seawater not treated demonstrated a progressive viral reduction for the three viruses tested. CONCLUSIONS: The UV reduced the number of viral particles, and the results indicate there is natural and gradual decrease of viral load and viability in seawater. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: UV irradiation is the method of choice for shellfish depuration in many countries; this work showed useful information about the viral stability in seawater and application of UV to water disinfection to be used in shellfish depuration tanks.}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, Adenoviruses, Animals, Aquaculture/methods, Cell Line, Disinfection/*methods, DNA, Hepatitis A virus/*radiation effects, Human/*radiation effects, Humans, Mollusca, Norovirus/*radiation effects, RNA, Seawater/*virology, Tumor, Viral Load, Viral Plaque Assay, Viral/isolation \& purification, Virus Inactivation}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12010}, author = {A de Abreu Correa and Souza, D. S. and Moresco, V. and Kleemann, C. R. and Garcia, L. A. and Barardi, C. R.} } @article {9065, title = {{Stability of human enteric viruses in seawater samples from mollusc depuration tanks coupled with ultraviolet irradiation}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {1554{\textendash}1563}, abstract = {AIMS: To evaluate the stability in seawater of human adenovirus (HAdV2), murine norovirus (MNV-1) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in a shellfish depuration system with and without ultraviolet (UV) treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seawater was seeded with viruses and disinfected using a 36 W lamp. Samples were collected at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h; viruses were concentrated and the viral decay was evaluated using molecular and cell culture methods. Based on the molecular results, at 120 h of disinfection, there was a reduction of more than 3 log(10) for HAdV2 and HAV; MNV-1, a 4.5 log(10) reduction was observed at 72 h. Infectious MNV-1 was not detected after 72 h of treatment; while HAdV2 remained infectious. Seawater not treated demonstrated a progressive viral reduction for the three viruses tested. CONCLUSIONS: The UV reduced the number of viral particles, and the results indicate there is natural and gradual decrease of viral load and viability in seawater. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: UV irradiation is the method of choice for shellfish depuration in many countries; this work showed useful information about the viral stability in seawater and application of UV to water disinfection to be used in shellfish depuration tanks.}, keywords = {Depuration, Disinfection, Seawater, Shellfish, stability, Viruses}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic){\$}\backslash{\$}n1364-5072 (Linking)}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/jam.12010}, author = {A de Abreu Corr{\^e}a and Souza, D S M and Moresco, V and Kleemann, C R and Garcia, L A T and Barardi, C R M} } @article {16873, title = {Standard and new faecal indicators and pathogens in sewage treatment plants, microbiological parameters for improving the control of reclaimed water}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {66}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {2517{\textendash}2523}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Rodriguez-Manzano, J and Alonso, JL and Ferr{\'u}s, MA and Moreno, Y and Amor{\'o}s, I and Calgua, B and Hundesa, A and Guerrero-Latorre, L and Carratal{\`a}, A and Rusinol, M and others} } @article {15882, title = {Standard and new faecal indicators and pathogens in sewage treatment plants, microbiological parameters for improving the control of reclaimed water}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {66}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {2517-23}, edition = {2012/10/31}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification, Bacteria/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Feces/*microbiology/parasitology/virology, Giardia/isolation \& purification, Humans, Reference Standards, Sewage/*microbiology/parasitology/virology, Water Microbiology/*standards, Water Purification/*methods/*standards}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223}, author = {Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Alonso, J. L. and Ferr{\'u}s, M. A. and Moreno, Y. and Amor{\'o}s, I. and Calgua, B. and Hundesa, A. and Guerrero-Latorre, L. and Carratala, A. and Rusi{\~n}ol, M. and Girones, R.} } @article {4383, title = {Standard and new faecal indicators and pathogens in sewage treatment plants, microbiological parameters for improving the control of reclaimed water}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {66}, year = {2012}, pages = {2517-23}, author = {Rodriguez-Manzano, J and Alonso, JL and Ferr{\'u}s, MA and Moreno, Y and Amor{\'o}s, I and Calque, B and Hundes, A and Guerrero-Latorre, L and Carratal{\`a}, A and Rusinol, M and Girones, R} } @booklet {7878, title = {Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater}, year = {2012}, pages = {724}, publisher = {American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water ENvironmental Federation}, address = {Washington, DC} } @booklet {10055, title = {{Standard Methods for the examination of water and wastewater (22nd ed)}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {American Public Health Association}, address = {Washington DC} } @booklet {10530, title = {{Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 22nd Edition}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), Water Environment Federation (WEF)}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {APHA} } @book {4329, title = {{Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater prepared and published jointly by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {American Water Works Association}, organization = {American Water Works Association}, address = {Washington D.C.}, isbn = {9780875530130}, author = {Rice, Eugene} } @inbook {5411, title = {{The status of research on constructed wetlands}}, booktitle = {Environmental and Food Safety and Security for South-East Europe and Ukraine}, year = {2012}, pages = {155{\textendash}171}, publisher = {Nato science for peace and security series C: Environmental security. Springer science + business media B.V}, organization = {Nato science for peace and security series C: Environmental security. Springer science + business media B.V}, edition = {Vitale K.(}, chapter = {15}, author = {Kuschk, P and Wiessner, A and Seeger, EM and Kastner, M and Kappelmeyer, U and Paredes, D and Shtemenko, NI} } @book {8906, title = {Sterilization by gamma irradiation}, year = {2012}, publisher = {INTECH Open Access Publisher}, organization = {INTECH Open Access Publisher}, type = {Book}, isbn = {9535103164}, author = {da Silva Aquino, KA} } @article {12325, title = {Stress responses as determinants of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria}, journal = {Trends in Microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, note = {Poole, Keith
1878-4380}, month = {May}, pages = {227-234}, abstract = {

Bacteria encounter a myriad of potentially growth-compromising conditions in nature and in hosts of pathogenic bacteria. These \&$\#$39;stresses\&$\#$39; typically elicit protective and/or adaptive responses that serve to enhance bacterial survivability. Because they impact upon many of the same cellular components and processes that are targeted by antimicrobials, adaptive stress responses can influence antimicrobial susceptibility. In targeting and interfering with key cellular processes, antimicrobials themselves are \&$\#$39;stressors\&$\#$39; to which protective stress responses have also evolved. Cellular responses to nutrient limitation (nutrient stress), oxidative and nitrosative stress, cell envelope damage (envelope stress), antimicrobial exposure and other growth-compromising stresses, have all been linked to the development of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria - resulting from the stimulation of protective changes to cell physiology, activation of resistance mechanisms, promotion of resistant lifestyles (biofilms), and induction of resistance mutations.

}, isbn = {0966-842X}, author = {Poole, K.} } @book {17255, title = {Study of dissemination and removal of multidrug resistant Salmonella in two sewage treatment plants from Comunitat Valenciana (Spain)}, series = {Microbes in Applied Research: Current Advances and Challenges}, year = {2012}, pages = {172-176}, isbn = {978-981-4405-03-4}, author = {Jimenez-Belenguer, A. and Santiago-Cuellar, P. and Castillo, M. A. and Moreno, Y. and Botella, S. and Ferr{\'u}s, M. A.}, editor = {MendezVilas, A.} } @article {11376, title = {Successful immunization of naturally reared pigs against porcine cysticercosis with a recombinant oncosphere antigen vaccine}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {188}, number = {3{\textendash}4}, year = {2012}, pages = {261-267}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-4017}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.055}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401712001793}, author = {Jayashi, C{\'e}sar M. and Kyngdon, Craig T. and Gauci, Charles G. and Gonzalez, Armando E. and Lightowlers, Marshall W.} } @article {8654, title = {{A surge in the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among the residents of islands in Gangwha-gun, Incheon, Korea}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {191{\textendash}197}, author = {Yang, Z and Cho, PY and Ahn, SK and Ahn, HJ and Kim, TS and Chong, CK and Hong, SJ and Cha, SH and Nam, HW} } @article {2957, title = {Surgical treatment for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: report of 50 cases}, journal = {Hepato-Gastroenterology}, volume = {59}, number = {115}, year = {2012}, pages = {790{\textendash}793}, abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of this study is to present the surgical treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis and evaluate the treatment outcomes. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective analysis was made on 50 patients admitted between 2000 and 2008. All the patients were divided into two groups, 26 patients for the radical surgery group and 24 for the palliative surgery group. RESULTS: In the palliative surgery group, 10 patients died during the follow-up period, 2 patients presented with brain metastasis and 4 patients with lung metastasis, 1 patient had multiple lesions in the liver, 1 patient who received left hepatectomy had a new lesion in caudate lobe of the liver, 4 patients had postoperative jaundice, 3 had cholangitis and 4 patients had biliary leaks. There were also 3 patients lost in the follow-up period. In the radical surgery group, 22 patients were alive and asymptomatic without recurrence during the follow-up period, 3 patients had recurrent cholangitis and 4 patients had biliary leaks. Three patients were lost during the followup period in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Radical resection appears to be best treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis and palliative operation may cause a series of severe complications leading to death.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Echinococcosis, Female, Hepatectomy, Hepatic, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Palliative Care, Postoperative Complications, Recurrence, Retrospective Studies, Time Factors, Tomography, Treatment Outcome, X-Ray Computed, Young Adult}, issn = {0172-6390}, doi = {10.5754/hge10545}, author = {Ayifuhan, Ahan and Tuerganaili, Aji and Jun, Cao and Ying-Mei, Shao and Xiang-Wei, Liu and Hao, Wen} } @article {1284, title = {Surveillance of airborne adenovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a hospital pediatric department}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {Wan, Gwo-Hwa Huang, Chung-Guei Huang, Yhu-Chering Huang, Ju-Ping Yang, Su-Li Lin, Tzou-Yien Tsao, Kuo-Chien Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States PloS one}, pages = {e33974}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This investigation evaluated the distributions of airborne adenovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in public areas in the pediatric department of Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital in northern Taiwan. The airborne viral and bacterial concentrations were evaluated twice a week for a year using filter sampling with an airflow rate of 12 liters per minute for eight hours in the pediatric outpatient department and 24 hours in the pediatric emergency room. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were conducted for analysis. Approximately 18\% of the air samples from the pediatric emergency room were found to contain adenovirus. Approximately forty-six percent of the air samples from the pediatric outpatient department contained Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA products. High detection rates of airborne adenovirus DNA were obtained in July and August in the pediatric public areas. Airborne Mycoplasma pneumoniae was detected only in July in the pediatric emergency room and the peak levels were found from August to January in the pediatric outpatient department. Airborne particles that contained adenovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were the most prevalent in the pediatric public areas. The potential relationship between these airborne viral/bacterial particles and human infection should be examined further.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/ isolation \& purification Adenoviridae Infections/ diagnosis/virology Air Microbiology DNA, Bacterial/analysis DNA, Hospital Hospitals, Mycoplasma/ diagnosis/microbiology Seasons, Pediatric Humans Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genetics/ isolation \& purification Pneumonia, Viral/analysis Emergency Service}, issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Wan, G. H. and Huang, C. G. and Huang, Y. C. and Huang, J. P. and Yang, S. L. and Lin, T. Y. and Tsao, K. C.} } @article {4627, title = {Surveillance of airborne adenovirus and {Mycoplasma} pneumoniae in a hospital pediatric department}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {e33974}, issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Wan, G. H. and Huang, C. G. and Huang, Y. C. and Huang, J. P. and Yang, S. L. and Lin, T. Y. and Tsao, K. C.} } @article {4481, title = {Surveillance of human and swine adenovirus, human norovirus and swine circovirus in water samples in Santa Catarina, Brazil}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {445{\textendash}52}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.190}, author = {Garcia, L. A. and Viancelli, A. and Rigotto, C. and Pilotto, M. R. and Esteves, P. A. and Kunz, A. and Barardi, C. R.} } @article {1230, title = {Surveillance of human and swine adenovirus, human norovirus and swine circovirus in water samples in Santa Catarina, Brazil}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {Garcia, L A T Viancelli, A Rigotto, C Pilotto, M R Esteves, P A Kunz, A Barardi, C R M Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2012 Sep;10(3):445-52. doi: 10.2166/wh.2012.190.}, pages = {445-52}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Animal and human wastewater can potentially contaminate water sources and the treatment of drinking water may not effectively remove all contaminants, especially viruses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the viral contamination of water used for human and animal consumption in the city of Concordia, located in southern Brazil. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine adenovirus (PAdV), human adenovirus (HAdV) and human norovirus (NoV) were searched for using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). HAdV-positive samples were tested for viral infectivity by plaque assay. The qPCR results showed that PAdV, PCV2 and HAdV genetic material were present in all sampling sites. NoV was absent in all samples. The presence of genetic material from PAdV and PCV2 was detected in 30\% and 45\% of the 36 analyzed samples, respectively, with an average of 10(2) gc mL(-1) for PAdV and 10(4) gc mL(-1) for PCV2. HAdV was present in 100\% of the samples, with an average of 10(4) gc mL(-1). However, in plaque assay, only 36\% of the samples were positive. As viable particles of HAdV were found in drinking water, these results confirm that swine manure and human sewage impact surface water and groundwater, endangering water quality and indicating a potential risk to public health.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/classification/ isolation \& purification Animals Brazil Circovirus/ isolation \& purification Drinking Water Humans Norovirus/classification/ isolation \& purification Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Swine Swine Diseases/epidemi}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.190}, author = {Garcia, L. A. and Viancelli, A. and Rigotto, C. and Pilotto, M. R. and Esteves, P. A. and Kunz, A. and Barardi, C. R.} } @article {997, title = {{Surveillance of human viral contamination and physicochemical profiles in a surface water lagoon}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {66}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {2682{\textendash}2687}, abstract = {The present study evaluated the contamination of a surface water lagoon (Peri Lagoon) in Florian{\'o}polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, by human adenovirus (HAdV), polyomavirus JC (JCPyV), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus species A (RVA). Efforts were driven to determine the correlation between viral presence and the physicochemical parameters of the lagoon and measure the distribution of these viruses throughout the year (June 2010 to May 2011). A total of 48 samples were collected, concentrated and analyzed by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction). Approximately 96\% of the samples were positive for HAdV (46/48), 65\% were positive for RVA (31/48), 21\% were positive for JCPyV (10/48) and 12\% were positive for HAV (6/48). The presence of JCPyV was positively correlated with that of NO(2)(-)N, and also there was a positive correlation between the presence of each one of the viruses (HAdV, HAV and RVA) in winter. Samples from water dedicated for human consumption and recreation tested positive for HAdV by qPCR. These samples were also subjected to viral integrity and viability assays: 83\% (10/12) contained intact viral particles and 66\% (8/12) contained infectious particles. Our results demonstrate the release of human waste into water sources, justifying the urgent need to add viral parameters to water quality surveillance.}, keywords = {Environmental monitoring, Integrity and viability of HAdV, Water lagoon}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)$\backslash$r0273-1223 (Linking)}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2012.504}, author = {Fongaro, G. and Nascimento, M. A. and Viancelli, A. and Tonetta, D. and Petrucio, M. M. and C. RM Barardi} } @inbook {1229, title = {Surveillance of human viral contamination and physicochemical profiles in a surface water lagoon}, booktitle = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {66}, year = {2012}, note = {1743-422X-10-166 [pii] Virol J. 2013 May 28;10:166. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-166. Fongaro, G Nascimento, M A Viancelli, A Tonetta, D Petrucio, M M Barardi, C R M Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research Water Sci Technol. 2012;66(12):2682-7. doi: 10.2166/wst.2012.504.}, pages = {2682-7}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England }, abstract = {

The present study evaluated the contamination of a surface water lagoon (Peri Lagoon) in Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, by human adenovirus (HAdV), polyomavirus JC (JCPyV), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus species A (RVA). Efforts were driven to determine the correlation between viral presence and the physicochemical parameters of the lagoon and measure the distribution of these viruses throughout the year (June 2010 to May 2011). A total of 48 samples were collected, concentrated and analyzed by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction). Approximately 96\% of the samples were positive for HAdV (46/48), 65\% were positive for RVA (31/48), 21\% were positive for JCPyV (10/48) and 12\% were positive for HAV (6/48). The presence of JCPyV was positively correlated with that of NO(2)(-)N, and also there was a positive correlation between the presence of each one of the viruses (HAdV, HAV and RVA) in winter. Samples from water dedicated for human consumption and recreation tested positive for HAdV by qPCR. These samples were also subjected to viral integrity and viability assays: 83\% (10/12) contained intact viral particles and 66\% (8/12) contained infectious particles. Our results demonstrate the release of human waste into water sources, justifying the urgent need to add viral parameters to water quality surveillance.

}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/isolation \& purification Brazil Deoxyribonucleases/metabolism Environmental Monitoring Geography Humans Physicochemical Phenomena Polymerase Chain Reaction Surface Properties Viruses/ isolation \& purification Water Microbiology Water Pollution/ ana}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1743-422x-10-166 10.2166/wst.2012.504}, author = {Fongaro, G. and Nascimento, M. A. and Viancelli, A. and Tonetta, D. and Petrucio, M. M. and Barardi, C. R.} } @inbook {4475, title = {Surveillance of human viral contamination and physicochemical profiles in a surface water lagoon}, booktitle = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {66}, year = {2012}, pages = {2682{\textendash}7}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Fongaro, G. and Nascimento, M. A. and Viancelli, A. and Tonetta, D. and Petrucio, M. M. and Barardi, C. R.} } @article {2745, title = {Surveillance of human viral contamination and physicochemical profiles in a surface water lagoon}, year = {2012}, author = {Fongaro, G and Nascimento, MA and Viancelli, A} } @article {9462, title = {{Survey and genetic characterization of wastewater in Tunisia for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Eimeria spp}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {431{\textendash}444}, author = {Ben Ayed, L and Yang, W and Widmer, G and Cama, V and Ortega, Y and Xiao, L} } @article {4908, title = {{Survey and genetic characterization of wastewater in Tunisia for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Eimeria spp}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {103}, year = {2012}, pages = {431{\textendash}444}, author = {Ben-Ayed, L and Yang, W and Widmer, G and Cama, V and Ortega, Y and Xiao, L} } @article {4002, title = {{Survey and genetic characterization of wastewater in Tunisia for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Eimeria spp}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, year = {2012}, pages = {431{\textendash}444}, author = {Ben Ayed, L and Yang, W and Widmer, G and Cama, V and Ortega, Y and Xiao, L} } @article {12979, title = {Survival of Ascaris ova in desert soils: A risk assessment}, journal = {Journal of Residuals Science and Technology}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {151{\textendash}157}, publisher = {DEStech Publications Inc.}, abstract = {The goal of this study was to determine effects of temperature and soil type on survival of Ascaris ova in two biosolid-amended, desert soils. Results of this study suggest that a waiting period of 120 days at average soil temperatures of 25�C or 90 days at 37�C after land application of biosolids on fields to which lettuce is planted would result in annual risks of less than 1:10,000 for Ascaris from consumption of lettuce with an ova concentration of 4 ova g dry solids.}, issn = {1544-8053}, author = {Williams, David L. and Pepper, Ian L. and Charles P Gerba} } @article {14747, title = {Survival of microorganisms on antimicrobial filters and the removal efficiency of bioaerosols in an environmental chamber}, journal = {J Microbiol Biotechnol}, volume = {22}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {1288{\textendash}95}, abstract = {Exposure to bioaerosols causes various adverse health effects including infectious and respiratory diseases, and hypersensitivity. Controlling exposure to bioaerosols is important for disease control and prevention. In this study, we evaluated the efficacies of various functional filters coated with antimicrobial chemicals in deactivating representative microorganisms on filters or as bioaerosols. Tested functional filters were coated with different chemicals that included (i) Ginkgo and sumac, (ii) Ag-apatite and guanidine phosphate, (iii) SiO2, ZnO, and Al2O3, and (iv) zeolite. To evaluate the filters, we used a model ventilation system (1) to evaluate the removal efficiency of bacteria (Escherichia coli and Legionella pneumophila), bacterial spores (Bacillus subtilis spore), and viruses (MS2 bacteriophage) on various functional filters, and (2) to characterize the removal efficiency of these bioaerosols. All experiments were performed at a constant temperature of 25 degrees C and humidity of 50\%. Most bacteria (excluding B. subtilis) rapidly decreased on the functional filter. Therefore, we confirmed that functional filters have antimicrobial effects. Additionally, we evaluated the removal efficiency of various bioaerosols by these filters. We used a six-jet collision nebulizer to generate microbial aerosols and introduced it into the environmental chamber. We then measured the removal efficiency of functional filters with and without a medium-efficiency filter. Most bioaerosol concentrations did not significantly decrease by the functional filter only but decreased by a combination of functional and medium-efficiency filter. In conclusion, functional filters could facilitate biological removal of various bioaerosols, but physical removal of these by functional was minimal. Proper use of chemical-coated filter materials could reduce exposure to these agents.}, keywords = {*Air Microbiology, Aerosols, Anti-Infective Agents, Bacteria/*isolation \& purification, Bacterial/isolation \& purification, Decontamination, Environmental Monitoring/*instrumentation, Filtration/*instrumentation/methods, H3N2 Subtype/*isolation \& purification, Humidity, Influenza A Virus, Nonparametric, spores, Statistics, Temperature}, issn = {1738-8872 (Electronic) 1017-7825 (Linking)}, doi = {JMB022-09-17 [pii]}, author = {Kim, S. Y. and Kim, M. and Lee, S. and Lee, J. and Ko, G.} } @article {15017, title = {Survival of microorganisms on antimicrobial filters and the removal efficiency of bioaerosols in an environmental chamber}, journal = {J Microbiol Biotechnol}, volume = {22}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {1288{\textendash}95}, abstract = {Exposure to bioaerosols causes various adverse health effects including infectious and respiratory diseases, and hypersensitivity. Controlling exposure to bioaerosols is important for disease control and prevention. In this study, we evaluated the efficacies of various functional filters coated with antimicrobial chemicals in deactivating representative microorganisms on filters or as bioaerosols. Tested functional filters were coated with different chemicals that included (i) Ginkgo and sumac, (ii) Ag-apatite and guanidine phosphate, (iii) SiO2, ZnO, and Al2O3, and (iv) zeolite. To evaluate the filters, we used a model ventilation system (1) to evaluate the removal efficiency of bacteria (Escherichia coli and Legionella pneumophila), bacterial spores (Bacillus subtilis spore), and viruses (MS2 bacteriophage) on various functional filters, and (2) to characterize the removal efficiency of these bioaerosols. All experiments were performed at a constant temperature of 25 degrees C and humidity of 50\%. Most bacteria (excluding B. subtilis) rapidly decreased on the functional filter. Therefore, we confirmed that functional filters have antimicrobial effects. Additionally, we evaluated the removal efficiency of various bioaerosols by these filters. We used a six-jet collision nebulizer to generate microbial aerosols and introduced it into the environmental chamber. We then measured the removal efficiency of functional filters with and without a medium-efficiency filter. Most bioaerosol concentrations did not significantly decrease by the functional filter only but decreased by a combination of functional and medium-efficiency filter. In conclusion, functional filters could facilitate biological removal of various bioaerosols, but physical removal of these by functional was minimal. Proper use of chemical-coated filter materials could reduce exposure to these agents.}, keywords = {*Air Microbiology, Aerosols, Anti-Infective Agents, Bacteria/*isolation \& purification, Bacterial/isolation \& purification, Decontamination, Environmental Monitoring/*instrumentation, Filtration/*instrumentation/methods, H3N2 Subtype/*isolation \& purification, Humidity, Influenza A Virus, Nonparametric, spores, Statistics, Temperature}, issn = {1738-8872 (Electronic) 1017-7825 (Linking)}, doi = {JMB022-09-17 [pii]}, author = {Kim, S. Y. and Kim, M. and Lee, S. and Lee, J. and Ko, G.} } @article {5524, title = {{Survival of murine norovirus and F-RNA coliphage MS2 on pork during storage and retail display}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {159}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {193{\textendash}197}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {The existence of animal strains of norovirus (NV) that are closely related to human strains raises concerns about interspecies recombination and the potential for zoonotic transmission through undercooked meat products. Contamination of meat with NV can occur both via meat processing operations and poor food handler hygiene. There is a lack of knowledge on the survival of NV on raw meat because NV cannot be effectively cultivated and its detection is limited to molecular methods. The survival of murine norovirus (MNV) and MS2, as surrogates for NV, was determined on pork chops by plaque assay and real time RT-PCR.Both MNV and MS2 displayed very high survival rates on vacuum packaged raw pork chops that were stored at 2??C for up to 7weeks and numbers declined little during subsequent retail display for 7days. Maximum reductions for MNV and MS2 were 1.0logPFU/cm2 and 0.6loggenomecopies(GC)/cm2 or 1.1logPFU/cm2 and 1.2logGC/cm2, respectively. The viability of MS2 and MNV was not affected by the proteolytic enzymes present in the meat nor by numbers of bacteria that increased with time during storage in vacuum packs and while on retail display. MNV and MS2 can be considered as good surrogates for NV on raw meat. The findings of this study indicate that potentially pathogenic NV will likely survive extremely well on fresh meat and consumers could potentially be at risk when consuming undercooked meat that is contaminated with NV. ?? 2012.}, keywords = {MS2, Murine norovirus, Pork, Retail meat, Survival}, issn = {01681605}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.09.015}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.09.015}, author = {Brandsma, S. R. and Muehlhauser, V. and Jones, T. H.} } @article {7101, title = {Survival of {Vibrio} cholerae in {Nutrient}-{Poor} {Environments} {Is} {Associated} with a {Novel} {\textquotedblleft}{Persister}{\textquotedblright} {Phenotype}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {e45187}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0045187}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045187}, author = {Jubair, Mohamma and Morris, J. Glenn and Ali, Afsar}, editor = {Battista, John R.} } @article {10660, title = {{Survival of Vibrio cholerae in nutrient- poor environments is associated with a novel {\textquotedblleft}persister{\textquotedblright} phenotype}}, journal = {PLoS one}, volume = {7}, year = {2012}, pages = {e45187}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0045187}, author = {Jubair, M and Morris, JG Jr and Ali, A} } @article {9085, title = {{Survival of Vibrio cholerae in Nutrient-Poor Environments Is Associated with a Novel "Persister" Phenotype}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, abstract = {In response to antibiotic and/or environmental stress, some species of bacteria shift to a "persister" phenotype. Although toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, responsible for the disease cholera, can be found in nutrient-poor aquatic environments in endemic areas, the underlying mechanism(s) by which culturable cells persist in these environmental reservoirs is largely unknown. Here we report that introduction of V. cholerae into a nutrient-poor filter sterilized lake water (FSLW) microcosm promoted a shift to what we have defined as a "persister" phenotype (PP) which was culturable for {\{}{\textgreater}{\}}700 days. Direct transfer of PP of V. cholerae from original microcosms to freshly prepared FSLW resulted in the same pattern of persistence seen in the original microcosms. Scanning electron microscopy of cells persisting for over 700 days demonstrated cell morphologies that were very small in size, with a high degree of aggregation associated with flagella emanating from all aspects of the cell. V. cholerae PP cells reverted to a typical V. cholerae morphology when transferred to nutrient-rich L- broth. Cell-free supernatants obtained from microcosms at 24 hours, 180 days, and 700 days all showed {\{}{\textgreater}{\}}2-fold increase in CAI-1 signaling molecules, consistent with quorum sensing activity, as has been described for Pseudomonas aeruginosa persister cells. Chitin and phosphate promoted cell growth. Our data suggest that nutrient stress can select a V. cholerae persister phenotype in environmental reservoirs, with these strains then seeding subsequent cholera epidemics in response to chitin and phosphate availability.}, isbn = {1932-6203}, issn = {19326203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0045187}, author = {Jubair, Mohamma and Morris, J Glenn and Ali, Afsar} } @mastersthesis {6699, title = {Sustainable water resource development and desalination-integrated water management challenges in {South} {Africa}}, year = {2012}, note = {U589287}, school = {Kingston University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The research investigated four new desalination plants in the Eden District Municipality of the Western Cape Province to understand the decision-making processes promoting desalination-integration, their operational experiences to date, and evaluate their sustainability from an environmental, economic and social perspective. The research was conducted in-situ between 2010 and 2012 and synthesised stakeholder interview information with emergent secondary data concerning the sustainability performance of the four plants. The results from the four sites identify best practices, contested development concerns, conflict resolutions and assess their long term sustainability. The case study results demonstrate that sustainable integration of desalination is possible in South Africa provided appropriate development protocols, environmental considerations such as energy concerns and economic considerations are addressed openly and the benefits are fair and equitable to the community as a whole. The case studies exemplify the benefits of having appropriate financial forecasting and price-plans in place, environmental monitoring and mitigation practices, the use of best available technologies in the desalination design and operations. Desalination has the potential to support environmental recovery through the reclamation and re-use of return flows and can ease the burden an overexploited groundwater and surface water resources. Desalination fosters a perception of water security that has brought confidence to water dependent developments and business (including the government{\textquestiondown}s development strategy and urban renewal programme: Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) development). The case studies exemplify important lessons for scaling-up and use desalination more widely to meet water scarcity in South Africa.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU589287, 0554:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Civil engineering, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1415019090?accountid=14270}, author = {Millar, J} } @article {9004, title = {Synergistic effect of heat and solar UV on DNA damage and water disinfection of E. coli and bacteriophage MS2}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {605-618}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.072}, url = {://WOS:000311341300012 http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/ppiwajwh/10/4/605.full.pdf}, author = {Theitler, D. J. and Nasser, A. and Gerchman, Y. and Kribus, A. and Mamane, H.} } @article {1914, title = {Synergistic effect of the sequential use of UV irradiation and chlorine to disinfect reclaimed water}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, note = {Wang, Xiujuan Hu, Xuexiang Wang, Haibo Hu, Chun Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Water research Water Res. 2012 Mar 15;46(4):1225-32. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.027. Epub 2011 Dec 22.}, pages = {1225-32}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The effectiveness of UV and chlorination, used individually and sequentially, was investigated in killing pathogenic microorganisms and inhibiting the formation of disinfection by-products in two different municipal wastewaters for the source water of reclaimed water, which were from a microfilter (W1) and membrane bioreactor (W2) respectively. Heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total bacteria count (TBC), and total coliform (TC) were selected to evaluate the efficiency of different disinfection processes. UV inactivation of the three bacteria followed first-order kinetics in W1 wastewater, but in W2 wastewater, the UV dose-response curve trailed beyond approximately 10 mJ/cm2 UV. The higher number of particles in the W2 might have protected the bacteria against UV damage, as UV light alone was not effective in killing HPC in W2 wastewater with higher turbidity. However, chlorine was more effective in W2 than in W1 for the three bacteria inactivation owing to the greater formation of inorganic and organic chloramines in W1 wastewater. Complete inactivation of HPC in W1 wastewater required a chlorine dose higher than 5.5 mg/L, whereas 4.5 mg/L chlorine gave the equivalent result in W2 wastewater. In contrast, sequential UV and chlorine treatment produced a synergistic effect in both wastewater systems and was the most effective option for complete removal of all three bacteria. UV disinfection lowered the required chlorine dose in W1, but not in W2, because of the higher chlorine consumption in W2 wastewater. However, UV irradiation decreased total trihalomethane formation during chlorination in both wastewaters.}, keywords = {Bacteria/growth \& development/radiation effects Chlorine/*chemistry Colony Count, Fluid Water Purification/*methods Water Quality, Microbial Disinfection/*methods Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation Kinetics Microbial Viability/radiation effects Particle Size *Recycling Time Factors *Ultraviolet Rays Waste Disposal}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.027 S0043-1354(11)00799-8 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221337}, author = {Wang, X. and Hu, X. and Wang, H. and Hu, C.} } @article {9360, title = {{Synopsis of the Parasites in Iranian Freshwater Fishes}}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {570{\textendash}589}, author = {Pazooki, J and Masoumian, M} } @article {14669, title = {Systematic review of mucosal immunity induced by oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines against virus shedding following oral poliovirus challenge}, journal = {PLoS Pathog}, volume = {8}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1002599}, abstract = {Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) may be used in mass vaccination campaigns during the final stages of polio eradication. It is also likely to be adopted by many countries following the coordinated global cessation of vaccination with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) after eradication. The success of IPV in the control of poliomyelitis outbreaks will depend on the degree of nasopharyngeal and intestinal mucosal immunity induced against poliovirus infection. We performed a systematic review of studies published through May 2011 that recorded the prevalence of poliovirus shedding in stool samples or nasopharyngeal secretions collected 5-30 days after a "challenge" dose of OPV. Studies were combined in a meta-analysis of the odds of shedding among children vaccinated according to IPV, OPV, and combination schedules. We identified 31 studies of shedding in stool and four in nasopharyngeal samples that met the inclusion criteria. Individuals vaccinated with OPV were protected against infection and shedding of poliovirus in stool samples collected after challenge compared with unvaccinated individuals (summary odds ratio [OR] for shedding 0.13 (95\% confidence interval [CI] 0.08-0.24)). In contrast, IPV provided no protection against shedding compared with unvaccinated individuals (summary OR 0.81 [95\% CI 0.59-1.11]) or when given in addition to OPV, compared with individuals given OPV alone (summary OR 1.14 [95\% CI 0.82-1.58]). There were insufficient studies of nasopharyngeal shedding to draw a conclusion. IPV does not induce sufficient intestinal mucosal immunity to reduce the prevalence of fecal poliovirus shedding after challenge, although there was some evidence that it can reduce the quantity of virus shed. The impact of IPV on poliovirus transmission in countries where fecal-oral spread is common is unknown but is likely to be limited compared with OPV.}, keywords = {Animals, Humans, Immunity, Inactivated/immunology/*pharmacology, Mucosal/*drug effects, Oral/immunology/*pharmacology, Poliomyelitis/immunology/prevention \& control/virology, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/immunology, Virus Shedding/*drug effects/*immunology}, issn = {1553-7374 (Electronic) 1553-7366 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1002599}, author = {Hird, T. R. and Grassly, N. C.} } @article {14984, title = {Systematic review of mucosal immunity induced by oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines against virus shedding following oral poliovirus challenge}, journal = {PLoS Pathog}, volume = {8}, year = {2012}, pages = {e1002599}, abstract = {Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) may be used in mass vaccination campaigns during the final stages of polio eradication. It is also likely to be adopted by many countries following the coordinated global cessation of vaccination with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) after eradication. The success of IPV in the control of poliomyelitis outbreaks will depend on the degree of nasopharyngeal and intestinal mucosal immunity induced against poliovirus infection. We performed a systematic review of studies published through May 2011 that recorded the prevalence of poliovirus shedding in stool samples or nasopharyngeal secretions collected 5-30 days after a "challenge" dose of OPV. Studies were combined in a meta-analysis of the odds of shedding among children vaccinated according to IPV, OPV, and combination schedules. We identified 31 studies of shedding in stool and four in nasopharyngeal samples that met the inclusion criteria. Individuals vaccinated with OPV were protected against infection and shedding of poliovirus in stool samples collected after challenge compared with unvaccinated individuals (summary odds ratio [OR] for shedding 0.13 (95\% confidence interval [CI] 0.08-0.24)). In contrast, IPV provided no protection against shedding compared with unvaccinated individuals (summary OR 0.81 [95\% CI 0.59-1.11]) or when given in addition to OPV, compared with individuals given OPV alone (summary OR 1.14 [95\% CI 0.82-1.58]). There were insufficient studies of nasopharyngeal shedding to draw a conclusion. IPV does not induce sufficient intestinal mucosal immunity to reduce the prevalence of fecal poliovirus shedding after challenge, although there was some evidence that it can reduce the quantity of virus shed. The impact of IPV on poliovirus transmission in countries where fecal-oral spread is common is unknown but is likely to be limited compared with OPV.}, keywords = {Animals, Humans, Immunity, Inactivated/immunology/*pharmacology, Mucosal/*drug effects, Oral/immunology/*pharmacology, Poliomyelitis/immunology/prevention \& control/virology, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/immunology, Virus Shedding/*drug effects/*immunology}, issn = {1553-7374 (Electronic) 1553-7366 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1002599}, author = {Hird, T. R. and Grassly, N. C.} } @article {3777, title = {Systematic review of regional and temporal trends in global rotavirus strain diversity in the pre rotavirus vaccine era: insights for understanding the impact of rotavirus vaccination programs.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {30 Suppl 1}, year = {2012}, pages = {A122{\textendash}A130}, abstract = {Recently, two rotavirus vaccines have been recommended for routine immunization of infants worldwide. These vaccines proved efficacious during clinical trials and field use in both developing and developed countries, and appear to provide good protection against a range of rotavirus genotypes, including some that are not included in the vaccines. However, since conclusive data that the vaccines will protect against a wide variety of rotavirus strains are still lacking and since vaccines may exert some selection pressure, a detailed picture of global strain prevalence from the pre-rotavirus vaccine era is important to evaluate any potential changes in circulating strains observed after widespread introduction of rotavirus vaccines. Thus, we systematically reviewed rotavirus genotyping studies spanning a 12-year period from 1996 to 2007. In total, \{\{\}\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textasciitilde\{\}\}110,000 strains were genotyped from 100 reporting countries. Five genotypes \{\{\}(G1-G4,\{\}\} and G9) accounted for 88\{\%\} of all strains, although extensive geographic and temporal differences were observed. For example, the prevalence of G1 strains declined from 2000 onward, while G3 strains re-emerged, and G9 and G12 strains emerged during the same period. When crude strain prevalence data were weighted by region based on the region\{\{\}\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textquoteright\{\}\}s contribution to global rotavirus mortality, the importance of genotypes G1 and G9 strains that were more prevalent in regions with low mortality was reduced and conversely the importance of G8 strains that were more prevalent in African settings with greater contribution to global rotavirus mortality was increased. This study provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date information on rotavirus strain surveillance in the pre-rotavirus vaccine era and will provide useful background to examine the impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on future strain prevalence.}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.111}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.111}, author = {B{\'a}nyai, Kriszti{\'a}n and L{\'a}szl{\'o}, Brigitta and Duque, Jazmin and Steele, A D and Nelson, E A and Gentsch, Jon R and Parashar, Umesh D} } @article {293, title = {Systematic review of regional and temporal trends in global rotavirus strain diversity in the pre rotavirus vaccine era: insights for understanding the impact of rotavirus vaccination programs.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {30 Suppl 1}, year = {2012}, pages = {A122-A130}, abstract = {Recently, two rotavirus vaccines have been recommended for routine immunization of infants worldwide. These vaccines proved efficacious during clinical trials and field use in both developing and developed countries, and appear to provide good protection against a range of rotavirus genotypes, including some that are not included in the vaccines. However, since conclusive data that the vaccines will protect against a wide variety of rotavirus strains are still lacking and since vaccines may exert some selection pressure, a detailed picture of global strain prevalence from the pre-rotavirus vaccine era is important to evaluate any potential changes in circulating strains observed after widespread introduction of rotavirus vaccines. Thus, we systematically reviewed rotavirus genotyping studies spanning a 12-year period from 1996 to 2007. In total, {\textasciitilde}110,000 strains were genotyped from 100 reporting countries. Five genotypes {(G1-G4,} and G9) accounted for 88\% of all strains, although extensive geographic and temporal differences were observed. For example, the prevalence of G1 strains declined from 2000 onward, while G3 strains re-emerged, and G9 and G12 strains emerged during the same period. When crude strain prevalence data were weighted by region based on the region{\textquoteright}s contribution to global rotavirus mortality, the importance of genotypes G1 and G9 strains that were more prevalent in regions with low mortality was reduced and conversely the importance of G8 strains that were more prevalent in African settings with greater contribution to global rotavirus mortality was increased. This study provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date information on rotavirus strain surveillance in the pre-rotavirus vaccine era and will provide useful background to examine the impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on future strain prevalence.}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.111}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.111}, author = {B{\'a}nyai, Kriszti{\'a}n and L{\'a}szl{\'o}, Brigitta and Duque, Jazmin and A D Steele and Nelson, EA and Gentsch, Jon R and Parashar, Umesh D} } @article {11454, title = {Taenia saginata a rare cause of acute cholangitis: a case report}, journal = {Acta Clinica Belgica}, volume = {67}, year = {2012}, pages = {436-437}, author = {Uygur-Bayramicli, O and Ak, O and Dabak, R and Demirhan, G and Ozer, S} } @article {11368, title = {Taenia saginata: A rare cause of gall bladder perforation}, journal = {Case reports in surgery}, volume = {2012}, year = {2012}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2090-6900}, author = {Hakeem, SY and Rashid, A and Khuroo, S and Bali, RS} } @article {11346, title = {Taenia solium cysticercosis: new challenges for an old scourge}, journal = {Pathogens and Global Health}, volume = {106}, number = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {253-253}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1179/2047772412Z.00000000071}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/pgh/2012/00000106/00000005/art00001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2047772412Z.00000000071}, author = {Del Brutto, OH and Garcia, HH} } @booklet {2814, title = {On Tap: Viruses and Cancer: Potential for Waterborne Transmission. January 2012: Volume 54, Number 1}, year = {2012}, note = {RefMgr field[8]: On Request (5/8/2012)}, month = {2012}, type = {Web Page}, keywords = {VIRUSES cancer transmission}, url = {http://www.wcponline.com/pdf/1201On\%20Tap_Reynolds.pdf}, author = {Reynolds, K.A} } @booklet {1792, title = {Technology Review of Urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) - Overview of design, operation, management and costs}, year = {2012}, pages = {1-52}, publisher = {Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. (http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/874 , Last accessed July 2015.}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {Rieck, C. and von M{\"u}nch, E. and Hoffmann, H.} } @article {5529, title = {{Temperature and humidity influences on inactivation kinetics of enteric viruses on surfaces}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {24}, year = {2012}, pages = {13303{\textendash}13310}, abstract = {Norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are pathogenic enteric viruses responsible for public health concerns worldwide. The viral transmission occurs through fecally contaminated food, water, fomites, or direct contact. However, the difficulty in cultivating these viruses makes it a challenge to characterize the resistance to various environmental stresses. In this study, we characterized the inactivation rates of murine norovirus (MNV), MS2, and HAV on either lacquer coating rubber tree wood or stainless steel under different temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. The viruses were analyzed at temperatures of 15 {\textdegree}C, 25 {\textdegree}C, 32 {\textdegree}C, and 40 {\textdegree}C and at RHs of 30{\%}, 50{\%}, and 70{\%} for 30 days. Overall, they survived significantly longer on wood than on steel at lower temperature (P {\textless} 0.05). The inactivation rate of MS2 and MNV increased at higher RH levels, whereas HAV survived the best at a medium RH level (50{\%}). The effect of RH was significant only for MS2 (P {\textless} 0.05). MS2 persisted longest under all of the environmental conditions examined. Both a linear and a nonlinear Weibull model were used to describe the viral inactivation data in this study. The data produced a better fit to the survival curves that were predicted by the Weibull model.}, isbn = {0013-936X}, issn = {0013936X}, doi = {10.1021/es3032105}, author = {Su J Kim and Si, Jiyeon and Jung E Lee and G Ko} } @article {11195, title = {{Temperature and the development and survival of infective Toxocara canis larvae}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {649{\textendash}656}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-011-2536-8}, author = {Azam, Dena and Ukpai, Onyinye M and Said, Ashraf and Abd-Allah, Gamal A and Morgan, Eric Rene} } @article {7772, title = {Temporal flux and spatial dynamics of nutrients, fecal indicators, and zoonotic pathogens in anaerobic swine manure lagoon water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {16}, year = {2012}, month = {10/15}, pages = {4949-4960}, abstract = {

Confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) often use anaerobic lagoons for manure treatment. In the USA, swine CAFO lagoon water is used for crop irrigation that is regulated by farm-specific nutrient management plans (NMPs). Implementation of stricter US environmental regulations in 2013 will set soil P limits; impacting land applications of manure and requiring revision of NMPs. Precise knowledge of lagoon water quality is needed for formulating NMPs, for understanding losses of N and C in ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions, and for understanding risks of environmental contamination by fecal bacteria, including zoonotic pathogens. In this study we determined year-round levels of nutrients and bacteria from swine CAFO lagoon water. Statistical analysis of data for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), inorganic and organic C, total N, water-soluble and total minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn) and bacteria (Escherichia coli, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., Listeria spp., Salmonella spp., and staphylococci) showed that all differed significantly by dates of collection. During the irrigation season, levels of total N decreased by half and the N:P ratio changed from 9.7 to 2.8. Some seasonal differences were correlated with temperature. Total N and inorganic C increased below 19 \°C, and decreased above 19 \°C, consistent with summer increases in ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions. Water-soluble Cu, Fe, and Zn increased with higher summer temperatures while enterococci and zoonotic pathogens (Campylobacter, Listeria, and Salmonella) decreased. Although their populations changed seasonally, the zoonotic pathogens were present year-round. Increasing levels of E. coli were statistically correlated with increasing pH. Differences between depths were also found. Organic C, total nutrients (C, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, N, P, and Zn) and C. perfringens were higher in deeper samples, indicating stratification of these parameters. No statistical interactions were found between collection dates and depths.

}, keywords = {Campylobacter, Clostridium perfringens, Confined animal feeding operation (CAFO), Escherichia coli, Listeria, Salmonella}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {McLaughlin,Michael R. and Brooks,John P. and Adeli,Ardeshir} } @article {17369, title = {Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on catfish and tilapia}, journal = {Food MicrobiologyFood Microbiology}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {Jun}, pages = {427-431}, keywords = {catfish, Chicken, coli o157h7, Escherichia coli o157:h7, finfish, Foods, ground-beef, heat-resistance, listeria-monocytogenes, Salmonella, Seafood, spp., thermal d-values, tilapia, z-values}, isbn = {0740-0020}, author = {Rakowski, K. T.} } @article {13196, title = {Thin-film fixed-bed reactor (TFFBR) for solar photocatalytic inactivation of aquaculture pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {5}, author = {Khan, S. J. and Reed, R. H. and Rasul, M. G.} } @article {5991, title = {{Three cases of acute or fulminant hepatitis E caused by ingestion of pork meat and entrails in Hokkaido, Japan: Zoonotic food-borne transmission of hepatitis E virus and public health concerns}}, journal = {Hepatology Research}, volume = {42}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {870{\textendash}878}, author = {Miyashita, K and Kang, JH and Saga, A and Takahashi, K and Shimamura, T and Yasumoto, A and Fukushima, H and Sogabe, S and Konishi, K and Uchida, T and Fujinaga, A and Matsui, T and Sakurai, Y and Tsuji, K and Maguchi, H and Taniguchi, M and Abe, N and Fazle Akbar, SM and Arai, M and Mishiro, S} } @mastersthesis {6824, title = {Three {Papers} in {Applied} {Microeconomics}: {Topics} in {Environmental}, {Health} and {Public} {Economics}}, year = {2012}, note = {3540723}, school = {University of California, Davis}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation addresses issues in environmental and public economics. The first part investigates the impact of exposure to toxic chemicals released by manufacturing firms on health and productivity outcomes. It focuses on accurately quantifying the causal impact of these releases, and compares the potential benefits of reductions in exposure to the benefits of other policy interventions. The second part of this dissertation explores three open questions in the literature on social demand for income redistribution in the United States. The first chapter examines the effect of exposure to airborne toxic chemicals on students{\textquoteright} academic achievement using annual variations in standardized test scores linked to variations in within-school-cohort exposure to airborne releases of toxic chemicals. I find that airborne releases of toxins suspected or known to impact growth and development have a detrimental impact on education outcomes at schools located within one mile of the release site. For students who attend one of the 638 public elementary schools in the state of Texas located within a mile of a toxic-chemical releasing facility, declines in average releases of developmental toxins since 1989 have increased test scores by 0.7\% of a standard deviation. This effect is about 6\% as large as the improvement expected if the average quality of every teacher in these schools was increased by one standard deviation, or 4\% of the test score improvement expected if every class size was reduced by 8 students. The second chapter employs a novel estimation strategy to quantify the impact of waterborne releases of industrial toxins on infant health outcomes using variation in the source of raw drinking water (groundwater vs. surface water) to control for the effects of economic activity and other omitted variables common to much of the research in this field. I find that within-county toxic releases into surface water are associated with higher infant mortality and lower birthweights in areas which rely on surface water as a source of tap water relative to those which rely on groundwater as a source of tap water. A one within-county standard deviation increase in surface releases is associated with a 3.5\% increase in infant mortality and a 2.6\% increase in the incidence of very low birthweight births. These results are about half as large as the improvements in birthweight associated with the well-known Food Stamp or WIC programs on county-average birthweights, and are similar to a one standard deviation increase in airborne releases of developmental toxins. The final chapter addresses a different public policy topic - taxation and redistribution. My coauthor and I explore the public{\textquoteright}s expressed attitudes towards redistribution through taxation and address three open questions related to income redistribution preferences. First, we use data from a nationally representative survey on taxation and fairness to explore the relative demand for redistribution from the wealthy to the middle class and to the poor. We find that, while Americans have interest in redistribution to both groups, this demand is driven by dramatically different factors. Second, we examine how stated demand for redistribution is influenced by issues of question framing. Finally, we conduct an experiment to disentangle pure preferences for income redistribution from beliefs about the disincentive effects of higher tax rates. These findings contribute to understanding current political tensions over income inequality.}, keywords = {0277:Education finance, 0438:Environmental economics, Education, Education finance, Environmental economics, Income redistribution, Infant health, Social sciences, Student achievement, TAAS, Taxation, Toxic chemicals, Toxic release inventory}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1112246652?accountid=14270}, author = {Reed-Arthurs, Rebbecca Michelle} } @article {6262, title = {A time series study of drug sales and turbidity of tap water in {Le} {Havre}, {France}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {jun}, pages = {221}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.157}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/010/jwh0100221.htm}, author = {Beaudeau, Pascal and Le Tertre, Alain and Zeghnoun, Abdelkrim and Zanobetti, Antonella and Schwartz, Joel} } @article {7367, title = {A time series study of drug sales and turbidity of tap water in {Le} {Havre}, {France}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {jun}, pages = {221}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2012.157}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2012.157}, author = {Beaudeau, Pascal and Le Tertre, Alain and Zeghnoun, Abdelkrim and Zanobetti, Antonella and Schwartz, Joel} } @article {4083, title = {{Total and infectious Cryptosporidium oocyst and total Giardia cyst concentrations from distinct agricultural and urban contamination sources in Eastern Canada}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, year = {2012}, pages = {147{\textendash}160}, author = {Lalancette, C and G{\'e}n{\'e}reux, M and Mailly, J and Servais, P and C{\^o}t{\'e}, C and Michaud, A and Di Giovanni, GD and Pr{\'e}vost, M} } @article {15785, title = {Total and infectious Cryptosporidium oocyst and total Giardia cyst concentrations from distinct agricultural and urban contamination sources in Eastern Canada}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Mar}, pages = {147-60}, edition = {2012/03/01}, keywords = {*Oocysts, Agriculture, Animals, Canada, Cattle/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Drinking Water/*parasitology, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Feces/*parasitology, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Manure/*parasitology, Parasite Egg Count, Rivers/*parasitology, Sewage/*parasitology}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920}, author = {Lalancette, C. and Genereux, M. and Mailly, J. and Servais, P. and Cote, C. and Michaud, A. and Di Giovanni, G. D. and Prevost, M.} } @article {6460, title = {Towards estimating the economic burden of waterborne illness in {Canada}: what do we know, where do we go?}, year = {2012}, url = {http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/ctrl?action=rtdoc\&an=20494940}, author = {Vinson, Norman G.} } @unpublished {9142, title = {Toxoplasma gondii at the human-animal-environment interface in coastal California: A One Health approach to evaluating land to sea pathogen pollution.}, journal = {unpublished thesis University of California, Davis, doctoral dissertation}, year = {2012}, type = {doctoral dissertation}, author = {VanWormer, E.} } @article {8423, title = {{Toxoplasma gondii HLA-B*0702-restricted GRA7(20-28) peptide with adjuvants and a universal helper T cell epitope elicits CD8(+) T cells producing interferon-$\gamma$ and reduces parasite burden in HLA-B*0702 mice}}, journal = {Human Immunology}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {1{\textendash}10}, author = {Cong, H and Mui, EJ and Witola, WH and Sidney, J and Alexander, J and Sette, A and Maewal, A and El Bissati, K and Zhou, Y and Suzuki, Y and Lee, D and Woods, S and Sommerville, C and Henriquez, FL and Roberts, CW and McLeod, R} } @article {8462, title = {{Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: high prevalence, high burden of disease, and epidemiology}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {139}, number = {11}, year = {2012}, pages = {1375{\textendash}1424}, author = {Dubey, JP and Lago, EG and Gennari, SM and Su, C and Jones, JL} } @article {10787, title = {{ToxRof Vibrio cholerae affects biofilm, rugosity and survival with Acanthamoeba castellanii}}, journal = {BMC Research Notes}, volume = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {33}, author = {Valeru, S and Wai, S and Saeed, A and Sandstr{\"o}m, G and Abd, H.} } @article {6173, title = {Tracking artificial sweeteners and pharmaceuticals introduced into urban groundwater by leaking sewer networks}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {430}, year = {2012}, pages = {8-19}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Wolf, Leif and Zwiener, Christian and Zemann, Moritz} } @article {17363, title = {The Transcriptional Heat Shock Response of Salmonella Typhimurium Shows Hysteresis and Heated Cells Show Increased Resistance to Heat and Acid Stress}, journal = {Plos OnePlos OnePlos One}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 7}, keywords = {bistability, boundaries, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, exponential-growth, Food, gene networks, listeria-monocytogenes, osmotic shifts, phase, single-cell}, isbn = {1932-6203}, author = {Pin, C. and Hansen, T. and Munoz-Cuevas, M. and de Jonge, R. and Rosenkrantz, J. T. and Lofstrom, C. and Aarts, H. and Olsen, J. E.} } @article {5925, title = {{Transmission dynamics of hepatitis E virus in pigs: estimation from field data and effect of vaccination}}, journal = {Epidemics}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {86{\textendash}92}, author = {Backer, JA and Berto, A and McCreary, C and Martelli, F and W H van der Poel} } @article {1374, title = {Transport and removal of coliphage PRD1 in constructed wetlands}, journal = {J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {Vidales-Contreras, Juan A Gerba, Charles P Karpiscak, Martin M Valdez-Cepeda, Ricardo D Hernandez-Escareno, Jesus J England Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances \& environmental engineering J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2012;47(1):142-8. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2012.630303.}, pages = {142-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The Convection Dispersion Equation (CDE) was used to calculate PRD1 and Br(-) transport parameters in a subsurface flow constructed wetland. Transport parameters from Br(-) displacement were applied into the CDE to estimate a 0.96 day(-1) first order decay coefficient (k). The PRD1 breakthrough curves were also simulated to obtain effective cross-sectional area (Ac), longitudinal dispersion coefficient (D), convective velocity (v), and k. There was practically no difference between Ac and D for both tracers. However, the estimated convective velocity was higher for PRD1 than for Br(-). Further simulations were conducted by taking experimental concentrations from prior research on surface and subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Dispersion number (d) was estimated to be between 0.17 and 0.029 by using PRD1 and Br(-) transport parameters. These parameters were also used to calculate wetland dimensionless removal (K). An analytical solution for the zero moment of the observed breakthrough curves was applied to estimate PRD1 fraction recoveries in the wetland by using d and K. The results of the present study suggest that this analytical solution may be an alternative design tool for pathogen removal estimation in subsurface flow constructed wetlands.}, keywords = {Coliphages/ isolation \& purification Computer Simulation Models, Theoretical Water Movements Water Pollutants/ isolation \& purification Water Purification/instrumentation/ methods Wetlands}, issn = {1532-4117 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1080/10934529.2012.630303}, author = {Vidales-Contreras, J. A. and Gerba, C. P. and Karpiscak, M. M. and Valdez-Cepeda, R. D. and Hernandez-Escareno, J. J.} } @article {15848, title = {Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in soil columns following applications of raw and separated liquid slurries}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {17}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep}, pages = {5994-6000}, edition = {2012/06/19}, keywords = {Cell Survival, Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification/*physiology, Oocysts/*physiology, Sewage/*parasitology, Soil/*parasitology, Water Purification, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Petersen, H. H. and Enemark, H. L. and Olsen, A. and Amin, M. G. and A Dalsgaard} } @article {7736, title = {Travel-Associated Enteric Infections Diagnosed After Return to the United States, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004{\textendash}2009}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {54 (Suppl 5)}, year = {2012}, pages = {S480-S487}, author = {Kendall, ME and Crim, S and Fullerton, K and Han, PV and Cronquist, AB and Shiferaw, B and Ingram, A and Rounds, J and Mintz, ED and B E Mahon} } @article {9959, title = {{Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-borne Outbreaks in 2010}}, journal = {Reports of the European Food Safety Authority}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {1{\textendash}442}, keywords = {Campylobacter, food-borne diseases, food-borne outbreaks, Listeria, Monitoring, parasites, Q fever, rabies, Salmonella, Surveillance, Zoonoses}, doi = {10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2597.} } @article {12815, title = {Trichuris vulpis (Froelich, 1789) infection in a child: a case report}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {50}, year = {2012}, pages = {69-71}, author = {Marquez-Navarro, A. and Garcia-Bracamontes, G. and Alvarez-Fernandez, B.E. and Alvila-Caballero, L.P. and Santos-Aranda, I. and Diaz-Chiguer, D.L. and Sanchez-Manzano, R.M. and Rodriguez-Bataz, E. and Nogueda-Torres, B.} } @article {5602, title = {{Two-year systematic study to assess norovirus contamination in oysters from commercial harvesting areas in the United Kingdom}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {16}, year = {2012}, pages = {5812{\textendash}5817}, abstract = {The contamination of bivalve shellfish with norovirus from human fecal sources is recognized as an important human health risk. Standardized quantitative methods for the detection of norovirus in molluscan shellfish are now available, and viral standards are being considered in the European Union and internationally. This 2-year systematic study aimed to investigate the impact of the application of these methods to the monitoring of norovirus contamination in oyster production areas in the United Kingdom. Twenty-four monthly samples of oysters from 39 United Kingdom production areas, chosen to represent a range of potential contamination risk, were tested for norovirus genogroups I and II by using a quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method. Norovirus was detected in 76.2{\%} (643/844) of samples, with all sites returning at least one positive result. Both prevalences (presence or absence) and norovirus levels varied markedly between sites. However, overall, a marked winter seasonality of contamination by both prevalence and quantity was observed. Correlations were found between norovirus contamination and potential risk indicators, including harvesting area classifications, Escherichia coli scores, and environmental temperatures. A predictive risk score for norovirus contamination was developed by using a combination of these factors. In summary, this study, the largest of its type undertaken to date, provides a systematic analysis of norovirus contamination in commercial oyster production areas in the United Kingdom. The data should assist risk managers to develop control strategies to reduce the risk of human illness resulting from norovirus contamination of bivalve molluscs.}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01046-12}, author = {James A Lowther and Gustar, Nicole E. and Powell, Andrew L. and Hartnell, Rachel E. and Lees, David N.} } @article {8084, title = {{Type III effector genes and other virulence factors of Shiga toxin-encoding Escherichia coli isolated from wastewater.}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology Reports}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {feb}, pages = {147{\textendash}55}, abstract = {

Pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains share the genes encoding Shiga toxins (stx) and many other virulence factors. The classification and evolutionary studies of pathogenic E.\ coli based on their virulence genes have been conducted with E.\ coli isolated from human and animal infections or outbreaks. In this study, we used 103 STEC strains isolated from faecally polluted water environments to analyse 23 virulence genes (stx1 , cdt, hlyA, saa, eae, three type III effector genes encoded within the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) and 15 non-LEE-encoded type III effector genes). Despite the presence of several stx2 variants, our isolates demonstrated low prevalence of the virulence genes (only 46.6{\%} of the strains were positive for virulence determinants). Among these, the largest repertoire was found in a few O157:H7 isolates (most from cattle wastewater and one from sewage), while other serotypes showed fewer virulence determinants. The occurrence of most virulence genes seemed to be independent from one another. This was clear for hlyA (the most prevalent), cdt and cif (the least prevalent). Other effector genes, could be found or not in combination with others, suggesting that they can be mobilized independently. Our data suggest that E.\ coli strains can evolve separately by independently acquiring mobile genetic elements.

}, issn = {1758-2229}, doi = {10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00317.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757242}, author = {Mart{\'\i}nez-Castillo, Alexandre and Allu{\'e}-Guardia, Anna and Dahbi, Ghizlane and Blanco, Jorge and Creuzburg, Kristina and Schmidt, Herbert and Muniesa, Maite} } @article {14146, title = {Type {III} effector genes and other virulence factors of {Shiga} toxin-encoding {Escherichia} coli isolated from wastewater.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {feb}, pages = {147{\textendash}55}, abstract = {Pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains share the genes encoding Shiga toxins (stx) and many other virulence factors. The classification and evolutionary studies of pathogenic E. coli based on their virulence genes have been conducted with E. coli isolated from human and animal infections or outbreaks. In this study, we used 103 STEC strains isolated from faecally polluted water environments to analyse 23 virulence genes (stx1 , cdt, hlyA, saa, eae, three type III effector genes encoded within the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) and 15 non-LEE-encoded type III effector genes). Despite the presence of several stx2 variants, our isolates demonstrated low prevalence of the virulence genes (only 46.6\% of the strains were positive for virulence determinants). Among these, the largest repertoire was found in a few O157:H7 isolates (most from cattle wastewater and one from sewage), while other serotypes showed fewer virulence determinants. The occurrence of most virulence genes seemed to be independent from one another. This was clear for hlyA (the most prevalent), cdt and cif (the least prevalent). Other effector genes, could be found or not in combination with others, suggesting that they can be mobilized independently. Our data suggest that E. coli strains can evolve separately by independently acquiring mobile genetic elements.}, issn = {1758-2229}, doi = {10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00317.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757242}, author = {Mart{\'\i}nez-Castillo, Alexandre and Allu{\'e}-Guardia, Anna and Dahbi, Ghizlane and Blanco, Jorge and Creuzburg, Kristina and Schmidt, Herbert and Muniesa, Maite} } @article {2343, title = {{Type III effector genes and other virulence factors of Shiga toxin-encoding Escherichia coli isolated from wastewater.}}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {feb}, pages = {147{\textendash}55}, abstract = {Pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains share the genes encoding Shiga toxins (stx) and many other virulence factors. The classification and evolutionary studies of pathogenic E. coli based on their virulence genes have been conducted with E. coli isolated from human and animal infections or outbreaks. In this study, we used 103 STEC strains isolated from faecally polluted water environments to analyse 23 virulence genes (stx1 , cdt, hlyA, saa, eae, three type III effector genes encoded within the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) and 15 non-LEE-encoded type III effector genes). Despite the presence of several stx2 variants, our isolates demonstrated low prevalence of the virulence genes (only 46.6\% of the strains were positive for virulence determinants). Among these, the largest repertoire was found in a few O157:H7 isolates (most from cattle wastewater and one from sewage), while other serotypes showed fewer virulence determinants. The occurrence of most virulence genes seemed to be independent from one another. This was clear for hlyA (the most prevalent), cdt and cif (the least prevalent). Other effector genes, could be found or not in combination with others, suggesting that they can be mobilized independently. Our data suggest that E. coli strains can evolve separately by independently acquiring mobile genetic elements.}, issn = {1758-2229}, doi = {10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00317.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757242}, author = {Mart{\'\i}nez-Castillo, Alexandre and Allu{\'e}-Guardia, Anna and Dahbi, Ghizlane and Blanco, Jorge and Creuzburg, Kristina and Schmidt, Herbert and Muniesa, Maite} } @article {230, title = {Ultracentrifugation as a direct method to concentrate viruses in environmental waters: virus-like particle enumeration as a new approach to determine the efficiency of recovery}, journal = {J Environ Monit}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, note = {1464-0333 Prata, Catarina Ribeiro, Andreia Cunha, Angela Gomes, Newton C M Almeida, Adelaide Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England J Environ Monit. 2012 Jan;14(1):64-70. doi: 10.1039/c1em10603a. Epub 2011 Nov 24.}, pages = {64-70}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Some health important enteric viruses are considered to be emerging waterborne pathogens and so the improvement of detection of these viruses in the aquatic environment is one of the most important steps in dealing with these pathogens. Since these viruses may be present in low numbers in water, it is necessary to concentrate water samples before viral detection. Although there are several methods to concentrate viruses in environmental waters, all present some drawbacks and consequently the method should be chosen that, despite its limitations, is adequate to achieve the aim of each study. As the effectiveness of the concentration methods is evaluated by determining the efficiency of viral recovery after concentration, it is important to use a simple and effective approach to evaluate their recovery efficiency. In this work ultracentrifugation, usually used as a secondary step for virus concentration, was evaluated as the main method to concentrate directly viruses in environmental water samples, using the microscopic enumeration of virus-like particles (VLP) as a new approach to estimate the efficiency of recovery. As the flocculation method is currently employed to concentrate viruses in environmental waters, it was also used in this study to assess the efficiency of the ultracentrifugation as the main viral concentration method in environmental waters. The results of this study indicate that ultracentrifugation is an adequate approach to concentrate viruses directly from environmental waters (recovery percentages between 66 and 72\% in wastewaters and between 66 and 76\% in recreational waters) and that the determination of VLP by epifluorescence microscopy is a simple, fast and cheap alternative approach to determine the recovery efficiency of the viral concentration methods.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/growth \&, development/isolation \&, Fluid Water Pollution/analysis/statistics \&, numerical data, purification Environmental Monitoring/*methods Fresh Water/*virology Humans Rotavirus/growth \&, purification Seawater/*virology Sewage/*virology Spain Ultracentrifugation Waste Disposal}, issn = {1464-0325}, doi = {10.1039/c1em10603a}, url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2012/em/c1em10603a}, author = {Prata, C. and Ribeiro, A. and Cunha, A. and Gomes, N. C. and Almeida, A.} } @article {10042, title = {Ultrastructure insights into morphology and reproductive mode of Blastocystis hominis.}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {110}, year = {2012}, pages = {1527-1532}, author = {Zhang, X and Zhang, S and Qiao, J and Wu, X and Zhao, L and Lui, Y and Fan, X} } @book {8972, title = {Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidelines for Drinking Water and Water Reuse}, year = {2012}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://nwri-usa.org/documents/UVGuidelines3rdEdition2012.pdf} } @article {8962, title = {Ultraviolet Disinfection of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Their Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Water and Wastewater}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {24}, year = {2012}, pages = {13393-13400}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0013-936x}, doi = {10.1021/es303652q}, url = {://WOS:000312432200046 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es303652q}, author = {McKinney, C. W. and Pruden, A.} } @article {12301, title = {Ultraviolet Disinfection of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Their Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Water and Wastewater}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {24}, year = {2012}, note = {McKinney, Chad W. Pruden, Amy}, month = {Dec}, pages = {13393-13400}, abstract = {

Disinfection of wastewater treatment plant effluent may be an important barrier for limiting the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). While ideally disinfection should destroy ARGs, to prevent horizontal gene transfer to downstream bacteria, little is known about the effect of conventional water disinfection technologies on ARGs. This study examined the potential of UV disinfection to damage four ARGs, mec(A), van(A), tet(A), and amp(C), both in extracellular form and present within a host ARBs: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), Escherichia coli SMS-3-5, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 01, respectively. An extended amplicon-length quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to enhance capture of ARG damage events and also to normalize to an equivalent length of target DNA (similar to 1000 bp) for comparison. It was found that the two Gram-positive ARBs (MRSA and VRE) were more resistant to UV disinfection than the two Gram-negative ARBs (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). The two Gram-positive organisms also possessed smaller total genome sizes, which could also have reduced their susceptibility to UV because of fewer potential pyrimidine dimer targets. An effect of cell type on damage to ARGs was only observed in VRE and P. aeruginosa, the latter potentially because of extracellular polymeric substances. In general, damage of ARGs required much greater UV doses (200-400 mJ/cm(2) for 3- to 4-log reduction) than ARB inactivation (10-20 mJ/cm(2) for 4- to 5-log reduction). The proportion of amplifiable ARGs following UV treatment exhibited a strong negative correlation with the number of adjacent thymines (Pearson r \< -0.9; p \< 0.0001). ARBs surviving UV treatment were negatively correlated with total genome size (Pearson r \< -0.9; p \< 0.0001) and adjacent cytosines (Pearson r \< -0.88; p \< 0.0001) but positively correlated with adjacent thymines (Pearson r \> 0.85; p \< 0.0001). This suggests that formation of thymine dimers is not the sole mechanism of ARB inactivation. Overall, the results indicate that UV is limited in its potential to damage ARGs and other disinfection technologies should be explored.

}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {McKinney, C. W. and Pruden, A.} } @mastersthesis {6898, title = {Unveiling {Water} ({In}) {Justice} in {Arequipa}: {A} {Case} {Study} of {Mining} {Industry} in {Urban} {Space}}, year = {2012}, note = {3522717}, school = {Arizona State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Following harsh economic and political reforms in the 1990s, Peru became a model of a neoliberal state based on natural resource extraction. Since then social and environmental conflicts between local communities and the extractive industry, particularly mining corporations, have multiplied resulting in violent clashes and a shared perception that the state is not guaranteeing people{\textquoteright}s rights. At the crossroads of the struggle between mining corporations and local communities lay different ways of living and relating to nature. This research concerns water conflict in an urban mining setting. More precisely, this research critically analyzes water conflict in the city of Arequipa as a backdrop for revealing what water injustices look like on the ground. With one million inhabitants, Arequipa is the second largest city in Peru. Arequipa is also home to the third largest copper mine in Peru. On June 2006, social organizations and political authorities marched in protest of the copper mine{\textquoteright}s acquisition of additional water rights and its use of a tax exemption program. In the aftermath of large protests, the conflict was resolved through a multi-actor negotiation in which the mine became, through a public-private partnership, co-provider of urban water services. Through a unique interdisciplinary theoretical approach and grounded on ethnographic methods I attempt to expose the complexity of water injustice in this particular case. My theoretical framework is based on three large fields of study, that of post-colonial studies, political ecology and critical studies of law. By mapping state-society-nature power relations, analyzing structures of oppression and unpacking the meaning of water rights, my research unveils serious water injustices. My first research finding points to the existence of a racist and classist system that excludes poor and marginal people from water services and from accessing the city. Second, although there are different social and cultural interpretations of water rights, some interpretations hold more power and become hegemonic. Water injustice, in this regard manifests by the rise in power of the economic view of water rights. Finally, neoliberal reforms prioritizing development based on the extractive industries and the commodification of nature are conducive to water injustices.}, keywords = {0550:Latin American Studies, 0619:Environmental Justice, 0999:Urban planning, Environmental justice, Extractive industry, Hybrid nature, Latin American Studies, Mining, Peru, Political ecology, Social sciences, Subaltern studies, Urban planning, Water rights}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1037062336?accountid=14270}, author = {Roca Servat, Denisse} } @article {7526, title = {Updated 16S rRNA-RFLP method for the identification of all currently characterised Arcobacter spp}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, pages = {292}, author = {Maria J Figueras and Levican, Arturo and Collado, Luis} } @article {4732, title = {{Use of a common laboratory glassware detergent improves recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from lettuce, herbs and raspberries}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {153}, year = {2012}, pages = {123{\textendash}128}, author = {Shields, JM and Lee, MM and Murphy, HR} } @article {4306, title = {{Use of abundance ratios of somatic coliphages and bacteriophages of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron GA17 for microbial source identification.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {19}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {6410{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Water contaminated with human faeces is a risk to human health and management of water bodies can be improved by determining the sources of faecal pollution. Field studies show that existing methods are insufficient and that different markers are required. This study proposes the combined use of two microbial indicators, the concentrations of which are presented as ratios. This provides a more reliable approach to identifying faecal sources as it avoids variation due to treatment or ageing of the contamination. Among other indicators, bacteriophages have been proposed as rapid and cheap indicators of faecal pollution. Samples analysed in this study were derived from wastewater treatment plants (raw sewage, secondary and tertiary effluents and raw sewage sludge) river water, seawater and animal related wastewater. The abundance ratios of faecal coliforms and Bacteroides phages, either strain RYC2056 (non-specific for faecal origin) or strain GA17 (specific for human pollution), and among somatic coliphages and phages infecting both Bacteroides strains, were evaluated. The results indicate that the ratio of somatic coliphages and phages infecting Bacteroides strain GA17, which is specific to human faecal sources, provides a robust method for discriminating samples, even those presenting different levels and ages of pollution, and allows samples polluted with human faeces to be distinguished from those containing animal faecal pollution. This method allows the generation of numerical data that can be further applied to numerical methods for faecal pollution discrimination.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides, Bacteroides: virology, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Humans, Rivers, Rivers: microbiology, Sewage, Spain, Waste Water, Waste Water: microbiology, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution, Water Pollution: analysis}, issn = {1879-2448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.015}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23039916}, author = {Muniesa, Maite and Lucena, Francisco and Blanch, Anicet R and Pay{\'a}n, Andrey and Jofre, Juan} } @article {5592, title = {{Using limes and synthetic psoralens to enhance solar disinfection of water (SODIS): A laboratory evaluation with norovirus, Escherichia coli, and MS2}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {566{\textendash}572}, abstract = {We investigated the use of psoralens and limes to enhance solar disinfection of water (SODIS) using an UV lamp and natural sunlight experiments. SODIS conditions were replicated using sunlight, 2 L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, and tap water with Escherichia coli, MS2 bacteriophage, and murine norovirus (MNV). Psoralens and lime acidity both interact synergistically with UV radiation to accelerate inactivation of microbes. Escherichia coli was ablated {\textgreater} 6.1 logs by SODIS + Lime Slurry and 5.6 logs by SODIS + Lime Juice in 30-minute solar exposures, compared with a 1.5 log reduction with SODIS alone (N = 3; P {\textless} 0.001). MS2 was inactivated {\textgreater} 3.9 logs by SODIS + Lime Slurry, 1.9 logs by SODIS + Lime Juice, and 1.4 logs by SODIS in 2.5-hour solar exposures (N = 3; P {\textless} 0.05). MNV was resistant to SODIS, with {\textless} 2 log reductions after 6 hours. Efficacy of SODIS against human norovirus should be investigated further.}, isbn = {0002-9637}, issn = {00029637}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0370}, author = {Harding, Alexander S. and Kellogg J Schwab} } @article {8934, title = {Using limes and synthetic psoralens to enhance solar disinfection of water (SODIS): a laboratory evaluation with norovirus, Escherichia coli, and MS2}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {566-572}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Harding, Alexander S. and Kellogg J Schwab} } @article {3045, title = {Vaccination of bovines against {Echinococcus} granulosus (cystic echinococcosis)}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {30}, number = {20}, year = {2012}, month = {apr}, pages = {3076{\textendash}3081}, abstract = {Hydatid disease is an important human zoonosis. Humans become infected from carnivores that are infected with the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm. Carnivores become infected after consuming hydatid cysts from grazing animals, which are generally sheep, goats and cattle. A vaccine, known as EG95, can protect sheep and goats against cystic echinococcosis. This paper describes the adaptation of the EG95 vaccine for use in cattle. The monitoring of results used serology and also infection with E. granulosus eggs, followed by necropsy. Immunisation with living E. granulosus oncospheres showed that cattle could be immunised against E. granulosus. Immunisation of cattle with EG95 plus QuilA was also successful. A dose-response and adjuvant trial showed best results were achieved with 250 μg of antigen and 5mg of the adjuvant QuilA, which was 5 times the recommended sheep dose. After two vaccinations given one month apart, 90\% protection was maintained for 12 months. At 12 months a third vaccination boosted protection to 99\% which was maintained for a further 11 months.}, keywords = {adjuvants, Animals, Antigens, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Dose-Response Relationship, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Helminth, Helminth Proteins, Immunologic, Quillaja Saponins, Saponins, Vaccination, Vaccines}, issn = {1873-2518}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.073}, author = {Heath, David D. and Robinson, Christine and Shakes, Trevor and Huang, Yan and Gulnur, Tursun and Shi, Baoxing and Zhang, Zhuangzhi and Anderson, Garry A. and Lightowlers, Marshall W.} } @article {17274, title = {Validating Thermal Inactivation of Salmonella spp. in Fresh and Aged Chicken Litter}, journal = {Applied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb}, pages = {1302-1307}, keywords = {bacteria, broiler litter, chemical-constituents, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, heat-resistance, Manure, pasteurization, poultry litter, solubility control, water activity}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Kim, J. and Diao, J. S. and Shepherd, M. W. and Singh, R. and Heringa, S. D. and Gong, C. and Jiang, X. P.} } @mastersthesis {7041, title = {Valuing {Ecosystem} {Services} in the {Salmon} {River} {Watershed}, {British} {Columbia}: {A} {Choice} {Experiment} {Approach}}, year = {2012}, note = {MS22848}, school = {Simon Fraser University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{R}.{M}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Private land in the Salmon River watershed of British Columbia makes major contributions to the natural capital of the watershed. Ecosystem services (ES) produced by private holdings contribute to general environmental health and community well-being. This paper reports the results of a choice experiment (CE) to assess resident{\textquoteright}s preferences for future ES conditions in the watershed. The CE was part of a survey mailed to watershed residents and included attitudinal questions to be used as covariates in the CE. Respondent bias was treated using a novel segmentation procedure of known protesters. The results show that a majority of respondents are willing to pay in the form of increases to income tax for marginal improvements to ES provision from private land. Respondents exhibited heterogeneous preferences for ES, and were classified as Aquaphiles, Naturalists, and Conservatives, based on their preferences for water quality, wildlife habitat, and farmer income respectively. Watershed management implications are discussed. Keywords: Choice experiment; environmental valuation; watershed management; ecosystem services; protest responses.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0408:Conservation, 0528:Natural Resource Management, Biological sciences, Conservation, Ecology, Ecosystem services, Health and environmental sciences, Natural Resource Management, Watershed management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1515753457?accountid=14270}, author = {Angus, David} } @article {8715, title = {{Variabilit{\'e} de la qualit{\'e} microbiologique des eaux us{\'e}es brutes dans une grande agglom{\'e}ration}}, journal = {TSM Numero 4}, volume = {107}, number = {February}, year = {2012}, pages = {44{\textendash}55}, keywords = {bacteria, Escherichia coli, Faecal indicators, Intestinal enterococci, Storm event, wastewater, Wastewater treatment plant}, author = {Lucas, Francoise and Goncalves, A. and Servais, P. and Rocher, V. and Masnada, S. and Therial, C. and Lesage, L. and Mouchel, J.M.} } @article {10233, title = {{A vegan or vegetarian diet substantially alters the human colonic faecal microbiota}}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {53{\textendash}60}, author = {Zimmer, J and Lange, B and Frick, JS and Sauer, H and Zimmermann, K and Schwiertz, A and Rusch, K and Klosterhalfen, S and Enck, P} } @article {14068, title = {Vermicomposting toilets, an alternative to latrine style microbial composting toilets, prove far superior in mass reduction, pathogen destruction, compost quality, and operational cost.}, journal = {Waste management (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {1811{\textendash}20}, abstract = {Composting toilets aim to recycle excrement into safe, stable humus. Preceding this, low costs, low risks, and mass reduction should be ensured. Source separating vermicomposting toilets (SSVCs) outperformed mixed latrine microbial composting toilets (MLMCs) in all categories. MLMCs: incurred ten times greater operational costs; created 10x more operator exposure; employed no proven pathogen reduction mechanism since solid end-products averaged 71,000{\textpm}230,000CFU/g (fecal-origin) Escherichia coli and 24{\textpm}5\% total solids, consistently failed NSF/ANSI Standard 41; failed to reduce volatile solids compared to raw fecal matter; increased total contaminated dry mass by 274\%, and produced alkaline end-product (8.0{\textpm}0.7) high in toxic free ammonia (Solvita{\textregistered} 2.6{\textpm}1.5). SSVCs have low maintenance costs and risks; adequate worm density for pathogen destruction (0.03{\textpm}0.04g-worm/g-material); reduced E. coli 200{\textpm}244CFU/g in neutral (7.4{\textpm}0.3), stable (60{\textpm}10\% volatile solids), and mature (4{\textpm}0 Solvita{\textregistered} NH(3)) end-product.}, keywords = {Animals, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Humans, Oligochaeta, Soil, Toilet Facilities, Toilet Facilities: economics}, issn = {1879-2456}, doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2012.04.023}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X12001924}, author = {Hill, Geoffrey B and Baldwin, Susan A} } @article {2282, title = {{Vermicomposting toilets, an alternative to latrine style microbial composting toilets, prove far superior in mass reduction, pathogen destruction, compost quality, and operational cost.}}, journal = {Waste management (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {1811{\textendash}20}, abstract = {Composting toilets aim to recycle excrement into safe, stable humus. Preceding this, low costs, low risks, and mass reduction should be ensured. Source separating vermicomposting toilets (SSVCs) outperformed mixed latrine microbial composting toilets (MLMCs) in all categories. MLMCs: incurred ten times greater operational costs; created 10x more operator exposure; employed no proven pathogen reduction mechanism since solid end-products averaged 71,000{\textpm}230,000CFU/g (fecal-origin) Escherichia coli and 24{\textpm}5\% total solids, consistently failed NSF/ANSI Standard 41; failed to reduce volatile solids compared to raw fecal matter; increased total contaminated dry mass by 274\%, and produced alkaline end-product (8.0{\textpm}0.7) high in toxic free ammonia (Solvita{\textregistered} 2.6{\textpm}1.5). SSVCs have low maintenance costs and risks; adequate worm density for pathogen destruction (0.03{\textpm}0.04g-worm/g-material); reduced E. coli 200{\textpm}244CFU/g in neutral (7.4{\textpm}0.3), stable (60{\textpm}10\% volatile solids), and mature (4{\textpm}0 Solvita{\textregistered} NH(3)) end-product.}, keywords = {Animals, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Humans, Oligochaeta, Soil, Toilet Facilities, Toilet Facilities: economics}, issn = {1879-2456}, doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2012.04.023}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X12001924}, author = {Hill, Geoffrey B and Baldwin, Susan A} } @article {8032, title = {{Vermicomposting toilets, an alternative to latrine style microbial composting toilets, prove far superior in mass reduction, pathogen destruction, compost quality, and operational cost.}}, journal = {Waste Management (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {1811{\textendash}20}, abstract = {

Composting toilets aim to recycle excrement into safe, stable humus. Preceding this, low costs, low risks, and mass reduction should be ensured. Source separating vermicomposting toilets (SSVCs) outperformed mixed latrine microbial composting toilets (MLMCs) in all categories. MLMCs: incurred ten times greater operational costs; created 10x more operator exposure; employed no proven pathogen reduction mechanism since solid end-products averaged 71,000\±230,000CFU/g (fecal-origin) Escherichia coli and 24\±5{\%} total solids, consistently failed NSF/ANSI Standard 41; failed to reduce volatile solids compared to raw fecal matter; increased total contaminated dry mass by 274{\%}, and produced alkaline end-product (8.0\±0.7) high in toxic free ammonia (Solvita\® 2.6\±1.5). SSVCs have low maintenance costs and risks; adequate worm density for pathogen destruction (0.03\±0.04g-worm/g-material); reduced E. coli 200\±244CFU/g in neutral (7.4\±0.3), stable (60\±10{\%} volatile solids), and mature (4\±0 Solvita\® NH(3)) end-product.

}, keywords = {Animals, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Humans, Oligochaeta, Soil, Toilet Facilities, Toilet Facilities: economics}, issn = {1879-2456}, doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2012.04.023}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X12001924}, author = {Hill, Geoffrey B and Baldwin, Susan A} } @article {15314, title = {Vermicomposting toilets, an alternative to latrine style microbial composting toilets, prove far superior in mass reduction, pathogen destruction, compost quality, and operational cost}, journal = {Waste Management}, volume = {32}, year = {2012}, pages = {1811-1820}, author = {Hill, G.B. and Baldwin, S.A.} } @article {12069, title = {Viability of six species of larval and non-larval helminth eggs for different conditions of temperature, pH and dryness}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {46}, number = {15}, year = {2012}, note = {Maya, C
Torner-Morales, F J
Lucario, E S
Hernandez, E
Jimenez, B
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2012/07/17 06:00
Water Res. 2012 Oct 1;46(15):4770-82. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.014. Epub 2012 Jun 28.}, month = {Oct 01}, pages = {4770-82}, abstract = {Helminth eggs are the most difficult biological parasites to inactivate in wastewater and sludge. In developing countries, in particular, they are present in high concentrations and are the cause of many diseases that impact seriously on the human population. The process conditions for affordable inactivation are very variable, leading to different inactivation efficiencies. Temperature, dryness, pH and the developmental stage of the eggs must be taken into consideration to achieve complete inactivation. The objective of this research was to study the inactivation of six species of larval and non-larval helminth eggs of medical importance in developing countries under controlled conditions of temperature, pH, dryness and contact time. Results showed considerable differences in inactivation conditions among helminth eggs and a high level of resistance was confirmed for the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum. The appropriate conditions for inactivation of all types of eggs were found by applying combinations of pH, temperature and dryness. At 45 degrees C it was possible to inactivate all species with a pH of 5.3 and 90\% dryness within 6 days. If alkalization was applied, a pH of 12.7 was sufficient over 19 days at the same conditions of dryness and temperature. From these results it is proposed that both Ascaris spp. and Taenia solium may be used as indicators of biological contamination in wastewater and sludge.}, keywords = {*Eggs, *Humidity, *Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, *Temperature, Animals, Helminths/*growth \& development, Larva/*physiology, Models, Theoretical}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Maya, C. and Torner-Morales, F. J. and Lucario, E. S. and Hernandez, E. and Jimenez, B.} } @article {16561, title = {Viability of six species of larval and non-larval helminth eggs for different conditions of temperature, {pH} and dryness}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {46}, number = {15}, year = {2012}, month = {oct}, pages = {4770{\textendash}82}, abstract = {Helminth eggs are the most difficult biological parasites to inactivate in wastewater and sludge. In developing countries, in particular, they are present in high concentrations and are the cause of many diseases that impact seriously on the human population. The process conditions for affordable inactivation are very variable, leading to different inactivation efficiencies. Temperature, dryness, pH and the developmental stage of the eggs must be taken into consideration to achieve complete inactivation. The objective of this research was to study the inactivation of six species of larval and non-larval helminth eggs of medical importance in developing countries under controlled conditions of temperature, pH, dryness and contact time. Results showed considerable differences in inactivation conditions among helminth eggs and a high level of resistance was confirmed for the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum. The appropriate conditions for inactivation of all types of eggs were found by applying combinations of pH, temperature and dryness. At 45 degrees C it was possible to inactivate all species with a pH of 5.3 and 90\% dryness within 6 days. If alkalization was applied, a pH of 12.7 was sufficient over 19 days at the same conditions of dryness and temperature. From these results it is proposed that both Ascaris spp. and Taenia solium may be used as indicators of biological contamination in wastewater and sludge.}, keywords = {*Eggs, *Humidity, *Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, *Temperature, Animals, Helminths/*growth \& development, Larva/*physiology, Models, Theoretical}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.014}, author = {Maya, C. and Torner-Morales, F. J. and Lucario, E. S. and Hernandez, E. and Jimenez, B.} } @article {10524, title = {{Vibrio cholerae classical biotype strains reveal distinct signatures in Mexico}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {50}, year = {2012}, pages = {2212{\textendash}2216}, author = {Alam, M and Islam, MT and Rashed, SM and Johura, FT and Bhuiyan, NA and Delgado, G and Morales, R and Mendez, JL and Navarro, A and Watanabe, H and Hasan, NA and Colwell, RR and Cravioto, A} } @article {4375, title = {Virus disinfection mechanisms: the role of virus composition, structure, and function.}, journal = {Current Opinion in Virology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {mar}, pages = {84{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

Drinking waters are treated for enteric virus via a number of disinfection techniques including chemical oxidants, irradiation, and heat, however the inactivation mechanisms during disinfection remain elusive. Owing to the fact that a number of significant waterborne virus strains are not readily culturable in vitro at this time (e.g. norovirus, hepatitis A), the susceptibility of these viruses to disinfection is largely unknown. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms involved in virus inactivation would aid in predicting the susceptibility of non-culturable virus strains to disinfection and would foster the development of improved disinfection methods. Recent technological advances in virology research have provided a wealth of information on enteric virus compositions, structures, and biological functions. This knowledge will allow for physical/chemical descriptions of virus inactivation and thus further our understanding of virus disinfection to the most basic mechanistic level.

}, keywords = {Disinfectants, Disinfectants: pharmacology, Disinfection, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: virology, Virus Inactivation, Virus Inactivation: drug effects, Virus Physiological Phenomena, Virus Physiological Phenomena: drug effects, Viruses, Viruses: chemistry, Viruses: drug effects, Viruses: metabolism, Water Purification}, issn = {1879-6265}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2011.11.003}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22440970}, author = {Krista R Wigginton and Kohn, Tamar} } @article {1799, title = {Virus hazards from food, water and other contaminated environments}, journal = {FEMS Microbiol Rev}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, note = {Rodriguez-Lazaro, David Cook, Nigel Ruggeri, Franco M Sellwood, Jane Nasser, Abid Nascimento, Maria Sao Jose D{\textquoteright}Agostino, Martin Santos, Ricardo Saiz, Juan Carlos Rzezutka, Artur Bosch, Albert Girones, Rosina Carducci, Annalaura Muscillo, Michelle Kovac, Katarina Diez-Valcarce, Marta Vantarakis, Apostolos von Bonsdorff, Carl-Henrik de Roda Husman, Ana Maria Hernandez, Marta van der Poel, Wim H M Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review England FEMS microbiology reviews FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012 Jul;36(4):786-814. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00306.x. Epub 2011 Oct 24.}, pages = {786-814}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Numerous viruses of human or animal origin can spread in the environment and infect people via water and food, mostly through ingestion and occasionally through skin contact. These viruses are released into the environment by various routes including water run-offs and aerosols. Furthermore, zoonotic viruses may infect humans exposed to contaminated surface waters. Foodstuffs of animal origin can be contaminated, and their consumption may cause human infection if the viruses are not inactivated during food processing. Molecular epidemiology and surveillance of environmental samples are necessary to elucidate the public health hazards associated with exposure to environmental viruses. Whereas monitoring of viral nucleic acids by PCR methods is relatively straightforward and well documented, detection of infectious virus particles is technically more demanding and not always possible (e.g. human norovirus or hepatitis E virus). The human pathogenic viruses that are most relevant in this context are nonenveloped and belong to the families of the Caliciviridae, Adenoviridae, Hepeviridae, Picornaviridae and Reoviridae. Sampling methods and strategies, first-choice detection methods and evaluation criteria are reviewed.}, keywords = {Animals Environmental Microbiology Food/*virology Food Contamination Fresh Water/*virology Humans Virus Diseases/*virology Viruses/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1574-6976 (Electronic) 0168-6445 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00306.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22091646}, author = {Rodriguez-Lazaro, D. and Cook, N. and Ruggeri, F. M. and Sellwood, J. and Nasser, A. and Nascimento, M. S. and D{\textquoteright}Agostino, M. and Santos, R. and Saiz, J. C. and Rzezutka, A. and Bosch, A. and Girones, R. and Carducci, A. and Muscillo, M. and Kovac, K. and Diez-Valcarce, M. and Vantarakis, A. and von Bonsdorff, C. H. and A M De Roda Husman and Hernandez, M. and van der Poel, W. H.} } @article {4451, title = {Viruses in nondisinfected drinking water from municipal wells and community incidence of acute gastrointestinal illness}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {120}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, pages = {1272{\textendash}9}, issn = {1552-9924 (Electronic) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, author = {Borchardt, M. A. and Spencer, S. K. and Kieke, B. A. and Lambertini, E. and Loge, F. J.} } @article {6193, title = {Viruses in {Nondisinfected} {Drinking} {Water} from {Municipal} {Wells} and {Community} {Incidence} of {Acute} {Gastrointestinal} {Illness}}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {120}, number = {9}, year = {2012}, month = {jun}, pages = {1272{\textendash}1279}, issn = {0091-6765}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.1104499}, url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1104499}, author = {Borchardt, Mark A. and Spencer, Susan K. and Kieke, Burney A. and Lambertini, Elisabetta and Loge, Frank J.} } @article {14490, title = {Viruses in nondisinfected drinking water from municipal wells and community incidence of acute gastrointestinal illness}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {120}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {1272{\textendash}9}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Groundwater supplies for drinking water are frequently contaminated with low levels of human enteric virus genomes, yet evidence for waterborne disease transmission is lacking. OBJECTIVES: We related quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-measured enteric viruses in the tap water of 14 Wisconsin communities supplied by nondisinfected groundwater to acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) incidence. METHODS: AGI incidence was estimated from health diaries completed weekly by households within each study community during four 12-week periods. Water samples were collected monthly from five to eight households per community. Viruses were measured by qPCR, and infectivity assessed by cell culture. AGI incidence was related to virus measures using Poisson regression with random effects. RESULTS: Communities and time periods with the highest virus measures had correspondingly high AGI incidence. This association was particularly strong for norovirus genogroup I (NoV-GI) and between adult AGI and enteroviruses when echovirus serotypes predominated. At mean concentrations of 1 and 0.8 genomic copies/L of NoV-GI and enteroviruses, respectively, the AGI incidence rate ratios (i.e., relative risk) increased by 30\%. Adenoviruses were common, but tap-water concentrations were low and not positively associated with AGI. The estimated fraction of AGI attributable to tap-water-borne viruses was between 6\% and 22\%, depending on the virus exposure-AGI incidence model selected, and could have been as high as 63\% among children {\textless} 5 years of age during the period when NoV-GI was abundant in drinking water. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of groundwater-source public water systems in the United States produce water without disinfection, and our findings suggest that populations served by such systems may be exposed to waterborne viruses and consequent health risks.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Drinking Water/*virology, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases/*epidemiology/*virology, Groundwater/virology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Poisson Distribution, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Preschool, Prospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Seasons, Viruses/*isolation \& purification, Wisconsin/epidemiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1552-9924 (Electronic) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.1104499}, author = {Borchardt, M. A. and Spencer, S. K. and Kieke, B. A. and Lambertini, E. and Loge, F. J.} } @article {14880, title = {Viruses in nondisinfected drinking water from municipal wells and community incidence of acute gastrointestinal illness}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {120}, year = {2012}, month = {sep}, pages = {1272{\textendash}9}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Groundwater supplies for drinking water are frequently contaminated with low levels of human enteric virus genomes, yet evidence for waterborne disease transmission is lacking. OBJECTIVES: We related quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-measured enteric viruses in the tap water of 14 Wisconsin communities supplied by nondisinfected groundwater to acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) incidence. METHODS: AGI incidence was estimated from health diaries completed weekly by households within each study community during four 12-week periods. Water samples were collected monthly from five to eight households per community. Viruses were measured by qPCR, and infectivity assessed by cell culture. AGI incidence was related to virus measures using Poisson regression with random effects. RESULTS: Communities and time periods with the highest virus measures had correspondingly high AGI incidence. This association was particularly strong for norovirus genogroup I (NoV-GI) and between adult AGI and enteroviruses when echovirus serotypes predominated. At mean concentrations of 1 and 0.8 genomic copies/L of NoV-GI and enteroviruses, respectively, the AGI incidence rate ratios (i.e., relative risk) increased by 30\%. Adenoviruses were common, but tap-water concentrations were low and not positively associated with AGI. The estimated fraction of AGI attributable to tap-water-borne viruses was between 6\% and 22\%, depending on the virus exposure-AGI incidence model selected, and could have been as high as 63\% among children {\textbackslash}textless 5 years of age during the period when NoV-GI was abundant in drinking water. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of groundwater-source public water systems in the United States produce water without disinfection, and our findings suggest that populations served by such systems may be exposed to waterborne viruses and consequent health risks.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Drinking Water/*virology, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases/*epidemiology/*virology, Groundwater/virology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Poisson Distribution, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Preschool, Prospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Seasons, Viruses/*isolation \& purification, Wisconsin/epidemiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1552-9924 (Electronic) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.1104499}, author = {Borchardt, M. A. and Spencer, S. K. and Kieke, B. A. and Lambertini, E. and Loge, F. J.} } @mastersthesis {6799, title = {On {Voting}, {Violence}, and {Health}: {Essays} on {Political} {Economics} and {Development}}, year = {2012}, note = {3527062}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The three essays conforming this thesis are representative pieces of my approach to analyzing the causes and consequences of economic underdevelopment. The overaching topic that ties together these essays is role that institutions and culture play in affecting specific behaviors that undermine development. The approach to the questions addressed in each essay is empirical, using data from Per{\'u} and Sierra Leone, and relies on economic theory to provide a general framework and deepen our understanding of the observed behaviors. Below, I provide a more detailed summary of the main findings of each chapter in this thesis: In Chapter 1, "Turnout, Political Preferences, and Information: Evidence from Per{\'u}", I explore the role of electoral institutions that encourage citizens to vote on voter behavior. These institutions are widely used around the world, and yet little is known about the effects of such institutions on voter participation and the composition of the electorate. In this paper, I combine a field experiment with a change in Peruvian voting laws to identify the effect of fines for abstention on voting. Using the random variation in the fine for abstention and an objective measure of turnout at the individual level, I estimate the elasticity of voting with respect to cost to be -0.21. Consistent with the theoretical model presented in this essay, the reduction in turnout is driven by voters who (i) are in the center of the political spectrum, (ii) are less interested in politics, and (iii) hold less political information. However, voters who respond to changes in the cost of abstention do not have different preferences for policies than those who vote regardless of the cost. Further, involvement in politics, as measured by the decision to acquire political information, seems to be independent of the level of the fine. Additional results indicate that the reduction in the fine reduces the incidence of vote buying and increases the price paid for a vote. Chapter 2, {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Civil Conflict and Human Capital Accumulation: The Long Term Consequences of Political Violence in Per{\'u}{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}, analyzes the consequences of a long lasting civil conflict on human capital accumulation. In this chapter, I provide empirical evidence of the long- and short-term effects of exposure to political violence on human capital accumulation. Using a novel data set that registers all the violent acts and fatalities during the Peruvian civil conflict, I exploit the variation in conflict location and birth cohorts to identify the effect of the civil war on educational attainment. Conditional on being exposed to violence, the average person accumulates 0.31 less years of education as an adult. In the short-term, the effects are stronger than in the long run; these results hold when comparing children within the same household. Further, children are able to catch up if they experience violence once they have already started their schooling cycle, while if they are affected earlier in life the effect persists in the long run. I explore the potential causal mechanisms, finding that supply shocks delay entrance to school but don{\textquoteright}t cause lower educational achievement in the long-run. On the demand side, suggestive evidence shows that the effect on mother{\textquoteright}s health status and the subsequent effect on child health is what drives the long-run results. In the third and final chapter of this dissertation, "Transportation Choices, Fatalism, and the Value of Statistical Life in Africa", joint work with Edward Miguel, we take a look at the role culture plays in determining the willigness to pay to avoid life thretening situations. Specifically, we exploit a unique transportation setting to estimate the value of a statistical life (VSL) in Africa. We observe choices made by travelers to and from the airport in Freetown, Sierra Leone (which is separated from the city by a body of water) among transport options {\textendash} namely, ferry, helicopter, speed boat, and hovercraft {\textendash} each with differential historical mortality risk and monetary and time costs, and estimate the trade-offs individuals are willing to make using a discrete choice model. These revealed preference VSL estimates also exploit exogenous variation in travel risk generated by daily weather shocks, e.g. rainfall. We find that African travelers have very low willingness to pay for marginal reductions in mortality risk, with an estimated average VSL close to zero. Our sample of African airport travelers report high incomes (close to average U.S. levels), and likely have relatively long remaining life expectancy, ruling out the two most obvious explanations for the low value of life. Alternative explanations, such as those based on cultural factors, including the well-documented fatalism found in many West African societies, appear more promising.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0615:Political science, economics, Health, Political economics, Political science, Social sciences, Violence, Voting}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1082034739?accountid=14270}, author = {Leon, Gianmarco} } @mastersthesis {13647, title = {Wastewater and excreta use in agriculture in northern Vietnam: health risks and environmental impacts}, year = {2012}, type = {phdThesis}, author = {Pham-Duc, Phuc} } @article {7125, title = {Water and {Sanitation} in {Schools}: {A} {Systematic} {Review} of the {Health} and {Educational} {Outcomes}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {9}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {aug}, pages = {2772{\textendash}2787}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph9082772}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/8/2772/}, author = {Jasper, Christian and Le, Thanh-Tam and Bartram, Jamie} } @booklet {10118, title = {{Water Quality-Enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria{\textendash} Part 2: Most probable number method}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {International Standardization Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @book {12568, title = {Water reuse: potential for expanding the nation{\textquoteright}s water supply through reuse of municipal wastewater}, year = {2012}, publisher = {National Academies Press}, organization = {National Academies Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, isbn = {0309224608}, author = {National Research Council,} } @article {8911, title = {Water treatment using ultrasonic assistance: A review}, journal = {Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {96}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2220-8860}, author = {Doosti, M. R. and Kargar, R. and Sayadi, M. H.} } @article {7399, title = {Water-borne diseases, cost of illness and willingness to pay for diseases interventions in rural communities of developing countries}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Public Health}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {39{\textendash}49}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Almost one third of the global population is living in developing South Asia where disease occurrence is high especially in rural areas and people are unaware of water-borne diseases and cost of illness. METHODS: The quantitative approach involved questionnaire based study (n=50 households). The community awareness, the occurrence of water-borne diseases with related cost of illness and community participation for the introduction of health interventions for water-borne diseases were evaluated through cross-tabulations, correlations, and ANOVA. RESULTS: Majority (40\%) of the community had no knowledge of water-borne diseases except some had little knowledge of diarrhea and typhoid. Diarrhea followed by stomach diseases was widespread in the community. Population below poverty level was bearing the cost of illness around US\$ 0.6-1.2 (Rs 50-100) per day followed by low and average income level with direct cost of US\$ 2.3 (Rs 200) per day. The indirect cost of illness had showed increasing trend between US\$ 2.3-4.7 (Rs 200-400) per day with increase in income levels. Maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for water supply and sewerage system was US\$ 3.6 (Rs 300) and US\$ 1.2 (Rs 100) per month respectively. Income and water supply demand was strongly correlated with acceptability to pay for the facilities (r = 0.319, 0.307; P{\textless} 0.05). Income had a strong influence on WTP for water and sewerage system (r = 0.805, 0.797; P{\textless} 0.05). CONCLUSION: To maintain rural health, water-borne diseases can be reduced by introducing health interventions like proper water and sanitation facilities.}, keywords = {Community awareness, Cost of Illness, Diseases interventions, Water-borne diseases, Willingness to pay}, issn = {2251-6085}, author = {Malik, A. and Yasar, A. and Tabinda, Ab and Abubakar, M.} } @article {6637, title = {Waterborne {Outbreak} of {Gastroenteritis}: {Effects} on {Sick} {Leaves} and {Cost} of {Lost} {Workdays}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {mar}, pages = {e33307}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0033307}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033307}, author = {Halonen, Jaana I. and Kivim{\"a}ki, Mika and Oksanen, Tuula and Virtanen, Pekka and Virtanen, Mikko J. and Pentti, Jaana and Vahtera, Jussi}, editor = {Nizami, Qamaruddin} } @article {15666, title = {Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis}, journal = {Annali dell{\textquoteright}Istituto Superiore di Sanit{\`a}}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {429-46}, edition = {2012/12/19}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/*transmission, Drinking Water/microbiology, Humans, Swimming Pools/legislation \& jurisprudence/standards, Water Microbiology, Water Supply/legislation \& jurisprudence/standards}, isbn = {0021-2571}, author = {Chalmers, R. M.} } @article {15766, title = {Waterborne transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium at river beaches in Southern Europe (Portugal)}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep}, pages = {484-96}, edition = {2012/09/11}, keywords = {Cluster Analysis, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Portugal, Public health, Risk Factors, Rivers/*parasitology, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920}, author = {Julio, C. and Sa, C. and Ferreira, I. and Martins, S. and Oleastro, M. and Angelo, H. and Guerreiro, J. and Tenreiro, R.} } @article {4073, title = {{Waterborne transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium at river beaches in Southern Europe (Portugal)}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {10}, year = {2012}, pages = {484{\textendash}496}, author = {J{\'u}lio, C and S{\'a}, C and Ferreira, I and Martins, S and Oleastro, M and Angelo, H and Guerreiro, J and Tenreiro, R} } @article {5770, title = {{Weekly Epidemiological Record}}, volume = {87}, number = {28-29}, year = {2012}, pages = {261{\textendash}276} } @article {10821, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2011}, volume = {87}, number = {31-32}, year = {2012}, pages = {289{\textendash}304} } @booklet {4370, title = {{Western Australia Guidelines for Biosolids Management.}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Western Australia Government Department of Environmental Conservation}, address = {Perth. Australia} } @article {2907, title = {Westward spread of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in foxes, {France}, 2005-2010}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {dec}, pages = {2059{\textendash}2062}, abstract = {During 2005-2010, we investigated Echinococcus multilocularis infection within fox populations in a large area in France. The parasite is much more widely distributed than hitherto thought, spreading west, with a much higher prevalence than previously reported. The parasite also is present in the large conurbation of Paris.}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Foxes, France, prevalence, Seasons}, issn = {1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid1812.120219}, author = {Combes, Beno{\^\i}t and Comte, S{\'e}bastien and Raton, Vincent and Raoul, Francis and Bou{\'e}, Franck and Umhang, G{\'e}rald and Favier, St{\'e}phanie and Dunoyer, Charlotte and Woronoff, Natacha and Giraudoux, Patrick} } @mastersthesis {6230, title = {Willingness-to-{Pay} for {Maintenance} and {Improvements} to {Existing} {Sanitation} {Infrastructure}: {Assessing} {Community}-{Led} {Total} {Sanitation} in {Mopti}, {Mali}}, year = {2012}, note = {1508366}, school = {University of South Florida}, type = {phdM.{S}.{C}.{E}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In recent years, much focus has been put on the sustainability of water and sanitation development projects. Experts in this field have found that many of the projects of the past have failed to achieve sustainability because of a lack of demand for water and sanitation interventions at a grassroots level. For years projects looked to create this demand through various subsidy schemes, with the "software" of behavior change and education taking a backseat to the "hardware" of infrastructure provision. Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is a fairly new way of looking at the issues of increasing basic sanitation coverage, promoting good hygiene practices, and facilitating the change in behaviors that is necessary for a level of basic sanitation coverage to be sustained for any significant length of time. CLTS looks to get people to come to the realization that open defecation is dangerous, and that they have to power to stop this practice. The purpose of this research study was to assess the water, sanitation, and hygiene situation on the ground in villages that through CLTS have achieved open defecation free (ODF) status in the Mopti region of Mali, West Africa. This assessment was done through a willingness-to-pay study, that showed how important sanitation infrastructure was in the daily lives of villagers in this region of Mali. This research study also examines any possible correlations between certain socioeconomic data and willingness-to-pay. A questionnaire was developed and completed with 95 household heads spread across 6 of the 21 ODF villages in the region. The results of this research study show that the behavior change brought about by CLTS was sustained. Every household in the study had at least one latrine (total latrines = 186), or had access to a neighbor{\textquoteright}s latrine because theirs had recently collapsed. Of these latrines 82.3\% were reported as meeting the Malian nation government requirements of basic sanitation. 89.3\% of the observed latrines were built by the participant families themselves using predominately materials that could be found in or harvested from the local environment (e.g., mud, rocks, sticks). Fifty-three percent of the latrines were built completely free of cost, and of the 88 latrines that were paid for in part or in whole the average cost was about US \$13.00. The majority of the participants (64.2\%) in the research study reported making improvements and maintaining their latrines, clearly showing the importance of sanitation infrastructure in the 6 study villages. The average cost of this maintenance was about US \$1.50. Alongside of willingness-to-pay data, more qualitative data were collected on the relative importance of sanitation infrastructure in the daily lives of people in ODF villages in Mopti. This study found that on average throughout the 6 study villages, about 13\% of discretionary funds are saved for or spent on maintenance and improvements to sanitation infrastructure on a monthly basis. When sanitation infrastructure investments were compared with other infrastructure and livelihood investments, on the average it was ranked 7th out of the possible 10. These data seem to indicate that future investment in sanitation infrastructure was not a high priority for the participants. This could be stem from the fact that many of the participants had not directly experienced the need for continued investments, because their original latrines were still functional. The willingness-to-pay regression analysis produced very few statistically valid results. Only a few of the correlations found between willingness-to-pay data and socioeconomic characteristics of the sample were found to be statistically valid. For example, the correlation coefficient between willingness-to-pay for pit maintenance, including emptying when full or covering the pit with top soil, digging a new one, and reconstruction, and education level of the participants was about 1.2 and was statistically valid with a t-statistic of about 2.2. Indicating that the more educated a participant was, the more they would be willing to pay for pit maintenance. None of the overall regressions explained enough of the variability in willingness-to-pay data to be considered statistically valid. Regressions for two scenarios, constructing a cement slab as an improvement to an existing latrine and sealing/lining the pit on an existing latrine with cement, explained 10.3\% and 10.4\% of the variability in willingness-to-pay data respectively. However, this did not meet the minimum criteria of 15\%. While the willingness-to-pay data would have been useful to study partners that are piloting a Sanitation Marketing program in Mali, the main research objective of assessing the CLTS intervention was still met.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0573:Public health, 0640:Sustainability, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Health and environmental sciences, Millennium Development Goals, Public health, Sanitation and hygiene behavior change, Sanitation marketing, Social sciences, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sustainability, Sustainable development engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1010272884?accountid=14270}, author = {Meeks, Justin V.} } @booklet {3454, title = {{World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision {\textendash} Highlights}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Population Division, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}, address = {New York}, author = {UNDESA} } @booklet {3856, title = {World {Urbanization} {Prospects}: {The} 2011 {Revision} {\textendash} {Highlights}}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Population Division, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}, address = {New York}, author = {UNDESA} } @article {15565, title = {Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {380}, number = {9859}, year = {2012}, note = {Vos, Theo
Flaxman, Abraham D
Naghavi, Mohsen
Lozano, Rafael
Michaud, Catherine
Ezzati, Majid
Shibuya, Kenji
Salomon, Joshua A
Abdalla, Safa
Aboyans, Victor
Abraham, Jerry
Ackerman, Ilana
Aggarwal, Rakesh
Ahn, Stephanie Y
Ali, Mohammed K
Alvarado, Miriam
Anderson, H Ross
Anderson, Laurie M
Andrews, Kathryn G
Atkinson, Charles
Baddour, Larry M
Bahalim, Adil N
Barker-Collo, Suzanne
Barrero, Lope H
Bartels, David H
Basanez, Maria-Gloria
Baxter, Amanda
Bell, Michelle L
Benjamin, Emelia J
Bennett, Derrick
Bernabe, Eduardo
Bhalla, Kavi
Bhandari, Bishal
Bikbov, Boris
Bin Abdulhak, Aref
Birbeck, Gretchen
Black, James A
Blencowe, Hannah
Blore, Jed D
Blyth, Fiona
Bolliger, Ian
Bonaventure, Audrey
Boufous, Soufiane
Bourne, Rupert
Boussinesq, Michel
Braithwaite, Tasanee
Brayne, Carol
Bridgett, Lisa
Brooker, Simon
Brooks, Peter
Brugha, Traolach S
Bryan-Hancock, Claire
Bucello, Chiara
Buchbinder, Rachelle
Buckle, Geoffrey
Budke, Christine M
Burch, Michael
Burney, Peter
Burstein, Roy
Calabria, Bianca
Campbell, Benjamin
Canter, Charles E
Carabin, Helene
Carapetis, Jonathan
Carmona, Loreto
Cella, Claudia
Charlson, Fiona
Chen, Honglei
Cheng, Andrew Tai-Ann
Chou, David
Chugh, Sumeet S
Coffeng, Luc E
Colan, Steven D
Colquhoun, Samantha
Colson, K Ellicott
Condon, John
Connor, Myles D
Cooper, Leslie T
Corriere, Matthew
Cortinovis, Monica
de Vaccaro, Karen Courville
Couser, William
Cowie, Benjamin C
Criqui, Michael H
Cross, Marita
Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C
Dahiya, Manu
Dahodwala, Nabila
Damsere-Derry, James
Danaei, Goodarz
Davis, Adrian
De Leo, Diego
Degenhardt, Louisa
Dellavalle, Robert
Delossantos, Allyne
Denenberg, Julie
Derrett, Sarah
Des Jarlais, Don C
Dharmaratne, Samath D
Dherani, Mukesh
Diaz-Torne, Cesar
Dolk, Helen
Dorsey, E Ray
Driscoll, Tim
Duber, Herbert
Ebel, Beth
Edmond, Karen
Elbaz, Alexis
Ali, Suad Eltahir
Erskine, Holly
Erwin, Patricia J
Espindola, Patricia
Ewoigbokhan, Stalin E
Farzadfar, Farshad
Feigin, Valery
Felson, David T
Ferrari, Alize
Ferri, Cleusa P
Fevre, Eric M
Finucane, Mariel M
Flaxman, Seth
Flood, Louise
Foreman, Kyle
Forouzanfar, Mohammad H
Fowkes, Francis Gerry R
Franklin, Richard
Fransen, Marlene
Freeman, Michael K
Gabbe, Belinda J
Gabriel, Sherine E
Gakidou, Emmanuela
Ganatra, Hammad A
Garcia, Bianca
Gaspari, Flavio
Gillum, Richard F
Gmel, Gerhard
Gosselin, Richard
Grainger, Rebecca
Groeger, Justina
Guillemin, Francis
Gunnell, David
Gupta, Ramyani
Haagsma, Juanita
Hagan, Holly
Halasa, Yara A
Hall, Wayne
Haring, Diana
Haro, Josep Maria
Harrison, James E
Havmoeller, Rasmus
Hay, Roderick J
Higashi, Hideki
Hill, Catherine
Hoen, Bruno
Hoffman, Howard
Hotez, Peter J
Hoy, Damian
Huang, John J
Ibeanusi, Sydney E
Jacobsen, Kathryn H
James, Spencer L
Jarvis, Deborah
Jasrasaria, Rashmi
Jayaraman, Sudha
Johns, Nicole
Jonas, Jost B
Karthikeyan, Ganesan
Kassebaum, Nicholas
Kawakami, Norito
Keren, Andre
Khoo, Jon-Paul
King, Charles H
Knowlton, Lisa Marie
Kobusingye, Olive
Koranteng, Adofo
Krishnamurthi, Rita
Lalloo, Ratilal
Laslett, Laura L
Lathlean, Tim
Leasher, Janet L
Lee, Yong Yi
Leigh, James
Lim, Stephen S
Limb, Elizabeth
Lin, John Kent
Lipnick, Michael
Lipshultz, Steven E
Liu, Wei
Loane, Maria
Ohno, Summer Lockett
Lyons, Ronan
Ma, Jixiang
Mabweijano, Jacqueline
MacIntyre, Michael F
Malekzadeh, Reza
Mallinger, Leslie
Manivannan, Sivabalan
Marcenes, Wagner
March, Lyn
Margolis, David J
Marks, Guy B
Marks, Robin
Matsumori, Akira
Matzopoulos, Richard
Mayosi, Bongani M
McAnulty, John H
McDermott, Mary M
McGill, Neil
McGrath, John
Medina-Mora, Maria Elena
Meltzer, Michele
Mensah, George A
Merriman, Tony R
Meyer, Ana-Claire
Miglioli, Valeria
Miller, Matthew
Miller, Ted R
Mitchell, Philip B
Mocumbi, Ana Olga
Moffitt, Terrie E
Mokdad, Ali A
Monasta, Lorenzo
Montico, Marcella
Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar
Moran, Andrew
Morawska, Lidia
Mori, Rintaro
Murdoch, Michele E
Mwaniki, Michael K
Naidoo, Kovin
Nair, M Nathan
Naldi, Luigi
Narayan, K M Venkat
Nelson, Paul K
Nelson, Robert G
Nevitt, Michael C
Newton, Charles R
Nolte, Sandra
Norman, Paul
Norman, Rosana
O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Martin
O{\textquoteright}Hanlon, Simon
Olives, Casey
Omer, Saad B
Ortblad, Katrina
Osborne, Richard
Ozgediz, Doruk
Page, Andrew
Pahari, Bishnu
Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai
Rivero, Andrea Panozo
Patten, Scott B
Pearce, Neil
Padilla, Rogelio Perez
Perez-Ruiz, Fernando
Perico, Norberto
Pesudovs, Konrad
Phillips, David
Phillips, Michael R
Pierce, Kelsey
Pion, Sebastien
Polanczyk, Guilherme V
Polinder, Suzanne
Pope, C Arden 3rd
Popova, Svetlana
Porrini, Esteban
Pourmalek, Farshad
Prince, Martin
Pullan, Rachel L
Ramaiah, Kapa D
Ranganathan, Dharani
Razavi, Homie
Regan, Mathilda
Rehm, Jurgen T
Rein, David B
Remuzzi, Guiseppe
Richardson, Kathryn
Rivara, Frederick P
Roberts, Thomas
Robinson, Carolyn
De Leon, Felipe Rodriguez
Ronfani, Luca
Room, Robin
Rosenfeld, Lisa C
Rushton, Lesley
Sacco, Ralph L
Saha, Sukanta
Sampson, Uchechukwu
Sanchez-Riera, Lidia
Sanman, Ella
Schwebel, David C
Scott, James Graham
Segui-Gomez, Maria
Shahraz, Saeid
Shepard, Donald S
Shin, Hwashin
Shivakoti, Rupak
Singh, David
Singh, Gitanjali M
Singh, Jasvinder A
Singleton, Jessica
Sleet, David A
Sliwa, Karen
Smith, Emma
Smith, Jennifer L
Stapelberg, Nicolas J C
Steer, Andrew
Steiner, Timothy
Stolk, Wilma A
Stovner, Lars Jacob
Sudfeld, Christopher
Syed, Sana
Tamburlini, Giorgio
Tavakkoli, Mohammad
Taylor, Hugh R
Taylor, Jennifer A
Taylor, William J
Thomas, Bernadette
Thomson, W Murray
Thurston, George D
Tleyjeh, Imad M
Tonelli, Marcello
Towbin, Jeffrey A
Truelsen, Thomas
Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K
Ubeda, Clotilde
Undurraga, Eduardo A
van der Werf, Marieke J
van Os, Jim
Vavilala, Monica S
Venketasubramanian, N
Wang, Mengru
Wang, Wenzhi
Watt, Kerrianne
Weatherall, David J
Weinstock, Martin A
Weintraub, Robert
Weisskopf, Marc G
Weissman, Myrna M
White, Richard A
Whiteford, Harvey
Wiersma, Steven T
Wilkinson, James D
Williams, Hywel C
Williams, Sean R M
Witt, Emma
Wolfe, Frederick
Woolf, Anthony D
Wulf, Sarah
Yeh, Pon-Hsiu
Zaidi, Anita K M
Zheng, Zhi-Jie
Zonies, David
Lopez, Alan D
Murray, Christopher J L
AlMazroa, Mohammad A
Memish, Ziad A
eng
085308/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
092654/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
095009/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
098045/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
ES00260/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/
ES015459/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/
G0901214/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
K08 HL089675/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/
K23 AG034236/AG/NIA NIH HHS/
Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Department of Health/United Kingdom
Intramural NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
London, England
2012/12/19 06:00
Lancet. 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2163-96. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2.}, month = {Dec 15}, pages = {2163-96}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Non-fatal health outcomes from diseases and injuries are a crucial consideration in the promotion and monitoring of individual and population health. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies done in 1990 and 2000 have been the only studies to quantify non-fatal health outcomes across an exhaustive set of disorders at the global and regional level. Neither effort quantified uncertainty in prevalence or years lived with disability (YLDs). METHODS: Of the 291 diseases and injuries in the GBD cause list, 289 cause disability. For 1160 sequelae of the 289 diseases and injuries, we undertook a systematic analysis of prevalence, incidence, remission, duration, and excess mortality. Sources included published studies, case notification, population-based cancer registries, other disease registries, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, hospital discharge data, ambulatory care data, household surveys, other surveys, and cohort studies. For most sequelae, we used a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR, designed to address key limitations in descriptive epidemiological data, including missing data, inconsistency, and large methodological variation between data sources. For some disorders, we used natural history models, geospatial models, back-calculation models (models calculating incidence from population mortality rates and case fatality), or registration completeness models (models adjusting for incomplete registration with health-system access and other covariates). Disability weights for 220 unique health states were used to capture the severity of health loss. YLDs by cause at age, sex, country, and year levels were adjusted for comorbidity with simulation methods. We included uncertainty estimates at all stages of the analysis. FINDINGS: Global prevalence for all ages combined in 2010 across the 1160 sequelae ranged from fewer than one case per 1 million people to 350,000 cases per 1 million people. Prevalence and severity of health loss were weakly correlated (correlation coefficient -0.37). In 2010, there were 777 million YLDs from all causes, up from 583 million in 1990. The main contributors to global YLDs were mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes or endocrine diseases. The leading specific causes of YLDs were much the same in 2010 as they were in 1990: low back pain, major depressive disorder, iron-deficiency anaemia, neck pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anxiety disorders, migraine, diabetes, and falls. Age-specific prevalence of YLDs increased with age in all regions and has decreased slightly from 1990 to 2010. Regional patterns of the leading causes of YLDs were more similar compared with years of life lost due to premature mortality. Neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and anaemia were important causes of YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. INTERPRETATION: Rates of YLDs per 100,000 people have remained largely constant over time but rise steadily with age. Population growth and ageing have increased YLD numbers and crude rates over the past two decades. Prevalences of the most common causes of YLDs, such as mental and behavioural disorders and musculoskeletal disorders, have not decreased. Health systems will need to address the needs of the rising numbers of individuals with a range of disorders that largely cause disability but not mortality. Quantification of the burden of non-fatal health outcomes will be crucial to understand how well health systems are responding to these challenges. Effective and affordable strategies to deal with this rising burden are an urgent priority for health systems in most parts of the world. FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.}, keywords = {*Health Status, *Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Health/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, prevalence, Sex Factors, Wounds and Injuries/*epidemiology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Vos, T. and Flaxman, A. D. and Naghavi, M. and Lozano, R. and Michaud, C. and Ezzati, M. and Shibuya, K. and Salomon, J. A. and Abdalla, S. and Aboyans, V. and Abraham, J. and Ackerman, I. and Aggarwal, R. and Ahn, S. Y. and Ali, M. K. and Alvarado, M. and Anderson, H. R. and Anderson, L. M. and Andrews, K. G. and Atkinson, C. and Baddour, L. M. and Bahalim, A. N. and Barker-Collo, S. and Barrero, L. H. and Bartels, D. H. and Basanez, M. G. and Baxter, A. and Bell, M. L. and Benjamin, E. J. and Bennett, D. and Bernabe, E. and Bhalla, K. and Bhandari, B. and Bikbov, B. and Bin Abdulhak, A. and Birbeck, G. and Black, J. A. and Blencowe, H. and Blore, J. D. and Blyth, F. and Bolliger, I. and Bonaventure, A. and Boufous, S. and Bourne, R. and Boussinesq, M. and Braithwaite, T. and Brayne, C. and Bridgett, L. and Brooker, S. and Brooks, P. and Brugha, T. S. and Bryan-Hancock, C. and Bucello, C. and Buchbinder, R. and Buckle, G. and Budke, C. M. and Burch, M. and Burney, P. and Burstein, R. and Calabria, B. and B Campbell and Canter, C. E. and Carabin, H. and Carapetis, J. and Carmona, L. and Cella, C. and Charlson, F. and Chen, H. and Cheng, A. T. and Chou, D. and Chugh, S. S. and Coffeng, L. E. and Colan, S. D. and Colquhoun, S. and Colson, K. E. and Condon, J. and Connor, M. D. and Cooper, L. T. and Corriere, M. and Cortinovis, M. and de Vaccaro, K. C. and Couser, W. and Cowie, B. C. and Criqui, M. H. and Cross, M. and Dabhadkar, K. C. and Dahiya, M. and Dahodwala, N. and Damsere-Derry, J. and Danaei, G. and Davis, A. and De Leo, D. and Degenhardt, L. and Dellavalle, R. and Delossantos, A. and Denenberg, J. and Derrett, S. and Des Jarlais, D. C. and Dharmaratne, S. D. and Dherani, M. and Diaz-Torne, C. and Dolk, H. and Dorsey, E. R. and Driscoll, T. and Duber, H. and Ebel, B. and Edmond, K. and Elbaz, A. and Ali, S. E. and Erskine, H. and Erwin, P. J. and Espindola, P. and Ewoigbokhan, S. E. and Farzadfar, F. and Feigin, V. and Felson, D. T. and Ferrari, A. and Ferri, C. P. and Fevre, E. M. and Finucane, M. M. and Flaxman, S. and Flood, L. and Foreman, K. and Forouzanfar, M. H. and Fowkes, F. G. and Franklin, R. and Fransen, M. and Freeman, M. K. and Gabbe, B. J. and Gabriel, S. E. and Gakidou, E. and Ganatra, H. A. and Garcia, B. and Gaspari, F. and Gillum, R. F. and Gmel, G. and Gosselin, R. and Grainger, R. and Groeger, J. and Guillemin, F. and Gunnell, D. and Gupta, R. and Haagsma, J. and Hagan, H. and Halasa, Y. A. and Hall, W. and Haring, D. and Haro, J. M. and Harrison, J. E. and Havmoeller, R. and Hay, R. J. and Higashi, H. and Hill, C. and Hoen, B. and Hoffman, H. and Hotez, P. J. and Hoy, D. and Huang, J. J. and Ibeanusi, S. E. and Jacobsen, K. H. and James, S. L. and Jarvis, D. and Jasrasaria, R. and Jayaraman, S. and Johns, N. and Jonas, J. B. and Karthikeyan, G. and Kassebaum, N. and Kawakami, N. and Keren, A. and Khoo, J. P. and King, C. H. and Knowlton, L. M. and Kobusingye, O. and Koranteng, A. and Krishnamurthi, R. and Lalloo, R. and Laslett, L. L. and Lathlean, T. and Leasher, J. L. and Lee, Y. Y. and Leigh, J. and Lim, S. S. and Limb, E. and Lin, J. K. and Lipnick, M. and Lipshultz, S. E. and Liu, W. and Loane, M. and Ohno, S. L. and Lyons, R. and Ma, J. and Mabweijano, J. and MacIntyre, M. F. and Malekzadeh, R. and Mallinger, L. and Manivannan, S. and Marcenes, W. and March, L. and Margolis, D. J. and Marks, G. B. and Marks, R. and Matsumori, A. and Matzopoulos, R. and Mayosi, B. M. and McAnulty, J. H. and McDermott, M. M. and McGill, N. and McGrath, J. and Medina-Mora, M. E. and Meltzer, M. and Mensah, G. A. and Merriman, T. R. and Meyer, A. C. and Miglioli, V. and Miller, M. and Miller, T. R. and Mitchell, P. B. and Mocumbi, A. O. and Moffitt, T. E. and Mokdad, A. A. and Monasta, L. and Montico, M. and Moradi-Lakeh, M. and Moran, A. and Morawska, L. and Mori, R. and Murdoch, M. E. and Mwaniki, M. K. and Naidoo, K. and Nair, M. N. and Naldi, L. and Narayan, K. M. and Nelson, P. K. and Nelson, R. G. and Nevitt, M. C. and Newton, C. R. and Nolte, S. and Norman, P. and Norman, R. and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, M. and O{\textquoteright}Hanlon, S. and Olives, C. and Omer, S. B. and Ortblad, K. and Osborne, R. and Ozgediz, D. and Page, A. and Pahari, B. and Pandian, J. D. and Rivero, A. P. and Patten, S. B. and Pearce, N. and Padilla, R. P. and Perez-Ruiz, F. and Perico, N. and Pesudovs, K. and Phillips, D. and Phillips, M. R. and Pierce, K. and Pion, S. and Polanczyk, G. V. and Polinder, S. and Pope, C. A., 3rd and Popova, S. and Porrini, E. and Pourmalek, F. and Prince, M. and Pullan, R. L. and Ramaiah, K. D. and Ranganathan, D. and Razavi, H. and Regan, M. and Rehm, J. T. and Rein, D. B. and Remuzzi, G. and Richardson, K. and Rivara, F. P. and Roberts, T. and Robinson, C. and De Leon, F. R. and Ronfani, L. and Room, R. and Rosenfeld, L. C. and Rushton, L. and Sacco, R. L. and Saha, S. and Sampson, U. and Sanchez-Riera, L. and Sanman, E. and Schwebel, D. C. and Scott, J. G. and Segui-Gomez, M. and Shahraz, S. and Shepard, D. S. and Shin, H. and Shivakoti, R. and Singh, D. and Singh, G. M. and Singh, J. A. and Singleton, J. and Sleet, D. A. and Sliwa, K. and Smith, E. and Smith, J. L. and Stapelberg, N. J. and Steer, A. and Steiner, T. and Stolk, W. A. and Stovner, L. J. and Sudfeld, C. and Syed, S. and Tamburlini, G. and Tavakkoli, M. and Taylor, H. R. and Taylor, J. A. and Taylor, W. J. and Thomas, B. and Thomson, W. M. and Thurston, G. D. and Tleyjeh, I. M. and Tonelli, M. and Towbin, J. A. and Truelsen, T. and Tsilimbaris, M. K. and Ubeda, C. and Undurraga, E. A. and van der Werf, M. J. and van Os, J. and Vavilala, M. S. and Venketasubramanian, N. and Wang, M. and Wang, W. and Watt, K. and Weatherall, D. J. and Weinstock, M. A. and Weintraub, R. and Weisskopf, M. G. and Weissman, M. M. and White, R. A. and Whiteford, H. and Wiersma, S. T. and Wilkinson, J. D. and Williams, H. C. and Williams, S. R. and Witt, E. and Wolfe, F. and Woolf, A. D. and Wulf, S. and Yeh, P. H. and Zaidi, A. K. and Zheng, Z. J. and Zonies, D. and Lopez, A. D. and Murray, C. J. and AlMazroa, M. A. and Memish, Z. A.} } @article {14552, title = {4-{Log} {Treatment} of {Viruses} {Demonstration} {Guidance} 385-2125-001. {Pennsylvania}{\textquoteright}s {Safe} {Drinking} {Water} {Act} (35 {P}.{S}. {\textsection}721.1 et. seq.) and regulations at 25 {Pa}. {Code} {Chapter} 109}, year = {2011}, author = {DEP} } @article {1527, title = {4-Log Treatment of Viruses Demonstration Guidance 385-2125-001. Pennsylvania{\textquoteright}s Safe Drinking Water Act (35 P.S. {\textsection}721.1 et. seq.) and regulations at 25 Pa. Code Chapter 109}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection}, type = {Electronic Article}, url = {www.elibrary.dep.state.pa.us\%2Fdsweb\%2FGet\%2FDocument-82775\%2F01-08-2011_D} } @article {2950, title = {An abattoir-based study on the prevalence and economic losses due to cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered herbivores in {Ahwaz}, south-western {Iran}}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {33{\textendash}39}, abstract = {A 10-year (1998-2008) retrospective study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and long-term trend of hydatid disease in slaughtered herbivores in the large complex abattoir of Ahwaz (the capital of Khuzestan province, south-western Iran). A total of 3,583,417 animals including 2,815,982 sheep, 427,790 goats and 339,645 cattle were inspected macroscopically for hydatid cysts in the 10-year period, and overall 155,555 (4.24\%) livers and 228,172 (6.37\%) lungs were condemned. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) was responsible for 36.08\% and 48.04\% of total liver and lung condemnations, respectively. The prevalence of pulmonary hydatid disease in sheep, goats and cattle was 2.22, 5.43 and 6.99\%, respectively; on the other hand, the prevalence of hepatic hydatid disease for those animals was 1.26, 2.57 and 2.80\%, respectively. Data showed an overall downward long-term trend for CE in all livestock slaughtered during the study period (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.01). Lung condemnation due to CE was significantly more common than liver condemnation for each animal separately (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.001). The prevalence of liver and lung hydatidosis in sheep was significantly lower than that in other livestock (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.001). The prevalence of hydatid disease recovered from the sheep, cattle and goats varied in different seasons, but there was no statistical difference between various seasons. The odds ratio of lung and liver condemnations due to hydatidosis showed a slightly different pattern in some years; however, the overall declining trend was still observed. The total annual economic loss incurred due to hydatidosis in all ruminants slaughtered at Ahwaz municipal abattoir was estimated to be US\$459,659.6, based on the market prices in the year 2008. This number corresponds to a loss of US\$300,620.4 for cattle, US\$123,490.0 for sheep and US\$35,549.2 for goats. The current results provide baseline data for the future monitoring of this potentially important disease in the region, and also suggest that a thorough investigation leading to a disease control strategy is required to reduce the economic and public health consequences of CE.}, keywords = {Abattoirs, Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Echinococcosis, Goat Diseases, Goats, Hepatic, Iran, Liver, Livestock, Lung, prevalence, Pulmonary, Seasons, Sheep, Sheep Diseases}, issn = {1475-2697}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X10000234}, author = {Ahmadi, N. A. and Meshkehkar, M.} } @article {6849, title = {Acute {Infectious} {Diarrhea}}, journal = {Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {539{\textendash}564}, issn = {00954543}, doi = {10.1016/j.pop.2011.05.008}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095454311000455}, author = {McClarren, Rebecca L. and Lynch, Brodi and Nyayapati, Neelima} } @article {520, title = {Adenoviral infection presenting as an isolated central nervous system disease without detectable viremia in two children after stem cell transplantation}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, note = {1098-660x Frange, Pierre Peffault de Latour, Regis Arnaud, Cecile Boddaert, Nathalie Oualha, Mehdi Avettand-Fenoel, Veronique Bernaudin, Francoise Aguilar, Claire Barnerias, Christine Leruez-Ville, Marianne Touzot, Fabien Lortholary, Olivier Fischer, Alain Blanche, Stephane Case Reports Journal Article United States J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Jun;49(6):2361-4. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00080-11. Epub 2011 Apr 13.}, pages = {2361-4}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {We report two cases of adenoviral meningoencephalitis in children following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. These cases showed four similarities: isolated neurological involvement, infiltrating hyperintensities next to the third ventricle on the cerebral magnetic resonance image, the absence of concomitant detectable adenoviral viremia, and a severe clinical outcome.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/*diagnosis/virology Adenoviruses, Human/*isolation \& purification Adolescent Blood/virology Brain/radiography Cerebrospinal Fluid/virology Child Female Humans Immunocompromised Host Infant Magnetic Resonance Imaging Meningoencephalitis/*diagnosis/virology Stem Cell Transplantation/*adver}, issn = {0095-1137}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.00080-11}, author = {Frange, P. and Peffault de Latour, R. and Arnaud, C. and Boddaert, N. and Oualha, M. and Avettand-Fenoel, V. and Bernaudin, F. and Aguilar, C. and Barnerias, C. and Leruez-Ville, M. and Touzot, F. and Lortholary, O. and Fischer, A. and Blanche, S.} } @article {545, title = {Adenovirus}, journal = {Semin Respir Crit Care Med}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, note = {1098-9048 Lynch, Joseph P 3rd Fishbein, Michael Echavarria, Marcela Journal Article Review United States Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Aug;32(4):494-511. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1283287. Epub 2011 Aug 19.}, pages = {494-511}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Adenoviruses (AdV) are DNA viruses that typically cause mild infections involving the upper or lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, or conjunctiva. Rare manifestations of AdV infections include hemorrhagic cystitis, hepatitis, hemorrhagic colitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, or encephalitis. Adenovirus infections are more common in young children, owing to lack of humoral immunity. Epidemics of AdV infections may occur in healthy children or adults in closed or crowded settings (particularly military recruits). The disease is more severe, and dissemination is more likely in patients with impaired immunity (eg, organ transplant recipients, human immunodeficiency virus infection, congenital immunodeficiency syndromes). Fatality rates for untreated severe AdV pneumonia or disseminated disease may exceed 50\%. More than 50 serotypes of AdV have been identified. Different serotypes display different tissue trophisms and correlate with clinical manifestations of infection. The predominant serotypes differ among countries or regions and change over time. Transmission of novel strains between countries or across continents and replacement of dominant serotypes by new strains may occur. Treatment of AdV infections is controversial because prospective, randomized therapeutic trials have not been done. Cidofovir is considered the drug of choice for severe AdV infections, but not all patients require treatment. Vaccines have been shown to be highly efficacious in reducing the risk of respiratory AdV infection but are currently not available.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/classification/*isolation \& purification Adenoviridae Infections/epidemiology/transmission/*virology Adult Age Factors Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use Child Cytosine/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use Humans Organophosphonates/therapeuti}, issn = {1069-3424}, doi = {10.1055/s-0031-1283287}, author = {Lynch, J. P., 3rd and Fishbein, M. and Echavarria, M.} } @article {4551, title = {Adenovirus}, journal = {Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {494{\textendash}511}, issn = {1069-3424}, doi = {10.1055/s-0031-1283287}, author = {Lynch, J. P. and Fishbein, M. and Echavarria, M.} } @article {5018, title = {{Adult Opisthorchis viverrini flukes in humans, Takeo, Cambodia}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {1302{\textendash}1304}, author = {Sohn, WM and Shin, EH and Yong, TS and Eom, KS and H G Jeong and Sinuon, M and Socheat, D and Chai, JY} } @article {8985, title = {Advanced Methods for the Elimination of Microorganisms in Industrial Treatments: Potential Applicability to Wastewater Reuse}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {233-246}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1061-4303}, doi = {10.2175/106143010x12780288628570}, url = {://WOS:000287867800003}, author = {Poyatos, J. M. and Almecija, M. C. and Garcia-Mesa, J. J. and Munio, M. M. and Hontoria, E. and Torres, J. C. and Osorio, F.} } @article {13244, title = {Aeromonas spp. clinical microbiology and disease}, journal = {The Journal of Infection}, volume = {62}, year = {2011}, pages = {109-118}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinf.2010.12.003}, author = {Parker, J. L. and Shaw, J. G.} } @article {3051, title = {An agent-based model for control strategies of {Echinococcus} granulosus}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {179}, number = {1-3}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {84{\textendash}91}, abstract = {Cystic echinococcosis is a widespread zoonosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The definitive hosts are carnivores and the intermediate hosts are grazing animals. Because humans are often accidentally infected with the cystic stage of the parasite, a control program is being developed for Western China. Western Sichuan Province in China is a highly endemic area. In this study, we built an agent-based model (ABM) to simulate and assess possible control strategies. These included dog dosing, control of livestock slaughter, health education, vaccination of intermediate hosts, vaccination of definitive hosts, slow-released praziquantel injections for dogs, removing unproductive old livestock, dog population reduction. These strategies were examined singly and in various combinations. The results show that vaccination based control strategies and also combined control strategies (dog dosing, slaughter control, removing old livestock, dog population reduction) can achieve a higher efficiency and be more feasible. Although monthly dog dosing achieved the highest efficiency, it required a high frequency and reliability, which were not feasible or sustainable. The model also indicated that transmission would recover soon after the chosen control strategy was stopped, indicating the need to move from a successful attack phase to a sustainable consolidation phase.}, keywords = {Animals, Antiprotozoal Agents, Biological, Computer Simulation, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Models, Praziquantel, Protozoan Vaccines}, issn = {1873-2550}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.047}, author = {Huang, Liang and Huang, Yan and Wang, Qian and Xiao, Ning and Yi, Deyou and Yu, Wenjie and Qiu, Dongchuan} } @article {9685, title = {An agent-based model for control strategies of Echinococcus granulosus.}, journal = {Vet. Parasitol}, volume = {179}, year = {2011}, pages = {84-91}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.047}, author = {Huang, L and Huang, Y and Wang, Q and Xiao, N and Yi, D and Yu, W and Qui, D} } @inbook {16349, title = {Agricultural and rural watersheds}, booktitle = {Microbial Source Tracking: Methods, Applications, and Case Studies}, year = {2011}, pages = {399-431}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {New York}, author = {Farnleitner, A. H. and Reischer, G. H. and Stadler, H. and Kollanur, D. and Sommer, R. and Zerobin, W. and Bloschl, G. and Barrella, K. M. and Truesdayle, J. A. and Casarez, E. A. and Di Giovanni, G. D.} } @article {9958, title = {{Aichi virus shedding in high concentrations in patients with acute diarrhea}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, pages = {1544{\textendash}1547}, abstract = {We assessed Aichi virus shedding in patients with gastroenteritis and negative test results for other viral and bacterial infections. High concentrations of up to 1.32 {\texttimes} 1012 RNA copies/g stool were found in 10 (2.0{\%}) of 499 outpatients sampled in northern Germany, 2004. These data substantiate Aichi virus pathogenicity in humans.}, issn = {10806040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1708.101556}, author = {Jan F Drexler and Baumgarte, Sigrid and Luciano K Luna and Eschbach-Bludau, Monika and Lukashev, Alexander N. and Drosten, Christian} } @article {9429, title = {{Amebiasis in HIV-1-Infected Japanese Men: Clinical Features and Response to Therapy}}, journal = {PloS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, author = {Watanabe, K and Gatanaga, H and Escueta-de Cadiz, A and Tanuma, J and Nozaki, T and Oka, S} } @article {9269, title = {{Amebiasis-related mortality among United States residents, 1990-2007}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {85}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {1038{\textendash}1040}, author = {Gunther, J and Shafir, S and Bristow, B and Sorvillo, F} } @article {8779, title = {{Ammonia disinfection of hatchery waste for elimination of single-stranded RNA viruses.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {3960{\textendash}6}, abstract = {Hatchery waste, an animal by-product of the poultry industry, needs sanitation treatment before further use as fertilizer or as a substrate in biogas or composting plants, owing to the potential presence of opportunistic pathogens, including zoonotic viruses. Effective sanitation is also important in viral epizootic outbreaks and as a routine, ensuring high hygiene standards on farms. This study examined the use of ammonia at different concentrations and temperatures to disinfect hatchery waste. Inactivation kinetics of high-pathogenic avian influenza virus H7N1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N3, as representatives of notifiable avian viral diseases, were determined in spiked hatchery waste. Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3, feline coronavirus, and feline calicivirus were used as models for other important avian pathogens, such as Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian hepatitis E virus. Bacteriophage MS2 was also monitored as a stable indicator. Coronavirus was the most sensitive virus, with decimal reduction (D) values of 1.2 and 0.63 h after addition of 0.5{\%} (wt/wt) ammonia at 14 and 25{\textdegree}C, respectively. Under similar conditions, high-pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 was the most resistant, with D values of 3.0 and 1.4 h. MS2 was more resistant than the viruses to all treatments and proved to be a suitable indicator of viral inactivation. The results indicate that ammonia treatment of hatchery waste is efficient in inactivating enveloped and naked single-stranded RNA viruses. Based on the D values and confidence intervals obtained, guidelines for treatment were proposed, and one was successfully validated at full scale at a hatchery, with MS2 added to hatchery waste.}, keywords = {Ammonia, Ammonia: toxicity, Animal Husbandry, Animals, Disinfectants, Disinfectants: toxicity, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Microbial Viability, Microbial Viability: drug effects, Poultry, RNA Viruses, RNA Viruses: drug effects, RNA Viruses: physiology, sanitation, Sanitation: methods, Temperature}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02990-10}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3131629{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Emmoth, Eva and Ottoson, Jakob and Albihn, Ann and Bel{\'a}k, S{\'a}ndor and Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas} } @article {5163, title = {{Ammonia disinfection of hatchery waste for elimination of single-stranded RNA viruses}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {3960{\textendash}3966}, abstract = {Hatchery waste, an animal by-product of the poultry industry, needs sanitation treatment before further use as fertilizer or as a substrate in biogas or composting plants, owing to the potential presence of opportunistic pathogens, including zoonotic viruses. Effective sanitation is also important in viral epizootic outbreaks and as a routine, ensuring high hygiene standards on farms. This study examined the use of ammonia at different concentrations and temperatures to disinfect hatchery waste. Inactivation kinetics of high-pathogenic avian influenza virus H7N1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N3, as representatives of notifiable avian viral diseases, were determined in spiked hatchery waste. Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3, feline coronavirus, and feline calicivirus were used as models for other important avian pathogens, such as Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian hepatitis E virus. Bacteriophage MS2 was also monitored as a stable indicator. Coronavirus was the most sensitive virus, with decimal reduction (D) values of 1.2 and 0.63 h after addition of 0.5{\%} (wt/wt) ammonia at 14 and 25{\textdegree}C, respectively. Under similar conditions, high-pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 was the most resistant, with D values of 3.0 and 1.4 h. MS2 was more resistant than the viruses to all treatments and proved to be a suitable indicator of viral inactivation. The results indicate that ammonia treatment of hatchery waste is efficient in inactivating enveloped and naked single-stranded RNA viruses. Based on the D values and confidence intervals obtained, guidelines for treatment were proposed, and one was successfully validated at full scale at a hatchery, with MS2 added to hatchery waste.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02990-10}, author = {Emmoth, Eva and Ottoson, Jakob and Albihn, Ann and Bel{\'a}k, S{\'a}ndor and Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas} } @article {5301, title = {Ammonia disinfection of hatchery waste for elimination of single-stranded RNA viruses}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {3960{\textendash}3966}, author = {Emmoth, Eva and Ottoson, Jakob and Albihn, Ann and Bel{\'a}k, S{\'a}ndor and Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas} } @book {9716, title = {Amoebiasis}, year = {2011}, url = {www.apiindia.org/medicine_update.../chap01.pdf}, author = {Tilak, KVGK} } @article {13293, title = {Analysis of the bacterial community in a laboratory-scale nitrification reactor and a wastewater treatment plant by 454-pyrosequencing}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {4390-4398}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.028}, author = {Ye, L. and Lok, S. and Shao, M.F. and Zhang, T. and Tong, A.H.} } @article {12497, title = {Antibiotic resistance is ancient}, journal = {NatureNature}, volume = {477}, number = {7365}, year = {2011}, pages = {457-461}, isbn = {0028-0836}, author = {D{\textquoteright}Costa, Vanessa M and King, Christine E and Kalan, Lindsay and Morar, Mariya and Sung, Wilson WL and Schwarz, Carsten and Froese, Duane and Zazula, Grant and Calmels, Fabrice and Debruyne, Regis} } @article {9302, title = {{Antiparasitic Therapy}}, journal = {Mayo Clini Proceedings}, volume = {86}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {561{\textendash}583}, author = {Kappagoda, S and Singh, U and Blackburn, BG} } @article {6953, title = {Application of risk assessment tools to small drinking water systems in {British} {Columbia}}, journal = {Water Quality Research Journal of Canada}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {nov}, pages = {332}, issn = {1201-3080}, doi = {10.2166/wqrjc.2011.102}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/wqrjc/046/wqrjc0460332.htm}, author = {Summerscales, Ian Michael and McBean, Edward A.} } @article {7097, title = {Application of risk assessment tools to small drinking water systems in {British} {Columbia}}, journal = {Water Quality Research Journal of Canada}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {nov}, pages = {332}, issn = {1201-3080}, doi = {10.2166/wqrjc.2011.102}, url = {http://wqrjc.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wqrjc.2011.102}, author = {Summerscales, Ian Michael and McBean, Edward A.} } @article {12361, title = {Aquatic systems: maintaining, mixing and mobilising antimicrobial resistance?}, journal = {Trends in ecology and evolution}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, month = {Jun}, pages = {278-84}, type = {Review}, edition = {2011/04/05}, keywords = {*Biological Evolution, *Ecosystem, *Water Microbiology, Bacteria/*metabolism, Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics/*physiology, Gene Transfer, Horizontal/*genetics, Genes, MDR/*genetics, Hydrobiology/*methods, Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism}, isbn = {0169-5347 (Print)
0169-5347 (Linking)}, author = {Taylor, N. G. and Verner-Jeffreys, D. W. and Baker-Austin, C.} } @article {12609, title = {Aquatic systems: maintaining, mixing and mobilising antimicrobial resistance?}, journal = {Trends in ecology \& evolutionTrends in ecology \& evolution}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {278-284}, isbn = {0169-5347}, author = {Taylor, Nick GH and Verner-Jeffreys, David W and Baker-Austin, Craig} } @article {14311, title = {Arcobacter defluvii sp. nov., isolated from sewage samples.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {61}, number = {Pt 9}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {2155{\textendash}2161}, author = {Collado, Luis and Levican, Arturo and Perez, Jessica and Maria J Figueras} } @article {5794, title = {{Arcobacter defluvii sp. nov., isolated from sewage samples.}}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {61}, number = {Pt 9}, year = {2011}, pages = {2155{\textendash}2161}, author = {Collado, Luis and Levican, Arturo and Perez, Jessica and Maria J Figueras} } @article {5872, title = {{Arcobacter ellisii sp. nov., isolated from mussels.}}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {414{\textendash}418}, author = {Maria J Figueras and Levican, Arturo and Collado, Luis and Maria I Inza and Yustes, Clara} } @article {14389, title = {Arcobacter ellisii sp. nov., isolated from mussels.}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {414{\textendash}418}, author = {Maria J Figueras and Levican, Arturo and Collado, Luis and Maria I Inza and Yustes, Clara} } @article {14367, title = {Arcobacter molluscorum sp. nov., a new species isolated from shellfish.}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {apr}, pages = {105{\textendash}109}, author = {Maria J Figueras and Collado, Luis and Levican, Arturo and Perez, Jessica and Maria J Solsona and Yustes, Clara} } @article {5850, title = {{Arcobacter molluscorum sp. nov., a new species isolated from shellfish.}}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {apr}, pages = {105{\textendash}109}, author = {Maria J Figueras and Collado, Luis and Levican, Arturo and Perez, Jessica and Maria J Solsona and Yustes, Clara} } @article {5781, title = {{Arcobacter population dynamics in pigs on farrow-to-finish farms.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {1732{\textendash}1738}, author = {De Smet, Sarah and De Zutter, Lieven and Debruyne, Lies and Vangroenweghe, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Vandamme, Peter and Houf, Kurt} } @article {5914, title = {Arcobacter population dynamics in pigs on farrow-to-finish farms}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, pages = {1732{\textendash}1738}, author = {De Smet, Sarah and De Zutter, Lieven and Debruyne, Lies and Vangroenweghe, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Vandamme, Peter and Houf, Kurt} } @article {14298, title = {Arcobacter population dynamics in pigs on farrow-to-finish farms.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {1732{\textendash}1738}, author = {De Smet, Sarah and De Zutter, Lieven and Debruyne, Lies and Vangroenweghe, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Vandamme, Peter and Houf, Kurt} } @mastersthesis {6331, title = {Are {American} women turning to reusable and greener menstrual products due to health and environmental pollution concerns?}, year = {2011}, note = {1508133}, school = {Rochester Institute of Technology}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This research investigates environmental and health concerns related to disposable tampons and sanitary napkins. Much like diapers, tampons and sanitary napkins are comprised of synthetic materials that do not readily decompose. A woman will menstruate for approximately 40 years of her life. During that time, a significant amount of disposable feminine hygiene products accumulate in landfills and at times wash up on the shores of local beaches. Additionally, during the manufacturing and bleaching process, there is potential for dioxin to be created which has both health and environmental impacts. From a health perspective, many women experience discomfort, infection, and in some cases, are stricken with cancer. Given that disposables are a potential concern from a health and environmental perspective, this study examined the following question: "Are American women turning to reusable and greener menstrual products due to health and environmental pollution concerns"? For this work, 160 people were surveyed to answer this question and determine if women were aware of these environmental and health issues and if they knew of greener and healthier alternatives other than conventional disposable pads and tampons. Additionally, interviews were conducted with a product developer of conventional pads and tampons, a manufacturer of reusable pads and feminine cups, a therapist who has worked with consumer development, as well as a woman who uses alternative menstruation products. The results of the study suggest that women are most concerned about the price of products and environmental impact. Many women would consider switching to a "greener" product such as a 100\% organic cotton tampon or pad, but as learned during interviews and additional research, the definition of "green" is open for debate. While reusable menstruation products such as reusable pads or insertable cups are in fact the "greenest" option, many women would not consider these as they must be cleaned or laundered. Although this research suggests that women are willing to consider reusable and greener menstrual products, there needs to be a better understanding of what is indeed "green" from both a health and environmental perspective. As learned in this research, what is better for the environment is not always better from a women{\textquoteright}s health perspective. Key Words: green; greener, greenest; menstruation; period; disposable; pads; sanitary napkins; tampons; insertable cups; feminine products; feminine cups; feminine hygiene; alternative menstruation products; reusable; safety; decompose; decomposition; biodegrade; gynecological; environment; environmental; organic; cotton; rayon; synthetic fibers; health, women{\textquoteright}s health; pollution; waste; purchasing; cost.}, keywords = {0453:Womens studies, 0470:Environmental Health, 0474:Environmental management, Environmental health, environmental management, Health and environmental sciences, Menstruation, Pads, Social sciences, Tampons, Womens studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/993676269?accountid=14270}, author = {Borowski, Ann Modro} } @article {16951, title = {Are microbial indicators and pathogens correlated? A statistical analysis of 40 years of research}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {265{\textendash}278}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Wu, J and Long, SC and Das, D and Dorner, SM} } @article {10958, title = {Ascaris and ascariasis}, journal = {Microbes and Infection}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, year = {2011}, pages = {632{\textendash}637}, abstract = {Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum are widespread parasitic nematodes of humans and pigs respectively. Recent prevalence data suggests that approximately 1.2 billion people are infected. Adult worms exhibit an overdispersed frequency distribution in their hosts and individuals harbouring heavy burdens display associated morbidity. In this review, we describe the parasite, its distribution and measures undertaken to control infection.}, keywords = {Control, epidemiology, Life cycle}, issn = {1286-4579}, doi = {10.1016/j.micinf.2010.09.012}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457910002443}, author = {Dold, Christina and Holland, Celia V.} } @article {5360, title = {Assessing equitable access to urban green space: the role of engineered water infrastructure}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {728{\textendash}6734}, author = {Wright Wendel, HE and Downs, JA and Mihelcic, JR} } @article {6613, title = {Assessing the public health risk of microbial intrusion events in distribution systems: {Conceptual} model, available data, and challenges}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {961{\textendash}979}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.035}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004313541000744X}, author = {Besner, Marie-Claude and Pr{\'e}vost, Mich{\`e}le and Regli, Stig} } @article {13101, title = {Assessment of groundwater quality in Puri City, India: an impact of anthropogenic activities}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {177}, number = {1-4}, year = {2011}, pages = {409{\textendash}418}, author = {Vijay, Ritesh and Khobragade, Puja and Mohapatra, PK} } @article {6545, title = {Associations among pathogenic bacteria, parasites, and environmental and land use factors in multiple mixed-use watersheds}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {18}, year = {2011}, month = {nov}, pages = {5807{\textendash}5825}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.06.021}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135411003563}, author = {Wilkes, G. and Edge, T.A. and Gannon, V.P.J. and Jokinen, C. and Lyautey, E. and Neumann, N.F. and Ruecker, N. and Scott, A. and Sunohara, M. and Topp, E. and Lapen, D.R.} } @article {3855, title = {Astrovirus infection in hospitalized infants with severe combined immunodeficiency after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.}, journal = {PLoS one}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {e27483}, author = {Wunderli, W and Meerbach, A and G{\"u}ng{\"o}r, T and Berger, C and Greiner, O and Caduff, R and Trkola, A and Bossart, W and Gerlach, D and Schibler, M and Cordey, S and McKee, TA and Van Belle, S and Kaiser, L and Tapparel, C} } @article {3542, title = {Astrovirus infections in humans and animals - molecular biology, genetic diversity, and interspecies transmissions.}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, year = {2011}, pages = {1529{\textendash}1544}, author = {De Benedictis, P and Schultz-Cherry, S and Burnham, A and Cattoli, G} } @article {3721, title = {Astrovirus {MLB}1 is not associated with diarrhea in a cohort of {Indian} children.}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {e28647}, author = {Holtz, LR and Bauer, IK and Rajendran, P and Kang, G and Wang, D} } @article {14763, title = {An automated genotyping tool for enteroviruses and noroviruses}, journal = {J Clin Virol}, volume = {51}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {121{\textendash}5}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Molecular techniques are established as routine in virological laboratories and virus typing through (partial) sequence analysis is increasingly common. Quality assurance for the use of typing data requires harmonization of genotype nomenclature, and agreement on target genes, depending on the level of resolution required, and robustness of methods. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate web-based open-access typing-tools for enteroviruses and noroviruses. STUDY DESIGN: An automated web-based typing algorithm was developed, starting with BLAST analysis of the query sequence against a reference set of sequences from viruses in the family Picornaviridae or Caliciviridae. The second step is phylogenetic analysis of the query sequence and a sub-set of the reference sequences, to assign the enterovirus type or norovirus genotype and/or variant, with profile alignment, construction of phylogenetic trees and bootstrap validation. Typing is performed on VP1 sequences of Human enterovirus A to D, and ORF1 and ORF2 sequences of genogroup I and II noroviruses. For validation, we used the tools to automatically type sequences in the RIVM and CDC enterovirus databases and the FBVE norovirus database. RESULTS: Using the typing-tools, 785(99\%) of 795 Enterovirus VP1 sequences, and 8154(98.5\%) of 8342 norovirus sequences were typed in accordance with previously used methods. Subtyping into variants was achieved for 4439(78.4\%) of 5838 NoV GII.4 sequences. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The online typing-tools reliably assign genotypes for enteroviruses and noroviruses. The use of phylogenetic methods makes these tools robust to ongoing evolution. This should facilitate standardized genotyping and nomenclature in clinical and public health laboratories, thus supporting inter-laboratory comparisons.}, keywords = {Automation/*methods, Enterovirus/*classification/*genetics, genotype, Humans, Internet, Molecular Typing/*methods, Norovirus/*classification/*genetics, Phylogeny, Viral Proteins/genetics, Virology/*methods}, issn = {1873-5967 (Electronic) 1386-6532 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcv.2011.03.006}, author = {Kroneman, A. and Vennema, H. and Deforche, K. and v d Avoort, H. and Penaranda, S. and Oberste, M. S. and J. Vinj{\'e} and Koopmans, M.} } @article {1674, title = {An automated genotyping tool for enteroviruses and noroviruses}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, note = {Kroneman, A Vennema, H Deforche, K v d Avoort, H Penaranda, S Oberste, M S Vinje, J Koopmans, M eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Netherlands 2011/04/26 06:00 J Clin Virol. 2011 Jun;51(2):121-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.03.006. Epub 2011 Apr 21.}, pages = {121-5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Molecular techniques are established as routine in virological laboratories and virus typing through (partial) sequence analysis is increasingly common. Quality assurance for the use of typing data requires harmonization of genotype nomenclature, and agreement on target genes, depending on the level of resolution required, and robustness of methods. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate web-based open-access typing-tools for enteroviruses and noroviruses. STUDY DESIGN: An automated web-based typing algorithm was developed, starting with BLAST analysis of the query sequence against a reference set of sequences from viruses in the family Picornaviridae or Caliciviridae. The second step is phylogenetic analysis of the query sequence and a sub-set of the reference sequences, to assign the enterovirus type or norovirus genotype and/or variant, with profile alignment, construction of phylogenetic trees and bootstrap validation. Typing is performed on VP1 sequences of Human enterovirus A to D, and ORF1 and ORF2 sequences of genogroup I and II noroviruses. For validation, we used the tools to automatically type sequences in the RIVM and CDC enterovirus databases and the FBVE norovirus database. RESULTS: Using the typing-tools, 785(99\%) of 795 Enterovirus VP1 sequences, and 8154(98.5\%) of 8342 norovirus sequences were typed in accordance with previously used methods. Subtyping into variants was achieved for 4439(78.4\%) of 5838 NoV GII.4 sequences. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The online typing-tools reliably assign genotypes for enteroviruses and noroviruses. The use of phylogenetic methods makes these tools robust to ongoing evolution. This should facilitate standardized genotyping and nomenclature in clinical and public health laboratories, thus supporting inter-laboratory comparisons.}, keywords = {Automation/*methods Enterovirus/*classification/*genetics Genotype Humans Internet Molecular Typing/*methods Norovirus/*classification/*genetics Phylogeny Viral Proteins/genetics Virology/*methods}, issn = {1873-5967 (Electronic) 1386-6532 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcv.2011.03.006}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21514213}, author = {Kroneman, A. and Vennema, H. and Deforche, K. and v d Avoort, H. and Penaranda, S. and Oberste, M. S. and J. Vinj{\'e} and Koopmans, M.} } @article {12226, title = {Bacterial characteristics of importance for recurrent urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli}, journal = {Danish Medical Journal}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {Apr}, pages = {B4187}, keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics, Escherichia coli Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/microbiology, Escherichia coli/*genetics, Genomics, Humans, Inflammation/pathology, Phylogeny, Recurrence, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Treatment Failure, United States/epidemiology, Urinary Tract Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/microbiology}, isbn = {1603-9629 (Electronic)
0907-8916 (Linking)}, author = {Ejrnaes, K.} } @article {4345, title = {{Bacterial DNA in the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.}}, journal = {Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {275{\textendash}84}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Despite inoculation into blood culture bottles, ascitic fluid culture is negative in 50{\%} of cases of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). AIM: To determine whether 16S rDNA gene detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing increases the efficacy of culture in microbiological diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. METHODS: We prospectively included 55 consecutive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis episodes in cirrhotic patients, 20 cirrhotic patients with sterile ascites and 27 patients with neoplasic ascites. Ascitic fluid was inoculated into blood culture bottles at the bedside and tested for bacterial DNA by real-time PCR and sequencing of 16S rDNA gene. RESULTS: Bacterial DNA was detected in 23/25 (92{\%}) culture-positive SBP, 16/30 (53{\%}) culture-negative SBP (P = 0.002 with respect to culture-positive SBP), 12/20 (60{\%}) sterile ascites (P = 0.01 with respect to culture-positive SBP) and 0/27 neoplasic ascites (P {\textless} 0.001 with respect to other groups). Sequencing identified to genus or species level 12 culture-positive SBP, six culture-negative SBP and six sterile ascites. In the remaining cases with positive PCR, sequencing did not yield a definitive bacterial identification. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial DNA was not detected in almost half the culture-negative spontaneous bacterial peritonitis episodes. Methodology used in the present study did not always allow identification of amplified bacterial DNA.

}, keywords = {Aged, Ascitic Fluid, Ascitic Fluid: microbiology, Bacterial, Bacterial Infections, Bacterial Infections: microbiology, DNA, Female, Humans, Male, Microbiological Techniques, Middle Aged, Peritonitis, Peritonitis: microbiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Prospective Studies, Statistics as Topic, Time Factors}, issn = {1365-2036}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04506.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21083594}, author = {Soriano, G and Esparcia, O and Montemayor, M and Guarner-Argente, C and Pericas, R and Torras, X and Calvo, N and Roman, E and Navarro, F and Guarner, C and Coll, P} } @article {16242, title = {Bacterial pathogens in Hawaiian coastal streams--associations with fecal indicators, land cover, and water quality}, journal = {Water ResWater Res}, volume = {45}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, month = {May}, pages = {3279-90}, edition = {2011/04/16}, keywords = {Bacteria/classification/ growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Feces/microbiology, Hawaii, Multivariate Analysis, Regression Analysis, Rivers/ microbiology, Seasons, Water Microbiology, Water Movements, Water Pollution/statistics \& numerical data}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Viau, E. J. and Goodwin, K. D. and Yamahara, K. M. and Layton, B. A. and Sassoubre, L. M. and Burns, S. L. and Tong, H. I. and Wong, S. H. and Lu, Y. and Boehm, A. B.} } @article {4224, title = {{Bacteriophages carrying antibiotic resistance genes in fecal waste from cattle, pigs, and poultry.}}, journal = {Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, volume = {55}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, pages = {4908{\textendash}4911}, publisher = {Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, Annex, Floor 0, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. mmuniesa@ub.edu.}, abstract = {

This study evaluates the occurrence of bacteriophages carrying antibiotic resistance genes in animal environments. bla(TEM), bla(CTX-M) (clusters 1 and 9), and mecA were quantified by quantitative PCR in 71 phage DNA samples from pigs, poultry, and cattle fecal wastes. Densities of 3 to 4 log(10) gene copies (GC) of bla(TEM), 2 to 3 log(10) GC of bla(CTX-M), and 1 to 3 log(10) GC of mecA per milliliter or gram of sample were detected, suggesting that bacteriophages can be environmental vectors for the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes.

}, isbn = {00664804 (ISSN)}, issn = {0066-4804}, doi = {10.1128/AAC.00535-11}, author = {Colomer-Lluch, Marta and Imamovic, Lejla and Jofre, Juan and Muniesa, Maite} } @article {5160, title = {{Baffled primary facultative ponds with inlets and outlets set at different levels treating domestic wastewater in northeast Brazil}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {63}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {1183{\textendash}1187}, abstract = {This study evaluates the performance of four 2.3 m deep pilot-scale, independently loaded, primary facultative ponds treating predominantly domestic sewage in northeast Brazil. The ponds contained longitudinal baffles giving different length to width ratios from 3.55 to 32.4. The ponds had mean hydraulic retention times of {\~{}}15 days, and mean surface organic loadings of 330 kg BOD(5).ha.d(-1) during the first experimental phase and 375 kg BOD(5).ha.d(-1) in the second. The vertical inlets and outlets pipes were positioned at 1.8 m and 5 cm respectively below the pond surface in the first phase and at 50 cm and 1.8 m respectively in the second. All the ponds functioned as efficient primary facultative ponds but statistical analysis demonstrated no differences in effluent quality for most of the parameters measured for the various configurations of baffles and inlet and outlet depths. All behaved similarly to the unbaffled pond. The only exceptions were suspended solids and chlorophyll a concentrations which tended to be lower for all combinations of baffles with the outlets set 1.8 m below the surface. This study suggested that the longitudinal baffling of primary facultative ponds when using vertical inlets and outlets may well not significantly improve pond performance.}, keywords = {Baffles, Primary facultative ponds, Vertical inlets and outlets, Waste stabilization ponds}, isbn = {0273-1223}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2011.105}, author = {De Oliveira, R. and Pearson, H. W. and Silva, J. V N and Sousa, J. T. and Leite, V. D. and Lopes, W. S.} } @inbook {2020, title = {Balantidiasis}, booktitle = {Meyers, W.M., Firpo, A., Wear, D.J. (Eds) Topics on the Pathology of protozoan and invasive arthropod diseases.}, year = {2011}, pages = {6 pp.}, publisher = {Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington}, organization = {Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington}, author = {Neafie, R. C. and Andersen, E. M. and Klassen-Fischer, M. K.} } @article {9420, title = {{Behavior of Metals, Pathogen Parasites, and Indicator Bacteria in Sewage Effluents During Biological Treatment by Activated Sludge}}, journal = {Biological Trace Element Research}, volume = {143}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {1193{\textendash}1201}, author = {Tonani, KAA and Juliao, FC and Trevilato, TMB and Takayanagui, AMM and Bocio, A and Domingo, JL and Segura-Munoz, SI} } @book {8357, title = {Benefits of Investing in Water and Sanitation: An OECD Perspective}, year = {2011}, publisher = {OECD Publishing}, organization = {OECD Publishing}, address = {Paris, France}, doi = {10.1787/9789264100817-en} } @article {12176, title = {Biased gene transfer in microbial evolution}, journal = {Nature Reviews Microbiology}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, year = {2011}, month = {Jul}, pages = {543-55}, edition = {2011/06/15}, keywords = {*Evolution, Molecular, *Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/genetics, Archaea/*genetics, Bacteria/*genetics, Phylogeny}, isbn = {1740-1534 (Electronic)
1740-1526 (Linking)}, author = {Andam, C. P. and Gogarten, J. P.} } @book {8711, title = {{Biological Wastewater Treatment}}, year = {2011}, pages = {1022}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, edition = {3}, address = {London, UK.}, isbn = {9780849396793}, author = {Leslie Grady, C.P. and Daigger, G.T. and Love, N.G. and Filipe, C.D.M} } @mastersthesis {6383, title = {Bridge approach slab analysis and design incorporating elastic soil support}, year = {2011}, note = {1517399}, school = {University of Missouri - Columbia}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The development of equations necessary for the analysis of finite bridge approach slabs (BAS) on elastic soil support is reported in this thesis. Results are compared for moments and shear forces governing the design for a wide range of values of soil elastic modulus ranging from dense sand to very loose sand. Results from systematic studies assuming wash out of soil support are also presented using a customized uniaxial finite-difference model. The influences of wash-out length and location have been discussed. Moreover, the functions of sleeper slab at the pavement end of the conventional design are studied. It is replaced by a modified end-section reinforcement detailing to provide enhanced local two-way action, providing increased flexural rigidity in the direction transverse to the traffic direction. An Excel-based VBA program is developed for application of designing bridge approach slab incorporating partial elastic soil support. Additionally, a biaxial finite-difference model is developed using MATLAB for better understanding the performance of BAS in both longitudinal and transverse directions. Results from uniaxial and biaxial solutions are compared and discussed. Initial construction cost of this new design alternative is computed and presented to demonstrate that the BAS designed with consideration of elastic soil support results in a cost-effective design. Life cycle costs too are competitive if only agency costs are included, for rural traffic demands, this design is the most cost-effective alternatives among those considered.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1024280144?accountid=14270}, author = {Ma, Shuang} } @article {12216, title = {Broad dissemination of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in sediments of two urban coastal wetlands}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {Jan 15}, pages = {447-54}, type = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.}, edition = {2010/12/15}, keywords = {*Genes, Bacterial, Anti-Infective Agents/*analysis/metabolism, Bacteria/classification/genetics/metabolism, Bacterial Proteins/analysis/genetics/metabolism, Base Sequence, Cities, Drug Resistance, Bacterial/*genetics, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Geologic Sediments/*chemistry/microbiology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Molecular Sequence Data, Plasmids/genetics, Quinolones/*analysis/metabolism, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Seasons, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/metabolism, wetlands}, isbn = {1520-5851 (Electronic)
0013-936X (Linking)}, author = {Cummings, D. E. and Archer, K. F. and Arriola, D. J. and Baker, P. A. and Faucett, K. G. and Laroya, J. B. and Pfeil, K. L. and Ryan, C. R. and Ryan, K. R. and Zuill, D. E.} } @article {12493, title = {Broad Dissemination of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in Sediments of Two Urban Coastal Wetlands}, journal = {Environmental Science \& TechnologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, note = {Cummings, David E. Archer, Karisa F. Arriola, David J. Baker, Pieter A. Faucett, K. Grace Laroya, Jonathan B. Pfeil, Kelly L. Ryan, Cody R. Ryan, Kelsey R. U. Zuill, Douglas E.}, month = {Jan}, pages = {447-454}, abstract = {Contamination of soil and water with antibiotic-resistant bacteria may create reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes that have the potential to negatively impact future public health through horizontal gene transfer. The plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qepA, and aac(6{\textquoteright})-lb-cr were detected by PCR amplification of metagenomic DNA from surface sediments of the Tijuana River Estuary, a sewage-impacted coastal wetland along the U.S.-Mexico border; sediments of Famosa Slough, a nearby urban wetland that is largely unaffected by sewage, contained only qnrB, qnrS, and qepA. The number of PCR-positive sites and replicates increased in both wetlands after rainfall. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed a significant increase (p < 0.0005) in qnrA abundance (copies per gram sediment or per 16S rDNA copy) in Tijuana River Estuary sediments immediately following rainfall, but no significant change was measured at Famosa Slough (p > 0.1). Nucleotide sequences of cloned qnrA amplicons were all affiliated with qnrA genes found on plasmids of clinical isolates with one exception that was most similar to the chromosomal qnrA gene found in Shewanella algae. Our results suggest that urban wetlands may become reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes, particularly where wastewater is improperly managed.}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Cummings, D. E. and Archer, K. F. and Arriola, D. J. and Baker, P. A. and Faucett, K. G. and Laroya, J. B. and Pfeil, K. L. and Ryan, C. R. and Ryan, K. R. U. and Zuill, D. E.} } @article {3577, title = {Burden and typing of rotavirus group A in Latin America and the Caribbean: systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Reviews in Medical Virology}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {89{\textendash}109}, abstract = {

The efficacy of licensed rotavirus vaccines has only been shown against certain rotavirus group A \{\{\}(RV-A)\{\}\} types. It is critical to understand the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis \{\{\}(RVGE)\{\}\} and its prevalent types to assess the potential impact of these vaccines in Latin America and the Caribbean \{\{\}(LA\{\&\}C).\{\}\} We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of all the available evidence reported from 1990 to 2009 on the burden of rotavirus disease and strains circulating in \{\{\}LA\{\&\}C.\{\}\} Eligible studies\{\{\}\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textendash\{\}\}185 country-level reports, 174\{\&\}\{\#\}x2009;951 faecal samples\{\{\}\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textendash\{\}\}were selected from \{\{\}MEDLINE,\{\}\} Cochrane Library, \{\{\}EMBASE,\{\}\} \{\{\}LILACS,\{\}\} regional Ministries of Health, \{\{\}PAHO,\{\}\} regional proceedings, doctoral theses, reference lists of included studies and consulting experts. Arc-sine transformations and \{\{\}DerSimonian-Laird\{\}\} random-effects model were used for meta-analyses. The proportion of gastroenteritis cases due to rotavirus was 24.3\{\%\} \{\{\}(95\{\%\}CI\{\}\} 22.3-26.4) and the incidence of \{\{\}RVGE\{\}\} was 170 per 1000 children-years \{\{\}(95\{\%\}CI\{\}\} 130-210). We estimated a global annual mortality for 22 countries of 88.2 \{\{\}(95\{\%\}CI\{\}\} 79.3-97.1) deaths per 100\{\&\}\{\#\}x2009;000 under 5 years (47\{\&\}\{\#\}x2009;000 \{\{\}deaths).The\{\}\} most common G type detected was G1 (34.2\{\%\}), followed by G9 (14.6\{\%\}), and G2 (14.4\{\%\}). The most common P types detected were P[8] (56.2\{\%\}), P[4] (22.1\{\%\}) and P[1] 5.4\{\%\}, and the most prevalent \{\{\}P-G\{\}\} type associations were \{\{\}P[8]G1\{\}\} 17.9\{\%\}, \{\{\}P[4]G2\{\}\} 9.1\{\%\} and \{\{\}P[8]G9\{\}\} 8.8\{\%\}. In the last 10 years, G9 circulation increased remarkably and G5 almost disappeared. More recently, G12 appeared and \{\{\}P[4]G2\{\}\} re-emerged. To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of rotavirus infection and burden of disease in \{\{\}LA\{\&\}C.\{\}\}

}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.682}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rmv.682}, author = {Linhares, Alexandre C and Stupka, Juan A and Ciapponi, Agust{\'\i}n and Bardach, Ariel E and Glujovsky, Demi{\'a}n and Aruj, Patricia K and Mazzoni, Agustina and Rodriguez, Jefferson A and Rearte, Anal{\'\i}a and Lanzieri, Tatiana M and Ortega-Barr{\'\i}a, Eduardo and Colindres, Romulo} } @article {16888, title = {Calicivirus removal in a membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {15}, year = {2011}, pages = {5170{\textendash}5177}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Sima, Laura C and Schaeffer, Julien and Le Saux, Jean-Claude and Parnaudeau, Sylvain and Elimelech, Menachem and Le Guyader, Fran{\c c}oise S} } @article {5607, title = {{Calicivirus removal in a membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment plant}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {15}, year = {2011}, pages = {5170{\textendash}5177}, abstract = {To evaluate membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment virus removal, a study was conducted in southwest France. Samples collected from plant influent, an aeration basin, membrane effluent, solid sludge, and effluent biweekly from October 2009 to June 2010 were analyzed for calicivirus (norovirus and sapovirus) by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) using extraction controls to perform quantification. Adenovirus and Escherichia coli also were analyzed to compare removal efficiencies. In the influent, sapovirus was always present, while the norovirus concentration varied temporally, with the highest concentration being detected from February to May. All three human norovirus genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV) were detected in effluent, but GIV was never detected in effluent; GI and GII were detected in 50{\%} of the samples but at low concentrations. In the effluent, sapovirus was identified only once. An adenovirus titer showing temporal variation in influent samples was identified only twice in effluent. E. coli was always below the limit of detection in the effluent. Overall, the removal of calicivirus varied from 3.3 to greater than 6.8 log units, with no difference between the two main genogroups. Our results also demonstrated that the viruses are blocked by the membrane in the treatment plant and are removed from the plant as solid sludge.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00583-11}, author = {Sima, Laura C. and Schaeffer, Julien and Jean C Le Saux and Parnaudeau, Sylvain and Elimelech, Menachem and Le Guyader, Fran{\c c}oise S.} } @article {8289, title = {Campylobacter and campylobacteriosis: a view from South America}, journal = {Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud P{\'u}blica}, volume = {28}, year = {2011}, pages = {121{\textendash}127}, author = {Fern{\'a}ndez, Heriberto} } @article {11971, title = {Campylobacter spp. as a Foodborne Pathogen: A Review}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {2}, number = {200}, year = {2011}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1664-302X}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2011.00200}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00200}, author = {Silva, Joana and Leite, Daniela and Fernandes, Mariana and Mena, Cristina and Gibbs, Paul and Teixeira, Paula} } @article {7692, title = {Campylobacter y campylobacteriosis: una mirada desde Am{\'e}rica del Sur (Campylobacter and campylobacteriosis: a view from South America}, journal = {Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica}, volume = {28}, year = {2011}, author = {Fern{\'a}ndez,H.} } @article {12723, title = {{Can pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis be cured by only the 1st set of chemotherapy? Treatment outcome and clinical features of recently developed pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis}}, journal = {Internal Medicine}, volume = {50}, year = {2011}, pages = {1365{\textendash}1370}, author = {Oh, IJ and Kim, YI and Chi, SY and Ban, HJ and Kwon, YS and Kim, KS and Kim, YC and Kim, YH and Seon, HJ and Lim, SC and Shin, HY and Kim, SO} } @article {8927, title = {Cavitation Generation and Usage Without Ultrasound: Hydrodynamic Cavitation}, journal = {Theoretical and Experimental Sonochemistry Involving Inorganic Systems}, year = {2011}, pages = {69-106}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1007/978-90-481-3887-6_3}, url = {://WOS:000283824000003 http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/932/chp\%253A10.1007\%252F978-90-481-3887-6_3.pdf?originUrl=http\%3A\%2F\%2Flink.springer.com\%2Fchapter\%2F10.1007\%2F978-90-481-3887-6_3\&token2=exp=1468532356~acl=\%2Fstatic\%2Fpdf\%2F932\%2}, author = {Gogate, P. R. and Pandit, A. B.} } @article {15435, title = {Cerebral schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium confirmed by PCR analysis of brain specimen}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, note = {Case Reports
Journal Article
United States}, month = {Oct}, pages = {3703-6}, abstract = {The case of a 25-year-old Japanese male who had cerebral schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium is reported here. Although serum antibody tests showed a cross-reaction with other helminths and no ova were excreted in urine or feces, the existence of Schistosoma haematobium in the brain was confirmed by PCR analysis.}, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Antibodies, Helminth/blood, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Brain/diagnostic imaging/*pathology, Central Nervous System Parasitic Infections/*diagnosis/parasitology/pathology, Cross Reactions, Feces/parasitology, Histocytochemistry, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Microscopy, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/*methods, Parasitology/*methods, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Radiography, Schistosoma haematobium/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis haematobia/*diagnosis/parasitology/pathology, Urine/parasitology}, isbn = {1098-660X (Electronic)
0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Imai, K. and Koibuchi, T. and Kumagai, T. and Maeda, T. and Osada, Y. and Ohta, N. and Koga, M. and Nakamura, H. and Miura, T. and Iwamoto, A. and Fujii, T.} } @article {9661, title = {Changes in physical, chemical and microbial parameters during the composting of municipal sewage sludge}, journal = {World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {27}, year = {2011}, pages = {2359-2369}, author = {Khalil, AI and Hassouna, MS and El-Ashqar, HMA and Fawzi, M} } @inbook {17447, title = {Chapter 5: Salmonella}, booktitle = {Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM)}, year = {2011}, publisher = {U.S. Food and Drug Administration}, organization = {U.S. Food and Drug Administration}, chapter = {5}, address = {Silver Spring, Maryland, USA}, url = {- https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/bacteriological-analytical-manual-bam-chapter-5-salmonella}, author = {Andrews, W.H. and Jacobson, A. and Hammack, T.} } @inbook {15837, title = {Chapter 9 - Wastewater: Reuse-Oriented Wastewater Systems{\textemdash}Low- and High-Tech Approaches for Urban Areas}, booktitle = {Waste}, year = {2011}, month = {2011/01/01/}, pages = {127-136}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {Boston}, isbn = {978-0-12-381475-3}, author = {Otterpohl, Ralf and Buzie, Christopher}, editor = {Letcher, Trevor M. and Vallero, Daniel A.} } @article {13424, title = {Characterisation of fascioliasis lymnaeid intermediate hosts from Chile by DNA sequencing, with emphasis on Lymnaea viator and Galba truncatula.}, journal = {Acta Tropical}, volume = {120}, year = {2011}, pages = {245-257}, author = {Artigas, P. and Bargues, M. D., Mera y Sierra, R., Agramunt, V.H. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {13932, title = {Characterisation of the {Escherichia} coli strain associated with an outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in {Germany}, 2011: a microbiological study.}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {671{\textendash}6}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In an ongoing outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and bloody diarrhoea caused by a virulent Escherichia coli strain O104:H4 in Germany (with some cases elsewhere in Europe and North America), 810 cases of the syndrome and 39 deaths have occurred since the beginning of May, 2011. We analysed virulence profiles and relevant phenotypes of outbreak isolates recovered in our laboratory. METHODS: We analysed stool samples from 80 patients that had been submitted to the National Consulting Laboratory for Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome in M{\"u}nster, Germany, between May 23 and June 2, 2011. Isolates were screened with standard PCR for virulence genes of Shiga-toxin-producing E coli and a newly developed multiplex PCR for characteristic features of the outbreak strain (rfb(O104), fliC(H4), stx(2), and terD). Virulence profiles of the isolates were determined with PCR targeting typical virulence genes of Shiga-toxin-producing E coli and of other intestinal pathogenic E coli. We sequenced stx with Sanger sequencing and measured Shiga-toxin production, adherence to epithelial cells, and determined phylogeny and antimicrobial susceptibility. FINDINGS: All isolates were of the HUSEC041 clone (sequence type 678). All shared virulence profiles combining typical Shiga-toxin-producing E coli (stx(2), iha, lpf(O26), lpf(O113)) and enteroaggregative E coli (aggA, aggR, set1, pic, aap) loci and expressed phenotypes that define Shiga-toxin-producing E coli and enteroaggregative E coli, including production of Shiga toxing 2 and aggregative adherence to epithelial cells. Isolates additionally displayed an extended-spectrum β-lactamase phenotype absent in HUSEC041. INTERPRETATION: Augmented adherence of the strain to intestinal epithelium might facilitate systemic absorption of Shiga toxin and could explain the high progression to haemolytic uraemic syndrome. This outbreak demonstrates that blended virulence profiles in enteric pathogens, introduced into susceptible populations, can have extreme consequences for infected people. FUNDING: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Network Zoonoses.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, DNA, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Genome, Germany, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Humans, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Virulence}, issn = {1474-4457}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70165-7}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21703928}, author = {Bielaszewska, Martina and Mellmann, Alexander and Zhang, Wenlan and K{\"o}ck, Robin and Fruth, Angelika and Bauwens, Andreas and Peters, Georg and Karch, Helge} } @article {2166, title = {{Characterisation of the Escherichia coli strain associated with an outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Germany, 2011: a microbiological study.}}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {671{\textendash}6}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In an ongoing outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and bloody diarrhoea caused by a virulent Escherichia coli strain O104:H4 in Germany (with some cases elsewhere in Europe and North America), 810 cases of the syndrome and 39 deaths have occurred since the beginning of May, 2011. We analysed virulence profiles and relevant phenotypes of outbreak isolates recovered in our laboratory. METHODS: We analysed stool samples from 80 patients that had been submitted to the National Consulting Laboratory for Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome in M{\"u}nster, Germany, between May 23 and June 2, 2011. Isolates were screened with standard PCR for virulence genes of Shiga-toxin-producing E coli and a newly developed multiplex PCR for characteristic features of the outbreak strain (rfb(O104), fliC(H4), stx(2), and terD). Virulence profiles of the isolates were determined with PCR targeting typical virulence genes of Shiga-toxin-producing E coli and of other intestinal pathogenic E coli. We sequenced stx with Sanger sequencing and measured Shiga-toxin production, adherence to epithelial cells, and determined phylogeny and antimicrobial susceptibility. FINDINGS: All isolates were of the HUSEC041 clone (sequence type 678). All shared virulence profiles combining typical Shiga-toxin-producing E coli (stx(2), iha, lpf(O26), lpf(O113)) and enteroaggregative E coli (aggA, aggR, set1, pic, aap) loci and expressed phenotypes that define Shiga-toxin-producing E coli and enteroaggregative E coli, including production of Shiga toxing 2 and aggregative adherence to epithelial cells. Isolates additionally displayed an extended-spectrum $\beta$-lactamase phenotype absent in HUSEC041. INTERPRETATION: Augmented adherence of the strain to intestinal epithelium might facilitate systemic absorption of Shiga toxin and could explain the high progression to haemolytic uraemic syndrome. This outbreak demonstrates that blended virulence profiles in enteric pathogens, introduced into susceptible populations, can have extreme consequences for infected people. FUNDING: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Network Zoonoses.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, DNA, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Genome, Germany, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Humans, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Virulence}, issn = {1474-4457}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70165-7}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21703928}, author = {Bielaszewska, Martina and Mellmann, Alexander and Zhang, Wenlan and K{\"o}ck, Robin and Fruth, Angelika and Bauwens, Andreas and Peters, Georg and Karch, Helge} } @article {7948, title = {{Characterisation of the Escherichia coli strain associated with an outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Germany, 2011: a microbiological study.}}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious Diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {671{\textendash}6}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: In an ongoing outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and bloody diarrhoea caused by a virulent Escherichia coli strain O104:H4 in Germany (with some cases elsewhere in Europe and North America), 810 cases of the syndrome and 39 deaths have occurred since the beginning of May, 2011. We analysed virulence profiles and relevant phenotypes of outbreak isolates recovered in our laboratory. METHODS: We analysed stool samples from 80 patients that had been submitted to the National Consulting Laboratory for Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome in M\ünster, Germany, between May 23 and June 2, 2011. Isolates were screened with standard PCR for virulence genes of Shiga-toxin-producing E coli and a newly developed multiplex PCR for characteristic features of the outbreak strain (rfb(O104), fliC(H4), stx(2), and terD). Virulence profiles of the isolates were determined with PCR targeting typical virulence genes of Shiga-toxin-producing E coli and of other intestinal pathogenic E coli. We sequenced stx with Sanger sequencing and measured Shiga-toxin production, adherence to epithelial cells, and determined phylogeny and antimicrobial susceptibility. FINDINGS: All isolates were of the HUSEC041 clone (sequence type 678). All shared virulence profiles combining typical Shiga-toxin-producing E coli (stx(2), iha, lpf(O26), lpf(O113)) and enteroaggregative E coli (aggA, aggR, set1, pic, aap) loci and expressed phenotypes that define Shiga-toxin-producing E coli and enteroaggregative E coli, including production of Shiga toxing 2 and aggregative adherence to epithelial cells. Isolates additionally displayed an extended-spectrum $\beta$-lactamase phenotype absent in HUSEC041. INTERPRETATION: Augmented adherence of the strain to intestinal epithelium might facilitate systemic absorption of Shiga toxin and could explain the high progression to haemolytic uraemic syndrome. This outbreak demonstrates that blended virulence profiles in enteric pathogens, introduced into susceptible populations, can have extreme consequences for infected people. FUNDING: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Network Zoonoses.

}, keywords = {Bacterial, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, DNA, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Genome, Germany, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Humans, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: genetics, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} puri, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Virulence}, issn = {1474-4457}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70165-7}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21703928}, author = {Bielaszewska, Martina and Mellmann, Alexander and Zhang, Wenlan and K{\"o}ck, Robin and Fruth, Angelika and Bauwens, Andreas and Peters, Georg and Karch, Helge} } @mastersthesis {6406, title = {The characterization of biodiesel wash water and the potential for microbial remediation}, year = {2011}, note = {MR71437}, school = {University of Guelph (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{A}.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Biodiesel is a fuel produced from vegetable oils or other lipids that can be substituted for petroleum diesel in many internal combustion engines. Substitution of biodiesel for petroleum diesel has the potential to reduce green house gas emissions, decrease dependence on fossil fuels, add value to agriculture products and localize energy production. The production of biodiesel is a straight forward process and the scale of production varies from backyard brewers producing twenty litres at a time, to large industrial operations which produce thousands of litres. Biodiesel production in Ontario will see a great expansion in the next few years. Amendments to the Clean Air Act in 2006 incorporate a mandate that 2 \% renewable content be blended into all diesel fuel by 2012. Since biodiesel is the primary fuel blended with petroleum diesel, the production of biodiesel in Canada will need to increase approximately five-fold from today{\textquoteright}s capacity. Raw biodiesel must be refined and one of the most common approaches is water washing, in which clean water is passed through the biodiesel. Water is an excellent medium for neutralizing residual catalyst, as well as removing residual methanol and glycerol. However, the resulting biodiesel wash water (BWW) is high in organics and cannot be disposed of in municipal waste streams. Biodiesel wash water from several laboratory and industrial biodiesel production facilities was characterized. The lab produced BWW chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels were 150,000 {\textpm} 20,000 mg/L and total solids content averaged 11,170 {\textpm} 600 mg/L of which the majority was total dissolved solids. Soap content averaged 7,900 {\textpm} 800 mg/L and a high pH near 10 was commonly seen. The industrial samples had higher levels of COD (754,200 {\textpm} 162,600 mg/L) and solids (328,900 {\textpm} 24,300 mg/L again mostly containing dissolved solids). Soap content was typically 778,100 {\textpm} 306,500 mg/L, and pH ranged from very alkaline (10 {\textpm} 0.4) to very acidic (1.1 {\textpm} 0.2). Biodiesel wash water nutrient content was very limited, with typical C:N:P of 2,430:0.7:1. A wide range of contaminant concentrations in BWW was common and dependent on the details of the production process. Biological remediation of BWW using algae and fungi was investigated. Algal and fungal environmental isolates from near Ridgetown ON, and known stock isolates were also screened for their ability to grow in industrial and lab BWW. Out of fifty six algal isolates, only a few grew in very dilute BWW. Growth was inhibited by residual methanol and soap in the BWW. In contrast, nineteen of the fifty-eight fungal isolates grew better than controls in dilute BWW. When grown in 10\% BWW diluted in potato dextrose broth (PDB), several fungal isolates were successful in lowering COD by 30 to 40\%. Mycoremediation was found to have potential for treating BWW before disposal and the use of fungal biomass for secondary bioenergy or bioproduct applications would improve the feasibility.}, keywords = {0410:Microbiology, 0775:Environmental engineering, 0791:Energy, Applied sciences, Biological sciences, Energy, Environmental engineering, Microbiology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/859233344?accountid=14270}, author = {Lamers, Anton} } @article {10880, title = {Characterization of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae from Haiti, 2010-2011}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {2122-2129}, author = {Talkington, D and Bopp, C and Tarr, C and Parsons, MB and Dahourou, G and Freeman, G and Joyce, K and Turnsek, M and Garrett, N and Humphrys, M and Gomez, G and Stroika, S and Boncy, J and Ochieng, B and Klena, JD and Smith, A and Keddy, KH and Gerner-Smidth, P} } @article {10761, title = {{Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor biotype variant clinical isolates from Bangladesh and Haiti, including a molecular genetic analysis of virulence genes}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, year = {2011}, pages = {3739{\textendash}3749}, author = {Son, MS and Megli, CJ and Kovacikova, G and Qadri, F and Taylor, RK} } @mastersthesis {7184, title = {Characterizing diatom assemblages in ponded wetlands}, year = {2011}, note = {1502898}, school = {The University of Utah}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{Using biological assemblages for evaluating ecosystem integrity is dependent upon robust sampling techniques that adequately characterize the species composition. This thesis evaluated the performance of a wetland surface-sediment diatom collection methodology. The methodology did not result in collection of 95\% of species present due to the richness of rare species in the ponded wetlands. However, because rare species added little to relative abundance, the method provided a community characterization that separated the communities based upon ponds within complexes and ponds between complexes. The mantel test indicated species distribution was dependent upon pond and complex (p{\textless}.001) with a model matrix of dissimilarity based upon 0, within pond, 1{\textfractionsolidus}2, within complex, and 1, between complex. The Multi-response Permutation Procedure supported the method{\textquoteright}s ability to separate complexes based upon communities (p=.012). The significant p-value is attributed to the very large affect size (A=.45) which adds further credence to the method{\textquoteright}s efficacy. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling ordination was used to graphically interpret the separation of ponds. The ordination shows sizeable separation between complexes, considerable separation between most ponds within a complex, and relatively little separation between replicates. Culling rare species further improved the ordination with 91\% of the variance explained by 2 axes with a stress of 7.35 and a probability of obtaining that stress by a chance of p=.004. The sampling methodology also provided an assemblage that correlated with biotic and abiotic environmental variables. The Mantel test indicated correlation with water chemistry variables (r=0.564}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0474:Environmental management, 0528:Natural Resource Management, Biological sciences, Diatom, Ecology, environment, environmental management, Health and environmental sciences, Natural Resource Management, Ordination, Sampling, Surface-sediment, wetlands}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/913066656?accountid=14270}, author = {Hultquist, Arne D.} } @mastersthesis {6610, title = {Chemical and {Physical} {Properties} of {Biodiesel}}, year = {2011}, note = {1507488}, school = {Emporia State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Although biodiesel is a promising alternative fuels, it still has many challenging issues. One of the problems is its purification process. The traditional wet washing method can increase the production costs so it is important to investigate other reusable and inexpensive purifications methods. In this study, calcium-based desiccants and molecular sieves were investigated as new purification materials. The study showed that the calcium-based desiccants were comparable to wet wash purification for removing volatile byproducts; however, calcium concentration in biodiesel increased dramatically after the treatment. The application of the molecular sieves successfully achieved the reduction of calcium concentration but further experiments will be necessary to determine whether the combination of desiccants can be the replacement for the traditional purification process. In addition, the application of biodiesel is limited due to its poor cold weather properties. In order to improve performance in the cold climate, additives are typically added to biodiesel. The second part of this study focused on the chemical and physical effects on biodiesel using various additives. Results indicated that additives can improve cold weather properties but canola oil, soybean oil, palm oil, and lard based biodiesel with 2 weight-percent of Wintron XC30 and XC40 additives could not achieve the viscosity requirement therefore those additives were not applicable with that concentration. Also, no changes in the chemical structures and freezing point by additives were observed. A faster and novel cloud point analytical methodology using Rayleigh light scattering was developed and applied in this study.}, keywords = {0363:Alternative Energy, 0490:Organic chemistry, 0791:Energy, Alternative Energy, Applied sciences, Energy, Organic chemistry, Pure sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/927753648?accountid=14270}, author = {Harada, Satomi} } @article {11392, title = {Chinchilla laniger can be used as an experimental model for Taenia solium taeniasis}, journal = {Parasitology international}, volume = {60}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {364-370}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1383-5769}, author = {Maravilla, Pablo and Garza-Rodriguez, Adriana and Gomez-Diaz, Benjamin and Jimenez-Gonzalez, Diego Emiliano and Toral-Bastida, Elizabeth and Martinez-Oca{\~n}a, Joel and West, Brett and Molina, Nadia and Garcia-Cortes, Ramon and Kawa-Karasik, Simon} } @article {10689, title = {{Cholera: a great global concern}}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine}, volume = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {573{\textendash}580}, author = {Mandal, S and Mandal, MD and Pal, NK} } @inbook {10786, title = {{Cholera: Environmental risk factors}}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Environmental Health}, year = {2011}, pages = {641{\textendash}649}, author = {Valdespino, JL and Garc{\'\i}a-Garc{\'\i}a, L} } @article {4467, title = {Circulation of a novel pattern of infections by enteric adenovirus serotype 41 among children below 5 years of age in {Kolkata}, {India}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {500{\textendash}5}, issn = {0095-1137}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.01834-10}, author = {Dey, R. S. and Ghosh, S. and Chawla-Sarkar, M. and Panchalingam, S. and Nataro, J. P. and Sur, D. and Manna, B. and Ramamurthy, T.} } @article {512, title = {Circulation of a novel pattern of infections by enteric adenovirus serotype 41 among children below 5 years of age in Kolkata, India}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, note = {1098-660x Dey, Rakhi Sharma Ghosh, Santanu Chawla-Sarkar, Mamta Panchalingam, Sandra Nataro, James P Sur, Dipika Manna, Byomkesh Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Feb;49(2):500-5. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01834-10. Epub 2010 Dec 1.}, pages = {500-5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human adenovirus of strains subgenus F (AdV F) are the most common strains detected in acute gastroenteritis cases in developing countries. Subgenus F is represented by AdV serotype 40 (AdV-40) and AdV-41. Most of the reports have described the predominance of AdV-41 in acute gastroenteritis cases. To gain insight into the epidemiology and genetic variation of AdV-41 strains, we analyzed 1,053 stool specimens from children with diarrhea. Among them, 42 (4.0\%) and 56 (5.3\%) were positive for enteric adenovirus 40/41 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR, respectively. For 1,305 asymptomatic children, 9 (0.7\%) and 22 (1.7\%) samples were positive for enteric adenovirus 40/40 by ELISA and PCR, respectively. The age distribution revealed a higher frequency (90\%) in children <24 months of age. AdV F infection was observed at a low frequency throughout the year, with an increased incidence occurring during February and March. Sequence analysis of one to three hypervariable regions (HVRs) of the hexon genes of 16 representative AdV-41 strains in this study confirmed circulation of a unique strain with genomic type cluster 1 (GTC1)/GTC2. However, sequence analysis of the fiber genes of these strains confirmed 15 amino acid deletions from the 15th repeat motif of the shaft region. The existence of two GTCs reflects the accumulation of amino acid mutations in the HVR of the hexon gene. The novel AdV-41 strain might follow the same infection pattern as AdV-40. There is no significant variation in the sequences of hexon and fiber genes among strains from symptomatic and asymptomatic children. Our data confirm the circulation of an AdV-41 strain with a novel pattern in Kolkata, India, among children below 5 years of age.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/*epidemiology/virology Adenoviruses, DNA Virology/methods, Human/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Capsid Proteins/genetics Child, Preschool DNA, Viral/chemistry/genetics Diarrhea/epidemiology/virology Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods Feces/virology Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/virology Humans India/epidemiology Infant Molecular Sequence Data Mutant Proteins/genetics Polymerase Chain Rea}, issn = {0095-1137}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.01834-10}, author = {Dey, R. S. and Ghosh, S. and Chawla-Sarkar, M. and Panchalingam, S. and Nataro, J. P. and Sur, D. and Manna, B. and Ramamurthy, T.} } @article {1791, title = {Circulation of enteroviruses in Cyprus assessed by molecular analysis of clinical specimens and sewage isolates}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {111}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, note = {Richter, J Tryfonos, C Christodoulou, C eng Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2011/05/28 06:00 J Appl Microbiol. 2011 Aug;111(2):491-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05061.x. Epub 2011 Jun 14.}, pages = {491-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {AIMS: To study the circulation of non-polio enteroviruses in the Cypriot population and assess the clinical relevance of different serotypes by the analysis of clinical specimens and environmental samples. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sewage samples were collected on a monthly basis for 2 years from all five districts of Cyprus. Enteroviruses were isolated using the VIRADEN method and typed by partial VP1 region sequencing. In addition, all enterovirus-positive clinical samples received during this 2-year period were typed, and a phylogenetic comparison of clinical and sewage samples based on the partial VP1 sequences was made. A significant difference between the most common serotypes found in sewage and clinical samples was observed. While Coxsackieviruses B constituted the most frequent serotypes in sewages, Echoviruses 30 and 18 prevailed in clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS: The phylogenetic analysis revealed that certain enterovirus strains circulate in the population over long period of time, while others are observed only sporadically and disappear quickly. For some serotypes, it was observed that several strains were cocirculating in the population but only some of them being detected also in clinical specimens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study, for the first time, compares enteroviruses isolated from environmental samples and clinical specimens on a molecular level, which allowed for strain identification and discrimination. A more comprehensive molecular analysis of these strains will help identify factors, which determine different degrees of pathogenicity.}, keywords = {Capsid Proteins/genetics Cyprus/epidemiology Enterovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology Humans Phylogeny RNA, RNA Serotyping Sewage/*virology, Viral/genetics Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05061.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21615636}, author = {Richter, J. and Tryfonos, C. and Christodoulou, C.} } @mastersthesis {6957, title = {Climate, water, and carbon: {Three} essays in environmental and development economics}, year = {2011}, note = {3451628}, school = {The Ohio State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation is composed of three essays. The first essay seeks to estimate the impact of climate change on households{\textquoteright} welfare on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Unlike previous studies, the approach used in this essay limits the bias from unobservables by applying the analysis in a relatively small geographical area composed of homogeneous farmers with similar cultures, agricultural systems, and market influence. However, these farmers inhabit places that have relatively large differences in rainfall. The data for the analysis were gathered from a random sample of over 200 households in 15 villages and the precipitation from rainfall observation posts placed in each of the surveyed villages. Due to the prevalence of intercropping among local farmers and the spatial distribution of home-plots within and between villages, the study applies a spatial multivariate approach that assumes endogeneity between crop revenues. Doing so allows the study to capture the adaptation strategies that smallholders use by diversifying their farm portfolios. The results indicate that Mt. Kilimanjaro{\textquoteright}s agriculture is vulnerable to precipitation variation, especially November precipitations. Farm revenue vulnerability is heterogeneous across space, crops, and monthly precipitation. The study finds some evidence about the ability of irrigation usage to reduce revenue vulnerability to precipitation change. With regards to households{\textquoteright} welfare, we simulated crop revenue response to a median of seven Global Climate Models (GCMs), and found evidence that climate change will negatively affect household welfare on Mt. Kilimanjaro. The second essay analyzes the potential benefits of introducing improved irrigation schemes on Mt. Kilimanjaro to help rain-dependent farmers cope with the risks of climate change. The study uses the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to elicit farmers{\textquoteright} willingness to pay (WTP) for eliminating the risks of crop loss associated with climate change by accessing improved irrigation schemes. The data for the analysis were gathered using a double bounded survey approach from over 200 randomly-sampled farmers in 15 villages. The study makes important contributions to both policies in Africa and the applied welfare literature. The policy contribution consists of valuation of improved irrigation in the presence of climate change risks. The applied welfare contribution consists of empirical evidence about the impact of farmers{\textquoteright} risk beliefs, subjective perceptions about rainfall distribution; and farmer{\textquoteright}s self-protective actions on welfare valuation. On average, Mt. Kilimanjaro farmers are willing to pay up to 10\% of their income to have access to the proposed improved irrigation schemes. Last, the study finds that farmers{\textquoteright} expected increase in revenues associated with the improved irrigation scheme will equal the cost of building it after 8 to 10 years. The purpose of the third essay is twofold. First, the essay seeks to determine the potential for soil carbon sequestration on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Second, the essay aims at estimating the marginal cost of sequestering soil carbon on Mt. Kilimanjaro. To answer these questions, the essay develops a Markov decision model that maximizes the net present value (NPV) of farm profit by allowing the farmer to choose optimal farm management strategies subject to crop yield, soil carbon stock, and exogenous carbon price. Unlike previous studies, this essay uses a dynamic optimization approach to find the optimal combination of farm management strategies at various carbon prices in a developing country. The essay concludes that there is potential for economically viable carbon sequestration contracts on Mt. Kilimanjaro. At \$20 per metric ton of carbon or \$8.62 per hectare, 0.085 million metric tons of carbon could be sequestered per year because farmers would find it optimal to practice no-tillage cultivation of grains and retain some crop residues.}, keywords = {0404:Climate Change, 0438:Environmental economics, 0501:Economics, 0503:Agricultural economics, 0595:Water Resource Management, Agricultural economics, Carbon sequestration, Climate change, Development, Earth sciences, economics, Environmental economics, Irrigation, Social sciences, Tanzania, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/863203283?accountid=14270}, author = {Mulangu, Francis Muamba} } @article {9311, title = {{Clinical and laboratory status of enteric symptomatic amebiasis in patients}}, journal = {Trauma Monthly}, volume = {2011}, number = {3, Autun}, year = {2011}, pages = {175{\textendash}180}, author = {Khedmat, H and Sh, S and Izadi, M and Nakhaei, F and Hosseini, M} } @article {2928, title = {Clinical features and evolution of alveolar echinococcosis in {France} from 1982 to 2007: results of a survey in 387 patients}, journal = {Journal of Hepatology}, volume = {55}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {nov}, pages = {1025{\textendash}1033}, abstract = {BACKGROUND \& AIMS: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a rare disease in humans, caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. METHODS: We present here 387 detailed AE cases diagnosed in France from 1982 to 2007 actively identified by a retrospective survey performed in 1997-1998 and prospectively thereafter. RESULTS: Male:female ratio was 1.03 and mean age 57.8 years at time of diagnosis. Among the 362 complete files (including 347 non dead-out and 15 dead-out lesions), 73\% of the patients were symptomatic at first admittance. Among them, 83\% presented with clinical patterns evocative either of a digestive or a hepatic disorder. Other symptomatic patients presented with erratic clinical pictures, generally due to metastasis or extra-hepatic location of the parasite. Except for a few patients with particularly severe AE who died shortly after the diagnosis, most patients were treated using benzimidazoles. Their mortality tends to merge with that of the general French population, matched by sex, age, and calendar year. This study also highlights an unexpectedly high frequency of blood-tied family cases (13\% of patients submitted to a specific questionnaire). CONCLUSIONS: Even though the broad set of clinical features provoked by E. multilocularis makes AE a potential diagnostic trap for many physicians, our study revealed an improvement of its prognosis. However, as shown by our findings about the frequency of family cases, there is still a need for studies aimed at better describing this uncommon parasitic disease.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Anthelmintics, Benzimidazoles, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Female, France, Hepatic, Humans, Incidence, Liver Transplantation, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult}, issn = {1600-0641}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.018}, author = {Piarroux, Martine and Piarroux, Renaud and Giorgi, Roch and Knapp, Jenny and Bardonnet, Karine and Sudre, Bertrand and Watelet, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Dumortier, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and G{\'e}rard, Alain and Beytout, Jean and Abergel, Armand and Mantion, Georges and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Bresson-Hadni, Solange} } @article {236, title = {Clinical Features and Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus and Norovirus Infections in Libyan Children}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {83}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, note = {Times Cited: 20 20}, pages = {1849-1856}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0146-6615}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.22141}, url = {://WOS:000293985900024}, author = {Abugalia, Mohamed and Cuevas, Luis and Kirby, Andrew and Dove, Winifred and Nakagomi, Osamu and Nakagomi, Toyoko and Kara, Majdi and Gweder, Rabia and Smeo, Mohamed and Cunliffe, Nigel} } @book {12786, title = {{Clinical Parasitology (Textbook).}}, year = {2011}, pages = {349{\textendash}356}, publisher = {Seoul National University}, organization = {Seoul National University}, address = {Seoul, Korea}, author = {Chai, JY and Hong, ST and Choi, MH and Shin, EH and Bae, YM and Hong, SJ and Sohn, WM and Yu, JR and Go, WG and Seo, M and Park, YG and Han, ET} } @article {9949, title = {{Close similarity between sequences of hepatitis e virus recovered from humans and swine, France, 2008-2009}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {2018{\textendash}2025}, abstract = {

Frequent zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been suspected, but data supporting the animal origin of autochthonous cases are still sparse. We assessed the genetic identity of HEV strains found in humans and swine during an 18-month period in France. HEV sequences identified in patients with autochthonous hepatitis E infection (n = 106) were compared with sequences amplified from swine livers collected in slaughterhouses (n = 43). Phylogenetic analysis showed the same proportions of subtypes 3f (73.8{\%}), 3c (13.4{\%}), and 3e (4.7{\%}) in human and swine populations. Furthermore, similarity of {\textgreater}99{\%} was found between HEV sequences of human and swine origins. These results indicate that consumption of some pork products, such as raw liver, is a major source of exposure for autochthonous HEV infection.

}, isbn = {1080-6059 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1080-6040 (Linking)}, issn = {10806059}, doi = {10.3201/eid1711.110616}, author = {Bouquet, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Tess{\'e}, Sophie and Lunazzi, Aur{\'e}lie and Eloit, Marc and Rose, Nicolas and Nicand, Elisabeth and Pavio, Nicole} } @article {5079, title = {Clusters of acute respiratory illness associated with human enterovirus 68{\textendash}Asia, Europe, and United States, 2008-2010.}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report}, volume = {60}, year = {2011}, pages = {1301}, author = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Prevention (CDC and others} } @article {5128, title = {Clusters of Acute Respiratory Illness Associated with Human Enterovirus 68 {\textendash}- Asia, Europe, and United States, 2008{\textendash}2010}, journal = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {60}, year = {2011}, pages = {1301{\textendash}1304} } @article {17156, title = {Combined high-resolution genotyping and geospatial analysis reveals modes of endemic urban typhoid fever transmission}, journal = {Open BiologyOpen Biology}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {110008-110008}, chapter = {110008}, isbn = {2046-2441}, author = {Baker, S. and Holt, K. E. and Clements, A. C. A. and Karkey, A. and Arjyal, A. and Boni, M. F. and Dongol, S. and Hammond, N. and Koirala, S. and Duy, P. T. and Nga, T. V. T. and Campbell, J. I. and Dolecek, C. and Basnyat, B. and Dougan, G. and Farrar, J. J.} } @article {16424, title = {Combining land use information and small stream sampling with PCR-based methods for better characterization of diffuse sources of human fecal pollution}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {5659-5662}, author = {Peed, L.A. and Nietch, C.T. and Kelty, C.A. and Meckes, M. and Mooney, T. and Sivaganesan, M. and Shanks, O.C.} } @article {15980, title = {{Combining participative backcasting and exploratory scenario development: Experiences from the SCENES project}}, journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change}, volume = {78}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {835{\textendash}851}, publisher = {North-Holland}, abstract = {Social, natural and cultural systems are changing rapidly, influencing the future of Europe{\textquoteright}s fresh waters. One of the drivers shaping this future is the implementation of the Water Framework Directive. Participatory scenario development is well-suited to the challenges posed by the WFD to develop a long-term view by involving stakeholders. In this paper we analyse the process and results of a series of stakeholder workshops to develop scenarios at pan-European level. Specifically, we aim at analysing the method and results of combining a backcasting methodology and exploratory scenario development process. Four exploratory scenarios (narrative storylines) were developed, in first instance based on a set of existing European scenarios. Results matched expectations; the process produced stories that are complex, integrated, and rich in detail. During the backcasting exercise, four timelines were constructed, each of which took one exploratory scenario as context. The backcasting process established a strong link with the exploratory scenarios by identifying a large number of obstacles and opportunities in the realisation of those timelines. An analysis across all backcasts yielded a list of 15 robust elements, i.e. elements that are potentially effective in all exploratory scenarios. A stakeholder questionnaire showed that overall there was a widespread satisfaction with both the process and the results. Stakeholders were satisfied with the overall methodology and the exploratory scenarios and somewhat more critical on the backcasting exercise and resulting robust strategies. Above all, we hope to have demonstrated that it is conceptually appealing, methodologically feasible, and practically useful to combine exploratory scenario development and backcasting analysis.}, issn = {0040-1625}, doi = {10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2011.01.004}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162511000072}, author = {Kok, Kasper and van Vliet, Mathijs and B{\"a}rlund, Ilona and Dubel, Anna and Sendzimir, Jan} } @article {16583, title = {Comparative analysis of destruction of the infective forms of {Trichuris} trichiura and {Haemonchus} contortus by nematophagous fungi {Pochonia} chlamydosporia; {Duddingtonia} flagrans and {Monacrosporium} thaumasium by scanning electron microscopy}, journal = {Vet Microbiol}, volume = {147}, number = {1-2}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {214{\textendash}9}, abstract = {The present study aimed to demonstrate by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the in vitro predatory activity of nematophagous fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4 isolates) Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001 isolate) and Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34a isolate) on eggs of Trichuristrichiura and infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus. The work was divided into two experimental tests (A and B). In tests A and B, the predatory activity of nematophagous fungi P. chlamydosporia, D. flagrans and M. thaumasium on eggs of T. trichiura and H. contortus L3 was observed. After 6h, in test A, isolates P. chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4) had a role in destroying eggs of T.trichiura. For fungi D. flagrans and M. thaumasium the ovicidal activity on T. trichiura eggs was not observed. Test B showed that D. flagrans (AC001) and M. thaumasium (NF34a) were capable of predating H. contortus L3, but no predation by the fungus P. chlamydosporia was seen. These fungi can offer potential for the biological control of nematodes.}, keywords = {*Microscopy, *Pest Control, Animals, Ascomycota/*physiology, Biological, Electron, Haemonchus/*microbiology/ultrastructure, Host-Parasite Interactions, Hypocreales/*physiology, Larva/microbiology, Ovum/microbiology, Scanning, Trichuris/*microbiology/ultrastructure}, issn = {1873-2542 (Electronic) 0378-1135 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.019}, author = {Silva, A. R. and Araujo, J. V. and Braga, F. R. and Benjamim, L. A. and Souza, D. L. and Carvalho, R. O.} } @article {12091, title = {Comparative analysis of destruction of the infective forms of Trichuris trichiura and Haemonchus contortus by nematophagous fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia; Duddingtonia flagrans and Monacrosporium thaumasium by scanning electron microscopy}, journal = {Veterinary Microbiology}, volume = {147}, number = {1-2}, year = {2011}, note = {Silva, A R
Araujo, J V
Braga, F R
Benjamim, L A
Souza, D L
Carvalho, R O
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Netherlands
2010/07/20 06:00
Vet Microbiol. 2011 Jan 10;147(1-2):214-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.019. Epub 2010 Jul 1.}, month = {Jan 10}, pages = {214-9}, abstract = {The present study aimed to demonstrate by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the in vitro predatory activity of nematophagous fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4 isolates) Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001 isolate) and Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34a isolate) on eggs of Trichuristrichiura and infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus. The work was divided into two experimental tests (A and B). In tests A and B, the predatory activity of nematophagous fungi P. chlamydosporia, D. flagrans and M. thaumasium on eggs of T. trichiura and H. contortus L3 was observed. After 6h, in test A, isolates P. chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4) had a role in destroying eggs of T.trichiura. For fungi D. flagrans and M. thaumasium the ovicidal activity on T. trichiura eggs was not observed. Test B showed that D. flagrans (AC001) and M. thaumasium (NF34a) were capable of predating H. contortus L3, but no predation by the fungus P. chlamydosporia was seen. These fungi can offer potential for the biological control of nematodes.}, keywords = {*Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, *Pest Control, Biological, Animals, Ascomycota/*physiology, Haemonchus/*microbiology/ultrastructure, Host-Parasite Interactions, Hypocreales/*physiology, Larva/microbiology, Ovum/microbiology, Trichuris/*microbiology/ultrastructure}, isbn = {1873-2542 (Electronic)
0378-1135 (Linking)}, author = {Silva, A. R. and Araujo, J. V. and Braga, F. R. and Benjamim, L. A. and Souza, D. L. and Carvalho, R. O.} } @article {11819, title = {{Comparative efficacy of candling and glass plate compression for detection of diphyllobothriosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) musculature}}, journal = {Scientific and Technical Review of the Office International des Epizooties}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {931{\textendash}837}, author = {Torres, P and Puga, S} } @article {10076, title = {{Comparison and verification of four field-based microbiological tests: H2S test, Easygel (R), Colilert (R), Petrifilm (TM)}}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {68{\textendash}85}, author = {Chuang, P and Trottier, S and Murcott, S} } @article {5900, title = {{Comparison of Arcobacter isolation methods, and diversity of Arcobacter spp. in Cheshire, United Kingdom.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {1646{\textendash}1650}, author = {Merga, J Y and Leatherbarrow, A J H and Winstanley, C and Bennett, M and Hart, C A and Miller, W G and Williams, N J} } @article {14417, title = {Comparison of {Arcobacter} isolation methods, and diversity of {Arcobacter} spp. in {Cheshire}, {United} {Kingdom}.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {1646{\textendash}1650}, author = {Merga, J Y and Leatherbarrow, A J H and Winstanley, C and Bennett, M and Hart, C A and Miller, W G and Williams, N J} } @article {10074, title = {{Comparison of quantitative PCR assays for Escherichia coli targeting ribosomal RNA and single copy genes}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {52}, year = {2011}, pages = {298{\textendash}306}, author = {Chern, EC and Siefring, S and Paar, J and Doolittle, M and Haugland, RA} } @article {10215, title = {{Comparison of the host specificities of two bacteroidales quantitative PCR assays used for tracking human fecal contamination}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, pages = {6258{\textendash}6260}, author = {Van De Werfhorst, LC and Sercu, B and Holden, PA} } @article {10504, title = {{Comparison of the host specificities of two bacteroidales quantitative PCR assays used for tracking human fecal contamination}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {77}, number = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {6258{\textendash}6260}, author = {Van De Werfhorst, LC and Sercu, B and Holden, PA} } @article {7084, title = {{COMPLEMENTARY} {ROLES}? {NGO}{\textendash}{GOVERNMENT} {RELATIONS} {FOR} {COMMUNITY}-{BASED} {SANITATION} {IN} {SOUTH} {ASIA}}, journal = {Public Administration and Development}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {282{\textendash}293}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pad.609/full}, author = {Sansom, Kevin} } @article {14766, title = {Complete nucleotide sequence analysis of the {VP}1 genomic region of {Echoviruses} 6 isolated from sewage in {Greece} revealed 98\% similarity with {Echoviruses} 6 that were characterized from an aseptic meningitis outbreak 1 year later}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, month = {aug}, pages = {1170{\textendash}3}, abstract = {The molecular characterization of two enterovirus strains (LR51A5 and LR61G3) isolated from the sewage treatment plant unit in Larissa, Greece, in May and June 2006 and the investigation of their relationship with enteroviruses of the same serotype isolated in Greece in 2001 and 2007 were performed by complete VP1 sequence analysis of the isolates. The close phylogenetic relationship and the high nucleotide similarity (98\%) led to the conclusion that the virus isolated from sewage in 2006 was associated with that isolated from an aseptic meningitis outbreak 1 year later. Bootscan analysis of the VP1 genomic region revealed that intraserotypic multi-recombination events might have been involved in the evolutionary past history of the LR51A5 and LR61G3 isolates.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, Aseptic/*epidemiology/virology, Base Sequence, Capsid Proteins/chemistry/*genetics, DNA, Echovirus 6, Echovirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology, Genetic, Greece/epidemiology, Human/classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Humans, Meningitis, Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, Recombination, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/*virology}, issn = {1469-0691 (Electronic) 1198-743X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03381.x}, author = {Kyriakopoulou, Z. and Dedepsidis, E. and Pliaka, V. and Tsakogiannis, D. and Ruether, I. G. and Krikelis, A. and Markoulatos, P.} } @article {15027, title = {Complete nucleotide sequence analysis of the {VP}1 genomic region of {Echoviruses} 6 isolated from sewage in {Greece} revealed 98\% similarity with {Echoviruses} 6 that were characterized from an aseptic meningitis outbreak 1 year later}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, month = {aug}, pages = {1170{\textendash}3}, abstract = {The molecular characterization of two enterovirus strains (LR51A5 and LR61G3) isolated from the sewage treatment plant unit in Larissa, Greece, in May and June 2006 and the investigation of their relationship with enteroviruses of the same serotype isolated in Greece in 2001 and 2007 were performed by complete VP1 sequence analysis of the isolates. The close phylogenetic relationship and the high nucleotide similarity (98\%) led to the conclusion that the virus isolated from sewage in 2006 was associated with that isolated from an aseptic meningitis outbreak 1 year later. Bootscan analysis of the VP1 genomic region revealed that intraserotypic multi-recombination events might have been involved in the evolutionary past history of the LR51A5 and LR61G3 isolates.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, Aseptic/*epidemiology/virology, Base Sequence, Capsid Proteins/chemistry/*genetics, DNA, Echovirus 6, Echovirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology, Genetic, Greece/epidemiology, Human/classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Humans, Meningitis, Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, Recombination, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/*virology}, issn = {1469-0691 (Electronic) 1198-743X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03381.x}, author = {Kyriakopoulou, Z. and Dedepsidis, E. and Pliaka, V. and Tsakogiannis, D. and Ruether, I. G. and Krikelis, A. and Markoulatos, P.} } @article {1677, title = {Complete nucleotide sequence analysis of the VP1 genomic region of Echoviruses 6 isolated from sewage in Greece revealed 98\% similarity with Echoviruses 6 that were characterized from an aseptic meningitis outbreak 1 year later}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, note = {Kyriakopoulou, Z Dedepsidis, E Pliaka, V Tsakogiannis, D Ruether, I G A Krikelis, A Markoulatos, P eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t France 2011/04/15 06:00 Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011 Aug;17(8):1170-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03381.x. Epub 2011 Apr 12.}, pages = {1170-3}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The molecular characterization of two enterovirus strains (LR51A5 and LR61G3) isolated from the sewage treatment plant unit in Larissa, Greece, in May and June 2006 and the investigation of their relationship with enteroviruses of the same serotype isolated in Greece in 2001 and 2007 were performed by complete VP1 sequence analysis of the isolates. The close phylogenetic relationship and the high nucleotide similarity (98\%) led to the conclusion that the virus isolated from sewage in 2006 was associated with that isolated from an aseptic meningitis outbreak 1 year later. Bootscan analysis of the VP1 genomic region revealed that intraserotypic multi-recombination events might have been involved in the evolutionary past history of the LR51A5 and LR61G3 isolates.}, keywords = {Aseptic/*epidemiology/virology Molecular Epidemiology Phylogeny Recombination, Base Sequence Capsid Proteins/chemistry/*genetics *Disease Outbreaks Echovirus 6, DNA Sewage/*virology, Genetic Sequence Analysis, Human/classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification Echovirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology Greece/epidemiology Humans Meningitis}, issn = {1469-0691 (Electronic) 1198-743X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03381.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21489045}, author = {Kyriakopoulou, Z. and Dedepsidis, E. and Pliaka, V. and Tsakogiannis, D. and Ruether, I. G. and Krikelis, A. and Markoulatos, P.} } @article {13579, title = {Comportamiento clinico-terapeutico de Fasciola hepatica en una serie de Fasciola hepatica en una serie de 87 pacientes.}, journal = {Rev Cuba Med Trop}, volume = {63}, year = {2011}, pages = {268-274}, author = {Diaz Fernandez and R. , Garces Martinez, M. , Millan Alvarez., L.M., Perez Lastre, J. and Millan Marcelo, J.C.} } @article {1675, title = {Composting of municipal solid waste}, journal = {Crit Rev Biotechnol}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, note = {Kumar, Sunil eng Review England 2010/09/22 06:00 Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2011 Jun;31(2):112-36. doi: 10.3109/07388551.2010.492207. Epub 2010 Sep 20.}, pages = {112-36}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This paper reviews the literature on the composting process, which is one of the technological options for the processing of municipal solid wastes (MSWs). The process assumes a great significance, particularly from the point of its economic viability, capability for recycling of nutrients and waste minimization with minimum environmental problems. A number of studies on various aspects of the composting process, including process control and monitoring parameters such as temperature, pH, moisture content, aeration, and porosity are reviewed. Salient observations on microbial properties of composting are described and details of vermicomposting, as well as a detailed analysis of patents on composting of MSW, are presented.}, keywords = {Animals Biodegradation, Environmental Cities Fertilizers Hydrogen-Ion Concentration India Methane/metabolism Oligochaeta Recycling/trends Refuse Disposal/methods Sewage/*chemistry/*microbiology *Soil Temperature Waste Management/*methods}, issn = {1549-7801 (Electronic) 0738-8551 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3109/07388551.2010.492207}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20854128}, author = {Kumar, S.} } @article {14764, title = {Composting of municipal solid waste}, journal = {Crit Rev Biotechnol}, volume = {31}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {112{\textendash}36}, abstract = {This paper reviews the literature on the composting process, which is one of the technological options for the processing of municipal solid wastes (MSWs). The process assumes a great significance, particularly from the point of its economic viability, capability for recycling of nutrients and waste minimization with minimum environmental problems. A number of studies on various aspects of the composting process, including process control and monitoring parameters such as temperature, pH, moisture content, aeration, and porosity are reviewed. Salient observations on microbial properties of composting are described and details of vermicomposting, as well as a detailed analysis of patents on composting of MSW, are presented.}, keywords = {*Soil, Animals, biodegradation, Cities, Environmental, Fertilizers, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, India, Methane/metabolism, Oligochaeta, Recycling/trends, Refuse Disposal/methods, Sewage/*chemistry/*microbiology, Temperature, Waste Management/*methods}, issn = {1549-7801 (Electronic) 0738-8551 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3109/07388551.2010.492207}, author = {Kumar, S.} } @article {15026, title = {Composting of municipal solid waste}, journal = {Crit Rev Biotechnol}, volume = {31}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {112{\textendash}36}, abstract = {This paper reviews the literature on the composting process, which is one of the technological options for the processing of municipal solid wastes (MSWs). The process assumes a great significance, particularly from the point of its economic viability, capability for recycling of nutrients and waste minimization with minimum environmental problems. A number of studies on various aspects of the composting process, including process control and monitoring parameters such as temperature, pH, moisture content, aeration, and porosity are reviewed. Salient observations on microbial properties of composting are described and details of vermicomposting, as well as a detailed analysis of patents on composting of MSW, are presented.}, keywords = {*Soil, Animals, biodegradation, Cities, Environmental, Fertilizers, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, India, Methane/metabolism, Oligochaeta, Recycling/trends, Refuse Disposal/methods, Sewage/*chemistry/*microbiology, Temperature, Waste Management/*methods}, issn = {1549-7801 (Electronic) 0738-8551 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3109/07388551.2010.492207}, author = {Kumar, S.} } @article {559, title = {Computational analysis and identification of an emergent human adenovirus pathogen implicated in a respiratory fatality}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {409}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, note = {Robinson, Christopher M Singh, Gurdeep Henquell, Cecile Walsh, Michael P Peigue-Lafeuille, Helene Seto, Donald Jones, Morris S Dyer, David W Chodosh, James EY013124-S1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States P30EY014104/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States R01 EY013124/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States R01 EY013124-09S1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States Case Reports Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Virology}, pages = {141-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Adenoviral infections are typically acute, self-limiting, and not associated with death. However, we present the genomic and bioinformatics analysis of a novel recombinant human adenovirus (HAdV-D56) isolated in France that caused a rare neonatal fatality, and keratoconjunctivitis in three health care workers who cared for the neonate. Whole genome alignments revealed the expected diversity in the penton base, hexon, E3, and fiber coding regions, and provided evidence for extensive recombination. Bootscan analysis confirmed recombination between HAdV-D9, HAdV-D26, HAdV-D15, and HAdV-D29 in the penton base and hexon proteins, centered around hypervariable loops within the putative proteins. Protein structure analysis of the fiber coding region revealed similarity with HAdV-D8, HAdV-D9, and HAdV-D53, possibly accounting for the ocular tropism of the virus. Based on these data, this virus appears to be a new HAdV-D type (HAdV-D56), underscoring the importance of recombination events in human adenovirus evolution and the emergence of new adenovirus pathogens.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, DNA Viral Proteins/genetics, Genetic Respiratory Tract Infections/mortality/ transmission/ virology Sequence Alignment Sequence Analysis, Human/ genetics/ isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Amino Acid Sequence Cluster Analysis Computational Biology DNA, Molecular Fatal Outcome France Genome, Newborn Keratoconjunctivitis/virology Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Recombination, Viral Humans Infant, Viral/chemistry/genetics Evolution}, issn = {1096-0341 (Electronic) 0042-6822 (Linking)}, author = {Robinson, C. M. and Singh, G. and Henquell, C. and Walsh, M. P. and Peigue-Lafeuille, H. and Seto, D. and M S Jones and Dyer, D. W. and Chodosh, J.} } @article {14045, title = {Concurrent outbreak of norovirus genotype {I} and enterotoxigenic {Escherichia} coli on a {U}.{S}. {Navy} ship following a visit to {Lima}, {Peru}.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {e20822}, abstract = {An outbreak of norovirus (NoV) genotype I and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) occurred among US Navy Ship personnel following a visit to Lima, Peru, in June 2008. Visiting a specific area in Lima was significantly associated with illness. While ETEC and NoV are commonly recognized as causative agents of outbreaks, co-circulation of both pathogens has been rarely observed in shipboard outbreaks.}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0020822}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21713034 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3119660}, author = {Gonzaga, Victor E and Ramos, Mariana and Maves, Ryan C and Freeman, Randal and Montgomery, Joel M} } @article {8019, title = {{Concurrent outbreak of norovirus genotype I and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli on a U.S. Navy ship following a visit to Lima, Peru.}}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {e20822}, abstract = {An outbreak of norovirus (NoV) genotype I and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) occurred among US Navy Ship personnel following a visit to Lima, Peru, in June 2008. Visiting a specific area in Lima was significantly associated with illness. While ETEC and NoV are commonly recognized as causative agents of outbreaks, co-circulation of both pathogens has been rarely observed in shipboard outbreaks.}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0020822}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21713034 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3119660}, author = {Gonzaga, Victor E and Ramos, Mariana and Maves, Ryan C and Freeman, Randal and Montgomery, Joel M} } @article {8632, title = {{Congenital toxoplasmosis due to maternal reinfection during pregnancy}}, journal = {Archives de P{\'e}diatrie}, volume = {18}, number = {7}, year = {2011}, pages = {761{\textendash}763}, author = {Vald{\`e}s, V and Legagneur, H and Watrin, V and Paris, L and Hasco{\"e}t, JM} } @mastersthesis {6393, title = {Consumer attitudes toward new in-home washing systems}, year = {2011}, note = {1507149}, school = {University of California, Davis}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Consumer{\textquoteright}s awareness of foodborne illness outbreaks related to contaminated fresh produce is increasing. Some are interested in what they could personally do at home to enhance safety. One risk reduction strategy is to adequately wash produce before consumption. Washing with ozonated or electrolyzed water has reduced bacteria levels for some produce items in laboratory settings. This study explores consumer awareness of produce related food safety issues, assesses their interest in learning about produce washing techniques, and measures their response to washing with ozonated or electrolyzed water produced by equipment designed for the home. Consumer attitudes were explored through focus groups (n=10) of 101 consumers conducted in Northern California in 2010. Attitudes were analyzed by content analysis using Xsight software while responses to key questions were quantified using a Likert scale. Concern about produce safety was mixed, with an average concern level of 3.22 (1=Very Unconcerned and 5=Very Concerned). Participants were given a brief written description of each water treatment prepared by the author. Most participants were not concerned with the technologies of the two water systems. However, the likelihood to purchase the ozonated water generator was 3.83 and the electrolyzed water was 4.56 (1= Very Likely and 5=Very Unlikely). Participants trusted that the two water systems were safe for use, but also believed that both the water systems were too expensive, too large, and added an unnecessary step to their food preparation. Participants would consider using the water systems in the future if they were physically improved. The participants did support use of an advanced washing system in foodservice. This study suggests that consumers are unlikely to embrace an approach that requires them to deviate from their traditional food handling practices. Preparing a special solution and soaking produce even for a few minutes was considered too time consuming.}, keywords = {0359:Food Science, Biological sciences, Consumer response, Electrolyzed, Food safety, Food Science, Ozonated, Produce safety, Washing}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1010422533?accountid=14270}, author = {Hickey, Caitlin Rose} } @article {12264, title = {Continuous feeding of antimicrobial growth promoters to commercial swine during the growing/finishing phase does not modify faecal community erythromycin resistance or community structure}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {110}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1414-25}, type = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, edition = {2011/03/15}, keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Animal Feed, Animal Husbandry/methods, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration \& dosage, Bacteria/*drug effects/enzymology/genetics, Bacterial Proteins/genetics, Colony Count, Microbial, Erythromycin/pharmacology, Feces/*microbiology, Methyltransferases/genetics, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics, Swine/*microbiology, Time Factors, Tylosin/administration \& dosage, Virginiamycin/administration \& dosage}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic)
1364-5072 (Linking)}, author = {Kalmokoff, M. and Waddington, L. M. and Thomas, M. and Liang, K. L. and Ma, C. and Topp, E. and Dandurand, U. D. and Letellier, A. and Matias, F. and Brooks, S. P.} } @article {13530, title = {Controlling helminthiasis period 2006-2010 and study in next period 2011-2015 in Vietnam}, journal = {Bull Nat Inst Malariol Parasitol Entomol.}, volume = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {7-15}, author = {Hung, N. M. and Dung, D. T.} } @article {5105, title = {{Correlation between discharged worms and fecal egg counts in human clonorchiasis}}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, pages = {e1339}, author = {Kim, JH and Choi, MH and Bae, YM and Oh, JK and Lim, MK and Hong, ST} } @article {5944, title = {{A cost-effectiveness analysis of a candidate vaccine against hepatitis E virus using the institute of medicine model}}, journal = {Am J Gastroenterol}, volume = {96}, number = {9, Suppl 1}, year = {2011}, pages = {S263}, author = {Das, A and Sinha, M} } @article {13671, title = {{Cost-effectiveness of options for reducing health risks in areas where food crops are irrigated with treated or untreated wastewater}}, journal = {Water International}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {535{\textendash}548}, abstract = {In this article the authors draw from a comparative assessment of different interventions, examining their costs, risk-reduction potential and cost-effectiveness. They consider a case study in Ghana, using an approach that integrates quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and cost-effectiveness analysis. Most practices appear highly cost-effective, although only a few are likely to avert more than 80{\%} of the DALY burden. As compliance will always be a challenge, the results support the need for a multi-barrier risk-management approach that, where possible, combines treatment and non-treatment interventions. Adapted from the source document.}, keywords = {Cost-Effectivness, DALY, DALYs, economics, Food, Mitigation, Multi-barrier approach, Policy interventions, QMRA, wastewater, WHO Guidelines}, isbn = {0250-8060, 0250-8060}, issn = {02508060}, doi = {10.1080/02508060.2011.594549}, author = {Drechsel, Pay and Seidu, Razak} } @article {15253, title = {Cost-effectiveness of options for reducing health risks in areas where food crops are irrigated with treated or untreated wastewater}, journal = {Water International}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {535{\textendash}548}, abstract = {In this article the authors draw from a comparative assessment of different interventions, examining their costs, risk-reduction potential and cost-effectiveness. They consider a case study in Ghana, using an approach that integrates quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and cost-effectiveness analysis. Most practices appear highly cost-effective, although only a few are likely to avert more than 80\% of the DALY burden. As compliance will always be a challenge, the results support the need for a multi-barrier risk-management approach that, where possible, combines treatment and non-treatment interventions. Adapted from the source document.}, keywords = {Cost-Effectivness, DALY, DALYs, economics, Food, Mitigation, Multi-barrier approach, Policy interventions, QMRA, wastewater, WHO Guidelines}, issn = {02508060}, doi = {10.1080/02508060.2011.594549}, author = {Drechsel, Pay and Seidu, Razak} } @article {16224, title = {Cross-protective immunity against leptospirosis elicited by a live, attenuated lipopolysaccharide mutant.}, journal = {J Infect Dis.J Infect Dis.}, volume = {203}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {870-879.}, author = {Srikram, A. and Zhang, K. and Bartpho, T. and Lo, M. and Hoke, D. E. and Sermswan, R. W. and Adler, B. and Murray, G. L.} } @mastersthesis {6300, title = {Crustal stress heterogeneity in the vicinity of a geothermal field: {Coso} {Geothermal} {Field}, {CA}}, year = {2011}, note = {1500799}, school = {Temple University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Borehole induced structures seen in image logs from the Coso Geothermal Field, CA record variation in the azimuth of principal stress. Image logs of these structures from five boreholes were analyzed to quantify the stress heterogeneity for three geologically distinct locations: two boreholes within the Coso Geothermal Field (one in an actively produced volume), two on the margin of the Coso Geothermal Field and outside the production area, and a control borehole several tens of kilometers south of the Coso Geothermal Field. Average directions of S hmin and its standard deviation are similar along the eastern portion of the geothermal field at \~{}107 {\textpm} 28{\textdegree}; this is distinct from the western portion which has an azimuth of 081 {\textpm} 18{\textdegree} and also distinct from outside the geothermal field where the average azimuth is 092 {\textpm} 47{\textdegree}. These relationships suggest a correlation of stress orientation and heterogeneity with slip on the Coso Wash fault, suggesting that \~{}20 years of production has not affected the S hmin .orientation. The slope of power spectrum quantifies the length-scale dependence of stress rotations for the volume of the brittle crust penetrated by each borehole. Spectral analysis was applied to the depth variation of stress direction and it demonstrates that: (1) the data set contains distinct wavelengths of stress rotation, (2) that the relative power of these wavelengths in the total scaling of stress directions demonstrates a fractal distribution and (3) in a manner consistent with earthquakes causing the stress rotations. While the vertically averaged S hmin orientation for the three eastern boreholes varied by as little as 1{\textdegree}, the spectral slopes varied by 0.4 log (deg2 *m)(m) from the inside to the margin unproduced areas of the Coso Geothermal Field. The two boreholes inside the field had spectral slopes within one standard deviation, even though Shmin orientations were not parallel. These results suggest that at the kilometer length scale, the source of stress heterogeneity is dominated by proximity to recent fault slip, whereas the centimeter to meter stress heterogeneity is dominated by earthquake activity.}, keywords = {0372:Geology, 0373:Geophysics, Earth sciences, Geology, Geophysical, Geophysics, Image logs, Spectral analysis}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/900865609?accountid=14270}, author = {Blake, Kelly} } @article {15673, title = {Cryptosporidium meleagridis: infectivity in healthy adult volunteers}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {85}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {Aug}, pages = {238-42}, edition = {2011/08/05}, keywords = {Adult, Cryptosporidiosis/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium/*classification/genetics/pathogenicity, Disease Susceptibility, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Oocysts, Species Specificity, Young Adult}, isbn = {0002-9637}, author = {Chappell, C. L. and Okhuysen, P. C. and Langer-Curry, R. C. and Akiyoshi, D. E. and Widmer, G. and Tzipori, S.} } @article {15662, title = {Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in two areas of Galicia (NW Spain)}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {409}, number = {13}, year = {2011}, month = {Jun 1}, pages = {2451-9}, edition = {2011/04/15}, keywords = {Animals, Colony Count, Microbial, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology, Cryptosporidium/genetics/*growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Environmental Exposure/statistics \& numerical data, Feces/microbiology/parasitology, Fresh Water/microbiology/parasitology, Giardia lamblia/genetics/*growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/epidemiology, Oocysts, Spain, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution/statistics \& numerical data, Water Supply/analysis}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Castro-Hermida, J. A. and Garcia-Presedo, I. and Almeida, A. and Gonzalez-Warleta, M. and Correia Da Costa, J. M. and Mezo, M.} } @article {974, title = {Culture-based indicators of fecal contamination and molecular microbial indicators rarely correlate with Campylobacter spp. in recreational waters}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {695{\textendash}707}, abstract = {

Campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Most human infections result from contaminated food; however, infections are also caused by recreational waterway contamination. Campylobacter culture is technically challenging and enumeration by culture-based methods is onerous. Thus, we employed qPCR to quantify Campylobacter spp. in fresh- and marine-water samples, raw sewage and animal feces. Multiplex PCR determined whether Campylobacter jejuni or C. coli, most commonly associated with human disease, were present in qPCR-positive samples. Campylobacters were detected in raw sewage, and in feces of all avian and mammalian species tested. Campylobacter-positive concentrations ranged from 68 to 2.3 {\texttimes} 10$^{6}$ cells per 500 mL. Although C. jejuni and C. coli were rare in waterways, they were prevalent in sewage and feces. Campylobacter-specific qPCR screening of environmental waters did not correlate with the regulatory EPA method 1600 (Enterococcus culture), nor with culture-independent, molecular-based microbial source tracking indicators, such as human polyomavirus, human Bacteroidales and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Our results suggest that neither the standard EPA method nor the newly proposed culture-independent methods are appropriate surrogates for Campylobacter contamination in water. Thus, assays for specific pathogens may be necessary to protect human health, especially in waters that are contaminated with sewage and animal feces.

}, keywords = {Campylobacter, Fecal indicator, Microbial source tracking, Molecular indicator, Recreational waters}, isbn = {1477-8920}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.154}, author = {Hellein, Kristen N. and Battie, Cynthia and Tauchman, Eric and Lund, Deanna and Oyarzabal, Omar A. and Lepo, Joe Eugene} } @article {13757, title = {Culture-based indicators of fecal contamination and molecular microbial indicators rarely correlate with {Campylobacter} spp. in recreational waters}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Most human infections result from contaminated food; however, infections are also caused by recreational waterway contamination. Campylobacter culture is technically challenging and enumeration by culture-based methods is onerous. Thus, we employed qPCR to quantify Campylobacter spp. in fresh- and marine-water samples, raw sewage and animal feces. Multiplex PCR determined whether Campylobacter jejuni or C. coli, most commonly associated with human disease, were present in qPCR-positive samples. Campylobacters were detected in raw sewage, and in feces of all avian and mammalian species tested. Campylobacter-positive concentrations ranged from 68 to 2.3 {\texttimes} 10 6 cells per 500 mL. Although C. jejuni and C. coli were rare in waterways, they were prevalent in sewage and feces. Campylobacter-specific qPCR screening of environmental waters did not correlate with the regulatory EPA method 1600 (Enterococcus culture), nor with culture-independent, molecular-based microbial source tracking indicators, such as human polyomavirus, human Bacteroidales and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Our results suggest that neither the standard EPA method nor the newly proposed culture-independent methods are appropriate surrogates for Campylobacter contamination in water. Thus, assays for specific pathogens may be necessary to protect human health, especially in waters that are contaminated with sewage and animal feces. {\textcopyright} IWA Publishing 2011.}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.154}, author = {Hellein, K.N. and Battie, C. and Tauchman, E. and Lund, D. and Oyarzabal, O.A. and Lepo, J.E.} } @article {7557, title = {{Culture-based indicators of fecal contamination and molecular microbial indicators rarely correlate with Campylobacter spp. in recreational waters}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {695-707}, abstract = {

Campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Most human infections result from contaminated food; however, infections are also caused by recreational waterway contamination. Campylobacter culture is technically challenging and enumeration by culture-based methods is onerous. Thus, we employed qPCR to quantify Campylobacter spp. in fresh- and marine-water samples, raw sewage and animal feces. Multiplex PCR determined whether Campylobacter jejuni or C. coli, most commonly associated with human disease, were present in qPCR-positive samples. Campylobacters were detected in raw sewage, and in feces of all avian and mammalian species tested. Campylobacter-positive concentrations ranged from 68 to 2.3 {\texttimes} 10 6 cells per 500 mL. Although C. jejuni and C. coli were rare in waterways, they were prevalent in sewage and feces. Campylobacter-specific qPCR screening of environmental waters did not correlate with the regulatory EPA method 1600 (Enterococcus culture), nor with culture-independent, molecular-based microbial source tracking indicators, such as human polyomavirus, human Bacteroidales and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Our results suggest that neither the standard EPA method nor the newly proposed culture-independent methods are appropriate surrogates for Campylobacter contamination in water. Thus, assays for specific pathogens may be necessary to protect human health, especially in waters that are contaminated with sewage and animal feces. {\textcopyright} IWA Publishing 2011.

}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.154}, author = {Hellein, K.N. and Battie, C. and Tauchman, E. and Lund, D. and Oyarzabal, O.A. and Lepo, J.E.} } @article {7709, title = {Culture-based indicators of fecal contamination and molecular microbial indicators rarely correlate with Campylobacter spp. in recreational waters}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, note = {PT: J; TC: 1; UT: WOS:000297599300009}, month = {DEC}, pages = {695-707}, isbn = {1477-8920}, author = {Hellein,Kristen N. and Battie,Cynthia and Tauchman,Eric and Lund,Deanna and Oyarzabal,Omar A. and Lepo,Joe E.} } @article {4816, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis: first report of imported and autochthonous infections in Kuwait}}, journal = {The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries}, volume = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {383{\textendash}390}, author = {Iqbal, J and Hira, PR and Al-Ali, F and Khalid, N} } @inbook {2934, title = {Cystic {Echinococcosis}.}, booktitle = {Oxford {Textbook} on {Zoonoses} (2nd {Ed}). {Biology}, clinical practice, and public control.}, year = {2011}, pages = {1{\textendash}62}, publisher = {Palmer SR, Soulsby L, Torgerson P, Brown DWG}, organization = {Palmer SR, Soulsby L, Torgerson P, Brown DWG}, edition = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, isbn = {0-19-857002-3}, author = {Torgerson, PR and MacPherson, CNL and Vuitton, DA} } @article {11353, title = {Cysticercosis and taeniosis: Taenia solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica}, journal = {Oxford Textbook of Zoonoses: Biology, Clinical Practice, and Public Health Control. Oxford University Press, Oxford}, year = {2011}, pages = {625-642}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Flisser, Ana and Craig, Philip S and Ito, Akira} } @article {4199, title = {{Daily measures of microbes and human health at a non-point source marine beach.}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {443{\textendash}57}, abstract = {

Studies evaluating the relationship between microbes and human health at non-point source beaches are necessary for establishing criteria which would protect public health while minimizing economic burdens. The objective of this study was to evaluate water quality and daily cumulative health effects (gastrointestinal, skin, and respiratory illnesses) for bathers at a non-point source subtropical marine recreational beach in order to better understand the inter-relationships between these factors and hence improve monitoring and pollution prevention techniques. Daily composite samples were collected, during the Oceans and Human Health Beach Exposure Assessment and Characterization Health Epidemiologic Study conducted in Miami (Florida, USA) at a non-point source beach, and analyzed for several pathogens, microbial source tracking markers, indicator microbes, and environmental parameters. Analysis demonstrated that rainfall and tide were more influential, when compared to other environmental factors and source tracking markers, in determining the presence of both indicator microbes and pathogens. Antecedent rainfall and F+ coliphage detection in water should be further assessed to confirm their possible association with skin and gastrointestinal (GI) illness outcomes, respectively. The results of this research illustrate the potential complexity of beach systems characterized by non-point sources, and how more novel and comprehensive approaches are needed to assess beach water quality for the purpose of protecting bather health.

}, keywords = {Bathing Beaches, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation {\&} purification, enterovirus, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Epidemiological Monitoring, Florida, Florida: epidemiology, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Gastrointestinal Diseases: epidemiology, Gastrointestinal Diseases: microbiology, Humans, Rain, Respiratory Tract Infections, Respiratory Tract Infections: epidemiology, Respiratory Tract Infections: microbiology, Respiratory Tract Infections: transmission, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.146}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21976192}, author = {Abdelzaher, Amir M and Wright, Mary E and Ortega, Cristina and Hasan, A Rasem and Shibata, Tomoyoki and Solo-Gabriele, Helena M and Kish, Jonathan and Withum, Kelly and He, Guoqing and Elmir, Samir M and Bonilla, J Alfredo and Bonilla, Tonya D and Palmer, Carol J and Scott, Troy M and Lukasik, Jerzy and Harwood, Valerie J and McQuaig, Shannon and Sinigalliano, Christopher D and Gidley, Maribeth L and Wanless, David and Plano, Lisa R W and Garza, Anna C and Zhu, Xiaofang and Stewart, Jill R and Dickerson, Jerold W and Yampara-Iquise, Helen and Carson, Charles and Fleisher, Jay M and Fleming, Lora E} } @article {8502, title = {{Decreased prevalence and age-specific risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in The Netherlands between 1995/1996 and 2006/2007}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {139}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {530{\textendash}538}, author = {Hofhuis, A and Van Pelt, W and van Duynhoven, YT and Nijhuis, CD and Mollema, L and van der Klis, FR and A H Havelaar and Kortbeek, LM} } @article {12518, title = {Degradation and removal methods of antibiotics from aqueous matrices{\textendash}a review}, journal = {Journal of environmental managementJournal of environmental management}, volume = {92}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, pages = {2304-2347}, isbn = {0301-4797}, author = {Homem, Vera and Santos, L{\'u}cia} } @article {6794, title = {Demand for sanitation in {Salvador}, {Brazil}: a hybrid choice approach}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, volume = {72}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, month = {apr}, pages = {1325{\textendash}1332}, abstract = {Funds to promote access to water and sanitation in developing countries are scarce and most of the investments come from the national governments and households sources, not international resources. In many of these countries, mainly in middle income countries, households are paying direct taxes to access these services, and understanding what determines their choice and motivation is fundamental to promote access to them. It has been argued that is not enough to supply a wide range of alternatives unless the individuals can recognise their benefits and sustainability. The objective of this paper is to understand the choice of sanitation technology by residents in the city of Salvador, Brazil. We propose a unique hybrid choice model that incorporates a set of latent attitudinal variables and explains how the demographic factors within a household influence choice. The substantial difference of our hybrid choice model from descriptive frameworks is that it integrates choice and latent variables (such as attitudes and preferences) allowing us to model explicitly the cognitive process that influences sanitation adoption, draw conclusions from cognitive variables associated with individuals{\textquoteright} socio-economic and demographic characteristics, and establishes a causal pathway among these variables. The results show that the attributes of health protection, accessibility, privacy, and house modernisation were what households cared about when opting for flush toilet and sewerage connection, rather than the high cost and consequent household socio-economic status associated with them. The hybrid model is statistically consistent with these findings, and seems to fill the gap between behavioural theory and discrete choice models applied to sanitation.}, keywords = {Adult, Brazil, Choice Behavior, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, sanitation, Sewage, Social Class, Surveys and Questionnaires, Theoretical, Urban Population, Young Adult}, issn = {1873-5347}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.018}, author = {Santos, Andreia C. and Roberts, Jennifer A. and Barreto, Mauricio L. and Cairncross, Sandy} } @article {7681, title = {Description and sources of contamination by Campylobacter spp. of river water destined for human consumption in Brittany, France}, journal = {Pathologie Biologie}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {10}, pages = {256-263}, abstract = {Presence or absence of Campylobacter spp. in water of five rivers upstream from an intake point for drinking water production was investigated, and isolates genetically compared with human, pig and poultry isolates in order to determine their source. River water and drinking water obtained from these rivers were sampled one time per month, over a period of one year, and tested for Campylobacter. Isolates were typed by PFGE. Campylobacter was not detected in treated drinking water, but 50\% of the river samples were contaminated. Contamination was observed on the four seasons. In total, 297 Campylobacter isolates were collected and generated 46 PFGE profiles. Campylobacter jejuni was the most frequently detected species in samples (74.1\% of the isolates), followed by Campylobacter coli (17.8\%) and Campylobacter lari (8.1\%). Forty-two of the 46 PFGE profiles were unique. Only one genotype was detected three times in a river during the year and four genotypes in two different rivers. When compared to animal and human Campylobacter PFGE profiles, 14, 11 and one Campylobacter genotypes from water were genetically closed to human, poultry, and pig Campylobacter genotypes, respectively. The Campylobacter population displayed a high level of genetic diversity, suggesting that contamination originated from various origins. Human, poultry and pig were sources of contamination of the river by Campylobacter. Finally, no Campylobacter were detected in drinking water, indicating that the risk of outbreaks due to consumption of drinking water is low.}, keywords = {Campylobacter, eau, {\'e}s, Humain, Human, PFGE, Pig, Porc, Poultry, Volaille, water}, isbn = {0369-8114}, author = {Denis,M. and M.Tanguy and Chidaine,B. and M. J Laisney and M{\'e}graud,F. and Fravalo,P.} } @article {10772, title = {{Design and validation of a novel multiplex real-time PCR assay for Vibrio pathogen detection}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {939{\textendash}948}, author = {Tebbs, RS and Brzoska, PM and Furtado, MR and Petrauskene, OV} } @article {17321, title = {Design of a combined process for the inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis in liquid whole egg at 55 degrees C}, journal = {International Journal of Food MicrobiologyInternational journal of food microbiologyInt J Food Microbiol}, volume = {145}, number = {2-3}, year = {2011}, month = {Feb 28}, pages = {476-482}, keywords = {different ph, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, Heat, Inactivation, listeria-innocua, lwe, Pulsed electric fields, pulsed electric-fields, Salmonella, shelf-life, staphylococcus-aureus, sublethal injury, thermal inactivation, typhimurium, ultrasonic-waves}, isbn = {0168-1605}, author = {Monfort, S. and Gayan, E. and Condon, S. and Raso, J. and Alvarez, I.} } @article {4800, title = {{Detection and differentiation of coccidian oocysts by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {97}, year = {2011}, pages = {725{\textendash}730}, author = {Lalonde, LF and Gajadhar, AA} } @article {991, title = {Detection and quantitation of infectious human adenoviruses and JC polyomaviruses in water by immunofluorescence assay}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {171}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {1{\textendash}7}, abstract = {

Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) have been proposed as markers of fecal/urine contamination of human origin. An indirect immunofluorescence assay has been developed to quantify infectious human adenoviruses types 2 and 41 and JC polyomaviruses strain Mad-4 in water samples. The immunofluorescence assay was compared with other quantitative techniques used commonly such as plaque assay, tissue culture infectious dose-50 and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The immunofluorescence assays showed to be specific for the detection of infectious viruses, obtaining negative results when UV or heat-inactivated viruses were analyzed. The assays required less time and showed higher sensitivity for the detection of infectious viral particles than other cell culture techniques (1 log(10) more) evaluated. River water samples spiked previously with human adenoviruses and raw sewage samples were also analyzed using the proposed immunofluorescence assay as well as by qPCR. The results show quantitations with 2 log(10) reduction in the numbers of infectious viruses compared with the number of genome copies detected by qPCR. The immunofluorescence assay developed is fast, sensitive, specific, and a standardizable technique for the quantitation and detection of infectious viruses in water samples.

}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Cell culture, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Human, Human: immunology, Human: isolation \& purification, Humans, Immunofluorescence assay, Indirect, Indirect: methods, JC polyomavirus, JC Virus, JC Virus: immunology, JC Virus: isolation \& purification, Plaque Assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, QPCR, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sewage, Sewage: virology, TCID50, Time Factors, Viral Plaque Assay, Viral Plaque Assay: methods, Virology, Virology: methods, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {0166-0934}, issn = {1879-0984}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.09.013}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20863853}, author = {Calgua, Byron and Celia R Barardi and Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus and Girones, Rosina} } @article {9768, title = {{Detection and subtype identification of Blastocystis isolates from wastewater samples in the Philippines}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {128{\textendash}137}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2010.127}, author = {Banaticla, JE and Rivera, WL} } @article {9678, title = {Detection of Cryptosporidium in tap water in Xinjiang cities}, journal = {Chinese Journal of Biology}, volume = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {42-44}, author = {Mong, J and Zhao, Y and Beishanbo, A.} } @article {9523, title = {{Detection of microsporidia in drinking water, wastewater and recreational rivers}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {16}, year = {2011}, pages = {4837{\textendash}4843}, author = {Izquierdo, F and Castro Hermida, JA and Fenoy, S and Mezo, M and Gonz{\'a}lez-Warleta, M and del Aguila, C} } @article {16319, title = {{Detection of the human specific Bacteroides genetic marker provides evidence of widespread sewage contamination of stormwater in the urban environment}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {14}, year = {2011}, month = {aug}, pages = {4081{\textendash}4091}, publisher = {Pergamon}, abstract = {

Human sewage contamination of surface waters is a major human health concern. We found urban stormwater systems that collect and convey runoff from impervious surfaces act as a conduit for sewage originating from breeches in sanitary sewer infrastructure. A total of 828 samples at 45 stormwater outfalls were collected over a four-year period and assessed by culture based methods, PCR, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to test for traditional and alternative indicators of fecal pollution. All outfalls had the HF183 (human) Bacteroides genetic marker detected in at least one sample, suggesting sewage contamination is nearly ubiquitous in the urban environment. However, most outfalls were intermittently positive, ranging from detection in 11{\%}\–100{\%} of the samples. Positive results did not correlate with seasonality, rainfall amounts, or days since previous rainfall. Approximately two-thirds of the outfalls had high ({\textgreater}5000 copy number, i.e. CN, per 100 ml) or moderate levels (1000\–5000 CN per 100 ml) of the human Bacteroides genetic marker. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and enterococci levels did not correlate to human Bacteroides. A total of 66{\%} of all outfall samples had standard fecal indicator levels above 10,000 CFU per 100 ml. A tiered assessment using this benchmark to identify high priority sites would have failed to flag 35{\%} of the samples that had evidence of sewage contamination. In addition, high fecal indicators would have flagged 33{\%} of samples as priority that had low or no evidence of sewage. Enteric virus levels in one outfall with high levels of the human Bacteroides genetic marker were similar to untreated wastewater, which illustrates stormwater can serve as a pathway for pathogen contamination. The major source of fecal pollution at four of five river sites that receive stormwater discharge appeared to be from sewage sources rather than non-human sources based on the ratios of human Bacteroides to total Bacteroides spp. This study shows the feasibility and benefits of employing molecular methods to test for alternative indicators of fecal pollution to identify sewage sources and potential health risks and for prioritization of remediation efforts.

}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/J.WATRES.2011.04.049}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004313541100251X?via{\%}3Dihub}, author = {Sauer, Elizabeth P. and VandeWalle, Jessica L. and Bootsma, Melinda J. and McLellan, Sandra L.} } @article {9242, title = {{Determination of the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in human ata private fertilizer company hospital in Pakistan using microscopic technique}}, journal = {African Journal of Microbiology Research}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {149{\textendash}152}, author = {Ejaz, M and Murtaza, G and Ahmad, M and Khan, SA and Najam-us-Saqib, Q and Bin Asad, MHH and Wasim, A and Farzana, K and Hussain, I} } @article {10486, title = {{Developing Better Indicators for Pathogen Presence in Sewage Sludges}}, journal = {Water Intelligence}, year = {2011}, author = {Pillai, SD and Meckes, MC and Murthy, SN and Willis, J} } @article {9841, title = {{Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of blastocystis parasites in human stool samples: prospective study of patients with hematological malignancies}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {49}, year = {2011}, pages = {975{\textendash}983}, author = {Poirier, P and Wawrzyniak, I and Albert, A and El Alaoui, H and Delbac, F and Livrelli, V} } @article {6202, title = {Development of a multiplex microsphere immunoassay for the quantitation of salivary antibody responses to selected waterborne pathogens}, journal = {Journal of Immunological Methods}, volume = {364}, number = {1-2}, year = {2011}, pages = {83{\textendash}93}, issn = {00221759}, doi = {10.1016/j.jim.2010.11.005}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022175910003297}, author = {Griffin, Shannon M. and Chen, Ing M. and Fout, G. Shay and Wade, Timothy J. and Egorov, Andrey I.} } @article {9980, title = {{Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay combined with ethidium monoazide treatment for RNA viruses and its application to detect viral RNA after heat exposure.}}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {502{\textendash}7}, abstract = {A method was developed for discriminating damaged viruses or naked viral RNA from intact viruses by ethidium monoazide (EMA) treatment before RT-PCR. The applied EMA treatment consisted of three steps: (1) EMA dose, (2) exposure to light, and (3) additional purification by spin-column gel filtration. Approximately 4-log reduction in viral RNA concentration was observed by adding a dose of 10 $μ$g/mL-EMA with 300 s of light irradiation. Although residual EMA can be an inhibitor of RT-PCR, its effect was reduced by spin-column gel filtration or a QIAamp{\textregistered} Viral RNA Mini Kit. EMA-RT-PCR was applied to the thermally treated PV1. Results of EMA-RT-PCR were similar to the plaque assay when PV1 was thermally inactivated. Although this is a preliminary study investigating applicability of the EMA-RT-PCR method for RNA viruses, the results suggest that the method is potentially applicable for the selective detection of epidemiologically important enteric viruses in water such as enteroviruses and noroviruses.}, keywords = {Animals, Azides, Azides: pharmacology, Hot Temperature, Light, Mice, Norovirus, Norovirus: drug effects, Norovirus: genetics, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Norovirus: radiation effects, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: m, RNA, RNA Viruses, RNA Viruses: drug effects, RNA Viruses: genetics, RNA Viruses: isolation {\&} purification, RNA Viruses: radiation effects, Viral, Viral: genetics, Viral: isolation {\&} purification}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2011.249}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21278473}, author = {Kim, K. and Katayama, H. and Kitajima, M. and Tohya, Y. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {1290, title = {Development of an optimized method for the detection of airborne viruses with real-time PCR analysis}, journal = {Virol J}, volume = {8}, year = {2011}, note = {Ziros, Panos G Kokkinos, Petros A Legaki, Euaggelia Vantarakis, Apostolos Evaluation Studies England Virology journal}, pages = {369}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Airborne viruses remain one of the major public health issues worldwide. Detection and quantification of airborne viruses is essential in order to provide information regarding public health risk assessment. FINDINGS: In this study, an optimized new, simple, low cost method for sampling of airborne viruses using Low Melting Agarose (LMA) plates and a conventional microbial air sampling device has been developed. The use of LMA plates permits the direct nucleic acids extraction of the captured viruses without the need of any preliminary elution step. Molecular detection and quantification of airborne viruses is performed using real-time quantitative (RT-)PCR (Q(RT-)PCR) technique. The method has been tested using Adenoviruses (AdVs) and Noroviruses (NoVs) GII, as representative DNA and RNA viruses, respectively. Moreover, the method has been tested successfully in outdoor experiments, by detecting and quantifying human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in the airborne environment of a wastewater treatment plant. CONCLUSIONS: The great advantage of LMA is that nucleic acids extraction is performed directly on the LMA plates, while the eluted nucleic acids are totally free of inhibitory substances. Coupled with QPCR the whole procedure can be completed in less than three (3) hours.}, keywords = {Air Microbiology DNA Viruses/ classification/ isolation \& purification RNA Viruses/ classification/ isolation \& purification Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/economics/ methods Sepharose/diagnostic use Time Factors Viral Load Virology/economics/ method}, issn = {1743-422X (Electronic) 1743-422X (Linking)}, author = {Ziros, P. G. and Kokkinos, P. A. and Legaki, E. and Vantarakis, A.} } @article {4637, title = {Development of an optimized method for the detection of airborne viruses with real-time {PCR} analysis}, journal = {Virology Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2011}, pages = {369}, issn = {1743-422X (Electronic) 1743-422X (Linking)}, author = {Ziros, P. G. and Kokkinos, P. A. and Legaki, E. and Vantarakis, A.} } @article {3067, title = {Diagnosis and course of echinococcocal diseases in the transplant setting}, journal = {Transplant Infectious Disease: An Official Journal of the Transplantation Society}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {217{\textendash}221}, keywords = {Acute, Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Hepatic, Humans, Kidney Transplantation, Leukemia, Myeloid}, issn = {1399-3062}, doi = {10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00643.x}, author = {Kern, P. and Gr{\"u}ner, B. and Wahlers, K.} } @article {9683, title = {Diagnosis and course of echinococcocal diseases in the transplant setting}, journal = {Transpl. Infect. Dis. Off. J. Transplant. Soc}, volume = {13}, year = {2011}, pages = {217-221}, doi = {10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00643.x}, author = {Kern, P and Gr{\"u}ner, B and Wahlers, K} } @article {15419, title = {Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis}, journal = {The BMJ}, volume = {342}, year = {2011}, note = {Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
England}, month = {May 17}, pages = {d2651}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Chronic Disease, Female, Genital Diseases, Female/diagnosis/therapy, Genital Diseases, Male/diagnosis/therapy, Humans, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/diagnosis/therapy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuroschistosomiasis/diagnosis/therapy, Schistosomiasis haematobia/diagnosis/therapy, Schistosomiasis/*diagnosis/*therapy, Tomography, X-Ray Computed}, isbn = {1756-1833 (Electronic)
0959-535X (Linking)}, author = {Gray, D. J. and Ross, A. G. and Li, Y. S. and McManus, D. P.} } @article {10097, title = {{Differential decay of human faecal Bacteroides in marine and freshwater}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {3235{\textendash}3249}, author = {Green, HC and Shanks, OC and Sivaganesan, M and Haugland, RA and Field, KG} } @inbook {6111, title = {Differential effects of dissolved organic carbon upon re-entrainment and surface properties of groundwater bacteria and bacteria-sized microspheres during transport through a contaminated, sandy aquifer}, booktitle = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, pages = {3252{\textendash}3259}, author = {Harvey, Ronald W and Metge, David W and Mohanram, Arvind and Gao, Xiaodong and Chorover, Jon} } @article {11683, title = {{Diphyllobothrium latum anda Diphyllobothrium sp. as the agents of diphyllobothriasis in Brazil: morphological analysis and of two new case reports}}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria}, volume = {33}, year = {2011}, pages = {159{\textendash}164}, author = {Knoff, M and Magalhaes Pinto, R and Carmona de Sao Clemente, S and Goncalves Fonseca, M C and Correa Gomes, D} } @article {8148, title = {{Dipstick test for rapid diagnosis of Shigella dysenteriae 1 in bacterial cultures and its potential use on stool samples}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, pages = {e24830}, edition = {2011/10/11}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We describe a test for rapid detection of S. dysenteriae 1 in bacterial cultures and in stools, at the bedside of patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The test is based on the detection of S. dysenteriae 1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using serotype 1-specific monoclonal antibodies coupled to gold particles and displayed on a one-step immunochromatographic dipstick. A concentration as low as 15 ng/ml of LPS was detected in distilled water and in reconstituted stools in 10 minutes. In distilled water and in reconstituted stools, an unequivocal positive reaction was obtained with 1.6x10(6) CFU/ml and 4.9x10(6) CFU/ml of S. dysenteriae 1, respectively. Optimal conditions to read the test have been determined to limit the risk of ambiguous results due to appearance of a faint yellow test band in some negative samples. The specificity was 100{\%} when tested with a battery of Shigella and unrelated strains in culture. When tested on 328 clinical samples in India, Vietnam, Senegal and France by laboratory technicians and in Democratic Republic of Congo by a field technician, the specificity (312/316) was 98.7{\%} (95{\%} CI:96.6-99.6{\%}) and the sensitivity (11/12) was 91.7{\%} (95{\%} CI:59.8-99.6{\%}). Stool cultures and the immunochromatographic test showed concordant results in 98.4 {\%} of cases (323/328) in comparative studies. Positive and negative predictive values were 73.3{\%} (95{\%} CI:44.8-91.1{\%}) and 99.7{\%} (95{\%} CI:98-100{\%}). CONCLUSION: The initial findings presented here for a simple dipstick-based test to diagnose S. dysenteriae 1 demonstrates its promising potential to become a powerful tool for case management and epidemiological surveys.}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0024830 PONE-D-11-05696 [pii]}, author = {Taneja, N and Nato, F and Dartevelle, S and Sire, J M and Garin, B and L N Phuong and Diep, T T and Shako, J C and Bimet, F and Filliol, I and Muyembe, J J and Ungeheuer, M N and Ottone, C and Sansonetti, P and Germani, Y} } @article {2433, title = {{Dipstick test for rapid diagnosis of Shigella dysenteriae 1 in bacterial cultures and its potential use on stool samples}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, pages = {e24830}, edition = {2011/10/11}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We describe a test for rapid detection of S. dysenteriae 1 in bacterial cultures and in stools, at the bedside of patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The test is based on the detection of S. dysenteriae 1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using serotype 1-specific monoclonal antibodies coupled to gold particles and displayed on a one-step immunochromatographic dipstick. A concentration as low as 15 ng/ml of LPS was detected in distilled water and in reconstituted stools in 10 minutes. In distilled water and in reconstituted stools, an unequivocal positive reaction was obtained with 1.6x10(6) CFU/ml and 4.9x10(6) CFU/ml of S. dysenteriae 1, respectively. Optimal conditions to read the test have been determined to limit the risk of ambiguous results due to appearance of a faint yellow test band in some negative samples. The specificity was 100\% when tested with a battery of Shigella and unrelated strains in culture. When tested on 328 clinical samples in India, Vietnam, Senegal and France by laboratory technicians and in Democratic Republic of Congo by a field technician, the specificity (312/316) was 98.7\% (95\% CI:96.6-99.6\%) and the sensitivity (11/12) was 91.7\% (95\% CI:59.8-99.6\%). Stool cultures and the immunochromatographic test showed concordant results in 98.4 \% of cases (323/328) in comparative studies. Positive and negative predictive values were 73.3\% (95\% CI:44.8-91.1\%) and 99.7\% (95\% CI:98-100\%). CONCLUSION: The initial findings presented here for a simple dipstick-based test to diagnose S. dysenteriae 1 demonstrates its promising potential to become a powerful tool for case management and epidemiological surveys.}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0024830 PONE-D-11-05696 [pii]}, author = {Taneja, N and Nato, F and Dartevelle, S and Sire, J M and Garin, B and L N Phuong and Diep, T T and Shako, J C and Bimet, F and Filliol, I and Muyembe, J J and Ungeheuer, M N and Ottone, C and Sansonetti, P and Germani, Y} } @article {14245, title = {Dipstick test for rapid diagnosis of {Shigella} dysenteriae 1 in bacterial cultures and its potential use on stool samples}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, pages = {e24830}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We describe a test for rapid detection of S. dysenteriae 1 in bacterial cultures and in stools, at the bedside of patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The test is based on the detection of S. dysenteriae 1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using serotype 1-specific monoclonal antibodies coupled to gold particles and displayed on a one-step immunochromatographic dipstick. A concentration as low as 15 ng/ml of LPS was detected in distilled water and in reconstituted stools in 10 minutes. In distilled water and in reconstituted stools, an unequivocal positive reaction was obtained with 1.6x10(6) CFU/ml and 4.9x10(6) CFU/ml of S. dysenteriae 1, respectively. Optimal conditions to read the test have been determined to limit the risk of ambiguous results due to appearance of a faint yellow test band in some negative samples. The specificity was 100\% when tested with a battery of Shigella and unrelated strains in culture. When tested on 328 clinical samples in India, Vietnam, Senegal and France by laboratory technicians and in Democratic Republic of Congo by a field technician, the specificity (312/316) was 98.7\% (95\% CI:96.6-99.6\%) and the sensitivity (11/12) was 91.7\% (95\% CI:59.8-99.6\%). Stool cultures and the immunochromatographic test showed concordant results in 98.4 \% of cases (323/328) in comparative studies. Positive and negative predictive values were 73.3\% (95\% CI:44.8-91.1\%) and 99.7\% (95\% CI:98-100\%). CONCLUSION: The initial findings presented here for a simple dipstick-based test to diagnose S. dysenteriae 1 demonstrates its promising potential to become a powerful tool for case management and epidemiological surveys.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0024830 PONE-D-11-05696 [pii]}, author = {Taneja, N and Nato, F and Dartevelle, S and Sire, J M and Garin, B and L N Phuong and Diep, T T and Shako, J C and Bimet, F and Filliol, I and Muyembe, J J and Ungeheuer, M N and Ottone, C and Sansonetti, P and Germani, Y} } @article {8909, title = {Disinfection of domestic effluents by gamma radiation: Effects on the inactivation of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {5523-5528}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.008}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135411004441}, author = {de Souza, Gloria S. M. B. and Rodrigues, Ludmila A. and de Oliveira, Warllem J. and Chernicharo, Carlos A. L. and Guimar{\~a}es, Marcos P. and Massara, Cristiano L. and Grossi, Pablo A.} } @article {12367, title = {Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study}, journal = {The Lancet infectious diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {May}, pages = {355-62}, type = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, edition = {2011/04/12}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Bacteria/drug effects/*enzymology/*genetics, beta-Lactamases/*genetics/metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/physiology, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology, Humans, India/epidemiology}, isbn = {1474-4457 (Electronic)
1473-3099 (Linking)}, author = {Walsh, T. R. and Weeks, J. and Livermore, D. M. and Toleman, M. A.} } @mastersthesis {7371, title = {Diversifying ranch business models: {Challenges} and opportunities in {Larimer} {County}, {Colorado}}, year = {2011}, note = {1497940}, school = {Colorado State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Private, working ranches provide valuable "ecosystem services," the benefits people derive from ecosystems including food, water, open space, carbon sequestration, recreational opportunities, and many more. While ranchers are compensated for services such as food and other livestock products, they are generally not compensated for other public benefits derived from their land stewardship. Development pressure compounded by low profit margins in the livestock industry make ranching an economically difficult undertaking, and conversion of working ranches to other land uses is a well-established trend across the western US. New income sources are being explored to create more diversified ranch business models in order to deliver financial benefits to ranchers and conservation benefits to the public. The objective of this study was to investigate the barriers and opportunities for developing more diversified business models for working ranches that integrate traditional livestock income sources with additional conservation-oriented sources. As part of this investigation, we examined the potential role of payments for ecosystem services (PES), a major new market-based tool for conservation in working landscapes. We investigated this topic through a detailed case study of ranchers and natural resource practitioners in Larimer County, Colorado - a region with a long tradition of ranching that continues today amidst escalating pressures that threaten the viability of ranching and conservation values in the region. Using a qualitative semi-structured interview approach, we interviewed 18 ranchers (comprising 16 ranch operations) and 7 natural resource practitioners who work closely with ranchers in the study region. We concentrated on topics including current ranch business models and practices, challenges ranches are facing, and barriers and opportunities for more diversified future ranch business models, including a particular focus on PES. Participants identified 58 current challenges, 70 concerns for the future, and 85 opportunities for diversification in the future. Costs of inputs, unprofitability, development pressure, time and energy, and water scarcity were mentioned most often within the wide range of challenges. Invasion of privacy, traditional thinking or fear of change, and regulations emerged as concerns important to participants. Future business opportunities were divided into three main categories: (1) reducing costs (e.g. tax credits), (2) enhancing revenue (e.g. carbon credits) and (3) building regional capacity (e.g. capitalizing on the increasingly collaborative ranch culture). After discussion regarding a hypothetical PES program, all participants were at least potentially interested in a new payment program. This interest was tempered, however with caution and questions about how such a program would be structured. Any new program developed would need to provide complete, transparent information regarding costs, benefits, rules, and requirements. This research contributes to diverse efforts at local (e.g., rancher coalitions) to national (e.g., USDA Office of Environmental Markets) scales working to develop a model for the "ranch of the future", which aims to integrate conservation and agricultural production practices on working ranches.}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, 0528:Natural Resource Management, Agricultural economics, Business models, Colorado, Ecosystem services, Health and environmental sciences, Natural Resource Management, Ranching, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/889134851?accountid=14270}, author = {Christensen, Megan} } @article {13181, title = {Diversity and antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas spp. in drinking and waste water treatment plants}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {5599-5611}, author = {Figueria, V. and Vaz-Moreira, I. and Silva, M. and Manaia, C. M.} } @article {4216, title = {{Diversity of somatic coliphages in coastal regions with different levels of anthropogenic activity in S{\~a}o Paulo State, Brazil.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {4208{\textendash}16}, abstract = {

Bacteriophages are the most abundant and genetically diverse viruses on Earth, with complex ecology in both quantitative and qualitative terms. Somatic coliphages (SC) have been reported to be good indicators of fecal pollution in seawater. This study focused on determining the concentration of SC and their diversity by electron microscopy of seawater, plankton, and bivalve samples collected at three coastal regions in S\ão Paulo, Brazil. The SC counts varied from {\textless}1 to 3.4 \× 10(3) PFU/100 ml in seawater (73 samples tested), from {\textless}1 to 4.7 \× 10(2) PFU/g in plankton (46 samples tested), and from {\textless}1 to 2.2 \× 10(1) PFU/g in bivalves (11 samples tested). In seawater samples, a relationship between the thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli and SC was observed at the three regions (P = 0.0001) according to the anthropogenic activities present at each region. However, SC were found in plankton samples from three regions: Baixada Santista (17/20), Canal de S\ão Sebasti\ão (6/14), and Ubatuba (3/12). In seawater samples collected from Baixada Santista, four morphotypes were observed: A1 (4.5{\%}), B1 (50{\%}), C1 (36.4{\%}), and D1 (9.1{\%}). One coliphage, Siphoviridae type T1, had the longest tail: between 939 and 995 nm. In plankton samples, Siphoviridae (65.8{\%}), Podoviridae (15.8{\%}), Microviridae (15.8{\%}), and Myoviridae (2.6{\%}) were found. In bivalves, only the morphotype B1 was observed. These SC were associated with enteric hosts: enterobacteria, E. coli, Proteus, Salmonella, and Yersinia. Baixada Santista is an area containing a high level of fecal pollution compared to those in the Canal de S\ão Sebasti\ão and Ubatuba. This is the first report of coliphage diversity in seawater, plankton, and bivalve samples collected from S\ão Paulo coastal regions. A better characterization of SC diversity in coastal environments will help with the management and evaluation of the microbiological risks for recreation, seafood cultivation, and consumption.

}, keywords = {Animals, Biodiversity, Bivalvia, Bivalvia: virology, Brazil, Coliphages, Coliphages: classification, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages: ultrastructure, Plankton, Plankton: virology, Seawater, Seawater: virology, Viral Load, Virion, Virion: ultrastructure}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02780-10}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3131653{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Burbano-Rosero, E M and Ueda-Ito, M and Kisielius, J J and Nagasse-Sugahara, T K and Almeida, B C and Souza, C P and Markman, C and Martins, G G and Albertini, L and Rivera, I N G} } @article {13432, title = {DNA sequence characterisation and phylogeography of Lymnaea cousini and related species, vectors of fascioliasis in northern Andean countries, with description of L. meridensis n. sp. (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae)}, journal = {Parasit Vectors}, volume = {132}, year = {2011}, pages = {22}, author = {Bargues, M. D. and Artigas, P. and Khoubbane, M. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {13162, title = {Do alternate bacterial indicators and pathogens increase after centrifuge dewatering of anaerobically digested biosolids?}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {83}, year = {2011}, pages = {2057-2066}, author = {Chen, Y. C. and Murthy, S. N. and Hendrickson, D. and Higgins, M. J.} } @article {16768, title = {Do Free-Living Amoebae in Treated Drinking Water Systems Present an Emerging Health Risk?}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {860-869}, doi = {10.1021/es102876y}, author = {Thomas, J. and Ashbolt, N.J.} } @booklet {16492, title = {Drinking Water Decree}, year = {2011}, author = {Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment of the Netherlands} } @book {16678, title = {Drinking {Water} {Decree}}, year = {2011}, note = {Published: �urlhttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A\_\_wetten.overheid.nl\_BWBR0030111\_2018-2D07-2D01-23Opschrift\&d=DwIGaQ\&c=nE\_\_W8dFE-shTxStwXtp0A\&r=7qxgMMwMf24at6QiUfwizg\&m=d73N\_mtB7VNpz9v9H3sPMFG\_O-rHiDHzeu8g18kKQxo\&s=NH9EvEahjyhDexFTa6h9o-YsX-OrQ3ZRmTEHNOhxatw\&e=} } @article {3173, title = {Echinococcus multilocularis infection and {TNF} inhibitor treatment in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis}, journal = {Rheumatology International}, volume = {31}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {1399{\textendash}1400}, keywords = {Animals, Antirheumatic Agents, Arthritis, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Etanercept, Hepatic, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Male, Middle Aged, Receptors, Rheumatoid, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha}, issn = {1437-160X}, doi = {10.1007/s00296-010-1570-7}, author = {Weiner, S. M. and Krenn, V. and Koelbel, C. and Hoffmann, H. G. and Hinkeldey, K. and Ockert, D.} } @mastersthesis {6630, title = {Ecological niche models for the {Sabine} shiner}, year = {2011}, note = {1504173}, school = {Stephen F. Austin State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {To construct ecological niche models for the Sabine shiner, ecological factors including water quality, habitat, and fish community were determined at known occurrence locations in the Angelina River watershed. The same factors were determined at 16 sites in the Sabine River watershed in the Sabine National Forest. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and maximum entropy were used to compare the watersheds in terms of species diversity and environmental variations and to make predictions as to which sites in the Sabine National Forest the Sabine shiner could inhabit, respectively. Sabine National Forest sites were found to vary considerably from the Angelina River watershed sites concerning both habitat and fish community. Probability of presence predictions for the Sabine shiner were low in the Sabine National Forest. If the reintroduction of the Sabine shiner is considered in this area, further research on this species is needed.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0768:Environmental science, 0792:Aquatic sciences, Aquatic sciences, Biological sciences, Ecology, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Texas}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/898782927?accountid=14270}, author = {Simpson, Jered Kendell} } @article {3109, title = {Economic impact of cystic echinococcosis in peru}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {may}, pages = {e1179}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) constitutes an important public health problem in Peru. However, no studies have attempted to estimate the monetary and non-monetary impact of CE in Peruvian society. METHODS: We used official and published sources of epidemiological and economic information to estimate direct and indirect costs associated with livestock production losses and human disease in addition to surgical CE-associated disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost. FINDINGS: The total estimated cost of human CE in Peru was U.S.\$2,420,348 (95\% CI:1,118,384-4,812,722) per year. Total estimated livestock-associated costs due to CE ranged from U.S.\$196,681 (95\% CI:141,641-251,629) if only direct losses (i.e., cattle and sheep liver destruction) were taken into consideration to U.S.\$3,846,754 (95\% CI:2,676,181-4,911,383) if additional production losses (liver condemnation, decreased carcass weight, wool losses, decreased milk production) were accounted for. An estimated 1,139 (95\% CI: 861-1,489) DALYs were also lost due to surgical cases of CE. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary and conservative assessment of the socio-economic impact of CE on Peru, which is based largely on official sources of information, very likely underestimates the true extent of the problem. Nevertheless, these estimates illustrate the negative economic impact of CE in Peru.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Echinococcosis, Health Care Costs, Humans, Peru, Sheep Diseases}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0001179}, author = {Moro, Pedro L. and Budke, Christine M. and Schantz, Peter M. and Vasquez, Julio and Santiva{\~n}ez, Saul J. and Villavicencio, Jaime} } @article {11329, title = {Economic implications of three strategies for the control of taeniasis}, journal = {Tropical Medicice and International Health}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {1410-1416}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1365-3156}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02850.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21790912}, author = {Alexander, A. and John, K. R. and Jayaraman, T. and Oommen, A. and Venkata Raghava, M. and Dorny, P. and Rajshekhar, V.} } @article {17224, title = {Effect of desiccation on tolerance of salmonella enterica to multiple stresses}, journal = {Appl Environ MicrobiolAppl Environ MicrobiolApplied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {Mar}, pages = {1667-73}, edition = {2011/01/11}, keywords = {*Desiccation, Anti-Bacterial Agents/toxicity, Hot Temperature, Microbial Viability/*drug effects/*radiation effects, Salmonella/drug effects/*physiology/radiation effects, Ultraviolet Rays}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Gruzdev, N. and Pinto, R. and Sela, S.} } @article {5525, title = {{Effect of food residues on norovirus survival on stainless steel surfaces}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, pages = {8{\textendash}11}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In households and food processing plants, minute food residues left behind from improper cleaning may influence the survivability of human norovirus on surfaces. In this study, the survivability of norovirus on desiccated food residue-attached stainless steel coupons was investigated.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) as a surrogate of human norovirus, the survivability of norovirus was investigated on lettuce, cabbage, or ground pork-attached stainless steel coupons. A 6.2 log MPN/ml of MNV-1 infectivity was completely lost at day 30 in residue-free coupons, whereas only a 1.4 log MPN/ml reduction was observed in coupons with residues. Moreover, the disinfective effect of sodium hypochlorite was reduced when residues were present on the coupons.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study revealed that the food residues increased the survivability and the resistance to chemicals of norovirus, indicating the need of thorough cleaning in food processing plants and household settings.}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, issn = {19326203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0021951}, author = {Takahashi, Hajime and Ohuchi, Ayumi and Miya, Satoko and Izawa, Yukino and Kimura, Bon} } @article {9102, title = {{Effect of oxygen and temperature on the dynamic of the dominant bacterial populations of pig manure and on the persistence of pig-associated genetic markers, assessed in river water microcosms}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {1159{\textendash}1175}, abstract = {AIMS: The aim is to evaluate the dynamic of Bacteroides-Prevotella and Bacillus-Streptococcus-Lactobacillus populations originating from pig manure and the persistence of pig-associated markers belonging to these groups according to temperature and oxygen. METHODS AND RESULTS: River water was inoculated with pig manure and incubated under microaerophilic and aerobic conditions, at 4 and 20 degrees C over 43 days. The diversity of bacterial populations was analysed by capillary electrophoresis-single-strand conformation polymorphism. The persistence of the pig-associated markers was measured by real-time PCR and compared with the survival of Escherichia coli and enterococci. Decay was characterized by the estimation of the time needed to produce a 1-log reduction (T90). The greatest changes were observed at 20 degrees C under aerobic conditions, leading to a reduction in the diversity of the bacterial populations and in the concentrations of the Pig-1-Bac, Pig-2-Bac and Lactobacillus amylovorus markers with a T90 of 10.5, 8.1 and 17.2 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Oxygen and temperature were found to have a combined effect on the persistence of the pig-associated markers in river waters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The persistence profiles of the Pig-1-Bac, Pig-2-Bac and Lact. amylovorus markers in addition to their high specificity and sensitivity support their use as relevant markers to identify pig faecal contamination in river waters.}, keywords = {Lactobacillus amylovorus, Microbial source tracking, Oxygen, Persistence, Pig-associated Bacteroidales markers, Quantitative real-time PCR, River water, Temperature}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic){\$}\backslash{\$}r1364-5072 (Linking)}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05131.x}, author = {Marti, R and Mieszkin, S and Solecki, O and Pourcher, A M and Hervio-Heath, D and Gourmelon, M} } @article {7309, title = {Effect of oxygen and temperature on the dynamic of the dominant bacterial populations of pig manure and on the persistence of pig-associated genetic markers, assessed in river water microcosms: {Pig}-associated markers in river water}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {nov}, pages = {1159{\textendash}1175}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05131.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05131.x}, author = {Marti, R. and Mieszkin, S. and Solecki, O. and A M Pourcher and Hervio-Heath, D. and Gourmelon, M.} } @article {13387, title = {{Effect of transparent covers for collection chambers of urine-diverting dry toilets on dehydration of faecal waste}}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {195{\textendash}203}, keywords = {collection chamber, Dehydration, faecal matter, pathogen inactivation, Temperature, urine-diverting dry toilet, ventilation}, issn = {2043-9083}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2011.032}, url = {http://washdev.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/washdev.2011.032}, author = {Germer, J{\"o}rn} } @article {8888, title = {Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on chlorine dioxide disinfection efficiency}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {683-688}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1350-4177}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.08.008}, url = {://WOS:000285127200033 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1350417710001495/1-s2.0-S1350417710001495-main.pdf?_tid=725edd70-599a-11e6-bc1c-00000aab0f02\&acdnat=1470243236_60dcb3221e08b58027aa6aa62283b233}, author = {Ayyildiz, O. and Sanik, S. and Ileri, B.} } @article {17244, title = {The Effect of UV-A and Different Wavelengths of Visible Lights on Survival of Salmonella typhimurium in Seawater Microcosms}, journal = {Journal of Pure and Applied MicrobiologyJournal of Pure and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {Oct}, pages = {581-592}, isbn = {0973-7510}, author = {Idil, O. and Darcan, C. and Ozkanca, R.} } @article {12290, title = {Effect of Various Sludge Digestion Conditions on Sulfonamide, Macrolide, and Tetracycline Resistance Genes and Class I Integrons}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {18}, year = {2011}, note = {Ma, Yanjun Wilson, Christopher A. Novak, John T. Riffat, Rumana Aynur, Sebnem Murthy, Sudhir Prudens, Amy
Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010
Murthy, Sudhir/0000-0003-0316-9023}, month = {Sep}, pages = {7855-7861}, abstract = {

Wastewater treatment processes are of growing interest as a potential means to limit the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. This study examines the response of nine representative antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) encoding resistance to sulfonamide (sulI, sulII), erythromycin (erm(B), erm(F)), and tetracycline (tet(O), tet(W), tet(C), tet(G), tet(X)) to various laboratory-scale sludge digestion processes. The class I integron gene (intI1) was also monitored as an indicator of horizontal gene transfer potential and multiple antibiotic resistance. Mesophilic anaerobic digestion at both 10 and 20 day solids retention times (SRTs) significantly reduced sulI, suII, tet(C), tet(G), and tet(X) with longer SRT exhibiting a greater extent of removal; however, tet(W), erm(B) and erm(F) genes increased relative to the feed. Thermophilic anaerobic digesters operating at 47 degrees C, 52 degrees C, and 59 degrees C performed similarly to each other and provided more effective reduction of erm(B), erm(F), tet(0), and tet(W) compared to mesophilic digestion. However, thermophilic digestion resulted in similar or poorer removal of all other ARGs and intI1. Thermal hydrolysis pretreatment drastically reduced all ARGs, but they generally rebounded during subsequent anaerobic and aerobic digestion treatments. To gain insight into potential mechanisms driving ARG behavior in the digesters, the dominant bacterial communities were compared by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The overall results suggest that bacterial community composition of the sludge digestion process, as controlled by the physical operating characteristics, drives the distribution of ARGs present in the produced biosolids, more so than the influent ARC composition.

}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Ma, Y. J. and Wilson, C. A. and Novak, J. T. and Riffat, R. and Aynur, S. and Murthy, S. and Prudens, A.} } @article {12552, title = {Effect of various sludge digestion conditions on sulfonamide, macrolide, and tetracycline resistance genes and class I integrons}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {18}, year = {2011}, pages = {7855-7861}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Ma, Yanjun and Wilson, Christopher A and Novak, John T and Riffat, Rumana and Aynur, Sebnem and Murthy, Sudhir and Pruden, Amy} } @mastersthesis {6640, title = {Effectiveness of {In}-{Line} {Chlorination} of {Gravity} {Flow} {Water} {Supply} in {Two} {Rural} {Communities} in {Panama}}, year = {2011}, note = {1502202}, school = {University of South Florida}, type = {phdM.{S}.{C}.{E}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {It is well established that water quality is directly linked to health. In-line chlorination is one technology that can be used in the developing world to potentially inactivate pathogens and improve water quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Panamanian Ministry of Health{\textquoteright}s in-line PVC chlorinator under three different operating conditions in a rural water supply system. Free and total chlorine were measured entering the storage tank, leaving the storage tank, and at three households along the transmission line of the water system in the two rural indigenous communities of Calabazal and Quebrada Mina in western Panama during April-August 2011. The Ct method for disinfection was used to compare the measured free chlorine concentration to the concentration required to inactivate common pathogens found in gravity flow water systems in Panama, such as E. coli , Salmonella typhi , Hepatitis A, Giardia lamblia , and E. histolytica , as well as other pathogens of interest to the global health community, such as Vibrio cholerae and Rotavirus. When the chlorine tablet was sealed in a plastic wrapper prior to use to prevent contact with humid surroundings, the chlorine was able to dissolve in seven days instead of three hours into the transmission line. The use of one tablet, sealed in a plastic wrapper before use, was able to obtain the required free chlorine concentration estimated to disinfect E. coli , Vibrio cholerae , Rotavirus, Salmonella typhi , and Hepatitis A. However, it did not achieve a free chlorine concentration above 0.27 mg/L needed to inactivate Giardia lamblia nor above 0.35 mg/L needed to inactivate E. histolytica . The use of three properly stored tablets in the chlorinator was able to provide a free chlorine concentration above 0.35 mg/L for only one day, reaching 0.37 mg/L, before falling below 0.35 mg/L to a level of 0.26 mg/L the next day. The study suggests that with three tablets the in-line PVC chlorinator can be an effective technology if slightly more free chlorine concentration can enter the system. The cost of this technology could be allocated to every owner with a house connection in the communities of Calabazal and Quebrada Mina by increasing their monthly tariff by \$1 each month.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0595:Water Resource Management, 0640:Sustainability, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Disinfection, Earth sciences, Environmental engineering, Pathogen destruction, Rural aqueducts, Social sciences, Sustainability, Sustainable development, Water quality, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/908421485?accountid=14270}, author = {Orner, Kevin D.} } @article {12811, title = {Effects of chronic ascariasis and trichuriasis on cytokine production and gene expression in human blood: a cross-sectional study}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {e1157}, author = {Reina-Ortiz, M. and Schreiber, F. and Benitez, S. and Broncano, N. and Chico, M.E. and Vaca, M. and Alexander, N. and Lewis, D.J. and Dougan, G. and Cooper, P.J.} } @mastersthesis {7256, title = {Effects of {Geometry} on {Turbulent} {Rayleigh}-{Benard} {Convection}}, year = {2011}, note = {3468602}, school = {Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Hong Kong)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A systematic study of turbulent thermal convection is carried out in horizontal cylindrical cells of different lengths filled with water. The aim of the thesis work is to study the geometry effect on the fluid dynamics of the large-scale circulation (LSC) and the scaling laws in turbulent Rayleigh-B{\'e}nard convection. The results obtained in the horizontal cylinders are compared with those obtained in the upright cylinders. The large-scale flow shows interesting new dynamics in the horizontal cylindrical cells. Four different flow modes are found in the cells with varying aspect ratio Γ: two-dimensional rotation (2DR), small-Γ diagonal switching (SDS), large-Γ diagonal switching (LDS) and periodic reversals (PR). In the 2DR phase (Γ <= 0.16), the flow is quasi-two-dimensional and is confined in the circular plane of the horizontal cylinder. In this phase, a well-defined in-plane oscillation of LSC is observed, resulting from the periodical eruption of thermal plumes from the top and bottom thermal boundary layers. In the SDS phase (0.16 {\textless} Γ {\textless} 0.82), the rotation plane of LSC switches periodically between the two diagonals of the cell, spanning across the curved sidewalls. The switching period is found to be equal to the LSC turnover time. In the LDS phase (0.82 <= Γ <= 1.69), the periodic switching of the LSC orientation still remains, but the switching is now spanning across the flat end walls of the cell. The switching period has a large jump at the transition aspect ratio Γ c = 0.82 and then exponentially decays with increasing Γ. For even larger aspect ratios (1.30 <= Γ <= 1.69), the bulk fluid as a whole rotates around the central axis of the horizontal cylinder with periodic reversals. The reversal period is found to change linearly with the length of the cell. The scaling laws of turbulent convection are also investigated in the horizontal cylinders. The scaling behavior of the measured Nusselt number (total heat flux) Nu (Ra ) and the Reynolds number Re (Ra ) associated with the velocity of LSC, remains the same as that in the upright cylinders. These results suggest that the thermal boundary layer dynamics are insensitive to the geometry change and that the role of the buoyancy forces, which drive LSC, does not change with the cell geometry either. The scaling exponent for the rms value of local temperature fluctuations, however, shows strong dependence on the aspect ratio \Γ of the convection cell, indicating that small-scale fluctuations depend more sensitively on the detailed structures of LSC and are sensitive to the change of cell geometry.}, keywords = {0759:Plasma physics, Large-scale circulation, Plasma physics, Pure sciences, Rayleigh-Benard convection, Turbulent convection}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/886819962?accountid=14270}, author = {Song, Hao} } @article {13534, title = {Efficacy and safety of artemether in the treatment of chronic fascioliasis in Egypt: Exploratory phase-2 trials.}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis.}, volume = {5}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {e1285}, author = {Keiser, J. and Sayed, H. and El-Ghanam, M. and Sabry, H. and Anani, S. and El-Wakeel, A. and Hatz, C.H. and Utzinger, U., Seif el-Din, S., El-Maadawy, W. and Botros, S} } @article {11276, title = {{Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide and Dihydroxy Benzol Mixture (Disinfectant) on Toxocara canis Eggs}}, journal = {Research Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {144{\textendash}150}, doi = {10.3923/jp.2011.144.150}, author = {Shalaby, H A and Shafy, S Abdel- and Ashry, H M and Moghazy, F M El-} } @article {5175, title = {{The efficacy of simulated solar disinfection (SODIS) against Ascaris, Giardia, Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Entamoeba and Cryptosporidium}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {119}, number = {2-3}, year = {2011}, pages = {138{\textendash}143}, abstract = {

The antimicrobial activity of simulated solar disinfection (SODIS) in the presence and absence of riboflavin against various protozoa and helminth organisms was investigated in this study. Assays were conducted in transparent 12 well microtitre plates containing a suspension of test organisms in the presence or absence of 250$\μ$M riboflavin. Plates were exposed to simulated sunlight at an optical irradiance of 550Wm-2 (watts per square metre) delivered from a SUNTEST\™ CPS+ solar simulator. Aliquots of the test suspensions were taken at set time points and the viability of the test organisms was determined by either culture, microscopy or flow cytometry where applicable. With Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Entamoeba and Giardia exposure to SODIS at an optical irradiance of 550Wm-2 for up to 6h resulted in significant inactivation of these organisms. The addition of riboflavin to this system significantly increased the level of inactivation observed with cysts of A. castellanii. With Cryptosporidium oocysts and Ascaris ova exposure to SODIS in the presence and absence of riboflavin for 6-8h resulted in a negligible reduction in viability of both organisms. In this present study we have been able to show that SODIS is effective against a variety of previously untested waterborne organisms and with A. castellanii cysts the addition of micro-molar concentrations of riboflavin can enhance cyst inactivation. However, care must be taken as Ascaris larvae continue to develop inside the ova after exposure to SODIS and Cryptosporidium remain impermeable to propidium iodide staining indicating they may still be infectious. \© 2011 Elsevier B.V.

}, keywords = {Acanthamoeba, Ascaris and SODIS, drinking water, Giardia}, isbn = {1873-6254 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0001-706X (Linking)}, issn = {0001706X}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.05.004}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.05.004}, author = {Heaselgrave, Wayne and Kilvington, Simon} } @article {9284, title = {{The efficacy of simulated solar disinfection (SODIS) against Ascaris, Giardia, Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Entamoeba and Cryptosporidium}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {119}, number = {2-3}, year = {2011}, pages = {138{\textendash}143}, author = {Heaselgrave, W and Kilvington, S} } @article {11434, title = {Efficacy of single-dose and triple-dose albendazole and mebendazole against soil-transmitted helminths and Taenia spp.: a randomized controlled trial}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {e25003}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1932-6203}, author = {Steinmann, Peter and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg and Du, Zun-Wei and Jiang, Jin-Yong and Chen, Jia-Xu and Hattendorf, Jan and Zhou, Hui and Zhou, Xiao-Nong} } @inbook {13029, title = {Efficiency indicators for waste-based business models: fostering private-sector participation in wastewater and faecal-sludge management}, booktitle = {Water International}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {505{\textendash}521}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, author = {Murray, Ashley and Cofie, Olufunke and Drechsel, Pay} } @article {15146, title = {Efficiency indicators for waste-based business models: fostering private-sector participation in wastewater and faecal-sludge management}, journal = {Water International}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {505{\textendash}521}, author = {Murray, Ashley and Cofie, Olufunke and Drechsel, Pay} } @article {5996, title = {{Efficient cell culture systems for hepatitis E virus strains in feces and circulating blood}}, journal = {Reviews in Medical Virology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {18{\textendash}31}, author = {Okamoto, H} } @article {7688, title = {EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ); Scientific Opinion on Campylobacter in broiler meat production: control options and performance objectives and/or targets at different stages of the food chain}, journal = {EFSA Journal}, volume = {9 (4)}, year = {2011}, pages = {2105}, url = {www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal}, author = {European Food Safety Authority} } @article {8697, title = {{Elimination de la pollution microbienne sur les stations d{\textquoteright}epuration du SIAAP: synopsis des differents procedes de traitment}}, journal = {SIAAP}, year = {2011}, pages = {1{\textendash}21}, author = {Goncalves, A. and Rocher, V. and Masnada, S. and Lucas, F. and Moulin, L. and Thomasset, T.} } @article {13140, title = {Emerging Gram-negative infections in burn wounds}, journal = {Journal of Burn Care and Research}, volume = {32}, year = {2011}, pages = {570-576}, author = {Azzopardi, E. A. and Azzopardi, S. M. and Boyce, D. E. and Dickson, W. A.} } @article {15304, title = {Enhanced removal of a human norovirus surrogate from fresh vegetables and fruits by a combination of surfactants and sanitizers}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {14}, year = {2011}, pages = {4829-4838}, author = {Predmore, A. and Li, J.} } @article {9766, title = {{Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome}}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {473}, year = {2011}, pages = {174{\textendash}180}, doi = {10.1068/nature09944}, author = {Arumugam, M and Raes, J and Pelletier, E and Le Paslier, D and Yamada, T and Mende, DR} } @article {1788, title = {Enterovirus infections of the central nervous system}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {411}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, note = {Rhoades, Ross E Tabor-Godwin, Jenna M Tsueng, Ginger Feuer, Ralph eng R01 NS054108/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ R01 NS054108-04/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ R24 MH065515/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review 2011/01/22 06:00 Virology. 2011 Mar 15;411(2):288-305. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.014. Epub 2011 Jan 20.}, pages = {288-305}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Enteroviruses (EV) frequently infect the central nervous system (CNS) and induce neurological diseases. Although the CNS is composed of many different cell types, the spectrum of tropism for each EV is considerable. These viruses have the ability to completely shut down host translational machinery and are considered highly cytolytic, thereby causing cytopathic effects. Hence, CNS dysfunction following EV infection of neuronal or glial cells might be expected. Perhaps unexpectedly given their cytolytic nature, EVs may establish a persistent infection within the CNS, and the lasting effects on the host might be significant with unanticipated consequences. This review will describe the clinical aspects of EV-mediated disease, mechanisms of disease, determinants of tropism, immune activation within the CNS, and potential treatment regimes.}, keywords = {Central Nervous System/*virology Encephalomyelitis/*pathology/*virology Enterovirus/*pathogenicity Enterovirus Infections/*pathology Humans}, issn = {1096-0341 (Electronic) 0042-6822 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.014}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21251690}, author = {Rhoades, R. E. and Tabor-Godwin, J. M. and Tsueng, G. and Feuer, R.} } @article {1965, title = {Entry of Yersinia pestis into the Viable but Nonculturable State in a Low-Temperature Tap Water Microcosm}, journal = {Plos One}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, note = {15}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0017585}, url = {://WOS:000288514000003}, author = {Pawlowski, David R. and Metzger, Daniel J. and Raslawsky, Amy and Howlett, Amy and Siebert, Gretchen and Karalus, Richard J. and Garrett, Stephanie and Whitehouse, Chris A.} } @article {4319, title = {{Envelope stress is a trigger of CRISPR RNA-mediated DNA silencing in Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Molecular Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {feb}, pages = {584{\textendash}99}, abstract = {

A widespread feature in the genomes of most bacteria and archaea is an array of clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) that, together with a group of CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins, mediate immunity against invasive nucleic acids such as plasmids and viruses. Here, the CRISPR-Cas system was activated in cells expressing a plasmid-encoded protein that was targeted to the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway. Expression of this Tat substrate resulted in upregulation of the Cas enzymes and subsequent silencing of the encoding plasmid in a manner that required the BaeSR two-component regulatory system, which is known to respond to extracytoplasmic stress. Furthermore, we confirm that the CasCDE enzymes form a stable ternary complex and appear to function as the catalytic core of the Cas system to process CRISPR RNA into its mature form. Taken together, our results indicate that the CRISPR-Cas system targets DNA directly as part of a defence mechanism in bacteria that is overlapping with but not limited to phage infection.

}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Bacterial: metabolism, Base Sequence, DNA, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: metabolism, Escherichia coli: enzymology, Escherichia coli: genetics, Gene Silencing, Genes, Genetic, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Green Fluorescent Proteins: metabolism, Inverted Repeat Sequences, Inverted Repeat Sequences: genetics, Models, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Mutation: genetics, N-Demethylating, N-Demethylating: metabolism, Oxidoreductases, Physiological, Physiological: genetics, Plasmids, Plasmids: genetics, Post-Transcriptional, Prokaryotic Cells, Prokaryotic Cells: metabolism, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins: metabolism, Ribonucleases, Ribonucleases: metabolism, RNA, RNA Processing, Signal Transduction, Signal Transduction: genetics, Stress}, issn = {1365-2958}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07482.x}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3040579{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Perez-Rodriguez, Ritsdeliz and Haitjema, Charles and Huang, Qingqiu and Nam, Ki Hyun and Bernardis, Sarah and Ke, Ailong and DeLisa, Matthew P} } @article {1249, title = {Environmental surveillance. An additional/alternative approach for virological surveillance in Greece?}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, note = {Kokkinos, Petros Ziros, Panos Meri, Danai Filippidou, Sevasti Kolla, Stella Galanis, Alexis Vantarakis, Apostolos Switzerland International journal of environmental research and public health}, pages = {1914-22}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

The detection of viruses in the sewage of an urban city by nucleic acid amplification techniques allows the identification of the viral strains that are circulating in the community. The aim of the study was the application of such detection which gives useful data on the distribution, spread, and frequency of these viruses, supporting epidemiological studies of the related viral infections. A two year (2007-2009) survey was conducted in order to evaluate the presence of human adenoviruses (hAdV), hepatitis A viruses (HAV), hepatitis E viruses (HEV), noroviruses (NoV), and human polyomaviruses (hPyV) in sewage samples collected from the inlet of a municipal biological wastewater treatment plant located in southwestern Greece. PCR methods were used for this survey. In total, viruses have been detected in 87.5\% (42/48) of the analyzed sewage samples. Analytically, DNA viruses, hAdVs and hPyVs have been detected in 45.8\% (22/48) and 68.8\% (33/48) of the samples, respectively. As it concerns RNA viruses, HAV was detected in 8.3\% (4/48), NoVs in 6.3\% (3/48), while HEV has not been detected at all. After sequencing, AdVs were typed as Ad8, Ad40 and Ad41, while both JC and BK hPyVs have been recognized. All NoVs have been identified as GII4, while HAV was typed as genotype IA. Similar long-term studies could be undertaken in countries such as Greece in order to offer a valuable and complementary tool to current problematic epidemiological surveillance systems. This study demonstrates the advantages of environmental surveillance as a tool to determine the epidemiology of viruses circulating in a given community. To our knowledge this was the first of its kind study performed in Greece in order to establish this new way of surveillance.

}, keywords = {DNA, Viral/analysis Environmental Monitoring/methods Environmental Pollution/ analysis Genotype Greece Humans Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sewage/ analysis/ virology Viruses/ isolation \& purification}, issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)}, author = {Kokkinos, P. and Ziros, P. and Meri, D. and Filippidou, S. and Kolla, S. and Galanis, A. and Vantarakis, A.} } @article {255, title = {Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric gastroenteritis associated with new viral agents}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {156}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, note = {Times Cited: 17 Stefani, Fabrizio/C-8752-2011; Ruggeri, Franco/B-5707-2013 17}, pages = {1583-1589}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-8608}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-011-1037-5}, url = {://WOS:000294461800011}, author = {Sara G Rimoldi and Stefani, Fabrizio and Pagani, Cristina and Lisa L Chenal and Zanchetta, Nadia and Di Bartolo, Ilaria and Lombardi, Alessandra and Ruggeri, Franco Maria and Di Iillo, Dario and Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo and Gismondo, Maria Rita} } @article {10017, title = {{Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric gastroenteritis associated with new viral agents}}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {156}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {1583{\textendash}1589}, abstract = {A 22-month study (2008-2009) was carried out on 273 patients (average age 40~months), admitted with gastroenteritis to the Pediatric Unit of L. Sacco University Hospital in Milan, Italy. Fecal samples were investigated for rotavirus (HRV), norovirus (NoV), adenovirus (AdV), sapovirus (SaV), enterovirus, astrovirus and bocavirus (HBoV). A 38.3{\%} incidence of infection was observed for HRV, followed by NoV (16.2{\%}), HBoV (13.6{\%}), AdV (2.6{\%}) and SaV (0.6{\%}). Clinical evaluation of 109 gastroenteritis patients with confirmed diagnosis was graded by the Ruska-Vesikari scoring system, showing vomiting (78{\%}), diarrhea (96{\%}) and fever (80{\%}). A total of 25 NoV-positive samples were selected for nucleotide sequence analysis. The severity of AdV-associated infection was lower than for NoV, HRV and HBoV. These latter viruses caused similar symptoms that were indistinguishable using clinical information. NoV, HRV and HBoV were often present as mixed infections (13.1{\%}). Sequencing of NoV-positive samples allowed identification of GII.2, GII.3 and GII.4 2006 variants.}, isbn = {1432-8798 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0304-8608 (Linking)}, issn = {03048608}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-011-1037-5}, author = {Sara G Rimoldi and Stefani, Fabrizio and Pagani, Cristina and Lisa L Chenal and Zanchetta, Nadia and Bartolo, Ilaria Di and Lombardi, Alessandra and Ruggeri, Franco Maria and Lillo, Dario Di and Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo and Gismondo, Maria Rita} } @article {247, title = {Epidemiology and clinical features of gastroenteritis in hospitalised children: prospective survey during a 2-year period in a Parisian hospital, France}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology \& Infectious Diseases}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, note = {Times Cited: 14 15}, pages = {361-368}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0934-9723}, doi = {10.1007/s10096-010-1094-9}, url = {://WOS:000287097600009}, author = {Lorrot, M. and Bon, F. and El Hajje, M. J. and Aho, S. and Wolfer, M. and Giraudon, H. and Kaplon, J. and Marc, E. and Raymond, J. and Lebon, P. and Pothier, P. and Gendrel, D.} } @article {10206, title = {{Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron qPCR signals through wastewater and septage treatment}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {2561{\textendash}2572}, author = {Srinivasan, S and Aslan, A and Xagoraraki, I and Alocilja, E and J B Rose} } @article {14826, title = {Escherichia coli {O}157 {Infection} and {Secondary} {Spread}, {Scotland}, 1999{\textendash}2008}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {524{\textendash}527}, abstract = {To determine the proportion of Escherichia coli O157 cases in Scotland attributable to secondary spread, we analyzed data obtained through entire-population enhanced surveillance. We identified 11\% of cases as secondary. Secondary cases in single households were younger than secondary cases in outbreaks affecting {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater1 household and had similar risk for hemolytic uremic syndrome.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: epidemiology, Diarrhea: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Outbreaks: statistics \& numerical data, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Female, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Scotland, Scotland: epidemiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1703.100167}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3165990\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Locking, Mary E. and Pollock, Kevin G.J. and Allison, Lesley J. and Rae, Linda and Hanson, Mary F. and Cowden, John M.} } @article {14140, title = {Escherichia coli {O}157 {Infection} and {Secondary} {Spread}, {Scotland}, 1999{\textendash}2008}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {524{\textendash}527}, abstract = {To determine the proportion of Escherichia coli O157 cases in Scotland attributable to secondary spread, we analyzed data obtained through entire-population enhanced surveillance. We identified 11\% of cases as secondary. Secondary cases in single households were younger than secondary cases in outbreaks affecting {\textbackslash}textgreater1 household and had similar risk for hemolytic uremic syndrome.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: epidemiology, Diarrhea: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Outbreaks: statistics \& numerical data, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Female, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Scotland, Scotland: epidemiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1703.100167}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3165990\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Locking, Mary E. and Pollock, Kevin G.J. and Allison, Lesley J. and Rae, Linda and Hanson, Mary F. and Cowden, John M.} } @article {8078, title = {{Escherichia coli O157 Infection and Secondary Spread, Scotland, 1999{\textendash}2008}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {524{\textendash}527}, abstract = {To determine the proportion of Escherichia coli O157 cases in Scotland attributable to secondary spread, we analyzed data obtained through entire-population enhanced surveillance. We identified 11{\%} of cases as secondary. Secondary cases in single households were younger than secondary cases in outbreaks affecting {\textgreater}1 household and had similar risk for hemolytic uremic syndrome.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: epidemiology, Diarrhea: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Outbreaks: statistics {\&} numerical data, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Female, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Scotland, Scotland: epidemiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1703.100167}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3165990{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Locking, Mary E. and Pollock, Kevin G.J. and Allison, Lesley J. and Rae, Linda and Hanson, Mary F. and Cowden, John M.} } @article {2339, title = {{Escherichia coli O157 Infection and Secondary Spread, Scotland, 1999{\textendash}2008}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {524{\textendash}527}, abstract = {To determine the proportion of Escherichia coli O157 cases in Scotland attributable to secondary spread, we analyzed data obtained through entire-population enhanced surveillance. We identified 11\% of cases as secondary. Secondary cases in single households were younger than secondary cases in outbreaks affecting >1 household and had similar risk for hemolytic uremic syndrome.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: epidemiology, Diarrhea: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Outbreaks: statistics \& numerical data, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Female, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Scotland, Scotland: epidemiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1703.100167}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3165990\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Locking, Mary E. and Pollock, Kevin G.J. and Allison, Lesley J. and Rae, Linda and Hanson, Mary F. and Cowden, John M.} } @article {613, title = {Escherichia coli virulence genes profile of surface waters as an indicator of water quality}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {19}, year = {2011}, pages = {6321 - 6333}, abstract = {We compared the presence of 58 known virulence genes (VGs) associated with Escherichia coli strains causing intestinal (InPEC) and extra-intestinal (ExPEC) infections in three estuarine, four brackish and 13 freshwater sites during the dry and wet seasons. The most common \{VGs\} observed in water samples during the dry season belonged to ExPEC (traT; 80\% and ompA; 70\%) whilst east1 (70\%) gene was the most common among InPEC. More types of \{VGs\} were observed in water samples during wet season and included those found among InPEC (e.g. eaeA; 100\%; fyuA, 90\%; paa, 65\%; cdt, 60\%; and stx2, 60\%) and ExPEC (e.g. iroNE.coli, 90\%; iss, 90\% and kpsMTII, 80\%). Eight \{VGs\} were found exclusively in the wet season, of which four were found in all three water types indicating their association with storm-water run off. The number of \{VGs\} associated with ExPEC were significantly (P~\<~0.05) higher in only brackish and estuarine waters during the wet season compared to the dry season. There was no correlation between the number of E. coli and the presence of \{VGs\} in any of the water types in both seasons but we found similarities in \{VG\} profiles of sites with similar land uses.}, keywords = {Indicator of water quality}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135411005379}, author = {N. Masters and A. Wiegand and W. Ahmed and M. Katouli} } @mastersthesis {6495, title = {Essays on housing policy and community development}, year = {2011}, note = {3480061}, school = {University of Notre Dame}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation contains three essays on housing policy and community development. Chapter 1 examines whether a 1992 Act that forced Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to purchase loans from underserved populations contributed to the subprime mortgage crisis. Chapter 2 examines whether programs that provide housing assistance to homeless people can reduce chronic homelessness. Finally, chapter 3 examines whether municipal governments manipulate fiscal policy in election years. The 1992 "GSE Act" mandated that a specified percentage of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac purchases come from underserved populations. A number of prominent observers have pointed to the GSE Act as a root cause of the recent housing crisis. Chapter 1 evaluates the link between the GSE Act and relaxed mortgage market standards. Using loan application-level data from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, I analyze whether the GSE Act{\textquoteright}s affordable housing goals altered mortgage lending or purchasing decisions. To identify this effect, I use a regression discontinuity design that exploits arbitrary cutoffs used to determine whether a loan satisfies the GSE Act goals. I find that the GSE Act{\textquoteright}s affordable housing goals had little to no effect on mortgage lending or purchasing. Additionally, using census tract-level data, I find no relationship between the GSE Act{\textquoteright}s affordable housing goals and increased foreclosures, vacancies or other housing outcomes. These results suggest that the 1992 GSE Act had a negligible effect on the recent mortgage market crisis. Chapter 2 examines whether programs that provide housing assistance to homeless people can reduce chronic homelessness. I analyze data from the Department of Housing and Urban Development for 130 communities across the U.S. over the period 2005 to 2007. Because the amount of federal money allocated to a community to combat homelessness may depend on unobserved characteristics of that community, I estimate a fixed effects model which examines the effect of new federal homeless funding on chronic homelessness. I find that increased funding for homeless programs can reduce chronic homelessness. A \$1 per capita increase in federal homeless funding is associated with a 1.80 person, or 2.8\%, decrease in the number of chronically homeless per 100,000 population. An analysis of new funding to specific types of homeless programs indicates that programs that provide long-term housing and services to homeless people with disabilities drives this relationship. These results indicate that the first-year cost of moving one chronically homeless person into permanent supportive housing is \$55,600. Chapter 3 examines whether municipal governments manipulate fiscal policy in election years. According to the political budget cycle hypothesis, in election years government officials engage in opportunistic fiscal policy manipulation for electoral gains. This paper tests that hypothesis using data on taxes and spending for a panel of 268 US cities over the period 1970-2004. While our estimates provide no evidence of altered total expenditures or taxes in election years, we do find evidence of election-year manipulation of employment. We find a 0.7 percent increase in total municipal employment, including increases in police, education, and sanitation employment.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0615:Political science, 0630:Public policy, Affordable housing, Budget cycle, economics, GSE Act, Homelessness, Housing crisis, Permanent supportive housing, Political budget cycle, Political science, Public policy, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/898589228?accountid=14270}, author = {Moulton, Shawn R.} } @article {7752, title = {Estimating the Burden of Acute Gastroenteritis and Foodborne Illness Caused by Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus by Using Population-Based Telephone Survey Data, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, 2005 to 2006}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, note = {ion date =2011-10-01T00:00:00}, pages = {1592-1598}, abstract = {

Most cases of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne disease are not ascertained by public health surveillance because the ill person does not always seek medical care and submit a stool sample for testing, and the laboratory does not always test for or identify the causative organism. We estimated the total burden of acute gastroenteritis in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, using data from two 2-week cross-sectional, population-based telephone surveys conducted in 2006 and 2007. To estimate the number of acute gastroenteritis illnesses caused by Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Miyagi Prefecture, we determined the number of cases for each pathogen from active laboratory-based surveillance during 2005 to 2006 and adjusted for seeking of medical care and submission of stool specimens by using data from the population-based telephone surveys. Monte Carlo simulation was used to incorporate uncertainty. The prevalence of acute gastroenteritis in the preceding 4 weeks was 3.3\% (70 of 2,126) and 3.5\% (74 of 2,121) in the winter and summer months, yielding an estimated 44,200 episodes of acute gastroenteritis each year in this region. Among people with acute gastroenteritis, the physician consultation rate was 32.0\%, and 10.9\% of persons who sought care submitted a stool sample. The estimated numbers of Campylobacter-, Salmonella-, and V. parahaemolyticus associated episodes of acute gastroenteritis were 1,512, 209, and 100 per 100,000 population per year, respectively, in this region. These estimates are significantly higher than the number of reported cases in surveillance in this region. Cases ascertained from active surveillance were also underrepresented in the present passive surveillance, suggesting that complementary surveillance systems, such as laboratory-based active surveillance in sentinel sites, are needed to monitor food safety in Japan.\"

}, isbn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iafp/jfp/2011/00000074/00000010/art00002}, author = {Kubota,Kunihiro and Kasuga,Fumiko and Iwasaki,Emiko and Inagaki,Shunichi and Sakurai,Yoshiharu and Komatsu,Mayumi and Toyofuku,Hajime and Angulo,Frederick J. and Scallan,Elaine and Morikawa,Kaoru} } @article {5935, title = {{Estimation of the likelihood of fecal-oral HEV transmission among pigs}}, journal = {Risk Analysis: an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {31}, year = {2011}, pages = {940{\textendash}950}, author = {Bouwknegt, M and P F Teunis and Frankena, K and De Jong, MC and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {9019, title = {Evaluating household water treatment options: Health-based targets and microbiological performance specifications}, year = {2011}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {World Health, Organization} } @article {16884, title = {Evaluating the importance of faecal sources in human-impacted waters}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {45}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, pages = {2670{\textendash}2680}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Schoen, Mary E and Soller, Jeffrey A and Ashbolt, Nicholas J} } @article {13809, title = {Evaluating the prevalence and genetic diversity of adenovirus and polyomavirus in bovine waste for microbial source tracking}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {90}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, abstract = {This study evaluated and compared the occurrence, concentrations, and genetic diversity of bovine polyomavirus (BPyV) and bovine adenovirus (BAdV) in manure and feces samples for the purpose of determining which of these two viruses is more suitable for bovine fecal indication and microbial source tracking. The comparability and correlation between concentrations/prevalence of these viruses and bacterial fecal indicators (cow-associated Bacteroidetes, Escherichia coli and enterococci) in manure and fecal samples was also determined. A total of 26 dairy manure and 18 individual dairy cow feces samples were tested. The results showed the mean concentration of BAdV in all of dairy manure samples was at least 1 log lower than BPyV (p<=0.005). All of the dairy manure samples tested positive for BPyV but not for BAdV. After combining dairy manure measurements, bacterial indicators had 0.3-0.7 log (p<=0.05) and 1.8-2.2 log (p<=0.005) higher concentrations than BPyV and BAdV, respectively. The concentration of BPyV had a significant positive correlation with the concentration of E. coli and enterococci in the manure samples. The partial VP1 genetic sequences of BPyV isolated from three different farms had a 100\% homology to each other and to VP1 sequence (D13942.1) reported in previous study. Based on the occurrence, quantitative and genetic diversity results, BPyV may be a better indicator than BAdV for microbial source tracking at manure application sites. {\textcopyright} 2011 Springer-Verlag.}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-011-3156-z}, author = {Wong, K. and Xagoraraki, I.} } @article {7612, title = {{Evaluating the prevalence and genetic diversity of adenovirus and polyomavirus in bovine waste for microbial source tracking}}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {90}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {521-1526}, abstract = {

This study evaluated and compared the occurrence, concentrations, and genetic diversity of bovine polyomavirus (BPyV) and bovine adenovirus (BAdV) in manure and feces samples for the purpose of determining which of these two viruses is more suitable for bovine fecal indication and microbial source tracking. The comparability and correlation between concentrations/prevalence of these viruses and bacterial fecal indicators (cow-associated Bacteroidetes, Escherichia coli and enterococci) in manure and fecal samples was also determined. A total of 26 dairy manure and 18 individual dairy cow feces samples were tested. The results showed the mean concentration of BAdV in all of dairy manure samples was at least 1 log lower than BPyV (p<=0.005). All of the dairy manure samples tested positive for BPyV but not for BAdV. After combining dairy manure measurements, bacterial indicators had 0.3-0.7 log (p<=0.05) and 1.8-2.2 log (p<=0.005) higher concentrations than BPyV and BAdV, respectively. The concentration of BPyV had a significant positive correlation with the concentration of E. coli and enterococci in the manure samples. The partial VP1 genetic sequences of BPyV isolated from three different farms had a 100{\%} homology to each other and to VP1 sequence (D13942.1) reported in previous study. Based on the occurrence, quantitative and genetic diversity results, BPyV may be a better indicator than BAdV for microbial source tracking at manure application sites. {\textcopyright} 2011 Springer-Verlag.

}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-011-3156-z}, author = {Wong, K. and Xagoraraki, I.} } @article {994, title = {{Evaluating the prevalence and genetic diversity of adenovirus and polyomavirus in bovine waste for microbial source tracking}}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {90}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {1521{\textendash}1526}, abstract = {This study evaluated and compared the occurrence, concentrations, and genetic diversity of bovine polyomavirus (BPyV) and bovine adenovirus (BAdV) in manure and feces samples for the purpose of determining which of these two viruses is more suitable for bovine fecal indication and microbial source tracking. The comparability and correlation between concentrations/prevalence of these viruses and bacterial fecal indicators (cow-associated Bacteroidetes, Escherichia coli and enterococci) in manure and fecal samples was also determined. A total of 26 dairy manure and 18 individual dairy cow feces samples were tested. The results showed the mean concentration of BAdV in all of dairy manure samples was at least 1 log lower than BPyV (p <= 0.005). All of the dairy manure samples tested positive for BPyV but not for BAdV. After combining dairy manure measurements, bacterial indicators had 0.3-0.7 log (p <= 0.05) and 1.8-2.2 log (p <= 0.005) higher concentrations than BPyV and BAdV, respectively. The concentration of BPyV had a significant positive correlation with the concentration of E. coli and enterococci in the manure samples. The partial VP1 genetic sequences of BPyV isolated from three different farms had a 100\% homology to each other and to VP1 sequence (D13942.1) reported in previous study. Based on the occurrence, quantitative and genetic diversity results, BPyV may be a better indicator than BAdV for microbial source tracking at manure application sites.}, keywords = {Bovine adenovirus, Bovine polyomavirus, Fecal indicator, Microbial source tracking, Quantitative PCR}, issn = {01757598}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-011-3156-z}, author = {Wong, Kelvin and Xagoraraki, Irene} } @article {10594, title = {{Evaluation of a new chromogenic medium, chromID{\texttrademark}Vibrio, for the isolation and presumptive identification of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus from human clinical specimens}}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {30}, year = {2011}, pages = {733{\textendash}737}, author = {Eddabra, R and Piemont, Y and Scheftel, JM} } @article {7573, title = {{Evaluation of electropositive filtration for recovering norovirus in water}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {27-36}, abstract = {

The virus adsorption-elution (VIRADEL) technique has been widely used in the recovery of various enteric viruses in water, and an electropositive filter such as 1 MDS has been commonly applied. However, effective methods of monitoring waterborne norovirus (NoV) have not yet been well characterized and optimized. Hence, in this study, the VIRADEL technique was evaluated and optimized for effectively detecting NoV in water by two commonly used electropositive filters (1MDS and NanoCeram filter). Various elution and concentration methods were evaluated by using both murine norovirus (MNV) and human NoV. Among the tested elution buffers, the most effective was 1.5{\%} beef extract plus 0.01{\%} Tween 80 for both 1MDS (67.5{\%}) and NanoCeram (85.7{\%}) microfilters. The recovery rate of GII-4 human NoV was higher by organic flocculation (86.6{\%}) than by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitations (11.6-73.6{\%}). When both 1MDS and NanoCeram filters were tested to detect NoV in surface and groundwater, the sensitivity of NoV recovered by these filters appeared to depend on the types and conditions of environmental water. The results of this study will help to set a standard of detection method for NoV in water. {\textcopyright} IWA Publishing 2011.

}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2010.190}, author = {Lee, H. and Kim, M. and S Y Paik and Lee, C.H. and Jheong, W.-H. and Kim, J. and Ko, G.} } @article {13773, title = {Evaluation of electropositive filtration for recovering norovirus in water}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The virus adsorption-elution (VIRADEL) technique has been widely used in the recovery of various enteric viruses in water, and an electropositive filter such as 1 MDS has been commonly applied. However, effective methods of monitoring waterborne norovirus (NoV) have not yet been well characterized and optimized. Hence, in this study, the VIRADEL technique was evaluated and optimized for effectively detecting NoV in water by two commonly used electropositive filters (1MDS and NanoCeram filter). Various elution and concentration methods were evaluated by using both murine norovirus (MNV) and human NoV. Among the tested elution buffers, the most effective was 1.5\% beef extract plus 0.01\% Tween 80 for both 1MDS (67.5\%) and NanoCeram (85.7\%) microfilters. The recovery rate of GII-4 human NoV was higher by organic flocculation (86.6\%) than by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitations (11.6-73.6\%). When both 1MDS and NanoCeram filters were tested to detect NoV in surface and groundwater, the sensitivity of NoV recovered by these filters appeared to depend on the types and conditions of environmental water. The results of this study will help to set a standard of detection method for NoV in water. {\textcopyright} IWA Publishing 2011.}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2010.190}, author = {Lee, H. and Kim, M. and S Y Paik and Lee, C.H. and Jheong, W.-H. and Kim, J. and Ko, G.} } @article {1789, title = {Evaluation of hollow-fiber ultrafiltration primary concentration of pathogens and secondary concentration of viruses from water}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {176}, number = {1-2}, year = {2011}, note = {Rhodes, Eric R Hamilton, Douglas W See, Mary Jean Wymer, Larry eng Evaluation Studies Netherlands 2011/06/15 06:00 J Virol Methods. 2011 Sep;176(1-2):38-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.05.031. Epub 2011 Jun 1.}, pages = {38-45}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Tangential flow hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF) was evaluated for virus and Cryptosporidium parvum concentration from water. Recovery of viruses at a low filtration rate was found to be significantly greater than at a higher filtration rate, with the recoveries of bacteriophage MS2 at high and low filtration rates shown to be 64.7\% and 98.7\%, respectively. Poliovirus recoveries from tap water were similar to MS2, with recoveries of 62.9\% and 104.5\% for high and low filtration rates, respectively. C. parvum, which was only tested at high filtration rates, had an average recovery was 105.1\%. In addition to the optimization of the primary concentration technique, this study also compared several secondary concentration procedures. The highest recovery (89.5\%) of poliovirus from tap water concentrates was obtained when a beef extract-celite method was used and the virus was eluted from the celite with phosphate buffered saline, pH 9.0. When HFUF primary concentration and the optimal secondary concentration methods were combined, an average recovery of 97.0 +/- 35.6\% or 89.3 +/- 19.3\%, depending on spike level, was achieved for poliovirus. This study demonstrated that HFUF primary concentration method is effective at recovering MS2, poliovirus and C. parvum from large volumes of water and that beef extract-celite method is an effective secondary concentration method for the poliovirus tested.}, keywords = {Animals Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification Diatomaceous Earth Levivirus/*isolation \& purification Mice Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification Ultrafiltration/instrumentation/*methods *Water Microbiology Water Purification/methods Water Supply}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.05.031}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21664379}, author = {Rhodes, E. R. and Hamilton, D. W. and See, M. J. and Wymer, L.} } @article {1232, title = {Evaluation of human enteric viruses in surface water and drinking water resources in southern Ghana}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, note = {Gibson, Kristen E Opryszko, Melissa C Schissler, James T Guo, Yayi Schwab, Kellogg J Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, pages = {20-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {An estimated 884 million people worldwide do not have access to an improved drinking water source, and the microbial quality of these sources is often unknown. In this study, a combined tangential flow, hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF), and real-time PCR method was applied to large volume (100 L) groundwater (N = 4), surface water (N = 9), and finished (i.e., receiving treatment) drinking water (N = 6) samples for the evaluation of human enteric viruses and bacterial indicators. Human enteric viruses including norovirus GI and GII, adenovirus, and polyomavirus were detected in five different samples including one groundwater, three surface water, and one drinking water sample. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli assessed for each sample before and after UF revealed a lack of correlation between bacterial indicators and the presence of human enteric viruses.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/isolation \& purification BK Virus/isolation \& purification Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification Enterovirus/isolation \& purification Ghana Hepatitis E virus/isolation \& purification Humans Norovirus/isolation \& purification Water/chemistry W}, issn = {1476-1645 (Electronic) 0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Gibson, K. E. and Opryszko, M. C. and Schissler, J. T. and Guo, Y. and Schwab, K. J.} } @article {4486, title = {Evaluation of human enteric viruses in surface water and drinking water resources in southern Ghana}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {20{\textendash}9}, issn = {1476-1645 (Electronic) 0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Gibson, K. E. and Opryszko, M. C. and Schissler, J. T. and Guo, Y. and Schwab, K. J.} } @article {14627, title = {Evaluation of human enteric viruses in surface water and drinking water resources in southern {Ghana}}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {84}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {20{\textendash}9}, abstract = {An estimated 884 million people worldwide do not have access to an improved drinking water source, and the microbial quality of these sources is often unknown. In this study, a combined tangential flow, hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF), and real-time PCR method was applied to large volume (100 L) groundwater (N = 4), surface water (N = 9), and finished (i.e., receiving treatment) drinking water (N = 6) samples for the evaluation of human enteric viruses and bacterial indicators. Human enteric viruses including norovirus GI and GII, adenovirus, and polyomavirus were detected in five different samples including one groundwater, three surface water, and one drinking water sample. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli assessed for each sample before and after UF revealed a lack of correlation between bacterial indicators and the presence of human enteric viruses.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, BK Virus/isolation \& purification, Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/isolation \& purification, Ghana, Hepatitis E virus/isolation \& purification, Human/isolation \& purification, Humans, Norovirus/isolation \& purification, Water Microbiology/*standards, Water Supply/*standards, Water/chemistry}, issn = {1476-1645 (Electronic) 0002-9637 (Linking)}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0389 84/1/20 [pii]}, author = {Gibson, K. E. and Opryszko, M. C. and Schissler, J. T. and Guo, Y. and Schwab, K. J.} } @article {14957, title = {Evaluation of human enteric viruses in surface water and drinking water resources in southern {Ghana}}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {84}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {20{\textendash}9}, abstract = {An estimated 884 million people worldwide do not have access to an improved drinking water source, and the microbial quality of these sources is often unknown. In this study, a combined tangential flow, hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF), and real-time PCR method was applied to large volume (100 L) groundwater (N = 4), surface water (N = 9), and finished (i.e., receiving treatment) drinking water (N = 6) samples for the evaluation of human enteric viruses and bacterial indicators. Human enteric viruses including norovirus GI and GII, adenovirus, and polyomavirus were detected in five different samples including one groundwater, three surface water, and one drinking water sample. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli assessed for each sample before and after UF revealed a lack of correlation between bacterial indicators and the presence of human enteric viruses.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, BK Virus/isolation \& purification, Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/isolation \& purification, Ghana, Hepatitis E virus/isolation \& purification, Human/isolation \& purification, Humans, Norovirus/isolation \& purification, Water Microbiology/*standards, Water Supply/*standards, Water/chemistry}, issn = {1476-1645 (Electronic) 0002-9637 (Linking)}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0389 84/1/20 [pii]}, author = {Gibson, K. E. and Opryszko, M. C. and Schissler, J. T. and Guo, Y. and Schwab, K. J.} } @article {7672, title = {Evaluation of low-copy genetic targets for waterborne bacterial pathogen detection via qPCR}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, note = {PT: J; TC: 3; UT: WOS:000291499100012}, month = {MAY}, pages = {3378-3388}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Clark,Shawn T. and Gilbride,Kimberley A. and Mehrvar,Mehrab and Laursen,Andrew E. and Bostan,Vadim and Pushchak,Ronald and McCarthy,Lynda H.} } @article {987, title = {Evaluation of pepper mild mottle virus, human picobirnavirus and Torque teno virus as indicators of fecal contamination in river water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {1358{\textendash}1368}, abstract = {

A reliable indicator is needed to predict and reduce the risk of infection associated with fecal contamination of surface water. Since Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), human picobirnaviruses (hPBV) and Torque teno virus (TTV) have been detected at substantial levels in human feces, we explored whether detection of nucleic acids of these viruses is a suitable indicator of fecal contamination in river water. From September 2008 to December 2009, water samples (n = 111) were collected from the Ruhr and Rhine rivers and from the influents and effluents of a wastewater plant (n = 12). Quantitative real time (RT-) PCR was used to determine the abundance of PMMoV, hPBV, and TTV in comparison to human adenoviruses (HAdV) and human polyomaviruses (HPyV) that are frequently detected in surface water and were previously proposed as indicators. While PMMoV was detected in all river water samples, the other viruses were detected less frequently. The concentration of the studied viruses in positive river water ranged from 5 {\texttimes} 10 1 to 1.07 {\texttimes} 10 6 genome equivalents per liter (gen.equ./l). All wastewater samples were positive for PMMoV, HAdV and HPyV, while TTV and hPBV were detected in 6/12 and 3/12 of samples, respectively. To determine if PMMoV is specific to human-derived fecal waste, fecal samples from human (n = 20) and animal (n = 53) were also tested. In contrast to the ubiquity of PMMoV in human feces (19/20) the virus was only detected at low concentration in a minority of the animal fecal samples tested (7/15 from chicken, 1/10 from Geese and 1/6 from cows). Therefore, in this setting TTV and hPBV do not seem to be suitable indicators of fecal contamination in water. Whereas, the high excretion level and dissemination of PMMoV in human sewage and river water suggest that PMMoV could be a promising indicator of fecal pollution in surface water. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

}, keywords = {Indicators, QPCR, River water, Sewage, Virus contamination}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.021}, author = {Ibrahim A Hamza and Jurzik, Lars and Uberla, Klaus and Wilhelm, Michael} } @article {7179, title = {Evaluation of students{\textquoteright} social hand washing knowledge, practices, and skills in a university setting}, journal = {Central European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {dec}, pages = {222{\textendash}226}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Handwashing is an effective and inexpensive way to prevent diarrhea and acute respiratory infections. This study aimed to evaluate the Turkish University students{\textquoteright} social hand washing knowledge, practices, skills and related factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All existing 1st year students in the Medical and Educational Faculty, plus all existing 2nd and 3rd year students in the Medical Faculty of Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey, from April to May, 2010, were eligible for the study. Participants filled in a questionnaire. The questionnaire tested the students{\textquoteright} social hand washing knowledge (8 questions), practices (21 questions), and skills (10 questions) and it was prepared using previously published studies. Participants received 1 point for each correct answer provided. Final scores were calculated by summing up the points from all questions in the particular section divided by the number of questions in this section and multiplied by 100. The Family Affluence Scale was used to determine a socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS: In all 303 students participated in this study. Participants{\textquoteright} age (+/- SD) was 20.1 +/- 1.6 and the age range was between 18 and 32. Sixty two point seven percent of the participants were women. Forty four point nine percent of the participants were medical students. Fifty one point eight percent of the participants were in low SES. Twenty seven point four percent of the participants wash their hands less than 5 times a day. main reason for skipping hand washing was the participants{\textquoteright} belief of {\textquoteright}no need{\textquoteright} (63.7\%). The mean scores (+/- SD) of participants{\textquoteright} hand washing knowledge, practices, and skills were 71.2 +/- 20.7, 60.3 +/- 13.4 and 79.7 +/- 18.4, respectively. All scores were significantly higher in women. A multivariate analysis showed that gender was the main factor affecting all scores. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing quantity and/or quality of available campus based public health educational programs, creating hand-hygiene promotion programs to the general public and using the findings from this study are recommended.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Attitudes, Communicable Disease Control, Female, Hand Disinfection, Health Knowledge, Humans, Male, Practice, Students, Surveys and Questionnaires, Turkey, Universities, Young Adult}, issn = {1210-7778}, author = {Ergin, Ahmet and Bostanci, Mehmet and Onal, Ozg{\"u}r and Bozkurt, Ali Ihsan and Ergin, Nesrin} } @article {840, title = {Evaluation of the infectivity, gene and antigenicity persistence of rotaviruses by free chlorine disinfection.}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {23}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, pages = {1691-1698}, abstract = {

The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative {RT-PCR} {(ICC-RT-qPCR),} {RT-qPCR,} and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays {(ELISA),} respectively, were used to assess the influence of the disinfectant on virus infectivity as well as genetic and antigenic integrity of simian rotavirus {SA11} as a surrogate for human rotaviruses. The {ICC-RT-qPCR} was able to detect rotaviruses survival from chlorine disinfection at chlorine dose up to 20 {mg/L} (60 min contact), which suggested a required chlorine dose of 5 folds (from 1 to 5 {mg/L)} higher than that indicated by the plaque assay to achieve 1.8 log10 reductions in tap water with 60 min exposing. The {VP7} gene was more resistant than the infectivity and existed at chlorine dose up to 20 {mg/L} (60 min contact), while the antigencity was undetectable with chlorine dose more than 5 {mg/L} (60 min contact). The water quality also impacted the inactivation efficiencies, and rotaviruses have a relatively higher resistant in secondary effluents than in the tap water under the same chlorine disinfection treatments. This study indicated that rotaviruses have a higher infectivity, gene and antigencity resistance to chlorine than that previously indicated by plaque assay only, which seemed to underestimate the resistance of rotaviruses to chlorine and the risk of rotaviruses in environments. Present results also suggested that re-evaluation of resistance of other waterborne viruses after disinfections by more sensitive infectivity detection method (such as {ICC-RT-qPCR)} may be necessary, to determine the adequate disinfectant doses required for the inactivation of waterborne viruses.

}, author = {Li, Dan and Gu, April Z and Zeng, Siyu and Yang, Wan and He, Miao and Shi, Hanchang} } @article {2595, title = {Evaluation of the infectivity, gene and antigenicity persistence of rotaviruses by free chlorine disinfection.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences {(China)}}, volume = {23}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, pages = {1691-1698}, abstract = {The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative {RT-PCR} {(ICC-RT-qPCR),} {RT-qPCR,} and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays {(ELISA),} respectively, were used to assess the influence of the disinfectant on virus infectivity as well as genetic and antigenic integrity of simian rotavirus {SA11} as a surrogate for human rotaviruses. The {ICC-RT-qPCR} was able to detect rotaviruses survival from chlorine disinfection at chlorine dose up to 20 {mg/L} (60 min contact), which suggested a required chlorine dose of 5 folds (from 1 to 5 {mg/L)} higher than that indicated by the plaque assay to achieve 1.8 log10 reductions in tap water with 60 min exposing. The {VP7} gene was more resistant than the infectivity and existed at chlorine dose up to 20 {mg/L} (60 min contact), while the antigencity was undetectable with chlorine dose more than 5 {mg/L} (60 min contact). The water quality also impacted the inactivation efficiencies, and rotaviruses have a relatively higher resistant in secondary effluents than in the tap water under the same chlorine disinfection treatments. This study indicated that rotaviruses have a higher infectivity, gene and antigencity resistance to chlorine than that previously indicated by plaque assay only, which seemed to underestimate the resistance of rotaviruses to chlorine and the risk of rotaviruses in environments. Present results also suggested that re-evaluation of resistance of other waterborne viruses after disinfections by more sensitive infectivity detection method (such as {ICC-RT-qPCR)} may be necessary, to determine the adequate disinfectant doses required for the inactivation of waterborne viruses.}, author = {Li, Dan and Gu, April Z and Zeng, Siyu and Yang, Wan and He, Miao and Shi, Hanchang} } @article {3538, title = {Evaluation of the infectivity, gene and antigenicity persistence of rotaviruses by free chlorine disinfection}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {23}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, pages = {1691{\textendash}1698}, abstract = {

The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} \{\{\}(ICC-RT-qPCR),\{\}\} \{\{\}RT-qPCR,\{\}\} and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays \{\{\}(ELISA),\{\}\} respectively, were used to assess the influence of the disinfectant on virus infectivity as well as genetic and antigenic integrity of simian rotavirus \{\{\}SA11\{\}\} as a surrogate for human rotaviruses. The \{\{\.I}CC-RT-qPCR\{\}\} was able to detect rotaviruses survival from chlorine disinfection at chlorine dose up to 20 \{\{\}mg/L\{\}\} (60 min contact), which suggested a required chlorine dose of 5 folds (from 1 to 5 \{\{\}mg/L)\{\}\} higher than that indicated by the plaque assay to achieve 1.8 log10 reductions in tap water with 60 min exposing. The \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} gene was more resistant than the infectivity and existed at chlorine dose up to 20 \{\{\}mg/L\{\}\} (60 min contact), while the antigencity was undetectable with chlorine dose more than 5 \{\{\}mg/L\{\}\} (60 min contact). The water quality also impacted the inactivation efficiencies, and rotaviruses have a relatively higher resistant in secondary effluents than in the tap water under the same chlorine disinfection treatments. This study indicated that rotaviruses have a higher infectivity, gene and antigencity resistance to chlorine than that previously indicated by plaque assay only, which seemed to underestimate the resistance of rotaviruses to chlorine and the risk of rotaviruses in environments. Present results also suggested that re-evaluation of resistance of other waterborne viruses after disinfections by more sensitive infectivity detection method (such as \{\{\.I}CC-RT-qPCR)\{\}\} may be necessary, to determine the adequate disinfectant doses required for the inactivation of waterborne viruses.

}, author = {Li, Dan and Gu, April Z and Zeng, Siyu and Yang, Wan and He, Miao and Shi, Hanchang} } @article {3611, title = {Evidence of a recombinant wild-type human astrovirus strain from a Kenyan child with gastroenteritis.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {728{\textendash}731}, author = {Wolfaardt, M and N M Kiulia and J M Mwenda and M B Taylor} } @article {9601, title = {Excreta disposal in emergencies: Bag and Peepoo trials with internally displaced people in Port-au-Prince}, journal = {Waterlines}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {61-77}, author = {Patel, D and Brooks, N and Bastable, A} } @article {15049, title = {Excreta disposal in emergencies: {Bag} and {Peepoo} trials with internally displaced people in {Port}-au-{Prince}}, journal = {Waterlines}, volume = {30}, year = {2011}, pages = {61{\textendash}77}, author = {Patel, D. and Brooks, N. and Bastable, A.} } @mastersthesis {7231, title = {Experimental and computational analysis of evaporative spray cooling for gas turbine exhaust ejectors}, year = {2011}, note = {MR76943}, school = {Queen{\textquoteright}s University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{A}.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This research studied the effects of evaporative spray cooling on air-air ejector performance. Experimental data was collected for the purpose of validating computational simulations. This was done by modifying an existing air-air ejector to accommodate four spray flow nozzles which were used to atomize cooling water. The only parameter that was varied throughout the study was the mass flow rate of cooling water. One single phase (air) case and four spray flow cases where performed and analyzed. The purpose of the single phase experiment was to have a baseline for the air-air ejector performance and isolate the sources of experimental error contributed by spray flow. Three specialized multiphase flow instruments were designed and fabricated by the author to measure, gas phase temperatures, spray mass flow rates, and mixture total pressures. A computational study was performed using the collected experimental data for inlet continuous phase and spray mass flow as boundary conditions for equivalent simulations. A temperature gradient modified turbulence model was written by the author to better predict the mixing rates found experimentally which was used for the duration of this research. Secondary droplet breakup was modeled by the author using empirical correlations following preliminary simulations recognizing the deficiencies of commercially available breakup models. Comparison of experimental and computational cases produced mixed results. It was found that the experimental gas temperature instrument performed poorly for the local droplet fluxes encountered during testing. The spray sampling probe showed more promising results with two integrated mass flows agreeing within 6\% of computational simulations. The total pressure probe solved the issue of pressure port clogging, but measurements were representative of mixture density which made an inferred velocity calculation difficult. It was found that evaporation of spray flow before the nozzle exit plane caused a reduction in dynamic pressure and a reduction in back pressure. A full scale simulation was performed to determine the effects of scaling on evaporative spray cooling performance. It was found that for the geometrically similar full scale model, the total droplet surface area and particle residence times scaled up with the model which increased cooling performance.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, Air-air ejectors, Applied sciences, Droplets, Evaporative spray cooling, Mechanical engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1002714055?accountid=14270}, author = {Begg, Nathon} } @article {1804, title = {Exploring the viral world through metagenomics}, journal = {Curr Opin Virol}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, note = {Rosario, Karyna Breitbart, Mya eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. Review Netherlands 2012/03/24 06:00 Curr Opin Virol. 2011 Oct;1(4):289-97. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.06.004. Epub 2011 Jul 2.}, pages = {289-97}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Viral metagenomics, or shotgun sequencing of purified viral particles, has revolutionized the field of environmental virology by allowing the exploration of viral communities in a variety of sample types throughout the biosphere. The introduction of viral metagenomics has demonstrated that dominant viruses in environmental communities are not well-represented by the cultured viruses in existing sequence databases. Viral metagenomic studies have provided insights into viral ecology by elucidating the genetic potential, community structure, and biogeography of environmental viruses. In addition, viral metagenomics has expanded current knowledge of virus-host interactions by uncovering genes that may allow viruses to manipulate their hosts in unexpected ways. The intrinsic potential for virus discovery through viral metagenomics can help advance a wide array of disciplines including evolutionary biology, pathogen surveillance, and biotechnology.}, keywords = {Animals Evolution, Molecular Humans *Metagenomics Virus Diseases/genetics/metabolism/*virology Viruses/*genetics/isolation \& purification/metabolism}, issn = {1879-6265 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2011.06.004}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22440785}, author = {Rosario, K. and Breitbart, M.} } @article {15273, title = {Exposure assessment for swimmers in bathing waters and swimming pools.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {45}, number = {7}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {2392{\textendash}2400}, abstract = {Bathing water compliant with bathing water legislation may nevertheless contain pathogens to such a level that they pose unacceptable health risks for swimmers. Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) can provide a proper basis for protective measures, but the required data on swimmer exposure are currently limited or lacking. The objective of this study was to collect exposure data for swimmers in fresh water, seawater and swimming pools, i.e. volume of water swallowed and frequency and duration of swimming events. The study related to swimming in 2007, but since the summer of 2007 was wet and this might have biased the results regarding surface water exposure, the study was repeated relating to swimming in 2009, which had a dry and sunny summer. Exposure data were collected through questionnaires administered to approximately 19 000 persons representing the general Dutch population. Questionnaires were completed by 8000 adults of whom 1924 additionally answered the questions for their eldest child ({\textbackslash}textless 15 years). The collected data did not differ significantly between 2007 and 2009. The frequency of swimming and the duration of swimming were different for men, women and children and between water types. Differences between men and women were small, but children behaved differently: they swam more often, stayed in the water longer, submerged their heads more often and swallowed more water. Swimming pools were visited most frequently (on average 13-24 times/year) with longest duration of swimming (on average 67-81 min). On average, fresh and seawater sites were visited 6-8 times/year and visits lasted 41-79 min. Dependent on the water type, men swallowed on average 27-34 ml per swimming event, women 18-23 ml, and children 31-51 ml. Data on exposure of swimmers to recreational waters could be obtained by using a questionnaire approach in combination with a test to measure mouthfuls of water for transformation of categorical data to numerical data of swallowed volumes of water. Previous assumptions on swimmer exposure were replaced with estimates of exposure parameters, thus reducing uncertainty in assessing the risk of infection with waterborne pathogens and enabling identification of risk groups. QMRA for Cryptosporidium and Giardia was demonstrated based on data from previous studies on the occurrence of these pathogens in recreational lakes and a swimming pool.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Bathing Beaches, Bathing Beaches: statistics \& numerical data, Child, cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium: isolation \& purification, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics \& numerical dat, Female, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Fresh Water: parasitology, Giardia, Giardia: isolation \& purification, Giardiasis, Giardiasis: epidemiology, Holland, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, Oocysts, Parasite Egg Count, Preschool, QMRA, Questionnaires, Recreational water, Risk Assessment, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Seawater: parasitology, Swimming, Swimming Pools, Swimming Pools: statistics \& numerical data, Young Adult}, author = {Schets, Franciska M and Schijven, Jack F and Ana M. De Roda Husman} } @article {13691, title = {{Exposure assessment for swimmers in bathing waters and swimming pools.}}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {45}, number = {7}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {2392{\textendash}2400}, abstract = {Bathing water compliant with bathing water legislation may nevertheless contain pathogens to such a level that they pose unacceptable health risks for swimmers. Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) can provide a proper basis for protective measures, but the required data on swimmer exposure are currently limited or lacking. The objective of this study was to collect exposure data for swimmers in fresh water, seawater and swimming pools, i.e. volume of water swallowed and frequency and duration of swimming events. The study related to swimming in 2007, but since the summer of 2007 was wet and this might have biased the results regarding surface water exposure, the study was repeated relating to swimming in 2009, which had a dry and sunny summer. Exposure data were collected through questionnaires administered to approximately 19 000 persons representing the general Dutch population. Questionnaires were completed by 8000 adults of whom 1924 additionally answered the questions for their eldest child ({\textless} 15 years). The collected data did not differ significantly between 2007 and 2009. The frequency of swimming and the duration of swimming were different for men, women and children and between water types. Differences between men and women were small, but children behaved differently: they swam more often, stayed in the water longer, submerged their heads more often and swallowed more water. Swimming pools were visited most frequently (on average 13-24 times/year) with longest duration of swimming (on average 67-81 min). On average, fresh and seawater sites were visited 6-8 times/year and visits lasted 41-79 min. Dependent on the water type, men swallowed on average 27-34 ml per swimming event, women 18-23 ml, and children 31-51 ml. Data on exposure of swimmers to recreational waters could be obtained by using a questionnaire approach in combination with a test to measure mouthfuls of water for transformation of categorical data to numerical data of swallowed volumes of water. Previous assumptions on swimmer exposure were replaced with estimates of exposure parameters, thus reducing uncertainty in assessing the risk of infection with waterborne pathogens and enabling identification of risk groups. QMRA for Cryptosporidium and Giardia was demonstrated based on data from previous studies on the occurrence of these pathogens in recreational lakes and a swimming pool.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Bathing Beaches, Bathing Beaches: statistics {\&} numerical data, Child, cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: analysis, Environmental Exposure: statistics {\&} numerical dat, Female, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: chemistry, Fresh Water: parasitology, Giardia, Giardia: isolation {\&} purification, Giardiasis, Giardiasis: epidemiology, Holland, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, Oocysts, Parasite Egg Count, Preschool, QMRA, Questionnaires, Recreational water, Risk Assessment, Seawater, Seawater: chemistry, Seawater: parasitology, Swimming, Swimming Pools, Swimming Pools: statistics {\&} numerical data, Young Adult}, author = {Schets, Franciska M and Schijven, Jack F and Ana M. De Roda Husman} } @article {5600, title = {{Exposure to Airborne Noroviruses and Other Bioaerosol Components at a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Denmark}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {3}, number = {3-4}, year = {2011}, pages = {130{\textendash}137}, abstract = {Exposure to bioaerosols associated with wastewater treatment processes may represent an occupational health risk for workers at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). A high frequency of acute symptoms in the gastrointestinal tract among the wastewater workers at a Danish WWTP has been reported. The objective of the study was therefore to examine the exposure of the workers to aerosolised microorganisms. Sampling of inhalable endotoxin, bacteria, moulds and viruses was performed on one occasion using personal samplers. Noroviruses (NoVs) and endotoxin were detected at concentrations that could pose an occupational health risk and possibly contribute to the increased frequency of gastrointestinal illness among the workers and should therefore be investigated further. In addition, positive correlations between exposure to endotoxin, bacteria, moulds and NoVs were found and indicate that the exposure to bioaerosols may be related to work tasks. This is the first study directly showing an occupational exposure to airborne NoVs by its detection in airborne dust.}, keywords = {Aerosols, Endotoxin, Exposure, Gastroenteritis, Norovirus, Wastewater treatment plant}, isbn = {1867-0334}, issn = {18670334}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-011-9068-3}, author = {Uhrbrand, Katrine and Anna C Schultz and Anne M Madsen} } @article {4280, title = {{F+ RNA coliphage-based microbial source tracking in water resources of South Korea.}}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {412-413}, year = {2011}, month = {dec}, pages = {127{\textendash}31}, abstract = {

We previously demonstrated that genotyping followed by proper statistical analyses of F plus (F+)-specific RNA coliphages can effectively represent fecal origins of either humans or animals. Here, we performed microbial source tracking (MST) using F+ RNA coliphages as a target MST microorganism for identifying fecal sources contaminating ground and surface water in metropolitan Seoul and Gyeonggi Province in South Korea. In total, 71 groundwater and 5 surface water samples were collected and screened for the presence of F+ RNA coliphages. More than 124 F+ coliphages were isolated from six groundwater and five surface water samples by the single agar layer method. F+ RNA coliphages were predominant in both waters (100{\%} and 91{\%}, respectively). Genotyping of 118 F+ RNA coliphages revealed that most (51/60) of the groundwater F+ RNA coliphages belonged to group I, whereas both groups I (25/58) and IV (31/58) were predominantly observed in surface water. Further comparison of phage isolates from human and animal (pig, cow, goose, and chicken) fecal sources using nucleic acid sequencing and principal coordinate analysis showed that groundwater samples formed clusters associated with cow feces, whereas surface waters formed clusters related to chicken and human feces. These results indicate the potential of the F+ RNA coliphage-based MST for identifying fecal contamination sources, which may be further exploited and validated in different geographical regions of the world.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophage Typing, Cluster Analysis, Coliphages, Coliphages: classification, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: virology, Feces, Feces: virology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: virology, Groundwater, Groundwater: virology, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Principal Component Analysis, Republic of Korea, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: classification, RNA Phages: genetics, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification}, issn = {1879-1026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.061}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22035571}, author = {Jung E Lee and Lee, Heetae and Cho, You-Hee and Hur, Hor-Gil and G Ko} } @article {6171, title = {Faecal contamination of shallow tubewells in Bangladesh inversely related to arsenic}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {1199-1205}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Van Geen, Alexander and Ahmed, Kazi Matin and Akita, Yasuyuki and Alam, Md Jahangir and Culligan, Patricia J and Emch, Michael and Escamilla, Veronica and Feighery, John and Ferguson, Andrew S and Knappett, Peter} } @article {7665, title = {Fate and survival of Campylobacter coli in swine manure at various temperature}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {2}, year = {2011}, author = {Bui,X. T. and Wolff,A. and Madsen,M. and Bang,D. D.} } @article {5596, title = {{A fate model of pathogenic viruses in a composting toilet based on coliphage inactivation}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {23}, number = {7}, year = {2011}, pages = {1194{\textendash}1198}, abstract = {A composting toilet using sawdust as a matrix has the potential to trap pathogens that might occasionally be contained in human feces. Therefore, care should be taken when handling the sawdust. It should also be noted that pathogenic viruses tend to have stronger tolerance than pathogenic bacteria. The fates of several species of coliphages, T4, ??, Q?? and MS2, in sawdust were investigated as a viral model. The fates of coliphages were significantly different among them, and they changed in response to temperature and the water content of the sawdust. As the results, T4 coliphage had the strongest tolerance and Q?? had the weakest one in sawdust. It was estimated the days required to decrease virus to a safe level based on a risk assessment. According to the rates of Q?? and T4, 15 days and 167 days were required respectively for a safe level of infection risk based on actually operated composting toilet condition. Thus, it was significantly different depending on the species and sawdust conditions. ?? 2011 The Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.}, keywords = {coliphage, Composting toilet, Risk Assessment, Viral indicator}, issn = {10010742}, doi = {10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60490-1}, author = {Kazama, Shinobu and Tameike, Name and Nakagawa, Naoko and Otaki, Masahiro} } @article {8155, title = {{Fate of coliforms and pathogenic parasite in four full-scale sewage treatment systems in India.}}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {181}, number = {1-4}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {123{\textendash}35}, abstract = {

The occurrence and removal of fecal indicators (total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), fecal streptococci (FS)) and pathogens (helminthes eggs) were studied in various municipal wastewater treatment processes (UASB + FPU, ASP, EA, WSP). The reductions in TC and FC concentrations were usually between 2.0 and 2.5 log units in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor incorporated with final polishing unit (UASB + FPU). Almost similar reduction was observed in activated sludge process system (ASP) and waste stabilization ponds system (WSP), while it was log 3.0 in extended aeration system (EA). UASB + FPU and WSP systems were observed more efficient to reduce helminthes eggs at almost 100{\%}, whereas only 97{\%} removal was observed in case of ASP and EA system. In addition to monitoring of indicator organisms, turbidity, suspended solids (SS), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were used as indirect measure of the potential presence of microorganisms. Interrelationship of BOD, SS, and turbidity with fecal indicator bacteria concentration in influent and effluent manifest that improvement of the microbiological quality of wastewater is strongly linked to the removal of BOD and SS.

}, issn = {1573-2959}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-010-1818-4}, author = {Vinay K Tyagi and Sahoo, B K and Khursheed, Anwar and Kazmi, A A and Ahmad, Z and Chopra, A K} } @article {15226, title = {Fate of coliforms and pathogenic parasite in four full-scale sewage treatment systems in {India}}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {181}, number = {1-4}, year = {2011}, pages = {123{\textendash}135}, author = {Vinay K Tyagi and Sahoo, BK and Khursheed, Anwar and Kazmi, AA and Ahmad, Z and Chopra, AK} } @article {14254, title = {Fate of coliforms and pathogenic parasite in four full-scale sewage treatment systems in {India}.}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {181}, number = {1-4}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {123{\textendash}35}, abstract = {The occurrence and removal of fecal indicators (total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), fecal streptococci (FS)) and pathogens (helminthes eggs) were studied in various municipal wastewater treatment processes (UASB + FPU, ASP, EA, WSP). The reductions in TC and FC concentrations were usually between 2.0 and 2.5 log units in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor incorporated with final polishing unit (UASB + FPU). Almost similar reduction was observed in activated sludge process system (ASP) and waste stabilization ponds system (WSP), while it was log 3.0 in extended aeration system (EA). UASB + FPU and WSP systems were observed more efficient to reduce helminthes eggs at almost 100\%, whereas only 97\% removal was observed in case of ASP and EA system. In addition to monitoring of indicator organisms, turbidity, suspended solids (SS), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were used as indirect measure of the potential presence of microorganisms. Interrelationship of BOD, SS, and turbidity with fecal indicator bacteria concentration in influent and effluent manifest that improvement of the microbiological quality of wastewater is strongly linked to the removal of BOD and SS.}, issn = {1573-2959}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-010-1818-4}, author = {Vinay K Tyagi and Sahoo, B K and Khursheed, Anwar and Kazmi, A A and Ahmad, Z and Chopra, A K} } @article {2440, title = {{Fate of coliforms and pathogenic parasite in four full-scale sewage treatment systems in India.}}, journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment}, volume = {181}, number = {1-4}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {123{\textendash}35}, abstract = {The occurrence and removal of fecal indicators (total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), fecal streptococci (FS)) and pathogens (helminthes eggs) were studied in various municipal wastewater treatment processes (UASB + FPU, ASP, EA, WSP). The reductions in TC and FC concentrations were usually between 2.0 and 2.5 log units in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor incorporated with final polishing unit (UASB + FPU). Almost similar reduction was observed in activated sludge process system (ASP) and waste stabilization ponds system (WSP), while it was log 3.0 in extended aeration system (EA). UASB + FPU and WSP systems were observed more efficient to reduce helminthes eggs at almost 100\%, whereas only 97\% removal was observed in case of ASP and EA system. In addition to monitoring of indicator organisms, turbidity, suspended solids (SS), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were used as indirect measure of the potential presence of microorganisms. Interrelationship of BOD, SS, and turbidity with fecal indicator bacteria concentration in influent and effluent manifest that improvement of the microbiological quality of wastewater is strongly linked to the removal of BOD and SS.}, issn = {1573-2959}, doi = {10.1007/s10661-010-1818-4}, author = {Vinay K Tyagi and Sahoo, B K and Khursheed, Anwar and Kazmi, A A and Ahmad, Z and Chopra, A K} } @article {13045, title = {Fate of the pathogen indicators phage $\Phi$X174 and Ascaris suum eggs during the production of struvite fertilizer from source-separated urine}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {4960{\textendash}4972}, author = {Lo{\"\i}c Decrey and Udert, Kai M and Tilley, Elizabeth and Pecson, Brian M and Kohn, Tamar} } @booklet {1837, title = {Fate of Viruses in Wastewater Utilities}, year = {2011}, pages = {A-1741-1751}, publisher = {https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CBwQFjAAahUKEwivuezH65PHAhXhI9sKHUrDCE8\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.srcosmos.gr\%2Fsrcosmos\%2Fshowpub.aspx\%3Faa\%3D15183\&ei=JQDDVe-SGuHH7AbKhqP4BA\&usg=AFQjCNEIr4iO-Vt-Fq1E3PH6kV4rgT3GCw\&bvm=bv.}, type = {Electronic Book Section}, author = {Simmons, F. J. and Xagoraraki, I.} } @book {10176, title = {{The Fecal Bacteria}}, year = {2011}, publisher = {ASM Press}, organization = {ASM Press}, address = {Washington DC}, author = {Sandowsky, MJ and Whitman, RL}, editor = {Sandowsky, MJ and Whitman, RL} } @article {10181, title = {{Fecal bacteroidales diversity and decay in response to variations in temperature and salinity}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, pages = {2563{\textendash}2572}, author = {Schulz, CJ and Childers, GW} } @article {9122, title = {{Fecal Bacteroidales diversity and decay in response to variations in temperature and salinity}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, pages = {2563{\textendash}2572}, abstract = {Bacteroidales are attractive as water quality indicators because of their potential to discern sources of fecal pollution, and it is presumed that these bacteria do not multiply outside their host organisms. The persistence of a fecal Bacteroidales marker was monitored over 14 days in river water microcosms that varied in temperature from 10 degrees C to 30 degrees C and salinity from 0 per thousand to 30 per thousand by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Decay rates were estimated and compared to the results of other studies examining the survival and persistence of Bacteroidales markers by converting decay rates from other studies to a common decay rate unit. The log-linear decay rates estimated in this work ranged from -0.18 to -1.31 ln(C(T)/C(0)) day(-1), where C(T) is the threshold cycle and C(0) is the concentration of cells at time zero, which is comparable to findings in previous studies. Salinity had a positive effect on Bacteroidales marker persistence, while decay was more rapid at higher temperatures. Comparison of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries generated from microcosm samples indicated that most of the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) and phylogenetic diversity was found within samples and not between samples, indicating at least qualitatively that diverse lineages persist and likely have similar survival characteristics under most of the conditions examined. It was noted that the samples at higher salinities also had the smallest amount of diversity between samples as well as the lowest decay rates. This research also highlights the need for a repository of raw survival and persistence data if more sophisticated models of decay are to be employed and compared between different studies.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic){\$}\backslash{\$}r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01473-10}, author = {Schulz, Christopher J and Childers, Gary W} } @article {7140, title = {Fecal {Bacteroidales} {Diversity} and {Decay} in {Response} to {Variations} in {Temperature} and {Salinity}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, month = {apr}, pages = {2563{\textendash}2572}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01473-10}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.01473-10}, author = {Schulz, C. J. and Childers, G. W.} } @article {15584, title = {Field detection of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae in environmental water samples by quantitative PCR}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, note = {R01AI068854/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
United States}, month = {Mar}, pages = {2192-5}, abstract = {A species-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was combined with two novel water-sampling methods and compared with the mouse bioassay for the quantitative detection of S. japonicum in surface waters. The novel methods were capable of capturing cercariae and, with subsequent analysis through qPCR, detecting the presence of a minimum of 1 cercaria.}, keywords = {Animals, Mice, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Schistosoma japonicum/classification/*genetics, Water/parasitology}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)
0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Worrell, C. and Xiao, N. and Vidal, J. E. and Chen, L. and Zhong, B. and Remais, J.} } @article {5978, title = {{The first case of genotype 4 hepatitis E related to wild boar in South Korea}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {253{\textendash}256}, author = {Kim, YM and S H Jeong} } @article {8494, title = {{First Colombian multicentric newborn screening for congenital toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {e1195}, author = {G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE and De-la-Torre, A and Angel-Muller, E and Rubio, J and Arenas, J and Osorio, E and Nu{\~n}ez, L and Pinzon, L and Mendez-Cordoba, LC and Bustos, A and De-la-Hoz, I and Silva, P and Beltran, M and Chacon, L and Marrugo, M and Manjarres, C and Baquero, H and Lora, F and Torres, E and Zuluaga, OE and Estrada, M and Moscote, L and Silva, MT and Rivera, R and Molina, A and Najera, S and Sanabria, A and Ramirez, ML and Alarcon, C and Restrepo, N and Falla, A and Rodriguez, T and Casta{\~n}o, G} } @article {2910, title = {First detection of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in {Sweden}, {February} to {March} 2011}, journal = {Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europ{\'e}en Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin}, volume = {16}, number = {14}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Surveillance for the fox tapeworm, Echinococcus multilocularis, has been carried out in Sweden since 2000, with about 300 red foxes analysed annually. We report the first finding of E. multilocularis in Sweden, in a fox shot in December 2010 in the south-west of the country. A second infected fox shot in the same location was detected in March 2011. This paper describes the national monitoring programme and the ongoing work to estimate the prevalence and spread of the infection.}, keywords = {Animals, Climate, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Feces, Female, Foxes, Helminth, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Population Surveillance, Seasons, Sweden}, issn = {1560-7917}, author = {Osterman Lind, E. and Juremalm, M. and Christensson, D. and Widgren, S. and Hallgren, G. and {\r A}gren, E. O. and Uhlhorn, H. and Lindberg, A. and Cedersmyg, M. and Wahlstr{\"o}m, H.} } @article {5955, title = {{First isolation of hepatitis E virus genotype 4 in Europe through swine surveillance in the Netherlands and Belgium}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {6}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, pages = {e22673}, author = {H R van der Honing and van Coillie, E} } @article {5981, title = {{First report of an autochthonous hepatitis E virus genotype 3 infection in a 5 month old female child in Germany}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {175{\textendash}176}, author = {Kr{\"u}ttgen, A and Scheithauer, S and H{\"a}usler, M and Kleines, M} } @article {243, title = {A First Report on the Characterization of Rotavirus Strains in Sierra Leone}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, note = {Times Cited: 9 9}, pages = {540-550}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0146-6615}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.21999}, url = {://WOS:000286540000022}, author = {Jere, K. C. and Sawyerr, T. and Seheri, L. M. and Peenze, I. and Page, N. A. and Geyer, A. and Steele, A. D.} } @mastersthesis {6747, title = {Floristic and {Environmental} {Characteristics} of {Sub}-boreal {Peatlands} in {Minnesota} and {Western} {Wisconsin}}, year = {2011}, note = {1500272}, school = {Minnesota State University, Mankato}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Peatland communities in the sub-boreal region of Minnesota and western Wisconsin were characterized by floristic composition, structure and environmental characteristics to determine the natural variation among peatland communities in the region and their shared associations with the boreal and temperate peatlands of North America. Floristic classification revealed five, distinct peatland community types, identified as Sphagnum Bogs, Herbaceous Fens, Forested Fens, Rich/Calcareous Fens and Phalaris anrundinacea {\textendash}dominated peatlands. Differences among sub-boreal peatlands largely reflected changes in the significant indicator and dominant plant species identified, which were found to exhibit high fidelities to a particular peatland community type. Floristic variations among sub-boreal peatlands were observed to correlate with changes in pore-water chemistry along a strong pH-alkalinity gradient. Ordinal analysis by non-metric multidimensional scaling also indicated a strong community association with soil and pore-water chemistry, which primarily reflected the geomorphic and hydrologic settings in which communities developed and the transitional nature of the region. In addition, the broad physiological tolerance and invasive nature of P. anrundinacea was found to pose a substantial threat to the biodiversity and ecological functioning of sub-boreal peatland communities.}, keywords = {0309:Plant biology, 0329:Ecology, Biological sciences, classification, Ecology, Indicator species, Peatlands, Plant biology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/899809976?accountid=14270}, author = {Clement, Kevin Douglas} } @inbook {6107, title = {Fluorescent microspheres as surrogates in evaluating the efficacy of riverbank filtration for removing Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and other pathogens}, booktitle = {Riverbank Filtration for Water Security in Desert Countries}, year = {2011}, pages = {81{\textendash}96}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, author = {Harvey, Ronald and Metge, David and Sheets, Rodney and Jasperse, Jay} } @inbook {17086, title = {Fluorescent microspheres as surrogates in evaluating the efficacy of riverbank filtration for removing Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and other pathogens}, booktitle = {Riverbank filtration for water security in desert countries}, year = {2011}, pages = {81{\textendash}96}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, author = {Harvey, Ronald and Metge, David and Sheets, Rodney and Jasperse, Jay} } @book {11623, title = {Food and Drugs Administration. Guidance on controlling parasite hazards for seafood processors: FDA fish and fishery products hazards and controls guidance-Fourth edition. Chapter 5: Parasites}, year = {2011} } @article {12293, title = {Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human health}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {Oct}, pages = {718-33}, keywords = {*Food Safety, Animal Husbandry/methods, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Drug Residues/analysis, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Europe, Humans, Meat/*standards, Risk Factors}, isbn = {1098-6618 (Electronic)
0893-8512 (Linking)}, author = {Marshall, B. M. and Levy, S. B.} } @article {6823, title = {Foodborne {Illness} {Acquired} in the {United} {States}{\textemdash}{Unspecified} {Agents}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {16{\textendash}22}, issn = {1080-6040, 1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid1701.P21101}, url = {http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/1/P2-1101_article.htm}, author = {Scallan, Elaine and Griffin, Patricia M. and Angulo, Frederick J. and Tauxe, Robert V. and Hoekstra, Robert M.} } @article {4740, title = {{Foodborne illness acquired in the United States{\textendash}unspecified agents}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {16{\textendash}22}, author = {Scallan, E and Griffin, PM and Angulo, FJ and Tauxe, RV and Hoekstra, RM} } @article {12354, title = {Gene flow, mobile genetic elements and the recruitment of antibiotic resistance genes into Gram-negative pathogens}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {Sep}, pages = {790-819}, edition = {2011/04/27}, keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Bacterial, *Gene Transfer, Horizontal, *Genes, Bacterial, *Interspersed Repetitive Sequences, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Gram-Negative Bacteria/*drug effects/*genetics, Humans, Recombination, Genetic, Selection, Genetic}, isbn = {1574-6976 (Electronic)
0168-6445 (Linking)}, author = {Stokes, H. W. and Gillings, M. R.} } @article {8531, title = {{Genetic analyses of atypical Toxoplasma gondii strains reveal a fourth clonal lineage in North America}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {645{\textendash}655}, author = {Khan, A and Dubey, JP and Su, C and Ajioka, JW and Rosenthal, BM and Sibley, LD} } @article {2027, title = {Genetic Heterogeneity in Internal Transcribed Spacer Genes of Balantidium coli (Litostomatea, Ciliophora)}, journal = {Protist}, volume = {162}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {2011/11}, pages = {774-794}, isbn = {1434-4610}, author = {Ponce-Gordo, F and Fonseca-Salamanca, F and Mart{\'\i}nez-D{\'\i}az, RA} } @article {9784, title = {{Genome sequence of the stramenopile Blastocystis, a human anaerobic parasite}}, journal = {Genome Biology}, volume = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {R29}, doi = {10.1186/gb-2011-12-3-r29}, author = {Denoeud, F and Roussel, M and Noel, B and Wawrzyniak, I and Da Silva, C} } @article {9918, title = {Genome sequence of the stramenopile Blastocystis, a human anaerobic parasite}, journal = {Genome Biology}, volume = {12}, year = {2011}, doi = {10.1186/gb-2011-12-3-r29}, author = {Denoeud, F and Roussel, M and Noel, B and Wawrzyniak, I and Da Silva, C} } @article {8079, title = {{Genome sequencing of environmental Escherichia coli expands understanding of the ecology and speciation of the model bacterial species.}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {108}, number = {17}, year = {2011}, month = {apr}, pages = {7200{\textendash}5}, abstract = {Defining bacterial species remains a challenging problem even for the model bacterium Escherichia coli and has major practical consequences for reliable diagnosis of infectious disease agents and regulations for transport and possession of organisms of economic importance. E. coli traditionally is thought to live within the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other warm-blooded animals and not to survive for extended periods outside its host; this understanding is the basis for its widespread use as a fecal contamination indicator. Here, we report the genome sequences of nine environmentally adapted strains that are phenotypically and taxonomically indistinguishable from typical E. coli (commensal or pathogenic). We find, however, that the commensal genomes encode for more functions that are important for fitness in the human gut, do not exchange genetic material with their environmental counterparts, and hence do not evolve according to the recently proposed fragmented speciation model. These findings are consistent with a more stringent and ecologic definition for bacterial species than the current definition and provide means to start replacing traditional approaches of defining distinctive phenotypes for new species with omics-based procedures. They also have important implications for reliable diagnosis and regulation of pathogenic E. coli and for the coliform cell-counting test.}, issn = {1091-6490}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1015622108}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21482770 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3084108}, author = {Luo, Chengwei and Walk, Seth T and Gordon, David M and Feldgarden, Michael and Tiedje, James M and Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T} } @article {14141, title = {Genome sequencing of environmental {Escherichia} coli expands understanding of the ecology and speciation of the model bacterial species.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {108}, number = {17}, year = {2011}, month = {apr}, pages = {7200{\textendash}5}, abstract = {Defining bacterial species remains a challenging problem even for the model bacterium Escherichia coli and has major practical consequences for reliable diagnosis of infectious disease agents and regulations for transport and possession of organisms of economic importance. E. coli traditionally is thought to live within the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other warm-blooded animals and not to survive for extended periods outside its host; this understanding is the basis for its widespread use as a fecal contamination indicator. Here, we report the genome sequences of nine environmentally adapted strains that are phenotypically and taxonomically indistinguishable from typical E. coli (commensal or pathogenic). We find, however, that the commensal genomes encode for more functions that are important for fitness in the human gut, do not exchange genetic material with their environmental counterparts, and hence do not evolve according to the recently proposed fragmented speciation model. These findings are consistent with a more stringent and ecologic definition for bacterial species than the current definition and provide means to start replacing traditional approaches of defining distinctive phenotypes for new species with omics-based procedures. They also have important implications for reliable diagnosis and regulation of pathogenic E. coli and for the coliform cell-counting test.}, issn = {1091-6490}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1015622108}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21482770 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3084108}, author = {Luo, Chengwei and Walk, Seth T and Gordon, David M and Feldgarden, Michael and Tiedje, James M and Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T} } @article {15464, title = {Genomes and geography: genomic insights into the evolution and phylogeography of the genus Schistosoma}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {4}, year = {2011}, note = {Lawton, Scott P
Hirai, Hirohisa
Ironside, Joe E
Johnston, David A
Rollinson, David
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
England
2011/07/09 06:00
Parasit Vectors. 2011 Jul 7;4:131. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-131.}, pages = {131}, abstract = {

Blood flukes within the genus Schistosoma still remain a major cause of disease in the tropics and subtropics and the study of their evolution has been an area of major debate and research. With the advent of modern molecular and genomic approaches deeper insights have been attained not only into the divergence and speciation of these worms, but also into the historic movement of these parasites from Asia into Africa, via migration and dispersal of definitive and snail intermediate hosts. This movement was subsequently followed by a radiation of Schistosoma species giving rise to the S. mansoni and S. haematobium groups, as well as the S. indicum group that reinvaded Asia. Each of these major evolutionary events has been marked by distinct changes in genomic structure evident in differences in mitochondrial gene order and nuclear chromosomal architecture between the species associated with Asia and Africa. Data from DNA sequencing, comparative molecular genomics and karyotyping are indicative of major constitutional genomic events which would have become fixed in the ancestral populations of these worms. Here we examine how modern genomic techniques may give a more in depth understanding of the evolution of schistosomes and highlight the complexity of speciation and divergence in this group.

}, keywords = {*Evolution, Molecular, *Phylogeography, Animals, DNA, Helminth/chemistry/genetics, Schistosoma/*classification/*genetics}, isbn = {1756-3305 (Electronic)
1756-3305 (Linking)}, author = {Lawton, S. P. and Hirai, H. and Ironside, J. E. and Johnston, D. A. and Rollinson, D.} } @article {5604, title = {{Genotype distribution of human sapoviruses in wastewater in Japan}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {4226{\textendash}4229}, abstract = {Human sapovirus sequences were identified in 12 (100{\%}) influent and 7 (58{\%}) effluent wastewater samples collected once a month for a year. The strains were characterized based on their partial capsid gene sequences and classified into 10 genotypes, demonstrating that genetically diverse sapovirus strains infect humans in the study area.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00088-11}, author = {Kitajima, Masaaki and Haramoto, Eiji and Phanuwan, Chanetta and Katayama, Hiroyuki} } @article {16539, title = {Geomapping generalized eigenvalue frequency distributions for predicting prolific {Aedes} albopictus and {Culex} quinquefasciatus habitats based on spatiotemporal field-sampled count data}, journal = {Acta Trop}, volume = {117}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {feb}, pages = {61{\textendash}8}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, Aedes/*growth \& development, Alabama, Animals, Culex/*growth \& development, Geographic Information Systems, Geography, Maps as Topic, Population Density, Regression Analysis, Seasons}, issn = {1873-6254 (Electronic) 0001-706X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.10.002}, author = {Jacob, B. G. and Morris, J. A. and Caamano, E. X. and Griffith, D. A. and Novak, R. J.} } @article {12047, title = {Geomapping generalized eigenvalue frequency distributions for predicting prolific Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus habitats based on spatiotemporal field-sampled count data}, journal = {Acta Trop}, volume = {117}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {Feb}, pages = {61-8}, type = {Review}, edition = {2010/10/26}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, Aedes/*growth \& development, Alabama, Animals, Culex/*growth \& development, Geographic Information Systems, Geography, Maps as Topic, Population Density, Regression Analysis, Seasons}, isbn = {1873-6254 (Electronic)
0001-706X (Linking)}, author = {Jacob, B. G. and Morris, J. A. and Caamano, E. X. and Griffith, D. A. and Novak, R. J.} } @article {13943, title = {German outbreak of {Escherichia} coli {O}104:{H}4 associated with sprouts.}, journal = {The New England journal of medicine}, volume = {365}, number = {19}, year = {2011}, month = {nov}, pages = {1763{\textendash}70}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A large outbreak of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 occurred in Germany in May 2011. The source of infection was undetermined. METHODS: We conducted a matched case-control study and a recipe-based restaurant cohort study, along with environmental, trace-back, and trace-forward investigations, to determine the source of infection. RESULTS: The case-control study included 26 case subjects with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome and 81 control subjects. The outbreak of illness was associated with sprout consumption in univariable analysis (matched odds ratio, 5.8; 95\% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 29) and with sprout and cucumber consumption in multivariable analysis. Among case subjects, 25\% reported having eaten sprouts, and 88\% reported having eaten cucumbers. The recipe-based study among 10 groups of visitors to restaurant K included 152 persons, among whom bloody diarrhea or diarrhea confirmed to be associated with Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli developed in 31 (20\%). Visitors who were served sprouts were significantly more likely to become ill (relative risk, 14.2; 95\% CI, 2.6 to $\infty$). Sprout consumption explained 100\% of cases. Trace-back investigation of sprouts from the distributor that supplied restaurant K led to producer A. All 41 case clusters with known trading connections could be explained by producer A. The outbreak strain could not be identified on seeds from the implicated lot. CONCLUSIONS: Our investigations identified sprouts as the most likely outbreak vehicle, underlining the need to take into account food items that may be overlooked during subjects{\textquoteright} recall of consumption.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies, Commerce, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Fabaceae, Fabaceae: microbiology, Female, Food Microbiology, Germany, Germany: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Humans, Lens Plant, Lens Plant: microbiology, Male, Medicago sativa, Medicago sativa: microbiology, Middle Aged, Plant Shoots, Plant Shoots: microbiology, Restaurants, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Trigonella, Trigonella: microbiology}, issn = {1533-4406}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa1106482}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22029753}, author = {Buchholz, Udo and Bernard, Helen and Werber, Dirk and B{\"o}hmer, Merle M and Remschmidt, Cornelius and Wilking, Hendrik and Deler{\'e}, Yvonne and an der Heiden, Matthias and Adlhoch, Cornelia and Dreesman, Johannes and Ehlers, Joachim and Ethelberg, Steen and Faber, Mirko and Frank, Christina and Fricke, Gerd and Greiner, Matthias and H{\"o}hle, Michael and Ivarsson, Sofie and Jark, Uwe and Kirchner, Markus and Koch, Judith and Krause, G{\'e}rard and Luber, Petra and Rosner, Bettina and Stark, Klaus and K{\"u}hne, Michael} } @article {2176, title = {{German outbreak of Escherichia coli O104:H4 associated with sprouts.}}, journal = {The New England journal of medicine}, volume = {365}, number = {19}, year = {2011}, month = {nov}, pages = {1763{\textendash}70}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A large outbreak of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 occurred in Germany in May 2011. The source of infection was undetermined. METHODS: We conducted a matched case-control study and a recipe-based restaurant cohort study, along with environmental, trace-back, and trace-forward investigations, to determine the source of infection. RESULTS: The case-control study included 26 case subjects with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome and 81 control subjects. The outbreak of illness was associated with sprout consumption in univariable analysis (matched odds ratio, 5.8; 95\% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 29) and with sprout and cucumber consumption in multivariable analysis. Among case subjects, 25\% reported having eaten sprouts, and 88\% reported having eaten cucumbers. The recipe-based study among 10 groups of visitors to restaurant K included 152 persons, among whom bloody diarrhea or diarrhea confirmed to be associated with Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli developed in 31 (20\%). Visitors who were served sprouts were significantly more likely to become ill (relative risk, 14.2; 95\% CI, 2.6 to $\infty$). Sprout consumption explained 100\% of cases. Trace-back investigation of sprouts from the distributor that supplied restaurant K led to producer A. All 41 case clusters with known trading connections could be explained by producer A. The outbreak strain could not be identified on seeds from the implicated lot. CONCLUSIONS: Our investigations identified sprouts as the most likely outbreak vehicle, underlining the need to take into account food items that may be overlooked during subjects{\textquoteright} recall of consumption.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies, Commerce, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Fabaceae, Fabaceae: microbiology, Female, Food Microbiology, Germany, Germany: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Humans, Lens Plant, Lens Plant: microbiology, Male, Medicago sativa, Medicago sativa: microbiology, Middle Aged, Plant Shoots, Plant Shoots: microbiology, Restaurants, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Trigonella, Trigonella: microbiology}, issn = {1533-4406}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa1106482}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22029753}, author = {Buchholz, Udo and Bernard, Helen and Werber, Dirk and B{\"o}hmer, Merle M and Remschmidt, Cornelius and Wilking, Hendrik and Deler{\'e}, Yvonne and an der Heiden, Matthias and Adlhoch, Cornelia and Dreesman, Johannes and Ehlers, Joachim and Ethelberg, Steen and Faber, Mirko and Frank, Christina and Fricke, Gerd and Greiner, Matthias and H{\"o}hle, Michael and Ivarsson, Sofie and Jark, Uwe and Kirchner, Markus and Koch, Judith and Krause, G{\'e}rard and Luber, Petra and Rosner, Bettina and Stark, Klaus and K{\"u}hne, Michael} } @article {7956, title = {{German outbreak of Escherichia coli O104:H4 associated with sprouts.}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {365}, number = {19}, year = {2011}, month = {nov}, pages = {1763{\textendash}70}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: A large outbreak of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 occurred in Germany in May 2011. The source of infection was undetermined. METHODS: We conducted a matched case-control study and a recipe-based restaurant cohort study, along with environmental, trace-back, and trace-forward investigations, to determine the source of infection. RESULTS: The case-control study included 26 case subjects with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome and 81 control subjects. The outbreak of illness was associated with sprout consumption in univariable analysis (matched odds ratio, 5.8; 95{\%} confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 29) and with sprout and cucumber consumption in multivariable analysis. Among case subjects, 25{\%} reported having eaten sprouts, and 88{\%} reported having eaten cucumbers. The recipe-based study among 10 groups of visitors to restaurant K included 152 persons, among whom bloody diarrhea or diarrhea confirmed to be associated with Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli developed in 31 (20{\%}). Visitors who were served sprouts were significantly more likely to become ill (relative risk, 14.2; 95{\%} CI, 2.6 to \∞). Sprout consumption explained 100{\%} of cases. Trace-back investigation of sprouts from the distributor that supplied restaurant K led to producer A. All 41 case clusters with known trading connections could be explained by producer A. The outbreak strain could not be identified on seeds from the implicated lot. CONCLUSIONS: Our investigations identified sprouts as the most likely outbreak vehicle, underlining the need to take into account food items that may be overlooked during subjects\&$\#$39; recall of consumption.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies, Commerce, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Fabaceae, Fabaceae: microbiology, Female, Food Microbiology, Germany, Germany: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Humans, Lens Plant, Lens Plant: microbiology, Male, Medicago sativa, Medicago sativa: microbiology, Middle Aged, Plant Shoots, Plant Shoots: microbiology, Restaurants, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Trigonella, Trigonella: microbiology}, issn = {1533-4406}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa1106482}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22029753}, author = {Buchholz, Udo and Bernard, Helen and Werber, Dirk and B{\"o}hmer, Merle M and Remschmidt, Cornelius and Wilking, Hendrik and Deler{\'e}, Yvonne and an der Heiden, Matthias and Adlhoch, Cornelia and Dreesman, Johannes and Ehlers, Joachim and Ethelberg, Steen and Faber, Mirko and Frank, Christina and Fricke, Gerd and Greiner, Matthias and H{\"o}hle, Michael and Ivarsson, Sofie and Jark, Uwe and Kirchner, Markus and Koch, Judith and Krause, G{\'e}rard and Luber, Petra and Rosner, Bettina and Stark, Klaus and K{\"u}hne, Michael} } @article {10205, title = {{Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) as carriers of SHV-12 and TEM-52 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-containing Escherichia coli isolates}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, pages = {1139{\textendash}1141}, author = {Sousa, M and Torres, C and Barros, J and Somalo, S and Igrejas, G and Poeta, P} } @article {4979, title = {{Global burden of human food-borne trematodiasis: a systematic review and metaanalysis}}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious Diseases}, volume = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {210{\textendash}221}, author = {F{\"u}rst, T and Keiser, J and Utzinger, J} } @article {17231, title = {Global monitoring of Salmonella serovar distribution from the World Health Organization Global Foodborne Infections Network Country Data Bank: results of quality assured laboratories from 2001 to 2007}, journal = {Foodborne Pathog DisFoodborne Pathog Dis}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, month = {Aug}, pages = {887-900}, edition = {2011/04/16}, keywords = {*Food Microbiology, *Serotyping, Databases, Factual, Humans, Laboratories, Quality Control, Salmonella enteritidis/isolation \& purification, Salmonella Infections/epidemiology/microbiology, Salmonella typhimurium/isolation \& purification, Salmonella/*classification/isolation \& purification, World Health Organization}, isbn = {1556-7125 (Electronic)
1535-3141 (Linking)}, author = {Hendriksen, R. S. and Vieira, A. R. and Karlsmose, S. and Lo Fo Wong, D. M. and Jensen, A. B. and Wegener, H. C. and Aarestrup, F. M.} } @article {13398, title = {{Global potential of phosphorus recovery from human urine and feces}}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {832{\textendash}839}, author = {Mihelcic, J. R., Fry, L. M., \& Shaw, R.} } @article {8354, title = {{Global potential of phosphorus recovery from human urine and feces}}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {832{\textendash}839}, author = {J R Mihelcic and Fry, L.M. and Shaw, R.} } @article {257, title = {Global study of viral diarrhea in hospitalized children in Spain: Results of Structural Surveillance of Viral Gastroenteritis Net Work (VIGESS-net) 2006-2008}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, note = {Times Cited: 7 7}, pages = {353-358}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1386-6532}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcv.2011.08.025}, url = {://WOS:000296961100016}, author = {Sanchez-Fauquier, A. and Montero, V. and Colomina, J. and Gonzalez-Galan, V. and Aznar, J. and Aisa, M. L. and Gutierrez, C. and Sainz de Baranda, C. and Wilhelmi, I. and Grp, V. IGESS-Net} } @article {5567, title = {{Guideline for the prevention and control of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in healthcare settings.}}, journal = {Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {939{\textendash}969}, keywords = {Caliciviridae Infections, Cross Infection, Diagnosis, Disease Outbreaks, epidemiology, Gastroenteritis, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Infection Control, methods, Norovirus, prevention {\&} control, Protective Clothing, Risk Factors, Virology}, issn = {1559-6834 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1086/662025}, author = {MacCannell, Taranisia and Umscheid, Craig A and Agarwal, Rajender K and Lee, Ingi and Kuntz, Gretchen and Stevenson, Kurt B} } @booklet {10226, title = {{Guidelines for drinking water quality, 4th edition}}, year = {2011}, publisher = {World Health Organization} } @booklet {16366, title = {Guidelines for drinking water quality, fourth edition}, year = {2011}, publisher = {World Health Organization} } @book {16292, title = {Guidelines for drinking-water quality}, year = {2011}, publisher = {World Health Organization (WHO)}, organization = {World Health Organization (WHO)}, edition = {4th edition}, chapter = {564}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, isbn = {978 92 4 154815 1} } @book {16722, title = {Guidelines for drinking-water quality}, year = {2011}, note = {Published: �urlhttps://apublica.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Guidelines-OMS-2011.pdf}, author = {Organization, World Health} } @article {6078, title = {Guidelines for drinking-water quality}, journal = {World Health Organization}, year = {2011}, author = {WHO, Geneva} } @article {6094, title = {Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality}, journal = {WHO chronicle}, volume = {38}, year = {2011}, pages = {104{\textendash}8}, author = {EDITION, FOURTH} } @article {9021, title = {Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality}, journal = {WHO Chronicle}, volume = {38}, number = {Fourth Edition,}, year = {2011}, pages = {104-8}, type = {Journal Article} } @book {10803, title = {{Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality}}, year = {2011}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, edition = {4th}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO} } @article {12896, title = {Guidelines for drinking-water quality}, journal = {WHO chronicle}, volume = {38}, year = {2011}, pages = {104{\textendash}8}, author = {EDITION, FOURTH} } @article {16946, title = {Guidelines for drinking-water quality}, journal = {WHO chronicle}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {104{\textendash}8}, author = {EDITION, FOURTH} } @booklet {1919, title = {Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 4th edition}, year = {2011}, publisher = {WHO http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/dwq_guidelines/en/ Last accessed July 2015.}, type = {Electronic Article} } @article {1494, title = {Health hazard evaluation report: evaluation of exposures associated with cleaning and maintaining composting toilets {\textendash} Arizona.}, year = {2011}, institution = {U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}, type = {Electronic Article}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/}, author = {Burton, N. C. and Dowell, C. D.} } @article {7166, title = {Health systems performance in sub-{Saharan} {Africa}: governance, outcome and equity}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {237}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The literature on health systems focuses largely on the performance of healthcare systems operationalised around indicators such as hospital beds, maternity care and immunisation coverage. A broader definition of health systems however, needs to include the wider determinants of health including, possibly, governance and its relationship to health and health equity. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between health systems outcomes and equity, and governance as a part of a process to extend the range of indicators used to assess health systems performance. METHODS: Using cross sectional data from 46 countries in the African region of the World Health Organization, an ecological analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between governance and health systems performance. The data were analysed using multiple linear regression and a standard progressive modelling procedure. The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) was used as the health outcome measure and the ratio of U5MR in the wealthiest and poorest quintiles was used as the measure of health equity. Governance was measured using two contextually relevant indices developed by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation. RESULTS: Governance was strongly associated with U5MR and moderately associated with the U5MR quintile ratio. After controlling for possible confounding by healthcare, finance, education, and water and sanitation, governance remained significantly associated with U5MR. Governance was not, however, significantly associated with equity in U5MR outcomes. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the quality of governance may be an important structural determinant of health systems performance, and could be an indicator to be monitored. The association suggests there might be a causal relationship. However, the cross-sectional design, the level of missing data, and the small sample size, forces tentative conclusions. Further research will be needed to assess the causal relationship, and its generalizability beyond U5MR as a health outcome measure, as well as the geographical generalizability of the results.}, keywords = {Africa South Of The Sahara, Child, Child mortality, Cross-Sectional Studies, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Infant, Infant Mortality, Male, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Preschool, Quality of Health Care, Socioeconomic Factors}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-11-237}, author = {Olafsdottir, Anna E. and Reidpath, Daniel D. and Pokhrel, Subhash and Allotey, Pascale} } @booklet {3859, title = {Height and {Cognitive} {Achievement} among {Indian} {Children} ({Working} {Paper} {No}. 1)}, year = {2011}, publisher = {RICE Institute}, address = {Amston, CT}, author = {Spears, D} } @booklet {3487, title = {{Height and Cognitive Achievement among Indian Children (Working Paper No. 1)}}, year = {2011}, publisher = {RICE Institute}, address = {Amston, CT}, author = {Spears, D} } @book {11091, title = {Helminth control in school-age children: a guide for managers of control programmes.}, year = {2011}, publisher = {WHO}, organization = {WHO}, edition = {2}, address = {Geneva} } @inbook {5044, title = {Hepatitis {A} and {E} viruses}, booktitle = {Manual of Clinical Microbiology}, year = {2011}, pages = {423{\textendash}1436}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, organization = {American Society for Microbiology}, address = {Washington, DC }, author = {Anderson, DA and Counihan, NA} } @inbook {5699, title = {{Hepatitis A Virus}}, booktitle = {Fields Virology}, year = {2011}, pages = {911{\textendash}947}, publisher = {Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer Business}, organization = {Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer Business}, edition = {5th}, author = {Hollinger, FB and S U Emerson}, editor = {Knipe, DM and Howley, PM} } @article {5776, title = {{Hepatitis A Virus Genotype and its Correlation with the Clinical Outcome of Acute Hepatitis A in Korea: 2006-2008}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {83}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {2073{\textendash}2081}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.22229}, author = {Yun, H and Lee, HJ and Jang, JH and Kim, JS and Lee, SH and Kim, JW and Park, SJ and Park, YM and Hwang, SG and Rim, KS and Kang, SK and H S Lee and S H Jeong} } @article {5983, title = {{Hepatitis E virus in Italy: molecular analysis of travel-related and autochthonous cases}}, journal = {The Journal of General Virology}, volume = {92}, number = {Pt7}, year = {2011}, pages = {1617{\textendash}1626}, author = {La Rosa, G and Muscillo, M and Vennarucci, VS and Garbuglia, AR and La Scala, P and Capobianchi, MR} } @article {9027, title = {Hepatitis E virus replication involves alternating negative- and positive-sense RNA synthesis}, journal = {The Journal of General Virology}, volume = {92}, year = {2011}, pages = {572-81}, author = {Varma, SP and Kumar, A and Kapur, N and Durgapal, H and Acharya, SK and Panda, SK} } @article {3575, title = {Herd immunity after two years of the universal mass vaccination program against rotavirus gastroenteritis in {Austria}.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {29}, number = {15}, year = {2011}, pages = {2791{\textendash}2796}, abstract = {

Austria was the first country in Europe implementing a universal mass vaccination program against rotavirus gastroenteritis \{\{\}(RV-GE)\{\}\} for all infants nationwide. Epidemiological data from a hospital based surveillance system show that incidence rates of children hospitalized with \{\{\}RV-GE\{\}\} decreased in 2009 compared to 2008 and compared to the prevaccination period 2001-2005. Decreasing hospitalization-rates from \{\{\}RV-GE\{\}\} were observed in children of all age groups, even in those not eligible for vaccination according to their age, suggesting herd immunity induced by universal mass vaccination against \{\{\}RV-GE.\{\}\} In 2009 the disease burden was highest in children below three months of age stressing the importance of the early start of the immunization course.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.104}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.104}, author = {Maria Paulke-Korinek and Kundi, Michael and Pamela Rendi-Wagner and de Martin, Alfred and Eder, Gerald and Birgit Schmidle-Loss and Vecsei, Andreas and Kollaritsch, Herwig} } @article {6014, title = {{HEV replication involves alternating negative and positive sense RNA synthesis}}, journal = {J Gen Virol}, volume = {92}, year = {2011}, pages = {572{\textendash}581}, author = {Varma, SP and Kumar, A and Kapur, N and Durgapal, H and Acharya, SK and Panda, SK} } @article {3659, title = {High prevalence of enteric viruses in untreated individual drinking water sources and surface water in {Slovenia}.}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {214}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {392{\textendash}398}, author = {Steyer, A and Torkar, KG and Guti{\'e}rrez-Aguirre, I and Poljsak-Prijatelj, M} } @article {9350, title = {{High-level parasitic contamination of soil sampled in Ibadan metropolis}}, journal = {African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {321{\textendash}325}, author = {Ogbolu, DO and Alli, OA and Amoo, AO and Olaosun, II and Ilozavbie, GW and Olusoga-Ogbolu, FF} } @article {2938, title = {A historical view of alveolar echinococcosis, 160 years after the discovery of the first case in humans: part 1. {What} have we learnt on the distribution of the disease and on its parasitic agent?}, journal = {Chinese Medical Journal}, volume = {124}, number = {18}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {2943{\textendash}2953}, abstract = {Since the first 2 cases observed in southern Germany and the correct identification of a parasite at the origin of the disease by the famous scientist Rudolf Virchow in 1855, the borders of the endemic area of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) have never stopped to expand. The parasite was successively recognized in Switzerland, then in Russia, Austria and France which were long considered as the only endemic areas for the disease. Cases were disclosed in Turkey in 1939; then much attention was paid to Alaska and to Hokkaido, in Japan. The situation totally changed in 1991 after the recognition of the Chinese endemic areas by the international community of scientists. The world map was completed in the beginning of the 21st century by the identification of AE in most of the countries of central/eastern Europe and Baltic States, and by the recognition of cases in central Asia. Up to now, the disease has however never been reported in the South hemisphere and in the United Kingdom. In the mid-1950s, demonstration by Rausch and Schiller in Alaska, and by Vogel in Germany, of the distinction between 2 parasite species responsible respectively for cystic echinococcosis ({\textquotedblleft}hydatid disease{\textquotedblright}) and AE put an end to the long-lasting debate between the "dualists", who believed in that theory which eventually proved to be true, and the "unicists", who believed in a single species responsible for both diseases. At the end of the 20th century, molecular biology fully confirmed the "dualist" theory while adding several new species to the initially described E. granulosus; within the past decade, it also confirmed that little variation existed within Echinococcus (E.) multilocularis species, and that AE-looking infection in some intermediate animal hosts on the Tibetan plateau was indeed due to a new species, distinct from E. multilocularis, named E. shiquicus. Since the 1970s, the unique ecological interactions between the landscape, the hosts, and E. multilocularis have progressively been delineated. The important role of the rodent/lagomorph reservoir size for the maintenance of the parasite cycle has been recognized within the last 2 decades of the 20th century. And the discovery of a close relationship between high densities of small mammals and particularities in land use by agriculture/forestry has stressed the responsibility of political/economic decisions on the contamination pressure. Urbanization of foxes in Europe and Japan and the major role of dogs in China represent the new deals at the beginning of the 21st century regarding definitive hosts and prevention measures.}, keywords = {Animals, China, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Hepatic, Humans}, issn = {0366-6999}, author = {Vuitton, Dominique Ang{\`e}le and Wang, Qian and Zhou, Hong-Xia and Raoul, Francis and Knapp, Jenny and Bresson-Hadni, Solange and Wen, Hao and Giraudoux, Patrick} } @article {4914, title = {{How common is intestinal parasitism in HIV-infected patients in Malaysia?}}, journal = {Tropical Biomedicine}, volume = {28}, year = {2011}, pages = {400{\textendash}410}, author = {Asma, I and Johari, S and Sim, BL and Lim, YA} } @booklet {576, title = {http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM247515.pdf}, year = {2011}, pages = {Iss. 4/2104 799-33-100518}, type = {Web Page}, author = {USA, Teva Pharmaceuticals} } @article {7520, title = {Human enterovirus infections in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes: the {Babydiet} study}, journal = {Diabetologia}, volume = {54}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, month = {dec}, pages = {2995{\textendash}3002}, issn = {0012-186X, 1432-0428}, doi = {10.1007/s00125-011-2305-3}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00125-011-2305-3}, author = {Simonen-Tikka, M.-L. and Pflueger, M. and Klemola, P. and Savolainen-Kopra, C. and Smura, T. and Hummel, S. and Kaijalainen, S. and Nuutila, K. and Natri, O. and Roivainen, M. and Ziegler, A.-G.} } @article {13458, title = {Human fascioliasis in Argentina: retrospective overview, critical analysis and baseline for future research.}, journal = {Parasit Vectors}, volume = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {104}, author = {Mera y Sierra, R.L., Agramunt, V.H., Cuervo, P. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {954, title = {Human polyomavirus related to african green monkey lymphotropic polyomavirus}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, pages = {1364{\textendash}1370}, abstract = {

While studying the virome of the skin surface of a patient with a Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) by using unbiased, high-throughput sequencing, we identified a human polyomavirus nearly identical to human polyomavirus 9, a virus recently reported in blood and urine of renal transplantion patients and closely related to the African green monkey lymphotropic polyomavirus. Specific PCR analysis further identified this virus in 2/8 patients with MCC but in only 1/111 controls without MCC. This virus was shed for >=20 months by the MCC index patient and was on the skin of the spouse of the index patient. These results provide information on the viral ecology of human skin and raise new questions regarding the pathology of virus-associated skin disorders.

}, isbn = {1080-6059 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1080-6040 (Linking)}, issn = {10806040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1708.110278}, author = {Sauvage, Virginie and Foulongne, Vincent and Cheval, Justine and Ar Gouilh, Meriadeg and Pariente, Kevin and Dereure, Olivier and Manuguerra, Jean Claude and Richardson, Jennifer and Lecuit, Marc and Burgui{\`e}re, Ana and Caro, Val{\'e}rie and Eloit, Marc} } @article {11538, title = {{Human sparganosis in Thailand: An overview}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {118}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {171{\textendash}176}, abstract = {

Human sparganosis is caused by cestode larvae (spargana) of the genus Spirometra, which exploit copepods as the first intermediate host. A wide range of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals serve as second intermediate/paratenic hosts. Human infections occur mainly by ingesting raw intermediate/paratenic hosts. Cases are found mainly in China, Japan and Korea, and sporadically also in Thailand and other Asian countries. In the period 1943\–2010, there were 52 reported cases of sparganosis in Thailand. The average patient age was 32 years (range 11\–82 years). From the available patient information, the prevalence of sparganosis infection was higher among females than males, at a ratio of {\{}F:M=2:1{\}} (27:15). Patients have mainly been found in the northeast, north, and central regions of Thailand, with only a few in the south. Although a single subcutaneous nodular lesion was the most common feature, about one third of patients had ocular lesions. In particular, patients having ocular lesions were about half of total cases reported pre-1990, with several confirmed cases\&$\#$39; applying fresh frog muscle as a poultice to relieve sore eyes, according to traditional medicine. In Thailand, sparganosis is not merely a food-borne disease but is also caused by the traditional belief of applying frog muscles (contaminated with sparganum) to sore eyes.

}, issn = {0001-706X}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.03.011}, author = {Anantaphruti, Malinee and Nawa, Yukifumi and Vanvanitchai, Yuvadee} } @article {10581, title = {{Human Waste to Revive Haitian Farmland?}}, journal = {The National Georgraphic}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, author = {Dell{\textquoteright}Amore, C} } @article {9604, title = {Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response, 2nd Edition}, year = {2011}, institution = {The Sphere Project}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @booklet {15052, title = {Humanitarian {Charter} and {Minimum} {Standards} in {Disaster} {Response}, 2nd {Edition}}, year = {2011}, publisher = {The Sphere Project}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {SPHERE} } @article {10699, title = {{Hybrid{\&}El Tor variant biotypes of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Thailand}}, journal = {The Indian Journal of Medical Research}, volume = {133}, year = {2011}, pages = {387{\textendash}394}, author = {Na-Ubol, M and Srimanote, P and Chongsa-Nguan, M and Indrawattana, N and Sookrung, N and Tapchaisri, P and Yamazaki, S and Bodhidatta, L and Eampokalap, B and Kurazono, H and Hayashi, H and Nair, GB and Takeda, Y and Chaicumpa, W} } @article {8926, title = {Hydrodynamic Cavitation for Food and Water Processing}, journal = {Food and Bioprocess Technology}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {996-1011}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1935-5130}, doi = {10.1007/s11947-010-0418-1}, url = {://WOS:000291487200011 http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/611/art\%253A10.1007\%252Fs11947-010-0418-1.pdf?originUrl=http\%3A\%2F\%2Flink.springer.com\%2Farticle\%2F10.1007\%2Fs11947-010-0418-1\&token2=exp=1468532360~acl=\%2Fstatic\%2Fpdf\%2F611\%2Fart}, author = {Gogate, P. R.} } @article {13523, title = {Hyperendemic human fascioliasis in Andean valleys: An altitudinal transect analysis in children of Cajamarca province, Peru}, journal = {Acta Tro}, volume = {120}, year = {2011}, pages = {119-129}, author = {Gonzalez, L. C. and Esteban, J. G. and Bargues, M. D. and Valero, M. A. and Ortiz, P. and Naquira, C. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {16361, title = {A hypothesis-driven approach for the identification of fecal pollution sources in water resources}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {4038-4045}, author = {Reischer, G. H. and Kollanur, D. et al.} } @article {8501, title = {{Identification of a sporozoite-specific antigen from Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {328{\textendash}337}, author = {Hill, D and Coss, C and Dubey, JP and Wroblewski, K and Sautter, M and Hosten, T and Mu{\~n}oz-Zanzi, C and Mui, E and Withers, S and Boyer, K and Hermes, G and Coyne, J and Jagdis, F and Burnett, A and McLeod, P and Morton, H and Robinson, D and McLeod, R} } @article {17264, title = {Identification of Environmental Reservoirs of Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis: Aptamer-Assisted Bioconcentration and Subsequent Detection of Salmonella Typhimurium by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction}, journal = {Environmental Science \& TechnologyEnvironmental science \& technology}, volume = {45}, number = {20}, year = {2011}, month = {2011/10/15}, pages = {8996-9002}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Jyoti, Anurag and Vajpayee, Poornima and Singh, Gulshan and Patel, Chandra Bali and Gupta, Kailash Chand and Shanker, Rishi} } @article {4743, title = {{Identification of potential apicoplast associated therapeutic targets in human and animal pathogen Toxoplasma gondii ME49}}, journal = {Bioinformation}, volume = {7}, year = {2011}, pages = {379{\textendash}383}, author = {Saremy, S and Boroujeni, ME and Bhattacharjee, B and Mittal, V and Chatterjee, J} } @article {4324, title = {{Identifying your enemies{\textendash}could envelope stress trigger microbial immunity?}}, journal = {Molecular Microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {feb}, pages = {557{\textendash}61}, abstract = {

Microbes utilize defence systems with fundamental similarities to our innate and adaptive immune responses to protect themselves from harmful invaders. One system, made up of CRISPR loci {\&} Cas proteins, incorporates recognizable features from the genomes of viruses (bacteriophages) and plasmids into bacterial genomes, where they are later used to direct a ribonucleoprotein complex to destroy invading nucleic acids upon re-exposure. CRISPR-mediated defence against invasive nucleic acids is found in most archaea and many eubacteria. Many aspects of this newly described defence system have not been worked out, including the molecular mechanisms by which foreign nucleic acids are incorporated into microbial genomes during adaption and destroyed during interference. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, DeLisa and colleagues provide insight into how this form of microbial immunity might be regulated in eubacteria. They demonstrate that Escherichia coli CRISPR-mediated immunity requires the presence of the BaeSR two-component system under certain conditions. Since BaeSR regulate an envelope stress response, their data imply that immunity against invading, foreign nucleic acids may be somehow linked to stresses to the bacterial membrane. These observations will help pave the way to understanding how and when CRISPR-based immunity may be important in driving evolution and adaptation in eubacteria.

}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Bacterial: metabolism, DNA, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: enzymology, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: immunology, Gene Silencing, Immunity, Inverted Repeat Sequences, Inverted Repeat Sequences: genetics, Physiological, Physiological: genetics, Physiological: immunology, RNA, Stress}, issn = {1365-2958}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07485.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255103}, author = {Raivio, Tracy} } @article {12758, title = {{Imaging features of intradural spinal paragonimiasis: a case report}}, journal = {British Journal of Radiology}, volume = {84}, year = {2011}, pages = {e72{\textendash}e74}, author = {Kim, MK and Cho, BM and Yoon, DY and Nam, ES} } @article {6379, title = {The impact of cost recovery and sharing system on water policy implementation and human right to water: a case of {Ileje}, {Tanzania}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology: A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {63}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {2520{\textendash}2526}, abstract = {In Tanzania, the National Water Policy (NAWAPO) of 2002 clearly stipulates that access to water supply and sanitation is a right for every Tanzanian and that cost recovery is the foundation of sustainable service delivery. To meet these demands, water authorities have introduced cost recovery and a water sharing system. The overall objective of this study was to assess the impact of cost recovery and the sharing system on water policy implementation and human rights to water in four villages in the Ileje district. The specific objectives were: (1) to assess the impact of cost recovery and the sharing system on the availability of water to the poor, (2) to assess user willingness to pay for the services provided, (3) to assess community understanding on the issue of water as a human right, (4) to analyse the implications of the results in relation to policies on human rights to water and the effectiveness of the implementation of the national water policy at the grassroots, and (5) to establish the guidelines for water pricing in rural areas. Questionnaires at water demand, water supply, ability and willingness to pay and revenue collection were the basis for data collection. While 36.7\% of the population in the district had water supply coverage, more than 73,077 people of the total population of 115,996 still lacked access to clean and safe water and sanitation services in the Ileje district. The country{\textquoteright}s rural water supply coverage is 49\%. Seventy-nine percent of the interviewees in all four villages said that water availability in litres per household per day had decreased mainly due to high water pricing which did not consider the income of villagers. On the other hand, more than 85\% of the villagers were not satisfied with the amount they were paying because the services were still poor. On the issue of human rights to water, more than 92\% of the villagers know about their right to water and want it exercised by the government. In all four villages, more than 78\% of the interviewees are willing to payforwater provided that the tariffs are affordable. Water policy implementation continues slowly: regardless of the fact that more than five years have passed since policy inception, 60\% of the villagers in Itumba still have no water services at all. The study shows that government fulfilment of human rights to water has a long way to go, especially in rural areas where people cannot afford to pay for water and some of the villages still depend on water from wells and seasonal rivers.}, keywords = {Consumer Participation, Human Rights, Humans, Poverty, Public policy, Rural Population, Tanzania, Water Supply}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {Kibassa, Deusdedit} } @article {16511, title = {Impact of early life exposures to geohelminth infections on the development of vaccine immunity, allergic sensitization, and allergic inflammatory diseases in children living in tropical {Ecuador}: the {ECUAVIDA} birth cohort study}, journal = {BMC Infect Dis}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {184}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Geohelminth infections are highly prevalent infectious diseases of childhood in many regions of the Tropics, and are associated with significant morbidity especially among pre-school and school-age children. There is growing concern that geohelminth infections, particularly exposures occurring during early life in utero through maternal infections or during infancy, may affect vaccine immunogenicity in populations among whom these infections are endemic. Further, the low prevalence of allergic disease in the rural Tropics has been attributed to the immune modulatory effects of these infections and there is concern that widespread use of anthelmintic treatment in high-risk groups may be associated with an increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases. Because the most widely used vaccines are administered during the first year of life and the antecedents of allergic disease are considered to occur in early childhood, the present study has been designed to investigate the impact of early exposures to geohelminths on the development of protective immunity to vaccines, allergic sensitization, and allergic disease. METHODS/DESIGN: A cohort of 2,403 neonates followed up to 8 years of age. Primary exposures are infections with geohelminth parasites during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first 2 years of life. Primary study outcomes are the development of protective immunity to common childhood vaccines (i.e. rotavirus, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Hepatitis B, tetanus toxoid, and oral poliovirus type 3) during the first 5 years of life, the development of eczema by 3 years of age, the development of allergen skin test reactivity at 5 years of age, and the development of asthma at 5 and 8 years of age. Potential immunological mechanisms by which geohelminth infections may affect the study outcomes will be investigated also. DISCUSSION: The study will provide information on the potential effects of early exposures to geohelminths (during pregnancy and the first 2 years of life) on the development of vaccine immunity and allergy. The data will inform an ongoing debate of potential effects of geohelminths on child health and will contribute to policy decisions on new interventions designed to improve vaccine immunogenicity and protect against the development of allergic diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN41239086.}, keywords = {Asthma/epidemiology/*immunology, Child, Ecuador/epidemiology, Eczema/epidemiology/*immunology, Epidemiologic Research Design, Female, Helminthiasis/epidemiology/*immunology, Humans, Hypersensitivity/epidemiology/*immunology, Immunity, Immunological, Infant, Innate/immunology, Longitudinal Studies, Models, Newborn, Parasitic/epidemiology/*immunology/parasitology, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Preschool, Skin Tests, Vaccines/*immunology}, issn = {1471-2334 (Electronic) 1471-2334 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2334-11-184}, author = {Cooper, P. J. and Chico, M. E. and Guadalupe, I. and Sandoval, C. A. and Mitre, E. and Platts-Mills, T. A. and Barreto, M. L. and Rodrigues, L. C. and Strachan, D. P. and Griffin, G. E.} } @article {12019, title = {Impact of early life exposures to geohelminth infections on the development of vaccine immunity, allergic sensitization, and allergic inflammatory diseases in children living in tropical Ecuador: the ECUAVIDA birth cohort study}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, note = {Cooper, Philip J
Chico, Martha E
Guadalupe, Irene
Sandoval, Carlos A
Mitre, Edward
Platts-Mills, Thomas A E
Barreto, Mauricio L
Rodrigues, Laura C
Strachan, David P
Griffin, George E
eng
088862/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
074679/Z/04/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
088862/Z/09/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2011/07/01 06:00
BMC Infect Dis. 2011 Jun 29;11:184. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-184.}, month = {Jun 29}, pages = {184}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Geohelminth infections are highly prevalent infectious diseases of childhood in many regions of the Tropics, and are associated with significant morbidity especially among pre-school and school-age children. There is growing concern that geohelminth infections, particularly exposures occurring during early life in utero through maternal infections or during infancy, may affect vaccine immunogenicity in populations among whom these infections are endemic. Further, the low prevalence of allergic disease in the rural Tropics has been attributed to the immune modulatory effects of these infections and there is concern that widespread use of anthelmintic treatment in high-risk groups may be associated with an increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases. Because the most widely used vaccines are administered during the first year of life and the antecedents of allergic disease are considered to occur in early childhood, the present study has been designed to investigate the impact of early exposures to geohelminths on the development of protective immunity to vaccines, allergic sensitization, and allergic disease. METHODS/DESIGN: A cohort of 2,403 neonates followed up to 8 years of age. Primary exposures are infections with geohelminth parasites during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first 2 years of life. Primary study outcomes are the development of protective immunity to common childhood vaccines (i.e. rotavirus, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Hepatitis B, tetanus toxoid, and oral poliovirus type 3) during the first 5 years of life, the development of eczema by 3 years of age, the development of allergen skin test reactivity at 5 years of age, and the development of asthma at 5 and 8 years of age. Potential immunological mechanisms by which geohelminth infections may affect the study outcomes will be investigated also. DISCUSSION: The study will provide information on the potential effects of early exposures to geohelminths (during pregnancy and the first 2 years of life) on the development of vaccine immunity and allergy. The data will inform an ongoing debate of potential effects of geohelminths on child health and will contribute to policy decisions on new interventions designed to improve vaccine immunogenicity and protect against the development of allergic diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN41239086.}, keywords = {Asthma/epidemiology/*immunology, Child, Child, Preschool, Ecuador/epidemiology, Eczema/epidemiology/*immunology, Epidemiologic Research Design, Female, Helminthiasis/epidemiology/*immunology, Humans, Hypersensitivity/epidemiology/*immunology, Immunity, Innate/immunology, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Models, Immunological, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/epidemiology/*immunology/parasitology, Skin Tests, Vaccines/*immunology}, isbn = {1471-2334 (Electronic)
1471-2334 (Linking)}, author = {Cooper, P. J. and Chico, M. E. and Guadalupe, I. and Sandoval, C. A. and Mitre, E. and Platts-Mills, T. A. and Barreto, M. L. and Rodrigues, L. C. and Strachan, D. P. and Griffin, G. E.} } @article {11344, title = {Impact of intestinal microorganisms and protozoan parasites on drinking water quality in Harare, Zimbabwe}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {153-163}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {2043-9083}, author = {Dalu, Tatenda and Barson, Maxwell and Nhiwatiwa, Tamuka} } @article {6157, title = {Impact of population and latrines on faecal contamination of ponds in rural Bangladesh}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {409}, number = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {3174-3182}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Knappett, Peter SK and Escamilla, Veronica and Layton, Alice and McKay, Larry D and Emch, Michael and Williams, Daniel E and Huq, R and Alam, J and Farhana, Labony and Mailloux, Brian J} } @article {6400, title = {The impact of user fees on access to health services in low- and middle-income countries}, journal = {The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {CD009094}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Following an international push for financing reforms, many low- and middle-income countries introduced user fees to raise additional revenue for health systems. User fees are charges levied at the point of use and are supposed to help reduce {\textquoteright}frivolous{\textquoteright} consumption of health services, increase quality of services available and, as a result, increase utilisation of services. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of introducing, removing or changing user fees to improve access to care in low-and middle-income countries SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched 25 international databases, including the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group{\textquoteright}s Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE. We also searched the websites and online resources of international agencies, organisations and universities to find relevant grey literature. We conducted the original searches between November 2005 and April 2006 and the updated search in CENTRAL (DVD-ROM 2011, Issue 1); MEDLINE In-Process \& Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid (January 25, 2011); MEDLINE, Ovid (1948 to January Week 2 2011); EMBASE, Ovid (1980 to 2011 Week 03) and EconLit, CSA Illumina (1969 - present) on the 26th of January 2011. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials, interrupted time-series studies and controlled before-and-after studies that reported an objective measure of at least one of the following outcomes: healthcare utilisation, health expenditures, or health outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We re-analysed studies with longitudinal data. We computed price elasticities of demand for health services in controlled before-and-after studies as a standardised measure. Due to the diversity of contexts and outcome measures, we did not perform meta-analysis. Instead, we undertook a narrative summary of evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We included 16 studies out of the 243 identified. Most of the included studies showed methodological weaknesses that hamper the strength and reliability of their findings. When fees were introduced or increased, we found the use of health services decreased significantly in most studies. Two studies found increases in health service use when quality improvements were introduced at the same time as user fees. However, these studies have a high risk of bias. We found no evidence of effects on health outcomes or health expenditure. AUTHORS{\textquoteright} CONCLUSIONS: The review suggests that reducing or removing user fees increases the utilisation of certain healthcare services. However, emerging evidence suggests that such a change may have unintended consequences on utilisation of preventive services and service quality. The review also found that introducing or increasing fees can have a negative impact on health services utilisation, although some evidence suggests that when implemented with quality improvements these interventions could be beneficial. Most of the included studies suffered from important methodological weaknesses. More rigorous research is needed to inform debates on the desirability and effects of user fees.}, keywords = {Developing Countries, Fees and Charges, Health Services Accessibility, Health Services Misuse, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, United States}, issn = {1469-493X}, doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD009094}, author = {Lagarde, Mylene and Palmer, Natasha} } @article {1714, title = {Impact of virus aggregation on inactivation by peracetic acid and implications for other disinfectants}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {45}, number = {18}, year = {2011}, note = {Mattle, Michael J Crouzy, Benoit Brennecke, Moritz Wigginton, Krista R Perona, Paolo Kohn, Tamar eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2011/08/09 06:00 Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Sep 15;45(18):7710-7. doi: 10.1021/es201633s. Epub 2011 Aug 19.}, pages = {7710-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Viruses in wastewater and natural environments are often present as aggregates. The disinfectant dose required for their inactivation, however, is typically determined with dispersed viruses. This study investigates how aggregation affects virus inactivation by chemical disinfectants. Bacteriophage MS2 was aggregated by lowering the solution pH, and aggregates were inactivated by peracetic acid (PAA). Aggregates were redispersed before enumeration to obtain the residual number of individual infectious viruses. In contrast to enumerating whole aggregates, this approach allowed an assessment of disinfection efficiency which remains applicable even if the aggregates disperse in post-treatment environments. Inactivation kinetics were determined as a function of aggregate size (dispersed, 0.55 and 0.90 mum radius) and PAA concentration (5-103 mg/L). Aggregation reduced the apparent inactivation rate constants 2-6 fold. The larger the aggregate and the higher the PAA concentration, the more pronounced the inhibitory effect of aggregation on disinfection. A reaction-diffusion based model was developed to interpret the experimental results, and to predict inactivation rates for additional aggregate sizes and disinfectants. The model showed that the inhibitory effect of aggregation arises from consumption of the disinfectant within the aggregate, but that diffusion of the disinfectant into the aggregates is not a rate-limiting factor. Aggregation therefore has a large inhibitory effect if highly reactive disinfectants are used, whereas inactivation by mild disinfectants is less affected. Our results suggest that mild disinfectants should be used for the treatment of water containing viral aggregates.}, keywords = {Chemical Peracetic Acid/*pharmacology Virus Inactivation/drug effects *Water Microbiology *Water Pollutants Water Purification, Disinfectants/*pharmacology Kinetics Levivirus/*drug effects/physiology Models}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es201633s}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21819042}, author = {Mattle, M. J. and Crouzy, B. and Brennecke, M. and Wigginton, K. R. and Perona, P. and Kohn, T.} } @article {12238, title = {Impacts of anthropogenic activity on the ecology of class 1 integrons and integron-associated genes in the environment}, journal = {Isme JournalIsme Journal}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, note = {Times Cited: 118
Boxall, Alistair/E-5009-2010

123}, month = {Aug}, pages = {1253-1261}, isbn = {1751-7362}, author = {Gaze, William H. and Zhang, Lihong and Abdouslam, Nouradin A. and Hawkey, Peter M. and Calvo-Bado, Leo and Royle, Jeremy and Brown, Helen and Davis, Susan and Kay, Paul and Boxall, Alistair B. A. and Wellington, Elizabeth M. H.} } @article {14308, title = {Impacts of poultry house environment on poultry litter bacterial community composition.}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {e24785}, author = {Dumas, Michael D and Polson, Shawn W and Ritter, Don and Ravel, Jacques and Gelb, Jack and Morgan, Robin and Wommack, K Eric} } @article {5791, title = {{Impacts of poultry house environment on poultry litter bacterial community composition.}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {e24785}, author = {Dumas, Michael D and Polson, Shawn W and Ritter, Don and Ravel, Jacques and Gelb, Jack and Morgan, Robin and Wommack, K Eric} } @article {5550, title = {{Improved detection and quantitation of norovirus from water}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {172}, number = {1-2}, year = {2011}, pages = {38{\textendash}45}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {Norovirus is associated commonly with human sewage and is responsible for numerous cases of waterborne and foodborne gastroenteritis every year. Assays using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) have been developed for norovirus, however, accurate detection and quantitation remain problematic owing to a lack of suitable positive controls. To improve enumeration of norovirus genomes from water, a synthetic norovirus genogroup II quantitation standard and competitive internal positive control were developed. The quantitation standard demonstrates identical amplification efficiency as wildtype norovirus and can be used as a viral surrogate in labs with restricted access to norovirus. The internal control quantifies sample inhibition, allowing for accurate quantitation of norovirus from complex environmental samples. Seawater samples spiked with sewage or bird guano were evaluated using the norovirus assay as part of a methods comparison study. Inhibition was detected in nine of 36 (25{\%}) samples, two of which proved to be positive upon re-analysis. Results support the specificity of this assay for human-source (sewage) fecal contamination. Overall, use of this quantitation standard and internal control signify a great advance over traditional positive controls and suggest that molecular techniques for viral analysis could become standardized for routine water quality monitoring. ?? 2010 Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Competitive internal positive control, Enteric viruses, Norovirus, PCR inhibition, RT-qPCR, Water quality}, isbn = {0166-0934}, issn = {01660934}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.12.011}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.12.011}, author = {Gregory, Jason B. and Webster, Laura F. and Griffith, John F. and Stewart, Jill R.} } @article {13081, title = {Improving Septic Tank Performance By A New Rational Design Approach}, year = {2011}, author = {Nnaji, C C and Agunwamba, E} } @article {10751, title = {{Inactivation and sub-lethal injury of Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae in copper water storage vessels}}, journal = {BMC Infect Dis}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {204{\textendash}210}, author = {Sharan, R and Chhibber, S and Reed, RH} } @article {10264, title = {Inactivation of Ascaris suum by short-chain fatty acids}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {363{\textendash}366}, author = {Butkus, Michael A and Hughes, Kelly T and Bowman, Dwight D and Liotta, Janice L and Jenkins, Michael B and Labare, Michael P} } @article {14707, title = {Inactivation of hepatitis {A} virus and norovirus surrogate in suspension and on food-contact surfaces using pulsed {UV} light (pulsed light inactivation of food-borne viruses)}, journal = {Food Microbiol}, volume = {28}, year = {2011}, month = {may}, pages = {568{\textendash}72}, abstract = {This study was conducted to evaluate the inactivation of murine norovirus (MNV-1) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) by pulsed ultraviolet (UV) light. MNV-1 was used as a model for human norovirus. Viral suspensions of about 10(6) PFU/ml were exposed to pulses of UV light for different times and at different distances in a Xenon Steripulse device (model RS-3000C). Inactivation studies were also carried out on 1-cm(2) stainless steel and polyvinyl chloride disks with 10(5) PFU/ml. Inactivation of MNV-1 and HAV at 10.5 cm from the UV source was greater on inert surfaces than in suspension. The presence of organic matter (fetal bovine serum) reduced the effectiveness of pulsed light both in suspension and on surfaces. However, 2-s treatment in the absence of FBS completely inactivated (5 log reduction) the viral load at different distances tested, whether in suspension (MNV-1) or on disks (MNV-1 and HAV). The same treatment in the presence of fetal bovine serum (5\%) allowed a reduction of about 3 log. This study showed that short duration pulses represent an excellent alternative for inactivation of food-borne viruses. This technology could be used to inactivate viruses in drinking water or on food-handling surfaces.}, keywords = {*Food Irradiation, *Virus Inactivation, Animals, Disinfection/*methods, Food Contamination/analysis/*prevention \& control, Hepatitis A virus/*growth \& development/radiation effects, Humans, Mice, Norovirus/*growth \& development/radiation effects, Polyvinyl Chloride, Stainless Steel, Ultraviolet Rays}, issn = {1095-9998 (Electronic) 0740-0020 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2010.11.012 S0740-0020(10)00294-7 [pii]}, author = {Jean, J. and Morales-Rayas, R. and Anoman, M. N. and Lamhoujeb, S.} } @article {1336, title = {Inactivation of human adenovirus by sequential disinfection with an alternative UV technology and free chlorine}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, note = {Lee, Jung-Keun Shin, Gwy-Am Evaluation Studies England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2011 Mar;9(1):53-8. doi: 10.2166/wh.2010.044.}, pages = {53-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {There has been growing concern over human exposure to adenoviruses through drinking water due to the extreme resistance of human adenoviruses to the traditional UV technology (low-pressure (LP) UV). As an effort to develop an effective treatment strategy against human adenoviruses in drinking water, we determined the effectiveness of sequential disinfection with an alternative UV technology (medium-pressure (MP) UV) and free chlorine. Human adenovirus 2 (Ad2) was irradiated with a low dose of MP UV irradiation (10 mJ/cm(2)) through UV collimated apparatus and then exposed to a low dose of free chlorine (0.17 mg/L) at pH 8 and 5 degrees C using a bench-scale chemical disinfection system. A significant inactivation (e.g. 4 log(10)) of Ad2 was achieved with the low doses of MP UV and free chlorine within a very short contact time ( approximately 1.5 min) although there was no apparent synergistic effect on Ad2 between MP UV and free chlorine. Overall, it is likely that the sequential disinfection with UV irradiation and free chlorine should control the contamination of drinking water by human adenoviruses within practical doses of UV and free chlorine typically used in drinking water treatment processes.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Human/ drug effects/ radiation effects Chlorine/pharmacology Disinfection/ methods Pressure Ultraviolet Rays Virus Inactivation/ drug effects/ radiation effects Water Purification, Human/prevention \& control Adenoviruses}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2010.044}, author = {Lee, J. K. and Shin, G. A.} } @article {4539, title = {Inactivation of human adenovirus by sequential disinfection with an alternative UV technology and free chlorine}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {53{\textendash}8}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2010.044}, author = {Lee, J. K. and Shin, G. A.} } @article {7742, title = {Inactivation of indicators and pathogens in cattle feedlot manures and compost as determined by molecular and culture assays}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology}, volume = {77 (1)}, year = {2011}, pages = {200-210}, author = {Klein, M and Brown, L and Ashbolt, NJ and Stuetz, RM and Roser, DJ} } @article {9092, title = {{Inactivation of indicators and pathogens in cattle feedlotmanures and compost as determined bymolecularand culture assays}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {200{\textendash}210}, abstract = {Accurate and conservative information about pathogen inactivation rates is needed as the basis for safe manure management on beef cattle feedlots. The survival of indicators and pathogens in faecal pen manure, stockpiled manure and manure compost was measured with autochthonous indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, enterococci, total coliforms) and pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni) using culture and/or real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods. Additionally, the manures were incubated at 20, 37, 50 and 60 {\textdegree}C in microcosms to quantify the persistence of autochthonous microorganisms and selected process performance surrogates (Clostridium sporogenes, green fluorescent protein-labelled E. coli and L. monocytogenes). Estimated qPCR cell counts indicated that up to four orders of magnitude more target cells were present compared with the culturable counts. Corresponding T(90) estimates were up to sixfold higher. This study demonstrates the benefits of nucleic acid-based quantification of pathogen inactivation in cattle manures and concludes that the concurrent analysis of microorganisms by molecular and culture methods provides complementary value.}, keywords = {Microcosm, Nonculturability, PCR, Real-time, Survival}, isbn = {1574-6941 (Electronic){\$}\backslash{\$}n0168-6496 (Linking)}, issn = {01686496}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01098.x}, author = {Klein, Marcus and Brown, Leearna and Ashbolt, Nicholas J and Stuetz, Richard M and Roser, David J} } @article {447, title = {Incidence assessment of rotavirus and adenovirus associated acute gastroenteritis cases in early childhood}, journal = {Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, note = {3}, pages = {113-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This study was undertaken to give an insight into the incidence of acute gastroenteritis cases of rotaviral/adenoviral aetiology in patients presenting to the emergency room of an inner-city government teaching hospital. Group A rotavirus and adenovirus serotype 40-41 antigen results were obtained via immunochromatography. In 2007, there were 1543 patients with gastroenteritis between 0-5 years of age whose stool samples were tested for rota and adenovirus, of whom 386 (25\%) had positive stool samples for rotavirus, and 133 (8.6\%) for adenovirus serotype 40-41. The majority of rotavirus (74.6\%) and adenovirus (73\%) cases were between 0-2 years of age. The peak season for rotavirus gastroenteritis was January (44\%) and February (50.6\%), whereas July (9.7\%) and August (9\%) were months of low incidence. For enteric adenoviral infections summer was the peak season, with August (20.9\%) and July (17.3\%) being the foremost months. Among the viral gastroenteritis cases, rotavirus infections were in the majority. A seasonal trend emerges for viral gastroenteritis: Rota virus infections are most frequently seen in winter whereas adenoviral infections prefer summer months. Both viruses mostly affect children up to 2 years.}, issn = {1124-9390}, url = {://MEDLINE:21753251}, author = {Bicer, S. and Sahin, G. T. and Koncay, B. and Gemici, H. and Siraneci, R. and Ozturk, N. Y. and Sevketoglu, E.} } @article {17505, title = {{Increase the Efficiency of Conventional Sand Drying Beds by using Intensive Solar Energy: A case study from Jordan}}, journal = {2nd International Conference on Environment Science and Technology (IPCBEE)}, volume = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {Vol. 6, 389{\textendash}393}, keywords = {-solar energy, Developing Countries, Jordan, sand drying beds, sludge dewatering and treatment}, url = {http://www.ipcbee.com/vol6/no1/87-F10043.pdf}, author = {Radaidah, JA and Al-Zboon, KK} } @mastersthesis {6821, title = {The {Influence} of {Dust} {Devils} on {Martian} {Water} {Vapour} {Transport}}, year = {2011}, note = {MR73191}, school = {University of Alberta (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A laboratory vortex generator was designed and fabricated to reproduce the behavior of this complex swirling flow. The vortex generator design was based on the results of computational fluid dynamics to optimize the performance, to reduce the cost, and to ensure kinematic similarity with atmospheric vortices. Stereo particle image velocimetry was used to investigate the flow velocity field generated by the instrument. In addition, laboratory scaled water vapour transport experiments were conducted, using a series of 128 solid-state humidity/temperature sensors. The results were used for successful validation of the numerical simulations. The study confirmed the expected effect that dust devils did indeed enhance mass transport. It was concluded that the radial Reynolds number was the most relevant scaling factor for this phenomenon. A numerical model with Martian conditions was then calculated to estimate the local water vapour transport rate from the Martian regolith with the presence of dust devil-like flows.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, 0590:Planetology, Applied sciences, Earth sciences, Mechanical engineering, Planetology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/869503902?accountid=14270}, author = {Chen, Kuan-Chih} } @article {17102, title = {Influence of wastewater treatment process and the population size on human virus profiles in wastewater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {18}, year = {2011}, pages = {6267{\textendash}6276}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Hewitt, Joanne and Leonard, Margaret and Greening, Gail E and Lewis, Gillian D} } @article {14662, title = {Influence of wastewater treatment process and the population size on human virus profiles in wastewater}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, month = {nov}, pages = {6267{\textendash}76}, abstract = {Human adenovirus (AdV and AdV species F), enterovirus (EV) and norovirus (NoV) concentrations entering wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) serving different-sized communities, and effectiveness of different treatment processes in reducing concentrations were established. Data was combined to create a characteristic and unique descriptor of the individual viral composition and termed as the sample virus profile. Virus profiles were generally independent of population size and treatment process (moving bed biofilm reactors, activated sludge, waste stabilisation ponds). AdV and EV concentrations in wastewater were more variable in small ({\textless}4000) and medium-sized (10,000-64,000) WWTP than in large-sized ({\textgreater}130,000 inhabitants) plants. AdV and EV concentrations were detected in influent of most WWTP (AdV range 1.00-4.08 log(10) infectious units (IU)/L, 3.25-8.62 log(10) genome copies/L; EV range 0.7-3.52 log(10) plaque forming units (PFU)/L; 2.84-6.67 log(10) genome copies/L) with a reduced median concentration in effluent (AdV range 0.70-3.26 log(10) IU/L, 2.97-6.95 log(10) genome copies/L; EV range 0.7-2.15 log(10)PFU/L, 1.54-5.28 log(10) genome copies/L). Highest culturable AdV and EV concentrations in effluent were from a medium-sized WWTP. NoV was sporadic in all WWTP with GI and GII concentrations being similar in influent (range 2.11-4.64 and 2.19-5.46 log(10) genome copies/L) as in effluent (range 2.18-5.06 and 2.88-5.46 log(10) genome copies/L). Effective management of WWTP requires recognition that virus concentration in influent will vary - particularly in small and medium plants. Irrespective of treatment type, culturable viruses and NoV are likely to be present in non-disinfected effluent, with associated human health risks dependent on concentration and receiving water usage.}, keywords = {*Population Density, *Waste Disposal, *Water Microbiology, Adenoviridae/genetics/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Fluid, Humans, Norovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Viruses/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.029 S0043-1354(11)00559-8 [pii]}, author = {Hewitt, J. and Leonard, M. and Greening, G. E. and Lewis, G. D.} } @article {14978, title = {Influence of wastewater treatment process and the population size on human virus profiles in wastewater}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, month = {nov}, pages = {6267{\textendash}76}, abstract = {Human adenovirus (AdV and AdV species F), enterovirus (EV) and norovirus (NoV) concentrations entering wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) serving different-sized communities, and effectiveness of different treatment processes in reducing concentrations were established. Data was combined to create a characteristic and unique descriptor of the individual viral composition and termed as the sample virus profile. Virus profiles were generally independent of population size and treatment process (moving bed biofilm reactors, activated sludge, waste stabilisation ponds). AdV and EV concentrations in wastewater were more variable in small ({\textbackslash}textless4000) and medium-sized (10,000-64,000) WWTP than in large-sized ({\textbackslash}textgreater130,000 inhabitants) plants. AdV and EV concentrations were detected in influent of most WWTP (AdV range 1.00-4.08 log(10) infectious units (IU)/L, 3.25-8.62 log(10) genome copies/L; EV range 0.7-3.52 log(10) plaque forming units (PFU)/L; 2.84-6.67 log(10) genome copies/L) with a reduced median concentration in effluent (AdV range 0.70-3.26 log(10) IU/L, 2.97-6.95 log(10) genome copies/L; EV range 0.7-2.15 log(10)PFU/L, 1.54-5.28 log(10) genome copies/L). Highest culturable AdV and EV concentrations in effluent were from a medium-sized WWTP. NoV was sporadic in all WWTP with GI and GII concentrations being similar in influent (range 2.11-4.64 and 2.19-5.46 log(10) genome copies/L) as in effluent (range 2.18-5.06 and 2.88-5.46 log(10) genome copies/L). Effective management of WWTP requires recognition that virus concentration in influent will vary - particularly in small and medium plants. Irrespective of treatment type, culturable viruses and NoV are likely to be present in non-disinfected effluent, with associated human health risks dependent on concentration and receiving water usage.}, keywords = {*Population Density, *Waste Disposal, *Water Microbiology, Adenoviridae/genetics/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Fluid, Humans, Norovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Viruses/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.029 S0043-1354(11)00559-8 [pii]}, author = {Hewitt, J. and Leonard, M. and Greening, G. E. and Lewis, G. D.} } @inbook {4499, title = {Influence of wastewater treatment process and the population size on human virus profiles in wastewater}, booktitle = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {6267{\textendash}76}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Hewitt, J. and Leonard, M. and Greening, G. E. and Lewis, G. D.} } @article {9970, title = {{Influence of wastewater treatment process and the population size on human virus profiles in wastewater}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {18}, year = {2011}, month = {nov}, pages = {6267{\textendash}6276}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Human adenovirus (AdV and AdV species F), enterovirus (EV) and norovirus (NoV) concentrations entering wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) serving different-sized communities, and effectiveness of different treatment processes in reducing concentrations were established. Data was combined to create a characteristic and unique descriptor of the individual viral composition and termed as the sample virus profile. Virus profiles were generally independent of population size and treatment process (moving bed biofilm reactors, activated sludge, waste stabilisation ponds). AdV and EV concentrations in wastewater were more variable in small ({\textless}4000) and medium-sized (10,000-64,000) WWTP than in large-sized ({\textgreater}130,000 inhabitants) plants. AdV and EV concentrations were detected in influent of most WWTP (AdV range 1.00-4.08 log(10) infectious units (IU)/L, 3.25-8.62 log(10) genome copies/L; EV range 0.7-3.52 log(10) plaque forming units (PFU)/L; 2.84-6.67 log(10) genome copies/L) with a reduced median concentration in effluent (AdV range 0.70-3.26 log(10) IU/L, 2.97-6.95 log(10) genome copies/L; EV range 0.7-2.15 log(10)PFU/L, 1.54-5.28 log(10) genome copies/L). Highest culturable AdV and EV concentrations in effluent were from a medium-sized WWTP. NoV was sporadic in all WWTP with GI and GII concentrations being similar in influent (range 2.11-4.64 and 2.19-5.46 log(10) genome copies/L) as in effluent (range 2.18-5.06 and 2.88-5.46 log(10) genome copies/L). Effective management of WWTP requires recognition that virus concentration in influent will vary - particularly in small and medium plants. Irrespective of treatment type, culturable viruses and NoV are likely to be present in non-disinfected effluent, with associated human health risks dependent on concentration and receiving water usage.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae, Adenoviridae: genetics, Adenoviridae: isolation {\&} purification, enterovirus, Enterovirus: genetics, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Fluid, Humans, Norovirus, Norovirus: genetics, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Population Density, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Viruses, Viruses: genetics, Viruses: isolation {\&} purification, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {1879-2448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.029}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21962483}, author = {Hewitt, J. and Greening, G.E. and Lewis, G.D. and Leonard, M.} } @mastersthesis {6436, title = {The influences and impacts of hypermarkets on urban commercial land values and land-use succession in their trading areas in {Thailand}{\textquoteright}s cities: {The} case studies of {Chiang} {Rai}, {Lam} {Pang}, {Nakhon} {Sawan}, and {Kampheang} {Petch}}, year = {2011}, note = {3472679}, school = {University of Colorado at Denver}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The hypermarket business has been introduced to urbanites since 1963 as the place selling a wide range of products with less expensive prices but standard qualities. Nearly 50 years after that, the hypermarket business is dominant among other types of retail businesses. With this domination, the hypermarket business is deemed as the major cause of local businesses{\textquoteright} and supermarkets{\textquoteright} closing out. In the last ten years, the commercial business in Thailand has fallen into the same situation. With only a handful of previous studies in this field in Thailand, this dissertation serves as a trailblazer. The purposes of this dissertation are to investigate impacts of the hypermarket business on commercial land values, to scrutinize its influences on commercial land use succession, and to find types of commercial activities that can co-exist with or severely affected by locating in proximate to a hypermarket store. The two quantitative methods employed to conduct empirical studies in the dissertation are the hedonic pricing regression, and the transition probability matrix. The hedonic pricing regression is used to investigate the hypermarket business{\textquoteright} impact on land values; and the transition probability matrix is used to examine the impact on land-use succession. The four cities selected to study are the cities of Chiang Rai, Lam Pang, Nakhon Sawan, and Kampheang Petch. These four cities are selected based on the suitability and data availability. The empirical analysis of the hypermarket business in the four Thai cities allows the dissertation to offer four conclusions. 1) The presence of the hypermarket business impacts commercial land use and land values. 2) The distance to the hypermarket store impacts commercial land values. 3) The distance to the CBD and the access to the main street impact commercial land values. 4) Local businesses that can co-exist with the hypermarket business are local groceries, automobile-related businesses, health and hygiene businesses, machinery suppliers, electric appliances stores, and sport and entertainment businesses. The findings of this dissertation should be of value to city planners, policy makers, developers, and local business owners in Thailand. Thai planners can develop city plans using the hypermarket business as a tool in order to achieve certain planning goals and objectives. For instance, planners can provide incentives (tax reduction program) to the hypermarket business to build stores in blight areas or unusable lands. At the same time, the planners can develop programs that help local businesses complete with hypermarket stores. Thai policy makers can enact proper policies to control hypermarkets, and to protect local businesses that are severely impacted by the hypermarket business. Thai private developers can establish development projects that are suitable for hypermarkets{\textquoteright} communities. Thai local business owners, recognizing the beneficiary businesses from the hypermarket business, can adapt and modify their stores to the tap spill-over business from a neighboring hypermarket store. Broadly perceived by Thais, the hypermarkets impact in Thailand is crucial. The impact urgently needs extensive attentions and appropriate solutions. By understanding the benefits from the dissertation{\textquoteright}s findings and applying these benefits in proper ways, city planners, policy makers, private developers, and local business owners together can create a win-win situation to Thai communities.}, keywords = {0341:Area Planning and Development, 0505:Economics, 0999:Urban planning, Area Planning and Development, Commercial land use, economics, Hypermarkets, Land use succession, Social sciences, Thailand, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/890229354?accountid=14270}, author = {Sakhakara, Kollawat} } @article {3594, title = {Instability of human rotavirus {G} genotypes circulating in a rural area of {Bangladesh}.}, journal = {Mymensignh Medical Journal}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {1{\textendash}8}, author = {Paul, SK and Hossain, MA and Mahmud, MC and Ahmed, S and Hossain, MA and Nandi, AK and Tabassum, S} } @article {8193, title = {{Interaction of legionella pneumophila and helicobacter pylori with bacterial species isolated from drinking water biofilms}}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {57}, publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd}, abstract = {It is well established that Legionella pneumophila is a waterborne pathogen; by contrast, the mode of Helicobacter pylori transmission remains unknown but water seems to play an important role. This work aims to study the influence of five microorganisms isolated from drinking water biofilms on the survival and integration of both of these pathogens into biofilms.$\backslash$nPMID: 21418578}, isbn = {1471-2180 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1471-2180 (Linking)}, issn = {1471-2180}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2180-11-57}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/11/57/abstract$\backslash$nhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/11/57$\backslash$nhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2180-11-57.pdf}, author = {Gi{\~a}o, Maria S. and Azevedo, Nuno F. and Wilks, Sandra A. and Vieira, Maria J. and Keevil, Charles W.} } @article {13822, title = {Interaction of legionella pneumophila and helicobacter pylori with bacterial species isolated from drinking water biofilms}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {57}, abstract = {It is well established that Legionella pneumophila is a waterborne pathogen; by contrast, the mode of Helicobacter pylori transmission remains unknown but water seems to play an important role. This work aims to study the influence of five microorganisms isolated from drinking water biofilms on the survival and integration of both of these pathogens into biofilms.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nPMID: 21418578}, issn = {1471-2180}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2180-11-57}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/11/57/abstract$\backslash$nhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/11/57$\backslash$nhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2180-11-57.pdf}, author = {Gi{\~a}o, Maria S. and Azevedo, Nuno F. and Wilks, Sandra A. and Vieira, Maria J. and Keevil, Charles W.} } @article {14781, title = {Interaction of legionella pneumophila and helicobacter pylori with bacterial species isolated from drinking water biofilms}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {57}, abstract = {It is well established that Legionella pneumophila is a waterborne pathogen; by contrast, the mode of Helicobacter pylori transmission remains unknown but water seems to play an important role. This work aims to study the influence of five microorganisms isolated from drinking water biofilms on the survival and integration of both of these pathogens into biofilms.\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$nPMID: 21418578}, issn = {1471-2180}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2180-11-57}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/11/57/abstract$\backslash$nhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/11/57$\backslash$nhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2180-11-57.pdf}, author = {Gi{\~a}o, Maria S. and Azevedo, Nuno F. and Wilks, Sandra A. and Vieira, Maria J. and Keevil, Charles W.} } @article {8302, title = {Interaction of Legionella pneumophila and Helicobacter pylori with bacterial species isolated from drinking water biofilms}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {57}, author = {Giao, Maria S and Azevedo, Nuno F and Wilks, Sandra A and Vieira, Maria J and Keevil, Charles W} } @article {16051, title = {Interactions of Leptospira with Environmental Bacteria from Surface Water}, journal = {Curr MicrobiolCurr MicrobiolCurr Microbiol}, volume = {62}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, month = {Apr 10}, pages = {1802-1806}, isbn = {1432-0991 (Electronic)
0343-8651 (Linking)}, author = {Barragan, V. A. and Mejia, M. E. and Travez, A. and Zapata, S. and Hartskeerl, R. A. and Haake, D. A. and Trueba, G. A.} } @article {12618, title = {International collaborative study on the occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli isolated from animals, humans, food and the environment in 13 European countries}, journal = {Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyJournal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, volume = {66}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {1278-1286}, isbn = {1460-2091}, author = {Veldman, Kees and Cavaco, Lina M and Mevius, Dik and Battisti, Antonio and Franco, Alessia and Botteldoorn, Nadine and Bruneau, Mireille and Perrin-Guyomard, Agn{\`e}s and Cerny, Tomas and De Frutos Escobar, Cristina and Guerra Beatriz and Schroeter Andreas and Gutierrez Montserrat and Hopkins Katie and Myllyniemi Anna-Liisa and Sunde Marianne and Wasyl Dariusz and Aarestrup Frank M.} } @article {4831, title = {{Intestinal coccidian parasitic infections in rural community in and around Loni, Maharashtra}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitic Diseases}, volume = {35}, year = {2011}, pages = {54{\textendash}56}, author = {Gupta, AK} } @article {17222, title = {Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis}, journal = {Curr Opin Infect DisCurr Opin Infect Dis}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {Oct}, pages = {484-9}, edition = {2011/08/17}, keywords = {*Salmonella Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention \& control/transmission, Adult, Africa/epidemiology, Asia/epidemiology, Child, Humans, Incidence, Risk Factors, Typhoid Fever/epidemiology}, isbn = {1473-6527 (Electronic)
0951-7375 (Linking)}, author = {Gordon, M. A.} } @article {7395, title = {Investigating the decay rates of {Escherichia} coli relative to {Vibrio} parahemolyticus and {Salmonella} {Typhi} in tropical coastal waters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {feb}, pages = {1561{\textendash}1570}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.025}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135410008031}, author = {Lee, Choon Weng and Ng, Angie Yee Fang and Bong, Chui Wei and Narayanan, Kumaran and Sim, Edmund Ui Hang and Ng, Ching Ching} } @article {11394, title = {Investigation of an outbreak of Taenia saginata cysts (cysticercus bovis) in dairy cattle from two farms}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {176}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {177-184}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-4017}, author = {McFadden, AMJ and Heath, DD and Morley, CM and Dorny, Pierre} } @article {7571, title = {{Investigation of human sewage pollution and pathogen analysis at Florida Gulf coast Beaches}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {174-183}, abstract = {

Aims: Water quality at two Florida beaches was compared using faecal indicator bacteria measurements, microbial source tracking (MST) methods for detecting human source pollution and the assessment of pathogen presence. These values were also compared before and after remediation of wastewater infrastructure at one beach.Methods and Results: Faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci were enumerated in estuarine water and sediment samples. PCR assays for the human-associated esp gene of Enterococcus faecium and human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) were used to detect human sewage. Culturable Salmonella and enteric viruses were also analysed. MST identified human sewage contamination at one beach, leading to repair of a sewer main and relocation of portable restrooms. Exceedances of Florida recreational water regulatory standards were significantly reduced after remediation (by 52{\%} for faecal coliforms and 39{\%} for enterococci), and the frequency of detection of MST markers decreased. Coxsackie virus B4 and HPyVs were codetected following a major sewage spill, but Salmonella was not detected during the study.Conclusions: These data indicate that infrastructure remediation significantly reduced pollution from human sewage at the impacted beach.Significance and Impact of the Study: A comprehensive microbial water quality study that can identify contamination sources through the use of MST markers and close collaboration with local/and state agencies can result in tangible actions to improve recreational water quality and safety. {\textcopyright} 2010 The Authors. Journal of Applied Microbiology {\textcopyright} 2010 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04869.x}, author = {Korajkic, A. and Brownell, M.J. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {970, title = {{Investigation of human sewage pollution and pathogen analysis at Florida Gulf coast Beaches}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {174{\textendash}183}, abstract = {Water quality at two Florida beaches was compared using faecal indicator bacteria measurements, microbial source tracking (MST) methods for detecting human source pollution and the assessment of pathogen presence. These values were also compared before and after remediation of wastewater infrastructure at one beach.}, keywords = {Beaches, Enterococci, Faecal coliforms, Indicator bacteria, Microbial source tracking, Pathogens, Remediation, Stormwater, Water quality}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1364-5072 (Linking)}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04869.x}, author = {Korajkic, A. and Brownell, M. J. and Harwood, V. J.} } @article {13771, title = {Investigation of human sewage pollution and pathogen analysis at {Florida} {Gulf} coast {Beaches}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Aims: Water quality at two Florida beaches was compared using faecal indicator bacteria measurements, microbial source tracking (MST) methods for detecting human source pollution and the assessment of pathogen presence. These values were also compared before and after remediation of wastewater infrastructure at one beach.Methods and Results: Faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci were enumerated in estuarine water and sediment samples. PCR assays for the human-associated esp gene of Enterococcus faecium and human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) were used to detect human sewage. Culturable Salmonella and enteric viruses were also analysed. MST identified human sewage contamination at one beach, leading to repair of a sewer main and relocation of portable restrooms. Exceedances of Florida recreational water regulatory standards were significantly reduced after remediation (by 52\% for faecal coliforms and 39\% for enterococci), and the frequency of detection of MST markers decreased. Coxsackie virus B4 and HPyVs were codetected following a major sewage spill, but Salmonella was not detected during the study.Conclusions: These data indicate that infrastructure remediation significantly reduced pollution from human sewage at the impacted beach.Significance and Impact of the Study: A comprehensive microbial water quality study that can identify contamination sources through the use of MST markers and close collaboration with local/and state agencies can result in tangible actions to improve recreational water quality and safety. {\textcopyright} 2010 The Authors. Journal of Applied Microbiology {\textcopyright} 2010 The Society for Applied Microbiology.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04869.x}, author = {Korajkic, A. and Brownell, M.J. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {8596, title = {{Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii presence in farmed shellfish by nested-PCR and real-time PCR fluorescent amplicon generation assay (FLAG)}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {127}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {409{\textendash}417}, author = {Putignani, L and Mancinelli, L and Del Chierico, F and Menichella, D and Adlerstein, D and Angelici, MC and Marangi, M and Berrilli, F and Caffara, M and di Regalbono, DAF and Giangaspero, A} } @article {4968, title = {Investigation on Opisthorchis felineus occurrence and life cycle in Italy}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {177}, year = {2011}, pages = {67{\textendash}71}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.042.}, author = {De Liberato, C and Scaramozzino, P and Brozzi, A and Lorenzetti, R and Di Cave, D and Martini, E and Lucangeli, C and Pozio, E and Berrilli, F and Boss{\`u}, T} } @article {2667, title = {Iron oxide amended biosand filters for virus removal.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {45}, number = {15}, year = {2011}, pages = {4501-4510}, abstract = {Laboratory studies were performed to determine if the addition of iron oxides throughout biosand filter {(BSF)} media would increase virus removal due to adsorption. The proposed mechanism is electrostatic adsorption of negatively charged virion particles to positively charged iron oxides formed during the corrosion of zerovalent iron. Initial tests conducted using continuous flow, small-scale glass columns showed high {MS2} bacteriophage removal in an iron-amended sand column (5log10) compared to a sand-only column (0.5log10) over 20 pore volumes. Additionally, two experiments with a column containing iron particles revealed 4log10 and 5log10 removal of rotavirus in the presence of 20 {mg/L} total organic carbon. Full-scale {BSFs} with iron particles removed\>4log10 {MS2} for the duration of the experiment (287 days), while {BSF} with steel wool removed\>4log10 {MS2} for the first 160 days. Plug flow for the {BSF} was shown to depend on uniformity between the iron oxide material and sand media grains. The results suggest that the duration of effective virus removal by iron-amended biosand filtration depends on source water conditions and the quantity and composition of iron material added. Overall, this study provides evidence that iron-amended {BSFs} may advance the field of point-of-use technologies and bring relief to millions of people suffering from waterborne diseases.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.045}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.045}, author = {Bradley, Ian and Straub, Anthony and Maraccini, Peter and Markazi, Sheila and Nguyen, Thanh H} } @article {952, title = {Iron oxide amended biosand filters for virus removal.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {45}, number = {15}, year = {2011}, pages = {4501-4510}, abstract = {Laboratory studies were performed to determine if the addition of iron oxides throughout biosand filter {(BSF)} media would increase virus removal due to adsorption. The proposed mechanism is electrostatic adsorption of negatively charged virion particles to positively charged iron oxides formed during the corrosion of zerovalent iron. Initial tests conducted using continuous flow, small-scale glass columns showed high {MS2} bacteriophage removal in an iron-amended sand column (5log10) compared to a sand-only column (0.5log10) over 20 pore volumes. Additionally, two experiments with a column containing iron particles revealed 4log10 and 5log10 removal of rotavirus in the presence of 20 {mg/L} total organic carbon. Full-scale {BSFs} with iron particles removed\>4log10 {MS2} for the duration of the experiment (287 days), while {BSF} with steel wool removed\>4log10 {MS2} for the first 160 days. Plug flow for the {BSF} was shown to depend on uniformity between the iron oxide material and sand media grains. The results suggest that the duration of effective virus removal by iron-amended biosand filtration depends on source water conditions and the quantity and composition of iron material added. Overall, this study provides evidence that iron-amended {BSFs} may advance the field of point-of-use technologies and bring relief to millions of people suffering from waterborne diseases.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.045}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.045}, author = {Bradley, Ian and Straub, Anthony and Maraccini, Peter and Markazi, Sheila and Nguyen, Thanh H} } @book {4175, title = {Irrigation Waters as a Source of Pathogenic Microorganisms in Produce: A Review}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Burlington: Academic Press}, organization = {Burlington: Academic Press}, author = {Pachepsky, Y and Shelton, D R and McLain, J E T and Patel, J and Mandrell, R E} } @mastersthesis {7525, title = {Isolation of arcobacter species from different water sources and characterization of {\i}solated species by molecular techniques}, year = {2011}, school = {{\.I}zmir Institute of Technology}, type = {masters}, author = {Akincioglu, Funda} } @article {4242, title = {{Isolation of bacteriophage host strains of Bacteroides species suitable for tracking sources of animal faecal pollution in water.}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {1622{\textendash}31}, abstract = {

Microbial source tracking (MST) methods allow the identification of specific faecal sources. The aim is to detect the sources of faecal pollution in a water body to allow targeted, efficient and cost-effective remediation efforts in the catchment. Bacteriophages infecting selected host strains of Bacteroides species are used as markers to track faecal contaminants in water. By using a suitable Bacteroides host from a given faecal origin, it is possible to specifically detect bacteriophages of this faecal origin. It can thus be used to detect specific phages of Bacteroides for MST. With this objective, we isolated several Bacteroides strains from pig, cow and poultry faeces by applying a previously optimized methodology used to isolate the host strains from humans. The isolated strains belonged to Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. These strains, like most Bacteroides species, detected phages of the Siphoviridae morphology. Using the newly isolated host strains for phage enumeration in a range of samples, we showed that these detect phages in faecal sources that coincide with their own origin (70-100{\%} of the samples), and show no detection or very low percentages of detection of phages from other animal origins (from 0 to 20{\%} of the samples). Only strains isolated from pig wastewater detected phages in 50{\%} of human sewage samples. Nevertheless, those strains detecting phages from faecal origins other than their own detected fewer phages (2-3 log$_{1}$$_{0}$ pfu\·100 ml$^{-}$\¹) than the phages detected by the specific strain of the same origin. On the basis of our results, we propose that faecal source tracking with phages infecting specific Bacteroides host strains is a useful method for MST. In addition, the method presented here is feasible in laboratories equipped with only basic microbiological equipment, it is more rapid and cost-effective than other procedures and it does not require highly qualified staff.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: growth {\&} development, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides, Bacteroides: classification, Bacteroides: genetics, Bacteroides: virology, Cattle, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Fresh Water: virology, Poultry, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, Sewage: microbiology, Sewage: virology, Swine, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: analysis, Water Pollution, Water Pollution: analysis, Water Pollution: statistics {\&} numerical data, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis, Water Supply: statistics {\&} numerical data}, issn = {1462-2920}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02474.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21443742}, author = {G{\'o}mez-Do{\~n}ate, Marta and Pay{\'a}n, Andrey and Cort{\'e}s, Ivania and Blanch, Anicet R and Lucena, Francisco and Jofre, Juan and Muniesa, Maite} } @article {7717, title = {Isolation of Campylobacter sp in surface waters of Taiwan}, journal = {Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {2}, pages = {15-20}, abstract = {Background Campylobacter sp is one of the main causes of human acute enteritis and diarrhea. It is commonly found in bird intestinal canal and pollutes water bodies through bird droppings. Clinically, detection of Campylobacter sp is by culture method and most are fecal samples. The objective of this study is to investigate the distribution of Campylobacter sp in river water of Taiwan. Methods The detection of campylobacters in water by the United Kingdom Health Protection Agency was adopted and simplified. Water samples (1 L) were enriched through membrane filters and selective enrichment Bolton broth. The mCCDA medium was used for culturing Campylobacter sp. In addition to using the selective media, DNA sequencing for species{\textquoteright} identification was also included in this study. Results Campylobacter sp was detected in only 2 of 75 water samples, and 72 suspected strains were isolated from the selective mCCDA medium, in which several pathogenic bacteria included Escherichia coli O157. Conclusions Not only there was pollution of Campylobacter sp in water environment but also other antibiotics-resistant pathogenic bacteria, which may cause public health risk.}, keywords = {Antibiotics-resistant pathogens, Campylobacter sp, Selective enrichment medium}, isbn = {1684-1182}, author = {Tai L Hu and Pao C Kuo} } @article {3857, title = {Laboratory-based rotavirus surveillance during the introduction of a vaccination program, {Brazil}, 2005-2009.}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1 Suppl}, year = {2011}, pages = {S35{\textendash}S41}, abstract = {

: Brazil introduced universal antirotavirus vaccination in March 2006. This article reports the results of rotavirus A \{\{\}(RV-A)\{\}\} surveillance from January 2005 to December 2009.

}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0b013e3181fefd5f}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181fefd5f}, author = {A Carvalho-Costa, Filipe and Eduardo M Volot{\~a}o and de Assis, Rosane M and Fialho, Alexandre M and Juliana S de Andrade and Rocha, Ludmila N and Tort, Luis F and da Silva, Marcelle F and G{\'o}mez, Mariela M and de Souza, Pamella M and Leite, Jos{\'e} P P} } @inbook {15969, title = {{Landscan 2010 High Resolution Global Population Data Set}}, year = {2011}, author = {Bright, E.A. and Coleman, P.R. and Rose, A.N. and Urban, M.L.} } @article {16332, title = {Leptospirosis: Aspects of Innate Immunity, Immunopathogenesis and Immune Evasion from the Complement System}, journal = {Scand J Immunol}, volume = {73}, year = {2011}, pages = {408-419}, author = {Fraga, T.R. and Barbosa, A.S. and Isaac, L.} } @article {6237, title = {Les in{\'e}galit{\'e}s g{\'e}ographiques de sant{\'e} chez les enfants de grande section de maternelle, {France}, 2005-2006}, journal = {Bull Epidemiol Hebd}, volume = {31}, year = {2011}, pages = {333{\textendash}8}, url = {http://snmsu.unsa-education.org/BEH_31_2011.pdf}, author = {de Saint Pol, Thibaut} } @article {16086, title = {A LigA three-domain region protects hamsters from lethal infection by Leptospira interrogans.}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis.PLoS Negl Trop Dis.}, volume = {5}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {e1422.}, author = {Coutinho, M. L. and Choy, H. A. and Kelley, M. M. and Matsunaga, J. and Babbitt, J. T. and Lewis, M. S. and Aleixo, J. A. and Haake, D. A.} } @article {2782, title = {Long-term persistence of human papillomavirus in environments}, journal = {Gynecologic Oncology}, volume = {121}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {148-151}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {animals ANTIBODIES ANTIBODY assay Cervix Uteri contamination Desiccation Environment Environmental Exposure environmental microbiology Female growth \& development Hospital human Human papillomavirus 16 humans in vitro IN-VITRO INFECTION MEDIA methods Papi}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208649}, author = {Ding, D.C. and Chang, Y.C. and Liu, H.W. and Chu, T.Y.} } @article {3065, title = {Long-term results of hepatectomy for patients with alveolar echinococcosis: a single-center experience}, journal = {Journal of the American College of Surgeons}, volume = {212}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {may}, pages = {804{\textendash}812}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hepatectomy is the first-line treatment for alveolar echinococcosis (AE) if complete resection is feasible. However, a strategy for the treatment of patients with AE in whom the tumor cannot be resected completely remains to be defined. STUDY DESIGN: Data were retrospectively collected from 188 consecutive patients between 1984 and 2009. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and risk factors were analyzed in patients classified into 3 groups (group A: complete resection, group B: reduction surgery, and group C: drainage or exploratory laparotomy). RESULTS: In group A (n = 119), the 10-, 15-, and 20-year OS was 98.9\%. In group B (n = 63), the 10-, 15-, and 20-year OS was 97.1\%, 92.8\%, and 61.9\%. In group C (n = 6), the 10- and 15-year OS was 50.0\% and 33.3\%. Patients in groups A and B had better prognoses than those in group C (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.001). In group A, the 10-, 15-, and 20-year PFS was 96.5\%, 94.4\%, and 94.4\%. In group B, the 10-, 15-, and 20-year PFS was 87.1\%, 71.6\%, and 61.4\%. In group C, the 10- and 15-year PFS was 50.0\% and 33.3\%. Patients in group A had better PFS than those in groups B and C (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.001). Curability was the only independent factor for both OS and PFS by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Although the most effective therapy for AE is complete resection, a better prognosis can be achieved by reduction surgery and/or adjuvant albendazole therapy for patients with AE that cannot be completely resected.}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Anticestodal Agents, Blotting, Echinococcosis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Hepatectomy, Hepatic, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Proportional Hazards Models, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Survival Rate, Treatment Outcome, Western}, issn = {1879-1190}, doi = {10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.02.007}, author = {Kawamura, Norio and Kamiyama, Toshiya and Sato, Naoki and Nakanishi, Kazuaki and Yokoo, Hideki and Kamachi, Hirofumi and Tahara, Munenori and Yamaga, Shoji and Matsushita, Michiaki and Todo, Satoru} } @article {9112, title = {{Long-term survival of Escherichia coli in lightweight aggregate filter media of constructed wastewater treatment wetlands}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {558{\textendash}564}, abstract = {A laboratory scale experiment on the survival of Escherichia coli in samples of filter media from a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland treating domestic wastewater was performed. A concentration of E. coli was examined in samples collected from a wetland filter filled with lightweight aggregates (LWA). All samples testing positive for E. coli contamination were used to examine the effect of storage time on the survival of E. coli at three temperature regimes: cold (4 degrees C), mild (10 degrees C) and warm (22 degrees C). It was found that the mild storage condition favoured the growth and survival of E. coil in the tested LWA media. The growth in samples of the uppermost layer of the media lasted for 5.5 months, during which E. coil reached a maximum concentration of 6.4 x 10(3) MPN/100 g dry matter in the media. It was also observed that E. coli had a greater capacity to survive for extended periods of time in samples collected from the upper layer of the LWA filter compared to samples taken from the deeper layers. The survival of E. colt in the shallowest samples of the wetland filter was remarkably long and unexpected, lasting for a period of over 14 months.}, keywords = {Constructed wetland, Escherichia coli, Filter media, Lightweight aggregates, Survival}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2011.257}, author = {Paruch, A M} } @article {7265, title = {Long-term survival of \textit{{Escherichia} coli} in lightweight aggregate filter media of constructed wastewater treatment wetlands}, journal = {Water Science \& Technology}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {558}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2011.257}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wst.2011.257}, author = {Paruch, A. M.} } @article {3790, title = {Low prevalence of rotavirus and high prevalence of norovirus in hospital and community wastewater after introduction of rotavirus vaccine in {Nicaragua}.}, journal = {PLoS one}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, pages = {e25962}, author = {Bucardo, F and Lindgren, PE and Svensson, L and Nordgren, J} } @article {7366, title = {Low zinc in drinking water is associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes in children}, journal = {Pediatric Diabetes}, volume = {12}, number = {3pt1}, year = {2011}, month = {may}, pages = {156{\textendash}164}, issn = {1399543X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00678.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00678.x}, author = {Samuelsson, Ulf and Oikarinen, Sami and Hy{\"o}ty, Heikki and Ludvigsson, Johnny} } @article {13019, title = {Low-cost struvite production using source-separated urine in Nepal}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {852{\textendash}862}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Etter, B and Tilley, E and Khadka, R and Udert, KM} } @article {15137, title = {Low-cost struvite production using source-separated urine in {Nepal}}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {852{\textendash}862}, author = {Etter, B and Tilley, E and Khadka, R and Udert, KM} } @article {13696, title = {Lymnaea schirazensis, an overlook snail distorting fascioliasis data: genotype, phenotype, ecology, worldwide spread, susceptibility, applicability}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {6}, year = {2011}, chapter = {174}, author = {Bargues, MD and Artigas, P and Khoubbane, M and Flores, R and Gloer, P and Rojas-Garcia, A and Ashrafi, K and Falkner, G and Mas-Comas, S} } @mastersthesis {6861, title = {Macroscopic {Domain} {Pattern} {Selection} in {Shape} {Memory} {Alloys} {\textendash}- {Effects} of {Length} and {Time} {Scales}}, year = {2011}, note = {3515169}, school = {Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Hong Kong)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Superelastic NiTi polycrystalline shape memory alloy undergoes deformation instability when subjected to uni-axial stretching, and transforms from initial austenite to a high-strain phase, i.e. martensite, by the nucleation and growth of macroscopic domains as deformation processes. This stress-induced first-order phase transformation involves heterogeneous localized release and transfer of latent heat, which in turn influences the mechanical responses and deformation processes due to the material{\textquoteright}s intrinsic mechanical nonlinearity and thermo-mechanical coupling. The macroscopic martensitic domain exhibits different patterns in different geometry configurations of shape memory alloys. It was observed that parallelogram-shaped domains nucleate in quasi-1D strip geometry while helix-shaped domains nucleate in quasi-2D thin-walled tube geometry. In this thesis, effects of length scales and time scales on the macroscopic domain pattern selection are experimentally investigated and theoretically analyzed. For quasi-1D strip configuration, effects of time scales on macroscopic domain pattern selection are addressed in terms of rate-dependence and ambient-dependence of parallelogram-shaped martensitic domain patterns in NiTi strips, respectively under a wide loading rate range from stretching rates (10 -4 /s\~{}10/s) by standard hydraulic testing machine to intermediate stretching rates (10 1 /s\~{}102 /s) by custom-modified Split Hopkinson Tension Bar (SHTB), and in four different ambient convection conditions including still air, still water, 2m/s and 4m/s flowing water. For quasi-2D tube configuration, systematic experimental investigation and theoretical analysis are conducted to investigate the effects of length scales on equilibrium helical domain pattern in different tube geometries (length L , wall-thickness h and tube radius R ) under isothermal stretching, and rate-dependence (loading time scale) of helical domain pattern evolution in one tube under stretching rates 10-4 /s\~{}10-1 /s. The processes of macroscopic domain pattern evolution are recorded by in-situ optical camera equipped with zoom lens at different recording rates. The local temperature variations are measured by very fine thermocouples of 25μm wire-diameter. The evolution of macroscopic martensitic domain patterns, local temperature variations, and the corresponding stress-strain responses are quantitatively synchronized both for strips and tubes. It is found that the equilibrium martensitic helical domain patterns in tube geometry under isothermal stretching are governed by two distinct strain-misfit energy terms which depend on length scales (tube geometry). It is revealed that non-isothermal martensitic domain patterns both in strip geometry and tube geometry are essentially governed by the competition between two groups of time scales: one loading time scale (transformation time) which governs release rate of latent heat, two heat-transfer time scales including characteristic conduction time and characteristic convection time which govern transfer rate of latent heat. Power-law scaling relations are extracted both for effects of length scales and time scales on macroscopic domain patterns. There are good agreements between the experiments and theoretical rationales. Keywords: shape memory alloy; martensitic phase transformation; macroscopic domain pattern; length scales; time scales}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Martensitic phase transformation, Mechanical engineering, Nickel titanium alloys, Shape memory alloys}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1019055865?accountid=14270}, author = {Zhou, Runhua} } @article {5774, title = {{Major Human Hepatitis A Virus Genotype in Hong Kong Marine Waters and Detection by Real-Time PCR}}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {62}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {2654{\textendash}2658}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.027}, author = {Yang, N and Chu, DL and Wong, MM and Qi, H and Wu, RS and Kong, RY} } @mastersthesis {7227, title = {Mayors, {Markets} and {Municipal} {Reform}: {The} {Politics} of {Water} {Delivery} in {Mexico}}, year = {2011}, note = {3469288}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The dissertation examines the political challenges of public utility reform through the analysis of urban water and sanitation services in Mexico. Decentralization of services to municipal governments was coupled with promotion of "market-based" policies in the 1980s and 1990s. However, the unpopularity of these policies provided political obstacles for mayors now charged with reforming the sector because many consumers were not accustomed to paying for water services. These policies{\textendash}increased water prices, rigorous fee collection practices, and service suspension for non-payment{\textendash}were political costs felt in the short-term, whereas the benefits of reform were long-term service improvements in water quality and quantity, reduced environmental pollution, and increased economic and social development. This problem of time inconsistency is a challenge even for pro-reform mayors because mayors in Mexico have a narrow window of time within which to enact policy. Mayoral administrations are three years long with no immediate re-election, and bureaucratic administrators follow the electoral cycle, which further exacerbates the challenge of long-term policymaking. Based on a comparative analysis of nine Mexican municipalities, I argue that mayors whose constituent base is primarily composed of middle and upper income consumers and business are more likely to reform because these groups are more able to pay short-term costs for long-term service improvements than the urban poor. With the support of a pro-reform mayor, reform is likely under two conditions: a) the presence of a water intensive industry and b) institutional support from the state government. Water intensive industry prioritizes improvement in service delivery, calculates costs based on the long run, and, further, has long-term financial and professional ties in the community. Water intensive industry is well positioned to support the policy process over time by participating in the leadership of the water utility board of directors. Also, water intensive industry can help offset the costs of reform because it pays more per cubic meter through a block tariff pricing scheme, a policy that subsidizes domestic consumers and helps to finance the reform agenda. Therefore, water intensive industry can lengthen the political problems of imposing costs in the short-term for mayors, lowering the costs to consumers before the long-term benefits of service improvements appear. Finally, state governments can provide legal, fiscal and technical resources that can help shorten the learning curve of incoming mayoral administrations. As such, state government can shorten the long-term planning of the reform process to make it more consistent with the shorter electoral cycle found at the municipal level. This research advances debates on policy adoption and implementation, highlighting the importance of political-business coalitional support as well as the role of inter-tier relations in maintaining policies over time.}, keywords = {0617:Public administration, Mayors, Mexico, Municipal government, Municipal reforms, Politics, Public administration, Reforms, Sanitation services, Social sciences, Urban areas, Water delivery, Water resources management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/892720771?accountid=14270}, author = {Herrera, Veronica Maria Sol} } @article {4117, title = {Mechanisms for parasites removal in a waste stabilisation pond}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {61}, year = {2011}, pages = {684{\textendash}692}, author = {Reinoso, R and Blanco, S and Torres-Villamizar, LA and Becares, E} } @article {15867, title = {Mechanisms for parasites removal in a waste stabilisation pond}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {61}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {Apr}, pages = {684-92}, edition = {2011/01/06}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Bacteria/isolation \& purification, Coliphages/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Geologic Sediments/microbiology/parasitology/virology, Giardia/isolation \& purification, Helminths/isolation \& purification, Oocysts, Parasite Egg Count, Seasons, Sewage/*microbiology/*parasitology, Water Purification/*methods, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0095-3628}, author = {Reinoso, R. and Blanco, S. and Torres-Villamizar, L. A. and B{\'e}cares, E.} } @article {12166, title = {Megacities as sources for pathogenic bacteria in rivers and their fate downstream}, journal = {International Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {2011}, year = {2011}, pages = {doi:10.1155/2011/798292}, edition = {2010/10/05}, isbn = {1687-9198 (Electronic)}, author = {Abraham, W. R.} } @booklet {1765, title = {Membrane Processes}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Water Environment Research https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CB0QFjAAahUKEwi1qp7_9JPHAhXiF9sKHXIOB4E\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com\%2Fcontent\%2Fwef\%2Fwer\%2F2011\%2F00000083\%2F00000010\%2Fart00008\%3Fcrawler\%3Dtru}, type = {Electronic Article}, abstract = {This review for literature published in 2010 contains information related to membrane processes for municipal and industrial applications. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review and covers the following topics: pretreatment, membrane bioreactor (MBR) configuration, design, nutrient removal, operation, industrial treatment, fixed film and anaerobic membrane systems, reuse, microconstituents removal, membrane}, doi = {10.2175/106143011X13075599869290}, author = {M L Pellegrin and Greiner, A. D. and Diamond, J. and Aguinaldo, J. and Padhye, L. and Arabi, S. and Min, K. and Burbano, M. S. and McCandless, R. and Shoaf, R.} } @article {7245, title = {Menstruation, {Sanitary} {Products}, and {School} {Attendance}: {Evidence} from a {Randomized} {Evaluation}}, journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {91{\textendash}100}, issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790}, doi = {10.1257/app.3.1.91}, url = {http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/abs/10.1257/app.3.1.91}, author = {Oster, Emily and Thornton, Rebecca} } @article {17420, title = {Methodologies for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica subtyping: gold standards and alternatives}, journal = {Appl Environ MicrobiolAppl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {77}, number = {22}, year = {2011}, month = {Nov}, pages = {7877-85}, edition = {2011/08/23}, keywords = {*Epidemiologic Methods, Animals, Bacterial Typing Techniques/*methods/*standards, Humans, Salmonella enterica/*classification, Salmonella Infections, Animal/epidemiology/*microbiology, Salmonella Infections/epidemiology/*microbiology}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)
0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Wattiau, P. and Boland, C. and Bertrand, S.} } @article {17081, title = {Methods to detect infectious human enteric viruses in environmental water samples}, journal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health}, volume = {214}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {424{\textendash}436}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Hamza, Ibrahim Ahmed and Jurzik, Lars and Uberla, Klaus and Wilhelm, Michael} } @article {14649, title = {Methods to detect infectious human enteric viruses in environmental water samples}, journal = {Int J Hyg Environ Health}, volume = {214}, year = {2011}, month = {nov}, pages = {424{\textendash}36}, abstract = {Currently, a wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) have the highest sensitivity and specificity to investigate virus contamination in water, so they are the most commonly used in environmental virology. Despite great sensitivity of PCR, the main limitation is the lack of the correlation between the detected viral genome and viral infectivity, which limits conclusions regarding the significance for public health. To provide information about the infectivity of the detected viruses, cultivation on animal cell culture is the gold standard. However, cell culture infectivity assays are laborious, time consuming and costly. Also, not all viruses are able to produce cytopathic effect and viruses such as human noroviruses have no available cell line for propagation. In this brief review, we present a summary and critical evaluation of different approaches that have been recently proposed to overcome limitations of the traditional cell culture assay and PCR assay such as integrated cell culture-PCR, detection of genome integrity, detection of capsid integrity, and measurement of oxidative damages on viral capsid protein. Techniques for rapid detection of infectious viruses such as fluorescence microscopy and automated flow cytometry have also been suggested to assess virus infectivity in water samples.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Capsid Proteins/chemistry, Cell Culture Techniques, Coloring Agents, Enzymes, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Humans, Immunomagnetic Separation, Microscopy, Oxidation-Reduction, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Viral/*analysis, Viruses/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1618-131X (Electronic) 1438-4639 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014}, author = {Hamza, I. A. and Jurzik, L. and Uberla, K. and Wilhelm, M.} } @article {14972, title = {Methods to detect infectious human enteric viruses in environmental water samples}, journal = {Int J Hyg Environ Health}, volume = {214}, year = {2011}, month = {nov}, pages = {424{\textendash}36}, abstract = {Currently, a wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) have the highest sensitivity and specificity to investigate virus contamination in water, so they are the most commonly used in environmental virology. Despite great sensitivity of PCR, the main limitation is the lack of the correlation between the detected viral genome and viral infectivity, which limits conclusions regarding the significance for public health. To provide information about the infectivity of the detected viruses, cultivation on animal cell culture is the gold standard. However, cell culture infectivity assays are laborious, time consuming and costly. Also, not all viruses are able to produce cytopathic effect and viruses such as human noroviruses have no available cell line for propagation. In this brief review, we present a summary and critical evaluation of different approaches that have been recently proposed to overcome limitations of the traditional cell culture assay and PCR assay such as integrated cell culture-PCR, detection of genome integrity, detection of capsid integrity, and measurement of oxidative damages on viral capsid protein. Techniques for rapid detection of infectious viruses such as fluorescence microscopy and automated flow cytometry have also been suggested to assess virus infectivity in water samples.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Capsid Proteins/chemistry, Cell Culture Techniques, Coloring Agents, Enzymes, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Humans, Immunomagnetic Separation, Microscopy, Oxidation-Reduction, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Viral/*analysis, Viruses/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1618-131X (Electronic) 1438-4639 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014}, author = {Hamza, I. A. and Jurzik, L. and Uberla, K. and Wilhelm, M.} } @article {222, title = {Methods to detect infectious human enteric viruses in environmental water samples}, journal = {Int J Hyg Environ Health}, volume = {214}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, note = {1618-131x Hamza, Ibrahim Ahmed Jurzik, Lars Uberla, Klaus Wilhelm, Michael Journal Article Review Germany Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Nov;214(6):424-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014. Epub 2011 Sep 15.}, pages = {424-36}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Currently, a wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) have the highest sensitivity and specificity to investigate virus contamination in water, so they are the most commonly used in environmental virology. Despite great sensitivity of PCR, the main limitation is the lack of the correlation between the detected viral genome and viral infectivity, which limits conclusions regarding the significance for public health. To provide information about the infectivity of the detected viruses, cultivation on animal cell culture is the gold standard. However, cell culture infectivity assays are laborious, time consuming and costly. Also, not all viruses are able to produce cytopathic effect and viruses such as human noroviruses have no available cell line for propagation. In this brief review, we present a summary and critical evaluation of different approaches that have been recently proposed to overcome limitations of the traditional cell culture assay and PCR assay such as integrated cell culture-PCR, detection of genome integrity, detection of capsid integrity, and measurement of oxidative damages on viral capsid protein. Techniques for rapid detection of infectious viruses such as fluorescence microscopy and automated flow cytometry have also been suggested to assess virus infectivity in water samples.}, keywords = {Animals Capsid Proteins/chemistry Cell Culture Techniques Coloring Agents Enzymes Flow Cytometry Humans Immunomagnetic Separation Microscopy, Fluorescence Oxidation-Reduction Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, purification *Water Microbiology, Viral/*analysis Viruses/*isolation \&}, issn = {1438-4639}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014}, url = {http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1438463911001349/1-s2.0-S1438463911001349-main.pdf?_tid=ce69c1d8-84a9-11e4-9cd6-00000aacb35f\&acdnat=1418682737_982ef738902e1fe139af4864e5dca75c}, author = {Hamza, I. A. and Jurzik, L. and Uberla, K. and Wilhelm, M.} } @article {1599, title = {Methods to detect infectious human enteric viruses in environmental water samples}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {214}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, note = {Hamza, Ibrahim Ahmed Jurzik, Lars Uberla, Klaus Wilhelm, Michael eng Review Germany 2011/09/17 06:00 Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Nov;214(6):424-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014. Epub 2011 Sep 15.}, pages = {424-36}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Currently, a wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) have the highest sensitivity and specificity to investigate virus contamination in water, so they are the most commonly used in environmental virology. Despite great sensitivity of PCR, the main limitation is the lack of the correlation between the detected viral genome and viral infectivity, which limits conclusions regarding the significance for public health. To provide information about the infectivity of the detected viruses, cultivation on animal cell culture is the gold standard. However, cell culture infectivity assays are laborious, time consuming and costly. Also, not all viruses are able to produce cytopathic effect and viruses such as human noroviruses have no available cell line for propagation. In this brief review, we present a summary and critical evaluation of different approaches that have been recently proposed to overcome limitations of the traditional cell culture assay and PCR assay such as integrated cell culture-PCR, detection of genome integrity, detection of capsid integrity, and measurement of oxidative damages on viral capsid protein. Techniques for rapid detection of infectious viruses such as fluorescence microscopy and automated flow cytometry have also been suggested to assess virus infectivity in water samples.}, keywords = {Animals Capsid Proteins/chemistry Cell Culture Techniques Coloring Agents Enzymes Flow Cytometry Humans Immunomagnetic Separation Microscopy, Fluorescence Oxidation-Reduction Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Viral/*analysis Viruses/*isolation \& purification *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1618-131X (Electronic) 1438-4639 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21920815}, author = {Hamza, I. A. and Jurzik, L. and Uberla, K. and Wilhelm, M.} } @booklet {1854, title = {Microbial exposure and health assessments in sanitation technologies and systems}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-1236-microbialexposurehealthassessmentsinsanitationtechnologiessystems.pdf Last accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {T A Stenstr{\"o}m and Seidu, R. and Ekane, N. and Zurbr{\"u}gg, C.} } @book {5233, title = {{Microbial Exposure and Health Assessments in Sanitation Technologies and Systems}}, year = {2011}, pages = {1{\textendash}165}, publisher = {Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, EAWAG, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ecological Sanitation Research Programme}, organization = {Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, EAWAG, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ecological Sanitation Research Programme}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden }, abstract = {

The Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) links science and policy across a broad range of environmental and development issues at all scales across the globe.

}, isbn = {978-91-86125-36-3}, author = {Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m and Seidu, Razak and Ekane, Nelson and Zurbr{\"u}gg, Christian} } @book {12894, title = {Microbial exposure and health assessments in sanitation technologies and systems}, series = {EcoSanRes}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)}, organization = {Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, author = {Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m and Seidu, Razak and Ekane, Nelson and Zurbr{\"u}gg, C} } @book {13093, title = {Microbial exposure and health assessments in sanitation technologies and systems}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Stockholm}, organization = {Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Stockholm}, author = {Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m and Seidu, Razak and Ekane, Nelson and Zurbr{\"u}gg, Christian} } @book {13407, title = {{Microbial Exposure and Health Assessments in Sanitation Technologies and Systems}}, year = {2011}, pages = {1{\textendash}165}, edition = {EcoSanRes}, abstract = {The Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) links science and policy across a broad range of environmental and development issues at all scales across the globe.}, keywords = {ckholm environment, ecosanres, environment institute, institute}, isbn = {978-91-86125-36-3}, issn = {1743-7199}, doi = {10.1080/17437199.2010.543385}, url = {https://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-Report-Stenstrom-MicrobialExposureAndHealthAssessmentsInSanitationTechnologiesAndSystems-2011.pdf}, author = {Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m and Seidu, Razak and Nelson, Ekane and Christian, Zurbr{\"u}gg} } @article {16299, title = {Microbial exposure and health assessments in sanitation technologies and systems}, year = {2011}, institution = {Stockholm Environmental Institute}, address = {Stockholm}, isbn = {978-91-86125-36-3}, author = {Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A. and Seidu, R. and Ekane, N. and Zurbr{\"u}gg, C.} } @article {15870, title = {Microbial risk assessment for recreational use of the Chicago area waterway system}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {Mar}, pages = {169-86}, edition = {2011/02/09}, keywords = {*Recreation, *Risk Assessment, Chicago, Environmental monitoring, Escherichia coli/classification/isolation \& purification, Eukaryota/classification/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*microbiology/parasitology/virology, Humans, Phylogeny, Viruses/classification/*isolation \& purification, Water Movements, Water Pollutants/classification/*isolation \& purification, Weather}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920}, author = {Rijal, G. and Tolson, J. K. and Petropoulou, C. and Granato, T. C. and Glymph, A. and Gerba, C. and Deflaun, M. F. and O{\textquoteright}Connor, C. and Kollias, L. and Lanyon, R.} } @article {4121, title = {{Microbial risk assessment for recreational use of the Chicago area waterway system}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {169{\textendash}186}, author = {Rijal, G and Tolson, JK and Petropoulou, C and Granato, TC and Glymph, A and Gerba, C and Deflaun, MF and O{\textquoteright}Connor, C and Kollias, L and Lanyon, R} } @article {17507, title = {{Microbial safety of air-dried and rewetted biosolids}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {403{\textendash}414}, abstract = {To assess microbial safety of treated sewage sludge (biosolids), we examined the inactivation of microbial indicators for potential bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogens. The levels of indicators were determined throughout the air-drying and storage phases of anaerobically digested sewage sludge. Samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Victoria, Australia. Established methods were applied for analysis of bacteria and coliphages, based on membrane filtration and layered plates, respectively. In the pan drying phase, the prevalence of Escherichia coli was reduced by {\textgreater}5 log10 compared with sludge entering the pan. Thus, after pan drying of 8-11 months at WWTP A and 15 months at WWTP B, the numbers of E. coli were reduced to below 102 cfu/g dry solids (DS). This level is acceptable for unrestricted use in agriculture in Australia (P1 treatment grade), the UK (enhanced treatment status) and the USA (Class A pathogen reduction). Coliphage numbers also decreased substantially during the air-drying phase, indicating that enteric viruses are also likely to be destroyed during this phase. Clostridium perfringens appeared to be an overly conservative indicator. Survival, but not regrowth, of E. coli or Salmonella was observed in rewetted biosolids (15-20{\%} moisture content), after being seeded with these species, indicating a degree of safety of stored biosolids upon rewetting by rain. {\textcopyright} IWA Publishing 2011.}, keywords = {Air-dried biosolids, Escherichia coli, microbial indicators, Microbial safety, Regrowth, Rewetting}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.134}, author = {Rouch, Duncan A. and Mondal, Tania and Pai, Sneha and Glauche, Florian and Fleming, Vennessa A. and Thurbon, Nerida and Blackbeard, Judy and Smith, Stephen R. and Deighton, Margaret} } @book {2878, title = {Microbial source tracking: methods, applications, and case studies}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media}, organization = {Springer Science \& Business Media}, author = {Hagedorn, Charles and Blanch, Anicet R and Harwood, Valerie J} } @article {8721, title = {{Microbiological parameters as an additional tool to improve wastewater treatment plant monitoring}}, journal = {Ecological Indicators}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {431{\textendash}437}, abstract = {

The operation of an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was assessed by determining the removal efficiency of treatment processes. For that purpose, different physicochemical and microbiological parameters, including total, active and culturable bacteria, were measured along a year. Values of both physicochemical and microbiological parameters were significantly reducedby biological treatment but no relation between these groups of parameters was obtained. Besides, results suggest that microbiological parameters were more sensitive than physicochemical ones to changes in WWTP conditions (i.e. influent quality). Additionally, high percentages of noncultured ({\textgreater}88{\%}) and noncultured remaining active (until 50{\%}) cells were detected before and after treatment. Therefore, ISO standards adopted to enumerate indicator bacteria by Spanish legislation, and based on culturability, underestimate the bacterial population present in wastewater. We have compared two culture-independent methods for bacterial enumeration, microscopy and flow cytometry (FCM) and results indicate that FCM provides a rapid and automated quantificationin WWTP. Weconclude that microbiological parameters are essential to monitor the correct WWTP operation and we propose quantification of active bacteria as indicator of wastewater microbiological quality. ?? 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Flow Cytometry, Influent/effluent characterization, Microbiological parameters, Physicochemical parameters, wastewater}, isbn = {1470-160X}, issn = {1470160X}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.06.014}, author = {Muela, Alicia and Orru{\~n}o, Maite and Alonso, ML and Pazos, Marta and Arana, In{\'e}s and Alonso, Rosa M. and Jim{\'e}nez, Rosa M. and Garaizabal, Idoia and Maguregui, M. Itxaso and Barcina, Isabel} } @article {9556, title = {{Microsporidiosis: Enterocytozoon bieneusi in domesticated and wild animals}}, journal = {Research in Veterinary Science}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {363{\textendash}371}, author = {Santin, M and Fayer, R} } @article {9487, title = {{Microsporidiosis: not just in AIDS patients}}, journal = {Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {490{\textendash}495}, author = {Didier, ES and Weiss, LM} } @article {1734, title = {Microwave Irradiation Technology In Waste Sludge And Wastewater Treatment Research}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {41}, year = {2011}, pages = {999-1066}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In pursuit of a green and sustainable world, wastewater remediation and sludge treatment have equally become a growing global environmental concern. Several innovative treatment processes have been designed throughout the last few decades for treating wastewaters and sludges but many of them are very costly and operate at low efficiencies. In view to find novel treatment processes, active research is being conducted globally. Microwave irradiation technology is gradually making a modest but promising mark of its own in enhancing to significant extents the ease, fastness, and efficiency of certain treatment processes involved in wastewater and sludge management. The authors focus on and appraise the budding use and application of microwave irradiation in chemical research undertaken for sludge and wastewater treatment. The related aspects of microwave-assisted heavy metal stabilization, pathogen inactivation, wastewater parameter analysis, and wastewater treatment polymers synthesis are also discussed.}, author = {Mudhoo, A. and Sharma., S. K.} } @mastersthesis {6798, title = {Modeling of {Concentration} {Polarization} {Effects} and {Mineral} {Salt} {Scaling} in a {Reverse} {Osmosis} {Membrane} {Module}}, year = {2011}, note = {3472627}, school = {University of California, Los Angeles}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Mineral scaling on membrane surfaces is an impediment to high recovery operation of reverse osmosis (RO) desalination. Mineral scaling is the result of mineral crystallization that occurs when the concentration of sparingly soluble salts, at the membrane surface, rises above their saturation concentration. The concentration field is governed by the combined fluid dynamics and mass transfer in the membrane channel. Accurate description of mineral scale formation is paramount for the development of scale monitoring and mitigation strategies. Accordingly, the present work focused on developing a quantitative finite-element modeling framework to elucidate the relationships among the mechanisms of mineral crystal nucleation and growth and detailed fluid flow and concentration fields in RO channels. The concentration field throughout a given RO channel, considering different channel geometries including the impact of channel spacers, was determined from the solution of the coupled mass transfer and fluid motion equations. This concentration polarization (CP) model included the effects of channel entrance and exit effects, as well as variability in the local permeate water flux due to osmotic pressure variations. Numerical model simulations revealed significant decrease in the rates of mass transfer near the channel walls and fluid outlet as well as in the proximity of channel spacers. Predicted zones of high solution saturation levels, at the membrane surface (with and without the presence of spacers), were corroborated by corresponding accumulation of mineral scale observed in membrane scaling experiments. Experimental analysis of direct observations of the nucleation and growth of mineral crystals of gypsum (selected as a model sealant), along with details of the concentration field (obtained from the CP model), enabled the development of a quantitative method for assessing the effectiveness of the modes of action (i.e., nucleation and growth retardation) of anti-scaling chemical additives. The CP model was coupled with data-driven models of crystal nucleation and growth kinetics to yield a mineral scaling model that enabled, for the first time, a priori predictions of the detailed local evolution of mineral scaling on the RO membrane and the associated permeate flow decline that closely matched experimental observations. The present modeling framework provides a detailed and quantitative approach, based on the fundamentals of fluid flow, mass transfer and crystallization kinetics, suitable for the design, optimization and operation of improved RO desalination processes.}, keywords = {0542:Chemical engineering, Applied sciences, Chemical engineering, Concentration polarization, Desalination, Fluid dynamics, Gypsum scaling, Membranes, Mineral salts, Osmosis, Reverse osmosis, Studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/892720404?accountid=14270}, author = {Lyster, Eric Michael} } @article {8791, title = {{Modeling the Inactivation of Microorganisms Occluded in Effluent Wastewater Particles to Enhance Operation of Filtration and Disinfection Systems}}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {83}, year = {2011}, pages = {313{\textendash}325}, author = {Camarillo, M.K. and Loge, F.J. and Darby, J.L. and Ginn, T.R. and Basagaoglu, H. and Foglia, L.} } @article {15339, title = {Molecular approaches to the identification of Bulinus species in south-west Nigeria and observations on natural snail infections with schistosomes}, journal = {J Helminthol}, volume = {85}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England}, month = {Sep}, pages = {283-93}, abstract = {The current study considers the distribution of a small sample of 138 Bulinus snails, across 28 localities within eight Nigerian states. Snails were identified using a combination of molecular methods involving both DNA sequencing of a partial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinus truncatus while only two were Bulinus globosus. The use of RsaI restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 29.7\% of snails were infected with schistosomes. Sequencing of the partial schistosome its from a small subset of snail samples suggested that some snails were either penetrated by both Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis miracidia or hybrid miracidia formed from the two species.}, keywords = {Animals, Bulinus/*classification/*genetics/parasitology, Cluster Analysis, Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/metabolism, DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry/genetics, Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Nigeria, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Schistosoma/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Sequence Analysis, DNA}, isbn = {1475-2697 (Electronic)
0022-149X (Linking)}, author = {Akinwale, O. P. and Kane, R. A. and Rollinson, D. and Stothard, J. R. and Ajayi, M. B. and Akande, D. O. and Ogungbemi, M. O. and Duker, C. and Gyang, P. V. and Adeleke, M. A.} } @article {7767, title = {Molecular detection of Campylobacter spp. in California gull (Larus californicus) excreta}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {14}, year = {2011}, month = {July 15}, pages = {5034-5039}, abstract = {We examined the prevalence, quantity, and diversity of Campylobacter species in the excreta of 159 California gull (Larus californicus) samples using culture-, PCR-, and quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based detection assays. Campylobacter prevalence and abundance were relatively high in the gull excreta examined; however, C. jejuni and C. lari were detected in fewer than 2\% of the isolates and DNA extracts from the fecal samples that tested positive. Moreover, molecular and sequencing data indicated that most L. californicus campylobacters were novel (<97\% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to known Campylobacter species) and not closely related to species commonly associated with human illness. Campylobacter estimates were positively related with those of fecal indicators, including a gull fecal marker based on the Catellicoccus marimammalium 16S rRNA gene.}, author = {Lu,Jingrang and Ryu,Hodon and Santo Domingo,Jorge W. and Griffith,John F. and Ashbolt,Nicholas} } @article {10426, title = {Molecular Detection of Multiple Viral Targets in Untreated Urban Sewage from Greece}, journal = {Virology Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2011}, pages = {195}, author = {Kokkinos, P.A. and Ziros, P.G. and Mpalasopoulou, A. and Galanis, A. and Vantarakis, A.} } @article {1248, title = {Molecular detection of multiple viral targets in untreated urban sewage from Greece}, journal = {Virology Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2011}, note = {ijerph-08-01914 [pii] Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011 Jun;8(6):1914-22. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8061914. Epub 2011 Jun 1. Kokkinos, Petros A Ziros, Panos G Mpalasopoulou, Aggeliki Galanis, Alexis Vantarakis, Apostolos Virology journal}, pages = {195}, type = {Book Section}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Urban sewage virological analysis may produce important information about the strains that cause clinical and subclinical infections in the population, thus supporting epidemiological studies. METHODS: In the present study, a twenty one-month survey (November 2007 to July 2009) was conducted in order to evaluate the presence of human adenoviruses (hAdV), hepatitis A viruses (HAV), hepatitis E viruses (HEV), Noroviruses (NoV), and human Polyomaviruses (hPyV) in untreated sewage samples collected from the inlet of Patras\&$\#$39; municipal biological wastewater treatment plant, located in southwestern Greece. Nucleic acid amplification techniques were applied for viral nucleic acid detection. Positive samples were confirmed by sequencing and comparative phylogenetic analysis was performed on the isolated viral strains. RESULTS: In total, viruses were detected in 87.5\% (42/48) of sewage samples. AdVs, PyVs, HAV, and NoVs were detected in 45.8\% (22/48), 68.8\% (33/48), 8.3\% (4/48), and 6.3\% (3/48) of the samples collected from the plant\&$\#$39;s inlet, while HEV was not detected at all. Adenovirus types 8 (Ad8), 40 (Ad40) and 41 (Ad41) were recognized, while JC and BK polyomaviruses were recorded. Noroviruses were identified as GII.4. HAV was typed as genotype IA. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the advantages of environmental surveillance as a tool to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of community circulating viruses. We underline the need of environmental surveillance programs in countries such as Greece with inadequate and problematic epidemiological surveillance system and no environmental surveillance system currently in action.

}, keywords = {Environmental Monitoring Greece Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Sewage/ virology Urban Health Viruses/classification/ genetics/ isolation \& purification}, isbn = {1743-422X (Electronic) 1743-422X (Linking)}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph8061914}, author = {Kokkinos, P. A. and Ziros, P. G. and Mpalasopoulou, A. and Galanis, A. and Vantarakis, A.} } @article {242, title = {The molecular epidemiology of circulating rotaviruses: three-year surveillance in the region of Monastir, Tunisia}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {266}, year = {2011}, pages = {(3 October 2011)-(3 October 2011)}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1471-2334}, url = {://CABI:20113348955}, author = {Hassine-Zaafrane, M. and Sdiri-Loulizi, K. and Ben Salem, I. and Kaplon, J. and Ayouni, S. and Ambert-Balay, K. and Sakly, N. and Pothier, P. and Aouni, M.} } @article {451, title = {Molecular Epidemiology of Enteric Viruses in Children With Sporadic Gastroenteritis in Valencia, Venezuela}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {83}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, note = {Times Cited: 12 16}, pages = {1972-1982}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The epidemiology and clinical symptoms in infants and young children with acute sporadic viral gastroenteritis due to viral etiologies other than rotaviruses have not been studied thoroughly in developing countries. Fecal specimens from 480 children <5 years of age who were admitted to a large children{\textquoteright}s hospital in the city of Valencia, Venezuela, with acute diarrhea during January to December 2003 were collected and screened by ELISA and RT-PCR for rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus. Viral isolates were partially characterized by phylogenetic analysis. Norovirus viral load was determined by qRT-PCR. Viruses were identified in 205 (43\%) of the 480 stool samples collected. Rotavirus was the virus detected most frequently (21\%), followed by norovirus (13\%), adenovirus (5\%), sapovirus (3\%), and astrovirus (2\%). Viral infection rates were highest in the 6- to 11-month-old group (49\%) and lowest in children >24 months old. Norovirus GII was more prevalent (90\%) than GI (10\%). Enteric adenovirus (serotypes 40/41) was present in 43\% of the adenovirus-positive samples. Rotavirus infection caused more severe clinical symptoms than the other viruses detected, with more vomiting (84\%) and dehydration (11\%) that led to hospital admission of 20\% of the children with acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus and norovirus showed marked and opposite seasonal patterns. No association was observed between disease severity and viral load in children infected with norovirus. These results not only confirm the impact of rotavirus infection in Venezuela but also indicate that other enteric viruses, especially noroviruses, contribute significantly to sporadic acute gastroenteritis and to the burden of disease. J. Med. Virol. 83:1972-1982, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, issn = {0146-6615}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.22185}, url = {://WOS:000295196200015}, author = {Gonzalez, German G. and Liprandi, Ferdinando and Ludert, Juan E.} } @article {7130, title = {Molecular subtypes of {Campylobacter} spp., {Salmonella} enterica, and {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 isolated from faecal and surface water samples in the {Oldman} {River} watershed, {Alberta}, {Canada}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {1247{\textendash}1257}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.001}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135410006962}, author = {Jokinen, C. and Edge, T.A. and Ho, S. and Koning, W. and Laing, C. and Mauro, W. and Medeiros, D. and Miller, J. and Robertson, W. and Taboada, E. and Thomas, J.E. and Topp, E. and Ziebell, K. and Gannon, V.P.J.} } @article {8712, title = {{Monitoring and evaluation of infectious rotaviruses in various wastewater effluents and receiving waters revealed correlation and seasonal pattern of occurrences}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {110}, year = {2011}, pages = {1129{\textendash}1137}, abstract = {AIMS: Sewage systems are important nodes to monitor enteric pathogens transmitted via water. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of rotaviruses in effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and receiving streams in Beijing, China, to evaluate the reductions of rotaviruses in WWTPs and to provide viral fate and transport data for further epidemiological studies.{\$}\backslash{\$}n{\$}\backslash{\$}nMETHODS AND RESULTS: Two PCR-based methods, including an RT-qPCR and another quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), which was integrated with cell culturing, were applied to conduct a 1-year monitoring of infectious rotaviruses and viral genes in effluents from three WWTPs and the receiving waters in Beijing, China. The ICC-RT-qPCR was able to detect more positive samples than RT-qPCR, showing positive results for 67{\{}{\%}{\}} of primary effluents, 47{\{}{\%}{\}} of secondary effluents and 14{\{}{\%}{\}} of tertiary effluents, in comparison with 44, 22 and 6{\{}{\%}{\}} by RT-qPCR, respectively. Seasonal variations of rotaviruses were observed in all effluents with higher occurrences in winter than in summer, which correlated well with the seasonal pattern of rotaviruses in the river receiving wastewater effluents. The reduction efficiencies by different treatment processes were assessed. Secondary treatments can remove most of infectious rotaviruses in primary sewage, with annual average reduction values of 2{\{}{\textperiodcentered}{\}}08 {\textpm} 0{\{}{\textperiodcentered}{\}}63, 2{\{}{\textperiodcentered}{\}}83 {\textpm} 0{\{}{\textperiodcentered}{\}}49 and 2{\{}{\textperiodcentered}{\}}00 {\textpm} 1{\{}{\textperiodcentered}{\}}10 log(10) for the three WWTPs, respectively. Tertiary treatments were able to further remove infectious rotaviruses.{\$}\backslash{\$}n{\$}\backslash{\$}nCONCLUSIONS: The results showed a year-round distribution of rotaviruses in three WWTPs in Beijing and provided important information regarding the transport and susceptibility of rotaviruses to different levels of wastewater treatment processes.{\$}\backslash{\$}n{\$}\backslash{\$}nSIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study, for the first time, revealed the whole year prevalence and reductions of rotaviruses in WWTPs and the corresponding receiving waters in China, and demonstrated the impact of wastewater discharge on the potential spreading of infectious rotaviruses and public health.}, keywords = {Distribution, Infectious, Reductions, Rotaviruses, Wastewater effluents}, isbn = {1364-5072}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04954.x}, author = {Li, D. and Gu, A. Z. and Zeng, S. Y. and Yang, W. and He, M. and Shi, H. C.} } @article {3249, title = {Monitoring and evaluation of infectious rotaviruses in various wastewater effluents and receiving waters revealed correlation and seasonal pattern of occurrences}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {1129{\textendash}1137}, abstract = {

AIMS: Sewage systems are important nodes to monitor enteric pathogens transmitted via water. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of rotaviruses in effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and receiving streams in Beijing, China, to evaluate the reductions of rotaviruses in WWTPs and to provide viral fate and transport data for further epidemiological studies.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS AND RESULTS: Two PCR-based methods, including an RT-qPCR and another quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), which was integrated with cell culturing, were applied to conduct a 1-year monitoring of infectious rotaviruses and viral genes in effluents from three WWTPs and the receiving waters in Beijing, China. The ICC-RT-qPCR was able to detect more positive samples than RT-qPCR, showing positive results for 67{\%} of primary effluents, 47{\%} of secondary effluents and 14{\%} of tertiary effluents, in comparison with 44, 22 and 6{\%} by RT-qPCR, respectively. Seasonal variations of rotaviruses were observed in all effluents with higher occurrences in winter than in summer, which correlated well with the seasonal pattern of rotaviruses in the river receiving wastewater effluents. The reduction efficiencies by different treatment processes were assessed. Secondary treatments can remove most of infectious rotaviruses in primary sewage, with annual average reduction values of 2{\textperiodcentered}08 {\textpm} 0{\textperiodcentered}63, 2{\textperiodcentered}83 {\textpm} 0{\textperiodcentered}49 and 2{\textperiodcentered}00 {\textpm} 1{\textperiodcentered}10 log(10) for the three WWTPs, respectively. Tertiary treatments were able to further remove infectious rotaviruses.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: The results showed a year-round distribution of rotaviruses in three WWTPs in Beijing and provided important information regarding the transport and susceptibility of rotaviruses to different levels of wastewater treatment processes.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nSIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study, for the first time, revealed the whole year prevalence and reductions of rotaviruses in WWTPs and the corresponding receiving waters in China, and demonstrated the impact of wastewater discharge on the potential spreading of infectious rotaviruses and public health.

}, keywords = {Distribution, Infectious, Reductions, Rotaviruses, Wastewater effluents}, isbn = {1364-5072}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04954.x}, author = {Li, D. and Gu, A. Z. and Zeng, S. Y. and Yang, W. and He, M. and Shi, H. C.} } @article {13220, title = {Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {34}, year = {2011}, pages = {189-199}, doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2010.11.014}, author = {A. J. Martinez-Murcia and Monera, A. and Saavedra, M. J. and Oncina, R. and Lopez-Alvarez, M. and Lara, E. and Figueras, M. J.} } @article {7804, title = {Multiplex PCR assay for the detection and quantification of Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella serotypes in water samples}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {316}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, note = {PT: J; TC: 2; UT: WOS:000286836500002}, month = {MAR}, pages = {7-15}, isbn = {0378-1097}, author = {Park,Si H. and Hanning,Irene and Jarquin,Robin and Moore,Philip and Donoghue,Dan J. and Donoghue,Ann M. and Ricke,Steven C.} } @article {4713, title = {{Multiplex polymerase chain reaction method to detect Cyclospora, Cystoisospora, and Microsporidia in stool samples}}, journal = {Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis2}, volume = {71}, year = {2011}, pages = {386{\textendash}390}, author = {Taniuchi, M and Verweij, JJ and Sethabutr, O and Bodhidatta, L and Garcia, L and Maro, A and Kumburu, H and Gratz, J and Kibiki, G and Houpt, ER} } @article {4714, title = {{Multiplex polymerase chain reaction method to detect Cyclospora, Cystoisospora, and Microsporidia in stool samples}}, journal = {Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease}, volume = {71}, year = {2011}, pages = {386{\textendash}390}, author = {Taniuchi, M and Verweij, JJ and Sethabutr, O and Bodhidatta, L and Garcia, L and Maro, A and Kumburu, H and Gratz, J and Kibiki, G and Houpt, ER} } @article {9473, title = {{Municipal wastewater treatment plants as removal systems and environmental sources of human-virulent microsporidian spores}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {109}, year = {2011}, pages = {595{\textendash}603}, author = {Cheng, HW and Lucy, FE and Graczyk, TK and Broaders, MA and Mastitsky, SE} } @article {13433, title = {A new baseline for fascioliasis in Venezuela: lymnaeid vectors ascertained by DNA sequencing and analysis of their relationships with human and animal infection}, journal = {Parasit Vectors}, volume = {200}, year = {2011}, pages = {18}, author = {Bargues, M. D. and Gonzalez, C. and Artigas, P. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {14696, title = {New method using a positively charged microporous filter and ultrafiltration for concentration of viruses from tap water}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, month = {may}, pages = {3500{\textendash}6}, abstract = {The methods used to concentrate enteric viruses from water have remained largely unchanged for nearly 30 years, with the most common technique being the use of 1MDS Virozorb filters followed by organic flocculation for secondary concentration. Recently, a few studies have investigated alternatives; however, many of these methods are impractical for use in the field or share some of the limitations of this traditional method. In the present study, the NanoCeram virus sampler, an electropositive pleated microporous filter composed of microglass filaments coated with nanoalumina fibers, was evaluated. Test viruses were first concentrated by passage of 20 liters of seeded water through the filter (average filter retention efficiency was {\textgreater}/= 99.8\%), and then the viruses were recovered using various salt-based or proteinaceous eluting solutions. A 1.0\% sodium polyphosphate solution with 0.05 M glycine was determined to be the most effective. The recovered viruses were then further concentrated using Centricon Plus-70 centrifugal ultrafilters to a final volume of 3.3 (+/-0.3 [standard deviation]) ml; this volume compares quite favorably to that of previously described methods, such as organic flocculation ({\textasciitilde}15 to 40 ml). The overall virus recovery efficiencies were 66\% for poliovirus 1, 83\% for echovirus 1, 77\% for coxsackievirus B5, 14\% for adenovirus 2, and 56\% for MS2 coliphage. In addition, this method appears to be compatible with both cell culture and PCR assays. This new approach for the recovery of viruses from water is therefore a viable alternative to currently used methods when small volumes of final concentrate are an advantage.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Filtration/*methods, Virology/*methods, Viruses/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02705-10}, author = {Ikner, L. A. and Soto-Beltran, M. and Bright, K. R.} } @article {14992, title = {New method using a positively charged microporous filter and ultrafiltration for concentration of viruses from tap water}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, month = {may}, pages = {3500{\textendash}6}, abstract = {The methods used to concentrate enteric viruses from water have remained largely unchanged for nearly 30 years, with the most common technique being the use of 1MDS Virozorb filters followed by organic flocculation for secondary concentration. Recently, a few studies have investigated alternatives; however, many of these methods are impractical for use in the field or share some of the limitations of this traditional method. In the present study, the NanoCeram virus sampler, an electropositive pleated microporous filter composed of microglass filaments coated with nanoalumina fibers, was evaluated. Test viruses were first concentrated by passage of 20 liters of seeded water through the filter (average filter retention efficiency was {\textbackslash}textgreater/= 99.8\%), and then the viruses were recovered using various salt-based or proteinaceous eluting solutions. A 1.0\% sodium polyphosphate solution with 0.05 M glycine was determined to be the most effective. The recovered viruses were then further concentrated using Centricon Plus-70 centrifugal ultrafilters to a final volume of 3.3 (+/-0.3 [standard deviation]) ml; this volume compares quite favorably to that of previously described methods, such as organic flocculation ({\textbackslash}textasciitilde15 to 40 ml). The overall virus recovery efficiencies were 66\% for poliovirus 1, 83\% for echovirus 1, 77\% for coxsackievirus B5, 14\% for adenovirus 2, and 56\% for MS2 coliphage. In addition, this method appears to be compatible with both cell culture and PCR assays. This new approach for the recovery of viruses from water is therefore a viable alternative to currently used methods when small volumes of final concentrate are an advantage.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Filtration/*methods, Virology/*methods, Viruses/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02705-10}, author = {Ikner, L. A. and Soto-Beltran, M. and Bright, K. R.} } @article {1634, title = {New method using a positively charged microporous filter and ultrafiltration for concentration of viruses from tap water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, note = {Ikner, Luisa A Soto-Beltran, Marcela Bright, Kelly R eng Comparative Study Evaluation Studies Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2011/03/29 06:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 May;77(10):3500-6. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02705-10. Epub 2011 Mar 25.}, pages = {3500-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The methods used to concentrate enteric viruses from water have remained largely unchanged for nearly 30 years, with the most common technique being the use of 1MDS Virozorb filters followed by organic flocculation for secondary concentration. Recently, a few studies have investigated alternatives; however, many of these methods are impractical for use in the field or share some of the limitations of this traditional method. In the present study, the NanoCeram virus sampler, an electropositive pleated microporous filter composed of microglass filaments coated with nanoalumina fibers, was evaluated. Test viruses were first concentrated by passage of 20 liters of seeded water through the filter (average filter retention efficiency was >/= 99.8\%), and then the viruses were recovered using various salt-based or proteinaceous eluting solutions. A 1.0\% sodium polyphosphate solution with 0.05 M glycine was determined to be the most effective. The recovered viruses were then further concentrated using Centricon Plus-70 centrifugal ultrafilters to a final volume of 3.3 (+/-0.3 [standard deviation]) ml; this volume compares quite favorably to that of previously described methods, such as organic flocculation (~15 to 40 ml). The overall virus recovery efficiencies were 66\% for poliovirus 1, 83\% for echovirus 1, 77\% for coxsackievirus B5, 14\% for adenovirus 2, and 56\% for MS2 coliphage. In addition, this method appears to be compatible with both cell culture and PCR assays. This new approach for the recovery of viruses from water is therefore a viable alternative to currently used methods when small volumes of final concentrate are an advantage.}, keywords = {Filtration/*methods Virology/*methods Viruses/*isolation \& purification *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02705-10}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21441329}, author = {Ikner, L. A. and Soto-Beltran, M. and Bright, K. R.} } @article {10562, title = {{New V. cholerae atypical El Tor variant emerged during the 2006 epidemic outbreak in Angola}}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {130}, author = {Ceccarelli, D and Spagnoletti, M and Bacciu, D and Cappuccinelli, P and Colombo, MM} } @article {9803, title = {{No Title}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {108}, year = {2011}, pages = {87{\textendash}93}, author = {Gonzalez-Moreno, O and Domingo, L and Teixidor, J and Gracenea, M} } @article {9871, title = {{No Title}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {84}, year = {2011}, pages = {883{\textendash}885}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0005}, author = {Stensvold, CR and Christiansen, DB and Olsen, KEP and Nielsen, HV} } @article {5071, title = {Norovirus, hepatitis A virus and enterovirus presence in shellfish from high quality harvesting areas in Portugal}, journal = {Food Microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {936{\textendash}941}, author = {J R Mesquita and Vaz, L and Cerqueira, S and Castilho, F and Santos, R and Monteiro, S and C F Manso and J L Romalde and Nascimento, MS} } @article {5513, title = {{Norovirus infectivity in humans and persistence in water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {19}, year = {2011}, pages = {6884{\textendash}6888}, abstract = {To examine the long-term infectivity of human norovirus in water, 13 study subjects were challenged at different time points with groundwater spiked with the prototype human norovirus, Norwalk virus. Norwalk virus spiked in groundwater remained infectious after storage at room temperature in the dark for 61 days (the last time point tested). The Norwalk virus-seeded groundwater was stored for 1,266 days and analyzed, after RNase treatment, by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to detect Norwalk virus RNA contained within intact capsids. Norwalk virus RNA within intact capsids was detected in groundwater for 1,266 days, with no significant log(10) reduction throughout 427 days and a significant 1.10-log(10) reduction by day 1266. Purified Norwalk virus RNA (extracted from Norwalk virus virions) persisted for 14 days in groundwater, tap water, and reagent-grade water. This study demonstrates that Norwalk virus in groundwater can remain detectable for over 3 years and can remain infectious for at least 61 days. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00313404.).}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.05806-11}, author = {Scot R Seitz and Juan S Leon and Kellogg J Schwab and Marshall G Lyon and Dowd, Melissa and McDaniels, Marisa and Abdulhafid, Gwen and Marina L Fernandez and Lisa C Lindesmith and Ralph S Baric and Christine L Moe} } @article {7263, title = {Norovirus {Infectivity} in {Humans} and {Persistence} in {Water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {19}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {6884{\textendash}6888}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.05806-11}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.05806-11}, author = {Seitz, S. R. and Leon, J. S. and Schwab, K. J. and Lyon, G. M. and Dowd, M. and McDaniels, M. and Abdulhafid, G. and Fernandez, M. L. and Lindesmith, L. C. and Baric, R. S. and Moe, C. L.} } @article {9123, title = {{Norovirus infectivity in humans and persistence in water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {19}, year = {2011}, pages = {6884{\textendash}6888}, abstract = {To examine the long-term infectivity of human norovirus in water, 13 study subjects were challenged at different time points with groundwater spiked with the prototype human norovirus, Norwalk virus. Norwalk virus spiked in groundwater remained infectious after storage at room temperature in the dark for 61 days (the last time point tested). The Norwalk virus-seeded groundwater was stored for 1,266 days and analyzed, after RNase treatment, by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to detect Norwalk virus RNA contained within intact capsids. Norwalk virus RNA within intact capsids was detected in groundwater for 1,266 days, with no significant log(10) reduction throughout 427 days and a significant 1.10-log(10) reduction by day 1266. Purified Norwalk virus RNA (extracted from Norwalk virus virions) persisted for 14 days in groundwater, tap water, and reagent-grade water. This study demonstrates that Norwalk virus in groundwater can remain detectable for over 3 years and can remain infectious for at least 61 days. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00313404.)}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.05806-11}, author = {Seitz, Scot R and Leon, Juan S and Schwab, Kellogg J and Lyon, G Marshall and Dowd, Melissa and McDaniels, Marisa and Abdulhafid, Gwen and Fernandez, Marina L and Lindesmith, Lisa C and Baric, Ralph S and Moe, Christine L} } @article {5539, title = {A norovirus outbreak associated with environmental contamination at a hotel}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {139}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {317{\textendash}325}, abstract = {

SUMMARYIn December 2006, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred involving 372 guests and 72 employees at a hotel after a guest vomited in corridors on the third (F3) and 25th (F25) floors. Norovirus with identical genotype was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in faecal samples from guest cases and employees. Spread of the outbreak on F25 was compared with that on F3. The attack rate in the guests who visited F25 alone (15\·0{\%}, 106/708 guests) was significantly higher than in those who visited F3 alone (3\·5{\%}, 163/4710 guests) (relative risk 4\·3, 95{\%} confidence interval 3\·4-5\·5, P {\textless} 0\·001). The outbreak on F3 ended within 2 days, while that on F25 extended over 7 days. The environmental ratios of F3 to F25 were 7\·4 for volume, 6\·9 for floor area and 7\·6 for ventilation rate. This outbreak suggests that environmental differences can affect the propagation and persistence of a norovirus outbreak following environmental contamination.

}, keywords = {disease epidemiology, environmental management, Gastroenteritis, Infectious, infectious disease control, norwalk agent and related, Viruses}, isbn = {1469-4409 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0950-2688 (Linking)}, issn = {0950-2688}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268810000981}, author = {Kimura, H and Nagano, K and Kimura, N and Shimizu, M and Ueno, Y and Morikane, K and Okabe, N} } @article {13061, title = {Norovirus outbreak caused by a new septic system in a dolomite aquifer}, journal = {Groundwater}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {85{\textendash}97}, author = {Borchardt, Mark A and Bradbury, Kenneth R and A E Calvin and Kolberg, Rhonda J and Alexander, Scott C and Archer, John R and Braatz, Laurel A and Forest, Brian M and Green, Jeffrey A and Spencer, Susan K} } @article {6561, title = {Norovirus {Outbreak} {Caused} by a {New} {Septic} {System} in a {Dolomite} {Aquifer}}, journal = {Ground Water}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {85{\textendash}97}, issn = {0017467X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00686.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00686.x}, author = {Borchardt, Mark A. and Bradbury, Kenneth R. and Alexander, E. Calvin and Kolberg, Rhonda J. and Alexander, Scott C. and Archer, John R. and Braatz, Laurel A. and Forest, Brian M. and Green, Jeffrey A. and Spencer, Susan K.} } @booklet {4311, title = {{North Carolina Administrative Code 15A NCAC 2U}}, year = {2011}, publisher = {North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality}, address = {Raleigh, USA} } @article {4372, title = {{Novel Bacteroides host strains for detection of human- and animal-specific bacteriophages in water.}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {159{\textendash}68}, abstract = {

Bacteriophages active against specific Bacteroides host strains were shown to be suitable for detection of human faecal pollution. However, the practical application of this finding is limited because some specific host strains were restricted to certain geographic regions. In this study, novel Bacteroides host strains were isolated that discriminate human and animal faecal pollution in Switzerland. Two strains specific for bacteriophages present in human faecal contamination and three strains specific for bacteriophages indicating animal faecal contamination were evaluated. Bacteriophages infecting human strains were exclusively found in human wastewater, whereas animal strains detected bacteriophages only in animal waste. The newly isolated host strains could be used to determine the source of surface and spring water faecal contamination in field situations. Applying the newly isolated host Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ARABA 84 for detection of bacteriophages allowed the detection of human faecal contamination in spring water.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: classification, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides, Bacteroides: classification, Bacteroides: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides: virology, Cattle, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: virology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Horses, Humans, Swine, Switzerland, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution, Water Pollution: analysis, Water Supply}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2010.165}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21301124}, author = {Wicki, Melanie and Auckenthaler, Adrian and Felleisen, Richard and Tanner, Marcel and Baumgartner, Andreas} } @article {16076, title = {A novel combination of selective agents for isolation of Leptospira species}, journal = {Microbiol ImmunolMicrobiol ImmunolMicrobiol Immunol}, volume = {55}, number = {7}, year = {2011}, month = {May 5}, pages = {494-501}, isbn = {1348-0421 (Electronic)
0385-5600 (Linking)}, author = {Chakraborty, A. and Miyahara, S. and Villanueva, S. Y. and Saito, M. and Gloriani, N. G. and Yoshida, S. I.} } @article {983, title = {A novel human polyomavirus closely related to the african green monkey-derived lymphotropic polyomavirus}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {85}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {4586{\textendash}4590}, abstract = {

We identified a novel human polyomavirus from a kidney transplant patient under immunosuppressive treatment, by use of a generic PCR. The genome of the virus was completely amplified and sequenced. In phylogenetic analyses, it appeared as the closest relative to the African green monkey-derived lymphotropic polyomavirus (LPV). Further investigation of clinical samples from immunocompromised patients with specific nested PCR revealed additional positive samples, indicating that the virus naturally infects humans. The virus was tentatively named human polyomavirus 9 (HPyV9). The previously observed seroreactivity to LPV in human populations might find a partial explanation in the circulation of HPyV9.

}, isbn = {1098-5514 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0022-538X (Linking)}, issn = {0022-538X}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.02602-10}, author = {Scuda, Nelly and Hofmann, J{\"o}rg and Calvignac-Spencer, S{\'e}bastien and Ruprecht, Klemens and Liman, Peter and K{\"u}hn, Joachim and Hengel, Hartmut and Ehlers, Bernhard} } @article {5928, title = {{A novel member of the family Hepeviridae from cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii)}}, journal = {Virus Research}, volume = {158}, year = {2011}, pages = {116{\textendash}123}, author = {Batts, W and Yun, S and Hedrick, R and Winton, J} } @mastersthesis {6473, title = {Numerical and experimental modeling of double displacement oil recovery in fractured carbonate reservoirs}, year = {2011}, note = {0828168}, school = {Colorado School of Mines}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Waterflooding has been the most popular post-primary production approach for improving oil recovery. The remaining average oil after waterflood is typically much greater than sixty percent of the initial oil-in-place (National Petroleum Council, 2007). In reservoirs with large structural relief, gas injection can produce much of the post-waterflood remaining oil by gravity drainage. This tertiary oil recovery method is known as the double displacement process (DDP). One major reason for using gas injection after waterflooding is that the three-phase residual oil saturation is generally smaller than the two-phase residual oil saturation for water-oil displacement. A second reason is the high-efficiency of the gas-oil gravity drainage. Finally, another significant reason is the favorable wettability conditions of some formations. Field data gathered for this project indicates that the DDP has been successful in single-porosity sandstone formations. Intuitively, one would expect that DDP to produce similar results in reservoirs with ample intercommoned vertical fractures. This is the objective of this research, which specifically focuses on evaluating the DDP in fractured carbonate reservoirs where the wettability ranges from neutral to oil-wet conditions. The research is primarily about (1) assessment of the DDP based on experiments in fractured cores using a high speed centrifuge, and (2) simulating these experiments numerically. The procedure used to upscale laboratory results to field included numerical simulation and well-established scaling rules. The thesis includes the results of water injection oil recovery followed by gas injection oil recovery in fractured and unfractured cores, and numerical simulation results of matching the experiments. It is shown how the laboratory results can be scaled to field. The cores are from a major offshore Abu Dhabi carbonate reservoir. The incremental oil recovery was a function of reservoir facies, pore structure and presence of fractures. For an example, a DDP oil recovery from a 1.8-md fractured core, with rudist-bivalve facies, produced 50\% from forced water imbibition and an additional 32\% from gas-invoked gravity drainage. It was concluded that the DDP is a technically effective oil recovery method in fractured carbonate reservoirs depending on favorable permeability and pore structure.}, keywords = {0765:Petroleum engineering, Applied sciences, Fractures reservoirs, Oil recovery, Petroleum engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/921618085?accountid=14270}, author = {Al-Sumaiti, Ali M.} } @article {16957, title = {Occurrence and removal of parasites, enteric bacteria and faecal contamination indicators in wastewater natural reclamation systems in Tenerife-Canary Islands, Spain}, journal = {Ecological engineering}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {496{\textendash}503}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Abreu-Acosta, N{\'e}stor and Vera, Luisa} } @article {13166, title = {Occurrence of Aeromonas spp. in a random sample of drinking water distribution systems in the USA}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {785-798}, author = {Egorov, A. I. and Best, J. M. and Frebis, C. P. and Karapondo, M. S.} } @article {9810, title = {{Occurrence of Blastocystis in Water of Two Rivers from Recreational Areas in Malaysia}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {123916}, doi = {10.1155/2011/123916}, author = {Ithoi, I and Jali, A and Mak, JW and Sulaiman, W and Mahmud, R} } @article {14719, title = {Occurrence of norovirus and other enteric viruses in untreated groundwaters of {Korea}}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {9}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {544{\textendash}55}, abstract = {A total of 39 water samples from 23 different groundwater wells in Korea were collected and analyzed in order to monitor the occurrence of norovirus (NoV) and other indicator microbes as the first part of a national survey of groundwater. More than 500 L of untreated groundwater were filtered through 1MDS filters. Following elution and concentration by organic flocculation, PCR and sequence analysis were employed to detect and identify NoV, enterovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus and adenovirus (Adv). Somatic and F-specific phages, heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms and Escherichia coli were also analyzed to infer possible fecal contamination. NoVs were detected in 18\% of the 39 samples. Five out of seven NoV-positive samples (71\%) were identified as GI while the other two (29\%) were GII. Enteroviruses and Advs were detected in two and three samples, respectively. Rotavirus and hepatitis A virus were not detected. Total coliforms, E. coli and coliphages were detected in 49, 15 and 13\% of the samples, respectively, but did not appear to be suitable indicators of enteric virus contamination in groundwater. These results suggest that additional treatment may be needed for a significant number of groundwaters prior to use as drinking water.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Coliphages/isolation \& purification, DNA Primers, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Feces/microbiology, Groundwater/*virology, Humans, Norovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Republic of Korea, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Water Pollutants/*analysis, Water quality}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.142}, author = {Jung, J. H. and Yoo, C. H. and Koo, E. S. and Kim, H. M. and Na, Y. and Jheong, W. H. and Jeong, Y. S.} } @article {4273, title = {{Occurrence of norovirus and other enteric viruses in untreated groundwaters of Korea.}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {544{\textendash}55}, abstract = {

A total of 39 water samples from 23 different groundwater wells in Korea were collected and analyzed in order to monitor the occurrence of norovirus (NoV) and other indicator microbes as the first part of a national survey of groundwater. More than 500 L of untreated groundwater were filtered through 1MDS filters. Following elution and concentration by organic flocculation, PCR and sequence analysis were employed to detect and identify NoV, enterovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus and adenovirus (Adv). Somatic and F-specific phages, heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms and Escherichia coli were also analyzed to infer possible fecal contamination. NoVs were detected in 18{\%} of the 39 samples. Five out of seven NoV-positive samples (71{\%}) were identified as GI while the other two (29{\%}) were GII. Enteroviruses and Advs were detected in two and three samples, respectively. Rotavirus and hepatitis A virus were not detected. Total coliforms, E. coli and coliphages were detected in 49, 15 and 13{\%} of the samples, respectively, but did not appear to be suitable indicators of enteric virus contamination in groundwater. These results suggest that additional treatment may be needed for a significant number of groundwaters prior to use as drinking water.

}, keywords = {Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, DNA Primers, enterovirus, Enterovirus: genetics, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Groundwater, Groundwater: virology, Humans, Norovirus, Norovirus: genetics, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Republic of Korea, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: analysis, Water quality}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2011.142}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21976201}, author = {Jung, Ji Hee and Yoo, Chang Hoon and Koo, Eung Seo and Kim, Hak Min and Na, Youjin and Weon H Jheong and Jeong, Yong Seok} } @article {4040, title = {{Occurrence, source, and human infection potential of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in source and tap water in Shanghai, China}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, pages = {3609{\textendash}3616}, author = {Feng, Y and Zhao, X and Chen, J and Jin, W and Zhou, X and Li, N and Wang, L and Xiao, L} } @article {15716, title = {Occurrence, source, and human infection potential of cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in source and tap water in shanghai, china}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, month = {Jun}, pages = {3609-16}, edition = {2011/04/19}, keywords = {Animals, Calcium Carbonate/chemistry, Cattle, Chemical Fractionation, China, Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, DNA, Protozoan/genetics, genotype, Giardia/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Humans, Microscopy, Molecular Epidemiology, Parasitology/methods, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Swine, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Feng, Y. and Zhao, X. and Chen, J. and Jin, W. and Zhou, X. and Li, N. and Wang, L. and Xiao, L.} } @article {12639, title = {Occurrence, transformation, and fate of antibiotics in municipal wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Critical reviews in environmental science and technologyCritical reviews in environmental science and technology}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {951-998}, isbn = {1064-3389}, author = {Zhang, Tong and Li, Bing} } @article {10984, title = {Occurrences of eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes in nails of street inhabitants in {Dhaka} {City}}, journal = {Journal of Life and Earth Science; Vol 5 (2010)}, volume = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {75{\textendash}79}, abstract = {This study was carried out during the months of May and August, 2008 to determine the prevalence of eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes in nails of children, mother, venders and rickshaw pullers in Dhaka city. Out of 120 individuals, 77 were infected with different nematodes and the prevalence was 64.16\%. Ascaris lumbricoides infestation was positive for 39 persons (50.65\%), Trichuris trichiura for 18 (23.37\%) and Ancylostoma duodenale for 20 (25.97\%). Prevalence of nematode parasites in left hand of children in the age group 2-4 years had the highest prevalence (80\%) in comparison with the left hand of the rickshaw pullers (75.75\%). The highest infection was 80\% among the people who used to wash their hands with only water after defaecation, 72.22\% who washed their hands with soil and water, and only 12.5\% who washed with soap and water. It was also found that 61 peoples did not cut their nails regularly and the infection rate was 79.22\%. On the other hand, those who cut their nails regularly, the infection rate were 37.20\%. A higher rate of infestation was thus found to be associated with poor socioeconomic conditions, poor sanitation, poor ecological conditions, general ignorance, unawareness of personal hygiene and miscellaneous bad habits. Key words: Gastrointestinal nematodes; eggs and larvae; nails; street inhabitants; Dhaka City. DOI: 10.3329/jles.v5i0.7354 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 5: 75-79, 2010}, keywords = {Dhaka City, eggs and larvae, Gastrointestinal nematodes, nails, street inhabitants}, url = {https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JLES/article/view/7354}, author = {Khanum, Hamida and Islam, Md Riajul and Parvin, Safia} } @booklet {11205, title = {{Ocular Toxocariasis {\textendash}- United States, 2009{\textendash}2010}}, year = {2011}, url = {https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6022a2.htm}, author = {CDC} } @article {3686, title = {One year environmental surveillance of rotavirus species A (RVA) genotypes in circulation after the introduction of the Rotarix vaccine in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {5755{\textendash}5763}, abstract = {

Rotavirus specie A \{\{\}(RVA)\{\}\} infection is the leading cause of severe acute diarrhea among young children worldwide. To reduce this major \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} health impact, the \{\{\}Rotarix\{\&\}\{\#\}xAE;\{\}\} vaccine \{\{\}(GlaxoSmithKline,\{\}\} Rixensart, Belgium) was introduced in the Brazilian Expanded Immunization Program in March 2006 and became available to the entire birth cohort. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spread of \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} in the environment after the introduction of \{\{\}Rotarix\{\&\}\{\#\}xAE;\{\}\} in Brazil. For this purpose, a Wastewater Treatment Plant \{\{\}(WTP)\{\}\} in Rio de Janeiro was monitored for one year to detect, characterize and discriminate \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} genotypes and identify possible circulation of vaccine strains. Using \{\{\}TaqMan\{\&\}\{\#\}xAE;\{\}\} quantitative \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} \{\{\}(qPCR),\{\}\} \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} was detected in 100\{\%\} (mean viral loads from \{\{\}2.40\{\&\}\{\#\}xD7;10(5)\{\}\} to \{\{\}1.16\{\&\}\{\#\}xD7;10(7)\{\}\} genome copies \{\{\}(GC)/L)\{\}\} of sewage influent samples and 71\{\%\} (mean viral loads from \{\{\}1.35\{\&\}\{\#\}xD7;10(3)\{\}\} to \{\{\}1.64\{\&\}\{\#\}xD7;10(5)GC/L)\{\}\} of sewage effluent samples. The most prevalent \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} genotypes were P[4], P[6] and G2, based on \{\{\}VP4\{\}\} and \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} classification. Direct nucleotide sequencing \{\{\}(NSP4\{\}\} fragment) and restriction enzyme digestion \{\{\}(NSP3)\{\}\} analysis did not detect \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} vaccine-like strains from the sewage samples. These data on \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} detection, quantification and molecular characterization highlight the importance of environmental monitoring as a tool to study \{\{\}RVA\{\}\} epidemiology in the surrounding human population and may be useful on ongoing vaccine monitoring programs, since sewage may be a good screening option for a rapid and economical overview of the circulating genotypes.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.039}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.039}, author = {Fumian, Tulio M and Leite, Jos{\'e} P P and Rose, Tatiana L and Prado, Tatiana and Miagostovich, Marize P} } @article {1059, title = {One-year monthly survey of rotavirus, astrovirus and norovirus in three sewage treatment plants {(STPs)} in Beijing, China and associated health risk assessment}, year = {2011}, author = {He, XQ and Cheng, L and Zhang, DY and Xie, XM} } @article {2697, title = {One-year monthly survey of rotavirus, astrovirus and norovirus in three sewage treatment plants {(STPs)} in Beijing, China and associated health risk assessment}, year = {2011}, author = {He, XQ and Cheng, L and Zhang, DY and Xie, XM} } @book {15030, title = {Onsite {Sewage} {Treatment} and {Disposal} {Systems}: {Viruses}}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, publisher = {Series of the Soil and Water Science Department, UF/IFAS Extension}, organization = {Series of the Soil and Water Science Department, UF/IFAS Extension}, url = {http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu}, author = {Lusk, M and Toor, GS and Obreza, T} } @article {8431, title = {{Oocyst ingestion as an important transmission route of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazilian urban children}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {97}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {1080{\textendash}1084}, author = {Dattoli, VC and Veiga, RV and Cunha, SS and Pontes-de-Carvalho, L and Barreto, ML and Alc{\^a}ntara-Neves, NM} } @article {9759, title = {{Opportunistic and other intestinal parasites among HIV/AIDS patients attending Gambi higher in Bahir Dar City, North West Ethiopia}}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine}, volume = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {661{\textendash}665}, doi = {10.1016/S1995-7645(11)80168-5}, author = {Alemu, A and Shiferaw, Y and Getnet, G and Yalew, A and Addis, Z} } @article {10755, title = {{Oral vaccines against cholera}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {52}, year = {2011}, pages = {1343{\textendash}1349}, author = {Shin, S and Desai, SN and Sah, BK and J D Clemens} } @article {15466, title = {Oriental schistosomiasis with neurological complications: case report}, journal = {Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob}, volume = {10}, year = {2011}, note = {Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Case Reports
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England}, month = {Feb 07}, pages = {5}, abstract = {We describe a case of cerebral schistosomiasis, caused by Asian (oriental) Schistosoma japonicum trematode blood flukes, in a young Chinese patient and its management. We also provide a brief update for physicians on the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis, with particular emphasis on neuroschistosomiasis, the most severe clinical outcome associated with this parasitic infection.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Animals, China, Female, Humans, Neuroschistosomiasis/*diagnosis/parasitology/therapy, Schistosoma japonicum/isolation \& purification}, isbn = {1476-0711 (Electronic)
1476-0711 (Linking)}, author = {Li, Y. and Ross, A. G. and Hou, X. and Lou, Z. and McManus, D. P.} } @article {16005, title = {Oriental schistosomiasis with neurological complications: case report}, journal = {Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob}, volume = {10}, year = {2011}, pages = {5}, author = {Li, Y. and Ross, A.G. and Hou, X. and Lou, Z. and McManus, D.P.} } @article {12753, title = {{A paragonimiasis patient with allergic reaction to praziquantel and resistant to triclabendazole: successful treatment after desensitization to praziquantel}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {49}, year = {2011}, pages = {73{\textendash}77}, author = {Kyung, SY and Cho, YK and Kim, YJ and Park, JW and S H Jeong and Lee, JI and Sung, YM and Lee, SP} } @article {12703, title = {{Paragonimus worm from a New Guinea native in 1926}}, journal = {Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine}, volume = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {76{\textendash}78}, author = {Wang, W and Blair, D and Min, T and Li, F and Wang, D} } @article {12070, title = {Pathogen destruction and solids decomposition in composting latrines: study of fundamental mechanisms and user operation in rural Panama}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, note = {Mehl, Jessica
Kaiser, Josephine
Hurtado, Daniel
Gibson, Daragh A
Izurieta, Ricardo
Mihelcic, James R
eng
England
2011/02/09 06:00
J Water Health. 2011 Mar;9(1):187-99. doi: 10.2166/wh.2010.138.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {187-99}, abstract = {The relationship between temperature, high pH, desiccation, decomposition, pathogen destruction, and user operation in active double vault urine diverting (DVUD) composting latrines located in the Bocas del Toro region of Panama was assessed. Latrine samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, \% moisture, carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and presence of specific pathogens. Surveys and visual inspections were used to verify use and type of dry material desiccant added. Measurements supported findings that compost latrines do not reach temperatures sufficient to destroy all pathogens. pH measurements showed that many latrines were operating within the range for ideal aerobic decomposition, a pH of 7.5-8.5, but only 17\% of latrines measured pH 9 or above. Almost 100\% of composting latrine users added sawdust and wood ash, to lower moisture level and provide carbon for decomposition. However, the recommended amount of desiccant added was insufficient to reduce moisture to the suggested 25\% for pathogen destruction and C/N ratios remained in the range of raw human faeces. Importantly, pathogens, mainly helminths, were still present in compost stored for the 6-month contact time. The latrines have conflicting goals of pathogen destruction and aerobic decomposition. Recommendations are made regarding operation of composting latrines and disposal of composted material.}, keywords = {*Biodegradation, Environmental, *Toilet Facilities, Animals, Bacteria/classification/isolation \& purification, Carbon/*analysis, Entamoeba/isolation \& purification, Feces/chemistry/*microbiology/*parasitology, Giardia lamblia/isolation \& purification, Helminths/classification/isolation \& purification, Humans, Hygroscopic Agents/chemistry, Nitrogen/*analysis, Panama, Soil, Temperature}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920 (Linking)}, author = {J Mehl and Kaiser, J. and Hurtado, D. and Gibson, D. A. and Izurieta, R. and J R Mihelcic} } @article {16562, title = {Pathogen destruction and solids decomposition in composting latrines: study of fundamental mechanisms and user operation in rural {Panama}}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {187{\textendash}99}, abstract = {The relationship between temperature, high pH, desiccation, decomposition, pathogen destruction, and user operation in active double vault urine diverting (DVUD) composting latrines located in the Bocas del Toro region of Panama was assessed. Latrine samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, \% moisture, carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and presence of specific pathogens. Surveys and visual inspections were used to verify use and type of dry material desiccant added. Measurements supported findings that compost latrines do not reach temperatures sufficient to destroy all pathogens. pH measurements showed that many latrines were operating within the range for ideal aerobic decomposition, a pH of 7.5-8.5, but only 17\% of latrines measured pH 9 or above. Almost 100\% of composting latrine users added sawdust and wood ash, to lower moisture level and provide carbon for decomposition. However, the recommended amount of desiccant added was insufficient to reduce moisture to the suggested 25\% for pathogen destruction and C/N ratios remained in the range of raw human faeces. Importantly, pathogens, mainly helminths, were still present in compost stored for the 6-month contact time. The latrines have conflicting goals of pathogen destruction and aerobic decomposition. Recommendations are made regarding operation of composting latrines and disposal of composted material.}, keywords = {*Biodegradation, *Toilet Facilities, Animals, Bacteria/classification/isolation \& purification, Carbon/*analysis, Entamoeba/isolation \& purification, Environmental, Feces/chemistry/*microbiology/*parasitology, Giardia lamblia/isolation \& purification, Helminths/classification/isolation \& purification, Humans, Hygroscopic Agents/chemistry, Nitrogen/*analysis, Panama, Soil, Temperature}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2010.138}, author = {J Mehl and Kaiser, J. and Hurtado, D. and Gibson, D. A. and Izurieta, R. and J R Mihelcic} } @article {10299, title = {Pathogen destruction and solids decomposition in composting latrines: study of fundamental mechanisms and user operation in rural Panama}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {187{\textendash}199}, author = {Mehl, Jessica and Kaiser, Josephine and Hurtado, Daniel and Gibson, Daragh A and Izurieta, Ricardo and Mihelcic, James R} } @article {13397, title = {{Pathogen destruction and solids decomposition in composting latrines: study of fundamental mechanisms and user operation in rural Panama}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {187{\textendash}199}, author = {J Mehl and Kaiser, J and Hurtado, D and D A Gibson and Izurieta, R and J R Mihelcic} } @article {17314, title = {Pathogen removal in farm-scale psychrophilic anaerobic digesters processing swine manure}, journal = {Bioresource TechnologyBioresource Technology}, volume = {102}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {Jan}, pages = {641-646}, keywords = {Anaerobic digestion, cattle dung, destruction, Ecology, Indicator bacteria, Pathogens, psychrophilic, reduction, slurries, Storage, Survival, swine manure, SYSTEMS, waste-water}, isbn = {0960-8524}, author = {Masse, D. and Gilbert, Y. and Topp, E.} } @booklet {1672, title = {Pathogenic microorganisms and viruses in groundwater}, volume = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {1-66}, publisher = {acatech {\textendash} Deutsche Akademie Der Technikwissenschaften https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CCIQFjAAahUKEwij8cTR_ovHAhVnndsKHScRBjM\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.acatech.de\%2Ffileadmin\%2Fuser_upload\%2FBaumstruktur_nach_Website\%2F}, type = {Electronic Article}, abstract = {Groundwater represents the quantitative most important freshwater resource on our planet. Generally well protected by overlaying soil and sediment layers, it is a valued source for drinking water. Along with demographic development and global change the quality of groundwater is increasingly challenged by anthropogenic impacts including the direct and indirect introduction of potentially harmful pathogenic microorganisms and viruses. Does this pose a new risk to human health? This review paper provides a brief summary on (1) the diversity of pathogens continuously or occasionally found in groundwater, (2) their sources and ways of entry to groundwater systems, (3) their transport and attenuation, as well as (4) their survival and potential growth in aquifers. Further sections of the paper focus on (5) drinking water contamination and disease outbreaks, (6) developments in pathogen detection and the use of indicator organism. Finally, the report (7) highlights knowledge gaps and open research questions and provides recommendations for safeguarding groundwater and drinking water resources.}, author = {Krauss, S. and Griebler, C} } @article {4318, title = {{Pathogens in water: value and limits of correlation with microbial indicators.}}, journal = {Ground Water}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {4{\textendash}11}, abstract = {

This article discusses the value and limitations of using microbial indicators to predict occurrence of enteric pathogens in water. Raw or treated sewage is a primary source of fecal contamination of the receiving surface water or groundwater; hence, understanding the relationship between pathogens and indicators in sewage is an important step in understanding the correlation in receiving waters. This article presents three different datasets representing different concentrations of pathogens and microbial indicators: sewage containing high concentrations of pathogens and indicators, surface water with variable concentrations, and groundwater with low concentrations. In sewage, even with very high levels of microorganisms, no mathematical correlation can predict the type or concentration of any pathogen. After discharge in the environment, direct correlation becomes biologically improbable as dilution, transport, and different inactivation rates occur in various environments. In surface waters, advanced statistical methods such as logistic regression have provided some level of predictability of the occurrence of pathogens but not specific counts. In groundwater, the continuous absence of indicators indicates an improbable occurrence of pathogen. In contrast, when these indicators are detected, pathogen occurrence probability increases significantly. In groundwater, given the nature and dissemination pattern of pathogenic microorganisms, a direct correlation with fecal microbial indicators is not observed and should not be expected. However, the indicators are still useful as a measure of risk. In summary, many pathogens of public health importance do not behave like fecal microbial indicators, and there is still no absolute indicator of their presence, only a probability of their co-occurrence.

}, keywords = {Environmental monitoring, Rivers, Rivers: microbiology, Rivers: virology, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Sewage: virology, Water Microbiology, Water Movements}, issn = {1745-6584}, doi = {10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00710.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20477877}, author = {Payment, Pierre and Locas, Annie} } @article {6701, title = {Pathogens in {Water}: {Value} and {Limits} of {Correlation} with {Microbial} {Indicators}}, journal = {Ground Water}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {4{\textendash}11}, issn = {0017467X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00710.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00710.x}, author = {Payment, Pierre and Locas, Annie} } @book {16354, title = {Performance Criteria}, year = {2011}, note = {pp 7-30}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, edition = {Microbial Source Tracking: Methods, Applications, and Case Studies}, address = {New York}, author = {Harwood, V. J. and Stoeckel, D. M.}, editor = {Hagedorn, C., and Blanch, A.R.} } @article {10162, title = {{Performance evaluation of different wastewater treatment technologies operating in a developing country}}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {37{\textendash}56}, author = {Oliveira, SC and von Sperling, M} } @article {5205, title = {{Performance evaluation of different wastewater treatment technologies operating in a developing country}}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {37{\textendash}56}, abstract = {

This article analyses the performance of 166 wastewater treatment plants operating in Brazil, comprising six different treatment processes: septic tank\þanaerobic filter, facultative pond, anaerobic pond\þfacultative pond, activated sludge, UASB reactors alone, UASB reactors followed by post-treatment. The study evaluates and compares the observed effluent quality and the removal efficiencies in terms of BOD, COD, TSS, TN, TP and FC with typical values reported in the technical literature. In view of the large performance variability observed, the existence of a relationship between design/operational parameters and treatment performance was investigated. From the results obtained, no consistent relationship between loading rates and effluent quality was found. The influence of loading rates differed from plant to plant, and the effluent quality was dictated by several combined factors related to design and operation.

}, keywords = {2.5 removal, 2.7 performance, Developing Countries, effluent quality, performance evaluation, UASB, Wastewater treatment}, issn = {2043-9083}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2011.022}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/washdev/001/washdev0010037.htm}, author = {Oliveira, S{\'\i}lvia C. and von Sperling, M} } @article {5312, title = {Performance evaluation of different wastewater treatment technologies operating in a developing country}, journal = {Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {37{\textendash}56}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Oliveira, S{\'\i}lvia C and Von Sperling, Marcos} } @article {6659, title = {Persistence and diversity of faecal coliform and enterococci populations in faecally polluted waters: {Persistence} of faecal bacteria in water}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {111}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {jul}, pages = {209{\textendash}215}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05028.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05028.x}, author = {Bonjoch, X. and Garcia-Aljaro, C. and Blanch, A.R.} } @article {7264, title = {Persistence of microbial and chemical pig manure markers as compared to faecal indicator bacteria survival in freshwater and seawater microcosms}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {15}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {4623{\textendash}4633}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.06.012}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135411003460}, author = {Solecki, O. and Jeanneau, L. and Jard{\'e}, E. and Gourmelon, M. and Marin, C. and A M Pourcher} } @inbook {4269, title = {{Phage Methods}}, booktitle = {Microbial Source Tracking: Methods, Applications, and Case Studies}, year = {2011}, pages = {137{\textendash}156}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, chapter = {6}, address = {New York, NY }, author = {Jofre, J. and JR Stewart and Grabow, W}, editor = {Hagedorn, C and Blanch, AR and Harwood, VJ} } @inbook {17112, title = {Phage methods}, booktitle = {Microbial Source Tracking: Methods, Applications, and Case Studies}, year = {2011}, pages = {137{\textendash}156}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, author = {Jofre, Juan and Stewart, Jill R and Grabow, Willie} } @article {13137, title = {Phenotypic characteristics of human clinical and environmental Aeromonas in Western Australia}, journal = {Pathology.}, volume = {43}, year = {2011}, pages = {350-356}, author = {M. Aravena-Roman and Chang, B. J. and Riley, T. V. and Inglis, T. J.} } @article {8210, title = {{Phylogeographic origin of Helicobacter pylori is a determinant of gastric cancer risk.}}, journal = {Gut}, volume = {60}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {1189{\textendash}95}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Helicobacter pylori colonises the stomach in half of all humans, and is the principal cause of gastric cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. While gastric cancer rates correlate with H pylori prevalence in some areas, there are regions where infection is nearly universal, but rates of gastric cancer are low. In the case of Colombia, there is a 25-fold increase in gastric cancer rate in the Andean mountain (high risk) region compared to the coastal (low risk) region, despite similarly high (\~{}90{\%}) prevalence of H pylori in the two locations. Our aim was to investigate the ancestral origin of H pylori strains isolated from subjects in these high- and low-risk regions and to determine whether this is a predictive determinant of precancerous lesions. METHODS: Multi-locus sequence typing was used to investigate phylogeographic origins of infecting H pylori strains isolated from subjects in the Pacific coast and Andes Mountains in the state of Nari{\~n}o, Colombia. We analysed 64 subjects infected with cagA+ vacA s1m1 strains. Gastric biopsy slides from each individual were scored for histological lesions and evaluated for DNA damage by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: We show that strains from the high-risk region were all of European phylogeographic origin, whereas those from the low risk region were of either European (34{\%}) or African origin (66{\%}). European strain origin was strongly predictive of increased premalignant histological lesions and epithelial DNA damage, even in the low-risk region; African strain origin was associated with reduced severity of these parameters. CONCLUSION: The phylogeographic origin of H pylori strains provides an explanation for geographic differences in cancer risk deriving from this infection.}, keywords = {Adult, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Biopsy, Cell Transformation, DNA Damage, Gastric Mucosa, Gastric Mucosa: metabolism, Gastric Mucosa: microbiology, Gastric Mucosa: pathology, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: complications, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, Helicobacter Infections: pathology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: classification, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: pathogenicity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplastic, Neoplastic: genetics, Phylogeny, Precancerous Conditions, Precancerous Conditions: genetics, Precancerous Conditions: microbiology, Precancerous Conditions: pathology, Stomach Neoplasms, Stomach Neoplasms: genetics, Stomach Neoplasms: microbiology, Stomach Neoplasms: pathology}, issn = {1468-3288}, doi = {10.1136/gut.2010.234468}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3133872{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {de Sablet, Thibaut and M B Piazuelo and Shaffer, Carrie L and Schneider, Barbara G and Asim, Mohammad and Chaturvedi, Rupesh and Bravo, Luis E and Sicinschi, Liviu A and Delgado, Alberto G and Mera, Robertino M and Israel, Dawn A and Romero-Gallo, Judith and Peek, Richard M and Cover, Timothy L and Correa, Pelayo and Wilson, Keith T} } @article {13838, title = {Phylogeographic origin of {Helicobacter} pylori is a determinant of gastric cancer risk.}, journal = {Gut}, volume = {60}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {1189{\textendash}95}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Helicobacter pylori colonises the stomach in half of all humans, and is the principal cause of gastric cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. While gastric cancer rates correlate with H pylori prevalence in some areas, there are regions where infection is nearly universal, but rates of gastric cancer are low. In the case of Colombia, there is a 25-fold increase in gastric cancer rate in the Andean mountain (high risk) region compared to the coastal (low risk) region, despite similarly high (\~{}90\%) prevalence of H pylori in the two locations. Our aim was to investigate the ancestral origin of H pylori strains isolated from subjects in these high- and low-risk regions and to determine whether this is a predictive determinant of precancerous lesions. METHODS: Multi-locus sequence typing was used to investigate phylogeographic origins of infecting H pylori strains isolated from subjects in the Pacific coast and Andes Mountains in the state of Nari{\~n}o, Colombia. We analysed 64 subjects infected with cagA+ vacA s1m1 strains. Gastric biopsy slides from each individual were scored for histological lesions and evaluated for DNA damage by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: We show that strains from the high-risk region were all of European phylogeographic origin, whereas those from the low risk region were of either European (34\%) or African origin (66\%). European strain origin was strongly predictive of increased premalignant histological lesions and epithelial DNA damage, even in the low-risk region; African strain origin was associated with reduced severity of these parameters. CONCLUSION: The phylogeographic origin of H pylori strains provides an explanation for geographic differences in cancer risk deriving from this infection.}, keywords = {Adult, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Biopsy, Cell Transformation, DNA Damage, Gastric Mucosa, Gastric Mucosa: metabolism, Gastric Mucosa: microbiology, Gastric Mucosa: pathology, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: complications, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, Helicobacter Infections: pathology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: classification, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: pathogenicity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplastic, Neoplastic: genetics, Phylogeny, Precancerous Conditions, Precancerous Conditions: genetics, Precancerous Conditions: microbiology, Precancerous Conditions: pathology, Stomach Neoplasms, Stomach Neoplasms: genetics, Stomach Neoplasms: microbiology, Stomach Neoplasms: pathology}, issn = {1468-3288}, doi = {10.1136/gut.2010.234468}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3133872\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {de Sablet, Thibaut and M B Piazuelo and Shaffer, Carrie L and Schneider, Barbara G and Asim, Mohammad and Chaturvedi, Rupesh and Bravo, Luis E and Sicinschi, Liviu A and Delgado, Alberto G and Mera, Robertino M and Israel, Dawn A and Romero-Gallo, Judith and Peek, Richard M and Cover, Timothy L and Correa, Pelayo and Wilson, Keith T} } @article {14421, title = {Phylogeographic origin of {Helicobacter} pylori is a determinant of gastric cancer risk.}, journal = {Gut}, volume = {60}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {1189{\textendash}95}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Helicobacter pylori colonises the stomach in half of all humans, and is the principal cause of gastric cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. While gastric cancer rates correlate with H pylori prevalence in some areas, there are regions where infection is nearly universal, but rates of gastric cancer are low. In the case of Colombia, there is a 25-fold increase in gastric cancer rate in the Andean mountain (high risk) region compared to the coastal (low risk) region, despite similarly high (\~{}90\%) prevalence of H pylori in the two locations. Our aim was to investigate the ancestral origin of H pylori strains isolated from subjects in these high- and low-risk regions and to determine whether this is a predictive determinant of precancerous lesions. METHODS: Multi-locus sequence typing was used to investigate phylogeographic origins of infecting H pylori strains isolated from subjects in the Pacific coast and Andes Mountains in the state of Nari{\~n}o, Colombia. We analysed 64 subjects infected with cagA+ vacA s1m1 strains. Gastric biopsy slides from each individual were scored for histological lesions and evaluated for DNA damage by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: We show that strains from the high-risk region were all of European phylogeographic origin, whereas those from the low risk region were of either European (34\%) or African origin (66\%). European strain origin was strongly predictive of increased premalignant histological lesions and epithelial DNA damage, even in the low-risk region; African strain origin was associated with reduced severity of these parameters. CONCLUSION: The phylogeographic origin of H pylori strains provides an explanation for geographic differences in cancer risk deriving from this infection.}, keywords = {Adult, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Biopsy, Cell Transformation, DNA Damage, Gastric Mucosa, Gastric Mucosa: metabolism, Gastric Mucosa: microbiology, Gastric Mucosa: pathology, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: complications, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, Helicobacter Infections: pathology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: classification, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: pathogenicity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplastic, Neoplastic: genetics, Phylogeny, Precancerous Conditions, Precancerous Conditions: genetics, Precancerous Conditions: microbiology, Precancerous Conditions: pathology, Stomach Neoplasms, Stomach Neoplasms: genetics, Stomach Neoplasms: microbiology, Stomach Neoplasms: pathology}, issn = {1468-3288}, doi = {10.1136/gut.2010.234468}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3133872\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {de Sablet, Thibaut and M B Piazuelo and Shaffer, Carrie L and Schneider, Barbara G and Asim, Mohammad and Chaturvedi, Rupesh and Bravo, Luis E and Sicinschi, Liviu A and Delgado, Alberto G and Mera, Robertino M and Israel, Dawn A and Romero-Gallo, Judith and Peek, Richard M and Cover, Timothy L and Correa, Pelayo and Wilson, Keith T} } @article {12796, title = {{Pleuropulmonary infection by Paragonimus westermani in the United States: a rare cause of eosinophilic pneumonia after ingestion of live crabs}}, journal = {The American Journal of Surgical Pathology}, volume = {35}, year = {2011}, pages = {707{\textendash}713}, author = {Boland, JM and Vaszar, LT and Jones, JL and Mathison, BA and Rovzar, MA and Colby, TV and Leslie, KO and Tazelaar, HD} } @article {14740, title = {Poliovirus serotype-specific {VP}1 sequencing primers}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {174}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {128{\textendash}30}, abstract = {The Global Polio Laboratory Network routinely uses poliovirus-specific PCR primers and probes to determine the serotype and genotype of poliovirus isolates obtained as part of global poliovirus surveillance. To provide detailed molecular epidemiologic information, poliovirus isolates are further characterized by sequencing the {\textasciitilde}900-nucleotide region encoding the major capsid protein, VP1. It is difficult to obtain quality sequence information when clinical or environmental samples contain poliovirus mixtures. As an alternative to conventional methods for resolving poliovirus mixtures, sets of serotype-specific primers were developed for amplifying and sequencing the VP1 regions of individual components of mixed populations of vaccine-vaccine, vaccine-wild, and wild-wild polioviruses.}, keywords = {*Sequence Analysis, Capsid Proteins/*genetics, DNA, DNA Primers/*genetics, Humans, Poliovirus/*classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Virology/methods}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.03.020 S0166-0934(11)00111-X [pii]}, author = {Kilpatrick, D. R. and Iber, J. C. and Chen, Q. and Ching, K. and Yang, S. J. and De, L. and Mandelbaum, M. D. and Emery, B. and Campagnoli, R. and Burns, C. C. and Kew, O.} } @article {15012, title = {Poliovirus serotype-specific {VP}1 sequencing primers}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {174}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {128{\textendash}30}, abstract = {The Global Polio Laboratory Network routinely uses poliovirus-specific PCR primers and probes to determine the serotype and genotype of poliovirus isolates obtained as part of global poliovirus surveillance. To provide detailed molecular epidemiologic information, poliovirus isolates are further characterized by sequencing the {\textbackslash}textasciitilde900-nucleotide region encoding the major capsid protein, VP1. It is difficult to obtain quality sequence information when clinical or environmental samples contain poliovirus mixtures. As an alternative to conventional methods for resolving poliovirus mixtures, sets of serotype-specific primers were developed for amplifying and sequencing the VP1 regions of individual components of mixed populations of vaccine-vaccine, vaccine-wild, and wild-wild polioviruses.}, keywords = {*Sequence Analysis, Capsid Proteins/*genetics, DNA, DNA Primers/*genetics, Humans, Poliovirus/*classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Virology/methods}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.03.020 S0166-0934(11)00111-X [pii]}, author = {Kilpatrick, D. R. and Iber, J. C. and Chen, Q. and Ching, K. and Yang, S. J. and De, L. and Mandelbaum, M. D. and Emery, B. and Campagnoli, R. and Burns, C. C. and Kew, O.} } @article {1662, title = {Poliovirus serotype-specific VP1 sequencing primers}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {174}, number = {1-2}, year = {2011}, note = {Kilpatrick, David R Iber, Jane C Chen, Qi Ching, Karen Yang, Su-Ju De, Lina Mandelbaum, Mark D Emery, Brian Campagnoli, Ray Burns, Cara C Kew, Olen Evaluation Studies Netherlands Journal of virological methods J Virol Methods. 2011 Jun;174(1-2):128-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.03.020. Epub 2011 Apr 2.}, pages = {128-30}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The Global Polio Laboratory Network routinely uses poliovirus-specific PCR primers and probes to determine the serotype and genotype of poliovirus isolates obtained as part of global poliovirus surveillance. To provide detailed molecular epidemiologic information, poliovirus isolates are further characterized by sequencing the ~900-nucleotide region encoding the major capsid protein, VP1. It is difficult to obtain quality sequence information when clinical or environmental samples contain poliovirus mixtures. As an alternative to conventional methods for resolving poliovirus mixtures, sets of serotype-specific primers were developed for amplifying and sequencing the VP1 regions of individual components of mixed populations of vaccine-vaccine, vaccine-wild, and wild-wild polioviruses.}, keywords = {Capsid Proteins/*genetics DNA Primers/*genetics Humans Poliovirus/*classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Sensitivity and Specificity *Sequence Analysis, DNA Virology/methods}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.03.020 S0166-0934(11)00111-X [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21440569}, author = {Kilpatrick, D. R. and Iber, J. C. and Chen, Q. and Ching, K. and Yang, S. J. and De, L. and Mandelbaum, M. D. and Emery, B. and Campagnoli, R. and Burns, C. C. and Kew, O.} } @booklet {15037, title = {Portable toilets in emergencies: lessons learned from {Port}-au-{Prince}, {Haiti}}, year = {2011}, address = {Loughborough, UK}, author = {Eyrard, J.} } @conference {9589, title = {Portable toilets in emergencies: lessons learned from Port-au-Prince, Haiti}, booktitle = {35th WEDC International Conference}, year = {2011}, address = {Loughborough, UK}, author = {Eyrard, J} } @article {11146, title = {{Potential threat to wildlife posed by enteric pathogens from Nakuru sewage treatment plant}}, journal = {African Journal of Health Sciences}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {85{\textendash}95}, author = {Ngari, J and Kotuk, K and Okemo, P} } @article {9756, title = {{The potential use of 29 kDa protein as a marker of pathogenicity and diagnosis of symptomatic infections with Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {108}, year = {2011}, pages = {1139{\textendash}1146}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-010-2156-8}, author = {Abou-Gamra, MM and Elwakil, HS and Deeb, HK and Khalifa, KE and Abd-Elhafiz, HE} } @article {6498, title = {The {Power} of {Primary} {Schools} to change and {Sustain} handwashing with {Soap} among children: the {Cases} of {Vietnam} and {Peru}}, year = {2011}, url = {https://www.wdronline.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17323}, author = {Dutton, Pennelope and Peschiera, Rocio Florez and Nguyen, Nga Kim} } @article {10424, title = {Presence of Enteric Hepatitis Viruses in the Sewage and Population of Greater Cairo}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {1182-5}, author = {Kamel, A.H. and Ali, M.A. and El-Nady, H.G. and Deraz, A. and Aho, S. and Pothier, P. and Belliot, G.} } @article {4690, title = {{Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cyclospora cayetanensis, Henan, China}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {1887{\textendash}1890}, author = {Zhou, Y and Lv, B and Wang, Q and Wang, R and Jian, F and Zhang, L and Ning, C and Fu, K and Wang, Y and Qi, M and Yao, H and Zhao, J and Zhang, X and Sun, Y and Shi, K and Arrowood, MJ and Xiao, L} } @article {10144, title = {{Prevalence and Survival of Enterococcus faecium Populations Carrying the esp Gene as a Source-Tracking Marker}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {137}, year = {2011}, pages = {315{\textendash}321}, author = {Masago, Y and Pope, JM and Kumar, LS and Masago, A and Omura, T and J B Rose} } @article {14349, title = {Prevalence of {Arcobacter} spp. in humans, animals and foods of animal origin including sea food from {India}.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {402{\textendash}410}, author = {Patyal, A and Rathore, R S and Mohan, H V and Dhama, K and Kumar, A} } @article {5832, title = {{Prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in humans, animals and foods of animal origin including sea food from India.}}, journal = {Transboundary and Emerging Diseases}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {402{\textendash}410}, author = {Patyal, A and Rathore, R S and Mohan, H V and Dhama, K and Kumar, A} } @article {15744, title = {Prevalence of protozoa, viruses, coliphages and indicator bacteria in groundwater and river water in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal}, journal = {Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {105}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {711-716}, isbn = {0035-9203}, author = {Haramoto, Eiji and Yamada, Kaoru and Nishida, Kei} } @article {4062, title = {{Prevalence of protozoa, viruses, coliphages and indicator bacteria in groundwater and river water in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {105}, year = {2011}, pages = {711{\textendash}716}, author = {Haramoto, E and Yamada, K and Nishida, K} } @article {1978, title = {Prevalence of zoonotic parasites in drinking water of three districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {67-69}, author = {Ayaz, S and Khan, S and Khan, SN and Bibi, F and Shamas, S and Akhtar, M} } @article {9188, title = {{Prevalence of zoonotic parasites in drinking water of three districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan}}, journal = {Pakistan journal of life and social sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {67{\textendash}69}, author = {Ayaz, S and Khan, S and Khan, SN and Bibi, F and Shamas, S and Akhtar, M} } @article {3015, title = {Primary spinal hydatid cyst in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome}, journal = {European Spine Journal}, volume = {20 Suppl 2}, year = {2011}, pages = {S235{\textendash}238}, abstract = {

Spinal hydatid cyst is a serious and unusual infectious disease. There is little information on infections caused by cestodes in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Although infrequent, infections by cestodes constitute a cause of disease in HIV-infected patients, especially in endemic areas. This report presents, for the first time in the literature, primary spinal cyst hydatid in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

}, keywords = {Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Adult, albendazole, Anticestodal Agents, Echinococcosis, Humans, Male, Spinal Diseases, Treatment Outcome}, issn = {1432-0932}, doi = {10.1007/s00586-010-1614-4}, author = {Erayman, Ibrahim and Kalkan, Erdal and Erdi, Fatih and Kerimoglu, U and Esen, Hasan} } @article {5156, title = {{Prospectus of waste stabilization ponds in Cear{\'a}, Northeast Brazil}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {63}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {1265{\textendash}1270}, abstract = {

WSP technology has been used in Cear\á, Northeast Brazil, since middle 1970s. There are presently 96 ponds plants and most of them are comprised by single cells (40{\%}) and series of 3 ponds (35{\%}). They were under loaded due to incomplete house connections to the sewerage network and low per capita wastewater contributions. Highest removal rates of organic material, ammonia and faecal coliform were found in 3 pond series. Faecal coliform removal was in accordance with the literature and series of ponds reached numbers \≤10(5) cells/100 ml. In series with 4 and 5 ponds FC was below 10(3) cells/100 ml. Ammonia removal varied from 30 to 80{\%} and total phosphorus the removal was not significant. An increase in the number of maturation ponds enhances nutrient and coliform removal. Up-grading schemes should be investigated as well as effluent reuse potential.

}, keywords = {Pond performance, Wastewater characteristics, WSP in Cear{\'a}}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2011.106}, author = {da Silva, FJA and de Souza, RO and de Castro, FJF and Ara{\'u}jo, A. L C} } @article {9752, title = {{Proteaese activity of Blastocystis hominis subtype3 in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {109}, year = {2011}, pages = {321{\textendash}327}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-011-2259-x}, author = {Abdel-Hameed, DM and Hassanin, OM} } @article {4552, title = {Protozoa in wastewater treatment processes: {A} minireview}, journal = {Italian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {3{\textendash}11}, author = {Madoni, P} } @article {9731, title = {Public health threat caused by zoonotic diseases in Bangladesh}, journal = {Journal of Veterinary Medicine}, volume = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {95-120}, author = {Samad, M. A.} } @article {16288, title = {QMRA and decision-making: Are we handling measurement errors associated with pathogen concentration data correctly?}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {Jan}, pages = {427-438}, keywords = {cryptosporidium-parvum, DRINKING-WATER, Giardia, infection, Oocysts, particle, PROTECTION, Quantification, quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra), quantitative-risk-assessment, RECOVERY, Uncertainty, water treatment}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Schmidt, P. J. and Emelko, M. B.} } @article {1819, title = {QMRAspot: a tool for Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment from surface water to potable water}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {45}, number = {17}, year = {2011}, note = {Schijven, Jack F Teunis, Peter F M Rutjes, Saskia A Bouwknegt, Martijn de Roda Husman, Ana Maria eng England 2011/09/03 06:00 Water Res. 2011 Nov 1;45(17):5564-76. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.024. Epub 2011 Aug 23.}, pages = {5564-76}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In the Netherlands, a health based target for microbially safe drinking water is set at less than one infection per 10,000 persons per year. For the assessment of the microbial safety of drinking water, Dutch drinking water suppliers must conduct a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) at least every three years for the so-called index pathogens enterovirus, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. In order to collect raw data in the proper format and to automate the process of QMRA, an interactive user-friendly computational tool, QMRAspot, was developed to analyze and conduct QMRA for drinking water produced from surface water. This paper gives a description of the raw data requirements for QMRA as well as a functional description of the tool. No extensive prior knowledge about QMRA modeling is required by the user, because QMRAspot provides guidance to the user on the quantity, type and format of raw data and performs a complete analysis of the raw data to yield a risk outcome for drinking water consumption that can be compared with other production locations, a legislative standard or an acceptable health based target. The uniform approach promotes proper collection and usage of raw data and, warrants quality of the risk assessment as well as enhances efficiency, i.e., less time is required. QMRAspot may facilitate QMRA for drinking water suppliers worldwide. The tool aids policy makers and other involved parties in formulating mitigation strategies, and prioritization and evaluation of effective preventive measures as integral part of water safety plans.}, keywords = {Campylobacter/isolation \& purification Communicable Diseases/microbiology/parasitology/virology Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification Drinking Water/*microbiology/parasitology/virology Enterovirus/isolation \& purification Environmental Exposure Giardia}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.024}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885080}, author = {Schijven, J. F. and Teunis, P. F. and Rutjes, S. A. and Bouwknegt, M. and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {13311, title = {Quality assessment of roof-harvested rainwater in the West Bank, Palestinian Authority}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {525 - 533}, author = {A K Daoud and K M Swaileh and R M Hussein and Matani, M} } @article {8435, title = {{Quality of life assessment in ocular toxoplasmosis in a Colombian population}}, journal = {Ocular Immunology and Inflammation}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {262{\textendash}266}, author = {De-la-Torre, A and Gonz{\'a}lez-L{\'o}pez, G and Montoya-Guti{\'e}rrez, JM and Mar{\'\i}n-Arango, V and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE} } @article {5609, title = {{Quantification and genotyping of human sapoviruses in the Llobregat river catchment, Spain}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {1111{\textendash}1114}, abstract = {Human sapoviruses (SaVs) were quantified and characterized in an 18-month survey conducted along the Llobregat river catchment area in Spain. Sample types included freshwater, untreated and treated wastewater, and drinking water. All genogroups were recovered, and a seasonal distribution was observed. This is the first report of SaV quantification and genotyping in the environment outside Japan.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01721-10}, author = {Sano, Daisuke and P{\'e}rez-Sautu, Unai and Guix, Susana and Rosa M Pint{\'o} and Miura, Takayuki and Okabe, Satoshi and Bosch, Albert} } @article {8727, title = {{Quantification and molecular characterization of enteric viruses detected in effluents from two hospital wastewater treatment plants}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {1287{\textendash}1297}, abstract = {Hospital wastewater has been described as an important source of spreading pathogenic microorganisms in the environment. However, there are few studies reporting the presence and concentrations of gastroenteric viruses and hepatitis A viruses in these environmental matrices. The aim of this study was to assess the contamination by viruses responsible for acute gastroenteritis and hepatitis derived from hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Rotavirus A (RV-A), human adenoviruses (HAdV), norovirus genogroup I and II (NoV GI/GII) and hepatitis A viruses (HAV) were detected and quantified in sewage samples from two WWTPs located in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) that operates different sewage treatments. WWTP-1 uses an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB reactor) and three serial anaerobic filters while WWTP-2 uses aerobic processes, activated sludge with extended aeration and final chlorination of the effluents. Viruses{\textquoteright} detection was investigated by using conventional PCR/RT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and partial sequencing of the genome of the viruses detected. Rate of viruses detection ranged from 7{\%} (NoV GI in WWTP-1) to 95{\%} (RV-A in WWTP-2) and genome from all viruses were detected. The most prevalent genotypes were RV-A SG I, HAdV species D and F, NoV GII/4 and HAV subgenotype IA. Mean values of viral loads (genome copies (GC)/ml) obtained in filtered effluents from anaerobic process was 1.9 ?? 10 3 (RV-A), 2.8 ?? 10 3 (HAdV) and 2.4 ?? 10 3 (NoV GII). For chlorinated effluents from activated sludge process, the mean values of viral loads (GC/ml) was 1.2 ?? 10 5 (RV-A), 1.4 ?? 10 3 (HAdV), 8.1 ?? 10 2 (NoV GII) and 2.8 ?? 10 4 (HAV). Data on viral detection in treated effluents of hospital WWTPs confirmed the potential for environmental contamination by viruses and could be useful to establish standards for policies on wastewater management. ?? 2010 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {Activated sludge, Anaerobic filters, Enteric viruses, Hospital wastewater, Molecular characterization, Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.012}, author = {Prado, Tatiana and Silva, Dalton M. and Guilayn, Wilma C. and Rose, Tatiana L. and Ana MC Gaspar and Miagostovich, Marize P.} } @article {3881, title = {Quantification and molecular characterization of enteric viruses detected in effluents from two hospital wastewater treatment plants.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {1287{\textendash}1297}, abstract = {

Hospital wastewater has been described as an important source of spreading pathogenic microorganisms in the environment. However, there are few studies reporting the presence and concentrations of gastroenteric viruses and hepatitis A viruses in these environmental matrices. The aim of this study was to assess the contamination by viruses responsible for acute gastroenteritis and hepatitis derived from hospital wastewater treatment plants \{\{\}(WWTPs).\{\}\} Rotavirus A \{\{\}(RV-A),\{\}\} human adenoviruses \{\{\}(HAdV),\{\}\} norovirus genogroup I and \{\{\.I}I\{\}\} \{\{\}(NoV\{\}\} \{\{\}GI/GII)\{\}\} and hepatitis A viruses \{\{\}(HAV)\{\}\} were detected and quantified in sewage samples from two \{\{\}WWTPs\{\}\} located in Rio de Janeiro \{\{\}(Brazil)\{\}\} that operates different sewage treatments. \{\{\}WWTP-1\{\}\} uses an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket \{\{\}(UASB\{\}\} reactor) and three serial anaerobic filters while \{\{\}WWTP-2\{\}\} uses aerobic processes, activated sludge with extended aeration and final chlorination of the effluents. Viruses\{\{\}\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textquoteright\{\}\} detection was investigated by using conventional \{\{\}PCR/RT-PCR,\{\}\} quantitative real-time \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} \{\{\}(qPCR)\{\}\} and partial sequencing of the genome of the viruses detected. Rate of viruses detection ranged from 7\{\%\} \{\{\}(NoV\{\}\} \{\{\}GI\{\}\} in \{\{\}WWTP-1)\{\}\} to 95\{\%\} \{\{\}(RV-A\{\}\} in \{\{\}WWTP-2)\{\}\} and genome from all viruses were detected. The most prevalent genotypes were \{\{\}RV-A\{\}\} \{\{\}SG\{\}\} I, \{\{\}HAdV\{\}\} species D and F, \{\{\}NoV\{\}\} \{\{\}GII/4\{\}\} and \{\{\}HAV\{\}\} subgenotype \{\{\.I}A.\{\}\} Mean values of viral loads (genome copies \{\{\}(GC)/ml)\{\}\} obtained in filtered effluents from anaerobic process was 1.9 \{\{\}\{\&\}\{\#\}xD7;\{\}\} 10(3) \{\{\}(RV-A),\{\}\} 2.8 \{\{\}\{\&\}\{\#\}xD7;\{\}\} 10(3) \{\{\}(HAdV)\{\}\} and 2.4 \{\{\}\{\&\}\{\#\}xD7;\{\}\} 10(3) \{\{\}(NoV\{\}\} \{\{\}GII).\{\}\} For chlorinated effluents from activated sludge process, the mean values of viral loads \{\{\}(GC/ml)\{\}\} was 1.2 \{\{\}\{\&\}\{\#\}xD7;\{\}\} 10(5) \{\{\}(RV-A),\{\}\} 1.4 \{\{\}\{\&\}\{\#\}xD7;\{\}\} 10(3) \{\{\}(HAdV),\{\}\} 8.1 \{\{\}\{\&\}\{\#\}xD7;\{\}\} 10(2) \{\{\}(NoV\{\}\} \{\{\}GII)\{\}\} and 2.8 \{\{\}\{\&\}\{\#\}xD7;\{\}\} 10(4) \{\{\}(HAV).\{\}\} Data on viral detection in treated effluents of hospital \{\{\}WWTPs\{\}\} confirmed the potential for environmental contamination by viruses and could be useful to establish standards for policies on wastewater management.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.012}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.012}, author = {Prado, Tatiana and Silva, Dalton M and Guilayn, Wilma C and Rose, Tatiana L and Gaspar, Ana M and Miagostovich, Marize P} } @article {4578, title = {Quantification and molecular characterization of enteric viruses detected in effluents from two hospital wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {1287{\textendash}97}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Prado, T. and Silva, D. M. and Guilayn, W. C. and Rose, T. L. and Gaspar, A. M. and Miagostovich, M. P.} } @article {10009, title = {{Quantification and molecular characterization of enteric viruses detected in effluents from two hospital wastewater treatment plants.}}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {1287{\textendash}97}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Hospital wastewater has been described as an important source of spreading pathogenic microorganisms in the environment. However, there are few studies reporting the presence and concentrations of gastroenteric viruses and hepatitis A viruses in these environmental matrices. The aim of this study was to assess the contamination by viruses responsible for acute gastroenteritis and hepatitis derived from hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Rotavirus A (RV-A), human adenoviruses (HAdV), norovirus genogroup I and II (NoV GI/GII) and hepatitis A viruses (HAV) were detected and quantified in sewage samples from two WWTPs located in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) that operates different sewage treatments. WWTP-1 uses an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB reactor) and three serial anaerobic filters while WWTP-2 uses aerobic processes, activated sludge with extended aeration and final chlorination of the effluents. Viruses{\textquoteright} detection was investigated by using conventional PCR/RT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and partial sequencing of the genome of the viruses detected. Rate of viruses detection ranged from 7{\%} (NoV GI in WWTP-1) to 95{\%} (RV-A in WWTP-2) and genome from all viruses were detected. The most prevalent genotypes were RV-A SG I, HAdV species D and F, NoV GII/4 and HAV subgenotype IA. Mean values of viral loads (genome copies (GC)/ml) obtained in filtered effluents from anaerobic process was 1.9 {\texttimes} 10(3) (RV-A), 2.8 {\texttimes} 10(3) (HAdV) and 2.4 {\texttimes} 10(3) (NoV GII). For chlorinated effluents from activated sludge process, the mean values of viral loads (GC/ml) was 1.2 {\texttimes} 10(5) (RV-A), 1.4 {\texttimes} 10(3) (HAdV), 8.1 {\texttimes} 10(2) (NoV GII) and 2.8 {\texttimes} 10(4) (HAV). Data on viral detection in treated effluents of hospital WWTPs confirmed the potential for environmental contamination by viruses and could be useful to establish standards for policies on wastewater management.}, keywords = {Anaerobiosis, enterovirus, Enterovirus: genetics, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Fluid, Hospitals, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Waste Disposal}, issn = {1879-2448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.012}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040941}, author = {Prado, Tatiana and Silva, Dalton M and Guilayn, Wilma C and Rose, Tatiana L and Ana MC Gaspar and Miagostovich, Marize P} } @article {10435, title = {Quantification and Molecular Characterization of Enteric Viruses Detected in Effluents from Two Hospital Wastewater Treatment Plants}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {1287-97}, author = {Prado, T. and Silva, D.M. and Guilayn, W.C. and Rose, T.L. and Gaspar, A.M. and Miagostovich, M.P.} } @mastersthesis {7096, title = {Quantifying plant trait relationships at local and global scales}, year = {2011}, note = {3480144}, school = {Princeton University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Plant traits are the physiological and morphological characteristics that comprise the carbon, nutrient and water economies of plants. Plant trait relationships are central to efforts to characterize the physiological strategies that plants employ to grow and coexist with one another in different environments and to describe the evolutionary processes by which these strategies have come to be. Characterizing inter- and intraspecific trends in the physiology and demography of plant species across environmental gradients is an important goal of plant ecology and is necessary for understanding the physiological basis of species distributions and creating predictive models of plant community dynamics in response to global climate change. This thesis is a substantial contribution toward both ensuring the accuracy of global leaf trait relationships and understanding the linkages between leaf and stem traits and the distributions and demography of woody plant species across soil moisture gradients in two distinct savannah and forest ecosystems. I define and resolve problems in the current prevailing methods of quantifying interspecific leaf trait relationships. I describe the most comprehensive examination to date of leaf size scaling of leaf physiological traits and its impact on the structure of trait relationships. I introduce statistical tools to properly analyze leaf trait data to resolve incongruities in previous analyses of leaf traits. I employ these techniques to re-analyze a large global leaf trait dataset and update the global leaf economics spectrum. I then apply these techniques to analyze my own data from two distinct field studies to link leaf and stem traits to species distributions and demographic patterns in sets of woody species growing across soil moisture (texture) gradients in a Kenyan acacia savannah and in forests in the northern Midwestern United States. These field data are an important contribution toward understanding the physiological basis of tree species distributions and creating a predictive model of forest dynamics. These techniques and analyses presented in this thesis will greatly improve the effectiveness and accuracy of the use of plant trait relationships in important applications ranging from predicting agricultural yields to the response of the biosphere to global change.}, keywords = {0309:Plant biology, 0329:Ecology, Biological sciences, Ecology, Leaf traits, Plant biology, Plant traits, Specific leaf area, Wood}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/899263646?accountid=14270}, author = {DeNoyer, Jeanne Lorraine} } @article {15974, title = {{Quantifying the impact of climate change on enteric waterborne pathogen concentrations in surface water}}, journal = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {3}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Climate change, among other factors, will impact waterborne pathogen concentrations in surface water worldwide, possibly increasing the risk of diseases caused by these pathogens. So far, the impacts are only determined qualitatively and thorough quantitative estimates of future pathogen concentrations have not yet been made. This review shows how changes in temperature and precipitation influence pathogen concentrations and gives opportunities to quantitatively explore the impact of climate change on pathogen concentrations using examples from ecological and hydrological modelling, already available statistical and process-based pathogen models and climate change scenarios. Such applications could indicate potential increased waterborne pathogen concentrations and guide further research. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier B.V.}, issn = {18773435}, doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2011.10.006}, author = {Hofstra, N.} } @article {17055, title = {Quantifying viruses and bacteria in wastewater{\textemdash}results, interpretation methods, and quality control}, journal = {US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report}, volume = {5150}, year = {2011}, pages = {2011}, author = {Francy, Donna S and Stelzer, Erin A and Bushon, Rebecca N and Brady, Amie MG and Mailot, Brian E and Spencer, Susan K and Borchardt, Mark A and Elber, Ashley G and Riddell, Kimberly R and Gellner, Terry M} } @article {15214, title = {Quantifying viruses and bacteria in wastewater{\textemdash}results, interpretation methods, and quality control}, volume = {5150}, number = {5150}, year = {2011}, institution = {U.S. Geological Survey}, address = {Reston, Virginia}, author = {Francy, Donna S and Stelzer, Erin A and Bushon, Rebecca N and Brady, Amie MG and Mailot, Brian E and Spencer, Susan K and Borchardt, Mark A and Elber, Ashley G and Riddell, Kimberly R and Gellner, Terry M} } @article {15751, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis from very small private water supplies}, journal = {Risk Analysis: an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {Feb}, pages = {228-36}, edition = {2010/10/01}, keywords = {*Risk Assessment, *Water Supply, Animals, Bayes Theorem, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/epidemiology}, isbn = {0272-4332}, author = {Hunter, P. R. and de Sylor, M. A. and Risebro, H. L. and Nichols, G. L. and Kay, D. and Hartemann, P.} } @article {6259, title = {Quantitative {Microbial} {Risk} {Assessment} of {Cryptosporidiosis} and {Giardiasis} from {Very} {Small} {Private} {Water} {Supplies}: {Quantitative} {Microbial} {Risk} {Assessment} of {Cryptosporidiosis} and {Giardiasis}}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {feb}, pages = {228{\textendash}236}, issn = {02724332}, doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01499.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01499.x}, author = {Hunter, Paul R. and de Sylor, Marianna Anderle and Risebro, Helen L. and Nichols, Gordon L. and Kay, David and Hartemann, Philippe} } @article {16241, title = {Quantitative PCR-based detection of pathogenic Leptospira in Hawai{\textquoteright}ian coastal streams}, journal = {J Water HealthJ Water HealthJ Water Health}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {Dec}, pages = {637-46}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920 (Linking)}, author = {Viau, E. J. and Boehm, A. B.} } @article {3034, title = {Rapidly progressive hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in an {ABO}-incompatible renal transplant recipient}, journal = {Transplant Infectious Disease: An Official Journal of the Transplantation Society}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {278{\textendash}284}, abstract = {We report on the case of an ABO-incompatible renal re-transplant recipient maintained on an intensified immunosuppressive regimen for recurrent cellular rejection episodes and transplant glomerulopathy who presented with rapidly growing hepatic tumors, radiologically suggestive of hemangiosarcoma. Upon resection and pathological work-up, the lesions revealed alveolar echinococcosis, a rare but potentially life-threatening parasitosis. Usually infection with Echinococcus multilocularis remains asymptomatic for extended periods of time and can go unrecognized for years. In the case presented, we observed an atypically rapid growth pattern of E. multilocularis that might have been due to the extent of the immunosuppressive regimen, which included repetitive anti-CD20 treatments. Retrospectively performed serological studies with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays known to provide high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of echinococcosis in the general population, yielded ambiguous results in our immunocompromised host, which could be, in part, explained by B-cell depletion and its effects on antibody production and indirect actions on cellular immunity. In conclusion, this is the first report to our knowledge of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in a renal transplant recipient. This case documents an altered clinical course of the parasitosis and the challenge of serological diagnostic tools under an intensified regimen of immunosuppressive agents, including rituximab.}, keywords = {ABO Blood-Group System, Adult, Animals, Antibodies, Antigens, Blood Group Incompatibility, CD20, Disease Progression, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Kidney Transplantation, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived, Rituximab, Time Factors}, issn = {1399-3062}, doi = {10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00583.x}, author = {Geyer, M. and Wilpert, J. and Wiech, T. and Theilacker, C. and Stubanus, M. and Kramer-Zucker, A. and Fischer, K.-G. and Drognitz, O. and Frydrychowicz, A. and Kern, W. and Walz, G. and Pisarski, P.} } @article {2772, title = {Raw sewage harbors diverse viral populations}, journal = {MBio}, volume = {2}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {e00180-11}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {ACID bacteriophage BACTERIOPHAGES DISEASE DIVERSITY DNA Environment ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES family GENE Genetic GENOME GENOMES GROWTH HOST human humans Laboratories MATRIX Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acids NUCLEIC-ACID NUCLEIC-ACIDS ORIGIN pathogens Pennsylvania P}, author = {Cantalupo, P.G. and Calgua, B. and Zhao, G. and Hundesa, A. and Wier, A.D. and Katz, J.P. and Grabe, M. and Hendrix, R.W. and Girones, R. and Wang, D. and Pipas, J.M.} } @article {9952, title = {{Raw sewage harbors diverse viral populations.}}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {2}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: At this time, about 3,000 different viruses are recognized, but metagenomic studies suggest that these viruses are a small fraction of the viruses that exist in nature. We have explored viral diversity by deep sequencing nucleic acids obtained from virion populations enriched from raw sewage. We identified 234 known viruses, including 17 that infect humans. Plant, insect, and algal viruses as well as bacteriophages were also present. These viruses represented 26 taxonomic families and included viruses with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), positive-sense ssRNA [ssRNA(+)], and dsRNA genomes. Novel viruses that could be placed in specific taxa represented 51 different families, making untreated wastewater the most diverse viral metagenome (genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples) examined thus far. However, the vast majority of sequence reads bore little or no sequence relation to known viruses and thus could not be placed into specific taxa. These results show that the vast majority of the viruses on Earth have not yet been characterized. Untreated wastewater provides a rich matrix for identifying novel viruses and for studying virus diversity. IMPORTANCE: At this time, virology is focused on the study of a relatively small number of viral species. Specific viruses are studied either because they are easily propagated in the laboratory or because they are associated with disease. The lack of knowledge of the size and characteristics of the viral universe and the diversity of viral genomes is a roadblock to understanding important issues, such as the origin of emerging pathogens and the extent of gene exchange among viruses. Untreated wastewater is an ideal system for assessing viral diversity because virion populations from large numbers of individuals are deposited and because raw sewage itself provides a rich environment for the growth of diverse host species and thus their viruses. These studies suggest that the viral universe is far more vast and diverse than previously suspected.}, issn = {2150-7511}, doi = {10.1128/mBio.00180-11}, author = {Cantalupo, Paul G and Calgua, Byron and Zhao, Guoyan and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Wier, Adam D and Katz, Josh P and Grabe, Michael and Hendrix, Roger W and Girones, Rosina and Wang, David and Pipas, James M} } @article {9693, title = {A real-time multiplex-nested PCR system for coprological diagnosis of Echinococcus multilocularis and host species.}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology Research}, volume = {109}, year = {2011}, pages = {493-498}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-011-2272-0}, author = {Dinkel, A. and Kern, S. and Brinker, A and Oehme, R and Vaniscotte, A and Giraudoux, P. and Mackenstedt, U and Romig, T} } @article {3803, title = {Real-world impact of rotavirus vaccination.}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {30}, number = {1 Suppl}, year = {2011}, pages = {S1{\textendash}S5}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0b013e3181fefa1f}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181fefa1f}, author = {Patel, Manish M and Steele, Duncan and Gentsch, Jon R and Wecker, John and Glass, Roger I and Parashar, Umesh D} } @article {16162, title = {Recombinant LipL32 and LigA from Leptospira are unable to stimulate protective immunity against leptospirosis in the hamster model.}, journal = {VaccineVaccine}, volume = {29}, number = {18}, year = {2011}, pages = {3413-3418.}, author = {Lucas, D. S. and Cullen, P. A. and Lo, M. and Srikram, A. and Sermswan, R. W. and Adler, B.} } @article {11398, title = {Recombinant S3Pvac-phage anticysticercosis vaccine: Simultaneous protection against cysticercosis and hydatid disease in rural pigs}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {176}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {53-58}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-4017}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.039}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401710006047}, author = {Morales, J and De Aluja, AS and Martinez, JJ and Hern{\'a}ndez, M and Rosas, G and Villalobos, N and Hernandez, B and Blancas, A and Manoutcharian, K and Gevorkian, G and Cervantes, J and D{\i}az, A and Fleury, A and Fragoso, G and Larralde, C and Sciutto, E} } @article {14053, title = {Recombinant {Shiga} toxin {B} subunit elicits protection against {Shiga} toxin via mixed {Th} type immune response in mice.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {29}, number = {45}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {8094{\textendash}100}, abstract = {Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of the third commonest bacterial disease for childhood diarrhoea and responsible for millions of deaths per year. It produces potent toxin termed Shiga toxin which is listed in category B biological warfare agent of CDC, USA. Earlier we have reported production of recombinant Shiga toxin B subunit that produced antibodies which neutralized Shiga toxin toxicity in HeLa cells. In the present study, we have evaluated the immunomodulatory potential of rStxB protein in Balb/c mice using Freunds adjuvants. Animal protection with recombinant StxB was conferred through both humoral and cellular immune responses as indicated by an increased antibody titre with predominance of IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes along with elevated levels of IgG1 subtype. Cytokine profile of the mice antiserum and splenocyte also indicates Th2 and Th1 type of immune responses where former dominates in early stage of immunization. Histopathology study of kidneys of vaccinated mice showed remarkable differences when compared to the animals infected with Shigella dysenteriae type1. The present study indicates that recombinant StxB is a promising vaccine candidate and can be used for production of therapeutic antibodies to counter Shiga intoxication.}, keywords = {adjuvants, Animals, Antibodies, Antitoxins, Antitoxins: blood, Bacillary, Bacillary: pathology, Bacillary: prevention \& control, Bacterial, Bacterial: blood, Cytokines, Cytokines: blood, Cytokines: secretion, Dysentery, Female, Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant, Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant: administration \& dosage, Histocytochemistry, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin G: blood, Immunologic, Immunologic: administration \& dosage, Inbred BALB C, Kidney, Kidney: pathology, Leukocytes, Mice, Mononuclear, Mononuclear: immunology, Protein Subunits, Protein Subunits: administration \& dosage, Protein Subunits: immunology, Shiga Toxin, Shiga Toxin: administration \& dosage, Shiga Toxin: immunology, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella dysenteriae: immunology, Shigella dysenteriae: pathogenicity, Shigella Vaccines, Shigella Vaccines: administration \& dosage, Shigella Vaccines: immunology, Spleen, Spleen: immunology, Synthetic, Synthetic: administration \& dosage, Synthetic: immunology, Vaccines}, issn = {1873-2518}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.040}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21856355}, author = {Gupta, Pallavi and Manglesh K Singh and Singh, Yamini and Gautam, Vandana and Kumar, Subodh and Kumar, Om and Ram K Dhaked} } @article {8023, title = {{Recombinant Shiga toxin B subunit elicits protection against Shiga toxin via mixed Th type immune response in mice.}}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {29}, number = {45}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {8094{\textendash}100}, abstract = {

Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of the third commonest bacterial disease for childhood diarrhoea and responsible for millions of deaths per year. It produces potent toxin termed Shiga toxin which is listed in category B biological warfare agent of CDC, USA. Earlier we have reported production of recombinant Shiga toxin B subunit that produced antibodies which neutralized Shiga toxin toxicity in HeLa cells. In the present study, we have evaluated the immunomodulatory potential of rStxB protein in Balb/c mice using Freunds adjuvants. Animal protection with recombinant StxB was conferred through both humoral and cellular immune responses as indicated by an increased antibody titre with predominance of IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes along with elevated levels of IgG1 subtype. Cytokine profile of the mice antiserum and splenocyte also indicates Th2 and Th1 type of immune responses where former dominates in early stage of immunization. Histopathology study of kidneys of vaccinated mice showed remarkable differences when compared to the animals infected with Shigella dysenteriae type1. The present study indicates that recombinant StxB is a promising vaccine candidate and can be used for production of therapeutic antibodies to counter Shiga intoxication.

}, keywords = {adjuvants, Animals, Antibodies, Antitoxins, Antitoxins: blood, Bacillary, Bacillary: pathology, Bacillary: prevention {\&} control, Bacterial, Bacterial: blood, Cytokines, Cytokines: blood, Cytokines: secretion, Dysentery, Female, Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant, Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant: administration {\&} dosage, Histocytochemistry, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin G: blood, Immunologic, Immunologic: administration {\&} dosage, Inbred BALB C, Kidney, Kidney: pathology, Leukocytes, Mice, Mononuclear, Mononuclear: immunology, Protein Subunits, Protein Subunits: administration {\&} dosage, Protein Subunits: immunology, Shiga Toxin, Shiga Toxin: administration {\&} dosage, Shiga Toxin: immunology, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella dysenteriae: immunology, Shigella dysenteriae: pathogenicity, Shigella Vaccines, Shigella Vaccines: administration {\&} dosage, Shigella Vaccines: immunology, Spleen, Spleen: immunology, Synthetic, Synthetic: administration {\&} dosage, Synthetic: immunology, Vaccines}, issn = {1873-2518}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.040}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21856355}, author = {Gupta, Pallavi and Manglesh K Singh and Singh, Yamini and Gautam, Vandana and Kumar, Subodh and Kumar, Om and Ram K Dhaked} } @article {2268, title = {{Recombinant Shiga toxin B subunit elicits protection against Shiga toxin via mixed Th type immune response in mice.}}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {29}, number = {45}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {8094{\textendash}100}, abstract = {Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of the third commonest bacterial disease for childhood diarrhoea and responsible for millions of deaths per year. It produces potent toxin termed Shiga toxin which is listed in category B biological warfare agent of CDC, USA. Earlier we have reported production of recombinant Shiga toxin B subunit that produced antibodies which neutralized Shiga toxin toxicity in HeLa cells. In the present study, we have evaluated the immunomodulatory potential of rStxB protein in Balb/c mice using Freunds adjuvants. Animal protection with recombinant StxB was conferred through both humoral and cellular immune responses as indicated by an increased antibody titre with predominance of IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes along with elevated levels of IgG1 subtype. Cytokine profile of the mice antiserum and splenocyte also indicates Th2 and Th1 type of immune responses where former dominates in early stage of immunization. Histopathology study of kidneys of vaccinated mice showed remarkable differences when compared to the animals infected with Shigella dysenteriae type1. The present study indicates that recombinant StxB is a promising vaccine candidate and can be used for production of therapeutic antibodies to counter Shiga intoxication.}, keywords = {adjuvants, Animals, Antibodies, Antitoxins, Antitoxins: blood, Bacillary, Bacillary: pathology, Bacillary: prevention \& control, Bacterial, Bacterial: blood, Cytokines, Cytokines: blood, Cytokines: secretion, Dysentery, Female, Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant, Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant: administration \& dosage, Histocytochemistry, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin G: blood, Immunologic, Immunologic: administration \& dosage, Inbred BALB C, Kidney, Kidney: pathology, Leukocytes, Mice, Mononuclear, Mononuclear: immunology, Protein Subunits, Protein Subunits: administration \& dosage, Protein Subunits: immunology, Shiga Toxin, Shiga Toxin: administration \& dosage, Shiga Toxin: immunology, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella dysenteriae: immunology, Shigella dysenteriae: pathogenicity, Shigella Vaccines, Shigella Vaccines: administration \& dosage, Shigella Vaccines: immunology, Spleen, Spleen: immunology, Synthetic, Synthetic: administration \& dosage, Synthetic: immunology, Vaccines}, issn = {1873-2518}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.040}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21856355}, author = {Gupta, Pallavi and Manglesh K Singh and Singh, Yamini and Gautam, Vandana and Kumar, Subodh and Kumar, Om and Ram K Dhaked} } @article {5649, title = {{Recombination in Hepatitis A Virus: Evidence for Reproductive Isolation of Genotypes}}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {92}, number = {Pt4}, year = {2011}, pages = {860{\textendash}872}, doi = {10.1099/vir.0.024786-0}, author = {Belalov, IS and Isaeva, OV and Lukashev, AN} } @article {2381, title = {{Recovery and characterization of environmental variants of Shigella flexneri from surface water in Bangladesh}}, journal = {Curr Microbiol}, volume = {63}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {372{\textendash}376}, edition = {2011/08/10}, abstract = {Little is known about the distribution, survival, and transmission of Shigella in environmental surface waters. To gain more insight into the environmental biology of Shigella we isolated five bacterial strains serotyped as Shigella flexneri 2b from a freshwater lake in Bangladesh using a modified nutrient broth supplemented with nucleic acid bases. The biochemical properties of the isolates, including inability to ferment lactose and a negative lysine decarboxylase test, indicated common physiological characteristics with Shigella, but differed significantly from that of standard clinical strains. The isolates possessed the ipaH virulence gene and a megaplasmid, but lacked other Shigella-related virulence marker genes. Genetic fingerprinting and sequence analysis of housekeeping genes confirmed the strains as S. flexneri isolates. An apparent clonal origin of strains recovered with a one-year interval indicates a strong environmental selection pressure on Shigella for persistence in the freshwater environment. The lack of a complete set of virulence genes as well as uncommon biochemical properties suggest that these strains might represent a group of non-invasive and atypical environmental Shigella variants, with the potential for further elucidation of the survival mechanism, diversity, and emergence of virulent Shigella in tropical freshwater environments.}, isbn = {1432-0991 (Electronic) 0343-8651 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s00284-011-9992-3}, author = {Rahman, M Z and Azmuda, N and Hossain, M J and Sultana, M and Khan, S I and Birkeland, N K} } @article {14191, title = {Recovery and characterization of environmental variants of {Shigella} flexneri from surface water in {Bangladesh}}, journal = {Curr Microbiol}, volume = {63}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {372{\textendash}376}, abstract = {Little is known about the distribution, survival, and transmission of Shigella in environmental surface waters. To gain more insight into the environmental biology of Shigella we isolated five bacterial strains serotyped as Shigella flexneri 2b from a freshwater lake in Bangladesh using a modified nutrient broth supplemented with nucleic acid bases. The biochemical properties of the isolates, including inability to ferment lactose and a negative lysine decarboxylase test, indicated common physiological characteristics with Shigella, but differed significantly from that of standard clinical strains. The isolates possessed the ipaH virulence gene and a megaplasmid, but lacked other Shigella-related virulence marker genes. Genetic fingerprinting and sequence analysis of housekeeping genes confirmed the strains as S. flexneri isolates. An apparent clonal origin of strains recovered with a one-year interval indicates a strong environmental selection pressure on Shigella for persistence in the freshwater environment. The lack of a complete set of virulence genes as well as uncommon biochemical properties suggest that these strains might represent a group of non-invasive and atypical environmental Shigella variants, with the potential for further elucidation of the survival mechanism, diversity, and emergence of virulent Shigella in tropical freshwater environments.}, doi = {10.1007/s00284-011-9992-3}, author = {Rahman, M Z and Azmuda, N and Hossain, M J and Sultana, M and Khan, S I and Birkeland, N K} } @article {14316, title = {Recovery of {Arcobacter} spp. from nonlivestock species.}, journal = {Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {508{\textendash}512}, author = {Wesley, Irene V and Schroeder-Tucker, Linda} } @article {5799, title = {{Recovery of Arcobacter spp. from nonlivestock species.}}, journal = {Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {508{\textendash}512}, author = {Wesley, Irene V and Schroeder-Tucker, Linda} } @article {13174, title = {Re-identification of Aeromonas isolates from chironomid egg masses as the potential pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas aquariorum}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {239-244}, author = {Figueras, M. J. and Beaz-Hidalgo, R. and Senderovich, Y. and Laviad, S. and Halpern, M.} } @mastersthesis {6505, title = {Relationships among tree-species composition, vegetation structure, and forest breeding birds in southern {Illinois}}, year = {2011}, note = {1500939}, school = {Southern Illinois University at Carbondale}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Oaks (Quercus spp.) have dominated eastern forests of the United States for centuries; however, current disturbance regimes discourage oak recruitment and allow shade-tolerant mesophytic species (e.g., maples, Acer spp.) to out-compete oaks. I assessed the effects of mesophication on bird communities by examining differences in breeding bird community structure, abundance, and diversity across 8 and 12 deciduous forest stands in southern Illinois during 2009 and 2010, respectively, using line transects, and by examining a 5-year monitoring data set from across the Shawnee National Forest in 2005-2009. I predicted that variation in bird community structure between maple- and oak-dominated forests can be explained by differential availability of foraging niches. Forest stands used in 2009-2010 were separated along a gradient of hard-mast tree composition, which was defined as the percentage of tree basal area in the stand contributed by oaks and hickories ( Carya spp.). Linear regression and Akaike{\textquoteright}s Information Criteria were used to assess habitat-association models for 7 bird community metrics: bird species diversity, species richness, overall abundance, and abundance of aerial foragers, bark gleaners, foliage gleaners, and ground gleaners. Bird species diversity (Shannon-Wiener H{\textquoteright}) and species richness ranged from 2.97 to 3.15, and 29 to 37, respectively, over both years. Bird species diversity and species richness were best modeled by a negative relationship with \% hardmast tree basal area across both years, whereas overall abundance was best modeled by a positive relationship with understory woody stem diversity. Detection rates for foraging guilds were best modeled by various metrics of habitat structure. Aerial foragers, bark gleaners, foliage gleaners, and ground gleaners responded positively to stem density, downed coarse woody debris density, basal area, and stem diversity, respectively. I used non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) to examine the degree of dissimilarity among bird communities and site type. In 2010, the bird community differed overall, with communities in oak forests tending ( P = 0.09-0.11) to differ those in non-oak and mixed-mesophytic sites. Analysis of a 5-year data set yielded similar results. All models tested for bird-species diversity and species richness were competing, suggesting no individual habitat factor was a strong predictor. Overall abundance and abundance of aerial foragers, bark gleaners and foliage gleaners showed negative relationships to hardmast basal area in all years combined. Ground gleaners responded positively to tree diversity. A post-hoc analysis revealed that overall bird abundance and abundance of foliage-, bark- and ground-gleaning guilds responded positively to an index of riparian areas. Resource use during the breeding season may be shifted to mesic habitats, possibly due to increased resource availability in terms of arthropods and water. Results indicated that mesophication may not have the predicted effects on forest-breeding bird communities, and that vegetation structure was more important in determining bird community structure than tree composition in small-scale forest stands during the breeding season. Resident and over-wintering bird species may be most affected by the loss of oaks due to use during time periods when mesic habitats do not supplement resources. Managers should consider maintenance of a diversity of forest types to maximize avian diversity.}, keywords = {0284:Wildlife Conservation, 0286:Wildlife Management, 0329:Ecology, 0528:Natural Resource Management, Biological sciences, Ecology, Health and environmental sciences, Mesophication, Midwest forest breeding birds, Natural Resource Management, Oak forest, Wildlife Conservation, Wildlife Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/902191617?accountid=14270}, author = {Edmund, Alison} } @article {12307, title = {Release of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in the effluent and biosolids of five wastewater utilities in Michigan}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {Jan}, pages = {681-93}, edition = {2010/09/21}, keywords = {Bacteria/*genetics, Bacterial Proteins/genetics, Carrier Proteins/genetics, Disinfection, Drug Resistance, Bacterial/*genetics, Michigan, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics, Sewage/*microbiology, Sulfonamides/pharmacology, Tetracycline Resistance/*genetics, Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Munir, M. and Wong, K. and Xagoraraki, I.} } @article {12564, title = {Release of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in the effluent and biosolids of five wastewater utilities in Michigan}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {681-693}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Munir, Mariya and Wong, Kelvin and Xagoraraki, Irene} } @article {16889, title = {Release of infectious human enteric viruses by full-scale wastewater utilities}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {45}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {3590{\textendash}3598}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Simmons, Fredrick James and Xagoraraki, Irene} } @article {1836, title = {Release of infectious human enteric viruses by full-scale wastewater utilities}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {45}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, note = {Simmons, Fredrick James Xagoraraki, Irene England Water research Water Res. 2011 Jun;45(12):3590-8. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.001. Epub 2011 Apr 19.}, pages = {3590-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In the United States, infectious human enteric viruses are introduced daily into the environment through the discharge of treated water and the digested sludge (biosolids). In this study, a total of 30 wastewater and 6 biosolids samples were analyzed over five months (May-September 2008-2009) from five full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Michigan using real-time PCR and cell culture assays. Samples were collected from four different locations at each WWTP (influent, pre-disinfection, post-disinfection and biosolids) using the 1MDS electropositive cartridge filter. Adenovirus (HAdV), enterovirus (EV) and norovirus genogroup II (NoV GGII) were detected in 100\%, 67\% and 10\%, respectively of the wastewater samples using real-time PCR. Cytopathic effect (CPE) was present in 100\% of the cell culture samples for influent, pre- and post-disinfection and biosolids with an average log concentration of 4.1 (2.9-4.7, range) 1.1 (0.0-2.3, range) and 0.5 (0.0-1.6, range) MPN/100 L and 2.1 (0.5-4.1) viruses/g, respectively. A significant log reduction in infectious viruses throughout the wastewater treatment process was observed at an average 4.2 (1.9-5.0, range) log units. A significant difference (p-value <0.05) was observed using real-time PCR data for HAdV but not for EV (p-value >0.05) removal in MBR as compared to conventional treatment. MBR treatment was able to achieve an additional 2 and 0.5 log reduction of HAdV and EV, respectively. This study has demonstrated the release of infectious enteric viruses in the final effluent and biosolids of wastewater treatment into the environment.}, keywords = {Animals Cattle Cell Line Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity Halogenation/radiation effects Humans Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Ultraviolet Rays Virus Inactivation/radiation effects *Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Microbiology Water Pollution/*analysis *Water Purification}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.001 S0043-1354(11)00176-X [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570703}, author = {Simmons, F. J. and Xagoraraki, I.} } @inbook {1304, title = {Removal of bacterial fecal indicators, coliphages and enteric adenoviruses from waters with high fecal pollution by slow sand filtration}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, note = {Bauer, Rosalie Dizer, Halim Graeber, Ingeborg Rosenwinkel, Karl-Heinz Lopez-Pila, Juan M Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(10)00611-1 [pii] Water Res. 2011 Jan;45(2):439-52. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.047. Epub 2010 Sep 28.}, pages = {439-52}, publisher = {2010 Elsevier Ltd}, organization = {2010 Elsevier Ltd}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {The aim of the present study was to estimate the performance of slow sand filtration (SSF) facilities, including the time needed for reaching stabilization (maturation), operated with surface water bearing high fecal contamination, representing realistic conditions of rivers in many emerging countries. Surface water spiked with wastewater was infiltrated at different pore water velocities (PWV) and samples were collected at different migration distances. The samples were analyzed for phages and to a lesser extent for fecal bacteria and enteric adenoviruses. At the PWV of 50 cm/d, at which somatic phages showed highest removal, their mean log(10) removal after 90 cm migration was 3.2. No substantial differences of removal rates were observed at PWVs between 100 and 900 cm/d (2.3 log(10) mean removal). The log(10) mean removal of somatic phages was less than the observed for fecal bacteria and tended more towards that of enteric adenoviruses This makes somatic phages a potentially better process indicator than Escherichia coli for the removal of viruses in SSF. We conclude that SSF, and by inference in larger scale river bank filtration (RBF), is an excellent option as a component in multi-barrier systems for drinking water treatment also in areas where the sources of raw water are considerably fecally polluted, as often found in many emerging countries.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Coliphages/isolation \& purification Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification Feces/ microbiology/ virology Filtration/ methods Sewage/microbiology Silicon Dioxide Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Microbiology Water Purification/ methods}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.047}, author = {Bauer, R. and Dizer, H. and Graeber, I. and Rosenwinkel, K. H. and Lopez-Pila, J. M.} } @article {13085, title = {Removal of faecal bacteria from septage by treating it in a full-scale duckweed-covered pond system}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {92}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {3130{\textendash}3135}, author = {Papadopoulos, Frantzis H and Tsihrintzis, Vassilios A and Zdragas, Antonios G} } @article {10851, title = {Removal of human enteric viruses by a full-scale membrane bioreactor during municipal wastewater processing}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {2739{\textendash}2750}, author = {Simmons, Fredrick J and Kuo, DHW and Xagoraraki, Irene} } @article {5611, title = {{Removal of human enteric viruses by a full-scale membrane bioreactor during municipal wastewater processing}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {2739{\textendash}2750}, abstract = {

In the US, human enteric viruses are the main etiologic agents of childhood gastroenteritis, resulting in several hospitalizations and deaths each year. These viruses have been linked to several waterborne diseases, such as acute gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis and respiratory illness. The removal of human enterovirus (EV) and norovirus genogroup II (NoV GGII) was studied in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and compared with the removal of human adenovirus (HAdV). In total, 32 samples were quantified using real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) from four separate locations throughout the treatment process; influent, primary settling effluent, membrane influent (which includes the MLSS) and membrane effluent. EV was detected in all 32 samples (100{\%}) with an average concentration of 1.1 ?? 107 and 7.8 ?? 101 viruses/L for the membrane influent and membrane effluent, respectively. NoV GGII was detected in 20 of 32 samples (63{\%}) with an average membrane influent and membrane effluent concentration of 2.8 ?? 105 and 1.2 ?? 101 viruses/L, respectively. HAdV was detected in all 32 samples with an average membrane influent concentration of 5.2 ?? 108 and 2.7 ?? 103 viruses/L in the membrane effluent. Our findings indicate that this particular full-scale MBR treatment was able to reduce the viral loads by approximately 5.1 and 3.9 log units for EV and NoV GGII as compared to 5.5 log units for HAdV. This full-scale MBR system outperformed the removal observed in previous pilot and bench scale studies by 1 to 2 log units. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on the removal of EV in a full-scale MBR WWTP using real-time RT-PCR, and on the solid-liquid distribution of EV and NoV GII in secondary biological treatment. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

}, keywords = {Enteric virus removal, Enteric virus sorption, Full-scale MBR system, Human adenovirus, Human enterovirus, Human norovirus}, isbn = {1879-2448; 0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2011.02.001}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.02.001}, author = {Simmons, Fredrick J. and David HW Kuo and Xagoraraki, Irene} } @article {10860, title = {Removal of microbial indicators from municipal wastewater by a membrane bioreactor (MBR)}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {102}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, pages = {5004{\textendash}5009}, author = {Marti, Elisabet and Moncl{\'u}s, Hector and Jofre, Juan and Rodriguez-Roda, Ignasi and Comas, Joaquim and Balcazar, Jose Luis} } @article {6462, title = {The removal of thermo-tolerant coliform bacteria by immobilized waste stabilization pond algae}, journal = {Water Science \& Technology}, volume = {63}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {1075}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2011.107}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wst.2011.107}, author = {Pearson, H. W. and Marcon, A. E. and Melo, H. N.} } @article {13467, title = {Resistance of Fasciola hepatica against Triclabendazole in cattle in Patagonia (Argentina)}, journal = {Vet Parasitol}, volume = {178}, year = {2011}, pages = {364-366}, author = {Olaechea, F. and Lovera, V. and Larroza, M. and Raffo, F. and Cabrera, R.} } @article {10710, title = {{Risk factors early in the 2010 cholera epidemic, Haiti}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {2136{\textendash}2138}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Connor, KA and Cartwright, E and Loharikar, A and Routh, J and Gaines, J and Fouch{\'e}, MD and Jean-Louis, R and Ayers, T and Johnson, D and Tappero, JW and Roels, TH and Archer, WR and Dahourou, GA and Mintz, E and Quick, R and Mahon, BE} } @article {9240, title = {{Risk factors for Entamoeba histolytica infection in an agricultural community in Hanam province, Vietnam}}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, year = {2011}, pages = {4}, author = {Duc, PP and Nguyen-Viet, H and Hattendorf, J and Zinsstag, J and Cam, PD and Odermatt, P} } @article {5554, title = {{Risk factors for symptomatic and asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {139}, year = {2011}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate risk factors for norovirus-associated infectious intestinal disease (IID) and asymptomatic norovirus infection. Individuals with IID and healthy controls were recruited in a community-based study in England (19931996). This is the first risk-factor study to use viral load measurements, generated by real-time RTPCR, to identify cases of norovirus-associated IID and asymptomatic infections. Using multivariable logistic regression the main risk factor identified for norovirus-associated IID was contact with a person with IID symptoms. Infectious contacts accounted for 54{\%} of norovirus cases in young children and 39{\%} of norovirus cases in older children and adults. For young children, contacts outside the household presented the highest risk ; for older children and adults, the highest risk was associated with child contacts inside the household. Foreign travel and consumption of shellfish increased the risk of norovirus-associated IID. Lifestyle and dietary factors were associated with a decreased risk of both norovirus-associated IID and asymptomatic infection. No risk factors were identified for asymptomatic norovirus infection.}, keywords = {gastrointestinal infections, infectious disease epidemiology}, issn = {0950-2688}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268810002839}, author = {Phillips, Gemma} } @article {15260, title = {Risk factors for {\textbackslash}textlessi{\textbackslash}{textgreaterEntamoeba} histolytica{\textbackslash}textless/i{\textbackslash}textgreater infection in an agricultural community in {Hanam} province, {Vietnam}.}, journal = {Parasites \& Vectors}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {102}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Entamoeba histolytica is an important protozoan intestinal infection in resource-poor settings, including Vietnam. The study objective was to assess risk factors of E. histolytica infection in a community in Vietnam, where wastewater and human excreta are used in agriculture. A case-control study was conducted among residents of Hanam province, Northern Vietnam. Cases (n = 46) infected with E. histolytica and non-infected controls (n = 138) were identified in a cross-sectional survey among 794 randomly selected individuals and matched for age, sex and place of residence. Potential risk factors including exposure to human and animal excreta and household wastewater were assessed with a questionnaire. RESULTS: People from households with an average socio-economic status had a much higher risk of E. histolytica infection (odds ratio [OR]=4.3, 95\% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-14.0) compared with those from households with a good socioeconomic status. Those individuals who never or rarely used soap for hand washing had a 3.4 times higher risk for infection (OR=3.4, 95\% CI: 1.1-10.0), compared to those who used always soap. In contrast, none of the factors related to use of human or animal excreta was statistically significant associated with E. histolytica infection. People having close contact with domestic animals presented a greater risk of E. histolytica infection (OR = 5.9, 95\% CI: 1.8-19.0) than those without animal contact. E. histolytica infection was not associated with direct contact with Nhue river water, pond water and household{\textquoteright}s sanitary conditions, type of latrine or water source used. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that in settings where human and animal excreta and Nhue River water are intensively used in agriculture, socio-economic and personal hygiene factors determine infection with E. histolytica, rather than exposure to human and animal excreta in agricultural activities.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Agriculture, Animals, Case-Control Studies, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, E. hystolytica, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba histolytica: isolation \& purification, Entamoebiasis, Entamoebiasis: epidemiology, Entamoebiasis: parasitology, Female, Hanam, Humans, Hygiene, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Socioeconomic Factors, Vietnam, Vietnam: epidemiology, wastewater, Young Adult}, author = {Pham-Duc, Phuc and Nguyen-Viet, Hung and Hattendorf, Jan and Zinsstag, Jakob and Dac Cam, Phung and Odermatt, Peter} } @article {13678, title = {{Risk factors for {\textless}i{\textgreater}Entamoeba histolytica{\textless}/i{\textgreater} infection in an agricultural community in Hanam province, Vietnam.}}, journal = {Parasites {\&} Vectors}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {102}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Entamoeba histolytica is an important protozoan intestinal infection in resource-poor settings, including Vietnam. The study objective was to assess risk factors of E. histolytica infection in a community in Vietnam, where wastewater and human excreta are used in agriculture. A case-control study was conducted among residents of Hanam province, Northern Vietnam. Cases (n = 46) infected with E. histolytica and non-infected controls (n = 138) were identified in a cross-sectional survey among 794 randomly selected individuals and matched for age, sex and place of residence. Potential risk factors including exposure to human and animal excreta and household wastewater were assessed with a questionnaire. RESULTS: People from households with an average socio-economic status had a much higher risk of E. histolytica infection (odds ratio [OR]=4.3, 95{\%} confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-14.0) compared with those from households with a good socioeconomic status. Those individuals who never or rarely used soap for hand washing had a 3.4 times higher risk for infection (OR=3.4, 95{\%} CI: 1.1-10.0), compared to those who used always soap. In contrast, none of the factors related to use of human or animal excreta was statistically significant associated with E. histolytica infection. People having close contact with domestic animals presented a greater risk of E. histolytica infection (OR = 5.9, 95{\%} CI: 1.8-19.0) than those without animal contact. E. histolytica infection was not associated with direct contact with Nhue river water, pond water and household{\textquoteright}s sanitary conditions, type of latrine or water source used. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that in settings where human and animal excreta and Nhue River water are intensively used in agriculture, socio-economic and personal hygiene factors determine infection with E. histolytica, rather than exposure to human and animal excreta in agricultural activities.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Agriculture, Animals, Case-Control Studies, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, E. hystolytica, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba histolytica: isolation {\&} purification, Entamoebiasis, Entamoebiasis: epidemiology, Entamoebiasis: parasitology, Female, Hanam, Humans, Hygiene, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Socioeconomic Factors, Vietnam, Vietnam: epidemiology, wastewater, Young Adult}, author = {Pham-Duc, Phuc and Nguyen-Viet, Hung and Hattendorf, Jan and Zinsstag, Jakob and Dac Cam, Phung and Odermatt, Peter} } @article {9671, title = {Role of dog behaviour and environmental fecal contamination in transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis in Tibetan communities.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {138}, year = {2011}, pages = {1316-1329}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182011000874}, author = {Vaniscotte, A and Raoul, F and Poulle, M.L and Romig, T and Dinkel, A and Takahashi, K and Guislain, M.H and Moss, J and Tiaoying, L and Wang, Q. and Qiu, J and Craig, P.S and Giraudoux, P} } @article {10580, title = {{Role of zooplankton diversity in Vibrio cholerae population dynamics and in the incidence of cholera in the Bangladesh Sundarbans}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {77}, number = {7}, year = {2011}, pages = {6125{\textendash}6132}, author = {De Magny, Constantin G and Mozumder, PK and Grim, CJ and Hasan, NA and Naser, MN and Alam, M and Sack, RB and Huq, A and Colwell, RR} } @article {2504, title = {Rotarix{\textregistered}: vaccine performance 6 years postlicensure}, year = {2011}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Ryan, M and Lucero, Y and Linhares, AC} } @article {3442, title = {{The sanitation ladder {\textendash} Need for a revamp?}}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {3{\textendash}12}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2011.014.}, author = {Kvarnstr{\"o}m, E and McConville, JM and et al. Bracken, P} } @article {3572, title = {The sanitation ladder {\textendash} {Need} for a revamp?}, journal = {Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {3{\textendash}12}, doi = {10.2166/washdev.2011.014.}, author = {Kvarnstr{\"o}m, E and McConville, JM and et al. Bracken, P} } @mastersthesis {6295, title = {Scaling of {Effervescent} {Atomization} and {Industrial} {Two}-{Phase} {Flow}}, year = {2011}, note = {NR69370}, school = {University of Alberta (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The objective of this thesis was to develop a novel understanding of the mechanics of two phase gas-liquid flows and sprays injected through industrial effervescent nozzles. This was done using detailed experimental investigations and scaling for two-phase flows and sprays. This study helps to quantify near-field liquid and gas phase statistics that are challenging and impossible to measure in the reactors due to inaccessibility restrictions. The development of nozzles is generally performed on air-water systems. My plan was to begin with the study of small-scale sprays (air and water) to compare to full scale industrial conditions at pilot operation (air-water) or at commercial operation (steam-bitumen), to determine size scaling relationships. The relationship between the lab scale air-water experiments and real industrial scale steam-bitumen has never been fully examined. Knowledge from this thesis will make the development of future nozzles with much less dependent on trial and error. This thesis was an attempt to establish fundamental scaling relationships for the prediction of two-phase spray behavior that can be applied directly to full scale industrial size nozzles that would be of very significant value to industries and to the scientific community in general. Understanding the performance of two phase nozzles through established scaling laws will aid in optimizing the two phase nozzle flow conditions and will serve as a major tool in nozzle design and development for future generation nozzles for many industrial applications.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, Air-water, Applied sciences, Atomization, Effervescent nozzles, Gas-liquid sprays, Mechanical engineering, Size scaling, Two-Phase flow}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/848627815?accountid=14270}, author = {Rahman, Mohammad Azizur} } @article {14573, title = {Scientific opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses}, journal = {European Food Safety Authority Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {2190 [96 pp.]}, abstract = {A review of the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and public health importance of foodborne viruses was performed. Data needs to support a risk assessment were also identified. In addition possible control options and their anticipated impact to prevent or reduce the number of foodborne viral human infections were identified, including the scientific reasons for and against the establishment of food safety criteria and process hygiene criteria for viruses for certain food categories. Food may be contaminated by virus during all stages of the food supply chain, and transmission can occur by consumption of food contaminated during the production process (primary production, or during further processing), or contaminated by infected food handlers. Transmission of zoonotic viruses (e.g. HEV) can also occur by consumption of products of animal origin. Viruses do not multiply in foods, but may persist for extended periods of time as infectious particles in the environment, or in foods. At the EU-level it is unknown how much viral disease can be attributed to foodborne spread. The relative contribution of different sources (shellfish, fresh produce, food handler including asymptomatic shedders, food handling environment) to foodborne illness has not been determined. The Panel recommends focusing controls on preventive measures to avoid viral contamination rather than trying to remove/inactivate these viruses from food. Also, it is recommended to introduce a microbiological criteria for viruses in bivalve molluscs, unless they are labelled {\textquotedblleft}to be cooked before consumption{\textquotedblright}. The criteria could be used by food business operators to validate their control options. Furthermore, it is recommended to refine the regulatory standards and monitoring approaches in order to improve public health protection. Introduction of virus microbiological criteria for classification of bivalve molluscs production areas should be considered. A virus monitoring programme for compliance with these criteria should be risk based according to the findings of a sanitary survey.}, author = {EFSA} } @article {1542, title = {Scientific opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses}, journal = {European Food Safety Authority Journal}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, year = {2011}, pages = {2190 [96 pp.]}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

A review of the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and public health importance of foodborne viruses was performed. Data needs to support a risk assessment were also identified. In addition possible control options and their anticipated impact to prevent or reduce the number of foodborne viral human infections were identified, including the scientific reasons for and against the establishment of food safety criteria and process hygiene criteria for viruses for certain food categories. Food may be contaminated by virus during all stages of the food supply chain, and transmission can occur by consumption of food contaminated during the production process (primary production, or during further processing), or contaminated by infected food handlers. Transmission of zoonotic viruses (e.g. HEV) can also occur by consumption of products of animal origin. Viruses do not multiply in foods, but may persist for extended periods of time as infectious particles in the environment, or in foods. At the EU-level it is unknown how much viral disease can be attributed to foodborne spread. The relative contribution of different sources (shellfish, fresh produce, food handler including asymptomatic shedders, food handling environment) to foodborne illness has not been determined. The Panel recommends focusing controls on preventive measures to avoid viral contamination rather than trying to remove/inactivate these viruses from food. Also, it is recommended to introduce a microbiological criteria for viruses in bivalve molluscs, unless they are labelled \“to be cooked before consumption\”. The criteria could be used by food business operators to validate their control options. Furthermore, it is recommended to refine the regulatory standards and monitoring approaches in order to improve public health protection. Introduction of virus microbiological criteria for classification of bivalve molluscs production areas should be considered. A virus monitoring programme for compliance with these criteria should be risk based according to the findings of a sanitary survey.

} } @article {11609, title = {Scientific opinion on assessment of epidemiological data in relation to the health risks resulting from the presence of parasites in wild caught fish from fishing grounds in the Baltic Sea}}, journal = {EFSA Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {2320} } @article {13273, title = {Seasonal and spatial variability of sediment bacterial communities inhabiting the large shallow Lake Balaton}, journal = {Hydrobiologia.}, volume = {663}, year = {2011}, pages = {217-232}, doi = {10.1007/s10750-010-0574-3}, author = {Szabo, G. and Khayer, B. and Rusznyak, A. and Tatrai, I. and Devai, G. and Marialigeti, K. and Borsodi, A. K.} } @article {5317, title = {Sedimentation of helminth eggs in water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {15}, year = {2011}, pages = {4651{\textendash}4660}, author = {Sengupta, Mita E and Thamsborg, Stig M and Andersen, Thorbj{\o}rn J and Olsen, Annette and Dalsgaard, Anders} } @article {15084, title = {Sedimentation of helminth eggs in water}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {45}, number = {15}, year = {2011}, pages = {4651{\textendash}4660}, author = {Sengupta, Mita E and Thamsborg, Stig M and Andersen, Thorbj{\o}rn J and Olsen, Annette and Dalsgaard, Anders} } @article {3161, title = {Segmental sedimentation and counting technique ({SSCT}): an adaptable method for qualitative diagnosis of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in fox intestines}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {128}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {may}, pages = {57{\textendash}60}, abstract = {A modified Segmental Sedimentation and Counting Technique (SSCT) to examine the presence of Echinococcus multilocularis helminths in segments of fox (Vulpes vulpes) intestine is described and compared to the "gold standard", SCT. Out of the 358 intestines collected, 117 were E. multilocularis positive. Using SSCT methods we compare the sensitivity of individual or pairs of segments to establish a tradeoff between saving time and the reliability of the diagnosis, especially in areas with low infection intensities. The results show that the analysis of segment S4 associated with segment S1 or S2 give 98.3\% sensitivity, with specificity close to 100\%. Based on our results and the time saved, we recommend using SSCT for routine examination of fox intestines for large epidemiological studies, particularly where the endemic prevalence of E. multilocularis is low or unknown.}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Foxes, Intestinal Diseases, Intestines, Parasitic, Sensitivity and Specificity}, issn = {1090-2449}, doi = {10.1016/j.exppara.2011.01.004}, author = {Umhang, G. and Woronoff-Rhen, N. and Combes, B. and Bou{\'e}, F.} } @article {11587, title = {{Serodiagnosis of experimental sparganum infections of mice and human sparganosis by ELISA using ES antigens of Spirometra mansoni spargana}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {108}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {1551{\textendash}1556}, author = {Cui, J and Li, N and Wang, Z Q and Jiang, P and Lin, X M} } @article {16071, title = {Seropositivity to leptospirosis in domestic reservoirs and detection of Leptospira spp. From water sources, in farms of yucatan, Mexico}, journal = {Tropical and Subtropical AgroecosystemsTropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, note = {Cited By :3
Export Date: 24 January 2017}, pages = {185-189}, type = {Article}, abstract = {Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease with a worldwide distribution. WHO classifies this disease as reemergent and it represents a risk to human health with economical repercussion to animal reproduction. Leptospirosis occurs with higher frequency in countries with tropical weather. A transversal study was conducted in 35 animal production units to determine the frequency of infection of L. interrogans in 476 reservoir animals: 212 bovines, 203 pigs, and 61 dogs. Positivity frequency in the reservoirs was 30.5\%. 31 out of 34 animal units had positive reservoirs. The most frequent serovars were Tarassovi (53.6\%), and Hardjo (31.6\%) in cattle; Bratislava (66\%) and Icterohaemorragiae (18.7\%) in pigs; and Canicola (79.8\%) and Icterohaemorragiae (9.8\%) in dogs. 68 pools of water samples from water tanks were analyzed by DNA amplification of a 16S rRNA fragment for L. interrogans detection using Lepat1-Lepat2 primers. It is recommended to use preventive measures such as vaccination to domestic animals to reduce the risk of transmission to the human population.}, keywords = {Detection in water, Domestic reservoirs, leptospirosis, prevalence}, author = {C{\'a}rdenas-Marrufo, M. F. and Vado-Sol{\'\i}s, I. and P{\'e}rez-Osorio, C. E. and Segura-Correa, J. C.} } @article {8579, title = {{Severe congenital toxoplasmosis in the United States: clinical and serologic findings in untreated infants}}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal.}, volume = {30}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {1056{\textendash}1061}, author = {Olariu, TR and Remington, JS and McLeod, R and Alam, A and Montoya, JG} } @article {14137, title = {Shiga toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli {O}100:{H}$^{-}$: stx2e in drinking water contaminated by waste water in {Finland}.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {apr}, pages = {1239{\textendash}44}, abstract = {In November 2007, 450 m(3) of treated wastewater leaked into the drinking water distribution system contaminating the drinking water of over 10,000 inhabitants of Nokia, Southern Finland. Nearly 1,000 people visited the health centre because of gastroenteritis during the following 5 weeks. A wide range of enteric pathogens was found in the patients. The authors used the 16-plex PCR to investigate whether the five major diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes (EPEC, ETEC, STEC, EIEC or EAEC) were present in the contaminated drinking water and in the patients{\textquoteright} stool samples. The contaminated drinking water was positive for genes characteristic of various E. coli pathotypes: pic, invE, hlyA, ent, escV, eae, aggR, stx(2) , estIa and astA. These genes, except stx(2), hlyA and invE, were also detected in the stool samples of the patients linked to this outbreak. A sorbitol positive, streptomycin resistant STEC strain was isolated from the drinking water, and belonged to the serotype O100:H(-), produced Stx2 toxin (titre 1:8 by reversed-passive latex agglutination method), and carried the genes stx(2e), estIa and irp2.}, issn = {1432-0991}, doi = {10.1007/s00284-010-9832-x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21188590}, author = {Lienemann, Taru and Pitkanen, Tarja and Antikainen, Jenni and M{\"o}ls{\"a}, Elina and Miettinen, Ilkka and Haukka, Kaisa and Vaara, Martti and Siitonen, Anja} } @article {8076, title = {{Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O100:H$^{-}$: stx2e in drinking water contaminated by waste water in Finland.}}, journal = {Current Microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {apr}, pages = {1239{\textendash}44}, abstract = {

In November 2007, 450 m(3) of treated wastewater leaked into the drinking water distribution system contaminating the drinking water of over 10,000 inhabitants of Nokia, Southern Finland. Nearly 1,000 people visited the health centre because of gastroenteritis during the following 5 weeks. A wide range of enteric pathogens was found in the patients. The authors used the 16-plex PCR to investigate whether the five major diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes (EPEC, ETEC, STEC, EIEC or EAEC) were present in the contaminated drinking water and in the patients\&$\#$39; stool samples. The contaminated drinking water was positive for genes characteristic of various E. coli pathotypes: pic, invE, hlyA, ent, escV, eae, aggR, stx(2) , estIa and astA. These genes, except stx(2), hlyA and invE, were also detected in the stool samples of the patients linked to this outbreak. A sorbitol positive, streptomycin resistant STEC strain was isolated from the drinking water, and belonged to the serotype O100:H(-), produced Stx2 toxin (titre 1:8 by reversed-passive latex agglutination method), and carried the genes stx(2e), estIa and irp2.

}, issn = {1432-0991}, doi = {10.1007/s00284-010-9832-x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21188590}, author = {Lienemann, Taru and Pitkanen, Tarja and Antikainen, Jenni and M{\"o}ls{\"a}, Elina and Miettinen, Ilkka and Haukka, Kaisa and Vaara, Martti and Siitonen, Anja} } @article {2197, title = {{Shigellosis. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health}}, year = {2011}, pages = {26{\textendash}32}, author = {Chompook, P} } @article {13966, title = {Shigellosis. {Encyclopedia} of {Environmental} {Health}}, year = {2011}, pages = {26{\textendash}32}, author = {Chompook, P} } @article {9824, title = {{Short report: Molecular characterization of Blastocystis obtained from members of the indigenous Tapirap{\'e} ethnic group from the Brazilian Amazon region, Brazil}}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {85}, year = {2011}, pages = {1050{\textendash}1053}, doi = {10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0481}, author = {Malheiros, AF and Stensvold, CR and Clark, CG and Braga, GB and Shaw, JJ} } @article {7614, title = {{A simple and novel method for recovering adenovirus 41 in small volumes of source water}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {1332-1340}, abstract = {

Aim: A new procedure was developed to recover adenovirus 41 in small volumes (1l) of water samples based on adsorption, elution and evaporation. Methods and Results: One litre of source water seeded with adenovirus 41 was adjusted to pH 3{\textperiodcentered}5 and filtered using a large pore size (8{\textperiodcentered}0$μ$m) negatively charged membrane filter (SCWP, 47mm diameter, made of mixed-cellulose esters). Then, the filter was eluted using 4ml of 1{\textperiodcentered}5{\%} beef extract plus 0{\textperiodcentered}75{\%} glycerol (pH 9{\textperiodcentered}0). The eluate was reconcentrated to 0{\textperiodcentered}1ml or less volumes through evaporation assisted with air flow and heating at 55{\textdegree}C. Recovery of adenovirus 41 reached 55{\%} under tested conditions and reduced filtration time by 85{\%} in contrast to the widely used small pore size filter (0{\textperiodcentered}45$μ$m pore size, 47mm diameter). Reconcentration by evaporation achieved approx. 86{\textperiodcentered}8{\%} recovery from source water in approx. 1h at no cost. Conclusion: The virus concentration method developed in this study is simple and cost-effective and can be used to efficiently recover adenovirus 41 from turbid water samples. Significance and Impact of the Study: The procedure developed can be applied to detect adenovirus 41 in source water within hours of sampling. In addition, this is the first application of evaporation to concentrate viruses in water samples. {\textcopyright} 2011 The Authors. Journal of Applied Microbiology {\textcopyright} 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04987.x}, author = {Wu, J. and Rodriguez, R.A. and Stewart, J.R. and Sobsey, M.D.} } @article {13811, title = {A simple and novel method for recovering adenovirus 41 in small volumes of source water}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Aim: A new procedure was developed to recover adenovirus 41 in small volumes (1l) of water samples based on adsorption, elution and evaporation. Methods and Results: One litre of source water seeded with adenovirus 41 was adjusted to pH 3{\textperiodcentered}5 and filtered using a large pore size (8{\textperiodcentered}0μm) negatively charged membrane filter (SCWP, 47mm diameter, made of mixed-cellulose esters). Then, the filter was eluted using 4ml of 1{\textperiodcentered}5\% beef extract plus 0{\textperiodcentered}75\% glycerol (pH 9{\textperiodcentered}0). The eluate was reconcentrated to 0{\textperiodcentered}1ml or less volumes through evaporation assisted with air flow and heating at 55{\textdegree}C. Recovery of adenovirus 41 reached 55\% under tested conditions and reduced filtration time by 85\% in contrast to the widely used small pore size filter (0{\textperiodcentered}45μm pore size, 47mm diameter). Reconcentration by evaporation achieved approx. 86{\textperiodcentered}8\% recovery from source water in approx. 1h at no cost. Conclusion: The virus concentration method developed in this study is simple and cost-effective and can be used to efficiently recover adenovirus 41 from turbid water samples. Significance and Impact of the Study: The procedure developed can be applied to detect adenovirus 41 in source water within hours of sampling. In addition, this is the first application of evaporation to concentrate viruses in water samples. {\textcopyright} 2011 The Authors. Journal of Applied Microbiology {\textcopyright} 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04987.x}, author = {Wu, J. and Rodriguez, R.A. and Stewart, J.R. and Sobsey, M.D.} } @mastersthesis {7023, title = {Soil heterogeneity in arid shrublands: {Biotic} and abiotic processes}, year = {2011}, note = {3490757}, school = {University of Nevada, Reno}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation investigates the evolution of soil heterogeneity on arid alluvial fans. Soil formation begins when depositional or erosional processes cease and a geomorphic surface becomes stable. The transformation of sediment to soil (pedogenesis) affects a multitude of hydrologic processes operating across a range of spatial and temporal scales. At the pore scale (μm-mm), soil development results in the formation of structure and secondary porosity. At the field scale, vegetation patches and open soil (or interspace) affect infiltration, partitioning of evapotranspiration, and ultimately vegetation performance and community structure. This feedback between vegetation and soil development is not well-defined in either time or space, and thus predicting their connection to ecosystem production or change is difficult. Ultimately, understanding how small-scale variability impacts larger scale processes is critical to examining whole ecosystem processes. The biotic and abiotic processes that shape arid landscapes operate at different spatial and temporal scales but ultimately control soil moisture variability and ecosystem patterns and processes. This dissertation attempts to expand the canopy interspace binary model of alluvial fans by (1) determining the spatial structure of hydraulic properties from canopy to interspace microsites, (2) quantifying, scaling and defining its spatial extent, (3) investigating the bio-abiotic factors that control the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of arid alluvial soils, and (4) implementing inverse modeling and field characterization to parameterize the vadose properties of these arid soil systems. We use high-spatial resolution measurements of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, non-dimensional spatial correlation, numerical modeling and multiobjective parameter optimization to address the role of bio-abiotic processes affecting both the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture in arid shrublands. Our results support the biotic feedback between soil and hydrologic processes. On young, weakly structured soils with high overall conductivity, this biofeedback may act to retain moisture and not simply increase saturated conductivity underneath vegetation. Spatially, we found a gradient in hydraulic and physical soil properties that extended 1.4 times the canopy radius. Through the use of a chronosequence, much of the soil heterogeneity could be explained spatially but its origin was a coupling of biotic and abiotic processes. Hydraulic properties were weakly correlated in space but 75\% of the variance could be attributed to sand content, soil structure grade, mean-particle diameter, and organic matter. Lastly, multiobjective parameter optimization using the AMALGAM algorithm found the effective parameters of the near-surface vadose zone to be highly sensitive to factors often ignored in more mesic applications. In particular, parameters associated with the dry-end of the retention curve were well-defined while saturated conductivity and air-entry lost physical meaning or certainty. The coupled use of water content and potential data as minimization criteria through inverse modeling yielded more realistic parameters than either set alone with no single set of parameters being capable to minimizing both data sets.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0481:Soil sciences, Arid shrublands, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Hydraulic properties, Hydrologic sciences, Mojave desert, Soil heterogeneity, Soil sciences, Vadose zone}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/918101321?accountid=14270}, author = {Caldwell, Todd G.} } @article {13770, title = {Source tracking faecal contamination in an urbanised and a rural waterway in the {Nelson}-{Tasman} region, {New} {Zealand}}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Microbial contamination of New Zealand{\textquoteright}s rivers, lakes and coastal waters can pose a risk to human health through both recreational contact and the consumption of contaminated shellfish. Microbial source tracking (MST) methods provide a means to identify potential contaminant sources, which can lead to high faecal indicator bacteria concentrations and elevated human health risk because of associated pathogens. Eight MST markers, including general, ruminant and human-associated Bacteroidales markers, a duck-associated E2 marker, a gull-associated Catellicoccus marimammalium marker and three additional human markers [Enterococcus faecium esp gene, Methanobrevibacter smithii nifH gene, and human polyomaviruses (HPyVs)] were tested for host specificity and sensitivity using an array of animal faecal samples of known origin and wastewater samples. The cross-reactivity identified for some of the markers, although limited, signals a need to validate overseas markers further in New Zealand before employing them in field studies. Application of MST markers on water samples collected from an urbanised section of the Maitai River (Nelson, New Zealand) identified the presence of faecal contamination originating from humans, ruminants and birds. Human faecal contamination was present in the lower section of the Matai River, and in stormwater drains entering the river, in association with elevated faecal coliform concentrations. Application of the markers to the rural Little Sydney Stream (near Motueka, Tasman district, NZ) identified faecal contamination derived from ruminants, which is consistent with the agricultural (pasture) use of the catchment. This study indicates that some of the markers developed overseas can be used effectively to track sources of microbial contamination in New Zealand watersheds. {\textcopyright} 2011 The Royal Society of New Zealand.}, doi = {10.1080/00288330.2010.535494}, author = {Kirs, M. and Harwood, V.J. and Fidler, A.E. and Gillespie, P.A. and Fyfe, W.R. and Blackwood, A.D. and Cornelisen, C.D.} } @article {7570, title = {{Source tracking faecal contamination in an urbanised and a rural waterway in the Nelson-Tasman region, New Zealand}}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {43-58}, abstract = {

Microbial contamination of New Zealand{\textquoteright}s rivers, lakes and coastal waters can pose a risk to human health through both recreational contact and the consumption of contaminated shellfish. Microbial source tracking (MST) methods provide a means to identify potential contaminant sources, which can lead to high faecal indicator bacteria concentrations and elevated human health risk because of associated pathogens. Eight MST markers, including general, ruminant and human-associated Bacteroidales markers, a duck-associated E2 marker, a gull-associated Catellicoccus marimammalium marker and three additional human markers [Enterococcus faecium esp gene, Methanobrevibacter smithii nifH gene, and human polyomaviruses (HPyVs)] were tested for host specificity and sensitivity using an array of animal faecal samples of known origin and wastewater samples. The cross-reactivity identified for some of the markers, although limited, signals a need to validate overseas markers further in New Zealand before employing them in field studies. Application of MST markers on water samples collected from an urbanised section of the Maitai River (Nelson, New Zealand) identified the presence of faecal contamination originating from humans, ruminants and birds. Human faecal contamination was present in the lower section of the Matai River, and in stormwater drains entering the river, in association with elevated faecal coliform concentrations. Application of the markers to the rural Little Sydney Stream (near Motueka, Tasman district, NZ) identified faecal contamination derived from ruminants, which is consistent with the agricultural (pasture) use of the catchment. This study indicates that some of the markers developed overseas can be used effectively to track sources of microbial contamination in New Zealand watersheds. {\textcopyright} 2011 The Royal Society of New Zealand.

}, doi = {10.1080/00288330.2010.535494}, author = {Kirs, M. and Harwood, V.J. and Fidler, A.E. and Gillespie, P.A. and Fyfe, W.R. and Blackwood, A.D. and Cornelisen, C.D.} } @article {9089, title = {{Source water quality effects on monochloramine inactivation of adenovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, and murine norovirus}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {1745{\textendash}1751}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {There is a need for more information regarding monochloramine disinfection efficacy for viruses in water. In this study, monochloramine disinfection efficacy was investigated for coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), echovirus 11 (E11), murine norovirus (MNV), and human adenovirus 2 (HAdV2) in one untreated ground water and two partially treated surface waters. Duplicate disinfection experiments were completed at pH 7 and 8 in source water at concentrations of 1 and 3 mg/L monochloramine at 5 and 15 {\textdegree}C. The Efficiency Factor Hom (EFH) model was used to calculate CT values (mg-min/L) required to achieve 2-, 3-, and 4-log10 reductions in viral titers. In all water types, monochloramine disinfection was most effective for MNV, with 3-log10 CT values at 5 {\textdegree}C ranging from 27 to 110. Monochloramine disinfection was least effective for HAdV2 and E11, depending on water type, with 3-log10 CT values at 5 {\textdegree}C ranging from 1200 to 3300 and 810 to 2300, respectively. Overall, disinfection proceeded faster at 15 {\textdegree}C and pH 7 for all water types. Inactivation of the study viruses was significantly different between water types, but there was no indication that overall disinfection efficacy was enhanced or inhibited in any one water type. CT values for HAdV2 in two types of source water exceeded federal CT value recommendations in the US. The results of this study demonstrate that water quality impacts the inactivation of viruses and should be considered when developing chloramination plans. {\{}{\textcopyright}{\}} 2010.}, keywords = {Disinfection, Monochloramine, Virus, water}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic){\$}\backslash{\$}r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.026}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.026}, author = {Kahler, Amy M and Cromeans, Theresa L and Roberts, Jacquelin M and Hill, Vincent R} } @article {11700, title = {{Sparganosis in mainland China}}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {154{\textendash}156}, doi = {org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.10.001}, author = {Li, MW and Song, HQ and Li, C and Lin, HY and Xie, WT and RQ, Lin and Zhu, XQ} } @mastersthesis {6190, title = {Spatial variations in willingness-to-pay for water at the local and regional scales using geographically weighted regression}, year = {2011}, note = {3443533}, school = {University of Arkansas}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Two decades of rapid urban growth and increasing per capita water consumption has left water providers in Northwest Arkansas concerned about their ability to meet future demand for water. Beaver Water District (BWD) is the largest of four regional water providers that draw from Beaver Lake, the only source of potable water in the region. Growth projections and per capita consumption patterns indicate that BWD could exhaust its raw water allocation as early as 2031. Municipal water customers served by BWD were surveyed about their stated priorities for water use, their water conservation behaviors, and their attitudes and perceptions about urban growth, water resources, and willingness to pay fees for future water availability. A logistic regression, or "logit" model was developed from the survey to identify the attitudes that affect willingness-to-pay (WTP) and estimate mean WTP for water. Logit models are commonly used to estimate mean WTP for an environmental good, but the parameter estimates generated in a logit model describe a global relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Because the independent variables often represent social processes that are spatially non-stationary, geographically weighted regression (GWR) provides a means to examine spatial variations in a model by calculating local parameter estimates for every data point. GWR was applied to the data to identify spatial variations in mean WTP and the attitudes that influence WTP. Using a logit model, mean WTP was estimated at \$227 annually for the region, with subsets of the data by municipality showing WTP ranges from \$209 to \$245. Using GWR, mean WTP over the region was estimated at \$229 annually, but actual WTP values calculated for each data point ranged from \$67 to \$442 per year, with a clear pattern of low values correlating to closer proximity to the water resource. Both the logit and the GWR models were successful in estimating mean WTP over a region, but GWR also illustrated important spatial patterns in the data that can enrich our understanding of the problem and lead to more successful long-term strategies and solutions for meeting the future needs of a rapidly-expanding population.}, keywords = {0438:Environmental economics, 0477:Environmental Studies, 0595:Water Resource Management, Earth sciences, Environmental economics, Environmental Studies, Geographically weighted regression, Health and environmental sciences, Social sciences, Urban ecosystems, Water Resource Management, Water resources, Willingess to pay}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/855632524?accountid=14270}, author = {Dennis, Robyn Lane} } @article {13116, title = {State of the coast: the U.S. population living at the coast}, year = {2011}, publisher = {NOAA}, url = {http://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/population/welcome.html} } @booklet {12508, title = {The state of the world{\textquoteright}s land and water resources for food and agriculture (SOLAW) - managing systems at risk }, year = {2011}, publisher = {Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations }, address = {Rome and Earthscan, London}, author = {FAO} } @inbook {16367, title = {Statistical Approaches for Modeling in Microbial Source Tracking}, booktitle = {Microbial Source Tracking: Methods, Applications, and Case Studies}, year = {2011}, pages = {207-277}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {New York}, author = {Belanche, L.A. and Blanch, A.R. and Hagedorn, C. and Blanch, A.R. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {14343, title = {Study of {Arcobacter} spp. contamination in fresh lettuces detected by different cultural and molecular methods.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {145}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {311{\textendash}314}, author = {Gonz{\'a}lez, Ana and Maria A Ferr{\'u}s} } @article {5826, title = {{Study of Arcobacter spp. contamination in fresh lettuces detected by different cultural and molecular methods.}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {145}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {311{\textendash}314}, author = {Gonz{\'a}lez, Ana and Maria A Ferr{\'u}s} } @article {4829, title = {{Surveillance for laboratory-confirmed sporadic cases of cyclosporiasis-United States, 1997-2008}}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries}, volume = {60}, year = {2011}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, author = {Hall, RL and Jones, JL and Herwaldt, BL} } @article {10033, title = {{Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water use and other aquatic facility-associated health events - United States, 2007-2008}}, journal = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {60}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {1{\textendash}38}, abstract = {Problem/Condition: Since 1971, CDC, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists have collaboratively maintained the Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System for collecting and reporting data related to waterborne-disease outbreaks (WBDOs) associated with drinking water. In 1978, WBDOs associated with recreational water (natural and treated water) were added. This system is the primary source of data regarding the scope and effects of disease associated with recreational water in the USA. In addition, data are collected on individual cases of recreational water-associated illnesses and infections and health events occurring at aquatic facilities but not directly related to water exposure. Reporting Period: Data presented summarize WBDOs and case reports associated with recreational water use that occurred during January 2005-December 2006 and previously unreported disease reports and outbreaks during 1978-2004. Description of the System: Public health departments in the states, territories, localities, and the Freely Associated States (i.e., the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of Palau, formerly parts of the U.S.-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) have primary responsibility for detecting, investigating, and voluntarily reporting WBDOs to CDC. Although the surveillance system includes data for WBDOs and cases associated with drinking water, recreational water, and water not intended for drinking, only cases and outbreaks associated with recreational water and health events at aquatic facilities are summarized in this report. Results: During 2005-06, a total of 78 WBDOs associated with recreational water were reported by 31 states. Illness occurred in 4412 persons, resulting in 116 hospitalizations and five deaths. The median outbreak size was 13 persons (range: 2-2307 persons). Of the 78 WBDOs, 48 (61.5{\%}) were outbreaks of gastroenteritis that resulted from infectious agents or chemicals, 11 (14.1{\%}) were outbreaks of acute respiratory illness, and 11 (14.1{\%}) were outbreaks of dermatitis or other skin conditions. The remaining eight were outbreaks of leptospirosis (n=2), primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (n=1), and mixed or other illnesses (n=5). WBDOs associated with gastroenteritis resulted in 4015 (91.0{\%}) of 4412 illnesses. 58 (74.4{\%}) WBDOs occurred at treated water venues, resulting in 4,167 (94.4{\%}) cases of illness. The etiologic agent was confirmed in 62 (79.5{\%}) of the 78 WBDOs, suspected in 12 (15.4{\%}) and unidentified in 4 (5.1{\%}). 34 (43.6{\%}) WBDOs had a parasitic aetiology; 22 (28.2{\%}), bacterial; four (5.1{\%}), viral; and two (2.6{\%}), chemical or toxin. Among the 48 gastroenteritis outbreaks, Cryptosporidium was confirmed as the causal agent in 31 (64.6{\%}), and all except two of these outbreaks occurred in treated water venues where Cryptosporidium caused 82.9{\%} (29/35) of the gastroenteritis outbreaks. Case reports associated with recreational water exposure that were discussed and analysed separately from outbreaks include three fatal Naegleria cases and 189 Vibrio illnesses reported to the Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance System. For Vibrio reporting, the most commonly reported species were Vibrio vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, and V. parahaemolyticus. V. vulnificus illnesses associated with recreational water exposure had the highest Vibrio illness hospitalization (77.6{\%}) and mortality (22.4{\%}) rates. In addition, 32 aquatic facility-related health events not associated with recreational water use (e.g., pool chemical mixing accidents) that occurred during 1983-2006 were received from New York. These events, which caused illness in 364 persons, are included in this report but analysed separately. Interpretations: The number of WBDOs summarized in this report and the trends in recreational water-associated disease and outbreaks demonstrate a substantial increase in number of reports from previous years. Outbreaks, especially the largest ones, occurred more freque tly in the summer at treated water venues and caused gastrointestinal illness. Deficiencies leading to WBDOs included problems with water-quality, venue design, usage, and maintenance. Case reports of illness associated with recreational water use expand our understanding of the scope of waterborne illness by further underscoring the contribution of less well-recognized swimming venues (e.g., oceans) and illness (e.g., non-gastrointestinal illness). Aquatic facilities are also a focus for injuries involving chemicals or equipment used routinely in the operation of swimming venues, thus illustrating the lack of training of some aquatics staff. Public Health Actions: CDC uses WBDO surveillance data to (1) identify the aetiological agents, types of aquatic venues, water-treatment systems, and deficiencies associated with outbreaks and case reports; (2) evaluate the adequacy of efforts (i.e., regulations and public awareness activities) to provide safe recreational water; (3) expand the scope of understanding about waterborne disease and health events associated with swimming and aquatics facilities; and (4) establish public health prevention priorities, data, and messaging that might lead to improved regulations, guidelines, and prevention measures at the local, state, and federal levels.}, keywords = {amebic primary meningoencephalitis, America, Amoeba, amoebic primary meningoencephalitis, Amoebida, Amoebidae, Animals, APEC countries, Apicomplexa, bacteria, Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens of Hu, bacterial diseases, Bacterial Infections, bacterioses, bacterium, Chordata, Cryptosporidiidae, cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium, death rate, dermatitis, Developed Countries, epidemiology, Eucoccidiorida, Eukaryotes, Gammaproteobacteria, Gastroenteritis, Helminth and Arthropod Parasites of Hum, Hominidae, Homo, human diseases, invertebrates, Leptospira, Leptospiraceae, leptospirosis, lung diseases, Mammals, man, Mortality, Naegleria, North America, OECD Countries, OUTBREAKS, Parasitic Diseases, parasitic infestations, parasitoses, parasitosis, Primates, Prion, prokaryotes, Proteobacteria, Protozoa, protozoal diseases, protozoal infections, Protozoan, Recreational Facilities and Management (UU610) (Ne, respiratory diseases, Sarcomastigophora, Schizopyrenida, Spirochaetales, Spirochaetes, Surveillance, United States of America, USA, Vahlkampfiidae, vertebrates, Vibrio, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrionaceae, Vibrionales, Viral, viral diseases, viral infections, water recreation, water treatment, Waterborne diseases}, isbn = {0149-2195}, issn = {1545-8636}, doi = {ss6012a4 [pii]}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true{\&}db=lhh{\&}AN=20093051487{\&}site=ehost-live{\%}5Cnhttp://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/mmwr{\_}wk.html{\%}5Cnemail: jey9@cdc.gov}, author = {Yoder, J S and Hlavsa, M C and Craun, G F and Hill, V and Roberts, V and Yu, P A and Hicks, L A and Alexander, N T and Calderon, R L and Roy, S L and Beach, M J} } @inbook {1288, title = {Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, note = {Wyn-Jones, A Peter Carducci, Annalaura Cook, Nigel D{\textquoteright}Agostino, Martin Divizia, Maurizio Fleischer, Jens Gantzer, Christophe Gawler, Andrew Girones, Rosina Holler, Christiane de Roda Husman, Ana Maria Kay, David Kozyra, Iwona Lopez-Pila, Juan Muscillo, Michele Nascimento, Maria Sao Jose Papageorgiou, George Rutjes, Saskia Sellwood, Jane Szewzyk, Regine Wyer, Mark Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(10)00710-4 [pii] Water Res. 2011 Jan;45(3):1025-38. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.015. Epub 2010 Oct 29.}, pages = {1025-38}, publisher = {A 2010 Elsevier Ltd}, organization = {A 2010 Elsevier Ltd}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {Exposure to human pathogenic viruses in recreational waters has been shown to cause disease outbreaks. In the context of Article 14 of the revised European Bathing Waters Directive 2006/7/EC (rBWD, CEU, 2006) a Europe-wide surveillance study was carried out to determine the frequency of occurrence of two human enteric viruses in recreational waters. Adenoviruses were selected based on their near-universal shedding and environmental survival, and noroviruses (NoV) selected as being the most prevalent gastroenteritis agent worldwide. Concentration of marine and freshwater samples was done by adsorption/elution followed by molecular detection by (RT)-PCR. Out of 1410 samples, 553 (39.2\%) were positive for one or more of the target viruses. Adenoviruses, detected in 36.4\% of samples, were more prevalent than noroviruses (9.4\%), with 3.5\% GI and 6.2\% GII, some samples being positive for both GI and GII. Of 513 human adenovirus-positive samples, 63 (12.3\%) were also norovirus-positive, whereas 69 (7.7\%) norovirus-positive samples were adenovirus-negative. More freshwater samples than marine water samples were virus-positive. Out of a small selection of samples tested for adenovirus infectivity, approximately one-quarter were positive. Sixty percent of 132 nested-PCR adenovirus-positive samples analysed by quantitative PCR gave a mean value of over 3000 genome copies per L of water. The simultaneous detection of infectious adenovirus and of adenovirus and NoV by (RT)PCR suggests that the presence of infectious viruses in recreational waters may constitute a public health risk upon exposure. These studies support the case for considering adenoviruses as an indicator of bathing water quality.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/ isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring Europe Fresh Water/ virology Norovirus/genetics/ isolation \& purification Recreation Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Seawater/ virology Water Microbiology}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.015}, author = {Wyn-Jones, A. P. and Carducci, A. and Cook, N. and D{\textquoteright}Agostino, M. and Divizia, M. and Fleischer, J. and Gantzer, C. and Gawler, A. and Girones, R. and Holler, C. and A M De Roda Husman and Kay, D. and Kozyra, I. and Lopez-Pila, J. and Muscillo, M. and Nascimento, M. S. and Papageorgiou, G. and Rutjes, S. and Sellwood, J. and Szewzyk, R. and Wyer, M.} } @article {6366, title = {Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in {European} recreational waters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {1025{\textendash}1038}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.015}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135410007104}, author = {Wyn-Jones, A. Peter and Carducci, Annalaura and Cook, Nigel and D{\textquoteright}Agostino, Martin and Divizia, Maurizio and Fleischer, Jens and Gantzer, Christophe and Gawler, Andrew and Girones, Rosina and H{\"o}ller, Christiane and Ana M. De Roda Husman and Kay, David and Kozyra, Iwona and L{\'o}pez-Pila, Juan and Muscillo, Michele and Jos{\'e} Nascimento, Maria S{\~a}o and Papageorgiou, George and Rutjes, Saskia and Sellwood, Jane and Szewzyk, Regine and Wyer, Mark} } @article {4634, title = {Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in {European} recreational waters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {1025{\textendash}38}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Wyn-Jones, A. P. and Carducci, A. and Cook, N. and D{\textquoteright}Agostino, M. and Divizia, M. and Fleischer, J. and Gantzer, C. and Gawler, A. and Girones, R. and Holler, C. and A M De Roda Husman and Kay, D. and Kozyra, I. and Lopez-Pila, J. and Muscillo, M. and Nascimento, M. S. and Papageorgiou, G. and Rutjes, S. and Sellwood, J. and Szewzyk, R. and Wyer, M.} } @article {7360, title = {Survival characteristics of {Salmonella} enterica serovar {Newport} in the dairy farm environment}, journal = {Journal of Dairy Science}, volume = {94}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {5238{\textendash}5246}, issn = {00220302}, doi = {10.3168/jds.2011-4493}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022030211005443}, author = {Toth, J.D. and Aceto, H.W. and Rankin, S.C. and Dou, Z.} } @article {16190, title = {Survival of a pathogenic Leptospira serovar in response to combined in vitro pH and temperature stresses}, journal = {Vet MicrobiolVet Microbiol}, volume = {152}, number = {1-2}, year = {2011}, month = {Apr 23}, pages = {146-150}, isbn = {1873-2542 (Electronic)
0378-1135 (Linking)}, author = {Parker, J. and Walker, M.} } @article {4586, title = {Survival of adenovirus types 2 and 41 in surface and ground waters measured by a plaque assay}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {4145{\textendash}50}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es103922r}, author = {Rigotto, C. and Hanley, K. and Rochelle, P. A. and De Leon, R. and Barardi, C. R. and Yates, M. V.} } @article {6549, title = {Survival of {Adenovirus} {Types} 2 and 41 in {Surface} and {Ground} {Waters} {Measured} by a {Plaque} {Assay}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, month = {may}, pages = {4145{\textendash}4150}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es103922r}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es103922r}, author = {Rigotto, C. and Hanley, K. and Rochelle, P.A. and De Leon, R. and C R Barardi and Yates, M.V.} } @article {1267, title = {Survival of adenovirus types 2 and 41 in surface and ground waters measured by a plaque assay}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {45}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, note = {Rigotto, C Hanley, K Rochelle, P A De Leon, R Barardi, C R M Yates, M V Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Environmental science \& technology Environ Sci Technol. 2011 May 1;45(9):4145-50. doi: 10.1021/es103922r. Epub 2011 Apr 11.}, pages = {4145-50}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {To manage artificial recharge systems, it is necessary to understand the inactivation process of microorganisms within aquifers so that requirements regarding storage times and treatment strategies for ground and surface waters can be developed and modeled to improve water management practices. This study was designed to investigate the survival of representative adenoviruses in surface- and groundwaters using a cell culture plaque assay with human lung carcinoma cells (A549) to enumerate surviving viruses. Adenovirus types 2 (Ad2) and 41 (Ad41) were seeded into 50 mL of three sterilized surface waters and groundwaters, and incubated at 10 and 19 degrees C for up to 301 days. Concentrations of Ad2 and Ad41 were relatively stable in all waters at 10 degrees C for at least 160 days and in some instances up to 301 days. At 19 degrees C, virus concentrations were reduced by 99.99\% (4 log) after 301 days in surface water. There was approximately 90\% (1 log) reduction of both viruses at 19 degrees C after 160 days of incubation in groundwater samples. There was no overall difference in survival kinetics in surface waters compared to groundwaters. The relatively high stability and long-term survival of adenoviruses in environmental waters at elevated temperatures should be considered in risk assessment models and drinking water management strategies.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ physiology Adenoviridae Infections/virology Cell Line, Tumor Fresh Water/ virology Humans Temperature Viral Plaque Assay Water Microbiology Water Supply}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es103922r}, author = {Rigotto, C. and Hanley, K. and Rochelle, P. A. and De Leon, R. and Barardi, C. R. and Yates, M. V.} } @article {9120, title = {{Survival of Adenovirus Types 2 and 41 in Surface and Ground Waters Measured by a Plaque Assay}}, year = {2011}, pages = {4145{\textendash}4150}, author = {Rigotto, C and Hanley, K and Rochelle, P A and R, De Leon and Barardi, C R M and Yates, M V} } @article {5732, title = {{Survival of Hepatitis A and E Viruses in Soil Samples}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {E1{\textendash}4}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03652.x}, author = {Parashar, D and Khalkar, P and Arankalle, VA} } @article {5305, title = {Sustainable options of post treatment of UASB effluent treating sewage: a review}, journal = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling}, volume = {55}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, pages = {1232{\textendash}1251}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Abid A Khan and Rubia Z Gaur and V K Tyagi and Khursheed, Anwar and Lew, Beni and Mehrotra, Indu and Kazmi, AA} } @booklet {3759, title = {Sustainable {Sanitation} in {Cities} - {A} {Framework} for {Action}.}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Papiroz Publishing House}, address = {Rijswijk}, author = {L{\"u}thi, C and Panesar, A and et al. Sch{\"u}tze, T.} } @booklet {3444, title = {{Sustainable Sanitation in Cities - A Framework for Action.}}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Papiroz Publishing House}, address = {Rijswijk}, author = {L{\"u}thi, C and Panesar, A and et al. Sch{\"u}tze, T.} } @mastersthesis {7424, title = {Sustainable {Water} {Management} in {Ciudad} {Juarez}}, year = {2011}, note = {3452993}, school = {Arizona State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Water resources in many parts of the world are subject to increasing stress because of (a) the growth in demand caused by population increase and economic development, (b) threats to supply caused by climate and land cover change, and (c) a heightened awareness of the importance of maintaining water supplies to other parts of the ecosystem. An additional factor is the quality of water management. The United States-Mexican border provides an example of poor water management combined with increasing demand for water resources that are both scarce and uncertain. This dissertation focuses on the problem of water management in the border city of Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua. The city has attracted foreign investment during the last few decades, largely due to relatively low environmental and labor costs, and to a range of tax incentives and concessions. This has led to economic and population growth, but also to higher demand for public services such as water which leads to congestion and scarcity. In particular, as water resources have become scarce, the cost of water supply has increased. The dissertation analyzes the conditions that allow for the efficient use of water resources at sustainable levels of economic activity{\textendash}i.e., employment and investment. In particular, it analyzes the water management strategies that lead to an efficient and sustainable use of water when the source of water is either an aquifer, or there is conjunctive use of ground and imported water. The first part of the dissertation constructs a model of the interactive effects of water supply, wage rates, inward migration of labor and inward investment of capital. It shows how growing water scarcity affects population growth through the impact it has on real wage rates, and how this erodes the comparative advantage of Ciudad Juarez{\textendash}low wages{\textendash}to the point where foreign investment stops. This reveals the very close connection between water management and the level of economic activity in Ciudad Juarez. The second part of the dissertation examines the effect of sustainable and efficient water management strategies on population and economic activity levels under two different settings. In the first Ciudad Juarez relies exclusively on ground water to meet demand{\textendash}this reflects the current situation of Ciudad Juarez. In the second Ciudad Juarez is able both to import water and to draw on aquifers to meet demand. This situation is motivated by the fact that Ciudad Juarez is considering importing water from elsewhere to maintain its economic growth and mitigate the overdraft of the Bolson del Hueco aquifer. Both models were calibrated on data for Ciudad Juarez, and then used to run experiments with respect to different environmental and economic conditions, and different water management options. It is shown that for a given set of technological, institutional and environmental conditions, the way water is managed in a desert environment determines the long run equilibrium levels of employment, investment and output. It is also shown that the efficiency of water management is consistent with the sustainability of water use and economic activity. Importing water could allow the economy to operate at higher levels of activity than where it relies solely on local aquifers. However, at some scale, water availability will limit the level of economic activity, and the disposable income of the residents of Ciudad Juarez.}, keywords = {0438:Environmental economics, 0595:Water Resource Management, 0640:Sustainability, Ciudad Juarez, Earth sciences, Environmental economics, Groundwater, Maquiladoras, Mexico, Migration, Prices, Social sciences, Sustainability, United States, US-Mexican border, Water management, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/866206851?accountid=14270}, author = {Garduno Angeles, Gustavo Leopoldo} } @article {4366, title = {{Swimmer risk of gastrointestinal illness from exposure to tropical coastal waters impacted by terrestrial dry-weather runoff.}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {17}, year = {2011}, month = {sep}, pages = {7158{\textendash}65}, abstract = {

This study used molecular methods to measure concentrations of four enteric viruses (adenovirus, enterovirus, norovirus GI, and norovirus GII) and fecal source tracking markers (human, ruminant, and pig Bacteroidales) in land-based runoff from 22 tropical streams on O\&$\#$39;ahu, Hawai\&$\#$39;i. Each stream was sampled twice in the morning and afternoon during dry weather. Viruses and human Bacteroidales were widespread in the streams. Watershed septic tank densities were positively associated with higher occurrence of human Bacteroidales and norovirus. There were no associations between occurrence of viruses and fecal indicator concentrations. Virus concentrations and previously reported culturable Salmonella and Campylobacter were used as inputs to a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model to estimate the risk of acquiring gastrointestinal (GI) illness from swimming in tropical marine waters adjacent to discharging streams. Monte Carlo methods were used to incorporate uncertainties in the dilution of stream discharge with seawater, swimmer ingestion volumes, pathogen concentrations, and dose-response parameters into the model. Median GI illness risk to swimmers from exposure to coastal waters adjacent to the 22 streams ranged from 0 to 21/1000. GI illness risks from viral exposures were generally orders of magnitude greater than bacterial exposures. Swimming adjacent to streams positive for norovirus or adenovirus resulted in the highest risks. The median risk adjacent to each stream was positively, significantly correlated to the concentration of Clostridium perfringens in the stream. Although a number of important assumptions were made to complete the QMRA, results suggest land-based runoff in the tropics as a potential source of GI illness risk, with pathogens coming from both human and nonhuman nonpoint sources including septic tanks.

}, keywords = {Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Gastrointestinal Diseases: microbiology, Gastrointestinal Diseases: virology, Hawaii, Humans, Monte Carlo Method, Recreation, Risk, Rivers, Rivers: microbiology, Rivers: virology, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Seawater: virology, Swimming, Tropical Climate, Water Microbiology, Water Movements, Water Pollution, Weather}, issn = {1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es200984b}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21780808}, author = {Viau, Emily J and Lee, Debbie and Boehm, Alexandria B} } @article {10540, title = {{Systematic review: the use of proton pump inhibitors and increased susceptibility to enteric infection}}, journal = {Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, volume = {34}, year = {2011}, pages = {1269{\textendash}2681}, author = {Bavishi, C and DuPont, HL} } @article {1581, title = {Tangential-flow ultrafiltration with integrated inhibition detection for recovery of surrogates and human pathogens from large-volume source water and finished drinking water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, note = {Gibson, Kristen E Schwab, Kellogg J eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2010/11/16 06:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Jan;77(1):385-91. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01164-10. Epub 2010 Nov 12.}, pages = {385-91}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Tangential-flow ultrafiltration was optimized for the recovery of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens spores, bacteriophages MS2 and PRD1, murine norovirus, and poliovirus seeded into 100-liter surface water (SW) and drinking water (DW) samples. SW and DW collected from two drinking water treatment plants were then evaluated for human enteric viruses.}, keywords = {Bacteria/isolation \& purification Humans Microbiological Techniques/*methods Ultrafiltration/methods Viruses/isolation \& purification *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01164-10}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075885}, author = {Gibson, K. E. and Schwab, K. J.} } @article {14628, title = {Tangential-flow ultrafiltration with integrated inhibition detection for recovery of surrogates and human pathogens from large-volume source water and finished drinking water}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {385{\textendash}91}, abstract = {Tangential-flow ultrafiltration was optimized for the recovery of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens spores, bacteriophages MS2 and PRD1, murine norovirus, and poliovirus seeded into 100-liter surface water (SW) and drinking water (DW) samples. SW and DW collected from two drinking water treatment plants were then evaluated for human enteric viruses.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Bacteria/isolation \& purification, Humans, Microbiological Techniques/*methods, Ultrafiltration/methods, Viruses/isolation \& purification}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01164-10}, author = {Gibson, K. E. and Schwab, K. J.} } @article {5787, title = {{Taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical relevance of the genus Arcobacter.}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {174{\textendash}192}, author = {Collado, Luis and Maria J Figueras} } @article {14304, title = {Taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical relevance of the genus {Arcobacter}.}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {174{\textendash}192}, author = {Collado, Luis and Maria J Figueras} } @booklet {1470, title = {Technology review of composting toilets Basic overview of composting toilets (with or without urine diversion)}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Sustainable sanitation - ecosan program Postfach 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany; http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/878 Last Accessed July 2015.}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {Berger, W.} } @booklet {13378, title = {{Technology review of composting toilets{\textendash}Basic overview of composting toilets (with or without urine diversion)}}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH}, address = {Eschborn, Germany}, author = {Berger, W.} } @booklet {14263, title = {Technology review of urine diversion components - {Overview} on urine diversion components such as waterless urinals, urine diversion toilets, urine storage and reuse systems.}, year = {2011}, pages = {8{\textendash}29}, publisher = {German Federal Ministry for economic cooperation and development}, address = {Eschborn}, author = {von M{\"u}nch, E., Winker, M.} } @inbook {2449, title = {{Technology review of urine diversion components - Overview on urine diversion components such as waterless urinals, urine diversion toilets, urine storage and reuse systems.}}, booktitle = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH}, year = {2011}, pages = {8{\textendash}29}, publisher = {German Federal Ministry for economic cooperation and development}, organization = {German Federal Ministry for economic cooperation and development}, address = {Eschborn }, author = {von M{\"u}nch, E. and Winker, M.} } @article {13813, title = {Temporal study of {Helicobacter} pylori presence in coastal freshwater, estuary and marine waters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {1897{\textendash}1905}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori, a gastric pathogen, is believed to be transmitted via the fecal-oral route as well as the oral-oral route. Its presence and viability in environmental waters is not well characterized. The goals of this study were to test H. pylori presence via molecular methods in freshwater, estuarine and beach sites in Delaware over both short and long time scales and to establish whether fecal indicator bacteria, including total Enterococcus and human-specific Bacteroidetes species, are predictive of the pathogen in these waters. The presence of Helicobacter pylori was initially tested by PCR with newly designed 23S rRNA gene primers against Helicobacter spp. and confirmed by sequencing. Two coastal beach sites were repeatedly positive in 2007. Clone library analysis indicated the persistence of one operational taxonomic unit (OTU) over time at one site. Detection of H. pylori was also determined by PCR assays from DNA and RNA for the 16S rRNA gene, as well as DNA for the ureA and cagA genes. Approximately 21\% of the samples were positive for H. pylori 16S rRNA gene and 80\% of those were also positive for H. pylori 16S rRNA, indicating that this potential pathogen is not only present in natural waters, but also probably viable. There was no correlation between the occurrence of H. pylori and fecal indicator bacteria, suggesting that standard water quality tests are ineffective in predicting the presence of this pathogen in natural waters. These results demonstrate the widespread presence of potentially viable H. pylori in coastal marine and estuarine waters. Additionally, the repeatedly positive samples indicate either a continual contamination source or persistence of H. pylori in marine waters. ?? 2010 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {23S rRNA, Helicobacter, Marine, PCR, RNA}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.12.013}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.12.013}, author = {Twing, Katrina I. and Kirchman, David L. and Campbell, Barbara J.} } @article {8184, title = {{Temporal study of Helicobacter pylori presence in coastal freshwater, estuary and marine waters}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {1897{\textendash}1905}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori, a gastric pathogen, is believed to be transmitted via the fecal-oral route as well as the oral-oral route. Its presence and viability in environmental waters is not well characterized. The goals of this study were to test H. pylori presence via molecular methods in freshwater, estuarine and beach sites in Delaware over both short and long time scales and to establish whether fecal indicator bacteria, including total Enterococcus and human-specific Bacteroidetes species, are predictive of the pathogen in these waters. The presence of Helicobacter pylori was initially tested by PCR with newly designed 23S rRNA gene primers against Helicobacter spp. and confirmed by sequencing. Two coastal beach sites were repeatedly positive in 2007. Clone library analysis indicated the persistence of one operational taxonomic unit (OTU) over time at one site. Detection of H. pylori was also determined by PCR assays from DNA and RNA for the 16S rRNA gene, as well as DNA for the ureA and cagA genes. Approximately 21{\%} of the samples were positive for H. pylori 16S rRNA gene and 80{\%} of those were also positive for H. pylori 16S rRNA, indicating that this potential pathogen is not only present in natural waters, but also probably viable. There was no correlation between the occurrence of H. pylori and fecal indicator bacteria, suggesting that standard water quality tests are ineffective in predicting the presence of this pathogen in natural waters. These results demonstrate the widespread presence of potentially viable H. pylori in coastal marine and estuarine waters. Additionally, the repeatedly positive samples indicate either a continual contamination source or persistence of H. pylori in marine waters. ?? 2010 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {23S rRNA, Helicobacter, Marine, PCR, RNA}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.12.013}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.12.013}, author = {Twing, Katrina I. and Kirchman, David L. and Campbell, Barbara J.} } @mastersthesis {6256, title = {Three {Essays} on the {Valuation} of {Natural} {Resources} in {Recreation} and {Tourism}}, year = {2011}, note = {3464458}, school = {Auburn University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation examines the demand behavior of recreational participants, their preference for resource attributes and their valuations of nature-based outdoor activities and related natural resources. The results are presented in the form of three separate chapters (2, 3 and 4) in journal publication formats. In the context of a recent controversy over the trend in nature-based recreation demand, Chapter 2 estimates the demand for and welfare value of consumptive nature-based recreation (CNR) in the United States and examines if this value changed between 1996 and 2006. Demand is estimated using the travel cost model framework and the standard, truncated and zero-inflated count data models. The hypothesis that the demand for CNR trips was identical in the two sample years is rejected. A demand-supply model shows a downward shift in demand for CNR trips along a negatively sloped long-run supply curve between the two study years implying that CNR is a decreasing cost industry. Although total participation declined between 1996 and 2006, results suggest that per capita willingness to pay (WTP) for CNR, in 2006 constant dollars, was higher in 2006. However, declined participation offset the higher per capita WTP in 2006 and resulted in an aggregate economic value of CNR not significantly different from that in 1996. An important unresolved issue regarding inconsistencies in welfare measures from truncated and untruncated count data models is also addressed in this paper. Results suggest that welfare estimates from truncated models may not be appropriate for extrapolating to the general population and justify efforts in collecting additional data on nonparticipants. Chapter 3 examines the influence of state attributes on the choice of destination states by freshwater anglers. Using revealed preference data on anglers who participated in freshwater fishing in twelve southeast states in 2006, this paper estimates the values that anglers place on social, infrastructural and environmental characteristics of states and examines how these values vary by angler characteristics. Estimated mixed logit models suggest that anglers are less likely to participate in freshwater fishing in states where toxic releases to surface water and air, crime rate, and the extent of urbanization are high. On the other hand, anglers prefer states with more sunshine and greater recreational and forest acreages. Willingness to pay for state attributes varies significantly in the population of anglers. Although angler characteristics do not fully explain this variation, results suggest that urbanites and males place higher values on state attributes than their rural and female counterparts, respectively. Willingness to pay also increases with income. Finally, Chapter 4 estimates the monetary value of urban forests{\textquoteright} non-price benefits to tourists. Data collected by face-to-face self-administered survey of urban tourists in Savannah, Georgia is used to estimate tourists{\textquoteright} willingness to pay (WTP) for urban forests by the contingent valuation method. WTP is found higher among tourists with graduate school education and higher income. Results also suggest that tourists with family are willing to pay less, likely because of lower disposable income in larger households. Positive perceptions about the importance and quality of urban forests increase WTP. Loyal tourists are found to be willing to pay more for urban forests. The estimated annual value of urban forests to tourists in Savanna ranges from a minimum of US \$62 million to a maximum of US \$117 million.}, keywords = {0281:Urban Forestry, 0501:Economics, 0814:Recreation, Biological sciences, Contingent valuation, Destination choice, economics, Mixed logit model, natural resources, Nature-based recreation, Recreation, Social sciences, Travel cost, Urban Forestry, Urban forests, Valuation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/880560933?accountid=14270}, author = {Majumdar, Suman} } @article {9374, title = {{Tissue destruction and invasion by Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {254{\textendash}263}, author = {Ralston, KS and Petri, WA Jr} } @article {16708, title = {A tool for {Quantitative} {Microbial} {Risk} {Assessment} from surface water to potable water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {5564{\textendash}5576}, author = {Schijven, J.F. and P PM Teunis and Rutjes, S.A. and Bouwknegt, M. and Husman, A.M.D. and de Roda, A.M.} } @article {1906, title = {Toward a consensus view on the infectious risks associated with land application of sewage sludge}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {13}, year = {2011}, note = {Viau, Emily Bibby, Kyle Paez-Rubio, Tania Peccia, Jordan Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. Review United States Environmental science \& technology Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Jul 1;45(13):5459-69. doi: 10.1021/es200566f. Epub 2011 Jun 6.}, pages = {5459-69}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The science linking processed sewage sludge (biosolids) land application with human health has improved in the last ten years. The goal of this review is to develop a consensus view on the human health impacts associated with land-applying biosolids. Pre-existing risk studies are integrated with recent advances in biosolids pathogen exposure science and risk analysis. Other than accidental direct ingestion, the highest public risks of infection from land application are associated with airborne exposure. Multiple, independent risk assessments for enteroviruses similarly estimate the yearly probabilities of infection near 10(-4). However, the inclusion of other emerging pathogens, specifically norovirus, increases this yearly infectious risk by over 2 orders of magnitude. Quantitative microbial risk assessment for biosolids exposure more effectively operates as a tool for analyzing how exposure can be reduced rather than being used to assess "safety". Such analysis demonstrates that the tradition of monitoring pathogen quality by Salmonella spp. and enterovirus content underestimates the infectious risk to the public, and that a rigorous biosolids pathogen treatment process, rather than extending community separation distances, is the most efficient method for reducing pathogen exposure and infectious risk.}, keywords = {Agriculture/*methods Bacterial Infections/epidemiology/*etiology/prevention \& control *Environmental Exposure Humans Risk Assessment Sewage/*microbiology/*virology Virus Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology/prevention \& control}, issn = {1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1021/es200566f}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21644497}, author = {Viau, E. and Bibby, K. and Paez-Rubio, T. and Peccia, J.} } @article {8362, title = {Towards global phosphorus security: A systems framework for phosphorus recovery and reuse}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {747{\textendash}758}, author = {Cordell, D. and Rosemarin, A. and Schr{\"o}der, J.J. and Smit, A.L.} } @article {10636, title = {{Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in water and seafood, Haiti}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {2147{\textendash}2150}, author = {Hill, VR and Cohen, N and Kahler, AK and Jones, JK and Bopp, CA and Marano, N and Tarr, CL and Garrett, NM and Boncy, J and Henry, A and G{\'o}mez, GA and Wellman, M and Curtis, M and Freeman, MM and Turnsek, M and Benner Jr, RA and Dahourou, G and Espey, D and DePaola, A and Tappero, JW and Handzel, T and RV, Tauxe} } @article {11289, title = {{Toxocara infection and diminished lung function in a nationally representative sample from the United States population}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {243{\textendash}247}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.09.006}, author = {Walsh, Michael G} } @article {8578, title = {{Toxoplasma gondii antibody titers and history of suicide attempts in patients with schizophrenia}}, journal = {Schizophrenia Research}, volume = {133}, number = {1-3}, year = {2011}, pages = {150{\textendash}155}, author = {Okusaga, O and Langenberg, P and Sleemi, A and Vaswani, D and Giegling, I and Hartmann, AM and Konte, B and Friedl, M and Groer, MW and Yolken, RH and Rujescu, D and Postolache, TT} } @article {8660, title = {{Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans in China}}, journal = {Parasites and Vectors}, volume = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {165}, author = {Zhou, P and Chen, Z and Li, HL and Zheng, H and He, S and Lin, RQ and Zhu, XQ} } @article {12996, title = {Tratamiento de aguas residuales dom{\'e}sticas en Centroam{\'e}rica}, year = {2011}, institution = { Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional}, address = {San Salvador, El Salvador}, author = {Oakley, S and Salguero, L} } @article {13979, title = {Trickling {Filter} and {Trickling} {Filter}-{Suspended} {Growth} {Process} {Design} and {Operation}: {A} {State}-of-the-{Art} {Review}}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {83}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {may}, pages = {388{\textendash}404}, issn = {10614303}, doi = {10.2175/106143010X12681059117210}, author = {Daigger, Glen T and Boltz, Joshua P} } @article {2207, title = {{Trickling Filter and Trickling Filter-Suspended Growth Process Design and Operation: A State-of-the-Art Review}}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {83}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, month = {may}, pages = {388{\textendash}404}, issn = {10614303}, doi = {10.2175/106143010X12681059117210}, author = {Daigger, Glen T and Boltz, Joshua P} } @book {12041, title = {Tropical infectious diseases : principles, pathogens and practice}, year = {2011}, note = {2014451764
[edited by] Richard L. Guerrant, MD, Thomas H. Hunter Professor of International Medicine, Director, Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA, David H. Walker, MD, Carmage and Martha Walls distinguished University Chair in Tropical Diseases, Director, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Professor and Chair, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, TX, USA, Peter F. Weller, MD, FACP, FIDSA, Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Professor, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Chief, Infectious Disease Division, Vice Chair of Research, Departhment of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
illustrations (chiefly color) ; 28 cm.
"Expert consult"--Cover.
Includes index.
Principles of Parasitism: Host-Parasite Interactions -- The Perfect Storm: Climate, Ecosystems and Infectious Diseases -- Epidemiology and Biostatistics -- Social and Cultural Factors in Tropical Medicine: Reframing Our Understanding of Disease -- Nutrition and Micronutrients in Tropical Infectious Diseases -- Host Genetics and Susceptibility to Infection -- Disease Eradication and Control -- Vector Biology -- Immunology, Host Defense, Immunodeficiencies, and Vaccines -- Vaccines in the Tropics -- Tropical Infectious Diseases and Malignancy -- Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases -- Chemotherapy of Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral Diseases -- Global Surveillance for Emerging Infectious Diseases -- Enteric Escherichia coli Infections -- Typhoid and Paratyphoid (Enteric) Fever -- Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis -- Shigellosis -- Campylobacter Infections -- Cholera Infections -- Noncholera Vibrio Infections -- Enteric Clostridium Infections -- Helicobacter pylori Infections -- Meningococcal Disease -- Gonococcal and Other Neisserial Infections -- Haemophilus ducreyi Infections -- Donovanosis -- Pneumococcal Infections -- Group A Streptococcal and Staphylococcal Infections -- Pertussis -- Legionellosis -- Melioidosis -- Diphtheria -- Tuberculosis and Atypical Mycobacterial Infections -- Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection (Buruli Ulcer) -- Leprosy -- Anthrax -- Bartonelloses -- Brucellosis -- Plague -- Tetanus -- Treponemal Infections -- Relapsing Fever and Other Borrelia Diseases -- Leptospirosis -- Trachoma -- Chlamydia trachomatis Infections of the Genital Tract (Including Lymphogranuloma Venereum) -- Psittacosis -- Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses -- Typhus Group Rickettsioses -- Scrub Typhus -- Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis -- Q Fever -- Measles --
Hendra and Nipah Viral Infections -- Human Herpesvirus Infections -- Smallpox and Related Orthopoxviral Infections -- Respiratory Viral Infections -- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) -- Enterovirus Infections, Including Poliomyelitis -- Rotavirus Infections -- Calicivirus Infections -- Astroviruses, Enteric Adenoviruses, and Other Gastroenteritis Viral Infections -- Enteric Viral Hepatitis A and E -- Viral Hepatitis C -- Hepatitis B and Deltavirus Infections -- Overview of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers -- Arenavirus Infections -- Rift Valley Fever -- Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever -- Hantavirus Infections -- Sandfly Fever, Oropouche Fever, and Other Bunyavirus Infections -- Filovirus Infections -- Yellow Fever -- Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever -- Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile, and Other Flavivirus Infections -- Tick-borne Encephalitis and Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever -- Alphavirus Infections -- Rabies -- Human Papillomavirus Infections -- Human Retroviral Infections in the Tropics -- Dermatophytosis -- Mycetoma -- Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis -- Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Cryptococcosis -- Paracoccidioidomycosis -- Penicilliosis Marneffei -- Mucocutaneous and Deeply Invasive Candidiasis -- Mucormycosis -- Entomophthoramycosis, Lobomycosis, Rhinosporidiosis, and Sporotrichosis -- Pneumocystosis -- Enteric Amebiasis -- Intestinal Flagellate and Ciliate Infections -- Cryptosporidiosis -- Cyclospora, Isospora, and Sarcocystis Infections -- Malaria -- Babesiosis -- African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) -- American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)* -- Leishmaniasis -- Pathogenic and Opportunistic Free-Living Amebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia pedata -- Microsporidiosis -- Toxoplasmosis --
Lymphatic Filariasis -- Loiasis and Mansonella Infections -- Onchocerciasis -- Zoonotic Filariasis -- Dracunculiasis -- Toxocariasis and Larva Migrans Syndromes -- Trichinellosis -- Angiostrongyliasis -- Other Tissue Nematode Infections -- Enterobiasis -- Trichuriasis -- Ascariasis -- Hookworm Infections -- Strongyloidiasis -- Introduction to Tapeworm Infections -- Cysticercosis -- Echinococcosis -- Taenia and Other Tapeworm Infections -- Schistosomiasis -- Liver, Lung, and Intestinal Fluke Infections -- Arthropods, Tongue Worms, Leeches, and Arthropod-borne Diseases -- Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism -- Health Advice for International Travel -- Migrant, Immigrant, and Refugee Health -- Infectious Diseases in Modern Military Forces* -- Gastrointestinal Symptoms -- Fever and Systemic Symptoms -- Eosinophilia -- Cutaneous Lesions -- Hepatobiliary Disease -- Approach to the Patient in the Tropics with Pulmonary Disease -- Ocular Disease -- Neurologic Disease -- Approach to the Patient in the Tropics with Anemia -- Sexually Transmitted and Urinary Tract Infections -- Approach to the Patient with HIV and Coinfecting Tropical Infectious Diseases -- Delusional Parasitosis -- Tropical Infectious Disease Concerns in Pregnancy.}, pages = {xxiv, 1130 pages}, publisher = {Saunders/Elsevier}, organization = {Saunders/Elsevier}, edition = {Third edition.}, address = {Edinburgh}, keywords = {Communicable diseases., Medical microbiology., Tropical Medicine.}, isbn = {9780702039355 (hbk)
0702039357 (hbk)}, author = {Guerrant, Richard L. and Walker, David H. and Weller, Peter F.} } @book {16533, title = {Tropical infectious diseases : principles, pathogens and practice}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Saunders/Elsevier}, organization = {Saunders/Elsevier}, edition = {Third edition.}, address = {Edinburgh}, keywords = {Communicable diseases., Medical microbiology., Tropical Medicine.}, isbn = {9780702039355 (hbk) 0702039357 (hbk)}, author = {Guerrant, Richard L. and Walker, David H. and Weller, Peter F.} } @article {11758, title = {{Two-dimensional immunoblot analysis of antigenic proteins of Spirometra plerocercoid recognized by human patient sera.}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, pages = {139{\textendash}143}, abstract = {

Sparganosis is caused by invasion of Spirometra plerocercoid into various tissues/organs. Subcutaneous sparganosis can be diagnosed and treated by worm removal, while visceral/cerebral sparganosis is not easy to diagnose. The diagnosis depends largely on the detection of specific antibodies circulating in the patients\&$\#$39; sera. Previous studies demonstrated that 31 and {\{}36kDa{\}} proteins of the sparganum invoked specific and sensitive antibody responses, but also showed cross reactions with cysticercosis sera. We enriched protein fractions containing {\{}31-36kDa{\}} through gel filtration and examined immune recognition pattern against the patient sera by 2-dimensional electrophoresis {\{}(2-DE){\}} followed by immunoblotting. Serum samples from sparganosis patients recognized 8-10 protein spots of 31 and {\{}36kDa{\}} with different isoelectric point {\{}(pI){\}} values with variable combinations, in which four spots of {\{}31kDa{\}} with {\{}pIs{\}} 3.4, 3.9, 4.0 and 4.1, and one {\{}36kDa{\}} spot {\{}(pI{\}} 3.5) appeared to be specifically reactive. One {\{}31kDa{\}} protein spot with {\{}pI{\}} 3.3 and two spots of {\{}36kDa{\}} with {\{}pIs{\}} 3.3 and 3.5 reacted crossly with neurocysticercosis sera. Neither sera from patients with other parasitic infections nor those from healthy controls showed positive reaction. {\{}Two-DE/immunoblot{\}} analysis might be highly available in differential serodiagnosis of human sparganosis.

}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2011.01.002}, author = {Rahman, Moizur and Lee, Eung-Goo and Bae, Young-An} } @article {17185, title = {Typhoid vaccine used in Vietnam and its impact}, journal = {Consultation on Typhoid Vaccine Introduction and Typhoid Surveillance. Available at: https://www. sabin. org/sites/sabin. org/files/CUONG\% 20Typhoid\% 20Vaccine\% 20in\% 20Vietnam. pdf. Accessed JuneConsultation on Typhoid Vaccine Introduction and Typhoid Su}, volume = {10}, year = {2011}, pages = {2018}, author = {Cuong, N} } @article {9911, title = {{Ultrastructural insights into morphology and reproductive mode of Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {Parasitol Res}, volume = {110}, year = {2011}, pages = {1165{\textendash}1172}, author = {Zhang, X and Zhang, S and Qiao, J and Wu, X and Zhao, L and Liu, Y and Fan, X} } @article {9921, title = {Ultrastructural insights into morphology and reproductive mode of Blastocystis hominis}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {110}, year = {2011}, pages = {1165-1172}, author = {Zhang, X. and ZHANG, S. and QIAO, J. and WU, X. and ZHAO, L. and Liu, Y. and FAN, X.} } @book {8897, title = {The ultraviolet disinfection handbook}, year = {2011}, publisher = {American Water Works Association}, organization = {American Water Works Association}, type = {Book}, isbn = {1613000774}, author = {Bolton, James R. and Cotton, Christine Anne Cotton} } @article {1521, title = {Ultraviolet irradiation and the mechanisms underlying its inactivation of infectious agents}, journal = {Animal Health Research Reviews}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, note = {Cutler, Timothy D Zimmerman, Jeffrey J eng Review England 2011/06/17 06:00 Anim Health Res Rev. 2011 Jun;12(1):15-23. doi: 10.1017/S1466252311000016.}, pages = {15-23}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

We review the principles of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the inactivation of infectious agents by UV, and current applications for the control of microorganisms. In particular, wavelengths between 200 and 280 nm (germicidal UV) affect the double-bond stability of adjacent carbon atoms in molecules including pyrimidines, purines and flavin. Thus, UV inactivation of microorganisms results from the formation of dimers in RNA (uracil and cytosine) and DNA (thymine and cytosine). The classic application of UV irradiation is the inactivation of microorganisms in biological safety cabinets. In the food-processing industry, germicidal UV irradiation has shown potential for the surface disinfection of fresh-cut fruit and vegetables. UV treatment of water (potable and wastewater) is increasingly common because the process is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, overdose is not possible, chemical residues or by-products are avoided, and water quality is unaffected. UV has been used to reduce the concentration of airborne microorganisms in limited studies, but the technology will require further development if it is to gain wider application. For bioaerosols, the primary technical challenge is delivery of sufficient UV irradiation to large volumes of air, but the absence of UV inactivation constants for airborne pathogens under a range of environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity) further compounds the problem.

}, keywords = {Aerosols/radiation effects *Air Microbiology Bacteria/*radiation effects *Ultraviolet Rays *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1475-2654 (Electronic) 1466-2523 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1017/S1466252311000016}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676338}, author = {Cutler, T. D. and Zimmerman, J. J.} } @article {14544, title = {Ultraviolet irradiation and the mechanisms underlying its inactivation of infectious agents}, journal = {Anim Health Res Rev}, volume = {12}, year = {2011}, month = {jun}, pages = {15{\textendash}23}, abstract = {We review the principles of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the inactivation of infectious agents by UV, and current applications for the control of microorganisms. In particular, wavelengths between 200 and 280 nm (germicidal UV) affect the double-bond stability of adjacent carbon atoms in molecules including pyrimidines, purines and flavin. Thus, UV inactivation of microorganisms results from the formation of dimers in RNA (uracil and cytosine) and DNA (thymine and cytosine). The classic application of UV irradiation is the inactivation of microorganisms in biological safety cabinets. In the food-processing industry, germicidal UV irradiation has shown potential for the surface disinfection of fresh-cut fruit and vegetables. UV treatment of water (potable and wastewater) is increasingly common because the process is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, overdose is not possible, chemical residues or by-products are avoided, and water quality is unaffected. UV has been used to reduce the concentration of airborne microorganisms in limited studies, but the technology will require further development if it is to gain wider application. For bioaerosols, the primary technical challenge is delivery of sufficient UV irradiation to large volumes of air, but the absence of UV inactivation constants for airborne pathogens under a range of environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity) further compounds the problem.}, keywords = {*Air Microbiology, *Ultraviolet Rays, *Water Microbiology, Aerosols/radiation effects, Bacteria/*radiation effects}, issn = {1475-2654 (Electronic) 1466-2523 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1017/S1466252311000016}, author = {Cutler, T. D. and Zimmerman, J. J.} } @article {10062, title = {{Underground pollution travel from leach pits of on-site sanitation facilities: a case study}}, journal = {Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {489{\textendash}497}, author = {Banerjee, G} } @article {1548, title = {Understanding the operational parameters affecting NDMA formation at Advanced Water Treatment Plants}, journal = {J Hazard Mater}, volume = {185}, number = {2-3}, year = {2011}, note = {Farre, Maria Jose Doderer, Katrin Hearn, Laurence Poussade, Yvan Keller, Jurg Gernjak, Wolfgang eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Netherlands 2010/12/01 06:00 J Hazard Mater. 2011 Jan 30;185(2-3):1575-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.090. Epub 2010 Nov 3.}, pages = {1575-81}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) can be formed when secondary effluents are disinfected by chloramines. By means of bench scale experiments this paper investigates operational parameters than can help Advanced Water Treatment Plants (AWTPs) to reduce the formation of NDMA during the production of high quality recycled water. The formation of NDMA was monitored during a contact time of 24h using dimethylamine as NDMA model precursor and secondary effluent from wastewater treatment plants. The three chloramine disinfection strategies tested were pre-formed and in-line formed monochloramine, and pre-formed dichloramine. Although the latter is not employed on purpose in full-scale applications, it has been suggested as the main contributing chemical generating NDMA during chloramination. After 24h, the NDMA formation decreased in both matrices tested in the order: pre-formed dichloramine>in-line formed monochloramine>>pre-formed monochloramine. The most important parameter to consider for the inhibition of NDMA formation was the length of contact time between disinfectant and wastewater. Formation of NDMA was initially inhibited for up to 6h with concentrations consistently <10 ng/L during these early stages of disinfection, regardless of the disinfection strategy. The reduction of the contact time was implemented in Bundamba AWTP (Queensland, Australia), where NDMA concentrations were reduced by a factor of 20 by optimizing the disinfection strategy.}, keywords = {Chemical/*chemistry/isolation \& purification, Dimethylnitrosamine/*chemistry/isolation \& purification Disinfectants/*chemistry/isolation \& purification Water Pollutants}, issn = {1873-3336 (Electronic) 0304-3894 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.090}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21115221}, author = {Farre, M. J. and Doderer, K. and Hearn, L. and Poussade, Y. and Keller, J. and Gernjak, W.} } @article {15671, title = {Unexpected results from large-scale cryptosporidiosis screening study in calves in Tanzania}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {105}, number = {7}, year = {2011}, month = {Oct}, pages = {513-9}, edition = {2011/12/22}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases/*diagnosis/parasitology, Cryptosporidiosis/diagnosis/parasitology/*veterinary, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, False Positive Reactions, Feces/*parasitology, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Oocysts, Polymerase Chain Reaction, prevalence, Staining and Labeling/*methods, Tanzania/epidemiology}, isbn = {0003-4983}, author = {Chang{\textquoteright}a, J. S. and Robertson, L. J. and Mtambo, M. M. and Mdegela, R. H. and Loken, T. and Reksen, O.} } @article {3590, title = {Uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group RCWG.}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {156}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, pages = {1397{\textendash}1413}, abstract = {

In April 2008, a nucleotide-sequence-based, complete genome classification system was developed for group A rotaviruses \{\{\}(RVs).\{\}\} This system assigns a specific genotype to each of the 11 genome segments of a particular \{\{\}RV\{\}\} strain according to established nucleotide percent cutoff values. Using this approach, the genome of individual \{\{\}RV\{\}\} strains are given the complete descriptor of \{\{\}Gx-P[x]-Ix-Rx-Cx-Mx-Ax-Nx-Tx-Ex-Hx.\{\}\} The Rotavirus Classification Working Group \{\{\}(RCWG)\{\}\} was formed by scientists in the field to maintain, evaluate and develop the \{\{\}RV\{\}\} genotype classification system, in particular to aid in the designation of new genotypes. Since its conception, the group has ratified 51 new genotypes: as of April 2011, new genotypes for \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} \{\{\}(G20-G27),\{\}\} \{\{\}VP4\{\}\} \{\{\}(P[28]-P[35]),\{\}\} \{\{\}VP6\{\}\} \{\{\}(I12-I16),\{\}\} \{\{\}VP1\{\}\} \{\{\}(R5-R9),\{\}\} \{\{\}VP2\{\}\} \{\{\}(C6-C9),\{\}\} \{\{\}VP3\{\}\} \{\{\}(M7-M8),\{\}\} \{\{\}NSP1\{\}\} \{\{\}(A15-A16),\{\}\} \{\{\}NSP2\{\}\} \{\{\}(N6-N9),\{\}\} \{\{\}NSP3\{\}\} \{\{\}(T8-T12),\{\}\} \{\{\}NSP4\{\}\} \{\{\}(E12-E14)\{\}\} and \{\{\}NSP5/6\{\}\} \{\{\}(H7-H11)\{\}\} have been defined for \{\{\}RV\{\}\} strains recovered from humans, cows, pigs, horses, mice, South American camelids (guanaco), chickens, turkeys, pheasants, bats and a sugar glider. With increasing numbers of complete \{\{\}RV\{\}\} genome sequences becoming available, a standardized \{\{\}RV\{\}\} strain nomenclature system is needed, and the \{\{\}RCWG\{\}\} proposes that individual \{\{\}RV\{\}\} strains are named as follows: \{\{\}RV\{\}\} group/species of origin/country of identification/common name/year of \{\{\}identification/G-\{\}\} and P-type. In collaboration with the National Center for Biotechnology Information \{\{\}(NCBI),\{\}\} the \{\{\}RCWG\{\}\} is also working on developing a \{\{\}RV-specific\{\}\} resource for the deposition of nucleotide sequences. This resource will provide useful information regarding \{\{\}RV\{\}\} strains, including, but not limited to, the individual gene genotypes and epidemiological and clinical information. Together, the proposed nomenclature system and the \{\{\}NCBI\{\}\} \{\{\}RV\{\}\} resource will offer highly useful tools for investigators to search for, retrieve, and analyze the ever-growing volume of \{\{\}RV\{\}\} genomic data.

}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-011-1006-z}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-011-1006-z}, author = {Matthijnssens, Jelle and Ciarlet, Max and McDonald, Sarah M and Attoui, Houssam and B{\'a}nyai, Kriszti{\'a}n and Brister, J R and Buesa, Javier and Esona, Mathew D and Estes, Mary K and Gentsch, Jon R and Iturriza-G{\'o}mara, Miren and Johne, Reimar and Kirkwood, Carl D and Martella, Vito and Mertens, Peter P and Nakagomi, Osamu and Parre{\~n}o, Viviana and Rahman, Mustafizur and Ruggeri, Franco M and Saif, Linda J and Santos, Norma and Steyer, Andrej and Taniguchi, Koki and Patton, John T and Desselberger, Ulrich and Van Ranst, Marc} } @article {8409, title = {{Unrecognized ingestion of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts leads to congenital toxoplasmosis and causes epidemics in North America}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {53}, number = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {1081{\textendash}1089}, author = {Boyer, K and Hill, D and Mui, E and Wroblewski, K and Karrison, T and Dubey, JP and Sautter, M and Noble, AG and Withers, S and Swisher, C and Heydemann, P and Hosten, T and Babiarz, J and Lee, D and Meier, P and McLeod, R and Group, TS} } @article {7741, title = {Update on human Campylobacter jejuni infections}, journal = {Current Opinion in Gastroenterology}, volume = {27 (1)}, year = {2011}, pages = {1-7}, author = {Kirkpatrick,B. D. and Tribble,D. R.} } @article {5506, title = {{Updated Norovirus Outbreak Management and Disease Prevention Guidelines}}, journal = {MMWR Recommendations and Reports}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {1{\textendash}18}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6003a1.htm?s}, author = {A J Hall and J Vinj{\'e} and Lopman, Benjamin and Geun W Park and C Yen and Gregoricus, Nicole and Parashar, Umesh} } @article {5574, title = {Updated Norovirus Outbreak Management and Disease Prevention Guidelines}, journal = {MMWR Recommendations and Reports}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {1-15}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6003a1.htm?s}, author = {Aron J Hall and J Vinj{\'e} and Lopman, Benjamin and Geun W Park and C Yen and Gregoricus, Nicole and Parashar, Umesh} } @article {16114, title = {The use of commercial soil nucleic acid extraction kit and nested PCR for detection of Leptospira in farm environment after flooding in Taiwan}, journal = {Thai Journal of Veterinary MedicineThai Journal of Veterinary Medicine}, volume = {41}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, note = {Cited By :2
Export Date: 24 January 2017}, pages = {493-498}, type = {Article}, abstract = {Leptospirosis is a rapidly transmitted and flood-related disease. The number of cases usually increase in the countries of Southeast Asia after flood damage during typhoon seasons. This disease also poses a potential threat to Taiwan due to its geographic characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a practical technique for an estimation of the distribution of Leptospira in natural environment, especially after flood damage. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the use of commercial soil nucleic acid extraction kits with nested PCR in the detection of Leptospira spp. in the farm environment. The detection limit for Leptospira DNA was 24.24 pg. A total of 108 soil samples were collected from farms located within flood-damaged areas; the overall positive rate was 30.6\%. Based on the sequence analysis, positive samples were identified as Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira biflexa. This developed approach might be applied in a surveillance of leptospirosis in different countries or in the detection of other pathogens from soils.}, keywords = {Flood, leptospirosis, Nested PCR, Soil}, author = {Fuh, Y. B. and Shia, W. Y. and Lee, W. M. and Shyu, C. L. and Wang, C. Y. and Fei, C. Y.} } @article {16817, title = {Use of ozone in wastewater treatment to produce water suitable for irrigation}, journal = {Water resources management}, volume = {25}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {2109{\textendash}2124}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Mart{\'\i}nez, Sonia B and P{\'e}rez-Parra, Jer{\'o}nimo and Suay, Ricardo} } @article {9077, title = {{On the use of the Gompertz model to predict microbial thermal inactivation under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions}}, journal = {Food Engineering Reviews}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {17{\textendash}25}, abstract = {Food processes should be designed to provide an adequate margin of safety against microbiological risk of food poisoning and food spoilage throughout shelf life. In this field, the use of mathematical models that describe the microorganisms{\textquoteright} kinetics in such conditions is an important tool for convenient design, control and optimization of efficient processes. If those models are accurate and precise, one can extract the best aiming at predictive purposes. The Gompertz equation is commonly applied to describe sigmoidal kinetics. Besides the proven adequacy of the model in those kinetics descriptions, most of the reported works do not use Gompertz equation in the most convenient form, and insightful information could be obtained with re-parameterized forms. This work aims at reviewing the use of the Gompertz model to describe inactivation, as well as re-parameterized forms that include parameters related to the survival curve features. Microbial survival often presents a shoulder prior to inactivation, followed by a linear phase (corresponding to a maximum inactivation rate) and a tail residual population. The versatility of the Gompertz model in describing kinetics with different shapes, varying from a log-linear tendency till a complete sigmoidal shape, makes it attractive for predictive purposes, both under static and dynamic temperature conditions. Drawbacks and critical features of the model, when it is applied to microbial responses, will be overview.}, issn = {1866-7910, 1866-7929}, doi = {10.1007/s12393-010-9032-2}, author = {Gil, Maria M. and Miller, F{\'a}tima A. and Brand{\~a}o, Teresa R. S. and Silva, Cristina L. M.} } @article {6102, title = {Using multiple artificial DNA tracers in hydrology}, journal = {Hydrological Processes}, volume = {25}, number = {19}, year = {2011}, pages = {3101{\textendash}3106}, author = {Jan W Foppen and Orup, Caesar and Adell, Renaud and Poulalion, Vincent and Uhlenbrook, Stefan} } @article {1607, title = {Validation of internal controls for extraction and amplification of nucleic acids from enteric viruses in water samples}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {77}, number = {13}, year = {2011}, note = {Hata, Akihiko Katayama, Hiroyuki Kitajima, Masaaki Visvanathan, Chettiyappan Nol, Chea Furumai, Hiroaki eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2011/05/24 06:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Jul;77(13):4336-43. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00077-11. Epub 2011 May 20.}, pages = {4336-43}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Inhibitors that reduce viral nucleic acid extraction efficiency and interfere with cDNA synthesis and/or polymerase activity affect the molecular detection of viruses in aquatic environments. To overcome these significant problems, we developed a methodology for assessing nucleic acid yields and DNA amplification efficiencies for environmental water samples. This involved adding particles of adenovirus type 5 and murine norovirus and newly developed primer-sharing controls, which are amplified with the same primer pairs and result in the same amplicon sizes as the targets, to these samples. We found that nucleic acid loss during the extraction process, rather than reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) inhibition, more significantly attributed to underestimation of the presence of viral genomes in the environmental water samples tested in this study. Our success rate for satisfactorily amplifying viral RNAs and DNAs by RT-PCR was higher than that for obtaining adequate nucleic acid preparations. We found that inhibitory properties were greatest when we used larger sample volumes. A magnetic silica bead-based RNA extraction method effectively removed inhibitors that interfere with viral nucleic acid extraction and RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the inhibitory properties of environmental water samples by using both control virus particles and primer-sharing controls.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/*genetics DNA, Viral/genetics/*isolation \& purification Norovirus/*genetics Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods/standards RNA, Viral/genetics/*isolation \& purification Reference Standards Virology/*methods/*standards *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00077-11}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21602369}, author = {Hata, A. and Katayama, H. and Kitajima, M. and Visvanathan, C. and Nol, C. and Furumai, H.} } @article {7923, title = {{Validation of internal controls for extraction and amplification of nucleic acids from enteric viruses in water samples}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {77}, number = {13}, year = {2011}, pages = {4336{\textendash}4343}, abstract = {Inhibitors that reduce viral nucleic acid extraction efficiency and interfere with cDNA synthesis and/or polymerase activity affect the molecular detection of viruses in aquatic environments. To overcome these significant problems, we developed a methodology for assessing nucleic acid yields and DNA amplification efficiencies for environmental water samples. This involved adding particles of adenovirus type 5 and murine norovirus and newly developed primer-sharing controls, which are amplified with the same primer pairs and result in the same amplicon sizes as the targets, to these samples. We found that nucleic acid loss during the extraction process, rather than reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) inhibition, more significantly attributed to underestimation of the presence of viral genomes in the environmental water samples tested in this study. Our success rate for satisfactorily amplifying viral RNAs and DNAs by RT-PCR was higher than that for obtaining adequate nucleic acid preparations. We found that inhibitory properties were greatest when we used larger sample volumes. A magnetic silica bead-based RNA extraction method effectively removed inhibitors that interfere with viral nucleic acid extraction and RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the inhibitory properties of environmental water samples by using both control virus particles and primer-sharing controls.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00077-11}, author = {Hata, Akihiko and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Kitajima, Masaaki and Visvanathan, Chettiyappan and Nol, Chea and Furumai, Hiroaki} } @article {6643, title = {Valuation of cancer and microbial disease risk reductions in municipal drinking water: {An} analysis of risk context using multiple valuation methods}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Economics and Management}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {213{\textendash}226}, issn = {00950696}, doi = {10.1016/j.jeem.2010.10.003}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095069610001063}, author = {Adamowicz, Wiktor and Dupont, Diane and Krupnick, Alan and Zhang, Jing} } @article {11636, title = {{Variaci{\'o}n geogr{\'a}fica de las comunidaddes de par{\'a}sitos de la merluza de tres aletas Micromesistius australis al sur de Sudam{\'e}rica}}, journal = {Revista de Biolog{\'\i}a Marina y Oceanograf{\'\i}a}, volume = {46}, year = {2011}, pages = {53{\textendash}58}, author = {George-Nascimento, M and Moscoso, D and Niklitschek, E and Gonzalez, K} } @article {10687, title = {{Vibrio cholerae - a review}}, journal = {Veterinary World}, volume = {4}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {423{\textendash}428}, author = {Maheshwari, M and Nelapati, K and Kiranmayi, B} } @article {7540, title = {{Viral metagenome analysis to guide human pathogen monitoring in environmental samples}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {386-392}, abstract = {

Aims: The aim of this study was to develop and demonstrate an approach for describing the diversity of human pathogenic viruses in an environmentally isolated viral metagenome. Methods and Results: In silico bioinformatic experiments were used to select an optimum annotation strategy for discovering human viruses in virome data sets and applied to annotate a class B biosolid virome. Results from the in silico study indicated that {\textless}1{\%} errors in virus identification could be achieved when nucleotide-based search programs (BLASTn or tBLASTx), viral genome only databases and sequence reads {\textgreater}200nt were considered. Within the 51925 annotated sequences, 94 DNA and 19 RNA sequences were identified as human viruses. Virus diversity included environmentally transmitted agents such as parechovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus and aichi virus, as well as viruses associated with chronic human infections such as human herpes and hepatitis C viruses. Conclusions: This study provided a bioinformatic approach for identifying pathogens in a virome data set and demonstrated the human virus diversity in a relevant environmental sample. Significance and Impact of the Study: As the costs of next-generation sequencing decrease, the pathogen diversity described by virus metagenomes will provide an unbiased guide for subsequent cell culture and quantitative pathogen analyses and ensures that highly enriched and relevant pathogens are not neglected in exposure and risk assessments. {\textcopyright} 2011 The Authors. Letters in Applied Microbiology {\textcopyright} 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03014.x}, author = {Bibby, K. and Viau, E. and Peccia, J.} } @article {14771, title = {Viral metagenome analysis to guide human pathogen monitoring in environmental samples}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Aims: The aim of this study was to develop and demonstrate an approach for describing the diversity of human pathogenic viruses in an environmentally isolated viral metagenome. Methods and Results: In silico bioinformatic experiments were used to select an optimum annotation strategy for discovering human viruses in virome data sets and applied to annotate a class B biosolid virome. Results from the in silico study indicated that {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless1\% errors in virus identification could be achieved when nucleotide-based search programs (BLASTn or tBLASTx), viral genome only databases and sequence reads {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater200nt were considered. Within the 51925 annotated sequences, 94 DNA and 19 RNA sequences were identified as human viruses. Virus diversity included environmentally transmitted agents such as parechovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus and aichi virus, as well as viruses associated with chronic human infections such as human herpes and hepatitis C viruses. Conclusions: This study provided a bioinformatic approach for identifying pathogens in a virome data set and demonstrated the human virus diversity in a relevant environmental sample. Significance and Impact of the Study: As the costs of next-generation sequencing decrease, the pathogen diversity described by virus metagenomes will provide an unbiased guide for subsequent cell culture and quantitative pathogen analyses and ensures that highly enriched and relevant pathogens are not neglected in exposure and risk assessments. {\textcopyright} 2011 The Authors. Letters in Applied Microbiology {\textcopyright} 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03014.x}, author = {Bibby, K. and Viau, E. and Peccia, J.} } @article {13740, title = {Viral metagenome analysis to guide human pathogen monitoring in environmental samples}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Aims: The aim of this study was to develop and demonstrate an approach for describing the diversity of human pathogenic viruses in an environmentally isolated viral metagenome. Methods and Results: In silico bioinformatic experiments were used to select an optimum annotation strategy for discovering human viruses in virome data sets and applied to annotate a class B biosolid virome. Results from the in silico study indicated that {\textbackslash}textless1\% errors in virus identification could be achieved when nucleotide-based search programs (BLASTn or tBLASTx), viral genome only databases and sequence reads {\textbackslash}textgreater200nt were considered. Within the 51925 annotated sequences, 94 DNA and 19 RNA sequences were identified as human viruses. Virus diversity included environmentally transmitted agents such as parechovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus and aichi virus, as well as viruses associated with chronic human infections such as human herpes and hepatitis C viruses. Conclusions: This study provided a bioinformatic approach for identifying pathogens in a virome data set and demonstrated the human virus diversity in a relevant environmental sample. Significance and Impact of the Study: As the costs of next-generation sequencing decrease, the pathogen diversity described by virus metagenomes will provide an unbiased guide for subsequent cell culture and quantitative pathogen analyses and ensures that highly enriched and relevant pathogens are not neglected in exposure and risk assessments. {\textcopyright} 2011 The Authors. Letters in Applied Microbiology {\textcopyright} 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03014.x}, author = {Bibby, K. and Viau, E. and Peccia, J.} } @article {9096, title = {{Viral replication, persistence in water and genetic characterization of two influenza a viruses isolated from surface lake water}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Water-borne transmission has been suggested as an important transmission mechanism for Influenza A (IA) viruses in wild duck populations; however, relatively few studies have attempted to detect IA viruses from aquatic habitats. Water-isolated viruses have rarely been genetically characterized and evaluation for persistence in water and infectivity in natural hosts has never been documented. In this study, we focused on two IA viruses (H3N8 and H4N6 subtypes) isolated from surface lake water in Minnesota, USA. We investigated the relative prevalence of the two virus subtypes in wild duck populations at the sampling site and their genetic relatedness to IA viruses isolated in wild waterbirds in North America. Viral persistence under different laboratory conditions (temperature and pH) and replication in experimentally infected Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were also characterized. Both viruses were the most prevalent subtype one year following their isolation in lake water. The viruses persisted in water for an extended time period at constant temperature (several weeks) but infectivity rapidly reduced under multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Furthermore, the two isolates efficiently replicated in Mallards. The complete genome characterization supported that these isolates originated from genetic reassortments with other IA viruses circulating in wild duck populations during the year of sampling. Based on phylogenetic analyses, we couldn{\textquoteright}t identify genetically similar viruses in duck populations in the years following their isolation from lake water. Our study supports the role for water-borne transmission for IA viruses but also highlights that additional field and experimental studies are required to support inter-annual persistence in aquatic habitats.}, isbn = {10.1371/journal.pone.0026566}, issn = {19326203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0026566}, author = {Lebarbenchon, Camille and Yang, My and Keeler, Shamus P and Ramakrishnan, Muthannan A and Brown, Justin D and Stallknecht, David E and Sreevatsan, Srinand} } @article {7334, title = {Viral {Replication}, {Persistence} in {Water} and {Genetic} {Characterization} of {Two} {Influenza} {A} {Viruses} {Isolated} from {Surface} {Lake} {Water}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, year = {2011}, month = {oct}, pages = {e26566}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0026566}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026566}, author = {Lebarbenchon, Camille and Yang, My and Keeler, Shamus P. and Ramakrishnan, Muthannan A. and Brown, Justin D. and Stallknecht, David E. and Sreevatsan, Srinand}, editor = {Smith, Gavin J. D.} } @article {13144, title = {Virulence genes of Aeromonas isolates, bacterial endotoxins and cyanobacterial toxins from recreational water samples associated with human health symptoms}, journal = {Journal of Water Health}, volume = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {670-679}, author = {Berg, K. A. and Lyra, C. and Niemi, R. M. and Heens, B. and Hoppu, K. and Erkomaa, K. and Sivonen, K. and Rapala, J.} } @article {9347, title = {{Virulence of Entamoeba histolytica: a challenge for human health research}}, journal = {Future Microbiology}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {255{\textendash}258}, author = {Anaya-Velazquez, F and Padilla-Vaca, F} } @article {13946, title = {Virulence profiling and quantification of verocytotoxin-producing {Escherichia} coli {O}145:{H}28 and {O}26:{H}11 isolated during an ice cream-related hemolytic uremic syndrome outbreak.}, journal = {Foodborne pathogens and disease}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {421{\textendash}6}, abstract = {In September-October 2007, a mixed-serotype outbreak of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O145:H28 and O26:H11 occurred in the province of Antwerp, Belgium. Five girls aged between 2 and 11 years developed hemolytic uremic syndrome, and seven other coexposed persons with bloody diarrhea were identified. Laboratory confirmation of O145:H28 infection was obtained for three hemolytic uremic syndrome patients, one of whom was coinfected with O26:H11. The epidemiological and laboratory investigations revealed ice cream as the most likely source of the outbreak. The ice cream was produced at a local dairy farm using pasteurized milk. VTEC of both serotypes with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were isolated from patients, ice cream, and environmental samples. Quantitative analysis of the ice cream indicated concentrations of 2.4 and 0.03 CFU/g for VTEC O145 and O26, respectively. Virulence typing revealed that the repertoire of virulence genes carried by the O145:H28 outbreak strain was comparable to that of O157 VTEC and more exhaustive as compared to the O26:H11 outbreak strain and nonrelated clinical strains belonging to these serotypes. Taken together, these data suggest that O145:H28 played the most important role in this outbreak.}, issn = {1556-7125}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2010.0693}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166561}, author = {Buvens, Glenn and Poss{\'e}, Bj{\"o}rn and De Schrijver, Koen and De Zutter, Lieven and Lauwers, Sabine and Pi{\'e}rard, Denis} } @article {7959, title = {{Virulence profiling and quantification of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O145:H28 and O26:H11 isolated during an ice cream-related hemolytic uremic syndrome outbreak.}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {421{\textendash}6}, abstract = {

In September-October 2007, a mixed-serotype outbreak of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O145:H28 and O26:H11 occurred in the province of Antwerp, Belgium. Five girls aged between 2 and 11 years developed hemolytic uremic syndrome, and seven other coexposed persons with bloody diarrhea were identified. Laboratory confirmation of O145:H28 infection was obtained for three hemolytic uremic syndrome patients, one of whom was coinfected with O26:H11. The epidemiological and laboratory investigations revealed ice cream as the most likely source of the outbreak. The ice cream was produced at a local dairy farm using pasteurized milk. VTEC of both serotypes with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were isolated from patients, ice cream, and environmental samples. Quantitative analysis of the ice cream indicated concentrations of 2.4 and 0.03 CFU/g for VTEC O145 and O26, respectively. Virulence typing revealed that the repertoire of virulence genes carried by the O145:H28 outbreak strain was comparable to that of O157 VTEC and more exhaustive as compared to the O26:H11 outbreak strain and nonrelated clinical strains belonging to these serotypes. Taken together, these data suggest that O145:H28 played the most important role in this outbreak.

}, issn = {1556-7125}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2010.0693}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166561}, author = {Buvens, Glenn and Poss{\'e}, Bj{\"o}rn and De Schrijver, Koen and De Zutter, Lieven and Lauwers, Sabine and Pi{\'e}rard, Denis} } @article {1712, title = {Virus engineering: functionalization and stabilization}, journal = {Protein Engineering, Design and Selection}, volume = {24}, number = {1-2}, year = {2011}, note = {Mateu, Mauricio G eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review England 2010/10/07 06:00 Protein Eng Des Sel. 2011 Jan;24(1-2):53-63. doi: 10.1093/protein/gzq069. Epub 2010 Oct 5.}, pages = {53-63}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Chemically and/or genetically engineered viruses, viral capsids and viral-like particles carry the promise of important and diverse applications in biomedicine, biotechnology and nanotechnology. Potential uses include new vaccines, vectors for gene therapy and targeted drug delivery, contrast agents for molecular imaging and building blocks for the construction of nanostructured materials and electronic nanodevices. For many of the contemplated applications, the improvement of the physical stability of viral particles may be critical to adequately meet the demanding physicochemical conditions they may encounter during production, storage and/or medical or industrial use. The first part of this review attempts to provide an updated general overview of the fast-moving, interdisciplinary virus engineering field; the second part focuses specifically on the modification of the physical stability of viral particles by protein engineering, an emerging subject that has not been reviewed before.

}, keywords = {Biotechnology/methods Genetic Engineering/*methods Nanotechnology/methods Protein Engineering/methods Viral Proteins/*genetics Virion/*genetics Viruses/*genetics}, issn = {1741-0134 (Electronic) 1741-0126 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1093/protein/gzq069}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20923881}, author = {Mateu, M. G.} } @article {6511, title = {Viruses and {Bacteria} in {Karst} and {Fractured} {Rock} {Aquifers} in {East} {Tennessee}, {USA}}, journal = {Ground Water}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {jan}, pages = {98{\textendash}110}, issn = {0017467X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00698.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00698.x}, author = {Johnson, Trisha B. and McKay, Larry D. and Layton, Alice C. and Jones, Sidney W. and Johnson, Greg C. and Cashdollar, Jennifer L. and Dahling, Daniel R. and Villegas, Leah F. and Fout, G. Shay and Williams, Daniel E. and Sayler, Gary} } @booklet {11078, title = {Waste stabilization ponds for waste water treatment, anaerobic pond.}, year = {2011}, publisher = {The College of Engineering at Iowa State University.}, url = {http://home.eng.iastate.edu/~tge/ce421-521/Fernando\%20J.\%20Trevino\%20Quiroga.pdf}, author = {Quiroga, F. J.} } @article {8307, title = {Water and sanitation issues in relation to sexual and reproductive health across the female lifespan (WSSRH). Background White Paper}, year = {2011}, month = {July, 2011}, institution = {Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.}, type = {Background White Paper}, author = {Penelope A Phillips-Howard and Linda Mason and Jan Hopkins and Richard Rheingans and Kelly Alexander and Kayla Laserson and Frank Odhiambo and John Vulule and Aisha Mohamed and Jackton Omoto} } @article {16695, title = {Water- and wastewater-related disease and infection risks: {What} is an appropriate value for the maximum tolerable additional burden of disease?}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {9}, year = {2011}, pages = {217{\textendash}224}, author = {Mara, D.} } @article {17017, title = {Water disinfection by-products and bladder cancer: is there a European specificity? A pooled and meta-analysis of European case{\textendash}control studies}, journal = {Occupational and environmental medicine}, volume = {68}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, pages = {379{\textendash}385}, publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group Ltd}, author = {Costet, Nathalie and Villanueva, CM and Jaakkola, JJK and Kogevinas, M and Cantor, KP and King, WD and Lynch, CF and Nieuwenhuijsen, MJ and Cordier, Sylvaine} } @mastersthesis {6359, title = {Water reforms in {Kenya}: {A} historical challenge to ensure universal water access and meet the {Millennium} {Development} {Goals}}, year = {2011}, note = {3454416}, school = {The University of Oklahoma}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Access to water is a key issue for developing countries. Kenya is one such country in which water scarcity and a poor water infrastructure compromise the health and standard of living of the population, and hinder its economic and social development. Despite a long history of attempts to reform the country{\textquoteright}s water sector and improve water resources management, a large proportion of Kenya{\textquoteright}s population is still not sufficiently served with water for consumptive, sanitation, and productive purposes. This dissertation examines aspects of water reform and access in the country, including the institutional and historical factors affecting the water sector, and the historical evolution of water resources management from the colonial to post-independence periods. The most recent reform (2002) is assessed in terms of its effectiveness in bringing about institutional reform, as well as the operating performance of water service providers in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The study adopts a case study approach using mixed methods. Specifically, a questionnaire was administered to the newly formed Water Service Providers (WSPs) as well as various water sectors. The performance efficiency of the WSPs was analyzed using data envelopment analysis. The results reveal that continuing duplication of functions across the water sectors, low levels of funding, and corruptions are inhibiting the effectiveness of the restructuring. The greatest challenge in executing the reforms relates to the financing of the whole process. While the relevant policies and institutions have been set up, they lack funds either to support the planned activities, and projects or, importantly, to raise the performance of existing WSPs. The study uncovered that, by pegging its initiatives on global targets and foreign aid, Kenya has changed its policies and institutions to reflect the global trends several times. This has led to weak or lack of continuity in policy, and reform process in the country. Furthermore, linkages among the several agencies dealing with water services remain weak, and water resource policy has not been harmonized with sanitation policy, irrigation policy, and environmental policy. The study has further shown that while the 2000 reforms have resulted in major gains in policy reforms, significant improvement in water access will not be achieved without addressing the systematic inequalities of water access caused by land alienation during the colonial rule. After independence, most of the land owned by the Europeans was not returned to the natives, but rather bought by the rich or converted to game reserves. In this case, the land tenure system that broadly disenfranchised the local population before independence continues to date. The study shows that the WSPs created to replace the government agencies in the provision of water services are not efficient and productive enough to meet the MDGs as envisioned by government plan. The implications and recommendations for water sector performance relate mainly to these WSPs. While the companies are still young and need time to mature, some challenges need to be addressed immediately. Many WSPs still lose more than 50\% of water as unaccounted-for-water. This is mainly due to a dilapidated infrastructure most of which was developed during the colonial period. Most of the pipeline systems, especially in urban areas, need to be replaced before extending coverage to other areas. In the absence of more (e.g., private sector) funding, this is unlikely to happen. Possible solutions include amalgamating smaller WSPs to increase their scale of operation. The study further outlined how some of the inefficiencies could be mitigated through benchmarking process. Weaker companies should be encouraged to emulate their benchmarked peers within the country, while stronger companies should be benchmarked with stronger companies in eastern Africa.}, keywords = {0366:Geography, 0595:Water Resource Management, Africa, Data Envelopment Analysis, Development, Earth sciences, Geography, Integrated Water Resource Management, Kenya, Millennium Development Goals, Policy, Social sciences, water, Water access, Water Resource Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/869532289?accountid=14270}, author = {Sambu, Daniel} } @book {17043, title = {Water treatment manual: disinfection}, year = {2011}, publisher = {SBN: 978-184095-421-0}, organization = {SBN: 978-184095-421-0}, author = {Ireland Environmental Protection Agency} } @booklet {9245, title = {{Water treatment manual: Disinfection}}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Office of Environmental Enforcement - EPA}, address = {Ireland} } @article {6980, title = {Water use and acute diarrhoeal illness in children in a {United} {States} metropolitan area}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {139}, number = {02}, year = {2011}, month = {feb}, pages = {295{\textendash}301}, issn = {0950-2688, 1469-4409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268810000828}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268810000828}, author = {Gorelick, M. H. and McLELLAN, S. L. and Wagner, D. and Klein, J.} } @article {3638, title = {A waterborne outbreak of epidemic diarrhea due to group A rotavirus in Malatya, Turkey.}, journal = {The New Microbiologica}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {17{\textendash}24}, abstract = {

We characterized an outbreak of acute diarrheal disease caused by group A rotavirus that occurred during the Autumn of 2005 in Malatya City, Turkey. A total 9907 patients between 0 to 91 years old (mean age: \{\{\}25.05\{\&\}\{\#\}xFFFD;19.67)\{\}\} were included in the epidemic. The \{\{\}patients\{\&\}\{\#\}xFFFD;\{\}\} data were prospectively collected and statistically analyzed. Microbiologic analyses were performed to determine the etiologic agent. Rapid onset diarrhea (98.36\{\%\}), abdominal cramps (69\{\%\}), fever (44.4\{\%\}) and vomiting (69.6\{\%\}) were the most common symptoms observed in patients. Rotavirus antigen was detected in 52.7\{\%\} of the studied patients. \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} analysis led to identification of Group A rotavirus as the causative agent of this epidemic. Simultaneous measurements of the drinking water samples yielded very low chlorine levels; as low as 0 to 0.05 \{\{\}mg/L.\{\}\} The outbreak investigation team indicated possible contamination of a large water depository from a water well, which supplies drinking water to two major districts of the city. Effective chlorination and blockage of the passage between the well and the water depository stopped the outbreak. This outbreak shows the high epidemic potency of rotavirus in large human populations, including all age groups, and underlines the importance of water safety in pipeline systems.

}, author = {Koroglu, Mehmet and Yakupogullari, Yusuf and Otlu, Baris and Ozturk, Serhat and Ozden, Mehmet and Ozer, Ali and Sener, Kemal and Durmaz, Riza} } @article {3999, title = {{Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004-2010}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {6603{\textendash}6614}, author = {Baldursson, S and Karanis, P} } @article {4912, title = {{Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks- An update 2004-2010}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {6603{\textendash}6614}, author = {Baldursson, S and Karanis, P} } @article {15634, title = {Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004-2010}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {45}, number = {20}, year = {2011}, month = {Dec 15}, pages = {6603-14}, edition = {2011/11/04}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Disease Outbreaks/*statistics \& numerical data, Global Health/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Parasites/*physiology, Protozoan Infections/*epidemiology/*transmission}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Baldursson, S. and Karanis, P.} } @mastersthesis {7267, title = {Weather risk and the {World} {Food} {Program}}, year = {2011}, note = {3465441}, school = {Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Tufts University)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Weather risk management is a set of financial products including insurance, catastrophe bonds, and derivative contracts based on seasonal precipitation and temperature. International organizations have recently put their toes in the water to see whether insurance and weather derivatives can help them secure conditional access to necessary funds for predictable emergencies. Ethiopia is the epicenter of financial innovation for food security, first in the form of a pilot weather insurance program at World Food Program, and subsequently with a risk financing program in the Productive Safety Nets Program. Why did these organizations innovate in this way? Financial theory predicts that firms optimize a portfolio of hedged and unhedged cash flows to protect the organization from risk. Rational choice predicts that firms seek the greatest possible access to funds while preserving the greatest latitude for operational independence. I show that the safety net program seeks to improve foresight and transparency over its program objectives, rather than credibility with international creditors or even operational partners in the field. I analyze the decisions made by WFP and PSNP related to financial risk management, using process tracing and grounded theory. Applications of the research include contract design for international humanitarian assistance, and potentially a market opportunity for financial services in the international public sector.}, keywords = {0454:Management, 0601:International Relations, 0616:International law, 0635:Organization Theory, Drought insurance, Financial innovation, Food security, Humanitarian aid, Index-based risk transfer products, International law, International political economy, International Relations, management, Organization Theory, Social sciences, Weather risk management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/898334060?accountid=14270}, author = {Mazzotta, Benjamin Daniel} } @article {6449, title = {Weather, {Water} {Quality} and {Infectious} {Gastrointestinal} {Illness} in {Two} {Inuit} {Communities} in {Nunatsiavut}, {Canada}: {Potential} {Implications} for {Climate} {Change}}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {mar}, pages = {93{\textendash}108}, issn = {1612-9202, 1612-9210}, doi = {10.1007/s10393-011-0690-1}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10393-011-0690-1}, author = {Harper, Sherilee L. and Edge, Victoria L. and Schuster-Wallace, Corinne J. and Berke, Olaf and McEwen, Scott A.} } @article {10820, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2010}, volume = {86}, number = {31}, year = {2011}, pages = {325{\textendash}340} } @article {10281, title = {What Happens When the Pit is Full? Developments in on-site Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)}, journal = {Water Research Commission, Durban}, year = {2011}, author = {Foxon, K and Buckley, C and Brouckaert, C and Bakare, B} } @article {11118, title = {WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines}, volume = {2011}, number = {November 6, 2011}, year = {2011}, url = {http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/ essentialmedicines/en/} } @booklet {8374, title = {{World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision}}, year = {2011}, publisher = {United Nations}, address = {New York}, url = {http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/WUP2011{\_}Report.pdf} } @book {6013, title = {{Zakim and Boyer{\textquoteright}s Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease}}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Saunders}, organization = {Saunders}, edition = {6th edition}, address = {Philadelphia, PA}, author = {Boyer, T and A J Sanyal and N A Terrault and K D Lindor} } @article {9417, title = {{Zoonotic enteric protozoa}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {182}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {70{\textendash}78}, author = {Thompson, RCA and Smith, A} } @article {4039, title = {{Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {24}, year = {2011}, pages = {110{\textendash}140}, author = {Feng, Y and Xiao, L} } @booklet {11186, journal = {European Scientific Council for Companion Animal Parasites}, year = {2010} } @article {6174, title = {Abundance and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in soils adjacent to representative swine feedlots in China}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {44}, number = {18}, year = {2010}, pages = {6933-6939}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Wu, Nan and Qiao, Min and Zhang, Bing and Cheng, Wang-Da and Zhu, Yong-Guan} } @article {4026, title = {The abundance of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in treated effluents produced by four-wastewater treatment plants in the Gauteng Province of South Africa}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {36}, year = {2010}, pages = {4}, author = {Dungeni, M and Momba, M} } @article {10593, title = {{Abundance of pathogenic bacteria and viral indicators in chlorinated effluents produced by four wastewater treatment plants in the Gauteng Province, South Africa}}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {607{\textendash}614}, author = {Dungeni, M and Van der Merwe, RR and Momba, MNB} } @article {725, title = {Abundance of pathogenic bacteria and viral indicators in chlorinated effluents produced by four wastewater treatment plants in the Gauteng Province, South Africa}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {36}, year = {2010}, month = {10/2010}, pages = {607-614}, chapter = {607}, abstract = {
The failure of South African wastewater treatment plants to produce effluents of a high microbiological quality is a matter of great concern in terms of the pollution of water resources. This study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of 4 wastewater treatment plants in the Gauteng Province, namely the Zeekoegat, Baviaanspoort, Rayton and Refilwe Water Care Works (WCW), in the removal of pathogenic bacteria and viral indicators. Also taken into consideration were free chlorine concentrations and turbidity levels, which were measured using standard methods. Conventional methods and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to detect and identify pathogenic bacteria and coliphages. The turbidity ranged from 2.39 to 62.40 NTU and the concentrations of free chlorine ranged from 0.03 to1.60 mg.l-1 for all plants. Despite high free chlorine residual concentrations in treated effluents, the survival and occurrence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae were significantly higher at Baviaanspoort (100\%, 88.2\% and 35.3\%), Refilwe (87.5\%, 59.4\% and 21.9\%) and Rayton (75\%, 38.2\% and 9.4\%) compared to Zeekoegat, which only showed the survival of E. coli, at a much lower occurrence rate of 8.8\%. Somatic and F-RNA coliphages were removed at 15.57 \% and 13.96\% for Baviaanspoort, 11.62\% and 22.42\% for Refilwe, 25\% and 32.10\% for Rayton, and 40.41\% and 52.57\% for Zeekoegat WCW. Significant correlations were found between pathogenic bacteria and coliphages at all plants (r = 0.765 for Baviaanspoort, r = 0.904 for Zeekoegat, r = 0.680 for Refilwe, r = 0.796 or the Rayton WCW, p \< 0.01). A combination of sedimentation, rapid sand filtration and chlorination processes was found to be a major prerequisite for the reduction of turbidity levels and viral indicators and the successful removal of pathogenic bacteria in the Zeekoegat WCW. This study therefore suggests an upgrading of the wastwater treatment plants by including processes such as rapid sand filtration and UV disinfection, which have proved to be effective in the removal and inactivation of pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
}, keywords = {chlorination, effluent, pathogenic bacteria, wastewater}, url = {http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/61994/50044}, author = {M NB Momba}, editor = {M Dungeni} } @article {10745, title = {{Acanthamoeba polyphaga is a possible host for Vibrio cholerae in aquatic environments}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {126}, year = {2010}, pages = {65{\textendash}68}, author = {Sandstr{\"o}m, G and Saeed, A and Abd, H} } @article {14588, title = {Activated sludge model ({ASM}) based modelling of membrane bioreactor ({MBR}) processes: a critical review with special regard to {MBR} specificities}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, month = {aug}, pages = {4272{\textendash}94}, abstract = {Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been increasingly employed for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment in the last decade. The efforts for modelling of such wastewater treatment systems have always targeted either the biological processes (treatment quality target) as well as the various aspects of engineering (cost effective design and operation). The development of Activated Sludge Models (ASM) was an important evolution in the modelling of Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) processes and their use is now very well established. However, although they were initially developed to describe CAS processes, they have simply been transferred and applied to MBR processes. Recent studies on MBR biological processes have reported several crucial specificities: medium to very high sludge retention times, high mixed liquor concentration, accumulation of soluble microbial products (SMP) rejected by the membrane filtration step, and high aeration rates for scouring purposes. These aspects raise the question as to what extent the ASM framework is applicable to MBR processes. Several studies highlighting some of the aforementioned issues are scattered through the literature. Hence, through a concise and structured overview of the past developments and current state-of-the-art in biological modelling of MBR, this review explores ASM-based modelling applied to MBR processes. The work aims to synthesize previous studies and differentiates between unmodified and modified applications of ASM to MBR. Particular emphasis is placed on influent fractionation, biokinetics, and soluble microbial products (SMPs)/exo-polymeric substances (EPS) modelling, and suggestions are put forward as to good modelling practice with regard to MBR modelling both for end-users and academia. A last section highlights shortcomings and future needs for improved biological modelling of MBR processes.}, keywords = {*Bioreactors, Algorithms, Artificial, Chemical, Filtration, Fluid/instrumentation/*methods, Membranes, Models, Sewage/*chemistry, Waste Disposal, Water Purification/instrumentation/*methods}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.007 S0043-1354(10)00383-0 [pii]}, author = {Fenu, A. and Guglielmi, G. and Jimenez, J. and Sperandio, M. and Saroj, D. and Lesjean, B. and Brepols, C. and Thoeye, C. and Nopens, I.} } @article {14937, title = {Activated sludge model ({ASM}) based modelling of membrane bioreactor ({MBR}) processes: a critical review with special regard to {MBR} specificities}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, month = {aug}, pages = {4272{\textendash}94}, abstract = {Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been increasingly employed for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment in the last decade. The efforts for modelling of such wastewater treatment systems have always targeted either the biological processes (treatment quality target) as well as the various aspects of engineering (cost effective design and operation). The development of Activated Sludge Models (ASM) was an important evolution in the modelling of Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) processes and their use is now very well established. However, although they were initially developed to describe CAS processes, they have simply been transferred and applied to MBR processes. Recent studies on MBR biological processes have reported several crucial specificities: medium to very high sludge retention times, high mixed liquor concentration, accumulation of soluble microbial products (SMP) rejected by the membrane filtration step, and high aeration rates for scouring purposes. These aspects raise the question as to what extent the ASM framework is applicable to MBR processes. Several studies highlighting some of the aforementioned issues are scattered through the literature. Hence, through a concise and structured overview of the past developments and current state-of-the-art in biological modelling of MBR, this review explores ASM-based modelling applied to MBR processes. The work aims to synthesize previous studies and differentiates between unmodified and modified applications of ASM to MBR. Particular emphasis is placed on influent fractionation, biokinetics, and soluble microbial products (SMPs)/exo-polymeric substances (EPS) modelling, and suggestions are put forward as to good modelling practice with regard to MBR modelling both for end-users and academia. A last section highlights shortcomings and future needs for improved biological modelling of MBR processes.}, keywords = {*Bioreactors, Algorithms, Artificial, Chemical, Filtration, Fluid/instrumentation/*methods, Membranes, Models, Sewage/*chemistry, Waste Disposal, Water Purification/instrumentation/*methods}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.007 S0043-1354(10)00383-0 [pii]}, author = {Fenu, A. and Guglielmi, G. and Jimenez, J. and Sperandio, M. and Saroj, D. and Lesjean, B. and Brepols, C. and Thoeye, C. and Nopens, I.} } @inbook {4418, title = {Adenovirus}, booktitle = {Pediatr Rev}, volume = {31}, year = {2010}, pages = {173-4}, type = {Book Section}, address = {United States}, isbn = {1526-3347 (Electronic) 0191-9601 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1542/pir.31-4-173}, author = {Bhumbra, N. and Wroblewski, M. E.} } @article {4446, title = {Adenovirus}, journal = {Pediatrics in Review}, volume = {31}, year = {2010}, pages = {173{\textendash}4}, isbn = {1526-3347 (Electronic) 0191-9601 (Linking)}, author = {Bhumbra, N. and Wroblewski, M. E.} } @article {521, title = {Adenovirus 36 and obesity in children and adolescents}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {126}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, note = {1098-4275 Gabbert, Charles Donohue, Michael Arnold, John Schwimmer, Jeffrey B DK080506/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States M01 RR000827/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States P60 MD00220/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States R21 DK71486/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Pediatrics. 2010 Oct;126(4):721-6. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-3362. Epub 2010 Sep 20.}, pages = {721-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to assess the relationship between adenovirus 36 (AD36)-specific antibodies and obesity in children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of children 8 to 18 years of age was performed. Children were classified according to BMI percentile as nonobese (<95th percentile) or obese (>/=95th percentile). The presence of AD36-specific neutralizing antibodies was assessed by using the serum neutralization assay. RESULTS: A total of 124 children (median age: 13.6 years) were studied. Of those children, 46\% were nonobese and 54\% were obese. AD36 positivity was present in 19 children (15\%). The majority of children found to be AD36-positive were obese (15 [78\%] of 19 children). AD36 positivity was significantly (P<.05) more frequent in obese children (15 [22\%] of 67 children) than nonobese children (4 [7\%] of 57 children). Among the subset of children who were obese, those who were AD36-positive had significantly larger anthropometric measures, including weight, BMI, waist circumference, and waist/height ratio. CONCLUSION: These data support an association of obesity and higher body weight with the presence of neutralizing antibodies to AD36 in children. If a cause-and-effect relationship is established, it would have considerable implications for the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/*immunology Adolescent Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood Antibodies, Viral/*blood Antibody Specificity Body Mass Index Child Female Humans Male Neutralization Tests Obesity/*virology}, issn = {0031-4005}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2009-3362}, author = {Gabbert, C. and Donohue, M. and Arnold, J. and Schwimmer, J. B.} } @article {688, title = {Adsorptive and Desorption Studies on Toxic Dye Erioglaucine Over Deoiled Mustard}, journal = {Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, note = {Jain, Rajeev Sikarwar, Shalini}, pages = {883-893}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In this work, a fundamental investigation on the removal of Erioglaucine dye by deoiled mustard is conducted in batch conditions. This article incorporates effect of pH, temperature, amount of adsorbent, contact time, concentration of adsorbate, particle size on adsorption. The adsorption kinetics was shown to be pseudo-first-order. The adsorption equilibrium data can be fitted well by both Freundlich and Langmuir models. The estimated values for Go were -8.74x103 and -3.691x103KJmol-1 overactivated carbon and activated deoiled mustard at 303K (30 degrees C), which are rather low indicating that a spontaneous processes occurred. The positive value for Ho indicates that the adsorption of Erioglaucine dye to deoiled mustard is an endothermic process. Desorption studies indicate that by eluting dilute NaOH through the fixed bed of the adsorbents their columns can be regenerated and a quantitative recovery of Erioglaucine can be achieved. The percentage removal of dye was almost similar in both cases. Treated activated deoiled mustard was an attractive candidate for removing organic dye Erioglaucine which shows great reduction of color while reducing the time contact to achieve equilibrium.}, issn = {0193-2691}, doi = {10.1080/01932690903223872}, url = {://WOS:000279119900005}, author = {Jain, R. and Sikarwar, S.} } @article {13132, title = {Aeromonas taiwanensis sp. nov., and Aeromonas sanarellii sp. nov., two new clinical species from Taiwan}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {60}, year = {2010}, pages = {2048-2055}, author = {Alperi, A. and Martinez-Murcia, A. J. and Ko, W. and Monera, A. and Saavedra, M. J. and Figueras, M. J.} } @article {12056, title = {Albendazole and mebendazole administered alone or in combination with ivermectin against Trichuris trichiura: a randomized controlled trial}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2010}, note = {Knopp, Stefanie
Mohammed, Khalfan A
Speich, Benjamin
Hattendorf, Jan
Khamis, I Simba
Khamis, Alipo N
Stothard, J Russell
Rollinson, David
Marti, Hanspeter
Utzinger, Jurg
eng
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2010/11/11 06:00
Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Dec 15;51(12):1420-8. doi: 10.1086/657310. Epub 2010 Nov 9.}, month = {Dec 15}, pages = {1420-8}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Single-dose albendazole and mebendazole show limited efficacy in the treatment of trichuriasis. The combination of albendazole with ivermectin improves efficacy, but a mebendazole-ivermectin combination has not been previously investigated. METHODS: We performed a randomized controlled trial in 2 schools in Zanzibar, Tanzania, to assess the efficacy and safety of albendazole (400 mg) plus placebo, albendazole plus ivermectin (200 mug/kg), mebendazole (500 mg) plus placebo, and mebendazole plus ivermectin in children with a parasitologically confirmed Trichuris trichiura infection. Cure rate (CR) and egg reduction rate were assessed by intent-to-treat analysis. Adverse events were monitored within 48 h after treatment. RESULTS: Complete data records were available for 548 children. The highest CR against T. trichiura was achieved with a mebendazole-ivermectin combination (55\%). Low CRs were observed with albendazole-ivermectin (38\%), mebendazole (19\%), and albendazole (10\%). Compared with placebo, the use of ivermectin statistically significantly increased the CRs from 14\% to 47\% (odds ratio, 0.19; 95\% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.28). The highest egg reduction rate (97\%; 95\% CI, 95\%-98\%) was observed using the mebendazole-ivermectin combination, followed by albendazole-ivermectin (91\%; 95\% CI, 87\%-94\%), mebendazole (67\%; 95\% CI, 52\%-77\%), and albendazole (40\%; 95\% CI, 22\%-56\%). The adverse events, reported by 136 children, were generally mild, with no significant difference between the treatment arms. CONCLUSIONS: Addition of ivermectin improves the therapeutic outcomes of both albendazole and mebendazole against T. trichiura and may be considered for use in soil-transmitted helminth control programs and individual patient management. TRIAL REGISTRATION: isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN08336605.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Albendazole/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Animals, Anthelmintics/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Child, Drug Therapy, Combination/adverse effects/methods, Feces/parasitology, Female, Humans, Ivermectin/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Male, Mebendazole/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Parasite Egg Count, Placebos/administration \& dosage, Tanzania, Treatment Outcome, Trichuriasis/*drug therapy, Trichuris/*drug effects}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Knopp, S. and Mohammed, K. A. and Speich, B. and Hattendorf, J. and Khamis, I. S. and Khamis, A. N. and Stothard, J. R. and Rollinson, D. and Marti, H. and Utzinger, J.} } @article {16548, title = {Albendazole and mebendazole administered alone or in combination with ivermectin against {Trichuris} trichiura: a randomized controlled trial}, journal = {Clin Infect Dis}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2010}, month = {dec}, pages = {1420{\textendash}8}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Single-dose albendazole and mebendazole show limited efficacy in the treatment of trichuriasis. The combination of albendazole with ivermectin improves efficacy, but a mebendazole-ivermectin combination has not been previously investigated. METHODS: We performed a randomized controlled trial in 2 schools in Zanzibar, Tanzania, to assess the efficacy and safety of albendazole (400 mg) plus placebo, albendazole plus ivermectin (200 mug/kg), mebendazole (500 mg) plus placebo, and mebendazole plus ivermectin in children with a parasitologically confirmed Trichuris trichiura infection. Cure rate (CR) and egg reduction rate were assessed by intent-to-treat analysis. Adverse events were monitored within 48 h after treatment. RESULTS: Complete data records were available for 548 children. The highest CR against T. trichiura was achieved with a mebendazole-ivermectin combination (55\%). Low CRs were observed with albendazole-ivermectin (38\%), mebendazole (19\%), and albendazole (10\%). Compared with placebo, the use of ivermectin statistically significantly increased the CRs from 14\% to 47\% (odds ratio, 0.19; 95\% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.28). The highest egg reduction rate (97\%; 95\% CI, 95\%-98\%) was observed using the mebendazole-ivermectin combination, followed by albendazole-ivermectin (91\%; 95\% CI, 87\%-94\%), mebendazole (67\%; 95\% CI, 52\%-77\%), and albendazole (40\%; 95\% CI, 22\%-56\%). The adverse events, reported by 136 children, were generally mild, with no significant difference between the treatment arms. CONCLUSIONS: Addition of ivermectin improves the therapeutic outcomes of both albendazole and mebendazole against T. trichiura and may be considered for use in soil-transmitted helminth control programs and individual patient management. TRIAL REGISTRATION: isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN08336605.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Albendazole/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Animals, Anthelmintics/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Child, Combination/adverse effects/methods, Drug Therapy, Feces/parasitology, Female, Humans, Ivermectin/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Male, Mebendazole/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects, Parasite Egg Count, Placebos/administration \& dosage, Tanzania, Treatment Outcome, Trichuriasis/*drug therapy, Trichuris/*drug effects}, issn = {1537-6591 (Electronic) 1058-4838 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1086/657310}, author = {Knopp, S. and Mohammed, K. A. and Speich, B. and Hattendorf, J. and Khamis, I. S. and Khamis, A. N. and Stothard, J. R. and Rollinson, D. and Marti, H. and Utzinger, J.} } @mastersthesis {9144, title = {Ammonia Sanitisation of Human Excreta - Treatment Technology for Production of Fertiliser}, year = {2010}, school = {University of Agricultural Sciences}, address = {SLU, Uppsala, Sweden}, author = {Nordin, A} } @article {9425, title = {{Amoebiasis cutis: clinical suspicion is the key to early diagnosis}}, journal = {Australasian Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {52{\textendash}55}, author = {Verma, GK and Sharma, NL and Shanker, V and Mahajan, VK and Kaushik, R and Verma, S and Jindal, N} } @article {9369, title = {{Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge mixture for the reduction of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms}}, journal = {Scientific World}, volume = {8}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {47{\textendash}50}, author = {Poudel, RC and Joshi, DR and Dhakal, NR and Karki, AB} } @article {2761, title = {Anal-Rectal Cytology: The Other Pap Test}, journal = {Laboratory Medicine}, volume = {41}, year = {2010}, pages = {168-171}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Bean, S.M. and David, C.} } @article {6007, title = {{Analysis of complete genome sequences of swine hepatitis E virus and possible risk factors for transmission of HEV to humans in Korea}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {583{\textendash}591}, author = {Song, YJ and H J Jeong and Kim, YJ and Lee, SW and Lee, JB and Park, SY and Song, CS and Park, HM and Choi, IS} } @article {8474, title = {{Analysis of marine bivalve shellfish from the fish market in Santos city, Sao Paulo state, Brazil, for Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {179}, number = {1-2}, year = {2010}, pages = {8{\textendash}13}, author = {Esmerini, PO and Gennari, SM and Pena, HFJ} } @article {2963, title = {Analysis of the economic impact of cystic echinococcosis in {Spain}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {49{\textendash}57}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To estimate the overall economic losses due to human and animal cystic echinococcosis (CE) in Spain in 2005. METHODS: We obtained data on annual CE incidence from surveillance and abattoir records, and on CE-related treatment and productivity losses (human and animal) from the scientific literature. Direct costs were those associated with diagnosis, surgical or chemotherapeutic treatment, medical care and hospitalization in humans, and condemnation of offal in livestock (sheep, goats, cattle and pigs). Indirect costs comprised human productivity losses and the reduction in growth, fecundity and milk production in livestock. The Latin hypercube method was used to represent the uncertainty surrounding the input parameters. FINDINGS: The overall economic loss attributable to CE in humans and animals in 2005 was estimated at 148 964 534 euros (euro) (95\% credible interval, CI: 21 980 446-394 012 706). Human-associated losses were estimated at euro133 416 601 (95\% CI: 6 658 738-379 273 434) and animal-associated losses at euro15 532 242 (95\% CI: 13 447 378-17 789 491). CONCLUSION: CE is a neglected zoonosis that remains a human and animal health concern for Spain. More accurate data on CE prevalence in humans (particularly undiagnosed or asymptomatic cases) and better methods to estimate productivity losses in animals are needed. CE continues to affect certain areas of Spain, despite several control initiatives since 1986. Given the high economic burden of CE, additional funding is needed to reduce human and animal infection rates through improved disease surveillance, regular treatment of dogs and greater cooperation between agencies.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Animal Diseases, Animal Husbandry, Animals, Anticestodal Agents, Cattle, Child, Cost of Illness, Domestic, Echinococcosis, Econometric, Female, Health Expenditures, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Newborn, Preschool, prevalence, Sex Distribution, Spain, Young Adult}, issn = {1564-0604}, doi = {10.2471/BLT.09.066795}, author = {Benner, Christine and Carabin, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and S{\'a}nchez-Serrano, Luisa P. and Budke, Christine M. and Carmena, David} } @article {1800, title = {Analysis of the evolution in the circulation of HAV and HEV in eastern Spain by testing urban sewage samples}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, note = {Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus Miagostovich, Marize Hundesa, Ayalkibet Clemente-Casares, Pilar Carratala, Anna Buti, Maria Jardi, Rosend Girones, Rosina eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2010/02/16 06:00 J Water Health. 2010 Jun;8(2):346-54. doi: 10.2166/wh.2009.042. Epub 2009 Nov 9.}, pages = {346-54}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The aim of the study was to analyse the evolution of the prevalence of HAV and HEV in the population of eastern Spain by analysing the viruses excreted in urban sewage. Raw urban sewage samples were collected and analysed during several years using RT-PCR techniques and sequencing analysis. Two limiting regions were analysed, one of them having implemented HAV vaccination programs. Acute symptomatic HEV cases were also examined. Results were compared with those from previous studies in the area using identical methodology. The percentage of positive HAV samples in urban sewage fell from 57.4\% to 3.1\% in 5-10 years in the two studied areas in Spain. Around 30\% of the urban sewage samples were positive for HEV in the absence of agricultural sources of contamination. HEV RNA was also detected in four clinical cases of acute hepatitis. The dramatic reduction in the presence of HAV in raw urban sewage observed in eastern Spain could be most likely related to the general improvement in sanitation. However, these improvements would not have an equivalent effect on the circulation of HEV and this observation could be explained by the presence of animal reservoirs for HEV, which act as external sources of infections.}, keywords = {Genes, Viral Hepatitis A/epidemiology Hepatitis A virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Hepatitis E/epidemiology Hepatitis E virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Humans Prevalence Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sewage/*virology Spain/epi}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2009.042}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20154397}, author = {Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Miagostovich, M. and Hundesa, A. and Clemente-Casares, P. and Carratala, A. and Buti, M. and Jardi, R. and Girones, R.} } @article {11852, title = {{Anomalous segmentation of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {268{\textendash}270}, abstract = {

An anomalous tapeworm with abnormal segmentation was obtained from a 6-year-old boy in Japan. The tapeworm consisted of proglottids with slanted anterior and posterior margins of proglottids and 4\–6 sets of reproductive organs arranged between the margins. The morphology of the tapeworm did not correspond to any of the described cestodes. However, molecular identification based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes clearly showed the tapeworm was Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense.

}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2009.12.006}, author = {Yanagida, Tetsuya and Matsuoka, Hiroyuki and Kanai, Takahiro and Nakao, Minoru and Ito, Akira} } @article {16568, title = {Anopheles larval abundance and diversity in three rice agro-village complexes {Mwea} irrigation scheme, central {Kenya}}, journal = {Malar J}, volume = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {228}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, *Oryza sativa, Agriculture, Animals, Anopheles/*growth \& development, Kenya, Larva/*classification/growth \& development, Logistic Models, Population Density, Population Dynamics, Seasons}, issn = {1475-2875 (Electronic) 1475-2875 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1475-2875-9-228}, author = {Mwangangi, J. M. and Shililu, J. and Muturi, E. J. and Muriu, S. and Jacob, B. and Kabiru, E. W. and Mbogo, C. M. and Githure, J. and Novak, R. J.} } @article {12076, title = {Anopheles larval abundance and diversity in three rice agro-village complexes Mwea irrigation scheme, central Kenya}, journal = {Malar J}, volume = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {228}, type = {Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural}, edition = {2010/08/10}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, *Oryza sativa, Agriculture, Animals, Anopheles/*growth \& development, Kenya, Larva/*classification/growth \& development, Logistic Models, Population Density, Population Dynamics, Seasons}, isbn = {1475-2875 (Electronic)
1475-2875 (Linking)}, author = {Mwangangi, J. M. and Shililu, J. and Muturi, E. J. and Muriu, S. and Jacob, B. and Kabiru, E. W. and Mbogo, C. M. and Githure, J. and Novak, R. J.} } @article {11030, title = {Appendiceal ascariasis in children}, journal = {Annals of Saudi Medicine}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {63{\textendash}66}, abstract = {BACKGROUND:: The propensity of Ascaris lumbricoides to wander leads to varied surgical complications in the abdomen. Wandering A lumbricoides may sometimes reach the vermiform appendix and its presence there may remain silent or incite pathology. Our aim was to study ascariadial appendicitis. METHODS:: Over a period of 3 years, we identified children who were found to have appendiceal ascariasis during surgery for different intestinal complications due to ascariasis. We studied the relationship between ascariasis and its lodgement inside the vermiform appendix in these patients. No preoperative diagnosis was made in this series. RESULTS:: We found 11 patients with appendiceal ascariasis. It was incidentally found that 8/11 (72.7\%) patients had worms inside their vermiform appendix but not appendicitis, whereas the remaining three patients (27.2\%) were found to have Ascaris-associated appendicitis. The characteristic finding in Ascaris-infested vermiform appendix was that the worm is positioned with its head at the base and its tail at the tip of the appendix. CONCLUSION:: Migration of A lumbrocoides inside the vermiform appendix is an incidental finding and tends to pursue a silent course in most patients. Only rarely does the presence of Ascaris inside the vermiform appendix cause appendicitis.}, issn = {0256-4947}, doi = {10.4103/0256-4947.59380}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850184/}, author = {Wani, Imtiaz and Maqbool, Muddasir and Amin, Abid and Shah, Firdous and Keema, Arshad and Singh, Jang and Kitagawa, Maki and Nazir, Mir} } @article {14488, title = {Application of membrane bioreactor technology for wastewater treatment and reuse in the {Mediterranean} region: focusing on removal efficiency of non-conventional pollutants}, journal = {J Environ Manage}, volume = {91}, year = {2010}, month = {dec}, pages = {2424{\textendash}31}, abstract = {The Mediterranean Region is a semi-arid area whose land is facing serious erosion, causing adverse impacts on agriculture. To improve the water availability, researchers have proposed the reclamation and reuse of treated wastewater. In this paper, we report the main findings of 10 years of research on the efficiencies of a conventional activated sludge process and a submerged membrane bioreactor, with particular emphasis on the removal of non-conventional pollutants. The studies showed that the membrane bioreactor produced a virtually solids-free, high-quality permeate: most nutrients, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants were removed, and in particular, dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls were typically present at concentrations below the detection limit. Moreover, the total coliforms count decreased by 4-5 log and Escherichia coli was absent from the membrane bioreactor permeate. These results, combined with the continuing reduction of the capital and operating costs for this approach, suggest that membrane bioreactors are an increasingly cost-effective technology to produce treated effluents that are suitable for reuse.}, keywords = {*Bioreactors, *Membranes, Artificial, Chemical/*isolation \& purification, Heavy/isolation \& purification, Metals, Organic Chemicals/isolation \& purification, Sewage/analysis, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1095-8630 (Electronic) 0301-4797 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.07.024}, author = {Bolzonella, D. and Fatone, F. and di Fabio, S. and Cecchi, F.} } @article {14878, title = {Application of membrane bioreactor technology for wastewater treatment and reuse in the {Mediterranean} region: focusing on removal efficiency of non-conventional pollutants}, journal = {J Environ Manage}, volume = {91}, year = {2010}, month = {dec}, pages = {2424{\textendash}31}, abstract = {The Mediterranean Region is a semi-arid area whose land is facing serious erosion, causing adverse impacts on agriculture. To improve the water availability, researchers have proposed the reclamation and reuse of treated wastewater. In this paper, we report the main findings of 10 years of research on the efficiencies of a conventional activated sludge process and a submerged membrane bioreactor, with particular emphasis on the removal of non-conventional pollutants. The studies showed that the membrane bioreactor produced a virtually solids-free, high-quality permeate: most nutrients, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants were removed, and in particular, dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls were typically present at concentrations below the detection limit. Moreover, the total coliforms count decreased by 4-5 log and Escherichia coli was absent from the membrane bioreactor permeate. These results, combined with the continuing reduction of the capital and operating costs for this approach, suggest that membrane bioreactors are an increasingly cost-effective technology to produce treated effluents that are suitable for reuse.}, keywords = {*Bioreactors, *Membranes, Artificial, Chemical/*isolation \& purification, Heavy/isolation \& purification, Metals, Organic Chemicals/isolation \& purification, Sewage/analysis, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1095-8630 (Electronic) 0301-4797 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.07.024}, author = {Bolzonella, D. and Fatone, F. and di Fabio, S. and Cecchi, F.} } @article {9270, title = {{Application of real-time PCR for the differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar in cyst-positive faecal samples from 130 immigrants living in Spain}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {145{\textendash}149}, author = {Gutierrez-Cisneros, MJ and Cogollos, R and Lopez-Velez, R and Martin-Rabadan, P and Martinez-Ruiz, R and Subirats, M and Merino, FJ and Fuentes, I} } @mastersthesis {6458, title = {On the application of rotating cylinders to micro air vehicles}, year = {2010}, note = {U516294}, school = {The City University (London) (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}p class=Abstract{\textgreater}An investigation into the feasibility of using rotating circular cylinders as the primary means of generating lift for the class of very small (0.15 n maximum dimension, 50 g weight) unmanned aircraft known as Micro Air Vehicles (MAV) has been carried out. It is hoped that such a design would be able to exploit the large lift generating properties of the rotating cylinder for the purposes of increasing the available payload weight.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p class=Abstract{\textgreater}A preliminary design study was performed to investigate possible configurations for the proposed design, resulting in the selection, for reasons of simplicity, of an arrangement having two rotating cylinders about a central fuselage.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p class=Abstract{\textgreater}Wind tunnel experiments with a simple prototype aircraft were based on the outcome of the preliminary design study and isolated cylinder tests. The tests revealed the effect of propeller wash over the rotors, the influence of the cylinder wake on the tail, and the design of the tail, fin, and fuselage to be of considerable importance to the aerodynamic characteristics and performance of the vehicle.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p class=Abstract{\textgreater}Overall, the study indicated that an aircraft of the proposed configuration and suitable capability was theoretically possible at the MAV scale of flight if an appropriate rotor geometry was chosen. However, the actual construction of a vehicle able to fully provide the desired performance within the constraints placed on platform size and weight was not currently possible using commonly available materials and components. Slightly larger designs (of dimension 0.4 m and weight 250 g) were more realisable, but still lacked in performance. Successful development of this type of design is thus dependent on technological advancement, particularly improvements in power and propulsion systems.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, keywords = {0538:Aerospace engineering, 519716, Aerospace engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/899758700?accountid=14270}, author = {Badalamenti, C} } @article {7911, title = {Arcobacter marinus sp. nov.}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {60}, year = {2010}, pages = {531{\textendash}536}, author = {Hye M Kim and Chung Y Hwang and Byung C Cho} } @article {10970, title = {Ascaris lumbricoides: {An} {Overview} of {Therapeutic} {Targets}}, journal = {Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {349{\textendash}367}, abstract = {A. lumbricoides is the largest of the common nematode parasites of man and has been associated with intestinal pathology, respiratory symptoms and malnutrition in children from endemic areas. Current anthelmintic treatments have proven to be safe. However, a reduced efficacy of single dose drugs has been reported. In veterinary practice, anthelmintic drug resistance is an irreversible problem. Thus, research and development of sensitive tools for early detection of drug resistance as well as new anthelmintic approaches are urgently needed. In this review, we summarized data providing information about current drug therapy against A. lumbricoides and other intestinal helminths, new drugs in experimental trials, future drugs perspectives and the identification of immunogenic parasite molecules that may be suitable vaccine targets. In addition to the WHO recommended drugs (albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, and pyrantel pamoate), new anthelmintic alternatives such as tribendimidine and Nitazoxanide have proved to be safe and effective against A. lumbricoides and other soil-transmitted helminthiases in human trials. Also, some new drugs for veterinary use, monepantel and cyclooctadepsipeptides (e.g., PF1022A), will probably expand future drug spectrum for human treatments. The development of genomic technology has provided a great amount of available nematode DNA sequences, coupled with new gene function data that may lead to the identification of new drug targets through efficient mining of nematode genomic databases. On the other hand, the identification of nematode antigens involved in different parasite vital functions as well as immunomodulatory molecules in animals and humans may contribute to future studies of new therapeutic approaches.}, keywords = {AADs, acute respiratory infections, albendazole, Anthelmintic, ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE, ascariasis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris suum, C. elegans, Camellia japonica, CHITIN, Cooperia oncophora, cyclooctadepsipeptide, FECRT, flaccid worm paralysis, FMRFamide, H. polygyrus, Haemonchus contortus, IRA, levamisole, lumbricoides, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, Mebendazole, metallocarboxypeptidase, Mycelia sterilia, Na-ASP-2, nAchR, nematode, NEMATODE PROTEASE, nitazoxanide, Nypostrongylus brasiliensis, Paraherquamide, PAS-1, PBMC, Penicillium paraherquii, pyrantel pamoate, Strongyloides stercoralis, T. Trichuria, Teladorsagia circumcincta, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, TNFS13B, tribendimidine, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, TROPOMYOSIN, TSLP}, issn = {1871-5265/2212-3989}, doi = {10.2174/187152610793180876}, url = {http://www.eurekaselect.com/node/86902/article}, author = {Hagel, Isabel and Giusti, Tatiana} } @article {9412, title = {{Ascaris lumbricoides Eggs and Human-Intestinal Protozoan Cysts found in River Water of Angke River, Jakarta}}, journal = {Makara Journal of Health Research}, year = {2010}, pages = {83{\textendash}85}, author = {Subahar, R and Sutanto, L} } @article {3844, title = {Assessment of adenovirus, hepatitis A virus and rotavirus presence in environmental samples in Florianopolis, South Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, year = {2010}, pages = {1979{\textendash}1987}, author = {Rigotto, C and Victoria, M and Moresco, V and Kolesnikovas, CK and A A Corr{\^e}a and Souza, DSM and Miagostovich, MP and Sim{\~o}es, CMO and Barardi, CRM} } @article {4587, title = {Assessment of adenovirus, hepatitis {A} virus and rotavirus presence in environmental samples in {Florianopolis}, {South} {Brazil}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, year = {2010}, pages = {1979{\textendash}87}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, author = {Rigotto, C. and Victoria, M. and Moresco, V. and Kolesnikovas, C. K. and Correa, A. A. and Souza, D. S. and Miagostovich, M. P. and Simoes, C. M. and Barardi, C. R.} } @article {10436, title = {Assessment of Adenovirus, Hepatitis A Virus and Rotavirus Presence in Environmental Samples in Florianopolis, South Brazil}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, year = {2010}, pages = {1979-87}, author = {Rigotto, C. and Victoria, M. and Moresco, V. and Kolesnikovas, C.K. and A A Corr{\^e}a and Souza, D.S. and Miagostovich, M.P. and Sim{\~o}es, C.M. and Barardi, C.R.} } @article {10856, title = {Assessment of human adenovirus removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor treating municipal wastewater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {1520{\textendash}1530}, author = {Kuo, DHW and Simmons, FJ and Blair, Scott and Hart, Elizabeth and Rose, Joan B and Xagoraraki, Irene} } @inbook {1335, title = {Assessment of human adenovirus removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor treating municipal wastewater}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, note = {Kuo, David H-W Simmons, Fredrick J Blair, Scott Hart, Elizabeth Rose, Joan B Xagoraraki, Irene Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(09)00712-X [pii] Water Res. 2010 Mar;44(5):1520-30. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.039. Epub 2009 Nov 4.}, pages = {1520-30}, publisher = {2009. Published by Elsevier Ltd.}, organization = {2009. Published by Elsevier Ltd.}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in wastewater samples taken from four different treatment stages of a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant (i.e., incoming raw sewage, primary sedimentation effluent, membrane bioreactor (MBR) influent, and MBR effluent) were quantified by real-time PCR assays to further estimate removal efficiency of the HAdVs. Based on hexon gene sequence comparisons, HAdV species A, C, and F were consistently found in the wastewater samples. In general, all three identified HAdV species were detected in most of the wastewater samples using the real-time PCR assays. Overall HAdV concentrations were rather stable over the entire 8-month study period (January-August, 2008) (approximately 10(6)-10(7)viral particles/L of wastewater for the raw sewage and primary effluent; 10(8)-10(9)viral particles/L for the MBR influent; and, 10(3)-10(4)viral particles/L for the MBR effluent). No significant seasonal differences were noticed for the HAdV abundances. Removal efficiencies of the viral particles in the full-scale MBR process were assessed and showed an average HAdV removal of 5.0+/-0.6logs over the study period. The removal efficiencies for F species (average log removal of 6.5+/-1.3logs) were typically higher (p-value <0.05) than those of the other two species (average of 4.1+/-0.9 and 4.6+/-0.5logs for species A and C, respectively). These results demonstrate that the full-scale MBR system efficiently removed most HAdV from the wastewater leaving about 10(3)viral particles/L in the MBR effluent.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Artificial Phylogeny Sewage/virology Waste Disposal, Fluid/ instrumentation Water Purification/ instrumentation, Human/genetics/ isolation \& purification Bioreactors/ virology Cities Humans Membranes}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.039}, author = {Kuo, D. H. and Simmons, F. J. and Blair, S. and Hart, E. and Rose, J. B. and Xagoraraki, I.} } @article {4532, title = {Assessment of human adenovirus removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor treating municipal wastewater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, pages = {1520{\textendash}30}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Kuo, D. H. and Simmons, F. J. and Blair, S. and Hart, E. and Rose, J. B. and Xagoraraki, I.} } @article {3245, title = {{Assessment of human adenovirus removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor treating municipal wastewater}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {1520{\textendash}1530}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in wastewater samples taken from four different treatment stages of a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant (i.e., incoming raw sewage, primary sedimentation effluent, membrane bioreactor (MBR) influent, and MBR effluent) were quantified by real-time PCR assays to further estimate removal efficiency of the HAdVs. Based on hexon gene sequence comparisons, HAdV species A, C, and F were consistently found in the wastewater samples. In general, all three identified HAdV species were detected in most of the wastewater samples using the real-time PCR assays. Overall HAdV concentrations were rather stable over the entire 8-month study period (January-August, 2008) (approximately 106-107 viral particles/L of wastewater for the raw sewage and primary effluent; 108-109 viral particles/L for the MBR influent; and, 103-104 viral particles/L for the MBR effluent). No significant seasonal differences were noticed for the HAdV abundances. Removal efficiencies of the viral particles in the full-scale MBR process were assessed and showed an average HAdV removal of 5.0 ?? 0.6 logs over the study period. The removal efficiencies for F species (average log removal of 6.5 ?? 1.3 logs) were typically higher (p-value {\textless}0.05) than those of the other two species (average of 4.1 ?? 0.9 and 4.6 ?? 0.5 logs for species A and C, respectively). These results demonstrate that the full-scale MBR system efficiently removed most HAdV from the wastewater leaving about 103 viral particles/L in the MBR effluent. ?? 2009.}, keywords = {Adenovirus, MBR, PCR, Quantitative, removal}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.039}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.039}, author = {David HW Kuo and Simmons, Fredrick J. and Blair, Scott and Hart, Elizabeth and Rose, Joan B. and Xagoraraki, Irene} } @article {5594, title = {{Assessment of norovirus contamination in environmental samples from Florian{\'o}polis City, Southern Brazil}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {231{\textendash}238}, abstract = {

To assess norovirus (NoV) contamination in aquatic ecosystems in the city of Florian\ópolis, in Southern Brazil, to provide epidemiological data that can support actions for environmental contamination control.

}, keywords = {Genotyping, Norovirus, Quantitative PCR, Semi-nested PCR, Water samples}, isbn = {13645072 (ISSN)}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04646.x}, author = {Victoria, M. and Rigotto, C. and Moresco, V. and A de Abreu Correa and Kolesnikovas, C. and Leite, J. P G and Miagostovich, M. P. and C. RM Barardi} } @article {6703, title = {Assessment of {Sewer} {Source} {Contamination} of {Drinking} {Water} {Wells} {Using} {Tracers} and {Human} {Enteric} {Viruses}}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {20}, year = {2010}, month = {oct}, pages = {7956{\textendash}7963}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es100698m}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es100698m}, author = {Hunt, Randall J. and Borchardt, Mark A. and Richards, Kevin D. and Spencer, Susan K.} } @article {14677, title = {Assessment of {Sewer} {Source} {Contamination} of {Drinking} {Water} {Wells} {Using} {Tracers} and {Human} {Enteric} {Viruses}}, journal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, pages = {7956{\textendash}7963}, abstract = {This study investigated the source, transport, and occurrence of human enteric viruses in municipal well water, focusing on sanitary sewer sources. A total of 33 wells from 14 communities were sampled once for wastewater tracers and viruses. Wastewater tracers were detected in four of these wells, and five wells were virus- positive by qRT-PCR. These results, along with exclusion of wells with surface water sources, were used to select three wells for additional investigation. Viruses and wastewater tracers were found in the groundwater at all sites. Some wastewater tracers, such as ionic detergents, flame retardants, and cholesterol, were considered unambiguous evidence of wastewater. Sampling at any given time may not show concurrent virus and tracer presence; however, given sufficient sampling over time, a relation between wastewater tracers and virus occurrence was identified. Presence of infectious viruses at the wellhead demonstrates that high-capacity pumping induced sufficiently short travel times for the transport of infectious viruses. Therefore, drinking-water wells are vulnerable to contaminants that travel along fast groundwater flowpaths even if they contribute a small amount of virus-laden water to the well. These results suggest that vulnerability assessments require characterization of {\textquotedblleft}low yield-fast transport{\textquotedblright} in addition to traditional {\textquotedblleft}high yield-slow transport{\textquotedblright}, pathways.}, author = {Hunt, R. J. and Borchardt, M. A. and Richards, K. D. and Spencer, S. K.} } @article {1624, title = {Assessment of Sewer Source Contamination of Drinking Water Wells Using Tracers and Human Enteric Viruses}, journal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {44}, number = {20}, year = {2010}, pages = {7956-7963}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This study investigated the source, transport, and occurrence of human enteric viruses in municipal well water, focusing on sanitary sewer sources. A total of 33 wells from 14 communities were sampled once for wastewater tracers and viruses. Wastewater tracers were detected in four of these wells, and five wells were virus- positive by qRT-PCR. These results, along with exclusion of wells with surface water sources, were used to select three wells for additional investigation. Viruses and wastewater tracers were found in the groundwater at all sites. Some wastewater tracers, such as ionic detergents, flame retardants, and cholesterol, were considered unambiguous evidence of wastewater. Sampling at any given time may not show concurrent virus and tracer presence; however, given sufficient sampling over time, a relation between wastewater tracers and virus occurrence was identified. Presence of infectious viruses at the wellhead demonstrates that high-capacity pumping induced sufficiently short travel times for the transport of infectious viruses. Therefore, drinking-water wells are vulnerable to contaminants that travel along fast groundwater flowpaths even if they contribute a small amount of virus-laden water to the well. These results suggest that vulnerability assessments require characterization of {\textquotedblleft}low yield-fast transport{\textquotedblright} in addition to traditional {\textquotedblleft}high yield-slow transport{\textquotedblright}, pathways.}, author = {Hunt, R. J. and Borchardt, M. A. and Richards, K. D. and Spencer, S. K.} } @mastersthesis {6201, title = {Association among {Personal} and {Institutional} {Hygienic} {Factors} with {Acute} {Gastroenteritis} in {Hong} {Kong} {Elderly} {Homes}}, year = {2010}, note = {3483887}, school = {The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Background \& Objective: Acute gastroenteritis (AG) outbreak in elderly homes is common in Hong Kong, especially during the winter. Although mainly a self-limiting condition, the associated short-term as well as long-term medical and social costs can be extensive. This case-control study aims to investigate the hygienic risk factors related to infectious AG in elderly homes at both institutional and individual levels. Predictor variables under investigation include hand wash practice, infection control practice, routine institutional hygienic practice, food handling practice, and environmental factors such as the home setting, ventilation measures and isolation room setting. Methods: All the elderly homes in the New Territories East were invited to take part in the study. A total of 34 homes and 2,995 residents were recruited in the study sample. The data collection period was from Dec 2007 to May 2009. Cases were notified within one week after a reported AG case, either by a report from the elderly home in question, the weekly check up with the New Territories East Community Geriatric Assessment Teams (NTE CGATs), regular contact with the elderly homes by the research assistant and case referrals from the Accident and Emergency Department from the Prince of Wales Hospital (PWH). One hundred and forty cases and 280 matched controls were recruited. For every AG case reported, two sex and age (within 5 years) and elderly home matched controls were selected. Structured questionnaires were conducted in face-to-face interviews in the elderly homes by trained interviewers. Information about the ventilation and the environmental hygiene of the elderly homes was collected by observation from the research team at the beginning of the study. Descriptive analysis was performed for the characteristics of cases and controls. Multivariate and multilevel logistic regression models were applied and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for the potential hygienic risk factors. Results: Multiple conditional logistic regression analysis revealed {\textquoteright}sometimes or never wash hands after toilet{\textquoteright} OR:3.09 (95\%CI: 1.28 - 7.42) [ref gp: wash hands every time after toilet] was the major significant risk factor for AG in elderly homes, indicating the possible route of person-to-person transmission. Other significant risk factors included: Self-nutrition evaluation as {\textquoteright}not enough{\textquoteright} (OR: 2.07; 95\%CI: 1.05 - 4.06), {\textquoteright}Being hospitalized in past month before the interview{\textquoteright} (OR: 2.86; 95\%CI: 1.16 - 7.05), {\textquoteright}Simplified Barthel Index scored {\textless}15" (OR: 2.63; 1.06 - 6.53), and {\textquoteright}Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s{\textquoteright} (OR: 2.75; 95\% 1.18 - 6.40). The institutional hygiene factors were investigated based on the descriptive analysis between the outbreak homes (OHs) and the non-outbreak homes (NOHs). The results indicated that the health worker (HW) to resident ratio was much lower in OHs than NOHs (50\% OHs: 1:30-55 vs {\textgreater} 80\% NOHs:1:10-29), and a higher percentage of the NOHs had a more frequent routine cleaning practice than the OHs. Conclusions: This study found that {\textquoteright}sometimes or never wash hands after toilet{\textquoteright} was a significant personal hygienic risk factor for AG transmission. This indicated that toilet may be the most susceptible place and hands are the most susceptible vehicle for AG transmission in Hong Kong elderly homes. A higher percentage of the NOHs had a more frequent routine cleaning practice than the OHs, demonstrating that routine cleaning practice may be an economical and an effective way to prevent AG infection.}, keywords = {0342:Asian Studies, 0573:Public health, acute gastroenteritis, Asian Studies, Hand wash practice, Health and environmental sciences, Hong Kong elderly homes, Hygienic risk factors, Public health, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/903803902?accountid=14270}, author = {Fung, Pui Kwan} } @article {7051, title = {Association between {Rainfall} and {Pediatric} {Emergency} {Department} {Visits} for {Acute} {Gastrointestinal} {Illness}}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {118}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, month = {jun}, pages = {1439{\textendash}1443}, issn = {0091-6765}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.0901671}, url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901671}, author = {Drayna, Patrick and McLellan, Sandra L. and Simpson, Pippa and Li, Shun-Hwa and Gorelick, Marc H.} } @article {13095, title = {The association of drinking water quality and sewage disposal with Helicobacter pylori incidence in infants: the potential role of water-borne transmission}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {192{\textendash}203}, author = {Travis, Penny B and Goodman, Karen J and O{\textquoteright}Rourke, Kathleen M and Groves, Frank D and Sinha, Debajyoti and Nicholas, Joyce S and VanDerslice, Jim and Lackland, Daniel and Mena, Kristina D} } @article {3896, title = {Astrovirus encephalitis in boy with {X}-linked agammaglobulinemia}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {918{\textendash}925}, author = {Quan, P L and Wagner, T A and Briese, T and Torgerson, T R and Hornig, M and Tashmukhamedova, A and Firth, C and Palacios, G and Baisre-De-Leon, A and Paddock, C D and Hutchison, S K and Egholm, M and Zaki, S R and Goldman, J E and Ochs, H D and Lipkin, W I} } @article {2507, title = {Astrovirus encephalitis in boy with X-linked agammaglobulinemia}, year = {2010}, author = {Quan, PL and Wagner, TA and Briese, T} } @article {319, title = {Astrovirus encephalitis in boy with X-linked agammaglobulinemia}, year = {2010}, author = {Quan, PL and Wagner, TA and Briese, T} } @article {16331, title = {Asymptomatic Renal Colonization of Humans in the Peruvian Amazon by Leptospira}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {e612}, author = {Ganoza, C.A. and Matthias, M.A. and Saito, M. and Cespedes, M. and Gotuzzo, E. and Vinetz, J.M.} } @article {8073, title = {{Autonomous plasmid-like replication of a conjugative transposon.}}, journal = {Molecular microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {268{\textendash}79}, abstract = {Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), a.k.a. conjugative transposons, are mobile genetic elements involved in many biological processes, including pathogenesis, symbiosis and the spread of antibiotic resistance. Unlike conjugative plasmids that are extra-chromosomal and replicate autonomously, ICEs are integrated in the chromosome and replicate passively during chromosomal replication. It is generally thought that ICEs do not replicate autonomously. We found that when induced, Bacillus subtilis ICEBs1 undergoes autonomous plasmid-like replication. Replication was unidirectional, initiated from the ICEBs1 origin of transfer, oriT, and required the ICEBs1-encoded relaxase NicK. Replication also required several host proteins needed for chromosomal replication, but did not require the replicative helicase DnaC or the helicase loader protein DnaB. Rather, replication of ICEBs1 required the helicase PcrA that is required for rolling circle replication of many plasmids. Transfer of ICEBs1 from the donor required PcrA, but did not require replication, indicating that PcrA, and not DNA replication, facilitates unwinding of ICEBs1 DNA for horizontal transfer. Although not needed for horizontal transfer, replication of ICEBs1 was needed for stability of the element. We propose that autonomous plasmid-like replication is a common property of ICEs and contributes to the stability and maintenance of these mobile genetic elements in bacterial populations.}, issn = {1365-2958}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06985.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19943900 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2905045}, author = {Lee, Catherine A and Babic, Ana and Grossman, Alan D} } @article {14131, title = {Autonomous plasmid-like replication of a conjugative transposon.}, journal = {Molecular microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {268{\textendash}79}, abstract = {Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), a.k.a. conjugative transposons, are mobile genetic elements involved in many biological processes, including pathogenesis, symbiosis and the spread of antibiotic resistance. Unlike conjugative plasmids that are extra-chromosomal and replicate autonomously, ICEs are integrated in the chromosome and replicate passively during chromosomal replication. It is generally thought that ICEs do not replicate autonomously. We found that when induced, Bacillus subtilis ICEBs1 undergoes autonomous plasmid-like replication. Replication was unidirectional, initiated from the ICEBs1 origin of transfer, oriT, and required the ICEBs1-encoded relaxase NicK. Replication also required several host proteins needed for chromosomal replication, but did not require the replicative helicase DnaC or the helicase loader protein DnaB. Rather, replication of ICEBs1 required the helicase PcrA that is required for rolling circle replication of many plasmids. Transfer of ICEBs1 from the donor required PcrA, but did not require replication, indicating that PcrA, and not DNA replication, facilitates unwinding of ICEBs1 DNA for horizontal transfer. Although not needed for horizontal transfer, replication of ICEBs1 was needed for stability of the element. We propose that autonomous plasmid-like replication is a common property of ICEs and contributes to the stability and maintenance of these mobile genetic elements in bacterial populations.}, issn = {1365-2958}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06985.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19943900 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2905045}, author = {Lee, Catherine A and Babic, Ana and Grossman, Alan D} } @article {12541, title = {Biodegradation and adsorption of antibiotics in the activated sludge process}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {3468-3473}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Li, Bing and Zhang, Tong} } @article {5713, title = {{The Biology and Pathogenesis of Hepatitis Viruses}}, journal = {Current Science}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {312{\textendash}325}, author = {Kumar, V and Das, S and Shahid, J} } @article {9881, title = {{Blastocystis in water {\textendash} needs screening?}}, journal = {Water Practice and Technology}, volume = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {72}, doi = {10.2166/wpt.2009.072}, author = {Suresh, K and Tan, TC and Illi, F} } @article {12171, title = {Broad-Host-Range Plasmids in Treated Wastewater Effluent and Receiving Streams}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, note = {Akiyama, Tatsuya Asfahl, Kyle L. Savin, Mary C.}, month = {Nov-Dec}, pages = {2211-2215}, abstract = {

The occurrence of broad-host-range (BHR) plasmid amplicons belonging to incompatibility (Inc) groups IncA/C, IncN, IncP, and IncW in two wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and effluent receiving streams in Northwest Arkansas, Mud Creek and Spring Creek, was determined. Community DNA captured on filter membranes and plasmid DNA extracted from antibiotic resistant Escherichia colt isolated from Mud Creek was used for polymerase chain reaction amplification of partial gene sequences specific to BHR plasmids. IncP plasmid amplicons were detected in effluent and downstream sites in both streams, while IncN and IncW plasmid amplicons were detected in Spring Creek in effluent and downstream but not upstream IncA/C plasmid amplicons, in contrast, were detected at all sites, including upstream in most samples in Spring Creek and in one sample from Mud Creek. One IncP and two IncN were the only BHR plasmid amplicons found in 85 screened antibiotic-resistant E colt isolates, and were detected only in isolates from effluent and downstream samples. Broad-host-range plasmids frequently carry antibiotic resistance genes and can facilitate horizontal transfer of those genes. While BHR plasmids have been detected in WWTPs, WWTPs do not target these genetic elements for destruction. This study indicates that BHR plasmids are in WWTP effluent and are introducing BHR plasmids into streams. Additionally, species other than E colt may be better targets as indicator bacteria for future studies of the impact of treated effluent on environmental dissemination of BHR plasmids.

}, isbn = {0047-2425}, author = {Akiyama, T. and Asfahl, K. L. and Savin, M. C.} } @article {228, title = {Burden and epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in selected African countries: preliminary results from the African Rotavirus Surveillance Network}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {202 Suppl}, year = {2010}, note = {1537-6613 Mwenda, Jason M Ntoto, Kinkela Mina Abebe, Almaz Enweronu-Laryea, Christabel Amina, Ismail Mchomvu, Jackson Kisakye, Annet Mpabalwani, Evans M Pazvakavambwa, Isoro Armah, George E Seheri, L M Kiulia, Nicholas M Page, N Widdowson, Marc-Alain Steele, A Duncan Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States J Infect Dis. 2010 Sep 1;202 Suppl:S5-S11. doi: 10.1086/653557.}, pages = {S5-s11}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Severe rotavirus diarrhea in children <5 years of age is a major public health problem; however, limited regional and country specific data on rotavirus disease burden are available from sub-Saharan Africa. In June 2006, the World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa initiated rotavirus surveillance in selected African countries. With use of standardized methodology developed by the World Health Organization, children <5 years of age who were hospitalized with severe diarrhea were enrolled, and stool specimens were collected for detection of rotavirus strains with use of a commercial enzyme immunoassay. Rotavirus strains were further characterized for G and P types with use of a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. From June 2006 through December 2008, rotavirus surveillance was established at 14 sites in 11 African countries. Of 5461 stool samples collected from children enrolled in 8 countries with 1 or 2 complete years of data, 2200 (40\%) were positive for rotavirus. Ninety percent of all rotavirus hospitalizations occurred among children aged 3-12 months. Predominant types included G1P[8] (21\%), G2P[4] (7\%), and P [8] (29\%); however, unusual types were also detected, including G8P[6] (5\%), G8P[8] (1\%), G12P[6] (1\%), and G12P[6] (1\%). A high percentage of mixed rotavirus infections was also detected. These preliminary results indicate that rotavirus is a major cause of severe diarrheal disease in African children.}, keywords = {Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology Child, Infantile/epidemiology/virology Humans Infant Population Surveillance Rotavirus Infections/*epidemiology Seasons Time Factors, Preschool Diarrhea/*epidemiology/*virology Diarrhea}, issn = {0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/653557}, url = {http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/202/Supplement_1/S5.full.pdf}, author = {Mwenda, J. M. and Ntoto, K. M. and Abebe, A. and Enweronu-Laryea, C. and Amina, I. and McHomvu, J. and Kisakye, A. and Mpabalwani, E. M. and Pazvakavambwa, I. and Armah, G. E. and Seheri, L. M. and Kiulia, N. M. and Page, N. and Widdowson, M. A. and Steele, A. D.} } @article {17332, title = {Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in a densely populated urban community, Dhaka, Bangladesh}, journal = {Int J Infect DisInt J Infect Dis}, volume = {14 Suppl 3}, year = {2010}, month = {Sep}, pages = {e93-9}, edition = {2010/03/20}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bangladesh/epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Middle Aged, Paratyphoid Fever/drug therapy/*epidemiology/microbiology, Population Surveillance, Poverty Areas, Salmonella paratyphi A/drug effects/isolation \& purification, Salmonella typhi/drug effects/isolation \& purification, Typhoid Fever/drug therapy/*epidemiology/microbiology, Urban Population, Young Adult}, isbn = {1878-3511 (Electronic)
1201-9712 (Linking)}, author = {Naheed, A. and Ram, P. K. and Brooks, W. A. and Hossain, M. A. and Parsons, M. B. and Talukder, K. A. and Mintz, E. and Luby, S. and Breiman, R. F.} } @article {7690, title = {Campylobacter jejuni isolates in Finnish patients differ according to the origin of infection}, journal = {Gut Pathogens}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {22}, author = {Feodoroff,B. and Ellstr{\"o}m,P. and Hyyti{\"a}inen,H. and Sarna,S. and M L H{\"a}nninen and Rautelin,H.} } @article {11695, title = {{A case of sparganosis in the leg}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {309{\textendash}312}, author = {K J Lee and Myung, NH and Park, HW} } @article {8427, title = {{Cats and Toxoplasma: implications for public health}}, journal = {Zoonoses and Public Health}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {34{\textendash}52}, author = {Dabritz, HA and Conrad, PA} } @article {14160, title = {Cattle, weather and water: mapping {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 infections in humans in {England} and {Scotland}.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, month = {oct}, pages = {2633{\textendash}44}, abstract = {Entero-haemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen, responsible for a relatively small number of food poisoning and illness outbreaks each year, when compared with other food-borne bacteria capable of causing infections in the population. Nevertheless, E. coli O157:H7 is a bacterial pathogen associated with severe human illnesses including bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uremic syndrome occurring in both outbreak and sporadic settings. In England and Wales approximately 1\% of all laboratory-confirmed cases of food poisoning are the result of E. coli O157:H7; however, in Scotland this figure increases to 3\%. When the size of the population is taken into account and the rate of E. coli O157:H7 confirmed cases per 100,000 population is examined, the rate of E. coli 0157:H7 infections in Scotland is much greater than England and Wales. The routes of transmission have changed over time, with new routes of transmission such as farm visits emerging. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 has a seasonal dependency, with greater faecal shedding of the organism in the warmer months; this is directly mirrored in the increased reporting of E. coli O157:H7 infection among hospitalized patients. This review attempts to suggest why this phenomenon occurs, paying particular attention to weather, animal movement and private water supplies.}, issn = {1462-2920}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02293.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20642796}, author = {Money, P and Kelly, A F and Gould, S W J and Denholm-Price, J and Threlfall, E J and Fielder, M D} } @article {8095, title = {{Cattle, weather and water: mapping Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in humans in England and Scotland.}}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, month = {oct}, pages = {2633{\textendash}44}, abstract = {Entero-haemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen, responsible for a relatively small number of food poisoning and illness outbreaks each year, when compared with other food-borne bacteria capable of causing infections in the population. Nevertheless, E. coli O157:H7 is a bacterial pathogen associated with severe human illnesses including bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uremic syndrome occurring in both outbreak and sporadic settings. In England and Wales approximately 1{\%} of all laboratory-confirmed cases of food poisoning are the result of E. coli O157:H7; however, in Scotland this figure increases to 3{\%}. When the size of the population is taken into account and the rate of E. coli O157:H7 confirmed cases per 100,000 population is examined, the rate of E. coli 0157:H7 infections in Scotland is much greater than England and Wales. The routes of transmission have changed over time, with new routes of transmission such as farm visits emerging. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 has a seasonal dependency, with greater faecal shedding of the organism in the warmer months; this is directly mirrored in the increased reporting of E. coli O157:H7 infection among hospitalized patients. This review attempts to suggest why this phenomenon occurs, paying particular attention to weather, animal movement and private water supplies.}, issn = {1462-2920}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02293.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20642796}, author = {Money, P and Kelly, A F and Gould, S W J and Denholm-Price, J and Threlfall, E J and Fielder, M D} } @article {9232, title = {{Causes of outbreaks associated with drinking water in the United States from 1971 to 2006}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {507{\textendash}528}, author = {Craun, GF and Brunkard, JM and Yoder, JS and Roberts, VA and Carpenter, J and Wade, T and Calderon, RL and Roberts, JM and Beach, MJ and Roy, SL} } @article {2769, title = {Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence in 5 continents: meta-analysis of 1 million women with normal cytological findings}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {202}, number = {12}, year = {2010}, pages = {1789-1799}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {80 and over AMERICA Americas analysis Asia cancer Cervix Uteri classification cytology detection DNA dna, Adolescent adult AFRICA Age Distribution Aged Aged, viral EPIDEMIOLOGY Europe Female FUTURE genetics Genotype human humans INFECTION INFECTIONS isolation \& purification Latin America methods Middle Aged Pandemics Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections POLYMERASE Polymerase chain polymera}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067372}, author = {Bruni, L. and Diaz, M. and Castellsagu{\'e} , X. and Ferrer, E. and Bosch, F.X. and de Sanjos{\'e} , S.} } @article {4113, title = {{The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries}}, journal = {Agricultural Water Management}, volume = {97}, year = {2010}, pages = {561{\textendash}568}, author = {Qadir, M and Wichelns, D and Raschid-Sally, L and McCornick, PG and Drechsel, P and Bahri, A and Minhas, PS} } @article {12585, title = {The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries}, journal = {Agricultural Water ManagementAgricultural Water Management}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {561-568}, isbn = {0378-3774}, author = {Qadir, Manzoor and Wichelns, Dennis and Raschid-Sally, Liqa and McCornick, Peter G and Drechsel, Pay and Bahri, Akissa and Minhas, PS} } @booklet {6468, title = {Changes in {Groundwater} {Flow} and {Volatile} {Organic} {Compound} {Concentrations} at the {Fischer} and {Porter} {Superfund} {Site}, {Warminster} {Township}, {Bucks} {County}, {Pennsylvania}, 1993-2009}, year = {2010}, url = {http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5054/}, author = {Sloto, Ronald A.} } @article {1844, title = {Changing geographic distribution of human pathogens}, journal = {Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.}, volume = {41}, year = {2010}, pages = {231-250}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Since the rise of modern humans, changes in demography and land use and frequent contact with wildlife and domesticated animals have created ongoing opportunities for pathogen loss, gain, and evolution in the human population. Early transportation networks and population expansion created a world where many human-specific pathogens are now ubiquitous, yet zoonoses continue to emerge as humans encroach into the last remaining wild areas, increase livestock production, and plug into vast global trade networks. Pathogens are exploiting almost any change in human ecology that provides new opportunities for transmission, the most recent being rampant use of antibiotics resulting in new multidrug-resistant pathogens. Public health advances have benefitted some nations, but others continue to suffer from pathogens long eradicated by developed nations. Generalities of pathogen occurrence aid in disease prediction, but a systemic approach incorporating ecology, biogeography, public health, and conservation biology is ultimately necessary to fully comprehend the changing geographic distributions of human pathogens.}, author = {Smith, K. F. and Guegan, J-F.} } @inbook {10983, title = {Chapter 8. {The} {Drugs} {We} {Have} and the {Drugs} {We} {Need} {Against} {Major} {Helminth} {Infections}}, booktitle = {Advances in {Parasitology}}, volume = {73}, year = {2010}, note = {DOI: 10.1016/S0065-308X(10)73008-6}, month = {jan}, pages = {197{\textendash}230}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, abstract = {Parasitic worms (helminths) have accompanied humans for thousands of years and, still today, they are pervasive where poverty persists, including large parts of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific Region. The global strategy for the control of helminth infections is morbidity control and elimination as a public health problem. Regular administration of anthelminthic drugs to at-risk populations (e.g. school-aged children) serves as the backbone of interventions in areas where helminth infections are highly endemic. In this review, we focus on soil-transmitted helminthiasis (ascariasis, hookworm disease, strongyloidiasis and trichuriasis) and food-borne trematodiasis (clonorchiasis, fascioliasis, intestinal fluke infections, opisthorchiasis and paragonimiasis) and discuss the few drugs that are currently available for their treatment and control. Emphasis is placed on efficacy with new light shed on multiple dosing and combination therapy. We summarise recent advances made with anthelminthic drugs that might become the future armentarium for the control of major helminthiasis (e.g. artemisinins, cyclooctadepsipeptides, mefloquine, monepantel, nitazoxandide, synthetic peroxides and tribendimidine). Issuing from our review are current research gaps and the need for concerted efforts to discover, develop and deploy the next generation of anthelminthic drugs.}, isbn = {0065-308X}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065308X10730086}, author = {Keiser, Jennifer and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg}, editor = {Zhou, Xiao-Nong and Bergquist, Robert and Olveda, Remigio and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg} } @article {2470, title = {{Characterisation of Shigella species isolated from river catchments in the North West province of South Africa}}, journal = {South African Journal of Science}, volume = {106}, year = {2010}, pages = {1{\textendash}4}, isbn = {0038-2353}, author = {C W Kinge and Mbewe, M} } @article {14286, title = {Characterisation of {Shigella} species isolated from river catchments in the {North} {West} province of {South} {Africa}}, journal = {South African Journal of Science}, volume = {106}, year = {2010}, pages = {1{\textendash}4}, author = {C W Kinge and Mbewe, M} } @article {12028, title = {Characterisation of the protective immune response following subcutaneous vaccination of susceptible mice against Trichuris muris}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, note = {Dixon, Helen
Little, Matthew C
Else, Kathryn J
eng
068028/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
081120/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2009/12/09 06:00
Int J Parasitol. 2010 May;40(6):683-93. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.11.008. Epub 2009 Dec 5.}, month = {May}, pages = {683-93}, abstract = {Trichuris muris is a laboratory model for the human whipworm Trichuris trichiura which infects approximately 1 billion people in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The development of a vaccine would control trichuriasis by promoting the acquisition of immunity during childhood, thereby reducing faecal egg output by the community into their environment. Resistance to T. muris, defined as expulsion of the parasite prior to patency, requires the development of a T helper 2 (Th2) response during a primary infection. To our knowledge this is the first study to describe the protective immune response in the peripheral lymph nodes (PLN), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and colonic mucosa following s.c. vaccination against T. muris. Susceptible AKR mice were either vaccinated with T. muris excretory-secretory product (ES) in incomplete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant (IFA) (ES/IFA) or injected with PBS in IFA (PBS/IFA) and for protection experiments were infected with embryonated infective T. muris eggs 10 days later. The ES/IFA vaccine induced the proliferation of PLN cells and their production of Th2 cytokines and the Th1-associated cytokine IFN-gamma. Following a challenge infection, the ES/IFA vaccination offered susceptible mice complete protection. While MLN-derived IFN-gamma was produced by infected mice following either ES/IFA vaccination or PBS/IFA, the protection of susceptible mice by ES/IFA was characterised by the production of MLN-derived Th2 cytokines. Goblet cell hyperplasia and the influx and alternative activation of macrophages were observed locally in the gut post-challenge infection. The rate of epithelial turnover did not appear to be increased by vaccination, suggesting that there are differences in the mechanisms of expulsion between {\textquoteright}natural resistance{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}vaccinated resistance{\textquoteright}. High levels of serum IgG1 and cell-bound IgG1 in the colon of mice protected by the ES/IFA vaccine suggest that antibody may be involved in vaccination-induced worm expulsion.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Helminth/analysis/blood, Cytokines/secretion, Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant/administration \& dosage, Goblet Cells/immunology, Immunity, Mucosal, Immunoglobulin G/analysis/blood, Injections, Subcutaneous, Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/pathology, Lymph Nodes/immunology, Macrophages/immunology, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred AKR, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Th1 Cells/immunology, Th2 Cells/immunology, Trichuriasis/immunology/*prevention \& control, Trichuris/*immunology, Vaccination/*methods, Vaccines/administration \& dosage/*immunology}, isbn = {1879-0135 (Electronic)
0020-7519 (Linking)}, author = {Dixon, H. and Little, M. C. and Else, K. J.} } @article {16520, title = {Characterisation of the protective immune response following subcutaneous vaccination of susceptible mice against {Trichuris} muris}, journal = {Int J Parasitol}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, month = {may}, pages = {683{\textendash}93}, abstract = {Trichuris muris is a laboratory model for the human whipworm Trichuris trichiura which infects approximately 1 billion people in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The development of a vaccine would control trichuriasis by promoting the acquisition of immunity during childhood, thereby reducing faecal egg output by the community into their environment. Resistance to T. muris, defined as expulsion of the parasite prior to patency, requires the development of a T helper 2 (Th2) response during a primary infection. To our knowledge this is the first study to describe the protective immune response in the peripheral lymph nodes (PLN), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and colonic mucosa following s.c. vaccination against T. muris. Susceptible AKR mice were either vaccinated with T. muris excretory-secretory product (ES) in incomplete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant (IFA) (ES/IFA) or injected with PBS in IFA (PBS/IFA) and for protection experiments were infected with embryonated infective T. muris eggs 10 days later. The ES/IFA vaccine induced the proliferation of PLN cells and their production of Th2 cytokines and the Th1-associated cytokine IFN-gamma. Following a challenge infection, the ES/IFA vaccination offered susceptible mice complete protection. While MLN-derived IFN-gamma was produced by infected mice following either ES/IFA vaccination or PBS/IFA, the protection of susceptible mice by ES/IFA was characterised by the production of MLN-derived Th2 cytokines. Goblet cell hyperplasia and the influx and alternative activation of macrophages were observed locally in the gut post-challenge infection. The rate of epithelial turnover did not appear to be increased by vaccination, suggesting that there are differences in the mechanisms of expulsion between {\textquoteright}natural resistance{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}vaccinated resistance{\textquoteright}. High levels of serum IgG1 and cell-bound IgG1 in the colon of mice protected by the ES/IFA vaccine suggest that antibody may be involved in vaccination-induced worm expulsion.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Cytokines/secretion, Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant/administration \& dosage, Goblet Cells/immunology, Helminth/analysis/blood, Immunity, Immunoglobulin G/analysis/blood, Inbred AKR, Inbred BALB C, Injections, Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/pathology, Lymph Nodes/immunology, Macrophages/immunology, Male, Mice, Mucosal, Subcutaneous, Th1 Cells/immunology, Th2 Cells/immunology, Trichuriasis/immunology/*prevention \& control, Trichuris/*immunology, Vaccination/*methods, Vaccines/administration \& dosage/*immunology}, issn = {1879-0135 (Electronic) 0020-7519 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.11.008}, author = {Dixon, H. and Little, M. C. and Else, K. J.} } @article {1365, title = {Characterising aquifer treatment for pathogens in managed aquifer recharge}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {62}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, note = {Page, D Dillon, P Toze, S Sidhu, J P S Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research Water Sci Technol. 2010;62(9):2009-15. doi: 10.2166/wst.2010.539.}, pages = {2009-15}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In this study the value of subsurface treatment of urban stormwater during Aquifer Storage Transfer Recovery (ASTR) is characterised using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) methodology. The ASTR project utilizes a multi-barrier treatment train to treat urban stormwater but to date the role of the aquifer has not been quantified. In this study it was estimated that the aquifer barrier provided 1.4, 2.6, >6.0 log(10) removals for rotavirus, Cryptosporidium and Campylobacter respectively based on pathogen diffusion chamber results. The aquifer treatment barrier was found to vary in importance vis-a-vis the pre-treatment via a constructed wetland and potential post-treatment options of UV-disinfection and chlorination for the reference pathogens. The risk assessment demonstrated that the human health risk associated with potable reuse of stormwater can be mitigated (disability adjusted life years, DALYs <1 x 10(-6)) if the aquifer is integrated with suitable post treatment options into a treatment train to attenuate pathogens and protect human health.}, keywords = {Campylobacter Cities Cryptosporidium Rotavirus Water/parasitology Water Microbiology Water Purification/ methods Water Supply}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.539}, author = {Page, D. and Dillon, P. and Toze, S. and Sidhu, J. P.} } @article {258, title = {Characterization and Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus Strains Recovered in Northern Pretoria, South Africa during 2003-2006}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {202}, year = {2010}, note = {Times Cited: 5 1 5}, pages = {S139-S147}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/653559}, url = {://WOS:000280623700019}, author = {Seheri, L. M. and Page, N. and Dewar, J. B. and Geyer, A. and Nemarude, A. L. and Bos, P. and Esona, M. and Steele, A. D.} } @article {5541, title = {{Characterization of Norovirus-Associated Traveler{\textquoteright}s Diarrhea}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {123{\textendash}130}, issn = {1058-4838}, doi = {10.1086/653530}, url = {http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1086/653530}, author = {Ajami, N and Koo, H and Darkoh, C and Atmar, RL and Okhuysen, PC and Jiang, ZD and Flores, J and DuPont, HL} } @article {3897, title = {Characterization of phylogenetically diverse astroviruses of marine mammals.}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {91}, number = {Pt 1}, year = {2010}, pages = {166{\textendash}173}, author = {Rivera, R and Nollens, HH and Venn-Watson, S and Gulland, FM and Wellehan, JF Jr} } @article {955, title = {Chemical and microbiological parameters as possible indicators for human enteric viruses in surface water}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {213}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {210{\textendash}216}, abstract = {There are still conflicting results on the suitability of chemical and microbiological parameters as indicators for the viral contamination of surface waters. In this study, conducted over 20 months, the abundance of human adenovirus, human polyomavirus, enterovirus, group A rotavirus and norovirus was determined in Ruhr and Rhine rivers, Germany. Additionally, prevalence of different possible indicators such as somatic coliphages, E. coli, intestinal enterococci, and total coliforms was also considered. Moreover, the chemical parameter TCPP (tris-(2-chloro-, 1-methyl-ethyl)-phosphate), characterized by environmental stability and human origin, was included. Furthermore, chemical parameters (fluoride, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, bromide, phosphate, and sulfate) which may influence the stability and subsequently the detection rates of viruses in aquatic environment were measured. Quantitative Real-Time (RT-)PCR and double agar layer test were used for the quantification of human enteric viruses and somatic coliphages, respectively. The analyses for E. coli, total coliforms, and intestinal enterococci were done with respect to the standard reference method. The chemical parameters were measured by liquid chromatography of ions and by gas chromatography-flame photometer detector (GC-FPD), respectively. We demonstrated that human adenovirus had the highest detection rate (96.3\%), followed by somatic coliphages (73.5\%), human polyomavirus (68.6\%), and rotavirus (63.5\%). However, norovirus GII and enterovirus were found in only 25.7 and 17.8\%, respectively. The concentration of the viral genome ranged between 16 and 1.1{\texttimes}10 6 gen. equ./l (genome equivalents/l) whereas the concentrations for TCPP ranged between 0.01 and 0.9$μ$g/l. The results of the Pearson correlation showed no association between TCPP and any other microbiological parameter. None of the other tested chemical parameters correlated negatively, and therefore they do not influence the stability of enteric viruses. We conclude that neither TCPP nor any other chemical or microbiological parameter can be used as a reliable indicator for the presence of enteric viruses in river water. {\textcopyright} 2010.}, keywords = {Enteric viruses, Indicator, Somatic coliphages, surface water, TCPP}, isbn = {1618-131X (Electronic)$\backslash$r1438-4639 (Linking)}, issn = {14384639}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.05.005}, author = {Jurzik, Lars and Ibrahim A Hamza and Puchert, Wilfried and Uberla, Klaus and Wilhelm, Michael} } @article {7492, title = {Chemical drinking water quality in {Ghana}: water costs and scope for advanced treatment}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {408}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, month = {may}, pages = {2378{\textendash}2386}, abstract = {To reduce child mortality and improve health in Ghana boreholes and wells are being installed across the country by the private sector, NGO{\textquoteright}s and the Ghanaian government. Water quality is not generally monitored once a water source has been improved. Water supplies were sampled across Ghana from mostly boreholes, wells and rivers as well as some piped water from the different regions and analysed for the chemical quality. Chemical water quality was found to exceed the WHO guidelines in 38\% of samples, while pH varied from 3.7 to 8.9. Excess levels of nitrate (NO(3)(-)) were found in 21\% of the samples, manganese (Mn) and fluoride (F(-)) in 11\% and 6.7\%, respectively. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and uranium (U) were localised to mining areas. Elements without health based guideline values such as aluminium (Al, 95\%) and chloride (Cl, 5.7\%) were found above the provisional guideline value. Economic information was gathered to identify water costs and ability to pay. Capital costs of wells and boreholes are about pound1200 and pound3800 respectively. The majority of installation costs are generally paid by the government or NGO{\textquoteright}s, while the maintenance is expected to be covered by the community. At least 58\% of the communities had a water payment system in place, either an annual fee/one-off fee or "pay-as-you-fetch". The annual fee was between pound0.3-21, while the boreholes had a water collection fee of pound0.07-0.7/m(3), many wells were free. Interestingly, the most expensive water ( pound2.9-3.5/m(3)) was brought by truck. Many groundwater sources were not used due to poor chemical water quality. Considering the cost of unsuccessful borehole development, the potential for integrating suitable water treatment into the capital and maintenance costs of water sources is discussed. Additionally, many sources were not in use due to lack of water capacity, equipment malfunction or lack of economic resources to repair and maintain equipment. Those issues need to be addressed in combination with water quality, coordinated water supply provision and possible treatment to ensure sustainability of improved water resources.}, keywords = {Capital Financing, Chemical, Environmental monitoring, Ghana, Heavy, Metals, Public health, Water Pollutants, Water Purification, Water Supply}, issn = {1879-1026}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.053}, author = {Rossiter, Helfrid M. A. and Owusu, Peter A. and Awuah, Esi and Macdonald, Alan M. and Sch{\"a}fer, Andrea I.} } @article {10617, title = {{Cholera toxin production by the El Tor variant of Vibrio cholerae O1 compared to prototype El Tor and classical biotypes}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {48}, year = {2010}, pages = {4283{\textendash}4286}, author = {Ghosh-Banerjee, J and Senoh, M and Takahashi, T and Hamabata, T and Barman, S and Koley, H and Mukhopadhyay, AK and Ramamurthy, T and Chatterjee, S and Asakura, M and Yamasaki, S and Nair, GB and Takeda, Y} } @article {12034, title = {Chronic intestinal helminth infections are associated with immune hyporesponsiveness and induction of a regulatory network}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {78}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, note = {Figueiredo, Camila Alexandrina
Barreto, Mauricio L
Rodrigues, Laura C
Cooper, Philip J
Silva, Nivea Bispo
Amorim, Leila D
Alcantara-Neves, Neuza Maria
eng
072405/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
074679/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
088862/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
072405/Z/03/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2010/04/21 06:00
Infect Immun. 2010 Jul;78(7):3160-7. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01228-09. Epub 2010 Apr 19.}, month = {Jul}, pages = {3160-7}, abstract = {Helminth infections have been associated with protection against allergy and autoimmune diseases. We investigated the effects of chronic infections with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura (measured twice over a 5-year period) on cytokine and antibody responses. We collected blood from 1,060 children aged 4 to 11 years living in a poor urban area of Brazil and measured Th1 (gamma interferon [IFN-gamma]) and Th2 (interleukin-5 [IL-5] and IL-13) cytokines and the regulatory cytokine IL-10 in unstimulated and stimulated (with mitogen or A. lumbricoides antigens) cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes and levels of total IgE and anti-A. lumbricoides IgG4 and IgE in serum. Intestinal helminth infections were associated with an increased proportion of children producing IL-5 in response to A. lumbricoides and producing IL-10 spontaneously, especially among coinfected and chronically infected children. Helminth infections were associated with a generalized suppression of cytokine responses to mitogen. Levels of total IgE and anti-A. lumbricoides IgG4 and IgE were especially elevated in chronically infected children. In conclusion, intestinal helminth infections were associated with a typical Th2 immune response profile and with the induction of immune hyporesponsiveness that was associated with greater frequencies of the production of spontaneous IL-10.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Helminth/blood/immunology, Ascariasis/*immunology, Ascaris lumbricoides/*immunology, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Immunity, Humoral/immunology, Immunoglobulin E/blood/immunology, Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology, Interferon-gamma/blood/immunology, Interleukin-10/blood/immunology, Interleukin-13/blood/immunology, Interleukin-5/blood/immunology, Male, Trichuriasis/*immunology, Trichuris/*immunology}, isbn = {1098-5522 (Electronic)
0019-9567 (Linking)}, author = {Figueiredo, C. A. and Barreto, M. L. and Rodrigues, L. C. and Cooper, P. J. and Silva, N. B. and Amorim, L. D. and Alcantara-Neves, N. M.} } @article {16526, title = {Chronic intestinal helminth infections are associated with immune hyporesponsiveness and induction of a regulatory network}, journal = {Infect Immun}, volume = {78}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, month = {jul}, pages = {3160{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Helminth infections have been associated with protection against allergy and autoimmune diseases. We investigated the effects of chronic infections with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura (measured twice over a 5-year period) on cytokine and antibody responses. We collected blood from 1,060 children aged 4 to 11 years living in a poor urban area of Brazil and measured Th1 (gamma interferon [IFN-gamma]) and Th2 (interleukin-5 [IL-5] and IL-13) cytokines and the regulatory cytokine IL-10 in unstimulated and stimulated (with mitogen or A. lumbricoides antigens) cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes and levels of total IgE and anti-A. lumbricoides IgG4 and IgE in serum. Intestinal helminth infections were associated with an increased proportion of children producing IL-5 in response to A. lumbricoides and producing IL-10 spontaneously, especially among coinfected and chronically infected children. Helminth infections were associated with a generalized suppression of cytokine responses to mitogen. Levels of total IgE and anti-A. lumbricoides IgG4 and IgE were especially elevated in chronically infected children. In conclusion, intestinal helminth infections were associated with a typical Th2 immune response profile and with the induction of immune hyporesponsiveness that was associated with greater frequencies of the production of spontaneous IL-10.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Ascariasis/*immunology, Ascaris lumbricoides/*immunology, Child, Female, Helminth/blood/immunology, Humans, Humoral/immunology, Immunity, Immunoglobulin E/blood/immunology, Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology, Interferon-gamma/blood/immunology, Interleukin-10/blood/immunology, Interleukin-13/blood/immunology, Interleukin-5/blood/immunology, Male, Preschool, Trichuriasis/*immunology, Trichuris/*immunology}, issn = {1098-5522 (Electronic) 0019-9567 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/IAI.01228-09}, author = {Figueiredo, C. A. and Barreto, M. L. and Rodrigues, L. C. and Cooper, P. J. and Silva, N. B. and Amorim, L. D. and Alcantara-Neves, N. M.} } @article {2763, title = {Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {401}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {70-79}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {animal animals avian Biochemistry Biology birds CALIFORNIA classification dna, DNA SEQUENCES TIME veterinary virology, viral family genetics GENOME health human humans Mammals Molecular Molecular Biology Nomenclature Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections Public Health SEQUENCE Sequence Analysis}, author = {Bernard, H.U. and Burk, R.D. and Chen, Z. and van Doorslaer, K. and H. zur Hausen and de Villiers, E.M.} } @article {3070, title = {Clinical features and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis}, journal = {Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, month = {oct}, pages = {505{\textendash}512}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Human alveolar echinococcosis is caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, occurring in at least 42 countries of the northern hemisphere. Recent studies in Europe and Asia have shown that the endemic area of E. multilocularis is larger than previously known and the parasite has regionally expanded from rural to urban areas. Diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis is supported by results from imaging studies, histopathology and/or nucleic acid detection, and serology. The present review summarizes current understanding of clinical features, knowledge on appropriate treatment, and discusses ways to improve standards of care. RECENT FINDINGS: High prevalences of this deadly disease have been discovered in surveys in parts of China. Clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools and the burden of disease were described, and are based on high case numbers. In Europe, excellent tools have been introduced, which improve disease management. Long-term observations in Switzerland provide an optimistic view, as the infection can be well controlled, if patients are cared for in specialized centres. An expert consensus summarizes the current recommendation for diagnosis and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis by the Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis of the WHO. SUMMARY: Diagnosis and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis remains a challenge for clinicians. The updated WHO-recommendations aim to support decisions on diagnosis and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis. Anti-infective therapy is the backbone of treatment; surgery should be restricted to patients at an early stage of the disease. For the majority of cases continuous chemoprophylaxis with benzimidazoles is cost-effective and leads to a good quality of life for patients with this chronic disease.}, keywords = {Animals, Anthelmintics, Asia, Benzimidazoles, Chemoprevention, Echinococcosis, Europe, General Surgery, Hepatic, Humans}, issn = {1473-6527}, doi = {10.1097/QCO.0b013e32833d7516}, author = {Kern, Peter} } @article {9684, title = {Clinical features and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis.}, journal = {Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. }, volume = {23}, year = {2010}, pages = {505-512}, doi = {10.1097/QCO.0b013e32833d7516}, author = {Kern, P.} } @article {1820, title = {Communicable diseases: achievements and challenges for public health.}, journal = {Public Health Reviews}, volume = {32}, year = {2010}, pages = {90-119}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The past two centuries have seen enormous achievements in control of infectious diseases, previously the leading cause of death, in large measure due to sanitation and food safety, vaccines, antibiotics and improved nutrition. This has led people to put their faith in the notion that medical science would succeed in overcoming the remaining obstacles. Vaccination has eradicated smallpox, nearly eradicated poliomyelitis and greatly reduced many other highly dangerous infections such as diphtheria, tetanus and measles. New diseases such as HIV and new forms of influenza have taken both professional and popular opinion by surprise and have renewed the challenges before the world public health community. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of common organisms due to overuse of antibiotics and lack of vaccines for many dangerous microorganisms poses problems to humanity. This stresses the need for new vaccines, effective antibiotics and strengthened environmental control measures. New knowledge of the microbiological origins of cancers such as that of the cervix, stomach and liver have strengthened primary prevention and brought hope that new cures will be found for other chronic diseases of infectious origin. Tragically long delays in adopting {\textquotedblleft}new{\textquotedblright} and cost effective vaccines cause hundreds of thousands of preventable deaths each year in developing and mid-level developed countries. Gains are being made in control of many tropical diseases, but malaria, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases remain enormous global problems. Research and acquisition of new knowledge, risk communication, application of currently available means and fair distribution will be great challenges to public health in the coming decades.}, author = {Schlipk{\"o}ter, U. and Flahault, A.} } @article {6577, title = {Community {Incidence} of {Norovirus}-associated {Infectious} {Intestinal} {Disease} in {England}: {Improved} {Estimates} {Using} {Viral} {Load} for {Norovirus} {Diagnosis}}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {171}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, month = {may}, pages = {1014{\textendash}1022}, issn = {0002-9262, 1476-6256}, doi = {10.1093/aje/kwq021}, url = {http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/aje/kwq021}, author = {Phillips, G. and Tam, C. C. and Conti, S. and Rodrigues, L. C. and Brown, D. and Iturriza-Gomara, M. and Gray, J. and Lopman, B.} } @article {5555, title = {{Community incidence of norovirus-associated infectious intestinal disease in England: Improved estimates using viral load for norovirus diagnosis}}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {171}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {1014{\textendash}1022}, abstract = {Existing estimates of the incidence of infectious intestinal disease (IID) caused by norovirus are based on electron microscopy or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Neither method accurately represents norovirus disease burden: Electron microscopy has poor diagnostic sensitivity, and RT-PCR has poor diagnostic specificity. In this study, viral load measurements were used to identify cases of norovirus-associated IID and to produce new incidence estimates for England. IID cases were ascertained in the Study of Infectious Intestinal Disease in England (1993-1996), and stool specimens were tested by semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR for norovirus. The age-adjusted community incidence of norovirus-associated IID was 4.5/100 person-years (95{\%} credibility interval: 3.8, 5.2), equating to 2 million episodes/year. Among children aged less than 5 years, the community incidence was 21.4/100 person-years (95{\%} credibility interval: 15.9, 27.7), and the incidence of consultations to general practitioners for norovirus-associated IID was 3.2/100 person-years (95{\%} credibility interval: 2.6, 3.8), with 100,000 children visiting their general practitioner for norovirus-associated IID each year. Norovirus is the most common cause of IID in the community in England and is responsible for a similar number of pediatric primary care consultations as rotavirus.}, keywords = {England, Gastroenteritis, Incidence, Monte Carlo Method, Norovirus, primary health care, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction}, isbn = {1476-6256 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0002-9262 (Linking)}, issn = {00029262}, doi = {10.1093/aje/kwq021}, author = {Phillips, Gemma and Tam, Clarence C. and Conti, Stefano and Rodrigues, Laura C. and Brown, David and Iturriza-G{\'o}mara, Miren and Gray, Jim and Lopman, Ben} } @article {16530, title = {Comparative analysis of macrofiltration processes used as pre-treatment for municipal wastewater reuse}, journal = {Desalination}, volume = {255}, number = {1-3}, year = {2010}, pages = {72{\textendash}77}, author = {Gomez, M. and Plaza, F. and Garralon, G. and P{\'e}rez, J. and Gomez, M. A.} } @article {12038, title = {Comparative analysis of macrofiltration processes used as pre-treatment for municipal wastewater reuse}, journal = {Desalination}, volume = {255}, number = {1-3}, year = {2010}, pages = {72-77}, author = {Gomez, M. and Plaza, F. and Garralon, G. and P{\'e}rez, J. and G{\'o}mez, M.A.} } @article {5557, title = {{Comparative efficacy of seven hand sanitizers against murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, and GII.4 norovirus.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {73}, number = {12}, year = {2010}, month = {dec}, pages = {2232{\textendash}2238}, abstract = {

Contaminated hands or inanimate surfaces can act as a source of infection during outbreaks of human norovirus infection. We evaluated the virucidal efficacy of seven hand sanitizers containing various active ingredients, such as ethanol, triclosan, and chlorhexidine, and compared their effectiveness against feline calicivirus (FCV), murine norovirus (MNV), and a GII.4 norovirus fecal extract. We also tested the efficacy of 50, 70, and 90{\%} of ethanol and isopropanol. Reduction of viral infectivity was measured by plaque assay, and the number of genomic copies was determined with a TaqMan real-time reverse transcription PCR assay. Based on the results of a quantitative suspension test, only one ethanol-based product (72{\%} ethanol, pH 2.9) and one triclosan-based product (0.1{\%} triclosan, pH 3.0) reduced the infectivity of both MNV and FCV (by {\textgreater}2.6 and {\textgreater}/=3.4 log units, respectively). Four of the seven products were effective against either MNV or FCV, whereas chlorhexidine was ineffective against both viruses. For these hand sanitizers, no correlation was found between reduced infectivity and decline of viral RNA. Ethanol and isopropanol concentrations {\textgreater}/=70{\%} reduced the infectivity of MNV by {\textgreater}/=2.6 log units, whereas 50 and 70{\%} ethanol reduced the infectivity of FCV by {\textgreater}/=2.2 log units after exposure for 5 min. The susceptibility of FCV to low pH and the relative high susceptibility of MNV to alcohols suggest that both surrogate viruses should be considered for in vitro testing of hand sanitizers.

}, keywords = {analogs {\&} derivatives, Animals, Caliciviridae Infections, Calicivirus, Cats, Disinfectants, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, drug effects, Ethanol, Feline, Food Contamination, Foodborne Diseases, Gastroenteritis, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Mice, Norovirus, pharmacology, prevention {\&} control, Transmission, Virology, Virus Inactivation}, issn = {1944-9097 (Electronic)}, author = {Geun W Park and Barclay, Leslie and Macinga, David and Charbonneau, Duane and Pettigrew, Charles A and J Vinj{\'e}} } @article {10057, title = {{Comparison of four polymerase chain reaction methods for the rapid detection of human fecal pollution in marine and inland waters}}, journal = {Internation Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {2010}, year = {2010}, pages = {1{\textendash}7}, author = {Bachoon, DS and Miller, CM and Green, CP and Otero, E} } @article {9788, title = {{Comparison of methods for detection of Blastocystis infection in routinely submitted stool samples, and also in IBS/IBD patients in Ankara, Turkey}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {e15484}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0015484}, author = {Dogruman-Al, F and Simsek, Z and Boorom, K and Ekici, E and Sahin, M and Tuncer, C and Kustimur, S and Altinbas, A} } @article {13142, title = {Comparison of phenotypical and genetic identification of Aeromonas strains isolated from diseased fish.}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {33}, year = {2010}, pages = {149-153}, author = {Beaz-Hidalgo, R. and Alperi, A. and Bujan, N. and Romalde, J. L. and Figueras, M. J.} } @article {10158, title = {{Comparison of rapid quantitative PCR-based and conventional culture-based methods for enumeration of Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli in recreational waters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {22}, year = {2010}, pages = {7437{\textendash}7443}, author = {Noble, RT and Blackwood, AD and Griffith, JF and McGee, CD and Weisberg, SB} } @article {6120, title = {Comparison of transport and attachment behaviors of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and oocyst-sized microspheres being advected through three minerologically different granular porous media}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {18}, year = {2010}, pages = {5334{\textendash}5344}, author = {Mohanram, Arvind and Ray, Chittaranjan and Harvey, Ronald W and Metge, David W and Ryan, Joseph N and Chorover, Jon and Eberl, DD} } @article {3717, title = {Comparison of viral load and duration of virus shedding in symptomatic and asymptomatic neonatal rotavirus infections.}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {82}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {1803{\textendash}1807}, abstract = {

A single rotavirus strain causing asymptomatic infections as well as severe gastrointestinal disease has been described in the neonatal nurseries of the Christian Medical College, Vellore. In this study, quantitative real-time \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} was used to determine the association of viral load with the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms in neonates. Viral load was estimated in terms of the crossing point \{\{\}[C(t)\{\}\} value] at which the amplicon could be detected in the real-time \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} assay. The study was carried out on 103 neonates, including 33 asymptomatic neonates and 70 neonates with different gastrointestinal symptoms. The duration of virus shedding was also compared between five symptomatic and four asymptomatic neonates using real-time \{\{\}RT-PCR.\{\}\} There was no significant difference in viral load between symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates \{\{\}(P\{\&\}\{\#\}x2009;=\{\&\}\{\#\}x2009;0.087).\{\}\} Among neonates with different gastrointestinal symptoms, those presenting with feed intolerance and abdominal distension had a significantly higher viral load than those with other gastrointestinal symptoms \{\{\}(P\{\&\}\{\#\}x2009;=\{\&\}\{\#\}x2009;0.02).\{\}\} For the study on virus shedding, nine neonates were followed up for a median duration of 53 days, with a median of 31 samples tested per child. Extended shedding of low copies of rotavirus was found, with no significant differences in pattern of shedding between symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. The lack of correlation between viral load and gastrointestinal disease demonstrates yet another difference between neonatal rotavirus infection and infection in older children where higher viral load correlates with severe disease.

}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.21872}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21872}, author = {Ramani, Sasirekha and Sankaran, Premi and Arumugam, Rajesh and Rajiv Sarkar and Banerjee, Indrani and Mohanty, Ipsita and Jana, Atanu K and Kuruvilla, Kurien A and Kang, Gagandeep} } @article {1691, title = {Concentration of viruses from environmental waters using nanoalumina fiber filters}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, note = {Li, Dan Shi, Han-chang Jiang, Sunny C eng Comparative Study Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Netherlands 2010/01/30 06:00 J Microbiol Methods. 2010 Apr;81(1):33-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.01.018. Epub 2010 Jan 28.}, pages = {33-38}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Human viral contamination in drinking and recreational water may persist for extensive periods of time and cause a significant health risk concern. The aim of this study is to evaluate a viral recovery method using a new electropositive charged nanoalumina filter and to compare results with the widely used negatively charged HAWP filter by Millipore Inc. The recovery of infectious recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) was tested using the Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) assay, in parallel with viral genomes recovery assay by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The mean infectivity recoveries were 82-91\% by nanoalumina filters eluted with 3\% beef extract (BE, pH 6.0), and 78-90\% by HAWP filters eluted with 3\% BE (pH 9.0), respectively, from 1L of environmental samples seeded with 1 pfu/mL rAd5. The mean genome recoveries were 16-35\% by nanoalumina filters eluted with BE (pH 6.0), and 29-66\% by HAWP filters eluted with NaOH (pH 10.8) from different types of water, respectively. Water quality, concentration of viruses, filters, and elution buffers are factors that determine the viral recovery efficiencies. The nanoalumina filters also had higher filtration rates than HAWP filters for large volumes of environmental water samples (up to 10 L), thus, have an advantage in concentrating infectious viruses from environments without pre-filtration, adjusting pH or adding multivalent cations.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Aluminum Oxide Filtration/*methods Humans Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Static Electricity Viral Load Viruses/*isolation \& purification *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1872-8359 (Electronic) 0167-7012 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2010.01.018}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20109500}, author = {Li, D. and Shi, H. C. and Jiang, S. C.} } @article {7577, title = {{Concentration of viruses from environmental waters using nanoalumina fiber filters}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Human viral contamination in drinking and recreational water may persist for extensive periods of time and cause a significant health risk concern. The aim of this study is to evaluate a viral recovery method using a new electropositive charged nanoalumina filter and to compare results with the widely used negatively charged HAWP filter by Millipore Inc. The recovery of infectious recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) was tested using the Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) assay, in parallel with viral genomes recovery assay by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The mean infectivity recoveries were 82-91{\%} by nanoalumina filters eluted with 3{\%} beef extract (BE, pH6.0), and 78-90{\%} by HAWP filters eluted with 3{\%} BE (pH 9.0), respectively, from 1 L of environmental samples seeded with 1pfu/mL rAd5. The mean genome recoveries were 16-35{\%} by nanoalumina filters eluted with BE (pH 6.0), and 29-66{\%} by HAWP filters eluted with NaOH (pH 10.8) from different types of water, respectively. Water quality, concentration of viruses, filters, and elution buffers are factors that determine the viral recovery efficiencies. The nanoalumina filters also had higher filtration rates than HAWP filters for large volumes of environmental water samples (up to10 L), thus, have an advantage in concentrating infectious viruses from environments without pre-filtration, adjusting pH or adding multivalent cations. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2010.01.018}, author = {Li, D. and Shi, H.-c. and Jiang, S.C.} } @article {13777, title = {Concentration of viruses from environmental waters using nanoalumina fiber filters}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Human viral contamination in drinking and recreational water may persist for extensive periods of time and cause a significant health risk concern. The aim of this study is to evaluate a viral recovery method using a new electropositive charged nanoalumina filter and to compare results with the widely used negatively charged HAWP filter by Millipore Inc. The recovery of infectious recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) was tested using the Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) assay, in parallel with viral genomes recovery assay by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The mean infectivity recoveries were 82-91\% by nanoalumina filters eluted with 3\% beef extract (BE, pH6.0), and 78-90\% by HAWP filters eluted with 3\% BE (pH 9.0), respectively, from 1 L of environmental samples seeded with 1pfu/mL rAd5. The mean genome recoveries were 16-35\% by nanoalumina filters eluted with BE (pH 6.0), and 29-66\% by HAWP filters eluted with NaOH (pH 10.8) from different types of water, respectively. Water quality, concentration of viruses, filters, and elution buffers are factors that determine the viral recovery efficiencies. The nanoalumina filters also had higher filtration rates than HAWP filters for large volumes of environmental water samples (up to10 L), thus, have an advantage in concentrating infectious viruses from environments without pre-filtration, adjusting pH or adding multivalent cations. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2010.01.018}, author = {Li, D. and Shi, H.-c. and Jiang, S.C.} } @article {15537, title = {Confirmation of the presence of Trichobilharzia by examination of water samples and snails following reports of cases of cercarial dermatitis}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {137}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England}, month = {Jan}, pages = {77-83}, abstract = {In case of cercarial dermatitis after exposure to fresh water lakes, managers responsible for bathing water quality wish to confirm the presence of Trichobilharzia, which substantiates taking measures to protect bathers from further exposure. A novel approach, including concentration of suspected water samples by filtration and PCR detection of the parasite, is proposed. This approach has been applied to bathing sites with a history of cercarial dermatitis, sampled from 2005 to 2008. Examination of snails, the standard procedure for confirmation of the parasite{\textquoteright}s presence, and analysis of water samples, appear to be complementary procedures that enhance the chance of parasite detection in implicated bathing water. Water analysis is particularly valuable when snails cannot be found; it confirmed the presence of Trichobilharzia on 25\% of sampling days with reported skin conditions and no snails found. PCR of the ToSau3A repeat directly confirmed the parasite in the water. The application of the combination of analysis of water samples and examination of snails is suggested when cases of (presumptive) cercarial dermatitis are reported or when lakes with a history of cercarial dermatitis are inspected prior to the bathing season, in order to guide interventions to prevent (further) cases of swimmers{\textquoteright} itch.}, keywords = {Animals, Dermatitis/epidemiology/*parasitology, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Humans, Microscopy/methods, Netherlands/epidemiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Schistosomatidae/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/*parasitology, Skin Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology/parasitology, Snails/*parasitology, Swimming}, isbn = {1469-8161 (Electronic)
0031-1820 (Linking)}, author = {Schets, F. M. and Lodder, W. J. and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {4116, title = {{Constructed wetlands{\textendash}Are they safe in reducing protozoan parasites?}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {2013}, year = {2010}, pages = {72{\textendash}77}, author = {Redder, A and D{\"u}rr, M and Daeschlein, G and Baeder-Bederski, O and Koch, C and M{\"u}ller, R and Exner, M and Borneff-Lipp, M} } @article {5430, title = {{Constructed wetlands{\textendash}Are they safe in reducing protozoan parasites?}}, journal = {Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health}, volume = {213}, year = {2010}, pages = {72{\textendash}77}, author = {Redder, A. and D{\"u}rr, M and Daeschlein, G and Baeder-Bederski, O and Koch, C and M{\"u}ller, R and Exner, M and Borneff-Lipp, M} } @inbook {15720, title = {Contaminant Removal Processes in Subsurface-Flow Constructed Wetlands: A Review}, booktitle = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, month = {2010/06/30}, pages = {561-661}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, isbn = {1064-3389}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a, Joan and Rousseau, Diederik P. L. and Morato, Jordi and Lesage, E. L. S. and Matamoros, Victor and Bayona, Josep M.} } @inbook {17060, title = {Contaminant removal processes in subsurface-flow constructed wetlands: a review}, booktitle = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, pages = {561{\textendash}661}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a, Joan and Rousseau, Diederik PL and Morato, Jordi and Lesage, ELS and Matamoros, Victor and Bayona, Josep M} } @article {17263, title = {Contamination of surface and potable water in South Asia by Salmonellae: culture-independent quantification with molecular beacon real-time PCR}, journal = {Sci Total EnvironSci Total Environ}, volume = {408}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, month = {Feb 15}, pages = {1256-63}, keywords = {*Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Bacterial Proteins/metabolism, Colony Count, Microbial/*methods, Environmental monitoring, Fresh Water/*microbiology, India, Salmonella/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Sensitivity and Specificity, Water Pollution/*analysis}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic)
0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Jyoti, A. and Ram, S. and Vajpayee, P. and Singh, G. and Dwivedi, P. D. and Jain, S. K. and Shanker, R.} } @article {11244, title = {{Contamination of the hair of owned dogs with the eggs of Toxocara spp.}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {173}, number = {1-2}, year = {2010}, pages = {161{\textendash}164}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.010}, author = {Keegan, Jason Devoy and Holland, Celia V} } @article {8574, title = {{Contribution of treated wastewater to the microbiological quality of Seine River in Paris}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {18}, year = {2010}, pages = {5222{\textendash}5231}, author = {Moulin, L and Richard, F and Stefania, S and Goulet, M and Gosselin, S and Goncalves, A and Rocher, V and Paffoni, C and Dum{\`e}tre, A} } @article {8720, title = {{Contribution of treated wastewater to the microbiological quality of Seine River in Paris}}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, pages = {5222{\textendash}5231}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.037}, author = {Moulin, Laurent and Richard, Fanny and Stefania, Sabrina and Goulet, Marion and Gosselin, Sylvie and Goncalves, Alexandre and Rocher, Vincent and Paffoni, Catherine and Dumetre, Aurelien} } @mastersthesis {6988, title = {Controls on terrestrial evapotranspiration from a forest - wetland complex in the {Western} {Boreal} {Plain}, {Alberta}, {Canada}}, year = {2010}, note = {MR64360}, school = {Wilfrid Laurier University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The Western Boreal Plain (WBP) of North Central Alberta consists of a mosaic of wetlands and aspen (Populus tremuloides ) dominated uplands. This region operates within a moisture deficit regime where precipitation (P) and evapotranspiration (ET) are the dominant hydrologic fluxes. As such these systems are extremely susceptible to the slightest climatic variability that may upset the balance between P {\textquoteright}and ET. Vegetation composition is the dominant control on wetland ET, and itself is extremely dynamic within these wetland environments, which can be attributed to varying moisture regimes along with micrometeorological variations. To address this variability in moisture regimes ET was examined in a typical moraine wetland of the WBP during the 2005 and 2006 snow-free seasons. Closed dynamic chamber measurements were used to gather data on plant community scale actual evapotranspiration (ET) for an undisturbed natural bog with varying degrees of canopy cover surrounding a shallow groundwater fed pond. For the purposes of scaling plant community ET contributions to that of the wetland, potential ET (PET EQ ) was measured using a Priestley-Taylor energy balance approach at three separate wetland sites with varying aspects surrounding the central pond, along with actual ET using a roving eddy covariance (EC) tower. Growing season peak ET rates ranged from 0.2 mm hr -1 to 0.6 mm hr-1 depending on location, vegetation composition and time period. Sphagnum contributions were the greatest early in the growing season reaching peaks of 0.6 mm hr-1 , while lichen sites exhibited the greatest late season rates at 0.4 mm hr-1 . Thus, Sphagnum and other non-vascular wetland plant species control ET differently throughout the growing season and as such should be considered an integral part of the moisture and water balances within wetland environments at the sub-landcover unit scale. Upland ET was characterized over three scales during the 2005 and 2006 snow-free seasons. Above canopy (ETC ) and within canopy (ET B ) were examined using the EC technique situated at 25.5 m (7.5 m above crown) and 4.0 m above the ground surface respectively. Soil evaporation (E S ) was examined using a closed dynamic chamber system to gather data on surface evaporation for upland soils. ETC and ETB were controlled primarily through atmospheric demand (VPD) while ES was controlled by soil moisture ([straight theta]). During the green periods ET C averaged 3.08 mm d-1 and 3.45 mm d-1 in 2005 and 2006 respectively while ETB averaged 1.56 mm d -1 and 1.95 mm d-1 . ES was consistent across both snow-free seasons and averaged 0.28 mm hr-1 in 2005 and 0.31 mm hr-1 in 2006. The nature of Populus tremuloides canopies permits ample energy availability within the canopy during the early season early green periods which promotes the development of a lush understory consisting of Rosa acicularis and Viburnum edule . ETB fluxes were equal to or greater than the ET C fluxes once understory development had occurred. Upon crown growth ETB fluxes were reduced as a reduction in available energy existed. ETB fluxes ranged from 42 to 56\% of ETC fluxes over the remainder of the snow-free seasons. Vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and soil moisture ([straight theta]) displayed strong controls on both ETC and ETB fluxes. ETC fluxes responded to precipitation events as the developed crown intercepted and held available water which contributed to peak ETC fluxes following precipitation events {\textgreater}10 mm. This indicates the importance of interception in aspen dominated forest canopies of the WBF.}, keywords = {0368:Physical geography, 0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0768:Environmental science, Earth sciences, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Hydrologic sciences, Physical geography}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/734766626?accountid=14270}, author = {Brown, Scott M.} } @mastersthesis {6502, title = {A coral skeleton geochemical record of surface water properties in the {Oman} upwelling region}, year = {2010}, note = {1487797}, school = {Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Geochemical records from scleractinian corals have the potential to reconstruct surface water temperature and salinity, expanding temporal and spatial coverage beyond that available from in situ and remotely sensed data and clarifying the ocean{\textquoteright}s role in climate change. Here, I present δ 18 O and Sr/Ca records from a Porites coral near the shelf-break off southern Oman to evaluate the potential for reconstructing monsoon upwelling histories. This sample represents growth (19 mm y -1 ) during August 1989 to April 1996. Both δ18 Ocoral (-3.7 to -5.0 [per thousand]PDB ) and Sr/Ca (9.0 to 9.6 mmol mol-1 ) records anticorrelate strongly with weekly instrumental sea-surface temperature (SST) records from several sources (IGOSS, Pathfinder 5 (Pv5) AVHRR, and COADS). A systematic comparison shows that the Pv5 AVHRR quality 3 SST dataset is the most appropriate choice for calibrating the Sr/Ca proxy, largely because of its maximal temporal coverage of demonstrably accurate data. Using the optimal calculated SST-Sr/Ca calibration of -15.525 ({\textpm} 1.83) {\textdegree}C mol mmol -1 and the assumed SST-δ18 O calibration of -4.76 ({\textpm}0.69) {\textdegree}C [per thousand]PDB-1 [ Ren et al. , 2002] to reconstruct the isotopic composition of the ambient seawater (δ18 Osw ), the mean annual δ 18 Osw variation ranges were determined to be 0.5-0.9 [per thousand]PDB . The timing and relative magnitude of these variations were consistent with known hydrography (isotopically lighter during SW monsoon, scaling with SST minima) but were greater than anticipated from observed annual salinity changes of \~{}1.0 and the estimated δ 18 O sw -salinity relationship for regional surface waters. Simulations of reconstructed δ18 Osw using minimum SST-Sr/Ca and maximum SST-δ18 O calibration slopes from the literature showed that the resultant mean annual range of δ18 O sw (0.4 [per thousand]PDB ) was closer to the expected magnitude. I conclude that: (1) Sr/Ca measurements provide a very good record of SST variations, particularly the interannual variation in the SW monsoon minimum, and (2) derived δ18 Osw records indicate salinity variations that may be accurate in timing and relative magnitude but are unrealistically large in absolute magnitude. This coral holds strong promise for reconstructing multi-decade absolute SST and relative salinity records associated with climate-related variations in the Arabian Sea upwelling system.}, keywords = {0403:Chemical Oceanography, 0416:Biological oceanography, 0653:Paleoclimate Science, Arabian sea upwelling, Biological oceanography, Biological sciences, Chemical Oceanography, Earth sciences, Geochemistry, Indian monsoon, Paleoclimate Science, Porites coral, Southern oman}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/847354354?accountid=14270}, author = {Montone, Livia Marie} } @article {2693, title = {Correlation between rotavirus A genotypes detected in hospitalized children and sewage samples in 2006, C{\'o}rdoba, Argentina.}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {82}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, pages = {1277-1281}, abstract = {

Routine rotavirus A {(RV-A)} surveillance is based on clinical cases, so only symptomatic infections are reported. The objective of this study was to determine whether the {RV-A} genotypes and cold seasonal pattern described in patients with diarrhea is reflected by sewage surveillance, which could be representative of the {RV-A} genotypes circulating in the population. The genotype distribution of {RV-A} in effluent samples from a local sewage treatment plant was compared to those from local clinical cases. A total of 52 sewage samples and 70 stool specimens from children with acute non-bacterial diarrhea were collected from January to December 2006. The effluent specimens were concentrated and {RNA} extracts from concentrated sewage and clinical samples were genotyped for the rotavirus {VP7} gene. The proportional distribution of the {RV-A} G-genotypes in sewage and clinical samples during the cold season was similar: G1 accounted for 26.6\% of the typed sewage isolates and 28.8\% of the clinical infections; G3 type accounted for 21.9\% and 25.8\%; G2 type 15.6\% and 10.6\%; G4 type 17.2\% and 21.2\%; G8 type 1.6\% and 0\%; and the G9 type 17.2\% and 13.6\%, respectively. A similar picture of {RV-A} genotype detection was obtained in sewage samples collected during the cold and warm seasons. The results indicate that there is a correlation between genotypes of {RV-A} isolates from human diarrheic patients and of those from sewage samples. In addition, sewage monitoring highlighted the uniform all-year {RV-A} circulation, which was in contrast to the peak incidence of {RV-A} infection in the community.

}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.21800}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21800}, author = {Barril, PA and Giordano, MO and Isa, MB and Masachessi, G and Ferreyra, LJ and Castello, AA and Glikmann, G and Nates, SV} } @article {1055, title = {Correlation between rotavirus A genotypes detected in hospitalized children and sewage samples in 2006, C{\'o}rdoba, Argentina.}, journal = {Journal of medical virology}, volume = {82}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, pages = {1277-1281}, abstract = {Routine rotavirus A {(RV-A)} surveillance is based on clinical cases, so only symptomatic infections are reported. The objective of this study was to determine whether the {RV-A} genotypes and cold seasonal pattern described in patients with diarrhea is reflected by sewage surveillance, which could be representative of the {RV-A} genotypes circulating in the population. The genotype distribution of {RV-A} in effluent samples from a local sewage treatment plant was compared to those from local clinical cases. A total of 52 sewage samples and 70 stool specimens from children with acute non-bacterial diarrhea were collected from January to December 2006. The effluent specimens were concentrated and {RNA} extracts from concentrated sewage and clinical samples were genotyped for the rotavirus {VP7} gene. The proportional distribution of the {RV-A} G-genotypes in sewage and clinical samples during the cold season was similar: G1 accounted for 26.6\% of the typed sewage isolates and 28.8\% of the clinical infections; G3 type accounted for 21.9\% and 25.8\%; G2 type 15.6\% and 10.6\%; G4 type 17.2\% and 21.2\%; G8 type 1.6\% and 0\%; and the G9 type 17.2\% and 13.6\%, respectively. A similar picture of {RV-A} genotype detection was obtained in sewage samples collected during the cold and warm seasons. The results indicate that there is a correlation between genotypes of {RV-A} isolates from human diarrheic patients and of those from sewage samples. In addition, sewage monitoring highlighted the uniform all-year {RV-A} circulation, which was in contrast to the peak incidence of {RV-A} infection in the community.}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.21800}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21800}, author = {Barril, PA and Giordano, MO and Isa, MB and Masachessi, G and Ferreyra, LJ and Castello, AA and Glikmann, G and Nates, SV} } @article {15663, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection in water bodies of Galicia, Spain}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {20}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec}, pages = {5887-96}, edition = {2010/08/03}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Rivers/parasitology, Spain, Water Supply/*analysis, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Castro-Hermida, J. A. and Garcia-Presedo, I. and Gonzalez-Warleta, M. and Mezo, M.} } @article {4018, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection in water bodies of Galicia, Spain}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, pages = {5887{\textendash}5896}, author = {J A Castro-Hermida and Garc{\'\i}a-Presedo, I and Gonz{\'a}lez-Warleta, M and Mezo, M} } @article {15624, title = {Cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts on salad products irrigated with contaminated water}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1138-40}, edition = {2010/06/12}, keywords = {Animals, Brassica/microbiology, Consumer Product Safety, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Food Contamination/*analysis, Food Handling/*methods, Food Parasitology, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Lettuce/parasitology, Oocysts, Parasite Egg Count, prevalence, Vegetables/*parasitology, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print)
0362-028x}, author = {Amor{\'o}s, I. and Alonso, J. L. and Cuesta, G.} } @article {15625, title = {Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts on Salad Products Irrigated with Contaminated Water}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {1138-1140}, author = {Inmaculada Amor{\'o}s and Jos{\'e} L. Alonso and Gonzalo Cuesta} } @article {15891, title = {Cryptosporidium oocysts on fresh produce from areas of high livestock production in Poland}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {139}, number = {1-2}, year = {2010}, month = {Apr 30}, pages = {96-101}, edition = {2010/02/16}, keywords = {*Animal Husbandry, *Food Microbiology, Animals, Cattle, Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, DNA, Ribosomal/analysis, Fruit/*microbiology, Oocysts/*classification, Poland, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Species Specificity, Vegetables/*microbiology}, isbn = {0168-1605}, author = {Rzezutka, A. and Nichols, R. A. and Connelly, L. and Kaupke, A. and Kozyra, I. and Cook, N. and Birrell, S. and Smith, H. V.} } @article {15710, title = {Cryptosporidium ubiquitum n. sp. in animals and humans}, journal = {Vet Parasitol}, volume = {172}, number = {1-2}, year = {2010}, month = {Aug 27}, pages = {23-32}, edition = {2010/06/12}, keywords = {*Phylogeny, Animals, Base Sequence, Cattle, Cattle Diseases/*parasitology, Cryptosporidiosis/parasitology/*veterinary, Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, DNA, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics, Feces/parasitology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Parasite Egg Count/veterinary, Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary, Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/genetics, RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Zoonoses/*parasitology}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Fayer, R. and Santin, M. and Macarisin, D.} } @article {2819, title = {Current concepts on human papillomavirus infections in children}, journal = {APMIS}, volume = {118}, number = {6-7}, year = {2010}, pages = {494-509}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {blood CELLS child CHILDREN complications detection DISEASE DISEASES DNA EPIDEMIOLOGY Finland Fluid Genotype genotypes human humans infant INFANTS INFECTION INFECTIONS isolation \& purification Laboratories Laryngeal Neoplasms LESIONS MEMBRANE Membranes Mou}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20553530}, author = {Syrjanen, S.} } @article {1211, title = {Current concepts on human papillomavirus infections in children}, journal = {APMIS}, volume = {118}, number = {6-7}, year = {2010}, pages = {494-509}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {blood CELLS child CHILDREN complications detection DISEASE DISEASES DNA EPIDEMIOLOGY Finland Fluid Genotype genotypes human humans infant INFANTS INFECTION INFECTIONS isolation \& purification Laboratories Laryngeal Neoplasms LESIONS MEMBRANE Membranes Mou}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20553530}, author = {Syrjanen, S.} } @article {9886, title = {{Current views on the clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp}}, journal = {Current infectious disease reports}, volume = {12}, year = {2010}, pages = {28{\textendash}35}, doi = {10.1007/s11908-009-0073-8}, author = {Tan, KSW and Mizra, H and Teo, JD and Wu, Z and Macary, PA} } @booklet {3834, title = {A {Decade} of the {Total} {Sanitation} {Campaign}: {Rapid} {Assessment} of {Processes} and {Outcomes}.}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank}, address = {New Delhi}, author = {WSP} } @booklet {3493, title = {{A Decade of the Total Sanitation Campaign: Rapid Assessment of Processes and Outcomes.}}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank}, address = {New Delhi}, author = {WSP} } @conference {12973, title = {Decay of Escherichia coli in biosolids applied to agricultural soil}, booktitle = {Biosolids Specialty Conference V}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Australian Water Association}, organization = {Australian Water Association}, author = {Schwarz, Karen and Sidhu, Jatinder and Pritchard, Deborah and Toze, S and Li, Y} } @article {16882, title = {Denitrifying bioreactors{\textemdash}an approach for reducing nitrate loads to receiving waters}, journal = {Ecological engineering}, volume = {36}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {1532{\textendash}1543}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Schipper, Louis A and Robertson, Will D and Gold, Arthur J and Jaynes, Dan B and Cameron, Stewart C} } @inbook {8741, title = {{Design of Municipal Treatment Plants: WEF Manual of Practice, No. 8}}, booktitle = {ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 76}, year = {2010}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill Education}, organization = {McGraw-Hill Education}, address = {New York} } @mastersthesis {11464, title = {{Deteccion de huevos de Taenia solium en el intestino de escarabajos coprofagos mediante PCR}}, year = {2010}, school = {Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.}, type = {phd}, author = {Gonzales, E} } @article {5603, title = {{Detection and genetic analysis of human sapoviruses in river water in Japan}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {2461{\textendash}2467}, abstract = {We investigated the prevalence of sapoviruses (SaVs) in the Tamagawa River in Japan from April 2003 to March 2004 and performed genetic analysis of the SaV genes identified in river water. A total of 60 river water samples were collected from five sites along the river, and 500 ml was concentrated using the cation-coated filter method. By use of a real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay, 12 (20{\%}) of the 60 samples were positive for SaV. SaV sequences were obtained from 15 (25{\%}) samples, and a total of 30 SaV strains were identified using six RT-PCR assays followed by cloning and sequence analysis. A newly developed nested RT-PCR assay utilizing a broadly reactive forward primer showed the highest detection efficiency and amplified more diverse SaV genomes in the samples. SaV sequences were frequently detected from November to March, whereas none were obtained in April, July, September, or October. No SaV sequences were detected in the upstream portion of the river, whereas the midstream portion showed high positive rates. Based on phylogenetic analysis, SaV strains identified in the river water samples were classified into nine genotypes, namely, GI/1, GI/2, GI/3, GI/5, GI/untyped, GII/1, GII/2, GII/3, and GV/1. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing seasonal and spatial distributions and genetic diversity of SaVs in river water. A combination of real-time RT-PCR assay and newly developed nested RT-PCR assay is useful for identifying and characterizing SaV strains in a water environment.}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02739-09}, author = {Kitajima, Masaaki and Oka, Tomoichiro and Haramoto, Eiji and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Takeda, Naokazu and Katayama, Kazuhiko and Ohgaki, Shinichiro} } @article {11794, title = {{Detection and identification of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense plerocercoids from wild Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in Japan.}}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {434{\textendash}440}, abstract = {We investigated the risk of diphyllobothriasis from ingestion of wild Pacific salmon in Japan by surveying Diphyllobothrium plerocercoids in 182 salmon samples obtained from Japan. The plerocercoids were not detected in chum salmon {\{}(Oncorhynchus{\}} keta) (0/26), called Akizake in Japan, caught between September and November. However, the detection rate of plerocercoids in chum salmon, called Tokishirazu in Japan, caught between early April and June, was 51.1{\%} (24/47) with an average of two plerocercoid larvae per fish. The detection rates of cherry salmon {\{}(Oncorhynchus{\}} masou) and pink salmon {\{}(Oncorhynchus{\}} gorbuscha) were 12.2{\%} (10/82) and 18.5{\%} (5/27), respectively, and the average number of plerocercoids per fish was 0.45 (37 larvae/82 fishes) and 0.22 larvae (6 larvae/27 fishes), respectively. Plerocercoids isolated from O. keta and O. masou were identified as Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense on the basis of molecular analysis of the cox1 and nad3 genes. Moreover, four tapeworms (three from O. keta and one from O. masou) were obtained by infecting golden hamsters with plerocercoids. The morphological features of these tapeworms were similar to those of D. nihonkaiense isolated from humans. Therefore, we think that O. keta and not O. masou is the most important source of plerocercoid infections in Japan.}, issn = {0022-149X}, doi = {10.1017/s0022149x10000155}, author = {Suzuki, J and Murata, R and Sadamasu, K and Araki, J} } @article {2691, title = {Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in environmental samples in Monastir, Tunisia between January 2003 and April 2007.}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {1093-1104}, abstract = {

A prospective study was performed to characterize the main human enteric viruses able to persist in sewage samples and in shellfish tissues, and to establish the correlation between environmental strains and viral infantile diarrhoea observed in the same area during the same period.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04772.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04772.x}, author = {Sdiri-Loulizi, K and Hassine, M and Aouni, Z and Gharbi-Khelifi, H and Chouchane, S and Sakly, N and Neji-Gu{\'e}diche, M and Pothier, P and Aouni, M and Ambert-Balay, K} } @article {4600, title = {Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in environmental samples in {Monastir}, {Tunisia} between {January} 2003 and {April} 2007}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, year = {2010}, pages = {1093{\textendash}104}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, author = {Sdiri-Loulizi, K. and Hassine, M. and Aouni, Z. and Gharbi-Khelifi, H. and Chouchane, S. and Sakly, N. and Neji-Guediche, M. and Pothier, P. and Aouni, M. and Ambert-Balay, K.} } @article {3246, title = {{Detection and molecular characterization of noroviruses from five sewage treatment plants in central Italy}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {1777{\textendash}1784}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most frequent etiological agents of non-bacterial gastroenteritis. These viruses are transmitted through the fecal-oral route, leading to high viral loads in sewages. The objective of this paper was to study the environmental occurrence of the most prevalent NoV strains in different wastewater treatment plants. In addition, molecular characterization of the isolated strains was performed. Two different PCR-based methods were carried out and a novel strategy was used to verify the level of RT-PCR inhibition. From May to September 2007, a total of 97 inflow and outflow samples were collected from five wastewater treatment plants in central Italy. We detected NoV by nested PCR in 96.9{\%} of influent samples: 89.1{\%} contained both genogroups; 4.7{\%} contained only GI and 3.1{\%} only GII. In effluents, we detected NoV in 78.8{\%} of samples: 30.3{\%} contained both genogroups, and 48.5{\%} contained only GI. The major genotypes detected by sequencing analyses were GI/2, GI/5, GII/b, GII/4 and GII/6. This work confirms the wide circulation of NoVs in Italy with a predominance of GI strains, and the widespread distribution of NoV variants in both raw and treated wastewater. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Norovirus, PCR inhibition, Phylogenetic analysis, Real-Time RT-PCR, Sequencing, wastewater}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.055}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.055}, author = {La Rosa, G. and Iaconelli, M. and Pourshaban, M. and Muscillo, M.} } @article {10434, title = {Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Hepatitis A Virus and Norovirus in Marine Recreational Waters of Mexico}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {269-78}, author = {Leon-Felix, J and Ch{\'a}idez Fernandez, Y and Salvador J Velarde-F{\'e}lix and Valdez Torres, B and Chaidez, C} } @article {5040, title = {Detection and quantification of enteroviruses in coastal seawaters from Bohai Bay, Tianjin, China}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {150-154}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1001-0742}, doi = {10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60086-3}, url = {://WOS:000273860800020}, author = {Zhang, Minglu and Zhao, Huabing and Yang, Jian and Jiang, Sunny and Cai, Baoli} } @article {5963, title = {{Detection of a novel hepatitis E-like virus in faeces of wild rats using a nested broad-spectrum RT-PCR}}, journal = {The Journal of General Virology}, volume = {91}, number = {Pt3}, year = {2010}, pages = {750{\textendash}758}, author = {Johne, R and Plenge-Bonig, A} } @article {1280, title = {Detection of airborne viruses in a pediatrics department measured using real-time qPCR coupled to an air-sampling filter method}, journal = {J Environ Health}, volume = {73}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, note = {Tseng, Chun-Chieh Chang, Luan-Yin Li, Chih-Shan Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Journal of environmental health J Environ Health. 2010 Nov;73(4):22-8.}, pages = {22-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Children are vulnerable to viral infections. The study discussed in this article investigates the possibility of aerosol transmission of viruses in children under age 18 in the pediatrics department of a medical center in Taipei, Taiwan. After first using the filtration method to collect viral aerosols, the authors combined it with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to detect influenza A virus (INFAV), human adenovirus (HAdV), and enterovirus. Of 33 aerosol samples collected from the emergency room of the pediatrics department, 8 (24\%) were positive for INFAV, 12 (36\%) for HAdV, and 5 (15\%) for enterovirus. HAdV was detected from the aerosol of 26 samples, but INFAV and enteroviruses were not. The filter and real-time qPCR can be used to detect and quantify the viral load in aerosols, in which enteroviruses had the highest viral titer. In summary, a well-established filter/real-time qPCR assay was successfully applied to measure viral aerosols in the occupational environment. Environmental monitoring of airborne viruses could provide an early indicator of dangerous viruses in the air of hospitals.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Adolescent Air Microbiology Air Pollutants, Hospital Enterovirus/isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/ methods Epidemiological Monitoring Filtration/methods Hospitals, Hospital Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/virology Taiwan/epidemiology, Indoor/ analysis Child DNA Primers Emergency Service, Occupational/ analysis Air Pollution, Pediatric Humans Influenza A virus/isolation \& purification Outpatient Clinics}, issn = {0022-0892 (Print) 0022-0892 (Linking)}, author = {Tseng, C. C. and Chang, L. Y. and Li, C. S.} } @article {4617, title = {Detection of airborne viruses in a pediatrics department measured using real-time {qPCR} coupled to an air-sampling filter method}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health}, volume = {73}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {22{\textendash}8}, issn = {0022-0892 (Print) 0022-0892 (Linking)}, author = {Tseng, C. C. and Chang, L. Y. and Li, C. S.} } @article {3656, title = {The detection of enteric viruses in selected urban and rural river water and sewage in Kenya, with special reference to rotaviruses.}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {818{\textendash}828}, abstract = {

To determine the occurrence of eight human enteric viruses in surface water and sewage samples from different geographical areas in Kenya.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04710.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04710.x}, author = {Kiulia, N M and Netshikweta, R and Page, N A and Van Zyl, W B and Kiraithe, M M and Nyachieo, A and Mwenda, J M and Taylor, M B} } @article {3525, title = {Detection of enteric viruses in sewage sludge and treated wastewater effluent.}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {537{\textendash}544}, author = {Schlindwein, AD and Rigotto, C and Sim{\~o}es, CM and Barardi, CR} } @article {15864, title = {Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts/oocysts in watersheds and drinking water sources in Brazil urban areas}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun}, pages = {399-404}, edition = {2010/02/16}, keywords = {*Oocysts, Brazil/epidemiology, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Urban Population, Water Supply/*analysis}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920}, author = {Razzolini, M. T. and da Silva Santos, T. F. and Bastos, V. K.} } @article {4115, title = {{Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts/oocysts in watersheds and drinking water sources in Brazil urban areas}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {399{\textendash}404}, author = {Razzolini, MT and da Silva Santos, TF and Bastos, VK} } @article {8856, title = {Detection of Listeria group by conventional and PCR techniques from River Nile water}, journal = {American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural \& Environmental Sciences}, year = {2010}, url = {https://www.idosi.org/aejaes/jaes7(1)/8.pdf}, author = {M. Azab Elliethy and Gamila E. El-Taweel} } @article {16203, title = {Detection of pathogenic Leptospira from selected environment in Kelantan and Terengganu, Malaysia}, journal = {Trop BiomedTrop BiomedTrop Biomed}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, note = {Journal Article
Malaysia}, month = {Dec}, pages = {632-8}, abstract = {Leptospirosis is recognized as one of the important zoonotic diseases in the world including Malaysia. A total of 145 soil and water samples were collected from selected National Service Training Centres (NSTC) in Kelantan and Terengganu. The samples were inoculated into modified semisolid Ellinghausen McCullough Johnson Harris (EMJH) medium, incubated at room temperature for 1 month and examined under the dark-field microscope. Positive growth of the leptospiral isolates were then confirmed with 8-Azaguanine Test, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay and Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Fifteen cultures (10.34\%) exhibited positive growths which were seen under dark field microscope whilst only 20\% (3/15) were confirmed as pathogenic species. based on 8-Azaguanine Test and PCR. Serological identification of the isolates with MAT showed that hebdomadis was the dominant serovar in Terengganu. Pathogenic leptospires can be detected in Malaysian environment and this has the potential to cause an outbreak. Therefore, precautionary steps against leptospirosis should be taken by camp authorities to ensure the safety of trainees.}, isbn = {0127-5720 (Print)
0127-5720 (Linking)}, author = {Ridzlan, F. R. and Bahaman, A. R. and Khairani-Bejo, S. and Mutalib, A. R.} } @article {3821, title = {Detection of rotavirus A in sewage samples using multiplex qPCR and an evaluation of the ultracentrifugation and adsorption-elution methods for virus concentration.}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {170}, number = {1-2}, year = {2010}, pages = {42{\textendash}6}, author = {Fumian, TM and Leite, JP and Castello, AA and Gaggero, A and Caillou, MS and Miagostovich, MP} } @article {16006, title = {Detection of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium DNA by loop-mediated isothermal amplification: identification of infected snails from early prepatency}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {83}, year = {2010}, pages = {427-32}, author = {Abbasi, I. and King, C.H. and Muchiri, E.M. and Hamburger, J.} } @article {9551, title = {{Detection of some intestinal protozoa in commercial fresh juices}}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {135{\textendash}149}, author = {Mossallam, SF} } @article {10623, title = {{Detection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 from freshwater environments in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {2{\textendash}6}, author = {Grim, CJ and Tediashvili, M and Whitehouse, CA and Jaiani, E and Kokashvili, T and Janelidze, N and Colwell, RR and Huq, A} } @article {8612, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and surrogate microspheres in water using ultrafiltration and capsule filtration}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {893{\textendash}903}, author = {Shapiro, K and Mazet, JAK and Schriewer, A and Wuertz, S and Fritz, H and Miller, WA and Largier, J and Conrad, PA} } @article {8447, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples from public schools}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {171}, number = {1-2}, year = {2010}, pages = {53{\textendash}57}, author = {dos Santos, TR and Nunes, CM and Luvizotto, MCR and de Moura, AB and Lopes, WDZ and da Costa, AJ and Bresciani, KDS} } @article {10796, title = {{Detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in environmental water samples by an immunofluorescent-aggregation assay.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {16}, year = {2010}, pages = {5520{\textendash}5525}, author = {Wang, D and Xu, X and Deng, X and Chen, C and Li, B and Tan, H and Wang, H and Tang, S and Qiu, H and Chen, J and Ke, B and Ke, C and Kan, B} } @article {10670, title = {{Detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 in animal stools collected in rural areas of the Limpopo Province}}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {167{\textendash}171}, author = {Keshav, V and Potgieter, N and Bernard, TG} } @article {8645, title = {{Determining UV inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by using cell culture and a mouse bioassay}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {15}, year = {2010}, pages = {5140{\textendash}5147}, author = {Ware, MW and Augustine, SA and Erisman, DO and See, MJ and Wymer, L and Hayes, SL and Dubey, JP and Villegas, EN} } @article {16538, title = {Developing {GIS}-based eastern equine encephalitis vector-host models in {Tuskegee}, {Alabama}}, journal = {Int J Health Geogr}, volume = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {12}, keywords = {Alabama, Animals, Biological, Bird Diseases/transmission/*virology, Birds/*growth \& development/virology, Culicidae/*growth \& development/virology, Disease Reservoirs, Eastern Equine/*growth \& development, Ecosystem, Encephalitis Virus, Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*transmission/virology, Geographic Information Systems, Humans, Insect Vectors/*growth \& development/virology, Models, Population Density, Regression Analysis, Risk Assessment, Small-Area Analysis}, issn = {1476-072X (Electronic) 1476-072X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1476-072X-9-12}, author = {Jacob, B. G. and Burkett-Cadena, N. D. and Luvall, J. C. and Parcak, S. H. and McClure, C. J. and Estep, L. K. and Hill, G. E. and Cupp, E. W. and Novak, R. J. and Unnasch, T. R.} } @article {12046, title = {Developing GIS-based eastern equine encephalitis vector-host models in Tuskegee, Alabama}, journal = {Int J Health Geogr}, volume = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {12}, edition = {2010/02/26}, keywords = {Alabama, Animals, Bird Diseases/transmission/*virology, Birds/*growth \& development/virology, Culicidae/*growth \& development/virology, Disease Reservoirs, Ecosystem, Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine/*growth \& development, Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*transmission/virology, Geographic Information Systems, Humans, Insect Vectors/*growth \& development/virology, Models, Biological, Population Density, Regression Analysis, Risk Assessment, Small-Area Analysis}, isbn = {1476-072X (Electronic)
1476-072X (Linking)}, author = {Jacob, B. G. and Burkett-Cadena, N. D. and Luvall, J. C. and Parcak, S. H. and McClure, C. J. and Estep, L. K. and Hill, G. E. and Cupp, E. W. and Novak, R. J. and Unnasch, T. R.} } @article {7563, title = {{Development of a quantitative PCR assay for the quantitation of bovine polyomavirus as a microbial source-tracking tool}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {163}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {385-389}, abstract = {

Adenoviruses and polyomaviruses are two distinct DNA viral families that are excreted in high concentrations and distributed in human and animal populations. Targeting specific virus included in these families has proved to be a promising and useful tool for tracing specifically sources of environmental contamination. In this study, a quantitative PCR assay that is specific for bovine polyomaviruses was developed and used to determine the excretion level and concentration of bovine polyomaviruses in urine and environmental samples, including urban sewage, slaughterhouse sewage, and river water. A set of primers and a TaqMan probe were designed to target a 77-bp region of the bovine polyomavirus VP1 gene, and the conditions of the reaction were optimized. A detection limit was established at 1-10 genome copies per test tube. The assay was specific and produced negative results when samples containing human or porcine fecal contamination were analyzed. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of bovine polyomaviruses excreted in bovine urine samples (mean values of 104 GC/l). Bovine polyomaviruses were also detected and quantified in slaughterhouse wastewater and river waters, which shows the spread of these viruses in many environmental samples containing contamination of bovine origin. The procedure described in this paper provides a quantitative source-tracking tool for the analysis of bovine polyomaviruses as indicators of the presence of bovine contamination in environmental samples. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.10.029}, author = {Hundesa, A. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Maluquer de Motes, C. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Bach, A. and Casas, M. and Girones, R.} } @article {13763, title = {Development of a quantitative {PCR} assay for the quantitation of bovine polyomavirus as a microbial source-tracking tool}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {163}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Adenoviruses and polyomaviruses are two distinct DNA viral families that are excreted in high concentrations and distributed in human and animal populations. Targeting specific virus included in these families has proved to be a promising and useful tool for tracing specifically sources of environmental contamination. In this study, a quantitative PCR assay that is specific for bovine polyomaviruses was developed and used to determine the excretion level and concentration of bovine polyomaviruses in urine and environmental samples, including urban sewage, slaughterhouse sewage, and river water. A set of primers and a TaqMan probe were designed to target a 77-bp region of the bovine polyomavirus VP1 gene, and the conditions of the reaction were optimized. A detection limit was established at 1-10 genome copies per test tube. The assay was specific and produced negative results when samples containing human or porcine fecal contamination were analyzed. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of bovine polyomaviruses excreted in bovine urine samples (mean values of 104 GC/l). Bovine polyomaviruses were also detected and quantified in slaughterhouse wastewater and river waters, which shows the spread of these viruses in many environmental samples containing contamination of bovine origin. The procedure described in this paper provides a quantitative source-tracking tool for the analysis of bovine polyomaviruses as indicators of the presence of bovine contamination in environmental samples. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.10.029}, author = {Hundesa, A. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Maluquer de Motes, C. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Bach, A. and Casas, M. and Girones, R.} } @article {971, title = {{Development of a quantitative PCR assay for the quantitation of bovine polyomavirus as a microbial source-tracking tool}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {163}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {385{\textendash}389}, abstract = {Adenoviruses and polyomaviruses are two distinct DNA viral families that are excreted in high concentrations and distributed in human and animal populations. Targeting specific virus included in these families has proved to be a promising and useful tool for tracing specifically sources of environmental contamination. In this study, a quantitative PCR assay that is specific for bovine polyomaviruses was developed and used to determine the excretion level and concentration of bovine polyomaviruses in urine and environmental samples, including urban sewage, slaughterhouse sewage, and river water. A set of primers and a TaqMan probe were designed to target a 77-bp region of the bovine polyomavirus VP1 gene, and the conditions of the reaction were optimized. A detection limit was established at 1-10 genome copies per test tube. The assay was specific and produced negative results when samples containing human or porcine fecal contamination were analyzed. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of bovine polyomaviruses excreted in bovine urine samples (mean values of 104 GC/l). Bovine polyomaviruses were also detected and quantified in slaughterhouse wastewater and river waters, which shows the spread of these viruses in many environmental samples containing contamination of bovine origin. The procedure described in this paper provides a quantitative source-tracking tool for the analysis of bovine polyomaviruses as indicators of the presence of bovine contamination in environmental samples. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Bovine, Microbial source tracking, Polyomavirus, Sewage, water}, isbn = {1879-0984 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0166-0934 (Linking)}, issn = {01660934}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.10.029}, author = {Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Carlos M de Motes and Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus and Bach, Alex and Casas, Maribel and Girones, Rosina} } @article {1021, title = {Development of a quantitative PCR assay for the quantitation of bovine polyomavirus as a microbial source-tracking tool}, journal = {Journal of virological methods}, volume = {163}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {385{\textendash}389}, abstract = {

Adenoviruses and polyomaviruses are two distinct DNA viral families that are excreted in high concentrations and distributed in human and animal populations. Targeting specific virus included in these families has proved to be a promising and useful tool for tracing specifically sources of environmental contamination. In this study, a quantitative PCR assay that is specific for bovine polyomaviruses was developed and used to determine the excretion level and concentration of bovine polyomaviruses in urine and environmental samples, including urban sewage, slaughterhouse sewage, and river water. A set of primers and a TaqMan probe were designed to target a 77-bp region of the bovine polyomavirus VP1 gene, and the conditions of the reaction were optimized. A detection limit was established at 1-10 genome copies per test tube. The assay was specific and produced negative results when samples containing human or porcine fecal contamination were analyzed. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of bovine polyomaviruses excreted in bovine urine samples (mean values of 10(4) GC/l). Bovine polyomaviruses were also detected and quantified in slaughterhouse wastewater and river waters, which shows the spread of these viruses in many environmental samples containing contamination of bovine origin. The procedure described in this paper provides a quantitative source-tracking tool for the analysis of bovine polyomaviruses as indicators of the presence of bovine contamination in environmental samples.

}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, DNA Primers, DNA Primers: genetics, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, Polyomavirus, Polyomavirus: genetics, Polyomavirus: isolation \& purification, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Urine, Urine: virology, Viral Load, Viral Load: methods, Viral Structural Proteins, Viral Structural Proteins: genetics, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {1879-0984 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0166-0934 (Linking)}, issn = {1879-0984}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.10.029}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19887085}, author = {Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Carlos M de Motes and Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus and Bach, Alex and Casas, Maribel and Girones, Rosina} } @article {14717, title = {Development of an {RNA} extraction protocol for detection of waterborne viruses by reverse transcriptase quantitative {PCR} ({RT}-{qPCR})}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {169}, year = {2010}, month = {oct}, pages = {8{\textendash}12}, abstract = {RNA extraction from environmental samples yields frequently an RNA preparation containing inhibitors of molecular reactions. Commercial RNA extraction kits commonly permit extraction of only 0.1-0.2 ml sample volume. An RNA extraction buffer (RNAX buffer) was formulated for the extraction of viral RNA from 4.0 ml using a silica column based protocol. To evaluate the RNAX buffer based protocol, we used hepatitis A virus (HAV) and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) to monitor the RNA extraction efficiency from environmental samples. For evaluation of viral RNA recovery from water concentrates which were prepared from river and pond water by PEG concentration, serial ten fold dilutions of two waterborne viruses were added to the water concentrates for evaluation by quantitative detection. Quantitative recovery of HAV and CVB3 was determined by reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The extracted RNA was compatible with RT-qPCR and sensitivity of detection of 0.8PFU per reaction was found with RNAX buffer and the developed protocol. This level of sensitivity was obtained using viral RNA extracted from 4.0 ml of an inoculated water sample concentrate. The RNAX buffer developed in this study could be applicable to the detection of other pathogens in water and food.}, keywords = {Chromatography, Enterovirus B, Fresh Water/*virology, Hepatitis A virus/isolation \& purification, Human/isolation \& purification, Liquid/methods, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, RNA, Sensitivity and Specificity, Silica Gel, Viral/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Virology/*methods}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.06.005}, author = {Jothikumar, N. and Sobsey, M. D. and Cromeans, T. L.} } @article {15001, title = {Development of an {RNA} extraction protocol for detection of waterborne viruses by reverse transcriptase quantitative {PCR} ({RT}-{qPCR})}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {169}, year = {2010}, month = {oct}, pages = {8{\textendash}12}, abstract = {RNA extraction from environmental samples yields frequently an RNA preparation containing inhibitors of molecular reactions. Commercial RNA extraction kits commonly permit extraction of only 0.1-0.2 ml sample volume. An RNA extraction buffer (RNAX buffer) was formulated for the extraction of viral RNA from 4.0 ml using a silica column based protocol. To evaluate the RNAX buffer based protocol, we used hepatitis A virus (HAV) and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) to monitor the RNA extraction efficiency from environmental samples. For evaluation of viral RNA recovery from water concentrates which were prepared from river and pond water by PEG concentration, serial ten fold dilutions of two waterborne viruses were added to the water concentrates for evaluation by quantitative detection. Quantitative recovery of HAV and CVB3 was determined by reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The extracted RNA was compatible with RT-qPCR and sensitivity of detection of 0.8PFU per reaction was found with RNAX buffer and the developed protocol. This level of sensitivity was obtained using viral RNA extracted from 4.0 ml of an inoculated water sample concentrate. The RNAX buffer developed in this study could be applicable to the detection of other pathogens in water and food.}, keywords = {Chromatography, Enterovirus B, Fresh Water/*virology, Hepatitis A virus/isolation \& purification, Human/isolation \& purification, Liquid/methods, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, RNA, Sensitivity and Specificity, Silica Gel, Viral/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Virology/*methods}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.06.005}, author = {Jothikumar, N. and Sobsey, M. D. and Cromeans, T. L.} } @article {10089, title = {{Development of microbial and chemical MST tools to identify the origin of the faecal pollution in bathing and shellfish harvesting waters in France}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, pages = {4812{\textendash}4824}, author = {Gourmelon, M and Caprais, MP and Mieszkin, S and Marti, R and Wery, N and Jard{\'e}, E and Derrien, M and Jadas-H{\'e}cart, A and Communal, PY and Jaffrezic, A and A M Pourcher} } @article {10090, title = {{Development of microbial and chemical MST tools to identify the origin of the faecal pollution in bathing and shellfish harvesting waters in France}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, number = {16}, year = {2010}, pages = {4812{\textendash}4824}, author = {Gourmelon, M and Caprais, MP and Mieszkin, S and Marti, R and Wery, N and Jard{\'e}, E and Derrien, M and Jadas-H{\'e}cart, A and Communal, PY and Jaffrezic, A and A M Pourcher} } @article {3681, title = {Development of real-time and nested {RT}-{PCR} to detect astrovirus and one-year survey of astrovirus in {Jiangmen} {City}, {China}.}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {155}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {977{\textendash}982}, author = {Dai, YC and Xu, QH and Wu, XB and Hu, GF and Tang, YL and Li, JD and Chen, Q and Nie, J} } @article {7107, title = {Differences in water consumption choices in {Canada}: the role of socio-demographics, experiences, and perceptions of health risks}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {dec}, pages = {671}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2010.143}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2010.143}, author = {Dupont, Diane and (Vic) Adamowicz, W. L. and Krupnick, Alan} } @article {8651, title = {{Differential regulation of effector- and central-memory responses to Toxoplasma gondii Infection by IL-12 revealed by tracking of Tgd057-specific CD8+ T cells}}, journal = {PLoS Pathogens}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {e1000815}, author = {Wilson, DC and Grotenbreg, GM and Liu, K and Zhao, Y and Frickel, EM and Gubbels, MJ and Ploegh, HL and Yap, GS} } @article {2288, title = {{Differentiation and identification of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in environmental waters by a molecular method and biochemical test}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {949{\textendash}955}, edition = {2009/11/18}, abstract = {Both Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) are important human pathogens that are responsible for the majority of cases of endemic bacillary dysentery. However, they are difficult to identify and differentiate by biochemical tests or molecular methods alone. In this study, we developed a procedure to detect Shigella spp. and EIEC from environmental water samples using membrane filtration followed by nutrient broth enrichment, isolation using selective culture plates, and identification of the invasion plasmid antigen H (ipaH) gene by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. Finally, we used a biochemical test and a serological assay to differentiate between Shigella and EIEC. Among the 93 water samples from nine reservoirs and one watershed, 76 (81.7\%) water samples of culture plates had candidate colonies of Shigella and EIEC and 5 water samples were positive (5.4\%) for a Shigella- and EIEC-specific polymerase chain reaction targeting the ipaH gene. Guided by the molecular method, the biochemical test, and the serological assay, 11 ipaH gene-positive isolates from 5 water samples were all identified as EIEC.}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {S0043-1354(09)00664-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.004}, author = {Hsu, B M and Wu, S F and Huang, S W and Tseng, Y J and Ji, D D and Chen, J S and Shih, F C} } @article {14076, title = {Differentiation and identification of {Shigella} spp. and enteroinvasive {Escherichia} coli in environmental waters by a molecular method and biochemical test}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {949{\textendash}955}, abstract = {Both Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) are important human pathogens that are responsible for the majority of cases of endemic bacillary dysentery. However, they are difficult to identify and differentiate by biochemical tests or molecular methods alone. In this study, we developed a procedure to detect Shigella spp. and EIEC from environmental water samples using membrane filtration followed by nutrient broth enrichment, isolation using selective culture plates, and identification of the invasion plasmid antigen H (ipaH) gene by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. Finally, we used a biochemical test and a serological assay to differentiate between Shigella and EIEC. Among the 93 water samples from nine reservoirs and one watershed, 76 (81.7\%) water samples of culture plates had candidate colonies of Shigella and EIEC and 5 water samples were positive (5.4\%) for a Shigella- and EIEC-specific polymerase chain reaction targeting the ipaH gene. Guided by the molecular method, the biochemical test, and the serological assay, 11 ipaH gene-positive isolates from 5 water samples were all identified as EIEC.}, doi = {S0043-1354(09)00664-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.004}, author = {Hsu, B M and Wu, S F and Huang, S W and Tseng, Y J and Ji, D D and Chen, J S and Shih, F C} } @article {8038, title = {{Differentiation and identification of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in environmental waters by a molecular method and biochemical test}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {949{\textendash}955}, edition = {2009/11/18}, abstract = {Both Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) are important human pathogens that are responsible for the majority of cases of endemic bacillary dysentery. However, they are difficult to identify and differentiate by biochemical tests or molecular methods alone. In this study, we developed a procedure to detect Shigella spp. and EIEC from environmental water samples using membrane filtration followed by nutrient broth enrichment, isolation using selective culture plates, and identification of the invasion plasmid antigen H (ipaH) gene by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. Finally, we used a biochemical test and a serological assay to differentiate between Shigella and EIEC. Among the 93 water samples from nine reservoirs and one watershed, 76 (81.7{\%}) water samples of culture plates had candidate colonies of Shigella and EIEC and 5 water samples were positive (5.4{\%}) for a Shigella- and EIEC-specific polymerase chain reaction targeting the ipaH gene. Guided by the molecular method, the biochemical test, and the serological assay, 11 ipaH gene-positive isolates from 5 water samples were all identified as EIEC.}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {S0043-1354(09)00664-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.004}, author = {Hsu, B M and Wu, S F and Huang, S W and Tseng, Y J and Ji, D D and Chen, J S and Shih, F C} } @article {985, title = {Discovery of a new human polyomavirus associated with Trichodysplasia Spinulosa in an immunocompromized patient}, journal = {PLoS Pathogens}, volume = {6}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, pages = {1{\textendash}10}, abstract = {The Polyomaviridae constitute a family of small DNA viruses infecting a variety of hosts. In humans, polyomaviruses can cause infections of the central nervous system, urinary tract, skin, and possibly the respiratory tract. Here we report the identification of a new human polyomavirus in plucked facial spines of a heart transplant patient with trichodysplasia spinulosa, a rare skin disease exclusively seen in immunocompromized patients. The trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSV) genome was amplified through rolling-circle amplification and consists of a 5232-nucleotide circular DNA organized similarly to known polyomaviruses. Two putative "early" (small and large T antigen) and three putative "late" (VP1, VP2, VP3) genes were identified. The TSV large T antigen contains several domains (e.g. J-domain) and motifs (e.g. HPDKGG, pRb family-binding, zinc finger) described for other polyomaviruses and potentially involved in cellular transformation. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship of TSV with the Bornean orangutan polyomavirus and, more distantly, the Merkel cell polyomavirus that is found integrated in Merkel cell carcinomas of the skin. The presence of TSV in the affected patient{\textquoteright}s skin was confirmed by newly designed quantitative TSV-specific PCR, indicative of a viral load of 10(5) copies per cell. After topical cidofovir treatment, the lesions largely resolved coinciding with a reduction in TSV load. PCR screening demonstrated a 4\% prevalence of TSV in an unrelated group of immunosuppressed transplant recipients without apparent disease. In conclusion, a new human polyomavirus was discovered and identified as the possible cause of trichodysplasia spinulosa in immunocompromized patients. The presence of TSV also in clinically unaffected individuals suggests frequent virus transmission causing subclinical, probably latent infections. Further studies have to reveal the impact of TSV infection in relation to other populations and diseases.}, isbn = {1553-7374 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1553-7366 (Linking)}, issn = {15537366}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1001024}, author = {van der Meijden, Els and Ren{\'e} WA Janssens and Lauber, Chris and Jan NB Bavinck and Gorbalenya, Alexander E. and Feltkamp, Mariet C W} } @article {2025, title = {Discrepancies in the Occurrence of Balantidium coli Between Wild and Captive African Great Apes}, journal = {Journal of ParasitologyJournal of Parasitology}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, month = {2010/12}, pages = {1139-1144}, publisher = {American Society of Parasitologists}, isbn = {0022-3395
1937-2345}, author = {Pomajb{\~A}-kov{\~A}{\textexclamdown}, Kate{\r A}{\texttrademark}ina and Petr{\r A}{\textthreequarters}elkov{\~A}{\textexclamdown}, Kl{\~A}{\textexclamdown}ra J. and Profousov{\~A}{\textexclamdown}, Ilona and Petr{\~A}{\textexclamdown}{\r A}{\textexclamdown}ov{\~A}{\textexclamdown}, Jana and Modr{\~A}{\textonehalf}, David} } @article {9729, title = {Discrepancies in the occurrence of Balantidium coli between wild and captive African great apes}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {96}, year = {2010}, pages = {1139-1144}, author = {Pomajb{\'\i}kov{\'a}, K and K J Petr{\v z}elkov{\'a} and I. Profousov{\'a} and D Modr{\'y}} } @article {9339, title = {{Discrimination of Entamoeba moshkovskii in patients with gastrointestinal disorders by single-round PCR}}, journal = {Jp J Infect Dis}, volume = {63}, year = {2010}, pages = {136{\textendash}138}, author = {Mojarad, EN and Nochi, Z and Sahebekhtiari, N and Nejad, MR and Dabiri, H and Zali, MR and Kazemi, B and Haghighi, A} } @article {15168, title = {Discussion paper: options for updating the 2006 {WHO} guidelines}, journal = {WHO, FAO, IDRC, IWMI}, year = {2010}, author = {Mara, Duncan and Hamilton, Andrew and Sleigh, Andrew and Karavarsamis, Natalie} } @book {15263, title = {Discussion paper: options for updating the 2006 {WHO} guidelines}, year = {2010}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, keywords = {ascaris, Guidelines, Norovirus, wastewater, WHO Guidelines}, author = {Mara, Duncan and Hamilton, Andrew and Sleigh, Andrew and Karavarsamis, Natalie} } @article {13618, title = {Discussion paper: options for updating the 2006 WHO guidelines}, journal = {WHO, FAO, IDRC, IWMI}, year = {2010}, author = {Mara, Duncan and Hamilton, Andrew and Sleigh, Andrew and Karavarsamis, Natalie} } @book {13681, title = {{Discussion paper: options for updating the 2006 WHO guidelines}}, year = {2010}, pages = {1{\textendash}8}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, keywords = {ascaris, Guidelines, Norovirus, wastewater, WHO Guidelines}, author = {Mara, Duncan and Hamilton, Andrew and Sleigh, Andrew and Karavarsamis, Natalie} } @article {9564, title = {{Disseminated infection with a new genovar of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in a renal transplant recipient}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, pages = {2651{\textendash}2653}, author = {Talabani, H and Sarfati, C and Pillebout, E and van Gool, T and Derouin, F and Menotti, J} } @article {4028, title = {{Dissolved air flotation and me}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, pages = {2077{\textendash}2106}, author = {Edzwald, JK} } @article {15702, title = {Dissolved air flotation and me}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, month = {Apr}, pages = {2077-106}, edition = {2010/01/26}, keywords = {*Algorithms, Air, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Eukaryota/isolation \& purification, Solubility, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/*methods, Water Supply/*analysis/standards, Water/parasitology}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Edzwald, J. K.} } @article {4973, title = {{Distribution of freshwater snails in family-based VAC ponds and associated waterbodies with special reference to intermediate hosts of fish-borne zoonotic trematodes in Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {116}, year = {2010}, pages = {15{\textendash}23}, author = {Dung, BT and Madsen, H and The DT} } @article {13320, title = {Distribution of virulence factors and molecular fingerprinting of Aeromonas species isolates from water and clinical samples: suggestive evidence of water-to-human transmission}, journal = {Applied Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, year = {2010}, pages = {2313 - 2325}, author = {B K Khajanchi and A A Fadl and M A Borchardt and Berg, RL and A J Horneman and Stemper, ME and S W Joseph and Moyer, NP and Sha, J and Chopra, AK} } @article {17278, title = {Diversity and abundance of zoonotic pathogens and indicators in manures of feedlot cattle in Australia}, journal = {Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.}, volume = {76}, number = {20}, year = {2010}, pages = {6947-6950}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Klein, Marcus and Brown, Leearna and Tucker, Robyn W and Ashbolt, Nicholas J and Stuetz, Richard M and Roser, David J} } @article {13226, title = {Diversity and population structure of sewage-derived microorganisms in wastewater treatment plant influent}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {12}, year = {2010}, pages = {378-392}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02075.x}, author = {McLellan, SL and Huse, SM and S R Mueller-Spitz and Andreishcheva, EN and Sogin, ML} } @article {5859, title = {{Diversity and population structure of sewage-derived microorganisms in wastewater treatment plant influent.}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {feb}, pages = {378{\textendash}392}, author = {McLellan, S L and Huse, S M and Mueller-Spitz, S R and Andreishcheva, E N and Sogin, M L} } @article {14376, title = {Diversity and population structure of sewage-derived microorganisms in wastewater treatment plant influent.}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {feb}, pages = {378{\textendash}392}, author = {McLellan, S L and Huse, S M and Mueller-Spitz, S R and Andreishcheva, E N and Sogin, M L} } @article {10607, title = {{Does water hyacinth on east African lakes promote cholera outbreaks?}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {83}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {370{\textendash}373}, author = {Feikin, DR and Tabu, CW and Gichuki, J} } @article {6609, title = {Drinking water turbidity and emergency department visits for gastrointestinal illness in {Atlanta}, 1993{\textendash}2004}, journal = {Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {19{\textendash}28}, url = {http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v20/n1/abs/jes200868a.html}, author = {Tinker, Sarah C. and Christine L Moe and Klein, Mitchel and Flanders, W. Dana and Uber, Jim and Amirtharajah, Appiah and Singer, Philip and Tolbert, Paige E.} } @article {13222, title = {Dynamics of Aeromonas species isolated from wastewater treatment system}, journal = {Journal of Water Health}, volume = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {703-711}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2010.140}, author = {Martone-Rocha, S. and Piveli, R. P. and Matte, G. R. and Doria, M. C. and Dropa, M. and Morita, M. and Peternella, F. A. and Matte, M. H.} } @article {9953, title = {{Dynamics of HEV viremia, fecal shedding and its relationship with transaminases and antibody response in patients with sporadic acute hepatitis E}}, journal = {Virology Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2010}, pages = {213}, abstract = {

Background: There is paucity of data regarding duration of fecal excretion and viremia on sequential samples from individual patients and its correlation with serum transaminases and antibody responses in patients with acute hepatitis E. This prospective study was undertaken at a tertiary care center in Northern India over 15 months. Only those patients of sporadic acute hepatitis E who were in their first week of illness and followed up weekly for liver function tests, IgM anti HEV antibody and HEV RNA in sera and stool were included. HEV RNA was done by RT -nPCR using two pairs of primers from RdRp region of ORF 1 of the HEV genome. Results: Over a period of 15 months 60 patients met the inclusion criterion and were enrolled for the final analysis. The mean age of the patients was 29.2 \± 8.92 years, there were 39 males. The positivity of IgM anti HEV was 80{\%} at diagnosis and 18.3{\%} at 7th week, HEV RNA 85{\%} at diagnosis and 6.6{\%} at 7th week and fecal RNA 70{\%} at the time of diagnosis and 20{\%} at 4th week. The maximum duration of viremia detected was 42 days and fecal viral shedding was 28 days after the onset of illness. Conclusion: Present study reported HEV RNA positivity in sera after normalization of transaminases. Fecal shedding was not seen beyond normalization of transaminases. However, viremia lasted beyond normalization of transaminases suggesting that liver injury is independent of viral replication. Background

}, url = {http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/845/art{\%}253A10.1186{\%}252F1743-422X-7-213.pdf?originUrl=http{\%}3A{\%}2F{\%}2Fvirologyj.biomedcentral.com{\%}2Farticle{\%}2F10.1186{\%}2F1743-422X-7-213{\&}token2=exp=1497522498{~}acl={\%}2Fstatic{\%}2Fpdf{\%}2F845{\%}2Fart}, author = {Chandra, Nidhi S and Sharma, Asha and Malhotra, Bharti and Rai, Ramesh R} } @article {2937, title = {Echinococcus multilocularis and its intermediate host: a model of parasite-host interplay}, journal = {Journal of Biomedicine \& Biotechnology}, volume = {2010}, year = {2010}, pages = {923193}, abstract = {Host-parasite interactions in the E. multilocularis-intermediate host model depend on a subtle balance between cellular immunity, which is responsible for host{\textquoteright}s resistance towards the metacestode, the larval stage of the parasite, and tolerance induction and maintenance. The pathological features of alveolar echinococcosis. the disease caused by E. multilocularis, are related both to parasitic growth and to host{\textquoteright}s immune response, leading to fibrosis and necrosis, The disease spectrum is clearly dependent on the genetic background of the host as well as on acquired disturbances of Th1-related immunity. The laminated layer of the metacestode, and especially its carbohydrate components, plays a major role in tolerance induction. Th2-type and anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-beta, as well as nitric oxide, are involved in the maintenance of tolerance and partial inhibition of cytotoxic mechanisms. Results of studies in the experimental mouse model and in patients suggest that immune modulation with cytokines, such as interferon-alpha, or with specific antigens could be used in the future to treat patients with alveolar echinococcosis and/or to prevent this very severe parasitic disease.}, keywords = {Animal, Animals, Cytokines, Disease Models, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Mice}, issn = {1110-7251}, doi = {10.1155/2010/923193}, author = {Vuitton, Dominique Ang{\`e}le and Gottstein, Bruno} } @article {10209, title = {{Ecological control of fecal indicator bacteria in an urban stream}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {631{\textendash}637}, author = {Surbeck, CQ and Jiang, SC and Grant, SB} } @mastersthesis {6942, title = {The ecology and economics of alien invasive species with a case study from the {South} {African} {Fynbos}}, year = {2010}, note = {3414157}, school = {Princeton University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Biological invasion by alien species is a global phenomenon that is associated with an array of ecological and economic impacts. This thesis consist of three parts, each of which aims to improve our understanding of these impacts. Part I reviews the literature on invasive species and ecosystem services and provides an overview of Parts II and III. Part II investigates the impacts of alien species on biodiversity using theoretical neutral models of community ecology. Part III investigates the impacts of alien species on ecosystem function and ecosystem services with a case study from South Africa. The central question in Part II of the thesis is whether macroscopic biogeographical patterns of invasion can be explained by simple neutral ecological models that do not invoke species-specific fitness differences. Part II lays the groundwork for rigorous tests of the classic spatially implicit model of neutral theory against data from invaded ecosystems. Chapter II.1 presents analytical results that relate the immigration parameter of the neutral theory to the parameters of dispersal kernels. This result is important because it assigns biological meaning to the immigration parameter and allows the spatially implicit model to be compared to data without relying on curve-fitting procedures. For a tropical forest community in Panama, I find acceptable correspondence between the estimate of the immigration parameter derived from dispersal kernels and previous curve-fitted values. Chapter II.2 presents an analytical proof that neutral and niche models predict asymptotically equivalent species abundance distributions in high-diversity ecosystems. This result is important because it suggests that neutral drift can govern species abundances even when strong niche structure exists. Thus, neutral models are robust, parsimonious models of diversity, although they cannot be used to infer an absence of niche structure or to predict ecosystem function. Chapter III.3 investigates the time-dependent solutions of the neutral model, which are essential for applying the theory to invasions. I present analytical expressions for the time-dependent solutions, and illustrate the results with numerical simulations. I present species abundance and richness data from chronosequences of sites in invaded grassland and forest ecosystems, but comparisons with the theoretical results are difficult because of confounding factors that vary systematically across the chronosequences. To facilitate future progress in the application of neutral theory to invasions, I propose that (i) the analytical time-dependent solutions need to be simplified to allow quantitative confrontation with data; and (ii) permanent plots should be established in invaded ecosystems to test theories from invasion biology and community ecology more generally. The central question of Part III of the thesis is whether afforestation of a South African Fynbos catchment with alien invasive Pinus radiata trees is economically viable when the potential benefits of carbon sequestration and timber production are balanced against the potential losses to water supply. In Chapter III.1, I present field data showing that changes in soil carbon under plantations, hitherto a crucial unknown, are negligible in the context any economic analysis. In Chapter III.2, I use a dynamic ecological-economic model to show that afforestation is currently economically unviable from the perspective of society, but that it appears viable to the forestry industry because of water subsidies and that the future viability of afforestation is highly uncertain because of uncertainty in economic parameters. Part III concludes with recommendations that water tariffs be raised to align the incentives of forestry companies with those of society, that future studies on this topic should utilise non-probabilistic decision theory because of the large uncertainties in future economic conditions, and that global climate legislation should be explicit as to whether afforestation of native vegetation with alien trees is a legitimate climate-change mitigation strategy.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0528:Natural Resource Management, Biological sciences, Ecology, Fynbos catchment, Grasslands, Health and environmental sciences, Invasive species, Natural Resource Management, South Africa, Species abundances}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/578495722?accountid=14270}, author = {Chisholm, Ryan Alistair} } @article {8611, title = {{Effect of estuarine wetland degradation on transport of Toxoplasma gondii surrogates from land to sea}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {20}, year = {2010}, pages = {6821{\textendash}6828}, author = {Shapiro, K and Conrad, PA and Mazet, JAK and Wallender, WW and Miller, WA and Largier, JL} } @article {8932, title = {Effect of pre- and post-UV disinfection conditions on photoreactivation of fecal coliforms in wastewater effluents}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {2885-2893}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.003}, url = {://WOS:000277882000020 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135410000801/1-s2.0-S0043135410000801-main.pdf?_tid=c93c4f08-5e5c-11e6-85bd-00000aacb361\&acdnat=1470766509_66eed36113119d273ed0b5f629fa8eb0}, author = {Hallmich, C. and Gehr, R.} } @article {14004, title = {Effect of starvation on survival and adhesion ability of {Shigella} spp. in domestic treatment plant effluent microcosms}, journal = {Annals of Microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {may}, pages = {383{\textendash}389}, abstract = {The survival of bacteria in natural environments is of practical importance. In this study, we investigated the effect of starvation on the survival and adhesion ability of Shigella in domestic treatment plant effluent microcosms after incubation at either room temperature or \{4\{\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textdegree\}C\} for 1\~{}month. Our results showed that the number of cells decreased considerably after this period of stress. We also revealed some modifications to the biochemical and enzymatic profiles, and antibiotic susceptibility of stressed cells. Adherence assays to the human oral cavity epidermoid carcinoma \{(KB)\} cell line revealed an increase in the number of adherent cells from 0.7 to 1.85\% after 1\~{}month of incubation in domestic treatment plant effluent.}, issn = {1590-4261}, doi = {10.1007/s13213-010-0053-0}, author = {Ellafi, Ali and Abdallah, Fethi Ben and Bakhrouf, Amina} } @article {7992, title = {{Effect of starvation on survival and adhesion ability of Shigella spp. in domestic treatment plant effluent microcosms}}, journal = {Annals of Microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {may}, pages = {383{\textendash}389}, abstract = {The survival of bacteria in natural environments is of practical importance. In this study, we investigated the effect of starvation on the survival and adhesion ability of Shigella in domestic treatment plant effluent microcosms after incubation at either room temperature or {\{}4{\{}$\backslash$textdegree{\}}C{\}} for 1{\~{}}month. Our results showed that the number of cells decreased considerably after this period of stress. We also revealed some modifications to the biochemical and enzymatic profiles, and antibiotic susceptibility of stressed cells. Adherence assays to the human oral cavity epidermoid carcinoma {\{}(KB){\}} cell line revealed an increase in the number of adherent cells from 0.7 to 1.85{\%} after 1{\~{}}month of incubation in domestic treatment plant effluent.}, issn = {1590-4261}, doi = {10.1007/s13213-010-0053-0}, author = {Ellafi, Ali and Abdallah, Fethi Ben and Bakhrouf, Amina} } @article {2227, title = {{Effect of starvation on survival and adhesion ability of Shigella spp. in domestic treatment plant effluent microcosms}}, journal = {Annals of Microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {may}, pages = {383{\textendash}389}, abstract = {The survival of bacteria in natural environments is of practical importance. In this study, we investigated the effect of starvation on the survival and adhesion ability of Shigella in domestic treatment plant effluent microcosms after incubation at either room temperature or \{4\{$\backslash$textdegree\}C\} for 1\~{}month. Our results showed that the number of cells decreased considerably after this period of stress. We also revealed some modifications to the biochemical and enzymatic profiles, and antibiotic susceptibility of stressed cells. Adherence assays to the human oral cavity epidermoid carcinoma \{(KB)\} cell line revealed an increase in the number of adherent cells from 0.7 to 1.85\% after 1\~{}month of incubation in domestic treatment plant effluent.}, issn = {1590-4261}, doi = {10.1007/s13213-010-0053-0}, author = {Ellafi, Ali and Abdallah, Fethi Ben and Bakhrouf, Amina} } @article {14807, title = {Effect of starvation on survival and adhesion ability of {Shigella} spp. in domestic treatment plant effluent microcosms}, journal = {Annals of Microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {may}, pages = {383{\textendash}389}, abstract = {The survival of bacteria in natural environments is of practical importance. In this study, we investigated the effect of starvation on the survival and adhesion ability of Shigella in domestic treatment plant effluent microcosms after incubation at either room temperature or \{4\{\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$textdegree\}C\} for 1\~{}month. Our results showed that the number of cells decreased considerably after this period of stress. We also revealed some modifications to the biochemical and enzymatic profiles, and antibiotic susceptibility of stressed cells. Adherence assays to the human oral cavity epidermoid carcinoma \{(KB)\} cell line revealed an increase in the number of adherent cells from 0.7 to 1.85\% after 1\~{}month of incubation in domestic treatment plant effluent.}, issn = {1590-4261}, doi = {10.1007/s13213-010-0053-0}, author = {Ellafi, Ali and Abdallah, Fethi Ben and Bakhrouf, Amina} } @conference {13415, title = {{The Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of Ascaris Ova In Urine Diversion Waste}}, booktitle = {WISA 2010 Biennial Conference}, year = {2010}, address = {Durban, South Africa}, keywords = {conidiophores viability, metarhizium anisopliae, product shelf life, relative humidity}, author = {Hawksworth, D and Archer, C and Rajcoomar, K and Buckley, C and T A Stenstr{\"o}m} } @article {12498, title = {Effect of temperature on the fate of genes encoding tetracycline resistance and the integrase of class 1 integrons within anaerobic and aerobic digesters treating municipal wastewater solids}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {23}, year = {2010}, pages = {9128-9133}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Diehl, David L and LaPara, Timothy M} } @article {10871, title = {Effect of transient sodium chloride shock loads on the performance of submerged membrane bioreactor}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {101}, number = {18}, year = {2010}, pages = {7054{\textendash}7061}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Yogalakshmi, KN and Joseph, Kurian} } @article {11887, title = {Effects of Disinfectants on Toxocara canis Embryogenesis and Larval Establishment in Mice Tissues}, journal = {Zoonoses and Public Health}, volume = {57}, year = {2010}, pages = {e213-e216}, author = {Verocai, G. and Tavares, P. and De A. Ribeiro, F. and Correia, T. and Scott, F.} } @mastersthesis {7151, title = {Effects of habitat quality on secondary production in shallow estuarine waters and the consequences for the benthic-pelagic food web}, year = {2010}, note = {3401115}, school = {The College of William and Mary}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Anthropogenic degradation of coastal and estuarine habitats is an ongoing problem facing scientists, natural resource mangers, and the general public. Decreases in habitat quality produce relatively predictable changes in the structure and composition of macrobenthic communities and it has traditionally been assumed that the ecosystem functions of the community change as well. In Chesapeake Bay, the most pervasive cause for the degradation of benthic habitats is the excessive inputs of nutrients that lead to eutrophication and the accumulation of organic matter in the system. Working within this framework, a study was conducted investigating changes in macrobenthic (i.e., secondary) production along a gradient of eutrophication-driven changes in habitat quality in shallow subtidal Chesapeake Bay. To determine if changes in macrobenthic community structure and function alter the food web of these systems, the effects of habitat quality on the utility of the macrobenthos as a food source to nekton via a predator exclusion experiment and a stable isotopic ( 15 N and 13 C) study on the diet of the macrobenthos and nekton were examined along a portion of the aforementioned gradient in habitat quality. There was strong evidence indicating that in depositional habitats of the saline estuary, macrobenthic 2{\textdegree} production decreased with decreasing habitat quality. There was also some indication that in non-depositional habitats, water column eutrophication did not act as a stressor to the benthos; instead providing food subsidies to the macrobenthos and leading to an increase in community 2{\textdegree} production (primarily filter-feeders). The predator exclusion experiment illustrated that changes in macrobenthic community structure and production had an impact on the suitability of the habitat as forage areas for benthivoric nekton. The degree of predation pressure was not, however, related to habitat quality. Instead it appears to have been related to the presence/absence of large amounts of bivalve production. Additionally, results indicate that bioturbation of sediments by nekton searching for prey items also had negative effects on the production of deep deposit-feeding and small interface-feeding fauna. Based upon the patterns in stable isotopes of the fauna and the organic matter pools, there was little impact of habitat degradation on consumption by most of the macrobenthic feeding guilds. There was some indication of prey/organic matter switching among the omnivores and shallow-deposit feeding fauna at different sites, but not in relation to habitat quality. Results also showed that most of the macrobenthos collected from shallow subtidal habitats were not dependent upon microphytobenthos as a primary food source. Isotopic values indicate that most of the macrobenthos were feeding upon a mix of microphytobenthos, phytoplankton, sediment, and detritus, all of which was likely processed, to some degree, by sediment bacteria. Considered together, these results illustrate how eutrophic-driven habitat degradation negatively impacts the functioning of shallow water estuarine food webs and that the impacts are realized through the macrobenthos. This dissertation provides evidence supporting the assumptions that ecosystem function can be linked to macrobenthic community structure and provides an avenue to incorporate changes of environmental quality into predictions about the productivity, and consequently, the management of natural resources.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0415:Physical oceanography, 0768:Environmental science, Biological sciences, Chesapeake Bay, Earth sciences, Ecology, Environmental science, Estuarine waters, Food webs, Habitat quality, Health and environmental sciences, Physical oceanography, Secondary production}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305230684?accountid=14270}, author = {Gillett, David James} } @article {14720, title = {Effects of source water quality on chlorine inactivation of adenovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, and murine norovirus}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {76}, year = {2010}, month = {aug}, pages = {5159{\textendash}64}, abstract = {More information is needed on the disinfection efficacy of chlorine for viruses in source water. In this study, chlorine disinfection efficacy was investigated for USEPA Contaminant Candidate List viruses coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), echovirus 1 (E1), murine norovirus (MNV), and human adenovirus 2 (HAdV2) in one untreated groundwater source and two partially treated surface waters. Disinfection experiments using pH 7 and 8 source water were carried out in duplicate, using 0.2 and 1 mg/liter free chlorine at 5 and 15 degrees C. The efficiency factor Hom (EFH) model was used to calculate disinfectant concentration x contact time (CT) values (mg x min/liter) required to achieve 2-, 3-, and 4-log(10) reductions in viral titers. In all water types, chlorine disinfection was most effective for MNV, with 3-log(10) CT values at 5 degrees C ranging from {\textless} or = 0.020 to 0.034. Chlorine disinfection was least effective for CVB5 in all water types, with 3-log(10) CT values at 5 degrees C ranging from 2.3 to 7.9. Overall, disinfection proceeded faster at 15 degrees C and pH 7 for all water types. Inactivation of the study viruses was significantly different between water types, but no single source water had consistently different inactivation rates than another. CT values for CVB5 in one type of source water exceeded the recommended CT values set forth by USEPA{\textquoteright}s Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems using Surface Water Sources. The results of this study demonstrate that water quality plays a substantial role in the inactivation of viruses and should be considered when developing chlorination plans.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Adenoviruses, Chlorine/*pharmacology, Disinfectants/*pharmacology, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*drug effects, Human/*drug effects, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microbial Viability/drug effects, Norovirus/*drug effects, Viral Load, Virus Inactivation}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00869-10}, author = {Kahler, A. M. and Cromeans, T. L. and Roberts, J. M. and Hill, V. R.} } @article {15002, title = {Effects of source water quality on chlorine inactivation of adenovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, and murine norovirus}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {76}, year = {2010}, month = {aug}, pages = {5159{\textendash}64}, abstract = {More information is needed on the disinfection efficacy of chlorine for viruses in source water. In this study, chlorine disinfection efficacy was investigated for USEPA Contaminant Candidate List viruses coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), echovirus 1 (E1), murine norovirus (MNV), and human adenovirus 2 (HAdV2) in one untreated groundwater source and two partially treated surface waters. Disinfection experiments using pH 7 and 8 source water were carried out in duplicate, using 0.2 and 1 mg/liter free chlorine at 5 and 15 degrees C. The efficiency factor Hom (EFH) model was used to calculate disinfectant concentration x contact time (CT) values (mg x min/liter) required to achieve 2-, 3-, and 4-log(10) reductions in viral titers. In all water types, chlorine disinfection was most effective for MNV, with 3-log(10) CT values at 5 degrees C ranging from {\textbackslash}textless or = 0.020 to 0.034. Chlorine disinfection was least effective for CVB5 in all water types, with 3-log(10) CT values at 5 degrees C ranging from 2.3 to 7.9. Overall, disinfection proceeded faster at 15 degrees C and pH 7 for all water types. Inactivation of the study viruses was significantly different between water types, but no single source water had consistently different inactivation rates than another. CT values for CVB5 in one type of source water exceeded the recommended CT values set forth by USEPA{\textquoteright}s Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems using Surface Water Sources. The results of this study demonstrate that water quality plays a substantial role in the inactivation of viruses and should be considered when developing chlorination plans.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Adenoviruses, Chlorine/*pharmacology, Disinfectants/*pharmacology, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*drug effects, Human/*drug effects, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microbial Viability/drug effects, Norovirus/*drug effects, Viral Load, Virus Inactivation}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00869-10}, author = {Kahler, A. M. and Cromeans, T. L. and Roberts, J. M. and Hill, V. R.} } @article {4513, title = {Effects of source water quality on chlorine inactivation of adenovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, and murine norovirus}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {15}, year = {2010}, pages = {5159{\textendash}64}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Kahler, A. M. and Cromeans, T. L. and Roberts, J. M. and Hill, V. R.} } @article {1330, title = {Effects of source water quality on chlorine inactivation of adenovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, and murine norovirus}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {76}, number = {15}, year = {2010}, note = {Kahler, Amy M Cromeans, Theresa L Roberts, Jacquelin M Hill, Vincent R Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S. United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {5159-64}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {More information is needed on the disinfection efficacy of chlorine for viruses in source water. In this study, chlorine disinfection efficacy was investigated for USEPA Contaminant Candidate List viruses coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), echovirus 1 (E1), murine norovirus (MNV), and human adenovirus 2 (HAdV2) in one untreated groundwater source and two partially treated surface waters. Disinfection experiments using pH 7 and 8 source water were carried out in duplicate, using 0.2 and 1 mg/liter free chlorine at 5 and 15 degrees C. The efficiency factor Hom (EFH) model was used to calculate disinfectant concentration x contact time (CT) values (mg x min/liter) required to achieve 2-, 3-, and 4-log(10) reductions in viral titers. In all water types, chlorine disinfection was most effective for MNV, with 3-log(10) CT values at 5 degrees C ranging from < or = 0.020 to 0.034. Chlorine disinfection was least effective for CVB5 in all water types, with 3-log(10) CT values at 5 degrees C ranging from 2.3 to 7.9. Overall, disinfection proceeded faster at 15 degrees C and pH 7 for all water types. Inactivation of the study viruses was significantly different between water types, but no single source water had consistently different inactivation rates than another. CT values for CVB5 in one type of source water exceeded the recommended CT values set forth by USEPA{\textquoteright}s Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems using Surface Water Sources. The results of this study demonstrate that water quality plays a substantial role in the inactivation of viruses and should be considered when developing chlorination plans.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ drug effects Chlorine/ pharmacology Disinfectants/ pharmacology Enterovirus/ drug effects Enterovirus B, Human/ drug effects Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Microbial Viability/drug effects Norovirus/ drug effects Viral Load Virus Inactivation Water Microbiology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Kahler, A. M. and Cromeans, T. L. and Roberts, J. M. and Hill, V. R.} } @article {15836, title = {Effects of weather variability on infectious gastroenteritis}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {138}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {Feb}, pages = {236-43}, edition = {2009/08/15}, keywords = {*Weather, Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology, Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Japan/epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, Seasons}, isbn = {0950-2688}, author = {Onozuka, D. and Hashizume, M. and Hagihara, A.} } @article {6021, title = {{Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {376}, number = {9744}, year = {2010}, pages = {895{\textendash}902}, author = {Wang, H and Yang, CL and Jiang, HM and Cai, JP and Wang, YJ and Ai, X and Hu, YM and Tang, Q and Yao, X and Yan, Q and Xian, YL and Wu, T and Li, YM and Miao, J and Ng, MH and Shih, JW and N S Xia}, editor = {Zhu FC} } @article {5389, title = {{Efficacy of constructed wetlands for removal of bacterial contamination from agriculture return flows}}, journal = {Agricultural Water Management}, volume = {97}, year = {2010}, pages = {1813{\textendash}1821}, author = {Diaz, FJ and O{\textquoteright}Geen, AT and Dahlgren, RA} } @article {16475, title = {Efficacy of Waterless Hand Hygiene Compared with Handwashing with Soap: A Field Study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {82}, year = {2010}, pages = {270-278}, author = {Pickering, A. J. and Boehm, A.B. and Mwanjali, M. and Davis, J.} } @article {16145, title = {Efficiency of filtration technique for isolation of leptospires from surface waters: Role of different membranes with different pore size and materials}, journal = {African Journal of Microbiology ResearchAfrican Journal of Microbiology Research}, volume = {4}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, note = {Cited By :4
Export Date: 24 January 2017}, pages = {671-676}, type = {Article}, abstract = {The objective of this research focused on evaluation of membrane filters application for isolation of Leptospira from surface water samples. The filter materials evaluated included nitrocellulose (0.22 and 0.45 μm pore diameters), polyvinylidene fluoride (Durapore 0.22 and 0.40 μm pore diameters), nylon mesh (37 μm), and glass fiber (1.0 μm). Millipore polyvinylidene fluoride filter (0.22 μm) was examined by scanning electron microscopy to verify that leptospires were present following filtration. Our results suggest for isolate nearly 100\% of Leptospira from water samples, the optimal pore diameter should be less than 0.45 μm (a standard pore size used to detect indicator microorganisms in 100 ml of water). Although filtration method can be used to isolation leptospires from surface water samples, it is unclear whether this is a useful method for detection of all leptospires exist within surface water samples. Accordingly, a large proportion of leptospires can be retained by membrane filter with a pore diameter commonly used to isolate leptospires from surface water samples (0.45 μm pore size). {\textcopyright} 2010 Academic Journals.}, keywords = {Filtration technique, Leptospira, leptospirosis}, author = {Kaboosi, H. and Razavi, M. R. and al Sadat Noohi, A.} } @article {11330, title = {Elimination of Taenia solium transmission to pigs in a field trial of the TSOL18 vaccine in Cameroon}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {40}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {515-519}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0020-7519}, author = {Assana, E. and Kyngdon, C. T. and Gauci, C. G. and Geerts, S. and Dorny, P. and De Deken, R. and Anderson, G. A. and Zoli, A. P. and Lightowlers, M. W.} } @book {16606, title = {Emergency {Excreta} {Disposal} {Standards} and {Options} for {Haiti}. {Leicestershire}, {UK}: {DINEPA} ({Direction} {Nationale} de l{\textquoteright}{Eau} {Potable} et de l{\textquoteright}{Assainissement}) and {Global} {WASH} {Cluster}}, year = {2010}, author = {Reed, B} } @booklet {12850, title = {Emergency Excreta Disposal Standards and Options for Haiti. Leicestershire, UK: DINEPA (Direction Nationale de l{\textquoteright}Eau Potable et de l{\textquoteright}Assainissement) and Global WASH Cluster}, year = {2010}, author = {Reed, B} } @article {11820, title = {{Endohelminth parasites from salmonids in intensive culture from suthern Chile}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {96}, year = {2010}, pages = {669{\textendash}670}, author = {Torres, P and Quintanilla, J C and Rozas, M and Miranda, P and Ibarra, R and San Martin, M F and Raddatz, B and Wolter, M and Villegas, A and Canobra, C} } @article {15652, title = {Engaging with the water sector for public health benefits: waterborne pathogens and diseases in developed countries}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {88}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, month = {Nov 1}, pages = {873-5}, edition = {2010/11/16}, keywords = {*Developed Countries, *Public Health, *Water Microbiology, Communicable Disease Control/*methods, Evidence-based practice, Global Health, Health Status, Humans, Population Surveillance, Public Health Practice, Water Pollution/*prevention \& control, Water Purification/economics/standards, Water Supply/*standards}, isbn = {0042-9686}, author = {Bridge, J. W. and Oliver, D. M. and Chadwick, D. and Godfray, H. C. and Heathwaite, A. L. and Kay, D. and Maheswaran, R. and McGonigle, D. F. and Nichols, G. and Pickup, R. and Porter, J. and Wastling, J. and Banwart, S. A.} } @article {9218, title = {{Engaging with the water sector for public health benefits: waterborne pathogens and diseases in developed countries}}, journal = {Bull World Health Organ}, volume = {88}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {873{\textendash}875}, author = {Bridge, JW and Oliver, DM and Chadwick, D and Godfray, HC and Heathwaite, AL and Kay, D and Maheswaran, R and McGonigle, DF and Nichols, G and Pickup, R and Porter, J and Wastling, J and Banwart, SA} } @inbook {9361, title = {{Entamoeba species, including amebiasis}}, booktitle = {Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett{\textquoteright}s principles and practice of infectious diseases}, year = {2010}, pages = {3411{\textendash}3425}, publisher = {Churchill Livingstone}, organization = {Churchill Livingstone}, edition = {7th}, address = {Philadelphia, PA}, author = {Petri, W and Haque, R} } @article {6664, title = {Enteric {Virus} {Infection} {Risk} from {Intrusion} of {Sewage} into a {Drinking} {Water} {Distribution} {Network}}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {22}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {8561{\textendash}8566}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es101266k}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es101266k}, author = {Teunis, P. F. M. and Xu, M. and Fleming, K. K. and Yang, J. and Moe, C. L. and LeChevallier, M. W.} } @article {7903, title = {Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli disrupts epithelial cell tight junctions}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {78}, year = {2010}, pages = {4958{\textendash}4964}, author = {Strauman, Maura C and Harper, Jill M and Harrington, Susan M and Erik J Boll and Nataro, James P} } @article {8171, title = {Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). In Diarrhoeal diseases}, year = {2010} } @article {2465, title = {{Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). In Diarrhoeal diseases: Avaible online http://www.who.int/vaccine\_research/disease/diarrhoeal/en/index4.html}}, year = {2010}, author = {World Health Organization (WHO)} } @article {14281, title = {Enterotoxigenic {Escherichia} coli ({ETEC}). {In} {Diarrhoeal} diseases: {Avaible} online http://www.who.int/vaccine\_research/disease/diarrhoeal/en/index4.html}, year = {2010}, author = {World Health Organization (WHO)} } @article {5064, title = {Enterovirus 71 infection with central nervous system involvement, {South} {Korea}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {1764{\textendash}1766}, author = {Ryu, WS and Hong, J and Hwang, S and Kim, A and Kim, J and Cheon, DS} } @inbook {1853, title = {Enteroviruses and parechoviruses.}, booktitle = {Manual of Clinical Microbiology.}, year = {2010}, pages = {1388-1399}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, organization = {American Society for Microbiology}, type = {Book Section}, chapter = {85}, address = {Washington, DC }, author = {Stellrecht, K. A and Lamson, D. M. and Romero, J. R.}, editor = {Versalovic, J. and Carroll, K. C. and Funke, G. and Jorgensen, J. H. and Landry, M. L. and Warnock, D. W.} } @article {5717, title = {{Environmental Conditions Leading to Shellfish Contamination and Related Outbreaks}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {136{\textendash}145}, author = {Maalouf, H and Pommepuy, M and Le Guyader, FS} } @article {15343, title = {Environmental inducers of schistosomiasis mansoni in Campinas, Brazil}, journal = {Geospat Health}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, note = {Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Italy}, month = {Nov}, pages = {79-91}, abstract = {Human occupation/activity in the suburbs of the large cities in Brazil, together with high social vulnerability associated with poor living conditions, influence the dynamics of schistosomiasis mansoni as well as several other emerging and re-emerging diseases. Previous notification data surveys for Campinas, Sao Paulo state, Brazil, carried out by the Information System for Notification Disease, show that there are distinct prevalence differences across healthcare districts of the city. This paper supports the hypothesis that the distribution of schistosomiasis is not random and that the centralized location of cases are linked to human behaviour, in particular to human activities that interfere with basic landscape structure. This paper analyzes the spatial patterns of the parasitic worm Schistosoma mansoni and its intermediate host Biomphalaria comparing disease prevalence with natural conditions and the current pattern of territory occupation by the population. The spatial and hierarchical distribution of factors related to the environmental conditions and land use that indicate the risk for schistosomiasis has been surveyed. It was found that landscape characteristics define the areas at risk for this endemic disease and, as a result, a risk map comprising different risk classes was established. This risk map highlights the regions prone to become new foci for infection or that serves to maintain an existing focus. The research approach used attempts to introduce "geotechnology", i.e. a social application in which better knowledge about these foci, designated endemic "hot spots" can assist preventive public intervention measures in a way that is inexpensive and easy to handle.}, keywords = {*Environment, Animals, Brazil/epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks/statistics \& numerical data, Geographic Information Systems, Geography, Health Surveys, Humans, Models, Statistical, prevalence, Risk Assessment, Schistosoma mansoni/*isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/transmission}, isbn = {1970-7096 (Electronic)
1827-1987 (Linking)}, author = {Anaruma Filho, F. and Sant{\textquoteright}Ana, J. M. and dos Santos, R. F. and Castagna, C. L.} } @article {14455, title = {Environmental surveillance and molecular characterization of human enteric viruses in tropical urban wastewaters}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {109}, year = {2010}, month = {aug}, pages = {716{\textendash}30}, abstract = {AIMS: To study the prevalence and genotypes of waterborne pathogenic viruses in urban wastewaters in the tropical region. METHODS AND RESULTS: Viruses in wastewaters collected at three water reclamation plants in Singapore were studied by molecular methods. Over a 6-month sampling period, adenoviruses, astroviruses and both norovirus genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) were detected in 100\% of the sewage and secondary effluent. Enteroviruses and hepatitis A viruses (HAV) were found in 94 and 78\% of sewage, and 89 and 28\% of secondary effluent, respectively. By using quantitative real-time PCR, estimated concentrations of astrovirus in the sewage were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those for adenovirus, noroviruses GI and GII. Genotyping of environmental isolates revealed multiple genotypes of GI and GII noroviruses. Coxsackieviruses A, astrovirus type 1 and adenovirus type 41 were prevalent. Norovirus GII/4 and coxsackievirus A24 isolates in wastewaters were closely related to respective outbreak strains isolated previously in Singapore. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the widespread occurrence of all tested enteric virus groups in urban wastewaters. Genetic diversity of astroviruses, enteroviruses and noroviruses in the tropical region was observed. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The high prevalence and great genetic diversity of human enteric viruses in urban wastewaters strongly supports the need of further comprehensive studies for evaluating the public health risk associated with viral pathogens in water environments.}, keywords = {*Environmental Monitoring, *Water Microbiology, Adenoviridae/genetics/isolation \& purification, Astroviridae/classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, Cities, Coliphages/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, genotype, Hepatitis A virus/isolation \& purification, Humans, Norovirus/classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Sewage/*virology, Singapore, Tropical Climate, Viruses/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04701.x}, author = {Aw, T. G. and Gin, K. Y.} } @article {16974, title = {Environmental surveillance and molecular characterization of human enteric viruses in tropical urban wastewaters}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {716{\textendash}730}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Aw, TG and Gin, KY-H} } @article {9943, title = {{Environmental surveillance and molecular characterization of human enteric viruses in tropical urban wastewaters}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {716{\textendash}730}, abstract = {To study the prevalence and genotypes of waterborne pathogenic viruses in urban wastewaters in the tropical region.}, keywords = {Enteric viruses, Genotyping, Noroviruses, Quantitative real-time PCR, urban sewage}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1364-5072 (Linking)}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04701.x}, author = {Aw, T. G. and Gin, K. Y H} } @article {10421, title = {Environmental Surveillance and Molecular Characterization of Human Enteric Viruses in Tropical Urban Wastewaters}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, year = {2010}, pages = {716-30}, author = {T G Aw and K Y Gin} } @article {3539, title = {Environmental surveillance and molecular characterization of human enteric viruses in tropical urban wastewaters.}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {716{\textendash}730}, author = {T G Aw and K Y Gin} } @article {4963, title = {{Epidemiological investigation of Clonorchis sinensis infection in freshwater fishes in the Pearl River Delta}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {107}, year = {2010}, pages = {835{\textendash}839}, author = {Chen, D and Chen, J and Huang, J and Chen, X and Feng, D and Liang, B and Che, Y and Liu, X and Zhu, C and Li, X and Shen, H} } @article {11702, title = {{Epidemiological investigation on sparganosis mansoni and animal experiments}}, journal = {Chinese Journal of Parasitology Parasitic Diseases}, volume = {28}, year = {2010}, pages = {132{\textendash}134}, author = {Lin, XM and Liu, CJ and Zhang, HW and Zheng, LY and Yan, QY and He, LJ and Zhao, XD} } @article {5684, title = {{Epidemiology and Genetic Characterization of Hepatitis A Virus Genotype IIA}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {3306{\textendash}3315}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.00667-10}, author = {Desbois, D and Couturier, E and Mackiewicz, V and Graube, A and Letort, MJ and Dussaix, E and Roque-Afonso, AM} } @article {4882, title = {{Epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis: A review focusing in endemic areas}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {115}, year = {2010}, pages = {181{\textendash}193}, author = {Chacin-Bonilla, L} } @article {13815, title = {Epidemiology of {Helicobacter} pylori infection and {Public} {Health} {Implications}}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {15}, number = {SUPPL. 1}, year = {2010}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, abstract = {This article summarizes the published literature concerning the epidemiology and public health implications of Helicobacter pylori infection published from April 2009 through March 2010. Prevalence of infection varied between 7 and 87\% and was lower in European studies. All retrieved studies examining transmission of infection concluded that spread is from person-to-person. One study collecting stool and vomitus samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis detected H. pylori DNA in 88\% of vomitus and 74\% of stool samples. Proposed risk factors for infection included male gender, increasing age, shorter height, tobacco use, lower socioeconomic status, obesity, and lower educational status of the parents in studies conducted among children. Decision analysis models suggest preventing acquisition of H. pylori, via vaccination in childhood, could be cost-effective and may reduce incidence of gastric cancer by over 40\%. As yet, no country has adopted public health measures to treat infected individuals or prevent infection in populations at risk.}, keywords = {Incidence, prevalence, Transmission}, issn = {10834389}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00779.x}, author = {Ford, Alexander C. and Axon, Anthony T R} } @article {8186, title = {{Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and Public Health Implications}}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {15}, number = {SUPPL. 1}, year = {2010}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, abstract = {This article summarizes the published literature concerning the epidemiology and public health implications of Helicobacter pylori infection published from April 2009 through March 2010. Prevalence of infection varied between 7 and 87{\%} and was lower in European studies. All retrieved studies examining transmission of infection concluded that spread is from person-to-person. One study collecting stool and vomitus samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis detected H.~pylori DNA in 88{\%} of vomitus and 74{\%} of stool samples. Proposed risk factors for infection included male gender, increasing age, shorter height, tobacco use, lower socioeconomic status, obesity, and lower educational status of the parents in studies conducted among children. Decision analysis models suggest preventing acquisition of H.~pylori, via vaccination in childhood, could be cost-effective and may reduce incidence of gastric cancer by over 40{\%}. As yet, no country has adopted public health measures to treat infected individuals or prevent infection in populations at risk.}, keywords = {Incidence, prevalence, Transmission}, isbn = {1083-4389}, issn = {10834389}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00779.x}, author = {Ford, Alexander C. and Axon, Anthony T R} } @article {8296, title = {Epidemiology of peptic ulcer disease: endoscopic results of the systematic investigation of gastrointestinal disease in China}, journal = {The American Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {105}, year = {2010}, pages = {2570{\textendash}2577}, author = {Li, Zhaoshen and Zou, Duowu and Ma, Xiuqiang and Chen, Jie and Shi, Xingang and Gong, Yanfang and Man, Xiaohua and Gao, Li and Zhao, Yanfang and Wang, Rui and others} } @article {9873, title = {{Eradication of Blastocystis carriage with antimicrobials: reality of delusion?}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, pages = {85{\textendash}90}, doi = {10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181bb86ba}, author = {Stensvold, CR and Smith, HV and Nagel, R and Olsen, KEP and Traub, RJ} } @article {11387, title = {Eradication of Taenia solium cysticercosis: A role for vaccination of pigs}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {40}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {1183-1192}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7F-502GHDJ-1/2/b8791f06acd99c014b656a78ed8d4817}, author = {Lightowlers, Marshall W.} } @article {11327, title = {ESCCAP Guideline No. 1 Worm Control in Dogs and Cats, 2nd Edition}, year = {2010}, institution = {European Scientific Council for Companion Animal Parasites}, url = {http://www.esccap.org/uploads/docs/nkzqxmxn_esccapgl1endoguidelines.pdf } } @article {16348, title = {Escherichia coli and enterococci are sensitive and reliable indicators for human, livestock and wildlife faecal pollution in alpine mountainous water resources}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {1599-1608}, author = {Farnleitner, A. H. and Ryzinska-Paier, G. and Reischer, GH and Burtscher, M. M. and Knetsch, S. and Kirschner, A. K. and Dirnbock, T. and Kuschnig, G. and Mach, R. L. and Sommer, R.} } @mastersthesis {7370, title = {Essays on banking and urban economic development}, year = {2010}, note = {3470482}, school = {Brown University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation consists of three chapters focusing on banking and urban economic development across cities in Brazil. One chapter examines whether cities with banks experience faster economic growth compared to cities without banks. Since bank locations are endogenous with respect to local economic conditions, this chapter uses the fact that some banks are government-owned and their branch locations are likely to be driven partly by politics. 1 match cities based on their propensity to have a bank branch and instrument using political variables to obtain the treatment-on-treated, average treatment, and local average treatment effects of having a bank branch. My estimates suggest that introducing a bank branch by 1980 into a location that does not have one increases average annual GDP per capita growth between 1980 and 1996 by approximately 1.5 percentage points, while the local average treatment effect for cities that are induced into having a state-owned bank branch because of politics is on the order of 3 percentage points (approximately a one standard deviation increase in the average annual GDP per capita growth rate). The second chapter explores what happens once state-owned banks are privatized between 1997 and 2006. Comparing the economic performance of small cities whose state-owned banks are privatized with cities that either do not experience privatization or where state-owned banks play only a minor role, my results suggest that once state-owned banks are privatized, small cities experience relative declines in lending, high-skilled, and industrial employment. A third chapter explores how large and wealthy cities in Brazil might try to exclude poor migrants from entering when an informal housing sector exists. My results suggest that large and wealthy cities withhold public services such as water connections to small houses in which migrants are likely to live in order to make living conditions more difficult and dissuade migrants from entering the informal housing sector. There is evidence that under-provision of services is an effective deterrent to the growth of low-skilled households.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0508:Finance, Banking, economics, Finance, Social sciences, Urban economic development}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/744393476?accountid=14270}, author = {Feler, Leo} } @article {10203, title = {{Estimated human health risks from exposure to recreational waters impacted by human and non-human sources of faecal contamination}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {16}, year = {2010}, pages = {4674{\textendash}4691}, author = {Soller, JA and Schoen, ME and Bartrand, T and Ravenscroft, JE and Ashbolt, NJ} } @article {4607, title = {Estimating the primary etiologic agents in recreational freshwaters impacted by human sources of faecal contamination}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {16}, year = {2010}, pages = {4736{\textendash}47}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.064}, author = {Soller, J. A. and Bartrand, T. and Ashbolt, N. J. and Ravenscroft, J. and Wade, T. J.} } @article {567, title = {Estimating the primary etiologic agents in recreational freshwaters impacted by human sources of faecal contamination}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, number = {16}, year = {2010}, note = {1879-2448 Soller, Jeffrey A Bartrand, Timothy Ashbolt, Nicholas J Ravenscroft, John Wade, Timothy J Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. England Water Res. 2010 Sep;44(16):4736-47. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.064. Epub 2010 Jul 29.}, pages = {4736-47}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Epidemiology studies of recreational waters have demonstrated that swimmers exposed to faecally-contaminated recreational waters are at risk of excess gastrointestinal illness. Epidemiology studies provide valuable information on the nature and extent of health effects, the magnitude of risks, and how these risks are modified or associated with levels of faecal contamination and other measures of pollution. However, such studies have not provided information about the specific microbial agents that are responsible for the observed illnesses in swimmers. The objective of this work was to understand more fully the reported epidemiologic results from studies conducted on the Great Lakes in the US during 2003 and 2004 by identifying pathogens that could have caused the observed illnesses in those studies. We used a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) approach to estimate the likelihood of pathogen-induced adverse health effects. The reference pathogens used for this analysis were Norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Two QMRA-based approaches were used to estimate the pathogen combinations that would be consistent with observed illness rates: in the first, swimming-associated gastrointestinal (GI) illnesses were assumed to occur in the same proportion as known illnesses in the US due to all non-foodborne sources, and in the second, pathogens were assumed to occur in the recreational waters in the same proportion as they occur in disinfected secondary effluent. The results indicate that human enteric viruses and in particular, Norovirus could have caused the vast majority of the observed swimming-associated GI illnesses during the 2003/2004 water epidemiology studies. Evaluation of the time-to-onset of illness strongly supports the principal finding and sensitivity analyses support the overall trends of the analyses even given their substantial uncertainties.}, keywords = {Bacteria/isolation \& purification Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/transmission Feces/*microbiology/virology Fresh Water/*analysis/microbiology/parasitology/virology Gastroenteritis/epidemiology/etiology Humans Norovirus/isolation \& purificatio}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.064}, author = {Soller, J. A. and Bartrand, T. and Ashbolt, N. J. and Ravenscroft, J. and Wade, T. J.} } @article {16696, title = {Estimation of norovirus and {Ascaris} infection risks to urban farmers in developing countries using wastewater for crop irrigation}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {572{\textendash}576}, author = {Mara, D. and Sleigh, A.} } @article {15258, title = {Estimation of norovirus and {Ascaris} infection risks to urban farmers in developing countries using wastewater for crop irrigation.}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {572{\textendash}576}, abstract = {A quantitative microbial risk analysis - Monte Carlo method was used to estimate norovirus and Ascaris infection risks to urban farmers in developing countries watering their crops with wastewater. For a tolerable additional disease burden of <=10-4 DALY loss per person per year (pppy), equivalent to 1 percent of the diarrhoeal disease burden in developing countries, a norovirus reduction of 1-2 log units and an Ascaris egg reduction to 10-100 eggs per litre are required. These are easily achieved by minimal wastewater treatment - for example, a sequential batch-fed three tank/pond system. Hygiene improvement through education and regular deworming are essential complementary inputs to protect the health of urban farmers.}, keywords = {Agriculture, ascaris, Norovirus, QMRA, Quantitative microbial risk analysis, reuse, Urban, wastewater}, author = {Mara, Duncan and Sleigh, A} } @article {13676, title = {{Estimation of norovirus and Ascaris infection risks to urban farmers in developing countries using wastewater for crop irrigation.}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {572{\textendash}576}, abstract = {A quantitative microbial risk analysis - Monte Carlo method was used to estimate norovirus and Ascaris infection risks to urban farmers in developing countries watering their crops with wastewater. For a tolerable additional disease burden of <=10-4 DALY loss per person per year (pppy), equivalent to 1 percent of the diarrhoeal disease burden in developing countries, a norovirus reduction of 1-2 log units and an Ascaris egg reduction to 10-100 eggs per litre are required. These are easily achieved by minimal wastewater treatment - for example, a sequential batch-fed three tank/pond system. Hygiene improvement through education and regular deworming are essential complementary inputs to protect the health of urban farmers.}, keywords = {Agriculture, ascaris, Norovirus, QMRA, Quantitative microbial risk analysis, reuse, Urban, wastewater}, author = {Mara, Duncan and Sleigh, A} } @article {6888, title = {Estimators of annual probability of infection for quantitative microbial risk assessment}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {08}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {jun}, pages = {365}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2010.045}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2010.045}, author = {Karavarsamis, N. and Hamilton, A. J.} } @article {7168, title = {Estimators of annual probability of infection for quantitative microbial risk assessment}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {08}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {jun}, pages = {365}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2010.045}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/008/jwh0080365.htm}, author = {Karavarsamis, N. and Hamilton, A. J.} } @article {7531, title = {{Evaluating sewage-associated JCV and BKV polyomaviruses for sourcing human fecal pollution in a coastal river in Southeast Queensland, Australia}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {39}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {1743-1750}, abstract = {

In this study, the host-sensitivity and host-specificity of JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV) polyomaviruses were evaluated by testing wastewater and fecal samples from nine host groups in Southeast Queensland, Australia. The JCV and BKV polyomaviruses were detected in 63 human wastewater samples collected from primary and secondary effluent, suggesting high sensitivity of these viruses in human wastewater. In the 81 animal wastewater and fecal samples tested, 80 were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) negative for the JCV and BKV markers. Only one sample (out of 81 animal wastewater and fecal samples) from pig wastewater was positive. Nonetheless, the overall host-specificity of these viruses to differentiate between human and animal wastewater and fecal samples was 0.99. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Australia that reports on the high specificity of JCV and BKV polyomaviruses. To evaluate the field application of these viral markers for detecting human fecal pollution, 20 environmental samples were collected from a coastal river. In the 20 samples tested, 15{\%} (3/20) and 70{\%} (14/20) samples exceeded the regulatory guidelines for Escherichia coli and enterococci levels for marine waters. In all, five (25{\%}) samples were PCR positive for JCV and BKV, indicating the presence of human fecal pollution in the coastal river investigated. The results suggest that JCV and BKV detection using PCR could be a useful tool for identifying human-sourced fecal pollution in coastal waters. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2010 by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. All rights reserved.

}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2010.0062}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Wan, C. and Goonetilleke, A. and Gardner, T.} } @article {13731, title = {Evaluating sewage-associated {JCV} and {BKV} polyomaviruses for sourcing human fecal pollution in a coastal river in {Southeast} {Queensland}, {Australia}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {39}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, abstract = {In this study, the host-sensitivity and host-specificity of JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV) polyomaviruses were evaluated by testing wastewater and fecal samples from nine host groups in Southeast Queensland, Australia. The JCV and BKV polyomaviruses were detected in 63 human wastewater samples collected from primary and secondary effluent, suggesting high sensitivity of these viruses in human wastewater. In the 81 animal wastewater and fecal samples tested, 80 were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) negative for the JCV and BKV markers. Only one sample (out of 81 animal wastewater and fecal samples) from pig wastewater was positive. Nonetheless, the overall host-specificity of these viruses to differentiate between human and animal wastewater and fecal samples was 0.99. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Australia that reports on the high specificity of JCV and BKV polyomaviruses. To evaluate the field application of these viral markers for detecting human fecal pollution, 20 environmental samples were collected from a coastal river. In the 20 samples tested, 15\% (3/20) and 70\% (14/20) samples exceeded the regulatory guidelines for Escherichia coli and enterococci levels for marine waters. In all, five (25\%) samples were PCR positive for JCV and BKV, indicating the presence of human fecal pollution in the coastal river investigated. The results suggest that JCV and BKV detection using PCR could be a useful tool for identifying human-sourced fecal pollution in coastal waters. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2010 by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2010.0062}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Wan, C. and Goonetilleke, A. and Gardner, T.} } @article {13739, title = {Evaluation of a novel electropositive filter for the concentration of viruses from diverse water matrices.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Human enteric viruses are important agents of waterborne illness. They are diffusely distributed in environmental waters, necessitating concentration of tens to hundreds of litres for effective detection. This study evaluates the novel ViroCap disposable capsule filter for concentration of coliphage MS2 and poliovirus (PV1) from deionised (DI) water and artificial seawater, as well as natural ground, surface, and seawater. Retention and recoveries for the ViroCap were compared with two well-characterised filters: the 1MDS for DI water, and the OptiCap XL for artificial seawater. The mean adsorption for MS2 by the ViroCap was 88\%. Recovery of MS2 was significantly greater (p{\textbackslash}textless or=0.01) than alternative filters tested: 65\% from DI water and 63\% from artificial seawater, compared to 30\% for the 1MDS and 15\% for the OptiCap for the respective matrices. Recovery of PV1 from DI water (37\%) was similar to that of the 1MDS (51\%). PV1 recoveries from artificial seawater were significantly greater (p{\textbackslash}textless or =0.01) for the ViroCap (44\%) than the OptiCap (11\%). Recovery of MS2 from seeded environmental samples yielded 44\% from groundwater, 53\% from surface water, and 51\% from seawater. ViroCap disposable filter is efficient for concentrating MS2 and PV1 from diverse matrices and is robust across a range of ionic concentrations.}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.819}, author = {Bennett, H.B. and O{\textquoteright}Dell, H.D. and Norton, G. and Shin, G. and Hsu, F.C. and Meschke, J.S.} } @article {14466, title = {Evaluation of a novel electropositive filter for the concentration of viruses from diverse water matrices}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {61}, year = {2010}, pages = {317{\textendash}22}, abstract = {Human enteric viruses are important agents of waterborne illness. They are diffusely distributed in environmental waters, necessitating concentration of tens to hundreds of litres for effective detection. This study evaluates the novel ViroCap disposable capsule filter for concentration of coliphage MS2 and poliovirus (PV1) from deionised (DI) water and artificial seawater, as well as natural ground, surface, and seawater. Retention and recoveries for the ViroCap were compared with two well-characterised filters: the 1MDS for DI water, and the OptiCap XL for artificial seawater. The mean adsorption for MS2 by the ViroCap was 88\%. Recovery of MS2 was significantly greater (p{\textless} or=0.01) than alternative filters tested: 65\% from DI water and 63\% from artificial seawater, compared to 30\% for the 1MDS and 15\% for the OptiCap for the respective matrices. Recovery of PV1 from DI water (37\%) was similar to that of the 1MDS (51\%). PV1 recoveries from artificial seawater were significantly greater (p{\textless} or =0.01) for the ViroCap (44\%) than the OptiCap (11\%). Recovery of MS2 from seeded environmental samples yielded 44\% from groundwater, 53\% from surface water, and 51\% from seawater. ViroCap disposable filter is efficient for concentrating MS2 and PV1 from diverse matrices and is robust across a range of ionic concentrations.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Electrochemical Techniques/*instrumentation/*methods, Water Purification/*instrumentation/*methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.819}, author = {Bennett, H. B. and O{\textquoteright}Dell, H. D. and Norton, G. and Shin, G. and Hsu, F. C. and Meschke, J. S.} } @article {1465, title = {Evaluation of a novel electropositive filter for the concentration of viruses from diverse water matrices}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, note = {Bennett, H B O{\textquoteright}Dell, H D Norton, G Shin, G Hsu, F-C Meschke, J S eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. England 2010/01/29 06:00 Water Sci Technol. 2010;61(2):317-22. doi: 10.2166/wst.2010.819.}, pages = {317-22}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human enteric viruses are important agents of waterborne illness. They are diffusely distributed in environmental waters, necessitating concentration of tens to hundreds of litres for effective detection. This study evaluates the novel ViroCap disposable capsule filter for concentration of coliphage MS2 and poliovirus (PV1) from deionised (DI) water and artificial seawater, as well as natural ground, surface, and seawater. Retention and recoveries for the ViroCap were compared with two well-characterised filters: the 1MDS for DI water, and the OptiCap XL for artificial seawater. The mean adsorption for MS2 by the ViroCap was 88\%. Recovery of MS2 was significantly greater (p< or=0.01) than alternative filters tested: 65\% from DI water and 63\% from artificial seawater, compared to 30\% for the 1MDS and 15\% for the OptiCap for the respective matrices. Recovery of PV1 from DI water (37\%) was similar to that of the 1MDS (51\%). PV1 recoveries from artificial seawater were significantly greater (p< or =0.01) for the ViroCap (44\%) than the OptiCap (11\%). Recovery of MS2 from seeded environmental samples yielded 44\% from groundwater, 53\% from surface water, and 51\% from seawater. ViroCap disposable filter is efficient for concentrating MS2 and PV1 from diverse matrices and is robust across a range of ionic concentrations.}, keywords = {Electrochemical Techniques/*instrumentation/*methods *Water Microbiology Water Purification/*instrumentation/*methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.819}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20107257}, author = {Bennett, H. B. and O{\textquoteright}Dell, H. D. and Norton, G. and Shin, G. and Hsu, F. C. and Meschke, J. S.} } @article {7539, title = {{Evaluation of a novel electropositive filter for the concentration of viruses from diverse water matrices.}}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {317{\textendash}322}, abstract = {

Human enteric viruses are important agents of waterborne illness. They are diffusely distributed in environmental waters, necessitating concentration of tens to hundreds of litres for effective detection. This study evaluates the novel ViroCap disposable capsule filter for concentration of coliphage MS2 and poliovirus (PV1) from deionised (DI) water and artificial seawater, as well as natural ground, surface, and seawater. Retention and recoveries for the ViroCap were compared with two well-characterised filters: the 1MDS for DI water, and the OptiCap XL for artificial seawater. The mean adsorption for MS2 by the ViroCap was 88{\%}. Recovery of MS2 was significantly greater (p{\textless} or=0.01) than alternative filters tested: 65{\%} from DI water and 63{\%} from artificial seawater, compared to 30{\%} for the 1MDS and 15{\%} for the OptiCap for the respective matrices. Recovery of PV1 from DI water (37{\%}) was similar to that of the 1MDS (51{\%}). PV1 recoveries from artificial seawater were significantly greater (p{\textless} or =0.01) for the ViroCap (44{\%}) than the OptiCap (11{\%}). Recovery of MS2 from seeded environmental samples yielded 44{\%} from groundwater, 53{\%} from surface water, and 51{\%} from seawater. ViroCap disposable filter is efficient for concentrating MS2 and PV1 from diverse matrices and is robust across a range of ionic concentrations.

}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.819}, author = {Bennett, H.B. and O{\textquoteright}Dell, H.D. and Norton, G. and Shin, G. and Hsu, F.C. and Meschke, J.S.} } @article {14770, title = {Evaluation of a novel electropositive filter for the concentration of viruses from diverse water matrices.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Human enteric viruses are important agents of waterborne illness. They are diffusely distributed in environmental waters, necessitating concentration of tens to hundreds of litres for effective detection. This study evaluates the novel ViroCap disposable capsule filter for concentration of coliphage MS2 and poliovirus (PV1) from deionised (DI) water and artificial seawater, as well as natural ground, surface, and seawater. Retention and recoveries for the ViroCap were compared with two well-characterised filters: the 1MDS for DI water, and the OptiCap XL for artificial seawater. The mean adsorption for MS2 by the ViroCap was 88\%. Recovery of MS2 was significantly greater (p{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless or=0.01) than alternative filters tested: 65\% from DI water and 63\% from artificial seawater, compared to 30\% for the 1MDS and 15\% for the OptiCap for the respective matrices. Recovery of PV1 from DI water (37\%) was similar to that of the 1MDS (51\%). PV1 recoveries from artificial seawater were significantly greater (p{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless or =0.01) for the ViroCap (44\%) than the OptiCap (11\%). Recovery of MS2 from seeded environmental samples yielded 44\% from groundwater, 53\% from surface water, and 51\% from seawater. ViroCap disposable filter is efficient for concentrating MS2 and PV1 from diverse matrices and is robust across a range of ionic concentrations.}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.819}, author = {Bennett, H.B. and O{\textquoteright}Dell, H.D. and Norton, G. and Shin, G. and Hsu, F.C. and Meschke, J.S.} } @article {14868, title = {Evaluation of a novel electropositive filter for the concentration of viruses from diverse water matrices}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {61}, year = {2010}, pages = {317{\textendash}22}, abstract = {Human enteric viruses are important agents of waterborne illness. They are diffusely distributed in environmental waters, necessitating concentration of tens to hundreds of litres for effective detection. This study evaluates the novel ViroCap disposable capsule filter for concentration of coliphage MS2 and poliovirus (PV1) from deionised (DI) water and artificial seawater, as well as natural ground, surface, and seawater. Retention and recoveries for the ViroCap were compared with two well-characterised filters: the 1MDS for DI water, and the OptiCap XL for artificial seawater. The mean adsorption for MS2 by the ViroCap was 88\%. Recovery of MS2 was significantly greater (p{\textbackslash}textless or=0.01) than alternative filters tested: 65\% from DI water and 63\% from artificial seawater, compared to 30\% for the 1MDS and 15\% for the OptiCap for the respective matrices. Recovery of PV1 from DI water (37\%) was similar to that of the 1MDS (51\%). PV1 recoveries from artificial seawater were significantly greater (p{\textbackslash}textless or =0.01) for the ViroCap (44\%) than the OptiCap (11\%). Recovery of MS2 from seeded environmental samples yielded 44\% from groundwater, 53\% from surface water, and 51\% from seawater. ViroCap disposable filter is efficient for concentrating MS2 and PV1 from diverse matrices and is robust across a range of ionic concentrations.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Electrochemical Techniques/*instrumentation/*methods, Water Purification/*instrumentation/*methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.819}, author = {Bennett, H. B. and O{\textquoteright}Dell, H. D. and Norton, G. and Shin, G. and Hsu, F. C. and Meschke, J. S.} } @inbook {1276, title = {Evaluation of Adenovirus and E. coli as indicators for human enteric viruses presence in mussels produced in La Spezia Gulf (Italy)}, booktitle = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {50}, year = {2010}, note = {Serracca, L Verani, M Battistini, R Rossini, I Carducci, A Ercolini, C Evaluation Studies Letters in applied microbiology LAM2820 [pii] Lett Appl Microbiol. 2010 May;50(5):462-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02820.x. Epub 2010 Feb 8.}, pages = {462-7}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {AIMS: The purpose of this work was to verify whether E. coli is a good indicator of viral contamination in mussels and Adenovirus could represent a better alternative as indicator organism of viral presence to guarantee consumer health protection. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighty samples of mussels from La Spezia Gulf were analysed for E. coli, Salmonella, Adenovirus, Norovirus and hepatitis A virus with cultural and biomolecular tests. The results of bacterial parameters showed E. coli within the law{\textquoteright}s limits and the absence of Salmonella. Twelve samples were positive for Adenovirus presence, one for Norovirus genogroup II and two for hepatitis A virus. None of these positive mussels was found to be contaminated with more than one virus at the same time. CONCLUSION: This study showed that there was not a direct correlation between the presence of human pathogenic viruses and bacterial indicators. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Both E. coli and Adenovirus cannot be considered valid substitutes for the direct research of human pathogenic viruses in mussels. To improve consumer health protection, the European Commission will provide standardized methods for Norovirus and hepatitis A virus detection as soon as possible.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/ isolation \& purification Animals Bivalvia/ microbiology/ virology Consumer Product Safety Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification Escherichia coli/genetics/ isolation \& purification Food Analysis/ methods Food Contamination/ a}, isbn = {1472-765X (Electronic) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02820.x}, author = {Serracca, L. and Verani, M. and Battistini, R. and Rossini, I. and Carducci, A. and Ercolini, C.} } @article {4601, title = {Evaluation of {Adenovirus} and {E}. coli as indicators for human enteric viruses presence in mussels produced in {La} {Spezia} {Gulf} ({Italy})}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {50}, year = {2010}, pages = {462{\textendash}7}, isbn = {1472-765X (Electronic) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, author = {Serracca, L. and Verani, M. and Battistini, R. and Rossini, I. and Carducci, A. and Ercolini, C.} } @article {16425, title = {Evaluation of genetic markers from the 16S rRNA gene V2 region for use in quantitative detection of selected Bacteroidales species and human fecal waste by real-time PCR}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {33}, year = {2010}, pages = {348-357}, author = {Haugland, R.A. and Varma, M. and Kelty, C.A. and Peed, L. and Sivaganesan, M. and Shanks, O.C.} } @article {10109, title = {{Evaluation of genetic markers from the 16S rRNA gene V2 region for use in quantitative detection of selected Bacteroidales species and human fecal waste by qPCR}}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {33}, year = {2010}, pages = {348{\textendash}357}, author = {Haugland, RA and Varma, M and Sivaganesan, M and Kelty, C and Peed, L and Shanks, OC} } @article {10110, title = {{Evaluation of genetic markers from the 16S rRNA gene V2 region for use in quantitative detection of selected Bacteroidales species and human fecal waste by qPCR}}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {348{\textendash}357}, author = {Haugland, RA and Varma, M and Sivaganesan, M and Kelty, C and Peed, L and Shanks, OC} } @article {4658, title = {Evaluation of methodology for detection of human adenoviruses in wastewater, drinking water, stream water and recreational waters}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {108}, year = {2010}, pages = {800-809}, author = {Dong, Y and Kim, J and Lewis, GD} } @article {14559, title = {Evaluation of methodology for detection of human adenoviruses in wastewater, drinking water, stream water and recreational waters}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {108}, year = {2010}, month = {mar}, pages = {800{\textendash}9}, abstract = {{AIMS: This study evaluates dialysis filtration and a range of PCR detection methods for identification and quantification of human adenoviruses in a range of environmental waters. METHODS AND RESULTS: Adenovirus was concentrated from large volumes (50-200 l) of environmental and potable water by hollow fibre microfiltration using commercial dialysis filters. By this method, an acceptable recovery of a seeded control bacteriophage MS2 from seawater (median 95.5\%, range 36-98\%}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Adenoviruses, Bathing Beaches, Cell Line, DNA, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Filtration/methods, Fluid, Human/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Pilot Projects, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Recreation, Rivers/*virology, Seawater/virology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral/isolation \& purification, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants/isolation \& purification, Water Pollution/analysis}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04477.x}, author = {Dong, Y. and Kim, J. and Lewis, G. D.} } @article {14921, title = {Evaluation of methodology for detection of human adenoviruses in wastewater, drinking water, stream water and recreational waters}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {108}, year = {2010}, month = {mar}, pages = {800{\textendash}9}, abstract = {{AIMS: This study evaluates dialysis filtration and a range of PCR detection methods for identification and quantification of human adenoviruses in a range of environmental waters. METHODS AND RESULTS: Adenovirus was concentrated from large volumes (50-200 l) of environmental and potable water by hollow fibre microfiltration using commercial dialysis filters. By this method, an acceptable recovery of a seeded control bacteriophage MS2 from seawater (median 95.5\%, range 36-98\%}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Adenoviruses, Bathing Beaches, Cell Line, DNA, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Filtration/methods, Fluid, Human/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Pilot Projects, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Recreation, Rivers/*virology, Seawater/virology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral/isolation \& purification, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants/isolation \& purification, Water Pollution/analysis}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04477.x}, author = {Dong, Y. and Kim, J. and Lewis, G. D.} } @article {4562, title = {Evaluation of multiplex type-specific real-time {PCR} assays using the {LightCycler} and joint biological agent identification and diagnostic system platforms for detection and quantitation of adult human respiratory adenoviruses}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {1397{\textendash}403}, issn = {0095-1137}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.01600-09}, author = {Metzgar, D. and Gibbins, C. and Hudson, N. R. and M S Jones} } @article {550, title = {Evaluation of multiplex type-specific real-time PCR assays using the LightCycler and joint biological agent identification and diagnostic system platforms for detection and quantitation of adult human respiratory adenoviruses}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, note = {1098-660x Metzgar, David Gibbins, Carl Hudson, N Ryan Jones, Morris S Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Apr;48(4):1397-403. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01600-09. Epub 2010 Jan 6.}, pages = {1397-403}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Every year, thousands of basic military trainees in each service of the U.S. Armed Forces experience acute respiratory disease. The majority of this disease burden results from infection with human adenoviruses. We designed single- and multiplex assays that detect and discriminate adenovirus types B3, E4, B7, B11, B14, and B21. A total of 116 oropharyngeal swab specimens obtained from patients at the Naval Health Research Center were used to validate the new assays. Type-specific singleplex assays were designed and used independently to successfully identify 94 representative patient specimens. The lower limits of detection for our singleplex real-time PCR assays were calculated to be 50, 500, 500, 50, 50, and 50 genomic copies per reaction for human adenovirus type B3 (HAdV-B3), HAdV-E4, HAdV-B7, HAdV-B11, HAdV-B14, and HAdV-B21, respectively. These were then multiplexed to increase efficiency and tested against singleplex assays using titrated controls. The HAdV-B3/B11 and HAdV-E4/B7 multiplex assays were as sensitive and specific as they were individually. The HAdV-B14/B21 multiplex assay was not as efficient at detecting HAdV-B14 as the singleplex assay. Interestingly, a statistically significant difference was found between the viral loads of HAdV-B14 and those of HAdV-B3, -E4, -B7, and -B21 (P < 0.001). The assays did not cross-react with other adenoviruses, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, or respiratory disease-causing bacteria. These assays have the potential to be useful as clinical diagnostic tools for the detection of HAdV infection in adult populations.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/*virology Adenoviruses, Human/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Adult Genotype Humans Military Personnel Oropharynx/virology Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Respiratory Tract Infections/*virology Sensitivity and Specificity United States Viral Load Virology/}, issn = {0095-1137}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.01600-09}, author = {Metzgar, D. and Gibbins, C. and Hudson, N. R. and M S Jones} } @article {10318, title = {Evaluation of pathogen removal in a solar sludge drying facility using microbial indicators}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Rublic Health}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {565{\textendash}582}, publisher = {Molecular Diversity Preservation International}, author = {Shanahan, Emily F and Roiko, Anne and Tindale, Neil W and Thomas, Michael P and Walpole, Ronald and Kurtb{\"o}ke, D{\.I}} } @article {1579, title = {Evaluation of positively charged alumina nanofibre cartridge filters for the primary concentration of noroviruses, adenoviruses and male-specific coliphages from seawater}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, note = {Gibbons, C D Rodriguez, R A Tallon, L Sobsey, M D England J Appl Microbiol. 2010 Aug;109(2):635-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04691.x. Epub 2010 Feb 19.}, pages = {635-41}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

AIM: To evaluate the electropositive, alumina nanofibre (NanoCeram) cartridge filter as a primary concentration method for recovering adenovirus, norovirus and male-specific coliphages from natural seawater. METHODS AND RESULTS: Viruses were concentrated from 40 l of natural seawater using a NanoCeram cartridge filter and eluted from the filter either by soaking the filter in eluent or by recirculating the eluent continuously through the filter using a peristaltic pump. The elution solution consisted of 3\% beef extract and 0.1 mol l(-1) of glycine. The method using a peristaltic pump was more effective in removing the viruses from the filter. High recoveries of norovirus and male-specific coliphages (\>96\%) but not adenovirus (\<3\%) were observed from seawater. High adsorption to the filter was observed for adenovirus and male-specific coliphages (\>98\%). The adsorption and recovery of adenovirus and male-specific coliphages were also determined for fresh finished water and source water. CONCLUSION: The NanoCeram cartridge filter was an effective primary concentration method for the concentration of norovirus and male-specific coliphages from natural seawater, but not for adenovirus, in spite of the high adsorption of adenovirus to the filter. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrates that NanoCeram cartridge filter is an effective primary method for concentrating noroviruses and male-specific coliphages from seawater, thereby simplifying collection and processing of water samples for virus recovery.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification Adsorption Aluminum Oxide/chemistry Coliphages/*isolation \& purification Filtration/instrumentation Fresh Water/virology Nanostructures/chemistry Norovirus/*isolation \& purification Seawater/*virology Water Microbiol}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04691.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20202019}, author = {Gibbons, C. D. and Rodriguez, R. A. and Tallon, L. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {14625, title = {Evaluation of positively charged alumina nanofibre cartridge filters for the primary concentration of noroviruses, adenoviruses and male-specific coliphages from seawater}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {109}, year = {2010}, month = {aug}, pages = {635{\textendash}41}, abstract = {AIM: To evaluate the electropositive, alumina nanofibre (NanoCeram) cartridge filter as a primary concentration method for recovering adenovirus, norovirus and male-specific coliphages from natural seawater. METHODS AND RESULTS: Viruses were concentrated from 40 l of natural seawater using a NanoCeram cartridge filter and eluted from the filter either by soaking the filter in eluent or by recirculating the eluent continuously through the filter using a peristaltic pump. The elution solution consisted of 3\% beef extract and 0.1 mol l(-1) of glycine. The method using a peristaltic pump was more effective in removing the viruses from the filter. High recoveries of norovirus and male-specific coliphages ({\textgreater}96\%) but not adenovirus ({\textless}3\%) were observed from seawater. High adsorption to the filter was observed for adenovirus and male-specific coliphages ({\textgreater}98\%). The adsorption and recovery of adenovirus and male-specific coliphages were also determined for fresh finished water and source water. CONCLUSION: The NanoCeram cartridge filter was an effective primary concentration method for the concentration of norovirus and male-specific coliphages from natural seawater, but not for adenovirus, in spite of the high adsorption of adenovirus to the filter. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrates that NanoCeram cartridge filter is an effective primary method for concentrating noroviruses and male-specific coliphages from seawater, thereby simplifying collection and processing of water samples for virus recovery.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification, Adsorption, Aluminum Oxide/chemistry, Coliphages/*isolation \& purification, Filtration/instrumentation, Fresh Water/virology, Nanostructures/chemistry, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Seawater/*virology, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/*instrumentation}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04691.x}, author = {Gibbons, C. D. and Rodriguez, R. A. and Tallon, L. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {14955, title = {Evaluation of positively charged alumina nanofibre cartridge filters for the primary concentration of noroviruses, adenoviruses and male-specific coliphages from seawater}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {109}, year = {2010}, month = {aug}, pages = {635{\textendash}41}, abstract = {AIM: To evaluate the electropositive, alumina nanofibre (NanoCeram) cartridge filter as a primary concentration method for recovering adenovirus, norovirus and male-specific coliphages from natural seawater. METHODS AND RESULTS: Viruses were concentrated from 40 l of natural seawater using a NanoCeram cartridge filter and eluted from the filter either by soaking the filter in eluent or by recirculating the eluent continuously through the filter using a peristaltic pump. The elution solution consisted of 3\% beef extract and 0.1 mol l(-1) of glycine. The method using a peristaltic pump was more effective in removing the viruses from the filter. High recoveries of norovirus and male-specific coliphages ({\textbackslash}textgreater96\%) but not adenovirus ({\textbackslash}textless3\%) were observed from seawater. High adsorption to the filter was observed for adenovirus and male-specific coliphages ({\textbackslash}textgreater98\%). The adsorption and recovery of adenovirus and male-specific coliphages were also determined for fresh finished water and source water. CONCLUSION: The NanoCeram cartridge filter was an effective primary concentration method for the concentration of norovirus and male-specific coliphages from natural seawater, but not for adenovirus, in spite of the high adsorption of adenovirus to the filter. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrates that NanoCeram cartridge filter is an effective primary method for concentrating noroviruses and male-specific coliphages from seawater, thereby simplifying collection and processing of water samples for virus recovery.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification, Adsorption, Aluminum Oxide/chemistry, Coliphages/*isolation \& purification, Filtration/instrumentation, Fresh Water/virology, Nanostructures/chemistry, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Seawater/*virology, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/*instrumentation}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04691.x}, author = {Gibbons, C. D. and Rodriguez, R. A. and Tallon, L. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {9794, title = {{Evaluation of the transmission of B. hominis by using PCR method}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {107}, year = {2010}, pages = {841{\textendash}845}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-010-1937-4}, author = {Eroglu, F and Koltas, IS} } @mastersthesis {6439, title = {An evidence based multi-activity handwashing education program in children}, year = {2010}, note = {3437930}, school = {University of North Florida}, type = {phdD.{N}.{P}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Proper handwashing is one of the simplest, most affordable and effective means of stopping the spread of infection. Due to the close proximity of children in schools and child care settings, there is a high risk for the spread of infectious disease. The purpose of this project was to improve handwashing behaviors of three to six year old children in a community school setting by implementing an evidence based multi-activity handwashing education program. The objective was to increase understanding of the relationship between germs and handwashing, as well as increase the frequency and correct technique procedure of handwashing behavior in children in the community. The evidence based handwashing education program was implemented over several weeks and included multiple activities that were found in the literature to be effective. These activities included a lecture and presentation, a return demonstration, a Glo Germ(TM) training device, and a video and story on handwashing. The results of the statistical analysis found that the program was effective in increasing both the frequency and correct technique procedure of the children. Most parents (80\%) reported that they noticed an increase in how often their child washes his/her hands. A majority of parents (83\%) noticed an increase in the duration of how long their child washes his/her hands; a larger majority (90\%) noticed a decrease in how often they needed to prompt their child to wash his/her hands. Nurses working collaboratively with other disciplines in the community can implement evidence based practice handwashing education programs in a variety of public child care settings. The effects of the handwashing programs may significantly decrease child healthcare costs associated with prescriptions, visits to the provider, hospital admissions and emergency room visits and influence positive health promotion behaviors in children. Implementing affordable and effective handwashing education programs can lead to a reduction in infectious diseases, absenteeism, antibiotic resistance and health care costs. By fostering positive health promotion practices, such as proper handwashing behaviors in children, habits may be instilled that carry into adulthood. These habits can increase the health of a child and the community.}, keywords = {0518:Early childhood education, 0569:Nursing, 0573:Public health, Children \& youth, Early childhood education, Education, Evidence-based nursing, Evidence-based practice, Hands, Handwashing education, Health and environmental sciences, Health promotion, Hygiene, Nursing, Public health, School nursing}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/845891625?accountid=14270}, author = {Annesi, Sandra M.} } @article {3614, title = {Evidence of the co-circulation of enteric viruses in sewage and in the population of Greater Cairo.}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {108}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {1620{\textendash}1629}, abstract = {

To characterize major enteric viruses (enterovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus) in the sewage of Greater Cairo and to compare the results with clinical data collected during the same period.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04562.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04562.x}, author = {Kamel, A H and Ali, M A and El-Nady, H G and Aho, S and Pothier, P and Belliot, G} } @article {6294, title = {Evolution of community-based arsenic removal systems in remote villages in {West} {Bengal}, {India}: assessment of decade-long operation}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {19}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {5813{\textendash}5822}, abstract = {In Bangladesh and the neighboring state of West Bengal, India, over 100 million people are affected by widespread arsenic poisoning through drinking water drawn from underground sources containing arsenic at concentrations well above the permissible limit of 50 μg/L. The health effects caused by arsenic poisoning in this area is as catastrophic as any other natural calamity that occurred throughout the world in recent times. Since 1997, over 200 community level arsenic removal units have been installed in Indian subcontinent through collaboration between Bengal Engineering and Science University (BESU), India and Lehigh University, USA. Approximately 200,000 villagers collect arsenic-safe potable water from these units on a daily basis. The treated water is also safe for drinking with regard to its total dissolved solids, hardness, iron and manganese content. The units use regenerable arsenic-selective adsorbents. Regular maintenance and upkeep of the units is administered by the villagers through formation of villagers{\textquoteright} water committee. The villagers contribute towards the cost of operation through collection of a small water tariff. Upon exhaustion, the adsorbents are regenerated in a central facility by a few trained villagers. The process of regeneration reduces the volume of disposable arsenic-laden solids by nearly two orders of magnitude and allows for the reuse of the adsorbent material. Finally, the arsenic-laden solids are contained on well-aerated coarse sand filters with minimum arsenic leaching. This disposal technique is scientifically more appropriate than dumping arsenic-loaded adsorbents in the reducing environment of landfills as currently practiced in developed countries including the United States. The design of the units underwent several modifications over last ten years to enhance the efficiency in terms of arsenic removal, ease of maintenance and ecologically safe containment and disposal of treatment residuals. The continued safe operation of these units has amply demonstrated that use of regenerable arsenic-selective adsorbents is quite viable in remote locations. The technology and associated socio-economic management of the units have matured over the years, generating promise for rapid replication in other severely arsenic-affected countries in Southeast Asia.}, keywords = {Adsorption, Arsenic, Arsenic Poisoning, Chemical, Consumer Participation, Humans, India, Rural Population, Water Pollutants, Water Purification}, issn = {1879-2448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.072}, author = {Sarkar, Sudipta and Greenleaf, John E. and Gupta, Anirban and Ghosh, Debabrata and Blaney, Lee M. and Bandyopadhyay, P. and Biswas, R. K. and Dutta, Amal K. and Sengupta, Arup K.} } @article {10743, title = {{Evolution of new variants of Vibrio cholerae O1}}, journal = {Trends in Microbiology}, volume = {18}, year = {2010}, pages = {46{\textendash}54}, author = {Safa, A and Nair, GB and Kong, RY} } @article {12509, title = {Excess costs and utilization associated with methicillin resistance for patients with Staphylococcus aureus infection}, journal = {Infection Control \& Hospital EpidemiologyInfection Control \& Hospital Epidemiology}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {365-373}, isbn = {0899-823X}, author = {Filice, Gregory A and Nyman, John A and Lexau, Catherine and Lees, Christine H and Bockstedt, Lindsay A and Como-Sabetti, Kathryn and Lesher, Lindsey J and Lynfield, Ruth} } @article {12691, title = {{Experimental observation on preservation method of Paragonimus metacercariae}}, journal = {Chin J Zoono}, volume = {26}, year = {2010}, pages = {401{\textendash}402}, author = {Zhuang, ZY and Lin, CX} } @article {2966, title = {Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {114}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {1{\textendash}16}, abstract = {The earlier recommendations of the WHO-Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (WHO-IWGE) for the treatment of human echinococcosis have had considerable impact in different settings worldwide, but the last major revision was published more than 10 years ago. Advances in classification and treatment of echinococcosis prompted experts from different continents to review the current literature, discuss recent achievements and provide a consensus on diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Among the recognized species, two are of medical importance -Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis - causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively. For CE, consensus has been obtained on an image-based, stage-specific approach, which is helpful for choosing one of the following options: (1) percutaneous treatment, (2) surgery, (3) anti-infective drug treatment or (4) watch and wait. Clinical decision-making depends also on setting-specific aspects. The usage of an imaging-based classification system is highly recommended. For AE, early diagnosis and radical (tumour-like) surgery followed by anti-infective prophylaxis with albendazole remains one of the key elements. However, most patients with AE are diagnosed at a later stage, when radical surgery (distance of larval to liver tissue of {\textbackslash}textgreater2cm) cannot be achieved. The backbone of AE treatment remains the continuous medical treatment with albendazole, and if necessary, individualized interventional measures. With this approach, the prognosis can be improved for the majority of patients with AE. The consensus of experts under the aegis of the WHO-IWGE will help promote studies that provide missing evidence to be included in the next update.}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Humans}, issn = {1873-6254}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.001}, author = {Brunetti, Enrico and Kern, Peter and Vuitton, Dominique Ang{\`e}le and Writing Panel for the WHO-IWGE} } @article {13076, title = {Factors affecting the performance and risks to human health of on-site wastewater treatment systems}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {62}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, pages = {1499{\textendash}1509}, author = {Levett, KJ and Vanderzalm, JL and Page, DW and Dillon, PJ} } @mastersthesis {6392, title = {Family study of high myopia : {Association} studies}, year = {2010}, note = {U585332}, school = {Cardiff University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {High myopia (more severe than -6.00 Diopters) is one of the leading causes of blindness and vision impairment in the world. Its prevalence has rapidly been growing and the estimated number of myopic people worldwide is expected to be 2.5 billion by the year 2020. My experimental work covered three topics: (1) characterization of the quantity and quality of mouth wash-extracted DNA (2) genetic association studies, and (3) evaluation of an imprinting effect in high myopia. Mouthwash-derived DNA is an important source of human DNA for large-scale genetic studies. Thus, potential methods of DNA quantification (spectrophotometry, fluorometry, gel electrophoresis and qPCR) and quality assessment (gel electrophoresis and PCR) were evaluated. Regarding DNA quantification methods, fluorometry compared favorably to the gold-standard qPCR. DNA quality assessments revealed that -10\% of collected buccal DNA samples were severely degraded{\textendash}a phenomenon that was shown to be partly subject-specific. Myopia association studies were performed for: genes in MYP regions, the myocilin gene, the collagen type I alpha 1 gene and the collagen type II alpha 1 gene. These genes have been linked to myopia because of their function and/or previous positive findings. All tests were performed on a combined dataset of complex high myopia pedigrees and cases/controls, applying likelihood ratio statistics and Bonferroni correction to account for multiple testing. The results suggested that none of the genes examined have an important influence on susceptibility to high myopia. There is greater resemblance of refractive error between siblings than between parents and offspring, implying the possibility of imprinting in the aetiology of myopia. Thus, tests for imprinting were performed on "trio" pedigrees, applying Z-score and T2-test statistics and permutation to account for multiple testing. The results tentatively suggested that parent-of- origin effects and/or by maternal effects contribute to myopia development.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU585332, 0381:Ophthalmology, Health and environmental sciences, Myopia, Ophthalmology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1371635295?accountid=14270}, author = {Zayats, Tetyana} } @article {13585, title = {Fasciolosis humana y animal en el Peru: Impacto en la economia de las zonas endimicas}, journal = {Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {604-612}, author = {Espinoza, J. R. and Terashima, A. and Herrera-Velit, P. and Marcos, L. A.} } @article {13662, title = {{Fate and risks of potentially toxic elements in wastewater-fed food production systems-the examples of Cambodia and Vietnam}}, journal = {Irrigation and Drainage Systems}, volume = {24}, number = {1-2}, year = {2010}, pages = {127{\textendash}142}, abstract = {Non-treated wastewater is used for irrigation of aquatic food production systems in the peri-urban areas of the major cities in Southeast Asia. This paper complement the knowledge on agricultural soil-based crops irrigated with low quality water, by reviewing the research findings on the wastewater-fed aquatic productions with special focus on heavy metals and other potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the production systems of Hanoi in Vietnam and Phnom Penh in Cambodia. In Hanoi, sediments in the wastewater exposed rivers of Hanoi were reported to be polluted with PTEs, in particular with Cadmium (Cd). The river sediment had a high retention capacity for PTEs which seems to prevent the transport of PTEs to the wastewater-fed production systems. In Phnom Penh, domestic and industrial wastewater is pumped into the Cheung Ek Lake located south of the city. A major part of the water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) consumed in the city is produced in the lake. The concentrations of some PTEs were elevated at the wastewater inlets to the lake compared to concentrations at the lake outlet and at the control site. Water spinach is by far the major vegetable produced in the wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom Penh, but did only contain PTEs in concentrations within or slightly above the concentration range observed for water spinach grown in agricultural soil not exposed to wastewater. PTE concentration in fish grown in wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom were low. However, mean PTE concentrations in liver and skin of some fish were high. Consumption of muscle tissue from fish produced in wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom Penh resulted in an estimated intake of PTEs amounting to less than 9{\%} of the tolerable intake. It was concluded, that the PTE concentrations in fish and water spinach from Hanoi and Cheung Ek Lake in Phnom Penh constituted low food safety risks for consumers.}, keywords = {Cadmium, Cambodia, Cd, Fish, Heavy metal, Heavy metals, Low quality water, Polluted sediments, PTE, Vietnam, Water spinach}, author = {Holm, Peter E. and Marcussen, Helle and Dalsgaard, Anders} } @article {15244, title = {Fate and risks of potentially toxic elements in wastewater-fed food production systems-the examples of {Cambodia} and {Vietnam}}, journal = {Irrigation and Drainage Systems}, volume = {24}, number = {1-2}, year = {2010}, pages = {127{\textendash}142}, abstract = {Non-treated wastewater is used for irrigation of aquatic food production systems in the peri-urban areas of the major cities in Southeast Asia. This paper complement the knowledge on agricultural soil-based crops irrigated with low quality water, by reviewing the research findings on the wastewater-fed aquatic productions with special focus on heavy metals and other potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the production systems of Hanoi in Vietnam and Phnom Penh in Cambodia. In Hanoi, sediments in the wastewater exposed rivers of Hanoi were reported to be polluted with PTEs, in particular with Cadmium (Cd). The river sediment had a high retention capacity for PTEs which seems to prevent the transport of PTEs to the wastewater-fed production systems. In Phnom Penh, domestic and industrial wastewater is pumped into the Cheung Ek Lake located south of the city. A major part of the water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) consumed in the city is produced in the lake. The concentrations of some PTEs were elevated at the wastewater inlets to the lake compared to concentrations at the lake outlet and at the control site. Water spinach is by far the major vegetable produced in the wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom Penh, but did only contain PTEs in concentrations within or slightly above the concentration range observed for water spinach grown in agricultural soil not exposed to wastewater. PTE concentration in fish grown in wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom were low. However, mean PTE concentrations in liver and skin of some fish were high. Consumption of muscle tissue from fish produced in wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom Penh resulted in an estimated intake of PTEs amounting to less than 9\% of the tolerable intake. It was concluded, that the PTE concentrations in fish and water spinach from Hanoi and Cheung Ek Lake in Phnom Penh constituted low food safety risks for consumers.}, keywords = {Cadmium, Cambodia, Cd, Fish, Heavy metal, Heavy metals, Low quality water, Polluted sediments, PTE, Vietnam, Water spinach}, author = {Holm, Peter E. and Marcussen, Helle and Dalsgaard, Anders} } @article {13073, title = {Fate of effluent-borne contaminants beneath septic tank drainfields overlying a karst aquifer}, journal = {Journal of environmental quality}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {1181{\textendash}1195}, author = {Katz, Brian G and Griffin, Dale W and McMahon, Peter B and Harden, Harmon S and Wade, Edgar and Hicks, Richard W and Chanton, Jeffrey P} } @article {4629, title = {Fate of human enteric viruses during dairy manure-based composting}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {73}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {1543{\textendash}7}, issn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Wei, J. and Jin, Y. and Sims, J. T. and Kniel, K. E.} } @booklet {10573, title = {{Final Report of the Independent Panel of Experts on the Cholera Outbreak in Haiti. The report prepared to introduce to the General Secretary, United Nations}}, year = {2010}, author = {Cravioto, A and Lanata, CF and Lantagne, DS and Balakrish, G} } @article {8690, title = {Final Report: Pathogen reduction in Australian activated sludge plants}, number = {No 512-001}, year = {2010}, pages = {1{\textendash}96}, type = {Project Report}, isbn = {9780791802915}, doi = {10.1115/1.802915.ch1}, author = {T Flapper and B Campbell and N O{\textquoteright}Connor} } @article {10749, title = {{Fish as reservoirs and vectors of Vibrio cholerae}}, journal = {PLoS one}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {e8607}, author = {Senderovich, Y and Izhaki, I and Halpern, M} } @mastersthesis {7075, title = {Fish community assembly in the {Forest} {River}, {North} {Dakota}, and resolution of {Campostoma} species presence}, year = {2010}, note = {1485812}, school = {South Dakota State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {I was provided the opportunity to investigate the fish community associated with the Red River basin of North Dakota. The first aspect I examined was the presence of the genus Campostoma. In this aspect, I investigated the Campostoma species that were present historically and documented the species that currently inhabit Red River waters in North Dakota. The second aspect of my work was to study the fish community patterns along the longitudinal dimension of the Forest River. I used nonmetric multidimensional scaling to differentiate the patterns at two scales: level III and level IV ecoregions. The final aspect of my study was to investigate habitat preferences of fishes in the Forest River. I sampled fish by macrohabitat and compared the results to a similar study. In the determination of the Campostoma species present, I investigated the fishes found in the Red River basin to determine presence of central stoneroller, Campostoma anomalum, and largescale stoneroller, C. oligolepis because both species have been reported in the basin historically. Campostoma sp. were found at five sites. These specimens and museum specimens collected during previous studies were C. oligolepis. I developed a novel approach, termed the oblique circumferential scale count, to counting scales around the body to aid in differentiating C. anomalum from C. oligolepis. The sum of oblique and lateral line scale count differentiates C. oligolepis (n = {\textless}84 scales) and C. anomalum (n = 84 scales or greater). The second aspect of the study was focused on the Forest River of North Dakota, which provides a unique situation to assess both environmental and anthropogenic affects on longitudinal fish assemblage because it flows through several ecoregions and is divided by four epilimnetic-release dams (4.6-23.2 m high) impounding over 50 hectares of water each. Sixteen sites were sampled using seining, backpack electrofishing, and traps. Richness ranged among sites from 5-15 species and from 3-6 families. Shannon{\textquoteright}s Diversity Index ( H{\textquoteright} ) ranged from 0.77-1.95 and evenness (J{\textquoteright} ) varied from 0.24-0.81. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling was conducted using percent similarity index values. Site groupings were based on dams but not level IV ecoregions. Sites between two dams were grouped together, excluding the site immediately below dams. The sites directly below dams separated out closer to the most upstream sites than to the other groups. The serial discontinuity concept explains this finding, but the process domains concept does not. When analyzed at the level III ecoregion scale, the site groupings were closely related to ecoregions. Still, the sites that were directly below a dam were closer to the upstream sites than were the sites further downstream of the dams or upstream of the reservoirs. Results from the level III ecoregion scale analysis agree with predictions of both the serial discontinuity concept and process domains concept. The fish assemblage in the Forest River is influenced by the anthropogenic forces of dams at the level IV ecoregion scale. At the level III ecoregion scale, the anthropogenic forces of dams and natural community breaks based on ecoregions were both evident. The final aspect of the study was to look into fish habitat preferences. Fish data were collected at 16 sites on the Forest River, North Dakota and four macrohabitats (pools, riffles, runs, and backwaters) that were characterized for depth, velocity, substrate, and cover. Habitat preferences for seven species were in general agreement with the habitat preferences in a published report on fishes of Minnesota. Hornyhead chub, common carp, and common shiners were usually found in run macrohabitats that were 55-85 cm deep. Largescale stoneroller, longnose dace, creek chub, and fathead minnows were usually found in riffle macrohabitats that was 15-35 cm deep. Water velocity for the riffle species was generally slower (15-65 cm/s) than for the run species (65 cm/s). Each species has a specific preference with substrate (sand, gravel, boulders) and cover (vegetation, boulders) or no cover. None of these species were found to prefer pool macrohabitats. These findings indicate that the use of stream specific habitat associations may be better than regional habitat association models when trying to conserve certain species.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0475:Animal sciences, 0792:Aquatic sciences, Animal sciences, Aquatic sciences, Biological sciences, Ecology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/749772109?accountid=14270}, author = {Borgstrom, Lucas J.} } @article {5001, title = {{Fish-borne zoonotic trematodes in cultured and wild-caught freshwater fish from the Red River Delta, Vietnam}}, journal = {Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases}, volume = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {861{\textendash}866}, author = {Phan, VT and Ersb{\o}ll, AK and Bui, TQ and Nguyen, HT and Murrell, D and Dalsgaard, A} } @article {12382, title = {Fluoroquinolone Resistance and Clostridium difficile, Germany}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, note = {Zaiss, Nils Henning Witte, Wolfgang Nuebel, Ulrich}, month = {Apr}, pages = {675-677}, abstract = {

We characterized 670 Clostridium difficile isolates collected from patients in 84 hospitals in Germany in 2008. PCR ribotyping showed high prevalence of ribotype 001 and restricted dissemination of ribotype 027 strains. Fluoroquinolone resistance and associated gyrase mutations were frequent in various ribotypes, but no resistance to metronidazole or vancomycin was noted.

}, isbn = {1080-6040}, author = {Zaiss, N. H. and Witte, W. and Nubel, U.} } @article {4817, title = {{A foodborne outbreak of Cyclospora infection in Stockholm, Sweden}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {7}, year = {2010}, pages = {1585{\textendash}1587}, author = {Insulander, M and Svenungsson, B and Lebbad, M and Karlsson, L and De Jong, B} } @article {12774, title = {{Food-borne trematode infections of humans in the United States of America}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {106}, year = {2010}, pages = {1263{\textendash}1280}, author = {Fried, B and Abruzzi, A} } @article {572, title = {A fully replication-competent adenovirus vector with enhanced oncolytic properties}, journal = {Cancer Gene Ther}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, note = {Toth, K Kuppuswamy, M Shashkova, E V Spencer, J F Wold, W S M CA118022/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States R01 CA118022/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural England Cancer gene therapy}, pages = {761-70}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {We have studied the oncolytic efficacy of two adenovirus vectors named KD3 and INGN 007, which differ from each other only in that whereas KD3 has two small deletions in its e1a gene that restrict its replication to rapidly cycling cells, INGN 007 has wild-type e1a gene. Both vectors overexpress the adenovirus death protein (ADP). Both KD3 and INGN 007 effectively suppressed the growth of subcutaneous human A549 and Hep3B tumors in nude mice upon intratumoral injection, and contained the growth of subcutaneous LNCaP tumors after intravenous injection, making some tumors shrink or disappear. However, in a more demanding model, intravenous injections of neither KD3 nor wild-type Ad5 were effective against subcutaneous A549 tumors, whereas INGN 007 increased the mean survival time by 35\%. INGN 007 was also effective in suppressing tumor growth in a challenging A549 orthotopic lung cancer model. INGN 007 was superior to dl1520 (ONYX-015) in repressing subcutaneous A549 tumors. Our results suggest that vectors such as INGN 007 might provide better antitumor efficacy in the clinic as well.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/ physiology Animals Cell Line, Experimental/ therapy Oncolytic Virotherapy Oncolytic Viruses/ genetics Virus Replication Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Nude Neoplasms, Tumor Cricetinae Female Genetic Therapy Genetic Vectors/ metabolism Humans Mice Mice}, issn = {1476-5500 (Electronic) 0929-1903 (Linking)}, author = {Toth, K. and Kuppuswamy, M. and Shashkova, E. V. and Spencer, J. F. and Wold, W. S.} } @article {9471, title = {{Fumagillin for treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis in renal transplant recipients}}, journal = {American Journal of Transplantation}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {1925{\textendash}1930}, author = {Champion, L and Durrbach, A and Lang, P and Delahousse, M and Chauvet, C and Sarfati, C and Glotz, D and Molina, JM} } @article {4625, title = {Gene therapy with helper-dependent adenoviral vectors: current advances and future perspectives}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {2}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {1886{\textendash}917}, issn = {1999-4915 (Electronic) 1999-4915 (Linking)}, author = {Vetrini, F. and Ng, P.} } @article {577, title = {Gene therapy with helper-dependent adenoviral vectors: current advances and future perspectives}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {2}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, note = {Vetrini, Francesco Ng, Philip Switzerland Viruses}, pages = {1886-917}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Recombinant Adenoviral vectors represent one of the best gene transfer platforms due to their ability to efficiently transduce a wide range of quiescent and proliferating cell types from various tissues and species. The activation of an adaptive immune response against the transduced cells is one of the major drawbacks of first generation Adenovirus vectors and has been overcome by the latest generation of recombinant Adenovirus, the Helper-Dependent Adenoviral (HDAd) vectors. HDAds have innovative features including the complete absence of viral coding sequences and the ability to mediate high level transgene expression with negligible chronic toxicity. This review summarizes the many aspects of HDAd biology and structure with a major focus on in vivo gene therapy application and with an emphasis on the unsolved issues that these vectors still presents toward clinical application.}, issn = {1999-4915 (Electronic) 1999-4915 (Linking)}, author = {Vetrini, F. and Ng, P.} } @inbook {8458, title = {{General Biology}}, booktitle = {Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans}, year = {2010}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, edition = {Second}, address = {Boca Raton, FL}, author = {Dubey, JP}, editor = {Dubey, JP} } @article {12198, title = {Genes encoding tetracycline resistance in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant investigated during one year}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, note = {Boerjesson, Stefan Mattsson, Ann Lindgren, Per-Eric
Borjesson, Stefan/N-7193-2015
Borjesson, Stefan/0000-0003-2219-2659}, pages = {247-256}, abstract = {

Tetracycline-resistant bacteria and genes encoding tetracycline resistance are common in anthropogenic environments. We studied how wastewater treatment affects the prevalence and concentration of two genes, tetA and tetB, that encode resistance to tetracycline. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) we analysed wastewater samples collected monthly for one year at eight key-sites in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). We detected tetA and tetB at each sampling site and the concentration of both genes, expressed per wastewater volume or per total-DNA, decreased over the treatment process. The reduction of tetA and tetB was partly the result of the sedimentation process. The ratio of tetA and tetB, respectively, to total DNA was lower in or after the biological processes. Taken together our data show that tetracycline resistance genes occur throughout the WWTP, and that the concentrations are reduced under conventional operational strategies.

}, isbn = {1477-8920}, author = {Borjesson, S. and Mattsson, A. and Lindgren, P. E.} } @article {249, title = {Genomic diversity of group A rotavirus strains in patients aged 1-36 months admitted for acute watery diarrhoea in northern India: a hospital-based study}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, note = {Times Cited: 7 7}, pages = {45-50}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1198-743X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02772.x}, url = {://WOS:000272631700008}, author = {Mishra, V. and Awasthi, S. and Nag, V. L. and Tandon, R.} } @article {3074, title = {The genomic {Echinococcus} microsatellite {EmsB} sequences: from a molecular marker to the epidemiological tool}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {137}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {mar}, pages = {439{\textendash}449}, abstract = {In the field of molecular and epidemiological parasitology, characterization of fast evolving genetic markers appears as an important challenge to consider the diversity and genetic structure of parasites. The study of respective populations can help us to understand their adaptive strategies to survive and perpetuate the species within different host populations, all trying to resist infection. In the past, the relative monomorphic features of Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis and a severe human parasitic disease, did not stimulate studies dealing with the genetic variability of Echinococcus species or respective populations. A recently developed, characterized and validated original multilocus microsatellite, named EmsB, tandemly repeated in the genome, offered an additional opportunity for this line of investigation. We have compiled in this review new insights brought by this molecular tracker on the transmission activity of Echinococcus among different hosts and at different geographical scales.}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Gene Expression Regulation, Genomics, Humans, Microsatellite Repeats}, issn = {1469-8161}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182009991612}, author = {Knapp, J. and Bart, J. M. and Maillard, S. and Gottstein, B. and Piarroux, R.} } @article {11936, title = {The Genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, Pathogenicity, and Infection}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {35-73}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00039-09}, url = {http://cmr.asm.org/content/23/1/35.abstract}, author = {Janda, J. Michael and Abbott, Sharon L.} } @inbook {13194, title = {The genus Aeromonas: taxonomy, pathogenicity, and infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 23}, year = {2010}, pages = {35-73}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00039-09}, author = {Janda, JM and Abbott, SL} } @mastersthesis {6938, title = {Getting into hot water {Problematizing} hot water service demand: {The} case of {Old} {Cairo}}, year = {2010}, note = {3437503}, school = {University of California, Los Angeles}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation analyzes hot water demand and service infrastructure in two neighboring but culturally distinct communities of the urban poor in the inner-city area of central Cairo. The communities are the Historic Islamic Cairo neighborhood of Darb Al Ahmar at the foot of Al-Azhar park, and the Zurayib neighborhood of Manshiyat Nasser where the Coptic Zabaleen Recyclers live. The study focuses on the demand side of the hot water issue and involves consideration of built-environment infrastructures providing piped water, electricity, bottled gas, sewage, and the support structures (wiring and plumbing) for consumer durables (appliances such as hot water heaters, stoves, refrigerators, air conditioners) as well as water pumps and water storage tanks. The study asks the questions "How do poor communities in Cairo value hot water" and "How do cost, infrastructure and cultural preferences affect which attributes of hot water service are most highly preferred?". To answer these questions household surveys based primarily on the World Bank LSMS modules were administered by professional survey teams from Darb Al Ahmar{\textquoteright}s Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the Zabaleen{\textquoteright}s local NGO "Spirit of Youth" in their adjacent conununities in and surrounding historic Cairo. In total 463 valid surveys were collected, (231 from Darb Al Ahmar, 232 from the Zabaleen). The surveys included a contingent valuation question to explore Willingness to Pay for improved hot water service; the surveys queried household assets as proxies for income. The dissertation{\textquoteright}s findings reveal that one quarter of the residents of Darb Al Ahmar and two-thirds of the residents of Manshiyet Nasser{\textquoteright}s Zabaleen lack conventional water heating service. Instead they employ various types of stoves and self-built contraptions to heat water, usually incurring considerable risk and opportunity costs. However the thesis explores the notion that this is rational "satisficing" behavior; despite the shortcomings of such self-help strategies, the greater flexibility they provide may lead to superior long-term outcomes in a time of uncertain and rising energy and commodities prices and an increasing availability of new, less expensive, increasingly modular, and more efficient technologies that are easier for individual households to install and use, especially if the State or non-governmental institutions can provide implementation support. The descriptive statistics and the multivariate models obtained through the analysis of the data gathered in the surveys show that while purchase price and running costs for dedicated water heating systems are considerations for families desiring hot water, the infrastructural demands of modern appliances vis a vis a consumer{\textquoteright}s given built environment and the historical/cultural legacy of the consumer{\textquoteright}s past hot water choices and practices are often more important determinants of the kind of water heating used and desired today. Our study shows, for example, that while higher income is associated with owning a water heater in a simple model with few explanatory variables (Model 3) it{\textquoteright}s significance disappears when controlling for Ethnicity and infrastructural elements (Model 1). This might suggest that while within communities there is a point at which making more money implies a shift to consumer "modernity", overall the availability of more money in these neighborhoods as a whole doesn{\textquoteright}t guarantee that the utility promised by modern appliances will be realized. A similar point can be made about formal education levels, which appear insignificant in our models. Policy that aimed merely at sending more kids to school would not address the great deficiencies that many Egyptian schools are noted for. There is no guarantee that merely expanding Egypt{\textquoteright}s "universal education" policy to include children who have fallen through the cracks would help increase consumer awareness or consumer choice. On the other hand both water availability and presence of hot water pipes, as proxies for assets in the built environment, are significant in model 2. With this information about how infrastructure affects consumer choice, and predictors from our models of the average family{\textquoteright}s willingness to spend discretional income on a new heater, we might suggest that policy aiming at improving the water delivery infrastructure might make a difference. With the right policies enforced, what are now "cold-water flats" could safely, inexpensively and reliably accommodate technologies that provide differentiated water temperatures in separate pipelines. This analysis of consumer choice regarding hot water as a combined water and energy and technological utility contributes to our understanding of redevelopment policy in three ways. First, it provides insights into what is really being valued in terms of amenities at the household level and the self-help strategies people employ to achieve desired end utility. Second, it identifies non-traditional issues, often overlooked in neighborhood improvement scenarios that may help make slum renovation programs more successful. Third, the study reveals the complexities involved in obtaining standard amenities, such as hot water, for low-income groups. Paradoxically, government subsidies for water and energy intended to help the poor may have hurt them by locking them into patterns of behavior which, coupled with architectural decisions sanctioned by the government, severely limit the ability of the poor to take advantage of new opportunities or avoid being constrained by changing conditions at a time of rising energy and resource costs. The findings from this dissertation show that we can not make the assumption that consumers in these areas will move increasingly toward conventional water heating appliances under current conditions; in fact many families have had such units and abandoned them for economic, utility and safety reasons. A rethink is necessary of how government, the private sector, NGOs and individual households can work together to guarantee that safe, reliable and economical hot water is provided to every family.}, keywords = {0640:Sustainability, 0791:Energy, 0999:Urban planning, Applied sciences, Asset based poverty, Cairo, Egypt, Energy, Hot water demand, Old Cairo, Social sciences, Sustainability, Urban planning, Water and energy, Watergy, Zabaleen}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/818771881?accountid=14270}, author = {Culhane, Thomas Henry} } @article {4045, title = {{Is Giardia a significant pathogen in production animals?}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {124}, year = {2010}, pages = {98{\textendash}106}, author = {Geurden, T and Vercruysse, J and Claerebout, E} } @article {4000, title = {{Giardiasis in dogs and cats: update on epidemiology and public health significance}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {26}, year = {2010}, pages = {180{\textendash}189}, author = {Ballweber, LR and Xiao, L and Bowman, DD and Kahn, G and Cama, VA} } @article {4084, title = {{Giardiasis in the post genomic era: treatment, drug resistance and novel therapeutic perspectives}}, journal = {Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets}, volume = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {283{\textendash}294}, author = {Lalle, M} } @article {4037, title = {{Giardiasis: the ever-present threat of a neglected disease}}, journal = {Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets}, volume = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {329{\textendash}348}, author = {Escobedo, AA and Almirall, P and Robertson, LJ and Franco, RM and Hanevik, K and M{\o}rch, K and Cimerman, S} } @article {11513, title = {A glance at Taenia saginata infection, diagnosis, vaccine, biological control and treatment}, journal = {Infect Disord Drug Targets}, volume = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {313-321}, author = {Silva, CV and Costa-Cruz, JM} } @article {3151, title = {The global burden of alveolar echinococcosis}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {e722}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is known to be common in certain rural communities in China whilst it is generally rare and sporadic elsewhere. The objective of this study was to provide a first estimate of the global incidence of this disease by country. The second objective was to estimate the global disease burden using age and gender stratified incidences and estimated life expectancy with the disease from previous results of survival analysis. Disability weights were suggested from previous burden studies on echinococcosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We undertook a detailed review of published literature and data from other sources. We were unable to make a standardised systematic review as the quality of the data was highly variable from different countries and hence if we had used uniform inclusion criteria many endemic areas lacking data would not have been included. Therefore we used evidence based stochastic techniques to model uncertainty and other modelling and estimating techniques, particularly in regions where data quality was poor. We were able to make an estimate of the annual global incidence of disease and annual disease burden using standard techniques for calculation of DALYs. Our studies suggest that there are approximately 18,235 (CIs 11,900-28,200) new cases of AE per annum globally with 16,629 (91\%) occurring in China and 1,606 outside China. Most of these cases are in regions where there is little treatment available and therefore will be fatal cases. Based on using disability weights for hepatic carcinoma and estimated age and gender specific incidence we were able to calculate that AE results in a median of 666,434 DALYs per annum (CIs 331,000-1.3 million). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The global burden of AE is comparable to several diseases in the neglected tropical disease cluster and is likely to be one of the most important diseases in certain communities in rural China on the Tibetan plateau.}, keywords = {Echinococcosis, Female, Global Health, Hepatic, Humans, Incidence, Male}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0000722}, author = {Torgerson, Paul R. and Keller, Krista and Magnotta, Mellissa and Ragland, Natalie} } @article {9465, title = {{Glycosylation of the major polar tube protein of Encephalitozoon cuniculi}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {107}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {761{\textendash}764}, author = {Bouzahzah, B and Weiss, LM} } @article {10216, title = {{The green alga, Cladophora, promotes Escherichia coli growth and contamination of recreational waters in Lake Michigan}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {333{\textendash}344}, author = {Vanden Heuval, A and McDermott, C and Pillsbury, R and Sandrin, T and Kinzelman, J and Ferguson, J and Sadowsky, M and Byappanahalli, M and Whitman, R and Kleinheinz, GT} } @article {17201, title = {Growth potential of faecal bacteria in simulated psychrophilic/mesophilic zones during composting of organic waste}, journal = {Journal of Applied MicrobiologyJournal of applied microbiologyJ Appl Microbiol}, volume = {108}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1974-1981}, keywords = {Biosolids, Coliforms, Compost quality, Composting, Enterococci, human pathogens, Inactivation, Land application, Manure, Microorganisms, Regrowth, Salmonella, salmonella regrowth, sanitation, sewage-sludge, suppression, Temperature}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Elving, J. and Ottoson, J. R. and Vinneras, B. and Albihn, A.} } @article {10135, title = {{Gut microbiota in human adults with type 2 diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {e9085}, author = {Larsen, N and Vogensen, FK and van den Berg, FW and Nielsen, DS and Andreasen, AS and Pedersen, BK and Al-Soud, WA and S{\o}rensen, SJ and Hansen, LH and Jakobsen, M} } @article {17145, title = {Health risk from the use of roof-harvested rainwater in Southeast Queensland, Australia, as potable or nonpotable water, determined using quantitative microbial risk assessment}, journal = {Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.}, volume = {76}, number = {22}, year = {2010}, pages = {7382-7391}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Ahmed, Warish and Vieritz, Alison and Goonetilleke, Ashantha and Gardner, Ted} } @article {11708, title = {{Helminth infections of the central nervous system occurring in Southeast Asia and the Far East}}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {72}, year = {2010}, pages = {351{\textendash}408}, author = {Lv, S and Zhang, Y and Steinmann, P and Zhou, X N and Utzinger, J} } @article {5688, title = {{Hepatitis A and E: Update on Prevention and Epidemiology}}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {583{\textendash}588}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine. 2009.10.136}, author = {FitzSimons, D and Hendrickx, G and Vorsters, A and van Damme, P} } @article {5706, title = {{Hepatitis A: Clinical Manifestations and Management}}, journal = {Intervirology}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {15{\textendash}19}, author = {S H Jeong and H S Lee} } @article {5737, title = {{Hepatitis A Virus: State of the Art}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {127{\textendash}135}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-010-9044-3}, author = {Pinto, RM and Costafreda, MI and P{\'e}rez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, FJ and D{\textquoteright}Andrea, L and Bosch, A} } @article {9168, title = {Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in sewage from treatment plants of Messina University Hospital and of Messina City Council}, journal = {Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {51}, year = {2010}, pages = {28-30}, author = {La Fauci, V and Sindoni, D and Grillo, OC and Calimeri, S and Lo Giudice, D and Squeri, R} } @article {5561, title = {{Heterotypic humoral and cellular immune responses following Norwalk virus infection.}}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {1800{\textendash}1815}, abstract = {

Norovirus immunity is poorly understood as the limited data available on protection after infection are often contradictory. In contrast to the more prominent GII noroviruses, GI norovirus infections are less frequent in outbreaks. The GI noroviruses display very complex patterns of heterotypic immune responses following infection, and many individuals are highly susceptible to reinfection. To study the immune responses and mechanisms of GI.1 persistence, we built structural models and recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) of five GI strains: GI.1-1968, GI.1-2001, GI.2-1999, GI.3-1999, and GI.4-2000. Structural models of four GI genotype capsid P domain dimers suggested that intragenotype structural variation is limited, that the GI binding pocket is mostly preserved between genotypes, and that a conserved, surface-exposed epitope may allow for highly cross-reactive immune responses. GI VLPs bound to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) including fucose, Lewis, and A antigens. Volunteers infected with GI.1-1968 (n = 10) had significant increases between prechallenge and convalescent reactive IgG for all five GI VLPs measured by enzyme immunoassay. Potential cross-neutralization of GI VLPs was demonstrated by convalescent-phase serum cross-blockade of GI VLP-HBGA interaction. Although group responses were significant for all GI VLPs, each individual volunteer demonstrated a unique VLP blockade pattern. Further, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with each of the VLPs, and secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) was measured. As seen with blockade responses, IFN-gamma secretion responses differed by individual. Sixty percent responded to at least one GI VLP, with only two volunteers responding to GI.1 VLP. Importantly, four of five individuals with sufficient PBMCs for cross-reactivity studies responded more robustly to other GI VLPs. These data suggest that preexposure history and deceptive imprinting may complicate PBMC and B-cell immune responses in some GI.1-1968-challenged individuals and highlight a potential complication in the design of efficacious norovirus vaccines.

}, isbn = {0022-538X}, issn = {1098-5514}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.02179-09}, author = {Lindesmith, Lisa C and Donaldson, Eric and Leon, Juan and Moe, Christine L and Jeffrey A Frelinger and Johnston, Robert E and Weber, David J and Baric, Ralph S} } @article {14738, title = {High degree of genetic diversity of non-polio enteroviruses identified in {Georgia} by environmental and clinical surveillance, 2002-2005}, journal = {J Med Microbiol}, volume = {59}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {1340{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Enterovirus surveillance data are useful for establishing temporal and geographical patterns of circulation and for virus characterization to determine phylogenetic relationships between strains. Almost no information is available on circulating enteroviruses in Georgia and the surrounding region. To describe enterovirus circulation in Georgia, determine relationships with previously characterized strains and assess the role of environmental and clinical enterovirus surveillance, this study analysed a total of 112 non-polio enterovirus isolates identified during 2002-2005 from sewage and human stool samples. Viruses were isolated in cell culture using standard methods and typed by partial sequencing of the VP1 gene. A total of 20 different non-polio enterovirus serotypes were identified over the 4-year period. The most commonly detected enteroviruses included echovirus (E) 6 (21 isolates; 18.8 \%), E20, E3 and E7 (11 isolates each; 9.8 \%), E11, coxsackievirus (CV) B4 and CVB5 (seven isolates each; 6.3 \%), and E13, E19 and E30 (six isolates each; 5.4 \%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that many serotypes were represented by more than one genetic lineage. The present study showed a very high degree of enterovirus diversity in Georgia and demonstrated the added value of environmental enterovirus surveillance, particularly in settings with limited clinical surveillance. Several serotypes would not have been detected without having both clinical and environmental surveillance in place. Several serotypes detected in Georgia were among those rarely reported in the USA and Europe (e.g. E3, E20 and E19). As the emergence of new genetic lineages of enterovirus in a particular area is often associated with large-scale outbreaks, continued monitoring of enterovirus strains by both environmental and clinical surveillance and genetic characterization should be encouraged.}, keywords = {*Genetic Variation, Capsid Proteins/genetics, Child, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Enterovirus/*classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Feces/*virology, Georgia (Republic), Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Preschool, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Sequence Homology, Serotyping, Sewage/*virology, Viral/chemistry/genetics}, issn = {1473-5644 (Electronic) 0022-2615 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1099/jmm.0.023028-0}, author = {Khetsuriani, N. and Kutateladze, T. and Zangaladze, E. and Shutkova, T. and Penaranda, S. and Nix, W. A. and M A Pallansch and Oberste, M. S.} } @article {15010, title = {High degree of genetic diversity of non-polio enteroviruses identified in {Georgia} by environmental and clinical surveillance, 2002-2005}, journal = {J Med Microbiol}, volume = {59}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {1340{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Enterovirus surveillance data are useful for establishing temporal and geographical patterns of circulation and for virus characterization to determine phylogenetic relationships between strains. Almost no information is available on circulating enteroviruses in Georgia and the surrounding region. To describe enterovirus circulation in Georgia, determine relationships with previously characterized strains and assess the role of environmental and clinical enterovirus surveillance, this study analysed a total of 112 non-polio enterovirus isolates identified during 2002-2005 from sewage and human stool samples. Viruses were isolated in cell culture using standard methods and typed by partial sequencing of the VP1 gene. A total of 20 different non-polio enterovirus serotypes were identified over the 4-year period. The most commonly detected enteroviruses included echovirus (E) 6 (21 isolates; 18.8 \%), E20, E3 and E7 (11 isolates each; 9.8 \%), E11, coxsackievirus (CV) B4 and CVB5 (seven isolates each; 6.3 \%), and E13, E19 and E30 (six isolates each; 5.4 \%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that many serotypes were represented by more than one genetic lineage. The present study showed a very high degree of enterovirus diversity in Georgia and demonstrated the added value of environmental enterovirus surveillance, particularly in settings with limited clinical surveillance. Several serotypes would not have been detected without having both clinical and environmental surveillance in place. Several serotypes detected in Georgia were among those rarely reported in the USA and Europe (e.g. E3, E20 and E19). As the emergence of new genetic lineages of enterovirus in a particular area is often associated with large-scale outbreaks, continued monitoring of enterovirus strains by both environmental and clinical surveillance and genetic characterization should be encouraged.}, keywords = {*Genetic Variation, Capsid Proteins/genetics, Child, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Enterovirus/*classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Feces/*virology, Georgia (Republic), Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Preschool, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Sequence Homology, Serotyping, Sewage/*virology, Viral/chemistry/genetics}, issn = {1473-5644 (Electronic) 0022-2615 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1099/jmm.0.023028-0}, author = {Khetsuriani, N. and Kutateladze, T. and Zangaladze, E. and Shutkova, T. and Penaranda, S. and Nix, W. A. and M A Pallansch and Oberste, M. S.} } @article {1661, title = {High degree of genetic diversity of non-polio enteroviruses identified in Georgia by environmental and clinical surveillance, 2002-2005}, journal = {J Med Microbiol}, volume = {59}, number = {Pt 11}, year = {2010}, note = {Khetsuriani, N Kutateladze, T Zangaladze, E Shutkova, T Penaranda, S Nix, W A Pallansch, M A Oberste, M S eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. England 2010/07/31 06:00 J Med Microbiol. 2010 Nov;59(Pt 11):1340-7. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.023028-0. Epub 2010 Jul 29.}, pages = {1340-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Enterovirus surveillance data are useful for establishing temporal and geographical patterns of circulation and for virus characterization to determine phylogenetic relationships between strains. Almost no information is available on circulating enteroviruses in Georgia and the surrounding region. To describe enterovirus circulation in Georgia, determine relationships with previously characterized strains and assess the role of environmental and clinical enterovirus surveillance, this study analysed a total of 112 non-polio enterovirus isolates identified during 2002-2005 from sewage and human stool samples. Viruses were isolated in cell culture using standard methods and typed by partial sequencing of the VP1 gene. A total of 20 different non-polio enterovirus serotypes were identified over the 4-year period. The most commonly detected enteroviruses included echovirus (E) 6 (21 isolates; 18.8 \%), E20, E3 and E7 (11 isolates each; 9.8 \%), E11, coxsackievirus (CV) B4 and CVB5 (seven isolates each; 6.3 \%), and E13, E19 and E30 (six isolates each; 5.4 \%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that many serotypes were represented by more than one genetic lineage. The present study showed a very high degree of enterovirus diversity in Georgia and demonstrated the added value of environmental enterovirus surveillance, particularly in settings with limited clinical surveillance. Several serotypes would not have been detected without having both clinical and environmental surveillance in place. Several serotypes detected in Georgia were among those rarely reported in the USA and Europe (e.g. E3, E20 and E19). As the emergence of new genetic lineages of enterovirus in a particular area is often associated with large-scale outbreaks, continued monitoring of enterovirus strains by both environmental and clinical surveillance and genetic characterization should be encouraged.}, keywords = {Capsid Proteins/genetics Child Child, DNA Sequence Homology Serotyping Sewage/*virology, Preschool Cluster Analysis Enterovirus/*classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification Feces/*virology *Genetic Variation Georgia (Republic) Humans Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny RNA, Viral/chemistry/genetics Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1473-5644 (Electronic) 0022-2615 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1099/jmm.0.023028-0}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671086}, author = {Khetsuriani, N. and Kutateladze, T. and Zangaladze, E. and Shutkova, T. and Penaranda, S. and Nix, W. A. and M A Pallansch and Oberste, M. S.} } @article {5886, title = {{High prevalence of arcobacter carriage in older subjects with type 2 diabetes.}}, journal = {Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology}, volume = {2010}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {489784{\textendash}7}, author = {Maria T Fera and Russo, Giuseppina T and Di Benedetto, Antonino and La Camera, Erminia and Orlando, Angelo and Giandalia, Annalisa and Ruffa, Vincenzo F and Lanza, Giulia and Lentini, Valeria and Perdichizzi, Giuseppa and Cucinotta, Domenico} } @article {14403, title = {High prevalence of arcobacter carriage in older subjects with type 2 diabetes.}, journal = {Journal of biomedicine \& biotechnology}, volume = {2010}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {489784{\textendash}7}, author = {Maria T Fera and Russo, Giuseppina T and Di Benedetto, Antonino and La Camera, Erminia and Orlando, Angelo and Giandalia, Annalisa and Ruffa, Vincenzo F and Lanza, Giulia and Lentini, Valeria and Perdichizzi, Giuseppa and Cucinotta, Domenico} } @article {1801, title = {Highly divergent neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses of all three serotypes are recurrently detected in Finnish sewage}, journal = {Euro Surveill}, volume = {15}, number = {19}, year = {2010}, note = {Roivainen, M Blomqvist, S Al-Hello, H Paananen, A Delpeyreux, F Kuusi, M Hovi, T Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Sweden Euro surveillance : bulletin europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin Euro Surveill. 2010 May 13;15(19):pii/19566.}, pages = {pii/19566}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In Finland, surveillance of potential re-emergence of poliovirus transmission is mainly based on environmental surveillance, i.e. search for infectious poliovirus in sewage samples. Since December 2008, 21 genetically highly divergent, neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) have been isolated from sewage in Tampere, Finland. While the source of the VDPV is unknown, characteristics of the viruses resemble those of strains isolated from immunodeficient, persistently infected persons. No cases of suspected poliomyelitis have been reported in Finland since 1985.}, issn = {1560-7917 (Electronic) 1025-496X (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=20483108}, author = {Roivainen, M. and Blomqvist, S. and Al-Hello, H. and Paananen, A. and Delpeyreux, F. and Kuusi, M. and Hovi, T.} } @article {13774, title = {Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration and {PCR} detection of human-associated genetic markers from various types of surface water in {Florida}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {12}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF) and PCR were combined to detect human-associated microbial source tracking marker genes in large volumes of fresh and estuarine Florida water. HFUF allowed marker detection when membrane filtration did not, demonstrating HFUF{\textquoteright}s ability to facilitate detection of diluted targets by PCR in a variety of water types. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00025-10}, author = {Leskinen, S.D. and Brownell, M. and Lim, D.V. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {7574, title = {{Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration and PCR detection of human-associated genetic markers from various types of surface water in Florida}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {12}, year = {2010}, pages = {4116-4117}, abstract = {

Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF) and PCR were combined to detect human-associated microbial source tracking marker genes in large volumes of fresh and estuarine Florida water. HFUF allowed marker detection when membrane filtration did not, demonstrating HFUF{\textquoteright}s ability to facilitate detection of diluted targets by PCR in a variety of water types. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00025-10}, author = {Leskinen, S.D. and Brownell, M. and Lim, D.V. and Harwood, V.J.} } @mastersthesis {6598, title = {Household location decisions with respect to water availability: {Evidence} of sorting equilibrium in southwest {Sri} {Lanka}}, year = {2010}, note = {3425920}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This research addresses economic questions related to how households choose where they live and the relative importance of housing prices and infrastructure availability, especially water infrastructure. These questions are addressed by analyzing the spatial distribution of income, housing prices and access to water infrastructure using an equilibrium sorting model. The sorting model defines a distribution of preferences of households or individuals in making a location choice. In this choice process, households care about specific attributes of location related to the local provision of public goods, and make location choices with regard to these attributes. Sorting models have been used extensively in public economics in the U.S. However, few studies have used sorting models to address the role of public infrastructure in enhancing the value of a house in a neighborhood; and there are practically no applications of sorting models in developing countries for any purpose. The model is implemented using household data from three regions in Southwestern Sri Lanka. Households in the study area obtain water from three sources: public wells, private wells or a public water service provided by the local government through a water network wherein households pay a fee in exchange for a certain level of water service. The estimation strategy follows a two-stage approach, using estimation techniques that are widely available through most statistical software. The results are used to analyze whether or not tap water network availability in a neighborhood leads to crowding out of poor households by more well-to-do households with a (possibly) higher willingness to pay for the benefits of water network availability. The key finding is that there is generally little evidence that crowding out has taken place, and therefore government targeting of poor neighborhoods for deployment of water networks is feasible. Finally, households{\textquoteright} marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for availability of a tap water network is computed. A comparison of these estimates with similar MWTP estimates computed using a hedonic analysis provides an indication of the degree to which hedonic analyses overstate these willingness to pay measures.}, keywords = {0366:Geography, 0501:Economics, Developing Countries, economics, Geography, Household location, Nonmarket valuation, Social sciences, Sorting equilibrium, Sri Lanka, water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/760990693?accountid=14270}, author = {Lumbantobing, Rotua} } @article {7022, title = {Household water treatment and the millennium development goals: keeping the focus on health}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {19}, year = {2010}, month = {oct}, pages = {7357{\textendash}7360}, abstract = {Waterborne diseases such as diarrhea are a major killer in low-income settings, particularly of young children. For those without access to safe drinking water, household water treatment, such as boiling, chlorinating, and filtering water in the home, when combined with safe storage (HWTS) can significantly improve water quality and prevent disease, thereby contributing to the child survival and other health priorities encompassed within the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). There is uncertainly, however, about whether HWTS should count toward the MDG water target, which promotes "sustainable access to safe drinking water". This paper reviews the relevant research and concludes that it should not. Although HWTS can significantly improve water quality, it does not improve water quantity and access-key aspects of the MDG water target that are essential for optimal improvements in health and development. A policy that excludes HWTS from the MDG water target will discourage governments from diverting scarce public resources from comprehensive and long-term improvements in water supplies. At the same time, the health-oriented MDGs provide a sufficient case for scaling up effective and appropriate HWTS among target populations. Moreover, a health-based strategy for HWTS will help ensure that promotion of the intervention is driven by measurable improvements in outcomes rather than inputs, thus encouraging advances in both hardware and programmatic delivery that will make HWTS more effective, appropriate, and accessible to vulnerable populations.}, keywords = {Internationality, Organizational Objectives, Water Supply}, issn = {1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es1018674}, author = {Clasen, Thomas F.} } @article {6750, title = {How to integrate water, sanitation and hygiene into {HIV} programmes}, year = {2010}, url = {http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44393}, author = {Organization, World Health and others} } @article {6503, title = {How valuable are environmental health interventions? {Evaluation} of water and sanitation programmes in {India}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {88}, number = {7}, year = {2010}, month = {jul}, pages = {535{\textendash}542}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and quantify the economic benefits attributable to improvements in water supply and sanitation in rural India. METHODS: We combined propensity-score "pre-matching" and rich pre-post panel data on 9500 households in 242 villages located in four geographically different districts to estimate the economic benefits of a large-scale community demand-driven water supply programme in Maharashtra, India. We calculated coping costs and cost of illness by adding across several elements of coping and illness and then estimated causal impacts using a difference-in-difference strategy on the pre-matched sample. The pre-post design allowed us to use a difference-in-difference estimator to measure "treatment effect" by comparing treatment and control villages during both periods. We compared average household costs with respect to out-of-pocket medical expenses, patients{\textquoteright} lost income, caregiving costs, time spent on collecting water, time spent on sanitation, and water treatment costs due to filtration, boiling, chemical use and storage. FINDINGS: Three years after programme initiation, the number of households using piped water and private pit latrines had increased by 10\% on average, but no changes in hygiene-related behaviour had occurred. The behavioural changes observed suggest that the average household in a programme community could save as much as 7 United States dollars per month (or 5\% of monthly household cash expenditures) in coping costs, but would not reduce illness costs. Poorer, socially marginalized households benefited more, in alignment with programme objectives. CONCLUSION: Given the renewed interest in water, sanitation and hygiene outcomes, evaluating the economic benefits of environmental interventions by means of causal research is important for understanding the true value of such interventions.}, keywords = {Adaptation, Cost of Illness, Costs and Cost Analysis, Econometric, Financing, Humans, India, Models, Personal, Psychological, Rural Population, sanitation, Seasons, Water Supply}, issn = {1564-0604}, doi = {10.2471/BLT.09.066050}, author = {Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Poulos, Christine and Yang, Jui-Chen and Patil, Sumeet} } @article {616, title = {Human and bovine adenoviruses for the detection of source-specific fecal pollution in coastal waters in Australia}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {16}, year = {2010}, note = {Shifting paradigms in the assessment of recreational water quality}, pages = {4662 - 4673}, abstract = {In this study, the host-specificity and -sensitivity of human- and bovine-specific adenoviruses (HS-AVs and BS-AVs) were evaluated by testing wastewater/fecal samples from various animal species in Southeast, Queensland, Australia. The overall specificity and sensitivity of the HS-AVs marker were 1.0 and 0.78, respectively. These figures for the BS-AVs were 1.0 and 0.73, respectively. Twenty environmental water samples were collected during wet conditions and 20 samples were colleted during dry conditions from the Maroochy Coastal River and tested for the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), host-specific viral markers, zoonotic bacterial and protozoan pathogens using PCR/qPCR. The concentrations of \{FIB\} in water samples collected after wet conditions were generally higher compared to dry conditions. HS-AVs was detected in 20\% water samples collected during wet conditions and whereas BS-AVs was detected in both wet (i.e., 10\%) and dry (i.e., 10\%) conditions. Both Campylobacter jejuni mapA and Salmonella invA genes detected in 10\% samples collected during dry conditions. The concentrations of Salmonella invA ranged between 3.5 {\texttimes} 102 and 4.3 {\texttimes} 102 genomic copies per 500 ml of water Giardia lamblia β-giardin gene was detected only in one sample (5\%) collected during the dry conditions. Weak or significant correlations were observed between \{FIB\} with viral markers and zoonotic pathogens. However, during dry conditions, no significant correlations were observed between \{FIB\} concentrations with viral markers and zoonotic pathogens. The prevalence of HS-AVs in samples collected from the study river suggests that the quality of water is affected by human fecal pollution and as well as bovine fecal pollution. The results suggest that HS-AVs and BS-AVs detection using \{PCR\} could be a useful tool for the identification of human sourced fecal pollution in coastal waters.}, keywords = {Public health risk}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.017}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135410003258}, author = {W. Ahmed and A. Goonetilleke and T. Gardner} } @inbook {1217, title = {Human and bovine adenoviruses for the detection of source-specific fecal pollution in coastal waters in Australia}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, note = {Ahmed, W Goonetilleke, A Gardner, T Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(10)00325-8 [pii] Water Res. 2010 Sep;44(16):4662-73.}, pages = {4662-73}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {In this study, the host-specificity and -sensitivity of human- and bovine-specific adenoviruses (HS-AVs and BS-AVs) were evaluated by testing wastewater/fecal samples from various animal species in Southeast, Queensland, Australia. The overall specificity and sensitivity of the HS-AVs marker were 1.0 and 0.78, respectively. These figures for the BS-AVs were 1.0 and 0.73, respectively. Twenty environmental water samples were collected during wet conditions and 20 samples were colleted during dry conditions from the Maroochy Coastal River and tested for the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), host-specific viral markers, zoonotic bacterial and protozoan pathogens using PCR/qPCR. The concentrations of FIB in water samples collected after wet conditions were generally higher compared to dry conditions. HS-AVs was detected in 20\% water samples collected during wet conditions and whereas BS-AVs was detected in both wet (i.e., 10\%) and dry (i.e., 10\%) conditions. Both Campylobacter jejuni mapA and Salmonella invA genes detected in 10\% samples collected during dry conditions. The concentrations of Salmonella invA ranged between 3.5 x 10(2) and 4.3 x 10(2) genomic copies per 500 ml of water Giardia lamblia beta-giardin gene was detected only in one sample (5\%) collected during the dry conditions. Weak or significant correlations were observed between FIB with viral markers and zoonotic pathogens. However, during dry conditions, no significant correlations were observed between FIB concentrations with viral markers and zoonotic pathogens. The prevalence of HS-AVs in samples collected from the study river suggests that the quality of water is affected by human fecal pollution and as well as bovine fecal pollution. The results suggest that HS-AVs and BS-AVs detection using PCR could be a useful tool for the identification of human sourced fecal pollution in coastal waters.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/ isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Animals Australia Cattle Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics/isolation \& purification Feces/ microbiology Humans Polymerase Chain Reaction Protozoan Proteins/genetics/isolation \& purification Queens}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.017}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Goonetilleke, A. and Gardner, T.} } @inbook {4405, title = {Human and bovine adenoviruses for the detection of source-specific fecal pollution in coastal waters in Australia}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, pages = {4662-73}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.017}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Goonetilleke, A. and Gardner, T.} } @article {4432, title = {Human and bovine adenoviruses for the detection of source-specific fecal pollution in coastal waters in Australia}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, pages = {4662{\textendash}73}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Goonetilleke, A. and Gardner, T.} } @article {7530, title = {{Human and bovine adenoviruses for the detection of source-specific fecal pollution in coastal waters in Australia}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {16}, year = {2010}, pages = {4662{\textendash}4673}, abstract = {

In this study, the host-specificity and -sensitivity of human- and bovine-specific adenoviruses (HS-AVs and BS-AVs) were evaluated by testing wastewater/fecal samples from various animal species in Southeast, Queensland, Australia. The overall specificity and sensitivity of the HS-AVs marker were 1.0 and 0.78, respectively. These figures for the BS-AVs were 1.0 and 0.73, respectively. Twenty environmental water samples were collected during wet conditions and 20 samples were colleted during dry conditions from the Maroochy Coastal River and tested for the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), host-specific viral markers, zoonotic bacterial and protozoan pathogens using PCR/qPCR. The concentrations of FIB in water samples collected after wet conditions were generally higher compared to dry conditions. HS-AVs was detected in 20{\%} water samples collected during wet conditions and whereas BS-AVs was detected in both wet (i.e., 10{\%}) and dry (i.e., 10{\%}) conditions. Both Campylobacter jejuni mapA and Salmonella invA genes detected in 10{\%} samples collected during dry conditions. The concentrations of Salmonella invA ranged between 3.5 {\texttimes} 102 and 4.3 {\texttimes} 102 genomic copies per 500 ml of water Giardia lamblia $\beta$-giardin gene was detected only in one sample (5{\%}) collected during the dry conditions. Weak or significant correlations were observed between FIB with viral markers and zoonotic pathogens. However, during dry conditions, no significant correlations were observed between FIB concentrations with viral markers and zoonotic pathogens. The prevalence of HS-AVs in samples collected from the study river suggests that the quality of water is affected by human fecal pollution and as well as bovine fecal pollution. The results suggest that HS-AVs and BS-AVs detection using PCR could be a useful tool for the identification of human sourced fecal pollution in coastal waters. {\textcopyright} 2010.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.017}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Goonetilleke, A. and Gardner, T.} } @article {13730, title = {Human and bovine adenoviruses for the detection of source-specific fecal pollution in coastal waters in {Australia}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {16}, year = {2010}, abstract = {In this study, the host-specificity and -sensitivity of human- and bovine-specific adenoviruses (HS-AVs and BS-AVs) were evaluated by testing wastewater/fecal samples from various animal species in Southeast, Queensland, Australia. The overall specificity and sensitivity of the HS-AVs marker were 1.0 and 0.78, respectively. These figures for the BS-AVs were 1.0 and 0.73, respectively. Twenty environmental water samples were collected during wet conditions and 20 samples were colleted during dry conditions from the Maroochy Coastal River and tested for the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), host-specific viral markers, zoonotic bacterial and protozoan pathogens using PCR/qPCR. The concentrations of FIB in water samples collected after wet conditions were generally higher compared to dry conditions. HS-AVs was detected in 20\% water samples collected during wet conditions and whereas BS-AVs was detected in both wet (i.e., 10\%) and dry (i.e., 10\%) conditions. Both Campylobacter jejuni mapA and Salmonella invA genes detected in 10\% samples collected during dry conditions. The concentrations of Salmonella invA ranged between 3.5 {\texttimes} 102 and 4.3 {\texttimes} 102 genomic copies per 500 ml of water Giardia lamblia β-giardin gene was detected only in one sample (5\%) collected during the dry conditions. Weak or significant correlations were observed between FIB with viral markers and zoonotic pathogens. However, during dry conditions, no significant correlations were observed between FIB concentrations with viral markers and zoonotic pathogens. The prevalence of HS-AVs in samples collected from the study river suggests that the quality of water is affected by human fecal pollution and as well as bovine fecal pollution. The results suggest that HS-AVs and BS-AVs detection using PCR could be a useful tool for the identification of human sourced fecal pollution in coastal waters. {\textcopyright} 2010.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.017}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Goonetilleke, A. and Gardner, T.} } @article {9975, title = {{Human bocaviruses are highly diverse, dispersed, recombination prone, and prevalent in enteric infections.}}, journal = {The Journal of infectious diseases}, volume = {201}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, month = {jun}, pages = {1633{\textendash}43}, abstract = {A new species of parvovirus, tentatively named human bocavirus 4 (HBoV4), was genetically characterized. Among 641 feces samples obtained from children and adults, the most commonly detected bocavirus species were, in descending order, HBoV2, HBoV3, HBoV4, and HBoV1, with an HBoV2 prevalence of 21{\%} and 26{\%} in Nigerian and Tunisian children, respectively. HBoV3 or HBoV4 species were found in 12 of 192 patients with non-polio acute flaccid paralysis in Tunisia and Nigeria and 0 of 96 healthy Tunisian contacts (P = .01). Evidence of extensive recombination at the NP1 and VP1 gene boundary between and within bocavirus species was found. The high degree of genetic diversity seen among the human bocaviruses found in feces specimens, relative to the highly homogeneous HBoV1, suggest that this worldwide-distributed respiratory pathogen may have recently evolved from an enteric bocavirus after acquiring an expanded tropism favoring the respiratory tract. Elucidating the possible role of the newly identified enteric bocaviruses in human diseases, including acute flaccid paralysis and diarrhea, will require further epidemiological studies.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Amino Acid, Child, DNA, Feces, Feces: virology, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Gastroenteritis: virology, Genetic, Genetic Variation, genotype, Human bocavirus, Human bocavirus: classification, Human bocavirus: genetics, Human bocavirus: isolation {\&} purification, Humans, Infant, Molecular Sequence Data, Nigeria, Nigeria: epidemiology, Parvoviridae Infections, Parvoviridae Infections: epidemiology, Parvoviridae Infections: virology, Phylogeny, Preschool, prevalence, Recombination, Sequence Analysis, Sequence Homology, Tunisia, Tunisia: epidemiology, Viral Proteins, Viral Proteins: genetics, Young Adult}, issn = {1537-6613}, doi = {10.1086/652416}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2902747{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Kapoor, A. and Simmonds, P. and Slikas, E. and Li, L. and Bodhidatta, L. and Sethabutr, O. and Triki, Henda and Bahri, Olfa and Oderinde, Bamidele S and Baba, Marycelin M and Bukbuk, David N and Besser, John and Bartkus, Joanne and Delwart, Eric} } @booklet {15995, title = {{Human Development Report 2010, 20th Anniversary Edition. The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development}}, year = {2010}, publisher = {United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),}, address = {New York} } @article {14605, title = {Human enteric viruses in groundwater indicate offshore transport of human sewage to coral reefs of the {Upper} {Florida} {Keys}}, journal = {Environ Microbiol}, volume = {12}, year = {2010}, month = {apr}, pages = {964{\textendash}74}, abstract = {To address the issue of human sewage reaching corals along the main reef of the Florida Keys, samples were collected from surface water, groundwater and coral [surface mucopolysaccharide layers (SML)] along a 10 km transect near Key Largo, FL. Samples were collected semi-annually between July 2003 and September 2005 and processed for faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliform bacteria, enterococci and Clostridium perfringens) and human-specific enteric viruses (enterovirus RNA and adenovirus DNA) by (RT)-nested polymerase chain reaction. Faecal indicator bacteria concentrations were generally higher nearshore and in the coral SML. Enteric viruses were evenly distributed across the transect stations. Adenoviruses were detected in 37 of 75 samples collected (49.3\%) whereas enteroviruses were only found in 8 of 75 samples (10.7\%). Both viruses were detected twice as frequently in coral compared with surface water or groundwater. Offshore, viruses were most likely to be found in groundwater, especially during the wet summer season. These data suggest that polluted groundwater may be moving to the outer reef environment in the Florida Keys.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification, Animals, Anthozoa/*virology, DNA, Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Feces/microbiology/virology, Florida, Fresh Water/virology, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Seawater/virology, Sewage/*virology, Viral/isolation \& purification, Water Pollutants/analysis}, issn = {1462-2920 (Electronic) 1462-2912 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02141.x}, author = {Futch, J. C. and Griffin, D. W. and Lipp, E. K.} } @article {14948, title = {Human enteric viruses in groundwater indicate offshore transport of human sewage to coral reefs of the {Upper} {Florida} {Keys}}, journal = {Environ Microbiol}, volume = {12}, year = {2010}, month = {apr}, pages = {964{\textendash}74}, abstract = {To address the issue of human sewage reaching corals along the main reef of the Florida Keys, samples were collected from surface water, groundwater and coral [surface mucopolysaccharide layers (SML)] along a 10 km transect near Key Largo, FL. Samples were collected semi-annually between July 2003 and September 2005 and processed for faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliform bacteria, enterococci and Clostridium perfringens) and human-specific enteric viruses (enterovirus RNA and adenovirus DNA) by (RT)-nested polymerase chain reaction. Faecal indicator bacteria concentrations were generally higher nearshore and in the coral SML. Enteric viruses were evenly distributed across the transect stations. Adenoviruses were detected in 37 of 75 samples collected (49.3\%) whereas enteroviruses were only found in 8 of 75 samples (10.7\%). Both viruses were detected twice as frequently in coral compared with surface water or groundwater. Offshore, viruses were most likely to be found in groundwater, especially during the wet summer season. These data suggest that polluted groundwater may be moving to the outer reef environment in the Florida Keys.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification, Animals, Anthozoa/*virology, DNA, Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Feces/microbiology/virology, Florida, Fresh Water/virology, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Seawater/virology, Sewage/*virology, Viral/isolation \& purification, Water Pollutants/analysis}, issn = {1462-2920 (Electronic) 1462-2912 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02141.x}, author = {Futch, J. C. and Griffin, D. W. and Lipp, E. K.} } @article {4478, title = {Human enteric viruses in groundwater indicate offshore transport of human sewage to coral reefs of the Upper Florida Keys}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {964{\textendash}74}, issn = {1462-2920 (Electronic) 1462-2912 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02141.x}, author = {Futch, J. C. and Griffin, D. W. and Lipp, E. K.} } @article {13130, title = {Human isolates of Aeromonas possess Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) highly similar to the most virulent gene variants of Escherichia coli}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {16}, year = {2010}, pages = {1563-1567}, author = {Alperi, A. and Figueras, M. J.} } @inbook {1847, title = {Human Nonpolio Enteroviruses.}, booktitle = {Molecular Detection of Human Viral Pathogns}, year = {2010}, pages = {37-51}, publisher = {CRC Press Taylor \& Francis Group}, organization = {CRC Press Taylor \& Francis Group}, type = {Book Section}, chapter = {4}, address = {New York}, author = {Sofer, D. and Weil, M. and Hindiyeh, M. Y. and Ram, D. and Shulman, L. S. and Mendelson, E.}, editor = {Liu, D.} } @article {5535, title = {{Human norovirus RNA persists in seawater under simulated winter conditions but does not bioaccumulate efficiently in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas).}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {73}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {2123{\textendash}2127}, abstract = {

Norovirus (NoV) is the principal agent of bivalve molluscan shellfish-associated gastroenteric illness worldwide. Currently, noncultivable human NoVs can be detected in bivalve molluscan shellfish by using molecular methods such as real-time reverse transcription PCR assays (qRT-PCR). In addition to infectious viruses, this methodology may also detect noninfectious NoV, including fragments of the NoV genome. This study addresses, in part, the implications of qRT-PCR results for the detection of NoV in shellfish in the absence of an infectivity assay. To evaluate environmental persistence, the stability of a short fragment of the NoV genome, spanning the qRT-PCR target in the open reading frame 1/2 junction, was assessed in seawater under artificial environmental conditions simulating winter in the United Kingdom (1 mW/cm\² UV irradiation, 8\°C) during a 4-week period. Detectable RNA levels decreased exponentially (T$_{9}$$_{0}$ of approximately 141 h); however, sequences were still detectable for up to 2 weeks. The ability of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) to bioaccumulate NoV particles (from human feces) and RNA fragments was also compared using qRT-PCR. Oysters exposed to NoV particles subsequently were positive for NoV by qRT-PCR at levels several orders of magnitude in excess of the theoretical limit of detection, whereas oysters exposed to similar quantities of NoV RNA were either negative or positive at significantly lower levels. Therefore, although noninfectious fragments of NoV RNA may persist in the environment under winter conditions, this type of material will not be efficiently bioaccumulated by Pacific oysters and should not significantly contribute to positive qRT-PCR results.

}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print)$\backslash$r0362-028X (Linking)}, issn = {0362-028X}, author = {Dancer, D and Rangdale, R E and Lowther, J a and Lees, D N} } @article {12792, title = {{Human paragonimiasis after eating raw or undercooked crayfish - Missouri, July 2006-September 2010}}, journal = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {59}, number = {48}, year = {2010}, pages = {1573{\textendash}1576} } @article {11272, title = {{Human toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and ocular forms}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine {\&} Parasitology}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {3{\textendash}23}, doi = {10.1179/136485910x12607012373957}, author = {Rubinsky-Elefant, G and Hirata, C E and Yamamoto, J H and Ferreira, M U} } @article {13779, title = {Human virus and bacteriophage inactivation in clear water by simulated sunlight compared to bacteriophage inactivation at a {Southern} {California} beach}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {18}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Few quantitative data exist on human virus inactivation by sunlight and the relationship between human and indicator viruses under sunlit conditions. We investigated the effects of sunlight on human viruses (adenovirus type 2, poliovirus type 3) and bacteriophages (MS2, Q-Beta SP, Fi, M13, PRD1, Phi-X174, and coliphages isolated from Avalon Bay, California). Viruses were inoculated into phosphate buffered saline or seawater, exposed to a laboratory solar simulator for <=12 h, and enumerated by double agar layer or cell culture to derive first-order inactivation rate constants (kobs, h -1). The viruses most resistant to sunlight were adenovirus type 2 (kobs= 0.59 {\textpm} 0.04 h-1) and bacteriophage MS2 (kobs= 0.43 {\textpm} 0.02 h-1), which suggests MS2 may be a conservative indicator for sunlight resistant human viruses in clear water when sunlight inactivation is the main removal mechanism. Reasonable agreement was observed between somatic coliphage inactivation rates measured in the solar simulator (kmean = 1.81 h-1) and somatic coliphages measured in the surf zone during a field campaign at Avalon Bay during similar sunlight intensity (k = 0.75 h-1 at log-RMSE minimum; k range = 0.54 h-1 to {\textbackslash}textgreater1.88 h-1; Boehm, A. B. et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, (21), 8046-8052). Hence, measuring sunlight inactivation rates of viruses in the laboratory can be used to estimate inactivation in the environment under similar sunlight and water quality conditions. {\textcopyright} 2010 American Chemical Society.}, doi = {10.1021/es1001924}, author = {Love, D.C. and Silverman, A. and Nelson, K.L.} } @article {8955, title = {Human virus and bacteriophage inactivation in clear water by simulated sunlight compared to bacteriophage inactivation at a southern California beach}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {18}, year = {2010}, pages = {6965-6970}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0013-936X}, author = {Love, David C. and Silverman, Andrea and Nelson, Kara L.} } @article {14776, title = {Human virus and bacteriophage inactivation in clear water by simulated sunlight compared to bacteriophage inactivation at a {Southern} {California} beach}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {18}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Few quantitative data exist on human virus inactivation by sunlight and the relationship between human and indicator viruses under sunlit conditions. We investigated the effects of sunlight on human viruses (adenovirus type 2, poliovirus type 3) and bacteriophages (MS2, Q-Beta SP, Fi, M13, PRD1, Phi-X174, and coliphages isolated from Avalon Bay, California). Viruses were inoculated into phosphate buffered saline or seawater, exposed to a laboratory solar simulator for <=12 h, and enumerated by double agar layer or cell culture to derive first-order inactivation rate constants (kobs, h -1). The viruses most resistant to sunlight were adenovirus type 2 (kobs= 0.59 {\textpm} 0.04 h-1) and bacteriophage MS2 (kobs= 0.43 {\textpm} 0.02 h-1), which suggests MS2 may be a conservative indicator for sunlight resistant human viruses in clear water when sunlight inactivation is the main removal mechanism. Reasonable agreement was observed between somatic coliphage inactivation rates measured in the solar simulator (kmean = 1.81 h-1) and somatic coliphages measured in the surf zone during a field campaign at Avalon Bay during similar sunlight intensity (k = 0.75 h-1 at log-RMSE minimum; k range = 0.54 h-1 to {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater1.88 h-1; Boehm, A. B. et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, (21), 8046-8052). Hence, measuring sunlight inactivation rates of viruses in the laboratory can be used to estimate inactivation in the environment under similar sunlight and water quality conditions. {\textcopyright} 2010 American Chemical Society.}, doi = {10.1021/es1001924}, author = {Love, D.C. and Silverman, A. and Nelson, K.L.} } @article {7580, title = {{Human virus and bacteriophage inactivation in clear water by simulated sunlight compared to bacteriophage inactivation at a Southern California beach}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {18}, year = {2010}, pages = {6965-6970}, abstract = {

Few quantitative data exist on human virus inactivation by sunlight and the relationship between human and indicator viruses under sunlit conditions. We investigated the effects of sunlight on human viruses (adenovirus type 2, poliovirus type 3) and bacteriophages (MS2, Q-Beta SP, Fi, M13, PRD1, Phi-X174, and coliphages isolated from Avalon Bay, California). Viruses were inoculated into phosphate buffered saline or seawater, exposed to a laboratory solar simulator for <=12 h, and enumerated by double agar layer or cell culture to derive first-order inactivation rate constants (kobs, h -1). The viruses most resistant to sunlight were adenovirus type 2 (kobs= 0.59 {\textpm} 0.04 h-1) and bacteriophage MS2 (kobs= 0.43 {\textpm} 0.02 h-1), which suggests MS2 may be a conservative indicator for sunlight resistant human viruses in clear water when sunlight inactivation is the main removal mechanism. Reasonable agreement was observed between somatic coliphage inactivation rates measured in the solar simulator (kmean = 1.81 h-1) and somatic coliphages measured in the surf zone during a field campaign at Avalon Bay during similar sunlight intensity (k = 0.75 h-1 at log-RMSE minimum; k range = 0.54 h-1 to {\textgreater}1.88 h-1; Boehm, A. B. et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, (21), 8046-8052). Hence, measuring sunlight inactivation rates of viruses in the laboratory can be used to estimate inactivation in the environment under similar sunlight and water quality conditions. {\textcopyright} 2010 American Chemical Society.

}, doi = {10.1021/es1001924}, author = {Love, D.C. and Silverman, A. and Nelson, K.L.} } @article {9466, title = {{Human vocal cord infection with the Microsporidium Anncaliia algerae}}, journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology}, volume = {57}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {562{\textendash}567}, author = {Cali, A and Neafie, R and Weiss, LM and Ghosh, K and Vergara, RB and Gupta, R and Takvorian, PM} } @article {3944, title = {Hygiene, sanitation and water: forgotten foundations of health}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {e1000367}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1000367.}, author = {Bartram, J and Cairncross, S} } @article {6516, title = {Hygiene, sanitation, and water: forgotten foundations of health}, journal = {PLoS Med}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {e1000367}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000367}, author = {Bartram, Jamie and Cairncross, Sandy} } @article {15968, title = {{Hygiene, Sanitation, and Water: Forgotten Foundations of Health}}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {e1000367}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, abstract = {As the first article in a four-part PLoS Medicine series on water and sanitation, Jamie Bartram and Sandy Cairncross argue that the massive burden of ill health associated with poor hygiene, sanitation, and water supply demands more attention from health professionals and policymakers.}, issn = {1549-1676}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1000367}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000367}, author = {Bartram, Jamie and Cairncross, Sandy} } @article {7484, title = {Hygiene, sanitation, and water: what needs to be done?}, journal = {PLoS medicine}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {1366}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000365}, author = {Cairncross, Sandy and Bartram, Jamie and Cumming, Oliver and Brocklehurst, Clarissa} } @article {7607, title = {{Identification of a Brevibacterium marker gene specific to poultry litter and development of a quantitative PCR assay}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {334-347}, abstract = {

Aim: To identify a DNA sequence specific to a bacterium found in poultry litter that was indicative of faecal contamination by poultry sources. Methods and Results: Faecally contaminated poultry litter and soils were used as source material for the development of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method targeting the 16S rRNA gene of a Brevibacterium sp. The identified sequence had 98{\%} nucleotide identity to the 16S rRNA gene of Brevibacterium avium. The qPCR method was tested on 17 soiled litter samples; 40 chicken faecal samples; and 116 nontarget faecal samples from cattle, swine, ducks, geese, and human sewage collected across the United States. The 571-bp product was detected in 76{\%} of poultry-associated samples, but not in 93{\%} of faecal samples from other sources. Marker concentrations were 107-109 gene copies per gram in soiled litter, up to 105 gene copies per gram in spread-site soils, and 107 gene copies per litre in field run-off water. Results were corroborated by a blinded study conducted by a second laboratory. Conclusion: The poultry-specific PCR product is a useful marker gene for assessing the impact of faecal contamination as a result of land-applied poultry litter. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study describes the first quantitative, sensitive and specific microbial source tracking method for the detection of poultry litter contamination. {\textcopyright} 2010 The Authors.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04666.x}, author = {Weidhaas, J.L. and Macbeth, T.W. and Olsen, R.L. and Sadowsky, M.J. and Norat, D. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {13804, title = {Identification of a {Brevibacterium} marker gene specific to poultry litter and development of a quantitative {PCR} assay}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Aim: To identify a DNA sequence specific to a bacterium found in poultry litter that was indicative of faecal contamination by poultry sources. Methods and Results: Faecally contaminated poultry litter and soils were used as source material for the development of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method targeting the 16S rRNA gene of a Brevibacterium sp. The identified sequence had 98\% nucleotide identity to the 16S rRNA gene of Brevibacterium avium. The qPCR method was tested on 17 soiled litter samples; 40 chicken faecal samples; and 116 nontarget faecal samples from cattle, swine, ducks, geese, and human sewage collected across the United States. The 571-bp product was detected in 76\% of poultry-associated samples, but not in 93\% of faecal samples from other sources. Marker concentrations were 107-109 gene copies per gram in soiled litter, up to 105 gene copies per gram in spread-site soils, and 107 gene copies per litre in field run-off water. Results were corroborated by a blinded study conducted by a second laboratory. Conclusion: The poultry-specific PCR product is a useful marker gene for assessing the impact of faecal contamination as a result of land-applied poultry litter. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study describes the first quantitative, sensitive and specific microbial source tracking method for the detection of poultry litter contamination. {\textcopyright} 2010 The Authors.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04666.x}, author = {Weidhaas, J.L. and Macbeth, T.W. and Olsen, R.L. and Sadowsky, M.J. and Norat, D. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {10223, title = {{Identification of a Brevibacterium marker gene specific to poultry litter and development of a quantitative PCR assay}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, year = {2010}, pages = {334{\textendash}347}, author = {Weidhaas, JL and Macbeth, TW and Olsen, RL and Sadowsky, MJ and Norat, D and Harwood, VJ} } @article {10224, title = {{Identification of a Brevibacterium marker gene specific to poultry litter and development of a quantitative PCR assay}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {334{\textendash}347}, author = {Weidhaas, JL and Macbeth, TW and Olsen, RL and Sandowsky, MJ and Norat, D and Harwood, VJ} } @article {12355, title = {Identification of Antibiotic-Resistance-Gene Molecular Signatures Suitable as Tracers of Pristine River, Urban, and Agricultural Sources}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, note = {Storteboom, H. Arabi, M. Davis, J. G. Crimi, B. Pruden, A.
Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010; Davis, Jessica/C-1903-2013}, month = {Mar}, pages = {1947-1953}, abstract = {

Animal feeding operations (AFOs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are potential sources of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in rivers and/or antibiotics that may select for ARGs in native river bacteria. This study aimed to identify ARG distribution patterns that unambiguously distinguish putative sources of ARG from a native river environment. Such molecular signatures may then be used as tracers of specific anthropogenic sources. Three WWTPs, six AFO lagoons, and three sites along a pristine region of the Cache la Poudre (Poudre) River were compared with respect to the frequency of detection (FOD) of 11 sulfonamide and tetracycline ARGs. Principle-component and correspondence analyses aided in identifying the association of tet(H), tet(Q), tet(S), and tet(T) (tet group HQST) with AFO environments and tet(C), tet(E), and tet(O) (tet group CEO) with WWTPs. Discriminant analysis indicated that both tet group HOST and tet group CEO correctly classified the environments, but only the tet group HOST provided a significant difference in FOD among the environments (p \< 0.05). Sul(I) was detected in 100\% of the source environments but just once in the pristine Poudre River, which was dominated by tet(M) and tet(W). Tet(W) libraries generated from the pristine Poudre River, WWTPs, and AFO lagoons were also discernible based on restriction fragment length polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis. Thus, a novel approach was developed and demonstrated to be effective for the model river system, taking an important step in advancing the fundamental understanding of ARG transport in the environment.

}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Storteboom, H. and Arabi, M. and Davis, J. G. and Crimi, B. and Pruden, A.} } @article {15825, title = {Identification of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in Scottish raw and drinking waters during a one-year monitoring period}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {17}, year = {2010}, month = {Sep}, pages = {5977-86}, edition = {2010/07/20}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium/*classification/cytology/genetics/*isolation \& purification, DNA Fingerprinting, DNA, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics, Forensic Anthropology, genotype, Humans, Microscopy, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics, Scotland, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Nichols, R. A. and Connelly, L. and Sullivan, C. B. and Smith, H. V.} } @article {8118, title = {{Identification of protozoa in dairy lagoon wastewater that consume Escherichia coli O157:H7 preferentially.}}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {12}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {e15671}, abstract = {Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157), an agent of life threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome, resides in ruminants and is released in feces at numbers as high as 10 million cells/gram. EcO157 could survive in manure for as long as 21 months, but we observed a 90{\%} decrease in cells of an outbreak strain of EcO157 within half a day in wastewater from dairy lagoons. Although chemical, environmental and biological factors may be responsible for this decrease, we observed an 11-fold increase in native protozoa when wastewater was re-inoculated with 2{\texttimes}10(7) cells of EcO157/mL. These protozoa engulfed the green fluorescent protein labeled EcO157 within 2 hours after inoculation, but expelled vacuoles filled with live EcO157 cells within 3 days into surrounding wastewater, whereas other protozoa retained the EcO157-filled vacuoles for 7 days. EcO157 was not detected by confocal microscopy either inside or outside protozoa after 7 days. Mixed cultures of protozoa enriched from wastewater consumed EcO157 preferentially as compared to native aerobic bacteria, but failed to eliminate them when EcO157 cells declined to 10(4)/mL. We isolated three protozoa from mixed cultures and typed them by 18S sequencing as Vorticella microstoma, Platyophyra sp. and Colpoda aspera. While all three protozoa internalized EcO157, only Platyophyra and Colpoda acted as predators. Similar to mixed cultures, these protozoa failed to eliminate EcO157 from PBS containing no other supplemental nutrients or prey. However, spiking PBS with cereal grass medium as nutrients induced predation of EcO157 by Platyophyra sp. after 3 days or enhanced predation by Colpoda after 5 days. Therefore, attempts to enrich protozoa to decrease EcO157 from dairy lagoons, may correspond to an increase in protozoa similar to Vorticella and possibly facilitate transport of bacterial pathogens to food crops grown in proximity.}, keywords = {Confocal, Confocal: methods, Dairying, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Outbreaks: prevention {\&} control, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Green Fluorescent Proteins: metabolism, Manure, Manure: microbiology, Microscopy, Poaceae, Stem Cells, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Purification}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0015671}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3004959{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Ravva, Subbarao V and Sarreal, Chester Z and Mandrell, Robert E} } @article {14195, title = {Identification of protozoa in dairy lagoon wastewater that consume {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 preferentially.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {12}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {e15671}, abstract = {Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157), an agent of life threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome, resides in ruminants and is released in feces at numbers as high as 10 million cells/gram. EcO157 could survive in manure for as long as 21 months, but we observed a 90\% decrease in cells of an outbreak strain of EcO157 within half a day in wastewater from dairy lagoons. Although chemical, environmental and biological factors may be responsible for this decrease, we observed an 11-fold increase in native protozoa when wastewater was re-inoculated with 2{\texttimes}10(7) cells of EcO157/mL. These protozoa engulfed the green fluorescent protein labeled EcO157 within 2 hours after inoculation, but expelled vacuoles filled with live EcO157 cells within 3 days into surrounding wastewater, whereas other protozoa retained the EcO157-filled vacuoles for 7 days. EcO157 was not detected by confocal microscopy either inside or outside protozoa after 7 days. Mixed cultures of protozoa enriched from wastewater consumed EcO157 preferentially as compared to native aerobic bacteria, but failed to eliminate them when EcO157 cells declined to 10(4)/mL. We isolated three protozoa from mixed cultures and typed them by 18S sequencing as Vorticella microstoma, Platyophyra sp. and Colpoda aspera. While all three protozoa internalized EcO157, only Platyophyra and Colpoda acted as predators. Similar to mixed cultures, these protozoa failed to eliminate EcO157 from PBS containing no other supplemental nutrients or prey. However, spiking PBS with cereal grass medium as nutrients induced predation of EcO157 by Platyophyra sp. after 3 days or enhanced predation by Colpoda after 5 days. Therefore, attempts to enrich protozoa to decrease EcO157 from dairy lagoons, may correspond to an increase in protozoa similar to Vorticella and possibly facilitate transport of bacterial pathogens to food crops grown in proximity.}, keywords = {Confocal, Confocal: methods, Dairying, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Outbreaks: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Green Fluorescent Proteins: metabolism, Manure, Manure: microbiology, Microscopy, Poaceae, Stem Cells, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Purification}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0015671}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3004959\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Ravva, Subbarao V and Sarreal, Chester Z and Mandrell, Robert E} } @article {2385, title = {{Identification of protozoa in dairy lagoon wastewater that consume Escherichia coli O157:H7 preferentially.}}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {5}, number = {12}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {e15671}, abstract = {Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157), an agent of life threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome, resides in ruminants and is released in feces at numbers as high as 10 million cells/gram. EcO157 could survive in manure for as long as 21 months, but we observed a 90\% decrease in cells of an outbreak strain of EcO157 within half a day in wastewater from dairy lagoons. Although chemical, environmental and biological factors may be responsible for this decrease, we observed an 11-fold increase in native protozoa when wastewater was re-inoculated with 2{\texttimes}10(7) cells of EcO157/mL. These protozoa engulfed the green fluorescent protein labeled EcO157 within 2 hours after inoculation, but expelled vacuoles filled with live EcO157 cells within 3 days into surrounding wastewater, whereas other protozoa retained the EcO157-filled vacuoles for 7 days. EcO157 was not detected by confocal microscopy either inside or outside protozoa after 7 days. Mixed cultures of protozoa enriched from wastewater consumed EcO157 preferentially as compared to native aerobic bacteria, but failed to eliminate them when EcO157 cells declined to 10(4)/mL. We isolated three protozoa from mixed cultures and typed them by 18S sequencing as Vorticella microstoma, Platyophyra sp. and Colpoda aspera. While all three protozoa internalized EcO157, only Platyophyra and Colpoda acted as predators. Similar to mixed cultures, these protozoa failed to eliminate EcO157 from PBS containing no other supplemental nutrients or prey. However, spiking PBS with cereal grass medium as nutrients induced predation of EcO157 by Platyophyra sp. after 3 days or enhanced predation by Colpoda after 5 days. Therefore, attempts to enrich protozoa to decrease EcO157 from dairy lagoons, may correspond to an increase in protozoa similar to Vorticella and possibly facilitate transport of bacterial pathogens to food crops grown in proximity.}, keywords = {Confocal, Confocal: methods, Dairying, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Outbreaks: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Green Fluorescent Proteins: metabolism, Manure, Manure: microbiology, Microscopy, Poaceae, Stem Cells, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Purification}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0015671}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3004959\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Ravva, Subbarao V and Sarreal, Chester Z and Mandrell, Robert E} } @article {4168, title = {{Identification of zoonotic Giardia genotypes in fish}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {40}, year = {2010}, pages = {779{\textendash}785}, author = {Yang, R and Reid, A and Lymbery, A and Ryan, U} } @article {11763, title = {{Identity of Diphyllobothrium spp. (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) from sea lions and people along the Pacific Coast of South America}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {96}, year = {2010}, pages = {359{\textendash}365}, abstract = {Host specificity evidently is not expressed by various species of Diphyllobothrium that occur typically in marine mammals, and people become infected occasionally when dietary customs favor ingestion of plerocercoids. This report mainly concerns 2 species, Diphyllobothrium pacificum and Diphyllobothrium arctocephalinum, for which sea lions {\{}(Otariidae){\}} are final hosts. The taxonomic status of those cestodes has not been clearly discernible because of misinterpretation of relationships; complex synonymies have resulted from misidentification(s). Stiles and Hassall in 1899 obtained, but did not describe, cestodes from the northern fur seal {\{}(Otariidae;{\}} Pribilof Islands). That taxon was subsequently studied by several investigators, with diverse conclusions. The valid designation is D. pacificum {\{}(Nybelin,{\}} 1931). In 1937, Johnston and Drummond described separately 2 conspecific cestodes from sea lions near Australia, designated D. arctocephalinum and Diphyllobothrium arctocephali. Both names have been listed incorrectly as synonyms of D. pacificum.}, issn = {0022-3395}, doi = {10.1645/GE-2257.1}, author = {Rausch, Robert and Adams, Ann and Margolis, Leo} } @article {13240, title = {Identity, virulence genes, and clonal relatedness of Aeromonas isolates from patients with diarrhea and drinking water}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {29}, year = {2010}, pages = {1163-1172}, doi = {10.1007/s10096-010-0982-3}, author = {Pablos, M. and Remacha, M. A. and Rodriguez-Calleja, J. M. and Santos, J. A. and Otero, A. and Garcia-Lopez, M. L.} } @article {8499, title = {{Immunogenetics of Toxoplasma gondii informs vaccine design}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {550{\textendash}555}, author = {Henriquez, FL and Woods, S and Cong, H and McLeod, R and Roberts, CW} } @article {9343, title = {{The immunopathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {126}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {366{\textendash}380}, author = {Mortimer, L and Chadee, K} } @article {3545, title = {Impact of a citywide sanitation program in northeast Brazil on intestinal parasites infection in young children}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {118}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {1637{\textendash}1642}, doi = {0.1289/ehp.1002058.}, author = {Barreto, M L and Genser, B and Strina, A and Teixeira, MG and Assis, AM and Rego, RF and Teles, CA and Prado, MS and Matos, S and Alc{\^a}ntara-Neves, NM and Cairncross, S} } @article {9460, title = {{Importance of nonenteric protozoan infections in immunocompromised people}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {795{\textendash}836}, author = {Barratt, JLN and Harkness, J and Marriott, D and Ellis, JT and Stark, D} } @article {10058, title = {{The importance of sediment and submerged aquatic vegetation as potential habitats for persistent strains of enterococci in a subtropical watershed}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {20}, year = {2010}, pages = {5857{\textendash}5866}, author = {Badgley, BD and Nayak, BS and Harwood, VJ} } @article {15784, title = {Improved risk analysis by dual direct detection of total and infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts on cell culture in combination with immunofluorescence assay}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {Jan}, pages = {566-77}, edition = {2009/11/26}, keywords = {*Oocysts, Animals, Bile, Cell Adhesion, Cell Line, Tumor, Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Culture Media, Fluorescent Antibody Technique/*methods, Glucose/pharmacology, Humans, Risk Assessment/*methods}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Lalancette, C. and Di Giovanni, G. D. and Prevost, M.} } @article {10199, title = {{Improved strategies and optimization of calibration models for real-time PCR absolute quantification}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {16}, year = {2010}, pages = {4726{\textendash}4735}, author = {Sivaganesan, M and Haugland, RA and Chern, EC and Shanks, OC} } @article {16582, title = {In vitro ovicidal activity of the nematophagous fungi {Duddingtonia} flagrans, {Monacrosporium} thaumasium and {Pochonia} chlamydosporia on {Trichuris} vulpis eggs}, journal = {Vet Parasitol}, volume = {172}, number = {1-2}, year = {2010}, month = {aug}, pages = {76{\textendash}9}, abstract = {The in vitro effect of four isolates of the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001), Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34a) and Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4) on the eggs of Trichuris vulpis was evaluated. One thousand eggs of T. vulpis were plated on Petri dishes with 2\% water-agar with the fungal isolates grown and without fungus as control. After 7, 14 and 21 days 100 eggs were removed from each plate and classified according to the following parameters: type 1, lytic effect without morphological damage to eggshell; type 2, lytic effect with morphological alteration of embryo and eggshell; and type 3, lytic effect with morphological alteration of embryo and eggshell, besides hyphal penetration and internal egg colonization. P. chlamydosporia demonstrated ovicidal activity (p{\textless}0.05) on the eggs of T. vulpis in the studied intervals presenting type 3 effect of 29.5\% (VC1) and 36.5\% (VC4), 59.5\% (VC1) and 2.5\% (VC4), 94.8\% (VC1) and 2.95\% (VC4) at 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively. The other fungi showed no type 3 effect. P. chlamydosporia should be a potential biological control agent of T. vulpis eggs.}, keywords = {Animals, Ascomycota/*growth \& development, Biological/*methods, Dog Diseases/*parasitology, Dogs, Pest Control, Trichuris/*microbiology}, issn = {1873-2550 (Electronic) 0304-4017 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.034}, author = {Silva, A. R. and Araujo, J. V. and Braga, F. R. and Alves, C. D. and Frassy, L. N.} } @article {12090, title = {In vitro ovicidal activity of the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans, Monacrosporium thaumasium and Pochonia chlamydosporia on Trichuris vulpis eggs}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {172}, number = {1-2}, year = {2010}, note = {Silva, A R
Araujo, J V
Braga, F R
Alves, C D F
Frassy, L N
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Netherlands
2010/06/12 06:00
Vet Parasitol. 2010 Aug 27;172(1-2):76-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.034. Epub 2010 May 6.}, month = {Aug 27}, pages = {76-9}, abstract = {The in vitro effect of four isolates of the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001), Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34a) and Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4) on the eggs of Trichuris vulpis was evaluated. One thousand eggs of T. vulpis were plated on Petri dishes with 2\% water-agar with the fungal isolates grown and without fungus as control. After 7, 14 and 21 days 100 eggs were removed from each plate and classified according to the following parameters: type 1, lytic effect without morphological damage to eggshell; type 2, lytic effect with morphological alteration of embryo and eggshell; and type 3, lytic effect with morphological alteration of embryo and eggshell, besides hyphal penetration and internal egg colonization. P. chlamydosporia demonstrated ovicidal activity (p<0.05) on the eggs of T. vulpis in the studied intervals presenting type 3 effect of 29.5\% (VC1) and 36.5\% (VC4), 59.5\% (VC1) and 2.5\% (VC4), 94.8\% (VC1) and 2.95\% (VC4) at 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively. The other fungi showed no type 3 effect. P. chlamydosporia should be a potential biological control agent of T. vulpis eggs.}, keywords = {Animals, Ascomycota/*growth \& development, Dog Diseases/*parasitology, Dogs, Pest Control, Biological/*methods, Trichuris/*microbiology}, isbn = {1873-2550 (Electronic)
0304-4017 (Linking)}, author = {Silva, A. R. and Araujo, J. V. and Braga, F. R. and Alves, C. D. and Frassy, L. N.} } @article {1311, title = {Inactivation of adenoviruses, enteroviruses, and murine norovirus in water by free chlorine and monochloramine}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, note = {Cromeans, Theresa L Kahler, Amy M Hill, Vincent R Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S. United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {1028-33}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Inactivation of infectious viruses during drinking water treatment is usually achieved with free chlorine. Many drinking water utilities in the United States now use monochloramine as a secondary disinfectant to minimize disinfectant by-product formation and biofilm growth. The inactivation of human adenoviruses 2, 40, and 41 (HAdV2, HAdV40, and HAdV41), coxsackieviruses B3 and B5 (CVB3 and CVB5), echoviruses 1 and 11 (E1 and E11), and murine norovirus (MNV) are compared in this study. Experiments were performed with 0.2 mg of free chlorine or 1 mg of monochloramine/liter at pH 7 and 8 in buffered reagent-grade water at 5 degrees C. CT values (disinfectant concentration x time) for 2- to 4-log(10) (99 to 99.99\%) reductions in virus titers were calculated by using the efficiency factor Hom model. The enteroviruses required the longest times for chlorine inactivation and MNV the least time. CVB5 required the longest exposure time, with CT values of 7.4 and 10 mg x min/liter (pH 7 and 8) for 4-log(10) inactivation. Monochloramine disinfection was most effective for E1 (CT values ranged from 8 to 18 mg x min/liter for 2- and 3-log(10) reductions, respectively). E11 and HAdV2 were the least susceptible to monochloramine disinfection (CT values of 1,300 and 1,600 mg-min/liter for 3-log(10) reductions, respectively). Monochloramine inactivation was most successful for the adenoviruses, CVB5, and E1 at pH 7. A greater variation in inactivation rates between viruses was observed during monochloramine disinfection than during chlorine disinfection. These data will be useful in drinking water risk assessment studies and disinfection system planning.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Animals Chloramines/ pharmacology Chlorine/ pharmacology Disinfectants/pharmacology Disinfection/methods Enterovirus/ drug effects Fresh Water/ virology Humans Mice Norovirus/ drug effects United States Virus Inactivation/drug effects Water P}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Cromeans, T. L. and Kahler, A. M. and Hill, V. R.} } @article {4464, title = {Inactivation of adenoviruses, enteroviruses, and murine norovirus in water by free chlorine and monochloramine}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {1028{\textendash}33}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Cromeans, T. L. and Kahler, A. M. and Hill, V. R.} } @mastersthesis {13383, title = {{Inactivation of Ascaris suum by Ammonia in Feces Simulating the Physical-Chemical Parameters of the Solar Toilet under Laboratory Conditions}}, year = {2010}, pages = {203}, school = {University of South Florida}, type = {phd}, abstract = {

Access to sustainable sanitation systems is a determining factor in human health and economic development. However, more than a third of the world\&$\#$39;s population lives without access to improved sanitation facilities. To meet the sanitation United Nations Millennium Development target, \" halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation \", a wide range of non conventional sanitation technologies have been implemented in developing countries, including waterless systems. These systems function by diverting urine away from feces and collecting, storing, and dehydrating the fecal material in watertight dehydration vaults. From a public health perspective, adequate inactivation of fecal pathogens in a sanitation system is essential before any use or disposal of fecal material. In rural areas of El Salvador, the solar toilet is capable of inactivating fecal pathogens and reducing the prevalence of parasitic infections in its users when compared to other waterless systems. Nevertheless, not all solar toilets are able to inactivate completely Ascaris spp. ova after the recommended storage period. Un-ionized ammonia (NH3 ) has the potential to inactivate pathogens in solutions and sludge, including Ascaris spp. ova. This study hypothesized that adding ammonia to the solar toilet will improve the technology since pathogen inactivation with ammonia could be potentiated by the alkaline medium and high temperatures achieved inside the toilet vaults. To evaluate this approach, a series of experiments in solution and biosolid were performed in a laboratory environment using physical and chemical parameters similar to those achieved by the solar toilet. Eggs of the swine Ascaris species, Ascaris suum, were used as model in all experiments. In ammonia solution, the parasite ova were stored for a period of three days and; in biosolid, the parasite ova were stored for two months. Urea was used as the source of ammonia in biosolid. In addition to the experiments with ammonia, normal viability and morphological changes within the parasite ova during incubation in vitro at 28 C\° were investigated and described to complement current literature published. Results from the experiments in ammonia solution indicated that addition of ammonia (1{\%} and 2{\%}) could improve the system since the critical parameters that significantly reduced A. suum ova viability to zero in three days could be achieved by the solar toilet: temperature of 35\°C or higher and pH value of 9.3. Results from the experiments in biosolid further showed that inactivation of A. suum ova was faster in samples exposed to urea and to temperatures higher than 28\°C. All samples exposed to urea achieved 100{\%} inactivation after 14 days (28\°C), 3 days (35\°C) and 24 hours (40\°C and 45\°C). Survival analysis of the data showed that there was a significant difference (p value {\textless}.0001) between the inactivation achieved in the samples exposed to urea (1{\%} and 2{\%}) and the samples not exposed to urea. A logistic regression analysis estimated the effect of Urea (Treatment, OR: 25.9), Temperature (OR: 1.8), and Storage (OR: 1.17) on inactivation. Results from the experiment with A. suum ova in normal incubation solution showed that the ova went through clearly identified morphological changes at different speed of development. Two new additional stages of development were identified (Pre-larva 1 and Pre-larva 2) and no significant statistical difference was observed among the viability reported early in incubation and the one reported after three weeks of in vitro incubation, indicating that early stages of development may be use as an alternative to reduce the time to report viability. The results of this study suggest that inactivation of Ascaris spp ova by ammonia is possible in fecal material stored in the solar toilet or any other dry toilet, if the following physical and chemical conditions are met: a closed vault with a minimum temperature of 28\°C; an initial pH of 8.3, minimum moisture of 27.5{\%}, and addition of 1{\%} urea to the biosolid. At 28\°C longer storage time would be required for 100{\%} inactivation while at higher temperatures less time of storage would be necessary. A community intervention is recommended to include field conditions and human behavior as other predictors for Ascaris spp. inactivation by ammonia.

}, keywords = {0573:Public health, Ammonia, Ascaris suum, Feces, Health and environmental sciences, Inactivation, Public health, Solar toilets, Urea}, isbn = {9781124379388}, author = {Cruz Espinoza, LM} } @article {1752, title = {Inadequately treated wastewater as a source of human enteric viruses in the environment}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, note = {Okoh, Anthony I Sibanda, Thulani Gusha, Siyabulela S Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review Switzerland International journal of environmental research and public health Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010 Jun;7(6):2620-37. doi: 10.3390/ijerph7062620. Epub 2010 Jun 14.}, pages = {2620-37}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human enteric viruses are causative agents in both developed and developing countries of many non-bacterial gastrointestinal tract infections, respiratory tract infections, conjunctivitis, hepatitis and other more serious infections with high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals such as meningitis, encephalitis and paralysis. Human enteric viruses infect and replicate in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts and are released in large quantities in the stools of infected individuals. The discharge of inadequately treated sewage effluents is the most common source of enteric viral pathogens in aquatic environments. Due to the lack of correlation between the inactivation rates of bacterial indicators and viral pathogens, human adenoviruses have been proposed as a suitable index for the effective indication of viral contaminants in aquatic environments. This paper reviews the major genera of pathogenic human enteric viruses, their pathogenicity and epidemiology, as well as the role of wastewater effluents in their transmission.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control Disinfectants Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Gastroenteritis/prevention \& control Humans Norovirus/isolation \& purification Rotavirus Rotavirus Infections/prevention \& con}, issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph7062620}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20644692}, author = {Okoh, A. I. and Sibanda, T. and Gusha, S. S.} } @article {13082, title = {Inadequately treated wastewater as a source of human enteric viruses in the environment}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {2620{\textendash}2637}, author = {Okoh, Anthony I and Sibanda, Thulani and Gusha, Siyabulela S} } @article {3270, title = {{Indigenous somatic coliphage removal from a real municipal wastewater by a submerged membrane bioreactor}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {1853{\textendash}1862}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {The membrane bioreactor (MBR) features many advantages, such as its excellent effluent quality and compactness. Moreover, the MBR is well known for its disinfectant capacity. This paper investigates virus removal performance for municipal wastewater using a submerged MBR and the operational conditions affecting the virus removal using indigenous somatic coliphages (SC) as an indicator for viruses. The results revealed that the municipal wastewater acquired by the Qinghe Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant, Beijing, contained an SC concentration of (2.81 ?? 1.51) ?? 104 PFU ml-1, which varies seasonally due to spontaneous decay. In the MBR system, the biomass process dominates SC removal. Membrane rejection is an essential supplement of biomass process for SC removal. In this paper, the relative contributions of biomass process and membrane rejection during the start-up and steady operational periods are discussed in detail. The major factors affecting SC removal are biodegradation, membrane pore size, and gel layer formation on the membrane. During long-term experiments, it was demonstrated that high inoculated sludge concentration, long hydraulic retention time, moderate fouling layer, and non-frequent chemical cleaning are favorable for high SC removal in MBR systems. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {municipal wastewater, submerged membrane bioreactor}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.12.013}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.12.013}, author = {Wu, Jinling and Li, Haitao and Huang, Xia} } @article {10862, title = {Indigenous somatic coliphage removal from a real municipal wastewater by a submerged membrane bioreactor}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {1853{\textendash}1862}, author = {Wu, Jinling and Li, Haitao and Huang, Xia} } @article {9740, title = {Infectious Causes of Appendicitis}, journal = {Infectious Disease Clinics of North America}, volume = {24}, year = {2010}, pages = {995}, author = {Lamps, LW} } @article {15799, title = {Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts after storage of experimentally contaminated apples}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {73}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, month = {Oct}, pages = {1824-9}, edition = {2010/11/12}, keywords = {*Food Parasitology, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Cryptosporidiosis/prevention \& control/transmission, Cryptosporidium parvum/growth \& development/*physiology, Food Contamination/*analysis, Food Handling/methods, Food Preservation/methods, Humans, Malus/*parasitology/ultrastructure, Mice, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Oocysts, Parasite Egg Count, Time Factors, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print)
0362-028x}, author = {Macarisin, D. and Santin, M. and Bauchan, G. and Fayer, R.} } @article {15355, title = {Influence of exposure history on the immunology and development of resistance to human Schistosomiasis mansoni}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, note = {Black, Carla L
Mwinzi, Pauline N M
Muok, Erick M O
Abudho, Bernard
Fitzsimmons, Colin M
Dunne, David W
Karanja, Diana M S
Secor, W Evan
Colley, Daniel G
eng
R01 AI053695/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
T32 AI060546/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2010/03/31 06:00
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Mar 23;4(3):e637. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000637.}, pages = {e637}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that humans can acquire immunity to reinfection with schistosomes, most probably due to immunologic mechanisms acquired after exposure to dying schistosome worms. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We followed longitudinally two cohorts of adult males occupationally exposed to Schistosoma mansoni by washing cars (120 men) or harvesting sand (53 men) in Lake Victoria. Men were treated with praziquantel each time S. mansoni infection was detected. In car washers, a significant increase in resistance to reinfection, as measured by the number of cars washed between cure and reinfection, was observed after the car washers had experienced, on average, seven cures. In the car washers who developed resistance, the level of schistosome-specific IgE increased between baseline and the time at which development of resistance was first evidenced. In the sand harvesters, a significant increase in resistance, as measured by the number of days worked in the lake between cure and reinfection, was observed after only two cures. History of exposure to S. mansoni differed between the two cohorts, with the majority of sand harvesters being lifelong residents of a village endemic for S. mansoni and the majority of car washers having little exposure to the lake before they began washing cars. Immune responses at study entry were indicative of more recent infections in car washers and more chronic infections in sand harvesters. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Resistance to reinfection with S. mansoni can be acquired or augmented by adults after multiple rounds of reinfection and cure, but the rate at which resistance is acquired by this means depends on immunologic status and history of exposure to S. mansoni infection.}, keywords = {*Occupational Exposure, Adult, Animals, Antibodies, Protozoan/blood, Antiprotozoal Agents/therapeutic use, Cohort Studies, Humans, Immunoglobulin E/blood, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Praziquantel/therapeutic use, Schistosoma mansoni/*immunology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/drug therapy/*immunology, Secondary Prevention, Young Adult}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Black, C. L. and Mwinzi, P. N. and Muok, E. M. and Abudho, B. and Fitzsimmons, C. M. and Dunne, D. W. and Karanja, D. M. and Secor, W. E. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {6119, title = {Influence of organic carbon loading, sediment associated metal oxide content and sediment grain size distributions upon Cryptosporidium parvum removal during riverbank filtration operations, Sonoma County, CA}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {1126{\textendash}1137}, author = {Metge, DW and Harvey, RW and Aiken, GR and Anders, R and Lincoln, G and Jasperse, J} } @article {17214, title = {Influence of Temperature and Predation on Survival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Expression of invA in Soil and Manure-Amended Soil}, journal = {Applied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {15}, year = {2010}, month = {Aug}, pages = {5025-5031}, author = {Garcia, R. and Baelum, J. and Fredslund, L. and Santorum, P. and Jacobsen, C. S.} } @article {225, title = {An integrated cell culture and reverse transcription quantitative PCR assay for detection of infectious rotaviruses in environmental waters}, journal = {J Microbiol Methods}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, note = {1872-8359 Li, Dan Gu, April Z Yang, Wan He, Miao Hu, Xiu-Hua Shi, Han-Chang Evaluation Studies Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Netherlands J Microbiol Methods. 2010 Jul;82(1):59-63. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.04.003. Epub 2010 Apr 23.}, pages = {59-63}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Rotaviruses exist widely in water environments and are the major cause to the gastroenteritis in children. To overcome the limitations associated with the current methods for detecting rotaviruses in environmental samples, such as long duration with the traditional cell culture-based plaque assay, inability to detect infectivity with RT-PCR-based molecular methods and lower sensitivity with ELISA tests, we developed an integrated cell culture and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR) assay to detect infectious rotaviruses based on detection of viral RNA during replication in cells. The cell culturing step before qPCR allows the infectious rotaviruses to replicate and be detected because they are the only ones that can infect cells and produce RNA. The results showed that as low as 0.2 PFU/ml rotaviruses were detected by ICC-RT-qPCR after 2 days of incubation. With samples, the copy numbers of VP7 gene of rotaviruses linearly correlated (with a coefficient (R(2)) of 0.9575) with initial virus concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 200 PFU/ml. In parallel comparing tests, the ICC-RT-qPCR exhibited higher sensitivity than both the plaque assay and the RT-qPCR when applied to field samples. ICC-RT-qPCR detected infectious rotavirus in 42\% (10/24) of secondary effluents, while only 21\% (5/24) and 12\% (3/24) of samples were positive with either the plaque counting or the RT-qPCR method, respectively. Concentrations of rotaviruses in secondary effluent samples were determined to be 1-30 PFU/l. The results demonstrated that the developed ICC-RT-qPCR method reduced test duration and improved sensitivity towards infectious rotavirus and therefore can be an effective and quantitative tool for detecting infectious rotaviruses in water environments.}, keywords = {Cell Line Fresh Water/*virology Humans Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Rotavirus/genetics/growth \&, development/*isolation \&, purification Rotavirus Infections/*virology Virus Cultivation/*methods}, issn = {0167-7012}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2010.04.003}, url = {http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0167701210001326/1-s2.0-S0167701210001326-main.pdf?_tid=8a97e960-8587-11e4-945e-00000aab0f01\&acdnat=1418777972_3c97b9e843fa0840ec7be9e39998e45f}, author = {Li, D. and Gu, A. Z. and Yang, W. and He, M. and Hu, X. H. and Shi, H. C.} } @article {811, title = {An integrated cell culture and reverse transcription quantitative {PCR} assay for detection of infectious rotaviruses in environmental waters.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {59-63}, abstract = {Rotaviruses exist widely in water environments and are the major cause to the gastroenteritis in children. To overcome the limitations associated with the current methods for detecting rotaviruses in environmental samples, such as long duration with the traditional cell culture-based plaque assay, inability to detect infectivity with {RT-PCR-based} molecular methods and lower sensitivity with {ELISA} tests, we developed an integrated cell culture and reverse transcription quantitative {PCR} {(ICC-RT-qPCR)} assay to detect infectious rotaviruses based on detection of viral {RNA} during replication in cells. The cell culturing step before {qPCR} allows the infectious rotaviruses to replicate and be detected because they are the only ones that can infect cells and produce {RNA.} The results showed that as low as 0.2 {PFU/ml} rotaviruses were detected by {ICC-RT-qPCR} after 2 days of incubation. With samples, the copy numbers of {VP7} gene of rotaviruses linearly correlated (with a coefficient {(R(2))} of 0.9575) with initial virus concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 200 {PFU/ml.} In parallel comparing tests, the {ICC-RT-qPCR} exhibited higher sensitivity than both the plaque assay and the {RT-qPCR} when applied to field samples. {ICC-RT-qPCR} detected infectious rotavirus in 42\% (10/24) of secondary effluents, while only 21\% (5/24) and 12\% (3/24) of samples were positive with either the plaque counting or the {RT-qPCR} method, respectively. Concentrations of rotaviruses in secondary effluent samples were determined to be 1-30 {PFU/l.} The results demonstrated that the developed {ICC-RT-qPCR} method reduced test duration and improved sensitivity towards infectious rotavirus and therefore can be an effective and quantitative tool for detecting infectious rotaviruses in water environments.}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2010.04.003}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2010.04.003}, author = {Li, Dan and Gu, April Z and Yang, Wan and He, Miao and Hu, Xiu-Hua H and HC C Shi} } @article {2663, title = {An integrated cell culture and reverse transcription quantitative {PCR} assay for detection of infectious rotaviruses in environmental waters.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {59-63}, abstract = {Rotaviruses exist widely in water environments and are the major cause to the gastroenteritis in children. To overcome the limitations associated with the current methods for detecting rotaviruses in environmental samples, such as long duration with the traditional cell culture-based plaque assay, inability to detect infectivity with {RT-PCR-based} molecular methods and lower sensitivity with {ELISA} tests, we developed an integrated cell culture and reverse transcription quantitative {PCR} {(ICC-RT-qPCR)} assay to detect infectious rotaviruses based on detection of viral {RNA} during replication in cells. The cell culturing step before {qPCR} allows the infectious rotaviruses to replicate and be detected because they are the only ones that can infect cells and produce {RNA.} The results showed that as low as 0.2 {PFU/ml} rotaviruses were detected by {ICC-RT-qPCR} after 2 days of incubation. With samples, the copy numbers of {VP7} gene of rotaviruses linearly correlated (with a coefficient {(R(2))} of 0.9575) with initial virus concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 200 {PFU/ml.} In parallel comparing tests, the {ICC-RT-qPCR} exhibited higher sensitivity than both the plaque assay and the {RT-qPCR} when applied to field samples. {ICC-RT-qPCR} detected infectious rotavirus in 42\% (10/24) of secondary effluents, while only 21\% (5/24) and 12\% (3/24) of samples were positive with either the plaque counting or the {RT-qPCR} method, respectively. Concentrations of rotaviruses in secondary effluent samples were determined to be 1-30 {PFU/l.} The results demonstrated that the developed {ICC-RT-qPCR} method reduced test duration and improved sensitivity towards infectious rotavirus and therefore can be an effective and quantitative tool for detecting infectious rotaviruses in water environments.}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2010.04.003}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2010.04.003}, author = {Li, Dan and Gu, April Z and Yang, Wan and He, Miao and Hu, Xiu-Hua H and HC C Shi} } @article {3765, title = {An integrated cell culture and reverse transcription quantitative {PCR} assay for detection of infectious rotaviruses in environmental waters}, journal = {J Microbiol Methods}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {59{\textendash}63}, abstract = {Rotaviruses exist widely in water environments and are the major cause to the gastroenteritis in children. To overcome the limitations associated with the current methods for detecting rotaviruses in environmental samples, such as long duration with the traditional cell culture-based plaque assay, inability to detect infectivity with RT-PCR-based molecular methods and lower sensitivity with ELISA tests, we developed an integrated cell culture and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR) assay to detect infectious rotaviruses based on detection of viral RNA during replication in cells. The cell culturing step before qPCR allows the infectious rotaviruses to replicate and be detected because they are the only ones that can infect cells and produce RNA. The results showed that as low as 0.2 PFU/ml rotaviruses were detected by ICC-RT-qPCR after 2 days of incubation. With samples, the copy numbers of VP7 gene of rotaviruses linearly correlated (with a coefficient (R(2)) of 0.9575) with initial virus concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 200 PFU/ml. In parallel comparing tests, the ICC-RT-qPCR exhibited higher sensitivity than both the plaque assay and the RT-qPCR when applied to field samples. ICC-RT-qPCR detected infectious rotavirus in 42\{\%\} (10/24) of secondary effluents, while only 21\{\%\} (5/24) and 12\{\%\} (3/24) of samples were positive with either the plaque counting or the RT-qPCR method, respectively. Concentrations of rotaviruses in secondary effluent samples were determined to be 1-30 PFU/l. The results demonstrated that the developed ICC-RT-qPCR method reduced test duration and improved sensitivity towards infectious rotavirus and therefore can be an effective and quantitative tool for detecting infectious rotaviruses in water environments.}, keywords = {Cell Line Fresh Water/*virology Humans Reverse Tra, development/*isolation \{\&\}amp, purification Rotavirus Infections/*virology Virus}, issn = {0167-7012}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2010.04.003}, url = {http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0167701210001326/1-s2.0-S0167701210001326-main.pdf?\%7B_\%7Dtid=8a97e960-8587-11e4-945e-00000aab0f01\%7B\&\%7Dacdnat=1418777972\%7B_\%7D3c97b9e843fa0840ec7be9e39998e45f}, author = {Li, D and Gu, A Z and Yang, W and He, M and Hu, X H and Shi, H C} } @mastersthesis {6944, title = {Integrated modelling studies of solute transport in river basin systems}, year = {2010}, note = {U585380}, school = {Cardiff University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Surface water and groundwater systems are linked dynamically in reality as the one generally impacts directly on the other. Traditionally, however, these two water bodies have more often than not been treated as different entities by water managers and other professionals. The issue of the compartmentality of these two resources is the main focus of the study described herein. In this study, an existing 1D-2D hydro-environmental surface water model that includes a groundwater model (DIVAST-SG) has been extended to 2-D and refined through testing against three laboratory studies. A surface water-groundwater system model using foam to replicate groundwater material was created in the laboratory and the results of the hydrodynamic processes (i.e. water elevations and flowpaths) were compared with the numerical model predictions. On the whole the comparisons showed good agreement. However, dye studies for replicating pollutant transport did not show such good agreement and this discrepancy was thought to be due to a number of reasons. In the second series of studies, the groundwater material was then replaced with the more traditional sand embankment and again results for both hydrodynamic and solute transport processes (by way of dye studies) from the laboratory set up were compared with the numerical predictions which were in almost perfect agreement. In the same tidal basin, a Severn Estuary model was then designed and set up. Although there were differences from the prototype owing to space and scaling difficulties, the results showed good agreement for both tidal amplitudes and tidal currents with the predictions from the numerical model and particularly the tidal amplitudes were found to compare favourably with field studies. Tracer results from the physical model also showed consistency with simulations from previous researchers in the main estuary. Overall, the purpose of this study, which was to investigate the manner in which flow and solute (conservative tracer) fluxes interacted between surface and sub-surface flows, for simulated riverine and tidal conditions, has been achieved. These experiments and the corresponding datasets are thought to be unique.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU585380, 0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Earth sciences, Environmental engineering, Hydrologic sciences, River basins, Solute transport}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1371640344?accountid=14270}, author = {Osei-Twumasi, Anthony} } @article {13978, title = {Integrating conjugative elements of the {SXT}/{R}391 family trigger the excision and drive the mobilization of a new class of {Vibrio} genomic islands.}, journal = {Molecular microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {576{\textendash}88}, abstract = {In vibrios and enterobacteria lateral gene transfer is often facilitated by integrating conjugative elements (ICEs) of the SXT/R391 family. SXT/R391 ICEs integrate by site-specific recombination into prfC and transfer by conjugation, a process that is initiated at a specific locus called the origin of transfer (oriT(SXT) ). We identified genomic islands (GIs) harbouring a sequence that shares {\textbackslash}textgreater63\% identity with oriT(SXT) in three species of Vibrio. Unlike SXT/R391 ICEs, these GIs are integrated into a gene coding for a putative stress-induced protein and do not appear to carry any gene coding for a conjugative machinery or for mobilization proteins. Our results show that SXT/R391 ICEs trigger the excision and mediate the conjugative transfer in trans of the three Vibrio GIs at high frequency. GIs{\textquoteright} excision is independent of the ICE-encoded recombinase and is controlled by the ICE-encoded transcriptional activator SetCD, which is expressed during the host SOS response. Both mobI and traI, two ICE-borne genes involved in oriT recognition, are essential for GIs{\textquoteright} transfer. We also found that SXT/R391 ICEs mobilize in trans over 1 Mb of chromosomal DNA located 5{\textquoteright} of the GIs{\textquoteright} integration site. Together these results support a novel mechanism of mobilization of GIs by ICEs of the SXT/R391 family.}, issn = {1365-2958}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07364.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807202}, author = {Daccord, Aur{\'e}lie and Ceccarelli, Daniela and Burrus, Vincent} } @article {14803, title = {Integrating conjugative elements of the {SXT}/{R}391 family trigger the excision and drive the mobilization of a new class of {Vibrio} genomic islands.}, journal = {Molecular microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {576{\textendash}88}, abstract = {In vibrios and enterobacteria lateral gene transfer is often facilitated by integrating conjugative elements (ICEs) of the SXT/R391 family. SXT/R391 ICEs integrate by site-specific recombination into prfC and transfer by conjugation, a process that is initiated at a specific locus called the origin of transfer (oriT(SXT) ). We identified genomic islands (GIs) harbouring a sequence that shares {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater63\% identity with oriT(SXT) in three species of Vibrio. Unlike SXT/R391 ICEs, these GIs are integrated into a gene coding for a putative stress-induced protein and do not appear to carry any gene coding for a conjugative machinery or for mobilization proteins. Our results show that SXT/R391 ICEs trigger the excision and mediate the conjugative transfer in trans of the three Vibrio GIs at high frequency. GIs{\textquoteright} excision is independent of the ICE-encoded recombinase and is controlled by the ICE-encoded transcriptional activator SetCD, which is expressed during the host SOS response. Both mobI and traI, two ICE-borne genes involved in oriT recognition, are essential for GIs{\textquoteright} transfer. We also found that SXT/R391 ICEs mobilize in trans over 1 Mb of chromosomal DNA located 5{\textquoteright} of the GIs{\textquoteright} integration site. Together these results support a novel mechanism of mobilization of GIs by ICEs of the SXT/R391 family.}, issn = {1365-2958}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07364.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807202}, author = {Daccord, Aur{\'e}lie and Ceccarelli, Daniela and Burrus, Vincent} } @article {7975, title = {{Integrating conjugative elements of the SXT/R391 family trigger the excision and drive the mobilization of a new class of Vibrio genomic islands.}}, journal = {Molecular microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {576{\textendash}88}, abstract = {In vibrios and enterobacteria lateral gene transfer is often facilitated by integrating conjugative elements (ICEs) of the SXT/R391 family. SXT/R391 ICEs integrate by site-specific recombination into prfC and transfer by conjugation, a process that is initiated at a specific locus called the origin of transfer (oriT(SXT) ). We identified genomic islands (GIs) harbouring a sequence that shares {\textgreater}63{\%} identity with oriT(SXT) in three species of Vibrio. Unlike SXT/R391 ICEs, these GIs are integrated into a gene coding for a putative stress-induced protein and do not appear to carry any gene coding for a conjugative machinery or for mobilization proteins. Our results show that SXT/R391 ICEs trigger the excision and mediate the conjugative transfer in trans of the three Vibrio GIs at high frequency. GIs{\textquoteright} excision is independent of the ICE-encoded recombinase and is controlled by the ICE-encoded transcriptional activator SetCD, which is expressed during the host SOS response. Both mobI and traI, two ICE-borne genes involved in oriT recognition, are essential for GIs{\textquoteright} transfer. We also found that SXT/R391 ICEs mobilize in trans over 1 Mb of chromosomal DNA located 5{\textquoteright} of the GIs{\textquoteright} integration site. Together these results support a novel mechanism of mobilization of GIs by ICEs of the SXT/R391 family.}, issn = {1365-2958}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07364.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807202}, author = {Daccord, Aur{\'e}lie and Ceccarelli, Daniela and Burrus, Vincent} } @article {6694, title = {Intellectual {Impairment} in {School}-{Age} {Children} {Exposed} to {Manganese} from {Drinking} {Water}}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {119}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {sep}, pages = {138{\textendash}143}, issn = {0091-6765}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.1002321}, url = {http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1002321}, author = {Bouchard, Maryse F. and Sauv{\'e}, S{\'e}bastien and Barbeau, Benoit and Legrand, Melissa and Brodeur, Marie-{\`E}ve and Bouffard, Th{\'e}r{\`e}se and Limoges, Elyse and Bellinger, David C. and Mergler, Donna} } @mastersthesis {15481, title = {Interactions h{\^o}te-parasite dans le mod{\`e}le Biomphalaria pfeifferi-Schistosoma mansoni du Dhofar (Oman): g{\'e}n{\'e}tique des populations de l{\textquoteright}h{\^o}te, traits d{\textquoteright}histoire de vie et cons{\'e}quences sur la transmission du parasite}, year = {2010}, month = {26 March 2010}, pages = {331 pages}, school = {Universit{\'e} de Perpignan Via Domitia, France and Universit{\'e} des Sciences de la Sant{\'e} de Libreville, Gabon}, type = {Co-tutelle}, address = {Perpignan, Libreville}, author = {Mintsa-Ngu{\'e}ma, R.} } @article {2001, title = {Intestinal parasite infections in pigs and beef cattle in rural areas of Chungcheongnam-do, Korea}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {347}, isbn = {0023-4001}, author = {Ismail, HAHA and Jeon, HK and Yu, YM and Do, C and Lee, YH} } @article {4917, title = {{Intestinal parasites infection among immunocompromised patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences}, volume = {13}, year = {2010}, pages = {390{\textendash}394}, author = {Al-Megrin, WA} } @article {4948, title = {Intragenomic sequence variation of the ITS-1 region within a single flow-cytometry-counted Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {96}, year = {2010}, pages = {914-919}, author = {Riner, DK and Nichols, T and Lucas, SY and Mullin, AS and Cross, JH and Lindquist, HD} } @article {9007, title = {Investigating the microbial inactivation efficiency of a 25 L batch solar disinfection (SODIS) reactor enhanced with a compound parabolic collector (CPC) for household use}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology}, volume = {85}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {1028-1037}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1097-4660}, author = {Ubomba-Jaswa, Eunice and Fern{\'a}ndez-Ib{\'a}{\~n}ez, Pilar and Navntoft, Christian and Polo-L{\'o}pez, M. Inmaculada and McGuigan, Kevin G.} } @mastersthesis {6769, title = {Investigation on factors influencing ultrasound-assisted surface decontamination of fresh and fresh-cut vegetables}, year = {2010}, note = {3455907}, school = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Although strict practices for controlling the safety of leafy green produce have been implemented in the produce industry, current commercial operations rely on a wash treatment with an antimicrobial agent as the only step for reducing microbial populations on fresh produce. In this study, a systematic approach, starting from understanding the interactions among acoustic energy, produce, sanitizers, and bacteria, as well as the distribution of the ultrasonic field in the treatment channel, was employed to find the answer to the important question: "Can an ultrasound-assisted treatment indeed enhance microbial reduction in a continuous-flow pilot-scale produce washing system?" The first question that has to be answered for any ultrasound-assisted produce wash is if ultrasound as a form of physical energy will cause produce quality degradation. To address this issue, a determination was made of the threshold of acoustic power density (APD) in an ultrasound treatment allowable without causing unacceptable produce damage immediately after sonication. All subsequent produce wash tests were performed with an APD below this threshold. Next, the effect of ultrasound on the reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated on the surfaces of selected produce was measured. The interactions between ultrasound and sanitizers were examined by monitoring the concentration changes of the sanitizers in washing solutions used for fresh-cut lettuce washes. The effects of ultrasound parameters and operational conditions on the uniformity of the acoustic field in the ultrasonic channel, and on surface decontamination of leafy green produce, were also examined. A continuous-flow pilot scale ultrasonic washing system was designed, fabricated, and tested in this study. Further, produce surface characteristics and infiltration pathways were studied. Finally, the application of ultrasonication for surface decontamination of lettuce coring knives was also investigated. In the tests with the pilot-scale ultrasonic produce washer, ultrasound in combination with chlorine enhanced the reduction of E. coli inoculated on spinach by a 0.53 log cycle for batch-leaf washes. Additionally, batch-leaf washes with chlorinated water enhanced the reduction of aerobic plate count by a 0.50 log cycle over a chlorine-only wash. No significant effect of ultrasound was observed for yeast and mold reduction. Ultrasonication enhanced the removal of E. coli O157:H7 from baby carrots by 1.24 log cycles and 0.65 log cycle when treated for 1 min and 3 min, respectively. A batch wash with ultrasound also significantly (p {\textless} 0.05) increased the aerobic plate count reduction for roma tomato surfaces by a 0.75 log cycle over a sanitizer-only wash, while there was only a marginal enhancement in yeast and mold reduction. A number of new techniques were developed or applied to elucidate the relationships between produce surface characteristics and microbial attachment and removal. In the inactivation tests, the underside of spinach leaves (rough side) was found to provide a better shelter for E. coli O157:H7 than the upside. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical profiler mapping were used to provide some insight into this observation. The SEM images and surface profiles of a spinach leaf showed valleys, deeper in the underside than in the upside, harboring and even protecting the cells attached in them. In the effort to quantify the surface roughness of produce, a freeze-drying sample preparation method for confocal laser scanning microscopy was developed which worked well. There were no significant differences in surface roughness among selected vegetables. Moreover, the surface hydrophobicity of the inner surface of spinach leaves was not significantly different from that of the outer surface, and was not affected by ultrasonication. For the first time, the MicroXCT technique was employed in this study to examine the internal structure of a produce sample on the micrometer scale. The MicroXCT images provided a detailed view of the potential infiltration pathways inside a produce tissue that may be used by human pathogens to penetrate fresh and fresh-cut produce. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0359:Food Science, 0410:Microbiology, 0539:Agricultural engineering, Agricultural engineering, Applied sciences, Biological sciences, Food Science, Fresh vegetables, Fresh-cut vegetables, Leafy green products, Microbiology, Surface decontamination, Ultrasound}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/869503805?accountid=14270}, author = {Zhou, Bin} } @article {13958, title = {Investigation {Update}: {Multistate} outbreak of human {E}. coli {O}145 infections linked to shredded {Romaine} lettuce from a single processing facility. {Available} at http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2010/ecoli\_O145/index. html.}, year = {2010}, author = {Centers for Disease Control, Prevention} } @article {7965, title = {{Investigation Update: Multistate outbreak of human E. coli O145 infections linked to shredded Romaine lettuce from a single processing facility. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2010/ecoli{\_}O145/index. html. }}, year = {2010}, author = {Centers for Disease Control, Prevention} } @article {2189, title = {{Investigation Update: Multistate outbreak of human E. coli O145 infections linked to shredded Romaine lettuce from a single processing facility. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2010/ecoli\_O145/index. html. }}, year = {2010}, author = {Centers for Disease Control, Prevention} } @article {9903, title = {{Irritable bowel syndrome: is it associated with genotypes of Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {106}, year = {2010}, pages = {1033{\textendash}1038}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-010-1761-x}, author = {Yakoob, J and Jafri, W and Asim-Beg, M and Abbas, Z and Naz, S and Islam, M and Khan, R} } @article {17439, title = {ISO 2010:19250 Water quality -- Detection of Salmonella spp.}, year = {2010}, institution = {International Organization for Standardization (ISO)}, address = {Geneva Switzerland} } @article {1724, title = {Isoelectric points of viruses}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, note = {Michen, B Graule, T eng Review England 2010/01/28 06:00 J Appl Microbiol. 2010 Aug;109(2):388-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04663.x. Epub 2010 Jan 22.}, pages = {388-97}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Viruses as well as other (bio-)colloids possess a pH-dependent surface charge in polar media such as water. This electrostatic charge determines the mobility of the soft particle in an electric field and thus governs its colloidal behaviour which plays a major role in virus sorption processes. The pH value at which the net surface charge switches its sign is referred to as the isoelectric point (abbreviations: pI or IEP) and is a characteristic parameter of the virion in equilibrium with its environmental water chemistry. Here, we review the IEP measurements of viruses that replicate in hosts of kingdom plantae, bacteria and animalia. IEPs of viruses are found in pH range from 1.9 to 8.4; most frequently, they are measured in a band of 3.5 < IEP < 7. However, the data appear to be scattered widely within single virus species. This discrepancy is discussed and should be considered when IEP values are used to account for virus sorption processes.}, keywords = {Bacteria/virology Colloids Isoelectric Point Plants/virology Static Electricity Viruses/*chemistry Water/chemistry}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04663.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102425}, author = {Michen, B. and Graule, T.} } @article {13835, title = {Isolation and identification of {Helicobacter} pylori from drinking water in {Basra} governorate, {Iraq}}, journal = {East Mediterr Health J}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {920{\textendash}5}, author = {Al-Sulami AA, Al-Taee AM, Juma{\textquoteright}a MG} } @article {8207, title = {{Isolation and identification of Helicobacter pylori from drinking water in Basra governorate, Iraq}}, journal = {Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {920{\textendash}5}, author = {Al-Sulami, AA and Al-Taee, AM and Juma{\textquoteright}a, MG} } @mastersthesis {10750, title = {{Isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria from drinking water of Khairpur, Sukkur and Rohri}}, year = {2010}, school = {Shah Abdul Latif University}, type = {phd}, author = {Shar, A} } @article {10123, title = {{Isolation of faecal coliform bacteria from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {965{\textendash}973}, author = {Johnston, MA and Porter, DE and Scott, GI and Rhodes, WE and Webster, LF} } @article {1262, title = {Issues concerning survival of viruses on surfaces.}, journal = {Food and environmental virology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {24-34}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {P, Vasickova and I, Pavlik and M, Verani and A, Carducci} } @article {1902, title = {Issues Concerning Survival of Viruwses on Surfaces}, journal = {Food Environ. Virol}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {24-34}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Vasickova, P. and Pavlik, I. and Verani, M. and Carducci, A.} } @article {1772, title = {Kinetics of inactivation of indicator pathogens during thermophilic anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, number = {20}, year = {2010}, note = {Popat, Sudeep C Yates, Marylynn V Deshusses, Marc A eng England 2010/08/10 06:00 Water Res. 2010 Dec;44(20):5965-72. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.045. Epub 2010 Jul 23.}, pages = {5965-72}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Thermophilic anaerobic sludge digestion is a promising process to divert waste to beneficial use, but an important question is the required temperature and holding time to achieve a given degree of pathogen inactivation. In this study, the kinetics of inactivation of Ascaris suum and vaccine strain poliovirus type 1 (PVS-1), selected as indicators for helminth ova and enteric viruses respectively, were determined during anaerobic digestion at temperatures ranging from 51 to 56 degrees C. Inactivation of both indicator organisms was fast with greater than two log reductions achieved within 2 h for A. suum and three log reductions for PVS-1, suggesting that the current U.S. regulations are largely conservative. The first-order inactivation rate constants k followed Arrhenius relationship with activation energies of 105 and 39 KJ mol(-1) for A. suum and PVS-1, respectively indicating that A. suum was more sensitive to temperature. Although inactivation was fast, the presence of compounds in the sludge that are known to be protective of pathogen inactivation was observed, suggesting that composition-dependent time-temperature relationships are necessary.}, keywords = {Anaerobiosis Animals Ascaris suum Bioreactors/parasitology/virology Poliovirus Sewage/*parasitology/*virology Temperature Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.045}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20692678}, author = {Popat, S. C. and Yates, M. V. and Deshusses, M. A.} } @article {10311, title = {Kinetics of inactivation of indicator pathogens during thermophilic anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {20}, year = {2010}, pages = {5965{\textendash}5972}, author = {Popat, Sudeep C and Yates, Marylynn V and Deshusses, Marc A} } @article {8984, title = {Kinetics of inactivation of indicator pathogens during thermophilic anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {20}, year = {2010}, pages = {5965-5972}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.045}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135410005233 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135410005233/1-s2.0-S0043135410005233-main.pdf?_tid=e321b838-3fab-11e6-8ad2-00000aacb35d\&acdnat=1467391996_fc762822d3290b0f47ad1e9f4bae12e6}, author = {Popat, Sudeep C. and Yates, Marylynn V. and Deshusses, Marc A.} } @article {15491, title = {A large repertoire of parasite epitopes matched by a large repertoire of host immune receptors in an invertebrate host/parasite model}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {4}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, abstract = {For many decades, invertebrate immunity was believed to be non-adaptive, poorly specific, relying exclusively on sometimes multiple but germ-line encoded innate receptors and effectors. But recent studies performed in different invertebrate species have shaken this paradigm by providing evidence for various types of somatic adaptations at the level of putative immune receptors leading to an enlarged repertoire of recognition molecules. Fibrinogen Related Proteins (FREPs) from the mollusc Biomphalaria glabrata are an example of these putative immune receptors. They are known to be involved in reactions against trematode parasites. Following not yet well understood somatic mechanisms, the FREP repertoire varies considerably from one snail to another, showing a trend towards an individualization of the putative immune repertoire almost comparable to that described from vertebrate adaptive immune system. Nevertheless, their antigenic targets remain unknown. In this study, we show that a specific set of these highly variable FREPs from B. glabrata forms complexes with similarly highly polymorphic and individually variable mucin molecules from its specific trematode parasite S. mansoni (Schistosoma mansoni Polymorphic Mucins: SmPoMucs). This is the first evidence of the interaction between diversified immune receptors and antigenic variant in an invertebrate host/pathogen model. The same order of magnitude in the diversity of the parasite epitopes and the one of the FREP suggests co-evolutionary dynamics between host and parasite regarding this set of determinants that could explain population features like the compatibility polymorphism observed in B. glabrata/S. mansoni interaction. In addition, we identified a third partner associated with the FREPs/SmPoMucs in the immune complex: a Thioester containing Protein (TEP) belonging to a molecular category that plays a role in phagocytosis or encapsulation following recognition. The presence of this last partner in this immune complex argues in favor of the involvement of the formed complex in parasite recognition and elimination from the host.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, Helminth/immunology, Biomphalaria/*immunology/*parasitology, Cricetinae, Epitopes/*immunology, Host-Parasite Interactions, Mice, Molecular Sequence Data, Receptors, Immunologic/*immunology, Schistosoma mansoni/*immunology, Sequence Analysis, DNA}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Mone, Y. and Gourbal, B. and Duval, D. and Du Pasquier, L. and Kieffer-Jaquinod, S. and Mitta, G.} } @book {6816, title = {The last taboo: opening the door on the global sanitation crisis}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=lang_en\&id=PlusBwAAQBAJ\&oi=fnd\&pg=PR1\&dq=water+sanitation+hygiene+\%22willingness+to+pay\%22+OR+,+OR+finance,+OR+micro+OR+finance,+OR+public+OR+sector+OR+finance,+OR+private+OR+sector+OR+finance,+OR+financial+OR+model}, author = {Black, Maggie and Fawcett, Ben} } @article {16035, title = {Leptospira and leptospirosis}, journal = {Vet MicrobiolVet Microbiol}, volume = {140}, number = {3-4}, year = {2010}, month = {Jan 27}, pages = {287-96}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology, Bacterial Proteins/genetics, Bacterial Vaccines/immunology, Carrier State/*epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary, Humans, Leptospira/genetics/immunology/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Leptospirosis/*epidemiology/immunology/microbiology/*veterinary, Occupational Exposure, Recreation, Urine/microbiology, Virulence Factors/genetics, Zoonoses/*epidemiology/*microbiology}, author = {Adler, B. and de la Pe{\~n}a-Moctezuma, A.} } @article {16109, title = {Leptospira as an emerging pathogen: a review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses.}, journal = {Future Microbiol.Future Microbiol.}, volume = {5}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {1413-1425.}, author = {Evangelista, K. V. and Coburn, J.} } @article {16157, title = {Leptospirosis: an emerging disease in travellers}, journal = {Travel Med Infect DisTravel Med Infect DisTravel Med Infect Dis}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {Jan}, pages = {33-9}, keywords = {*Travel, Animals, Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology, Geography, Humans, Leptospirosis/*epidemiology, Risk Factors, Zoonoses/epidemiology}, isbn = {1873-0442 (Electronic)
1477-8939 (Linking)}, author = {Lau, C. and Smythe, L. and Weinstein, P.} } @article {16180, title = {Leptospirosis in free-ranging endangered European mink (Mustela lutreola) and other small carnivores (Mustelidae, Viverridae) from southwestern France}, journal = {J Wildl DisJ Wildl DisJ Wildl Dis}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {Oct}, pages = {1141-51}, isbn = {1943-3700 (Electronic)
0090-3558 (Linking)}, author = {Moinet, M. and Fournier-Chambrillon, C. and Andre-Fontaine, G. and Aulagnier, S. and Mesplede, A. and Blanchard, B. and Descarsin, V. and Dumas, P. and Dumas, Y. and Coic, C. and Couzi, L. and Fournier, P.} } @article {8387, title = {{Local meteorological conditions, dynamics of seroconversion to Toxoplasma gondii in cats (Felis catus) and oocyst burden in a rural environment}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {138}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {1105{\textendash}1113}, author = {Afonso, E and Thulliez, P and Gilot-Fromont, E} } @mastersthesis {6950, title = {Making a {Sunbelt} place: {Tampa}, {Florida}, 1923{\textendash}1964}, year = {2010}, note = {3416656}, school = {University of Florida}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation explains the physical and economic shape that Tampa acquired during its most formative years. The generation of business and political leaders who most influenced change during the postwar years, who I call "civic entrepreneurs," were themselves most affected by the events of the 1920s and 1930s. The lessons, values, and assumptions that they inherited from their experience of Florida{\textquoteright}s first great real estate boom and economic crash guided their subsequent policy choices and preferences. For most of the twentieth century, Floridians{\textquoteright} fundamental economic assumption was that new growth would dependably fuel the local economy. Through increased population, investments, and jobs, growth would finance itself and yield gains for the existing population. By perfecting the pattern of economic and population growth that briefly obtained during the 1920s, Floridians imagined an infinite cycle of importing capital in exchange for cheap land and resources such as water and energy. To the twenty-first century observer, the formula seems problematic, if not unsustainable. However, to the mid-century citizens of Tampa and of Florida in general, the lesson of the 1920s was that growth was an end in itself. The boom of the early to mid-1920s suggested that Tampa was rich with opportunity through land development and sales, which entrepreneurs could achieve at relatively little cost. Beginning in 1926, a real estate and banking collapse frustrated those intent upon expanding Tampa{\textquoteright}s prosperity. The economic disruptions of the 1930s perpetuated the sense of challenge that affected Tampa{\textquoteright}s civic entrepreneurs. The experience of the crash and the Great Depression did not alter their ambitions, but it did alter their attitude toward identifying and exploiting different resources to advance their interest in growth. Tampans looked to the federal government to move their local agenda forward. Civic entrepreneurs regarded federal interventions as coming at little cost in money, local autonomy, or in terms of affecting Tampa{\textquoteright}s traditional hierarchies, which included white supremacy and economic dominance by business elites. By the end of the 1930s, however, Tampans began to modulate their practices so as to better appeal to those they had previously kept at arm{\textquoteright}s length, e.g, unsympathetic northerners, federal bureaucrats, or labor activists. The New Deal and World War II raised the importance of the federal government in Tampa. By the end of the war, Tampa{\textquoteright}s civic entrepreneurs began to imitate the federal government. They sanctioned comprehensive planning by local government, and created new public institutions in the form of public "authorities," through which they sought to exploit the power and financial capital of federal institutions, e.g., the Civil Aeronautics Administration (later the FAA), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads (later the DOT). By the 1950s, federal housing policies created during the Great Depression energized real estate development and finance, allowing that economic sector to resume where it had stopped in 1925. After World War II, the pattern of support from government (at every level) for local growth became settled policy. Its effects include Tampa International Airport, the Port of Tampa, and the Interstate Highway System. The last of these, Interstate Highways, brought with them a new local agency, the Urban Renewal Authority. With that, Tampa{\textquoteright}s civic entrepreneurs met the sharpest limits yet of their ability to direct the remarkable growth that they had achieved. Nevertheless, the physical shape of the twentieth-century Tampa Bay region owes everything to the assumptions and choices that came into play during the period from the 1920s to the 1960s. Since the 1960s, "growth management" has become one of Florida{\textquoteright}s most sensitive policy issues. It is the subject of a proposed constitutional amendment on the 2010 statewide ballot, even as Florida is trying to emerge from real estate and banking collapses resembling those influential events of the 1920s. This research should stimulate readers to examine the presumptions that drive contemporary policy reactions to similar conditions.}, keywords = {0337:American history, 0630:Public policy, 0999:Urban planning, American history, City planning, Economic development, Florida, Public policy, Social sciences, Sunbelt, Tampa, Transportation, Urban planning, Urban policy}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/742443071?accountid=14270}, author = {Bliss, Alan J.} } @article {13027, title = {Making urban excreta and wastewater management contribute to cities{\textquoteright} economic development: a paradigm shift}, journal = {Water Policy}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {602{\textendash}610}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Kone, Doulaye} } @article {15144, title = {Making urban excreta and wastewater management contribute to cities{\textquoteright} economic development: a paradigm shift}, journal = {Water Policy}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {602{\textendash}610}, author = {Kone, Doulaye} } @mastersthesis {6880, title = {Managing water: {Efficiency}-equity tradeoffs in the participatory approach}, year = {2010}, note = {3409638}, school = {University of Maryland, College Park}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation investigates the hypothesis that participation can overcome tradeoffs in equity and efficiency. Literature within the field of economics and sociology has argued for tradeoffs in outcomes of allocative efficiency and equity and institutional efficiency and equity, respectively. Community-based participatory institutions are expected to overcome this tension by introducing institutional accountability and local-level decision making, which serve to enhance technical and allocative efficiency while retaining mechanisms for equitable allocation and empowerment. This research draws on fieldwork from a community-managed water supply program in rural Bahia, Brazil to examine whether outcomes of efficiency and equity are mutually compatible. Findings from the field research indicate that explicit and implicit subsidies to the water supply systems led to outcomes of allocative equity in the sites visited, but that these generated tradeoffs with allocative efficiency. Findings from the research also indicated that the community organizations were relatively efficient in their administrative practices, but that this efficiency came at a cost to equality of membership and voice in the community organization. This suggests that participatory water supply programs generate certain and specific costs, although the findings also suggest additional positive externalities associated with participation.}, keywords = {0595:Water Resource Management, 0700:Social structure, Bahia, Brazil, Development, Earth sciences, Efficiency-equity tradeoffs, Participation, Social sciences, Social structure, Water Resource Management, Water Supply}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/722564825?accountid=14270}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Anna} } @book {1794, title = {Marine wastewater outfalls and treatment systems}, year = {2010}, note = {2011280128 Philip J.W. Roberts ... [et al.] ill. (some col.) ; 24 cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. [465]-477) and index.}, pages = {xxv, 493 p.}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, type = {Book}, address = {London ; New York}, keywords = {Ocean outfalls. Sewage disposal plants.}, isbn = {9781843391890 1843391899}, author = {Roberts, Philip J. W.} } @mastersthesis {7225, title = {Market-based environmental policy in {Latin} {America} and the {Caribbean}: {Theory} and reality}, year = {2010}, note = {3422223}, school = {Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Tufts University)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The dissertation assesses the implementation of "market-based" environmental policy instruments in Latin America and the Caribbean. National surveys were undertaken in 13 countries to assess implementation outcomes and instrument choice, 81 instruments in 13 countries were documented in our dataset. Each record is a mini case-study of the implementation history for one "market-based" instrument (MBI). The analysis determined the extent of MBIs implementation in practice, the instrument choices made, and the outcomes obtained by environmental authorities attempting to incorporate MBIs into the regulatory mix. We find that in a third of all cases documented (25 in 81 or 32\%) implementation was either not completed, or derailed, due to a variety of factors. Furthermore, among 56 cases where implementation took place, 12 instruments (21\%) were found to be no longer operating or not enforced in practice; and a further 9 (16\%) were operating only partially. Plausible independent variables associated with these outcomes were identified across cases. Approximately half of all cases (38 in 81, 47\%) indicated poor cooperation by fiscal authorities as a major barrier to successful implementation outcomes. A third of all cases (26 in 81, 32\%) indicated transaction costs implicit in coordinating MBI operation across bureaucratic boundaries (fiscal-environmental authorities), and between levels of government, as another barrier behind poor outcomes. Case data suggests that structural features of the political/institutional context in which environmental authorities operate condition implementation outcomes. A typology of key interactions identified point to the fiscal-environmental policy interface, and the public finance-infrastructure policy interface, as key areas where policy coordination is required for successful implementation. Integrating MBIs into existing fiscal and sectoral policy structures (agriculture, energy, transport, water) is often difficult, and sometimes impossible under political/institutional constrains. Political leadership and governance innovation is required to overcome existing policy biases, and ensure coherent incentives biz-abiz high inertia fiscal and public finance bureaucracies. These Latin American findings are a sobering reminder that there are no easy and quick policy solutions. While increased use of MBIs remains an important element, any integrated policy response that hopes to tackle the complex environmental challenges facing this region (and emerging global ones like climate change) will have to emphasize a much broader set of public interventions.}, keywords = {0438:Environmental economics, 0550:Latin American Studies, 0630:Public policy, Caribbean, Economic instruments for environmental policy, Environmental and fiscal policy coordination, Environmental economics, Environmental policy in Latin America and the Caribbean, Implementation outcomes, Latin America, Latin American Studies, Market based environmental policy instruments, Policy instrument implementation, Public policy, Social sciences, Studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/757380123?accountid=14270}, author = {Acquatella Corrales, Jean Jose} } @book {17434, title = {The MBR book: principles and applications of membrane bioreactors for water and wastewater treatment}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, author = {Judd, Simon} } @mastersthesis {6272, title = {Measuring hand washing behaviour in low income settings: methodological and validity issues}, year = {2010}, note = {U568647}, school = {University of Southampton (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {\<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\>\<span style=\'font-family: \"Times New Roman\",\"serif\";\'\>Significant global health attention and promotion has been focused on hand washing with soap due to the clear benefits observed in promoting and ensuring child health. However, the measurement and evaluation of hand washing behaviours remains complex. The Sanitation, Hygiene Education and Water Supply in Bangladesh Programme (SHEWA-B) is a large project being implemented by the Government of Bangladesh and UNICEF.\<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = \"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\" /\>\<o:p\>\</o:p\>\</span\>\</p\> \<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\>\<span style=\'font-family: \"Times New Roman\",\"serif\";\'\>This research assessed methodological issues of measuring hand washing behaviours through comparison of structured observation and responses to cross-sectional survey measures (spot-check observation, self-reported hand washing and a hand washing demonstration) and discusses the suitability of indicators. Focus group discussions with fieldworkers were also conducted.\<o:p\>\</o:p\>\</span\>\</p\> \<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\>\<span style=\'font-family: \"Times New Roman\",\"serif\";\'\>The results of this study indicate that hand washing behaviours were over-reported compared with structured observation findings. This implies that current estimates of hand washing from large scale surveys, for example, Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) are also likely to be overestimates.\<o:p\>\</o:p\>\</span\>\</p\> \<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\>\<span style=\'font-family: \"Times New Roman\",\"serif\";\'\>In about 1000 households, approximately 1\% or less of female caregivers were observed to wash their hands with soap or ash before preparing food, before eating, and 3\% before feeding a child. Hand washing with soap was higher for defecation related events with approximately 29\% of female caregivers using soap two thirds or more of the time after cleaning a child{\textquestiondown}s anus/disposing of a child{\textquestiondown}s stools and 38\% used soap two-thirds or more of the time after defecation. Soap was observed at the hand washing location in about 50\% of the households but actual practice was much lower. Reported knowledge was high; approximately 90\% identified the important times for hand washing as being before eating and after defecation and approximately 50\% identified before preparing food and after cleaning/changing a baby.\<o:p\>\</o:p\>\</span\>\</p\> \<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\>\<span style=\'font-family: \"Times New Roman\",\"serif\";\'\>The measurement of hand washing is complex and there has been limited research into the validity of different measurement methods. This research used an epidemiological style approach using the concepts of screening/diagnostic testing and calculation of kappa statistics to assess validity. \<o:p\>\</o:p\>\</span\>\</p\> \<p style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\>\<span style=\'font-family: \"Times New Roman\",\"serif\";\'\>In conclusion, this research demonstrates that self- report hand washing measures are subject to over reporting. Structured observation provides useful information on directly observed hand washing behaviours and the frequency of behaviours. Spot check methods of soap and hand washing locations also provide more optimistic data than observations and can be used as an alternative to structured observation. In addition, the use of questions on the 24 hour recall of soap and other self-report questions on knowledge and the availability of spare soap demonstrate potential for use as potential indicators as an alternative to structured observation. Further validation of measurement methods is required in different country settings.\</span\>\</p\>}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU568647, 0573:Public health, Bibliographies, Health and environmental sciences, http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/166585, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public health, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1564429174?accountid=14270}, author = {Danquah, Lisa O} } @article {7069, title = {Menstrual hygiene in {South} {Asia}: a neglected issue for {WASH} (water, sanitation and hygiene) programmes}, journal = {Gender \& Development}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {99{\textendash}113}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13552071003600083}, author = {Mahon, Th{\'e}r{\`e}se and Fernandes, Maria} } @article {957, title = {Merkel cell polyomavirus and two previously unknown polyomaviruses are chronically shed from human skin}, journal = {Cell Host and Microbe}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {509{\textendash}515}, abstract = {

Mounting evidence indicates that Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), a circular double-stranded DNAvirus, is a causal factor underlying a highly lethal form of skin cancer known as Merkel cell carcinoma. To explore the possibility that MCV and other polyomaviruses commonly inhabit healthy human skin, we developed an improved rolling circle amplification (RCA) technique to isolate circularDNAviral genomes from human skin swabs. Complete MCV genomes were recovered from 40\% of healthy adult volunteers tested, providing full-length, apparently wild-type cloned MCV genomes. RCA analysis also identified two previously unknown polyomavirus species that we name human polyomavirus-6 (HPyV6) and HPyV7. Biochemical experiments show that polyomavirus DNA is shed from the skin in the form of assembled virions. A pilot serological study indicates that infection or coinfection with these three skintropic polyomaviruses is very common. Thus, at least three polyomavirus species are constituents of the human skin microbiome. ?? 2010 Elsevier Inc.

}, isbn = {1934-6069 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1931-3128 (Linking)}, issn = {19313128}, doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2010.05.006}, author = {Schowalter, Rachel M. and Pastrana, Diana V. and Pumphrey, Katherine A. and Moyer, Adam L. and Buck, Christopher B.} } @article {14597, title = {Method 1615: {Measurement} of enterovirus and norovirus occurrence in water by culture and {RT}-{qPCR}, {EPA}/600/{R}-10/181}, year = {2010}, author = {Fout, G. S. and Brinkman, N. E. and Cashdollar, J. L. and Griffin, S. M. and McMinn, B. R. and Rhodes, E. R. and Varughese, E. A. and Karim, M. R. and Grimm, A. C. and Spencer, S. K. and Borchardt. M. A} } @article {14942, title = {Method 1615: {Measurement} of enterovirus and norovirus occurrence in water by culture and {RT}-{qPCR}, {EPA}/600/{R}-10/181}, year = {2010}, author = {Fout, G. S. and Brinkman, N. E. and Cashdollar, J. L. and Griffin, S. M. and McMinn, B. R. and Rhodes, E. R. and Varughese, E. A. and Karim, M. R. and Grimm, A. C. and Spencer, S. K. and A, Borchardt M.} } @article {8197, title = {{Microbial diagnostic microarray for food- and water-borne pathogens}}, journal = {Microbial Biotechnology}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {444{\textendash}454}, abstract = {A microbial diagnostic microarray for the detection of the most relevant bacterial food- and water-borne pathogens and indicator organisms was developed and thoroughly validated. The microarray platform based on sequence-specific end labelling of oligonucleotides and the pyhylogenetically robust gyrB marker gene allowed a highly specific (resolution on genus/species level) and sensitive (0.1{\%} relative and 10(4) cfu absolute detection sensitivity) detection of the target pathogens. Validation was performed using a set of reference strains and a set of spiked environmental samples. Reliability of the obtained data was additionally verified by independent analysis of the samples via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and conventional microbiological reference methods. The applicability of this diagnostic system for food analysis was demonstrated through extensive validation using artificially and naturally contaminated spiked food samples. The microarray-based pathogen detection was compared with the corresponding microbiological reference methods (performed according to the ISO norm). Microarray results revealed high consistency with the reference microbiological data.}, isbn = {1751-7915 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1751-7915 (Linking)}, issn = {17517907}, doi = {10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00176.x}, author = {Kosti{\'c}, Tanja and Stessl, Beatrix and Wagner, Martin and Sessitsch, Angela and Bodrossy, Levente} } @article {13826, title = {Microbial diagnostic microarray for food- and water-borne pathogens}, journal = {Microbial Biotechnology}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {444{\textendash}454}, abstract = {A microbial diagnostic microarray for the detection of the most relevant bacterial food- and water-borne pathogens and indicator organisms was developed and thoroughly validated. The microarray platform based on sequence-specific end labelling of oligonucleotides and the pyhylogenetically robust gyrB marker gene allowed a highly specific (resolution on genus/species level) and sensitive (0.1\% relative and 10(4) cfu absolute detection sensitivity) detection of the target pathogens. Validation was performed using a set of reference strains and a set of spiked environmental samples. Reliability of the obtained data was additionally verified by independent analysis of the samples via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and conventional microbiological reference methods. The applicability of this diagnostic system for food analysis was demonstrated through extensive validation using artificially and naturally contaminated spiked food samples. The microarray-based pathogen detection was compared with the corresponding microbiological reference methods (performed according to the ISO norm). Microarray results revealed high consistency with the reference microbiological data.}, issn = {17517907}, doi = {10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00176.x}, author = {Kosti{\'c}, Tanja and Stessl, Beatrix and Wagner, Martin and Sessitsch, Angela and Bodrossy, Levente} } @article {8279, title = {Microbial diagnostic microarray for food-and water-borne pathogens}, journal = {Microbial Biotechnology}, volume = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {444{\textendash}454}, author = {Kosti{\'c}, Tanja and Stessl, Beatrix and Wagner, Martin and Sessitsch, Angela and Bodrossy, Levente} } @article {14354, title = {Microbial etiology of travelers{\textquoteright} diarrhea in {Mexico}, {Guatemala}, and {India}: importance of enterotoxigenic {Bacteroides} fragilis and {Arcobacter} species.}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {apr}, pages = {1417{\textendash}1419}, author = {Zhi D Jiang and DuPont, Herbert L and Brown, Eric L and Nandy, Ranjan K and Ramamurthy, Thandavaryan and Sinha, Anuradha and Ghosh, Santanu and Guin, Sucharita and Gurleen, Kaur and Rodrigues, Savio and Chen, Jacklyn J and McKenzie, Robin and Steffen, Robert} } @article {5837, title = {{Microbial etiology of travelers{\textquoteright} diarrhea in Mexico, Guatemala, and India: importance of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis and Arcobacter species.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {apr}, pages = {1417{\textendash}1419}, author = {Zhi D Jiang and DuPont, Herbert L and Brown, Eric L and Nandy, Ranjan K and Ramamurthy, Thandavaryan and Sinha, Anuradha and Ghosh, Santanu and Guin, Sucharita and Gurleen, Kaur and Rodrigues, Savio and Chen, Jacklyn J and McKenzie, Robin and Steffen, Robert} } @inbook {9206, title = {{Microbial Source Tracking}}, booktitle = {Wastewater Microbiology}, year = {2010}, pages = {197{\textendash}215}, edition = {Fourth}, author = {Bitton, G} } @article {10870, title = {Microbiological endogenous processes in biological wastewater treatment systems}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {239{\textendash}265}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Hao, Xiao-Di and Wang, Qi-Lin and Zhu, Jing-Yi and Van Loosdrecht, Mark CM} } @article {4085, title = {{Microbiological quality of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in Nunavik, Quebec: a pilot study}}, journal = {Can. J. Microbiol}, volume = {56}, year = {2010}, pages = {968{\textendash}977}, author = {L{\'e}vesque, B and Barthe, C and Dixon, BR and Parrington, LJ and Martin, D and Doidge, B and Proulx, JF and Murphy, D} } @article {16294, title = {The Microbiology of Drinking Water (2010) {\textendash} Part 2 {\textendash} Practices and procedures for sampling. In Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials}, year = {2010}, publisher = {UK Environment Agency}, url = {www.gov.uk/environment-agency} } @article {8949, title = {Microwave and ultrasonic processing: Now a realistic option for industry}, journal = {Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification}, volume = {49}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {885-900}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0255-2701}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2010.05.006}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0255270110001224 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0255270110001224/1-s2.0-S0255270110001224-main.pdf?_tid=60e21540-994f-11e6-b607-00000aab0f26\&acdnat=1477247868_c04f7f3d77580b68cdf2e19c8139d364}, author = {Leonelli, Cristina and Mason, Timothy J.} } @article {15798, title = {Minimal zoonotic risk of cryptosporidiosis from pet dogs and cats}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {Apr}, pages = {174-9}, edition = {2010/02/24}, keywords = {*Zoonoses, Animals, Cat Diseases/diagnosis/epidemiology/*transmission, Cats, Cryptosporidiosis/diagnosis/epidemiology/*transmission/*veterinary, Dog Diseases/diagnosis/epidemiology/*transmission, Dogs, Feces/parasitology, Humans, Risk Factors, United States/epidemiology}, isbn = {1471-4922}, author = {Lucio-Forster, A. and Griffiths, J. K. and Cama, V. A. and Xiao, L. and Bowman, D. D.} } @article {15668, title = {Minireview: clinical cryptosporidiosis}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {124}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {Jan}, pages = {138-46}, edition = {2009/06/24}, keywords = {*Cryptosporidiosis/diagnosis/parasitology/prevention \& control/therapy, Cryptosporidium/*growth \& development, Humans, Immunocompetence, Intestine, Small/parasitology}, isbn = {0014-4894}, author = {Chalmers, R. M. and Davies, A. P.} } @article {1073, title = {Mixed viral infections causing acute gastroenteritis in children in a waterborne outbreak}, year = {2010}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268809991671}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268809991671}, author = {R\"as\"anen, S and Lappalainen, S} } @article {2711, title = {Mixed viral infections causing acute gastroenteritis in children in a waterborne outbreak}, year = {2010}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268809991671}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268809991671}, author = {R\"as\"anen, S and Lappalainen, S} } @article {3936, title = {Mixed viral infections causing acute gastroenteritis in children in a waterborne outbreak}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {138}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {1227{\textendash}34}, author = {R{\"a}s{\"a}nen, S and Lappalainen, S and Kaikkonen, S and H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, M and Salminen, M and Vesikari, T} } @mastersthesis {6485, title = {A mixed-methods approach to evaluate producer knowledge, attitudes and practices towards food safety}, year = {2010}, note = {NR67858}, school = {University of Guelph (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The knowledge and attitudes towards food safety and reported use of good production practices (GPP) were investigated among dairy, broiler chicken and niche-market producers in Canada. A mailed questionnaire was administered to all dairy producers enrolled in dairy herd improvement organizations in Canada in 2008. The response percentage was 20.9\% (2185/10,474). Respondents who reported completion of a dairy-health management education course were less likely to support the availability of unpasteurized milk for consumers (OR=0.74, 95\% CI: 0.60, 0.92) and more likely to be concerned about antimicrobial resistance (OR=1.37, 95\% CI: 1.11, 1.69). Knowledge gaps were also identified (e.g. zoonotic potential of Brucella ). Latent class analysis identified five groups of producers based on their reported use of GPP: "minimal", "sanitation-only", "employee-visitor hygiene", "typical" and "ideal" users (11.1\%, 23.8\%, 20.2\%, 37.1 \% and 7.7\% of respondents, respectively). Respondents in the "ideal users" group used more GPP and were more likely to have completed an educational course in food safety compared to each other group. Mailed and web-based questionnaires were administered to all broiler chicken producers registered in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec in 2008. The response percentage was 33.2\% (642/1932). Greater than 80\% and 21.1\% of respondents indicated that Salmonella and Campylobacter , respectively, can be transmitted from chicken to humans. Respondents who rated the Safe, Safer, Safest program requirements as effective (70\%) or easy (49\%) to implement were more likely to report the use of five of six highly recommended GPP. A questionnaire was administered and 23 semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with niche-market (i.e. organic and small-scale) producers in Ontario during 2008-2009. In total, 575 questionnaires were collected. Disinfection of food animal drinking water and post-harvest produce wash water was reported by {\textless}40\% of respondents. Primary themes identified in semi-structured interviews included concerns about imported products, suggestions to tailor on-farm food safety programs by farm scale and ensure that they are user-friendly and cost-recoverable, and the importance of producer education and government support. Baseline estimates for the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards food safety were identified, which can be used to support future decision-making regarding food safety programs and education for producers.}, keywords = {0359:Food Science, 0766:Epidemiology, Biological sciences, Broilers, Dairies, epidemiology, Food safety, Food Science, Good production practices, Health and environmental sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/815779229?accountid=14270}, author = {Young, Ian} } @article {7560, title = {{Mobility and survival of Salmonella Typhimurium and human adenovirus from spiked sewage sludge applied to soil columns}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {104-114}, abstract = {

Aims: This study investigated the survival and transport of sewage sludge-borne pathogenic organisms in soils. Methods and Results: Undisturbed soil cores were treated with Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhimurium-lux (STM-lux) and human adenovirus (HAdV)-spiked sewage sludge. Following an artificial rainfall event, these pathogens were analysed in the leachate and soil sampled from different depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm) after 24 h, 1 and 2 months. Significantly more STM-lux and HAdV leached through the soil cores when sewage sludge was present. Significantly more STM-lux were found at all soil depths, at all time periods in the sewage sludge treatments, compared to the controls. The rate of decline of STM-lux in the controls was more rapid than in the sewage sludge treatments. Survival and transport of HAdV were minimal. Conclusions: The presence of sewage sludge can significantly influence the transport and survival of bacterial pathogens in soils, probably because of the presence of organic matter. Environmental contamination by virus is unlikely because of strong soil adsorption. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study suggests that groundwater contamination from vertical movement of pathogens is a potential risk and that it highlights the importance of the treatment requirements for biosolids prior to their application to land. {\textcopyright} 2009 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04416.x}, author = {Horswell, J. and Hewitt, J. and Prosser, J. and Van Schaik, A. and Croucher, D. and MacDonald, C. and Burford, P. and Susarla, P. and Bickers, P. and Speir, T.} } @article {13760, title = {Mobility and survival of {Salmonella} {Typhimurium} and human adenovirus from spiked sewage sludge applied to soil columns}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Aims: This study investigated the survival and transport of sewage sludge-borne pathogenic organisms in soils. Methods and Results: Undisturbed soil cores were treated with Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhimurium-lux (STM-lux) and human adenovirus (HAdV)-spiked sewage sludge. Following an artificial rainfall event, these pathogens were analysed in the leachate and soil sampled from different depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm) after 24 h, 1 and 2 months. Significantly more STM-lux and HAdV leached through the soil cores when sewage sludge was present. Significantly more STM-lux were found at all soil depths, at all time periods in the sewage sludge treatments, compared to the controls. The rate of decline of STM-lux in the controls was more rapid than in the sewage sludge treatments. Survival and transport of HAdV were minimal. Conclusions: The presence of sewage sludge can significantly influence the transport and survival of bacterial pathogens in soils, probably because of the presence of organic matter. Environmental contamination by virus is unlikely because of strong soil adsorption. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study suggests that groundwater contamination from vertical movement of pathogens is a potential risk and that it highlights the importance of the treatment requirements for biosolids prior to their application to land. {\textcopyright} 2009 The Society for Applied Microbiology.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04416.x}, author = {Horswell, J. and Hewitt, J. and Prosser, J. and Van Schaik, A. and Croucher, D. and MacDonald, C. and Burford, P. and Susarla, P. and Bickers, P. and Speir, T.} } @article {14266, title = {Mobilizable genomic islands: going mobile with {oriT} mimicry.}, journal = {Molecular microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {537{\textendash}40}, abstract = {Many bacterial chromosomes contain genomic islands, large DNA segments that became incorporated into the chromosome following their horizontal transmission. However, the mechanisms that mediate the lateral transfer of genomic islands are for the most part unknown. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Daccord et al. describe a new type of transmissible genomic island that can be mobilized by co-resident integrating conjugative elements (ICEs). These {\textquoteright}mobilizable genomic islands{\textquoteright} (MGIs) require many ICE-encoded factors for their transmission, including transcription activators to induce MGI excision, the relaxase to initiate transfer at the MGI oriT and the conjugation machinery to transport MGI DNA to recipient cells. However, MGIs encode their own integrases, which enable their recombination with the chromosome of a new host, as well as a variety of other genes that do not have functions related to mobility. The MGI oriT, which resembles the ICE oriT, can also serve as a site for initiation of ICE-mediated conjugative transfer of large regions of chromosomal DNA. Overall, these findings raise the possibility that mobilization of chromosomal DNA from cyptic oriTs within genomic islands or elsewhere on the chromosome could be more common place than has been previously appreciated.}, issn = {1365-2958}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21038479 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3058610}, author = {Waldor, Matthew K} } @article {8162, title = {{Mobilizable genomic islands: going mobile with oriT mimicry.}}, journal = {Molecular microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {537{\textendash}40}, abstract = {Many bacterial chromosomes contain genomic islands, large DNA segments that became incorporated into the chromosome following their horizontal transmission. However, the mechanisms that mediate the lateral transfer of genomic islands are for the most part unknown. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Daccord et al. describe a new type of transmissible genomic island that can be mobilized by co-resident integrating conjugative elements (ICEs). These {\textquoteright}mobilizable genomic islands{\textquoteright} (MGIs) require many ICE-encoded factors for their transmission, including transcription activators to induce MGI excision, the relaxase to initiate transfer at the MGI oriT and the conjugation machinery to transport MGI DNA to recipient cells. However, MGIs encode their own integrases, which enable their recombination with the chromosome of a new host, as well as a variety of other genes that do not have functions related to mobility. The MGI oriT, which resembles the ICE oriT, can also serve as a site for initiation of ICE-mediated conjugative transfer of large regions of chromosomal DNA. Overall, these findings raise the possibility that mobilization of chromosomal DNA from cyptic oriTs within genomic islands or elsewhere on the chromosome could be more common place than has been previously appreciated.}, issn = {1365-2958}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21038479 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3058610}, author = {Waldor, Matthew K} } @article {8163, title = {{Mobilizable genomic islands: going mobile with oriT mimicry.}}, journal = {Molecular microbiology}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {537{\textendash}40}, publisher = {NIH Public Access}, abstract = {Many bacterial chromosomes contain genomic islands, large DNA segments that became incorporated into the chromosome following their horizontal transmission. However, the mechanisms that mediate the lateral transfer of genomic islands are for the most part unknown. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Daccord et al. describe a new type of transmissible genomic island that can be mobilized by co-resident integrating conjugative elements (ICEs). These {\textquoteright}mobilizable genomic islands{\textquoteright} (MGIs) require many ICE-encoded factors for their transmission, including transcription activators to induce MGI excision, the relaxase to initiate transfer at the MGI oriT and the conjugation machinery to transport MGI DNA to recipient cells. However, MGIs encode their own integrases, which enable their recombination with the chromosome of a new host, as well as a variety of other genes that do not have functions related to mobility. The MGI oriT, which resembles the ICE oriT, can also serve as a site for initiation of ICE-mediated conjugative transfer of large regions of chromosomal DNA. Overall, these findings raise the possibility that mobilization of chromosomal DNA from cyptic oriTs within genomic islands or elsewhere on the chromosome could be more common place than has been previously appreciated.}, issn = {1365-2958}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21038479 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3058610}, author = {Waldor, Matthew K} } @booklet {7691, title = {Modeling of variations in watershed pathogen concentrations for risk management and load estimations. Project $\#$ 3124}, number = {Denver, Colorado}, year = {2010}, pages = {288}, url = {http://waterrf.org/Pages/Projects.aspx?PID=3124}, author = {Ferguson,C. M. and Croke,B. F. W. and Norton,J. P. and Haydon,S. and Davies,C. M. and Krogh,M. H. and Ashbolt,N. J.} } @mastersthesis {6305, title = {Modeling watershed management with an ecological objective - a multi-agent system based approach}, year = {2010}, note = {3431085}, school = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Watershed management is a practice that administers water and land resources within a watershed context for different users under spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability. Meeting water demands for both human and ecosystem and maintaining the harmonic balance between those two is one of the ultimate challenges for watershed managers. This study quantitatively defines both human and natural water users as agents in a watershed and then uses a multi-agent system (MAS) modeling framework to formulate the water allocation issue among the agents. A decentralized optimization algorithm is developed to evaluate the complexity of the watershed level outcomes resulting from different agents{\textquoteright} decisions. The construction of ecology-hydrology quantitative connection is the very first step to incorporate the ecological concern into the watershed planning. A data-mining approach: genetic programming (GP) is applied in this study to addressing this task. Using the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHAs) to represent the environmental flow condition, genetic programming generated a quantitative relationship (equation) between natural flow regime metrics (hydrology) and fish community indices (ecology). After a robustness test shows that each metrics in the equation had a consistent relationship with the ecological index, the GP generated equation is proofed as a direct linkage between hydrology and ecology and can reflect the ecosystem status under given flow situation. Meanwhile, the verification test shows a consistent outcome between GP, a traditional statistic method: principal component analysis (PCA) and an ecological approach: autecology matrix (AM). This common outcome provides confidence in using existing and new approaches and observational data to build solid hydroecological relationships. This method is applied to a real world case study regarding using daily reservoir operation for ecosystem restoration purpose. A multi-objectives optimization model is constructed for a case study reservoir in Illinois, USA to evaluate the tradeoff between human economic purpose and ecological conservation purpose. In general, adding the ecological objective into case study reservoir operation will not jeopardize the original economic objective, which is the major concern of current reservoir operation. Meanwhile, the result can also improve the downstream fish habitats by providing a flow regime that close to the natural condition. Due to the spatial heterogeneity involved in the management issue, dividing the watershed into interconnected subsystems (agents) should be a more realistic approach for analyzing water resources management problems. Agent can be flexibly defined in any appropriate format to characterize the heterogeneous water usage. Agents in the watershed are different types of water users that include offstream human land and water users and instream water "users," such as riparian aquatic ecosystems. Under the MAS framework, both individual agents{\textquoteright} objectives and the interconnection among these objectives would be addressed using mathematical format. A penalty-based decentralized optimization algorithm is used to solve the formulated mathematical problem. By introducing the local interest factor (βi ), this algorithm allows agents to search for the solution in the infeasible solution space when system-wide constraints are violated. The use of β i values enables the analysis of a water resource management problem to include the impact of the various agent behaviors that β i values reflect. Aggressive agents with large β i values affect other agents, particularly the reactive ecosystem agents, and even the entire system. In the real world case study of the Yellow River Basin, China, the concept of βi has been translated into local water price (pi ). The local water price, served as an institutional arrangement, is used to guide the convergence of the decentralized management. The results of different scenarios analysis shows that equilibrium local water prices can be achieved under physical constraints in the watershed that will result in lower water consumptions and higher economic benefits compare to the baseline scenario. The subsidies from the government can not only guarantee the environmental flow requirement, but also increase the system GDP at the same time. Data limitation is always a major concern for watershed management modeling analysis. The construction of quantitative hydroecological relationship using genetic programming requires long-term fish species data. The utility function for the human water agent also needs actual water consumption and economic benefit data. The modeling results can be further improved if more data become available. Incorporating the concept of uncertainty into the MAS framework is the reasonable next step of this i study. Agents{\textquoteright} decisions will become dynamic and the results should be more close to the real world situation.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0543:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Biological sciences, Civil engineering, Earth sciences, Ecology, Hydrologic sciences, Land resources, Multi-agent systems, Water allocation, Water resources, Watershed management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/776904193?accountid=14270}, author = {Yang, Yi-Chen} } @article {6546, title = {Modelling latrine diffusion in {Benin}: towards a community typology of demand for improved sanitation in developing countries}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {mar}, pages = {166{\textendash}183}, abstract = {Latrine diffusion patterns across 502 villages in Benin, West Africa, were analysed to explore factors driving initial and increasing levels of household adoption in low-coverage rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Variables explaining adoption related to population density, size, infrastructure/services, non-agricultural occupations, road and urban proximity, and the nearby latrine adoption rate, capturing differences in the physical and social environment, lifestyles and latrine exposure involved in stimulating status/prestige and well-being reasons for latrine adoption. Contagion was most important in explaining adoption initiation. Cluster analysis revealed four distinct village typologies of demand for latrines which provide a framework for tailoring promotional interventions to better match the different sanitation demand characteristics of communities in scaling-up sanitation development and promotion programmes.}, keywords = {Attitudes, Benin, Cluster Analysis, Developing Countries, Family Characteristics, Health Knowledge, Practice, Public Health Practice, Rural Population, Socioeconomic Factors, Toilet Facilities}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2009.111}, author = {Jenkins, Marion W. and Cairncross, Sandy} } @article {936, title = {Molecular and biological characterization of the 5 human-bovine rotavirus {(WC3)-based} reassortant strains of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, {RotaTeq.}}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {403}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {111-127}, abstract = {{RotaTeq} is a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine that contains five human-bovine reassortant strains (designated G1, G2, G3, G4, and P1) on the backbone of the naturally attenuated tissue culture-adapted parental bovine rotavirus {(BRV)} strain {WC3.} The viral genomes of each of the reassortant strains were completely sequenced and compared pairwise and phylogenetically among each other and to human rotavirus {(HRV)} and {BRV} reference strains. Reassortants G1, G2, G3, and G4 contained the {VP7} gene from their corresponding {HRV} parent strains, while reassortants G1 and G2 also contained the {VP3} gene (genotype M1) from the {HRV} parent strain. The P1 reassortant contained the {VP4} gene from the {HRV} parent strain and all the other gene segments from the {BRV} {WC3} strain. The human {VP7s} had a high level of overall amino acid identity {(G1:} 95-99\%, G2: 94-99\% G3: 96-100\%, G4: 93-99\%) when compared to those of representative rotavirus strains of their corresponding G serotypes. The {VP4} of the P1 reassortant had a high identity (92-97\%) with those of serotype {P1A[8]} {HRV} reference strains, while the {BRV} {VP7} showed identities ranging from 91\% to 94\% to those of serotype G6 {HRV} strains. Sequence analyses of the {BRV} or {HRV} genes confirmed that the fundamental structure of the proteins in the vaccine was similar to those of the {HRV} and {BRV} references strains. Sequences analyses showed that {RotaTeq} exhibited a high degree of genetic stability as no mutations were identified in the material of each reassortant, which undergoes two rounds of replication cycles in cell culture during the manufacturing process, when compared to the final material used to fill the dosing tubes. The infectivity of each of the reassortant strains of {RotaTeq,} like {HRV} strains, did not require the presence of sialic acid residues on the cell surface. The molecular and biologic characterization of {RotaTeq} adds to the significant body of clinical data supporting the consistent efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of {RotaTeq.}}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2010.04.004}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2010.04.004}, author = {Matthijnssens, Jelle and Joelsson, Daniel B and Warakomski, Donald J and Zhou, Tingyi and Mathis, Pamela K and van Maanen, Marc-Henri H and Ranheim, Todd S and Ciarlet, Max} } @article {2533, title = {Molecular and biological characterization of the 5 human-bovine rotavirus {(WC3)-based} reassortant strains of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, {RotaTeq.}}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {403}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {111-127}, abstract = {{RotaTeq} is a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine that contains five human-bovine reassortant strains (designated G1, G2, G3, G4, and P1) on the backbone of the naturally attenuated tissue culture-adapted parental bovine rotavirus {(BRV)} strain {WC3.} The viral genomes of each of the reassortant strains were completely sequenced and compared pairwise and phylogenetically among each other and to human rotavirus {(HRV)} and {BRV} reference strains. Reassortants G1, G2, G3, and G4 contained the {VP7} gene from their corresponding {HRV} parent strains, while reassortants G1 and G2 also contained the {VP3} gene (genotype M1) from the {HRV} parent strain. The P1 reassortant contained the {VP4} gene from the {HRV} parent strain and all the other gene segments from the {BRV} {WC3} strain. The human {VP7s} had a high level of overall amino acid identity {(G1:} 95-99\%, G2: 94-99\% G3: 96-100\%, G4: 93-99\%) when compared to those of representative rotavirus strains of their corresponding G serotypes. The {VP4} of the P1 reassortant had a high identity (92-97\%) with those of serotype {P1A[8]} {HRV} reference strains, while the {BRV} {VP7} showed identities ranging from 91\% to 94\% to those of serotype G6 {HRV} strains. Sequence analyses of the {BRV} or {HRV} genes confirmed that the fundamental structure of the proteins in the vaccine was similar to those of the {HRV} and {BRV} references strains. Sequences analyses showed that {RotaTeq} exhibited a high degree of genetic stability as no mutations were identified in the material of each reassortant, which undergoes two rounds of replication cycles in cell culture during the manufacturing process, when compared to the final material used to fill the dosing tubes. The infectivity of each of the reassortant strains of {RotaTeq,} like {HRV} strains, did not require the presence of sialic acid residues on the cell surface. The molecular and biologic characterization of {RotaTeq} adds to the significant body of clinical data supporting the consistent efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of {RotaTeq.}}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2010.04.004}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2010.04.004}, author = {Matthijnssens, Jelle and Joelsson, Daniel B and Warakomski, Donald J and Zhou, Tingyi and Mathis, Pamela K and van Maanen, Marc-Henri H and Ranheim, Todd S and Ciarlet, Max} } @article {3231, title = {{Molecular aspects of tumor cell migration and invasion}}, journal = {Annali dell{\textquoteright}Istituto Superiore di Sanit{\`a}}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {66{\textendash}80}, abstract = {Cell migration and invasion are crucial steps in many physiological events. However, they are also implicated in the physiopathology of many diseases, such as cancer. To spread through the tissues, tumor cells use mechanisms that involve several molecular actors: adhesion receptor families, receptor tyrosine kinases, cytoskeleton proteins, adapter and signalling proteins interplay in a complex scenario. The balance of cellular signals for proliferation and survival responses also regulates migratory behaviours of tumor cells. To complicate the scene of crime drug resistance players can interfere thus worsening this delicate situation. The complete understanding of this molecular jungle is an impossible mission: some molecular aspects are reviewed in this paper.}, keywords = {Ethics, Health Policy, Informed consent, Risk, Translational research}, isbn = {0021-2571 (Print)$\backslash$r0021-2571 (Linking)}, issn = {00099074}, doi = {10.4415/ANN}, author = {Giuseppina Bozzuto, Paola Ruggieri, Agnese Molinari} } @article {10640, title = {{Molecular basis of cholera blood-group dependence and implication for a world characterised by climate change}}, journal = {FEBS Letters}, volume = {584}, year = {2010}, pages = {2548{\textendash}2555}, author = {A Holmner and Mackenzie, A and Krengel, U} } @article {11939, title = {Molecular characterization and assessment of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium from dairy cattle in West Bengal, India}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {171}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {41-47}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-4017}, author = {Khan, Shahbaz Manzoor and Debnath, Chanchal and Pramanik, Amiya Kumar and Xiao, Lihua and Nozaki, Tomoyoshi and Ganguly, Sandipan} } @article {15841, title = {Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium molnari reveals a distinct piscine clade}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {22}, year = {2010}, month = {Nov}, pages = {7646-9}, edition = {2010/09/28}, keywords = {Actins/genetics, Animals, Cluster Analysis, Cryptosporidium/*classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, DNA, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Poecilia/parasitology, Protozoan Proteins/genetics, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Palenzuela, O. and Alvarez-Pellitero, P. and Sitja-Bobadilla, A.} } @article {14473, title = {Molecular characterization of sewage-borne pathogens and detection of sewage markers in an urban stream in {Caracas}, {Venezuela}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {76}, year = {2010}, month = {mar}, pages = {2023{\textendash}6}, abstract = {Molecular characterization of two sewage-borne pathogens identified hepatitis A virus (HAV) subgenotype IA and Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B as predominant genotypes circulating in an urban area of Venezuela. This study reveals epidemiological features of human pathogens of worldwide distribution and the efficacy of molecular methods for accurate assessment of sewage pollution.}, keywords = {*Water Pollution, Animals, Cities, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Giardia/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Hepatitis A virus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Rivers/*parasitology/*virology, Sequence Analysis, Sequence Homology, Sewage/*parasitology/*virology, Venezuela}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02752-09 AEM.02752-09 [pii]}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Querales, L. and Sulbaran, Y. F. and Rodriguez-Diaz, J. and Caraballo, L. and Pujol, F. H.} } @article {14872, title = {Molecular characterization of sewage-borne pathogens and detection of sewage markers in an urban stream in {Caracas}, {Venezuela}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {76}, year = {2010}, month = {mar}, pages = {2023{\textendash}6}, abstract = {Molecular characterization of two sewage-borne pathogens identified hepatitis A virus (HAV) subgenotype IA and Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B as predominant genotypes circulating in an urban area of Venezuela. This study reveals epidemiological features of human pathogens of worldwide distribution and the efficacy of molecular methods for accurate assessment of sewage pollution.}, keywords = {*Water Pollution, Animals, Cities, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Giardia/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Hepatitis A virus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Rivers/*parasitology/*virology, Sequence Analysis, Sequence Homology, Sewage/*parasitology/*virology, Venezuela}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02752-09 AEM.02752-09 [pii]}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Querales, L. and Sulbaran, Y. F. and Rodriguez-Diaz, J. and Caraballo, L. and Pujol, F. H.} } @article {1474, title = {Molecular characterization of sewage-borne pathogens and detection of sewage markers in an urban stream in Caracas, Venezuela}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {76}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, note = {Betancourt, W Q Querales, L Sulbaran, Y F Rodriguez-Diaz, J Caraballo, L Pujol, F H Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Applied and environmental microbiology Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Mar;76(6):2023-6. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02752-09. Epub 2010 Jan 22.}, pages = {2023-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Molecular characterization of two sewage-borne pathogens identified hepatitis A virus (HAV) subgenotype IA and Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B as predominant genotypes circulating in an urban area of Venezuela. This study reveals epidemiological features of human pathogens of worldwide distribution and the efficacy of molecular methods for accurate assessment of sewage pollution.}, keywords = {Animals Cities Cluster Analysis Giardia/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Hepatitis A virus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Humans Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Rivers/*parasitology/*virology Sequence Analysis, DNA Sequence Homology Sewage/*parasitology/*virology Venezuela *Water Pollution}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02752-09 AEM.02752-09 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20097824}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Querales, L. and Sulbaran, Y. F. and Rodriguez-Diaz, J. and Caraballo, L. and Pujol, F. H.} } @article {1444, title = {Molecular detection and characterization of Aichi viruses in sewage-polluted waters of Venezuela}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {12}, year = {2010}, note = {Alcala, Ana Vizzi, Esmeralda Rodriguez-Diaz, Jesus Zambrano, Jose L Betancourt, Walter Liprandi, Ferdinando Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Applied and environmental microbiology Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Jun;76(12):4113-5. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00501-10. Epub 2010 Apr 23.}, pages = {4113-5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

The circulation of Aichi virus in a major urban area was demonstrated using molecular detection with samples recovered from a major river polluted with sewage discharges in Caracas, Venezuela. Five out of 11 water samples studied were positive, being classified by phylogenetic analysis as genotype B. Analysis of sewage waters appears to be a useful methodology to uncover the presence of a hitherto undetected fecal pathogen in a given geographical area.

}, keywords = {Cluster Analysis Genotype Kobuvirus/*classification/*isolation \& purification Molecular Sequence Data RNA, DNA Sequence Homology Sewage/*virology Urban Population Venezuela *Water Microbiology, Viral/genetics Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00501-10 AEM.00501-10 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20418428}, author = {Alcala, A and Vizzi, E and Rodr{\'\i}guez-D{\'\i}az, J and Zambrano, JL and Betancourt, W and Liprandi, F} } @article {14854, title = {Molecular detection and characterization of {Aichi} viruses in sewage-polluted waters of {Venezuela}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {76}, year = {2010}, month = {jun}, pages = {4113{\textendash}5}, abstract = {The circulation of Aichi virus in a major urban area was demonstrated using molecular detection with samples recovered from a major river polluted with sewage discharges in Caracas, Venezuela. Five out of 11 water samples studied were positive, being classified by phylogenetic analysis as genotype B. Analysis of sewage waters appears to be a useful methodology to uncover the presence of a hitherto undetected fecal pathogen in a given geographical area.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Cluster Analysis, DNA, genotype, Kobuvirus/*classification/*isolation \& purification, Molecular Sequence Data, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Sequence Homology, Sewage/*virology, Urban Population, Venezuela, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00501-10 AEM.00501-10 [pii]}, author = {Alcala, A. and Vizzi, E. and Rodriguez-Diaz, J. and Zambrano, J. L. and Betancourt, W. and Liprandi, F.} } @article {14438, title = {Molecular detection and characterization of {Aichi} viruses in sewage-polluted waters of {Venezuela}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {76}, year = {2010}, month = {jun}, pages = {4113{\textendash}5}, abstract = {The circulation of Aichi virus in a major urban area was demonstrated using molecular detection with samples recovered from a major river polluted with sewage discharges in Caracas, Venezuela. Five out of 11 water samples studied were positive, being classified by phylogenetic analysis as genotype B. Analysis of sewage waters appears to be a useful methodology to uncover the presence of a hitherto undetected fecal pathogen in a given geographical area.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Cluster Analysis, DNA, genotype, Kobuvirus/*classification/*isolation \& purification, Molecular Sequence Data, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Sequence Homology, Sewage/*virology, Urban Population, Venezuela, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00501-10 AEM.00501-10 [pii]}, author = {Alcala, A. and Vizzi, E. and Rodriguez-Diaz, J. and Zambrano, J. L. and Betancourt, W. and Liprandi, F.} } @article {7884, title = {{Molecular detection of pathogens in water: The pros and cons of molecular techniques}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, pages = {4325{\textendash}4339}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.030}, author = {Girones, R and Ferr{\'u}s, MA and Alonso, JL and Rodriguez-Manzano, J and Calgua, B and A de Abreu Corr{\^e}a and Hundesa, A and Carratal{\`a}, A and Bofill-Mas, S} } @article {17066, title = {Molecular detection of pathogens in water{\textendash}the pros and cons of molecular techniques}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {44}, number = {15}, year = {2010}, pages = {4325{\textendash}4339}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Girones, Rosina and Ferr{\'u}s, Maria Antonia and Alonso, Jos{\'e} Luis and Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus and Calgua, Byron and de Abreu Corr{\^e}a, Adriana and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Carratal{\`a}, Anna and Bofill-Mas, Silvia} } @article {14631, title = {Molecular detection of pathogens in water{\textendash}the pros and cons of molecular techniques}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, month = {aug}, pages = {4325{\textendash}39}, abstract = {Pollution of water by sewage and run-off from farms produces a serious public health problem in many countries. Viruses, along with bacteria and protozoa in the intestine or in urine are shed and transported through the sewer system. Even in highly industrialized countries, pathogens, including viruses, are prevalent throughout the environment. Molecular methods are used to monitor viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens, and to track pathogen- and source-specific markers in the environment. Molecular techniques, specifically polymerase chain reaction-based methods, provide sensitive, rapid, and quantitative analytical tools with which to study such pathogens, including new or emerging strains. These techniques are used to evaluate the microbiological quality of food and water, and to assess the efficiency of virus removal in drinking and wastewater treatment plants. The range of methods available for the application of molecular techniques has increased, and the costs involved have fallen. These developments have allowed the potential standardization and automation of certain techniques. In some cases they facilitate the identification, genotyping, enumeration, viability assessment, and source-tracking of human and animal contamination. Additionally, recent improvements in detection technologies have allowed the simultaneous detection of multiple targets in a single assay. However, the molecular techniques available today and those under development require further refinement in order to be standardized and applicable to a diversity of matrices. Water disinfection treatments may have an effect on the viability of pathogens and the numbers obtained by molecular techniques may overestimate the quantification of infectious microorganisms. The pros and cons of molecular techniques for the detection and quantification of pathogens in water are discussed.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Bacterial/*analysis/genetics, DNA, Feces/microbiology/parasitology/virology, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Protozoan/*analysis/genetics, Reproducibility of Results, Viral/*analysis/genetics, Water/*parasitology}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.030}, author = {Girones, R. and Ferr{\'u}s, M. A. and Alonso, J. L. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Calgua, B. and Correa Ade, A. and Hundesa, A. and Carratala, A. and Bofill-Mas, S.} } @article {14960, title = {Molecular detection of pathogens in water{\textendash}the pros and cons of molecular techniques}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, month = {aug}, pages = {4325{\textendash}39}, abstract = {Pollution of water by sewage and run-off from farms produces a serious public health problem in many countries. Viruses, along with bacteria and protozoa in the intestine or in urine are shed and transported through the sewer system. Even in highly industrialized countries, pathogens, including viruses, are prevalent throughout the environment. Molecular methods are used to monitor viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens, and to track pathogen- and source-specific markers in the environment. Molecular techniques, specifically polymerase chain reaction-based methods, provide sensitive, rapid, and quantitative analytical tools with which to study such pathogens, including new or emerging strains. These techniques are used to evaluate the microbiological quality of food and water, and to assess the efficiency of virus removal in drinking and wastewater treatment plants. The range of methods available for the application of molecular techniques has increased, and the costs involved have fallen. These developments have allowed the potential standardization and automation of certain techniques. In some cases they facilitate the identification, genotyping, enumeration, viability assessment, and source-tracking of human and animal contamination. Additionally, recent improvements in detection technologies have allowed the simultaneous detection of multiple targets in a single assay. However, the molecular techniques available today and those under development require further refinement in order to be standardized and applicable to a diversity of matrices. Water disinfection treatments may have an effect on the viability of pathogens and the numbers obtained by molecular techniques may overestimate the quantification of infectious microorganisms. The pros and cons of molecular techniques for the detection and quantification of pathogens in water are discussed.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Bacterial/*analysis/genetics, DNA, Feces/microbiology/parasitology/virology, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Protozoan/*analysis/genetics, Reproducibility of Results, Viral/*analysis/genetics, Water/*parasitology}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.030}, author = {Girones, R. and Ferr{\'u}s, M. A. and Alonso, J. L. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Calgua, B. and Correa Ade, A. and Hundesa, A. and Carratala, A. and Bofill-Mas, S.} } @article {1584, title = {Molecular detection of pathogens in water{\textendash}the pros and cons of molecular techniques}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {15}, year = {2010}, note = {Girones, Rosina Ferrus, Maria Antonia Alonso, Jose Luis Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus Calgua, Byron Correa, Adriana de Abreu Hundesa, Ayalkibet Carratala, Anna Bofill-Mas, Silvia eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review England 2010/07/14 06:00 Water Res. 2010 Aug;44(15):4325-39. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.030. Epub 2010 Jun 19.}, pages = {4325-39}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Pollution of water by sewage and run-off from farms produces a serious public health problem in many countries. Viruses, along with bacteria and protozoa in the intestine or in urine are shed and transported through the sewer system. Even in highly industrialized countries, pathogens, including viruses, are prevalent throughout the environment. Molecular methods are used to monitor viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens, and to track pathogen- and source-specific markers in the environment. Molecular techniques, specifically polymerase chain reaction-based methods, provide sensitive, rapid, and quantitative analytical tools with which to study such pathogens, including new or emerging strains. These techniques are used to evaluate the microbiological quality of food and water, and to assess the efficiency of virus removal in drinking and wastewater treatment plants. The range of methods available for the application of molecular techniques has increased, and the costs involved have fallen. These developments have allowed the potential standardization and automation of certain techniques. In some cases they facilitate the identification, genotyping, enumeration, viability assessment, and source-tracking of human and animal contamination. Additionally, recent improvements in detection technologies have allowed the simultaneous detection of multiple targets in a single assay. However, the molecular techniques available today and those under development require further refinement in order to be standardized and applicable to a diversity of matrices. Water disinfection treatments may have an effect on the viability of pathogens and the numbers obtained by molecular techniques may overestimate the quantification of infectious microorganisms. The pros and cons of molecular techniques for the detection and quantification of pathogens in water are discussed.}, keywords = {Animals DNA, Bacterial/*analysis/genetics DNA, Protozoan/*analysis/genetics DNA, Viral/*analysis/genetics Feces/microbiology/parasitology/virology Humans Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Reproducibility of Results Water/*parasitology *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.030}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20619868}, author = {Girones, R. and Ferr{\'u}s, M. A. and Alonso, J. L. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Calgua, B. and Correa Ade, A. and Hundesa, A. and Carratala, A. and Bofill-Mas, S.} } @article {1017, title = {Molecular detection, quantification and characterization of human polyomavirus JC from waste water in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {438{\textendash}445}, abstract = {

Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) is largely excreted by the human population through the urinary route and has been recognized as a potential viral marker for human waste contamination. This study aims to investigate the dissemination of JCPyV in waste water from a sewage treatment plant (STP) located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to describe the prevalence of JCPyV subtypes currently present in this population. Raw and treated sewage samples were collected bimonthly during one year, and examined for the presence of JCPyV using nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). JCPyV was detected by nPCR in 96\% and 43\% of raw and treated sewage samples, respectively. The concentration of JCPyV present in the samples ranged from 1.2x10(3) to 3.2x10(5) and 2.6x10(2) to 6.2x10(3) genome copies per 2 ml of concentrated raw and treated sewage sample, respectively. The strains were characterized and the obtained nucleotide sequences indicated that the detected JCPyV strains clustered with subtypes of East African, West African and European origin. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the incidence and diversity of JCPyV strains in raw and treated sewage in Brazil.

}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Brazil, DNA, Environmental monitoring, Humans, JC Virus, JC Virus: genetics, JC Virus: isolation \& purification, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Viral, Viral: analysis, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2010.090}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20375473}, author = {Tulio M Fumian and Fl{\'a}via R Guimar{\~a}es and Beatriz J Vaz and da Silva, Marcus T T and Muylaert, F F and Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Girones, Rosina and Leite, Jos{\'e} P G and Marize P Miagostovich} } @inbook {9965, title = {{Molecular detection, quantification and characterization of human polyomavirus JC from waste water in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.}}, booktitle = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {sep}, pages = {438{\textendash}445}, abstract = {

Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) is largely excreted by the human population through the urinary route and has been recognized as a potential viral marker for human waste contamination. This study aims to investigate the dissemination of JCPyV in waste water from a sewage treatment plant (STP) located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to describe the prevalence of JCPyV subtypes currently present in this population. Raw and treated sewage samples were collected bimonthly during one year, and examined for the presence of JCPyV using nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). JCPyV was detected by nPCR in 96{\%} and 43{\%} of raw and treated sewage samples, respectively. The concentration of JCPyV present in the samples ranged from 1.2x10(3) to 3.2x10(5) and 2.6x10(2) to 6.2x10(3) genome copies per 2 ml of concentrated raw and treated sewage sample, respectively. The strains were characterized and the obtained nucleotide sequences indicated that the detected JCPyV strains clustered with subtypes of East African, West African and European origin. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the incidence and diversity of JCPyV strains in raw and treated sewage in Brazil.

}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Brazil, DNA, Environmental monitoring, Humans, JC Virus, JC Virus: genetics, JC Virus: isolation {\&} purification, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Viral, Viral: analysis, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2010.090}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20375473}, author = {Fumian, T and Guimar{\~a}es, F and B Pereira Vaz and da Silva, MT and Muylaert, F and Bofill-Mas, S and Girones, R and Leite, JP and Miagostovich, M} } @article {533, title = {Molecular epidemiology and brief history of emerging adenovirus 14-associated respiratory disease in the United States}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {202}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, note = {1537-6613 Kajon, Adriana E Lu, Xiaoyan Erdman, Dean D Louie, Janice Schnurr, David George, Kirsten St Koopmans, Marion P Allibhai, Taslim Metzgar, David Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States J Infect Dis. 2010 Jul 1;202(1):93-103. doi: 10.1086/653083.}, pages = {93-103}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: First isolated in the Netherlands in 1955 during an outbreak of acute respiratory disease (ARD) among military recruits, human adenovirus 14 (HAdV-14) has historically been considered rare. With no precedent of circulation in North America, HAdV-14 has been isolated from military and civilian cases of ARD of variable severity since 2003 in the United States. METHODS: Ninety-nine isolates from military and civilian cases from different geographic locations and circulation periods were characterized by restriction enzyme analysis of viral DNA and select gene sequencing. RESULTS: All examined viruses were found to be identical and to belong to a new genome type designated "HAdV-14p1" (formerly known as "14a"). Comparative alignments of E1A, hexon, and fiber gene sequences with other subspecies B2 HAdVs suggest that HAdV-14p1, like the closely related HAdV-11a, arose from recombination among similar HAdV-11 and HAdV-14 ancestral strains. A deletion of 2 amino acids in the knob region of the fiber protein is the only identified unique characteristic of HAdV-14p1. CONCLUSION: The current geographic distribution of HAdV-14p1 involves at least 15 states in the Unites States. The role of the fiber mutations in the recent emergence of HAdV-14p1 ARD in North America warrants further study.}, keywords = {80 and over Child Child, Adenoviridae/classification/*genetics Adenovirus Infections, Emerging Disease Outbreaks Female Humans Infant Infant, Human/*epidemiology/*virology Adolescent Adult Aged, Newborn Male Middle Aged Military Personnel Molecular Epidemiology Population Surveillance United States Young Adult, Preschool Communicable Diseases}, issn = {0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/653083}, author = {Kajon, A. E. and Lu, X. and Erdman, D. D. and Louie, J. and Schnurr, D. and George, K. S. and Koopmans, M. P. and Allibhai, T. and Metzgar, D.} } @article {4514, title = {Molecular epidemiology and brief history of emerging adenovirus 14-associated respiratory disease in the United States}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {202}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {93{\textendash}103}, issn = {0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/653083}, author = {Kajon, A. E. and Lu, X. and Erdman, D. D. and Louie, J. and Schnurr, D. and George, K. S. and Koopmans, M. P. and Allibhai, T. and Metzgar, D.} } @article {15946, title = {Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {124}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {Jan}, pages = {80-9}, edition = {2009/04/11}, keywords = {Animals, Animals, Domestic, Cattle, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/parasitology/transmission, Cryptosporidium parvum/classification/genetics, Cryptosporidium/classification/*genetics, genotype, Goats, Humans, Molecular Epidemiology, Sheep, Swine, Zoonoses}, isbn = {0014-4894}, author = {Xiao, L.} } @article {240, title = {Molecular Epidemiology of Group A Rotavirus in Buenos Aires, Argentina 2004-2007: Reemergence of G2P 4 and Emergence of G9P 8 Strains}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {82}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, note = {Times Cited: 25 27}, pages = {1083-1093}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0146-6615}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.21745}, url = {://WOS:000276981700024}, author = {Esteban, Laura E. and Rota, Rosana P. and Gentsch, Jon R. and Jiang, Baoming and Esona, Mathew and Glass, Roger I. and Glikmann, Graciela and Castello, Alejandro A.} } @article {11718, title = {{Molecular identification of the Diphyllobothrium species causing diphyllobothriasis in Chilean patients}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {106}, year = {2010}, pages = {995{\textendash}1000}, author = {Mercado, R and Yamasaki, H and Kato, M and Mu{\~n}oz, V and Sagua, H and Torres, P and Castillo, D} } @article {10061, title = {{Molecular indicators used in the development of predictive models for microbial source tracking}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, year = {2010}, pages = {1789{\textendash}1795}, author = {Balleste, E and Bonjoch, X and Belanche, LA and Blanch, AR} } @article {13974, title = {Molecular mechanisms of {Escherichia} coli pathogenicity.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {26{\textendash}38}, abstract = {Escherichia coli is a remarkable and diverse organism. This normally harmless commensal needs only to acquire a combination of mobile genetic elements to become a highly adapted pathogen capable of causing a range of diseases, from gastroenteritis to extraintestinal infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream and central nervous system. The worldwide burden of these diseases is staggering, with hundreds of millions of people affected annually. Eight E. coli pathovars have been well characterized, and each uses a large arsenal of virulence factors to subvert host cellular functions to potentiate its virulence. In this Review, we focus on the recent advances in our understanding of the different pathogenic mechanisms that are used by various E. coli pathovars and how they cause disease in humans.}, keywords = {Biological, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Humans, Models, Virulence, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Virulence Factors: physiology}, issn = {1740-1534}, doi = {10.1038/nrmicro2265}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19966814}, author = {Croxen, Matthew A and B B Finlay} } @article {2203, title = {{Molecular mechanisms of Escherichia coli pathogenicity.}}, journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {26{\textendash}38}, abstract = {Escherichia coli is a remarkable and diverse organism. This normally harmless commensal needs only to acquire a combination of mobile genetic elements to become a highly adapted pathogen capable of causing a range of diseases, from gastroenteritis to extraintestinal infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream and central nervous system. The worldwide burden of these diseases is staggering, with hundreds of millions of people affected annually. Eight E. coli pathovars have been well characterized, and each uses a large arsenal of virulence factors to subvert host cellular functions to potentiate its virulence. In this Review, we focus on the recent advances in our understanding of the different pathogenic mechanisms that are used by various E. coli pathovars and how they cause disease in humans.}, keywords = {Biological, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Humans, Models, Virulence, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Virulence Factors: physiology}, issn = {1740-1534}, doi = {10.1038/nrmicro2265}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19966814}, author = {Croxen, Matthew A and B B Finlay} } @article {1377, title = {Molecular typing of enterovirus, adenovirus, and hepatitis A viruses in untreated and treated sewage of a biological treatment plant in Greece.}, journal = {Food and environmetal virology}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Kokkinos P and Fillippidou S and Karlou K and A Vantarakis} } @article {4527, title = {Molecular typing of enterovirus, adenovirus, and hepatitis {A} viruses in untreated and treated sewage of a biological treatment plant in {Greece}.}, journal = {Food and Environmetal Virology}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {89{\textendash}96}, author = {P Kokkinos and S Fillippidou and K Karlou and A Vantarakis} } @article {4043, title = {{Monitoring and evaluation of removal of pathogens at municipal wastewater treatment plants}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {61}, year = {2010}, pages = {1589{\textendash}1599}, author = {Fu, CY and Xie, X and Huang, JJ and Zhang, T and Wu, QY and Chen, JN and Hu, HY} } @article {4239, title = {{Monitoring and evaluation of removal of pathogens at municipal wastewater treatment plants.}}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {61}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {1589{\textendash}99}, abstract = {The concentrations and removal of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and microbial indicators, including somatic coliphages and fecal coliforms were investigated through the wastewater treatment processes at three municipal wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China. The experimental results showed that the concentrations of Cryptosporidium in untreated wastewater, primary treatment effluent, secondary treatment effluent, tertiary treatment effluent were 33-600, 67-333, 0-9 and 0-0.4 oocysts L(-1), and that of Giardia were 130-3,600, 533-2,033, 0-32 and 0-2.1 cysts L(-1), respectively. The reduction ratios of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by the primary treatment process were 0.12 log and 0.18 log, respectively. Oxidation ditch process had higher reduction efficiency to Cryptosporidium and Giardia than anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process and conventional activated sludge process, probably because of longer retention time and higher sludge concentration. Membrane ultrafiltration had a notably better efficiency to reduce microorganisms, especially Cryptosporidium and Giardia, than conventional flocculation sedimentation and sand filtration process, as the tertiary treatment. Comparing with total coliforms, fecal coliforms and heterotrophic bacteria, concentration of somatic coliphages was correlated better with that of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in untreated wastewater and secondary treatment effluent.}, keywords = {Cities, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium: isolation {\&} purification, Cryptosporidium: physiology, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Enterobacteriaceae: physiology, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Giardia, Giardia: isolation {\&} purification, Giardia: physiology, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.757}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20351439}, author = {Fu, C Y and Xie, X and Huang, J J and Zhang, T and Wu, Q Y and Chen, J N and Hu, H Y} } @article {8693, title = {{Monitoring and evaluation of removal of pathogens at municipal wastewater treatment plants}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {61}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {1589{\textendash}1599}, abstract = {The concentrations and removal of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and microbial indicators, including somatic coliphages and fecal coliforms were investigated through the wastewater treatment processes at three municipal wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China. The experimental results showed that the concentrations of Cryptosporidium in untreated wastewater, primary treatment effluent, secondary treatment effluent, tertiary treatment effluent were 33-600, 67-333, 0-9 and 0-0.4 oocysts L(-1), and that of Giardia were 130-3,600, 533-2,033, 0-32 and 0-2.1 cysts L(-1), respectively. The reduction ratios of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by the primary treatment process were 0.12 log and 0.18 log, respectively. Oxidation ditch process had higher reduction efficiency to Cryptosporidium and Giardia than anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process and conventional activated sludge process, probably because of longer retention time and higher sludge concentration. Membrane ultrafiltration had a notably better efficiency to reduce microorganisms, especially Cryptosporidium and Giardia, than conventional flocculation sedimentation and sand filtration process, as the tertiary treatment. Comparing with total coliforms, fecal coliforms and heterotrophic bacteria, concentration of somatic coliphages was correlated better with that of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in untreated wastewater and secondary treatment effluent.}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium, Fecal coliforms, Giardia, Somatic coliphages, Wastewater reclamation}, isbn = {0273-1223}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.757}, author = {Fu, C. Y. and Xie, X. and Huang, J. J. and Zhang, T. and Wu, Q. Y. and Chen, J. N. and Hu, H. Y.} } @article {15718, title = {Monitoring and evaluation of removal of pathogens at municipal wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {61}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {1589-99}, edition = {2010/03/31}, keywords = {*Cities, *Water Microbiology, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification/physiology, Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification/physiology, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Giardia/isolation \& purification/physiology, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223}, author = {Fu, C. Y. and Xie, X. and Huang, J. J. and Zhang, T. and Wu, Q. Y. and Chen, J. N. and Hu, H. Y.} } @article {15215, title = {Monitoring and evaluation of removal of pathogens at municipal wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {61}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {1589{\textendash}1599}, author = {Fu, CY and Xie, X and Huang, JJ and Zhang, T and Wu, QY and Chen, JN and Hu, HY} } @inbook {542, title = {Monitoring of adenovirus load in stool by real-time PCR permits early detection of impending invasive infection in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation}, booktitle = {Leukemia}, volume = {24}, year = {2010}, note = {Lion, T Kosulin, K Landlinger, C Rauch, M Preuner, S Jugovic, D Potschger, U Lawitschka, A Peters, C Fritsch, G Matthes-Martin, S Leukemia leu20104 [pii] Leukemia. 2010 Apr;24(4):706-14. doi: 10.1038/leu.2010.4. Epub 2010 Feb 11.}, pages = {706-14}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {Invasive adenovirus (AdV) infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. We observed that molecular detection of the virus in stool specimens commonly precedes AdV viremia, suggesting that intestinal infections may represent a common source of virus dissemination. To address this notion, we have investigated 153 consecutive allogeneic transplantations in 138 pediatric patients by quantitative monitoring of AdV in stool specimens and peripheral blood by a pan-adenovirus real-time (RQ)-PCR approach. AdV was detectable in serial stool specimens in all cases of AdV viremia during the post-transplant course (P<0.0001). The incidence of AdV viremia in individuals with peak virus levels in stool specimens above 1 x 10E6 copies per gram (n=22) was 73\% vs 0\% in patients with AdV levels in stool specimens below this threshold (n=29; P<0.0001). Serial measurement of AdV levels in stool specimens by RQ-PCR permitted early diagnosis of impending invasive infection with a sensitivity and specificity of 100\% (95\% confidence interval (CI) 96-100\%) and 83\% (95\% CI 67-92\%), respectively. The median time span between detection of AdV loads in stool specimens above 1 x 10E6 copies per gram and first observation of viremia was 11 days (range 0-192). Quantitative monitoring of the AdV load in stool specimens therefore provides a rationale for early initiation of antiviral treatment with the aim of preventing progression to life-threatening invasive infection.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/ isolation \& purification Adenovirus Infections, Homologous Treatment Outcome Viral Load Viremia/diagnosis/etiology Young Adult, Human/ diagnosis/etiology Adolescent Adult Child Child, Preschool DNA, Viral/genetics Feces/ virology Graft Rejection/diagnosis/mortality Graft Survival/genetics Humans Incidence Infant Leukemia/genetics/ therapy/virology Lymphoma/genetics/ therapy/virology Polymerase Chain Reaction Prospective Studies Sensitivity and Speci}, isbn = {1476-5551 (Electronic) 0887-6924 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1038/leu.2010.4}, author = {Lion, T. and Kosulin, K. and Landlinger, C. and Rauch, M. and Preuner, S. and Jugovic, D. and Potschger, U. and Lawitschka, A. and Peters, C. and Fritsch, G. and Matthes-Martin, S.} } @article {9994, title = {{Monitoring of adenovirus load in stool by real-time PCR permits early detection of impending invasive infection in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation}}, journal = {Leukemia}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Invasive adenovirus (AdV) infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. We observed that molecular detection of the virus in stool specimens commonly precedes AdV viremia, suggesting that intestinal infections may represent a common source of virus dissemination. To address this notion, we have investigated 153 consecutive allogeneic transplantations in 138 pediatric patients by quantitative monitoring of AdV in stool specimens and peripheral blood by a pan-adenovirus real-time (RQ)-PCR approach. AdV was detectable in serial stool specimens in all cases of AdV viremia during the post-transplant course (P{\textless}0.0001). The incidence of AdV viremia in individuals with peak virus levels in stool specimens above 1 x 10E6 copies per gram (n=22) was 73{\%} vs 0{\%} in patients with AdV levels in stool specimens below this threshold (n=29; P{\textless}0.0001). Serial measurement of AdV levels in stool specimens by RQ-PCR permitted early diagnosis of impending invasive infection with a sensitivity and specificity of 100{\%} (95{\%} confidence interval (CI) 96-100{\%}) and 83{\%} (95{\%} CI 67-92{\%}), respectively. The median time span between detection of AdV loads in stool specimens above 1 x 10E6 copies per gram and first observation of viremia was 11 days (range 0-192). Quantitative monitoring of the AdV load in stool specimens therefore provides a rationale for early initiation of antiviral treatment with the aim of preventing progression to life-threatening invasive infection.}, isbn = {1476-5551 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0887-6924 (Linking)}, issn = {0887-6924}, doi = {10.1038/leu.2010.4}, author = {Lion, T and Kosulin, K and Landlinger, C and Rauch, M and Preuner, S and Jugovic, D and P{\"o}tschger, U and Lawitschka, A and Peters, C and Fritsch, G and Matthes-Martin, S} } @article {8154, title = {{Moonlighting bacteriophage proteins derepress staphylococcal pathogenicity islands.}}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {465}, number = {7299}, year = {2010}, month = {jun}, pages = {779{\textendash}82}, abstract = {Staphylococcal superantigen-carrying pathogenicity islands (SaPIs) are discrete, chromosomally integrated units of approximately 15 kilobases that are induced by helper phages to excise and replicate. SaPI DNA is then efficiently encapsidated in phage-like infectious particles, leading to extremely high frequencies of intra- as well as intergeneric transfer. In the absence of helper phage lytic growth, the island is maintained in a quiescent prophage-like state by a global repressor, Stl, which controls expression of most of the SaPI genes. Here we show that SaPI derepression is effected by a specific, non-essential phage protein that binds to Stl, disrupting the Stl-DNA complex and thereby initiating the excision-replication-packaging cycle of the island. Because SaPIs require phage proteins to be packaged, this strategy assures that SaPIs will be transferred once induced. Several different SaPIs are induced by helper phage 80alpha and, in each case, the SaPI commandeers a different non-essential phage protein for its derepression. The highly specific interactions between different SaPI repressors and helper-phage-encoded antirepressors represent a remarkable evolutionary adaptation involved in pathogenicity island mobilization.}, issn = {1476-4687}, doi = {10.1038/nature09065}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20473284 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3518041}, author = {Tormo-M{\'a}s, Mar{\'\i}a Angeles and Mir, Ignacio and Shrestha, Archana and Tallent, Sandra M and Campoy, Susana and Lasa, I{\~n}igo and Barb{\'e}, Jordi and Novick, Richard P and Christie, Gail E and Penad{\'e}s, Jos{\'e} R} } @article {14252, title = {Moonlighting bacteriophage proteins derepress staphylococcal pathogenicity islands.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {465}, number = {7299}, year = {2010}, month = {jun}, pages = {779{\textendash}82}, abstract = {Staphylococcal superantigen-carrying pathogenicity islands (SaPIs) are discrete, chromosomally integrated units of approximately 15 kilobases that are induced by helper phages to excise and replicate. SaPI DNA is then efficiently encapsidated in phage-like infectious particles, leading to extremely high frequencies of intra- as well as intergeneric transfer. In the absence of helper phage lytic growth, the island is maintained in a quiescent prophage-like state by a global repressor, Stl, which controls expression of most of the SaPI genes. Here we show that SaPI derepression is effected by a specific, non-essential phage protein that binds to Stl, disrupting the Stl-DNA complex and thereby initiating the excision-replication-packaging cycle of the island. Because SaPIs require phage proteins to be packaged, this strategy assures that SaPIs will be transferred once induced. Several different SaPIs are induced by helper phage 80alpha and, in each case, the SaPI commandeers a different non-essential phage protein for its derepression. The highly specific interactions between different SaPI repressors and helper-phage-encoded antirepressors represent a remarkable evolutionary adaptation involved in pathogenicity island mobilization.}, issn = {1476-4687}, doi = {10.1038/nature09065}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20473284 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3518041}, author = {Tormo-M{\'a}s, Mar{\'\i}a Angeles and Mir, Ignacio and Shrestha, Archana and Tallent, Sandra M and Campoy, Susana and Lasa, I{\~n}igo and Barb{\'e}, Jordi and Novick, Richard P and Christie, Gail E and Penad{\'e}s, Jos{\'e} R} } @article {16778, title = {More appropriate tolerable additional burden of disease improved determination of annual risks. Norovirus and Ascaris infection risks. Extended health-protection control measures. Treatment and non-treatment options}, year = {2010}, institution = {WHO-FAO-IDRC-IWMI}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, url = {http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/guidance_note_20100917.pdf }, author = {Mara, D. and Hamilton, A. and Sleigh, A. and Karavarsamis, N.} } @article {15195, title = {The most probable number method and its uses in enumeration, qualification, and validation}, journal = {Journal of Validation Technology}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {35}, author = {Sutton, Scott} } @article {12657, title = {The most probable number method and its uses in enumeration, qualification, and validation}, journal = {Journal of Validation Technology}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {35}, publisher = {Advanstar Communications, Inc.}, author = {Sutton, Scott} } @article {6011, title = {{Much meat, much malady: changing perceptions of the epidemiology of hepatitis E}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {24{\textendash}32}, author = {Teo, CG} } @article {7899, title = {{Mulchandani. 2010. Label-Free Chemiresistive Immunosensors for Viruses}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {23}, year = {2010}, pages = {9030{\textendash}9035}, author = {Shirale, DJ and Bangar, MA and Park, M and M V Yates and Chen, W and Myung, NV and Mulchandani, A} } @mastersthesis {6257, title = {Multi-{Antenna} {Signal} {Processing} {Strategies} and {Performance} {Analysis} for {Wireless} {Communication} {Systems}}, year = {2010}, note = {3449784}, school = {Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Hong Kong)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology is well known as a promising solution to provide high data rate and link reliability for wireless communication systems. Over the past decades, it has been extensively investigated by the research community. However, there are still many important open problems. The goals of this thesis are to design practical signal processing strategies and study the corresponding analytical performance for some important MIMO communication scenarios. Specifically, we will consider the following scenarios: MIMO systems with cochannel interference: We first investigate the analytical performance of MIMO systems employing joint linear transmit-receive processing in the presence of unequal power cochannel interference and noise. Based on new closed-form exact and asymptotic expressions which we derive for the marginal ordered eigenvalue distributions of a certain class of finite-dimensional complex random matrices, new exact expressions are derived for the symbol error rate (SER) of each eigen-subchannel, the global SER, and the outage probability. In addition, we propose a simple adaptive transmission method to maximize the spectral efficiency whilst meeting a target bit error rate (BER) constraint. Tractable expression of error free rate for the proposed scheme is derived using the obtained results of random matrix theory. Downlink multiuser MIMO systems (or MIMO broadcast channel): We investigate the joint design of low complexity transceivers and multiuser scheduling algorithms to achieve the capacity of MIMO broadcast channel. We propose two low complexity eigenmode-based transmission techniques for the MIMO broadcast channel, employing greedy semi-orthogonal user selection (SUS).We first employ new analytical methods to prove that as the number of users K grows large, the average sum rates of both techniques converge to the average sum capacity of the MIMO broadcast channel. Our results also provide key insights into the benefit of multiple receive antennas and the effect of the SUS algorithm. We also show a very interesting result that the semi-orthogonality constraint imposed by SUS, whilst facilitating a very low complexity user selection procedure, asymptotically does not reduce the multi-user diversity gain in either first (log K ) or second-order (log log K ) terms. Relaying for MIMO communication: We endeavor to design relaying protocol with low implementation complexity for MIMO wireless communications. In contrast to the conventional approaches where all of the relays in the network participate, we propose an opportunistic relaying protocol in which only a few very important relays (VIRs) are selected to share the total power. We also propose two low complexity relay selection algorithms to determine the VIRs, and obtain the corresponding network capacity scaling laws achieved. Our results show that, compared to the conventional approach, the proposed opportunistic relaying protocol can achieve much higher capacity when the number of relay nodes is reasonably large. MIMO system with antenna mutual coupling: We deal with the optimal transmitter design for MIMO wireless systems with antenna mutual coupling. Motivated by practical considerations, the transmitter optimization is based on maximizing the capacity subject to two separate power constraints; namely, a constraint on the available power at the transmitter, and a constraint on the allowable radiated power. We present a solution to the dual-constraint problem based on dynamic water-filling and mode dropping. By effectively accounting for the antenna mutual coupling, our proposed optimal transmission approach is shown to yield significant improvements in capacity in comparison to conventional techniques which ignore this effect, and are designed based on available power constraint only.}, keywords = {0544:Electrical engineering, Applied sciences, Electrical engineering, MIMO systems, Multiantenna systems, Wireless communications}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/862863227?accountid=14270}, author = {Sun, Liang} } @article {7677, title = {Multilocus sequence types of Finnish bovine Campylobacter jejuni isolates and their attribution to human infections}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {200}, author = {de Haan,C. P. A. and Kivist{\"o},R. I. and Hakkinen,M. and Corander,J. and M L H{\"a}nninen} } @article {9993, title = {{Multiple diverse circoviruses infect farm animals and are commonly found in human and chimpanzee feces.}}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {feb}, pages = {1674{\textendash}82}, abstract = {

Circoviruses are known to infect birds and pigs and can cause a wide range of severe symptoms with significant economic impact. Using viral metagenomics, we identified circovirus-like DNA sequences and characterized 15 circular viral DNA genomes in stool samples from humans in Pakistan, Nigeria, Tunisia, and the United States and from wild chimpanzees. Distinct genomic features and phylogenetic analysis indicate that some viral genomes were part of a previously unrecognized genus in the Circoviridae family we tentatively named \"Cyclovirus\" whose genetic diversity is comparable to that of all the known species in the Circovirus genus. Circoviridae detection in the stools of U.S. adults was limited to porcine circoviruses which were also found in most U.S. pork products. To determine whether the divergent cycloviruses found in non-U.S. human stools were of dietary origin, we genetically compared them to the cycloviruses in muscle tissue samples of commonly eaten farm animals in Pakistan and Nigeria. Limited genetic overlap between cycloviruses in human stool samples and local cow, goat, sheep, camel, and chicken meat samples indicated that the majority of the 25 Cyclovirus species identified might be human viruses. We show that the genetic diversity of small circular DNA viral genomes in various mammals, including humans, is significantly larger than previously recognized, and frequent exposure through meat consumption and contact with animal or human feces provides ample opportunities for cyclovirus transmission. Determining the role of cycloviruses, found in 7 to 17{\%} of non-U.S. human stools and 3 to 55{\%} of non-U.S. meat samples tested, in both human and animal diseases is now facilitated by knowledge of their genomes.

}, issn = {1098-5514}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.02109-09}, author = {Li, Linlin and Kapoor, Amit and Slikas, Beth and Oderinde Bamidele Soji and Wang, Chunlin and Shaukat, Shahzad and Muhammad A Masroor and Wilson, Michael L and Ndjango, Jean-Bosco N and Peeters, Martine and Gross-Camp, Nicole D and Muller, Martin N and Hahn, Beatrice H and Wolfe, Nathan D and Triki, Hinda and Bartkus, Joanne and Zaidi, Sohail Zahoor and Delwart, Eric} } @article {7147, title = {Multiplex {Assay} {Detection} of {Immunoglobulin} {G} {Antibodies} {That} {Recognize} {Giardia} intestinalis and {Cryptosporidium} parvum {Antigens}}, journal = {Clinical and Vaccine Immunology}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {1695{\textendash}1707}, issn = {1556-6811}, doi = {10.1128/CVI.00160-10}, url = {http://cvi.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/CVI.00160-10}, author = {Priest, J. W. and Moss, D. M. and Visvesvara, G. S. and Jones, C. C. and Li, A. and Isaac-Renton, J. L.} } @article {16249, title = {Multiplex PCR-based detection of Leptospira in environmental water samples obtained from a slum settlement}, journal = {Mem Inst Oswaldo CruzMem Inst Oswaldo CruzMem Inst Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {105}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Brazil}, month = {May}, pages = {353-5}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to apply a molecular protocol to detect leptospiral DNA in environmental water samples. The study was carried out in a peri-urban settlement in Petropolis, state of Rio de Janeiro. A multiplex PCR method employing the primers LipL32 and 16SrRNA was used. Three out of 100 analysed samples were positive in the multiplex PCR, two were considered to have saprophytic leptospires and one had pathogenic leptospires. The results obtained supported the idea that multiplex PCR can be used to detect Leptospira spp in water samples. This method was also able to differentiate between saprophytic and pathogenic leptospires and was able to do so much more easily than conventional methodologies.}, isbn = {1678-8060 (Electronic)
0074-0276 (Linking)}, author = {Vital-Brazil, J. M. and Balassiano, I. T. and Oliveira, F. S. and Costa, A. D. and Hillen, L. and Pereira, M. M.} } @article {6008, title = {{A nationwide survey for prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibody in qualified blood donors in Japan}}, journal = {Vox Sanguinis}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {307{\textendash}313}, author = {Takeda, H and Matsubayashi, K and Sakata, H and Sato, S and Kato, T and Hino, S and Tadokoro, K and Ikeda, H} } @article {8854, title = {Nested PCR and Conventional Techniques for Detection of Salmonella spp. in River Nile Water, Egypt}, journal = {Egypt. J.Microbiol}, volume = {45}, year = {2010}, month = {11/2010}, pages = {63-76}, type = {Research}, chapter = {63}, abstract = {THIS STUDY aimed to detect salmonellae group using most probable number (MPN), membrane filtration (MF) and nested PCR techniques from River Nile at Cairo segment and Rossita branch so, 74 samples were collected and analyzed to count the total viable bacteria/ml and total salmonellae. Total viable bacterial counts ranged from 1.0x102 to 1.6x108 cfu/m1 during the study. Using MPN technique salmonellae were detected in 64 samples out of 74 samples (86.4\% recovery), with the MF technique, salmonellae were detected in 73 samples out of 74 samples and with PCR technique salmonellae were detected in all samples. It can be concluded that MF technique is more suitable to detect salmonellae as it allows to filter or pass relatively larger amount of water sample rather than MPN which measure salmonellae presence in fixed amount of water while nested PCR technique is more rapid, sensitive and specific than conventional techniques (i.e., MF and MPN). Statistical analysis were done only between MF and MPN techniques due to PCR technique doesn{\textquoteright}t provide counts to be involved in statistical analysis (provide only positive and negative results). Results indicated that counts of Salmonella showed significant differences between sites using both techniques MF and MPN at Cairo segment. Wherever, no significant difference between sites at Rossita branch.}, keywords = {MF technique, MPN technique, PCR technique, River Nile, Salmonella}, url = {http://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_277_41574c38b461dbe7f6db1d440936b8c7.pdf}, author = {M. Azab El-|Liethy and Gamila E. El-Taweel} } @article {13118, title = {New Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations come into effect today}, journal = {Department of Environmental Affairs}, year = {2010}, url = {https://www.environment.gov.za/?q=content/newenvironmental_impact_assessment_regulations_comeseffecttoday} } @article {13176, title = {New perspectives in monitoring drinking water microbial quality}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {7}, year = {2010}, pages = {4179-4202}, author = {Figueras, M. J. and Borrego, J. J.} } @inbook {1018, title = {Newly described human polyomaviruses Merkel cell, KI and WU are present in urban sewage and may represent potential environmental contaminants.}, booktitle = {Virology Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {141}, abstract = {

Recently, three new polyomaviruses (KI, WU and Merkel cell polyomavirus) have been reported to infect humans. It has also been suggested that lymphotropic polyomavirus, a virus of simian origin, infects humans. KI and WU polyomaviruses have been detected mainly in specimens from the respiratory tract while Merkel cell polyomavirus has been described in a very high percentage of Merkel cell carcinomas. The distribution, excretion level and transmission routes of these viruses remain unknown.Here we analyzed the presence and characteristics of newly described human polyomaviruses in urban sewage and river water in order to assess the excretion level and the potential role of water as a route of transmission of these viruses. Nested-PCR assays were designed for the sensitive detection of the viruses studied and the amplicons obtained were confirmed by sequencing analysis. The viruses were concentrated following a methodology previously developed for the detection of JC and BK human polyomaviruses in environmental samples. JC polyomavirus and human adenoviruses were used as markers of human contamination in the samples. Merkel cell polyomavirus was detected in 7/8 urban sewage samples collected and in 2/7 river water samples. Also one urine sample from a pregnant woman, out of 4 samples analyzed, was positive for this virus. KI and WU polyomaviruses were identified in 1/8 and 2/8 sewage samples respectively. The viral strains detected were highly homologous with other strains reported from several other geographical areas. Lymphotropic polyomavirus was not detected in any of the 13 sewage neither in 9 biosolid/sludge samples analyzed.This is the first description of a virus isolated from sewage and river water with a strong association with cancer. Our data indicate that the Merkel cell polyomavirus is prevalent in the population and that it may be disseminated through the fecal/urine contamination of water. The procedure developed may constitute a useful tool for studying the excreted strains, prevalence and transmission of these recently described polyomaviruses.

}, keywords = {Environmental Pollution, Environmental Pollution: analysis, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polyomavirus, Polyomavirus infections, Polyomavirus Infections: virology, Polyomavirus: classification, Polyomavirus: genetics, Polyomavirus: isolation \& purification, Rivers, Rivers: virology, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Urban Health}, issn = {1743-422X}, doi = {10.1186/1743-422X-7-141}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2907336\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus and Calgua, Byron and Carratal{\`a}, Anna and Girones, Rosina} } @article {14147, title = {Non-{O}157 {Shiga} toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli in foods.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {73}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, month = {sep}, pages = {1721{\textendash}36}, abstract = {Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains have been linked to outbreaks and sporadic cases of illness worldwide. Illnesses linked to STEC serotypes other than O157:H7 appear to be on the rise in the United States and worldwide, indicating that some of these organisms may be emerging pathogens. As more laboratories are testing for these organisms in clinical samples, more cases are uncovered. Some cases of non-O157 STEC illness appear to be as severe as cases associated with O157, although in general cases attributed to non-O157 are less severe. There is much variation in virulence potential within STEC serotypes, and many may not be pathogenic. Of more than 400 serotypes isolated, fewer than 10 serotypes cause the majority of STEC-related human illnesses. Various virulence factors are involved in non-O157 STEC pathogenicity; the combined presence of both eae and stx genes has been associated with enhanced virulence. A scientific definition of a pathogenic STEC has not yet been accepted. Several laboratories have attempted to develop detection and identification methods, and although substantial progress has been made, a practical method of STEC detection has yet to be validated. Worldwide, foods associated with non-O157 STEC illness include sausage, ice cream, milk, and lettuce, among others. Results from several studies suggest that control measures for O157 may be effective for non-O157 STEC. More research is needed to uncover unique characteristics and resistances of non-O157 STEC strains if they exist. The public health significance of non-O157 STEC and the implications for industry practices and regulatory actions are discussed.}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Contamination: prevention \& control, Food Microbiology, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Humans, Serotyping, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: classification, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, United States, United States: epidemiology, Virulence}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20828483}, author = {Mathusa, Emily C and Chen, Yuhuan and Enache, Elena and Hontz, Lloyd} } @article {2344, title = {{Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in foods.}}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {73}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, month = {sep}, pages = {1721{\textendash}36}, abstract = {Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains have been linked to outbreaks and sporadic cases of illness worldwide. Illnesses linked to STEC serotypes other than O157:H7 appear to be on the rise in the United States and worldwide, indicating that some of these organisms may be emerging pathogens. As more laboratories are testing for these organisms in clinical samples, more cases are uncovered. Some cases of non-O157 STEC illness appear to be as severe as cases associated with O157, although in general cases attributed to non-O157 are less severe. There is much variation in virulence potential within STEC serotypes, and many may not be pathogenic. Of more than 400 serotypes isolated, fewer than 10 serotypes cause the majority of STEC-related human illnesses. Various virulence factors are involved in non-O157 STEC pathogenicity; the combined presence of both eae and stx genes has been associated with enhanced virulence. A scientific definition of a pathogenic STEC has not yet been accepted. Several laboratories have attempted to develop detection and identification methods, and although substantial progress has been made, a practical method of STEC detection has yet to be validated. Worldwide, foods associated with non-O157 STEC illness include sausage, ice cream, milk, and lettuce, among others. Results from several studies suggest that control measures for O157 may be effective for non-O157 STEC. More research is needed to uncover unique characteristics and resistances of non-O157 STEC strains if they exist. The public health significance of non-O157 STEC and the implications for industry practices and regulatory actions are discussed.}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Contamination: prevention \& control, Food Microbiology, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Humans, Serotyping, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: classification, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, United States, United States: epidemiology, Virulence}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20828483}, author = {Mathusa, Emily C and Chen, Yuhuan and Enache, Elena and Hontz, Lloyd} } @article {8085, title = {{Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in foods.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {73}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, month = {sep}, pages = {1721{\textendash}36}, abstract = {

Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains have been linked to outbreaks and sporadic cases of illness worldwide. Illnesses linked to STEC serotypes other than O157:H7 appear to be on the rise in the United States and worldwide, indicating that some of these organisms may be emerging pathogens. As more laboratories are testing for these organisms in clinical samples, more cases are uncovered. Some cases of non-O157 STEC illness appear to be as severe as cases associated with O157, although in general cases attributed to non-O157 are less severe. There is much variation in virulence potential within STEC serotypes, and many may not be pathogenic. Of more than 400 serotypes isolated, fewer than 10 serotypes cause the majority of STEC-related human illnesses. Various virulence factors are involved in non-O157 STEC pathogenicity; the combined presence of both eae and stx genes has been associated with enhanced virulence. A scientific definition of a pathogenic STEC has not yet been accepted. Several laboratories have attempted to develop detection and identification methods, and although substantial progress has been made, a practical method of STEC detection has yet to be validated. Worldwide, foods associated with non-O157 STEC illness include sausage, ice cream, milk, and lettuce, among others. Results from several studies suggest that control measures for O157 may be effective for non-O157 STEC. More research is needed to uncover unique characteristics and resistances of non-O157 STEC strains if they exist. The public health significance of non-O157 STEC and the implications for industry practices and regulatory actions are discussed.

}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Contamination: prevention {\&} control, Food Microbiology, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Humans, Serotyping, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: classification, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} puri, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, United States, United States: epidemiology, Virulence}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20828483}, author = {Mathusa, Emily C and Chen, Yuhuan and Enache, Elena and Hontz, Lloyd} } @article {15289, title = {Noroviruses: State of the Art}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {117-126}, author = {Atmar, R. L.} } @article {5573, title = {{Norwalk virus-like particles as vaccines.}}, journal = {Expert Review of Vaccines}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {299{\textendash}307}, abstract = {

Noroviruses (NoV) cause the great majority of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Expression of the capsid protein in recombinant systems, including insect and plant cells, yields assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) that mimic the antigenic structure of authentic virions, and are relatively acid- and heat-stable. Norwalk virus (NV), the prototype NoV, has been studied extensively, and Norwalk virus-like particles (NVLPs) produced in insect cells and plants are immunogenic in mice and humans when delivered orally, stimulating the production of systemic and mucosal anti-NV antibodies. NVLPs are also highly immunogenic when delivered intranasally, provoking antibodies at levels similar to orally delivered VLP at much lower doses. Oral and nasal delivery of NVLPs efficiently produces antibodies at distal mucosal sites, which suggests that NVLPs could be used to deliver heterologous peptide antigens by production of genetic fusion chimeric capsid proteins. Examination of norovirus VLP surface structures and receptor binding motifs facilitates identification of potential sites for insertion of foreign peptides that will minimally affect the efficiency of VLP assembly and receptor binding. Thus, there is strong potential to use norovirus VLPs as vaccine-delivery vehicles.

}, keywords = {Administration, Animals, Antibodies, Cell Line, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Immunity, Insects, Intranasal, Mice, Mucosal, Norwalk virus, Norwalk virus: genetics, Norwalk virus: immunology, Oral, Plants, Recombinant Proteins, Recombinant Proteins: genetics, Recombinant Proteins: immunology, Vaccines, Viral, Viral Proteins, Viral Proteins: genetics, Viral Proteins: immunology, Viral Vaccines, Viral Vaccines: administration {\&} dosage, Viral Vaccines: genetics, Viral Vaccines: immunology, Viral: immunology, Virosome, Virosome: administration {\&} dosage, Virosome: genetics, Virosome: immunology}, isbn = {1744-8395 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1476-0584 (Linking)}, issn = {1744-8395}, doi = {10.1586/erv.09.163}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2862602{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Herbst-Kralovetz, Melissa and Mason, Hugh S and Chen, Qiang} } @article {13956, title = {Notes from the field: emergence of {Shigella} flexneri 2a resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin {\textemdash} {South} {Carolina}, {October} 2010.}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report}, volume = {59}, number = {49}, year = {2010}, month = {dec}, pages = {1619}, abstract = {On October 20, 2010, the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control and CDC began investigating a cluster of three diarrheal illnesses caused by multidrug-resistant Shigella flexneri 2a. The index case occurred in a girl aged 2 years who experienced the onset of diarrhea on September 25 and was hospitalized the next day because of a seizure and fever. On September 30, her brother, aged 6 years, was hospitalized with vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and hyponatremia. Three days later, her father was hospitalized with vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and hyponatremia.}, issn = {1545-861X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21160457}, author = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Prevention (CDC)} } @article {7963, title = {{Notes from the field: emergence of Shigella flexneri 2a resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin {\textendash}- South Carolina, October 2010.}}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {59}, number = {49}, year = {2010}, month = {dec}, pages = {1619}, abstract = {

On October 20, 2010, the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control and CDC began investigating a cluster of three diarrheal illnesses caused by multidrug-resistant Shigella flexneri 2a. The index case occurred in a girl aged 2 years who experienced the onset of diarrhea on September 25 and was hospitalized the next day because of a seizure and fever. On September 30, her brother, aged 6 years, was hospitalized with vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and hyponatremia. Three days later, her father was hospitalized with vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and hyponatremia.

}, issn = {1545-861X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21160457} } @article {12567, title = {Novel assay to assess permissiveness of a soil microbial community toward receipt of mobile genetic elements}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiologyApplied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {14}, year = {2010}, pages = {4813-4818}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Musovic, Sanin and Dechesne, Arnaud and S{\o}rensen, Jan and Smets, Barth F} } @mastersthesis {6312, title = {Obesity and oral health among adolescents in the {United} {Arab} {Emirates}}, year = {2010}, note = {U560566}, school = {University of London, Queen Mary College (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}p class=Abstract{\textgreater}\textbf{Aims: }To investigate the relationship between oral health and obesity in adolescents attending Public and Private Schools in Sharjah City, United Arab Emirates. \textbf{Methods: }1094 adolescents attending secondary school in Sharjah City were asked to participate in a randomised cross-sectional study, (QMREC2007/60). Two separate structured questionnaires were used to determine: 1. The demographic details, dietary habits, physical activity and oral hygiene practice from the adolescents; and 2. Socio-economic and general health from their guardian. \textbf{Results: }Full dataset on 803 adolescents was obtained; 50\% male, 40\% UAE nationals and 66\% attending Private school. The mean DMFT was 3.19 (SD 2.9), 25\% were caries free, mean BMI was 21 and 15\% were obese. A significant association between DMFT and BMI was found (r=0.097, p+0.006), with each extra 10 point in BMI there was a 0.57 increase in DMFT. The DMFT predictive model confirmed significant association of father{\textquestiondown}s education (p\<0.001), gender (p=0.008) and ethnicity (p=0.001). Positive significance of age (p\<0.001), consumption of tea with sugar (p=0.024) and soft drinks (p\<0.001), whereas three daily meals (p=0.009) and visiting the dentist (p=0.007) were protective. The BMI model confirmed positive significance of age (p\<0.001), school fees (p=0.005), obesity in family (p\<0.001) and soft drink consumption (p\<0.001). Three daily meals (p=0.007) and increased drinking frequency of milk (p=0.026) were found to be protective. \textbf{Conclusions: }Analysis of the final model suggests that there is no clear relationship between obesity and dental caries, but that the consumption of soft drinks was a leading predictor for both diseases (obesity and dental caries).{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, keywords = {0573:Public health, 528996, Bibliographies, Health and environmental sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public health, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1314562610?accountid=14270}, author = {Khadri, F A} } @article {7906, title = {Occurrence and diversity of Arcobacter spp. along the Llobregat River catchment, at sewage effluents and in a drinking water treatment plant}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, pages = {3696{\textendash}3702}, author = {Collado, Luis and Kasimir, Georg and Perez, Unai and Bosch, Albert and Pinto, Rosa and Saucedo, Gemma and Huguet, Josep M and Maria J Figueras} } @article {7725, title = {The occurrence and sources of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the Salmon River, British Columbia, Canada}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, note = {PT: J; TC: 5; UT: WOS:000278433000017}, month = {2010}, pages = {374-386}, isbn = {1477-8920}, author = {Jokinen,Cassandra C. and Schreier,Hans and Mauro,William and Taboada,Eduardo and Isaac-Renton,Judith L. and Topp,Edward and Edge,Thomas and Thomas,James E. and Gannon,Victor P. J.} } @article {17260, title = {The occurrence and sources of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the Salmon River, British Columbia, Canada}, journal = {J Water HealthJ Water Health}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {Jun}, pages = {374-86}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, Animals, Bacteriophage Typing, British Columbia, Campylobacter/*isolation \& purification, Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157/*isolation \& purification, Feces/*microbiology, Fresh Water/*microbiology, Genes, Bacterial, Humans, Salmonella enterica/*isolation \& purification, Serotyping, Sewage/*microbiology, Zoonoses/microbiology}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920 (Linking)}, author = {Jokinen, C. C. and Schreier, H. and Mauro, W. and Taboada, E. and Isaac-Renton, J. L. and Topp, E. and Edge, T. and Thomas, J. E. and Gannon, V. P.} } @article {7854, title = {The occurrence of Campylobacter in river water and waterfowl within a watershed in southern Ontario, Canada}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, note = {The occurrence of Campylobacter in river water and waterfowl within a watershed in southern Ontario, Canada; 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04730.x; ID: 839}, pages = {1053-1066}, isbn = {1365-2672}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04730.x}, author = {VanDyke,M. I. and Morton,V. K. and McLellan,N. L. and Huck,P. M.} } @mastersthesis {10679, title = {{Occurrence of non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae and Aeromonas spp. in Arizona recreational waters}}, year = {2010}, school = {University of Arizona}, type = {phd}, author = {Kwon, JD} } @article {5771, title = {{Occurrence of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus in U.S. Oysters}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {176{\textendash}182}, author = {J W Woods and W Burkhardt III} } @article {7818, title = {Occurrence of thermotolerant Campylobacter species in surface waters of a Mediterranean area and in its prevailing pollution sources}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {1027-1034}, abstract = {

Aims:\  To determine the prevalence of Campylobacter in surface waters of a highly populated Mediterranean area. Methods and Results:\  Surface water and wastewater samples were collected from an area in the north-east of Spain during a 2-year study. All the samples were analysed using the MPN method and Multiplex PCR to quantify and identify Campylobacter. It was detected in 82\% of the samples from the Llobregat River with a mean of 1\·3 MPN 100 ml\−1. The lowest counts were obtained in summer. Campylobacter coli was the predominant species in this river. The bacteria were isolated from marsh water but not from seawater samples. The highest counts of campylobacters were found in poultry wastewater where Camp. jejuni was the predominant species, as in urban sewage. In pig slurry, Camp. coli was the only species detected. Conclusions:\ Campylobacter jejuni and Camp. coli are present and widely distributed in the surface water of the studied area. The two species co-exist, with Camp. coli being predominant. In river water, campylobacter counts presented a seasonal distribution. No relationship with faecal indicators was found. Significance and Impact of the Study:\  This study provides the first data on the occurrence and concentrations of thermotolerant campylobacter species in surface water in a Mediterranean area.

}, keywords = {Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Faecal indicators, pig slurry, poultry wastewater, surface water, THERMOTOLERANT CAMPYLOBACTER, urban sewage}, isbn = {1365-2672}, author = {Rodr{\'\i}guez,S. and Araujo,R.} } @article {4570, title = {Occurrence, survival, and persistence of human adenoviruses and {F}-specific {RNA} phages in raw groundwater}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {24}, year = {2010}, pages = {8019{\textendash}25}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Ogorzaly, L. and Bertrand, I. and Paris, M. and Maul, A. and Gantzer, C.} } @article {6949, title = {Occurrence, {Survival}, and {Persistence} of {Human} {Adenoviruses} and {F}-{Specific} {RNA} {Phages} in {Raw} {Groundwater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {24}, year = {2010}, month = {dec}, pages = {8019{\textendash}8025}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00917-10}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.00917-10}, author = {Ogorzaly, L. and Bertrand, I. and Paris, M. and Maul, A. and Gantzer, C.} } @article {12967, title = {Occurrence, Survival, and Persistence of Human Adenoviruses and F-Specific RNA Phages in Raw Groundwater}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {24}, year = {2010}, pages = {8019{\textendash}8025}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology Journals}, abstract = {Detection of specific genetic markers can rapidly identify the presence of enteric viruses in groundwater. However, comparison of stability characteristics between genetic and infectivity markers is necessary to better interpret molecular data. Human adenovirus serotype 2 (HAdV2), in conjunction with MS2 phages or GA phages, was spiked into raw groundwater microcosms. Viral stability was periodically assessed by both infectivity and real-time PCR methods. The results of this yearlong study suggest that adenoviruses have the most stable persistence profile and an ability to survive for a long time in groundwater. According to a linear regression model, infectivity reductions of HAdV2 ranged from 0.0076 log10/day (4{\textdegree}C) to 0.0279 log10/day (20{\textdegree}C) and were significantly lower than those observed for phages. No adenoviral genome degradation was observed at 4{\textdegree}C, and the reduction was estimated at 0.0036 log10/day at 20{\textdegree}C. Occurrence study showed that DNA of human adenoviruses could be observed in groundwater from a confined aquifer (7 of the 60 samples were positive by real-time PCR), while no fecal indicators were detected. In agreement with the persistence of genetic markers, the presence of adenoviral DNA in groundwater may be misleading in term of health risk, especially in the absence of information on the infective status.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00917-10}, url = {https://aem.asm.org/content/76/24/8019}, author = {Ogorzaly, Leslie and Bertrand, Isabelle and Paris, Myriam and Maul, Armand and Gantzer, Christophe} } @article {1260, title = {Occurrence, survival, and persistence of human adenoviruses and F-specific RNA phages in raw groundwater}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {76}, number = {24}, year = {2010}, note = {Ogorzaly, Leslie Bertrand, Isabelle Paris, Myriam Maul, Armand Gantzer, Christophe United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {8019-25}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Detection of specific genetic markers can rapidly identify the presence of enteric viruses in groundwater. However, comparison of stability characteristics between genetic and infectivity markers is necessary to better interpret molecular data. Human adenovirus serotype 2 (HAdV2), in conjunction with MS2 phages or GA phages, was spiked into raw groundwater microcosms. Viral stability was periodically assessed by both infectivity and real-time PCR methods. The results of this yearlong study suggest that adenoviruses have the most stable persistence profile and an ability to survive for a long time in groundwater. According to a linear regression model, infectivity reductions of HAdV2 ranged from 0.0076 log(10)/day (4 degrees C) to 0.0279 log(10)/day (20 degrees C) and were significantly lower than those observed for phages. No adenoviral genome degradation was observed at 4 degrees C, and the reduction was estimated at 0.0036 log(10)/day at 20 degrees C. Occurrence study showed that DNA of human adenoviruses could be observed in groundwater from a confined aquifer (7 of the 60 samples were positive by real-time PCR), while no fecal indicators were detected. In agreement with the persistence of genetic markers, the presence of adenoviral DNA in groundwater may be misleading in term of health risk, especially in the absence of information on the infective status.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ isolation \& purification/physiology Humans Microbial Viability Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA Phages/ isolation \& purification/physiology Soil Microbiology Time Factors Viral Plaque Assay Water Microbiology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Ogorzaly, L. and Bertrand, I. and Paris, M. and Maul, A. and Gantzer, C.} } @inbook {16848, title = {Occurrence, survival, and persistence of human adenoviruses and F-specific RNA phages in raw groundwater}, booktitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {24}, year = {2010}, pages = {8019{\textendash}8025}, author = {Ogorzaly, Leslie and Bertrand, Isabelle and Paris, Myriam and Maul, Armand and Gantzer, Christophe} } @article {9109, title = {{Occurrence, survival, and persistence of human adenoviruses and F-specific RNA phages in raw groundwater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {24}, year = {2010}, pages = {8019{\textendash}8025}, abstract = {Detection of specific genetic markers can rapidly identify the presence of enteric viruses in groundwater. However, comparison of stability characteristics between genetic and infectivity markers is necessary to better interpret molecular data. Human adenovirus serotype 2 (HAdV2), in conjunction with MS2 phages or GA phages, was spiked into raw groundwater microcosms. Viral stability was periodically assessed by both infectivity and real-time PCR methods. The results of this yearlong study suggest that adenoviruses have the most stable persistence profile and an ability to survive for a long time in groundwater. According to a linear regression model, infectivity reductions of HAdV2 ranged from 0.0076 log(10)/day (4{\textdegree}C) to 0.0279 log(10)/day (20{\textdegree}C) and were significantly lower than those observed for phages. No adenoviral genome degradation was observed at 4{\textdegree}C, and the reduction was estimated at 0.0036 log(10)/day at 20{\textdegree}C. Occurrence study showed that DNA of human adenoviruses could be observed in groundwater from a confined aquifer (7 of the 60 samples were positive by real-time PCR), while no fecal indicators were detected. In agreement with the persistence of genetic markers, the presence of adenoviral DNA in groundwater may be misleading in term of health risk, especially in the absence of information on the infective status.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00917-10}, author = {Ogorzaly, Leslie and Bertrand, Isabelle and Paris, Myriam and Maul, Armand and Gantzer, Christophe} } @article {3608, title = {One year monitoring of norovirus in a sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.}, journal = {Journal of Water Health}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {158{\textendash}165}, author = {Victoria, M and Guimar{\~a}es, FR and Fumian, TM and Ferreira, FF and Vieira, CB and Shubo, T and Leite, JP and Miagostovich, MP} } @article {16824, title = {Optimal preparation and purification of PRD1-like bacteriophages for use in environmental fate and transport studies}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {1114{\textendash}1125}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Mesquita, MMF and Stimson, J and Chae, G-T and Tufenkji, N and Ptacek, CJ and Blowes, DW and Emelko, MB} } @article {16826, title = {Optimal preparation and purification of PRD1-like bacteriophages for use in environmental fate and transport studies}, journal = {water research}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {1114{\textendash}1125}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Mesquita, MMF and Stimson, J and Chae, G-T and Tufenkji, N and Ptacek, CJ and Blowes, DW and Emelko, MB} } @article {16227, title = {Outbreak of leptospirosis among Adventure Race participants in Florida, 2005}, journal = {Clinical Infectious DiseasesClinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {843-849}, publisher = {The University of Chicago Press}, isbn = {1537-6591}, author = {Stern, Eric J. and Galloway, Renee and Shadomy, Sean V. and Wannemuehler, Kathleen and Atrubin, David and Blackmore, Carina and Wofford, Taylor and Wilkins, Patricia P. and Ari, Mary D. and Harris, Lazenia} } @article {5352, title = {Oxidative stress in bacteria and protein damage by reactive oxygen species}, journal = {International Microbiology}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {3{\textendash}8}, author = {Cabiscol, Elisa and Tamarit, Jordi and Ros, Joaquim} } @inbook {12729, title = {{Paragonimus}}, booktitle = {Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens}, year = {2010}, pages = {827{\textendash}837}, publisher = {CRC Press, Taylor {\&} Francis Group, LLC}, organization = {CRC Press, Taylor {\&} Francis Group, LLC}, address = {Boca Raton, FL}, author = {Narain, K and Agatsuma, T and Blair, D}, editor = {Liu, D} } @article {15452, title = {Parasites and poverty: the case of schistosomiasis}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {113}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, note = {King, Charles H
eng
R01 TW008067/TW/FIC NIH HHS/
R01 TW008067-02/TW/FIC NIH HHS/
R01TW008067/TW/FIC NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Review
Netherlands
2009/12/08 06:00
Acta Trop. 2010 Feb;113(2):95-104. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.012. Epub 2009 Dec 4.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {95-104}, abstract = {Simultaneous and sequential transmission of multiple parasites, and their resultant overlapping chronic infections, are facts of life in many underdeveloped rural areas. These represent significant but often poorly measured health and economic burdens for affected populations. For example, the chronic inflammatory process associated with long-term schistosomiasis contributes to anaemia and undernutrition, which, in turn, can lead to growth stunting, poor school performance, poor work productivity, and continued poverty. To date, most national and international programs aimed at parasite control have not considered the varied economic and ecological factors underlying multi-parasite transmission, but some are beginning to provide a coordinated approach to control. In addition, interest is emerging in new studies for the re-evaluation and recalibration of the health burden of helminthic parasite infection. Their results should highlight the strong potential of integrated parasite control in efforts for poverty reduction.}, keywords = {*Poverty, *Schistosomiasis/complications/economics/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Chronic Disease, Cost of Illness, Developing Countries, Humans, Rural Population, Socioeconomic Factors}, isbn = {1873-6254 (Electronic)
0001-706X (Linking)}, author = {King, C. H.} } @article {4078, title = {Parasitic contamination in wastewater and sludge samples in Tunisia using three different detection techniques}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {107}, year = {2010}, pages = {109{\textendash}116}, author = {Khouja, LBA and Cama, V and Xiao, L} } @article {4605, title = {Pathogen inactivation during passage of stormwater through a constructed reedbed and aquifer transfer, storage and recovery}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {1190{\textendash}7}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.398}, author = {Sidhu, J. P. and Toze, S. and Hodgers, L. and Shackelton, M. and Barry, K. and Page, D. and Dillon, P.} } @article {1343, title = {Pathogen inactivation during passage of stormwater through a constructed reedbed and aquifer transfer, storage and recovery}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, note = {Sidhu, J P S Toze, S Hodgers, L Shackelton, M Barry, K Page, D Dillon, P Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research Water Sci Technol. 2010;62(5):1190-7. doi: 10.2166/wst.2010.398.}, pages = {1190-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A study was undertaken to determine the potential inactivation rates of selected enteric microorganisms in captured urban stormwater within a constructed reedbed and in tertiary carbonated aquifer during an Aquifer Storage, Transfer and Recovery (ASTR) scheme. The study was undertaken in-situ in the constructed reedbed and aquifer using diffusion chambers. The results showed that all tested bacteria had one log(10) reduction time of less than 6 and 2.5 days respectively in constructed reedbeds and aquifer, which suggests that presence of enteric bacteria in the recovered water is unlikely. However, adenovirus and Cryptosporidium oocysts showed lower inactivation rates with one log(10) reduction times of more than 33 days in the constructed reedbeds. This means that the constructed reedbed with a mean residence time 10 days cannot be relied upon as an efficient treatment barrier for virus and protozoa. Storage of stormwater in aquifer with brackish water resulted in slow inactivation of enteric viruses over the 35 day incubation period with adenovirus and rotavirus showing slowest inactivation times (extrapolated T(90) of >100 days). Cryptosporidium oocysts showed similar inactivation rate in the constructed reedbed and aquifer.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Bacteria/ metabolism Cryptosporidium Rain Time Factors Water/ parasitology Water Microbiology Water Purification/ methods Water Supply}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.398}, author = {Sidhu, J. P. and Toze, S. and Hodgers, L. and Shackelton, M. and Barry, K. and Page, D. and Dillon, P.} } @article {17502, title = {{Pathogen reduction effects of solar drying and soil application in sewage sludge}}, journal = {Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {509{\textendash}515}, abstract = {The responses of sludge faecal coliforms, Salmonella, and Ascaris lumbricoides to heat drying, solar dehydration, and inactivation in soil are examined in this study. The presence of Salmonella in raw sludge cake after treatment was low, and absent for most of the cases. Likewise, the viable Ascaris eggs were not determined because of absent or low prevalence. Faecal coliforms, on the other hand, drastically decreased from 4.2 {\texttimes} 107 MPN g-1 Dry Solid (DS) to absence by heat drying. Faecal coliform numbers in solar and non-solar drying treatments were not declined below 1.0 {\texttimes} 103 MPN g-1 after drying to 90{\%} DS and also during the storage of 12 weeks. After 6 weeks, faecal coliform and Salmonella levels in the soil surface application fell below undetectable limits. The coliform numbers below soil surface fell gradually over 12 weeks and numbers were below undetectable limits at end of the experiment. These results showed that although the solar drying has significant effects on removing pathogenic microorganisms during hot and dry periods, the soil treatment was still necessary for the final complete inactivation. Solar exposure on the soil surface was found to be effective on the elimination of pathogens. {\textcopyright} T{\"U}B{\.I}TAK.}, keywords = {ascaris, Faecal coliforms, Salmonella, Sewage sludge, Soil, Solar drying}, issn = {1300011X}, doi = {10.3906/tar-0908-300}, author = {{\"O}ǧleni, Nurta{\c c} and {\"O}zdemir, Saim} } @article {9792, title = {{Pathogenic potential of Blastocystis hominis in laboratory mice}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {107}, year = {2010}, pages = {685{\textendash}689}, author = {Elwakil, HS and Hewedi, IH} } @article {10309, title = {Pathogens and indicators in United States Class B biosolids: National and historic distributions}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {2185{\textendash}2190}, author = {Pepper, Ian L and Brooks, John P and Sinclair, Ryan G and Gurian, Patrick L and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {17358, title = {Pathogens and Indicators in United States Class B Biosolids: National and Historic Distributions}, journal = {Journal of Environmental QualityJournal of environmental qualityJ Environ Qual}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, month = {Nov-Dec}, pages = {2185-2190}, keywords = {clostridium-perfringens, Sludge, water}, isbn = {0047-2425}, author = {Pepper, I. L. and Brooks, J. P. and Sinclair, R. G. and Gurian, P. L. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {1263, title = {Pathogens and indicators in United States Class B biosolids: national and historic distributions}, journal = {J Environ Qual}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, note = {Pepper, Ian L Brooks, John P Sinclair, Ryan G Gurian, Patrick L Gerba, Charles P Historical Article United States Journal of environmental quality J Environ Qual. 2010 Nov-Dec;39(6):2185-90.}, pages = {2185-90}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This paper reports on a major study of the incidence of indicator organisms and pathogens found within Class B biosolids within 21 samplings from 18 wastewater treatment plants across the United States. This is the first major study of its kind since the promulgation of the USEPA Part 503 Rule in 1993, and includes samples before and after the Part 503 Rule was promulgated. National distributions collected between 2005 and 2008 show that the incidence of bacterial and viral pathogens in Class B mesophilic, anaerobically digested biosolids were generally low with the exception of adenoviruses, which were more prevalent than enteric viruses. No Ascaris ova were detected in any sample. In contrast, indicator organism numbers were uniformly high, regardless of whether they were bacteria (fecal coliforms) or viruses (phage). Indicators were not correlated with pathogen loads. Historic distributions were collected between 1988 and 2006 at one location in Tucson, AZ. By comparing data collected before and after 1993, the influence of the USEPA Part 503 Rule on indicator and pathogen levels within Class B biosolids can be inferred. In general, the bacterial indicators total and fecal coliforms decreased from the 1980s to present. Enteric virus concentrations after 1993 are much lower than those reported in other studies in the 1980s, although our values from 1988 to 1993 are not significantly different from our values obtained from 1994 to 2006. Presumably this is due to better and more consistent treatment of the wastewater, illustrating that the Part 503 Rule has been effective in reducing public exposure to pathogens relative to 17 yr ago. The percent reduction of both indicators and pathogens during anaerobic mesophilic digestion was between 94 and 99\% for all organisms, illustrating that such treatment is effective in reducing pathogen loads.}, keywords = {20th Century History, 21st Century Sewage/ microbiology United States Waste Disposal, Bacteria/ classification/ isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/ history History, Fluid/ history/ methods}, issn = {0047-2425 (Print) 0047-2425 (Linking)}, author = {Pepper, I. L. and Brooks, J. P. and Sinclair, R. G. and Gurian, P. L. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {17429, title = {Pathogens in septage in Vietnam}, journal = {Science of The Total EnvironmentScience of the total environment}, volume = {408}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {2050-2053}, keywords = {Helminth ova, Pathogens, Septage sludge, Septic tank}, author = {Yen-Phi, Vo Thi and Rechenburg, Andrea and Vinner{\r a}s, Bj{\"o}rn and Clemens, Joachim and Kistemann, Thomas} } @mastersthesis {7480, title = {Performance assessment of a {Horizontal} {Axis} {Tidal} {Turbine} in a high velocity shear environment}, year = {2010}, note = {U585299}, school = {Cardiff University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The main focus of this thesis was to assess the performance of a full scale Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine (HATT), using the CFD package, FluentrM, and measured high shear tidal profiles. Two sites are considered: the Anglesey Skerries and a site in the Severn Estuary, both off the Welsh coast. In order to achieve this aim a number of key steps were performed including the use of an existing laboratory scale prototype HATT to establishing the optimum blade pitch angle and provide an experimental data set. Once established the HATT CFD model was used to scale up from the laboratory scale to 30 m diameter. By the use of non-dimensionalised characteristics of power, thrust and torque coefficients, it was shown that the HATT was scaleable and independent of Reynolds number. Using these findings a suitable turbine diameter was determined for site specific analysis. Velocity profiles from the two sites were obtained via vessel mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) surveys. These data were used to define a high velocity shear environment. When non-dimensionalised these data were found to also collapse onto the scaling curves provided a true average for the velocity, across the swept area, is used. In addition, when the HATT was {\textquoteright}positioned{\textquoteright} at varying depths down the water column the power extraction was shown to reduce considerably with depth. When positioned close to the seabed, the cyclic torque, power and axial thrust loads were studied with and without a stanchion positioned downstream of the turbine. The presence of a stanchion was also shown to significantly increase the amplitude of the cyclic torque, power and axial thrust during rotation. The findings of this thesis suggest that the complexity of the dynamic torque, power and axial thrust, along with the wake profile, are influenced by the HATT{\textquoteright}s interaction with the ocean seabed. These complexities are therefore of prime importance when considering a deep water application which encompasses all or part of a high velocity shear regime. The work presented in the thesis shows that it is possible to predict a turbine{\textquoteright}s performance (for a given geometry) for any scale and velocity profile, from a single diameter. When positioned lower in the water column, the downstream wake also showed a high level of asymmetry which was also shown to influence the upstream flow field.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU585299, 0547:Ocean engineering, Applied sciences, Ocean engineering, Tidal turbines}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1373276712?accountid=14270}, author = {Mason-Jones, Allan} } @article {10194, title = {{Performance assessment PCR-based assays targeting bacteroidales genetic markers of bovine fecal pollution}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, year = {2010}, pages = {1359{\textendash}1366}, author = {Shanks, OC and White, K and Kelty, CA and Hayes, S and Sivaganesan, M and Jenkins, M and Varma, M and Haugland, RA} } @article {10857, title = {Performance of a full-scale membrane bioreactor system in treating municipal wastewater for reuse purposes}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {101}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {3768{\textendash}3771}, author = {Zanetti, Franca and De Luca, Giovanna and Sacchetti, Rossella} } @article {3273, title = {{Performance of a full-scale membrane bioreactor system in treating municipal wastewater for reuse purposes}}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {101}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {3768{\textendash}3771}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {The microbial removal efficacy of membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant was evaluated. Total and faecal coliforms, thermo-tolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, somatic coliphages, F-RNA specific bacteriophages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis (BFRPH) were used as bacterial and viral indicators. Reclamation and reuse of MBR effluent were considered. The average Log10 reductions of the bacterial indicators range from 6 Log10 for enterococci to 7 Log10 for E. coli and faecal coliforms. The average removal of FRNA coliphages was similar to that of enterococci. Complete removal of BFRPH was observed. Log10 reductions of somatic coliphages were significantly lower than those of all other indicators. Somatic coliphages appear to be better indicators of the microbial removal efficiency of the MBR system than faecal bacterial indicators. The quality of the MBR permeate conforms largely with the microbiological standards for urban (e.g. street cleaning, vehicle washing) and agricultural reuse. ?? 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Bacterial indicators, Bacteriophages, MBR, municipal wastewater, Water reuse}, isbn = {1873-2976 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0960-8524 (Linking)}, issn = {09608524}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.091}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.091}, author = {Zanetti, Franca and De Luca, Giovanna and Sacchetti, Rossella} } @article {10195, title = {{Performance of PCR-based assays targeting Bacteroidales genetic markers of human fecal pollution in sewage and fecal samples}}, journal = {Environmental Science {\&} Technology}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, pages = {6281{\textendash}6288}, author = {Shanks, OC and White, K and Kelty, CA and Sivaganesan, M and Blannon, J and Meckes, M and Varma, M and Haugland, RA} } @article {9046, title = {{Persistence of Bacteroides species populations in a river as measured by molecular and culture techniques.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {22}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {7608{\textendash}16}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, abstract = {

Given the interest in Bacteroides species as microbial source tracking (MST) markers, and the limited knowledge of the survival of Bacteroides species in the environment, here we examine the survival of Bacteroides fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, and environmental species of Bacteroides by use of culture techniques and molecular tools. Two kinds of experiments were performed: (i) on-site experiments, in which bacteria were exposed to changes in the levels of several environmental parameters in a river, and (ii) microcosm assays in the laboratory, with controlled temperatures. On-site experiments showed different survival patterns for the cultivable Bacteroides strains. B. fragilis die-off rate was strongly affected by the combined effect of high temperatures and grazing predators, which were more active under warmer conditions. However, the survival rates of cultivable B. thetaiotaomicron and environmental Bacteroides spp. were more affected by dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in water. Environmental Bacteroides strains survived longer than either type strain, due to better adaptation to environmental conditions. However, the period of their survival was shorter than that observed for fecal coliforms and enterococci, suggesting Bacteroides species as markers of recent fecal pollution. The total Bacteroides species were detected by molecular techniques throughout the experiment in winter, but they were detected on only two or three days in the summer. This indicates that temperature is the main factor affecting DNA degradation, regardless of species. The use of microcosms in the laboratory also pointed to temperature as the main factor affecting Bacteroides survival, regardless of species. However, the conditions in the laboratory may mask the effects of the environmental factors and their interactions. The observed variability in die-off rate as a function of the species analyzed, the experimental conditions, and the methodology used should be taken into consideration in future persistence studies.

}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00883-10}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20851970 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2976185}, author = {Ballest{\'e}, Elisenda and Blanch, Anicet R} } @article {7026, title = {Persistence of {Bacteroides} {Species} {Populations} in a {River} as {Measured} by {Molecular} and {Culture} {Techniques}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {22}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {7608{\textendash}7616}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00883-10}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.00883-10}, author = {Balleste, E. and Blanch, A. R.} } @article {15924, title = {Photocatalytic inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum on nanostructured titanium dioxide films}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {Mar}, pages = {83-91}, edition = {2009/12/17}, keywords = {*Nanostructures, *Photolysis, *Titanium, Cryptosporidium parvum/*radiation effects, Disinfection/instrumentation, Oocysts/radiation effects, RNA, Protozoan, Water Purification/instrumentation/*methods}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920}, author = {Sunnotel, O. and Verdoold, R. and Dunlop, P. S. and Snelling, W. J. and Lowery, C. J. and Dooley, J. S. and Moore, J. E. and Byrne, J. A.} } @article {10151, title = {{Phylogenetic analysis of Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene sequences from human and animal effluents and assessment of ruminant faecal pollution by real-time PCR}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {108}, year = {2010}, pages = {974{\textendash}984}, author = {Mieszkin, S and Yala, JF and Joubrel, R and Gourmelon, M} } @article {10152, title = {{Phylogenetic analysis of Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene sequences from human and animal effluents and assessment of ruminant faecal pollution by real-time PCR}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {974{\textendash}984}, author = {Mieszkin, S and Yala, JF and Joubrel, R and Gourmelon, M} } @article {5941, title = {{Pig liver sausage as a source of hepatitis E virus transmission to humans}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {202}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {825{\textendash}834}, author = {Colson, P and Borentain, P} } @book {7460, title = {The political economy of water and sanitation}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=lang_en\&id=S-KPAgAAQBAJ\&oi=fnd\&pg=PP1\&dq=water+sanitation+hygiene+\%22willingness+to+pay\%22+OR+,+OR+finance,+OR+micro+OR+finance,+OR+public+OR+sector+OR+finance,+OR+private+OR+sector+OR+finance,+OR+financial+OR+model}, author = {Krause, Matthias} } @article {9358, title = {{Polymerase chain reaction confirmation of diagnosis of intestinal amebiasis in Puducherry}}, journal = {T{\"u}rkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {140{\textendash}142}, author = {Parija, SC and Garg, A and Pushpa, K and Khairnar, K and Priya, T} } @article {17138, title = {Potential use of bacteriophages as indicators of water quality and wastewater treatment processes.}, journal = {Bacteriophages in the control of food-and waterborne pathogens}, year = {2010}, pages = {103{\textendash}118}, publisher = {ASM Press}, author = {Lucena, Fransisco and Jofre, Juan and others} } @article {1842, title = {Practical applications of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for water safety plans}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {61}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, note = {Smeets, P W M H Rietveld, L C van Dijk, J C Medema, G J eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2010/03/31 06:00 Water Sci Technol. 2010;61(6):1561-8. doi: 10.2166/wst.2010.839.}, pages = {1561-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The absence of indicator organisms in drinking water does not provide sufficient guarantee for microbial safety. Therefore the water utilities are implementing water safety plans (WSP) to safeguard drinking water quality. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) can be used to provide objective quantitative input for the WSP. This study presents several applications of treatment modelling in QMRA to answer the risk managers questions raised in the WSP. QMRA can estimate how safe the water is, how much the safety varies and how certain the estimate of safety is. This can be used in the WSP system assessment to determine whether treatment is meeting health-based targets with the required level of certainty. Quantitative data analysis showed that short events of only 8 hours per year can dominate the yearly average health risk for the consumer. QMRA also helps the design of physical and microbial monitoring. The study showed that the required monitoring frequency increases with increasing treatment efficacy. Daily monitoring can be sufficient to verify a treatment process achieving 2 log reduction of pathogens, but a process achieving 4 log reduction needs to be monitored every 15 minutes. Similarly, QMRA helps to prepare adequate corrective actions by determining the acceptable {\textquoteright}down time{\textquoteright} of a process. For example, for a process achieving 2.5 log reduction a down time of maximum 6 hours per year is acceptable. These applications illustrate how QMRA can contribute to efficient and effective management of microbial drinking water safety.}, keywords = {Alveolata/isolation \& purification Bacteria/isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/*methods Limit of Detection Models, Theoretical Risk Assessment Water Microbiology/*standards Water Purification Water Supply/*standards}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.839}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20351436}, author = {Smeets, P. W. and Rietveld, L. C. and van Dijk, J. C. and Medema, G. J.} } @article {6070, title = {Predicting attachment efficiency of colloid deposition under unfavorable attachment conditions}, journal = {Water Resources Research}, volume = {46}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Shen, Chongyang and Huang, Yuanfang and Li, Baoguo and Jin, Yan} } @article {14454, title = {Predicting pathogen risks to aid beach management: the real value of quantitative microbial risk assessment ({QMRA})}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, month = {sep}, pages = {4692{\textendash}703}, abstract = {There has been an ongoing dilemma for agencies that set criteria for safe recreational waters in how to provide for a seasonal assessment of a beach site versus guidance for day-to-day management. Typically an overall {\textquoteright}safe{\textquoteright} criterion level is derived from epidemiologic studies of sewage-impacted beaches. The decision criterion is based on a percentile value for a single sample or a moving median of a limited number (e.g. five per month) of routine samples, which are reported at least the day after recreator exposure has occurred. The focus of this paper is how to better undertake day-to-day recreational site monitoring and management. Internationally, good examples exist where predictive empirical regression models (based on rainfall, wind speed/direction, etc.) may provide an estimate of the target faecal indicator density for the day of exposure. However, at recreational swimming sites largely impacted by non-sewage sources of faecal indicators, there is concern that the indicator-illness associations derived from studies at sewage-impacted beaches may be inappropriate. Furthermore, some recent epidemiologic evidence supports the relationship to gastrointestinal (GI) illness with qPCR-derived measures of Bacteroidales/Bacteroides spp. as well as more traditional faecal indicators, but we understand less about the environmental fate of these molecular targets and their relationship to bather risk. Modelling pathogens and indicators within a quantitative microbial risk assessment framework is suggested as a way to explore the large diversity of scenarios for faecal contamination and hydrologic events, such as from waterfowl, agricultural animals, resuspended sediments and from the bathers themselves. Examples are provided that suggest that more site-specific targets derived by QMRA could provide insight, directly translatable to management actions.}, keywords = {*Recreation, *Water Microbiology, Animals, Bathing Beaches/*standards, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Feces/microbiology, Gastrointestinal Diseases/microbiology, Predictive Value of Tests, Probability, Public policy, Risk Assessment, Seawater/*microbiology, Sewage/analysis/microbiology, Time Factors, Water Pollution/*analysis}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.048}, author = {Ashbolt, N. J. and Schoen, M. E. and Soller, J. A. and Roser, D. J.} } @article {16092, title = {Preliminary Characterization of Mus musculus-Derived Pathogenic Strains of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serogroup Ballum in a Hamster Model}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {83}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {Aug}, pages = {336-7}, isbn = {1476-1645 (Electronic)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {da Silva, E. F. and Felix, S. R. and Cerqueira, G. M. and Fagundes, M. Q. and Neto, A. C. and Grassmann, A. A. and Amaral, M. G. and Gallina, T. and Dellagostin, O. A.} } @article {8424, title = {{Prenatal treatment for serious neurological sequelae of congenital toxoplasmosis: an observational prospective cohort study}}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, author = {Cortina-Borja, M and Tan, HK and Wallon, M and Paul, M and Prusa, A and Buffolano, W and Malm, G and Salt, A and Freeman, K and Petersen, E and Gilbert, RE and EMSCOT} } @article {3993, title = {{Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in drinking water samples in the north of Portugal}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {48}, year = {2010}, pages = {43{\textendash}48}, author = {Almeida, A and Moreira, MJ and Soares, S and Delgado Mde, L and Figueiredo, J and Silva, E and Castro, A and Cosa, JM} } @article {6570, title = {Presence of {Enteric} {Viruses} in {Source} {Waters} for {Drinking} {Water} {Production} in the {Netherlands}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {17}, year = {2010}, month = {sep}, pages = {5965{\textendash}5971}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00245-10}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.00245-10}, author = {Lodder, W. J. and van den Berg, H. H. J. L. and Rutjes, S. A. and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {1020, title = {{Presence of pathogens and indicator microbes at a non-point source subtropical recreational marine beach}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {724{\textendash}732}, abstract = {Swimming in ocean water, including ocean water at beaches not impacted by known point sources of pollution, is an increasing health concern. This study was an initial evaluation of the presence of indicator microbes and pathogens and the association among the indicator microbes, pathogens, and environmental conditions at a subtropical, recreational marine beach in south Florida impacted by non-point sources of pollution. Twelve water and eight sand samples were collected during four sampling events at high or low tide under elevated or reduced solar insolation conditions. The analyses performed included analyses of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens), human-associated microbial source tracking (MST) markers (human polyomaviruses [HPyVs] and Enterococcus faecium esp gene), and pathogens (Vibrio vulnificus, Staphylococcus aureus, enterovirus, norovirus, hepatitis A virus, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp.). The enterococcus concentrations in water and sand determined by quantitative PCR were greater than the concentrations determined by membrane filtration measurement. The FIB concentrations in water were below the recreational water quality standards for three of the four sampling events, when pathogens and MST markers were also generally undetectable. The FIB levels exceeded regulatory guidelines during one event, and this was accompanied by detection of HPyVs and pathogens, including detection of the autochthonous bacterium V. vulnificus in sand and water, detection of the allochthonous protozoans Giardia spp. in water, and detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in sand samples. The elevated microbial levels were detected at high tide and under low-solar-insolation conditions. Additional sampling should be conducted to further explore the relationships between tidal and solar insolation conditions and between indicator microbes and pathogens in subtropical recreational marine waters impacted by non-point source pollution.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02127-09}, author = {Abdelzaher, Amir M. and Wright, Mary E. and Ortega, Cristina and Solo-Gabriele, Helena M. and Miller, Gary and Elmir, Samir and Newman, Xihui and Shih, Peter and Alfredo Bonilla, J. and Bonilla, Tonya D. and Palmer, Carol J. and Scott, Troy and Lukasik, Jerzy and Harwood, Valerie J. and McQuaig, Shannon and Sinigalliano, Chris and Gidley, Maribeth and Plano, Lisa R W and Zhu, Xiaofang and Wang, John D. and Fleming, Lora E.} } @article {7529, title = {{Presence of pathogens and indicator microbes at a non-point source subtropical recreational marine beach}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {724-732}, abstract = {

Swimming in ocean water, including ocean water at beaches not Impacted by known point sources of pollution, is an increasing health concern. This study was an initial evaluation of the presence of indicator microbes and pathogens and the association among the Indicator microbes, pathogens, and environmental conditions at a subtropical, recreational marine beach in south Florida impacted by non-point sources of pollution. Twelve water and eight sand samples were collected during four sampling events at high or low tide under elevated or reduced solar insolation conditions. The analyses performed included analyses of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococcl, and Clostridium perfringens), human-associated microbial source tracking (MST) markers (human polyomaviruses [HPyVs] and Enterococcus faecium esp gene), and pathogens (Vibrio vulnificus, Staphylococcus aureus, enterovirus, norovirus, hepatitis A virus, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp.). The enterococcus concentrations in water and sand determined by quantitative PCR were greater than the concentrations determined by membrane filtration measurement. The FIB concentrations in water were below the recreational water quality standards for three of the four sampling events, when pathogens and MST markers were also generally undetectable. The FIB levels exceeded regulatory guidelines during one event, and this was accompanied by detection of HPyVs and pathogens, including detection of the autochthonous bacterium V. vulnificus in sand and water, detection of the allochthonous protozoans Giardia spp. in water, and detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in sand samples. The elevated microbial levels were detected at high tide and under low-solar-insolation conditions. Additional sampling should be conducted to further explore the relationships between tidal and solar insolation conditions and between indicator microbes and pathogens in subtropical recreational marine waters impacted by non-point source pollution. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2010, American Society ror Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02127-09}, author = {Abdelzaher, A.M. and Wright, M.E. and Ortega, C. and Solo-Gabriele, H.M. and Miller, G. and Elmir, S. and Newman, X. and Shih, P. and Alfredo Bonilla, J. and Bonilla, T.D. and Palmer, C.J. and Scott, T. and Lukasik, J. and Harwood, V.J. and McQuaig, S. and Sinigalliano, C. and Gidley, M. and Plano, L.R.W. and Zhu, X. and Wang, J.D. and Fleming, L.E.} } @article {13729, title = {Presence of pathogens and indicator microbes at a non-point source subtropical recreational marine beach}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Swimming in ocean water, including ocean water at beaches not Impacted by known point sources of pollution, is an increasing health concern. This study was an initial evaluation of the presence of indicator microbes and pathogens and the association among the Indicator microbes, pathogens, and environmental conditions at a subtropical, recreational marine beach in south Florida impacted by non-point sources of pollution. Twelve water and eight sand samples were collected during four sampling events at high or low tide under elevated or reduced solar insolation conditions. The analyses performed included analyses of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococcl, and Clostridium perfringens), human-associated microbial source tracking (MST) markers (human polyomaviruses [HPyVs] and Enterococcus faecium esp gene), and pathogens (Vibrio vulnificus, Staphylococcus aureus, enterovirus, norovirus, hepatitis A virus, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp.). The enterococcus concentrations in water and sand determined by quantitative PCR were greater than the concentrations determined by membrane filtration measurement. The FIB concentrations in water were below the recreational water quality standards for three of the four sampling events, when pathogens and MST markers were also generally undetectable. The FIB levels exceeded regulatory guidelines during one event, and this was accompanied by detection of HPyVs and pathogens, including detection of the autochthonous bacterium V. vulnificus in sand and water, detection of the allochthonous protozoans Giardia spp. in water, and detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in sand samples. The elevated microbial levels were detected at high tide and under low-solar-insolation conditions. Additional sampling should be conducted to further explore the relationships between tidal and solar insolation conditions and between indicator microbes and pathogens in subtropical recreational marine waters impacted by non-point source pollution. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2010, American Society ror Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02127-09}, author = {Abdelzaher, A.M. and Wright, M.E. and Ortega, C. and Solo-Gabriele, H.M. and Miller, G. and Elmir, S. and Newman, X. and Shih, P. and Alfredo Bonilla, J. and Bonilla, T.D. and Palmer, C.J. and Scott, T. and Lukasik, J. and Harwood, V.J. and McQuaig, S. and Sinigalliano, C. and Gidley, M. and Plano, L.R.W. and Zhu, X. and Wang, J.D. and Fleming, L.E.} } @article {252, title = {Prevalence and factors associated with rotavirus infection among children admitted with acute diarrhea in Uganda}, journal = {Bmc Pediatrics}, volume = {10}, year = {2010}, note = {Times Cited: 3 3}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1471-2431}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2431-10-69}, url = {://WOS:000283246700001}, author = {Nakawesi, Jane S. and Wobudeya, Eric and Ndeezi, Grace and Mworozi, Edison A. and Tumwine, James K.} } @article {11418, title = {Prevalence and risk factors of porcine cysticercosis in Angonia District, Mozambique}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {e594}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1935-2735}, author = {Pondja, A and Neves, L and Mlangwa, J and Afonso, S and Fafetine, J and Willingham, AL and Thamsborg, SM and Johansen, MV} } @article {14348, title = {Prevalence of arcobacter species in drinking water, spring water, and raw milk as determined by multiplex {PCR}.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {73}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {2099{\textendash}2102}, author = {Ertas, Nurhan and Dogruer, Yusuf and Gonulalan, Zafer and Guner, Ahmet and Ulger, Ismail} } @article {5831, title = {{Prevalence of arcobacter species in drinking water, spring water, and raw milk as determined by multiplex PCR.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {73}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {2099{\textendash}2102}, author = {Ertas, Nurhan and Dogruer, Yusuf and Gonulalan, Zafer and Guner, Ahmet and Ulger, Ismail} } @article {9414, title = {{Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in humans}}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences}, year = {2010}, author = {Tasawar, Z and Kausar, S and Lashari, M} } @article {9715, title = {Prevalence of~Entamoeba histolytica~in humans}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences}, volume = {23}, year = {2010}, pages = {344-348}, author = {Zahida, T and Shabana, K and Lahsari, MH} } @article {241, title = {The prevalence of group A rotavirus infection and some risk factors in pediatric diarrhea in Zaria, North central Nigeria}, journal = {African Journal of Microbiology Research}, volume = {4}, number = {14}, year = {2010}, note = {Times Cited: 1 1}, pages = {1532-1536}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1996-0808}, url = {://WOS:000281289700013}, author = {Grace, Pennap and Jerald, Umoh} } @article {8389, title = {{Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Leafy Vegetables in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}}, journal = {International Journal of Zoological Research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {190{\textendash}195}, author = {Al-Megrin, WA} } @article {16094, title = {Prevalence of Leptospira interrogans antibodies in free-ranging Tayassu pecari of the Southern Pantanal, Brazil, an ecosystem where wildlife and cattle interact}, journal = {Trop Anim Health ProdTrop Anim Health Prod}, volume = {42}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1695-703}, keywords = {*Artiodactyla, Age Factors, Agglutination Tests/veterinary, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/blood, Brazil/epidemiology, Female, Leptospira interrogans/*immunology, Leptospirosis/*epidemiology, Male, prevalence, Sex Factors}, author = {de Freitas, T. P. and Keuroghlian, A. and Eaton, D. P. and de Freitas, E. B. and Figueiredo, A. and Nakazato, L. and de Oliveira, J. M. and Miranda, F. and Paes, R. C. and Monteiro, L. A. and Lima, J. V. and da C Neto, A. A. and Dutra, V. and de Freitas, J. C.} } @article {574, title = {Prevalence of rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus, and astrovirus infections and coinfections among hospitalized children in northern France}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, note = {Tran, Adissa Talmud, Deborah Lejeune, Benoit Jovenin, Nicolas Renois, Fanny Payan, Christopher Leveque, Nicolas Andreoletti, Laurent Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Journal of clinical microbiology}, pages = {1943-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

From January to December 2007, 973 stool specimens were prospectively collected from children hospitalized for gastroenteritis signs or from neonates and premature cases who were born in two French hospital settings in the north of France. They were tested by rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA) analyses for rotavirus and adenovirus and by two commercially available ELISA tests for the detection of norovirus and astrovirus. The overall rates of prevalence for rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus were 21, 13, 5, and 1.8\%, respectively, and they did not significantly differ between the two hospital settings (P=0.12). Mixed virus infections were detected in 32 (3.3\%) of the 973 study children and were associated with norovirus in 21 (66\%) infants, including 5 premature cases. From fall to spring, norovirus infections accounted for 52\% of documented gastroenteritidis viral infections at a time when rotavirus was epidemic, resulting in mixed norovirus and rotavirus gastrointestinal tract infections. Of the 367 documented viral gastroenteritis cases, 15 (4.1\%) were identified as nosocomial infections, 5 of which occurred in premature cases. These findings highlight the need to implement norovirus and astrovirus ELISA detection assays in association with rapid EIA rotavirus and adenovirus detection assays for the clinical diagnosis and the nosocomial prevention of gastroenteritis viral infections in pediatric departments.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/ epidemiology Astroviridae Infections/ epidemiology Caliciviridae Infections/ epidemiology Child, Hospitalized Child, Newborn Prevalence Rotavirus Infections/ epidemiology, Preschool Comorbidity Feces/virology France/epidemiology Gastroenteritis/ epidemiology Hospitalization Humans Immunoenzyme Techniques/methods Infant Infant}, issn = {1098-660X (Electronic) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Tran, A. and Talmud, D. and Lejeune, B. and Jovenin, N. and Renois, F. and Payan, C. and Leveque, N. and Andreoletti, L.} } @article {724, title = {Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae in rivers of Mpumalanga province, South Africa as revealed by polyphasic characterization}, journal = {African Journal of Biotechnology }, volume = {9}, year = {2010}, month = {10/2010}, pages = {7295-7301}, abstract = {
Cholera is a life-threatening diarrhoeal disease, which mainly affects inhabitants of developing countries due to poor socio-economic conditions and lack of access to potable water and sanitation. Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae are the aetiological agents of cholera. These bacteria are autochthonous to aquatic environments, hence water plays a central role both in the epidemiology and transmission of cholera. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of V. cholerae from 32 sites of major rivers in Mpumalanga province of South Africa using a polyphasic approach. Water samples (594) collected over for 4 months were cultured on thiosulphate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar, and oxidase positive (88) isolates were subjected to biochemical tests and duplex polymerase chain reaction targeting the outer membrane protein (ompW) and cholera toxin (ctxAB) genes. All ompW PCR positive V. cholerae isolates were subjected to rfbO1 PCR. Fifteen isolates from Crocodile, Komati and Gutshwa rivers were assigned to V. cholerae by both biochemical tests and PCR, of which no isolates were positive for ctxAB and rfbO1 genes. The polyphasic approach was effective at revealing non-O1 and non-toxigenic V. cholerae in some rivers. Such information is important for raising awareness regarding the presence of V. cholerae so that precautionary measures are taken on time.
}, keywords = {ctx gene, ompW gene, rfbO 1, surveillance., Vibrio cholerae}, doi = {10.5897/AJB10.32}, url = {http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380729932_Madoroba\%20and\%20Momba.pdf}, author = {M NB Momba and E. Madoroba} } @article {10686, title = {{Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae in rivers of Mpumalanga province, South Africa as revealed by polyphasic characterization}}, journal = {African Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {9}, number = {43}, year = {2010}, pages = {7295{\textendash}7301}, author = {Madoroba, E and Momba, MNB} } @article {13445, title = {Prevalencia, decomisos de higado y perdidas economicas por Fasciola hepatica en mataderos bovinos de tres provincias de la region central de Cuba}, journal = {REDVET, Rev Electr Veterinaria}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-7}, author = {Brito Alberto and E. , Hernandez Barreto and Ma, De La Fe Rodriguez, P. and Silveira Prado, E.A.} } @article {1790, title = {Processing Strategies to Inactivate Enteric Viruses in Shellfish}, journal = {Food Environ Microbiol}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {183-193}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Richards, G. P. and McLeod, C. and Le Guyader, F. S.} } @article {6890, title = {Programming infant gut microbiota: influence of dietary and environmental factors}, journal = {Current Opinion in Biotechnology}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {apr}, pages = {149{\textendash}156}, issn = {09581669}, doi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2010.03.020}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0958166910000625}, author = {Marques, Tatiana Milena and Wall, Rebecca and Ross, R Paul and Fitzgerald, Gerald F and Ryan, C Anthony and Stanton, Catherine} } @article {959, title = {Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other forms of JC virus disease}, journal = {Nature reviews. Neurology}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, year = {2010}, pages = {667{\textendash}679}, abstract = {

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the brain caused by the JC virus (JCV). PML usually occurs via reactivation of JCV when an immune system becomes compromised. A diagnosis of PML is normally made on the basis of distinguishing neurological features at presentation, characteristic brain MRI changes and the presence of JCV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid. PML has a 3 month mortality rate of 20-50\%, so prompt intervention is essential. Currently, reconstitution of the immune system affords the best prognosis for this condition. When PML is first suspected, and where possible, immunosuppressant or immunomodulatory therapy should be suspended or reduced. If PML is associated with a protein therapy that has a long half-life the use of plasma exchange to accelerate the removal of the drug from the circulation may aid the restoration of immune system function. Rapid improvements in immune function, however, might lead to transient worsening of the disease. In this Review, we critically appraise the controversies surrounding JCV infection, and provide practical management guidelines for PML.

}, issn = {1759-4758}, doi = {10.1038/nrneurol.2010.164}, author = {Brew, Bruce J and Davies, Nicholas W S and Cinque, Paola and Clifford, David B and Nath, Avindra} } @article {14334, title = {Prolonged survival of {Campylobacter} species in bovine manure compost.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {feb}, pages = {1110{\textendash}1119}, author = {Inglis, G Douglas and McAllister, Tim A and Larney, Francis J and Topp, Edward} } @article {5817, title = {{Prolonged survival of Campylobacter species in bovine manure compost.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {feb}, pages = {1110{\textendash}1119}, author = {Inglis, G Douglas and McAllister, Tim A and Larney, Francis J and Topp, Edward} } @booklet {15046, title = {Public {Health} {Engineering} in {Precarious} {Situations}}, year = {2010}, publisher = {M{\'e}decins Sans Fronti{\`e}res}, address = {Paris, France}, author = {MSF} } @article {9598, title = {Public Health Engineering in Precarious Situations}, year = {2010}, institution = {M{\'e}decins Sans Fronti{\`e}res}, address = {Paris, France} } @article {1933, title = {Quantification of enteric viruses, pathogen indicators, and Salmonella bacteria in class B anaerobically digested biosolids by culture and molecular methods}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {19}, year = {2010}, note = {Wong, Kelvin Onan, Brandon M Xagoraraki, Irene Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Applied and environmental microbiology Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Oct;76(19):6441-8. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02685-09. Epub 2010 Aug 6.}, pages = {6441-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The most common class B biosolids in the United States are generated by mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD), and MAD biosolids have been used for land application. However, the pathogen levels in MAD biosolids are still unclear, especially with respect to enteric viruses. In this study, we determined the occurrence and the quantitative levels of enteric viruses and indicators in 12 MAD biosolid samples and of Salmonella enterica in 6 MAD biosolid samples. Three dewatered biosolid samples were also included in this study for purposes of comparison. Human adenoviruses (HAdV) had the highest gene levels and were detected more frequently than other enteric viruses. The gene levels of noroviruses (NV) reported were comparable to those of enteroviruses (EV) and human polyomaviruses (HPyV). The occurrence percentages of HAdV, HAdV species F, EV, NV GI, NV GII, and HPyV in MAD samples were 83, 83, 42, 50, 75, and 58\%, respectively. No hepatitis A virus was detected. Infectious HAdV was detected more frequently than infectious EV, and all infectious HAdV were detected when samples were propagated in A549 cells. Based on most-probable-number (MPN) analysis, A549 cells were more susceptible to biosolid-associated viruses than BGM cells. All indicator levels in MAD biosolids were approximately 10(4) MPN or PFU per gram (dry), and the dewatered biosolids had significantly higher indicator levels than the MAD biosolids. Only two MAD samples tested positive for Salmonella enterica, where the concentration was below 1.0 MPN/4 g. This study provides a broad comparison of the prevalence of different enteric viruses in MAD biosolids and reports the first detection of noroviruses in class B biosolids. The observed high quantitative and infectivity levels of adenoviruses in MAD biosolids indicate that adenovirus is a good indicator for the evaluation of sludge treatment efficiency.}, keywords = {*Bacterial Load Bacteriological Techniques/methods Fresh Water/*microbiology/*virology Humans Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Salmonella enterica/genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification United States *Viral Load Virology/methods Virus Cu}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02685-09 AEM.02685-09 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20693452}, author = {Wong, K. and Onan, B. M. and Xagoraraki, I.} } @article {17423, title = {Quantification of Enteric Viruses, Pathogen Indicators, and Salmonella Bacteria in Class B Anaerobically Digested Biosolids by Culture and Molecular Methods}, journal = {Applied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {19}, year = {2010}, month = {Oct}, pages = {6441-6448}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Wong, Kelvin and Onan, Brandon M. and Xagoraraki, Irene} } @article {4450, title = {Quantification of human adenovirus in european recreational {Waters}.}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {101{\textendash}109}, author = {Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Calgua, Byron and Clemente-Casares, Pilar and La Rosa, Giuseppina and Iaconelli, Marcello and Michele, Muscillo and Saskia, Rutjes and Ana M. De Roda Husman and Grunert, Andreas and Gr�ber, Ingeburg and Verani, Marco and Carducci, Annalaura and Calvo, Miquel and Wym-Jones, Peter and Girones, Rosina} } @article {7761, title = {Quantification of pathogenic microorganisms and microbial indicators in three wastewater reclamation and managed aquifer recharge facilities in Europe}, journal = {The Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {408}, number = {21}, year = {2010}, note = {CI: Copyright 2010; JID: 0330500; 0 (Water Pollutants); 2010/03/15 [received]; 2010/07/12 [revised]; 2010/07/16 [accepted]; 2010/08/07 [aheadofprint]; ppublish}, month = {Oct 1}, pages = {4923-4930}, abstract = {

Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is becoming an attractive option for water storage in water reuse processes as it provides an additional treatment barrier to improve recharged water quality and buffers seasonal variations of water supply and demand. To achieve a better understanding about the level of pathogenic microorganisms and their relation with microbial indicators in these systems, five waterborne pathogens and four microbial indicators were monitored over one year in three European MAR sites operated with reclaimed wastewater. Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts were found in 63.2 and 36.7\% of the samples respectively. Salmonella spp. and helminth eggs were more rarely detected (16.3\% and 12.5\% of the samples respectively) and Campylobacter cells were only found in 2\% of samples. At the Belgian site advanced tertiary treatment technology prior to soil aquifer treatment (SAT) produced effluent of drinking water quality, with no presence of the analysed pathogens. At the Spanish and Italian sites amelioration of microbiological water quality was observed between the MAR injectant and the recovered water. In particular Giardia levels decreased from 0.24-6.14 cysts/L to 0-0.01 cysts/L and from 0.4-6.2 cysts/L to 0-0.07 cysts/L in the Spanish and Italian sites respectively. Salmonella gene copies and Giardia cysts were however found in the water for final use and/or the recovered groundwater water at the two sites. Significant positive Spearman correlations (p\<0.05, r(s) range: 0.45-0.95) were obtained, in all the three sites, between Giardia cysts and the most resistant microbial markers, Clostridium spores and bacteriophages.

}, keywords = {Animals, Campylobacter/isolation \& purification, Clostridium/isolation \& purification, Colony Count, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Enterococcus/isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Europe, Fresh Water/microbiology/parasitology, Giardia/isolation \& purification, Helminths/isolation \& purification, Microbial, Oocysts, Parasite Egg Count, Salmonella/isolation \& purification, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants/isolation \& purification}, isbn = {1879-1026; 0048-9697}, author = {Levantesi,C. and La Mantia,R. and Masciopinto,C. and Bockelmann,U. and Ayuso-Gabella,M. N. and Salgot,M. and Tandoi,V. and Van Houtte,E. and Wintgens,T. and Grohmann,E.} } @article {4473, title = {Quantitative detection of human adenoviruses in wastewater and combined sewer overflows influencing a {Michigan} river}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {715{\textendash}23}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Fong, T. T. and Phanikumar, M. S. and Xagoraraki, I. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {1316, title = {Quantitative detection of human adenoviruses in wastewater and combined sewer overflows influencing a Michigan river}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, note = {Fong, Theng-Theng Phanikumar, Mantha S Xagoraraki, Irene Rose, Joan B Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {715-23}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Enteric viruses are important pathogens found in contaminated surface waters and have previously been detected in waters of the Great Lakes. Human adenoviruses were monitored because of their high prevalence and persistence in aquatic environments. In this study, we quantified adenoviruses in wastewater, surface water, and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) by real-time PCR. Between August 2005 and August 2006, adenovirus concentrations in raw sewage, primary-treated effluent, secondary-treated effluent, and chlorinated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in Michigan were examined. CSO samples (n = 6) were collected from a CSO retention basin in Grand Rapids, MI. Adenoviruses were detected in 100\% of wastewater and CSO discharge samples. Average adenovirus DNA concentrations in sewage and CSOs were 1.15 x 10(6) viruses/liter and 5.35 x 10(5) viruses/liter, respectively. Adenovirus removal was <2 log(10) (99\%) at the wastewater treatment plant. Adenovirus type 41 (60\% of clones), type 12 (29\%), type 40 (3\%), type 2 (3\%), and type 3 (3\%) were isolated from raw sewage and primary effluents (n = 28). Six of 20 surface water samples from recreational parks at the lower Grand River showed virus concentrations above the real-time PCR detection limit (average, 7.8 x 10(3) viruses/liter). This research demonstrates that wastewater effluents and wastewater-impacted surface waters in the lower Grand River in Michigan contain high levels of viruses and may not be suitable for full-body recreational activities. High concentrations of adenovirus in these waters may be due to inefficient removal during wastewater treatment and to the high persistence of these viruses in the environment.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Chemical/isolation \& purification Water Pollution Water Purification, Environmental Environmental Monitoring Fresh Water Geography Humans Limit of Detection Michigan Molecular Sequence Data Polymerase Chain Reaction Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Rivers/ virology Sewage/ virology Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Microbiology Water Movements Water Pollutants, Human/genetics/ isolation \& purification Biodegradation}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Fong, T. T. and Phanikumar, M. S. and Xagoraraki, I. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {15213, title = {Quantitative detection of human adenoviruses in wastewater and combined sewer overflows influencing a {Michigan} river}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {715{\textendash}723}, author = {Fong, TT and Phanikumar, Mantha S and Xagoraraki, Irene and Rose, Joan B} } @article {15234, title = {Quantitative microbial risk analysis to evaluate health effects of interventions in the urban water system of {Accra}, {Ghana}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {417{\textendash}430}, abstract = {A quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to evaluate the microbial risks of the Accra Urban Water System (AUWS). The exposure assessment was based on the count of indicator organisms in waste water from open roadside drains and in water and sand samples from the beach. The predicted total disease burden generated in a representative catchment of the AUWS (Odaw Catchment) was 36,329 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) per year, of which 12 and 88\% are caused by, respectively, shortcomings in the water supply system and inappropriate sanitation. The DALYs per person per year were above the WHO reference value. The open roadside drain had the highest contribution to the disease burden. Of four possible interventions evaluated for health risk reduction, the highest efficiency in terms of DALYs averted per euro invested would be achieved by providing covers for the open roadside drains.}, keywords = {DALY, disease burden, Ghana, Health benefit, QMRA, Quantitative microbial risk assessment, Urban water system, wastewater, water}, issn = {14778920}, author = {Labite, Herve and Lunani, Isabella and Van Der Steen, Peter and Vairavamoorthy, Kala and Drechsel, Pay and Lens, Piet} } @article {13652, title = {{Quantitative microbial risk analysis to evaluate health effects of interventions in the urban water system of Accra, Ghana}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {417{\textendash}430}, abstract = {A quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to evaluate the microbial risks of the Accra Urban Water System (AUWS). The exposure assessment was based on the count of indicator organisms in waste water from open roadside drains and in water and sand samples from the beach. The predicted total disease burden generated in a representative catchment of the AUWS (Odaw Catchment) was 36,329 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) per year, of which 12 and 88{\%} are caused by, respectively, shortcomings in the water supply system and inappropriate sanitation. The DALYs per person per year were above the WHO reference value. The open roadside drain had the highest contribution to the disease burden. Of four possible interventions evaluated for health risk reduction, the highest efficiency in terms of DALYs averted per euro invested would be achieved by providing covers for the open roadside drains.}, keywords = {DALY, disease burden, Ghana, Health benefit, QMRA, Quantitative microbial risk assessment, Urban water system, wastewater, water}, issn = {14778920}, author = {Labite, Herve and Lunani, Isabella and Van Der Steen, Peter and Vairavamoorthy, Kala and Drechsel, Pay and Lens, Piet} } @book {16715, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate illness in freshwater impacted by agricultural animal sources of fecal contamination}, year = {2010}, note = {Published: �urlhttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/quantitiave-microbial-risk-fecal.pdf}, author = {Agency, U. S. Environmental Protection} } @article {16724, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate illness in freshwater impacted by agricultural animal sources of fecal contamination}, year = {2010}, url = { https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/quantitiave-microbial-risk-fecal.pdf} } @article {10053, title = {{Quantitative PCR assay of sewage-associated Bacteroides markers to assess sewage pollution in an urban lake in Dhaka, Bangladesh}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {56}, year = {2010}, pages = {838{\textendash}845}, author = {Ahmed, W and Yusuf, R and Hasan, I and Goonetilleke, A and Gardner, T} } @article {7611, title = {{Quantitative PCR assays to survey the bovine adenovirus levels in environmental samples}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {605-612}, abstract = {

Aims: Previous studies suggested bovine adenoviruses (BAdVs) could be used as cattle faecal indicators. The main aim of this study was to survey the levels of BAdV in environmental samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Methods and Results: Two qPCR assays were developed to identify and quantify BAdVs in environmental samples. BAdVs were detected in all dairy manure, and in most cases, the sample concentrations were around 10 3-104 copies ml-1. Farm tile drainage samples were also detected, but the concentrations were about 1-3 log10 lower than the BAdV concentrations in the manure samples. The genome equivalent copy (GEC) levels of BAdV and the phage forming unit (PFU) levels of somatic phage in manure samples were comparable. Four of twenty individual cattle faeces were positive with concentrations similar to that found in the manure samples. Sequencing results confirmed the presence of BAdV in the environmental samples, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that BAdV 2 and 4 were the most prevalent serotypes in all the manure samples tested. The qPCR assays developed in this study showed higher sensitivity in detecting BAdV 1 and 2 than the previous published nested assay. Conclusion: The high levels of BAdV in the environmental samples may suggest it could be used for bovine faecal indicator. The significant levels of BAdV in the drainage samples may indicate the potential of surface water pollution by the manure applied to farm fields. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study that reports the quantitative level of BAdV in environmental samples. These results could be useful when it comes to determining whether BAdV could be utilized as a bovine faecal indicator. {\textcopyright} 2010 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04684.x}, author = {Wong, K. and Xagoraraki, I.} } @article {13808, title = {Quantitative {PCR} assays to survey the bovine adenovirus levels in environmental samples}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Aims: Previous studies suggested bovine adenoviruses (BAdVs) could be used as cattle faecal indicators. The main aim of this study was to survey the levels of BAdV in environmental samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Methods and Results: Two qPCR assays were developed to identify and quantify BAdVs in environmental samples. BAdVs were detected in all dairy manure, and in most cases, the sample concentrations were around 10 3-104 copies ml-1. Farm tile drainage samples were also detected, but the concentrations were about 1-3 log10 lower than the BAdV concentrations in the manure samples. The genome equivalent copy (GEC) levels of BAdV and the phage forming unit (PFU) levels of somatic phage in manure samples were comparable. Four of twenty individual cattle faeces were positive with concentrations similar to that found in the manure samples. Sequencing results confirmed the presence of BAdV in the environmental samples, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that BAdV 2 and 4 were the most prevalent serotypes in all the manure samples tested. The qPCR assays developed in this study showed higher sensitivity in detecting BAdV 1 and 2 than the previous published nested assay. Conclusion: The high levels of BAdV in the environmental samples may suggest it could be used for bovine faecal indicator. The significant levels of BAdV in the drainage samples may indicate the potential of surface water pollution by the manure applied to farm fields. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study that reports the quantitative level of BAdV in environmental samples. These results could be useful when it comes to determining whether BAdV could be utilized as a bovine faecal indicator. {\textcopyright} 2010 The Society for Applied Microbiology.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04684.x}, author = {Wong, K. and Xagoraraki, I.} } @article {7919, title = {{Quantitative real-time PCR of enteric viruses in influent and effluent samples from wastewater treatment plants in Italy.}}, journal = {Annali dell{\textquoteright}Istituto superiore di sanita}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {266{\textendash}273}, abstract = {The prevalence of enteric viruses in wastewater, the efficacy of wastewater treatments in eliminating such viruses, and potential health risks from their release into the environment or by recycling of treated wastewaters, are very important issues in environmental microbiology. In this study we performed a quantitative TaqMan real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis of enteric viruses on samples of influents and effluents from 5 wastewater treatment plants in and around Rome. Three epidemiologically important, waterborne enteric viruses were analyzed: adenoviruses, enteroviruses and noroviruses (GI and GII) and compared to classical bacterial indicators of fecal contamination. The concentration of adenoviruses was the highest, in both raw and treated waters. Mean values in influents were ranked as follows: adenovirus {\textgreater} norovirus GI {\textgreater} norovirus GII {\textgreater} enterovirus. In effluents, the ranking was: adenovirus {\textgreater} norovirus GI {\textgreater} enterovirus {\textgreater} norovirus GII. Removal efficiencies ranged from 35{\%} (enterovirus) to 78{\%} (norovirus GI), while removal efficiency for bacterial indicators was up to 99{\%}. Since molecular quantification does not necessarily indicate an actual threat to human health, we proceeded to evaluate the infectivity of enterovirus particles in treated effluents through integrated cell culture and real-time PCR. Infectivity assays detected live virions in treated water, pointing to potential public health risks through the release of these viruses into the environment. A better understanding of viral presence and resistance to sewage purification processes have the potential of contributing to the effective management of risks linked to the recycling of treated wastewater, and its discharge into the environment.}, keywords = {Analysis, bacteria, Chemistry, enterovirus, Fluid, genetics, Italy, Reproducibility of Results, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Rome, Viral, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0021-2571 (Print)}, author = {La Rosa, Giuseppina and Pourshaban, Manoochehr and Iaconelli, Marcello and Muscillo, Michele} } @article {1253, title = {Quantitative real-time PCR of enteric viruses in influent and effluent samples from wastewater treatment plants in Italy}, journal = {Annali dell{\textquoteright}Istituto Superiore di Sanita}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, note = {La Rosa, Giuseppina Pourshaban, Manoochehr Iaconelli, Marcello Muscillo, Michele Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Italy Annali dell{\textquoteright}Istituto superiore di sanita Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2010;46(3):266-73. doi: DOI: 10.4415/ANN_10_03_07.}, pages = {266-73}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

The prevalence of enteric viruses in wastewater, the efficacy of wastewater treatments in eliminating such viruses, and potential health risks from their release into the environment or by recycling of treated wastewaters, are very important issues in environmental microbiology. In this study we performed a quantitative TaqMan real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis of enteric viruses on samples of influents and effluents from 5 wastewater treatment plants in and around Rome. Three epidemiologically important, waterborne enteric viruses were analyzed: adenoviruses, enteroviruses and noroviruses (GI and GII) and compared to classical bacterial indicators of fecal contamination. The concentration of adenoviruses was the highest, in both raw and treated waters. Mean values in influents were ranked as follows: adenovirus \> norovirus GI \> norovirus GII \> enterovirus. In effluents, the ranking was: adenovirus \> norovirus GI \> enterovirus \> norovirus GII. Removal efficiencies ranged from 35\% (enterovirus) to 78\% (norovirus GI), while removal efficiency for bacterial indicators was up to 99\%. Since molecular quantification does not necessarily indicate an actual threat to human health, we proceeded to evaluate the infectivity of enterovirus particles in treated effluents through integrated cell culture and real-time PCR. Infectivity assays detected live virions in treated water, pointing to potential public health risks through the release of these viruses into the environment. A better understanding of viral presence and resistance to sewage purification processes have the potential of contributing to the effective management of risks linked to the recycling of treated wastewater, and its discharge into the environment.

}, keywords = {Bacteria Enterovirus/ chemistry/genetics Italy RNA, Fluid Water Microbiology, Viral/analysis Reproducibility of Results Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Rome Waste Disposal}, issn = {0021-2571 (Print) 0021-2571 (Linking)}, doi = {Doi: 10.4415/ann_10_03_07}, author = {La Rosa, G. and Pourshaban, M. and Iaconelli, M. and Muscillo, M.} } @article {4535, title = {Quantitative real-time {PCR} of enteric viruses in influent and effluent samples from wastewater treatment plants in {Italy}}, journal = {Ann Ist Super Sanita}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {266{\textendash}73}, issn = {0021-2571 (Print) 0021-2571 (Linking)}, doi = {Doi: 10.4415/ann_10_03_07}, author = {La Rosa, G. and Pourshaban, M. and Iaconelli, M. and Muscillo, M.} } @article {6426, title = {Quantitative risk assessment of {Cryptosporidium} in tap water in {Ireland}}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {408}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {740{\textendash}753}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.008}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969709010973}, author = {Cummins, E. and Kennedy, R. and Cormican, M.} } @booklet {3930, title = {Raising Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools}, year = {2010}, publisher = {UNICEF}, address = {New York} } @article {13255, title = {Random amplified polymorphic DNA typing of clinical and environmental Aeromonas hydrophila strains from Limpopo province, South Africa}, journal = {Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition}, volume = {28}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-6}, author = {Ramalivhana, J. N. and Obi, C. L. and Samie, A. and Labuschagne, C. and Weldhagen, G. F.} } @article {7907, title = {Rapid and accurate detection of Arcobacter contamination in commercial chicken products and wastewater samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {7}, year = {2010}, pages = {327{\textendash}338}, author = {Gonz{\'a}lez, Ana and Suski, Jan and Ferr{\'u}s, Mar{\'\i}a A} } @booklet {15966, title = {{A rapid assessment of septage management in Asia: policies and practices in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Report for USAID Regional Development Mission for Asia.}}, year = {2010}, address = {Thailand} } @article {16191, title = {Rapid Leptospira identification by direct sequencing of the diagnostic PCR products in New Caledonia}, journal = {BMC MicrobiolBMC Microbiol}, volume = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {325}, author = {P{\'e}rez, J. and Goarant, C.} } @article {4368, title = {Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality and swimming-associated illness at marine beaches: a prospective cohort study.}, journal = {Environmental Health : a Global Access Science Source}, volume = {9}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {66}, abstract = {

INTRODUCTION: In the United States and elsewhere, recreational water quality is monitored for fecal indicator bacteria to help prevent swimming-associated illnesses. Standard methods to measure these bacteria take at least 24 hours to obtain results. Molecular approaches such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) can estimate these bacteria faster, in under 3 hours. Previously, we demonstrated that measurements of the fecal indicator bacteria Enterococcus using qPCR were associated with gastrointestinal (GI) illness among swimmers at freshwater beaches. In this paper, we report on results from three marine beach sites. METHODS: We interviewed beach-goers and collected water samples at marine beaches affected by treated sewage discharges in Mississippi in 2005, and Rhode Island and Alabama in 2007. Ten to twelve days later, we obtained information about gastrointestinal, respiratory, eye, ear and skin symptoms by telephone. We tested water samples for fecal indicator organisms using qPCR and other methods. RESULTS: We enrolled 6,350 beach-goers. The occurrence of GI illness among swimmers was associated with a log10-increase in exposure to qPCR-determined estimates of fecal indicator organisms in the genus Enterococcus (AOR = 2.6, 95{\%} CI 1.3-5.1) and order Bacteroidales (AOR = 1.9, 95{\%} CI 1.3-2.9). Estimates of organisms related to Clostridium perfringens and a subgroup of organisms in the genus Bacteroides were also determined by qPCR in 2007, as was F+ coliphage, but relationships between these indicators and illness were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first evidence of a relationship between gastrointestinal illness and estimates of fecal indicator organisms determined by qPCR at marine beaches.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Bathing Beaches, Bathing Beaches: standards, Bathing Beaches: statistics {\&} numerical data, Child, Cohort Studies, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Gastrointestinal Diseases: microbiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Newborn, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Preschool, Prospective Studies, Recreation, Seawater, Seawater: adverse effects, Seawater: microbiology, Sewage, Sewage: adverse effects, Sewage: microbiology, Swimming, United States, Young Adult}, issn = {1476-069X}, doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-9-66}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2990738{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Wade, Timothy J and Sams, Elizabeth and Brenner, Kristen P and Haugland, Richard and Chern, Eunice and Beach, Michael and Wymer, Larry and Rankin, Clifford C and Love, David and Li, Quanlin and Noble, Rachel and Dufour, Alfred P} } @article {4142, title = {{Reactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts after exposure to polychromatic UV light}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {51}, year = {2010}, pages = {395{\textendash}399}, author = {Shin, G and Linden, KG and Faubert, G} } @article {7850, title = {Reactive Arthritis after Enteric Infections in the United States: The Problem of Definition}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {January 15}, pages = {247-254}, abstract = {Bacterial enteric infections cause substantial morbidity in the United States both from acute illness and sequelae that follow. Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a poorly defined term that is used to describe a variety of rheumatologic phenomena that may occur after Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Yersinia infection, as well as other types of infections (eg, Chlamydia). This review focuses on clinical and epidemiologic investigations of ReA following bacterial enteric infection in the United States.Only 2 population-based studies of ReA following enteric infection have been performed in the United States. ReA following outbreaks of Campylobacter and Yersinia infection has not been studied, and investigations following Shigella and Salmonella outbreaks have focused primarily on the more narrowly defined, but now outdated, concept of {\textquotedblleft}Reiter{\textquoteright}s syndrome{\textquotedblright} rather than ReA. Additional epidemiologic studies are needed to determine the burden of illness due to ReA following enteric infection, but a clearer definition of the term is a prerequisite.}, author = {Townes,John M.} } @article {980, title = {{Real-time PCR detection of adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, and torque teno viruses in river water in Japan}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {1747{\textendash}1752}, abstract = {The prevalence of DNA viruses in water from the Tamagawa River, Japan was quantitatively surveyed for 6 months, from April to September 2003. A total of 18 river water samples were subjected to virus concentration method using an electronegative membrane, followed by DNA extraction and direct quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for DNA viruses. Adenoviruses of serotypes 40 and 41 were detected most frequently in the river water samples tested (61.1\%), at a concentration ranging from 3.16 {\texttimes} 103 to 1.38 {\texttimes} 105 copies/l, followed by JC polyomaviruses (11.1\%) and torque teno viruses (5.6\%). No sample was positive for BK polyomaviruses. In addition, for selective detection of virus particles, adenoviruses 40 and 41 were tested with qPCR combined with an immunomagnetic separation technique; they were detected in only 16.7\% of the samples, showing a concentration ranging from 7.42 {\texttimes} 102 to 4.24 {\texttimes} 104 copies/l. This study is significant since it is the first study to demonstrate the prevalence of polyomaviruses in water samples in Japan and to use immunomagnetic separation qPCR to detect adenovirus particles in aquatic environments. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Adenovirus, Immunomagnetic separation PCR, Polyomavirus, Public health, Real-time PCR, Torque teno virus}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.043}, author = {Haramoto, Eiji and Kitajima, Masaaki and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Ohgaki, Shinichiro} } @article {1236, title = {Real-time PCR detection of adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, and torque teno viruses in river water in Japan}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, note = {Haramoto, Eiji Kitajima, Masaaki Katayama, Hiroyuki Ohgaki, Shinichiro Water research S0043-1354(09)00798-2 [pii] Water Res. 2010 Mar;44(6):1747-52. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.043. Epub 2009 Nov 27. Haramoto, E Katayama, H Oguma, K Ohgaki, S Journal of applied microbiology JAM3453 [pii] J Appl Microbiol. 2007 Dec;103(6):2153-9. Kishida, Naohiro Asami, Mari Akiba, Michihiro Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Food and environmental virology Food Environ Virol. 2012 Sep;4(3):93-101. doi: 10.1007/s12560-012-9082-0. Epub 2012 Jul 4.}, pages = {1747-52}, type = {Book Section}, abstract = {

The prevalence of DNA viruses in water from the Tamagawa River, Japan was quantitatively surveyed for 6months, from April to September 2003. A total of 18 river water samples were subjected to virus concentration method using an electronegative membrane, followed by DNA extraction and direct quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for DNA viruses. Adenoviruses of serotypes 40 and 41 were detected most frequently in the river water samples tested (61.1\%), at a concentration ranging from 3.16x10(3) to 1.38x10(5) copies/l, followed by JC polyomaviruses (11.1\%) and torque teno viruses (5.6\%). No sample was positive for BK polyomaviruses. In addition, for selective detection of virus particles, adenoviruses 40 and 41 were tested with qPCR combined with an immunomagnetic separation technique; they were detected in only 16.7\% of the samples, showing a concentration ranging from 7.42x10(2) to 4.24x10(4) copies/l. This study is significant since it is the first study to demonstrate the prevalence of polyomaviruses in water samples in Japan and to use immunomagnetic separation qPCR to detect adenovirus particles in aquatic environments. AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine human adenoviruses (HuAdVs) in aquatic environments by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS AND RESULTS: In order to describe the ratio of enteric serotypes to the total HuAdVs, the primer set specific for the enteric serotypes 40 and 41 was used in parallel with the universal primer set for all 51 serotypes of HuAdVs. The enteric serotypes of HuAdVs were detected at the concentration of 7.3-1500 PCR-detection units (PDU) per ml in raw sewage (n = 17), 0.00060-4.1 PDU ml(-1) in secondary-treated sewage before chlorination (n = 17), 0.0018-7.0 PDU ml(-1) in river water (n = 36), and 0.032-6.1 PDU ml(-1) in seawater (n = 18). The concentration of HuAdVs, determined by the universal primer set, was equivalent to that of enteric serotypes in almost all the samples tested. CONCLUSIONS: Enteric serotypes were predominant among all serotypes of HuAdVs in the aquatic environments. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The abundance of enteric serotypes of HuAdVs should be more emphasized than other serotypes in order to assess the risk of their infection via water. A nationwide survey of viruses, protozoa, and indicator microorganisms in drinking water sources of Japan was conducted. Among 64 surface water samples collected from 16 drinking water treatment plants, 51 (80 \%) samples were positive for at least one of the 11 pathogen types tested, including noroviruses of genogroups I (positive rate, 13 \%) and II (2 \%), human sapoviruses (5 \%), human adenoviruses of serotypes 40 and 41 (39 \%), Cryptosporidium oocysts (41 \%), and Giardia cysts (36 \%). Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and F-specific coliphages were detected in 63 (98 \%), 33 (52 \%), and 17 (27 \%) samples, respectively, and E. coli was judged to be the most suitable indicator of pathogen contamination of drinking water sources. Genogroup-specific real-time PCR for F-specific coliphages revealed the presence of F-specific RNA coliphages of animal genogroup I and human genogroups II and III in 13 (41 \%), 12 (39 \%), and 1 (3 \%), respectively, of 31 plaques isolated.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ genetics/isolation \& purification BK Virus/genetics/isolation \& purification Immunomagnetic Separation JC Virus/genetics/isolation \& purification Japan Polyomavirus/ genetics/isolation \& purification Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Re, DNA, Human/genetics/ isolation \& purification DNA, Human/transmission Adenoviruses, Viral/analysis Environmental Monitoring/ methods Humans Intestines/ virology Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Rivers Seawater Serotyping Sewage Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Coliphages/isolation \& purification Cryptosporidi, Viral/genetics/isolation \& purification Sapovirus/isolation \& purification Sequence Analysis}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking) 1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking) 1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.043 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03453.x 10.1007/s12560-012-9082-0}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Kitajima, M. and Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S. and Oguma, K. and Kishida, N. and Asami, M. and Akiba, M.} } @article {10121, title = {{A real-time qPCR assay for the detection of the nifH gene of Methanobrevibacter smithii, a potential indicator of sewage pollution}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {109}, year = {2010}, pages = {1946{\textendash}1956}, author = {Johnston, C and Ufnar, JA and Griffith, JF and Gooch, JA and JR Stewart} } @article {10122, title = {{A real-time qPCR assay for the detection of the nifH gene of Methanobrevibacter smithii, a potential indicator of sewage pollution}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {109}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {1946{\textendash}1956}, author = {Johnston, C and Ufnar, JA and Griffith, JF and Gooch, JA and JR Stewart} } @article {1155, title = {Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: an uncommon but potentially devastating effect of human papillomavirus in children}, journal = {Int. J. STD AIDS}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {381-385}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {child CHILDREN control Cost of Illness DISEASE economics EPIDEMIOLOGY human humans immunology Laryngeal Neoplasms Papilloma Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Vaccines pathology recurrence REGION REQUIRES surgery TRACT VACCINATION VACCINE VACCINES}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20606216}, author = {Donne, A.J. and Clarke, R.} } @article {2783, title = {Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: an uncommon but potentially devastating effect of human papillomavirus in children}, journal = {Int. J. STD AIDS}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {381-385}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {child CHILDREN control Cost of Illness DISEASE economics EPIDEMIOLOGY human humans immunology Laryngeal Neoplasms Papilloma Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Vaccines pathology recurrence REGION REQUIRES surgery TRACT VACCINATION VACCINE VACCINES}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20606216}, author = {Donne, A.J. and Clarke, R.} } @article {16323, title = {{Regrowth of Potential Opportunistic Pathogens and Algae in Reclaimed-Water Distribution Systems}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {13}, year = {2010}, month = {jul}, pages = {4169{\textendash}4178}, abstract = {A study of the quality of reclaimed water in treated effluent, after storage, and at three points in the distribution system of four plants in California, Florida, Massachusetts, and New York was conducted for 1 year. The plants had different treatment processes (conventional versus membrane bioreactor), production capacities, and methods for storage of the water, and the intended end uses of the water were different. The analysis focused on the occurrence of indicator bacteria (heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci) and opportunistic pathogens (Aeromonas spp., enteropathogenic E. coli O157:H7, Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., and Pseudomonas spp.), as well as algae. Using immunological methods, E. coli O157:H7 was detected in the effluent of only one system, but it was not detected at the sampling points, suggesting that its survival in the system was poor. Although all of the treatment systems effectively reduced the levels of bacteria in the effluent, bacteria regrew in the reservoir and distribution systems because of the loss of residual disinfectant and high assimilable organic carbon levels. In the systems with open reservoirs, algal growth reduced the water quality by increasing the turbidity and accumulating at the end of the distribution system. Opportunistic pathogens, notably Aeromonas, Legionella, Mycobacterium, and Pseudomonas, occurred more frequently than indicator bacteria (enterococci, coliforms, and E. coli). The Mycobacterium spp. were very diverse and occurred most frequently in membrane bioreactor systems, and Mycobacterium cookii was identified more often than the other species. The public health risk associated with these opportunistic pathogens in reclaimed water is unknown. Collectively, our results show the need to develop best management practices for reclaimed water to control bacterial regrowth and degradation of water before it is utilized at the point of use.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.03147-09}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453149 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2897422 http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.03147-09}, author = {Jjemba, P. K. and Weinrich, L. A. and Cheng, W. and Giraldo, E. and LeChevallier, M. W.} } @article {12656, title = {Regrowth of potential opportunistic pathogens and algae in reclaimed-water distribution systems}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {13}, year = {2010}, pages = {4169{\textendash}4178}, author = {Jjemba, Patrick K and Weinrich, Lauren A and Cheng, Wei and Giraldo, Eugenio and LeChevallier, Mark W} } @article {15193, title = {Regrowth of potential opportunistic pathogens and algae in reclaimed-water distribution systems}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {13}, year = {2010}, pages = {4169{\textendash}4178}, author = {Jjemba, Patrick K and Weinrich, Lauren A and Cheng, Wei and Giraldo, Eugenio and LeChevallier, Mark W} } @article {723, title = {Relationship of protozoan biomass to phosphate and nitrate removal from activated sludge mixed liquor}, journal = {Biotechnology Journal}, volume = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {304{\textendash}313}, chapter = {304}, abstract = {
The relationship between protozoan biomass concentration and phosphate and nitrate removal was investigated in mixed liquor using three different carbon sources as supplements. The study was carried out using three respective initial biomass concentrations in a shaking flask environment. Samples were taken every 24 h to determine phosphate, nitrate, dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand. The results revealed a direct relationship between decreases in nutrient concentrations and increases in cell densities of the isolates. Between 24 and 96 h, the increases in the protozoan density corresponded to a phosphate decreases from initial ranges of 55.42{\textendash}57.36 mg/L, 50.27{\textendash}51.17 mg/L and 50.01{\textendash}50.83 mg/L to final ranges of 2.46{\textendash}11.90 mg/L, 0.61{\textendash}11.80 mg/L and 1.29{\textendash}13.89 mg/L, in the presence of Aspidisca, Trachelophyllum and Peranema, respectively. Nitrate concentrations were observed to decrease from initial ranges of 23.84{\textendash}25.90 mg/L, 23.94{\textendash}25.84 mg/L and 26.12{\textendash}26.54 mg/L to final ranges of 0.11{\textendash}6.32 mg/L, 0.16{\textendash}5.60 mg/L and 0.24{\textendash}9.04 mg/L, respectively. The study had revealed that an increase in cell density of the test isolates produces a corresponding increase in phosphate and nitrate removal.
}, doi = {10.1002/biot.200900135}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19902460}, author = {M NB Momba and Oghenerobor B. Akpor} } @article {9514, title = {Relationships among bather density, levels of human waterborne pathogens, and fecal coliform counts in marine recreational beach water}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {106}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {1103{\textendash}1108}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Sunderland, D and Awantang, GN and Mashinski, Y and Lucy, FE and Graczyk, Z and Chomicz, L and Breysse, PN} } @article {10657, title = {{Relationships between environmental factors and pathogenic Vibrios in the Northern Gulf of Mexico}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, year = {2010}, pages = {7076{\textendash}7084}, author = {Johnson, C and Flowers, A and Noriea, N and Zimmerman, A and Bowers, J and DePaola, A and Grimes, DJ} } @article {4094, title = {{Relationships between the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium and physicochemical properties of marine waters of the Pacific Coast of Mexico}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {797{\textendash}802}, author = {Magana-Ordorica, D and Mena, K and Valdez-Torres, JB and Soto-Beltran, M and Leon-Felix, J and Chaidez, C} } @article {15802, title = {Relationships between the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium and physicochemical properties of marine waters of the Pacific Coast of Mexico}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {Dec}, pages = {797-802}, edition = {2010/08/14}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Mexico, Oocysts, Pacific Ocean, Seawater/*chemistry/*parasitology}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920}, author = {Magana-Ordorica, D. and Mena, K. and Valdez-Torres, J. B. and Soto-Beltran, M. and Le{\'o}n-F{\'e}lix, J. and Ch{\'a}idez, C.} } @article {9067, title = {{Relative decay of bacteroidales microbial source tracking markers and cultivated escherichia coli in freshwater microcosms}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {3255{\textendash}3262}, abstract = {Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), commonly used to regulate sanitary water quality, cannot discriminate among sources of contamination. The use of alternative quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods for monitoring fecal contamination or microbial source tracking requires an understanding of relationships with cultivated FIB, as contamination ages under various conditions in the environment. In this study, the decay rates of three Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene markers (AllBac for general contamination and qHF183 and BacHum for human-associated contamination) were compared with the decay rate of cultivated Escherichia coli in river water microcosms spiked with human wastewater. The following five sets of microcosms were monitored over 11 days: control, artificial sunlight, sediment exposure, reduced temperature, and no autochthonous predation. Decay was characterized by estimation of the time needed to produce a 2-log reduction (t(99)). No treatment-associated differences in the decay of the 4 targets were evident except with reduced predation, where E. coli, qHF183, and BacHum markers had lower levels of decay by day 3. However, there were substantial target-associated differences. Decay curves for the AllBac marker indicated a larger persistent population than those of the other targets. Exposure to sunlight, sediment, and reduced predation resulted in more rapid decay of the human-associated markers relative to cultivable E. coli, but there were no differences in t(99) values among the 4 targets under control conditions or at reduced temperatures. Further evaluation of epidemiological relationships will be needed in order to relate the markers directly to health risk. These findings suggest that the tested human-associated markers can complement E. coli as indicators of the human impact on sanitary water quality under the constrained conditions described in this paper.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic){\$}\backslash{\$}r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02636-09}, author = {Dick, Linda K and Stelzer, Erin A and Bertke, Erin E and Fong, Denise L and Stoeckel, Donald M} } @article {10084, title = {{Relative decay of Bacteroidales microbial source tracking markers and cultivated Escherichia coli in freshwater microcosms}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {3255{\textendash}3262}, author = {Dick, LK and Stelzer, EA and Bertke, EE and Fong, DL and Stoeckel, DM} } @article {7500, title = {Relative {Decay} of {Bacteroidales} {Microbial} {Source} {Tracking} {Markers} and {Cultivated} {Escherichia} coli in {Freshwater} {Microcosms}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, month = {may}, pages = {3255{\textendash}3262}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02636-09}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.02636-09}, author = {Dick, L. K. and Stelzer, E. A. and Bertke, E. E. and Fong, D. L. and Stoeckel, D. M.} } @article {2338, title = {{Removal of human enteric viruses and indicator microorganisms from domestic wastewater by aerated lagoons.}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {feb}, pages = {188{\textendash}94}, abstract = {

Aerated lagoons offer a low-cost and simple approach to treating domestic wastewater in small municipalities. The objective of the current study was to evaluate, for each cell in the lagoons, the removal of indicator microorganisms and human enteric viruses under warm (summer) and cold (early spring) conditions. The two sites are located in southwest Quebec, Canada. Samples were assayed for thermotolerant coliforms, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, somatic and male-specific coliphages, and culturable human enteric viruses (HEV). The results show higher removal under warm ambient conditions for all microorganisms. Thermotolerant coliforms and enterococci were removed to a greater extent than C. perfringens and HEV. HEV removal was only observed in warm ambient conditions. The removal of coliphages was different from the observed removal of HEV. The use of coliphages as surrogates for HEV has been proposed, but this does not seem appropriate for aerated lagoons, as the removal of coliphages overestimates the removal of HEV. Given the low observed removal of HEV during this study, the effluents remain a significant source of pathogens that can affect drinking water treatment plants drawing their raw water from receiving streams. Ultraviolet disinfection of treated wastewater effluent is a possible solution.

}, issn = {1480-3275}, doi = {10.1139/w09-124}, author = {Locas, Annie and Martinez, Veronica and Payment, Pierre} } @article {1699, title = {Removal of human enteric viruses and indicator microorganisms from domestic wastewater by aerated lagoons}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, note = {Locas, Annie Martinez, Veronica Payment, Pierre eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Canada 2010/03/20 06:00 Can J Microbiol. 2010 Feb;56(2):188-94. doi: 10.1139/w09-124.}, pages = {188-94}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Aerated lagoons offer a low-cost and simple approach to treating domestic wastewater in small municipalities. The objective of the current study was to evaluate, for each cell in the lagoons, the removal of indicator microorganisms and human enteric viruses under warm (summer) and cold (early spring) conditions. The two sites are located in southwest Quebec, Canada. Samples were assayed for thermotolerant coliforms, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, somatic and male-specific coliphages, and culturable human enteric viruses (HEV). The results show higher removal under warm ambient conditions for all microorganisms. Thermotolerant coliforms and enterococci were removed to a greater extent than C. perfringens and HEV. HEV removal was only observed in warm ambient conditions. The removal of coliphages was different from the observed removal of HEV. The use of coliphages as surrogates for HEV has been proposed, but this does not seem appropriate for aerated lagoons, as the removal of coliphages overestimates the removal of HEV. Given the low observed removal of HEV during this study, the effluents remain a significant source of pathogens that can affect drinking water treatment plants drawing their raw water from receiving streams. Ultraviolet disinfection of treated wastewater effluent is a possible solution.}, keywords = {Clostridium perfringens/isolation \& purification Coliphages/isolation \& purification Colony Count, Microbial Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification Enterococcus/isolation \& purification Enterovirus/isolation \& purification Humans Quebec Seasons Viral Load Viruses/isolation \& purification *Water Microbiology Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1480-3275 (Electronic) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1139/w09-124}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20237581}, author = {Locas, A. and Martinez, V. and Payment, P.} } @article {14139, title = {Removal of human enteric viruses and indicator microorganisms from domestic wastewater by aerated lagoons.}, journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {feb}, pages = {188{\textendash}94}, abstract = {Aerated lagoons offer a low-cost and simple approach to treating domestic wastewater in small municipalities. The objective of the current study was to evaluate, for each cell in the lagoons, the removal of indicator microorganisms and human enteric viruses under warm (summer) and cold (early spring) conditions. The two sites are located in southwest Quebec, Canada. Samples were assayed for thermotolerant coliforms, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, somatic and male-specific coliphages, and culturable human enteric viruses (HEV). The results show higher removal under warm ambient conditions for all microorganisms. Thermotolerant coliforms and enterococci were removed to a greater extent than C. perfringens and HEV. HEV removal was only observed in warm ambient conditions. The removal of coliphages was different from the observed removal of HEV. The use of coliphages as surrogates for HEV has been proposed, but this does not seem appropriate for aerated lagoons, as the removal of coliphages overestimates the removal of HEV. Given the low observed removal of HEV during this study, the effluents remain a significant source of pathogens that can affect drinking water treatment plants drawing their raw water from receiving streams. Ultraviolet disinfection of treated wastewater effluent is a possible solution.}, issn = {1480-3275}, doi = {10.1139/w09-124}, author = {Locas, Annie and Martinez, Veronica and Payment, Pierre} } @mastersthesis {6651, title = {Removal of inorganic and trace organic contaminants by electrodialysis}, year = {2010}, note = {U571614}, school = {The University of Edinburgh (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {\<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0in 0in 10pt\"\>\<FONT face=Calibri\>The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms of inorganic and trace organic contaminant removal by electrodialysis (ED). The inorganic contaminants fluoride, nitrate and boron were selected due to their ubiquitous nature in the environment and public health concerns resulting from longterm exposure. The hydrated radius and strength of hydration shells played a significant role in ionic transport, whereby nitrate with a smaller hydrated radius was removed more effectively (94.1 \%) than fluoride (68.3 \%) with a larger hydrated radius. While fluoride and nitrate removal was pH independent, the pH dependent speciation of boron enhanced its removal with increasing pH. Territorial binding and/or complexation of the inorganics with organic matter enhanced removal. The removal of a range of trace inorganics (e.g. arsenic, calcium, magnesium, uranium) from a brackish groundwater from a remote Australian community was investigated. Undissociated inorganics were not transported through the membranes, whereas dissociated inorganics were due to electrostatic attraction. At acidic-neutral conditions ionic transport was the dominant removal mechanism. At neutral to alkaline conditions insoluble carbonate species precipitated and deposited as a membrane scaling layer (60 {\textquestiondown}m). This has serious implications for the long-term practical applicability of ED to treat real waters as scaling increased ED stack resistance (pH 3: 27.5 4, pH 11: 50 4) and decreased total dissolved solids removal (pH 3: 99 \%, pH 11: 89.5 \%). While the treatment of trace organics by other membrane processes has been widely studied, their fate in ED and interaction with ED membranes is relatively unknown. Trace contaminant-membrane interaction studies were undertaken to quantify the partitioning of trace organics; namely steroidal hormones and the pesticide endosulfan, to ED membranes by measuring membrane-water partition coefficients (log KM). The extremely high sorption capacity of the membranes was attributed to hydrogen bonding between the trace organic and membrane functional groups. Hormone sorption during ED was influenced by solution pH and organic matter. In the case of estrone, membrane sorption decreased at pH 11 (487 {\textquestiondown}g/cm3) compared to pH 7 (591 {\textquestiondown}g/cm3) due to dissociation and membrane electrostatic repulsion .At pH 11, repulsion between dissociated estrone and HA coupled with membrane electrostatic attraction resulted in increased sorption. The findings from this study highlight that the transport of trace contaminants will depend largely on the characteristics of the membranes used in the ED process as well as the physicochemical characteristics of the contaminants, their interaction with the ED membranes and the presence of other inorganic and/or organic compounds. \</FONT\>\</P\>}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU571614, 0554:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Civil engineering, http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3998, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1033191129?accountid=14270}, author = {Banasiak, Laura Joan} } @booklet {1818, title = {Removal of Viruses by Soil Passage: Overview of Modeling, Processes, and Parameters}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {49-127}, publisher = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380091184174 Last accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article}, abstract = {In this article, the modeling of subsurface virus transport under saturated conditions and the factors that affect adsorption and inactivation are evaluated. Both equilibrium and kinetic adsorption are considered. Equilibrium adsorption is found to be of little significance. Adsorption appears to be mainly kinetically limited. At pH 7 and higher, conditions are generally unfavorable for attachment, but viruses may preferentially attach to a minor surface fraction of soil grains that is positively charged. The relation of pH with surface charge and their effects on sticking efficiencies are evaluated. Dissolved organic matter decreases virus attachment by competition for the same binding sites and thus reduces attachment. Bonded organic matter may provide hydrophobic binding sites for viruses and thus enhance attachment. Dissolved organic matter may disrupt hydrophobic bonds. The enhancing and attenuating effects of organic matter are very difficult to quantify and may be responsible for considerable uncertainty when predicting virus removal. Values of inactivation rate coefficients for attached viruses were calculated using data from some batch studies. Enhanced or reduced inactivation is found to be virus-specific and almost independent of adsorption. Temperature is the most important factor that influences virus inactivation. Probably the inactivation rate coefficients of free and attached viruses change similarly with temperature . Some frequently used bacteriophages are evaluated as model viruses. MS2 and PRD1 meet the requirements for worst-case model viruses, at water temperatures less than about 10{\r A}{\~a}C, at pH 6 to 8, and if the soil does not contain too many hydrophobic sites and not too much multivalent cations. Bacteriophage ϕX174 may be a relatively conservative model virus, because of its low hydrophobicity and stability. Together in a cocktail, these three viruses span a range of properties, like size, surface charge, and hydrophobicity. F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPHs) may be very useful naturally occurring worst-case viruses. FRNAPHs that are present in surface water or treated wastewater that is used for recharging groundwater, consist of stable and poorly adsorbing viruses. An inventory of parameter values from field studies is made. Attachment appears to be the major process that determines virus removal. Still, only very few data are available on attachment and detachment of viruses under field conditions. Removal of viruses by soil passage, log(C/C0), appears to decline nonlinearly with distance due to heterogeneities within the soil as well as within the population of transported virus particles. Predictions of virus removal at larger distances are severely overestimated if they are based on removal data from column experiments or from short-distance field studies.}, author = {Schijven, J. F. and Hassanizadeh, S. M.} } @booklet {8375, title = {{Resolution 64/292: The Human Right to water and sanitation.}}, year = {2010}, url = {http://www.un.org/es/comun/docs/?symbol=A/RES/64/292{\&}lang=E}, author = {United Nations} } @article {15816, title = {Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in HIV-seronegative children in Uganda: potential for respiratory transmission}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {50}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, month = {May 15}, pages = {1366-72}, edition = {2010/04/10}, keywords = {Animals, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/*complications/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Diarrhea/complications/parasitology, Feces/parasitology, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Respiratory Tract Infections/*epidemiology/*parasitology, Saliva/parasitology, Sputum/parasitology, Uganda/epidemiology}, isbn = {1058-4838}, author = {Mor, S. M. and Tumwine, J. K. and Ndeezi, G. and Srinivasan, M. G. and Kaddu-Mulindwa, D. H. and Tzipori, S. and Griffiths, J. K.} } @article {17196, title = {Resuscitation of 20-year starved Salmonella in seawater and soil}, journal = {Annals of MicrobiologyAnnals of Microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {Mar}, pages = {157-160}, author = {Dhiaf, Amel and Ben Abdallah, Fethi and Bakhrouf, Amina} } @article {8898, title = {A review of the factors affecting sunlight inactivation of micro-organisms in waste stabilisation ponds: preliminary results for enterococci}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {885-890}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.958}, url = {://WOS:000275170400007 http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/ppiwawst/61/4/885.full.pdf}, author = {Bolton, N. F. and Cromar, N. J. and Hallsworth, P. and Fallowfield, H. J.} } @mastersthesis {7296, title = {Rheological changes with solvent conditions in entangled polyelectrolyte solutions}, year = {2010}, note = {0822587}, school = {Colorado School of Mines}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {High molecular weight polyelectrolytes are commonly used as drag reducers, viscosity enhancers, and drilling fluids. An understanding of polyelectrolyte solution rheology under various solvent conditions is critical to their efficient use in industry. Polyelectrolyte concentrations ranging from dilute to concentrated in both water and salt solution are studied using oscillatory and shear rheology. In salt free solution, the scaling of xanthan viscosity is found to agree well with predictions. Critical concentrations marking changes in the viscosity scaling behavior are determined in water and in 50 mM NaCl. The viscosity of xanthan decreases significantly upon addition of NaCl for concentrations in the semidilute unentangled regime. However, for xanthan concentrations above cD , the zero shear rate viscosity (as well as the magnitude of the dynamic moduli) increases significantly in the presence of salt. Similar increases in viscosity upon addition of salt are measured for several other high molecular weight polyelectrolytes (HPAM, PAA, Carrageenan, Welan). The effects of the size and charge of added salt counterions on both the shear and oscillatory rheology of polyelectrolyte solutions are also examined. Regardless of valency, the normalized viscosity increases with increasing ionic radius of the salt counterion. For counterions of similar ionic radius and differing valency, the counterion carrying the higher charge produces a higher viscosity. Further, addition of NiCl 2 to entangled xanthan solutions results in a stable gel at 25{\textdegree}C. The kinetics of the gelation and the rheological properties of several gels are examined. Hypotheses are developed to explain the dependence of viscosity increase on counterion size and valency and the gelation in the presence of NiCl 2 . In a turbulent pipe flow, significant drag reduction is measured for xanthan concentrations as low as 20 ppm. Drag reduction effectiveness is greatly increased when an entangled xanthan solution is diluted to a concentration in the dilute regime. The increased drag reduction effectiveness is hypothesized to be attributed to residual entanglements and network structure present in the diluted solution. Rheological measurements show that diluted solutions exhibit greater elasticity than solutions prepared at the dilute concentration, in agreement with the proposed theory.}, keywords = {0542:Chemical engineering, Applied sciences, Chemical engineering, Drag reduction, Polyelectrolyte solutions, Xanthan}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/748827582?accountid=14270}, author = {Wyatt, Nicholas B.} } @book {13670, title = {{Risk analysis and epidemiology: the 2006 WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture}}, series = {Wastewater Irrigation}, year = {2010}, publisher = {International Water Management Institute}, organization = {International Water Management Institute}, address = {Colombo}, keywords = {Irrigation, QMRA, wastewater, WHO Guidelines}, author = {Mara, Duncan and Bos, R} } @book {15252, title = {Risk analysis and epidemiology: the 2006 {WHO} guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture}, year = {2010}, publisher = {International Water Management Institute}, organization = {International Water Management Institute}, address = {Colombo}, keywords = {Irrigation, QMRA, wastewater, WHO Guidelines}, author = {Mara, Duncan and Bos, R} } @article {15270, title = {Risk-based evaluation of {Escherichia} coli monitoring data from undisinfected drinking water}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {91}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {2329{\textendash}2335}, abstract = {Drinking water regulations in the United States and elsewhere are based on the occurrence of fecal indicator bacteria. Though not meeting all the criteria of an ideal indicator, nonpathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) are used worldwide as an indicator of potential fecal contamination for drinking water and for distribution systems. This is, in part, because real illnesses are related to human pathogens, such as E. coli O157:H7, whose presence may be predicted better by E. coli than by total coliform bacteria. Our objective was to estimate the number of E. coli O157:H7 illnesses attributable to drinking water exposures in the United States and the feasible relationships between positive occurrences of the indicator bacteria E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 in drinking water. Results of the modeling indicate that in undisinfected drinking water systems, the ratio of bacterial indicator E. coli positives to E. coli O157:H7 organisms is estimated to be between 6:1 and 90:1 with few model parameters accounting for the vast majority of the uncertainty. These results provide context for considering the potential public health implications of a positive E. coli result from routine monitoring of undisinfected drinking water. ?? 2010 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {drinking water, E. coli O157:H7, E.coli, Microbial risk assessment, QMRA, Total Coliform Rule}, issn = {03014797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.06.017}, author = {Soller, Jeffrey and Embrey, Martha and Tuhela, Laura and Ichida, Audrey and Rosen, Jeffrey} } @article {13688, title = {{Risk-based evaluation of Escherichia coli monitoring data from undisinfected drinking water}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {91}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {2329{\textendash}2335}, abstract = {Drinking water regulations in the United States and elsewhere are based on the occurrence of fecal indicator bacteria. Though not meeting all the criteria of an ideal indicator, nonpathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) are used worldwide as an indicator of potential fecal contamination for drinking water and for distribution systems. This is, in part, because real illnesses are related to human pathogens, such as E. coli O157:H7, whose presence may be predicted better by E. coli than by total coliform bacteria. Our objective was to estimate the number of E. coli O157:H7 illnesses attributable to drinking water exposures in the United States and the feasible relationships between positive occurrences of the indicator bacteria E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 in drinking water. Results of the modeling indicate that in undisinfected drinking water systems, the ratio of bacterial indicator E. coli positives to E. coli O157:H7 organisms is estimated to be between 6:1 and 90:1 with few model parameters accounting for the vast majority of the uncertainty. These results provide context for considering the potential public health implications of a positive E. coli result from routine monitoring of undisinfected drinking water. ?? 2010 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {drinking water, E. coli O157:H7, E.coli, Microbial risk assessment, QMRA, Total Coliform Rule}, isbn = {0301-4797}, issn = {03014797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.06.017}, author = {Soller, Jeffrey and Embrey, Martha and Tuhela, Laura and Ichida, Audrey and Rosen, Jeffrey} } @article {6720, title = {Risk-based evaluation of {Escherichia} coli monitoring data from undisinfected drinking water}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {91}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {2329{\textendash}2335}, issn = {03014797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.06.017}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301479710001751}, author = {Soller, Jeffrey and Embrey, Martha and Tuhela, Laura and Ichida, Audrey and Rosen, Jeffrey} } @article {16007, title = {The role of population movement in the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis in Brazil: a preliminary typology of population movement}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {105}, year = {2010}, pages = {578-86}, author = {Kloos, H. and Correa-Oliveira, R. and dos Reis, D.C. and Rodrigues, E.W. and Monteiro, L.A. and Gazzinelli, A.} } @article {3718, title = {Rotavirus detection in environmental water samples by tangential flow ultrafiltration and RT-nested PCR}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {164}, number = {1-4}, year = {2010}, pages = {199{\textendash}205}, author = {Grassi, T and Bagordo, F and Idolo, A and Lugoli, F and Gabutti, G} } @article {6147, title = {Saccharin and other artificial sweeteners in soils: estimated inputs from agriculture and households, degradation, and leaching to groundwater}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {615-621}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Buerge, Ignaz J and Keller, Martina and Hans R Buser and Müller, Markus D and Poiger, Thomas} } @article {15167, title = {Safe on-site reuse of greywater for irrigation-a critical review of current guidelines}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {44}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {3213{\textendash}3220}, author = {Maimon, Adi and Tal, Alon and Friedler, Eran and Gross, Amit} } @article {13617, title = {Safe on-site reuse of greywater for irrigation-a critical review of current guidelines}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {44}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {3213{\textendash}3220}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Maimon, Adi and Tal, Alon and Friedler, Eran and Gross, Amit} } @book {17357, title = {Salmonella species, Including Salmonella Typhi}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, edition = {7th}, isbn = { 978-0-4430-6839-3}, author = {Pegues, D.A., Miller, S.I.} } @article {6475, title = {Sanitation and health}, journal = {PLoS medicine}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {1359}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000363}, author = {Mara, Duncan and Lane, Jon and Scott, Beth and Trouba, David} } @article {17415, title = {Sanitation by Composting}, journal = {Microbes at Work: From Wastes to ResourcesMicrobes at Work: From Wastes to Resources}, year = {2010}, pages = {171-191}, keywords = {biowaste, food processes, heat-transfer, Inactivation, low ph, mass-transfer, Microorganisms, porous-media, Temperature, waste}, author = {Vinneras, B. and Agostini, F. and Jonsson, H.} } @article {2889, title = {SC1{\textendash}Terminology and Symbols: ISO 3534-1: 2006-Statistics{\textendash}Vocabulary and symbols{\textendash}Part 1: General statistical terms and terms used in probability}, journal = {Published standard}, year = {2010}, author = {TC69, ISO} } @article {5102, title = {Scientific Opinion on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products}, journal = {Atlantic}, volume = {8}, year = {2010}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1543} } @article {8220, title = {{A "screen-and-treat" approach for helicobacter pylori infection: A population-based study in Vammala, Finland}}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {28{\textendash}37}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: To accelerate the decline of Helicobacter pylori infection, and to study the significance of the possible risk factors for H. pylori infection in Finland, we started a voluntary H. pylori"screen-treat-retest-and-retreat" program for all young adults at primary health care in Vammala, Finland after a pilot study in 1994 including 504 subjects aged 15-75. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 3326 aged 15-40 in 1996, and 716 aged 15 and 584 aged 45 in 1997-2000 were screened for H. pylori using serology. Helicobacter pylori positive were treated, cure was verified by serology. RESULTS: The eradication rates were 93.8{\%}, 82.2{\%}, and 77.6{\%} per protocol in pilot study in 1994, in subjects invited in 1996 and 1997-2000, respectively. Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence rates were calculated to have decreased from 36{\%} to 14{\%} in pilot study, from 12{\%} to 4{\%} among subjects invited in 1996, from 3{\%} to 2{\%} among subjects aged 15 and from 27{\%} to 12{\%} among subjects aged 45 in 1997-2000. An epidemiologic questionnaire in 1996 revealed that crowding in the childhood household, low education of the mother, current smoking and alcohol consumption, unfavorable housing conditions, and sick leaves due to dyspepsia were independently associated with H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention with high participation rates resulted in a significant decline in calculated H. pylori seroprevalence rates. Although the low prevalence of H. pylori infection may limit the cost efficiency of the program, the intervention is expected to reduce the burden of H. pylori-associated diseases.}, keywords = {epidemiology, helicobacter pylori, Mass Screening, Population, primary health care, Serology}, isbn = {1523-5378 (Electronic)$\backslash$r1083-4389 (Linking)}, issn = {10834389}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00727.x}, author = {Salomaa-R{\"a}s{\"a}nen, Anniina and Kosunen, Timo U. and Aromaa, Arpo R J and Knekt, Paul and Sarna, Seppo and Rautelin, Hilpi} } @article {13848, title = {A "screen-and-treat" approach for helicobacter pylori infection: {A} population-based study in {Vammala}, {Finland}}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {28{\textendash}37}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: To accelerate the decline of Helicobacter pylori infection, and to study the significance of the possible risk factors for H. pylori infection in Finland, we started a voluntary H. pylori"screen-treat-retest-and-retreat" program for all young adults at primary health care in Vammala, Finland after a pilot study in 1994 including 504 subjects aged 15-75. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 3326 aged 15-40 in 1996, and 716 aged 15 and 584 aged 45 in 1997-2000 were screened for H. pylori using serology. Helicobacter pylori positive were treated, cure was verified by serology. RESULTS: The eradication rates were 93.8\%, 82.2\%, and 77.6\% per protocol in pilot study in 1994, in subjects invited in 1996 and 1997-2000, respectively. Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence rates were calculated to have decreased from 36\% to 14\% in pilot study, from 12\% to 4\% among subjects invited in 1996, from 3\% to 2\% among subjects aged 15 and from 27\% to 12\% among subjects aged 45 in 1997-2000. An epidemiologic questionnaire in 1996 revealed that crowding in the childhood household, low education of the mother, current smoking and alcohol consumption, unfavorable housing conditions, and sick leaves due to dyspepsia were independently associated with H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention with high participation rates resulted in a significant decline in calculated H. pylori seroprevalence rates. Although the low prevalence of H. pylori infection may limit the cost efficiency of the program, the intervention is expected to reduce the burden of H. pylori-associated diseases.}, keywords = {epidemiology, helicobacter pylori, Mass Screening, Population, primary health care, Serology}, issn = {10834389}, doi = {10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00727.x}, author = {Salomaa-R{\"a}s{\"a}nen, Anniina and Kosunen, Timo U. and Aromaa, Arpo R J and Knekt, Paul and Sarna, Seppo and Rautelin, Hilpi} } @article {5610, title = {{Seasonal distribution and genetic diversity of genogroups I, II, and IV noroviruses in the Tamagawa River, Japan}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {18}, year = {2010}, pages = {7116{\textendash}7122}, abstract = {We investigated the prevalence, seasonal dependence, and genetic diversity of noroviruses (NoVs) in the Tamagawa River, which runs through a densely populated region in Tokyo, Japan, from April 2003 to March 2004. A total of 60 water samples were collected from five sites from upstream to downstream along the river, and 500 mL of which was concentrated using the "cation-coated filter method". Of the 60 samples tested, genogroup I (GI) and GII NoVs were detected from 28 (47{\%}) and 18 (30{\%}) samples, respectively. GIV NoV was successfully detected from 2 (3{\%}) samples with a newly developed seminested RT-PCR assay specific for GIV. The occurrence of NoVs in the river was significantly higher in winter/spring than in summer/autumn and also in mid- to downstream rather than upstream. A total of 176 different NoV strains were identified from river water samples based on the phylogenetic analysis of partial capsid gene sequences. GI, GII, and GIV strains were clustered into 7 (GI/1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, and 11), 8 (GII/2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, and 16), and 1 (GIV/1) genotypes, respectively. The results suggest that genetically diverse NoV strains are circulating between human populations and aquatic environments.}, isbn = {1520-5851 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0013-936X (Linking)}, issn = {0013936X}, doi = {10.1021/es100346a}, author = {Kitajima, Masaaki and Oka, Tomoichiro and Haramoto, Eiji and Takeda, Naokazu and Katayama, Kazuhiko and Katayama, Hiroyuki} } @article {8606, title = {{Seasonal trends in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnancy in the federal state of Upper Austria}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {515{\textendash}517}, author = {Sagel, U and Mikolajczyk, RT and Kr{\"a}mer, A} } @article {17452, title = {The sensitivity of real-time PCR amplification targeting invasive Salmonella serovars in biological specimens}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, year = {2010}, author = {Nga, T.V.T. and Karkey, A. and Dongol, S. and Thuy, H.N. and Dunstan, S. and Holt, K. and Tu, L.T.P. and Campbell, J.I. and Chau, T.T. and Chau, N.V.V. and Arjyal, A. and Koirala, S. and Basnyat, B. and Dolecek, C. and Farrar, J. and Baker, S.} } @article {5974, title = {{Seroepidemiology of a second epidemic of hepatitis E in a population that had recorded first epidemic 30 years before and has been under surveillance since then}}, journal = {Hepatology International}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {494{\textendash}499}, author = {Khuroo, MS} } @article {11380, title = {Seroprevalence of Cysticercus cellulosae and associated risk factors in free-range pigs in Kenya}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {84}, number = {04}, year = {2010}, pages = {398-403}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1475-2697}, author = {Kagira, JM and Maingi, N and Kanyari, PWN and Githigia, SM and Ng{\textquoteright}ang{\textquoteright}a, JC and Gachohi, JM} } @article {9391, title = {{Seroprevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in the context of HIV and AIDS: the case of Vhembe district, in South Africa{\textquoteright}s Limpopo province}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {104}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {55{\textendash}63}, author = {Samie, A and Barrett, LJ and Bessong, PO and Ramalivhana, JN and Mavhandu, LG and Njayou, M and Guerrant, RL} } @article {11530, title = {Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis infection among children in Swaziland, southern Africa}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {104}, year = {2010}, pages = {73-80}, author = {Liao, C and Sukati, H and D{\textquoteright}Lamini, P and Chou, C and Liu, Y and Huang, Y and Chung, M and Mtsetfwa, J and Jonato, J and Chiu, W and Chang, P and Du, W and Chan, H and Chu, T and Cheng, H and Su, W and Tu, C and Cheng, C and Fan, C} } @article {3766, title = {Simian rotaviruses possess divergent gene constellations that originated from interspecies transmission and reassortment.}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {2013{\textendash}2026}, author = {Matthijnssens, J and Taraporewala, ZF and Yang, H and Rao, S and Yuan, L and Cao, D and Hoshino, Y and Mertens, PP and Carner, GR and McNeal, M and Sestak, K and Van Ranst, M and Patton, JT} } @article {2532, title = {Simian rotaviruses possess divergent gene constellations that originated from interspecies transmission and reassortment.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {2013-2026}, abstract = {Although few simian rotaviruses {(RVs)} have been isolated, such strains have been important for basic research and vaccine development. To explore the origins of simian {RVs,} the complete genome sequences of strains {PTRV} {(G8P[1]),} {RRV} {(G3P[3]),} and {TUCH} {(G3P[24])} were determined. These data allowed the genotype constellations of each virus to be determined and the phylogenetic relationships of the simian strains with each other and with nonsimian {RVs} to be elucidated. The results indicate that {PTRV} was likely transmitted from a bovine or other ruminant into pig-tailed macaques (its host of origin), since its genes have genotypes and encode outer-capsid proteins similar to those of bovine {RVs.} In contrast, most of the genes of rhesus-macaque strains, {RRV} and {TUCH,} have genotypes more typical of canine-feline {RVs.} However, the sequences of the canine and/or feline (canine/feline)-like genes of {RRV} and {TUCH} are only distantly related to those of modern canine/feline {RVs,} indicating that any potential transmission of a progenitor of these viruses from a canine/feline host to a simian host was not recent. The remaining genes of {RRV} and {TUCH} appear to have originated through reassortment with bovine, human, or other {RV} strains. Finally, comparison of {PTRV,} {RRV,} and {TUCH} genes with those of the vervet-monkey {RV} {SA11-H96} {(G3P[2])} indicates that {SA11-H96} shares little genetic similarity to other simian strains and likely has evolved independently. Collectively, our data indicate that simian {RVs} are of diverse ancestry with genome constellations that originated largely by interspecies transmission and reassortment with nonhuman animal {RVs.}}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.02081-09}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02081-09}, author = {Matthijnssens, Jelle and Taraporewala, Zenobia F and Yang, Hongyan and Rao, Shujing and Yuan, Lijuan and Cao, Dianjun and Hoshino, Yasutaka and Mertens, Peter P and Carner, Gerry R and McNeal, Monica and Sestak, Karol and Van Ranst, Marc and Patton, John T} } @article {935, title = {Simian rotaviruses possess divergent gene constellations that originated from interspecies transmission and reassortment.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {2013-2026}, abstract = {Although few simian rotaviruses {(RVs)} have been isolated, such strains have been important for basic research and vaccine development. To explore the origins of simian {RVs,} the complete genome sequences of strains {PTRV} {(G8P[1]),} {RRV} {(G3P[3]),} and {TUCH} {(G3P[24])} were determined. These data allowed the genotype constellations of each virus to be determined and the phylogenetic relationships of the simian strains with each other and with nonsimian {RVs} to be elucidated. The results indicate that {PTRV} was likely transmitted from a bovine or other ruminant into pig-tailed macaques (its host of origin), since its genes have genotypes and encode outer-capsid proteins similar to those of bovine {RVs.} In contrast, most of the genes of rhesus-macaque strains, {RRV} and {TUCH,} have genotypes more typical of canine-feline {RVs.} However, the sequences of the canine and/or feline (canine/feline)-like genes of {RRV} and {TUCH} are only distantly related to those of modern canine/feline {RVs,} indicating that any potential transmission of a progenitor of these viruses from a canine/feline host to a simian host was not recent. The remaining genes of {RRV} and {TUCH} appear to have originated through reassortment with bovine, human, or other {RV} strains. Finally, comparison of {PTRV,} {RRV,} and {TUCH} genes with those of the vervet-monkey {RV} {SA11-H96} {(G3P[2])} indicates that {SA11-H96} shares little genetic similarity to other simian strains and likely has evolved independently. Collectively, our data indicate that simian {RVs} are of diverse ancestry with genome constellations that originated largely by interspecies transmission and reassortment with nonhuman animal {RVs.}}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.02081-09}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02081-09}, author = {Matthijnssens, Jelle and Taraporewala, Zenobia F and Yang, Hongyan and Rao, Shujing and Yuan, Lijuan and Cao, Dianjun and Hoshino, Yasutaka and Mertens, Peter P and Carner, Gerry R and McNeal, Monica and Sestak, Karol and Van Ranst, Marc and Patton, John T} } @article {5182, title = {{Sludge accumulation in an anaerobic pond and viability of helminth eggs: a case study in Burkina Faso}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {919{\textendash}925}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.959}, author = {Y Konat{\'e} and A H Maiga and Wethe, J. and D Basset and C Casellas and B Picot} } @book {8920, title = {Sludge reduction technologies in wastewater treatment plants}, year = {2010}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, type = {Book}, address = {London, England}, isbn = {9781780401706;1780401701;9781680155754;168015575X;}, url = {http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwhV3JTsMwEB0VeqFwYBVbJR-4dnGatDbiBKKgqofSVgJOlh0biNomVZvAj_DBeNImRCDB0RolzpMVe-bNzDNAy6k3az_2BEnbDleYhLEhhlQvvtNxPO1xyjs26Ja48MMB6z3w3rM7KsFn1hqDys0LqaN6oGd5f_JvwUS8EmsSRu9mmm7ub1GM6c9GHP}, author = {Foladori, Paola and Andreottola, Gianni and Ziglio, G.} } @mastersthesis {6795, title = {Society, state, and infant welfare: {Negotiating} medical interventions in colonial {Tanzania}, 1920{\textendash}1950}, year = {2010}, note = {3418354}, school = {University of Minnesota}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation is a historical analysis of colonial state infant welfare initiatives from preventive programs of the 1920s and early 1930s to policies that integrated preventive and curative medicine in the late 1930s and 1940s in colonial Tanzania. It argues that the development of these medical interventions was a negotiated process between colonial government officials, peasants, local chiefs, welfare workers, African dressers, and medical missions. In the 1920s the British colonial government initiated the welfare programs to reduce high infant mortality rates. Government officials explained poor infant survival in terms of maternal ignorance and focused on advising mothers on proper infant care, feeding, and hygiene. The government trained African welfare workers who performed the actual work of advising mothers in the communities. Peasants, however, challenged the early preventive programs as narrowly conceived both because they ignored local medical knowledge and indigenous practices and because they excluded western curative medicine that would help them tackle infant diseases such as malaria. Using their local chiefs, peasants demanded that the colonial government incorporate curative medicine in its welfare policies. Their bargaining strategies to achieve these demands included boycotting government-run welfare centers and refusing to pay taxes. The government eventually incorporated curative medicine in its welfare programs in the late 1930s, and it trained African dressers in preventive and curative medicine. The evidence for this dissertation comes from oral interviews, written archival documents, ethnographic accounts, and missionary and explorers{\textquoteright} writings. This evidence has allowed me to explore the complex problem of infant welfare, a topic that has not received adequate attention from historians writing about Africa.}, keywords = {0331:African history, 0585:Science history, African history, Colonialism, History of medicine, Infant welfare, Medical interventions, Negotiations, Public health, Science history, Social sciences, Tanzania}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/751020495?accountid=14270}, author = {Masebo, Oswald} } @article {11301, title = {{Soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in the public parks from three areas of Khorram Abad, Iran.}}, journal = {Nepal Medical College Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2010}, pages = {63{\textendash}65}, author = {Zibaei, M and Abdollahpour, F and Birjandi, M and Firoozeh, F} } @article {10740, title = {{Spatial clustering in the spatio-temporal dynamics of endemic cholera}}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {51}, author = {Ruiz-Moreno, D and Pascual, M and Emch, M and Yunus, M} } @article {15709, title = {Species of Cryptosporidium detected in weaned cattle on cow{\textendash}calf operations in the United States}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {170}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {2010/06/24/}, pages = {187-192}, keywords = {Beef cattle, cryptosporidiosis, prevalence}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Fayer, Ronald and Sant{\'\i}n, Monica and Dargatz, David} } @article {5858, title = {{Specific detection of Arcobacter spp. in estuarine waters of Southern Italy by PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization.}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {65{\textendash}70}, author = {Fera, M T and Gugliandolo, C and Lentini, V and Favaloro, A and Bonanno, D and La Camera, E and Maugeri, T L} } @article {14375, title = {Specific detection of {Arcobacter} spp. in estuarine waters of {Southern} {Italy} by {PCR} and fluorescent in situ hybridization.}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {65{\textendash}70}, author = {Fera, M T and Gugliandolo, C and Lentini, V and Favaloro, A and Bonanno, D and La Camera, E and Maugeri, T L} } @article {16365, title = {The spectral absorbance coefficient at 254nm as a near real time early warning proxy for detecting faecal pollution events at alpine karst water resources}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {62}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {1898-1906}, author = {Stadler, H. and Klock, E. and Skritek, P. and Mach, R. L. and Zerobin, W. and Farnleitner, A. H.} } @article {17440, title = {Standard Analytical Protocol for Salmonella Typhi in Drinking Water (EPA/600/R-10/133)}, year = {2010}, institution = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Washington, DC} } @booklet {10802, title = {{Statement relating to international travel and trade to and from countries experiencing outbreaks of cholera}}, year = {2010}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {WHO} } @article {10616, title = {{A study of cholera model with environmental fluctuations}}, journal = {International Journal of Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {150{\textendash}155}, author = {Gazi, H and Das, K and Mukandavire, Z and Chikaya, C and Das, P} } @article {3099, title = {Surgical management of complicated hydatid cysts of the liver}, journal = {World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {mar}, pages = {78{\textendash}84}, abstract = {AIM: To review the clinical presentation and surgical management of complicated hydatid cysts of the liver and to assess whether conservative surgery is adequate in the management of complicated hydatid cysts of liver. METHODS: The study was carried out at Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Science, Srinagar, Kashmir, India. Sixty nine patients with hydatid disease of the liver were surgically managed from April 2004 to October 2005 with a follow up period of three years. It included 27 men and 42 women with a median age of 35 years. An abdominal ultrasound, computed tomography and serology established diagnosis. Patients with jaundice and high suspicion of intrabiliary rupture were subjected to preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Cysts with infection, rupture into the biliary tract and peritoneal cavity were categorized as complicated cysts. Eighteen patients (26\%) had complicated cysts and formed the basis for this study. RESULTS: Common complications were infection (14\%), intrabiliary rupture (9\%) and intraperitoneal rupture (3\%). All the patients with infected cysts presented with pain and fever. All the patients with intrabiliary rupture had jaundice, while only four with intrabiliary rupture had pain and only two had fever. Surgical procedures performed in complicated cysts were: infection-omentoplasty in three and external drainage in seven; intrabiliary rupture-omentoplasty in two and internal drainage in four patients. Two patients with intraperitoneal rupture underwent external drainage. There was no mortality. The postoperative morbidity was 50\% in complicated cysts and 16\% in uncomplicated cysts. CONCLUSION: Complicated hydatid cyst of the liver can be successfully managed surgically with good long term results.}, keywords = {Complicated liver hydatid, Drainage, Liver hydatid disease, Operative techniques}, issn = {1948-9366}, doi = {10.4240/wjgs.v2.i3.78}, author = {Malik, Ajaz A. and Bari, Shams Ul and Amin, Ruquia and Jan, Masooda} } @article {4684, title = {{Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks-United States, 2007}}, journal = {MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep}, volume = {59}, year = {2010}, pages = {973{\textendash}979}, author = {CDC} } @article {5958, title = {{Surveillance of hepatitis E virus in sewage and drinking water in a resettlement colony of Delhi: what has been the experience?}}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {155}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {1227{\textendash}1233}, author = {Hazam, RK and Singla, R and Kishore, J and Singh, S and Gupta, RK and Kar, P} } @article {10589, title = {{A survey of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in estuarine waters and sediments of Beira, Mozambique}}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {615{\textendash}620}, author = {Martella du Preez and Van der Merwe, MR and Cumbana, A and le Roux, W} } @article {9100, title = {{Survival and gene expression of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli during long-term incubation in sea water and freshwater}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {1441{\textendash}1449}, abstract = {In this study, the main objective was to verify the hypothesis of induction of {\textquoteright}viable but non-culturable{\textquoteright} (VBNC) forms of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) during incubation in water.}, keywords = {ETEC, Gene expression, Survival, VBNC, water}, isbn = {1364-5072}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04548.x}, author = {Lothigius, A ̊ and Sj{\"o}ling, A ̊ and Svennerholm, A M and B{\"o}lin, I} } @article {7467, title = {Survival and gene expression of enterotoxigenic \textit{{Escherichia} coli} during long-term incubation in sea water and freshwater}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {apr}, pages = {1441{\textendash}1449}, issn = {13645072, 13652672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04548.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04548.x}, author = {Lothigius, {\r a}. and Sj{\"o}ling, {\r a}. and A. M Svennerholm and B{\"o}lin, I.} } @article {8013, title = {{Survival of manure-borne E. coli in streambed sediment: effects of temperature and sediment properties.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {2753{\textendash}2762}, abstract = {

Escherichia coli bacteria are commonly used as indicator organisms to designate of impaired surface waters and to guide the design of management practices to prevent fecal contamination of water. Stream sediments are known to serve as a reservoir and potential source of fecal bacteria {\{}(E.{\}} coli) for stream water. In agricultural watersheds, substantial numbers of E. coli may reach surface waters, and subsequently be deposited into sediments, along with fecal material in runoff from land-applied manures, grazing lands, or wildlife excreta. The objectives of this work were (a) to test the hypothesis that E. coli survival in streambed sediment in the presence of manure material will be affected by sediment texture and organic carbon content and (b) to evaluate applicability of the exponential die-off equation to the E. coli survival data in the presence of manure material. Experiments were conducted at three temperatures (4 degrees C, 14 degrees C, and 24 degrees C) in flow-through chambers using sediment from three locations at the Beaverdam Creek Tributary in Beltsville, Maryland mixed with dairy manure slurry in the proportion of 1000:1. Indigenous E. coli populations in sediments ranged from ca. 10(1) to {\{}10(3)MPNg(-1){\}} while approx 10(3) manure-borne E. coli {\{}MPNg(-1){\}} were added. E. coli survived in sediments much longer than in the overlaying water. The exponential inactivation model gave an excellent approximation of data after 6-16 days from the beginning of the experiment. Slower inactivation was observed with the increase in organic carbon content in sediments with identical granulometric composition. The increase in the content of fine particles and organic carbon in sediments led not only to the slower inactivation but also to lower sensitivity of the inactivation to temperature. Streambed sediment properties have to be documented to better evaluate the role of sediments as reservoirs of E. coli that can affect microbiological stream water quality during high flow events.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.011}, author = {Garzio-Hadzick, A and Shelton, D R and Hill, R L and Pachepsky, Y A and Guber, A K and Rowland, R} } @article {14034, title = {Survival of manure-borne {E}. coli in streambed sediment: effects of temperature and sediment properties.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {44}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {2753{\textendash}2762}, abstract = {Escherichia coli bacteria are commonly used as indicator organisms to designate of impaired surface waters and to guide the design of management practices to prevent fecal contamination of water. Stream sediments are known to serve as a reservoir and potential source of fecal bacteria \{(E.\} coli) for stream water. In agricultural watersheds, substantial numbers of E. coli may reach surface waters, and subsequently be deposited into sediments, along with fecal material in runoff from land-applied manures, grazing lands, or wildlife excreta. The objectives of this work were (a) to test the hypothesis that E. coli survival in streambed sediment in the presence of manure material will be affected by sediment texture and organic carbon content and (b) to evaluate applicability of the exponential die-off equation to the E. coli survival data in the presence of manure material. Experiments were conducted at three temperatures (4 degrees C, 14 degrees C, and 24 degrees C) in flow-through chambers using sediment from three locations at the Beaverdam Creek Tributary in Beltsville, Maryland mixed with dairy manure slurry in the proportion of 1000:1. Indigenous E. coli populations in sediments ranged from ca. 10(1) to \{10(3)MPNg(-1)\} while approx 10(3) manure-borne E. coli \{MPNg(-1)\} were added. E. coli survived in sediments much longer than in the overlaying water. The exponential inactivation model gave an excellent approximation of data after 6-16 days from the beginning of the experiment. Slower inactivation was observed with the increase in organic carbon content in sediments with identical granulometric composition. The increase in the content of fine particles and organic carbon in sediments led not only to the slower inactivation but also to lower sensitivity of the inactivation to temperature. Streambed sediment properties have to be documented to better evaluate the role of sediments as reservoirs of E. coli that can affect microbiological stream water quality during high flow events.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.011}, author = {Garzio-Hadzick, A and Shelton, D R and Hill, R L and Pachepsky, Y A and Guber, A K and Rowland, R} } @article {2254, title = {{Survival of manure-borne E. coli in streambed sediment: effects of temperature and sediment properties.}}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {44}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {2753{\textendash}2762}, abstract = {Escherichia coli bacteria are commonly used as indicator organisms to designate of impaired surface waters and to guide the design of management practices to prevent fecal contamination of water. Stream sediments are known to serve as a reservoir and potential source of fecal bacteria \{(E.\} coli) for stream water. In agricultural watersheds, substantial numbers of E. coli may reach surface waters, and subsequently be deposited into sediments, along with fecal material in runoff from land-applied manures, grazing lands, or wildlife excreta. The objectives of this work were (a) to test the hypothesis that E. coli survival in streambed sediment in the presence of manure material will be affected by sediment texture and organic carbon content and (b) to evaluate applicability of the exponential die-off equation to the E. coli survival data in the presence of manure material. Experiments were conducted at three temperatures (4 degrees C, 14 degrees C, and 24 degrees C) in flow-through chambers using sediment from three locations at the Beaverdam Creek Tributary in Beltsville, Maryland mixed with dairy manure slurry in the proportion of 1000:1. Indigenous E. coli populations in sediments ranged from ca. 10(1) to \{10(3)MPNg(-1)\} while approx 10(3) manure-borne E. coli \{MPNg(-1)\} were added. E. coli survived in sediments much longer than in the overlaying water. The exponential inactivation model gave an excellent approximation of data after 6-16 days from the beginning of the experiment. Slower inactivation was observed with the increase in organic carbon content in sediments with identical granulometric composition. The increase in the content of fine particles and organic carbon in sediments led not only to the slower inactivation but also to lower sensitivity of the inactivation to temperature. Streambed sediment properties have to be documented to better evaluate the role of sediments as reservoirs of E. coli that can affect microbiological stream water quality during high flow events.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.011}, author = {Garzio-Hadzick, A and Shelton, D R and Hill, R L and Pachepsky, Y A and Guber, A K and Rowland, R} } @article {5767, title = {{Survival of Murine Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Different Types of Manure and Biosolids}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {901{\textendash}906}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2009.0490}, author = {Wei, J and Jin, Y and Sims, T and Kniel, KE} } @article {7704, title = {Survival of poultry-derived Campylobacter jejuni of multilocus sequence type clonal complexes 21 and 45 under freeze, chill, oxidative, acid and heat stresses}, journal = {Food Microbiology}, volume = {27}, year = {2010}, pages = {829-834}, author = {Habib, I and Uyttendaele, M and De Zutter, L} } @article {8258, title = {{Survival of spinach-associated Helicobacter pylori in the viable but nonculturable state}}, journal = {Food Control}, volume = {21}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, month = {aug}, pages = {1150{\textendash}1154}, abstract = {The environmental reservoir and mode of transmission of Helicobacter pylori is currently unknown due to difficulties in isolating H. pylori from non-human sources. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of H. pylori to survive in a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state when in association with spinach. H. pylori cells rapidly became non-detectable by plating, however mRNA transcripts were detected 6days after the cells were introduced to the spinach. It was found that exposure to white light rapidly induced the VBNC state in H. pylori, suggesting sunlight may be a factor in loss of culturability of this pathogen. Our study indicates that spinach-associated H. pylori cells can remain viable and virulent despite their lack of culturability, which may help explain the lack of culturability from environmental sources.}, keywords = {Culturability, Food safety, Gene expression, Helicobacter, Spinach, Sunlight, Transmission, Virulence, white light}, issn = {09567135}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.01.010}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095671351000037X}, author = {Buck, Alan and Oliver, James D.} } @article {13886, title = {Survival of spinach-associated {Helicobacter} pylori in the viable but nonculturable state}, journal = {Food Control}, volume = {21}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, month = {aug}, pages = {1150{\textendash}1154}, abstract = {The environmental reservoir and mode of transmission of Helicobacter pylori is currently unknown due to difficulties in isolating H. pylori from non-human sources. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of H. pylori to survive in a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state when in association with spinach. H. pylori cells rapidly became non-detectable by plating, however mRNA transcripts were detected 6days after the cells were introduced to the spinach. It was found that exposure to white light rapidly induced the VBNC state in H. pylori, suggesting sunlight may be a factor in loss of culturability of this pathogen. Our study indicates that spinach-associated H. pylori cells can remain viable and virulent despite their lack of culturability, which may help explain the lack of culturability from environmental sources.}, keywords = {Culturability, Food safety, Gene expression, Helicobacter, Spinach, Sunlight, Transmission, Virulence, white light}, issn = {09567135}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.01.010}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095671351000037X}, author = {Buck, Alan and Oliver, James D.} } @article {15829, title = {Sydney water inquiry ten year review}, year = {2010}, month = {October 18, 2018}, url = {http://www.sydnewater.com.au/Publications/FactSheets/McClellan_Review_final_report_100215.pdf}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Keefe, B.} } @article {16046, title = {Synthetic peptide issued from Hap1/LipL32 for new early serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis}, journal = {Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect DisComp Immunol Microbiol Infect DisComp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, month = {Mar 21}, pages = {375-387}, isbn = {1878-1667 (Electronic)}, author = {Aviat, F. and Rochereau-Roulet, S. and Branger, C. and Estavoyer, J. M. and Chatrenet, B. and Orsonneau, J. L. and Thorin, C. and Andre-Fontaine, G.} } @mastersthesis {6968, title = {A systematic review examining the relationship between oral health care practices and the oral lesions commonly associated with {HIV}/{AIDS}, and the implications for people living in developing countries}, year = {2010}, note = {1483445}, school = {The University of Texas School of Public Health}, type = {phdM.{P}.{H}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Oral lesions, which may be bacterial, fungal or viral in nature may be characteristic of HIV/ AIDS, and have been observed on the oral mucosa as early signs of underlying disease. Some studies have suggested that there may be a correlation between poor oral hygiene, and the oral lesions seen among people living with HIV/AIDS. The objective of this study was to assess the nature of the relationship between oral health care practices, and the occurrence of oral lesions commonly seen in association with HIV/AIDS. A systematic review of the literature was conducted, and the databases searched were Medline and PubMed. Concepts that made up the search were oral hygiene promotion, HIV/AIDS and oral health care. Out of the 410 items identified through the search, only 11 met the inclusion criteria. The use of 0.12\%- 2\% chlorhexidine gluconate, was found to be effective in reducing oral Candida counts in some studies, while other studies did not find such an association. However, 0.12\% - 2\% chlorhexidine gluconate was consistently found to be effective in the management of periodontal lesions in people infected with HIV/AIDS. Dental procedures such as treatment and filling of dental cavities, scaling and polishing, and use of fluoridated tooth paste were also found to be effective in the management of oral lesions seen in association with HIV/AIDS. The overall findings from the studies reviewed, suggest that effective oral health care may be necessary to reduce the morbidity, and mortality associated with the oral lesions seen among people living with HIV/AIDS. However, better designed studies with larger sample sizes need to be developed in order to ascertain the effectiveness of routine oral hygiene, and health care practices among people living with HIV/AIDS.}, keywords = {0567:Dentistry, 0766:Epidemiology, Dentistry, epidemiology, Health and environmental sciences, HIV/AIDS, Oral health care, Oral hygiene}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/821815785?accountid=14270}, author = {Ndubisi, Ifeoma Chinelo} } @article {11402, title = {A systematic review of the frequency of neurocyticercosis with a focus on people with epilepsy}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {4}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {e870}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1935-2735}, url = {http://www.plosntds.org/article/info\%3Adoi\%2F10.1371\%2Fjournal.pntd.0000870}, author = {Ndimubanzi, PC and Carabin, H and Budke, CM and Nguyen, H and Qian, YJ and Rainwater, E and Dickey, M and Reynolds, S and Stoner, JA} } @article {10765, title = {{Temperature affects Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor persistence in the aquatic environment via an enhanced expression of GbpA and MSHA adhesions}}, journal = {Environ Microbiol Rep}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {140{\textendash}144}, author = {Stauder, M and Vezzulli, L and Pezzati, E and Repetto, B and Pruzzo, C} } @article {17372, title = {Temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD) to obtain class A biosolids: A semi-continuous study}, journal = {Bioresource TechnologyBioresource Technology}, volume = {101}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, month = {Apr}, pages = {2706-2712}, keywords = {Anaerobic digestion, class a biosolids, co-digestion, Inactivation, Municipal sludge, performance, Sewage sludge, sewage-sludge, stabilization, SYSTEMS, thermophilic-mesophilic-phase, Time, waste-activated-sludge, water sludges}, isbn = {0960-8524}, author = {Riau, V. and De la Rubia, M. A. and Perez, M.} } @article {17373, title = {Temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD) to obtain Class A biosolids. A discontinuous study}, journal = {Bioresource TechnologyBioresource Technology}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {Jan}, pages = {65-70}, keywords = {2-phase, Anaerobic digestion, class a biosolid, co-digestion, Municipal sludge, performance, reduction, Sewage sludge, sewage-sludge, thermophilic-mesophilic-phase, waste-activated-sludge, water}, isbn = {0960-8524}, author = {Riau, V. and De la Rubia, M. A. and Perez, M.} } @article {12300, title = {tet and sul Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Livestock Lagoons of Various Operation Type, Configuration, and Antibiotic Occurrence}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {16}, year = {2010}, note = {McKinney, Chad W. Loftin, Keith A. Meyer, Michael T. Davis, Jessica G. Pruden, Amy
Davis, Jessica/C-1903-2013; Meyer, Michael/N-7630-2017
Meyer, Michael/0000-0001-6006-7985}, month = {Aug}, pages = {6102-6109}, abstract = {

Although livestock operations are known to harbor elevated levels of antibiotic resistant bacteria, few studies have examined the potential of livestock waste lagoons to reduce antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and examine the behavior of tetracycline [tet(0) and tet(W)] and sulfonamide [sul(I) and sul(II)] ARGs in a broad cross-section of livestock lagoons within the same semiarid western watershed ARGs were monitored for one year in the water and the settled solids of eight lagoon systems by quantitative polymerase chain reaction In addition, antibiotic residues and various bulk water quality constituents were analyzed It was found that the lagoons of the chicken layer operation had the lowest concentrations of both tot and sul ARGs and low total antibiotic concentrations, whereas sul ARGs were highest in the swine lagoons, which generally corresponded to the highest total antibiotic concentrations A marginal benefit of organic and small dairy operations also was observed compared to conventional and large dairies, respectively. In all lagoons, sul ARGs were observed to be generally more recalcitrant than tot ARGs Also, positive correlations of various bulk water quality constituents were identified with tot ARGs but not sul ARGs Significant positive correlations were identified between several metals and tet ARGs, but Pearson\&$\#$39;s correlation coefficients were mostly lower than those determined between antibiotic residues and ARGs. This study represents a quantitative characterization

}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {McKinney, C. W. and Loftin, K. A. and Meyer, M. T. and Davis, J. G. and Pruden, A.} } @article {8928, title = {Thermal contribution to the inactivation of Cryptosporidium in plastic bottles during solar water disinfection procedures}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {35-39}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0002-9637}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803506/pdf/tropmed-82-035.pdf}, author = {G{\'o}mez-Couso, Hip{\'o}lito and Font{\'a}n-Sainz, Mar{\'\i}a and Ares-Maz{\'a}s, Elvira} } @mastersthesis {6677, title = {Three essays on environmental and natural resource economics}, year = {2010}, note = {3415190}, school = {Yale University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The doctoral dissertation is composed of three chapters on the governance of water and electricity infrastructure in China. All three chapters focus on the nexus of economy, environment, and energy. The first chapter studies the relationship of decentralization policies and the provision of public goods in the context of urban water services in China. Different degree of externalities of the public goods may affect the efficacy of decentralization policies. Using a comprehensive 2004 dataset for all the 661 cities, I measure how the clean water supply coverage rate and the wastewater treatment rate respond to these policies respectively. Results show that cities respond positively in their piped water supply coverage but not as well in their wastewater treatment, whereas they both respond positively to the mandatory information disclosure policy. The efficacy of decentralization policy is indeed compromised when externalities exist beyond the jurisdiction as suggested by the case of wastewater. Information disclosure policy, a motivational tool tied to the promotion of local officials, is shown to provide strong incentives for water services irrespective of their externalities. Private sector participation lowers the amount of government grant in the water sector but increases the tariff charged to customers. The second chapter of the dissertation examines whether competition reduces cost in the restructuring of the Chinese power sector. Although competition may reduce cost through technological innovation and advancement and diversification of ownership, higher transaction cost and price control may hinder its effectiveness. In this chapter, I describe the various restructuring programs over the years that affect the power plants. Then, I evaluate their impacts on the cost efficiency, measured by the factor demand of the power plants - labor, energy and materials. Using an industrial dataset from 1997 to 2004 of energy consuming coal power plants from the National Statistics Bureau, I first estimate the factor demand equations following the model developed in Fabrizio et al. (2007) to compare with the results from similar studies in the United States. Further, I model the cost structure of Chinese power plants using a more flexible translog specification. The results from these two models confirm the validity of the assumptions made based on the industry characteristics. The power plants located in the South reduced their labor demand after the Southern Grid separated from the National Grid in 2002. The third chapter examines how the unreliability of inputs affects productivity. Specifically, it studies how Chinese industrial enterprises respond to the unreliability of electric power. Since 2002, electricity blackouts have been hampering the industrial customers in China. Using a survey dataset of the National Statistics Bureau on eleven industries across the nation from 1999 to 2004 and an electricity dataset compiled from Electricity Yearbooks, my co-authors and I estimate the cost of power unreliability by quantifying the factor-neutral and the factor-biased productivity effects. Incorporating unreliability proxies into a flexible translog cost function and the value share equations, we estimate the whole system using seemingly unrelated regressions (SUREG) with cross equation constraints. We also calculate the marginal effect of factor unreliability on cost and on carbon emissions based on these estimates.}, keywords = {0438:Environmental economics, 0501:Economics, 0528:Natural Resource Management, 0791:Energy, Applied sciences, China, Decentralization, economics, Energy, Environmental economics, Health and environmental sciences, Infrastructure, Natural resource economics, Natural Resource Management, Power sector, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/655919778?accountid=14270}, author = {Wang, Qiong (Juliana)} } @article {4967, title = {Toxicity of a novel suspension concentrate of niclosamide against Biomphalaria glabrata}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {104}, year = {2010}, pages = {304{\textendash}306}, author = {Coles, GC and Dai, JR and Wang, W and Liang, YS} } @article {8575, title = {{Toxoplasma gondii oocyst-specific antibodies and source of infection}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {1591{\textendash}1593}, author = {Munoz-Zanzi, CA and Fry, P and Lesina, B and Hill, D} } @article {8580, title = {{Toxoplasma rhoptry protein 16 (ROP16) subverts host function by direct tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6}}, journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry}, volume = {285}, number = {37}, year = {2010}, pages = {28731{\textendash}28740}, author = {Ong, YC and Reese, ML and Boothroyd, JC} } @article {6150, title = {Tracking anthropogenic inputs in Barigui River, Brazil using biomarkers}, journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution}, volume = {210}, number = {1-4}, year = {2010}, pages = {33-41}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Froehner, Sandro and Daniele B Souza and Karina S Machado and Edson C Da Rosa} } @article {17355, title = {Tracking salmonella contamination in various watersheds and phenotypic and genotypic diversity}, journal = {Foodborne Pathog DisFoodborne Pathog Dis}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, year = {2010}, month = {Sep}, pages = {1113-20}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Agriculture, Animals, Crops, Agricultural, DNA Fingerprinting, DNA, Bacterial/analysis, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Forestry, genotype, Phenotype, Salmonella/classification/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, Serotyping, Swine/microbiology}, isbn = {1556-7125 (Electronic)
1535-3141 (Linking)}, author = {Patchanee, P. and Molla, B. and White, N. and Line, D. E. and Gebreyes, W. A.} } @article {9991, title = {{Transmission routes and risk factors for autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection in Europe: a systematic review}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {138}, number = {02}, year = {2010}, pages = {145}, abstract = {Increasing numbers of non-travel-associated hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections have been reported in Europe in recent years. Our objective was to review the evidence on risk factors and transmission routes of autochthonous HEV infection and hepatitis E in Europe in order to develop recommendations for future research, prevention and control. A systematic literature review was performed to identify all primary reports and studies published during 1998-2008 on hepatitis E in humans and animals in Europe by searching Pubmed, reference lists of major articles and international conference proceedings. Each of the 106 included studies was categorized into one of three evidence levels (EL) based on study design and diagnostic methodology. The evidence was generally weak (73 were assigned to EL1, two to both EL1 and EL2, and 30 to EL2), further compounded by the use of poorly validated serological assays in some studies. Only one case-control study was assigned to EL3. Persons with autochthonous hepatitis E infection were on average older than the general population and predominantly male. There was no evidence for one main transmission route of HEV infection or risk factor for hepatitis E. However, zoonotic transmission seemed likely and person-to-person transmission too inefficient to cause clinical disease. Multiple routes of transmission probably exist and should be further investigated through analytical studies and reliable diagnostic kits. Based on current evidence that points to zoonotic transmission from pigs, thorough cooking of all porcine products, prevention of cross-contamination in the kitchen and improved education for occupationally exposed people (e.g. pig farmers, veterinarians and sewage workers) may help prevent HEV infection. Although evidence for parenteral transmission is limited, it is recommended that a risk assessment is undertaken.}, keywords = {autochthonous, considered hyper-endemic, Europe, Hepatitis E, industrial-, ized countries were considered, most hev infections in, non-endemic, Risk Factors, Systematic review, these regions being sporadic, traditionally, with}, isbn = {0950-2688 {\%}[ 2010}, issn = {0950-2688}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268809990847}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0950268809990847}, author = {Lewis, H. C. and Wichmann, O. and Duizer, E.} } @article {8614, title = {{Trimethoprim as adjuvant treatment in schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial}}, journal = {Schizophr Res}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {846{\textendash}851}, author = {Shibre, T and Alem, A and Abdulahi, A and Araya, M and Beyero, T and Medhin, G and Deyassa, N and Negash, A and Nigatu, A and Kebede, D and Fekadu, A} } @article {11632, title = {{Trophic structure of a landlocked Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus population from southern Baffin Island, Canada}}, journal = {Ecology of Freshwater Fish}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {39{\textendash}50}, abstract = {Stable isotopes, diet and parasites were used to investigate the trophic structure of landlocked Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from a small Canadian Arctic lake. Two trophic levels of char were identified. The lower trophic level comprised smaller char that consumed mainly invertebrates and harboured low numbers of the cestode plerocercoid Diphyllobothrium spp. while the higher trophic level char were larger, mainly piscivorous and had high numbers of plerocercoids. Procercoids of Diphyllobothrium spp. in copepods are eaten by char where the parasite then differentiates into a plerocercoid. Plerocercoids from smaller fish are transmitted to larger fish by piscivory where they encyst again as plerocercoids until the fish is eaten by a gull. These plerocercoids are a good indicator of trophic level as their numbers accumulate over time in larger fish. The three variables together provided a better resolution of trophic structure than applied separately. For example, plerocercoid numbers plus diet were better predictors of trophic status than stable isotopes in 4{\textendash}7 year olds, but for char {\textdaggerdbl}8 years all three variables were complementary. Some char ({\textdaggerdbl}10 years old) were placed in the lower trophic level based on their stable isotope values and had low Diphyllobothrium spp. abundance but were piscivorous and{\textfractionsolidus} or cannibalistic. The absence of sexually mature char in the higher trophic group was associated with high numbers of Diphyllobothrium spp. plerocercoids.}, keywords = {Arctic char, Diet, parasites, Stable isotopes, Trophic structure}, issn = {09066691}, doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0633.2009.00387.x}, author = {Gallagher, C. P. and Dick, T. A.} } @article {5733, title = {{Update: a Food-Borne Outbreak of Hepatitis A in the Netherlands Related to Semi-Dried Tomatoes in Oil, January-February 2010}}, journal = {Euro Surveillance}, volume = {15}, number = {20}, year = {2010}, pages = {pii:19572}, author = {Petrignani, M and Harms, M and Verhoef, L and van Hunen, R and Swaan, C and Van Steenbergen, J and Boxman, I and Peran i Sala, R and Ober, H and Vennema, H and Koopmans, M and Van Pelt, W} } @article {4762, title = {{Update on Cyclospora cayetanensis, a food-borne and waterborne parasite}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {23}, year = {2010}, pages = {218{\textendash}234}, author = {Ortega, YR and Sanchez, R} } @article {8565, title = {{Uptake and transmission of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by migratory, filter-feeding fish}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {169}, number = {3-4}, year = {2010}, pages = {296{\textendash}303}, author = {Massie, GN and Ware, MW and Villegas, EN and Black, MW} } @article {9728, title = {Urinary balantidiasis: diagnosis at a glance by urine sediment examination}, journal = {Journal of Nephrology}, volume = {23}, year = {2010}, pages = {732-737}, author = {Maino, A and G. Garigali and R. Grande and P. Messa and G. B. Fogazzi} } @inbook {16321, title = {{The use of carbon-utilization profiling to determine sources of fecal contamination in a central Texas watershed}}, booktitle = {Lake and Reservoir Management}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {jun}, pages = {104{\textendash}113}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis Group}, organization = {Taylor and Francis Group}, abstract = {

The purpose of this research was to characterize the relationship of Escherichia coli isolates from various animals, sewage, and water based on carbon substrate utilization patterns, and to use these patterns to determine the dominant contributors of nonpoint source fecal pollution to a central Texas reservoir from its watershed. We collected 1028 fecal samples from cattle, companion animals, goat, horse, poultry, sewage, sheep, and wildlife, collectively. From these, 1915 E. coli fecal isolates were analyzed. We collected 100 water samples throughout the North Bosque watershed; 910 E. coli water isolates were analyzed. The Biolog system was used to generate a carbon-utilization pattern for each isolate. A dendrogram constructed from the carbon-utilization patterns demonstrated that isolates from the same source category usually clustered together, excluding water isolates that were spread over many clusters. A bacterial-source tracking library was constructed from the carbon-utilization data obtained fro...

}, keywords = {bacteria, bacterial source tracking, carbon substrate utilization, Escherichia coli, Nonpoint source pollution}, issn = {1040-2381}, doi = {10.1080/07438141.2010.490769}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07438141.2010.490769}, author = {Nemec, Michelle D. and Massengale, Rene D.} } @booklet {13035, title = {The use of human urine as crop fertilizer in Mali, West Africa}, year = {2010}, publisher = {http://cee.eng.usf.edu/peacecorps/5\%20-\%20Resources/Theses/Sanitation/2010Shaw.pdf}, author = {Shaw, Ryan} } @mastersthesis {13406, title = {{The use of human urine as crop fertilizer in Mali, West Africa}}, year = {2010}, school = {Michigan Technological University}, type = {phd}, url = {http://cee.eng.usf.edu/peacecorps/5 - Resources/Theses/Sanitation/2010Shaw.pdf}, author = {Shaw, R.} } @article {7053, title = {Using community wealth ranking to identify the poor for subsidies: a case study of community-based health insurance in {Nouna}, {Burkina} {Faso}}, journal = {Health \& Social Care in the Community}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {jul}, pages = {363{\textendash}368}, abstract = {Access to health-care is low in developing countries. Poor people are less likely to seek care than those who are better off. Community-based health insurance (CBI) aims to improve healthcare utilisation by removing financial barriers, unfortunately CBI has been less effective in securing equity than expected. Poor people, who probably require greater protection from catastrophic health expenses, are less likely to enrol in such schemes. Therefore, it is important to implement targeted interventions so that the most in need are not left out. CBI has been offered to a district in Burkina Faso, comprising 7762 households in 41 villages and the district capital of Nouna since 2004. Community wealth ranking (CWR) was used in 2007 to identify the poorest quintile of households who were subsequently offered insurance at half the usual premium rate. The CWR is easy to implement and requires minimal resources such as interviews with local informants. As used in this study, the agreement between the key informants was more (37.5\%) in the villages than in Nouna town (27.3\%). CBI management unit only received nine complaints from villagers who considered that some households had been wrongly identified. Among the poorest, the annual enrolment increased from 18 households (1.1\%) in 2006 to 186 (11.1\%) in 2007 after subsidies. CWR is an alternative methodology to identify poor households and was found to be more cost and time efficient compared to other methods. It could be successfully replicated in low-income countries with similar contexts. Moreover, targeted subsidies had a positive impact on enrolment.}, keywords = {Burkina Faso, Focus Groups, Government Programs, Health, Health Status Disparities, Humans, Income, Insurance, Poverty, Residence Characteristics, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Population}, issn = {1365-2524}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2524.2009.00905.x}, author = {Souares, A. and Savadogo, G. and Dong, H. and Parmar, D. and Si{\'e}, A. and Sauerborn, R.} } @article {13412, title = {{Vermicomposting of source-separated human faeces for nutrient recycling}}, journal = {Waste Management}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {50{\textendash}56}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {The present study examined the suitability of vermicomposting technology for processing source-separated human faeces. Since the earthworm species Eisenia fetida could not survive in fresh faeces, modification in the physical characteristics of faeces was necessary before earthworms could be introduced to faeces. A preliminary study with six different combinations of faeces, soil and bulking material (vermicompost) in different layers was conducted to find out the best condition for biomass growth and reproduction of earthworms. The results indicated that SVFV combination (soil, vermicompost, faeces and vermicompost - bottom to top layers) was the best for earthworm biomass growth indicating the positive role of soil layer in earthworm biomass growth. Further studies with SVFV and VFV combinations, however, showed that soil layer did not enhance vermicompost production rate. Year-long study conducted with VFV combination to assess the quality and quantity of vermicompost produced showed an average vermicompost production rate of 0.30 kg-cast/kg-worm/day. The vermicompost produced was mature as indicated by low dissolved organic carbon (2.4 {\textpm} 0.43 mg/g) and low oxygen uptake rate (0.15 {\textpm} 0.09 mg O2/g VS/h). Complete inactivation of total coliforms was noted during the study, which is one of the important objectives of human faeces processing. Results of the study thus indicated the potential of vermicomposting for processing of source-separated human faeces. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {1879-2456 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0956-053X (Linking)}, issn = {0956053X}, doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.034}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.034}, author = {Yadav, Kunwar D. and Tare, Vinod and M M Ahammed} } @article {14103, title = {Verocytotoxin-producing {Escherichia} coli ({VTEC}).}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {140}, number = {3-4}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {360{\textendash}70}, abstract = {Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) are zoonotic pathogens associated with food and waterborne illness around the world. E. coli O157:H7 has been implicated in large outbreaks as well as in sporadic cases of haemorrhagic colitis and the sometimes fatal haemolytic uremic syndrome. VTs produced by these bacteria are thought to damage host endothelial cells in small vessels of the intestine, kidney and brain resulting in thrombotic microangiopathy. All VTs have the same subunit structure, glycolipid cell receptor and inhibit protein synthesis. During VTEC infection, it is thought one or more bacterial adhesins initiates colonization and establishes intimate attachment and is responsible for the translocation of a variety of effectors which alter the structure and function of host cells. VTEC are widespread in animals but ruminants are thought to be their natural reservoir. E. coli O157:H7 colonizes the terminal colon of cattle and can be shed in very large numbers by specific herdmates known as "supershedders". Faeces containing these organisms act as a source of contamination for a variety of foods and the environment. Many VTEC control efforts have been investigated along the "farm to fork" continuum including, vaccination of cattle with colonization factors, and the use of novel antimicrobials, such as bacteriocins, chloral hydrate, bacteriophage and substances which disrupt quorum sensing. In addition, many barriers have been developed for use in the slaughter and food processing industry such as steam pasteurization and irradiation. Despite these efforts many scientific, technical and regulatory challenges remain in the control and prevention of VTEC-associated human illness.}, keywords = {Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents: therapeutic use, Carrier State, Carrier State: epidemiology, Carrier State: microbiology, Carrier State: therapy, Carrier State: veterinary, Cattle, Cattle: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: therapy, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: microbiology, Foodborne Diseases: pathology, Humans, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: chemistry, Shiga Toxins: toxicity, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri, Zoonoses, Zoonoses: epidemiology, Zoonoses: microbiology}, issn = {1873-2542}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.011}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19410388}, author = {Karmali, Mohamed A and Gannon, Victor and Sargeant, Jan M} } @article {8053, title = {{Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC).}}, journal = {Veterinary Microbiology}, volume = {140}, number = {3-4}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {360{\textendash}70}, abstract = {

Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) are zoonotic pathogens associated with food and waterborne illness around the world. E. coli O157:H7 has been implicated in large outbreaks as well as in sporadic cases of haemorrhagic colitis and the sometimes fatal haemolytic uremic syndrome. VTs produced by these bacteria are thought to damage host endothelial cells in small vessels of the intestine, kidney and brain resulting in thrombotic microangiopathy. All VTs have the same subunit structure, glycolipid cell receptor and inhibit protein synthesis. During VTEC infection, it is thought one or more bacterial adhesins initiates colonization and establishes intimate attachment and is responsible for the translocation of a variety of effectors which alter the structure and function of host cells. VTEC are widespread in animals but ruminants are thought to be their natural reservoir. E. coli O157:H7 colonizes the terminal colon of cattle and can be shed in very large numbers by specific herdmates known as \"supershedders\". Faeces containing these organisms act as a source of contamination for a variety of foods and the environment. Many VTEC control efforts have been investigated along the \"farm to fork\" continuum including, vaccination of cattle with colonization factors, and the use of novel antimicrobials, such as bacteriocins, chloral hydrate, bacteriophage and substances which disrupt quorum sensing. In addition, many barriers have been developed for use in the slaughter and food processing industry such as steam pasteurization and irradiation. Despite these efforts many scientific, technical and regulatory challenges remain in the control and prevention of VTEC-associated human illness.

}, keywords = {Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents: therapeutic use, Carrier State, Carrier State: epidemiology, Carrier State: microbiology, Carrier State: therapy, Carrier State: veterinary, Cattle, Cattle: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: therapy, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: microbiology, Foodborne Diseases: pathology, Humans, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: chemistry, Shiga Toxins: toxicity, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} puri, Zoonoses, Zoonoses: epidemiology, Zoonoses: microbiology}, issn = {1873-2542}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.011}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19410388}, author = {Karmali, Mohamed A and Gannon, Victor and Sargeant, Jan M} } @article {2311, title = {{Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC).}}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {140}, number = {3-4}, year = {2010}, month = {jan}, pages = {360{\textendash}70}, abstract = {Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) are zoonotic pathogens associated with food and waterborne illness around the world. E. coli O157:H7 has been implicated in large outbreaks as well as in sporadic cases of haemorrhagic colitis and the sometimes fatal haemolytic uremic syndrome. VTs produced by these bacteria are thought to damage host endothelial cells in small vessels of the intestine, kidney and brain resulting in thrombotic microangiopathy. All VTs have the same subunit structure, glycolipid cell receptor and inhibit protein synthesis. During VTEC infection, it is thought one or more bacterial adhesins initiates colonization and establishes intimate attachment and is responsible for the translocation of a variety of effectors which alter the structure and function of host cells. VTEC are widespread in animals but ruminants are thought to be their natural reservoir. E. coli O157:H7 colonizes the terminal colon of cattle and can be shed in very large numbers by specific herdmates known as "supershedders". Faeces containing these organisms act as a source of contamination for a variety of foods and the environment. Many VTEC control efforts have been investigated along the "farm to fork" continuum including, vaccination of cattle with colonization factors, and the use of novel antimicrobials, such as bacteriocins, chloral hydrate, bacteriophage and substances which disrupt quorum sensing. In addition, many barriers have been developed for use in the slaughter and food processing industry such as steam pasteurization and irradiation. Despite these efforts many scientific, technical and regulatory challenges remain in the control and prevention of VTEC-associated human illness.}, keywords = {Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents: therapeutic use, Carrier State, Carrier State: epidemiology, Carrier State: microbiology, Carrier State: therapy, Carrier State: veterinary, Cattle, Cattle: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: therapy, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: microbiology, Foodborne Diseases: pathology, Humans, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: chemistry, Shiga Toxins: toxicity, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri, Zoonoses, Zoonoses: epidemiology, Zoonoses: microbiology}, issn = {1873-2542}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.011}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19410388}, author = {Karmali, Mohamed A and Gannon, Victor and Sargeant, Jan M} } @article {12068, title = {Viability of Ascaris and other helminth genera non larval eggs in different conditions of temperature, lime (pH) and humidity}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {62}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, note = {Maya, C
Ortiz, M
Jimenez, B
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2010/11/26 06:00
Water Sci Technol. 2010;62(11):2616-24. doi: 10.2166/wst.2010.535.}, pages = {2616-24}, abstract = {

Helminth eggs are the pathogens most resistant to inactivation during sludge and wastewater treatment. For this reason, in several regulations and the WHO guidelines for wastewater and excreta reuse for agriculture and aquaculture they are considered as indicators of the performance of the treatment process. Conditions required to inactivate helminth eggs, notably Ascaris lumbricoides, are recommended in the literature, but in practice these have not always proven effective, not only for Ascaris but also other genera of helminth eggs. The objective of this research was to study the inactivation of a high total content of non larval Ascaris and other genera of helminth eggs of medical importance to developing countries under controlled conditions of (a) temperature (30 degrees C to 80 degrees C) and humidity (80, 90 and 95\%) and (b) lime doses (15 and 20\% of CaO w/w dry basis) and humidity (90 and 80\%), using different contact times in both cases. The inactivation data obtained for different genera of non larval helminth eggs is presented. Results showed that there is a combination of conditions (temperature, pH and humidity) that is optimal for inactivation. To completely inactivate any genera of non larval helminth eggs: (a) a temperature above 70 degrees C and 80\% humidity for a duration of 120 min; and, (b) a 20\% CaO dose (pH 12.5) and a humidity level of 80\% for a duration of 8 months are needed. With regard to the resistance of different genera of helminth eggs, Ascaris, Toxocara and Taenia, in that order, were the most resistant, while the most sensitive were Trichuris and Hymenolepis. For most of the conditions tested Ascaris showed the highest resistance, probably due to the chemical arrangement of its membrane.

}, keywords = {*Temperature, Animals, Ascaris/*drug effects/*physiology, Calcium Compounds/chemistry/*pharmacology, Humidity, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ovum/*drug effects/physiology, Oxides/chemistry/*pharmacology, Time Factors, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Maya, C. and Ortiz, M. and Jimenez, B.} } @article {16560, title = {Viability of {Ascaris} and other helminth genera non larval eggs in different conditions of temperature, lime ({pH}) and humidity}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {62}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, pages = {2616{\textendash}24}, abstract = {Helminth eggs are the pathogens most resistant to inactivation during sludge and wastewater treatment. For this reason, in several regulations and the WHO guidelines for wastewater and excreta reuse for agriculture and aquaculture they are considered as indicators of the performance of the treatment process. Conditions required to inactivate helminth eggs, notably Ascaris lumbricoides, are recommended in the literature, but in practice these have not always proven effective, not only for Ascaris but also other genera of helminth eggs. The objective of this research was to study the inactivation of a high total content of non larval Ascaris and other genera of helminth eggs of medical importance to developing countries under controlled conditions of (a) temperature (30 degrees C to 80 degrees C) and humidity (80, 90 and 95\%) and (b) lime doses (15 and 20\% of CaO w/w dry basis) and humidity (90 and 80\%), using different contact times in both cases. The inactivation data obtained for different genera of non larval helminth eggs is presented. Results showed that there is a combination of conditions (temperature, pH and humidity) that is optimal for inactivation. To completely inactivate any genera of non larval helminth eggs: (a) a temperature above 70 degrees C and 80\% humidity for a duration of 120 min; and, (b) a 20\% CaO dose (pH 12.5) and a humidity level of 80\% for a duration of 8 months are needed. With regard to the resistance of different genera of helminth eggs, Ascaris, Toxocara and Taenia, in that order, were the most resistant, while the most sensitive were Trichuris and Hymenolepis. For most of the conditions tested Ascaris showed the highest resistance, probably due to the chemical arrangement of its membrane.}, keywords = {*Temperature, Animals, Ascaris/*drug effects/*physiology, Calcium Compounds/chemistry/*pharmacology, Humidity, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ovum/*drug effects/physiology, Oxides/chemistry/*pharmacology, Time Factors, Water/*parasitology}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.535}, author = {Maya, C. and Ortiz, M. and Jimenez, B.} } @article {2728, title = {Viral and bacterial contamination in recreational waters: a case study in the Lisbon bay area}, year = {2010}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04503.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04503.x}, author = {Silva, AM and Vieira, H and Martins, N} } @article {10437, title = {Viral and Bacterial Contamination in Recreational Waters: a Case Study in the Lisbon Bay Area}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {108}, year = {2010}, pages = {1023-31}, author = {Silva, A.M. and Vieira, H. and Martins, N. and Granja, A.T. and Vale, M.J. and Vale, F.F.} } @article {1093, title = {Viral and bacterial contamination in recreational waters: a case study in the Lisbon bay area}, year = {2010}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04503.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04503.x}, author = {Silva, AM and Vieira, H and Martins, N} } @article {5544, title = {{Viral multiplex quantitative PCR assays for tracking sources of fecal contamination}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {1388{\textendash}1394}, abstract = {Human and animal fecal pollution of the environment presents a risk to human health because of the presence of pathogenic viruses and bacteria. To distinguish between human and animal sources of pollution, we designed specific real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays for human and animal enteric viruses, including norovirus genogroups I, II, and III; porcine adenovirus types 3 and 5; ovine adenovirus; atadenovirus; and human adenovirus species C and F, which are excreted by infected humans, pigs, cattle, sheep, deer, and goats, and for the detection of F+ RNA bacteriophage genogroups I to IV, which are associated with human and animal wastes. The sensitivity of this viral toolbox (VTB) was tested against 10-fold dilution series of DNA plasmids that carry the target sequences of the respective viruses and was shown to detect at least 10 plasmid copies for each assay. A panel of human and animal enteric and respiratory viruses showed these assays to be highly sensitive and specific to their respective targets. The VTB was used to detect viruses in fecal and environmental samples, including raw sewage and biosolids from municipal sewage treatment plants, abattoir sewage, and fecally contaminated shellfish and river water, which were likely to contain animal or human viruses.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02249-09}, author = {Wolf, Sandro and Hewitt, Joanne and Greening, Gail E.} } @article {4376, title = {{Viral multiplex quantitative PCR assays for tracking sources of fecal contamination.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, month = {mar}, pages = {1388{\textendash}94}, abstract = {

Human and animal fecal pollution of the environment presents a risk to human health because of the presence of pathogenic viruses and bacteria. To distinguish between human and animal sources of pollution, we designed specific real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays for human and animal enteric viruses, including norovirus genogroups I, II, and III; porcine adenovirus types 3 and 5; ovine adenovirus; atadenovirus; and human adenovirus species C and F, which are excreted by infected humans, pigs, cattle, sheep, deer, and goats, and for the detection of F+ RNA bacteriophage genogroups I to IV, which are associated with human and animal wastes. The sensitivity of this viral toolbox (VTB) was tested against 10-fold dilution series of DNA plasmids that carry the target sequences of the respective viruses and was shown to detect at least 10 plasmid copies for each assay. A panel of human and animal enteric and respiratory viruses showed these assays to be highly sensitive and specific to their respective targets. The VTB was used to detect viruses in fecal and environmental samples, including raw sewage and biosolids from municipal sewage treatment plants, abattoir sewage, and fecally contaminated shellfish and river water, which were likely to contain animal or human viruses.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: classification, Bacteriophages: genetics, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollution, Feces, Feces: virology, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viruses, Viruses: classification, Viruses: genetics, Viruses: isolation {\&} purification}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02249-09}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2832383{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Wolf, Sandro and Hewitt, Joanne and Greening, Gail E} } @article {7610, title = {{Viral multiplex quantitative PCR assays for tracking sources of fecal contamination}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, pages = {1388-1394}, abstract = {

Human and animal fecal pollution of the environment presents a risk to human health because of the presence of pathogenic viruses and bacteria. To distinguish between human and animal sources of pollution, vre designed specific real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays for human and animal enteric viruses, including norovirus genogroups I, II, and III; porcine adenovirus types 3 and S; ovine adenovirus; atadenovirus; and human adenovirus species C and F, which are excreted by Infected humans, pigs, cattle, sheep, deer, and goats, and for the detection of F+ RNA bacteriophage genogroups I to IV, which are associated with human and animal wastes. The sensitivity of this viral toolbox (VTB) was tested against 10-fold dilution series of DNA plasmids that carry the target sequences of the respective viruses and was shown to detect at least 10 plasmid copies for each assay. A panel of human and animal enteric and respiratory viruses showed these assays to be highly sensitive and specific to their respective targets. The VTB was used to detect viruses in fecal and environmental samples, including raw sewage and biosolids from municipal sewage treatment plants, abattoir sewage, and fecally contaminated shellfish and river water, which were likely to contain animal or human viruses. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02249-09}, author = {Wolf, S. and Hewitt, J. and Greening, G.E.} } @article {13807, title = {Viral multiplex quantitative {PCR} assays for tracking sources of fecal contamination}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {5}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Human and animal fecal pollution of the environment presents a risk to human health because of the presence of pathogenic viruses and bacteria. To distinguish between human and animal sources of pollution, vre designed specific real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays for human and animal enteric viruses, including norovirus genogroups I, II, and III; porcine adenovirus types 3 and S; ovine adenovirus; atadenovirus; and human adenovirus species C and F, which are excreted by Infected humans, pigs, cattle, sheep, deer, and goats, and for the detection of F+ RNA bacteriophage genogroups I to IV, which are associated with human and animal wastes. The sensitivity of this viral toolbox (VTB) was tested against 10-fold dilution series of DNA plasmids that carry the target sequences of the respective viruses and was shown to detect at least 10 plasmid copies for each assay. A panel of human and animal enteric and respiratory viruses showed these assays to be highly sensitive and specific to their respective targets. The VTB was used to detect viruses in fecal and environmental samples, including raw sewage and biosolids from municipal sewage treatment plants, abattoir sewage, and fecally contaminated shellfish and river water, which were likely to contain animal or human viruses. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02249-09}, author = {Wolf, S. and Hewitt, J. and Greening, G.E.} } @article {11932, title = {ViralZone: a knowledge resource to understand virus diversity}, journal = {Nucleic acids research}, volume = {39}, number = {suppl_1}, year = {2010}, pages = {D576-D582}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0305-1048}, author = {Hulo, Chantal and De Castro, Edouard and Masson, Patrick and Bougueleret, Lydie and Bairoch, Amos and Xenarios, Ioannis and Le Mercier, Philippe} } @mastersthesis {6784, title = {A virtuous cycle: {Tracing} democratic quality though equality}, year = {2010}, note = {3436926}, school = {Texas A\&M University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation asks the question: How do democracies improve in quality? Building on previous scholarship, the author offers a theoretical framework that traces democratic quality through equality of outcomes. The quality of democracy may be conceptualized as a virtuous cycle where the procedural aspects of democracy motivate politicians to expand equality. This broadening of substantive opportunities outcomes, in turn, deepens democracy by developing individual-level political participation. The theoretical framework is applied to the context of public services with the expectation that quality democracies with high government capacity more broadly distribute basic public services and that this pattern of provision cultivates political participation. The first empirical analysis tests if the quality of democracy and government capacity are associated with reduced service inequalities for a sample of 75 countries. It is found that while equalities of education and sanitation services are significantly related to democratic quality, healthcare is not, nor is government capacity shown to play a significant role. To further explore this, the Mexican states are analyzed for the years 2000 to 2004; the results show that capacity in terms of tax collection efforts is associated with lower inequalities in education services in states with high electoral competition. The second empirical analysis turns to the local level of government{\textendash}where services are delivered. Using original data from interviews and government records of four Mexican municipalities, the author examines the aspects of democracy and government capacity that are correlated with lower inequalities of public services. The findings highlight that intense electoral competition and institutionalized channels of citizen input as well as capacity in terms of sound collection of municipal taxes and innovations in municipal funding are characteristics of governments with broader distribution of basic public services. The third empirical analysis tests if public services are related to individual-level political participation. Employing survey data from Latin America and Africa, the author finds that "good" public service evaluations are associated with greater likelihoods of voting in high quality democracies{\textendash}those with intense electoral competition{\textendash}but limited government capacity. This offers evidence that in a developing context, public services enable political participation.}, keywords = {0615:Political science, Democracy, Democratic quality, Equality, Political science, Public services, Social sciences, Social services}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/821232569?accountid=14270}, author = {Ross, Ashley Dyan} } @article {6065, title = {Vulnerability of unconfined aquifers to virus contamination}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {1170{\textendash}1181}, author = {Schijven, JF and Majid S Hassanizadeh and Ana M. De Roda Husman} } @article {1360, title = {Washoff behavior of in-sewer deposit in combined sewer system through artificial flushing experiment}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {61}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, note = {Kim, W J Managaki, S Furumai, H Nakajima, F Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research Water Sci Technol. 2010;61(11):2835-42. doi: 10.2166/wst.2010.097.}, pages = {2835-42}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In-sewer deposits in combined sewer systems (CSSs) are closely related with the behavior of first foul flush and combined sewer overflows. However, the research paying attention to the role of in-sewer deposits is quite rare, furthermore, their contributions for the washoff patterns of each pollutant including pathogenic microorganisms are almost never discussed so far. The artificial flushing experiment separating the washoff of in-sewer deposits from the inflow of surface pollutants was carried out to simulate the first foul flush in a CSS. The washoff behaviors of each pollutant including bacterial indicators and enteric viruses were investigated. Several morphological analyses for the concentration and load curves of each parameter were conducted and all patterns were classified according to their washoff characteristics and first foul flush patterns. The washoff behaviors of each pollutant and microorganism are different from each other and categorized into several groups according to their (i) time-series concentration and load curves and (ii) concentration vs. flow rate curves, respectively. The first foul flush patterns of each parameter were to be categorized into typical 3 groups; strong-, partial-, and no first foul flush group. The order of these groups signifies the strength of the first foul flush phenomena and the runoff priority as well.}, keywords = {Fluid/ methods Water Microbiology Water Movements, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2010.097}, author = {Kim, W. J. and Managaki, S. and Furumai, H. and Nakajima, F.} } @book {5400, title = {{Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries}}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Earthscan}, organization = {Earthscan}, address = {London, UK}, editor = {Drechsel, P and Scott, CA and Raschid-Sally, L and Redwood, M and Bahri, A} } @book {10268, title = {Wastewater Irrigation and Health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Earthscan}, organization = {Earthscan}, author = {Drechsel, Pay, and Scott, Christopher, and Raschid-Sally, Liqa and Redwood, Mark, and Bahri, Akica} } @book {16521, title = {Wastewater irrigation and health : assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Earthscan}, organization = {Earthscan}, address = {London ; Sterling, VA}, keywords = {Agriculture methods., Developing Countries., Public health Developing countries., Risk Assessment., Sewage Health aspects., Sewage irrigation Developing countries., Sewage., Water Purification.}, isbn = {9781844077953 (hc) 9781844077960 (pbk.) 1844077950 (hc) 1844077969 (pbk.)}, author = {Drechsel, Pay} } @book {12029, title = {Wastewater irrigation and health : assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries}, year = {2010}, note = {2009029309
GBA982130
edited by Pay Drechsel ... [et al.].
ill. ; 24 cm.
"First published by Earthscan with the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in the UK and USA in 2010."--T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Wastewater, sludge and excreta use in developing countries : an overview / Blanca Jiménez ... [et al.] -- Assessing and mitigating wastewater-related health risks in low-income countries : an introduction / Robert Bos, Richard Carr, Bernard Keraita -- Risk analysis and epidemiology : the 2006 WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture / Duncan Mara, Robert Bos -- Approaches to evaluate and develop health risk-based standards using available data / Inés Navarro ... [et al.] -- Tools for risk analysis : updating the 2006 WHO guidelines / Duncan Mara ... [et al.] -- Non-pathogenic trade-offs of wastewater irrigation / Manzoor Qadir, Christopher Scott -- Risk analysis integrating livelihood and economic impacts of wastewater irrigation on health / Marites Tiongco, Clare Narrod, Kelly Bidwell -- Wastewater treatment for pathogen removal and nutrient conservation : suitable systems for use in developing countries / Blanca Jiménez ... [et al.] -- Low-cost options for pathogen reduction and nutrient recovery from faecal sludge / Doulaye Koné, Olufunke Cofie, Kara Nelson -- Farm-based measures for reducing microbiological health risks for consumers from informal wastewater-irrigated agriculture / Bernard Keraita, Flemming Konradsen, Pay Drechsel --
Farm-based measures for reducing human and environmental health risks from chemical constituents in wastewater / Robert Simmons, Manzoor Qadir, Pay Drechsel -- Applying the multiple-barrier approach for microbial risk reduction in the post-harvest sector of wastewater-irrigated vegetables / Sanja Ilic ... [et al.] -- Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions for diarrhoeal disease reduction among consumers of wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Ghana / Razak Seidu, Pay Drechsel -- Challenging conventional approaches to managing wastewater use in agriculture / Frans Huibers, Mark Redwood, Liqa Raschid-Sally -- Designing reuse-oriented sanitation infrastructure : the design for service planning approach / Ashley Murray, Chris Buckley -- Facilitating the adoption of food-safety interventions in the street-food sector and on farm / Hanna Karg ... [et al.] -- Harnessing farmers{\textquoteright} knowledge and perceptions for health-risk reduction in wastewater -irrigated agriculture / Bernard Keraita ... [et al.] -- Multi-stakeholder processes for managing wastewater use in agriculture / Alexandra Evans, Liqa Raschid-Sally, Olufunke Cofie --Wastewater irrigation and health : challenges and outlook for mitigating risks in low-income countries / Christopher Scott ... [et al.].}, pages = {xxvi, 404 p.}, publisher = {Earthscan}, organization = {Earthscan}, address = {London ; Sterling, VA}, keywords = {Agriculture methods., Developing Countries., Public health Developing countries., Risk Assessment., Sewage Health aspects., Sewage irrigation Developing countries., Sewage., Water Purification.}, isbn = {9781844077953 (hc)
9781844077960 (pbk.)
1844077950 (hc)
1844077969 (pbk.)}, author = {Drechsel, Pay} } @article {10401, title = {Wastewater treatment for pathogen removal and nutrient conservation: suitable systems for use in developing countries}, journal = {Astewater Irrigation}, year = {2010}, pages = {149}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, Blanca and Mara, Duncan and Carr, Richard and Brissaud, Fran{\c c}ois} } @article {13115, title = {Wastewater treatment for pathogen removal and nutrient conservation: suitable systems for use in developing countries}, journal = {Wastewater Irrigation and Health. Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-Income Countries}, year = {2010}, pages = {149{\textendash}169}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, Blanca and Mara, Duncan and Carr, Richard and Brissaud, Fran{\c c}ois} } @article {9003, title = {Wastewater treatment using gamma irradiation: Tetouan pilot station, Morocco}, journal = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry}, volume = {79}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {424-428}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0969-806x}, doi = {10.1016/j.radphyschem.2009.11.008}, url = {://WOS:000275388200006 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0969806X09005520/1-s2.0-S0969806X09005520-main.pdf?_tid=568a69ce-535b-11e6-a59b-00000aab0f6b\&acdnat=1469556424_0dc9132fe90e0c75690f8a452581bffa}, author = {Tahri, L. and Elgarrouj, D. and Zantar, S. and Mouhib, M. and Azmani, A. and Sayah, F.} } @article {8360, title = {{Wastewater use in irrigated agricultureitle}}, journal = {Irrigated and Drainage Systems}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {1{\textendash}3}, doi = {10.1007/s10795-010-9095-5}, author = {Drechsel, P. and Evans, A.E.V.} } @article {7347, title = {Water and sanitation infrastructure for health: {The} impact of foreign aid}, journal = {Globalization and health}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, year = {2010}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-8603-6-12.pdf}, author = {Botting, Marianne J. and Porbeni, Edoye O. and Joffres, Michel R. and Johnston, Bradley C. and Black, Robert E. and Mills, Edward J.} } @article {6757, title = {Water and sewage systems, socio-demographics, and duration of residence associated with endemic intestinal infectious diseases: a cohort study}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {1}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/767\%20}, author = {Teschke, Kay and Bellack, Neil and Shen, Hui and Atwater, Jim and Chu, Rong and Koehoorn, Mieke and MacNab, Ying C. and Schreier, Hans and Isaac-Renton, Judith L.} } @booklet {10495, title = {{Water, England and Wales: The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations}}, year = {2010} } @article {10552, title = {{Water microbiology: bacterial pathogens and water}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {7}, year = {2010}, pages = {3657{\textendash}3703}, author = {Cabral, JPS} } @article {7960, title = {{Water Microbiology. Bacterial Pathogens and Water}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, month = {oct}, pages = {3657{\textendash}3703}, publisher = {Molecular Diversity Preservation International}, abstract = {Water is essential to life, but many people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water and many die of waterborne bacterial infections. In this review a general characterization of the most important bacterial diseases transmitted through water{\textemdash}cholera, typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery{\textemdash}is presented, focusing on the biology and ecology of the causal agents and on the diseases{\textquoteright} characteristics and their life cycles in the environment. The importance of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and emerging pathogens in drinking water-transmitted diseases is also briefly discussed. Microbiological water analysis is mainly based on the concept of fecal indicator bacteria. The main bacteria present in human and animal feces (focusing on their behavior in their hosts and in the environment) and the most important fecal indicator bacteria are presented and discussed (focusing on the advantages and limitations of their use as markers). Important sources of bacterial fecal pollution of environmental waters are also briefly indicated. In the last topic it is discussed which indicators of fecal pollution should be used in current drinking water microbiological analysis. It was concluded that safe drinking water for all is one of the major challenges of the 21st century and that microbiological control of drinking water should be the norm everywhere. Routine basic microbiological analysis of drinking water should be carried out by assaying the presence of Escherichia coli by culture methods. Whenever financial resources are available, fecal coliform determinations should be complemented with the quantification of enterococci. More studies are needed in order to check if ammonia is reliable for a preliminary screening for emergency fecal pollution outbreaks. Financial resources should be devoted to a better understanding of the ecology and behavior of human and animal fecal bacteria in environmental waters.}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph7103657}, author = {Cabral, Jo{\~a}o P. S.} } @article {2180, title = {{Water Microbiology. Bacterial Pathogens and Water}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {3657{\textendash}3703}, publisher = {Molecular Diversity Preservation International}, abstract = {Water is essential to life, but many people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water and many die of waterborne bacterial infections. In this review a general characterization of the most important bacterial diseases transmitted through water{\textemdash}cholera, typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery{\textemdash}is presented, focusing on the biology and ecology of the causal agents and on the diseases{\textquoteright} characteristics and their life cycles in the environment. The importance of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and emerging pathogens in drinking water-transmitted diseases is also briefly discussed. Microbiological water analysis is mainly based on the concept of fecal indicator bacteria. The main bacteria present in human and animal feces (focusing on their behavior in their hosts and in the environment) and the most important fecal indicator bacteria are presented and discussed (focusing on the advantages and limitations of their use as markers). Important sources of bacterial fecal pollution of environmental waters are also briefly indicated. In the last topic it is discussed which indicators of fecal pollution should be used in current drinking water microbiological analysis. It was concluded that safe drinking water for all is one of the major challenges of the 21st century and that microbiological control of drinking water should be the norm everywhere. Routine basic microbiological analysis of drinking water should be carried out by assaying the presence of Escherichia coli by culture methods. Whenever financial resources are available, fecal coliform determinations should be complemented with the quantification of enterococci. More studies are needed in order to check if ammonia is reliable for a preliminary screening for emergency fecal pollution outbreaks. Financial resources should be devoted to a better understanding of the ecology and behavior of human and animal fecal bacteria in environmental waters.}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph7103657}, author = {Cabral, Jo{\~a}o P. S.} } @article {13948, title = {Water {Microbiology}. {Bacterial} {Pathogens} and {Water}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, month = {oct}, pages = {3657{\textendash}3703}, abstract = {Water is essential to life, but many people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water and many die of waterborne bacterial infections. In this review a general characterization of the most important bacterial diseases transmitted through water{\textemdash}cholera, typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery{\textemdash}is presented, focusing on the biology and ecology of the causal agents and on the diseases{\textquoteright} characteristics and their life cycles in the environment. The importance of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and emerging pathogens in drinking water-transmitted diseases is also briefly discussed. Microbiological water analysis is mainly based on the concept of fecal indicator bacteria. The main bacteria present in human and animal feces (focusing on their behavior in their hosts and in the environment) and the most important fecal indicator bacteria are presented and discussed (focusing on the advantages and limitations of their use as markers). Important sources of bacterial fecal pollution of environmental waters are also briefly indicated. In the last topic it is discussed which indicators of fecal pollution should be used in current drinking water microbiological analysis. It was concluded that safe drinking water for all is one of the major challenges of the 21st century and that microbiological control of drinking water should be the norm everywhere. Routine basic microbiological analysis of drinking water should be carried out by assaying the presence of Escherichia coli by culture methods. Whenever financial resources are available, fecal coliform determinations should be complemented with the quantification of enterococci. More studies are needed in order to check if ammonia is reliable for a preliminary screening for emergency fecal pollution outbreaks. Financial resources should be devoted to a better understanding of the ecology and behavior of human and animal fecal bacteria in environmental waters.}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph7103657}, author = {Cabral, Jo{\~a}o P. S.} } @article {17000, title = {Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {3657{\textendash}3703}, publisher = {Molecular Diversity Preservation International}, author = {Cabral, Jo{\~a}o PS} } @article {7482, title = {Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea}, journal = {International journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {39}, number = {suppl 1}, year = {2010}, pages = {i193{\textendash}i205}, keywords = {Diarrhea, Drinking, Evidence-Based Medicine, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Hygiene, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Risk Management, sanitation, Toilet Facilities, water}, url = {http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/suppl_1/i193.short}, author = {Cairncross, Sandy and Hunt, Caroline and Boisson, Sophie and Bostoen, Kristof and Curtis, Val and Fung, Isaac CH and Schmidt, Wolf-Peter} } @article {16472, title = {Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea}, journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {39}, year = {2010}, pages = {193-205}, author = {Cairncross, S. and Hunt, C. and Boisson, S. and Bostoen, K. and Curtis, V. and Fung, I.C.H. and Schmidt, W.P.} } @article {15978, title = {{Water Supply and Health}}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, year = {2010}, month = {nov}, pages = {e1000361}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, abstract = {As one article in a four-part PLoS Medicine series on water and sanitation, Paul Hunter and colleagues argue that much more effort is needed to improve access to safe and sustainable water supplies.}, issn = {1549-1676}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1000361}, url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000361}, author = {Hunter, Paul R. and Macdonald, Alan M. and Carter, Richard C.} } @book {9268, title = {{Water technology: an introduction for environmental scientists and engineers}}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Butterworth-Heinemann.}, organization = {Butterworth-Heinemann.}, author = {Gray, NF} } @mastersthesis {6830, title = {Water use in the western {U}.{S}.: {Irrigated} agriculture, water leases, and public preferences}, year = {2010}, note = {3428628}, school = {Colorado State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In the western U.S., water continues to be reallocated from agricultural to urban uses as a result of rapid population growth and urbanization. However, the negative implications of permanent rural-to-urban water transfers call into question the economic practicality and social acceptability of additional transfers. While some of the short-term economic impacts of permanent water transfers have been estimated, less attention has been given to the longer- term impacts of such transfers. There is also a need to evaluate the economic and social viability of emerging alternatives to permanent water transfers. In addition to assessing the economic contribution of irrigated agriculture, this dissertation assesses the economic and social viability of water transfers and some of their alternatives, from the perspectives of both farmers and urban households. Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of western water law and motivation for the research. Chapter 2 assesses some of the longer-term effects of reduced irrigated acreage on the economic health of western rural counties. First, the relationship between irrigated agriculture and rural economic health is modeled via regression analysis of secondary data. The modeled relationship is then examined for structural breaks to test whether there is a minimum level of irrigated land necessary to sustain the economic health of rural agricultural communities. In Chapter 3, a of households in the western U.S. uncovers public perceptions and preferences regarding water use, conservation, and reallocation; current levels of water knowledge; and willingness to pay a fee in support of various water conservation and reallocation programs. In Chapter 4, a survey of irrigators in eastern Colorado is used to estimate a supply curve for leased water and to identify some of the factors that influence farmers{\textquoteright} decision to lease their water. Chapter 5 concludes and suggests areas for further study. The research results will be useful to rural community leaders who are concerned with the evolution of their communities as their resources transition to urban use; urban planners as they consider water supply options; western households as they face the costs of water supply and reallocation programs; policymakers as they consider implementation of water lease markets; and farmers as they consider selling or leasing their water rights.}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, 0595:Water Resource Management, Agricultural economics, Earth sciences, Irrigated, Public preferences, Social sciences, Water leases, Water Resource Management, Water scarcity, Willingness to pay}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/757375387?accountid=14270}, author = {Thorvaldson, Jennifer Lynn} } @article {6841, title = {Waterborne disease in {Norway}: emphasizing outbreaks in groundwater systems}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {61}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {563{\textendash}571}, author = {Kvitsand, H M and Fiksdal, L} } @booklet {1745, title = {Waterborne Pathogens Enterovirus}, year = {2010}, publisher = {http://waterbornepathogens.susana.org/menuviruses Last accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {Nocker, A. and Gerba, C.} } @article {8522, title = {{Waterborne toxoplasmosis{\textendash}recent developments}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {124}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {10{\textendash}25}, author = {Jones, JL and Dubey, JP} } @article {7277, title = {Waterborne transmission of {Cryptosporidium} and {Giardia}: detection, surveillance and implications for public health}, journal = {Mendez-Vilas A. Curr. Res. Technol. Educ. Topics Appl. Microbiol. Microb. Biotechnol}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {3{\textendash}14}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Carmena/publication/266047538_Waterborne_transmission_of_Cryptosporidium_and_Giardia_detection_surveillance_and_implications_for_public_health/links/55408c630cf29680de9de235.pdf}, author = {Carmena, D.} } @inbook {4014, title = {{Waterborne transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia: detection, surveillance and implications for public health}}, booktitle = {Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology}, year = {2010}, pages = {3{\textendash}14}, publisher = {Formatex}, organization = {Formatex}, address = {Badajoz}, author = {Carmena, D}, editor = {Mendez-Vilas, A} } @article {10819, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2009}, volume = {85}, number = {31}, year = {2010}, pages = {293{\textendash}308} } @article {6947, title = {What can global health institutions do to help strengthen health systems in low income countries?}, journal = {Health Research Policy and Systems / BioMed Central}, volume = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {22}, abstract = {Weaknesses in health systems contribute to a failure to improve health outcomes in developing countries, despite increased official development assistance. Changes in the demands on health systems, as well as their scope to respond, mean that the situation is likely to become more problematic in the future. Diverse global initiatives seek to strengthen health systems, but progress will require better coordination between them, use of strategies based on the best available evidence obtained especially from evaluation of large scale programs, and improved global aid architecture that supports these processes. This paper sets out the case for global leadership to support health systems investments and help ensure the synergies between vertical and horizontal programs that are essential for effective functioning of health systems. At national level, it is essential to increase capacity to manage and deliver services, situate interventions firmly within national strategies, ensure effective implementation, and co-ordinate external support with local resources. Health systems performance should be monitored, with clear lines of accountability, and reforms should build on evidence of what works in what circumstances.}, issn = {1478-4505}, doi = {10.1186/1478-4505-8-22}, author = {Balabanova, Dina and Mckee, Martin and Mills, Anne and Walt, Gill and Haines, Andy} } @book {16934, title = {White{\textquoteright}s handbook of chlorination and alternative disinfectants}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {Wiley}, author = {White, George Clifford} } @article {3760, title = {X-ray crystal structure of the rotavirus inner capsid particle at 3.8 A resolution.}, journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology}, volume = {397}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {587{\textendash}599}, author = {McClain, B and Settembre, E and Temple, BR and Bellamy, AR and Harrison, SC} } @article {1963, title = {Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica Infections, FoodNet, 1996-2007}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, note = {17}, pages = {566-567}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1603.091106}, url = {://WOS:000275404700040}, author = {Long, Cherie and Jones, Timothy F. and Vugia, Duc J. and Scheftel, Joni and Strockbine, Nancy and Ryan, Patricia and Shiferaw, Beletshachew and Tauxe, Robert V. and Gould, L. Hannah} } @article {3667, title = {Zoonotic aspects of rotaviruses.}, journal = {Veterinary Microbiology}, volume = {140}, number = {3-4}, year = {2010}, pages = {246{\textendash}255}, abstract = {Rotaviruses are important enteric pathogens of humans and animals. Group A rotaviruses \{\{\}(GARVs)\{\}\} account for up to 1 million children deaths each year, chiefly in developing countries and human vaccines are now available in many countries. Rotavirus-associated enteritis is a major problem in livestock animals, notably in young calves and piglets. Early in the epidemiological \{\{\}GARV\{\}\} studies in humans, either sporadic cases or epidemics by atypical, animal-like \{\{\}GARV\{\}\} strains were described. Complete genome sequencing of human and animal \{\{\}GARV\{\}\} strains has revealed a striking genetic heterogeneity in the 11 double stranded \{\{\}RNA\{\}\} segments across different rotavirus strains and has provided evidence for frequent intersections between the evolution of human and animal rotaviruses, as a result of multiple, repeated events of interspecies transmission and subsequent adaptation.}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.028}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.028}, author = {Martella, V and B{\'a}nyai, Kriszti{\'a}n and Matthijnssens, Jelle and Buonavoglia, Canio and Ciarlet, Max} } @article {937, journal = {Current protocols in microbiology}, volume = {Chapter 15}, year = {2009}, pages = {Unit 15C.3}, abstract = {Group A rotaviruses {(RVs)} infect the young of numerous animal species and cause acute gastroenteritis. Cultivation of animal and human {RVs} in cells requires proteolytic activation of the viral attachment protein using trypsin. Continuous cell lines, such as rhesus monkey kidney cells, as well as primary monkey kidney cells, are routinely used for the growth and characterization of {RVs.} Isolation and cultivation of human {RVs} from clinical fecal specimens is difficult and adaptation to growth in vitro requires multiple rounds of passage in primary cells. Following growth, {RV} stocks can be purified by centrifugation, if required, and quantified using plaque assay or fluorescence focus assay. This unit describes easily applicable procedures for the culturing, storage, and quantification of {RVs.}}, doi = {10.1002/9780471729259.mc15c03s15}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780471729259.mc15c03s15}, author = {Arnold, Michelle and Patton, John T and McDonald, Sarah M} } @article {2559, journal = {Current protocols in microbiology}, volume = {Chapter 15}, year = {2009}, pages = {Unit 15C.3}, abstract = {Group A rotaviruses {(RVs)} infect the young of numerous animal species and cause acute gastroenteritis. Cultivation of animal and human {RVs} in cells requires proteolytic activation of the viral attachment protein using trypsin. Continuous cell lines, such as rhesus monkey kidney cells, as well as primary monkey kidney cells, are routinely used for the growth and characterization of {RVs.} Isolation and cultivation of human {RVs} from clinical fecal specimens is difficult and adaptation to growth in vitro requires multiple rounds of passage in primary cells. Following growth, {RV} stocks can be purified by centrifugation, if required, and quantified using plaque assay or fluorescence focus assay. This unit describes easily applicable procedures for the culturing, storage, and quantification of {RVs.}}, doi = {10.1002/9780471729259.mc15c03s15}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780471729259.mc15c03s15}, author = {Arnold, Michelle and Patton, John T and McDonald, Sarah M} } @article {8123, title = {{Acanthamoeba castellanii an environmental host for Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella sonnei}}, journal = {Archives of Microbiology}, volume = {191}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {83{\textendash}88}, abstract = {

The interaction between Shigella dysenteriae or Shigella sonnei and Acanthamoeba castellanii was studied by viable counts, gentamicin assay and electron microscopy. The result showed that Shigella dysenteriae or Shigella sonnei grew and survived in the presence of amoebae for more than 3{\~{}}weeks. Gentamicin assay showed that the Shigella were viable inside the Acanthamoeba castellanii which was confirmed by electron microscopy that showed the Shigella localized in the cytoplasm of the Acanthamoeba castellanii. In conclusion, the relationship between Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella sonnei with Acanthamoeba castellanii is symbiotic, and accordingly free-living amoebae may serve as a transmission reservoir for Shigella in water.

}, doi = {10.1007/s00203-008-0422-2}, author = {Saeed, Amir and Abd, Hadi and Edvinsson, Benjamin and Sandstr"om, Gunnar} } @article {16896, title = {Accumulation of enteric bacteriophage in fresh water sediments}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {372{\textendash}379}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Skraber, Sylvain and Schijven, Jack and Italiaander, Ronald and de Roda Husman, Ana Maria} } @article {6012, title = {{Acute pancreatitis{\textendash}complicating hepatitis E virus infection in a 7-year-old boy with glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency}}, journal = {Clinical Pediatrics}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {199{\textendash}201}, author = {Thapa, R1 and Biswas, B and Mallick, D and Ghosh, A} } @article {4664, title = {Adenovirus infections}, journal = {Medicine}, volume = {37}, year = {2009}, pages = {676-678}, author = {Flomenberg, P} } @article {4593, title = {Adenoviruses: update on structure and function}, journal = {The Journal of General Virology}, volume = {90}, number = {Pt 1}, year = {2009}, pages = {1{\textendash}20}, issn = {0022-1317 (Print) 0022-1317}, doi = {10.1099/vir.0.003087-0}, author = {Russell, W. C.} } @article {563, title = {Adenoviruses: update on structure and function}, journal = {J Gen Virol}, volume = {90}, number = {Pt 1}, year = {2009}, note = {Russell, W C Journal Article Review England J Gen Virol. 2009 Jan;90(Pt 1):1-20. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.003087-0.}, pages = {1-20}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Adenoviruses have been studied intensively for over 50 years as models of virus-cell interactions and latterly as gene vectors. With the advent of more sophisticated structural analysis techniques the disposition of most of the 13 structural proteins have been defined to a reasonable level. This review seeks to describe the functional properties of these proteins and shows that they all have a part to play in deciding the outcome of an infection and act at every level of the virus{\textquoteright}s path through the host cell. They are primarily involved in the induction of the different arms of the immune system and a better understanding of their overall properties should lead to more effective ways of combating virus infections.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/*metabolism/*ultrastructure Animals Humans Viral Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism}, issn = {0022-1317 (Print) 0022-1317}, doi = {10.1099/vir.0.003087-0}, author = {Russell, W. C.} } @article {5151, title = {{Adsorption, sedimentation, and inactivation of E. coli within wastewater treatment wetlands}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {17}, year = {2009}, pages = {4370{\textendash}4380}, abstract = {

Bacteria fate and transport within constructed wetlands must be understood if engineered wetlands are to become a reliable form of wastewater treatment. This study investigated the relative importance of microbial treatment mechanisms in constructed wetlands treating both domestic and agricultural wastewater. Escherichia coli (E. coli) inactivation, adsorption, and settling rates were measured in the lab within two types of wastewater (dairy wastewater lagoon effluent and domestic septic tank effluent). In situ E. coli inactivation was also measured within a domestic wastewater treatment wetland and the adsorption of E. coli was also measured within the wetland effluent. Inactivation of E. coli appears to be the most significant contributor to E. coli removal within the wastewaters and wetland environments examined in this study. E. coli survived longer within the dairy wastewater (DW) compared to the domestic wastewater treatment wetland water (WW). First order rate constants for E. coli inactivation within the WW in the lab ranged from 0.09 day$\backslash$n -1 (d$\backslash$n -1) at 7.6 ??C to 0.18 d$\backslash$n -1 at 22.8 ??C. The average in situ rate constant observed within the domestic wetland ranged from 0.02 d$\backslash$n -1 to 0.03 d$\backslash$n -1 at an average water temperature of 17 ??C. First order rate constants for E. coli inactivation within the DW ranged from 0.01 d$\backslash$n -1 at 7.7 ??C to 0.04 d$\backslash$n -1 at 24.6 ??C. Calculated distribution coefficients (K$\backslash$n d) were 19,000 mL g$\backslash$n -1, 324,000 mL g$\backslash$n -1, and 293 mL g$\backslash$n -1 for E. coli with domestic septic tank effluent (STE), treated wetland effluent (WLE), and DW, respectively. Approximately 50{\%}, 20{\%}, and 90{\%} of E. coli were \"free floating\" or associated with particles {\textless}5 ??m in size within the STE, WLE, and DW respectively. Although 10-50{\%} of E. coli were found to associate with particles {\textgreater}5 ??m within both the STE and DW, settling did not appear to contribute to E. coli removal within sedimentation experiments, indicating that the particles the bacteria were associated with had very small settling velocities. The results of this study highlight the importance of wastewater characterization when designing a treatment wetland system for bacterial removal. This study illustrated the level of variability in E. coli removal processes that can be observed within different wastewater, and wetland environments. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Adsorption, Escherichia coli, Inactivation, Rural wastewater, Sedimentation, Treatment wetlands}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.039}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.039}, author = {Boutilier, L and Jamieson, R and Gordon, R and Lake, C and Hart, W} } @article {10460, title = {{Adsorption, sedimentation, and inactivation of E. coli within wastewater treatment wetlands}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {17}, year = {2009}, pages = {4370{\textendash}4380}, author = {Boutilier, L and Jamieson, R and Gordon, R and Lake, C and Hart, W} } @proceedings {11181, title = {Advanced disinfection of wastewater ponds{\textquoteright} effluent by UV irradiation}, journal = {8th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Waste Stabilization Ponds}, year = {2009}, month = {04/2009}, pages = {8}, publisher = {International Water Association}, address = {Belo Horizonte, Brazil}, author = {Fuhrmann, T. and Rudolph, K.U.} } @article {13306, title = {Aeromonas piscicola sp. nov., isolated from diseased fish}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {32}, year = {2009}, pages = {471-479}, author = {Beaz-Hildago, R and Alperia, A and M J Figueras and J L Romalde} } @article {10388, title = {Airborne enteric coliphages and bacteria in sewage treatment plants}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, pages = {2558{\textendash}2566}, author = {Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi and Reponen, Tiina and Koivunen, Jari} } @article {10413, title = {Airborne enteric coliphages and bacteria in sewage treatment plants}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, pages = {2558-2566}, author = {Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi and Reponen, Tiina and Koivunen, Jari} } @article {15064, title = {Airborne enteric coliphages and bacteria in sewage treatment plants}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {43}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, pages = {2558{\textendash}2566}, author = {Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi and Reponen, Tiina and Koivunen, Jari} } @article {9195, title = {{Amebic abscess of the liver confirmed by PCR in an indian citizen}}, journal = {Rev Tun Infectiol}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {41{\textendash}43}, author = {Ben Abdallah, R and Yaacoub, A and Ben Ayed, S and Ghribi, H and Snoussi, O and Aoun, K and Bouratbine, A} } @article {12259, title = {AmpC beta-Lactamases}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, note = {Jacoby, George A.
1098-6618}, month = {Jan}, pages = {161-+}, abstract = {AmpC beta-lactamases are clinically important cephalosporinases encoded on the chromosomes of many of the Enterobacteriaceae and a few other organisms, where they mediate resistance to cephalothin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, most penicillins, and beta-lactamase inhibitor-beta-lactam combinations. In many bacteria, AmpC enzymes are inducible and can be expressed at high levels by mutation. Overexpression confers resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins including cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone and is a problem especially in infections due to Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae, where an isolate initially susceptible to these agents may become resistant upon therapy. Transmissible plasmids have acquired genes for AmpC enzymes, which consequently can now appear in bacteria lacking or poorly expressing a chromosomal bla(AmpC) gene, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis. Resistance due to plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes is less common than extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in most parts of the world but may be both harder to detect and broader in spectrum. AmpC enzymes encoded by both chromosomal and plasmid genes are also evolving to hydrolyze broad-spectrum cephalosporins more efficiently. Techniques to identify AmpC beta-lactamase-producing isolates are available but are still evolving and are not yet optimized for the clinical laboratory, which probably now underestimates this resistance mechanism. Carbapenems can usually be used to treat infections due to AmpC-producing bacteria, but carbapenem resistance can arise in some organisms by mutations that reduce influx (outer membrane porin loss) or enhance efflux (efflux pump activation).}, isbn = {0893-8512}, author = {Jacoby, G. A.} } @conference {5346, title = {{An{\'a}lise do desempenho de sistema integrado, enfatizando lagoa de polimento, tratando efluentes dom{\'e}sticos em condi{\c c}{\~o}es de varia{\c c}{\~o}es de temperatura}}, booktitle = {8th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Waste Stabilization Ponds}, year = {2009}, author = {Gon{\c c}alves, H.R.R. and da Silveira, D.A. and Monteggia, L. O. and Basseggio, G. and Miranda, L.A.} } @article {6166, title = {Analysis and occurrence of seven artificial sweeteners in German waste water and surface water and in soil aquifer treatment (SAT)}, journal = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry}, volume = {394}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1585-1594}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Scheurer, Marco and Heinz J Brauch and Lange, Frank T} } @mastersthesis {5302, title = {Analysis of a pilot-scale anaerobic baffled reactor treating domestic wastewater}, year = {2009}, school = {University of KwaZulu-Natal}, type = {phd}, address = {Durban}, author = {Katherine M Foxon} } @article {7536, title = {{Analysis of adenoviruses and polyomaviruses quantified by qPCR as indicators of water quality in source and drinking-water treatment plants}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, pages = {2011-2019}, abstract = {

Three drinking-water treatment plants were analyzed for the presence of human adenoviruses (HAdV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), previously suggested as viral contamination indicators, in order to define their water quality in relation to the presence of viral pathogens and the efficiency of the treatments applied. The 90{\%} of the river water samples had positive results of HAdV (101-104 genome copies (GC)/L); and 48{\%}, of JCPyV (100-103 GC/L). Lower concentrations of HAdV and JCPyV were found in different treatment steps of the plants in absence of bacterial standards. Virus removal efficiencies were higher than 5 logs in plants 1 and 3 and could be quantified as {\textgreater}2 logs in plant 2. However, three post-chlorinated samples from plants 2 and 3 (11{\%}) were found to be positive for HAdV by qPCR, but did not show infectivity in the cell cultures assayed. Simple methods based on the adsorption-elution of viruses from glass wool give low-cost and efficient virus recovery from source water and large-volume water samples. Quantification of JCPyV and HAdV using qPCR is useful for evaluating virus removal efficiency in water treatment plants, identification of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and as a molecular index of the virological quality of water. Though infectivity is not guaranteed when using qPCR techniques in water treated with disinfection processes, the quality of source water, where viruses have proved to have infective capabilities, and the removal efficiency of viral particles may be efficiently quantified. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.025}, author = {Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Miagostovich, M.P. and Calgua, B. and Huguet, J.M. and Matia, L. and Girones, R.} } @article {1016, title = {Analysis of adenoviruses and polyomaviruses quantified by qPCR as indicators of water quality in source and drinking-water treatment plants}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {43}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, pages = {2011{\textendash}9}, publisher = {Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.}, abstract = {

Three drinking-water treatment plants were analyzed for the presence of human adenoviruses (HAdV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), previously suggested as viral contamination indicators, in order to define their water quality in relation to the presence of viral pathogens and the efficiency of the treatments applied. The 90\% of the river water samples had positive results of HAdV (10(1)-10(4) genome copies (GC)/L); and 48\%, of JCPyV (10(0)-10(3)GC/L). Lower concentrations of HAdV and JCPyV were found in different treatment steps of the plants in absence of bacterial standards. Virus removal efficiencies were higher than 5 logs in plants 1 and 3 and could be quantified as \>2 logs in plant 2. However, three post-chlorinated samples from plants 2 and 3 (11\%) were found to be positive for HAdV by qPCR, but did not show infectivity in the cell cultures assayed. Simple methods based on the adsorption-elution of viruses from glass wool give low-cost and efficient virus recovery from source water and large-volume water samples. Quantification of JCPyV and HAdV using qPCR is useful for evaluating virus removal efficiency in water treatment plants, identification of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and as a molecular index of the virological quality of water. Though infectivity is not guaranteed when using qPCR techniques in water treated with disinfection processes, the quality of source water, where viruses have proved to have infective capabilities, and the removal efficiency of viral particles may be efficiently quantified.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae, Adenoviridae: genetics, Adenoviridae: isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, Polyomavirus, Polyomavirus: genetics, Polyomavirus: isolation \& purification, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.025}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19230949}, author = {Albi{\~n}ana-Gimenez, Nestor and Miagostovich, Marize P and Calgua, Byron and Huguet, Josep M and Matia, Lleonard and Girones, Rosina} } @article {14769, title = {Analysis of adenoviruses and polyomaviruses quantified by {qPCR} as indicators of water quality in source and drinking-water treatment plants}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Three drinking-water treatment plants were analyzed for the presence of human adenoviruses (HAdV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), previously suggested as viral contamination indicators, in order to define their water quality in relation to the presence of viral pathogens and the efficiency of the treatments applied. The 90\% of the river water samples had positive results of HAdV (101-104 genome copies (GC)/L); and 48\%, of JCPyV (100-103 GC/L). Lower concentrations of HAdV and JCPyV were found in different treatment steps of the plants in absence of bacterial standards. Virus removal efficiencies were higher than 5 logs in plants 1 and 3 and could be quantified as {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater2 logs in plant 2. However, three post-chlorinated samples from plants 2 and 3 (11\%) were found to be positive for HAdV by qPCR, but did not show infectivity in the cell cultures assayed. Simple methods based on the adsorption-elution of viruses from glass wool give low-cost and efficient virus recovery from source water and large-volume water samples. Quantification of JCPyV and HAdV using qPCR is useful for evaluating virus removal efficiency in water treatment plants, identification of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and as a molecular index of the virological quality of water. Though infectivity is not guaranteed when using qPCR techniques in water treated with disinfection processes, the quality of source water, where viruses have proved to have infective capabilities, and the removal efficiency of viral particles may be efficiently quantified. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.025}, author = {Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Miagostovich, M.P. and Calgua, B. and Huguet, J.M. and Matia, L. and Girones, R.} } @article {4407, title = {Analysis of adenoviruses and polyomaviruses quantified by qPCR as indicators of water quality in source and drinking-water treatment plants}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, pages = {2011-9}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.025}, author = {Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Miagostovich, M. P. and Calgua, B. and Huguet, J. M. and Matia, L. and Girones, R.} } @article {4434, title = {Analysis of adenoviruses and polyomaviruses quantified by {qPCR} as indicators of water quality in source and drinking-water treatment plants}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {43}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, pages = {2011{\textendash}9}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.025}, author = {Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Miagostovich, M. P. and Calgua, B. and Huguet, J. M. and Matia, L. and Girones, R.} } @article {13736, title = {Analysis of adenoviruses and polyomaviruses quantified by {qPCR} as indicators of water quality in source and drinking-water treatment plants}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Three drinking-water treatment plants were analyzed for the presence of human adenoviruses (HAdV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), previously suggested as viral contamination indicators, in order to define their water quality in relation to the presence of viral pathogens and the efficiency of the treatments applied. The 90\% of the river water samples had positive results of HAdV (101-104 genome copies (GC)/L); and 48\%, of JCPyV (100-103 GC/L). Lower concentrations of HAdV and JCPyV were found in different treatment steps of the plants in absence of bacterial standards. Virus removal efficiencies were higher than 5 logs in plants 1 and 3 and could be quantified as {\textbackslash}textgreater2 logs in plant 2. However, three post-chlorinated samples from plants 2 and 3 (11\%) were found to be positive for HAdV by qPCR, but did not show infectivity in the cell cultures assayed. Simple methods based on the adsorption-elution of viruses from glass wool give low-cost and efficient virus recovery from source water and large-volume water samples. Quantification of JCPyV and HAdV using qPCR is useful for evaluating virus removal efficiency in water treatment plants, identification of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and as a molecular index of the virological quality of water. Though infectivity is not guaranteed when using qPCR techniques in water treated with disinfection processes, the quality of source water, where viruses have proved to have infective capabilities, and the removal efficiency of viral particles may be efficiently quantified. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.025}, author = {Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Miagostovich, M.P. and Calgua, B. and Huguet, J.M. and Matia, L. and Girones, R.} } @article {4989, title = {{Animal reservoir hosts and fish-borne zoonotic trematode infections on fish farms, Vietnam}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {15}, year = {2009}, pages = {540{\textendash}546}, author = {Lan-Anh, NT and Phuong, NT and Murrell, KD and Johansen, MV and Dalsgaard, A and Thu, LT and Kim-Chi, TT and Thamsborg, SM} } @article {9265, title = {{Antiamoebic drugs for treating amoebic colitis}}, journal = {Cochrane database of systematic reviews}, volume = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {CD006085}, author = {Gonzales, ML and Dans, LF and Martinez, EG} } @article {12645, title = {Antibiotic resistance genes in water environment}, journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnologyApplied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {397-414}, isbn = {0175-7598}, author = {Zhang, Xu-Xiang and Zhang, Tong and Fang, Herbert HP} } @article {12531, title = {Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from swine and wild small mammals in the proximity of swine farms and in natural environments in Ontario, Canada}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiologyApplied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {559-566}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Kozak, Gosia K and Boerlin, Patrick and Janecko, Nicol and Reid-Smith, Richard J and Jardine, Claire} } @mastersthesis {7324, title = {Application of local porosity to define pore networks and pore geometry in soils: {A} case study along a carbon dioxide and temperature gradient}, year = {2009}, note = {3379059}, school = {Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Pore network models are useful tools to investigate soil pore geometry. These models provide quantitative information of pore geometry from 3D images. However, there are limitations in image sizes and resolutions to extract networks. This study presents a modified pore network model to characterize large images with local porosity. The objectives of this work were to apply the modified model to characterize pore structure from large images at different scales (aggregate and soil column), image sizes, and resolutions and to characterize changes in pore structure induced by different levels of CO 2 and temperature. Soil samples were taken from three sites (urban site with the highest, suburban with intermediate and rural with the lowest CO2 concentration and temperature). Undisturbed columns (5.5 cm in diameter and 12 cm in height) and aggregate samples were taken from each site and scanned with a computer tomographer at resolutions of 22 (column) and 6 microns (aggregates). Pore networks were extracted by medial-axis transformation from local porosities at a unit cell and were used to measure pore geometry from aggregates and bulk soils. Three image volumes and 12 cell sizes were used to define image and cell size scaling effects. The configuration entropy and universal multifractals were employed to characterize pore spatial distributions, and water retention and hydraulic conductivity were measured on bulk soils. Pore numbers and pore volumes measured in soil columns and aggregates had a linear relationship in log-log plots across cell sizes, while pore length and tortuosity did not show any specific trend. These results imply that some properties cannot be accurately projected to different scales within aggregate and laboratory scales. Pore spatial distribution in bulk soils from all three sites and pore geometry information from aggregates and bulk soils of urban and rural site showed that different level of CO2 and temperature affected pore structure formations. Pores from urban site were more widespread and were greater than rural site. Hydraulic properties confirmed that urban soil had more connected and less tortuous pores than rural soil. The modified pore network model is a powerful tool to characterize pore properties from large size images.}, keywords = {0481:Soil sciences, 0768:Environmental science, Biological sciences, Entropy, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Hydraulc conductivity, Local porsity, Pore geometry, Pore networks, Soil sciences, Soils, Water retention}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304993231?accountid=14270}, author = {Chun, Hyen Chung} } @article {10128, title = {{Application of microbial source tracking methods in a Gulf of Mexico field setting}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {107}, year = {2009}, pages = {1518{\textendash}1527}, author = {Korajkic, A and Badgley, BD and Brownell, MJ and Harwood, VJ} } @article {5911, title = {Arcobacter butzleri induces barrier dysfunction in intestinal HT-29/B6 cells}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {200}, year = {2009}, pages = {756{\textendash}764}, author = {B{\"u}cker, Roland and Troeger, Hanno and Kleer, Josef and Fromm, Michael and J{\"o}rg D Schulzke} } @article {5793, title = {{Arcobacter mytili sp. nov., an indoxyl acetate-hydrolysis-negative bacterium isolated from mussels.}}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {Pt 6}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {1391{\textendash}1396}, author = {Collado, Luis and Cleenwerck, Ilse and Van Trappen, Stefanie and De Vos, Paul and Maria J Figueras} } @article {14310, title = {Arcobacter mytili sp. nov., an indoxyl acetate-hydrolysis-negative bacterium isolated from mussels.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {Pt 6}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {1391{\textendash}1396}, author = {Collado, Luis and Cleenwerck, Ilse and Van Trappen, Stefanie and De Vos, Paul and Maria J Figueras} } @article {14350, title = {Arcobacter thereius sp. nov., isolated from pigs and ducks.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {Pt 10}, year = {2009}, month = {oct}, pages = {2599{\textendash}2604}, author = {Houf, Kurt and On, Stephen L W and Coenye, Tom and Debruyne, Lies and De Smet, Sarah and Vandamme, Peter} } @article {5833, title = {{Arcobacter thereius sp. nov., isolated from pigs and ducks.}}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {Pt 10}, year = {2009}, month = {oct}, pages = {2599{\textendash}2604}, author = {Houf, Kurt and On, Stephen L W and Coenye, Tom and Debruyne, Lies and De Smet, Sarah and Vandamme, Peter} } @article {12283, title = {ARDB-Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Research}, volume = {37}, year = {2009}, note = {Liu, Bo Pop, Mihai
Pop, Mihai/A-7987-2013
Pop, Mihai/0000-0001-9617-5304}, month = {Jan}, pages = {D443-D447}, abstract = {

The treatment of infections is increasingly compromised by the ability of bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics through mutations or through the acquisition of resistance genes. Antibiotic resistance genes also have the potential to be used for bio-terror purposes through genetically modified organisms. In order to facilitate the identification and characterization of these genes, we have created a manually curated database-the Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database (ARDB)-unifying most of the publicly available information on antibiotic resistance. Each gene and resistance type is annotated with rich information, including resistance profile, mechanism of action, ontology, COG and CDD annotations, as well as external links to sequence and protein databases. Our database also supports sequence similarity searches and implements an initial version of a tool for characterizing common mutations that confer antibiotic resistance. The information we provide can be used as compendium of antibiotic resistance factors as well as to identify the resistance genes of newly sequenced genes, genomes, or metagenomes. Currently, ARDB contains resistance information for 13 293 genes, 377 types, 257 antibiotics, 632 genomes, 933 species and 124 genera. ARDB is available at http://ardb.cbcb.umd.edu/.

}, isbn = {0305-1048}, author = {Liu, B. and Pop, M.} } @article {13286, title = {Arsenic binding to iron(II) minerals produced by an iron(III)-reducing Aeromonas strain isolated from paddy soil}, journal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry}, volume = {28}, year = {2009}, pages = {2255-2262}, doi = {10.1897/09-085.1}, author = {Wang, X. J. and Chen, X. P. and Kappler, A. and Sun, G. X. and Zhu, Y. G.} } @article {10963, title = {Ascariasis and handwashing}, journal = {Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {103}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {mar}, pages = {215{\textendash}222}, abstract = {This review summarises evidence of the effectiveness of handwashing and the use of soap as a public health intervention against Ascaris infection, in terms of both prevalence and intensity. Literature in five major languages was searched and data were retrieved from 15 papers. The evidence of the effect of handwashing in general upon both prevalence and intensity of Ascaris infection is inconclusive. However, the use of soap in handwashing is protective against Ascaris infection with respect to prevalence. There is no direct evidence that it reduces the intensity of infection.}, issn = {0035-9203}, doi = {10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.08.003}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.08.003}, author = {Fung, Isaac Chun-Hai and Cairncross, Sandy} } @mastersthesis {1328, title = {ASSESSMENT OF FOODBORNE PATHOGEN SURVIVAL DURING PRODUCTION AND PRE-HARVEST APPLICATION OF COMPOST AND COMPOST TEA}, year = {2009}, type = {phdThesis}, author = {Ingram, David T} } @article {8950, title = {The assessment of particle association and UV disinfection of wastewater using indigenous spore-forming bacteria}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {481-489}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.025}, url = {://WOS:000263595500025 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135408004892/1-s2.0-S0043135408004892-main.pdf?_tid=3b5a3906-5e5d-11e6-b519-00000aacb362\&acdnat=1470766700_541c9861f2b37f5d1efde8a8e512ccce}, author = {Li, D. and Craik, S. A. and Smith, D. W. and Belosevic, M.} } @booklet {11092, title = {Assessment of the appropriateness of compost toilets in {Sri} {Lanka}: 17 key questions. {Report} 2 of 3 from {Evaluation} of the appropriateness of ecological sanitation in relation to the social, cultural and economic and financial context of {Sri} {Lan}, year = {2009}, pages = {52}, publisher = {UNICEF}, author = {Windberg, C} } @article {15754, title = {An assessment of the costs and benefits of interventions aimed at improving rural community water supplies in developed countries}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {407}, number = {12}, year = {2009}, month = {Jun 1}, pages = {3681-5}, edition = {2009/04/07}, keywords = {*Developed Countries, *Rural Population/statistics \& numerical data, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Humans, Irritable Bowel Syndrome/economics/prevention \& control, Water Pollution/economics/*prevention \& control, Water Supply/*economics}, isbn = {0048-9697 (Print)
0048-9697}, author = {Hunter, P. R. and Pond, K. and Jagals, P. and Cameron, J.} } @article {7685, title = {Assessment of the impact of excessive chemical additions to municipal wastewaters and comparison of three technologies in the removal performance of pathogens and toxicity}, journal = {Microbiological Research}, volume = {164}, year = {2009}, pages = {138-148}, author = {Ellouze,M. and Saddoud,A. and Dhouib,A. and Sayadi,S.} } @article {7414, title = {Assessment of the stability of human viruses and coliphage in groundwater by {PCR} and infectivity methods}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {106}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {1827{\textendash}1837}, issn = {13645072, 13652672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04150.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04150.x}, author = {Charles, K.J. and Shore, J. and Sellwood, J. and Laverick, M. and Hart, A. and Pedley, S.} } @article {9056, title = {{Assessment of the stability of human viruses and coliphage in groundwater by PCR and infectivity methods}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {106}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1827{\textendash}1837}, abstract = {AIM: To investigate the potential health hazard from infectious viruses where coliphages, or viruses by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have been detected in groundwater. Two aspects were investigated: the relationship between infectivity and detection by PCR and the stability of coliphage compared to human viruses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Virus decay (1 year) and detection (2 years) studies were undertaken on groundwater at 12 degrees C. The order of virus stability from most to least stable in groundwater, based on first-order inactivation, was: coliphage PhiX174 (0.5 d(-1)) {\{}{\textgreater}{\}} adenovirus 2 {\{}{\textgreater}{\}} coliphage PRD1 {\{}{\textgreater}{\}} poliovirus 3 {\{}{\textgreater}{\}} coxsackie virus B1 (0.13 d(-1)). The order for PCR results was: norovirus genotype II {\{}{\textgreater}{\}} adenovirus {\{}{\textgreater}{\}} norovirus genotype I {\{}{\textgreater}{\}} enterovirus. CONCLUSIONS: Enterovirus and adenovirus detection by PCR and the duration of infectivity in groundwater followed similar trends over the time period studied. Adenovirus might be a better method for assessing groundwater contamination than using enterovirus; norovirus detection would provide information on a significant human health hazard. Bacteriophage is a good alternative indicator. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: PCR is a useful tool for identifying the health hazard from faecal contamination in groundwater where conditions are conducive to the survival of viruses and their nucleic acid.}, keywords = {Adenovirus, coliphage, enterovirus, Groundwater, Norovirus, stability}, isbn = {1364-5072}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04150.x}, author = {Charles, K J and Shore, J and Sellwood, J and Laverick, M and Hart, A and Pedley, S} } @article {14517, title = {Assessment of the stability of human viruses and coliphage in groundwater by {PCR} and infectivity methods}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {106}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {1827{\textendash}37}, abstract = {AIM: To investigate the potential health hazard from infectious viruses where coliphages, or viruses by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have been detected in groundwater. Two aspects were investigated: the relationship between infectivity and detection by PCR and the stability of coliphage compared to human viruses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Virus decay (1 year) and detection (2 years) studies were undertaken on groundwater at 12 degrees C. The order of virus stability from most to least stable in groundwater, based on first-order inactivation, was: coliphage PhiX174 (0.5 d(-1)) {\textgreater} adenovirus 2 {\textgreater} coliphage PRD1 {\textgreater} poliovirus 3 {\textgreater} coxsackie virus B1 (0.13 d(-1)). The order for PCR results was: norovirus genotype II {\textgreater} adenovirus {\textgreater} norovirus genotype I {\textgreater} enterovirus. CONCLUSIONS: Enterovirus and adenovirus detection by PCR and the duration of infectivity in groundwater followed similar trends over the time period studied. Adenovirus might be a better method for assessing groundwater contamination than using enterovirus; norovirus detection would provide information on a significant human health hazard. Bacteriophage is a good alternative indicator. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: PCR is a useful tool for identifying the health hazard from faecal contamination in groundwater where conditions are conducive to the survival of viruses and their nucleic acid.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Adenoviruses, Coliphages/genetics/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, DNA, Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Environmental monitoring, Fresh Water/*virology, Human/genetics/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Humans, Models, Norovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Statistical, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04150.x}, author = {Charles, K. J. and Shore, J. and Sellwood, J. and Laverick, M. and Hart, A. and Pedley, S.} } @article {14890, title = {Assessment of the stability of human viruses and coliphage in groundwater by {PCR} and infectivity methods}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {106}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {1827{\textendash}37}, abstract = {AIM: To investigate the potential health hazard from infectious viruses where coliphages, or viruses by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have been detected in groundwater. Two aspects were investigated: the relationship between infectivity and detection by PCR and the stability of coliphage compared to human viruses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Virus decay (1 year) and detection (2 years) studies were undertaken on groundwater at 12 degrees C. The order of virus stability from most to least stable in groundwater, based on first-order inactivation, was: coliphage PhiX174 (0.5 d(-1)) {\textbackslash}textgreater adenovirus 2 {\textbackslash}textgreater coliphage PRD1 {\textbackslash}textgreater poliovirus 3 {\textbackslash}textgreater coxsackie virus B1 (0.13 d(-1)). The order for PCR results was: norovirus genotype II {\textbackslash}textgreater adenovirus {\textbackslash}textgreater norovirus genotype I {\textbackslash}textgreater enterovirus. CONCLUSIONS: Enterovirus and adenovirus detection by PCR and the duration of infectivity in groundwater followed similar trends over the time period studied. Adenovirus might be a better method for assessing groundwater contamination than using enterovirus; norovirus detection would provide information on a significant human health hazard. Bacteriophage is a good alternative indicator. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: PCR is a useful tool for identifying the health hazard from faecal contamination in groundwater where conditions are conducive to the survival of viruses and their nucleic acid.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Adenoviruses, Coliphages/genetics/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, DNA, Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Environmental monitoring, Fresh Water/*virology, Human/genetics/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Humans, Models, Norovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Statistical, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04150.x}, author = {Charles, K. J. and Shore, J. and Sellwood, J. and Laverick, M. and Hart, A. and Pedley, S.} } @article {4460, title = {Assessment of the stability of human viruses and coliphage in groundwater by {PCR} and infectivity methods}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {106}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1827{\textendash}37}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04150.x}, author = {Charles, K. J. and Shore, J. and Sellwood, J. and Laverick, M. and Hart, A. and Pedley, S.} } @article {7509, title = {Assessment of utilization of untied fund provided under the national rural health mission in {Uttar} {Pradesh}}, journal = {Indian Journal of Public Health}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {sep}, pages = {137{\textendash}142}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To seek opinion regarding the procurement and spending of untied fund provided to health centers and Village Health and Sanitation Committees (VHSCs) in selected districts in the state of Uttar Pradesh. METHODS: It was a cross sectional descriptive study conducted during September-December 2008. The multi-stage random sampling technique was adopted to select the districts, health facilities and VHSCs. The data was collected using semi structured interview schedule, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with ANMs for qualitative information, review of the records of health centers and VHSCs. RESULTS: The concept of untied fund was perceived to be a very good one at all levels. Guideline for utilization of untied fund was either not available or if available, was not clear to concerned personnel. The decision of expenditure of untied funds of CHCs and PHCs was taken in the meeting of Rogi Kalyan Samiti (RKS), but members from other sectors such as PRI, education, revenue department etc. usually did not attend the meeting. Most of Medical Officer in charges (MOICs) were not aware regarding availability of untied fund. About 50\% of ANMs were not able to expend the money due to non co-operation of Pradhan. In majority of the cases the decision regarding the utilization of untied fund was taken by ANM herself instead of VHSC meeting. CONCLUSION: Regular update and orientation to the service providers about the untied fund and its efficient utilization, strict monitoring of utilization of untied fund at each and every level is needed.}, keywords = {Costs and Cost Analysis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Financing, Focus Groups, Government, India, Interviews as Topic, Rural Health Services}, issn = {0019-557X}, author = {Singh, C. M. and Jain, P. K. and Nair, K. S. and Kumar, P. and Dhar, N. and Nandan, Deoki} } @article {6413, title = {Association between indicators of livestock farming intensity and hospitalization rate for acute gastroenteritis}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {137}, number = {08}, year = {2009}, month = {aug}, pages = {1073}, issn = {0950-2688, 1469-4409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268808001647}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268808001647}, author = {Febriani, Y. and Levallois, P. and Lebel, G. and Gingras, S.} } @article {15690, title = {Asymptomatic carriage of protozoan parasites in children in day care centers in the United kingdom}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal.}, volume = {28}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, month = {Sep}, pages = {838-40}, edition = {2009/08/18}, keywords = {Adolescent, Carrier State/*epidemiology/parasitology, Child, Child Day Care Centers, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/parasitology, Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, DNA, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics, Female, Giardia/isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/*epidemiology/parasitology, Humans, Infant, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, prevalence, Sequence Analysis, DNA, United Kingdom/epidemiology}, isbn = {0891-3668}, author = {Davies, A. P. and B Campbell and Evans, M. R. and Bone, A. and Roche, A. and Chalmers, R. M.} } @article {15814, title = {Attribution of malnutrition to cause-specific diarrheal illness: evidence from a prospective study of preschool children in Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {80}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, month = {May}, pages = {824-6}, edition = {2009/05/02}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Infections/complications/epidemiology/microbiology, Bangladesh/epidemiology, Child Nutrition Disorders/*complications/*epidemiology, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/complications/epidemiology, Diarrhea/*complications/*epidemiology/microbiology/parasitology, Entamoebiasis/complications/epidemiology/parasitology, Female, Giardiasis/complications/epidemiology, Humans, Male, Poverty Areas, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Urban Population}, isbn = {0002-9637}, author = {Mondal, D. and Haque, R. and Sack, R. B. and Kirkpatrick, B. D. and Petri, W. A., Jr.} } @article {6309, title = {Attribution of \textit{{Campylobacter}} {Infections} in {Northeast} {Scotland} to {Specific} {Sources} by {Use} of {Multilocus} {Sequence} {Typing}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {199}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, month = {apr}, pages = {1205{\textendash}1208}, issn = {0022-1899, 1537-6613}, doi = {10.1086/597417}, url = {http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1086/597417}, author = {Strachan, Norval~J.~C. and Gormley, Fraser~J. and Rotariu, Ovidiu and Ogden, Iain~D. and Miller, Gordon and Dunn, Geoff~M. and Sheppard, Samuel~K. and Dallas, John~F. and Reid, Thomas~M.~S. and Howie, Helen and Maiden, Martin~C.~J. and Forbes, Ken~J.} } @booklet {10542, title = {{Background Paper on the Integration of Oral Cholera Vaccines into Global Cholera Control Programmes, presented to the WHO SAGE (Strategic Advisory Group of Experts) meeting of 27-29 October 2009}}, year = {2009}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {Bhutta, Z and Clemens, J and DeRoeck, D and Henkens, M and Kaper, J and Weiss, M and Nair, GB and Sack, D and Steele, D and Sur, D and A M Svennerholm and Zaidi, A} } @article {4282, title = {{The bacteriophages in human- and animal body-associated microbial communities.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {jul}, pages = {1{\textendash}13}, abstract = {

Felix d\&$\#$39;Herelle first demonstrated, about 90 years ago, the presence of bacteriophages in human and animal body microbiota. Our comprehension of the impact of naturally occurring bacteriophages on symbiotic bacteria, and of their role in general homeostasis of macro-organism, nevertheless remains quite fragmentary. Analysis of data in various human- and animal body-associated microbial systems on phage occurrence, diversity, host specificity and dynamics, as well as host occurrence, specificity and dynamics, suggests that mechanisms which stabilize phage-bacteria coexistence are not identical for either different species or different body sites. Regulation by phage infection instead probably depends on specific physical, chemical and biological conditions, e.g. pH, nutrient densities, host prevalence, relation to mucosa and other surfaces and presence of phage inhibiting substances. In some animal species intestinal bacteriophages thus appear to exert significant selective pressure over at least some resident bacterial populations, resulting in phages playing important roles in the self-regulation of these microbial systems while at the same time contributing to maintenance of bacterial diversity (i.e. \&$\#$39;killing the winner\&$\#$39;). Emerging data additionally suggest that bacteriophage particles could play roles in regulating the immune reactions of the macro-organism. Alternatively, for many systems links between phages and community characteristics have not been established.

}, keywords = {Animals, bacteria, Bacteria: virology, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: physiology, Electron, Gastrointestinal Tract, Gastrointestinal Tract: microbiology, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Metagenomics, Microscopy, Symbiosis}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04143.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19239553}, author = {Letarov, A and Kulikov, E} } @article {17479, title = {{Bench-scale composting of source-separated human faeces for sanitation.}}, journal = {Waste management (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {585{\textendash}589}, abstract = {In urine-diverting toilets, urine and faeces are collected separately so that nutrient content can be recycled unmixed. Faeces should be sanitized before use in agriculture fields due to the presence of possible enteric pathogens. Composting of human faeces with food waste was evaluated as a possible method for this treatment. Temperatures were monitored in three 78-L wooden compost reactors fed with faeces-to-food waste substrates (F:FW) in wet weight ratios of 1:0, 3:1 and 1:1, which were observed for approximately 20 days. To achieve temperatures higher than 15 degrees C above ambient, insulation was required for the reactors. Use of 25-mm thick styrofoam insulation around the entire exterior of the compost reactors and turning of the compost twice a week resulted in sanitizing temperatures ({\textgreater}or=50 degrees C) to be maintained for 8 days in the F:FW=1:1 compost and for 4 days in the F:FW=3:1 compost. In these composts, a reduction of {\textgreater}3 log(10) for E. coli and {\textgreater}4 log(10) for Enterococcus spp. was achieved. The F:FW=1:0 compost, which did not maintain {\textgreater}or=50 degrees C for a sufficiently long period, was not sanitized, as the counts of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. increased between days 11 and 15. This research provides useful information on the design and operation of family-size compost units for the treatment of source-separated faeces and starchy food residues, most likely available amongst the less affluent rural/urban society in Uganda.}, keywords = {Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Pollution, Feces, Humans, methods, prevention {\&} control, Refuse Disposal, sanitation, Soil, Toilet Facilities}, issn = {0956-053X (Print)}, doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.022}, author = {Niwagaba, C and Nalubega, M and Vinneras, B and Sundberg, C and J{\"o}nsson, H} } @article {15432, title = {Bidirectional introgressive hybridization between a cattle and human schistosome species}, journal = {PLoS Pathogens}, volume = {5}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, month = {Sep}, pages = {e1000571}, abstract = {

Schistosomiasis is a disease of great medical and veterinary importance in tropical and subtropical regions, caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma (subclass Digenea). Following major water development schemes in the 1980s, schistosomiasis has become an important parasitic disease of children living in the Senegal River Basin (SRB). During molecular parasitological surveys, nuclear and mitochondrial markers revealed unexpected natural interactions between a bovine and human Schistosoma species: S. bovis and S. haematobium, respectively. Hybrid schistosomes recovered from the urine and faeces of children and the intermediate snail hosts of both parental species, Bulinus truncatus and B. globosus, presented a nuclear ITS rRNA sequence identical to S. haematobium, while the partial mitochondrial cox1 sequence was identified as S. bovis. Molecular data suggest that the hybrids are not 1st generation and are a result of parental and/or hybrid backcrosses, indicating a stable hybrid zone. Larval stages with the reverse genetic profile were also found and are suggested to be F1 progeny. The data provide indisputable evidence for the occurrence of bidirectional introgressive hybridization between a bovine and a human Schistosoma species. Hybrid species have been found infecting B. truncatus, a snail species that is now very abundant throughout the SRB. The recent increase in urinary schistosomiasis in the villages along the SRB could therefore be a direct effect of the increased transmission through B. truncatus. Hybridization between schistosomes under laboratory conditions has been shown to result in heterosis (higher fecundity, faster maturation time, wider intermediate host spectrum), having important implications on disease prevalence, pathology and treatment. If this new hybrid exhibits the same hybrid vigour, it could develop into an emerging pathogen, necessitating further control strategies in zones where both parental species overlap.

}, keywords = {*Hybridization, Genetic, Animals, Bulinus/parasitology, Cattle, Cyclooxygenase 1/genetics, DNA, Helminth/*genetics, DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics, Feces/parasitology, Geography, Helminth Proteins/genetics, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Schistosoma/*genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods, Species Specificity, Urine/parasitology}, isbn = {1553-7374 (Electronic)
1553-7366 (Linking)}, author = {Huyse, T. and Webster, B. L. and Geldof, S. and Stothard, J. R. and Diaw, O. T. and Polman, K. and Rollinson, D.} } @article {10163, title = {{Bifidobacterial survival in surface water and implications for microbial source tracking}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {55}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {642{\textendash}647}, author = {JR Ottoson} } @article {11713, title = {{Biological risks associated with consumption of reptile products}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {134}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {163{\textendash}175}, author = {Magnino, S and Colin, P and Dei-Cas, E and Madsen, M and McLauchlin, J and N{\"o}ckler, K and Maradona, M P and Tsigarida, E and Vanopdenbosch, E and Van Peterghem, C} } @article {9542, title = {{Biomonitoring of surface and coastal water for Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and human-virulent microsporidia using molluscan shellfish}}, journal = {Parasitol Res}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1369{\textendash}1375}, author = {Lucy, FE and Graczyk, TK and Tamang, L and Miraflor, A and Minchin, D} } @article {9787, title = {{Blastocystis subtypes in irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease in Ankara, Turkey}}, journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {104}, year = {2009}, pages = {724{\textendash}727}, doi = {10.1590/S0074-02762009000500011}, author = {Dogruman-Al, F and Kustimur, S and Tuncer, C and Simsek, Z and Tanyuksel, M and Araz, E and Boorom, K} } @article {9872, title = {{Blastocystis: unraveling potential risk factors and clinical significance of a common but neglected parasite}}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {137}, year = {2009}, pages = {1655{\textendash}1663}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268809002672}, author = {Stensvold, CR and Lewis, HC and Hammerium, AM and Porsbo, J and Nielsen, SS} } @article {9870, title = {{Blastocystis{\textendash}an enigmatic parasite}}, journal = {Ugeskr Laeger}, volume = {171}, year = {2009}, pages = {2388{\textendash}2390}, author = {Stensvold, CR and Arendrup, MC and Nielsen, HV and M{\o}lbak, K} } @article {11750, title = {{Bothrioc{\'e}phalose {\`a} Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense : un nouveau risque li{\'e} {\`a} la consommation de saumon}}, journal = {La Presse M{\'e}dicale}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {apr}, pages = {675{\textendash}677}, issn = {07554982}, doi = {10.1016/j.lpm.2008.06.017}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0755498208004934}, author = {Paugam, Andr{\'e} and Yera, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Poirier, Philippe and Lebuisson, Agathe and Dupouy-Camet, Jean} } @article {7797, title = {Campylobacter Excreted into the Environment by Animal Sources: Prevalence, Concentration Shed, and Host Association}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {6}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, note = {J1: Foodborne Pathog Dis}, month = {12}, pages = {1161-1170}, abstract = {

An intensive study of 443 isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from 2031 fecal samples excreted by animal sources including cattle, sheep, and pigs, a range of wild and domesticated avian species and pets is described. The prevalence found in the majority of animal sources ranged from 22\% to 28\% with poultry being highest at 41\% and cats and dogs lowest (\<5\%). The average count excreted for each animal source was found not to be significantly different ranging from approximately 10(2) to 10(5) cfu/g. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) identified phylogenies that exhibited host specificity. A number of clonal complexes (CCs) and sequence types (STs) were characteristic of particular hosts (e.g., CC-179, ST-637, and ST-1341 found only in pigeons and gulls). Analysis of genetic distance demonstrated numerous significant differences in the distribution of MLST types (CC, ST, and allele) between animal sources. Host association was quantified using structure that correctly assigned the nine animal sources with accuracies of 28\%, 24\%, and 55\% at the CC, ST, and allele levels, respectively. This is substantially higher than would be expected by random allocation (11\%) but farmyard poultry had the lowest assignment accuracy (13\%, 13\%, and 21\%) suggesting that isolates were shared with a wide range of other animals. This study demonstrates the link between MLST type and host and provides data that can be used in risk assessment and food attribution models. Further, it demonstrates the applicability of MLST to characterize Campylobacter strains from a broad range of environmental sources.

}, isbn = {1535-3141; 1556-7125}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3985071/}, author = {Iain D Ogden and John F Dallas and MacRae,Marion and Rotariu,Ovidiu and Reay,Kenny W. and Leitch,Malcolm and Thomson,Ann P. and Samuel K Sheppard and Maiden,Martin and Ken J Forbes and Norval JC Strachan} } @article {7828, title = {Campylobacter Genotyping to Determine the Source of Human Infection}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {48}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, note = {J1: Clin Infect Dis}, month = {04/15}, pages = {1072-1078}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Campylobacter species cause a high proportion of bacterial gastroenteritis cases and are a significant burden on health care systems and economies worldwide; however, the relative contributions of the various possible sources of infection in humans are unclear. METHODS: National-scale genotyping of Campylobacter species was used to quantify the relative importance of various possible sources of human infection. Multilocus sequence types were determined for 5674 isolates obtained from cases of human campylobacteriosis in Scotland from July 2005 through September 2006 and from 999 Campylobacter species isolates from 3417 contemporaneous samples from potential human infection sources. These data were supplemented with 2420 sequence types from other studies, representing isolates from a variety of sources. The clinical isolates were attributed to possible sources on the basis of their sequence types with use of 2 population genetic models, STRUCTURE and an asymmetric island model. RESULTS: The STRUCTURE and the asymmetric island models attributed most clinical isolates to chicken meat (58\% and 78\% of Campylobacter jejuni and 40\% and 56\% of Campylobacter coli isolates, respectively), identifying it as the principal source of Campylobacter infection in humans. Both models attributed the majority of the remaining isolates to ruminant sources, with relatively few isolates attributed to wild bird, environment, swine, and turkey sources. CONCLUSIONS: National-scale genotyping was a practical and efficient methodology for the quantification of the contributions of different sources to human Campylobacter infection. Combined with the knowledge that retail chicken is routinely contaminated with Campylobacter, these results are consistent with the view that the largest reductions in human campylobacteriosis in industrialized countries will come from interventions that focus on the poultry industry.

}, isbn = {1058-4838; 1537-6591}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3988352/}, author = {Samuel K Sheppard and John F Dallas and Norval JC Strachan and MacRae,Marian and Noel D McCarthy and Daniel J Wilson and Fraser J Gormley and Falush,Daniel and Iain D Ogden and Martin CJ Maiden and Ken J Forbes} } @article {14392, title = {Campylobacter immunity and coinfection following a large outbreak in a farming community.}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {jan}, pages = {111{\textendash}116}, author = {Forbes, K J and Gormley, F J and Dallas, J F and Labovitiadi, O and MacRae, M and Owen, R J and Richardson, J and Strachan, N J C and Cowden, J M and Ogden, I D and McGuigan, C C} } @article {5875, title = {{Campylobacter immunity and coinfection following a large outbreak in a farming community.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {jan}, pages = {111{\textendash}116}, author = {Forbes, K J and Gormley, F J and Dallas, J F and Labovitiadi, O and MacRae, M and Owen, R J and Richardson, J and Strachan, N J C and Cowden, J M and Ogden, I D and McGuigan, C C} } @article {13856, title = {Cancer metabolism and the dynamics of metastasis}, journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology}, volume = {256}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {305{\textendash}310}, abstract = {Cancer growth dynamics, commonly simulated with a Gompertzian model, is analyzed in the framework of a more recent and realistic model. In particular, we consider the setting of a tumor embedded in a host organ and investigate their interaction. We assume that, at least in some cases, tumor metastasis may be triggered by an {\textquoteright}energetic crisis{\textquoteright}, when the tumor exceeds the {\textquoteright}carrying capacity{\textquoteright} of the host organ. As a consequence, dissemination of clusters of cancer cells is set in motion, with a statistical probability given by a Poisson distribution. The model, although still at a preclinical level, is fully quantitative and is applied, as an example, to the case of prostate cancer. The results confirm that, at least for the more aggressive cancers, metastasis starts very early during tumorigenesis and a quantitative link is found between the tumor{\textquoteright}s doubling time, its {\textquoteright}aggressiveness{\textquoteright} and the metastatic potential. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {General theory and mathematical aspects}, issn = {00225193}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.10.008}, author = {Dattoli, G. and Guiot, C. and Delsanto, P. P. and Ottaviani, P. L. and Pagnutti, S. and Deisboeck, T. S.} } @article {8228, title = {{Cancer metabolism and the dynamics of metastasis}}, journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology}, volume = {256}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {305{\textendash}310}, abstract = {Cancer growth dynamics, commonly simulated with a Gompertzian model, is analyzed in the framework of a more recent and realistic model. In particular, we consider the setting of a tumor embedded in a host organ and investigate their interaction. We assume that, at least in some cases, tumor metastasis may be triggered by an {\textquoteright}energetic crisis{\textquoteright}, when the tumor exceeds the {\textquoteright}carrying capacity{\textquoteright} of the host organ. As a consequence, dissemination of clusters of cancer cells is set in motion, with a statistical probability given by a Poisson distribution. The model, although still at a preclinical level, is fully quantitative and is applied, as an example, to the case of prostate cancer. The results confirm that, at least for the more aggressive cancers, metastasis starts very early during tumorigenesis and a quantitative link is found between the tumor{\textquoteright}s doubling time, its {\textquoteright}aggressiveness{\textquoteright} and the metastatic potential. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {General theory and mathematical aspects}, isbn = {0022-5193}, issn = {00225193}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.10.008}, author = {Dattoli, G. and Guiot, C. and Delsanto, P. P. and Ottaviani, P. L. and Pagnutti, S. and Deisboeck, T. S.} } @article {8586, title = {{Candidate gene analysis of ocular toxoplasmosis in Brazil: evidence for a role for toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)}}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {104}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, pages = {1187{\textendash}1190}, author = {Peixoto-Rangel, AL and Miller, EN and Castellucci, L and Jamieson, SE and Peixe, RG and Elias, LeS and Corr{\^e}a-Oliveira, R and Bahia-Oliveira, LM and Blackwell, JM} } @mastersthesis {7024, title = {Canopy macrolichen distribution in a very wet oldgrowth forest landscape of the upper {Fraser} {River} watershed}, year = {2009}, note = {MR48766}, school = {University of Northern British Columbia (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Windward slopes of the inland mountain ranges in British Columbia support a unique temperate rainforest ecosystem. Continued fragmentation and loss of old-growth forests in this globally rare ecosystem, has led to calls for the identification of conservation priorities between remaining stands. This thesis addresses this concern by surveying the relative abundances of 37 canopy macrolichens over a 70-km 2 area of remaining old-growth ({\textgreater}140 years) forest in the upper Fraser River watershed, British Columbia, Canada. To ensure adequate representation of landscape-scale old-growth forest characteristics, we divided study plots equally among leading tree species and between broadly defined sites of "wet" and "dry" relative soil moisture. Other variables included: minimum mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, solar loading, and canopy openness. This thesis integrates two statistical techniques: Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling ordination for analysis of lichen assemblages and logistic regression to evaluate the habitat conditions of a subset of 8 lichen species previously identified as "old-growth associated". Ordination suggested that community assemblages were greatly influenced by both the presence and abundance of bipartite cyanolichens. These communities correlated well with increasing levels of relative soil moisture, temperature, precipitation, and canopy openness, with little to no significant effect of tree leading species. Logistic regression models identified relative soil moisture and temperature in all parsimonious models. Leading tree species, in combination with moisture and temperature, were important factors explaining the presence or absence of 5 of 8 modeled lichen species. The results of this thesis emphasize the importance of maintaining representative areas of old-growth forests that are potentially less prone to natural disturbances such as fire. Of concern to the maintenance of lichen populations in old-growth inland temperate rainforests is the continued forest harvesting of low-elevation water-receiving sites. It is recommended that the conservation of these wet topographic positioned areas be identified spatially to meet remaining provincially set old-growth threshold targets for the purpose of maintaining biological diversity and ecological integrity.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, Biological sciences, Ecology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305161958?accountid=14270}, author = {Radies, David N.} } @article {11851, title = {{A case of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection possibly linked to salmon consumption in New Zealand.}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {583{\textendash}586}, abstract = {Global increases in salmon consumption and changes in fish-eating habits have meant that Diphyllobothrium infections now occur in regions where they were previously absent. In the present paper, a case of diphyllobothriasis through the likely ingestion of raw salmon in New Zealand in a Japanese patient is reported. The causative tapeworm species was identified as Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense based on mitochondrial {\{}DNA{\}} analysis of proglottid expelled from the patient.}, issn = {0932-0113}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-009-1468-z}, author = {Yamasaki, Hiroshi and Kuramochi, Toshiaki} } @article {4737, title = {{Challenges of investigating community outbreaks of cyclosporiasis}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {15}, year = {2009}, pages = {1286{\textendash}1288}, author = {Shah, L and MacDougall, L and Ellis, A and Ong, C and Shyng, S and LeBlanc, L; British Columbia Cyclospora Investigation Team} } @article {8568, title = {{Changing climate-changing pathogens: Toxoplasma gondii in North-Western Europe}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {17{\textendash}24}, author = {Meerburg, BG and Kijlstra, A} } @mastersthesis {7176, title = {The changing landscape of a rural region: {The} effect of the {Harry} {S}. {Truman} {Dam} and {Reservoir} in the {Osage} {River} {Basin} of {Missouri}}, year = {2009}, note = {3386840}, school = {The University of Nebraska - Lincoln}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The Harry S. Truman Dam and Reservoir project is of immense size. Many thousands of tons of raw materials were required to complete the construction of the dam and relocations. Millions of dollars were spent to acquire land, compensate those who were displaced, and to pay those who were employed in the planning, purchasing, coordinating, defending, and managing the myriad of contractors, contracts, and legal defenses. The affected area of the project is not only complex physically but also socially and economically. It is, therefore, not surprising that the counties studied (Benton, Henry, and St. Clair) would react in different ways to the same stimulus{\textendash}the Truman project{\textendash}from the very beginning, through construction, and finally after completion. This dissertation discusses the reaction of the three counties prior to construction, during construction, and for twenty years post construction. The population changes, changes to the local businesses including farm and non-farm entities, changes to the local tax structures, and finally the visual changes to the landscape are analyzed. The complexity of the situation at Truman as discussed in this dissertation, presents three distinct scenarios. Benton County, home of the dam and majority of project facilities received the greatest amount of economic resources. With a population which doubled, Benton County has capitalized upon its location to the greatest advantage. Henry County also received significant economic resources. However, Henry County had a more diversified economy in the beginning. With a steadily growing population, Henry County has primarily maintained a growing diversified economy with manufacturing, retail trade, and the services sectors providing the greatest amount of wealth to the county. St. Clair County received the fewest economic resources and has continued to have the highest poverty rates. Understanding these scenarios would be helpful to not only the future planner, but also the public policy decision maker and the general public when considering large scale economic development.}, keywords = {0366:Geography, Economic development, Geography, Harry S. Truman Dam and Reservoir, Landscape geography, Missouri, Osage River Basin, Rural geography, Social sciences, Water resources}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304940346?accountid=14270}, author = {Johnson, Melvin Arthur} } @article {7182, title = {Characterization of drinking water treatment for virus risk assessment}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {395{\textendash}404}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.049}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135408005186}, author = {P FM Teunis and Rutjes, S.A. and T Westrell and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {1873, title = {Characterization of drinking water treatment for virus risk assessment}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, note = {Teunis, P F M Rutjes, S A Westrell, T de Roda Husman, A M eng England 2008/11/28 09:00 Water Res. 2009 Feb;43(2):395-404. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.049. Epub 2008 Nov 8.}, pages = {395-404}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Removal or inactivation of viruses in drinking water treatment processes can be quantified by measuring the concentrations of viruses or virus indicators in water before and after treatment. Virus reduction is then calculated from the ratio of these concentrations. Most often only the average reduction is reported. That is not sufficient when treatment efficiency must be characterized in quantitative risk assessment. We present three simple models allowing statistical analysis of series of counts before and after treatment: distribution of the ratio of concentrations, and distribution of the probability of passage for unpaired and paired water samples. Performance of these models is demonstrated for several processes (long and short term storage, coagulation/filtration, coagulation/sedimentation, slow sand filtration, membrane filtration, and ozone disinfection) using microbial indicator data from full-scale treatment processes. All three models allow estimation of the variation in (log) reduction as well as its uncertainty; the results can be easily used in risk assessment. Although they have different characteristics and are present in vastly different concentrations, different viruses and/or bacteriophages appear to show similar reductions in a particular treatment process, allowing generalization of the reduction for each process type across virus groups. The processes characterized in this paper may be used as reference for waterborne virus risk assessment, to check against location specific data, and in case no such data are available, to use as defaults.}, keywords = {Artificial Ozone Risk Assessment *Viruses Water Microbiology/*standards Water Purification/*methods Water Supply/*standards, Disinfectants/pharmacology Disinfection/methods Filtration/instrumentation/methods Membranes}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.049}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19036398}, author = {Teunis, P. F. and Rutjes, S. A. and T Westrell and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {10801, title = {Cholera: global surveillance summary, 2008}}, journal = {Wkly Epidemiol Rec}, volume = {84}, year = {2009}, pages = {309{\textendash}324} } @article {10818, title = {Cholera: Global surveillance. Summary, 2008}, journal = {Wkly Epidemiol Rec}, volume = {84}, number = {31}, year = {2009}, pages = {309{\textendash}323} } @article {10708, title = {{Cholera outbreaks caused by an altered Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor biotype strain producing classical cholera toxin B in Vietnam in 2007 to 2008}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {47}, year = {2009}, pages = {1568{\textendash}1571}, author = {Nguyen, BM and Lee, JH and Cuong, NT and Choi, SY and Hien, NT and Anh, DD and Lee, HR and Ansaruzzaman, M and Endtz, HP and Chun, J and Lopez, AL and Czerkinsky, C and J D Clemens and Kim, DW} } @article {10706, title = {{Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic}}, journal = {Nature Reviews Microbiology}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, pages = {693{\textendash}702}, author = {Nelson, EJ and Harris, JB and Glenn Morris, Jr JG and Calderwood, SB and Camilli, A} } @article {12390, title = {Class 1 integronase gene and tetracycline resistance genes tetA and tetC in different water environments of Jiangsu Province, China}, journal = {Ecotoxicology}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {652-660}, isbn = {0963-9292}, author = {Zhang, Xuxiang and Wu, Bing and Zhang, Yan and Zhang, Tong and Yang, Liuyan and Fang, Herbert HP and Ford, Tim and Cheng, Shupei} } @article {10730, title = {{Classical ctxB in Vibrio cholerae O1, Kolkata, India}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {15}, year = {2009}, pages = {131{\textendash}132}, author = {Raychoudhuri, A and Patra, T and Ghosh, K and Ramamurthy, T and Nandy, RK and Takeda, Y and Balakrish-Nair, G and Mukhopadhyay, AK} } @article {13452, title = {Climate change effects on trematodiases, with emphasis on zoonotic fascioliasis and schistosomiasis}, journal = {Vet Parasitol}, volume = {163}, year = {2009}, pages = {264-280}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Valero, M. A. and Bargues, M. D.} } @book {9299, title = {{Climate change: implications for food safety}}, year = {2009}, pages = {49}, address = {Rome, Italy}, author = {Jaykus, LA and Woolridge, M and Frank, JM and Miraglia, M and McQuatters-Gollop, A and Tirado, C} } @article {8437, title = {{Clinical patterns of uveitis in two ophthalmology centres in Bogota, Colombia}}, journal = {Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology}, volume = {37}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {458{\textendash}466}, author = {De-la-Torre, A and L{\'o}pez-Castillo, CA and Rueda, JC and Mantilla, RD and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE and Anaya, JM} } @article {13173, title = {Clinical relevance of the recently described species Aeromonas aquariorum}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {47}, year = {2009}, pages = {3742-3746}, author = {Figueras, M. J. and Alperi, A. and Saavedra, M. J. and Ko, W. C. and Gonzalo, N. and Navarro, M. and A. J. Martinez-Murcia} } @article {9408, title = {{Clinical significance of enteric protozoa in the immunosuppressed human population}}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Rev}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {634{\textendash}650}, author = {Stark, D and Barratt, JL and van Hal, S and Marriott, D and Harkness, J and Ellis, JT} } @article {9561, title = {{Clinical Significance of Enteric Protozoa in the Immunosuppressed Human Population}}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Rev}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {634{\textendash}650}, author = {Stark, D and Barratt, JL and van Hal, S and Marriott, D and Harkness, J and Ellis, JT} } @article {4174, title = {Clinical significance of enteric protozoa in the immunosuppressed human population}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, year = {2009}, author = {Stark, D and Barratt, JL and van Hal, S and Marriott, D and Harkness, J and Ellis, JT} } @article {9084, title = {{A closed-form expression for the quantile function of the Gompertz{\textendash}Makeham distribution}}, journal = {Mathematics and Computers in Simulation}, volume = {79}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {3069{\textendash}3075}, keywords = {Gompertz{\textendash}Makeham distribution, Inverse transform method, Lambert W function, Simulation}, issn = {0378-4754}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2009.02.002}, url = {file://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378475409000445}, author = {Jodr{\'a}, P} } @article {17397, title = {A cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of Vi typhoid vaccine in India}, journal = {N Engl J MedN Engl J Med}, volume = {361}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {Jul 23}, pages = {335-44}, edition = {2009/07/25}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Antibodies, Bacterial/blood, Child, Child, Preschool, Developing Countries, Hepatitis A Vaccines/adverse effects, Humans, Immunoglobulin G/blood, India, Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology, Polysaccharides, Bacterial/adverse effects/*immunology, Population Surveillance, Salmonella typhi/immunology, Treatment Outcome, Typhoid Fever/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention \& control, Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/adverse effects/*immunology}, isbn = {1533-4406 (Electronic)
0028-4793 (Linking)}, author = {Sur, D. and Ochiai, R. L. and Bhattacharya, S. K. and Ganguly, N. K. and Ali, M. and Manna, B. and Dutta, S. and Donner, A. and Kanungo, S. and Park, J. K. and Puri, M. K. and Kim, D. R. and Dutta, D. and Bhaduri, B. and Acosta, C. J. and Clemens, J. D.} } @article {13879, title = {Coadaptation of {Helicobacter} pylori and humans: ancient history, modern implications.}, journal = {The Journal of clinical investigation}, volume = {119}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, month = {sep}, pages = {2475{\textendash}87}, abstract = {Humans have been colonized by Helicobacter pylori for at least 50,000 years and probably throughout their evolution. H. pylori has adapted to humans, colonizing children and persisting throughout life. Most strains possess factors that subtly modulate the host environment, increasing the risk of peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and possibly other diseases. H. pylori genes encoding these and other factors rapidly evolve through mutation and recombination, changing the bacteria-host interaction. Although immune and physiologic responses to H. pylori also contribute to pathogenesis, humans have evolved in concert with the bacterium, and its recent absence throughout the life of many individuals has led to new human physiological changes. These may have contributed to recent increases in esophageal adenocarcinoma and, more speculatively, other modern diseases.}, keywords = {19th Century, 20th Century, 21st Century, Adaptation, Ancient, Animals, Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Bacterial Proteins: toxicity, Bacterial: genetics, Bacterial: toxicity, Biological, Evolution, Genetic Variation, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: history, Helicobacter Infections: immunology, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: immunology, Helicobacter pylori: pathogenicity, History, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Host-Pathogen Interactions: genetics, Host-Pathogen Interactions: immunology, Host-Pathogen Interactions: physiology, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Hypersensitivity: etiology, Models, Molecular, Peptic Ulcer, Peptic Ulcer: etiology, Peptic Ulcer: microbiology, Physiological, Stomach Neoplasms, Stomach Neoplasms: etiology, Stomach Neoplasms: microbiology}, issn = {1558-8238}, doi = {10.1172/JCI38605}, url = {http://www.jci.org/articles/view/38605$\#$sd}, author = {Atherton, John C and Blaser, Martin J} } @article {8251, title = {{Coadaptation of Helicobacter pylori and humans: ancient history, modern implications.}}, journal = {The Journal of Clinical Investigation}, volume = {119}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, month = {sep}, pages = {2475{\textendash}87}, publisher = {American Society for Clinical Investigation}, abstract = {

Humans have been colonized by Helicobacter pylori for at least 50,000 years and probably throughout their evolution. H. pylori has adapted to humans, colonizing children and persisting throughout life. Most strains possess factors that subtly modulate the host environment, increasing the risk of peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and possibly other diseases. H. pylori genes encoding these and other factors rapidly evolve through mutation and recombination, changing the bacteria-host interaction. Although immune and physiologic responses to H. pylori also contribute to pathogenesis, humans have evolved in concert with the bacterium, and its recent absence throughout the life of many individuals has led to new human physiological changes. These may have contributed to recent increases in esophageal adenocarcinoma and, more speculatively, other modern diseases.

}, keywords = {19th Century, 20th Century, 21st Century, Adaptation, Ancient, Animals, Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Bacterial Proteins: toxicity, Bacterial: genetics, Bacterial: toxicity, Biological, Evolution, Genetic Variation, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: history, Helicobacter Infections: immunology, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: immunology, Helicobacter pylori: pathogenicity, History, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Host-Pathogen Interactions: genetics, Host-Pathogen Interactions: immunology, Host-Pathogen Interactions: physiology, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Hypersensitivity: etiology, Models, Molecular, Peptic Ulcer, Peptic Ulcer: etiology, Peptic Ulcer: microbiology, Physiological, Stomach Neoplasms, Stomach Neoplasms: etiology, Stomach Neoplasms: microbiology}, issn = {1558-8238}, doi = {10.1172/JCI38605}, url = {http://www.jci.org/articles/view/38605{\#}sd}, author = {Atherton, John C and Blaser, Martin J} } @mastersthesis {10597, title = {{Comparative study between different methods for detection and enumeration of pathogenic bacteria from aquatic environment}}, year = {2009}, school = {Cairo University}, type = {phd}, author = {El-Lathy, MA} } @article {14581, title = {Comparative study of enteric viruses, coliphages and indicator bacteria for evaluating water quality in a tropical high-altitude system}, journal = {Environ Health}, volume = {8}, year = {2009}, pages = {49}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bacteria used as indicators for pathogenic microorganisms in water are not considered adequate as enteric virus indicators. Surface water from a tropical high-altitude system located in Mexico City that receives rainwater, treated and non-treated wastewater used for irrigation, and groundwater used for drinking, was studied. METHODS: The presence of enterovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, coliphage, coliform bacteria, and enterococci was determined during annual cycles in 2001 and 2002. Enteric viruses in concentrated water samples were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Coliphages were detected using the double agar layer method. Bacteria analyses of the water samples were carried out by membrane filtration. RESULTS: The presence of viruses and bacteria in the water used for irrigation showed no relationship between current bacterial indicator detection and viral presence. Coliphages showed strong association with indicator bacteria and enterovirus, but weak association with other enteric viruses. Enterovirus and rotavirus showed significant seasonal differences in water used for irrigation, although this was not clear for astrovirus. CONCLUSION: Coliphages proved to be adequate faecal pollution indicators for the irrigation water studied. Viral presence in this tropical high-altitude system showed a similar trend to data previously reported for temperate zones.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Bacterial/analysis, Coliphages/genetics/*isolation \& purification, DNA, Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Mexico, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA Viruses/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Seasons, Tropical Climate, Water Supply/standards}, issn = {1476-069X (Electronic) 1476-069X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-8-49 1476-069X-8-49 [pii]}, author = {Espinosa, A. C. and Arias, C. F. and Sanchez-Colon, S. and Mazari-Hiriart, M.} } @article {14932, title = {Comparative study of enteric viruses, coliphages and indicator bacteria for evaluating water quality in a tropical high-altitude system}, journal = {Environ Health}, volume = {8}, year = {2009}, pages = {49}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bacteria used as indicators for pathogenic microorganisms in water are not considered adequate as enteric virus indicators. Surface water from a tropical high-altitude system located in Mexico City that receives rainwater, treated and non-treated wastewater used for irrigation, and groundwater used for drinking, was studied. METHODS: The presence of enterovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, coliphage, coliform bacteria, and enterococci was determined during annual cycles in 2001 and 2002. Enteric viruses in concentrated water samples were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Coliphages were detected using the double agar layer method. Bacteria analyses of the water samples were carried out by membrane filtration. RESULTS: The presence of viruses and bacteria in the water used for irrigation showed no relationship between current bacterial indicator detection and viral presence. Coliphages showed strong association with indicator bacteria and enterovirus, but weak association with other enteric viruses. Enterovirus and rotavirus showed significant seasonal differences in water used for irrigation, although this was not clear for astrovirus. CONCLUSION: Coliphages proved to be adequate faecal pollution indicators for the irrigation water studied. Viral presence in this tropical high-altitude system showed a similar trend to data previously reported for temperate zones.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Bacterial/analysis, Coliphages/genetics/*isolation \& purification, DNA, Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Mexico, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA Viruses/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Seasons, Tropical Climate, Water Supply/standards}, issn = {1476-069X (Electronic) 1476-069X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-8-49 1476-069X-8-49 [pii]}, author = {Espinosa, A. C. and Arias, C. F. and Sanchez-Colon, S. and Mazari-Hiriart, M.} } @article {3543, title = {Comparative study of enteric viruses, coliphages and indicator bacteria for evaluating water quality in a tropical high-altitude system.}, journal = {Environmental Health}, volume = {8}, year = {2009}, pages = {49}, author = {Espinosa, AC and C F Arias and S{\'a}nchez-Col{\'o}n, S and Mazari-Hiriart, M} } @article {17480, title = {{Comparing microbial die-off in separately collected faeces with ash and sawdust additives.}}, journal = {Waste management (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {29}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, month = {jul}, pages = {2214{\textendash}2219}, abstract = {In a urine diversion dry toilet (UDDT), the urine and faeces are collected separately in order to recycle their nutrient content unmixed. In a UDDT, an additive e.g. lime, wood ash, dry soil or sawdust, depending on which one is easily accessed by the users, is usually sprinkled to the faeces after each defecation. The purpose of the additive is primarily to keep away the flies and odours and to contribute to primary treatment of the faeces. In this paper, ash and sawdust were applied separately to source-separated faeces during the collection phase, and then the die-off of indicators and pathogens in the mixtures was studied. The die-off of E. coli in the faeces/ash mixture was faster initially (first 7 days) compared to that achieved in the faeces/sawdust mixture even though the die-off achieved after 30-50 days was nearly similar for both mixtures. E. coli was not detected in faeces/ash after about 2 months, but was detected after 2 months in the faeces/sawdust mixture. Enterococcus spp. did not decrease below detection in faeces/ash or faeces/sawdust mixture but higher numbers (difference of about 2 logs) were detected at all times in faeces/sawdust than in faeces/ash mixture. The difference in the die-off in the mixtures of faeces/ash and faeces/sawdust was attributed to the differences in the characteristics of the additives, namely, high alkaline mineral content (giving high pH) and lower moisture content of ash compared to sawdust. It is recommended to increase use of ash as additive over sawdust in urine diversion dry toilets.}, keywords = {Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Feces, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, isolation {\&} purification, Microbiology, Temperature, Toilet Facilities, water, Wood}, issn = {0956-053X (Print)}, doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2009.02.010}, author = {Niwagaba, C and Kulabako, R N and Mugala, P and J{\"o}nsson, H} } @article {13400, title = {{Comparing microbial die-off in separately collected faeces with ash and sawdust additives}}, journal = {Waste Management}, volume = {29}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, pages = {2214{\textendash}2219}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {In a urine diversion dry toilet (UDDT), the urine and faeces are collected separately in order to recycle their nutrient content unmixed. In a UDDT, an additive e.g. lime, wood ash, dry soil or sawdust, depending on which one is easily accessed by the users, is usually sprinkled to the faeces after each defecation. The purpose of the additive is primarily to keep away the flies and odours and to contribute to primary treatment of the faeces. In this paper, ash and sawdust were applied separately to source-separated faeces during the collection phase, and then the die-off of indicators and pathogens in the mixtures was studied. The die-off of E. coli in the faeces/ash mixture was faster initially (first 7 days) compared to that achieved in the faeces/sawdust mixture even though the die-off achieved after 30-50 days was nearly similar for both mixtures. E. coli was not detected in faeces/ash after about 2 months, but was detected after 2 months in the faeces/sawdust mixture. Enterococcus spp. did not decrease below detection in faeces/ash or faeces/sawdust mixture but higher numbers (difference of about 2 logs) were detected at all times in faeces/sawdust than in faeces/ash mixture. The difference in the die-off in the mixtures of faeces/ash and faeces/sawdust was attributed to the differences in the characteristics of the additives, namely, high alkaline mineral content (giving high pH) and lower moisture content of ash compared to sawdust. It is recommended to increase use of ash as additive over sawdust in urine diversion dry toilets. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {0956-053X}, issn = {0956053X}, doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2009.02.010}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.02.010}, author = {Niwagaba, C. and Kulabako, R. N. and Mugala, P. and Jonsson, H.} } @article {6273, title = {Comparing probabilistic microbial risk assessments for drinking water against daily rather than annualised infection probability targets}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {07}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {dec}, pages = {535}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2009.101}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/007/jwh0070535.htm}, author = {Signor, R. S. and Ashbolt, N. J.} } @article {7442, title = {Comparing probabilistic microbial risk assessments for drinking water against daily rather than annualised infection probability targets}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {07}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {dec}, pages = {535}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2009.101}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2009.101}, author = {Signor, R. S. and Ashbolt, N. J.} } @article {9549, title = {{Comparison of Chromotrope 2R and Uvitex 2B for the detection of intestinal microsporidial spores in stool specimens of HIV patients attending Nekempte Hospital, West Ethiopia}}, journal = {Ethiopian Medical Journal}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {233{\textendash}237}, author = {Mohammed, H and Endeshaw, T and Kebede, A and Defera, M} } @article {10073, title = {{Comparison of Fecal Indicator Bacteria Densities in Marine Recreational Waters by qPCR}}, journal = {Water Quality, Exposure and Health}, volume = {1}, number = {3-4}, year = {2009}, pages = {203{\textendash}214}, author = {Chern, EC and Brenner, KP and Wymer, LJ and Haugland, RA} } @article {8929, title = {Comparison of low- and medium-pressure ultraviolet lamps: Photoreactivation of Escherichia coli and total coliforms in secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {815-821}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.028}, url = {://WOS:000263658700027 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135408005617/1-s2.0-S0043135408005617-main.pdf?_tid=ac549422-5e5c-11e6-ac76-00000aacb362\&acdnat=1470766460_7693db4c3801f258d7c4174f8bae0a90}, author = {Guo, M. T. and Hu, H. Y. and Bolton, J. R. and El-Din, M. G.} } @article {1022, title = {Comparison of methods for concentrating human adenoviruses, polyomavirus JC and noroviruses in source waters and drinking water using quantitative PCR}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {158}, number = {1-2}, year = {2009}, pages = {104{\textendash}9}, publisher = {Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.}, abstract = {

Human adenovirus and JC polyomavirus have been proposed as viral indicators of human faecal contamination of water. This study compared concentration and nucleic acid extraction methods and defines a protocol for quantifying human adenoviruses (HAdV), JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) and noroviruses (NoV) in source and drinking water. River water samples and spiked tap water samples were used to evaluate virus recovery, applying quantitative PCR (qPCR) to five concentration methods. In the case of 10-L samples, the use of ultrafiltration cartridges produced acceptable recoveries for HAdV and JCPyV, but they were inefficient for noroviruses and could not be applied to high-volume and river water samples with medium turbidity. The glass wool method with pre-acidification gave similar recoveries and made it possible to detect NoV. In the case of 50-L samples, the method that produced the highest recovery efficiency and applicability was glass wool filtration. Comparing different sample volumes of a river used as source water showed that the largest number of viruses were quantified when lower volumes (1L) were tested (1.5 x 10(4) HAdV genome copies (GC)/L and 2.8 x 10(3) JCPyV GC/L). The methods developed are easy to standardize and may be valuable tools for the control of viral contamination in source water and for assessing the efficiency of virus removal in drinking water treatment plants.

}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Filtration, Filtration: methods, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Human, Human: genetics, Human: isolation \& purification, Humans, JC Virus, JC Virus: genetics, JC Virus: isolation \& purification, Norovirus, Norovirus: genetics, Norovirus: isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, Water Pollution}, issn = {1879-0984}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.004}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19428577}, author = {Albi{\~n}ana-Gimenez, Nestor and Clemente-Casares, Pilar and Calgua, Byron and Josep M Huguet and Courtois, Sophie and Girones, Rosina and Albinana-Gimenez N, Clemente-Casares P, Calgua B, Huguet JM, Courtois S, Girones R.} } @article {615, title = {Comparison of molecular markers to detect fresh sewage in environmental waters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, note = {Cross-validation of detection methods for pathogens and fecal indicators}, pages = {4908 - 4917}, abstract = {Human-specific Bacteroides \{HF183\} (HS-HF183), human-specific Enterococci faecium esp (HS-esp), human-specific adenoviruses (HS-AVs) and human-specific polyomaviruses (HS-PVs) assays were evaluated in freshwater, seawater and distilled water to detect fresh sewage. The sewage spiked water samples were also tested for the concentrations of traditional fecal indicators (i.e., Escherichia coli, enterococci and Clostridium perfringens) and enteric viruses such as enteroviruses (EVs), sapoviruses (SVs), and torquetenoviruses (TVs). The overall host-specificity of the HS-HF183 marker to differentiate between humans and other animals was 98\%. However, the HS-esp, HS-AVs and HS-PVs showed 100\% host-specificity. All the human-specific markers showed \>97\% sensitivity to detect human fecal pollution. E. coli, enterococci and, C. perfringens were detected up to dilutions of sewage 10-5, 10-4 and 10-3 respectively. HS-esp, HS-AVs, HS-PVs, \{SVs\} and \{TVs\} were detected up to dilution of sewage 10-4 whilst \{EVs\} were detected up to dilution 10-5. The~ability of the HS-HF183 marker to detect fresh sewage was 3{\textendash}4 orders of magnitude higher than that of the HS-esp and viral markers. The ability to detect fresh sewage in freshwater, seawater and distilled water matrices was similar for human-specific bacterial and viral marker. Based on our data, it~appears that human-specific molecular markers are sensitive measures of fresh sewage pollution, and the HS-HF183 marker appears to be the most sensitive among these markers in~terms of detecting fresh sewage. However, the presence of the HS-HF183 marker in environmental waters may not necessarily indicate the presence of enteric viruses due to their high abundance in sewage compared to enteric viruses. More research is required on the persistency of these markers in environmental water samples in relation to traditional fecal indicators and enteric pathogens.}, keywords = {Water quality}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.047}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135409006307}, author = {W. Ahmed and A. Goonetilleke and D. Powell and K. Chauhan and T. Gardner} } @article {960, title = {{Comparison of molecular markers to detect fresh sewage in environmental waters}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, pages = {4908{\textendash}4917}, abstract = {Human-specific Bacteroides HF183 (HS-HF183), human-specific Enterococci faecium esp (HS-esp), human-specific adenoviruses (HS-AVs) and human-specific polyomaviruses (HS-PVs) assays were evaluated in freshwater, seawater and distilled water to detect fresh sewage. The sewage spiked water samples were also tested for the concentrations of traditional fecal indicators (i.e., Escherichia coli, enterococci and Clostridium perfringens) and enteric viruses such as enteroviruses (EVs), sapoviruses (SVs), and torquetenoviruses (TVs). The overall host-specificity of the HS-HF183 marker to differentiate between humans and other animals was 98\%. However, the HS-esp, HS-AVs and HS-PVs showed 100\% host-specificity. All the human-specific markers showed >97\% sensitivity to detect human fecal pollution. E. coli, enterococci and, C. perfringens were detected up to dilutions of sewage 10-5, 10-4 and 10-3 respectively. HS-esp, HS-AVs, HS-PVs, SVs and TVs were detected up to dilution of sewage 10-4 whilst EVs were detected up to dilution 10-5. The~ability of the HS-HF183 marker to detect fresh sewage was 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than that of the HS-esp and viral markers. The ability to detect fresh sewage in freshwater, seawater and distilled water matrices was similar for human-specific bacterial and viral marker. Based on our data, it~appears that human-specific molecular markers are sensitive measures of fresh sewage pollution, and the HS-HF183 marker appears to be the most sensitive among these markers in~terms of detecting fresh sewage. However, the presence of the HS-HF183 marker in environmental waters may not necessarily indicate the presence of enteric viruses due to their high abundance in sewage compared to enteric viruses. More research is required on the persistency of these markers in environmental water samples in relation to traditional fecal indicators and enteric pathogens. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Enteric viruses, Microbial source tracking, Molecular markers, Sewage pollution, Water quality}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.047}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Goonetilleke, A. and Powell, D. and Chauhan, K. and Gardner, T.} } @article {10045, title = {{Comparison of molecular markers to detect fresh sewage in environmental waters}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, pages = {4908{\textendash}4917}, author = {Ahmed, W and Goonetilleke, A and Powell, D and Chauhan, K and Gardner, T} } @article {1592, title = {The complete genome of klassevirus - a novel picornavirus in pediatric stool}, journal = {Virol J}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {Greninger, Alexander L Runckel, Charles Chiu, Charles Y Haggerty, Thomas Parsonnet, Julie Ganem, Donald DeRisi, Joseph L eng R01 AI042801/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2009/06/23 09:00 Virol J. 2009 Jun 18;6:82. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-6-82.}, pages = {82}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diarrhea kills 2 million children worldwide each year, yet an etiological agent is not found in approximately 30-50\% of cases. Picornaviral genera such as enterovirus, kobuvirus, cosavirus, parechovirus, hepatovirus, teschovirus, and cardiovirus have all been found in human and animal diarrhea. Modern technologies, especially deep sequencing, allow rapid, high-throughput screening of clinical samples such as stool for new infectious agents associated with human disease. RESULTS: A pool of 141 pediatric gastroenteritis samples that were previously found to be negative for known diarrheal viruses was subjected to pyrosequencing. From a total of 937,935 sequence reads, a collection of 849 reads distantly related to Aichi virus were assembled and found to comprise 75\% of a novel picornavirus genome. The complete genome was subsequently cloned and found to share 52.3\% nucleotide pairwise identity and 38.9\% amino acid identity to Aichi virus. The low level of sequence identity suggests a novel picornavirus genus which we have designated klassevirus. Blinded screening of 751 stool specimens from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals revealed a second positive case of klassevirus infection, which was subsequently found to be from the index case{\textquoteright}s 11-month old twin. CONCLUSION: We report the discovery of human klassevirus 1, a member of a novel picornavirus genus, in stool from two infants from Northern California. Further characterization and epidemiological studies will be required to establish whether klasseviruses are significant causes of human infection.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence Homology, California Feces/*virology Gastroenteritis/*virology *Genome, DNA Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Viral Humans Molecular Sequence Data Picornaviridae/*genetics/*isolation \& purification Picornaviridae Infections/*virology RNA, Viral/*genetics *Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1743-422X (Electronic) 1743-422X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1743-422X-6-82}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538752}, author = {Greninger, A. L. and Runckel, C. and Chiu, C. Y. and T Haggerty and Parsonnet, J. and Ganem, D. and DeRisi, J. L.} } @article {14642, title = {The complete genome of klassevirus - a novel picornavirus in pediatric stool}, journal = {Virol J}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {82}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diarrhea kills 2 million children worldwide each year, yet an etiological agent is not found in approximately 30-50\% of cases. Picornaviral genera such as enterovirus, kobuvirus, cosavirus, parechovirus, hepatovirus, teschovirus, and cardiovirus have all been found in human and animal diarrhea. Modern technologies, especially deep sequencing, allow rapid, high-throughput screening of clinical samples such as stool for new infectious agents associated with human disease. RESULTS: A pool of 141 pediatric gastroenteritis samples that were previously found to be negative for known diarrheal viruses was subjected to pyrosequencing. From a total of 937,935 sequence reads, a collection of 849 reads distantly related to Aichi virus were assembled and found to comprise 75\% of a novel picornavirus genome. The complete genome was subsequently cloned and found to share 52.3\% nucleotide pairwise identity and 38.9\% amino acid identity to Aichi virus. The low level of sequence identity suggests a novel picornavirus genus which we have designated klassevirus. Blinded screening of 751 stool specimens from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals revealed a second positive case of klassevirus infection, which was subsequently found to be from the index case{\textquoteright}s 11-month old twin. CONCLUSION: We report the discovery of human klassevirus 1, a member of a novel picornavirus genus, in stool from two infants from Northern California. Further characterization and epidemiological studies will be required to establish whether klasseviruses are significant causes of human infection.}, keywords = {*Genome, *Sequence Analysis, Amino Acid, California, DNA, Feces/*virology, Gastroenteritis/*virology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid, Picornaviridae Infections/*virology, Picornaviridae/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, RNA, Sequence Homology, Viral, Viral/*genetics}, issn = {1743-422X (Electronic) 1743-422X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1743-422X-6-82}, author = {Greninger, A. L. and Runckel, C. and Chiu, C. Y. and T Haggerty and Parsonnet, J. and Ganem, D. and DeRisi, J. L.} } @article {14967, title = {The complete genome of klassevirus - a novel picornavirus in pediatric stool}, journal = {Virol J}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {82}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diarrhea kills 2 million children worldwide each year, yet an etiological agent is not found in approximately 30-50\% of cases. Picornaviral genera such as enterovirus, kobuvirus, cosavirus, parechovirus, hepatovirus, teschovirus, and cardiovirus have all been found in human and animal diarrhea. Modern technologies, especially deep sequencing, allow rapid, high-throughput screening of clinical samples such as stool for new infectious agents associated with human disease. RESULTS: A pool of 141 pediatric gastroenteritis samples that were previously found to be negative for known diarrheal viruses was subjected to pyrosequencing. From a total of 937,935 sequence reads, a collection of 849 reads distantly related to Aichi virus were assembled and found to comprise 75\% of a novel picornavirus genome. The complete genome was subsequently cloned and found to share 52.3\% nucleotide pairwise identity and 38.9\% amino acid identity to Aichi virus. The low level of sequence identity suggests a novel picornavirus genus which we have designated klassevirus. Blinded screening of 751 stool specimens from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals revealed a second positive case of klassevirus infection, which was subsequently found to be from the index case{\textquoteright}s 11-month old twin. CONCLUSION: We report the discovery of human klassevirus 1, a member of a novel picornavirus genus, in stool from two infants from Northern California. Further characterization and epidemiological studies will be required to establish whether klasseviruses are significant causes of human infection.}, keywords = {*Genome, *Sequence Analysis, Amino Acid, California, DNA, Feces/*virology, Gastroenteritis/*virology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid, Picornaviridae Infections/*virology, Picornaviridae/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, RNA, Sequence Homology, Viral, Viral/*genetics}, issn = {1743-422X (Electronic) 1743-422X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1743-422X-6-82}, author = {Greninger, A. L. and Runckel, C. and Chiu, C. Y. and T Haggerty and Parsonnet, J. and Ganem, D. and DeRisi, J. L.} } @article {15642, title = {Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {100}, number = {22}, year = {2009}, month = {2009/11/01/}, pages = {5444-5453}, keywords = {Animal manure, Compost quality, Composting, Maturity indices, Microbial stability}, isbn = {0960-8524}, author = {Bernal, M. P. and Alburquerque, J. A. and Moral, R.} } @mastersthesis {6519, title = {Computational aspects of treatment planning for neutron capture therapy}, year = {2009}, note = {0822510}, school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a biochemically targeted form of binary radiation therapy that has the potential to deliver radiation to cancers with cellular dose selectivity. Accurate and efficient treatment planning calculations are essential to maximizing the efficacy of BNCT and ensuring patient safety. This thesis investigates computational aspects of BNCT treatment planning with the aim of improving both the accuracy and efficiency of the planning process as well as developing a better understanding of differences in computational dosimetry that exist between the different BNCT clinical sites around the world. A combined 81 brain tumor patients have been treated in dose escalation trials of Neutron Capture Therapy (NCT) in the USA at Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). Pooling the clinical data from these and other trials will allow the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of NCT with more statistical rigor. However, differences in physical and computational dosimetry between the institutions that make a direct comparison of the clinical dosimetry difficult must first be addressed before clinical data can be compared. This study involves normalizing the BNL clinical dosimetry to that of Harvard-MIT for combined NCT dose response analysis using analysis of MIT measurements and calculations with the BNL treatment planning system (TPS), BNCT\_Rtpe, for two different phantoms. The BNL TPS was calibrated to dose measurements made by MIT at the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor (BMRR) in the BNL calibration phantom, a Lucite cube, and then validated by MIT dose measurements at the BMRR in an ellipsoidal water phantom. Using the newly determined TPS calibration, treatment plans for all BNL patients were recomputed, yielding reductions in reported mean brain doses of 10\% on average in the initial 15 patients treated with the 8 cm collimator and 27\% in the latter 38 patients treated with a 12 cm collimator. These reductions in reported doses have clinically significant implications for those relying on reported BNL doses as a basis for initial dose selection in clinical studies and reaffirm the importance of collaborative dosimetric comparisons within the NCT community. The applicability and optimization of variance reduction techniques for BNCT Monte Carlo treatment planning calculations were investigated using MCNP5. The pre-existing variance reduction scheme in the Monte Carlo model of the fission converter beam (FCB) at MIT was optimized, resulting in improved energy-dependent neutron and photon weight windows. Using these weight windows, a more precise surface source representation of the FCB was produced downstream at the patient position with improved statistical properties that increased the mean efficiency of in-phantom dose calculations by a factor of 9. The variance reduction techniques available in MCNP were also explored as a means of increasing the efficiency of dose calculations in the patient model. By disabling implicit neutron capture and using fast neutron source biasing and photon production biasing techniques, the mean efficiency of dose calculations was improved by a factor of 2.2. Constructing an accurate description of a neutron beam is critical to achieving accurate calculations of dose in NCT treatment planning. This study compares two methods of neutron beam source definition commonly used in BNCT treatment planning calculations, the phase space file (MCNP surface source file) and source variable probability distributions (MCNP SDef). To facilitate the comparison, a novel software tool was developed to analyze MCNP surface source files and construct MCNP SDef representations. This tool was applied to the MIT FCB, which has a well-validated Monte Carlo model. Each source type (surface source file and SDef) was used to simulate transport of the beam through voxel models of the modified Snyder head phantom, where doses were calculated. Compared to the surface source file, the initial dose calculations with the SDef produced significant errors of \~{}15\%. Using a patched version of MCNP that allowed the observed radial dependence of the relative azimuthal angle to be modeled in the SDef, errors in all dose components in the head phantom at D max were reduced to acceptably small levels with none being statistically significant except for the induced photon error of 0.5\%. Errors in the calculated doses introduced by sampling the azimuthal component of particle direction uniformly in the SDef vary spatially, are phantom-dependent, and thus cannot be accurately corrected by a simple scaling of doses. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.) (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0552:Nuclear engineering, 0574:Medical imaging, Applied sciences, Health and environmental sciences, Medical imaging, Neutron capture therapy, Nuclear engineering, Treatment planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/276307756?accountid=14270}, author = {Albritton, James Raymond} } @article {8404, title = {{Concentrating Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis from surface water and drinking water by continuous separation channel centrifugation}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {107}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1089{\textendash}1097}, author = {Borchardt, MA and Spencer, SK and Bertz, PD and Ware, MW and Dubey, JP and Alan Lindquist, HD} } @article {4901, title = {{Concentrating Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis from surface water and drinking water by continuous separation channel centrifugation}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {107}, year = {2009}, pages = {1089{\textendash}1097}, author = {Borchardt, MA and Spencer, SK and Bertz, PD and Ware, MW and Dubey, JP and Alan Lindquist, HD} } @article {10197, title = {{Concentrations of host-specific and generic fecal markers measured by quantitative PCR in raw sewage and fresh animal feces}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, pages = {4860{\textendash}4871}, author = {Silkie, SS and Nelson, KL} } @article {10198, title = {{Concentrations of host-specific and generic fecal markers measured by quantitative PCR in raw sewage and fresh animal feces}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, pages = {4860{\textendash}4871}, author = {Silkie, SS and Nelson, KL} } @article {8472, title = {{Congenital toxoplasmosis and reinfection during pregnancy: case report}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {199}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {280{\textendash}285}, author = {Elbez-Rubinstein, A and Ajzenberg, D and Dard{\'e}, ML and Cohen, R and Dum{\`e}tre, A and Yera, H and Gondon, E and Janaud, JC and Thulliez, P} } @article {5617, title = {{Continuous presence of noroviruses and sapoviruses in raw sewage reflects infections among inhabitants of Toyama, Japan (2006 to 2008)}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {1264{\textendash}1270}, abstract = {Various genotypes of norovirus (NoV) (genogroup I genotype 1 [GI.1], -2, -4, -5, -8, -11, -12, and -14; GII.3, -4, -6, -7, -10, -13, -14, and -15), and sapovirus (SaV) (GI.1 and GI.2, GII.1, and GIV.1) were detected from raw sewage from April 2006 to March 2008, while limited numbers of genotypes of NoV (GI.8, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.13) and SaV (GII.3 and GIV.1) and of NoV (GII.4, GII.7, and GII.13) were detected from clinical cases and healthy children, respectively. During the winter 2006 to 2008, a large number of sporadic gastroenteritis outbreaks and many outbreaks caused by NoV GII.4 occurred among inhabitants in Toyama, Japan. The copy number of genomes of NoV GII detected from raw sewage changed in relation to the number of outbreaks. NoV strains of the same genotypes observed in both raw sewage and human specimens belonged to the same cluster by phylogenetic analysis and had almost identical nucleotide sequences among each genotype. These data suggest that NoVs and SaVs detected from raw sewage reflect the viruses circulating in the community, irrespective of symptoms, and that subclinical infections of NoV are common in Japan. Combined surveys of raw sewage with those of clinical cases help us to understand the relationship between infection of these viruses and gastroenteritis.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01166-08}, author = {Iwai, Masae and Hasegawa, Sumiyo and Obara, Mayumi and Nakamura, Kazuya and Horimoto, Eiji and Takizawa, Takenori and Kurata, Takeshi and Sogen, Shun Ichi and Shiraki, Kimiyasu} } @article {14512, title = {Contribution of wastewater treatment plant effluents to nutrient dynamics in aquatic systems: a review}, journal = {Environ Manage}, volume = {44}, year = {2009}, month = {aug}, pages = {205{\textendash}17}, abstract = {Excessive nutrient loading (considering nitrogen and phosphorus) is a major ongoing threat to water quality and here we review the impact of nutrient discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to United States (U.S.) freshwater systems. While urban and agricultural land uses are significant nonpoint nutrient contributors, effluent from point sources such as WWTPs can overwhelm receiving waters, effectively dominating hydrological characteristics and regulating instream nutrient processes. Population growth, increased wastewater volumes, and sustainability of critical water resources have all been key factors influencing the extent of wastewater treatment. Reducing nutrient concentrations in wastewater is an important aspect of water quality management because excessive nutrient concentrations often prevent water bodies from meeting designated uses. WWTPs employ numerous physical, chemical, and biological methods to improve effluent water quality but nutrient removal requires advanced treatment and infrastructure that may be economically prohibitive. Therefore, effluent nutrient concentrations vary depending on the particular processes used to treat influent wastewater. Increasingly stringent regulations regarding nutrient concentrations in discharged effluent, along with greater freshwater demand in populous areas, have led to the development of extensive water recycling programs within many U.S. regions. Reuse programs provide an opportunity to reduce or eliminate direct nutrient discharges to receiving waters while allowing for the beneficial use of reclaimed water. However, nutrients in reclaimed water can still be a concern for reuse applications, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation.}, keywords = {*Water Supply, Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods, Environmental monitoring, Fluid/*methods, Fresh Water/*chemistry, Geography, United States, Waste Disposal}, issn = {1432-1009 (Electronic) 0364-152X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-009-9309-5}, author = {Carey, R. O. and Migliaccio, K. W.} } @article {14887, title = {Contribution of wastewater treatment plant effluents to nutrient dynamics in aquatic systems: a review}, journal = {Environ Manage}, volume = {44}, year = {2009}, month = {aug}, pages = {205{\textendash}17}, abstract = {Excessive nutrient loading (considering nitrogen and phosphorus) is a major ongoing threat to water quality and here we review the impact of nutrient discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to United States (U.S.) freshwater systems. While urban and agricultural land uses are significant nonpoint nutrient contributors, effluent from point sources such as WWTPs can overwhelm receiving waters, effectively dominating hydrological characteristics and regulating instream nutrient processes. Population growth, increased wastewater volumes, and sustainability of critical water resources have all been key factors influencing the extent of wastewater treatment. Reducing nutrient concentrations in wastewater is an important aspect of water quality management because excessive nutrient concentrations often prevent water bodies from meeting designated uses. WWTPs employ numerous physical, chemical, and biological methods to improve effluent water quality but nutrient removal requires advanced treatment and infrastructure that may be economically prohibitive. Therefore, effluent nutrient concentrations vary depending on the particular processes used to treat influent wastewater. Increasingly stringent regulations regarding nutrient concentrations in discharged effluent, along with greater freshwater demand in populous areas, have led to the development of extensive water recycling programs within many U.S. regions. Reuse programs provide an opportunity to reduce or eliminate direct nutrient discharges to receiving waters while allowing for the beneficial use of reclaimed water. However, nutrients in reclaimed water can still be a concern for reuse applications, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation.}, keywords = {*Water Supply, Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods, Environmental monitoring, Fluid/*methods, Fresh Water/*chemistry, Geography, United States, Waste Disposal}, issn = {1432-1009 (Electronic) 0364-152X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-009-9309-5}, author = {Carey, R. O. and Migliaccio, K. W.} } @article {1498, title = {Contribution of wastewater treatment plant effluents to nutrient dynamics in aquatic systems: a review}, journal = {Environ Manage}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, note = {Carey, Richard O Migliaccio, Kati W Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review United States Environmental management Environ Manage. 2009 Aug;44(2):205-17. doi: 10.1007/s00267-009-9309-5. Epub 2009 May 21.}, pages = {205-17}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Excessive nutrient loading (considering nitrogen and phosphorus) is a major ongoing threat to water quality and here we review the impact of nutrient discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to United States (U.S.) freshwater systems. While urban and agricultural land uses are significant nonpoint nutrient contributors, effluent from point sources such as WWTPs can overwhelm receiving waters, effectively dominating hydrological characteristics and regulating instream nutrient processes. Population growth, increased wastewater volumes, and sustainability of critical water resources have all been key factors influencing the extent of wastewater treatment. Reducing nutrient concentrations in wastewater is an important aspect of water quality management because excessive nutrient concentrations often prevent water bodies from meeting designated uses. WWTPs employ numerous physical, chemical, and biological methods to improve effluent water quality but nutrient removal requires advanced treatment and infrastructure that may be economically prohibitive. Therefore, effluent nutrient concentrations vary depending on the particular processes used to treat influent wastewater. Increasingly stringent regulations regarding nutrient concentrations in discharged effluent, along with greater freshwater demand in populous areas, have led to the development of extensive water recycling programs within many U.S. regions. Reuse programs provide an opportunity to reduce or eliminate direct nutrient discharges to receiving waters while allowing for the beneficial use of reclaimed water. However, nutrients in reclaimed water can still be a concern for reuse applications, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation.}, keywords = {Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods Environmental Monitoring Fresh Water/*chemistry Geography United States Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods *Water Supply}, issn = {1432-1009 (Electronic) 0364-152X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s00267-009-9309-5}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458999}, author = {Carey, R. O. and Migliaccio, K. W.} } @article {8377, title = {{Cost-Effectiveness in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review of the Debates Surrounding Decision Rules}}, journal = {Pharmacoeconomics}, volume = {27}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {903{\textendash}917}, author = {Shillcutt, S.D. and Walker, D.G. and Goodman, C.A. and Mills, A.J.} } @booklet {3420, title = {{Country Profiles of Environmental Burden of Disease}}, year = {2009}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {3550, title = {Country {Profiles} of {Environmental} {Burden} of {Disease}}, year = {2009}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO} } @article {5934, title = {{The course of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs after contact-infection and intravenous inoculation}}, journal = {BMC Vetinary Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {7{\textendash}19}, author = {Bouwknegt, M and Rutjes, SA and Reusken, CB and Stockhofe-Zurwieden, N and Frankena, K and De Jong, MC and de Roda Husman, AM, Van der Poel, WH} } @article {4213, title = {{Covariation and photoinactivation of traditional and novel indicator organisms and human viruses at a sewage-impacted marine beach.}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {21}, year = {2009}, month = {nov}, pages = {8046{\textendash}52}, abstract = {

Sunlight modulates concentrations of Escherichia coli and enterococci in marine waters. However, the mechanism of photoinactivation is poorly understood. Additionally, little is known about photoinactivation of other fecal indicators and human viruses in recreational waters. We sampled nearshore waters at Avalon Beach, California hourly for 72 h for reactive oxygen species (ROS), traditional indicator bacteria (E. coli and enterococci, and QPCR-based detection of enterococci), F+ (DNA and RNA) and somatic coliphages, the human-specific marker in Bacteroidales (HF marker), human enterovirus, and human adenovirus. E. coli and enterococci (regardless of measurement technique) covaried with each other and the coliphages suggesting similar sources and fates. The occurrence of the HF and enterovirus markers was correlated, but their occurrence was not positively correlated with the other indicators. Lower concentrations or occurrence of all microbes, excluding the HF and enterovirus markers, were observed during sunlit as opposed to dark hours, pointing to the importance of photoinactivation. Empirical-deterministic models for a subset of microbial indicators were created to determine field-relevant sunlight inactivation rates while accounting for time dependent sources and sinks. Photoinactivation rates of enterococci and E. coli, enterococci measured by QPCR, and somatic coliphage were estimated at 7, 6, 3, and 28 d(-1) I(-1), respectively, where I is UVB intensity in W/m(2). Average H(2)O(2) was 183 nM and the maximum singlet oxygen steady state concentration was 6.6 fM. Given the clarity of the water, direct genomic damage of bacteria and coliphage, as well as indirect endogenous damage of bacteria, were likely the most important inactivation mechanisms, but we cannot rule out a contribution by indirect mechanisms involving the H(2)O(2) and singlet oxygen produced exogenously.

}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteria: radiation effects, Bathing Beaches, Biological, Colony Count, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation {\&} purification, Enterococcus: radiation effects, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli: radiation effects, Humans, Microbial, Microbial Viability, Microbial Viability: radiation effects, Models, Reactive Oxygen Species, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Seawater: virology, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Sewage: virology, Sunlight, Virus Inactivation, Virus Inactivation: radiation effects, Viruses, Viruses: radiation effects}, issn = {0013-936X}, doi = {10.1021/es9015124}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924921}, author = {Boehm, Alexandria B and Yamahara, Kevan M and Love, David C and Peterson, Britt M and McNeill, Kristopher and Nelson, Kara L} } @article {9496, title = {{Cryptosporidium genotype and subtype distribution in raw wastewater in Shanghai, China: evidence for possible unique Cryptosporidium hominis transmission}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {153{\textendash}157}, author = {Feng, Y and Li, N and Duan, L and Xiao, L} } @article {15771, title = {Cryptosporidium parvum isolate-dependent postinfectious jejunal hypersensitivity and mast cell accumulation in an immunocompetent rat model}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {77}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, month = {Nov}, pages = {5163-9}, edition = {2009/08/19}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*immunology/pathology/*physiopathology, Cryptosporidium parvum/*genetics/immunology/pathogenicity, Disease Models, Animal, Immunohistochemistry, Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/microbiology, Jejunum/immunology/*microbiology/pathology, Mast Cells/*immunology, Pain Threshold, Rats}, isbn = {0019-9567}, author = {Khaldi, S. and Gargala, G. and Le Goff, L. and Parey, S. and Francois, A. and Fioramonti, J. and Ballet, J. J. and Dupont, J. P. and Ducrotte, P. and Favennec, L.} } @article {8543, title = {{Current status of toxoplasmosis vaccine development}}, journal = {Expert Review of Vaccines}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {791{\textendash}808}, author = {Kur, J and Holec-Gasior, L and Hiszczy{\'n}ska-Sawicka, E} } @article {7440, title = {Dead-{End} {Hollow}-{Fiber} {Ultrafiltration} for {Recovery} of {Diverse} {Microbes} from {Water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {16}, year = {2009}, month = {aug}, pages = {5284{\textendash}5289}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00456-09}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.00456-09}, author = {Smith, C. M. and Hill, V. R.} } @article {5698, title = {{Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis A Virus and Norovirus in Estuarine Water Samples Using Ultrafiltration-RT-PCR Integrated Methods}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {106}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {1579{\textendash}1590}, author = {Hernandez-Morga, J and Leon-Felix, J and Peraza-Garay, F and Gil-Salas, BG and Chaidez, C} } @article {7594, title = {{Detection and characterization of waterborne gastroenteritis viruses in urban sewage and sewage-polluted river waters in Caracas, Venezuela}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {387{\textendash}394}, abstract = {

The detection and molecular characterization of pathogenic human viruses in urban sewage have been used extensively to derive information on circulating viruses in given populations throughout the world. In this study, a similar approach was applied to provide an overview of the epidemiology of waterborne gastroenteritis viruses circulating in urban areas of Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela in South America. Dry season sampling was conducted in sewers and in a major river severely polluted with urban sewage discharges. Nested PCR was used for detection of human adenoviruses (HAds), while reverse transcription plus nested or seminested PCR was used for detection of enteroviruses (HuEVs), rotaviruses (HRVs), noroviruses (HuNoVs), and astroviruses (HAstVs). HRVs were fully characterized with genotype-specific primers for VP4 (genotype P), VP7 (genotype G), and the rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4). HuNoVs and HAstVs were characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The detection rates of all viruses were >=50{\%}, and all sampling events were positive for at least one of the pathogenic viruses studied. The predominant HRV types found were G1, P[8], P[4], and NSP4A and -B. Genogroup II of HuNoVs and HAstV type 8 were frequently detected in sewage and sewage-polluted river waters. This study reveals relevant epidemiological data on the distribution and persistence of human pathogenic viruses in sewage-polluted waters and addresses the potential health risks associated with transmission of these viruses through water-related environmental routes. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02045-08}, author = {Rodriguez-Diaz, J. and Querales, L. and Caraballo, L. and Vizzi, E. and Liprandi, F. and Takiff, H. and Betancourt, W.Q.} } @article {13793, title = {Detection and characterization of waterborne gastroenteritis viruses in urban sewage and sewage-polluted river waters in {Caracas}, {Venezuela}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, abstract = {The detection and molecular characterization of pathogenic human viruses in urban sewage have been used extensively to derive information on circulating viruses in given populations throughout the world. In this study, a similar approach was applied to provide an overview of the epidemiology of waterborne gastroenteritis viruses circulating in urban areas of Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela in South America. Dry season sampling was conducted in sewers and in a major river severely polluted with urban sewage discharges. Nested PCR was used for detection of human adenoviruses (HAds), while reverse transcription plus nested or seminested PCR was used for detection of enteroviruses (HuEVs), rotaviruses (HRVs), noroviruses (HuNoVs), and astroviruses (HAstVs). HRVs were fully characterized with genotype-specific primers for VP4 (genotype P), VP7 (genotype G), and the rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4). HuNoVs and HAstVs were characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The detection rates of all viruses were >=50\%, and all sampling events were positive for at least one of the pathogenic viruses studied. The predominant HRV types found were G1, P[8], P[4], and NSP4A and -B. Genogroup II of HuNoVs and HAstV type 8 were frequently detected in sewage and sewage-polluted river waters. This study reveals relevant epidemiological data on the distribution and persistence of human pathogenic viruses in sewage-polluted waters and addresses the potential health risks associated with transmission of these viruses through water-related environmental routes. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02045-08}, author = {Rodriguez-Diaz, J. and Querales, L. and Caraballo, L. and Vizzi, E. and Liprandi, F. and Takiff, H. and Betancourt, W.Q.} } @article {2577, title = {Detection and characterization of waterborne gastroenteritis viruses in urban sewage and sewage-polluted river waters in Caracas, Venezuela.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {387-394}, abstract = {

The detection and molecular characterization of pathogenic human viruses in urban sewage have been used extensively to derive information on circulating viruses in given populations throughout the world. In this study, a similar approach was applied to provide an overview of the epidemiology of waterborne gastroenteritis viruses circulating in urban areas of Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela in South America. Dry season sampling was conducted in sewers and in a major river severely polluted with urban sewage discharges. Nested {PCR} was used for detection of human adenoviruses {(HAds),} while reverse transcription plus nested or seminested {PCR} was used for detection of enteroviruses {(HuEVs),} rotaviruses {(HRVs),} noroviruses {(HuNoVs),} and astroviruses {(HAstVs).} {HRVs} were fully characterized with genotype-specific primers for {VP4} (genotype P), {VP7} (genotype G), and the rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 {(NSP4).} {HuNoVs} and {HAstVs} were characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The detection rates of all viruses were \>or=50\%, and all sampling events were positive for at least one of the pathogenic viruses studied. The predominant {HRV} types found were G1, P[8], P[4], and {NSP4A} and {-B.} Genogroup {II} of {HuNoVs} and {HAstV} type 8 were frequently detected in sewage and sewage-polluted river waters. This study reveals relevant epidemiological data on the distribution and persistence of human pathogenic viruses in sewage-polluted waters and addresses the potential health risks associated with transmission of these viruses through water-related environmental routes.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02045-08}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02045-08}, author = {Rodr{\'\i}guez-D{\'\i}az, J and Querales, L and Caraballo, L and Vizzi, E and Liprandi, F and Takiff, H and Betancourt, WQ} } @article {4087, title = {{Detection and molecular characterization of Giardia isolated from recreational lake water in Malaysia}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {106}, year = {2009}, pages = {289{\textendash}291}, author = {Lim, YA and Ramasame, SD and Mahdy, MA and Sulaiman, WY and Smith, HV} } @article {5970, title = {{Detection and molecular characterization of swine hepatitis E virus in North Carolina swine herds and their faecal wastes}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {344{\textendash}357}, author = {Kase, JA and Correa, MT and Sobsey, MD} } @article {9967, title = {{Detection and quantification of human bocavirus in river water}}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {90}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {2634{\textendash}2637}, abstract = {Human bocavirus (HBoV) was recently discovered in children with respiratory-tract infection and has been detected frequently in faecal specimens from children with gastroenteritis. The present study addresses for the first time, to our knowledge, the prevalence of HBoV in river water. By using a newly developed real-time PCR targeting a conserved region of the NP1 gene of HBoV, virus levels in water samples were determined. Moreover, partial sequence analysis of the NP1 gene of HBoV and comparative phylogenetic analysis were performed. HBoV was detected in 40.8 {\%} of collected water samples. The virus level ranged between 3x10(1) and 2x10(3) genome equivalents l(-1). Therefore, the present study suggests that river water could play a role in the spread of HBoV. However, further work should be done to determine the actual risk of infection via surface water.}, issn = {0022-1317}, doi = {10.1099/vir.0.013557-0}, url = {http://jgv.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.013557-0}, author = {Hamza, I. A. and Jurzik, L. and Wilhelm, M. and Uberla, K.} } @article {12358, title = {Detection of 140 clinically relevant antibiotic-resistance genes in the plasmid metagenome of wastewater treatment plant bacteria showing reduced susceptibility to selected antibiotics}, journal = {Microbiology}, volume = {155}, number = {Pt 7}, year = {2009}, month = {Jul}, pages = {2306-19}, edition = {2009/04/25}, keywords = {*Plasmids, *Waste Disposal, Fluid, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Bacteria/drug effects/*genetics, Conjugation, Genetic, DNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/*genetics, Genes, Bacterial, Genome, Bacterial, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sewage/*microbiology}, isbn = {1350-0872 (Print)}, author = {Szczepanowski, R. and Linke, B. and Krahn, I. and Gartemann, K. H. and Gutzkow, T. and Eichler, W. and Puhler, A. and Schluter, A.} } @article {12910, title = {Detection of adenoviruses and rotaviruses in drinking water sources used in rural areas of Benin, West Africa}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, pages = {2798{\textendash}2801}, author = {Verheyen, Jens and Timmen-Wego, Monika and Laudien, Rainer and Boussaad, Ibrahim and Sen, Sibel and Koc, Aynur and Uesbeck, Alexandra and Mazou, Farouk and Pfister, Herbert} } @article {4624, title = {Detection of adenoviruses and rotaviruses in drinking water sources used in rural areas of {Benin}, {West} {Africa}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, pages = {2798{\textendash}801}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Verheyen, J. and Timmen-Wego, M. and Laudien, R. and Boussaad, I. and Sen, S. and Koc, A. and Uesbeck, A. and Mazou, F. and Pfister, H.} } @article {16656, title = {Detection of adenoviruses and rotaviruses in drinking water sources used in rural areas of {Benin}, {West} {Africa}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, pages = {2798{\textendash}2801}, author = {Verheyen, Jens and Timmen-Wego, Monika and Laudien, Rainer and Boussaad, Ibrahim and Sen, Sibel and Koc, Aynur and Uesbeck, Alexandra and Mazou, Farouk and Pfister, Herbert} } @article {1283, title = {Detection of adenoviruses and rotaviruses in drinking water sources used in rural areas of Benin, West Africa}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, note = {Verheyen, Jens Timmen-Wego, Monika Laudien, Rainer Boussaad, Ibrahim Sen, Sibel Koc, Aynur Uesbeck, Alexandra Mazou, Farouk Pfister, Herbert Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {2798-801}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Diseases associated with viruses also found in environmental samples cause major health problems in developing countries. Little is known about the frequency and pattern of viral contamination of drinking water sources in these resource-poor settings. We established a method to analyze 10 liters of water from drinking water sources in a rural area of Benin for the presence of adenoviruses and rotaviruses. Overall, 541 samples from 287 drinking water sources were tested. A total of 12.9\% of the sources were positive for adenoviruses and 2.1\% of the sources were positive for rotaviruses at least once. Due to the temporary nature of viral contamination in drinking water sources, the probability of virus detection increased with the number of samples taken at one test site over time. No seasonal pattern for viral contaminations was found after samples obtained during the dry and wet seasons were compared. Overall, 3 of 15 surface water samples (20\%) and 35 of 247 wells (14.2\%) but also 2 of 25 pumps (8\%) tested positive for adenoviruses or rotaviruses. The presence of latrines within a radius of 50 m in the vicinity of pumps or wells was identified as being a risk factor for virus detection. In summary, viral contamination was correlated with the presence of latrines in the vicinity of drinking water sources, indicating the importance of appropriate decision support systems in these socioeconomic prospering regions.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ isolation \& purification Benin Humans Rotavirus/ isolation \& purification Seasons Water Microbiology Water Pollutants/ isolation \& purification}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Verheyen, J. and Timmen-Wego, M. and Laudien, R. and Boussaad, I. and Sen, S. and Koc, A. and Uesbeck, A. and Mazou, F. and Pfister, H.} } @article {1904, title = {Detection of adenoviruses and rotaviruses in drinking water sources used in rural areas of Benin, West Africa}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, note = {Verheyen, Jens Timmen-Wego, Monika Laudien, Rainer Boussaad, Ibrahim Sen, Sibel Koc, Aynur Uesbeck, Alexandra Mazou, Farouk Pfister, Herbert eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2009/03/10 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 May;75(9):2798-801. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01807-08. Epub 2009 Mar 6.}, pages = {2798-801}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Diseases associated with viruses also found in environmental samples cause major health problems in developing countries. Little is known about the frequency and pattern of viral contamination of drinking water sources in these resource-poor settings. We established a method to analyze 10 liters of water from drinking water sources in a rural area of Benin for the presence of adenoviruses and rotaviruses. Overall, 541 samples from 287 drinking water sources were tested. A total of 12.9\% of the sources were positive for adenoviruses and 2.1\% of the sources were positive for rotaviruses at least once. Due to the temporary nature of viral contamination in drinking water sources, the probability of virus detection increased with the number of samples taken at one test site over time. No seasonal pattern for viral contaminations was found after samples obtained during the dry and wet seasons were compared. Overall, 3 of 15 surface water samples (20\%) and 35 of 247 wells (14.2\%) but also 2 of 25 pumps (8\%) tested positive for adenoviruses or rotaviruses. The presence of latrines within a radius of 50 m in the vicinity of pumps or wells was identified as being a risk factor for virus detection. In summary, viral contamination was correlated with the presence of latrines in the vicinity of drinking water sources, indicating the importance of appropriate decision support systems in these socioeconomic prospering regions.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification Benin Humans Rotavirus/*isolation \& purification Seasons *Water Microbiology Water Pollutants/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01807-08}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19270143}, author = {Verheyen, J. and Timmen-Wego, M. and Laudien, R. and Boussaad, I. and Sen, S. and Koc, A. and Uesbeck, A. and Mazou, F. and Pfister, H.} } @article {4017, title = {{Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in surface water: a health risk for humans and animals}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, pages = {4133{\textendash}4142}, author = {J A Castro-Hermida and Garc{\'\i}a-Presedo, I and Almeida, A and Gonz{\'a}lez-Warleta, M and Da Costa, JM and Mezo, M} } @article {5618, title = {{Detection of genogroup IV norovirus in wastewater and river water in Japan}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {655{\textendash}658}, abstract = {AIMS: To test wastewater and river water in Japan for genogroup IV norovirus (GIV NoV). METHODS AND RESULTS: Influent and effluent samples from a wastewater treatment plant and the Tamagawa River water samples were collected monthly for a year. The water samples were concentrated by the adsorption-elution method, using an HA electronegative filter with acid rinse procedure, followed by quantitative detection of GIV NoV using TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR. Both wastewater and river water samples showed a high positive ratio of GIV NoV during winter and spring. The highest concentration in wastewater and river water was 6.9 x 10(4) and 1.5 x 10(4) copies l(-1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of GIV NoV in the environments demonstrates that not only GI and GII NoVs but also GIV strains are circulating and that routine monitoring of GIV NoV in water environments is recommended to understand its epidemics, environmental distribution and potential health risks. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first study providing quantitative data on the occurrence of GIV NoV in environmental water over a 1-year period.}, keywords = {Detection, Diseases, Environmental health, Environmental water, PCR, Viruses (phages), Waste Water, water}, issn = {02668254}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02718.x}, author = {Kitajima, M. and Haramoto, E. and Phanuwan, C. and Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {5549, title = {{Detection of human viruses in rivers of a densly-populated area in Germany using a virus adsorption elution method optimized for PCR analyses}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, pages = {2657{\textendash}2668}, abstract = {Transmission of viruses via surface water is a major public health concern. To determine the viral concentration in rivers of a densly-populated area in Germany, the virus adsorption elution (VIRADEL) method was optimized for downstream PCR applications. Using a high-salt alkaline phosphate buffer for elution, the median recovery efficiency from spiked 1 l water??samples ranged from 21.3{\%} to 100{\%} for JC polyomavirus, human adenovirus type 5, Echovirus 11, and norovirus genogroup I. Analyses of 41 water samples collected during the winter 2007/08 from the rivers Ruhr and Rhine yielded detection rates 97.5{\%} for adenoviruses and human polyomavirus (JC, BK), and 90{\%} for group A rotaviruses. Noroviruses genogroup II were detected in 31.7{\%} of the samples and only one sample was positive for enteroviruses. Virus concentrations ranged from 9.4 to 2.3 ?? 104 gen.equ./l. However, the genome equivalents/liter determined for the RNA viruses and their detection frequency are only lower limits, since the concentration procedure leads to carry-over of inhibitors of the reverse transcription step. Sequence analyses of the PCR products revealed that the adenovirus and rotavirus PCRs used could cross-react with animal viruses from the respective virus families. These results suggest that detection of human polyomavirus genomes is the most sensitive and specific marker for contamination of surface water with viruses from human sewage. Although we could routinely detect nucleic acids of viral pathogens in river water by the PCR-optimized VIRADEL method, threshold levels of viral nucleic acids above which there is a risk of infection with viruses derived from human remain to be determined. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {PCR, Sewage, Virus contamination, water}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.020}, author = {Ibrahim A Hamza and Jurzik, Lars and Stang, Alexander and Sure, Klaus and Klaus Uberla and Wilhelm, Michael} } @article {833, title = {Detection of human viruses in rivers of a densly-populated area in Germany using a virus adsorption elution method optimized for PCR analyses}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, pages = {2657-2668}, abstract = {

Transmission of viruses via surface water is a major public health concern. To determine the viral concentration in rivers of a densely-populated area in Germany, the virus adsorption elution {(VIRADEL)} method was optimized for downstream {PCR} applications. Using a high-salt alkaline phosphate buffer for elution, the median recovery efficiency from spiked 1l water samples ranged from 21.3\% to 100\% for {JC} polyomavirus, human adenovirus type 5, Echovirus 11, and norovirus genogroup I. Analyses of 41 water samples collected during the winter 2007/08 from the rivers Ruhr and Rhine yielded detection rates 97.5\% for adenoviruses and human polyomavirus {(JC,} {BK),} and 90\% for group A rotaviruses. Noroviruses genogroup {II} were detected in 31.7\% of the samples and only one sample was positive for enteroviruses. Virus concentrations ranged from 9.4 to 2.3x10(4) gen.equ./l. However, the genome equivalents/liter determined for the {RNA} viruses and their detection frequency are only lower limits, since the concentration procedure leads to carry-over of inhibitors of the reverse transcription step. Sequence analyses of the {PCR} products revealed that the adenovirus and rotavirus {PCRs} used could cross-react with animal viruses from the respective virus families. These results suggest that detection of human polyomavirus genomes is the most sensitive and specific marker for contamination of surface water with viruses from human sewage. Although we could routinely detect nucleic acids of viral pathogens in river water by the {PCR-optimized} {VIRADEL} method, threshold levels of viral nucleic acids above which there is a risk of infection with viruses derived from human remain to be determined.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.020}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.020}, author = {Hamza, Ibrahim A and Jurzik, Lars and Stang, Alexander and Sure, Klaus and Uberla, Klaus and Wilhelm, Michael} } @article {14648, title = {Detection of human viruses in rivers of a densly-populated area in {Germany} using a virus adsorption elution method optimized for {PCR} analyses}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {2657{\textendash}68}, abstract = {Transmission of viruses via surface water is a major public health concern. To determine the viral concentration in rivers of a densely-populated area in Germany, the virus adsorption elution (VIRADEL) method was optimized for downstream PCR applications. Using a high-salt alkaline phosphate buffer for elution, the median recovery efficiency from spiked 1l water samples ranged from 21.3\% to 100\% for JC polyomavirus, human adenovirus type 5, Echovirus 11, and norovirus genogroup I. Analyses of 41 water samples collected during the winter 2007/08 from the rivers Ruhr and Rhine yielded detection rates 97.5\% for adenoviruses and human polyomavirus (JC, BK), and 90\% for group A rotaviruses. Noroviruses genogroup II were detected in 31.7\% of the samples and only one sample was positive for enteroviruses. Virus concentrations ranged from 9.4 to 2.3x10(4) gen.equ./l. However, the genome equivalents/liter determined for the RNA viruses and their detection frequency are only lower limits, since the concentration procedure leads to carry-over of inhibitors of the reverse transcription step. Sequence analyses of the PCR products revealed that the adenovirus and rotavirus PCRs used could cross-react with animal viruses from the respective virus families. These results suggest that detection of human polyomavirus genomes is the most sensitive and specific marker for contamination of surface water with viruses from human sewage. Although we could routinely detect nucleic acids of viral pathogens in river water by the PCR-optimized VIRADEL method, threshold levels of viral nucleic acids above which there is a risk of infection with viruses derived from human remain to be determined.}, keywords = {*Polymerase Chain Reaction, Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification, Adsorption, Enterovirus B, Germany, Human/isolation \& purification, Humans, Norovirus/isolation \& purification, Polyomavirus/isolation \& purification, Rivers/*virology}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.020}, author = {Hamza, I. A. and Jurzik, L. and Stang, A. and Sure, K. and Uberla, K. and Wilhelm, M.} } @article {14971, title = {Detection of human viruses in rivers of a densly-populated area in {Germany} using a virus adsorption elution method optimized for {PCR} analyses}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {2657{\textendash}68}, abstract = {Transmission of viruses via surface water is a major public health concern. To determine the viral concentration in rivers of a densely-populated area in Germany, the virus adsorption elution (VIRADEL) method was optimized for downstream PCR applications. Using a high-salt alkaline phosphate buffer for elution, the median recovery efficiency from spiked 1l water samples ranged from 21.3\% to 100\% for JC polyomavirus, human adenovirus type 5, Echovirus 11, and norovirus genogroup I. Analyses of 41 water samples collected during the winter 2007/08 from the rivers Ruhr and Rhine yielded detection rates 97.5\% for adenoviruses and human polyomavirus (JC, BK), and 90\% for group A rotaviruses. Noroviruses genogroup II were detected in 31.7\% of the samples and only one sample was positive for enteroviruses. Virus concentrations ranged from 9.4 to 2.3x10(4) gen.equ./l. However, the genome equivalents/liter determined for the RNA viruses and their detection frequency are only lower limits, since the concentration procedure leads to carry-over of inhibitors of the reverse transcription step. Sequence analyses of the PCR products revealed that the adenovirus and rotavirus PCRs used could cross-react with animal viruses from the respective virus families. These results suggest that detection of human polyomavirus genomes is the most sensitive and specific marker for contamination of surface water with viruses from human sewage. Although we could routinely detect nucleic acids of viral pathogens in river water by the PCR-optimized VIRADEL method, threshold levels of viral nucleic acids above which there is a risk of infection with viruses derived from human remain to be determined.}, keywords = {*Polymerase Chain Reaction, Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification, Adsorption, Enterovirus B, Germany, Human/isolation \& purification, Humans, Norovirus/isolation \& purification, Polyomavirus/isolation \& purification, Rivers/*virology}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.020}, author = {Hamza, I. A. and Jurzik, L. and Stang, A. and Sure, K. and Uberla, K. and Wilhelm, M.} } @article {3506, title = {Detection of infectious rotavirus in naturally contaminated source waters for drinking water production.}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {97{\textendash}105}, author = {Rutjes, SA and Lodder, WJ and van Leeuwen, AD and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {3650, title = {Detection of newly described astrovirus {MLB}1 in stool samples from children}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {441}, author = {Finkbeiner, Stacy R and Le, Binh-Minh and Holtz, Lori R and Storch, Gregory A and Wang, David} } @article {2484, title = {Detection of newly described astrovirus {MLB1} in stool samples from children}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {441}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control}, author = {Finkbeiner, Stacy R and Le, Binh-Minh and Holtz, Lori R and Storch, Gregory A and Wang, David} } @article {297, title = {Detection of newly described astrovirus {MLB1} in stool samples from children}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control}, author = {Finkbeiner, Stacy R and Le, Binh-Minh and Holtz, Lori R and Storch, Gregory A and Wang, David} } @article {761, title = {Detection of newly described astrovirus {MLB1} in stool samples from children}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {441}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control}, author = {Finkbeiner, Stacy R and Le, Binh-Minh and Holtz, Lori R and Storch, Gregory A and Wang, David} } @article {8445, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental soil samples using molecular methods}}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {599{\textendash}605}, author = {Lass, A and Pietkiewicz, H and Modzelewska, E and Dum{\`e}tre, A and Szostakowska, B and Myjak, P} } @article {8395, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water: proposition of a strategy and evaluation in Champagne-Ardenne Region, France}}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {290{\textendash}295}, author = {Aubert, D and Villena, I} } @article {8653, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts in Water Sample Concentrates by Real-Time PCR}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {3477{\textendash}3483}, author = {Yang, WL and Lindquist, HDA and Cama, V and Schaefer, FW and Villegas, E and Fayer, R and Lewis, EJ and Feng, YY and Xiao, LH} } @article {10598, title = {{Determination of pathogenic bacteria in wastewater using conventional and PCR techniques}}, journal = {Environmental Biotechnology}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {73{\textendash}80}, author = {El-Lathy, MA and El-Taweel, GE and El-Sonosy, WM and Samhan, FA and Moussa, TAA} } @article {733, title = {Determination of pathogenic bacteria in wastewater using conventional and PCR techniques}, journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY}, volume = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {73-80}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {
The objectives of this investigation was to detect and determine some pathogenic bacteria in raw and treated wastewater and to compare and evaluate different techniques. To achieve this aim, pathogenic bacteria (salmonellae group, total vibrios and Listeria group) were determined in 30 samples collected from inlet and outlet of the treatment plants using PCR, MPN and surface plate technique. The results of salmonellae group showed that all 30 samples (100\%) were positive using PCR technique, 28 samples (about 93\%) were positive using direct surface plate technique, and 27 samples (90\%) were positive using MPN technique. In case of total vibrios 27 samples (90\%) were positive using direct surface plate technique while 28 samples (93\%) were positive using MPN technique.When using multiplex PCR technique, detection of three species of Vibrio (V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae and Classical or El-Tor) were negative. Listeria group was detected in 29 samples (97\%) using PCR technique, in 28 samples (93\%) using surface plate technique, and in 27 samples (90\%) using MPN technique. The removal percentages showed that oxidation pond of El- Sadat City is more efficient in removal of these pathogenic bacteria than the activated sludge system. Statistical analysis (Student t-test) showed that there were significant differences between MPN and surface plate techniques in revealing the three selected pathogenic groups.
}, url = {http://www.environmentalbiotechnology.pl/eb_dzialy/eb_online/2009/vol5_2/ms072mael-lathy_proof\%20corrected.pdf}, author = {M A El-Liethy}, editor = {G E El-Taweel} } @article {3271, title = {{Determination of virus abundance, diversity and distribution in a municipal wastewater treatment plant.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1101{\textendash}1109}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {Procedures to extract and count sludge viruses-like particles from municipal sewage treatment plant were optimized by epifluorescence microscopy using SYBR Green I as a stain. The highest indigenous virus yields from the bulk of the anaerobic digestion sludge and influent (solid) were obtained by utilizing 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate as eluant solution with vortex and 1 min of sonication. The use of 1x phosphate buffered saline as eluant with vortex and 1 min of sonication yields highest indigenous virus from activated sludge. The efficiency of extracting indigenous viruses by sodium pyrophosphate-ultrasound treatment was about 62{\%} of the extractable virus particles from activated sludge and 87{\%} for anaerobic digestion sludge, respectively. Samples treated with DNase had decreased, but not significant, virus counts, suggesting a minor effect of extracellular DNA on virus count. Following the optimized procedure, we investigated the abundance and diversity of virus particles in the wastewater stream of a municipal treatment plant. The concentrations of virus particles ranged from 0.28 x 10(9) ml(-1) to 27.04 x 10(9) ml(-1). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed a high variety of virus morphotypes in sludge. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed a diverse and dynamic viral community in different stages of the system with genome sizes ranging from 33 kb to {\textgreater}350 kb with most of the viral DNA in the 30-80 kb and 200-350 kb size ranges. Collectively, our study suggested that indigenous viruses are abundant and dynamic in the municipal wastewater treatment system and may play an important role in functioning of the system.}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.039}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.039}, author = {Wu, Qinglong and Wen T Liu} } @article {16952, title = {Determination of virus abundance, diversity and distribution in a municipal wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1101{\textendash}1109}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Wu, Qinglong and Liu, Wen-Tso} } @article {7562, title = {{Development of a qPCR assay for the quantification of porcine adenoviruses as an MST tool for swine fecal contamination in the environment}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {158}, number = {1-2}, year = {2009}, pages = {130-135}, abstract = {

The Adenoviridae family comprises a wide diversity of viruses that may be excreted for long periods in feces or urine. Previous studies have suggested that the detection of human and animal adenoviruses as well as human and animal polyomaviruses by PCR could be used as an index of fecal contamination of human and animal origin. In this study, quantitative PCR assays targeting specifically porcine adenoviruses have been developed and applied to fecal and environmental samples, including pig slurries, urban sewage, slaughterhouse sewage and river water samples. To develop real-time quantitative PCR for the detection and quantitation of porcine adenoviruses, primers and a TaqMan probe targeting a 68-bp region of the porcine adenovirus hexon gene were designed to amplify specifically porcine adenovirus, and the conditions of the reaction were optimized. The assay detected 1-10 genome copies per test tube and was specific in showing no positive results when samples containing human or bovine adenoviruses were analyzed. Fecal samples contained mean concentrations of porcine adenoviruses of 105 GC/g while slaughterhouse wastewater samples showed mean values of 103 GC/ml. The assay detected porcine fecal pollution in samples that were highly diluted and had been collected at a considerable distance from the input source, such as river water. In general, the data presented here provide a quantitative tool for the analysis of porcine adenoviruses as indicators of the presence of porcine contamination in the environment, and support the detection of porcine adenoviruses by real-time quantitative PCR as a promising and valuable tool for source-tracking studies. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.006}, author = {Hundesa, A. and Maluquer de Motes, C. and Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Sunen, E. and Rosina Girones, R.} } @article {13762, title = {Development of a {qPCR} assay for the quantification of porcine adenoviruses as an {MST} tool for swine fecal contamination in the environment}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {158}, number = {1-2}, year = {2009}, abstract = {The Adenoviridae family comprises a wide diversity of viruses that may be excreted for long periods in feces or urine. Previous studies have suggested that the detection of human and animal adenoviruses as well as human and animal polyomaviruses by PCR could be used as an index of fecal contamination of human and animal origin. In this study, quantitative PCR assays targeting specifically porcine adenoviruses have been developed and applied to fecal and environmental samples, including pig slurries, urban sewage, slaughterhouse sewage and river water samples. To develop real-time quantitative PCR for the detection and quantitation of porcine adenoviruses, primers and a TaqMan probe targeting a 68-bp region of the porcine adenovirus hexon gene were designed to amplify specifically porcine adenovirus, and the conditions of the reaction were optimized. The assay detected 1-10 genome copies per test tube and was specific in showing no positive results when samples containing human or bovine adenoviruses were analyzed. Fecal samples contained mean concentrations of porcine adenoviruses of 105 GC/g while slaughterhouse wastewater samples showed mean values of 103 GC/ml. The assay detected porcine fecal pollution in samples that were highly diluted and had been collected at a considerable distance from the input source, such as river water. In general, the data presented here provide a quantitative tool for the analysis of porcine adenoviruses as indicators of the presence of porcine contamination in the environment, and support the detection of porcine adenoviruses by real-time quantitative PCR as a promising and valuable tool for source-tracking studies. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.006}, author = {Hundesa, A. and Maluquer de Motes, C. and Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Sunen, E. and Rosina Girones, R.} } @article {16117, title = {Development of a quantitative PCR method to differentiate between viable and nonviable bacteria in environmental water samples}, journal = {Appl Microbiol BiotechnolAppl Microbiol BiotechnolAppl Microbiol Biotechnol}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {Mar}, pages = {587-596}, keywords = {*Microbial Viability/drug effects, Azides/pharmacology, Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics, Escherichia coli/genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*microbiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction/drug effects/*methods, Sewage/microbiology}, isbn = {1432-0614 (Electronic)
0175-7598 (Linking)}, author = {Gedalanga, P. B. and Olson, B. H.} } @mastersthesis {6835, title = {Development of a time resolved scanning particle image velocimetry system for measurement of the small scales of turbulent flows}, year = {2009}, note = {1469991}, school = {Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Our knowledge of the quasi-universal intermediate and small scales of turbulent shear flows is incomplete and is a common topic of great interest in modern turbulence research. The temporal and spatial complexity of the turbulent flows at such small scale has prevented the acquisition of full experimental data sets for validating classical turbulent theory and direct numerical Simulations (DNS). To better understand these phenomena, a Time Resolved Scanning PIV system was developed to take three-dimensional two- component velocity data at the small scales of turbulent flows. The TR SPIV system was designed, set-up and tested. A criterion based on the PIV nature of the measurements and basic turbulence concepts is proposed for the determination of the minimum turbulent scales that the system can measure. Quasi-instantaneous volumetric vector fields at the far field of a round turbulent jet in water (Re\~{}1,500) were reconstructed and studied. The spatial and temporal resolution of the system allowed the visualization of velocity fields at Taylor length scales of the flow and its evolution in time. According to the quasi-universality theory on turbulent inner scales, the inner-variables scaling become Reynolds independent, and this was validated with the probability density functions of the velocity gradients.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Mechanical engineering, PIV SPIV scanning velocimetry small scales turbulent flows}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304989523?accountid=14270}, author = {Torregrosa, Maria del Mar} } @article {13261, title = {Development of imipenem resistance in an Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria clinical isolate recovered from a patient with cholangitis}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology}, volume = {58}, year = {2009}, pages = {451-455}, doi = {10.1099/jmm.0.47804-0}, author = {Sanchez-Cespedes, J. and Figueras, M. J. and Aspiroz, C. and Aldea, M. J. and Toledo, M. and Alperi, A. and Marco, F. and Vila, J.} } @article {9321, title = {{Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Detection of Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1892{\textendash}1895}, author = {Liang, SY and Chan, YH and Hsia, KT and Lee, JL and Kuo, MC and Hwa, KY and Chan, CW and Chiang, TY and Chen, JS and Wu, FT and Ji, DD} } @article {14654, title = {Development of virus concentration methods for detection of koi herpesvirus in water}, journal = {J Fish Dis}, volume = {32}, year = {2009}, month = {mar}, pages = {297{\textendash}300}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Carps/*virology, DNA, Filtration, Fresh Water/*virology, Herpesviridae/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Poliovirus/isolation \& purification, Viral/analysis, Virology/*methods}, issn = {1365-2761 (Electronic) 0140-7775 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00977.x}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Kitajima, M. and Katayama, H. and Ito, T. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {14974, title = {Development of virus concentration methods for detection of koi herpesvirus in water}, journal = {J Fish Dis}, volume = {32}, year = {2009}, month = {mar}, pages = {297{\textendash}300}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Carps/*virology, DNA, Filtration, Fresh Water/*virology, Herpesviridae/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Poliovirus/isolation \& purification, Viral/analysis, Virology/*methods}, issn = {1365-2761 (Electronic) 0140-7775 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00977.x}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Kitajima, M. and Katayama, H. and Ito, T. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {4308, title = {{Differential persistence of F-specific RNA phage subgroups hinders their use as single tracers for faecal source tracking in surface water.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, month = {apr}, pages = {1559{\textendash}64}, abstract = {

The four subgroups of F-specific RNA bacteriophages (I-IV) have been proposed as potential tracers for faecal source tracking. Groups II and III predominate in human sources while groups I and IV are most abundant in animal sources. The four subgroups of naturally occurring F-specific RNA bacteriophages were identified in different samples by plaque hybridization with genotype-specific probes and the persistence of each subgroup was evaluated. The proportions of the F-specific RNA bacteriophage subgroups were measured in wastewaters, after inactivation in surface waters or after wastewater treatment and in mixtures of wastewater of human and animal origin. Our results indicate that phage groups differ in their persistence in the environment and to different disinfecting treatments. The greater survival of subgroups I and II in treated samples hinders the interpretation of results obtained with F-specific RNA bacteriophages. The phages of subgroups III and IV were the least resistant to all treatments. These results should be considered when using genotypes of F-specific RNA as sole tracers for faecal source tracking.

}, keywords = {Abattoirs, Abattoirs: standards, Animals, Feces, Feces: virology, Fluid, Fluid: standards, Humans, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: classification, RNA Phages: genetics, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Viral Plaque Assay, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.038}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19147174}, author = {Muniesa, Maite and Pay{\'a}n, Andrey and Moc{\'e}-Llivina, Laura and Blanch, Anicet R and Jofre, Juan} } @article {11661, title = {{Dinamica poblacional de la diversidad parasitaria de la "cabrilla" Paralabrax humeralis (Teleostei: Serranidae) en Chorrillos, Lima, Peru}}, journal = {Neotropical Helminthology}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {73{\textendash}88}, author = {Iannacone, J and Alvari{\~n}o, L} } @article {11547, title = {{Diphyllobothriasis Associated with Eating Raw Pacific Salmon}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {866{\textendash}870}, abstract = {The incidence of human infection with the broad tapeworm Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense has been increasing in urban areas of Japan and in European countries. D. nihonkaiense is morphologically similar to but genetically distinct from D. latum and exploits anadromous wild Pacific salmon as its second intermediate host. Clinical signs in humans include diarrhea and discharge of the strobila, which can be as long as 12 m. The natural life history and the geographic range of the tapeworm remain to be elucidated, but recent studies have indicated that the brown bear in the northern territories of the Pacific coast region is its natural final host. A recent surge of clinical cases highlights a change in the epidemiologic trend of this tapeworm disease from one of rural populations to a disease of urban populations worldwide who eat seafood as part of a healthy diet.}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1506.090132}, author = {Arizono, Naoki and Yamada, Minoru and Fukumi, Nakamura-Uchiyama and Ohnishi, Kenji} } @article {11793, title = {{Diphyllobothrium latum identified by capsule endoscopy{\textendash}an unusual cause of iron-deficiency anemia.}}, journal = {Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases : JGLD}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {142}, issn = {1841-8724}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19565041}, author = {Stanciu, Carol and Trifan, Anca and Singeap, Ana-Maria and Sfarti, Catalin and Cojocariu, Camelia and Luca, Mariana} } @article {2628, title = {Discovery of rotavirus: Implications for child health.}, journal = {Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology}, volume = {24 Suppl 3}, year = {2009}, pages = {S81-S85}, abstract = {For centuries, acute diarrhea has been a major worldwide cause of death in young children, and until 1973, no infectious agents could be identified in about 80\% of patients admitted to hospital with severe dehydrating diarrhea. In 1973 Ruth Bishop, Geoffrey Davidson, Ian Holmes, and Brian Ruck identified abundant particles of a {\textquoteright}new{\textquoteright} virus (rotavirus) in the cytoplasm of mature epithelial cells lining duodenal villi and in feces, from such children admitted to the Royal Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital, Melbourne. Rotaviruses have now been shown to cause 40-50\% of severe acute diarrhea in young children worldwide in both developing and developed countries, and \> 600 000 young children die annually from rotavirus disease, predominantly in {South-East} Asia and {sub-Saharan} Africa. Longitudinal surveillance studies following primary infection in young children have shown that rotavirus reinfections are common. However the immune response that develops after primary infection is protective against severe symptoms on reinfection. This observation became the basis for development of live oral rotavirus vaccines. Two safe and effective vaccines are now licensed in 100 countries and in use in 17 countries (including Australia). Rotarix {(GSK)} is a single attenuated human rotavirus, representative of the most common serotype identified worldwide {(G1P[8]).} {RotaTeq} {(Merck)} is a pentavalent mixture of naturally attenuated bovine/human rotavirus reassortants representing G1, G2, G3, G4, and P(8) serotypes. Preliminary surveillance of the numbers of children requiring hospitalization for severe diarrhea, in {USA,} Brazil, and Australia, after introduction of these vaccines, encourages the hope that rotavirus infection need no longer be a threat to young children worldwide.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06076.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06076.x}, author = {Bishop, Ruth} } @article {944, title = {Discovery of rotavirus: Implications for child health.}, journal = {Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology}, volume = {24 Suppl 3}, year = {2009}, pages = {S81-S85}, abstract = {For centuries, acute diarrhea has been a major worldwide cause of death in young children, and until 1973, no infectious agents could be identified in about 80\% of patients admitted to hospital with severe dehydrating diarrhea. In 1973 Ruth Bishop, Geoffrey Davidson, Ian Holmes, and Brian Ruck identified abundant particles of a {\textquoteright}new{\textquoteright} virus (rotavirus) in the cytoplasm of mature epithelial cells lining duodenal villi and in feces, from such children admitted to the Royal Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital, Melbourne. Rotaviruses have now been shown to cause 40-50\% of severe acute diarrhea in young children worldwide in both developing and developed countries, and \> 600 000 young children die annually from rotavirus disease, predominantly in {South-East} Asia and {sub-Saharan} Africa. Longitudinal surveillance studies following primary infection in young children have shown that rotavirus reinfections are common. However the immune response that develops after primary infection is protective against severe symptoms on reinfection. This observation became the basis for development of live oral rotavirus vaccines. Two safe and effective vaccines are now licensed in 100 countries and in use in 17 countries (including Australia). Rotarix {(GSK)} is a single attenuated human rotavirus, representative of the most common serotype identified worldwide {(G1P[8]).} {RotaTeq} {(Merck)} is a pentavalent mixture of naturally attenuated bovine/human rotavirus reassortants representing G1, G2, G3, G4, and P(8) serotypes. Preliminary surveillance of the numbers of children requiring hospitalization for severe diarrhea, in {USA,} Brazil, and Australia, after introduction of these vaccines, encourages the hope that rotavirus infection need no longer be a threat to young children worldwide.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06076.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06076.x}, author = {Bishop, Ruth} } @article {5010, title = {{Discrimination of O. viverrini, C. sinensis, H. pumilio and H. taichui using nuclear DNA-based PCR targeting ribosomal DNA ITS regions}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {109}, year = {2009}, pages = {81{\textendash}83}, author = {Sato, M and Thaenkham, U and Dekumyoy, P and Waikagul, J} } @article {10138, title = {{Distribution and diversity of the enterococcal surface protein (esp) gene in animal hosts and the Pacific coast environment}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {106}, year = {2009}, pages = {1521{\textendash}1531}, author = {Layton, BA and Walters, SP and Boehm, AB} } @article {10482, title = {{Distribution and diversity of the enterococcal surface protein (esp) gene in animal hosts and the Pacific coast environment}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {106}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {1521{\textendash}1531}, author = {Layton, BA and Walters, SP and Boehm, AB} } @article {14109, title = {Diurnal fluctuation of indicator microorganisms and intestinal viruses in combined sewer system.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {60}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, month = {jan}, pages = {2791{\textendash}801}, abstract = {Combined sewer overflow (CSO) has been considered to be a source of pathogenic microorganisms for aquatic environment. For the effective control and treatment of CSOs, the microbial behavior in combined sewer system (CSS) needs to be investigated. In this study, whole-day extensive monitoring of indicator microorganisms and intestinal viruses in dry weather flow (DWF) was conducted at a small residential urban drainage area with CSS. All indicator bacteria represented similar diurnal variations in the two different monitoring campaigns; their concentrations gradually decreased to the minimum at the dawn (around 5 a.m.), increased sharply to the maximum around 7 to 8 a.m., and remained rather constant from noon to midnight. On the other hand, neither coliphages nor intestinal viruses showed any concentration peaks in the morning. The maximum/minimum load ratios ranged from 18 to 42 for total coliforms, fecal coliforms and E. coli, whereas those ratios for coliphages, enteroviruses and noroviruses G2 showed greater values than those for indicator bacteria. These results indicate that the diurnal variation patterns of bacterial and viral concentrations in DWF should be considered, which affect the discharge characteristics of each microorganism and the loads of bacteria and viruses in CSOs significantly vary with the overflow time as well.}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2009.732}, author = {Kim, W J and Managaki, S and Furumai, H and Nakajima, F} } @article {2315, title = {{Diurnal fluctuation of indicator microorganisms and intestinal viruses in combined sewer system.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {60}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, month = {jan}, pages = {2791{\textendash}801}, abstract = {

Combined sewer overflow (CSO) has been considered to be a source of pathogenic microorganisms for aquatic environment. For the effective control and treatment of CSOs, the microbial behavior in combined sewer system (CSS) needs to be investigated. In this study, whole-day extensive monitoring of indicator microorganisms and intestinal viruses in dry weather flow (DWF) was conducted at a small residential urban drainage area with CSS. All indicator bacteria represented similar diurnal variations in the two different monitoring campaigns; their concentrations gradually decreased to the minimum at the dawn (around 5 a.m.), increased sharply to the maximum around 7 to 8 a.m., and remained rather constant from noon to midnight. On the other hand, neither coliphages nor intestinal viruses showed any concentration peaks in the morning. The maximum/minimum load ratios ranged from 18 to 42 for total coliforms, fecal coliforms and E. coli, whereas those ratios for coliphages, enteroviruses and noroviruses G2 showed greater values than those for indicator bacteria. These results indicate that the diurnal variation patterns of bacterial and viral concentrations in DWF should be considered, which affect the discharge characteristics of each microorganism and the loads of bacteria and viruses in CSOs significantly vary with the overflow time as well.

}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2009.732}, author = {Kim, W J and Managaki, S and Furumai, H and Nakajima, F} } @article {2933, title = {Dogs, vaccines and {Echinococcus}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {57{\textendash}58}, keywords = {Animals, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Vaccines}, issn = {1471-4922}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2008.10.003}, author = {Torgerson, Paul R.} } @article {8444, title = {{A double-blind trial of adjunctive azithromycin in individuals with schizophrenia who are seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {Schizophrenia Research}, volume = {112}, number = {1-3}, year = {2009}, pages = {198{\textendash}199}, author = {Dickerson, FB and Stallings, CR and Boronow, JJ and Origoni, AE and Yolken, RH} } @article {7251, title = {Drinking water residence time in distribution networks and emergency department visits for gastrointestinal illness in {Metro} {Atlanta}, {Georgia}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {07}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {332}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2009.022}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2009.022}, author = {Tinker, Sarah C. and Christine L Moe and Klein, Mitchel and Flanders, W. Dana and Uber, Jim and Amirtharajah, Appiah and Singer, Philip and Tolbert, Paige E.} } @article {7329, title = {Drinking water residence time in distribution networks and emergency department visits for gastrointestinal illness in {Metro} {Atlanta}, {Georgia}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {07}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {332}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2009.022}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/007/jwh0070332.htm}, author = {Tinker, Sarah C. and Christine L Moe and Klein, Mitchel and Flanders, W. Dana and Uber, Jim and Amirtharajah, Appiah and Singer, Philip and Tolbert, Paige E.} } @book {13628, title = {Drivers and characteristics of wastewater agriculture in developing countries: Results from a global assessment}, volume = {127}, year = {2009}, publisher = {IWMI}, organization = {IWMI}, author = {Raschid-Sally, Liqa and Jayakody, Priyantha} } @article {7812, title = {Dynamics of endemic infectious diseases of animal and human importance on three dairy herds in the northeastern United States}, journal = {Journal of Dairy Science}, volume = {92}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {4}, pages = {1811-1825}, abstract = {

Endemic infectious diseases in dairy cattle are of significant concern to the industry as well as for public health because of their potential impact on animal and human health, milk and meat production, food safety, and economics. We sought to provide insight into the dynamics of important endemic infectious diseases in 3 northeastern US dairy herds. Fecal samples from individual cows and various environmental samples from these farms were tested for the presence of major zoonotic pathogens (i.e., Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Listeria) as well as commensal bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci. Additionally, the presence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis was tested in fecal and serum samples from individual cows. Test results and health and reproductive records were maintained in a database, and fecal, plasma, DNA, and tissue samples were kept in a biobank. All bacteria of interest were detected on these farms and their presence was variable both within and between farms. The prevalence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in individual fecal samples within farm A ranged from 0 to 68.2\% and 0 to 25.5\%, respectively, over a period of 3 yr. Within farm B, continuous fecal shedding of Salmonella spp. was observed with a prevalence ranging from 8 to 88\%; Salmonella Cerro was the predominant serotype. Farm C appeared less contaminated with Salmonella and Listeria, although in the summer of 2005, 50 and 19.2\% of fecal samples were positive for Listeria and L. monocytogenes, respectively. The high prevalence of E. coli (89 to 100\%), Enterococcus (75 to 100\%), and Campylobacter (0 to 81\%) in feces suggested they were ubiquitous throughout the farm environment. Fecal culture and ELISA results indicated a low prevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in these farms (0 to 13.6\% and 0 to 4.9\% for culture-positive and ELISA-positive, respectively), although the occasional presence of high shedders was observed. Results have major implications for food safety and epidemiology by providing a better understanding of infectious disease dynamics on dairy farms. Comprehensive understanding of these infections may lead to better farm management practices and pathogen reduction programs to control and reduce the on-farm contamination of these pathogens and to prevent their further entry into the food-chain.

}, keywords = {dairy herd, epidemiology and food safety, infection dynamics, longitudinal study}, isbn = {0022-0302}, author = {Pradhan,A. K. and Van Kessel,J. S. and Karns,J. S. and Wolfgang,D. R. and Hovingh,E. and Nelen,K. A. and Smith,J. M. and Whitlock,R. H. and Fyock,T. and Ladely,S. and Fedorka-Cray,P. J. and Schukken,Y. H.} } @article {16600, title = {Early exposure of infants to {GI} nematodes induces {Th}2 dominant immune responses which are unaffected by periodic anthelminthic treatment}, journal = {PLoS Negl Trop Dis}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {e433}, abstract = {We have previously shown a reduction in anaemia and wasting malnutrition in infants {\textless}3 years old in Pemba Island, Zanzibar, following repeated anthelminthic treatment for the endemic gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura. In view of the low intensity of worm infections in this age group, this was unexpected, and it was proposed that immune responses to the worms rather than their direct effects may play a significant role in morbidity in infants and that anthelminthic treatment may alleviate such effects. Therefore, the primary aims of this study were to characterise the immune response to initial/early GI nematode infections in infants and the effects of anthelminthic treatment on such immune responses. The frequency and levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines (IL-5, IL-13, IFN-gamma and IL-10) induced by the worms were evaluated in 666 infants aged 6-24 months using the Whole Blood Assay. Ascaris and hookworm antigens induced predominantly Th2 cytokine responses, and levels of IL-5 and IL-13 were significantly correlated. The frequencies and levels of responses were higher for both Ascaris positive and hookworm positive infants compared with worm negative individuals, but very few infants made Trichuris-specific cytokine responses. Infants treated every 3 months with mebendazole showed a significantly lower prevalence of infection compared with placebo-treated controls at one year following baseline. At follow-up, cytokine responses to Ascaris and hookworm antigens, which remained Th2 biased, were increased compared with baseline but were not significantly affected by treatment. However, blood eosinophil levels, which were elevated in worm-infected children, were significantly lower in treated children. Thus the effect of deworming in this age group on anaemia and wasting malnutrition, which were replicated in this study, could not be explained by modification of cytokine responses but may be related to eosinophil function.}, keywords = {Ancylostomatoidea/immunology/physiology, Animals, Anthelmintics/*therapeutic use, Ascaris lumbricoides/immunology/pathogenicity, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases/drug therapy/*immunology/*parasitology, Humans, Infant, Interferon-gamma/metabolism, Interleukin-10/metabolism, Interleukin-13/metabolism, Interleukin-5/metabolism, Male, Nematode Infections/drug therapy/*immunology/*physiopathology, Trichuris/immunology/physiology}, issn = {1935-2735 (Electronic) 1935-2727 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0000433}, author = {Wright, V. J. and Ame, S. M. and Haji, H. S. and Weir, R. E. and Goodman, D. and Pritchard, D. I. and Mohamed, M. R. and Haji, H. J. and Tielsch, J. M. and Stoltzfus, R. J. and Bickle, Q. D.} } @article {12108, title = {Early exposure of infants to GI nematodes induces Th2 dominant immune responses which are unaffected by periodic anthelminthic treatment}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, note = {Wright, Victoria J
Ame, Shaali Makame
Haji, Haji Said
Weir, Rosemary E
Goodman, David
Pritchard, David I
Mohamed, Mahdi Ramsan
Haji, Hamad Juma
Tielsch, James M
Stoltzfus, Rebecca J
Bickle, Quentin D
eng
GR063122MF/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2009/05/14 09:00
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3(5):e433. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000433. Epub 2009 May 19.}, pages = {e433}, abstract = {We have previously shown a reduction in anaemia and wasting malnutrition in infants <3 years old in Pemba Island, Zanzibar, following repeated anthelminthic treatment for the endemic gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura. In view of the low intensity of worm infections in this age group, this was unexpected, and it was proposed that immune responses to the worms rather than their direct effects may play a significant role in morbidity in infants and that anthelminthic treatment may alleviate such effects. Therefore, the primary aims of this study were to characterise the immune response to initial/early GI nematode infections in infants and the effects of anthelminthic treatment on such immune responses. The frequency and levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines (IL-5, IL-13, IFN-gamma and IL-10) induced by the worms were evaluated in 666 infants aged 6-24 months using the Whole Blood Assay. Ascaris and hookworm antigens induced predominantly Th2 cytokine responses, and levels of IL-5 and IL-13 were significantly correlated. The frequencies and levels of responses were higher for both Ascaris positive and hookworm positive infants compared with worm negative individuals, but very few infants made Trichuris-specific cytokine responses. Infants treated every 3 months with mebendazole showed a significantly lower prevalence of infection compared with placebo-treated controls at one year following baseline. At follow-up, cytokine responses to Ascaris and hookworm antigens, which remained Th2 biased, were increased compared with baseline but were not significantly affected by treatment. However, blood eosinophil levels, which were elevated in worm-infected children, were significantly lower in treated children. Thus the effect of deworming in this age group on anaemia and wasting malnutrition, which were replicated in this study, could not be explained by modification of cytokine responses but may be related to eosinophil function.}, keywords = {Ancylostomatoidea/immunology/physiology, Animals, Anthelmintics/*therapeutic use, Ascaris lumbricoides/immunology/pathogenicity, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases/drug therapy/*immunology/*parasitology, Humans, Infant, Interferon-gamma/metabolism, Interleukin-10/metabolism, Interleukin-13/metabolism, Interleukin-5/metabolism, Male, Nematode Infections/drug therapy/*immunology/*physiopathology, Trichuris/immunology/physiology}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Wright, V. J. and Ame, S. M. and Haji, H. S. and Weir, R. E. and Goodman, D. and Pritchard, D. I. and Mohamed, M. R. and Haji, H. J. and Tielsch, J. M. and Stoltzfus, R. J. and Bickle, Q. D.} } @article {7161, title = {Early-life rotavirus and norovirus infections in relation to development of atopic manifestation in infants}, journal = {Clinical \& Experimental Allergy}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {254{\textendash}260}, issn = {09547894, 13652222}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03128.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03128.x}, author = {Reimerink, J. and Stelma, F. and Rockx, B. and Brouwer, D. and Stobberingh, E. and van Ree, R. and Dompeling, E. and Mommers, M. and Thijs, C. and Koopmans, M.} } @article {3130, title = {Echinococcus multilocularis in {Europe}{\textendash}state of the art}, journal = {Veterinary Research Communications}, volume = {33 Suppl 1}, year = {2009}, month = {sep}, pages = {31{\textendash}34}, abstract = {New information has become available on the epidemiological situation of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe. Additional endemic areas have been identified, and, in some areas, prevalences in foxes have drastically increased. In addition, some neozootic mammals may by now be involved in the lifecycle. The parasite is now widespread in urban and suburban areas in central Europe. The number of human cases of alveolar echinococcosis is small, but still underreported, and is likely to increase in the near future. Trials to counteract the spread of this parasite have been performed by application of anthelmintics to foxes via baits, and gave encouraging results on different spatial scales.}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Europe, Humans, Mammals, prevalence}, issn = {1573-7446}, doi = {10.1007/s11259-009-9244-1}, author = {Romig, T.} } @article {16273, title = {Ecological and social carrying capacities for peri-urban biosphere resources}, journal = {Man \& Biosphere-Programme of the Academy of Science}, volume = {135}, year = {2009}, author = {Arnberger, A. and Frey-Roos, F. and Eder, R. and Muralt, G. and Nopp-Mayr, U. and Tomek, H. and Zohmann, M.} } @article {1915, title = {Ecological sanitation: Principles, technologies and project examples for sustainable wastewater and excreta management}, journal = {Desalination}, volume = {248}, year = {2009}, pages = {392-401}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In order to reach the UN Millennium Development Goals for significantly reducing the number of people without access to adequate sanitation, new holistic concepts are needed, focusing on economically feasible closed-loop ecological sanitation systems rather than on expensive end-of-pipe technologies, thus enabling all countries to finance and maintain sustainable sanitary systems. Such ecological sanitation systems advance a new philosophy of dealing with what to date has been considered as merely waste and wastewater. They are based on the systematic implementation of the reuse and recycling of nutrients, organics and water as a hygienically safe, closed-loop and holistic alternative to conventional solutions. Over the last few years an increasing number of pilot and demonstration ecosan projects have been implemented worldwide. These have contributed to the further development of a variety of ecosan technologies and operating and reuse options and have provided a large amount of experience with this new, holistic approach. In the following, the principles of ecological sanitation are presented, an overview on the range of ecosan technologies is given and several successful ecological sanitation projects are described.}, author = {Werner, C. and Panesar, A.. and Rud, S. B. and Olt, C. U.} } @article {9223, title = {{The Economics of Enteric Infections: Human Foodborne Disease Costs}}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, volume = {136}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1851{\textendash}1862}, author = {Buzby, JC and Roberts, T} } @article {6682, title = {Effectiveness and sustainability of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in combating diarrhoea}, journal = {Journal of development effectiveness}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {295{\textendash}335}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19439340903141175}, author = {Waddington, Hugh and Snilstveit, Birte} } @article {10989, title = {Effectiveness of different sanitisation technologies on the inactivation of {Ascaris} suum eggs in organic waste.}, journal = {Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pu{\l}awy}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {641{\textendash}644}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to examine the rate of Ascaris suum egg inactivation in meat wastes subjected to different sanitisation technologies. The wastes were composted in a drum bioreactor and fermented under mesophilic (37{\textdegree}C) and thermophilic (55{\textdegree}C) conditions. A suspension with fertilised eggs of A. suum was introduced into perlon sacks and placed in waste biomass. They were removed at fixed-time intervals and the percentage of live eggs was calculated. The eggs were inactivated the earliest during thermophilic fermentation and their total time of survival amounted to approximately 10 h. The full inactivation of eggs during composting was obtained after 72 h, while in the course of mesophilic fermentation. No live eggs were detected on 14th d. All the sanitisation technologies analysed ensured the environmental safety of product obtained.}, issn = {0042-4870}, author = {Ligocka, A. and Paluszak, Z.} } @mastersthesis {7237, title = {Effects of forest harvesting on benthic macroinvertebrates in boreal lakes in {Northeastern} {Ontario}}, year = {2009}, note = {MR56787}, school = {University of Guelph (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Forest harvesting has been shown to significantly affect freshwater communities in various aquatic ecosystems. Buffer zones are argued to protect the aquatic-terrestrial ecotone to ensure that aquatic ecosystems are not negatively impacted during forest harvesting operations. However, the effectiveness of buffer zones in mitigating potential harmful effects to benthic macroinvertebrate communities in boreal lakes is not well understood. In this study, benthic macroinvertebrate communities were sampled from 21 harvested and reference lakes in the Esker Lakes Research Area, a boreal forest ecosystem in Ontario, Canada. Various indices were used to characterize these communities including: total abundance, Simpson{\textquoteright}s Index of Diversity, total abundance of different Functional Feeding Groups and total abundance of the most common taxa. The main objective of this study was to compare benthic communities from treatment and reference lakes to determine if forest harvesting impacted benthic macroinvertebrate communities, despite the use of buffer zones. Benthic communities did not consistently or significantly differ between reference and treatment lakes. Two-way Analysis of Variance comparisons indicated that benthic macroinvertebrate communities from clear and intermediate lakes differed substantially between years, regardless of treatment. Some indices of macroinvertebrate communities in boggy lakes suggested that communities were changed specifically in treatment lakes; however; the types of changes (mostly reductions) were not those predicted by existing literature and results from other endpoints, such as water chemistry, did not support an effect due to harvesting. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling ordination of communities further supported the conclusion that benthic communities were substantially different between pre-harvest and post-harvest years, but that these differences were not be due to harvesting. The results of this study indicate that a one-year pre-harvest study of benthic communities was not sufficient to properly capture the natural variability of this community and establish a suitable reference condition. The conclusions made from this study are constrained by a number of limitations including industry imposed restrictions on the experimental design, possible inter-year observer bias and significant changes in the weather patterns between years. Despite these limitations, it is clear that the minimal percent catchment harvested and the establishment of a buffer zone ensured that benthic macroinvertebrate communities were not negatively influenced by up to 42\% harvesting within the lake catchments at the ELRA.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0478:Forestry, 0768:Environmental science, Biological sciences, Ecology, Environmental science, Forestry, Health and environmental sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304889314?accountid=14270}, author = {Tandan, Supriya} } @mastersthesis {6532, title = {The effects of stream discharge and channelisation on the macroinvertebrate community in a semi-arid landscape}, year = {2009}, note = {3369606}, school = {The University of New Mexico}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The Middle Rio Grande is the second largest watershed in the southwestern United States and is a vitally important component for the biodiversity in the region. Similar to many other rivers, the MRG is a temporally dynamic system that unfortunately, has been subjected to river regulation. As a result, the river has become channelised in many reaches disconnecting it from the surrounding floodplain. The effects of river regulation on the MRG and its surrounding riparian zone were largely unknown. I tested three main hypothesis with regards to the macroinvertebrates in the MRG: (1) Does flow variability structure the aquatic macroinvertebrate community; (2) Does flow variability affect lateral subsidies and food web dynamics of terrestrial and aquatic macroinvertebrates; and (3) Does channelisation affect the linkages between the aquatic and terrestrial systems with a focus on lateral subsidies and arthropod predators? Five years of survey data and stable isotope analyses of the common macroinvertebrates and arthropod predators was used to address these hypotheses. During the course of this study period there was a large amount of variability in discharge having a significant impact on the macroinvertebrate community. Higher densities of macroinvertebrates were associated with lower discharge. Drought and flooding reduced the density of macroinvertebrate. Lateral inputs between the aquatic and terrestrial systems were also highest during times of low discharge and were reduced during higher discharge. The transition zone harbored higher rates of predators. Stable isotope analyses indicated that predators near the water{\textquoteright}s edge were heavily subsidized by lateral inputs from algae production. In channelised reaches, aquatic and terrestrial macroinvertebrate densities and richness were lower. The riparian zone and the wetted channel are intricately linked together and processes that occur in the river affect the surrounding riparian zone. Consequently, channelisation may be a threat to diversity by negatively impacting transition zone communities and adversely affecting predaceous arthropods.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0368:Physical geography, 0768:Environmental science, Allochthonous, Aquatic invertebrates, Biological sciences, Disturbance, Droughts, Earth sciences, Ecology, Environmental science, Flooding, Health and environmental sciences, Physical geography, River regulation, Stream discharge}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304951068?accountid=14270}, author = {Kennedy, Thomas L.} } @article {9676, title = {Efficacy of emodepside plus praziquantel tablets (Profender tablets for dogs) against mature and immature cestode infections in dogs}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {105}, year = {2009}, pages = {S31-38}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-009-1493-y}, author = {Schroeder, I. and Altreuther, G and Schimmel, A and Deplazes, P and Kok, D.J and Schnyder, M and Krieger, K.J} } @article {15291, title = {Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 on shredded iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {72}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {1047-1054}, author = {Baert, L. and Vandekinderen, I. and Devlieghere, F. and Van, E. C. and Debevere, J. and Uyttendaele, M.} } @article {12517, title = {Elimination of organic micropollutants in a municipal wastewater treatment plant upgraded with a full-scale post-ozonation followed by sand filtration}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {20}, year = {2009}, pages = {7862-7869}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Hollender, Juliane and Zimmermann, Saskia G and Koepke, Stephan and Krauss, Martin and McArdell, Christa S and Ort, Christoph and Singer, Heinz and von Gunten, Urs and Siegrist, Hansruedi} } @article {15651, title = {Cryptosporidium Propidium Monoazide-PCR, a Molecular Biology-Based Technique for Genotyping of Viable Cryptosporidium Oocysts}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {21}, year = {2009}, pages = {6856-6863}, author = {Brescia, Cristin C. and Griffin, Shannon M. and Ware, Michael W. and Varughese, Eunice A. and Egorov, Andrey I. and Villegas, Eric N.} } @article {448, title = {Emergence and Characterization of Human Rotavirus G9 Strains in Tunisia}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {200}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 2 1 2}, pages = {S239-S243}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Among human rotaviruses, G9 has emerged as the fifth most important genotype circulating globally. Ongoing surveillance of rotavirus in Tunisia during the past 10 years identified the first G9 strains in 2004. These strains exhibited the P[8] VP4 genotype and had a long RNA electrophoretype. The G9 strains were characterized by phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene sequence and showed high identity with other human rotavirus G9 strains belonging to the rotavirus VP7 lineage group III.}, issn = {0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/605029}, url = {://WOS:000270655100027}, author = {Chouikha, Anissa and Fodha, Imene and Bouslama, Lamjed and Fredj, Mouna Ben Hadj and Jaoua, Samir and Boujaafar, Noureddine and Trabelsi, Abdelhalim and Steele, Andrew Duncan} } @article {9540, title = {{Emerging prevalence of microsporidial keratitis in Singapore: epidemiology, clinical features, and management}}, journal = {Opthalmology}, volume = {116}, number = {12}, year = {2009}, pages = {2348{\textendash}2353}, author = {Loh, RS and Chan, CM and Ti, SE and Lim, L and Chan, KS and Tan, DT} } @article {6712, title = {Enteric illness risks before and after water treatment improvements}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {07}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {dec}, pages = {581}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2009.116}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/007/jwh0070581.htm}, author = {Frost, Floyd J. and Tollestrup, Kristine and Roberts, Melissa and Kunde, Twila R. and Craun, Gunther F. and Harter, Lucy} } @article {7210, title = {Enteric illness risks before and after water treatment improvements}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {07}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {dec}, pages = {581}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2009.116}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2009.116}, author = {Frost, Floyd J. and Tollestrup, Kristine and Roberts, Melissa and Kunde, Twila R. and Craun, Gunther F. and Harter, Lucy} } @article {1035, title = {Enteric Viruses in Raw Vegetables and Groundwater Used for Irrigation in South Korea}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {24}, year = {2009}, pages = {77457751}, abstract = {Raw vegetables irrigated with groundwater that may contain enteric viruses can be associated with food-borne viral disease outbreaks. In this study, we performed reverse {transcription-PCR} {(RT-PCR)} and cell {culture-PCR} to monitor the occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater samples and in raw vegetables that were cultivated using that groundwater in South Korea. Samples were collected 10 times from three farms located in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. {RT-PCR} and cell {culture-PCR} were performed to detect adenoviruses {(AdVs),} enteroviruses {(EVs),} noroviruses {(NoVs),} and rotaviruses, followed by sequence analyses of the detected strains. Of the 29 groundwater samples and the 30 vegetable samples, five (17\%) and three (10\%) were positive for enteric viruses, respectively. {AdVs} were the most frequently detected viruses in four groundwater and three vegetable samples. {EVs} and {NoVs} were detected in only one groundwater sample and one spinach sample, respectively. The occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater and vegetable samples was not correlated with the water temperature and the levels of indicator bacteria, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most of the detected {AdVs} were temporally distributed, irrespective of sample type. Our results indicate that raw vegetables may be contaminated with a broad range of enteric viruses, which may originate from virus-infected farmers and virus-contaminated irrigation water, and these vegetables may act as a potential vector of food-borne viral transmission.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01629-09}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01629-09}, author = {S Cheong and C Lee and S W Song and W C Choi and C H Lee and S -J Kim} } @article {1226, title = {Enteric viruses in raw vegetables and groundwater used for irrigation in South Korea}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, number = {24}, year = {2009}, note = {Cheong, Sooryun Lee, Cheonghoon Song, Sung Won Choi, Weon Cheon Lee, Chan Hee Kim, Sang-Jong Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {7745-51}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Raw vegetables irrigated with groundwater that may contain enteric viruses can be associated with food-borne viral disease outbreaks. In this study, we performed reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and cell culture-PCR to monitor the occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater samples and in raw vegetables that were cultivated using that groundwater in South Korea. Samples were collected 10 times from three farms located in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. RT-PCR and cell culture-PCR were performed to detect adenoviruses (AdVs), enteroviruses (EVs), noroviruses (NoVs), and rotaviruses, followed by sequence analyses of the detected strains. Of the 29 groundwater samples and the 30 vegetable samples, five (17\%) and three (10\%) were positive for enteric viruses, respectively. AdVs were the most frequently detected viruses in four groundwater and three vegetable samples. EVs and NoVs were detected in only one groundwater sample and one spinach sample, respectively. The occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater and vegetable samples was not correlated with the water temperature and the levels of indicator bacteria, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most of the detected AdVs were temporally distributed, irrespective of sample type. Our results indicate that raw vegetables may be contaminated with a broad range of enteric viruses, which may originate from virus-infected farmers and virus-contaminated irrigation water, and these vegetables may act as a potential vector of food-borne viral transmission.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/ isolation \& purification Bacteria/isolation \& purification DNA, Viral/genetics Enterovirus/genetics/ isolation \& purification Fresh Water/microbiology/ virology Norovirus/genetics/ isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Viral/genetics Republic of Korea Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Rotavirus/genetics/ isolation \& purification Temperature Vegetables/ virology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Cheong, S. and Lee, C. and Song, S. W. and Choi, W. C. and Lee, C. H. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {2670, title = {Enteric Viruses in Raw Vegetables and Groundwater Used for Irrigation in South Korea}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {24}, year = {2009}, pages = {77457751}, abstract = {Raw vegetables irrigated with groundwater that may contain enteric viruses can be associated with food-borne viral disease outbreaks. In this study, we performed reverse {transcription-PCR} {(RT-PCR)} and cell {culture-PCR} to monitor the occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater samples and in raw vegetables that were cultivated using that groundwater in South Korea. Samples were collected 10 times from three farms located in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. {RT-PCR} and cell {culture-PCR} were performed to detect adenoviruses {(AdVs),} enteroviruses {(EVs),} noroviruses {(NoVs),} and rotaviruses, followed by sequence analyses of the detected strains. Of the 29 groundwater samples and the 30 vegetable samples, five (17\%) and three (10\%) were positive for enteric viruses, respectively. {AdVs} were the most frequently detected viruses in four groundwater and three vegetable samples. {EVs} and {NoVs} were detected in only one groundwater sample and one spinach sample, respectively. The occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater and vegetable samples was not correlated with the water temperature and the levels of indicator bacteria, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most of the detected {AdVs} were temporally distributed, irrespective of sample type. Our results indicate that raw vegetables may be contaminated with a broad range of enteric viruses, which may originate from virus-infected farmers and virus-contaminated irrigation water, and these vegetables may act as a potential vector of food-borne viral transmission.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01629-09}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01629-09}, author = {S Cheong and C Lee and S W Song and W C Choi and C H Lee and S -J Kim} } @article {14520, title = {Enteric viruses in raw vegetables and groundwater used for irrigation in {South} {Korea}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, year = {2009}, month = {dec}, pages = {7745{\textendash}51}, abstract = {Raw vegetables irrigated with groundwater that may contain enteric viruses can be associated with food-borne viral disease outbreaks. In this study, we performed reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and cell culture-PCR to monitor the occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater samples and in raw vegetables that were cultivated using that groundwater in South Korea. Samples were collected 10 times from three farms located in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. RT-PCR and cell culture-PCR were performed to detect adenoviruses (AdVs), enteroviruses (EVs), noroviruses (NoVs), and rotaviruses, followed by sequence analyses of the detected strains. Of the 29 groundwater samples and the 30 vegetable samples, five (17\%) and three (10\%) were positive for enteric viruses, respectively. AdVs were the most frequently detected viruses in four groundwater and three vegetable samples. EVs and NoVs were detected in only one groundwater sample and one spinach sample, respectively. The occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater and vegetable samples was not correlated with the water temperature and the levels of indicator bacteria, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most of the detected AdVs were temporally distributed, irrespective of sample type. Our results indicate that raw vegetables may be contaminated with a broad range of enteric viruses, which may originate from virus-infected farmers and virus-contaminated irrigation water, and these vegetables may act as a potential vector of food-borne viral transmission.}, keywords = {*Republic of Korea, Adenoviridae/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Bacteria/isolation \& purification, DNA, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/microbiology/*virology, Norovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Rotavirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Temperature, Vegetables/*virology, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01629-09}, author = {Cheong, S. and Lee, C. and Song, S. W. and Choi, W. C. and Lee, C. H. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {14892, title = {Enteric viruses in raw vegetables and groundwater used for irrigation in {South} {Korea}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, year = {2009}, month = {dec}, pages = {7745{\textendash}51}, abstract = {Raw vegetables irrigated with groundwater that may contain enteric viruses can be associated with food-borne viral disease outbreaks. In this study, we performed reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and cell culture-PCR to monitor the occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater samples and in raw vegetables that were cultivated using that groundwater in South Korea. Samples were collected 10 times from three farms located in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. RT-PCR and cell culture-PCR were performed to detect adenoviruses (AdVs), enteroviruses (EVs), noroviruses (NoVs), and rotaviruses, followed by sequence analyses of the detected strains. Of the 29 groundwater samples and the 30 vegetable samples, five (17\%) and three (10\%) were positive for enteric viruses, respectively. AdVs were the most frequently detected viruses in four groundwater and three vegetable samples. EVs and NoVs were detected in only one groundwater sample and one spinach sample, respectively. The occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater and vegetable samples was not correlated with the water temperature and the levels of indicator bacteria, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most of the detected AdVs were temporally distributed, irrespective of sample type. Our results indicate that raw vegetables may be contaminated with a broad range of enteric viruses, which may originate from virus-infected farmers and virus-contaminated irrigation water, and these vegetables may act as a potential vector of food-borne viral transmission.}, keywords = {*Republic of Korea, Adenoviridae/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Bacteria/isolation \& purification, DNA, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/microbiology/*virology, Norovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Rotavirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Temperature, Vegetables/*virology, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01629-09}, author = {Cheong, S. and Lee, C. and Song, S. W. and Choi, W. C. and Lee, C. H. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {3720, title = {Environmental dissemination of group A rotavirus: P-type, G-type and subgroup characterization.}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {60}, year = {2009}, pages = {633{\textendash}642}, author = {Ferreira, FFM and Guimar{\~a}es, FR and Fumian, TM and Victoria, M and Vieira, CB and Luz, S and Shubo, T and Leite, JPG and Miagostovich, MP} } @article {14724, title = {Environmental surveillance of {Non}-{Polio} {Enteroviruses} in {Iran}}, journal = {Virol J}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {149}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Enteroviruses can shed in feces for several weeks, so many excrete viruses can remain infectious for a long time in environment. Therefore, by detecting enteroviruses in environmental specimens and sewage, we can understand this virus circulation, the approximate ratio of contaminated persons in society and they are suitable indicators for environmental surveillance. METHODS: Since March 2006 to February 2007, 86 specimens from Sistan \& Balouchestan, 63 specimens from Tehran and 48 samples from Fars sewage disposal systems and surface water were collected by Grab Sample method and tested for enteroviruses directly by using two concentration methods: Pellet and Two-phase. Then Non-Polio Enteroviruses (NPEV) were serotyped by microneutralization method. RESULTS: Enteroviruses were isolated from 49(56.98\%) of specimens in Sistan \& Baluchestan,38(60.32\%) in Tehran and 11(22.92\%) in Fars. Besides, the majority of Non-Polio Enteroviruses related to Non-typable Enteroviruses (N.T.E.V), E11 (31.52\%), COX-B (27.58\%), E7 (17.73\%) and E4 (21.67\%). CONCLUSION: Environmental surveillance has been used successfully in monitoring enteric virus circulation and assessing the extent or duration of epidemic non polioviruses in specific populations. The results of this research show the seasonal circulation of enteroviruses in different parts of Iran.}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, Enterovirus/*classification/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Iran, Seasons, Serotyping/methods, Sewage/*virology}, issn = {1743-422X (Electronic) 1743-422X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1743-422X-6-149}, author = {Kargar, M. and Sadeghipour, S. and Nategh, R.} } @article {5033, title = {Environmental surveillance of non-polio enteroviruses in Iran}, journal = {Virology Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1743-422X}, doi = {10.1186/1743-422x-6-149}, url = {://WOS:000271009600002}, author = {Kargar, Mohammad and Sadeghipour, Sara and Nategh, Rakhshandeh} } @article {5920, title = {{Epidemiology of hepatitis E: current status}}, journal = {Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, pages = {1484{\textendash}1493}, author = {Aggarwal, R and Naik, S} } @article {7398, title = {Equity in community health insurance schemes: evidence and lessons from {Armenia}}, journal = {Health Policy and Planning}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {209{\textendash}216}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Community health insurance (CHI) schemes are growing in importance in low-income settings, where health systems based on user fees have resulted in significant barriers to care for the poorest members of communities. They increase revenue, access and financial protection, but concerns have been expressed about the equity of such schemes and their ability to reach the poorest. Few programmes routinely evaluate equity impacts, even though this is usually a key objective. This lack of evidence is related to the difficulties in collecting reliable data on utilization and socio-economic status. This paper describes the findings of an evaluation of the equity of Oxfam{\textquoteright}s CHI schemes in rural Armenia. METHODS: Members of a random sample of 506 households in villages operating insurance schemes in rural Armenia were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Household wealth scores based on ownership of assets were generated using principal components analysis. Logistic and Poisson regression analyses were performed to identify the determinants of health facility utilization, and equity of access across socio-economic strata. RESULTS: The schemes have achieved a high level of equity, according to socio-economic status, age and gender. However, although levels of participation compare favourably with international experience, they remain relatively low due to a lack of affordability and a package of primary care that does not include coverage for chronic disease. CONCLUSION: This paper demonstrates that the distribution of benefits among members of this community-financing scheme is equitable, and that such a degree of equity in community insurance can be achieved in such settings, possibly through an emphasis on accountability and local management. Such a scheme presents a workable model for investing in primary health care in resource-poor settings.}, keywords = {Adult, Armenia, Community Health Services, Female, Health, Health Care Surveys, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Insurance, Interviews as Topic, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Poisson Distribution, Rural Population, Social Class, Surveys and Questionnaires}, issn = {0268-1080}, doi = {10.1093/heapol/czp001}, author = {Polonsky, Jonny and Balabanova, Dina and McPake, Barbara and Poletti, Timothy and Vyas, Seema and Ghazaryan, Olga and Yanni, Mohga Kamal} } @article {3132, title = {Estimating the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis in ruminants in {Turkey}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {163}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {aug}, pages = {330{\textendash}334}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to estimate the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis (CE) in cattle, sheep and goats in Turkey. For this purpose, official records and previously published data in the literature were used. The weighted mean prevalence rates of the disease were calculated to be 7.4\% in cattle, 46.3\% in sheep and 10.9\% in goats. The financial losses were estimated in US\$ at 2008 current prices under expected (mean value), optimistic (mean value lowered by 10\%), and pessimistic (mean value increased by 10\%) scenarios. The production losses in an infected ruminant were estimated as US\$ 139.2 (125.3-153.2, under optimistic-pessimistic scenarios) for cattle, US\$ 13.7 (12.3-15.1) for sheep, and US\$ 13.9 (12.5-15.3) for goats. The nation-wide annual losses due to CE were estimated as US\$ 32.4 million (26.2-39.1) for cattle, US\$ 54.1 million (43.8-65.5) for sheep and US\$ 2.7 million (2.2-3.3) for goats. The nation-wide production losses due to CE in Turkey in 2008 were calculated as US\$ 89.2 million (72.2-107.9). The results of this study may provide information to assist decisions of the policy makers in prioritising the allocation of scarce resources in controlling animal diseases in Turkey. However, alternative disease control-eradication programmes and cost-benefit analyses of them are needed for the future studies of this kind to provide better decision support in this area.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Costs and Cost Analysis, Echinococcosis, Female, Goat Diseases, Goats, Male, Meat, Milk, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, Turkey}, issn = {1873-2550}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.04.032}, author = {Sari{\"o}zkan, Sava{\c s} and Yal{\c c}in, Cengiz} } @article {9677, title = {Estimating the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis in ruminants in Turkey}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {163}, year = {2009}, pages = {330-334}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.04.032}, author = {Sari{\"o}zkan, S and Yal{\c c}in, C} } @mastersthesis {6435, title = {Estimation of intensity duration frequency curves for current and future climates}, year = {2009}, note = {MR56819}, school = {McGill University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Eng}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Climate variability and change are expected to have important impacts on the hydrologic cycle at different temporal and spatial scales In order to build longlasting drainage systems, civil engineers and urban planners should take into account these potential impacts in their hydrological simulations. However, even if Global Climate Models (GCM) are able to describe the large-scale features of the climate reasonably well, their coarse spatial and temporal resolutions prevent their outputs from being used directly in impact assessment models at regional or local scales. This study proposes a statistical downscaling approach, based on the scale invariance concept, to incorporate GCM outputs in the derivation of Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves and the estimation of urban design storms for current and future climates under different climate change scenarios. The estimated design storms were then used in the estimations of runoff peaks and volumes for urban watersheds of different shapes and different levels of surface imperviousness using the popular Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Finally, a regional analysis was performed to estimate the scaling parameters of extreme rainfall processes for locations with limited or without data. In summary, results of an illustrative application of the proposed statistical downscaling approach using rainfall data available in Quebec (Canada) have indicated that it is feasible to estimate the IDF relations and the resulting design storms and runoff characteristics for current and future climates in consideration of GCM-based climate change scenarios. Furthermore, based on the proposed regional analysis of the scaling properties of extreme rainfalls in Singapore, it has been demonstrated that it is feasible to estimate the IDF curves for partially-gaged or ungaged sites.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0543:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Earth sciences, Hydrologic sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305106817?accountid=14270}, author = {Desramaut, Nicolas} } @article {10149, title = {{Estimation of pig fecal contamination in a river catchment by real-time PCR using two pig-specific Bacteroidales 16S rRNA genetic markers}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, year = {2009}, pages = {3045{\textendash}3054}, author = {Mieszkin, S and Furet, JP and Corthier, G and Gourmelon, M} } @article {10150, title = {{Estimation of pig fecal contamination in a river catchment by real-time PCR using two pig-specific Bacteroidales 16S rRNA genetic markers}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, pages = {3045{\textendash}3054}, author = {Mieszkin, S and Furet, JP and Corthier, G and Gourmelon, M} } @article {1863, title = {Eukaryotic viruses in wastewater samples from the United States}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, note = {Symonds, Erin M Griffin, Dale W Breitbart, Mya eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2009/01/07 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Mar;75(5):1402-9. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01899-08. Epub 2009 Jan 5.}, pages = {1402-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human fecal matter contains a large number of viruses, and current bacterial indicators used for monitoring water quality do not correlate with the presence of pathogenic viruses. Adenoviruses and enteroviruses have often been used to identify fecal pollution in the environment; however, other viruses shed in fecal matter may more accurately detect fecal pollution. The purpose of this study was to develop a baseline understanding of the types of viruses found in raw sewage. PCR was used to detect adenoviruses, enteroviruses, hepatitis B viruses, herpesviruses, morbilliviruses, noroviruses, papillomaviruses, picobirnaviruses, reoviruses, and rotaviruses in raw sewage collected throughout the United States. Adenoviruses and picobirnaviruses were detected in 100\% of raw sewage samples and 25\% and 33\% of final effluent samples, respectively. Enteroviruses and noroviruses were detected in 75\% and 58\% of raw sewage samples, respectively, and both viral groups were found in 8\% of final effluent samples. This study showed that adenoviruses, enteroviruses, noroviruses, and picobirnaviruses are widespread in raw sewage. Since adenoviruses and picobirnaviruses were detected in 100\% of raw sewage samples, they are potential markers of fecal contamination. Additionally, this research uncovered previously unknown sequence diversity in human picobirnaviruses. This baseline understanding of viruses in raw sewage will enable educated decisions to be made regarding the use of different viruses in water quality assessments.}, keywords = {DNA, DNA Sequence Homology Sewage/*virology United States Viruses/*classification/*isolation \& purification, Genetic RNA, Viral/chemistry/genetics Humans Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Polymorphism, Viral/genetics Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01899-08}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124584}, author = {Symonds, E. M. and Griffin, D. W. and Breitbart, M.} } @article {16903, title = {Evaluating the operational utility of a Bacteroidales quantitative PCR-based MST approach in determining the source of faecal indicator organisms at a UK bathing water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, pages = {4888{\textendash}4899}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Stapleton, Carl M and Kay, David and Wyer, Mark D and Davies, Cheryl and Watkins, John and Kay, Chris and McDonald, Adrian T and Porter, Jonathan and Gawler, Andrew} } @article {7606, title = {{Evaluation of an adsorption-elution method for detection of astrovirus and norovirus in environmental waters}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {156}, number = {1-2}, year = {2009}, pages = {73-76}, abstract = {

Human astroviruses (HAstV) and noroviruses (NoV) are shed frequently at high concentrations and persist for long periods in the environment, raising a significant health risk of water-related gastroenteritis. The aim of this study was to evaluate an adsorption-elution method with an HA (mixed cellulose esters) negatively charged membrane to determine the best recovery of HAstV and NoV from different environmental waters. As the presence of MgCl2 affects viral adsorption onto the membrane, three different MgCl2 concentrations were evaluated. The best recovery of both NoV and HAstV from mineral and river water samples was between 18{\%} and 64{\%}, while recovery from tap water and sea water samples was between 3{\%} and 14{\%}. These results suggest that detection and recovery of each enteric virus with this adsorption-elution method requires a specific MgCl2 concentration and depends on the source of environmental water tested. The combination of the HA negatively charged membrane to concentrate viruses with quantitative PCR detection allows for the identification of gastroenteritis viruses implicated in acute outbreaks of gastroenteritis. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.11.003}, author = {Victoria, M. and Guimar{\~a}es, F. and Fumian, T. and Ferreira, F. and Vieira, C. and Leite, J.P. and Miagostovich, M.} } @article {3505, title = {Evaluation of an adsorption-elution method for detection of astrovirus and norovirus in environmental waters}, journal = {Journal of virological methods}, volume = {156}, number = {1-2}, year = {2009}, pages = {73{\textendash}76}, author = {Victoria, M and Guimar{\~a}es, F and Fumian, T and Ferreira, F and Vieira, C and Leite, JP and Miagostovich, M} } @article {13803, title = {Evaluation of an adsorption-elution method for detection of astrovirus and norovirus in environmental waters}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {156}, number = {1-2}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Human astroviruses (HAstV) and noroviruses (NoV) are shed frequently at high concentrations and persist for long periods in the environment, raising a significant health risk of water-related gastroenteritis. The aim of this study was to evaluate an adsorption-elution method with an HA (mixed cellulose esters) negatively charged membrane to determine the best recovery of HAstV and NoV from different environmental waters. As the presence of MgCl2 affects viral adsorption onto the membrane, three different MgCl2 concentrations were evaluated. The best recovery of both NoV and HAstV from mineral and river water samples was between 18\% and 64\%, while recovery from tap water and sea water samples was between 3\% and 14\%. These results suggest that detection and recovery of each enteric virus with this adsorption-elution method requires a specific MgCl2 concentration and depends on the source of environmental water tested. The combination of the HA negatively charged membrane to concentrate viruses with quantitative PCR detection allows for the identification of gastroenteritis viruses implicated in acute outbreaks of gastroenteritis. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.11.003}, author = {Victoria, M. and Guimar{\~a}es, F. and Fumian, T. and Ferreira, F. and Vieira, C. and Leite, J.P. and Miagostovich, M.} } @article {14471, title = {Evaluation of enterococcal surface protein genes as markers of sewage contamination in tropical recreational waters}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {60}, year = {2009}, pages = {261{\textendash}6}, abstract = {A molecular monitoring strategy was developed to detect prevalence of two enterococcal surface protein genes (esp-1 gene and esp-2 gene) in isolates of enterococci from recreational waters in Hawaii as evidence of human sewage contamination. The sensitivity and specificity of the methods were evaluated in selected environmental samples including human sewage, ocean water samples near a sewage outfall, shoreline coastal beach waters, ambient soil samples and ambient streams not known to be contaminated with sewage. The results of this study show that the esp-1 and esp-2 genes are highly associated with enterococci from sewage sources as compared to non-point sources. Therefore these esp genes show promise as good indicators of sewage contamination. However, more sensitivity and specificity of esp genes are needed. Moreover, a more specific enumeration method for E. faecium and E. faecalis is needed so that subsequent test for the esp genes will be reliable and feasible.}, keywords = {*Genes, *Recreation, Bacterial, Bacterial Proteins/isolation \& purification, Enterococcus/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Humans, Membrane Proteins/isolation \& purification, Sewage/*microbiology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2009.380}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Fujioka, R. S.} } @article {14871, title = {Evaluation of enterococcal surface protein genes as markers of sewage contamination in tropical recreational waters}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {60}, year = {2009}, pages = {261{\textendash}6}, abstract = {A molecular monitoring strategy was developed to detect prevalence of two enterococcal surface protein genes (esp-1 gene and esp-2 gene) in isolates of enterococci from recreational waters in Hawaii as evidence of human sewage contamination. The sensitivity and specificity of the methods were evaluated in selected environmental samples including human sewage, ocean water samples near a sewage outfall, shoreline coastal beach waters, ambient soil samples and ambient streams not known to be contaminated with sewage. The results of this study show that the esp-1 and esp-2 genes are highly associated with enterococci from sewage sources as compared to non-point sources. Therefore these esp genes show promise as good indicators of sewage contamination. However, more sensitivity and specificity of esp genes are needed. Moreover, a more specific enumeration method for E. faecium and E. faecalis is needed so that subsequent test for the esp genes will be reliable and feasible.}, keywords = {*Genes, *Recreation, Bacterial, Bacterial Proteins/isolation \& purification, Enterococcus/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Humans, Membrane Proteins/isolation \& purification, Sewage/*microbiology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2009.380}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Fujioka, R. S.} } @article {10088, title = {{Evaluation of host-specific Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene markers as a complementary tool for detecting fecal pollution in a prairie watershed}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, pages = {4838{\textendash}4849}, author = {Fremaux, B and Gritzfeld, J and Boa, T and Yost, CK} } @article {618, title = {Evaluation of multiple sewage-associated Bacteroides \{PCR\} markers for sewage pollution tracking}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, note = {Cross-validation of detection methods for pathogens and fecal indicators}, pages = {4872 - 4877}, abstract = {The host specificity of the five published sewage-associated Bacteroides markers (i.e., HF183, BacHum, HuBac, BacH and Human-Bac) was evaluated in Southeast Queensland, Australia by testing fecal \{DNA\} samples (n\&$\#$xa0;=\&$\#$xa0;186) from 11 animal species including human fecal samples collected via influent to a sewage treatment plant (STP). All human fecal samples (n\&$\#$xa0;=\&$\#$xa0;50) were positive for all five markers indicating 100\% sensitivity of these markers. The overall specificity of the \{HF183\} markers to differentiate between humans and animals was 99\%. The specificities of the BacHum and BacH markers were\&$\#$xa0;\>\&$\#$xa0;94\%, suggesting that these markers are suitable for the detection of sewage pollution in environmental waters in Australia. The HuBac (i.e., 63\%) and Human-Bac (i.e., 79\% specificity) markers performed poorly in distinguishing between the sources of human and animal fecal samples. It is recommended that the specificity of the sewage-associated markers must be rigorously tested prior to its application to identify the sources of fecal pollution in environmental waters.}, keywords = {Sewage-associated markers}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.042}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135409005624}, author = {W. Ahmed and A. Goonetilleke and D. Powell and T. Gardner} } @article {3523, title = {Evaluation of public health risks at recreational beaches in Lake Michigan via detection of enteric viruses and a human-specific bacteriological marker.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1137{\textendash}1149}, author = {Wong, M and Kumar, L and Jenkins, TM and Xagoraraki, I and Phanikumar, MS and J B Rose} } @article {10133, title = {{Evaluation of swine-specific PCR assays used for fecal source tracking and analysis of molecular diversity of swine-specific "bacteroidales" populations}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, year = {2009}, pages = {5787{\textendash}5796}, author = {Lamendella, R and JW Santo Domingo and Yannarell, AC and Ghosh, S and Di Giovanni, G and Mackie, RI and Oerther, DB} } @article {2500, title = {Evolutionary dynamics of human rotaviruses: balancing reassortment with preferred genome constellations}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1000634}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000634}, author = {McDonald, SM and Matthijnssens, J and McAllen, JK and Hine, E} } @article {313, title = {Evolutionary dynamics of human rotaviruses: balancing reassortment with preferred genome constellations}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1000634}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000634}, author = {McDonald, SM and Matthijnssens, J and McAllen, JK and Hine, E} } @article {3629, title = {Evolutionary dynamics of human rotaviruses: balancing reassortment with preferred genome constellations}, journal = {PLoS Pathog}, volume = {5}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, pages = {e1000634}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1000634}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000634}, author = {SM, McDonald and Matthijnssens, J and JK, McAllen and Hine, E and Overton, L and Wang, S and Lemey, P and Zeller, M and Van Ranst, M and Spiro, DJ and Patton, JT} } @mastersthesis {6187, title = {Exit, voice, loyalty and structural silence: {Citizen}-consumer access and behavior in {Nigeria}{\textquoteright}s urban water markets}, year = {2009}, note = {3405671}, school = {University of California, Los Angeles}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Lagos and Benin City are rapidly growing metropolitan areas with urban water markets, where multiple suppliers compete with a state-run water utility. The lack of household access to potable water is a major problem throughout the study area. While the literature on urban services delivery in poor countries has documented the rise of non-state providers and citizen willingness to pay in studies of cost recovery, there is a weak understanding of the variables associated with citizen behavior and consumer choice in urban water markets across different types of households and communities. In this study, three sets of dynamics are identified: (1) How individuals (and communities in the aggregate) respond differently to problems with water supply, (2) the kinds of triggers that produce specific responses, and (3) the characteristics of individuals and households that respond in different ways. In the conceptual model used, access to water shapes attitudes that affect both its consumption and provision. Household behavior is modeled using an expansion of Hirschman{\textquoteright}s Exit, Voice and Loyalty (EVL) framework to characterize the quality-elasticity of demand. Multinomial logistic regression is used to model the three discrete outcome categories. Survey results show that exit and loyalty are the most frequently reported response to recent water problems, although exit dominates in Lagos while loyalty is the main response in Benin City. Surveys and interviews show that reported EVL behavior is determined by different access variables, such as usage, availability, affordability, the duration of the problem, and the degree of satisfaction with household water supply in comparison with neighbors. The findings also indicate how neighborhood composition and organization could be related to processes of social and economic deprivation, silencing the preferences of those who are unable to seek alternatives or to speak out. Data are from a household survey (n=784), along with 31 semi-structured interviews, personal observations, and archival materials. Respondents were sampled from 18 neighborhoods in 7 local governments using a multi-level cluster sampling strategy.}, keywords = {0293:African Studies, 0366:Geography, 0505:Economics, 0617:Public administration, 0999:Urban planning, African Studies, Community development, Consumer behavior, economics, Geography, International development, Nigeria, Participation, Public administration, Social sciences, Urban planning, Urban services, Water Supply}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/231024825?accountid=14270}, author = {Acey, Charisma Shonte} } @mastersthesis {6997, title = {Expanding access to off-grid rural electrification in {Africa}: {An} analysis of community-based micro-grids in {Kenya}}, year = {2009}, note = {3411226}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Community micro-grids have played a central role in increasing access to off-grid rural electrification (RE) in many regions of the developing world, notably South Asia. However, the promise of community micro-grids in sub-Sahara Africa remains largely unexplored. My study explores the potential and limits of community micro-grids as options for increasing access to off-grid RE in sub-Sahara Africa. Contextualized in five community micro-grids in rural Kenya, my study is framed through theories of collective action and combines qualitative and quantitative methods, including household surveys, electronic data logging and regression analysis. The main contribution of my research is demonstrating the circumstances under which community micro-grids can contribute to rural development and the conditions under which individuals are likely to initiate and participate in such projects collectively. With regard to rural development, I demonstrate that access to electricity enables the use of electric equipment and tools by small and micro-enterprises, resulting in significant improvement in productivity per worker (100-200\% depending on the task at hand) and a corresponding growth in income levels in the order of 20-70\%, depending on the product made. Access to electricity simultaneously enables and improves delivery of social and business services from a wide range of village-level infrastructure (e.g. schools, markets, water pumps) while improving the productivity of agricultural activities. Moreover, when local electricity users have an ability to charge and enforce cost-reflective tariffs and electricity consumption is closely linked to productive uses that generate incomes, cost recovery is feasible. By their nature{\textendash}a new technology delivering highly valued services by the elites and other members, limited local experience and expertise, high capital costs{\textendash}community micro-grids are good candidates for elite-domination. Even so, elite control does not necessarily lead to elite capture. Experiences from different micro-grid settings illustrate the manner in which a coincidence of interest between the elites and the rest of members and access to external support can create incentives and mechanisms to enable community-wide access to scarce services, hence mitigating elite capture. Moreover, access to external support was found to increase the likelihood of participation for the relatively poor households. The policy-relevant message from this research is two-fold. In rural areas with suitable sites for micro-hydro power, the potential for community micro-grids appear considerable to the extent that this option would seem to represent "the road not taken" as far as policies and initiatives aimed at expanding RE are concerned in Kenya and other African countries with comparable settings. However, local participatory initiatives not complimented by external technical assistance run a considerable risk of locking rural households into relatively more costly and poor-quality services. By taking advantage of existing and/or building a dense network of local organizations, including micro-finance agencies, the government and development partners can make available to local communities the necessary support{\textendash}financial, technical or regulatory{\textendash}essential for efficient design of micro-grids in addition to facilitating equitable distribution of electricity benefits.}, keywords = {0626:Sociology, 0700:Social structure, 0791:Energy, Africa, Applied sciences, Collective action, Energy, Kenya, Rural development, Rural electrification, Rural energy, Social sciences, Social structure, Sociology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/507612833?accountid=14270}, author = {Kirubi, Charles Gathu} } @article {4330, title = {{Explaining microbial population genomics through phage predation.}}, journal = {Nature Reviews. Microbiology}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, month = {nov}, pages = {828{\textendash}36}, abstract = {

The remarkable differences that have been detected by metagenomics in the genomes of strains of the same bacterial species are difficult to reconcile with the widely accepted paradigm that periodic selection within bacterial populations will regularly purge genomic diversity by clonal replacement. We have found that many of the genes that differ between strains affect regions that are potential phage recognition targets. We therefore propose the constant-diversity dynamics model, in which the diversity of prokaryotic populations is preserved by phage predation. We provide supporting evidence for this model from metagenomics, mathematical analysis and computer simulations. Periodic selection and phage predation dynamics are not mutually exclusive; we compare their predictions to shed light on the ecological circumstances under which each type of dynamics could predominate.

}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: classification, Bacteria: genetics, Bacteria: virology, Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: genetics, Bacteriophages: physiology, Biological, Computational Biology, Genetic, Genome, Genomics, Models, Population Dynamics, Selection, Species Specificity}, issn = {1740-1534}, doi = {10.1038/nrmicro2235}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19834481}, author = {Rodriguez-Valera, Francisco and Martin-Cuadrado, Ana-Belen and Rodriguez-Brito, Beltran and Pasi{\'c}, Lejla and T F Thingstad and Rohwer, Forest and Mira, Alex} } @article {8400, title = {{Export of a Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry neck protein complex at the host cell membrane to form the moving junction during invasion}}, journal = {PLoS Pathogens}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {e1000309}, author = {Besteiro, S and Michelin, A and Poncet, J and Dubremetz, JF and Lebrun, M} } @mastersthesis {7011, title = {External drivers of lakes in forested watersheds: {Aeolian} organic carbon inputs and ice phenology}, year = {2009}, note = {3384445}, school = {The University of Wisconsin - Madison}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Carbon, climate, and water are intertwined with global environmental changes attributable to human activities. Expanding our understanding of the biogeochemical pathways of carbon will help determine how these changes are propagated among ecosystems. Meanwhile, long-term records provide a reference point for the impacts of climate change on ecosystems. This dissertation focuses on two related topics: the movement of carbon among ecosystems and the influence of climatic variability on aquatic organisms. Aquatic ecosystems present a potential pathway for carbon to the atmosphere. Many lakes respire more carbon than they produce. This suggests they are subsidized by external carbon inputs, thereby coupling the biogeochemical cycle in lakes to both local and remote ecosystems. Chapter 1 describes the drivers of inputs of particulate organic carbon to a remote, forested lake. The flux of these inputs was significantly influenced by episodic storm events, conditions that are expected to increase as a consequence of global warming. Chapter 2 expands the study of carbon subsidies to lakes to the landscape level. Small lakes were expected to receive proportionately more carbon than larger lakes, due to the proximity of the lake surface to shoreline sources of carbon. While smaller lakes did receive higher inputs of carbon, nearshore deposition was higher in larger lakes. This was attributed to differences in shoreline vegetation. Particulate carbon deposition was constant across the entire lake surface, which suggests a link between the carbon pool in lakes and atmospheric carbon sources. The long-term reduction in ice cover on lakes is a readily observable change attributable to climate. Ice-off is occurring sooner and advancing the onset of spring. High inter-annual variability in ice-off can be used to explore historic responses to climate by aquatic organisms. Zooplankton density increased significantly during years with early ice-off in five northern temperate lakes. The correlation was most pronounced for large-bodied herbivorous zooplankton that can capitalize on favorable vernal conditions for growth. This pattern could not be generalized to other sites in the Laurentian Great Lakes region.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0425:Biogeochemistry, 0793:Limnology, Aeolian organic carbon, Biogeochemistry, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Ecology, Forested watersheds, Ice cover, Limnology, Zooplankton}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305034747?accountid=14270}, author = {Preston, Nicholas D.} } @inbook {13060, title = {Factors influencing the persistence of fecal Bacteroides in stream water}, booktitle = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {1224{\textendash}1232}, author = {Bell, Alyssa and Layton, Alice C and McKay, Larry and Williams, Dan and Gentry, Randy and Sayler, Gary S} } @article {13451, title = {Fasciola, lymnaeids and human fascioliasis, with a global overview on disease transmission, epidemiology, evolutionary genetics, molecular epidemiology and control}, journal = {Adv Parasitol}, volume = {69}, year = {2009}, pages = {41-146}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Valero, M. A. and Bargues, M. D.} } @article {13486, title = {Fascioliasis: can Cuba conquer this emerging parasitosis?}, journal = {Trends Parasitol}, volume = {26}, year = {2009}, pages = {26-34}, author = {Rojas, L. and Vazquez, A. and Domenech, I. and Robertson, L. J.} } @article {13457, title = {Fascioliasis transmission by Lymnaea neotropica confirmed by nuclear rDNA and mtDNA sequencing in Argentina.}, journal = {Vet Parasitol}, volume = {166}, year = {2009}, pages = {73-79}, author = {Mera y Sierra, R.L., Artigas, P., Cuervo, P., Deis, E., Sidoti, L., Mas-Coma, S. and Bargues, M.D.} } @article {12209, title = {Fate and Transport of Antibiotic Residues and Antibiotic Resistance Genes following Land Application of Manure Waste}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, note = {Chee-Sanford, Joanne C. Mackie, Roderick I. Koike, Satoshi Krapac, Ivan G. Lin, Yu-Feng Yannarell, Anthony C. Maxwell, Scott Aminov, Rustam I.
Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011; Koike, Satoshi/E-1919-2012; Garcia-Armisen, Tamara/A-6173-2008; Aminov, Rustam/C-8764-2016
Koike, Satoshi/0000-0002-8742-7247; Aminov, Rustam/0000-0002-5811-8322; Lin, Yu-Feng/0000-0001-6454-0901}, month = {May-Jun}, pages = {1086-1108}, abstract = {

Antibiotics are used in animal livestock production for therapeutic treatment of disease and at subtherapeutic levels for growth promotion and improvement of feed efficiency. It is estimated that approximately 75\% of antibiotics are not absorbed by animals and are excreted in waste. Antibiotic resistance selection occurs among gastrointestinal bacteria, which are also excreted in manure and stored in waste holding systems. Land application of animal waste is a common disposal method used in the United States and is a means For environmental entry of both antibiotics and genetic resistance determinants. Concerns for bacterial resistance gene selection and dissemination of resistance genes have prompted interest about the concentrations and biological activity of drug residues and break-down metabolites, and their fate and transport. Fecal bacteria can survive for weeks to months in the environment, depending on species and temperature, however, genetic elements can persist regardless of cell viability. Phylogenetic analyses indicate antibiotic resistance genes have evolved, although some genes have been maintained in bacteria before the modern antibiotic era. Quantitative measurements of drug residues and levels of resistance genes are needed, in addition to understanding the environmental mechanisms of genetic selection, gene acquisition, and the spatiotemporal dynamics of these resistance genes and their bacterial hosts. This review article discusses an accumulation of findings that address aspects of the fate, transport, and persistence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments, with emphasis on mechanisms pertaining to soil environments following land application of animal waste effluent.

}, isbn = {0047-2425}, author = {Chee-Sanford, J. C. and Mackie, R. I. and Koike, S. and Krapac, I. G. and Lin, Y. F. and Yannarell, A. C. and Maxwell, S. and Aminov, R. I.} } @article {4021, title = {{Fate of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocysts and Giardia duodenalis cysts during secondary wastewater treatments}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {105}, year = {2009}, pages = {689{\textendash}696}, author = {Cheng, HW and Lucy, FE and Graczyk, TK and Broaders, MA and Tamang, L and Connolly, M} } @article {8684, title = {{Fate of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocysts and Giardia duodenalis cysts during secondary wastewater treatments}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {105}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {689{\textendash}696}, abstract = {This study investigates the fate of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis oocysts and Giardia duodenalis cysts at four Irish municipal wastewater treatment plants (i.e., Plant A, B, C, and D) that utilize sludge activation or biofilm-coated percolating filter systems for secondary wastewater treatment. The fate of these pathogens through the sewage treatment processes was determined based on their viable transmissive stages, i.e., oocysts for Cryptosporidium and cysts for Giardia. Analysis of final effluent indicated that over 97{\%} of viable oocysts and cysts were eliminated, except at Plant C, which achieved only 64{\%} of oocyst removal. A significant correlation between the removal of oocysts and cysts was found at Plants A, B, and D (R = 0.98, P {\textless} 0.05). All sewage sludge samples were positive for C. parvum and C. hominis, and G. duodenalis, with maximum concentrations of 20 oocysts and eight cysts per gram in primary sludge indicating the need for further sludge sanitization treatments. This study provides evidence that C. parvum and C. hominis oocysts and G. duodenalis cysts are present throughout the wastewater processes and in end-products, and can enter the aquatic environment with consequent negative implications for public health.}, isbn = {0932-0113}, issn = {09320113}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-009-1440-y}, author = {Hui WA Cheng and Frances E Lucy and Thaddeus K Graczyk and Broaders, Michael A. and Tamang, Leena and Connolly, Michelle} } @article {15677, title = {Fate of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocysts and Giardia duodenalis cysts during secondary wastewater treatments}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {105}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {Sep}, pages = {689-96}, edition = {2009/04/28}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Ireland, Oocysts, Parasite Egg Count, Sewage/*parasitology, Water Purification/*methods, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0932-0113}, author = {Cheng, H. W. and Lucy, F. E. and Graczyk, T. K. and Broaders, M. A. and Tamang, L. and Connolly, M.} } @book {15678, title = {Fate of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocysts and Giardia duodenalis cysts during secondary wastewater treatments}, volume = {105}, year = {2009}, pages = {689-96}, author = {Cheng, HW and Lucy, Frances and K Graczyk, Thaddeus and A Broaders, Michael and Tamang, Leena and Connolly, Michelle} } @article {8742, title = {{Fate of pathogenic microorganisms and indicators in secondary activated sludge wastewater treatment plants}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {90}, year = {2009}, pages = {1442{\textendash}1447}, abstract = {This study was undertaken to investigate the removal of pathogenic microorganisms and their indicators in a laboratory scale biological treatment system that simulated the secondary treatment process of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Four groups of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths as well as the selected indicators were employed in the investigation. The results demonstrated that approximately 2-3??log10 removal of the microbial indicators was achieved in the treatment process. The log removal of Clostridium perfringens spores was low due to their irreversible adsorption to sludge flocs. The laboratory treatment system demonstrated a similar removal capability for Escherichia coli and the bacterial indicators (total coliforms, enterococci and particles {\textless}2.73????m/L). The MS-2 bacteriophage, measured as a viral indicator, showed a lower removal than poliovirus, which may be considered as a worst case scenario for virus removal. The results of using particle profiling as an indicator for protozoa and helminths appeared to be inaccurate. The removal performance for bacterial and protozoan pathogens and their indicators in a full scale WWTP and the laboratory treatment system was compared. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Indicator, Microorganisms, Removal performance, Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)}, isbn = {4518628381}, issn = {03014797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.09.002}, author = {Wen, Qinxue and Tutuka, Candani and Keegan, Alexandra and Jin, Bo} } @article {9431, title = {{Fate of pathogenic microorganisms and indicators in secondary activated sludge wastewater treatment plants}}, journal = {J Environ Manage}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {1442{\textendash}1447}, author = {Wen, Q and Tutuka, C and Keegan, A and Jin, B} } @article {3269, title = {{Fate of pathogenic microorganisms and indicators in secondary activated sludge wastewater treatment plants}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {1442{\textendash}1447}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, abstract = {This study was undertaken to investigate the removal of pathogenic microorganisms and their indicators in a laboratory scale biological treatment system that simulated the secondary treatment process of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Four groups of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths as well as the selected indicators were employed in the investigation. The results demonstrated that approximately 2-3??log10 removal of the microbial indicators was achieved in the treatment process. The log removal of Clostridium perfringens spores was low due to their irreversible adsorption to sludge flocs. The laboratory treatment system demonstrated a similar removal capability for Escherichia coli and the bacterial indicators (total coliforms, enterococci and particles {\textless}2.73????m/L). The MS-2 bacteriophage, measured as a viral indicator, showed a lower removal than poliovirus, which may be considered as a worst case scenario for virus removal. The results of using particle profiling as an indicator for protozoa and helminths appeared to be inaccurate. The removal performance for bacterial and protozoan pathogens and their indicators in a full scale WWTP and the laboratory treatment system was compared. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Indicator, Microorganisms, Removal performance, Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)}, isbn = {4518628381}, issn = {03014797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.09.002}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.09.002}, author = {Wen, Qinxue and Tutuka, Candani and Keegan, Alexandra and Jin, Bo} } @article {4160, title = {{Fate of pathogenic microorganisms and indicators in secondary activated sludge wastewater treatment plants}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {90}, year = {2009}, pages = {1442{\textendash}1447}, author = {Wen, Q and Tutuka, C and Keegan, A and Jin, B} } @mastersthesis {12933, title = {Field and laboratory investigations quantifying the factors responsible for enteric pathogen decay in biosolids amended agricultural soils}, year = {2009}, school = {Imperial College London}, type = {phd}, author = {Cass, James} } @book {10300, title = {Field Guide in Environmental Engineering for Development Workers: Water, Sanitation, Indoor Air}, year = {2009}, author = {Mihelcic, James R and Myre, EA and Fry, LM and Phillips, LD and Barkdoll, BD} } @book {5416, title = {{Field Guide in Environmental Engineering for Development Workers: Water, Sanitation, Indoor Air.}}, year = {2009}, publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Press}, organization = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Press}, address = {Reston, VA}, author = {J R Mihelcic and Myre, EA and Fry, LM and Phillips, LD and Barkdoll, BD} } @book {12854, title = {Field guide to environmental engineering for development workers: water, sanitation, and indoor air}, year = {2009}, publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers}, organization = {American Society of Civil Engineers}, author = {Mihelcic, James R and Fry, Lauren M and Myre, Elizabeth A and Phillips, Linda D and Barkdoll, Brian D} } @book {8349, title = {{Field Guide to Environmental Engineering for Development Workers: Water, Sanitation, and Indoor Air}}, series = {American Society of Civil Engineers}, year = {2009}, publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers}, organization = {American Society of Civil Engineers}, address = {Reston, VA}, author = {J R Mihelcic and Fry, L.M. and Myre, E.A. and Phillips, L.D. and Barkdoll, B.D.} } @article {3824, title = {First molecular detection of group {A} rotaviruses in drinking water sources in {Beijing}, {China}.}, journal = {Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxology}, volume = {83}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {120{\textendash}124}, author = {He, XQ and Cheng, L and Zhang, DY and Li, W and Xie, XM and Ma, M and Wang, ZJ} } @article {1088, title = {First molecular detection of group A rotaviruses in drinking water sources in Beijing, China}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-009-9708-6}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9708-6}, author = {He, XQ and Cheng, L and Zhang, DY and Li, W and Xie, XM and Ma, M} } @article {2724, title = {First molecular detection of group A rotaviruses in drinking water sources in Beijing, China}, journal = {Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology}, volume = {83}, year = {2009}, pages = {120-124}, doi = {10.1007/s00128-009-9708-6}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9708-6}, author = {He, XQ and Cheng, L and Zhang, DY and Li, W and Xie, XM and Ma, M} } @article {4965, title = {{Fishborne zoonotic trematodes served in restaurants in Nam Dinh Province and Hanoi, Vietnam}}, journal = {J Food Protect}, volume = {72}, year = {2009}, pages = {2394{\textendash}2399}, author = {Chi, T and Murrell, KD and Madsen, H and Khue, N and Dalsgaard, A} } @mastersthesis {6586, title = {Flow, turbulence, and dispersion above and within the roughness sublayer: {Field} observations and laboratory modeling}, year = {2009}, note = {3357001}, school = {University of California, Riverside}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Most human activities take place in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL), approximately the bottom one tenth of the atmospheric boundary layer. In the urban ASL, the roughness sublayer (RSL) where conventional ASL scaling theories are challenged due to increased urban roughness and horizontal inhomogeneity, becomes significantly larger and more important than its rural counterpart. Modeling air quality and toxic release in urban environments requires improved understanding of flow, turbulence and dispersion above and within the RSL. This dissertation is motivated by this need, and three individual studies are discussed regarding this issue through field observations and laboratory modeling. The first study utilizes experimental data collected in 2002 over an open field in Hanford, Washington, to investigate the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget above the RSL. Contrary to the traditional similarity theory, the shear production, the buoyancy production and the dissipation rate of TKE are found to be imbalanced due to non-zero vertical transport that occurs over all stabilities. Motivated by this observation, modified parameterizations of the dissipation rate and the turbulent transport are proposed, and resulting predictions are in good agreement with experimental data. The second study aims to gain better understanding of flows through urban-like arrays of obstacles within the RSL utilizing laboratory water channel experiments. A novel flow feature, lateral channeling, observed and quantitatively measured by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), within regular 3 x 3 and 5 x 5 arrays of cubes is reported. The newly identified mean flow pattern may account for the initial plume spread within an array of buildings. The third study utilizes the laboratory PIV-PLIF (Planar Laser Induced Florescence) combo technique to investigate urban dispersion of buoyant sources from a distributed generation (DG) unit to complement the field study conducted in July 2008 in Palm Springs, California. Five scaling laws, which determine laboratory setup from field parameters and scale PLIF data back to field scales, are validated by field data and variations of laboratory experiments. The plume rise, plume spreads, ground level concentration of scalar, and plume structure are then determined from scaled PLIF data.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Dispersion, Lateral channeling, Local imbalance of TKE, Mechanical engineering, PIV, Roughness sublayer, Turbulence}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304857628?accountid=14270}, author = {Li, Xiangyi} } @article {13511, title = {Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {111}, year = {2009}, pages = {150-159}, author = {Valero, M. A. and Perez-Crespo, I. and Periago, M. V. and Khoubbane, M. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {10744, title = {{Focus on 14 sewage treatment plants in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa in order to gauge the efficiency of wastewater treatment}}, journal = {The African Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {8}, number = {14}, year = {2009}, pages = {3276{\textendash}3285}, author = {Samie, A and Obi, CL and Igumbor, JO and Momba, MNB} } @article {726, title = {Focus on 14 sewage treatment plants in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa in order to gauge the efficiency of wastewater treatment}, journal = {African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (14), pp. 3276-3285, 20 July, 2009}, volume = {8}, year = {2009}, pages = {3276-3285}, chapter = {3276}, abstract = {
In order to identify the treatment methods used in different sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the Mpumalanga Province and to determine the efficiency of wastewater treatment by these plants, municipal STPs were surveyed, and raw and treated wastewater samples collected. A total of 14 STPs were visited and the collected samples were analysed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters using standard methods. The treatment methods identified included ponds, activated sludge and trickling filters. The reduction of turbidity by the plants varied between 6.2 and 99.6\% while conductivity, pH and temperature varied slightly between the influent and the effluent wastewater. Thirteen (92.8\%) of the plants used chlorine for disinfection of the final effluent, however only 2 (14.2\%) of the plants managed to produce effluent with 0 (zero) faecal coliforms per 100 m. Common pathogenic bacteria isolated from the final effluent included Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio spp. and Enterococcus spp. The final effluent was used for irrigation and recycling purposes in 4 plants, all the other treatment plants discharged the effluent into the river or to the environment. The present study indicated that there is a move toward the renovation of wastewater treatment by the municipalities in the Mpumalanga Province with the adoption of biological treatment. All the STPs reduced the turbidity of wastewater as well as the different microbial indicators counts; however, several pathogenic bacterial organisms could still be detected in the final effluent. Further studies are needed to confirm the role of the treatment procedures on nutrient reduction and elimination of other viral and parasitic pathogens by the sewage treatment plants.
}, keywords = {bacteria, diarrhoea, environment, microbial indicators, Public health, sanitation, sewage treatment plants, wastewater., water contamination}, doi = {1684{\textendash}5315}, url = {http://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CBwQFjAAahUKEwiQze3atN3GAhUtK9sKHV-KAfE\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.ajol.info\%2Findex.php\%2Fajb\%2Farticle\%2Fdownload\%2F61080\%2F49273\&ei=33amVdDhHK3W7AbflIaIDw\&usg=AFQjCNGNBgiYFhGF5Jzvmg-WuvwE}, author = {M NB Momba}, editor = {Samie, A.} } @article {14164, title = {Foodborne outbreaks, {Austria} 2007.}, journal = {Wiener klinische Wochenschrift}, volume = {121}, number = {3-4}, year = {2009}, pages = {77{\textendash}85}, abstract = {In 2007 Austria reported a total of 438 foodborne outbreaks affecting 1715 people, including 286 hospitalized patients and one death. Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. accounted for 95\% of all reported outbreaks. Forty-eight (11\%) of the 438 Austrian outbreaks were acquired abroad. Of the 390 domestically acquired foodborne outbreaks, bacterial infection caused 376, viruses (norovirus and 1-time hepatitis A virus) caused 11, and intoxications (Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins, alkaloid toxins) caused two. In one outbreak the causative agent was unknown. Salmonella spp. caused 264 (70\%) of the bacterial outbreaks, Campylobacter spp. caused 104 (28\%), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC O145:H-, O157:H-, O157:H7, O182: H49, O91:H7, ONT:H4) caused six, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei each caused two. The hospitalization rates were 22\% for domestically acquired infections with Salmonella spp. and 14\% for Campylobacter spp. Among outbreaks where the source was known, eggs were implicated in 49\%, meat products (especially poultry) in 44\% and fish in 2\%. The ratio of household outbreaks to general outbreaks was 82.3\% to 17.7\%. In 54 of the 62 general domestic outbreaks the following locations of exposure were documented: commercial food suppliers (e.g. restaurants, cafeterias) 24 times, family celebrations, nursery schools, take-aways and barbecues 22 times, nursing homes and hospitals eight times. It is likely that the relatively high number of household outbreaks reflects an insufficient level of epidemiological investigation of outbreaks in Austria. More resources may be needed for identification of individual clusters that belong to larger foodborne outbreaks exceeding district or provincial borders.}, issn = {0043-5325}, doi = {10.1007/s00508-008-1125-z}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19280130}, author = {Much, Peter and Pichler, Juliane and Kasper, Sabine S and Allerberger, Franz} } @article {8098, title = {{Foodborne outbreaks, Austria 2007.}}, journal = {Wiener Κlinische Wochenschrift}, volume = {121}, number = {3-4}, year = {2009}, pages = {77{\textendash}85}, abstract = {

In 2007 Austria reported a total of 438 foodborne outbreaks affecting 1715 people, including 286 hospitalized patients and one death. Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. accounted for 95{\%} of all reported outbreaks. Forty-eight (11{\%}) of the 438 Austrian outbreaks were acquired abroad. Of the 390 domestically acquired foodborne outbreaks, bacterial infection caused 376, viruses (norovirus and 1-time hepatitis A virus) caused 11, and intoxications (Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins, alkaloid toxins) caused two. In one outbreak the causative agent was unknown. Salmonella spp. caused 264 (70{\%}) of the bacterial outbreaks, Campylobacter spp. caused 104 (28{\%}), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC O145:H-, O157:H-, O157:H7, O182: H49, O91:H7, ONT:H4) caused six, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei each caused two. The hospitalization rates were 22{\%} for domestically acquired infections with Salmonella spp. and 14{\%} for Campylobacter spp. Among outbreaks where the source was known, eggs were implicated in 49{\%}, meat products (especially poultry) in 44{\%} and fish in 2{\%}. The ratio of household outbreaks to general outbreaks was 82.3{\%} to 17.7{\%}. In 54 of the 62 general domestic outbreaks the following locations of exposure were documented: commercial food suppliers (e.g. restaurants, cafeterias) 24 times, family celebrations, nursery schools, take-aways and barbecues 22 times, nursing homes and hospitals eight times. It is likely that the relatively high number of household outbreaks reflects an insufficient level of epidemiological investigation of outbreaks in Austria. More resources may be needed for identification of individual clusters that belong to larger foodborne outbreaks exceeding district or provincial borders.

}, issn = {0043-5325}, doi = {10.1007/s00508-008-1125-z}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19280130}, author = {Much, Peter and Pichler, Juliane and Kasper, Sabine S and Allerberger, Franz} } @inbook {8192, title = {{Free-living Amoebae Promote Growth and Survival of Helicobacter pylori}}, booktitle = {Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {jul}, pages = {253{\textendash}256}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, abstract = {

Transmission routes of Helicobacter pylori remain poorly understood. The finding of bacterial DNA in water suggests the involvement of environmental factors. Here we report successful co-cultivation of H. pylori with Acanthamoeba castellanii, which circumvents the requirement of this bacterium for precise microaerobic conditions and a large supply of nutrients in order to grow. H. pylori was able to propagate and remain viable for several weeks in the presence of amoebae under experimental conditions. Intact, metabolically active bacteria could be demonstrated in vacuoles. The putative dependence of H. pylori on free-living amoebae in nature could be important with respect to transmission and prevalence, as shown for some other pathogenic bacteria.

}, issn = {0036-5548}, doi = {10.1080/00365540110080052}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00365540110080052}, author = {Winiecka-Krusnell, Jadwiga and Wreiber, Karin and von Euler, Ann and Engstrand, Lars and Linder, Ewert} } @article {13821, title = {Free-living {Amoebae} {Promote} {Growth} and {Survival} of {Helicobacter} pylori}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {253{\textendash}256}, abstract = {Transmission routes of Helicobacter pylori remain poorly understood. The finding of bacterial DNA in water suggests the involvement of environmental factors. Here we report successful co-cultivation of H. pylori with Acanthamoeba castellanii, which circumvents the requirement of this bacterium for precise microaerobic conditions and a large supply of nutrients in order to grow. H. pylori was able to propagate and remain viable for several weeks in the presence of amoebae under experimental conditions. Intact, metabolically active bacteria could be demonstrated in vacuoles. The putative dependence of H. pylori on free-living amoebae in nature could be important with respect to transmission and prevalence, as shown for some other pathogenic bacteria.}, issn = {0036-5548}, doi = {10.1080/00365540110080052}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00365540110080052}, author = {Winiecka-Krusnell, Jadwiga and Wreiber, Karin and von Euler, Ann and Engstrand, Lars and Linder, Ewert} } @article {14419, title = {Free-living {Amoebae} {Promote} {Growth} and {Survival} of {Helicobacter} pylori}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {jul}, pages = {253{\textendash}256}, abstract = {Transmission routes of Helicobacter pylori remain poorly understood. The finding of bacterial DNA in water suggests the involvement of environmental factors. Here we report successful co-cultivation of H. pylori with Acanthamoeba castellanii, which circumvents the requirement of this bacterium for precise microaerobic conditions and a large supply of nutrients in order to grow. H. pylori was able to propagate and remain viable for several weeks in the presence of amoebae under experimental conditions. Intact, metabolically active bacteria could be demonstrated in vacuoles. The putative dependence of H. pylori on free-living amoebae in nature could be important with respect to transmission and prevalence, as shown for some other pathogenic bacteria.}, issn = {0036-5548}, doi = {10.1080/00365540110080052}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00365540110080052}, author = {Winiecka-Krusnell, Jadwiga and Wreiber, Karin and von Euler, Ann and Engstrand, Lars and Linder, Ewert} } @article {4745, title = {{Frequency of human toxocariasis in a rural population from Cajamarca Peru determined by dot-Elisa test}}, journal = {Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S{\~a}o Paulo}, volume = {51}, year = {2009}, pages = {57{\textendash}71}, author = {Roldan, WH and Espinoza, YA and Huapaya, PE and Huiza, AF and Sevilla, CR and Jimenez, S} } @article {1480, title = {Frequent detection of highly diverse variants of cardiovirus, cosavirus, bocavirus, and circovirus in sewage samples collected in the United States}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, note = {Blinkova, O Rosario, K Li, L Kapoor, A Slikas, B Bernardin, F Breitbart, M Delwart, E eng 2009/10/02 06:00 J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Nov;47(11):3507-13. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01062-09. Epub 2009 Sep 30.}, pages = {3507-13}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Untreated sewage samples from 12 cities in the United States were screened for the presence of recently characterized RNA and DNA viruses found at high prevalence in the stool specimens of South Asian children. Genetic variants of human cosaviruses and cardioviruses in the Picornaviridae family and of DNA circoviruses and human bocaviruses were detected, expanding the known genetic diversity and geographic range of these newly identified viruses. All four virus groups were detected in sewage samples of less than a milliliter from multiple U.S. cities. PCR screening of particle-protected viral nucleic acid in sewage samples could therefore rapidly establish the presence and determine the diversity of four newly described enteric viruses in large urban populations. More frequent and deeper sampling of viral nucleic acids in sewage samples could be used to monitor changes in the prevalence and genetic composition of these and other novel enteric viruses.}, keywords = {Bocavirus/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification Cardiovirus/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification Circovirus/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification Cluster Analysis DNA, DNA Sequence Homology Sewage/*virology United States, Viral/genetics *Genetic Variation Humans Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Picornaviridae/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification RNA, Viral/genetics Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1098-660X (Electronic) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.01062-09}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19794058}, author = {Blinkova, O. and Rosario, K. and Li, L. and Kapoor, A. and Slikas, B. and Bernardin, F. and Breitbart, M. and Delwart, E.} } @article {14484, title = {Frequent detection of highly diverse variants of cardiovirus, cosavirus, bocavirus, and circovirus in sewage samples collected in the {United} {States}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {47}, year = {2009}, month = {nov}, pages = {3507{\textendash}13}, abstract = {Untreated sewage samples from 12 cities in the United States were screened for the presence of recently characterized RNA and DNA viruses found at high prevalence in the stool specimens of South Asian children. Genetic variants of human cosaviruses and cardioviruses in the Picornaviridae family and of DNA circoviruses and human bocaviruses were detected, expanding the known genetic diversity and geographic range of these newly identified viruses. All four virus groups were detected in sewage samples of less than a milliliter from multiple U.S. cities. PCR screening of particle-protected viral nucleic acid in sewage samples could therefore rapidly establish the presence and determine the diversity of four newly described enteric viruses in large urban populations. More frequent and deeper sampling of viral nucleic acids in sewage samples could be used to monitor changes in the prevalence and genetic composition of these and other novel enteric viruses.}, keywords = {*Genetic Variation, Bocavirus/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, Cardiovirus/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, Circovirus/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Picornaviridae/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Sequence Homology, Sewage/*virology, United States, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1098-660X (Electronic) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.01062-09}, author = {Blinkova, O. and Rosario, K. and Li, L. and Kapoor, A. and Slikas, B. and Bernardin, F. and Breitbart, M. and Delwart, E.} } @article {14875, title = {Frequent detection of highly diverse variants of cardiovirus, cosavirus, bocavirus, and circovirus in sewage samples collected in the {United} {States}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {47}, year = {2009}, month = {nov}, pages = {3507{\textendash}13}, abstract = {Untreated sewage samples from 12 cities in the United States were screened for the presence of recently characterized RNA and DNA viruses found at high prevalence in the stool specimens of South Asian children. Genetic variants of human cosaviruses and cardioviruses in the Picornaviridae family and of DNA circoviruses and human bocaviruses were detected, expanding the known genetic diversity and geographic range of these newly identified viruses. All four virus groups were detected in sewage samples of less than a milliliter from multiple U.S. cities. PCR screening of particle-protected viral nucleic acid in sewage samples could therefore rapidly establish the presence and determine the diversity of four newly described enteric viruses in large urban populations. More frequent and deeper sampling of viral nucleic acids in sewage samples could be used to monitor changes in the prevalence and genetic composition of these and other novel enteric viruses.}, keywords = {*Genetic Variation, Bocavirus/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, Cardiovirus/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, Circovirus/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Picornaviridae/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Sequence Homology, Sewage/*virology, United States, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1098-660X (Electronic) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.01062-09}, author = {Blinkova, O. and Rosario, K. and Li, L. and Kapoor, A. and Slikas, B. and Bernardin, F. and Breitbart, M. and Delwart, E.} } @article {9944, title = {{Frequent detection of highly diverse variants of cardiovirus, cosavirus, bocavirus, and circovirus in sewage samples collected in the United States.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, month = {nov}, pages = {3507{\textendash}13}, abstract = {

Untreated sewage samples from 12 cities in the United States were screened for the presence of recently characterized RNA and DNA viruses found at high prevalence in the stool specimens of South Asian children. Genetic variants of human cosaviruses and cardioviruses in the Picornaviridae family and of DNA circoviruses and human bocaviruses were detected, expanding the known genetic diversity and geographic range of these newly identified viruses. All four virus groups were detected in sewage samples of less than a milliliter from multiple U.S. cities. PCR screening of particle-protected viral nucleic acid in sewage samples could therefore rapidly establish the presence and determine the diversity of four newly described enteric viruses in large urban populations. More frequent and deeper sampling of viral nucleic acids in sewage samples could be used to monitor changes in the prevalence and genetic composition of these and other novel enteric viruses.

}, keywords = {Bocavirus, Bocavirus: classification, Bocavirus: genetics, Bocavirus: isolation {\&} purification, Cardiovirus, Cardiovirus: classification, Cardiovirus: genetics, Cardiovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Circovirus, Circovirus: classification, Circovirus: genetics, Circovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Genetic Variation, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Picornaviridae, Picornaviridae: classification, Picornaviridae: genetics, Picornaviridae: isolation {\&} purification, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Sequence Homology, Sewage, Sewage: virology, United States, Viral, Viral: genetics}, issn = {1098-660X}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.01062-09}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2772610{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Blinkova, O and Rosario, K and Li, L and Kapoor, A and Slikas, B and Bernardin, F and Breitbart, M and Delwart, E} } @mastersthesis {6397, title = {Full disclosure: {Vital} signs of leadership ethics in the healthcare industry}, year = {2009}, note = {3376822}, school = {Drew University}, type = {phdD.{M}.{H}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {"We make an effort to appear ethical, that doesn{\textquoteright}t mean we are ethical." An attitudinal response depicts ethical drug leadership{\textquoteright}s perceptions of pride and arrogance in past wonder drugs achievements contrasted against legal settlements paid for manipulating clinical based evidence, peddling influence, co-marketing collusion, and placing profits ahead of societal interest. I argue that industry leadership needs to rectify, formulate, and enforce a new ethical framework, subordinating insignificant concerns for gimmicks and scratch pads, to reset values where profit motivations cannot overshadow clinical based evidence, justice, transparency, trust, and accountability. The focus of this dissertation examines expressed insider perceptions, balanced against critical editorial assessments, as evidence which document violations in manipulated clinical research. This alone has prompted industry payment of billions of dollars to patients and government agencies who have cited evidence of fraud and unanticipated adverse drug reactions. A growing number of companies recognize a need for ethical symmetry between medicine, pharmacology, and relieve patient suffering. The PhRMA volunteer codes have been far too weak and unfocused to secure proper controls or a perception of leadership sponsoring humanism in advancing science or fostering quality of life issues. Healthcare leadership needs to address this dilemma through internal education of its employees integrating medical humanities instruction, with a certified ethical and business graduate education. This moral responsibility anticipates influencing factors before considering producing premium priced drugs that may not validate value against the cost for a new agent for the patient facing a debilitating disease. The rules implicit within an ethical culture cannot be broken by circumstances or validated by platitudes. Drug leadership makes the rhetorical pronouncement to its associates to "do the right thing," then proceeds to "white wash" moral standards and sell stock prior to reports of negative drug studies. Few believe the industry leadership has the capability of self cure in assessing moral responsibility or facilitate corrective action. One president states that leadership in the drug industry "just don{\textquoteright}t get it." If a new framework in ethics is not established in 2009, based on past abuses, government will surely dictate many of these needed controls. Applied medical humanities can help construct an empowered ethical framework, augmented by an audacity of leadership{\textquoteright}s moral courage to insure justice, accountability, and trust. This recognition of moral responsibility can serve to re-set ethical behavior that once drove a culture of humanism to protect the patient and "above all, do no harm."}, keywords = {0497:Medical Ethics, 0769:Health care management, Drug leadership, Health and environmental sciences, Health Care, Health care industry, Health care management, Leadership, Leadership ethics, Medical Ethics, Moral reponsibility}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304880203?accountid=14270}, author = {De Jesse, Paul A.} } @article {2223, title = {{Gene and antigen markers of shiga-toxin producing E. coli from Michigan and Indiana river water: occurrence and relation to recreational water quality criteria}}, journal = {J Environ Qual}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {1878{\textendash}1886}, edition = {2009/08/01}, abstract = {The relation of bacterial pathogen occurrence to fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations used for recreational water quality criteria (RWQC) is poorly understood. This study determined the occurrence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) markers and their relation to FIB concentrations in Michigan and Indiana river water. Using 67 fecal coliform (FC) bacteria cultures from 41 river sites in multiple watersheds, we evaluated the occurrence of five STEC markers: the Escherichia coli (EC) O157 antigen and gene, and the STEC virulence genes eaeA, stx1, and stx2. Simple isolations from selected FC cultures yielded viable EC O157. By both antigen and gene assays, EC O157 was detected in a greater proportion of samples exceeding rather than meeting FC RWQC (P < 0.05), but was unrelated to EC and enterococci RWQC. The occurrence of all other STEC markers was unrelated to any FIB RWQC. The eaeA, stx2, and stx1 genes were found in 93.3, 13.3, and in 46.7\% of samples meeting FC RWQC and in 91.7, 0.0, and 37.5\% of samples meeting the EC RWQC. Although not statistically significant, the percentage of samples positive for each STEC marker except stx1 was lower in samples that met, as opposed to exceeded, FIB RWQC. Viable STEC were common members of the FC communities in river water throughout southern Michigan and northern Indiana, regardless of FIB RWQC. Our study indicates that further information on the occurrence of pathogens in recreational waters, and research on alternative indicators of their occurrence, may help inform water-resource management and public health decision-making.}, isbn = {0047-2425 (Print) 0047-2425 (Linking)}, doi = {38/5/1878 [pii] 10.2134/jeq2008.0225}, author = {Duris, J W and Haack, S K and Fogarty, L R} } @article {13999, title = {Gene and antigen markers of shiga-toxin producing {E}. coli from {Michigan} and {Indiana} river water: occurrence and relation to recreational water quality criteria}, journal = {J Environ Qual}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {1878{\textendash}1886}, abstract = {The relation of bacterial pathogen occurrence to fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations used for recreational water quality criteria (RWQC) is poorly understood. This study determined the occurrence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) markers and their relation to FIB concentrations in Michigan and Indiana river water. Using 67 fecal coliform (FC) bacteria cultures from 41 river sites in multiple watersheds, we evaluated the occurrence of five STEC markers: the Escherichia coli (EC) O157 antigen and gene, and the STEC virulence genes eaeA, stx1, and stx2. Simple isolations from selected FC cultures yielded viable EC O157. By both antigen and gene assays, EC O157 was detected in a greater proportion of samples exceeding rather than meeting FC RWQC (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.05), but was unrelated to EC and enterococci RWQC. The occurrence of all other STEC markers was unrelated to any FIB RWQC. The eaeA, stx2, and stx1 genes were found in 93.3, 13.3, and in 46.7\% of samples meeting FC RWQC and in 91.7, 0.0, and 37.5\% of samples meeting the EC RWQC. Although not statistically significant, the percentage of samples positive for each STEC marker except stx1 was lower in samples that met, as opposed to exceeded, FIB RWQC. Viable STEC were common members of the FC communities in river water throughout southern Michigan and northern Indiana, regardless of FIB RWQC. Our study indicates that further information on the occurrence of pathogens in recreational waters, and research on alternative indicators of their occurrence, may help inform water-resource management and public health decision-making.}, doi = {38/5/1878 [pii] 10.2134/jeq2008.0225}, author = {Duris, J W and Haack, S K and Fogarty, L R} } @article {14805, title = {Gene and antigen markers of shiga-toxin producing {E}. coli from {Michigan} and {Indiana} river water: occurrence and relation to recreational water quality criteria}, journal = {J Environ Qual}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {1878{\textendash}1886}, abstract = {The relation of bacterial pathogen occurrence to fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations used for recreational water quality criteria (RWQC) is poorly understood. This study determined the occurrence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) markers and their relation to FIB concentrations in Michigan and Indiana river water. Using 67 fecal coliform (FC) bacteria cultures from 41 river sites in multiple watersheds, we evaluated the occurrence of five STEC markers: the Escherichia coli (EC) O157 antigen and gene, and the STEC virulence genes eaeA, stx1, and stx2. Simple isolations from selected FC cultures yielded viable EC O157. By both antigen and gene assays, EC O157 was detected in a greater proportion of samples exceeding rather than meeting FC RWQC (P {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 0.05), but was unrelated to EC and enterococci RWQC. The occurrence of all other STEC markers was unrelated to any FIB RWQC. The eaeA, stx2, and stx1 genes were found in 93.3, 13.3, and in 46.7\% of samples meeting FC RWQC and in 91.7, 0.0, and 37.5\% of samples meeting the EC RWQC. Although not statistically significant, the percentage of samples positive for each STEC marker except stx1 was lower in samples that met, as opposed to exceeded, FIB RWQC. Viable STEC were common members of the FC communities in river water throughout southern Michigan and northern Indiana, regardless of FIB RWQC. Our study indicates that further information on the occurrence of pathogens in recreational waters, and research on alternative indicators of their occurrence, may help inform water-resource management and public health decision-making.}, doi = {38/5/1878 [pii] 10.2134/jeq2008.0225}, author = {Duris, J W and Haack, S K and Fogarty, L R} } @article {7987, title = {{Gene and antigen markers of shiga-toxin producing E. coli from Michigan and Indiana river water: occurrence and relation to recreational water quality criteria}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {1878{\textendash}1886}, edition = {2009/08/01}, abstract = {

The relation of bacterial pathogen occurrence to fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations used for recreational water quality criteria (RWQC) is poorly understood. This study determined the occurrence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) markers and their relation to FIB concentrations in Michigan and Indiana river water. Using 67 fecal coliform (FC) bacteria cultures from 41 river sites in multiple watersheds, we evaluated the occurrence of five STEC markers: the Escherichia coli (EC) O157 antigen and gene, and the STEC virulence genes eaeA, stx1, and stx2. Simple isolations from selected FC cultures yielded viable EC O157. By both antigen and gene assays, EC O157 was detected in a greater proportion of samples exceeding rather than meeting FC RWQC (P {\textless} 0.05), but was unrelated to EC and enterococci RWQC. The occurrence of all other STEC markers was unrelated to any FIB RWQC. The eaeA, stx2, and stx1 genes were found in 93.3, 13.3, and in 46.7{\%} of samples meeting FC RWQC and in 91.7, 0.0, and 37.5{\%} of samples meeting the EC RWQC. Although not statistically significant, the percentage of samples positive for each STEC marker except stx1 was lower in samples that met, as opposed to exceeded, FIB RWQC. Viable STEC were common members of the FC communities in river water throughout southern Michigan and northern Indiana, regardless of FIB RWQC. Our study indicates that further information on the occurrence of pathogens in recreational waters, and research on alternative indicators of their occurrence, may help inform water-resource management and public health decision-making.

}, isbn = {0047-2425 (Print)0047-2425 (Linking)}, doi = {38/5/1878 [pii]10.2134/jeq2008.0225}, author = {Duris, J W and Haack, S K and Fogarty, L R} } @article {250, title = {Genotyping of rotavirus isolates collected from children less than 5 years of age admitted for diarrhoea at the Yangon Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital, Myanmar}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {27}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 6 5 6}, pages = {F89-F92}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0264-410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.068}, url = {://WOS:000273415000018}, author = {Moe, Kyaw and Thu, Hlaing Myat and Oo, Win Mar and Aye, Khin Mar and Shwe, Thin Thin and Mar, Win and Kirkwood, Carl D.} } @article {15726, title = {Giardia and Cryptosporidium in inflowing water and harvested shellfish in a lagoon in Southern Italy}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {Mar}, pages = {12-7}, edition = {2008/09/02}, keywords = {Animals, Bivalvia/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium/genetics/*isolation \& purification, DNA, Protozoan/analysis, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Giardia/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Italy, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Mytilus/*parasitology, Oocysts, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Shellfish/*parasitology, Water Purification/methods}, isbn = {1383-5769 (Print)
1383-5769}, author = {Giangaspero, A. and Cirillo, R. and Lacasella, V. and Lonigro, A. and Marangi, M. and Cavallo, P. and Berrilli, F. and Di Cave, D. and Brandonisio, O.} } @book {12536, title = {Global atlas of excreta, wastewater sludge, and biosolids management: moving forward the sustainable and welcome uses of a global resource}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Un-habitat}, organization = {Un-habitat}, isbn = {9211320097}, author = {LeBlanc, Ronald J and Matthews, Peter and Richard, Roland P} } @article {6844, title = {Global health funding: how much, where it comes from and where it goes}, journal = {Health policy and planning}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {407{\textendash}417}, url = {http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/6/407.short}, author = {McCoy, David and Chand, Sudeep and Sridhar, Devi} } @booklet {3808, title = {Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks}, year = {2009}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {Mathers, C and Stevens, G and Mascarenhas, M} } @article {229, title = {Global mortality associated with rotavirus disease among children in 2004}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {200 Suppl 1}, year = {2009}, note = {1537-6613 Parashar, Umesh D Burton, Anthony Lanata, Claudio Boschi-Pinto, Cynthia Shibuya, Kenji Steele, Duncan Birmingham, Maureen Glass, Roger I Journal Article Review United States J Infect Dis. 2009 Nov 1;200 Suppl 1:S9-S15. doi: 10.1086/605025.}, pages = {S9-s15}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: As new rotavirus vaccines are being introduced in immunization programs, global and national estimates of disease burden, especially rotavirus-associated mortality, are needed to assess the potential health benefits of vaccination and to monitor vaccine impact. METHODS: We identified 76 studies that were initiated after 1990, lasted at least 1 full year, and examined rotavirus among >100 children hospitalized with diarrhea. The studies were assigned to 5 groups (A-E) with use of World Health Organization classification of countries by child mortality and geography. For each group, the mean rotavirus detection rate was multiplied by diarrhea-related mortality figures from 2004 for countries in that group to yield estimates of rotavirus-associated mortality. RESULTS: Overall, rotavirus accounted for 527,000 deaths (95\% confidence interval, 475,000-580,000 deaths) annually or 29\% of all deaths due to diarrhea among children <5 years of age. Twenty-three percent of deaths due to rotavirus disease occurred in India, and 6 countries (India, Nigeria, Congo, Ethiopia, China, and Pakistan) accounted for more than one-half of deaths due to rotavirus disease. CONCLUSIONS: The high mortality associated with rotavirus disease underscores the need for targeted interventions, such as vaccines. To realize the full life-saving potential of vaccines, it will be vital to ensure that they reach children in countries with high mortality. These baseline figures will allow future assessment of vaccine impact on rotavirus-associated mortality.}, keywords = {Child Child, control Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology Time Factors Vaccination World Health Organization, Newborn Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology/*mortality/prevention \&, Preschool Humans Infant Infant}, issn = {0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/605025}, url = {http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/200/Supplement_1/S9.full.pdf}, author = {Parashar, U. D. and Burton, A. and Lanata, C. and Boschi-Pinto, C. and Shibuya, K. and Steele, D. and Birmingham, M. and Glass, R. I.} } @article {15998, title = {{Global nitrogen and phosphate in urban wastewater for the period 1970 to 2050}}, journal = {Global Biogeochem. Cycles}, volume = {23}, year = {2009}, pages = {GB0A03}, publisher = {AGU}, abstract = {This paper presents estimates for global N and P emissions from sewage for the period 1970{\&}{\#}8211;2050 for the four Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios. Using country-specific projections for population and economic growth, urbanization, development of sewage systems, and wastewater treatment installations, a rapid increase in global sewage emissions is predicted, from 6.4 Tg of N and 1.3 Tg of P per year in 2000 to 12.0{\&}{\#}8211;15.5 Tg of N and 2.4{\&}{\#}8211;3.1 Tg of P per year in 2050. While North America (strong increase), Oceania (moderate increase), Europe (decrease), and North Asia (decrease) show contrasting developments, in the developing countries, sewage N and P discharge will likely increase by a factor of 2.5 to 3.5 between 2000 and 2050. This is a combined effect of increasing population, urbanization, and development of sewage systems. Even in optimistic scenarios for the development of wastewater treatment systems, global N and P flows are not likely to decline.}, keywords = {0414 Biogeosciences: Biogeochemical cycles, 0470 Biogeosciences: Nutrients and nutrient cyclin, 0478 Biogeosciences: Pollution: urban, 0493 Biogeosciences: Urban systems, Nitrogen, phosphorous, proces, regional an, Sewage}, isbn = {0886-6236}, doi = {10.1029/2009gb003458}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003458}, author = {Van Drecht, G and Bouwman, A F and Harrison, J and Knoop, J M} } @article {3025, title = {[{Granulomatous} liver disease as the presenting feature of alveolar echinococcosis in an hepatitis {C} infected cardiac transplant patient]}, journal = {La Revue De M{\'e}decine Interne / Fond{\'e}e ... Par La Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Nationale Francaise De M{\'e}decine Interne}, volume = {30}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, month = {sep}, pages = {812{\textendash}815}, abstract = {Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a rare but potentially serious zoonosis for which an early diagnosis is of primary importance. We report the first observation of AE in a cardiac transplant patient infected by hepatitis C virus. He first presented with a single asymptomatic hepatic nodule. The liver biopsy showed an epithelioid granuloma with necrosis. We review the clinical features, diagnosis and outcome of this disease in immunocompromised hosts. In immunocompromised patients living in areas endemic for Echinococcus multilocularis, AE should be included in the differential diagnosis of tumor like lesions of the liver.}, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Biopsy, Diagnosis, Differential, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Granuloma, Heart Transplantation, Hepatic, Hepatitis C, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Liver, Liver Diseases, Male, Necrosis, Zoonoses}, issn = {0248-8663}, doi = {10.1016/j.revmed.2008.11.007}, author = {Gaultier, J.-B. and Hot, A. and Mauservey, C. and Dumortier, J. and Copp{\'e}r{\'e}, B. and Ninet, J.} } @article {5784, title = {{Growth and survival at chiller temperatures of Arcobacter butzleri.}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {131}, number = {2-3}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {256{\textendash}259}, author = {Kjeldgaard, Jette and J{\o}rgensen, Kirsten and Ingmer, Hanne} } @article {14301, title = {Growth and survival at chiller temperatures of {Arcobacter} butzleri.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {131}, number = {2-3}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {256{\textendash}259}, author = {Kjeldgaard, Jette and J{\o}rgensen, Kirsten and Ingmer, Hanne} } @article {9529, title = {{Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America}}, journal = {MMWR Recommendations and Reports}, volume = {58}, number = {RR-4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1{\textendash}207}, author = {Kaplan, JE and Benson, C and Holmes, KK and Brooks, JT and Pau, A and Masur, H and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and MMWR Recommendation Report and University of California San Diego and University of Washington and National Institutes of Health} } @article {9548, title = {{Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections among HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America,}, journal = {MMWR Recommendations and Reports}, volume = {58}, number = {RR-11}, year = {2009}, pages = {1{\textendash}166}, author = {Mofenson, LM and Brady, MT and Danner, SP and Dominguez, KL and Hazra, R and Handelsman, E and Havens, P and Nesheim, S and Read, JS and Serchuck, L and Van Dyke, R and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and MMWR Recommendation Report and National Institutes of Health and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and American Academy of Pediatrics} } @article {3058, title = {Has culling been properly assessed as a valid and justified control intervention measure for zoonotic diseases?}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {3}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, pages = {e541}, keywords = {Animal, Animals, China, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Euthanasia, Humans, Infection Control, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, Zoonoses}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0000541}, author = {Johansen, Maria Vang and Penrith, Mary-Lou} } @article {12102, title = {Helminths and the IBD hygiene hypothesis}, journal = {Inflammatory bowel disease}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, note = {Weinstock, Joel V
Elliott, David E
eng
Review
2008/08/06 09:00
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009 Jan;15(1):128-33. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20633.}, month = {Jan}, pages = {128-33}, abstract = {

Helminths are parasitic animals that have evolved over 100,000,000 years to live in the intestinal track or other locations of their hosts. Colonization of humans with these organisms was nearly universal until the early 20th century. More than 1,000,000,000 people in less developed countries carry helminths even today. Helminths must quell their host\&$\#$39;s immune system to successfully colonize. It is likely that helminths sense hostile changes in the local host environment and take action to control such responses. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) probably results from an inappropriately vigorous immune response to contents of the intestinal lumen. Environmental factors strongly affect the risk for IBD. People living in less developed countries are protected from IBD. The \"IBD hygiene hypothesis\" states that raising children in extremely hygienic environments negatively affects immune development, which predisposes them to immunological diseases like IBD later in life. Modern day absence of exposure to intestinal helminths appears to be an important environmental factor contributing to development of these illnesses. Helminths interact with both host innate and adoptive immunity to stimulate immune regulatory circuitry and to dampen effector pathways that drive aberrant inflammation. The first prototype worm therapies directed against immunological diseases are now under study in the United States and various countries around the world. Additional studies are in the advanced planning stage.

}, keywords = {Animals, Autoimmunity, Helminthiasis/*immunology/parasitology, Helminths/*immunology, Humans, Hygiene, Immunity, Mucosal, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*immunology/parasitology}, isbn = {1536-4844 (Electronic)
1078-0998 (Linking)}, author = {Weinstock, J. V. and Elliott, D. E.} } @article {16594, title = {Helminths and the {IBD} hygiene hypothesis}, journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {jan}, pages = {128{\textendash}33}, abstract = {Helminths are parasitic animals that have evolved over 100,000,000 years to live in the intestinal track or other locations of their hosts. Colonization of humans with these organisms was nearly universal until the early 20th century. More than 1,000,000,000 people in less developed countries carry helminths even today. Helminths must quell their host{\textquoteright}s immune system to successfully colonize. It is likely that helminths sense hostile changes in the local host environment and take action to control such responses. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) probably results from an inappropriately vigorous immune response to contents of the intestinal lumen. Environmental factors strongly affect the risk for IBD. People living in less developed countries are protected from IBD. The "IBD hygiene hypothesis" states that raising children in extremely hygienic environments negatively affects immune development, which predisposes them to immunological diseases like IBD later in life. Modern day absence of exposure to intestinal helminths appears to be an important environmental factor contributing to development of these illnesses. Helminths interact with both host innate and adoptive immunity to stimulate immune regulatory circuitry and to dampen effector pathways that drive aberrant inflammation. The first prototype worm therapies directed against immunological diseases are now under study in the United States and various countries around the world. Additional studies are in the advanced planning stage.}, keywords = {Animals, Autoimmunity, Helminthiasis/*immunology/parasitology, Helminths/*immunology, Humans, Hygiene, Immunity, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*immunology/parasitology, Mucosal}, issn = {1536-4844 (Electronic) 1078-0998 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1002/ibd.20633}, author = {Weinstock, J. V. and Elliott, D. E.} } @article {6046, title = {Hemispheres-in-cell geometry to predict colloid deposition in porous media}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {22}, year = {2009}, pages = {8573{\textendash}8579}, author = {Ma, Huilian and Pedel, Julien and Fife, Paul and Johnson, William P} } @article {16369, title = {Heterotrophic prokaryotic production in ultraoligotrophic alpine karst aquifers and ecological implications }, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology}, volume = {68}, year = {2009}, pages = {287-299}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00679.x}, author = {Wilhartiz, I.A. and Kirschner, K.T. and Stadler, H. and Herndl, G.J. and Dietzel, M. and Latal, C. and Mach, R. L. and Farnleitner, A. H.} } @article {16446, title = {Heterotrophic prokaryotic production in ultraoligotrophic alpine karst aquifers and ecological implications}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {68}, year = {2009}, pages = {287-299}, author = {Wilhartitz, I.C. and Kirschner, A.K. and Stadler, H. and Herndl, G.J. and Dietzel, M. and Latal, C. and Mach, R.L. and Farnleitner, A.H.} } @article {13145, title = {High diversity of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria in association with cyanobacterial water blooms}, journal = {The ISME Journal}, volume = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {314-325}, author = {Berg, K. A. and Lyra, C. and Sivonen, K. and Paulin, L. and Suomalainen, S. and Tuomi, P. and Rapala, J.} } @mastersthesis {6871, title = {High recovery desalting of brackish water}, year = {2009}, note = {3384048}, school = {University of California, Los Angeles}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Membrane reverse osmosis (RO) desalination of inland brackish water can augment dwindling fresh water supplies. To minimize water production costs and reduce brine management challenges, the limit imposed by mineral salt scaling on RO water recovery must be overcome. The goal of the present research was to develop high recovery brackish water desalting processes using an approach involving multi-step RO with intermediate concentrate demineralization (ICD). Water recovery enhancement by secondary RO desalting was enabled through precipitation removal of scale precursors from the primary RO concentrate. Mineral scale precursors of CaSO 4 and CaCO3 were the primary focus of this research given their predominance in inland brackish water. In order to determine the necessary conditions for scale-free RO operations, a membrane scaling diagnostic approach was developed, utilizing optical imaging to directly characterize and monitor scale formation. These studies served to assess the impact of membrane type, antiscalant, concentration polarization, and solution chemistry on membrane scale formation. Direct scale characterization was demonstrated to be important for ensuring scale-free RO operation. The effects of spatial variation of local concentration polarization and adsorption processes involving precursors of multiple mineral salts were identified as being important factors in formulating cost-effective antiscalant treatment against membrane scaling. Two ICD methods were investigated: chemical precipitation and precipitation induced by crystal seeding (seeded precipitation). Batch demineralization studies were conducted to elucidate the impact of antiscalant, supersaturation level, crystal seeding, and precipitation sequence on demineralization kinetics. Although chemical precipitation was determined to be chemically intensive, chemical precipitation was a flexible approach, characterized by fast kinetics and capable of scavenging antiscalants. Seeded precipitation, which did not employ dissolved chemical reagents, was kinetically unfavorable due to the adverse impact of antiscalants on precipitation. Nevertheless, sequential combination of chemical and seeded precipitation balanced chemical use with favorable demineralization kinetics. High recovery desalination process feasibility, attainable range of water recovery, and process economics were assessed through theoretical process analysis, bench-scale demonstration, and data analysis of pilot- and production-scale systems{\textquoteright} operation. The present research demonstrated that high recovery desalting of brackish water via multi-step RO with ICD is both technically and economically feasible for field deployment.}, keywords = {0542:Chemical engineering, 0543:Civil engineering, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Brackish water, Brine minimization, Chemical engineering, Civil engineering, Demineralization, Desalting, Environmental engineering, Reverse osmosis, Water recovery}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304853584?accountid=14270}, author = {Rahardianto, Anditya} } @article {263, title = {Hospital-based surveillance and molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infection in Taiwan, 2005-2007}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {27}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 18 18}, pages = {F50-F54}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0264-410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.090}, url = {://WOS:000273415000011}, author = {Wu, F. T. and Liang, S. Y. and Tsao, K. C. and Huang, C. G. and Lin, C. Y. and Lin, J. S. and Su, C. Y. and Eng, H. L. and Yang, J. Y. and Chen, P. J. and Yang, C. F.} } @article {253, title = {Hospital-based surveillance for rotavirus diarrhoea in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, March 2005 through February 2007}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {27}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 5 5}, pages = {F81-F84}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0264-410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.085}, url = {://WOS:000273415000016}, author = {Nyambat, Batmunkh and Meng, Chhour Y. and Vansith, Ket and Vuthy, Un and Rin, En and Kirkwood, Carl and Bogdanovic-Sakran, Nada and Kilgore, Paul E.} } @article {15341, title = {Host choice and penetration by Schistosoma haematobium miracidia}, journal = {J Helminthol}, volume = {83}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, note = {Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England}, month = {Mar}, pages = {33-8}, abstract = {Schistosome parasites commonly show specificity to their intermediate mollusc hosts and the degree of specificity can vary between parasite strains and geographical location. Here the role of miracidial behaviour in host specificity of Schistosoma haematobium on the islands of Zanzibar is investigated. In choice-chamber experiments, S. haematobium miracidia moved towards Bulinus globosus snail hosts in preference to empty chambers. In addition, miracidia preferred uninfected over patent B. globosus. This preference should benefit the parasite as patent snails are likely to have mounted an immune response to S. haematobium as well as providing poorer resources than uninfected snails. Miracidia also discriminated between the host B. globosus and the sympatric, non-host species Cleopatra ferruginea. In contrast, S. haematobium did not discriminate against the allopatric Bulinus nasutus. Penetration of the host by miracidia was investigated by screening snails 24 h after exposure using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with S. haematobium specific DraI repeat primers. There was no difference in the frequency of penetration of B. globosus versus B. nasutus. These responses to different snail species may reflect selection pressure to avoid sympatric non-hosts which represent a transmission dead end. The distribution of B. nasutus on Unguja is outside the endemic zone and so there is less chance of exposure to S. haematobium, hence there will be little selection pressure to avoid this non-host snail.}, keywords = {*Host-Parasite Interactions, Animals, Bulinus/genetics/*parasitology, Child, DNA/genetics, Humans, Microsatellite Repeats/genetics, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Schistosoma haematobium/*genetics/growth \& development, Schistosomiasis haematobia/epidemiology/genetics/*transmission, Species Specificity, Tanzania/epidemiology}, isbn = {1475-2697 (Electronic)
0022-149X (Linking)}, author = {Allan, F. and Rollinson, D. and Smith, J. E. and Dunn, A. M.} } @article {8396, title = {{Host immune response to Toxoplasma gondii and Ascaris lumbricoides in a highly endemic area: evidence of parasite co-immunomodulation properties influencing the outcome of both infections}}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {273{\textendash}280}, author = {Bahia-Oliveira, LM and Silva, JA and Peixoto-Rangel, AL and Boechat, MS and Oliveira, AM and Massara, CL and Peixe, RG} } @article {6836, title = {Household water treatment in poor populations: is there enough evidence for scaling up now?}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {986{\textendash}992}, keywords = {Disease, Family Characteristics, Humans, Poverty, Public health, Water Purification}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es802232w}, author = {Schmidt, Wolf-Peter and Cairncross, Sandy} } @article {11280, title = {{How common is human toxocariasis? Towards standardizing our knowledge}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {182{\textendash}188}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2009.01.006}, author = {Smith, Huw and Holland, Celia and Taylor, Mervyn and Magnaval, J-F. and Schantz, Peter and Maizels, Rick} } @article {16152, title = {Human leptospirosis cases and the prevalence of rats harbouring Leptospira interrogans in urban areas of Tokyo, Japan}, journal = {J Med MicrobiolJ Med Microbiol}, volume = {58}, number = {Pt 9}, year = {2009}, month = {Sep}, pages = {1227-1230}, keywords = {Animals, Carrier State/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary, Disease Reservoirs, Humans, Leptospira interrogans/*isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/epidemiology/*transmission, Molecular Sequence Data, prevalence, Rats/*microbiology, Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology/transmission, Tokyo/epidemiology, Urban Health, Zoonoses}, author = {Koizumi, N. and Muto, M. and Tanikawa, T. and Mizutani, H. and Sohmura, Y. and Hayashi, E. and Akao, N. and Hoshino, M. and Kawabata, H. and Watanabe, H.} } @article {2806, title = {Human papillomavirus prevalence and type distribution in penile carcinoma}, journal = {J. Clin. Pathol}, volume = {62}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, pages = {870-878}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {cancer Carcinogenesis Carcinoma classification complications DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY Genotype genotypes human humans INFECTION INFECTIONS isolation \& purification male MECHANISM MECHANISMS methods Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections Pen}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19706632}, author = {Miralles-Guri, C. and Bruni, L. and Cubilla, A.L. and Castellsague, X. and Bosch, F.X. and de, Sanjose S.} } @article {1190, title = {Human papillomavirus prevalence and type distribution in penile carcinoma}, journal = {J. Clin. Pathol}, volume = {62}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, pages = {870-878}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {cancer Carcinogenesis Carcinoma classification complications DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY Genotype genotypes human humans INFECTION INFECTIONS isolation \& purification male MECHANISM MECHANISMS methods Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections Pen}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19706632}, author = {Miralles-Guri, C. and Bruni, L. and Cubilla, A.L. and Castellsague, X. and Bosch, F.X. and de, Sanjose S.} } @article {12752, title = {{Human paragonimiasis in North America following ingestion of raw crayfish}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {49}, year = {2009}, pages = {e55{\textendash}e61}, author = {Lane, MA and Barsanti, MC and Santos, CA and Yeung, M and Lubner, SJ and Weil, GJ} } @article {1605, title = {Human parechoviruses: biology, epidemiology and clinical significance}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, note = {Harvala, H Simmonds, P eng Review Netherlands 2009/04/18 09:00 J Clin Virol. 2009 May;45(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.03.009. Epub 2009 Apr 15.}, pages = {1-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are members of the large and growing family of Picornaviridae. Although originally described as echovirus 22 and 23 within human enteroviruses because of their clinical and morphological properties, they have since been shown to be distinct from this and other picornavirus groups in several features of their genome organisation, structure and replication. Human parechoviruses show genetic and antigenic heterogeneity and a number of distinct HPeV types are known to circulate widely in human populations throughout the world. Although the majority of HPeV infections occur early in life without specific symptoms, disease manifestations associated with many of the currently described types have been described, ranging from gastroenteritis and respiratory infections to neurological disease, particularly in neonates. Although HPeV diagnosis has historically been made by virus isolation, a new generation of sensitive and specific molecular tests for HPeV RNA promises to greatly improve the effectiveness of HPeV detection and type identification, as well as providing a greater understanding its molecular epidemiology. By this means, we will learn much more about the clinical relevance of HPeVs and the association of different HPeV types with specific disease presentations.}, keywords = {Genetic Variation Humans *Parechovirus/genetics/pathogenicity *Picornaviridae Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology/virology}, issn = {1873-5967 (Electronic) 1386-6532 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcv.2009.03.009}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372062}, author = {Harvala, H. and Simmonds, P.} } @article {14656, title = {Human parechoviruses: biology, epidemiology and clinical significance}, journal = {J Clin Virol}, volume = {45}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {1{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are members of the large and growing family of Picornaviridae. Although originally described as echovirus 22 and 23 within human enteroviruses because of their clinical and morphological properties, they have since been shown to be distinct from this and other picornavirus groups in several features of their genome organisation, structure and replication. Human parechoviruses show genetic and antigenic heterogeneity and a number of distinct HPeV types are known to circulate widely in human populations throughout the world. Although the majority of HPeV infections occur early in life without specific symptoms, disease manifestations associated with many of the currently described types have been described, ranging from gastroenteritis and respiratory infections to neurological disease, particularly in neonates. Although HPeV diagnosis has historically been made by virus isolation, a new generation of sensitive and specific molecular tests for HPeV RNA promises to greatly improve the effectiveness of HPeV detection and type identification, as well as providing a greater understanding its molecular epidemiology. By this means, we will learn much more about the clinical relevance of HPeVs and the association of different HPeV types with specific disease presentations.}, keywords = {*Parechovirus/genetics/pathogenicity, *Picornaviridae Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology/virology, Genetic Variation, Humans}, issn = {1873-5967 (Electronic) 1386-6532 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcv.2009.03.009}, author = {Harvala, H. and Simmonds, P.} } @article {10319, title = {Human pathogens and their indicators in biosolids: a literature review}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {187{\textendash}201}, author = {Sidhu, Jatinder PS and Toze, Simon G} } @article {10491, title = {{Human pathogens and their indicators in biosolids: a literature review}}, journal = {Environ Int}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {187{\textendash}201}, author = {J P Sidhu and Toze, SG} } @article {4604, title = {Human pathogens and their indicators in biosolids: a literature review}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {35}, year = {2009}, pages = {187{\textendash}201}, isbn = {1873-6750 (Electronic) 0160-4120 (Linking)}, author = {Sidhu, J. P. and Toze, S. G.} } @article {246, title = {Human rotavirus genotypes in hospitalized children, South Korea, April 2005 to March 2007}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {27}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 6 6}, pages = {F97-F101}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0264-410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.002}, url = {://WOS:000273415000020}, author = {Lee, S. Y. and Hong, S. K. and Lee, S. G. and Suh, C. I. and Park, S. W. and Lee, J. H. and Kim, J. H. and Kim, D. S. and Kim, H. M. and Jang, Y. T. and Ma, S. H. and Kim, S. Y. and Sohn, Y. S. and Kang, J. H. and Paik, S. Y.} } @article {3781, title = {Human stool contains a previously unrecognized diversity of novel astroviruses.}, journal = {Virology Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {161}, author = {Finkbeiner, SR and Holtz, LR and Jiang, Y and Rajendran, P and Franz, CJ and Zhao, G and Kang, G and Wang, D} } @article {9511, title = {{Human zoonotic enteropathogens in a constructed free-surface flow wetland}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {105}, year = {2009}, pages = {423{\textendash}428}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Lucy, FE and Mashinsky, Y and Andrew Thompson, RC and Koru, O and Dasilva, AJ} } @article {17428, title = {Hygienic effects and gas production of plastic bio-digesters under tropical conditions}, journal = {Journal of Water and HealthJournal of Water and HealthJ Water Health}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {590-596}, keywords = {anaerobic-digestion, biogas, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, Hygiene, Inactivation, Manure, microbial reduction, pathogenic bacteria, plastic bio-digester, Salmonella, Survival, waste}, isbn = {1477-8920}, author = {Yen-Phi, V. T. and Clemens, J. and Rechenburg, A. and Vinneras, B. and Lenssen, C. and Kistemann, T.} } @article {3802, title = {Identification of a novel astrovirus (astrovirus VA1) associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {83}, number = {20}, year = {2009}, pages = {10836{\textendash}10839}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.00998-09}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00998-09}, author = {Finkbeiner, S R and Li, Y and Ruone, S and Conrardy, C} } @article {16160, title = {Identification of Leptospira spp. carriers among seroreactive goats and sheep by polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {Res Vet Sci.Res Vet Sci.}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {Aug}, pages = {16-19.}, keywords = {Animals, Brazil/epidemiology, Carrier State, Goat Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology, Goats, Leptospira/*isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/diagnosis/*veterinary, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*veterinary, Sheep, Sheep Diseases/epidemiology/*microbiology}, author = {Lilenbaum, W. and Varges, R. and Ristow, P. and Cortez, A. and Souza, S. O. and Richtzenhain, L. J. and Vasconcellos, S. A.} } @article {6156, title = {Illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals in the environment{\textendash}Forensic applications of environmental data, Part 2: Pharmaceuticals as chemical markers of faecal water contamination}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {157}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1778-1786}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara and Dinsdale, Richard M and Guwy, Alan J} } @article {7287, title = {The impact of conditional cash transfers on health outcomes and use of health services in low and middle income countries}, journal = {The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {CD008137}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Conditional cash transfers (CCT) provide monetary transfers to households on the condition that they comply with some pre-defined requirements. CCT programmes have been justified on the grounds that demand-side subsidies are necessary to address inequities in access to health and social services for poor people. In the past decade they have become increasingly popular, particularly in middle income countries in Latin America. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of CCT in improving access to care and health outcomes, in particular for poorer populations in low and middle income countries. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched a wide range of international databases, including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and EMBASE, in addition to development studies and economic databases. We also searched the websites and online resources of numerous international agencies, organisations and universities to find relevant grey literature. The original searches were conducted between November 2005 and April 2006. An updated search in MEDLINE was carried out in May 2009. SELECTION CRITERIA: CCT were defined as monetary transfers made to households on the condition that they comply with some pre-determined requirements in relation to health care. Studies had to include an objective measure of at least one of the following outcomes: health care utilisation, health expenditure, health outcomes or equity outcomes. Eligible study designs were: randomised controlled trial, interrupted time series analysis, or controlled before-after study of the impact of health financing policies following criteria used by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We performed qualitative analysis of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We included ten papers reporting results from six intervention studies. Overall, design quality and analysis limited the risks of bias. Several CCT programmes provided strong evidence of a positive impact on the use of health services, nutritional status and health outcomes, respectively assessed by anthropometric measurements and self-reported episodes of illness. It is hard to attribute these positive effects to the cash incentives specifically because other components may also contribute. Several studies provide evidence of positive impacts on the uptake of preventive services by children and pregnant women. We found no evidence about effects on health care expenditure. AUTHORS{\textquoteright} CONCLUSIONS: Conditional cash transfer programmes have been the subject of some well-designed evaluations, which strongly suggest that they could be an effective approach to improving access to preventive services. Their replicability under different conditions - particularly in more deprived settings - is still unclear because they depend on effective primary health care and mechanisms to disburse payments. Further rigorous evaluative research is needed, particularly where CCTs are being introduced in low income countries, for example in Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia.}, keywords = {Developing Countries, Financing, Government, Health Behavior, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Medical Assistance, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Poverty Areas, Preventive Health Services}, issn = {1469-493X}, doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD008137}, author = {Lagarde, Mylene and Haines, Andy and Palmer, Natasha} } @article {5183, title = {{Impact of Microbial Partitioning on Wet Retention Pond Effectiveness}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {135}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, pages = {758{\textendash}767}, abstract = {

Wet detention basins are among the most common best management practices$\backslash$n(BMPs) being implemented as means of complying with United States Phase$\backslash$nII storm-water rules and impending Total Maximum Daily Load limits. The$\backslash$neffectiveness of these basins for removal of microbial contaminants, one$\backslash$nof the most frequent causes of water quality impairment, may be$\backslash$nsignificantly affected by the degree to which microbes associate with$\backslash$nparticles in storm water. Little is known with regard to where$\backslash$nmicrobial-particle associations are initiated within the storm-water$\backslash$ntransport chain as flow travels from upland sources (e.g., lawns,$\backslash$nparking lots) through storm sewer systems and BMPs and finally on to$\backslash$nreceiving waters. A similar lack of information exists on the relative$\backslash$nconcentrations of microbes at each point in the transport chain. Both of$\backslash$nthese factors have important implications for the location of wet$\backslash$ndetention basins within a watershed, as well as their anticipated$\backslash$neffectiveness. This study tracked the concentrations and partitioning$\backslash$nbehavior of three indicator organisms (fecal coliform, E. coli, and$\backslash$nenterococci) at several locations in the transport chain and also$\backslash$nexplored the impacts of partitioning on wet pond removal efficiency.$\backslash$nResults suggest that microbial-particle association is primarily$\backslash$ninitiated at upland sources and the degree of microbial partitioning$\backslash$ndoes not vary greatly throughout the transport chain; therefore,$\backslash$ntreatment ponds will likely be most effective if located near upland$\backslash$ncontaminant sources. The overall reduction in microbial concentration$\backslash$nbrought about by the ponds was less than that assumed by most regulatory$\backslash$nagencies, but the ponds did show some evidence of preferentially$\backslash$nremoving particle-associated fecal coliform and E. coli, suggesting that$\backslash$nsedimentation is a key removal process. These findings should provide$\backslash$ninsights useful in the design and implementation of storm-water$\backslash$nmanagement strategies.

}, issn = {0733-9372}, doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000040}, author = {Krometis, LAH and Drummey, Patricia N. and Characklis, Gregory W. and Sobsey, Mark D.} } @article {5186, title = {{The impact of pond depth and environmental conditions on sunlight inactivation of Escherichia coli and enterococci in wastewater in a warm climate.}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {55}, number = {12}, year = {2009}, month = {dec}, pages = {1364{\textendash}74}, abstract = {

Microcosm experiments were carried out under dark and real sunlight conditions in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) to investigate the survival of faecal indicators (Escherichia coli and enterococci) in secondary wastewater. Light damage was estimated by loss of bacterial culturability. The results clearly show that sunlight has a deleterious effect on the survival of both indicators. The mean dark inactivation coefficients for E. coli and enterococci were 0.045 and 0.047 h(-1), respectively, whereas inactivation coefficients in the shallowest microcosm (0.1 m) in illuminated conditions were 0.796 and 0.559 h(-1), respectively. No significant effect of pond depth (0.1-0.9 m) on the inactivation of both indicators was observed in the dark. However, the effect of depth was significant in the microcosms exposed to sunlight, probably because of attenuation. In illuminated conditions, enterococci were broadly inactivated more rapidly than E. coli (T90 = 26.81 h for E. coli and 15.67 h for enterococci in the 0.4 m microcosm). However, E. coli presented greater variability in the survival capabilities, suggesting difficulties in interpreting data using only E. coli as an indicator. Therefore, the use of both indicators together should be advisable for the assessment of effluent quality from waste stabilization ponds in the Sahelian region.

}, keywords = {2.5 removal, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: radiation effects, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: radiation effects, Microbial Viability, Microbial Viability: radiation effects, Seasons, Sunlight, Tropical Climate, Waste Management, Waste Management: standards}, issn = {1480-3275}, doi = {10.1139/W09-104}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20029528}, author = {Ma{\"\i}ga, Ynoussa and Wethe, Joseph and Denyigba, Kokou and Aboubakar S Ouattara} } @article {6958, title = {The impact of pond depth and environmental conditions on sunlight inactivation of {Escherichia} coli and enterococci in wastewater in a warm climate}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {55}, number = {12}, year = {2009}, month = {dec}, pages = {1364{\textendash}1374}, issn = {0008-4166, 1480-3275}, doi = {10.1139/W09-104}, url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/W09-104}, author = {Ma{\"\i}ga, Ynoussa and Wethe, Joseph and Denyigba, Kokou and Aboubakar S Ouattara} } @article {4100, title = {{Impact of solar radiation in disinfecting drinking water contaminated with Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar at a point-of-use water treatment}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {106}, year = {2009}, pages = {847{\textendash}852}, author = {Mtapuri-Zinyowera, S and Midzi, N and Muchaneta-Kubara, CE and Simbini, T and Mduluza, T} } @mastersthesis {6555, title = {Implications of water environment policy for irrigated agriculture in {Portugal}}, year = {2009}, note = {U604384}, school = {Imperial College London (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}![CDATA[This research develops a bio-economic modelling framework for the assessment of agricultural and water policy change implications for irrigated agriculture. It aims to contribute towards the implementation of the Water Framework Directive within the European Union, particularly in regard to the principles of cost recovery of water services and water demand management for irrigation. The bio-economic framework combines local agro-ecological with socio-economic elements, allowing for the introduction of biophysical relationships of irrigated agricultural production into the appraisal of policy instruments. This framework is used to investigate the comparative performance of water management policy instruments for irrigation, including volumetric pricing, flat pricing, a two-part tariff and water allotments. Implications of these water policy instruments are assessed in combination with agricultural market and policy scenarios, which are used to define the economic background in which water policies will operate.{\textless}br{\textgreater}This operational framework is designed within a microeconomic context at the farm level that takes into account crop yield-water relationships, the revealed economic behaviour of farmers, as well as structural productive patterns of representative agricultural systems in two case study areas in the south of Portugal. This integrated approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the implications of agricultural and water policies on irrigated agriculture within the European Union, unravels conflicts and identifies synergies between these policies. Simulation of water policy instruments produced substantial differences in performance across farming systems, enforcement levels, and agricultural policy and market settings. {\textless}br{\textgreater}Results suggest that water pricing, on its own, is not necessarily the most effective means for achieving the WFD water demand management and cost recovery objectives, and proposes that a policy mix combining economic with regulatory elements may be best designed to pursue these objectives with fewer detrimental consequences. This study highlights that conflicts between CAP and the WFD may result in losses of efficiency, policy efficacy and losses of welfare, that could be minimised by integrating both policy measures and objectives, in a coherent and combined approach, exploring synergies and coordinating efforts to overcome sources of conflict.]]{\textgreater}}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU604384, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Bibliographies, http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/4365, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1512400269?accountid=14270}, author = {Prazeres de Sa Nogueira Saraiva, Joao Paulo} } @article {8119, title = {{Importance of interactions between the water column and the sediment for microbial concentrations in streams.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {18}, year = {2009}, pages = {4579{\textendash}4589}, abstract = {

The effect of interactions between the sediment and water column on concentrations of microbes in streams is quantified with a one-dimensional, steady state model. The effects of nine main parameters describing the flow, sediment transport, and microbial growth and decay are encapsulated in two dimensionless parameters: the Damk{\{}{\{}\"{\}}o{\}}hler number Da, or the ratio of the time scales of advection and net growth, and the sediment interaction parameter S, or the ratio of the amount of microbes lost or gained in the sediment and the amount of microbes lost or gained in the water column. Applications of the model illustrate the importance of the sediment and identify parameters that require further study. The model predicts the field measurements of Jamieson et al. (2005b) within a factor of 2 in two of three cases, while concentrations predicted by ignoring the sediment exceed the measured values. In general, the effects of ignoring interactions with the sediment depend on Da and S. The loading predicted to meet water quality standards when the sediment is considered can be either greater than or less than the loading predicted when it is not considered. The applications of the model and an analysis of uncertainty suggest that further work on the settling velocity, attached fraction, resuspension rate, and net growth rate in the sediment would help to improve predictions of the fate and transport of microbes.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.049}, author = {Rehmann, Chris R and Soupir, Michelle L} } @article {2386, title = {{Importance of interactions between the water column and the sediment for microbial concentrations in streams.}}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {43}, number = {18}, year = {2009}, pages = {4579{\textendash}4589}, abstract = {The effect of interactions between the sediment and water column on concentrations of microbes in streams is quantified with a one-dimensional, steady state model. The effects of nine main parameters describing the flow, sediment transport, and microbial growth and decay are encapsulated in two dimensionless parameters: the Damk\{\{"\}o\}hler number Da, or the ratio of the time scales of advection and net growth, and the sediment interaction parameter S, or the ratio of the amount of microbes lost or gained in the sediment and the amount of microbes lost or gained in the water column. Applications of the model illustrate the importance of the sediment and identify parameters that require further study. The model predicts the field measurements of Jamieson et al. (2005b) within a factor of 2 in two of three cases, while concentrations predicted by ignoring the sediment exceed the measured values. In general, the effects of ignoring interactions with the sediment depend on Da and S. The loading predicted to meet water quality standards when the sediment is considered can be either greater than or less than the loading predicted when it is not considered. The applications of the model and an analysis of uncertainty suggest that further work on the settling velocity, attached fraction, resuspension rate, and net growth rate in the sediment would help to improve predictions of the fate and transport of microbes.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.049}, author = {Rehmann, Chris R and Soupir, Michelle L} } @article {14196, title = {Importance of interactions between the water column and the sediment for microbial concentrations in streams.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {43}, number = {18}, year = {2009}, pages = {4579{\textendash}4589}, abstract = {The effect of interactions between the sediment and water column on concentrations of microbes in streams is quantified with a one-dimensional, steady state model. The effects of nine main parameters describing the flow, sediment transport, and microbial growth and decay are encapsulated in two dimensionless parameters: the Damk\{\{"\}o\}hler number Da, or the ratio of the time scales of advection and net growth, and the sediment interaction parameter S, or the ratio of the amount of microbes lost or gained in the sediment and the amount of microbes lost or gained in the water column. Applications of the model illustrate the importance of the sediment and identify parameters that require further study. The model predicts the field measurements of Jamieson et al. (2005b) within a factor of 2 in two of three cases, while concentrations predicted by ignoring the sediment exceed the measured values. In general, the effects of ignoring interactions with the sediment depend on Da and S. The loading predicted to meet water quality standards when the sediment is considered can be either greater than or less than the loading predicted when it is not considered. The applications of the model and an analysis of uncertainty suggest that further work on the settling velocity, attached fraction, resuspension rate, and net growth rate in the sediment would help to improve predictions of the fate and transport of microbes.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.049}, author = {Rehmann, Chris R and Soupir, Michelle L} } @article {9553, title = {{Importance of nonenteric protozoan infections in immunocompromised people}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {3739{\textendash}3741}, author = {Pagornrat, W and Leelayoova, S and Rangsin, R and Tan-Ariya, P and Naaglor, T and Mungthin, M} } @article {4272, title = {{Improved detection of F-specific RNA coliphages in fecal material by extraction and polyethylene glycol precipitation.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, month = {oct}, pages = {6142{\textendash}6}, abstract = {

Male-specific RNA coliphages (F-RNA coliphages) have been proposed as a potential viral indicator of fecal contamination in water and foods because they are easy to culture and are a normal component of the mammalian gut flora. F-RNA coliphage plaque numbers are typically obtained by directly plating a 10-fold dilution of 1 g of fecal material, but the numbers of F-RNA coliphages shed by animals and humans may be too low for direct enumeration. Therefore, the sensitivity of detecting F-RNA coliphages in fecal material was improved by extracting and precipitating F-RNA coliphage from a 10-g fecal sample by use of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The highest recovery of F-RNA coliphage with 10{\%} beef extract, pH 7.2, was obtained in the presence of 1 M NaCl and 10{\%} PEG after 16 h of precipitation, but a pellet was not obtained after a short precipitation time of 2 h. There was no significant difference between eluant-to-fecal-material ratios of 4:1 and 9:1 or homogenization with a stomacher or pulsifier. F-RNA coliphage were detected in 64{\%} (16 of 25 samples) of fecal samples from various sources when the sample size was 10 g but in 36{\%} (9 of 25 samples) of samples when the sample size was 1 g. When F-RNA coliphage were detected in 1-g samples, they were also detected in 10-g samples. When F-RNA coliphage were detected in 10-g samples but not in 1-g samples, the levels were {\textless}100 PFU/g.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriological Techniques, Bacteriological Techniques: methods, Chemical Precipitation, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Feces, Feces: virology, Humans, Polyethylene Glycols, Polyethylene Glycols: chemistry, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral Plaque Assay, Virology, Virology: methods}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00436-09}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2753055{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Jones, Tineke H and Johns, Michael W} } @article {9829, title = {{In vitro cultivation for detection and phenotypic study of Blastocystis spp. in stool samples}}, journal = {Parasitologists United Journal}, volume = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {33{\textendash}46}, author = {Moussa, HME} } @article {9883, title = {{In vitro encystation of Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {104}, year = {2009}, pages = {1373{\textendash}1380}, author = {Suresh, K and Venilla, GD and Tan, TC and Rohela, M} } @article {10998, title = {Inactivation of {Ascaris} {Eggs} in {Source}-{Separated} {Urine} and {Feces} by {Ammonia} at {Ambient} {Temperatures}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {662{\textendash}667}, abstract = {Sustainable management of toilet waste must prevent disease transmission but allow reuse of plant nutrients. Inactivation of uterus-derived Ascaris suum eggs was studied in relation to ammonia in source-separated urine without additives and in human feces to which urea had been added, in order to evaluate ammonia-based sanitation for production of safe fertilizers from human excreta. Urine was used concentrated or diluted 1:1 and 1:3 with tap water at 4, 14, 24, and 34{\textdegree}C. Fecal material, with and without ash, was treated with 1\% or 2\% (wt/wt) urea at 24 and 34{\textdegree}C. At 34{\textdegree}C eggs were inactivated in less than 10 days in urine and in amended feces. At 24{\textdegree}C only feces with 2\% (wt/wt) urea or 1\% (wt/wt) urea at high pH (10) inactivated all eggs within 1 month, and no inactivation was observed after 75 days in urine diluted 1:3 (18 {\textpm} 11 mM NH3). At temperatures of >=24{\textdegree}C, NH3 proved to be an efficient sanitizing agent in urine and feces at concentrations of >=60 mM. Treating fecal material at 34{\textdegree}C can give a 6-log10 egg inactivation within 1 month, whereas at 24{\textdegree}C 6 months of treatment is necessary for the same level of egg inactivation. At temperatures of 14{\textdegree}C and below, inactivation rates were low, with viable eggs after 6 months even in concentrated urine.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01250-08}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/75/3/662.abstract}, author = {Nordin, Annika and Nyberg, Karin and Vinner{\r a}s, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {16571, title = {Inactivation of {Ascaris} eggs in source-separated urine and feces by ammonia at ambient temperatures}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {662{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Sustainable management of toilet waste must prevent disease transmission but allow reuse of plant nutrients. Inactivation of uterus-derived Ascaris suum eggs was studied in relation to ammonia in source-separated urine without additives and in human feces to which urea had been added, in order to evaluate ammonia-based sanitation for production of safe fertilizers from human excreta. Urine was used concentrated or diluted 1:1 and 1:3 with tap water at 4, 14, 24, and 34 degrees C. Fecal material, with and without ash, was treated with 1\% or 2\% (wt/wt) urea at 24 and 34 degrees C. At 34 degrees C eggs were inactivated in less than 10 days in urine and in amended feces. At 24 degrees C only feces with 2\% (wt/wt) urea or 1\% (wt/wt) urea at high pH (10) inactivated all eggs within 1 month, and no inactivation was observed after 75 days in urine diluted 1:3 (18 +/- 11 mM NH(3)). At temperatures of {\textgreater} or =24 degrees C, NH(3) proved to be an efficient sanitizing agent in urine and feces at concentrations of {\textgreater} or =60 mM. Treating fecal material at 34 degrees C can give a 6-log(10) egg inactivation within 1 month, whereas at 24 degrees C 6 months of treatment is necessary for the same level of egg inactivation. At temperatures of 14 degrees C and below, inactivation rates were low, with viable eggs after 6 months even in concentrated urine.}, keywords = {Ammonia/*pharmacology, Animals, Anthelmintics/*pharmacology, Ascaris suum/*drug effects, Feces/*parasitology, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Sanitation/*methods, Survival Analysis, Temperature, Time Factors, Urea/pharmacology, Urine/*parasitology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01250-08}, author = {Nordin, A. and Nyberg, K. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {16624, title = {Inactivation of {Ascaris} eggs in source-separated urine and feces by ammonia at ambient temperatures}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {662{\textendash}667}, author = {Nordin, Annika and Nyberg, Karin and Vinner\textbackslasha as, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {12079, title = {Inactivation of Ascaris eggs in source-separated urine and feces by ammonia at ambient temperatures}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, note = {Nordin, Annika
Nyberg, Karin
Vinneras, Bjorn
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2008/12/09 09:00
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Feb;75(3):662-7. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01250-08. Epub 2008 Dec 5.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {662-7}, abstract = {Sustainable management of toilet waste must prevent disease transmission but allow reuse of plant nutrients. Inactivation of uterus-derived Ascaris suum eggs was studied in relation to ammonia in source-separated urine without additives and in human feces to which urea had been added, in order to evaluate ammonia-based sanitation for production of safe fertilizers from human excreta. Urine was used concentrated or diluted 1:1 and 1:3 with tap water at 4, 14, 24, and 34 degrees C. Fecal material, with and without ash, was treated with 1\% or 2\% (wt/wt) urea at 24 and 34 degrees C. At 34 degrees C eggs were inactivated in less than 10 days in urine and in amended feces. At 24 degrees C only feces with 2\% (wt/wt) urea or 1\% (wt/wt) urea at high pH (10) inactivated all eggs within 1 month, and no inactivation was observed after 75 days in urine diluted 1:3 (18 +/- 11 mM NH(3)). At temperatures of > or =24 degrees C, NH(3) proved to be an efficient sanitizing agent in urine and feces at concentrations of > or =60 mM. Treating fecal material at 34 degrees C can give a 6-log(10) egg inactivation within 1 month, whereas at 24 degrees C 6 months of treatment is necessary for the same level of egg inactivation. At temperatures of 14 degrees C and below, inactivation rates were low, with viable eggs after 6 months even in concentrated urine.}, keywords = {Ammonia/*pharmacology, Animals, Anthelmintics/*pharmacology, Ascaris suum/*drug effects, Feces/*parasitology, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Sanitation/*methods, Survival Analysis, Temperature, Time Factors, Urea/pharmacology, Urine/*parasitology}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)
0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Nordin, A. and Nyberg, K. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {10306, title = {Inactivation of Ascaris eggs in source-separated urine and feces by ammonia at ambient temperatures}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {662{\textendash}667}, author = {Nordin, Annika and Nyberg, Karin and Vinner{\r a}s, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {17476, title = {{Inactivation of Ascaris Eggs in Source-Separated Urine and Feces by Ammonia at Ambient Temperatures}}, journal = {APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {662{\textendash}667}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01250-08}, author = {Nordin, Annika and Nyberg, Karin and Vinneras, Bjoern} } @article {8815, title = {{Inactivation of Ascaris eggs in source-separated urine and feces by ammonia at ambient temperatures.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {662{\textendash}7}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, abstract = {Sustainable management of toilet waste must prevent disease transmission but allow reuse of plant nutrients. Inactivation of uterus-derived Ascaris suum eggs was studied in relation to ammonia in source-separated urine without additives and in human feces to which urea had been added, in order to evaluate ammonia-based sanitation for production of safe fertilizers from human excreta. Urine was used concentrated or diluted 1:1 and 1:3 with tap water at 4, 14, 24, and 34 degrees C. Fecal material, with and without ash, was treated with 1{\%} or 2{\%} (wt/wt) urea at 24 and 34 degrees C. At 34 degrees C eggs were inactivated in less than 10 days in urine and in amended feces. At 24 degrees C only feces with 2{\%} (wt/wt) urea or 1{\%} (wt/wt) urea at high pH (10) inactivated all eggs within 1 month, and no inactivation was observed after 75 days in urine diluted 1:3 (18 +/- 11 mM NH(3)). At temperatures of {\textgreater} or =24 degrees C, NH(3) proved to be an efficient sanitizing agent in urine and feces at concentrations of {\textgreater} or =60 mM. Treating fecal material at 34 degrees C can give a 6-log(10) egg inactivation within 1 month, whereas at 24 degrees C 6 months of treatment is necessary for the same level of egg inactivation. At temperatures of 14 degrees C and below, inactivation rates were low, with viable eggs after 6 months even in concentrated urine.}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01250-08}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19060175 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2632132}, author = {Nordin, Annika and Nyberg, Karin and Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas} } @article {8436, title = {{Incidence and clinical characteristics in a Colombian cohort of ocular toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Eye}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {1090{\textendash}1093}, author = {De-la-Torre, A and L{\'o}pez-Castillo, CA and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE} } @article {251, title = {Incidence, Characteristics, and Economic Burden of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Associated with Hospitalization of Israeli Children < 5 Years of Age, 2007-2008}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {200}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 16 1 17}, pages = {S254-S263}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/605425}, url = {://WOS:000270655100029}, author = {Muhsen, Khitam and Shulman, Lester and Rubinstein, Uri and Kasem, Eias and Kremer, Adi and Goren, Sophy and Zilberstein, Ilana and Chodick, Gabby and Ephros, Moshe and Cohen, Dani and Grp, Tau-Hclv Rota Study} } @article {6298, title = {Increasing functional sustainability of water and sanitation supplies in rural sub-{Saharan} {Africa}}, journal = {Environmental Engineering Science}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {1017{\textendash}1023}, url = {http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ees.2008.0388}, author = {Montgomery, Maggie A. and Bartram, Jamie and Elimelech, Menachem} } @article {4541, title = {Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: a systematic review}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {291{\textendash}300}, issn = {1474-4457 (Electronic) 1473-3099 (Linking)}, author = {Lessler, J. and Reich, N. G. and Brookmeyer, R. and Perl, T. M. and Nelson, K. E. and Cummings, D. A.} } @article {7350, title = {Infections and autoimmunity {\textendash} friends or foes?}, journal = {Trends in Immunology}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, month = {aug}, pages = {409{\textendash}414}, issn = {14714906}, doi = {10.1016/j.it.2009.05.005}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1471490609001252}, author = {Kivity, Shaye and Agmon-Levin, Nancy and Blank, Miri and Shoenfeld, Yehuda} } @article {8016, title = {{International foodborne outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection in airline passengers.}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {137}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {mar}, pages = {335{\textendash}41}, abstract = {

During 22-24 August 2004, an outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection affected air travellers who departed from Hawaii. Forty-seven passengers with culture-confirmed shigellosis and 116 probable cases who travelled on 12 flights dispersed to Japan, Australia, 22 US states, and American Samoa. All flights were served by one caterer. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of all 29 S. sonnei isolates yielded patterns that matched within one band. Food histories and menu reviews identified raw carrot served onboard as the likely vehicle of infection. Attack rates for diarrhoea on three surveyed flights with confirmed cases were 54{\%} (110/204), 32{\%} (20/63), and 12{\%} (8/67). A total of 2700 meals were served on flights with confirmed cases; using attack rates observed on surveyed flights, we estimated that 300-1500 passengers were infected. This outbreak illustrates the risk of rapid, global spread of illness from a point-source at a major airline hub.

}, issn = {0950-2688}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268807000064}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177516}, author = {Gaynor, K and Park, S Y and Kanenaka, R and Colindres, R and Mintz, E and Ram, P K and Kitsutani, P and Nakata, M and Wedel, S and Boxrud, D and Jennings, D and Yoshida, H and Tosaka, N and He, H and Ching-Lee, M and Effler, P V} } @article {14039, title = {International foodborne outbreak of {Shigella} sonnei infection in airline passengers.}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {137}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {mar}, pages = {335{\textendash}41}, abstract = {During 22-24 August 2004, an outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection affected air travellers who departed from Hawaii. Forty-seven passengers with culture-confirmed shigellosis and 116 probable cases who travelled on 12 flights dispersed to Japan, Australia, 22 US states, and American Samoa. All flights were served by one caterer. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of all 29 S. sonnei isolates yielded patterns that matched within one band. Food histories and menu reviews identified raw carrot served onboard as the likely vehicle of infection. Attack rates for diarrhoea on three surveyed flights with confirmed cases were 54\% (110/204), 32\% (20/63), and 12\% (8/67). A total of 2700 meals were served on flights with confirmed cases; using attack rates observed on surveyed flights, we estimated that 300-1500 passengers were infected. This outbreak illustrates the risk of rapid, global spread of illness from a point-source at a major airline hub.}, issn = {0950-2688}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268807000064}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177516}, author = {Gaynor, K and Park, S Y and Kanenaka, R and Colindres, R and Mintz, E and Ram, P K and Kitsutani, P and Nakata, M and Wedel, S and Boxrud, D and Jennings, D and Yoshida, H and Tosaka, N and He, H and Ching-Lee, M and Effler, P V} } @article {4758, title = {{Intestinal and haematic parasitism in the birds of the Almu{\~n}ecar (Granada, Spain) ornithological garden}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {165}, year = {2009}, pages = {361{\textendash}366}, author = {Perez Cord{\'o}n, G and Prados, AH and Romero, D and Moreno, MS and Pontes, A and Osuna, A and Rosales, MJ} } @article {4804, title = {{Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients presenting with diarrhoea in Jakarta, Indonesia}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {103}, year = {2009}, pages = {892{\textendash}898}, author = {Kurniawan, A and Karyadi, T and Dwintasari, SW and Sari, IP and Yunihastuti, E and Djauzi, S and Smith, HV} } @article {9817, title = {{Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients presenting with diarrhoea in Jakarta, Indonesia}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {103}, year = {2009}, pages = {892{\textendash}898}, doi = {10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.02.017}, author = {Kurniawan, A and Karyadi, T and Dwintasari, SW and Sari, IP and Yunihastuti, E and Djauzi, S and Smith, HV} } @inbook {15967, title = {{Introduction: the case for scenarios of the environment}}, booktitle = {Environmental futures. The practice of environmental scenario analysis}, year = {2009}, pages = {1{\textendash}12}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, edition = {1}, address = {Amsterdam, the Netherlands}, author = {Alcamo, J and Jakeman, A J}, editor = {Alcamo, J} } @mastersthesis {7230, title = {Investigating the influence of allochthonous subsidies on nearshore giant kelp forests in {Big} {Sur}, {California}}, year = {2009}, note = {3394667}, school = {University of California, Santa Cruz}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Nearshore marine ecosystems are located at the land-sea interface where they are connected to other habitats through the movement of subsidies across habitat borders. How these subsidies structure nearshore marine communities, how temporal and spatial variations in subsidy delivery drive processes, and under what conditions these subsidies are important, however, are not well understood. To investigate the influence of subsidies from open ocean and terrestrial habitats on nearshore giant kelp forests, I used a combination of water chemistry analyses, community surveys, and stable isotope analyses to address the following; (1) what subsidies are delivered from terrestrial and open ocean habitats? (2) does proximity to stream input influence kelp forest community structure? (3) does the use of terrestrial and open ocean subsidies by the giant kelp Macrocystis vary across space and time? (4) what is the contribution of allochthonous versus autochthonous food resources to kelp forest consumers? Dissolved inorganic nutrients were most abundant when delivery from open ocean habitats was greatest due to upwelling circulation. The contribution of dissolved inorganic nutrients through stream outflow was consistently low throughout the year, including during high-flow events. The concentration of particulate organic matter in stream outflow, however, increased dramatically during high-flow events. Chlorophyll-a concentration was low throughout the year, which is uncommon for a coastal upwelling system. Dissolved iron measurements revealed that iron should not limit phytoplankton growth in nearshore kelp beds; phytoplankton incubations suggested that transport of phytoplankton offshore was likely limiting production in the region. Kelp forest community structure was influenced by proximity to river input. This effect was due to the high abundance of sand that reduced benthic algal and invertebrate species richness at one of my sites. There was also a significant difference in the number of Macrocystis individuals at sites close-to versus far-from stream input. There was a significant seasonal difference in δ13 C and δ15 N isotope values in Macrocystis . This variation was strongly negatively correlated with both upwelling strength and nitrate concentration; δ13 C and δ15 N values were low during the spring and early summer when upwelling strength and nitrate concentration tend to be greatest. The autochthonous production of Macrocystis contributed between 60 and 90\% to the isotope values in kelp forest primary consumers. Allochthonous contributions from phytoplankton were intermediate and terrestrial contributions were lowest. This highly skewed contribution of Macrocystis to primary consumers is different from other coastal upwelling systems where phytoplankton tends to be the dominant food source.}, keywords = {0416:Biological oceanography, Allochthonous subsidies, Biological oceanography, Biological sciences, Giant kelp forests, Macrocystis, Primary production}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304858937?accountid=14270}, author = {Foley, Melissa M.} } @article {15827, title = {Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in a Public Water-Treatment System}, journal = {Zoonoses and Public Health}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {221-228}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, isbn = {1863-2378}, author = {Nishi, L. and Baesso, M. L. and Santana, R. G. and Fregadolli, P. and Falavigna, D. L. M. and Falavigna-Guilherme, A. L.} } @article {4102, title = {{Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in a public water-treatment system}}, journal = {Zoonoses and Public Health}, volume = {56}, year = {2009}, pages = {221{\textendash}228}, author = {Nishi, L and Baesso, ML and Santana, RG and Fregadolli, P and Falavigna, DL and Falavigna-Guilherme, AL} } @article {4572, title = {Kinetics of adenovirus type 2 inactivation with free chlorine}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, pages = {2916{\textendash}26}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Page, M. A. and Shisler, J. L. and Marinas, B. J.} } @article {4482, title = {Latent species C adenoviruses in human tonsil tissues}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {83}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {2417{\textendash}28}, issn = {0022-538x}, doi = {10.1128/jvi.02392-08}, author = {Garnett, C. T. and Talekar, G. and Mahr, J. A. and Huang, W. and Zhang, Y. and Ornelles, D. A. and Gooding, L. R.} } @article {523, title = {Latent species C adenoviruses in human tonsil tissues}, journal = {J Virol}, volume = {83}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {1098-5514 Garnett, C T Talekar, G Mahr, J A Huang, W Zhang, Y Ornelles, D A Gooding, L R R01-AI052280/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States R01-CA077342/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States T32-AI007610/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural United States J Virol. 2009 Mar;83(6):2417-28. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02392-08. Epub 2008 Dec 24.}, pages = {2417-28}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Although species C human adenoviruses establish persistent infections, the molecular details of this lifestyle remain poorly understood. We previously reported that adenovirus DNA is found in human mucosal T lymphocytes in a noninfectious form (C. T. Garnett, D. Erdman, W. Xu, and L. R. Gooding, J. Virol. 76:10608-10616, 2002). In this study, human tonsil and adenoid tissues were analyzed to determine the dynamics of infection, the rate of clearance of viral DNA, and the possibility of reactivation of virus from these tissues. The presence of viral DNA peaked at 4 years of age and declined thereafter. The average number of viral genomes declined with the age of the donor. The frequency of virus-bearing cells ranged from 3 x 10(-7) to 3.4 x 10(-4), while the amount of viral DNA per cell varied less, with an average of 280 copies per cell. All species C serotypes were represented in these tissues, although adenovirus type 6 was notably rare. Infectious virus was detected infrequently (13 of 94 of donors tested), even among donors with the highest levels of adenoviral DNA. Adenovirus transcripts were rarely detected in uncultured lymphocytes (2 of 12 donors) but appeared following stimulation and culture (11 of 13 donors). Viral DNA replication could be stimulated in most donor samples by lymphocyte stimulation in culture. New infectious virus was detected in 13 of 15 donors following in vitro stimulation. These data suggest that species C adenoviruses can establish latent infections in mucosal lymphocytes and that stimulation of these cells can cause viral reactivation resulting in RNA transcription, DNA replication, and infectious virus production.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/classification/*isolation \& purification/physiology Adenovirus Infections, Cultured Child Child, Human/*virology Adolescent Age Factors Carrier State/*virology Cells, Preschool DNA, Viral/*isolation \& purification Humans Lymphocytes/virology Palatine Tonsil/*virology Serotyping Virus Activation *Virus Latency}, issn = {0022-538x}, doi = {10.1128/jvi.02392-08}, author = {Garnett, C. T. and Talekar, G. and Mahr, J. A. and Huang, W. and Zhang, Y. and Ornelles, D. A. and Gooding, L. R.} } @article {16045, title = {Leptospira exposure in the human environment in France: A survey in feral rodents and in fresh water}, journal = {Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseasesComp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {463-476}, publisher = {Elsevier}, isbn = {0147-9571}, author = {Aviat, F. and Blanchard, B. and Michel, V. and Blanchet, B. and Branger, C. and Hars, J. and Mansotte, F. and Brasme, L. and De Champs, C. and Bolut, P.} } @article {16151, title = {Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen.}, journal = {Nature Rev Microbiol.Nature Rev Microbiol.}, volume = {7}, year = {2009}, pages = {736-747.}, author = {Ko, A. I. and Goarant, C. and Picardeau, M.} } @article {9978, title = {{Limited duration of vaccine poliovirus and other enterovirus excretion among human immunodeficiency virus infected children in Kenya}}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {136}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Immunodeficient persons with persistent vaccine-related poliovirus infection may serve as a potential reservoir for reintroduction of polioviruses after wild poliovirus eradication, posing a risk of their further circulation in inadequately immunized populations.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS: To estimate the potential for vaccine-related poliovirus persistence among HIV-infected persons, we studied poliovirus excretion following vaccination among children at an orphanage in Kenya. For 12 months after national immunization days, we collected serial stool specimens from orphanage residents aged {\textless}5 years at enrollment and recorded their HIV status and demographic, clinical, immunological, and immunization data. To detect and characterize isolated polioviruses and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV), we used viral culture, typing and intratypic differentiation of isolates by PCR, ELISA, and nucleic acid sequencing. Long-term persistence was defined as shedding for {\textgreater}or= 6 months.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nRESULTS: Twenty-four children (15 HIV-infected, 9 HIV-uninfected) were enrolled, and 255 specimens (170 from HIV-infected, 85 from HIV-uninfected) were collected. All HIV-infected children had mildly or moderately symptomatic HIV-disease and moderate-to-severe immunosuppression. Fifteen participants shed vaccine-related polioviruses, and 22 shed NPEV at some point during the study period. Of 46 poliovirus-positive specimens, 31 were from HIV-infected, and 15 from HIV-uninfected children. No participant shed polioviruses for {\textgreater}or= 6 months. Genomic sequencing of poliovirus isolates did not reveal any genetic evidence of long-term shedding. There was no long-term shedding of NPEV.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSION: The results indicate that mildly to moderately symptomatic HIV-infected children retain the ability to clear enteroviruses, including vaccine-related poliovirus. Larger studies are needed to confirm and generalize these findings.}, isbn = {1471-2334 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1471-2334 (Linking)}, issn = {1471-2334}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2334-9-136}, url = {http://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-9-136}, author = {Khetsuriani, N. and Helfand, R. and Pallansch, M. and Kew, O. and Fowlkes, A. and Oberste, S. and Tukei, Peter and Muli, Joseph and Makokha, Ernest and Gary, Howard} } @article {10428, title = {Longitudinal Study on Occurrence of Adenoviruses and Hepatitis A Virus in Raw Domestic Sewage in the City of Limeira, S{\~a}o Paulo}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {40}, year = {2009}, pages = {102-7}, author = {Medici Κ Barrella and Garrafa, P. and Alves Τ Monezi and H{\'a}rsi, C.M. and Salvi, C. and P.A.B. C Violante and Mehnert, D.U.} } @article {15669, title = {Long-term Cryptosporidium typing reveals the aetiology and species-specific epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2000 to 2003}, journal = {Eurosurveillance}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, month = {Jan 15}, edition = {2009/01/24}, keywords = {*Population Surveillance, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/*microbiology, Cryptosporidium/*classification/*isolation \& purification, Disease Outbreaks/*statistics \& numerical data, England/epidemiology, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Assessment/*methods, Risk Factors, Species Specificity, Wales/epidemiology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1025-496x}, author = {Chalmers, R. M. and Elwin, K. and Thomas, A. L. and Guy, E. C. and Mason, B.} } @article {2971, title = {Long-term experience on surgical treatment of alveolar echinococcosis}, journal = {Langenbeck{\textquoteright}s Archives of Surgery / Deutsche Gesellschaft F{\"u}r Chirurgie}, volume = {394}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {jul}, pages = {689{\textendash}698}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is life-threatening and reports on surgical procedures and results are rare, but essential. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Longitudinal surveillance and long-term follow-up of patients surgically treated for AE during the periods 1982-1999 (group A) and 2000-2006 (group B). SETTING: University hospital within an endemic area. RESULTS: The median (min-max) follow-up period was 141 (5-417) months. Forty-eight surgical procedures were performed in 36 patients with AE: 63\% were partial resections of the liver (additional extrahepatic resection in ten of them), 17\% just extrahepatic resections, 10\% biliodigestive anastomosis, and 10\% exploratory laparotomies. Seventy-five percent of the operations were first-time procedures, 25\% done due to a relapse. Forty-two percent of the operations were estimated to be curative (R0), whereas 58\% were palliative (R1, R2). All patients had additional medical treatment and periodical follow-up. Two out of 18 (11\%) patients, estimated to have had curative surgery, developed a relapse 42 and 54 months later. R0-resection rates depended on the primary, neighboring, metastasis stage of AE (S1, 100\%; S2, 100\%; S3a, 33\%; S3b, 27\%; S4, 11\%). During the period 2000-2006 elective radical surgery for AE was done only if a safe distance of at least 2 cm was attainable. This concept was associated with an increased R0-resection rate of 87\% for group B compared to 24\% for group A. Operative procedures done to control complicated courses of AE (jaundice, cholangitis, vascular compression, bacterial superinfection) have not been curative (R2) in 82\% because the disease had spread into irresectable structures. Morbidity was 19\%. All patients with curative resections are alive. Fifty-six percent of the patients with palliative treatment are alive as long as 14-237 months, 28\% died from AE 164-338 months after diagnosis (late lethality), and 17\% died due to others diseases 96-417 months after diagnosis of AE. One out of seven (14\%) patients suffering from suppurative parasitic necrosis died because it was impossible to control systemic sepsis (3\% hospital lethality). CONCLUSION: Curative surgery for AE is feasible if the parasitic mass is removable entirely. The earlier the stage, the more frequent is R0 resectability. The observance of a minimal safe distance increases the rate of R0 resections. The benefit of palliative surgery is uncertain due to favorable long-term results of medical treatment alone. However, necrotic tissue is at risk of bacterial superinfection, which can cause life-threatening sepsis. Palliative surgery is an option to treat complications, which could not be managed otherwise.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Echinococcosis, Female, Hepatectomy, Hepatic, Humans, Liver, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Necrosis, Palliative Care, Recurrence, Tomography, Treatment Outcome, X-Ray Computed, Young Adult}, issn = {1435-2451}, doi = {10.1007/s00423-008-0392-5}, author = {Buttenschoen, Klaus and Carli Buttenschoen, Daniela and Gruener, Beate and Kern, Peter and Beger, Hans G. and Henne-Bruns, Doris and Reuter, Stefan} } @article {3536, title = {Long-term hygienic barrier efficiency of a compact on-site wastewater treatment system.}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {2182{\textendash}2188}, author = {Heistad, A and Seidu, R and Fl{\o}, A and Paruch, AM and Hanssen, JF and Stenstr{\"o}m, T} } @article {13071, title = {Long-term hygienic barrier efficiency of a compact on-site wastewater treatment system}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {2182{\textendash}2188}, author = {Heistad, Arve and Seidu, Razak and Fl{\o}, Andreas and Paruch, Adam M and Hanssen, Jon F and Stenstr{\"o}m, ThorAxel} } @article {6034, title = {Long-term inactivation study of three enteroviruses in artificial surface and groundwaters, using PCR and cell culture}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1050{\textendash}1057}, author = {A M De Roda Husman and Lodder, WJ and Rutjes, SA and Schijven, JF and P FM Teunis} } @article {7881, title = {{Long-term inactivation study of three enteroviruses in artificial surface and groundwaters, using PCR and cell culture}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1050{\textendash}1057}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01750-08}, author = {A M De Roda Husman and Lodder, WJ and Rutjes, SA and Schijven, JF and P FM Teunis} } @article {14550, title = {Long-term inactivation study of three enteroviruses in artificial surface and groundwaters, using {PCR} and cell culture}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {1050{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Since the transmission of pathogenic viruses via water is indistinguishable from the transmission via other routes and since the levels in drinking water, although significant for health, may be too low for detection, quantitative viral risk assessment is a useful tool for assessing disease risk due to consumption of drinking water. Quantitative viral risk assessment requires information concerning the ability of viruses detected in drinking water to infect their host. To obtain insight into the infectivity of viruses in relation to the presence of virus genomes, inactivation of three different enteroviruses in artificial ground and surface waters under different controlled pH, temperature, and salt conditions was studied by using both PCR and cell culture over time. In salt-peptone medium, the estimated ratio of RNA genomes to infectious poliovirus 1 in freshly prepared suspensions was about 10(0). At 4 degrees C this ratio was 10(3) after 600 days, and at 22 degrees C it was 10(4) after 200 days. For poliovirus 1 and 2 the RNA/infectious virus ratio was higher in artificial groundwater than in artificial surface water, but this was not the case for coxsackievirus B4. When molecular detection is used for virus enumeration, it is important that the fraction of infectious virus (based on all virus genomes detected) decays with time, especially at temperatures near 22 degrees C.}, keywords = {*Microbial Viability, *Virus Inactivation, Antiviral Agents/pharmacology, Cell Culture Techniques, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/genetics/*growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*virology, Human/genetics/growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Poliovirus/genetics/growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Salts/pharmacology, Temperature, Viral/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01750-08}, author = {A M De Roda Husman and Lodder, W. J. and Rutjes, S. A. and Schijven, J. F. and Teunis, P. F.} } @article {14913, title = {Long-term inactivation study of three enteroviruses in artificial surface and groundwaters, using {PCR} and cell culture}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {1050{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Since the transmission of pathogenic viruses via water is indistinguishable from the transmission via other routes and since the levels in drinking water, although significant for health, may be too low for detection, quantitative viral risk assessment is a useful tool for assessing disease risk due to consumption of drinking water. Quantitative viral risk assessment requires information concerning the ability of viruses detected in drinking water to infect their host. To obtain insight into the infectivity of viruses in relation to the presence of virus genomes, inactivation of three different enteroviruses in artificial ground and surface waters under different controlled pH, temperature, and salt conditions was studied by using both PCR and cell culture over time. In salt-peptone medium, the estimated ratio of RNA genomes to infectious poliovirus 1 in freshly prepared suspensions was about 10(0). At 4 degrees C this ratio was 10(3) after 600 days, and at 22 degrees C it was 10(4) after 200 days. For poliovirus 1 and 2 the RNA/infectious virus ratio was higher in artificial groundwater than in artificial surface water, but this was not the case for coxsackievirus B4. When molecular detection is used for virus enumeration, it is important that the fraction of infectious virus (based on all virus genomes detected) decays with time, especially at temperatures near 22 degrees C.}, keywords = {*Microbial Viability, *Virus Inactivation, Antiviral Agents/pharmacology, Cell Culture Techniques, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/genetics/*growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*virology, Human/genetics/growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Poliovirus/genetics/growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Salts/pharmacology, Temperature, Viral/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01750-08}, author = {A M De Roda Husman and Lodder, W. J. and Rutjes, S. A. and Schijven, J. F. and Teunis, P. F.} } @article {1525, title = {Long-term inactivation study of three enteroviruses in artificial surface and groundwaters, using PCR and cell culture}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, note = {de Roda Husman, A M Lodder, W J Rutjes, S A Schijven, J F Teunis, P F M eng 2008/12/17 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Feb;75(4):1050-7. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01750-08. Epub 2008 Dec 12.}, pages = {1050-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Since the transmission of pathogenic viruses via water is indistinguishable from the transmission via other routes and since the levels in drinking water, although significant for health, may be too low for detection, quantitative viral risk assessment is a useful tool for assessing disease risk due to consumption of drinking water. Quantitative viral risk assessment requires information concerning the ability of viruses detected in drinking water to infect their host. To obtain insight into the infectivity of viruses in relation to the presence of virus genomes, inactivation of three different enteroviruses in artificial ground and surface waters under different controlled pH, temperature, and salt conditions was studied by using both PCR and cell culture over time. In salt-peptone medium, the estimated ratio of RNA genomes to infectious poliovirus 1 in freshly prepared suspensions was about 10(0). At 4 degrees C this ratio was 10(3) after 600 days, and at 22 degrees C it was 10(4) after 200 days. For poliovirus 1 and 2 the RNA/infectious virus ratio was higher in artificial groundwater than in artificial surface water, but this was not the case for coxsackievirus B4. When molecular detection is used for virus enumeration, it is important that the fraction of infectious virus (based on all virus genomes detected) decays with time, especially at temperatures near 22 degrees C.}, keywords = {Antiviral Agents/pharmacology Cell Culture Techniques Enterovirus/genetics/*growth \& development/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus B, Human/genetics/growth \& development/isolation \& purification Fresh Water/*virology Hydrogen-Ion Concentration *Microbial Viability Poliovirus/genetics/growth \& development/isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Viral/*isolation \& purification Salts/pharmacology Temperature *Virus Inactivation}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01750-08}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074604}, author = {A M De Roda Husman and Lodder, W. J. and Rutjes, S. A. and Schijven, J. F. and Teunis, P. F.} } @article {8552, title = {{Long-term survival of Toxoplasma gondii sporulated oocysts in seawater}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {95}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1019{\textendash}1020}, author = {Lindsay, DS and Dubey, JP} } @article {12043, title = {Mass drug administration and integrated control for the world{\textquoteright}s high-prevalence neglected tropical diseases}, journal = {Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, volume = {85}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {Hotez, P J
eng
2009/03/27 09:00
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jun;85(6):659-64. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2009.16. Epub 2009 Mar 25.}, month = {Jun}, pages = {659-64}, keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Antiparasitic Agents/*administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Developing Countries, Drug Administration Schedule, Drugs, Essential/*administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Global Health, Helminthiasis/*drug therapy/epidemiology, Humans, prevalence, Trachoma/*drug therapy/epidemiology, Tropical Medicine/*methods}, isbn = {1532-6535 (Electronic)
0009-9236 (Linking)}, author = {Hotez, P. J.} } @article {16535, title = {Mass drug administration and integrated control for the world{\textquoteright}s high-prevalence neglected tropical diseases}, journal = {Clin Pharmacol Ther}, volume = {85}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {659{\textendash}64}, keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Antiparasitic Agents/*administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Developing Countries, Drug Administration Schedule, Drugs, Essential/*administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Global Health, Helminthiasis/*drug therapy/epidemiology, Humans, prevalence, Trachoma/*drug therapy/epidemiology, Tropical Medicine/*methods}, issn = {1532-6535 (Electronic) 0009-9236 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1038/clpt.2009.16}, author = {Hotez, P. J.} } @mastersthesis {6985, title = {Mechanisms of sediment entrainment and transport in rotorcraft brownout}, year = {2009}, note = {1469459}, school = {University of Maryland, College Park}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {To advance the understanding of the phenomenon of rotorcraft brownout, a dual-phase flow environment induced by a small-scale rotor hovering above a sediment bed was studied using high-speed flow visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The high frame rate of the camera, combined with advanced particle recognition and tracking software, permitted an understanding of the temporal evolution of the rotor wake in ground effect simultaneously with the processes of sediment entrainment and transport by the rotor flow. High-resolution near-wall PIV measurements showed that large excursions in the surface boundary layer were produced by the convecting rotor wake vortices. These excursions acted to suppress an equilibrium state in the boundary layer within the zone of vortex impingement on the ground. The highest sediment entrainment levels were observed to occur within this impingement zone, which can be attributed to the increase in groundwash and wall shear produced beneath the vortices. Once entrained, significant quantities of sediment were then trapped and locally suspended by the vortex-induced up-wash field. This effect resulted in a noticeable level of intermittency in the initial vertical transport of sediment from the ground. The ground and upwash flow velocities were shown to strengthen significantly during the viscous merging of adjacent wake vortices. This mechanism proved fundamental in defining the concentration of suspended sediment, as well as the maximum height to which sediment could be transported. Sediment particles reaching sufficient heights were observed to recirculate into the rotor wake, and convect back towards the ground at a high speed. This process caused sediment ejection by means of bombardment or "splash." The classical process of saltation bombardment was also visualized for larger particles whose inertia prevented them from being suspended in the vortical flow. While providing new insight into the time- and length-scales associated with sediment transport by a rotor wake, the observations made here also bring into question the validity of equilibrium particle flux models currently being used for brownout simulations.}, keywords = {0538:Aerospace engineering, Aerospace engineering, Applied sciences, Brownout, Entrainment, Rotorcraft, sediment, Vortex}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304922606?accountid=14270}, author = {Johnson, Bradley} } @article {1805, title = {Metagenomic analysis of viruses in reclaimed water}, journal = {Environ Microbiol}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, note = {Rosario, Karyna Nilsson, Christina Lim, Yan Wei Ruan, Yijun Breitbart, Mya eng R01 HG004456-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ R01HG003521-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. England 2009/06/27 09:00 Environ Microbiol. 2009 Nov;11(11):2806-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01964.x. Epub 2009 Jun 25.}, pages = {2806-20}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Reclaimed water use is an important component of sustainable water resource management. However, there are concerns regarding pathogen transport through this alternative water supply. This study characterized the viral community found in reclaimed water and compared it with viruses in potable water. Reclaimed water contained 1000-fold more virus-like particles than potable water, having approximately 10(8) VLPs per millilitre. Metagenomic analyses revealed that most of the viruses in both reclaimed and potable water were novel. Bacteriophages dominated the DNA viral community in both reclaimed and potable water, but reclaimed water had a distinct phage community based on phage family distributions and host representation within each family. Eukaryotic viruses similar to plant pathogens and invertebrate picornaviruses dominated RNA metagenomic libraries. Established human pathogens were not detected in reclaimed water viral metagenomes, which contained a wealth of novel single-stranded DNA and RNA viruses related to plant, animal and insect viruses. Therefore, reclaimed water may play a role in the dissemination of highly stable viruses. Information regarding viruses present in reclaimed water but not in potable water can be used to identify new bioindicators of water quality. Future studies will need to investigate the infectivity and host range of these viruses to evaluate the impacts of reclaimed water use on human and ecosystem health.}, keywords = {Animals Bacteria/virology Humans *Metagenomics Microscopy, Electron, Transmission Plants/virology Viral Load Virion/ultrastructure Viruses/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification *Water Microbiology Water Purification}, issn = {1462-2920 (Electronic) 1462-2912 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01964.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19555373}, author = {Rosario, K. and Nilsson, C. and Lim, Y. W. and Ruan, Y. and Breitbart, M.} } @article {16874, title = {Metagenomic analysis of viruses in reclaimed water}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {2806{\textendash}2820}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Rosario, Karyna and Nilsson, Christina and Lim, Yan Wei and Ruan, Yijun and Breitbart, Mya} } @article {12615, title = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in people living and working in pig farms}, journal = {Epidemiology \& InfectionEpidemiology \& Infection}, volume = {137}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {700-708}, isbn = {1469-4409}, author = {van den Broek, IVF and Van Cleef, BAGL and Haenen, A and Broens, EM and Van Der Wolf, PJ and Van Den Broek, MJM and Huijsdens, XW and Kluytmans, JAJW and Van De Giessen, AW and Tiemersma, EW} } @article {12616, title = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in people living and working in pig farms}, journal = {Epidemiology \& InfectionEpidemiology \& Infection}, volume = {137}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {700-708}, isbn = {1469-4409}, author = {van den Broek, IVF and Van Cleef, BAGL and Haenen, A and Broens, EM and Van Der Wolf, PJ and Van Den Broek, MJM and Huijsdens, XW and Kluytmans, JAJW and Van De Giessen, AW and Tiemersma, EW} } @article {7335, title = {Methodological challenges in evaluating health care financing equity in data-poor contexts: lessons from {Ghana}, {South} {Africa} and {Tanzania}}, journal = {Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research}, volume = {21}, year = {2009}, pages = {133{\textendash}156}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Measurement of the incidence of health financing contributions across socio-economic groups has proven valuable in informing health care financing reforms. However, there is little evidence as to how to carry out financing incidence analysis (FIA) in lower income settings. We outline some of the challenges faced when carrying out a FIA in Ghana, Tanzania and South Africa and illustrate how innovative techniques were used to overcome data weaknesses in these settings. METHODOLOGY: FIA was carried out for tax, insurance and out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. The primary data sources were Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS) and household surveys conducted in each of the countries; tax authorities and insurance funds also provided information. Consumption expenditure and a composite index of socioeconomic status (SES) were used to assess financing equity. Where possible conventional methods of FIA were applied. Numerous challenges were documented and solution strategies devised. RESULTS: LSMS are likely to underestimate financial contributions to health care by individuals. For tax incidence analysis, reported income tax payments from secondary sources were severely under-reported. Income tax payers and shareholders could not be reliably identified. The use of income or consumption expenditure to estimate income tax contributions was found to be a more reliable method of estimating income tax incidence. Assumptions regarding corporate tax incidence had a huge effect on the progressivity of corporate tax and on overall tax progressivity. LSMS consumption categories did not always coincide with tax categories for goods subject to excise tax (e.g., wine and spirits were combined, despite differing tax rates). Tobacco companies, alcohol distributors and advertising agencies were used to provide more detailed information on consumption patterns for goods subject to excise tax by income category. There was little guidance on how to allocate fuel levies associated with {\textquoteright}public transport{\textquoteright} use. Hence, calculations of fuel tax on public transport were based on individual expenditure on public transport, the average cost per kilometre and average rates of fuel consumption for each form of transport. For insurance contributions, employees will not report on employer contributions unless specifically requested to and are frequently unsure of their contributions. Therefore, we collected information on total health insurance contributions from individual schemes and regulatory authorities. OOP payments are likely to be under-reported due to long recall periods; linking OOP expenditure and illness incidence questions{\textendash}omitting preventive care; and focusing on the last service used when people may have used multiple services during an illness episode. To derive more robust estimates of financing incidence, we collected additional primary data on OOP expenditures together with insurance enrolment rates and associated payments. To link primary data to the LSMS, a composite index of SES was used in Ghana and Tanzania and non-durable expenditure was used in South Africa. POLICY IMPLICATIONS: We show how data constraints can be overcome for FIA in lower income countries and provide recommendations for future studies.}, keywords = {Delivery of Health Care, Developing Countries, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Financial Management, Financing, Ghana, Health, Health Care Surveys, Health Expenditures, Healthcare Disparities, Humans, Income, Insurance, Personal, Social Class, South Africa, Tanzania, Taxes}, issn = {0731-2199}, author = {Borghi, Josephine and Ataguba, John and Mtei, Gemini and Akazili, James and Meheus, Filip and Rehnberg, Clas and Di, McIntyre} } @article {4143, title = {{Methods for parasitic protozoan{\textquoteright}s detection in environmental samples}}, journal = {Parasite}, volume = {16}, year = {2009}, pages = {183{\textendash}190}, author = {Skotarczak, B} } @mastersthesis {6374, title = {Methods to study intervention sustainability using pre-existing, community interventions: {Examples} from the water, sanitation and hygiene sector}, year = {2009}, note = {3402574}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation presents a quasi-experimental study design to evaluate non-randomized, pre-existing community interventions not originally designed to gather rigorous data about sustainability and impact. The core components of the design include selection of a control group using propensity score matching with pre-intervention (baseline) secondary data and post-intervention follow-up in the field. The main advantages of the design include measurement of interventions implemented under actual field conditions (independent of scientific research), as well as the design{\textquoteright}s ability to gather information about the long term impacts and sustainability of interventions without years of costly prospective follow-up. Studies of non-randomized, pre-exisiting interventions must address threats to validity, principal among them: unmeasured confounding and informative censoring. I outline the main strengths and weaknesses of the study design using simulation and empirical examples. I also apply the design in two sustainability field studies: a 3-year household water treatment and hygiene promotion intervention in rural Guatemala and a 5-year community led total sanitation, water supply and hygiene education intervention in rural India. In both studies, the design leads to samples of intervention and control groups with highly comparable baseline characteristics. A principal finding of both field studies is poor initial impact and sustainability of the behavioral components of the interventions. In Guatemala, I find a small, five percentage point increase (8.7\% vs. 3.3\%) in the proportion of households that treat their water six months after the promotion intervention, but no differences in hygiene knowledge or practice, and no detectable differences in child health based on acute illness or growth. In India, I find a large, 33 percentage point increase (48\% vs. 15\%) in private toilet construction as a result of the intervention, but open defecation persists in 40\% of households with functional private toilets. In India, diarrhea is rare in both intervention and control communities (1.8\% over 14,259 child weeks), but most children show growth faltering by international standards (mean height-for-age Z-score: -1.98). Despite no signifiant differences in health between children living in intervention and control villages, I observe important non-health benefits: private toilets increase privacy and safety during defecation for women and girls by 28 percentage points (81\% vs. 53\%), and private water taps reduce water collection time by a median of 25 minutes per day relative to public taps (50 vs. 75 minutes). I also find that hardware improvements are highly sustainable up to five years after implementation with more than 94\% of private toilets and 96\% of private water taps in use during repeated visits over one year. Studies of non-randomized, pre-existing interventions are a rapid, low-cost alternative to prospective intervention studies for evaluating intervention sustainability. The study design and methodology developed in this dissertation are applicable to evaluating a broad range of pre-existing, community interventions beyond the water, sanitation and hygiene sector.}, keywords = {0463:Statistics, 0640:Sustainability, 0766:Epidemiology, Causal inference, Community interventions, epidemiology, Guatemala, Health and environmental sciences, India, Pre-existing interventions, Propensity score matching, Pure sciences, sanitation, Social sciences, Statistics, Sustainability, Water Supply}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304687676?accountid=14270}, author = {Arnold, Benjamin Ford} } @inbook {4680, title = {{Microbial contamination of fresh produce}}, booktitle = {Intentional and unintentional contaminants in food and feed, vol 1020}, year = {2009}, pages = {25{\textendash}45}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, organization = {American Chemical Society}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Keller, SE} } @article {5792, title = {{Microbial diversity of septic tank effluent and a soil biomat.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {3348{\textendash}3351}, author = {Tomaras, Jill and Sahl, Jason W and Siegrist, Robert L and Spear, John R} } @article {14309, title = {Microbial diversity of septic tank effluent and a soil biomat.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {3348{\textendash}3351}, author = {Tomaras, Jill and Sahl, Jason W and Siegrist, Robert L and Spear, John R} } @article {15704, title = {Microbial processes influencing performance of treatment wetlands: A review}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, month = {2009/06/01/}, pages = {987-1004}, keywords = {Constructed wetland, Metal, Nitrogen, PCR-DGGE, Plants, Redox, Rhizosphere, Sulfur}, isbn = {0925-8574}, author = {Faulwetter, Jennifer L. and Gagnon, Vincent and Sundberg, Carina and Chazarenc, Florent and Burr, Mark D. and Brisson, Jacques and Camper, Anne K. and Stein, Otto R.} } @article {6050, title = {Microbial removal rates in subsurface media estimated from published studies of field experiments and large intact soil cores}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1531{\textendash}1559}, author = {Pang, Liping} } @article {458, title = {Microbial removal rates in subsurface media estimated from published studies of field experiments and large intact soil cores}, journal = {Journal of environmental quality}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1531{\textendash}1559}, publisher = {American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society}, author = {Pang, Liping} } @article {6216, title = {Microbiological surveillance of private water supplies in {England} {\textendash} {The} impact of environmental and climate factors on water quality}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, pages = {2159{\textendash}2168}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.035}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135409001122}, author = {Richardson, Hopi Yip and Nichols, Gordon and Lane, Chris and Lake, Iain R. and Hunter, Paul R.} } @article {6391, title = {Microbiological surveillance of private water supplies in {England} {\textendash} {The} impact of environmental and climate factors on water quality}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {2159{\textendash}2168}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.035}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135409001122}, author = {Richardson, Hopi Yip and Nichols, Gordon and Lane, Chris and Lake, Iain R. and Hunter, Paul R.} } @article {11613, title = {{Migration of cerebral sparganosis to the ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere}}, journal = {Acta Parasitologica}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {276{\textendash}280}, abstract = {

We report the case of a 52-year-old man in whom multiple conglomerated ring-enhanced lesions in the left frontal lobe were revealed on magnetic resonance imaging {\{}(MRI);{\}} further, he presented with headache. Subtotal resection of the mass was performed and the histopathological diagnosis of gemistocytic astrocytoma was made. He received postoperative radiotherapy of remnant mass. Six months post-surgery, new multiple lesions were developed on the left cerebellum and the lesion yielded radiological findings that were quite similar to those of the lesion previously observed in the left frontal lobe. Total resection was performed with the aid of neuronavigation and a live yellow 10-cm-long worm with an active scolex was found. A pathologist identified the worm as a sparganum of Spirometra mansoni. This suggests that the live worm may have moved to the ipsilateral cerebellum due to the stimulus from the surgery and radiation on the frontal lobe. Although this case presented characteristic {\{}MRI{\}} findings of sparganosis, we did not conduct a serological test; therefore, we misdiagnosed sparganosis as gemistocytic astrocytoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the ipsilateral transtentorial migration of cerebral sparganosis.

}, issn = {1230-2821}, doi = {10.2478/s11686-009-0035-1}, author = {Eom, Ki and Kim, Tae} } @article {13442, title = {Mirazid shows insignificant activity against ovine fascioliasis}, journal = {Ann Trop Med Parasitol.}, volume = {103}, year = {2009}, pages = {605-616}, author = {Botros, S. S. and El-Lakkany, N. M. and Badawy, A. A. and Soheir, S. and Mahmoud, S. S. and Fatma, A. and Ebeid, F. A. and Fenwick, A.} } @article {11545, title = {{Mitocontrial DNA divergence in populations of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense and its phylogenetic relationship with Diphyllobothrium klebanovskii}}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {22{\textendash}28}, author = {Arizono, N and Shedko, M and Yamada, M and Uchikawa, R and Tegoshi, T and Takeda, T and Hashimoto, K} } @article {3213, title = {{Modelling Escherichia coli concentration in a wastewater reservoir using an operational parameter MRT{\%}FE and first order kinetics}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {604{\textendash}614}, abstract = {The operational parameter MRT{\%}FE, representing the mean residence time of different ages fractions of effluent within a completely mixed reactor, was evaluated and integrated with first order kinetics. The parameter was used to model Escherichia coli concentrations in a municipal wastewater reservoir managed under different operating conditions (continuous and discontinuous). The study was conducted during 2004-2005 in a reservoir receiving effluents from the activated sludge treatment plant of Caltagirone (Eastern Sicily - Italy). The analytical approach is applied to the hydraulic state variables of the system (daily stored volumes, inlet and outlet flows), and the physical-chemical (pH, temperature, EC, TSS, BOD5, COD) and bacteriological wastewater parameters (E. coli, FC, FS). In order to evaluate the reliability of the proposed approach, predicted E. coli concentrations within the reservoir were compared with measured ones by the correlation coefficient, F-test and Sperman{\textquoteright}s index. The study included the evaluation of die-off coefficient KT (d-1), light extinction coefficient K (m-1) and their relationships with climatic factors. Results of the study confirm that E. coli removal is related to the fractions of fresh effluent remaining each day within the reservoir with MRT{\%}FE of about 5-8 d, significantly lower than the nominal detention time (about 27 d). The E. coli die-off coefficient (KT) was higher during system discontinuous operations and correlated with incident solar radiation and water temperature. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Bacteria removal, Mean residence time, Modelling, MRT{\%}FE, Operational parameters, PFE, Wastewater storage}, issn = {03014797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.12.015}, author = {Cirelli, Giuseppe Luigi and Consoli, Simona and Juanic{\'o}, Marcelo} } @article {4281, title = {{Molecular characterization of bacteriophages for microbial source tracking in Korea.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {22}, year = {2009}, month = {nov}, pages = {7107{\textendash}14}, abstract = {

We investigated coliphages from various fecal sources, including humans and animals, for microbial source tracking in South Korea. Both somatic and F+-specific coliphages were isolated from 43 fecal samples from farms, wild animal habitats, and human wastewater plants. Somatic coliphages were more prevalent and abundant than F+ coliphages in all of the tested fecal samples. We further characterized 311 F+ coliphage isolates using RNase sensitivity assays, PCR and reverse transcription-PCR, and nucleic acid sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on the partial nucleic acid sequences of 311 F+ coliphages from various sources. F+ RNA coliphages were most prevalent among geese (95{\%}) and were least prevalent in cows (5{\%}). Among the genogroups of F+ RNA coliphages, most F+ coliphages isolated from animal fecal sources belonged to either group I or group IV, and most from human wastewater sources were in group II or III. Some of the group I coliphages were present in both human and animal source samples. F+ RNA coliphages isolated from various sources were divided into two main clusters. All F+ RNA coliphages isolated from human wastewater were grouped with Qbeta-like phages, while phages isolated from most animal sources were grouped with MS2-like phages. UniFrac significance statistical analyses revealed significant differences between human and animal bacteriophages. In the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), F+ RNA coliphages isolated from human waste were distinctively separate from those isolated from other animal sources. However, F+ DNA coliphages were not significantly different or separate in the PCoA. These results demonstrate that proper analysis of F+ RNA coliphages can effectively distinguish fecal sources.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophage Typing, Coliphages, Coliphages: classification, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, DNA, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Feces, Feces: virology, Humans, Korea, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Republic of Korea, Ribonucleases, Ribonucleases: metabolism, RNA, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Viral, Viral: genetics, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00464-09}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2786510{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Jung E Lee and Lim, Mi Young and Kim, Sei Yoon and Lee, Sunghee and Lee, Heetae and Oh, Hyun-Myung and Hur, Hor-Gil and G Ko} } @article {9506, title = {{Molecular diagnostic tests for microsporidia}}, journal = {Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis}, volume = {2009}, year = {2009}, pages = {926521}, author = {Ghosh, K and Weiss, LM} } @article {454, title = {Molecular epidemiology of G9 rotavirus strains in children with diarrhoea hospitalized in Mainland China from January 2006 to December 2007}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {27}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 8 11}, pages = {F40-F45}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Rotavirus was detected in 52\% of 2328 stool specimens collected from children with acute gastroenteritis admitted to three sentinel hospitals in Mainland China from January 2006 to December 2007. G3P[8] (42\%) was the most common strain. Despite being common globally, only 18 (2\%) G9-positive samples were identified. The VP7, VP4, VP6, and NSP4 genes were sequences for 13 of the G9 strains with G9P[8] being most common and showing the same origin as G9 strains reported in other countries. One G9P[6] strain was possibly derived by reassortment between earlier Chinese G9 strains and more recent local P[6] strains. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, issn = {0264-410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.073}, url = {://WOS:000273415000009}, author = {Li, Dan-di and Liu, Na and Yu, Jie-mei and Zhang, Qing and Cui, Shu-xian and Zhang, Dong-liang and Yang, Su-Hua and Cao, Da-jiang and Xu, Zi-qian and Z J Duan} } @article {9862, title = {{Molecular epidemiology of human Blastocystis isolates in France}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {105}, year = {2009}, pages = {413{\textendash}421}, author = {Souppart, L and Sanciu, G and Cian, A and Wawrzyniak, I and Delbac, F and Capron, M and Dei-Cas, E and Boorom, K and Delhaes, L and Viscogliosi, E} } @article {455, title = {Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhoea among children in Haiphong, Vietnam: The emergence of G3 rotavirus}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {27}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 18 18}, pages = {F75-F80}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {From September 2006- October 2007 hospital-based surveillance was conducted in Haiphong, Vietnam among children less than age 5 years hospitalized for diarrhoea to determine the distribution of G and P types and electropherotypes of rotavirus. Of note, the emergence of G3P[8] was identified and the strain was predominant among rotaviruses detected. More than 90\% of G3P[8] electropherotyped strains shared an identical electropherotype, indicating they were of a single origin and their VP7 sequences were similar to those reported from Japan and China. This abrupt emergence of a novel G3 strains underscores the continued need for quality rotavirus surveillance. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, issn = {0264-410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.074}, url = {://WOS:000273415000015}, author = {Ngo Tuan, Cuong and Nguyen Binh, Minh and Dang Duc, Anh and Nguyen Hoai, Thu and Nguyen Tuan, Tu and Tran Van, Nam and Vu Thi, Thuy and Ogino, Michiko and Alam, Md Mahbub and Nakagomi, Toyoko and Nakagomi, Osamu and Yamashiro, Tetsu} } @article {4099, title = {{Monitoring of Cryptosporidium and Giardia river contamination in Paris area}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, pages = {211{\textendash}217}, author = {Mons, C and Dum{\`e}tre, A and Gosselin, S and Galliot, C and Moulin, L} } @article {11667, title = {{Morphologic and genetic identification of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense in Korea.}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {369{\textendash}375}, abstract = {

Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense was first described by Yamane in 1986 but the taxonomical features have been obscure due to lack of critical morphologic criteria in its larval and adult stages. In Korea, this tapeworm had long been known as Diphyllobothrium latum. In this study, we observed 62 specimens collected from Korean residents and analyzed them by morphological features and nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cox1 gene as well as the {\{}ITS1{\}} region. Adult tapeworms were examined after carmine or trichrome stain. Longitudinal sections of the gravid proglottids showed an obtuse angle of about 150 degree between the cirrus sac and seminal vesicle. This angle is known as a major differential point compared with that of D. latum. Nucleotide sequence differences between D. latum and the specimens from Koreans represented 17.3{\%} in mitochondrial {\{}DNA{\}} cox1 gene. Sequence divergence of {\{}ITS1{\}} among 4 Korean isolates was 0.3{\%} and similarity was 99.7{\%} with D. nihonkaiense and D. klebanovskii. All of the Korean specimens analyzed in this study were identified as being D. nihonkaiense (n = 62). We propose its Korean name as {\{}\"Dong-hae-gin-chon-chung\"{\}} which means \&$\#$39;long tapeworm of the East Sea\&$\#$39; for this newly analyzed diphyllobothriid tapeworm in Korea.

}, issn = {0023-4001}, doi = {10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.369}, author = {Jeon, Hyeong-Kyu and Kim, Kyu-Heon and Huh, Sun and Chai, Jong-Yil and Min, Duk-Young and Rim, Han-Jong and Eom, Keeseon} } @mastersthesis {6791, title = {Motion at low {Reynolds} number}, year = {2009}, note = {0821625}, school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The work described in this thesis centers on inertialess motion at low Reynolds numbers at the crossroad between biofluids and microfluids. Here we address questions regarding locomotion of micro-swimmers, transport of nutrient around micro-organisms as well as mixing and heat exchange inside micro-droplets of water. A general framework for the investigation of optimal locomotion strategies for slender swimmers has been developed and applied to different systems. Here we exclusively study the hydrodynamical aspects of locomotion without further consideration for the swimmers internal dynamics. The first system studied is the "three-link" swimmer, first introduced and discussed by Nobel prize laureate E.M. Purcell in his famous lecture "Life at low Reynolds number" [121]. For this simple swimmer, we find and later discuss optimal stroke kinematics and swimmer geometries. We then further investigate flagellated swimmers and verify the convergence of the optimization procedure in the case of a single flagellum, for which the optimal stroke kinematics are known analytically. Optimal stroke kinematics and geometries for uniflagellates are also computed and found to be relevant in the context of biological microorganisms. We then turn our attention to stroke kinematics of biflagellates and demonstrate that all the different strokes, which are experimentally observed to be performed by biflagellated organisms such as green algae chlamydomonas , are found to be local hydrodynamical optima. These observations strongly suggest the central role of hydrodynamics in the internal dynamical organization of the stroke patterns. Finally, we present experimental results on convective transport and mixing inside small droplets of water sitting on superhydrophobic substrates. We demonstrate by a scaling analysis, that the regular convection pattern is due to a thermocapillary driven Marangoni flow at the surface of the droplet. We develop an analytical solution for the temperature and flow field inside the droplet, which is found to be in agreement with our experimentally recorded data. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)}, keywords = {0538:Aerospace engineering, Aerospace engineering, Applied sciences, Inertialess motion, Locomotion, Low-Reynolds number}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305097023?accountid=14270}, author = {Tam, Daniel See-Wai} } @article {304, title = {Multiple novel astrovirus species in human stool}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.1099/vir.0.014449-0}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.014449-0}, author = {Kapoor, A and Li, L and Victoria, J and Oderinde, B} } @article {2491, title = {Multiple novel astrovirus species in human stool}, year = {2009}, author = {Kapoor, A and Li, L and Victoria, J and Oderinde, B} } @article {3615, title = {Multiple novel astrovirus species in human stool}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {90}, number = {12}, year = {2009}, pages = {2965{\textendash}2972}, author = {Kapoor, A and Li, L and Victoria, J and Oderinde, B and Mason, C and Pandey, P and Zaidi, S Z and Delwart, E} } @mastersthesis {6369, title = {Municipal bonds and water the {US} experience in financing its water supply and implications for developing countries}, year = {2009}, note = {3388842}, school = {New School University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation provides a historical analysis of the US experience in financing its water supply systems from the late 18th century until the Great Depression. The concluding chapter discusses implications for developing countries. The dissertation suggests that the increase in financial intermediation in the municipal bond market has been the major determinant for the level of public expenditure on water supply systems during the 19 th century, while municipal reform measures helped sustain the market in the early 20th century. Key developments that promoted the municipal bond market included financial reforms during the late 18th century, open market improvements in the second half of the 19th century and municipal finance reform measures in the late 19th and early 20th century. Evidence on who invested into municipal bonds corroborates a Gurley and Shaw view on the history of the market for primary securities. Periods with low municipal bond yields featured an increased level of financial intermediation. Periods of rising yields corresponded to a larger role of non-financial spending units. Moreover, the first three decades of the 20 th century, particularly the 1920s, confirm the expected shift from bank to non-bank financial intermediaries in the market. The last chapter derives a framework of analysis for the municipal bond market that takes into account the US experience and current challenges faced by developing countries, with separate case studies for South Africa and India. On the demand-side, the chapter identifies financial intermediaries and investors with suitable portfolio needs, issuer familiarity and confidence, the ability to trade securities on secondary markets and low credit and market risk as key characteristics of a sound municipal bond market. Supply-side features consist of improved capacity of municipalities to manage and support debt, low issuance costs, suitable regulatory and legal environments and credit enhancements.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0508:Finance, 0509:Economic history, 0700:Social structure, Bonds, Developing Countries, Economic history, economics, Finance, Financial sector development, History of financial markets, Municipal bonds, Social sciences, Social structure, water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305170936?accountid=14270}, author = {Platz, Daniel} } @article {14049, title = {Nationwide outbreak of {STEC} {O}157 infection in the {Netherlands}, {December} 2008-{January} 2009: continuous risk of consuming raw beef products.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europ{\'e}en sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, abstract = {The Netherlands experienced a nationwide outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 with onset of symptoms from the end of December 2008 until the end of January 2009. A total of 20 laboratory-confirmed cases were linked to the outbreak strain, serotype O157: H-, stx1, stx2, eae and e-hly positive. The investigation into the source of this outbreak is still ongoing, but evidence so far suggests that infection occurred as a result of consuming contaminated raw meat (steak tartare).}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19250626}, author = {Greenland, K and de Jager, C and Heuvelink, A and van der Zwaluw, K and Heck, M and Notermans, D and Van Pelt, W and Friesema, I} } @article {8021, title = {{Nationwide outbreak of STEC O157 infection in the Netherlands, December 2008-January 2009: continuous risk of consuming raw beef products.}}, journal = {Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, abstract = {

The Netherlands experienced a nationwide outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 with onset of symptoms from the end of December 2008 until the end of January 2009. A total of 20 laboratory-confirmed cases were linked to the outbreak strain, serotype O157: H-, stx1, stx2, eae and e-hly positive. The investigation into the source of this outbreak is still ongoing, but evidence so far suggests that infection occurred as a result of consuming contaminated raw meat (steak tartare).

}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19250626}, author = {Greenland, K and de Jager, C and Heuvelink, A and van der Zwaluw, K and Heck, M and Notermans, D and Van Pelt, W and Friesema, I} } @article {1652, title = {New electropositive filter for concentrating enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, note = {Karim, Mohammad R Rhodes, Eric R Brinkman, Nichole Wymer, Larry Fout, G Shay eng Comparative Study Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2009/02/17 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Apr;75(8):2393-9. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00922-08. Epub 2009 Feb 13.}, pages = {2393-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency{\textquoteright}s information collection rule requires the use of 1MDS electropositive filters for concentrating enteric viruses from water, but unfortunately, these filters are not cost-effective for routine viral monitoring. In this study, an inexpensive electropositive cartridge filter, the NanoCeram filter, was evaluated for its ability to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water. Seeded viruses were concentrated using the adsorption-elution procedure. The mean percent retention of seeded polioviruses by NanoCeram filters was 84\%. To optimize the elution procedure, six protocols, each comprising two successive elutions with various lengths of filter immersion, were evaluated. The highest virus recovery (77\%) was obtained by immersing the filters in beef extract for 1 minute during the first elution and for 15 min during the second elution. The recovery efficiencies of poliovirus, coxsackievirus B5, and echovirus 7 from 100-liter samples of seeded tap water were 54\%, 27\%, and 32\%, respectively. There was no significant difference in virus recovery from tap water with a pH range of 6 to 9.5 and a water flow rate range of 5.5 liters/min to 20 liters/min. Finally, poliovirus and Norwalk virus recoveries by NanoCeram filters were compared to those by 1MDS filters, using tap water and Ohio River water. Poliovirus and Norwalk virus recoveries by NanoCeram filters from tap and river water were similar to or higher than those by the 1MDS filters. These data suggest that NanoCeram filters can be used as an inexpensive alternative to 1MDS filters for routine viral monitoring of water.}, keywords = {Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Filtration/*methods Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Norovirus/*isolation \& purification RNA, Viral/genetics Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction United States Virology/*methods *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00922-08}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19218410}, author = {Karim, M. R. and Rhodes, E. R. and Brinkman, N. and Wymer, L. and Fout, G. S.} } @article {14726, title = {New electropositive filter for concentrating enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, year = {2009}, month = {apr}, pages = {2393{\textendash}9}, abstract = {The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency{\textquoteright}s information collection rule requires the use of 1MDS electropositive filters for concentrating enteric viruses from water, but unfortunately, these filters are not cost-effective for routine viral monitoring. In this study, an inexpensive electropositive cartridge filter, the NanoCeram filter, was evaluated for its ability to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water. Seeded viruses were concentrated using the adsorption-elution procedure. The mean percent retention of seeded polioviruses by NanoCeram filters was 84\%. To optimize the elution procedure, six protocols, each comprising two successive elutions with various lengths of filter immersion, were evaluated. The highest virus recovery (77\%) was obtained by immersing the filters in beef extract for 1 minute during the first elution and for 15 min during the second elution. The recovery efficiencies of poliovirus, coxsackievirus B5, and echovirus 7 from 100-liter samples of seeded tap water were 54\%, 27\%, and 32\%, respectively. There was no significant difference in virus recovery from tap water with a pH range of 6 to 9.5 and a water flow rate range of 5.5 liters/min to 20 liters/min. Finally, poliovirus and Norwalk virus recoveries by NanoCeram filters were compared to those by 1MDS filters, using tap water and Ohio River water. Poliovirus and Norwalk virus recoveries by NanoCeram filters from tap and river water were similar to or higher than those by the 1MDS filters. These data suggest that NanoCeram filters can be used as an inexpensive alternative to 1MDS filters for routine viral monitoring of water.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Filtration/*methods, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, United States, Viral/genetics, Virology/*methods}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00922-08}, author = {Karim, M. R. and Rhodes, E. R. and Brinkman, N. and Wymer, L. and Fout, G. S.} } @article {15004, title = {New electropositive filter for concentrating enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, year = {2009}, month = {apr}, pages = {2393{\textendash}9}, abstract = {The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency{\textquoteright}s information collection rule requires the use of 1MDS electropositive filters for concentrating enteric viruses from water, but unfortunately, these filters are not cost-effective for routine viral monitoring. In this study, an inexpensive electropositive cartridge filter, the NanoCeram filter, was evaluated for its ability to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water. Seeded viruses were concentrated using the adsorption-elution procedure. The mean percent retention of seeded polioviruses by NanoCeram filters was 84\%. To optimize the elution procedure, six protocols, each comprising two successive elutions with various lengths of filter immersion, were evaluated. The highest virus recovery (77\%) was obtained by immersing the filters in beef extract for 1 minute during the first elution and for 15 min during the second elution. The recovery efficiencies of poliovirus, coxsackievirus B5, and echovirus 7 from 100-liter samples of seeded tap water were 54\%, 27\%, and 32\%, respectively. There was no significant difference in virus recovery from tap water with a pH range of 6 to 9.5 and a water flow rate range of 5.5 liters/min to 20 liters/min. Finally, poliovirus and Norwalk virus recoveries by NanoCeram filters were compared to those by 1MDS filters, using tap water and Ohio River water. Poliovirus and Norwalk virus recoveries by NanoCeram filters from tap and river water were similar to or higher than those by the 1MDS filters. These data suggest that NanoCeram filters can be used as an inexpensive alternative to 1MDS filters for routine viral monitoring of water.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Filtration/*methods, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, United States, Viral/genetics, Virology/*methods}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00922-08}, author = {Karim, M. R. and Rhodes, E. R. and Brinkman, N. and Wymer, L. and Fout, G. S.} } @article {8359, title = {A new planning and design paradigm to achieve sustainable resource recovery from wastewater}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {16}, year = {2009}, pages = {126{\textendash}130}, doi = {10.1021/es9010515}, author = {Guest, J.S. and Skerlos, S.J. and Barnard, J.L. and Beck, M.B. and Daigger, G.T. and Hilger, H. and Jackson, S.J. and Karvazy, K. and Kelly, L. and Macpherson, L. and J R Mihelcic and Pramanik, A. and Raskin, L. and Van Loosrecht, M.C.M. and Yeh, D. and Love, N.G.} } @mastersthesis {6204, title = {{NGOs} and {CBOs} working in partnership on waterborne disease prevention in {Dhaka}, {Bangladesh}}, year = {2009}, note = {1468280}, school = {Tufts University}, type = {phdM.{A}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis identifies the current activities of six NGOs and CBOs in Ward 61, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and analyzes the future partnership possibilities for waterborne disease prevention among non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs), in cooperation with the local government. A series of interviews (n=9) with NGOs, CBOs, and members of the public sector, a focus group discussion, and school visits were conducted. The results indicate that there is strong possibility for establishing partnerships among existing NGOs and CBOs to conduct water, sanitation, and hygiene programs in schools and communities of the study area. Recommendations are made for building partnerships, renovating water and sanitation facilities in schools to be child- and gender-friendly, improving the utilization of existing water and sanitation facilities in schools, carrying out hygiene education, and implementing an awareness-raising campaign for community members. Specific emphasis is placed on women and children{\textquoteright}s participation and cost-sharing with communities.}, keywords = {0630:Public policy, 0999:Urban planning, And hygiene education in schools, Bangladesh, Community-based organization, Dhaka, NGO-CBO partnership, Non-governmental organization, Public policy, sanitation, Social sciences, Urban planning, water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305005418?accountid=14270}, author = {Ohikata, Makito} } @article {3886, title = {Nitazoxanide vs. probiotics for the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhea in children: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial in {Bolivian} children.}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {518{\textendash}523}, abstract = {

In previous studies, nitazoxanide has demonstrated a cytoprotective effect against rotavirus, reducing the duration of diarrhea in comparison to placebo. We designed a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial in order to assess the effectiveness of nitazoxanide and probiotics in comparison with a control group.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2008.09.014}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2008.09.014}, author = {Teran, Carlos G and Teran-Escalera, Carlos N and Villarroel, Patricia} } @article {13991, title = {Nonculturable response of animal enteropathogens in the agricultural environment and implications for food safety}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1342{\textendash}1354}, abstract = {Concerns about animal enteropathogen contamination of fresh horticultural products have,increased worldwide and are mainly due to the ability of bacteria to survive under stress conditions in the agricultural environment and during raw-vegetable processing. This review challenges the idea that the viable but nonculturable phenomenon that has been proven to occur in plant-associated environments contributes to human pathogen survival and might be correlated with foodborne infection. Factors associated with the nonculturable response of bacteria in the field and during postharvest processing and distribution are discussed, specifically for the most common animal enteropathogens linked with the consumption of raw products: Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Shigella spp. The accurate detection of live bacterial populations is essential for pathogen screening in food and environmental safety control and in epidemiological analysis and may have to be considered for identification of critical control points at the time of food inspection.}, author = {Dinu, L D and Delaquis, P and Bach, S} } @article {2216, title = {{Nonculturable response of animal enteropathogens in the agricultural environment and implications for food safety}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1342{\textendash}1354}, edition = {2009/07/21}, abstract = {Concerns about animal enteropathogen contamination of fresh horticultural products have,increased worldwide and are mainly due to the ability of bacteria to survive under stress conditions in the agricultural environment and during raw-vegetable processing. This review challenges the idea that the viable but nonculturable phenomenon that has been proven to occur in plant-associated environments contributes to human pathogen survival and might be correlated with foodborne infection. Factors associated with the nonculturable response of bacteria in the field and during postharvest processing and distribution are discussed, specifically for the most common animal enteropathogens linked with the consumption of raw products: Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Shigella spp. The accurate detection of live bacterial populations is essential for pathogen screening in food and environmental safety control and in epidemiological analysis and may have to be considered for identification of critical control points at the time of food inspection.}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Dinu, L D and Delaquis, P and Bach, S} } @booklet {10466, title = {{Norma Salvadore{\~n}a Obligatoria NSO 13.07.01:08. Agua, Agua Potable (Segunda Actualizaci{\'o}n). Ministerio de Salud}}, year = {2009}, address = {San Salvador, El Salvador} } @booklet {10467, title = {{Norma Salvadore{\~n}a Obligatoria NSO 13.49.01:09. Agua, Aguas Residuales Descargadas a un Cuerpo Receptor, Acuerdo No. 249, Diario Oficial}}, year = {2009}, address = {San Salvador, El Salvador} } @article {5606, title = {{Norovirus distribution within an estuarine environment}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {17}, year = {2009}, pages = {5474{\textendash}5480}, abstract = {Human norovirus (NoV) has been studied extensively as an important cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. While oysters are a primary vehicle for infection, few studies have examined the wider distribution of NoV in the estuarine environment. Active shellfish-harvesting areas in Georgia were examined for the prevalence, genotype diversity, and concentrations of NoV in a variety of estuarine sample types over the course of 1 year. Of the 225 samples (9 oyster, 72 water, 72 63- to 200-microm plankton, and 72 {\textgreater}200-microm plankton) collected from 12 stations across two estuaries, 21 samples (9.3{\%}) tested positive for NoV. By sample type, 55.0{\%} (5/9) of oysters, 8.3{\%} (6/72) of water samples, 11.1{\%} (8/72) of 63- to 200-microm plankton samples, and 2.8{\%} (2/72) of {\textgreater}200-microm plankton samples were positive for human NoV. The two NoV-positive {\textgreater}200-microm plankton samples, which contained mainly zooplankton, had the greatest quantity of NoV genomes (3.5 x 10(13) and 1.7 x 10(15) genomes g(-1)) of any sample tested. The majority, 90.5{\%} (19/21), of the samples tested positive for genogroup I NoV, and only 9.5{\%} (2/21) of the samples tested positive for genogroup II. The high concentrations of NoV in plankton samples compared to water and oyster samples were unexpected and provide new insights into the presence and distribution of human NoV in the water environment.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00111-09}, author = {Gentry, Jennifer and J Vinj{\'e} and Guadagnoli, Dominic and Lipp, Erin K.} } @article {5559, title = {{Norovirus Illness Is a Global Problem: Emergence and Spread of Norovirus GII.4 Variants, 2001{\textendash}2007}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {200}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {802{\textendash}812}, issn = {0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/605127}, url = {http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1086/605127}, author = {Joukje J Siebenga and Vennema, Harry and D P Zheng and J Vinj{\'e} and Lee, Bonita~E. and X L Pang and Eric CM Ho and Lim, Wilina and Choudekar, Avinash and Broor, Shobha and Halperin, Tamar and Nassar BG Rasool and Hewitt, Joanne and Greening, Gail~E. and Jin, Miao and Z J Duan and Lucero, Yalda and O{\textquoteright}Ryan, Miguel and Hoehne, Marina and Schreier, Eckart and Ratcliff, Rodney~M. and White, Peter~A. and Iritani, Nobuhiro and Reuter, G{\'a}bor and Koopmans, Marion} } @article {12719, title = {{North American paragonimiasis (caused by Paragonimus kellicoti) in the context of global paragonimiasis}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {22}, year = {2009}, pages = {415{\textendash}446}, author = {Procop, GW} } @article {7679, title = {Novel Campylobacter lari-like bacteria from humans and molluscs: description of Campylobacter peloridis sp. nov., Campylobacter lari subsp. concheus subsp. nov. and Campylobacter lari subsp. larisubsp. nov}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {59}, year = {2009}, pages = {1126-1132}, author = {Debruyne,L. and On,S. and De Brandt,E. and Vandamme,P.} } @article {7670, title = {Nucleic acids as viability markers for bacteria detection using molecular tools}, journal = {Future Microbiology}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, note = {Feb; Nucleic acids as viability markers for bacteria detection using molecular tools; ISI:000263752500009; Cenciarini-Borde, Claire Courtois, Sophie La Scola, Bernard; M3: 10.2217/17460913.4.1.45; ID: 559}, pages = {45-64}, isbn = {1746-0913}, author = {Cenciarini-Borde,C. and Courtois,S. and La Scola,B.} } @article {13157, title = {The occurrence and antibiotic resistance of motile Aeromonas in livestock}, journal = {Tropical Animal Health and Production}, volume = {41}, year = {2009}, pages = {199-204}, author = {Ceylan, E. and Berktas, M. and Z. A{\u g}ao{\u g}lu} } @article {10711, title = {{Occurrence and distribution of some bacteria along the southern coast of Kerala}}, journal = {Indian Journal of Marine Sciences}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {97{\textendash}103}, author = {Ouseph, PP and Prasanthan, V and Abhilash, PP and Udayakumar, P} } @article {7954, title = {{Occurrence and levels of fecal indicators and pathogenic bacteria in market-ready recycled organic matter composts}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {332{\textendash}339}, edition = {2009/04/09}, abstract = {

Landfill diversion of organic wastes through composting is making compost products available for agricultural and horticultural crops. On certified organic farms, nonsludge green waste and manure composts are widely used because the use of these products removes harvest date restrictions imposed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture when raw manure is applied. We quantified several pathogens in point-of-sale composts from 94 nonsludge facilities processing 2.2 million m3 year(-1) of recycled green waste. Only one compost contained Salmonella (1.8 most probable number [MPN]/4 g), 28{\%} had fecal coliforms exceeding the Environmental Protection Agency 503 sludge hygiene limits (1000 MPN g(-1)), and 6{\%} had detectable Escherichia coli O157:H7. In 22 of 47 samples, very low levels of Listeria spp. were found. However, in one sample the Listeria level was very high, coinciding with the highest overall level of all pathogen indicators. Seventy percent of the compost samples were positive for Clostridium perfringens, but only 20{\%} of the samples had levels {\textgreater}1000 CFU/g. All samples were positive for fecal streptococci, and 47{\%} had {\textgreater}1000 MPN g(-1). Statistical analyses conducted using documented site characteristics revealed that factors contributing to elevated pathogen levels were large facility size, large pile size, and immaturity of compost. Application of the California Compost Maturity Index distinguished compost products that had very low levels of E. coli from those with high levels. Products produced with windrow methods were of higher microbiological quality than were those produced with static pile methods, and point-of-sale bagged composts scored very high. These data indicate that compost that is hygienic by common standards can be produced, but more effort is required to improve hygiene consistency in relation to management practices.

}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print)0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {W F Briton and Storms, P and Blewett, T C} } @article {14797, title = {Occurrence and levels of fecal indicators and pathogenic bacteria in market-ready recycled organic matter composts}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {332{\textendash}339}, abstract = {Landfill diversion of organic wastes through composting is making compost products available for agricultural and horticultural crops. On certified organic farms, nonsludge green waste and manure composts are widely used because the use of these products removes harvest date restrictions imposed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture when raw manure is applied. We quantified several pathogens in point-of-sale composts from 94 nonsludge facilities processing 2.2 million m3 year(-1) of recycled green waste. Only one compost contained Salmonella (1.8 most probable number [MPN]/4 g), 28\% had fecal coliforms exceeding the Environmental Protection Agency 503 sludge hygiene limits (1000 MPN g(-1)), and 6\% had detectable Escherichia coli O157:H7. In 22 of 47 samples, very low levels of Listeria spp. were found. However, in one sample the Listeria level was very high, coinciding with the highest overall level of all pathogen indicators. Seventy percent of the compost samples were positive for Clostridium perfringens, but only 20\% of the samples had levels {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater1000 CFU/g. All samples were positive for fecal streptococci, and 47\% had {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater1000 MPN g(-1). Statistical analyses conducted using documented site characteristics revealed that factors contributing to elevated pathogen levels were large facility size, large pile size, and immaturity of compost. Application of the California Compost Maturity Index distinguished compost products that had very low levels of E. coli from those with high levels. Products produced with windrow methods were of higher microbiological quality than were those produced with static pile methods, and point-of-sale bagged composts scored very high. These data indicate that compost that is hygienic by common standards can be produced, but more effort is required to improve hygiene consistency in relation to management practices.}, author = {W F Brinton and Storms, P and Blewett, T C} } @article {2174, title = {{Occurrence and levels of fecal indicators and pathogenic bacteria in market-ready recycled organic matter composts}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {332{\textendash}339}, edition = {2009/04/09}, abstract = {Landfill diversion of organic wastes through composting is making compost products available for agricultural and horticultural crops. On certified organic farms, nonsludge green waste and manure composts are widely used because the use of these products removes harvest date restrictions imposed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture when raw manure is applied. We quantified several pathogens in point-of-sale composts from 94 nonsludge facilities processing 2.2 million m3 year(-1) of recycled green waste. Only one compost contained Salmonella (1.8 most probable number [MPN]/4 g), 28\% had fecal coliforms exceeding the Environmental Protection Agency 503 sludge hygiene limits (1000 MPN g(-1)), and 6\% had detectable Escherichia coli O157:H7. In 22 of 47 samples, very low levels of Listeria spp. were found. However, in one sample the Listeria level was very high, coinciding with the highest overall level of all pathogen indicators. Seventy percent of the compost samples were positive for Clostridium perfringens, but only 20\% of the samples had levels >1000 CFU/g. All samples were positive for fecal streptococci, and 47\% had >1000 MPN g(-1). Statistical analyses conducted using documented site characteristics revealed that factors contributing to elevated pathogen levels were large facility size, large pile size, and immaturity of compost. Application of the California Compost Maturity Index distinguished compost products that had very low levels of E. coli from those with high levels. Products produced with windrow methods were of higher microbiological quality than were those produced with static pile methods, and point-of-sale bagged composts scored very high. These data indicate that compost that is hygienic by common standards can be produced, but more effort is required to improve hygiene consistency in relation to management practices.}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {W F Brinton and Storms, P and Blewett, T C} } @article {13941, title = {Occurrence and levels of fecal indicators and pathogenic bacteria in market-ready recycled organic matter composts}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {332{\textendash}339}, abstract = {Landfill diversion of organic wastes through composting is making compost products available for agricultural and horticultural crops. On certified organic farms, nonsludge green waste and manure composts are widely used because the use of these products removes harvest date restrictions imposed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture when raw manure is applied. We quantified several pathogens in point-of-sale composts from 94 nonsludge facilities processing 2.2 million m3 year(-1) of recycled green waste. Only one compost contained Salmonella (1.8 most probable number [MPN]/4 g), 28\% had fecal coliforms exceeding the Environmental Protection Agency 503 sludge hygiene limits (1000 MPN g(-1)), and 6\% had detectable Escherichia coli O157:H7. In 22 of 47 samples, very low levels of Listeria spp. were found. However, in one sample the Listeria level was very high, coinciding with the highest overall level of all pathogen indicators. Seventy percent of the compost samples were positive for Clostridium perfringens, but only 20\% of the samples had levels {\textbackslash}textgreater1000 CFU/g. All samples were positive for fecal streptococci, and 47\% had {\textbackslash}textgreater1000 MPN g(-1). Statistical analyses conducted using documented site characteristics revealed that factors contributing to elevated pathogen levels were large facility size, large pile size, and immaturity of compost. Application of the California Compost Maturity Index distinguished compost products that had very low levels of E. coli from those with high levels. Products produced with windrow methods were of higher microbiological quality than were those produced with static pile methods, and point-of-sale bagged composts scored very high. These data indicate that compost that is hygienic by common standards can be produced, but more effort is required to improve hygiene consistency in relation to management practices.}, author = {W F Brinton and Storms, P and Blewett, T C} } @article {7289, title = {Occurrence and persistence of enteroviruses, noroviruses and {F}-specific {RNA} phages in natural wastewater biofilms}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, month = {nov}, pages = {4780{\textendash}4789}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.020}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135409003297}, author = {Skraber, Sylvain and Ogorzaly, Leslie and Helmi, Karim and Maul, Armand and Hoffmann, Lucien and H M Cauchie and Gantzer, Christophe} } @article {16894, title = {Occurrence and persistence of enteroviruses, noroviruses and F-specific RNA phages in natural wastewater biofilms}, journal = {water research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, pages = {4780{\textendash}4789}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Skraber, Sylvain and Ogorzaly, Leslie and Helmi, Karim and Maul, Armand and Hoffmann, Lucien and Cauchie, Henry-Michel and Gantzer, Christophe} } @article {5586, title = {{Occurrence and persistence of enteroviruses, noroviruses and F-specific RNA phages in natural wastewater biofilms}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, pages = {4780{\textendash}4789}, abstract = {

Enteroviruses and noroviruses are pathogenic viruses excreted by infected individuals. Discharged in wastewaters, some of these viruses can be captured by biofilms. In the present study, we assessed the occurrence and persistence of these viruses in wastewaters and in corresponding biofilms. Natural wastewaters and biofilms were analyzed monthly from January to July using real-time RT-PCR. Enterovirus RNA was detected in wastewater in June while norovirus RNA was detected from January to March. In contrast, biofilm analysis revealed the presence of both enterovirus and norovirus genomes throughout the study period. For instance, enterovirus and norovirus genogroups (GG) I and II were detected in 50, 46 and 37{\%} of the biofilm samples, respectively (n = 24). In a laboratory experiment, persistence of norovirus GGI RNA (quantified using molecular techniques) and F-specific bacteriophages (quantified using both culture and molecular techniques) was assessed in wastewater and corresponding naturally-contaminated biofilms at both 4 and 20 ??C. The concentrations of viral genomes (norovirus GGI and F-specific RNA phage) were very stable in biofilms. Indeed, no significant decrease was observed during the persistence experiment that lasted 49 days. Furthermore, regardless of our experimental conditions, viral genome and infectious F-specific bacteriophages persisted longer in biofilm than in wastewater. According to our results, wastewater biofilms may contribute to the persistence and dispersal of pathogenic viruses outside of epidemic periods. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1879-2448 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.020}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.020}, author = {Skraber, Sylvain and Ogorzaly, Leslie and Helmi, Karim and Maul, Armand and Hoffmann, Lucien and Henry M Cauchie and Gantzer, Christophe} } @article {1840, title = {Occurrence and persistence of enteroviruses, noroviruses and F-specific RNA phages in natural wastewater biofilms}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, note = {Skraber, Sylvain Ogorzaly, Leslie Helmi, Karim Maul, Armand Hoffmann, Lucien Cauchie, Henry-Michel Gantzer, Christophe eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2009/07/21 09:00 Water Res. 2009 Nov;43(19):4780-9. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.020. Epub 2009 May 27.}, pages = {4780-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Enteroviruses and noroviruses are pathogenic viruses excreted by infected individuals. Discharged in wastewaters, some of these viruses can be captured by biofilms. In the present study, we assessed the occurrence and persistence of these viruses in wastewaters and in corresponding biofilms. Natural wastewaters and biofilms were analyzed monthly from January to July using real-time RT-PCR. Enterovirus RNA was detected in wastewater in June while norovirus RNA was detected from January to March. In contrast, biofilm analysis revealed the presence of both enterovirus and norovirus genomes throughout the study period. For instance, enterovirus and norovirus genogroups (GG) I and II were detected in 50, 46 and 37\% of the biofilm samples, respectively (n=24). In a laboratory experiment, persistence of norovirus GGI RNA (quantified using molecular techniques) and F-specific bacteriophages (quantified using both culture and molecular techniques) was assessed in wastewater and corresponding naturally-contaminated biofilms at both 4 and 20 degrees C. The concentrations of viral genomes (norovirus GGI and F-specific RNA phage) were very stable in biofilms. Indeed, no significant decrease was observed during the persistence experiment that lasted 49 days. Furthermore, regardless of our experimental conditions, viral genome and infectious F-specific bacteriophages persisted longer in biofilm than in wastewater. According to our results, wastewater biofilms may contribute to the persistence and dispersal of pathogenic viruses outside of epidemic periods.}, keywords = {*Biofilms Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring Norovirus/*isolation \& purification RNA Phages/*isolation \& purification Sewage/*virology}, issn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.020}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19616820}, author = {Skraber, S. and Ogorzaly, L. and Helmi, K. and Maul, A. and Hoffmann, L. and Cauchie, H. M. and Gantzer, C.} } @article {4090, title = {{Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes and subtypes in raw and treated water in Portugal}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {48}, year = {2009}, pages = {732{\textendash}737}, author = {Lobo, M and Xiao, L and Antunes, F and Matos, O} } @article {15794, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes and subtypes in raw and treated water in Portugal}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, month = {Jun}, pages = {732-7}, edition = {2009/05/06}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium/classification/cytology/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*parasitology, genotype, Giardia/classification/cytology/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/*parasitology, Humans, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Oocysts/classification/cytology, Portugal}, isbn = {0266-8254}, author = {Lobo, M. L. and Xiao, L. and Antunes, F. and Matos, O.} } @article {4157, title = {{Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Italian water supplies}}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {152}, year = {2009}, pages = {203{\textendash}207}, author = {Vernile, A and Nabi, AQ and Bonadonna, L and Briancesco, R and Massa, S} } @article {3997, title = {{Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts in the river water of two recreational areas in Selangor, Malaysia}}, journal = {Tropical Biomedicine}, volume = {26}, year = {2009}, pages = {289{\textendash}302}, author = {Azman, J and Init, I and Wan, J and Yusoff, WS} } @article {4163, title = {{Occurrence of Giardia lamblia in recreational streams in Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland}}, journal = {Environmental Research}, volume = {109}, year = {2009}, pages = {524{\textendash}527}, author = {Wicki, M and Svoboda, P and Tanner, M} } @article {13241, title = {Occurrence of motile Aeromonas in municipal drinking water and distribution of genes encoding virulence factors}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {135}, year = {2009}, pages = {158-164}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.08.020}, author = {Pablos, M. and Rodriguez-Calleja, J. M. and Santos, J. A. and Otero, A. and Garcia-Lopez, M. L.} } @article {10648, title = {{Occurrence of potentially pathogenic vibrios in the final effluents of a wastewater treatment facility in a rural community of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa}}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {160}, year = {2009}, pages = {531{\textendash}537}, author = {Igbinosa, EO and Obi, CL and Okoh, AI} } @article {7261, title = {Occurrence of \textit{{Cryptosporidium}} and \textit{{Giardia}} genotypes and subtypes in raw and treated water in {Portugal}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, year = {2009}, month = {mar}, issn = {02668254, 1472765X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02605.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02605.x}, author = {Lobo, M.L. and Xiao, L. and Antunes, F. and Matos, O.} } @article {8506, title = {{Ocular toxoplasmosis: the influence of patient age}}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {351{\textendash}357}, author = {Holland, GN} } @article {8559, title = {{Oocyst wall formation and composition in coccidian parasites}}, journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {104}, year = {2009}, pages = {281{\textendash}289}, author = {Mai, K and Sharman, PA and Walker, RA and Katrib, M and Souza, DD and McConville, MJ and Wallach, MG and Belli, SI and Ferguson, DJ and Smith, NC} } @article {3783, title = {An outbreak of group {C} rotavirus infection in an elementary school in {Shimane} prefecturend sewage-polluted river waters in {Caracas}, {Venezuela}.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {387{\textendash}394}, abstract = {The detection and molecular characterization of pathogenic human viruses in urban sewage have been used extensively to derive information on circulating viruses in given populations throughout the world. In this study, a similar approach was applied to provide an overview of the epidemiology of waterborne gastroenteritis viruses circulating in urban areas of Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela in South America. Dry season sampling was conducted in sewers and in a major river severely polluted with urban sewage discharges. Nested \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} was used for detection of human adenoviruses \{\{\}(HAds),\{\}\} while reverse transcription plus nested or seminested \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} was used for detection of enteroviruses \{\{\}(HuEVs),\{\}\} rotaviruses \{\{\}(HRVs),\{\}\} noroviruses \{\{\}(HuNoVs),\{\}\} and astroviruses \{\{\}(HAstVs).\{\}\} \{\{\}HRVs\{\}\} were fully characterized with genotype-specific primers for \{\{\}VP4\{\}\} (genotype P), \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} (genotype G), and the rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 \{\{\}(NSP4).\{\}\} \{\{\}HuNoVs\{\}\} and \{\{\}HAstVs\{\}\} were characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The detection rates of all viruses were \{{\textbackslash}textgreater\}or=50\{\%\}, and all sampling events were positive for at least one of the pathogenic viruses studied. The predominant \{\{\}HRV\{\}\} types found were G1, P[8], P[4], and \{\{\}NSP4A\{\}\} and \{\{\}-B.\{\}\} Genogroup \{\{\.I}I\{\}\} of \{\{\}HuNoVs\{\}\} and \{\{\}HAstV\{\}\} type 8 were frequently detected in sewage and sewage-polluted river waters. This study reveals relevant epidemiological data on the distribution and persistence of human pathogenic viruses in sewage-polluted waters and addresses the potential health risks associated with transmission of these viruses through water-related environmental routes.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02045-08}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02045-08}, author = {J Rodr{\'\i}guez-D{\'\i}az and Querales, L and Caraballo, L and Vizzi, E and Liprandi, F and Takiff, H and Betancourt, W Q} } @article {5742, title = {{An Outbreak of Hepatitis A Associated with the Consumption of Raw Beef}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {207{\textendash}2010}, author = {Robesyn, E and K De Schrijver and Wollants, E and Top, G and Verbeeck, J. and Van Ranst, M} } @booklet {9961, title = {{Outbreaks of waterborne diseases. fact sheet 1.1}}, journal = {World Health Organization Europe}, number = {December}, year = {2009}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, publisher = {World Health Organization} } @article {4927, title = {Outbreaks updates for international cruise ships}, year = {2009}, url = {http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/vsp/surv/Gllist.htm $\#$2009} } @article {12711, title = {{Paragonimus heterotremus infection in Nagaland: a new focus of paragonimiasis in India}}, journal = {Indian J Med Microbiol}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {123{\textendash}127}, author = {Singh, TS and Sugiyama, H and Umehara, A and Hiese, S and Khalo, K} } @article {4705, title = {{Parasite egg contamination of vegetables from a suburban market in Hanoi, Vietnam}}, journal = {Nepal Medical College Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {75{\textendash}78}, author = {Uga, S and Hoa, NT and Noda, S and Moji, K and Cong, L and Aoki, Y and Rai, SK and Fujimaki, Y} } @article {11676, title = {{Parasites causing disease in wild and cultured fish in Newfoundland}}, journal = {Icelandic Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {22}, year = {2009}, pages = {29{\textendash}35}, author = {Khan, RA} } @article {11449, title = {Parasitic contamination of wells drinking water in Mazandaran Province}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Science \& Engineering}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {241-246}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Yousefi, Z and Enayati, A and Mohammadpoor, R} } @article {9440, title = {{Parasitic Contamination of Wells Drinking Water in Mazandaran Province}}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {241{\textendash}246}, author = {Yousefi, Z and Hezarjaribi, HZ and Enayati, AA and Mohammadpoor, RA} } @article {4868, title = {{Parasitoses intestinais de indigenas da comunidade Mapuera (Oriximina, Estado do Para, Brasil): elevada prevalencia de Blastocystis hominis and finding of Cryptosporidium sp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis}}, journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical}, volume = {42}, year = {2009}, pages = {348{\textendash}350}, author = {J Dias Borges and RS Rodriguez Alarcon and V Amato Net and Gakiya, E} } @article {8801, title = {{Peepoo bag: self-sanitising single use biodegradable toilet}}, journal = {Water Science {\&} Technology}, volume = {59}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {1743}, abstract = {Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene together with deficient nutritional status are major contributors to the global burden of disease. Safe collection, disposal and reuse of human excreta would enable the risk of transmission of diseases to be decreased and household food security to be increased in many regions. However, the majority of the 2.5 billion people lacking improved sanitation comprise poor people in societies with weak infrastructure. This study developed a low cost sanitation option requiring little investment and maintenance{\textendash}a single use, self-sanitising, biodegradable toilet (Peepoo bag) and tested it for smell, degradability and hygiene aspects. It was found that no smell was detectable from a 25 microm thick bag filled with faeces during 24 h in a 10 m2 room at 30 degrees C. Bags that had been in contact with urea-treated faeces or urine for 2 months in air, compost or water at 24 or 37 degrees C showed little signs of degradation. Furthermore, pathogen inactivation modelling of the 4 g of urea present in the bag indicated that appropriate sanitation of faecal material collected is achieved in the bag within 2-4 weeks, after which the bag can be degraded and reused as fertiliser.}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2009.184}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19448309 http://wst.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wst.2009.184}, author = {Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas and Hedenkvist, Mikael and Nordin, Annika and Wilhelmson, Anders} } @article {8825, title = {Peepoo bag: self-sanitising single use biodegradable toilet}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {59}, year = {2009}, pages = {1743{\textendash}1749}, author = {Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas and Hedenkvist, Mikael and Nordin, Annika and Wilhelmson, Anders} } @article {11026, title = {Peepoo bag: self-sanitising single use biodegradable toilet}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {59}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {1743{\textendash}1749}, abstract = {Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene together with deficient nutritional status are major contributors to the global burden of disease. Safe collection, disposal and reuse of human excreta would enable the risk of transmission of diseases to be decreased and household food security to be increased in many regions. However, the majority of the 2.5 billion people lacking improved sanitation comprise poor people in societies with weak infrastructure. This study developed a low cost sanitation option requiring little investment and maintenance{\textemdash}a single use, self-sanitising, biodegradable toilet (Peepoo bag) and tested it for smell, degradability and hygiene aspects. It was found that no smell was detectable from a 25 μm thick bag filled with faeces during 24 h in a 10 m2 room at 30{\textdegree}C. Bags that had been in contact with urea-treated faeces or urine for 2 months in air, compost or water at 24 or 37{\textdegree}C showed little signs of degradation. Furthermore, pathogen inactivation modelling of the 4 g of urea present in the bag indicated that appropriate sanitation of faecal material collected is achieved in the bag within 2{\textendash}4 weeks, after which the bag can be degraded and reused as fertiliser.}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2009.184}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/59/9/1743.abstract}, author = {Vinner{\r a}s, Bj{\"o}rn and Hedenkvist, Mikael and Nordin, Annika and Wilhelmson, Anders} } @article {13794, title = {Pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator of fecal pollution}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {22}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Accurate indicators of fecal pollution are needed in order to minimize public health risks associated with wastewater contamination in recreational waters. However, the bacterial indicators currently used for monitoring water quality do not correlate with the presence of pathogens. Here we demonstrate that the plant pathogen Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is widespread and abundant in wastewater from the United States, suggesting the utility of this virus as an indicator of human fecal pollution. Quantitative PCR was used to determine the abundance of PMMoV in raw sewage, treated wastewater, seawater exposed to wastewater, and fecal samples and/or intestinal homogenates from a wide variety of animals. PMMoV was present in all wastewater samples at concentrations greater than 1 million copies per milliliter of raw sewage. Despite the ubiquity of PMMoV in human feces, this virus was not detected in the majority of animal fecal samples tested, with the exception of chicken and seagull samples. PMMoV was detected in four out of six seawater samples collected near point sources of secondary treated wastewater off southeastern Florida, where it co-occurred with several other pathogens and indicators of fecal pollution. Since PMMoV was not found in nonpolluted seawater samples and could be detected in surface seawater for approximately 1 week after its initial introduction, the presence of PMMoV in the marine environment reflects a recent contamination event. Together, these data demonstrate that PMMoV is a promising new indicator of fecal pollution in coastal environments. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00410-09}, author = {Rosario, K. and Symonds, E.M. and Sinigalliano, C. and Stewart, J. and Breitbart, M.} } @article {7595, title = {{Pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator of fecal pollution}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {22}, year = {2009}, pages = {7261-7267}, abstract = {

Accurate indicators of fecal pollution are needed in order to minimize public health risks associated with wastewater contamination in recreational waters. However, the bacterial indicators currently used for monitoring water quality do not correlate with the presence of pathogens. Here we demonstrate that the plant pathogen Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is widespread and abundant in wastewater from the United States, suggesting the utility of this virus as an indicator of human fecal pollution. Quantitative PCR was used to determine the abundance of PMMoV in raw sewage, treated wastewater, seawater exposed to wastewater, and fecal samples and/or intestinal homogenates from a wide variety of animals. PMMoV was present in all wastewater samples at concentrations greater than 1 million copies per milliliter of raw sewage. Despite the ubiquity of PMMoV in human feces, this virus was not detected in the majority of animal fecal samples tested, with the exception of chicken and seagull samples. PMMoV was detected in four out of six seawater samples collected near point sources of secondary treated wastewater off southeastern Florida, where it co-occurred with several other pathogens and indicators of fecal pollution. Since PMMoV was not found in nonpolluted seawater samples and could be detected in surface seawater for approximately 1 week after its initial introduction, the presence of PMMoV in the marine environment reflects a recent contamination event. Together, these data demonstrate that PMMoV is a promising new indicator of fecal pollution in coastal environments. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00410-09}, author = {Rosario, K. and Symonds, E.M. and Sinigalliano, C. and Stewart, J. and Breitbart, M.} } @article {1806, title = {Pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator of fecal pollution}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, number = {22}, year = {2009}, note = {Rosario, Karyna Symonds, Erin M Sinigalliano, Christopher Stewart, Jill Breitbart, Mya eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2009/09/22 06:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Nov;75(22):7261-7. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00410-09. Epub 2009 Sep 18.}, pages = {7261-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Accurate indicators of fecal pollution are needed in order to minimize public health risks associated with wastewater contamination in recreational waters. However, the bacterial indicators currently used for monitoring water quality do not correlate with the presence of pathogens. Here we demonstrate that the plant pathogen Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is widespread and abundant in wastewater from the United States, suggesting the utility of this virus as an indicator of human fecal pollution. Quantitative PCR was used to determine the abundance of PMMoV in raw sewage, treated wastewater, seawater exposed to wastewater, and fecal samples and/or intestinal homogenates from a wide variety of animals. PMMoV was present in all wastewater samples at concentrations greater than 1 million copies per milliliter of raw sewage. Despite the ubiquity of PMMoV in human feces, this virus was not detected in the majority of animal fecal samples tested, with the exception of chicken and seagull samples. PMMoV was detected in four out of six seawater samples collected near point sources of secondary treated wastewater off southeastern Florida, where it co-occurred with several other pathogens and indicators of fecal pollution. Since PMMoV was not found in nonpolluted seawater samples and could be detected in surface seawater for approximately 1 week after its initial introduction, the presence of PMMoV in the marine environment reflects a recent contamination event. Together, these data demonstrate that PMMoV is a promising new indicator of fecal pollution in coastal environments.}, keywords = {Animals Bacteria/genetics/isolation \& purification Birds Environmental Monitoring/*methods Feces/microbiology/parasitology/*virology Florida Genes, Viral/genetics Humans Intestines/microbiology/virology Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Seawater/microbiology/parasitology/virology Sewage/microbiology/parasitology/virology Time Factors Tobamovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification/*physiology Water/pa}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00410-09}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19767474}, author = {Rosario, K. and Symonds, E. M. and Sinigalliano, C. and Stewart, J. and Breitbart, M.} } @article {17382, title = {Percolation and survival of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in soil amended with contaminated dairy manure or slurry}, journal = {Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.}, year = {2009}, month = {March 6, 2009}, pages = {AEM.01791-08}, author = {Semenov, Alexander V. and van Overbeek, Leo and van Bruggen, Ariena H. C.} } @article {16301, title = {{The persistence of bifidobacteria populations in a river measured by molecular and culture techniques}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {107}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {oct}, pages = {1178{\textendash}1185}, abstract = {AIMS To determine relative to faecal coliforms (FC) and sulfite-reducing clostridia (SRC), the environmental persistence of natural populations of Bifidobacterium spp. enumerated by culturing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). METHODS AND RESULTS Dialysis tubing containing river supplemented with overnight cultures of Bifidobacterium adolescentis (BA) and Bifidobacterium dentium (BD) or urban wastewater were suspended in a river for up to 10 days. At intervals, the contents of each dialysis tube were assayed using q-PCR assays for BA and BD, and selective culture media for FC, SRC, total bifidobacteria (TB), sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria (SFB) and cultivable BA. Mean summer T(90) values were 251 h for SRC, 92 h for FC, 48 h for BA and BD by q-PCR, and 9 h for TB. CONCLUSIONS Bifidobacterium spp. was the population with the lowest persistence, showing seasonal differences in T(90) when measured by culture techniques or by q-PCR. This difference in relative persistence is because of a longer persistence of molecular targets than cultivable cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The persistence of a viable bifidobacteria cells is shorter, but the longest persistence of molecular targets. This factor could be used for origin the faecal pollution in water for the development of microbial source tracking (MST).}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04297.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19486397 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04297.x}, author = {Bonjoch, X. and Lucena, F. and Blanch, A.R.} } @article {6360, title = {Persistence of nucleic acid markers of health-relevant organisms in seawater microcosms: {Implications} for their use in assessing risk in recreational waters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, month = {nov}, pages = {4929{\textendash}4939}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.047}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135409003583}, author = {Walters, Sarah P. and Yamahara, Kevan M. and Boehm, Alexandria B.} } @article {9132, title = {{Persistence of nucleic acid markers of health-relevant organisms in seawater microcosms: Implications for their use in assessing risk in recreational waters}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, month = {nov}, pages = {4929{\textendash}4939}, keywords = {Enterococci QPCR, Enterovirus persistence, Fecal indicator bacteria, Human-specific Bacteroidales, Nucleic acid persistence}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.047}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135409003583}, author = {Walters, Sarah P and Yamahara, Kevan M and Boehm, Alexandria B} } @article {8595, title = {{Persistent toxoplasma bradyzoite cysts in the brain: incidental finding in an immunocompetent patient without evidence of a toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Clinical neuropathology}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {210{\textendash}212}, author = {Pusch, L and Romeike, B and Deckert, M and Mawrin, C} } @article {3655, title = {Phylogenetic analysis indicates human origin of rotavirus and hepatitis A virus strains found in the drinking water of western Colombia.}, journal = {Biomedica : Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {209{\textendash}217}, abstract = {

\{\{\}Quibd\{\&\}\{\#\}xF3;,\{\}\} the capital of \{\{\}Choc\{\&\}\{\#\}xF3;\{\}\} Province, is one of the poorest cities in Colombia. Enteric viruses such as rotavirus and hepatitis A virus was found to occur commonly in city drinking water and indicated poor water quality and high risk of becoming infected. The source of these viruses was unknown, but humans and cattle were suspect sources.

}, author = {Moreno, Sandra and Alvarado, M{\'o}nica V V and Berm{\'u}dez, Andrea and Guti{\'e}rrez, Mar{\'\i}a F F} } @article {14156, title = {Pilot- and bench-scale testing of faecal indicator bacteria survival in marine beach sand near point sources.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {jul}, pages = {72{\textendash}84}, abstract = {AIM: Factors affecting faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and pathogen survival/persistence in sand remain largely unstudied. This work elucidates how biological and physical factors affect die-off in beach sand following sewage spills. METHODS AND RESULTS: Solar disinfection with mechanical mixing was pilot-tested as a disinfection procedure after a large sewage spill in Los Angeles. Effects of solar exposure, mechanical mixing, predation and/or competition, season, and moisture were tested at bench scale. First-order decay constants for Escherichia coli ranged between -0.23 and -1.02 per day, and for enterococci between -0.5 and -1.0 per day. Desiccation was a dominant factor for E. coli but not enterococci inactivation. Effects of season were investigated through a comparison of experimental results from winter, spring, and fall. CONCLUSIONS: Moisture was the dominant factor controlling E. coli inactivation kinetics. Initial microbial community and sand temperature were also important factors. Mechanical mixing, common in beach grooming, did not consistently reduce bacterial levels. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Inactivation rates are mainly dependent on moisture and high sand temperature. Chlorination was an effective disinfection treatment in sand microcosms inoculated with raw influent.}, keywords = {Colony Count, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Environmental monitoring, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: growth \& development, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: microbiology, Microbial, Seasons, Seawater, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Silicon Dioxide, Sunlight, Temperature, United States, water}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04197.x}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3938294\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Mika, K B and Imamura, G and Chang, C and Conway, V and Fernandez, G and Griffith, J F and Kampalath, R A and Lee, C M and Lin, C-C and Moreno, R and Thompson, S and Whitman, R L and Jay, J A} } @article {8092, title = {{Pilot- and bench-scale testing of faecal indicator bacteria survival in marine beach sand near point sources.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {jul}, pages = {72{\textendash}84}, abstract = {

AIM: Factors affecting faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and pathogen survival/persistence in sand remain largely unstudied. This work elucidates how biological and physical factors affect die-off in beach sand following sewage spills. METHODS AND RESULTS: Solar disinfection with mechanical mixing was pilot-tested as a disinfection procedure after a large sewage spill in Los Angeles. Effects of solar exposure, mechanical mixing, predation and/or competition, season, and moisture were tested at bench scale. First-order decay constants for Escherichia coli ranged between -0.23 and -1.02 per day, and for enterococci between -0.5 and -1.0 per day. Desiccation was a dominant factor for E. coli but not enterococci inactivation. Effects of season were investigated through a comparison of experimental results from winter, spring, and fall. CONCLUSIONS: Moisture was the dominant factor controlling E. coli inactivation kinetics. Initial microbial community and sand temperature were also important factors. Mechanical mixing, common in beach grooming, did not consistently reduce bacterial levels. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Inactivation rates are mainly dependent on moisture and high sand temperature. Chlorination was an effective disinfection treatment in sand microcosms inoculated with raw influent.

}, keywords = {Colony Count, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Environmental monitoring, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: growth {\&} development, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: microbiology, Microbial, Seasons, Seawater, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Silicon Dioxide, Sunlight, Temperature, United States, water}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04197.x}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3938294{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Mika, K B and Imamura, G and Chang, C and Conway, V and Fernandez, G and Griffith, J F and Kampalath, R A and Lee, C M and Lin, C-C and Moreno, R and Thompson, S and Whitman, R L and Jay, J A} } @article {2352, title = {{Pilot- and bench-scale testing of faecal indicator bacteria survival in marine beach sand near point sources.}}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {jul}, pages = {72{\textendash}84}, abstract = {AIM: Factors affecting faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and pathogen survival/persistence in sand remain largely unstudied. This work elucidates how biological and physical factors affect die-off in beach sand following sewage spills. METHODS AND RESULTS: Solar disinfection with mechanical mixing was pilot-tested as a disinfection procedure after a large sewage spill in Los Angeles. Effects of solar exposure, mechanical mixing, predation and/or competition, season, and moisture were tested at bench scale. First-order decay constants for Escherichia coli ranged between -0.23 and -1.02 per day, and for enterococci between -0.5 and -1.0 per day. Desiccation was a dominant factor for E. coli but not enterococci inactivation. Effects of season were investigated through a comparison of experimental results from winter, spring, and fall. CONCLUSIONS: Moisture was the dominant factor controlling E. coli inactivation kinetics. Initial microbial community and sand temperature were also important factors. Mechanical mixing, common in beach grooming, did not consistently reduce bacterial levels. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Inactivation rates are mainly dependent on moisture and high sand temperature. Chlorination was an effective disinfection treatment in sand microcosms inoculated with raw influent.}, keywords = {Colony Count, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Environmental monitoring, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: growth \& development, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: microbiology, Microbial, Seasons, Seawater, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Silicon Dioxide, Sunlight, Temperature, United States, water}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04197.x}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3938294\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Mika, K B and Imamura, G and Chang, C and Conway, V and Fernandez, G and Griffith, J F and Kampalath, R A and Lee, C M and Lin, C-C and Moreno, R and Thompson, S and Whitman, R L and Jay, J A} } @article {7295, title = {Point-of-use water filtration reduces healthcare-associated infections in bone marrow transplant recipients: {Water} filtration in healthcare-associated infection}, journal = {Transplant Infectious Disease}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {sep}, pages = {238{\textendash}241}, issn = {13982273, 13993062}, doi = {10.1111/j.1399-3062.2009.00459.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2009.00459.x}, author = {Cervia, J.S. and Farber, B. and Armellino, D. and Klocke, J. and Bayer, R.-L. and McAlister, M. and Stanchfield, I. and Canonica, F.P. and Ortolano, G.A.} } @article {1457, title = {Potential biosentinels of human waste in marine coastal waters: bioaccumulation of human noroviruses and enteroviruses from sewage-polluted waters by indigenous mollusks}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {158}, number = {1-2}, year = {2009}, note = {Asahina, Audrey Y Lu, Y Wu, C Fujioka, R S Loh, P C eng Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. Netherlands 2009/02/07 09:00 J Virol Methods. 2009 Jun;158(1-2):46-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.01.013. Epub 2009 Feb 3.}, pages = {46-50}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

A major problem of existing methods to monitor for viral pathogens in large bodies of water (i.e., coastal waters) is in the initial viral recovery and concentration of these viruses. In this report, the indigenous filter-feeding bivalve mollusk, Isognomon sp., ubiquitous in the Indo-Pacific area, has been used successfully in this critical initial sequence (virus recovery) to bioaccumulate human enteropathogenic viruses from seawater seeded experimentally with either raw sewage or human norovirus-positive stool samples. Characteristic amplicons representing the human noroviruses (213 bp) and enteroviruses (196 bp) were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) employing specific primers. The data indicate the high feasibility of employing these mollusks to serve as practical biosentinels of waters contaminated with sewage in coastal and island communities.

}, keywords = {Animals Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/*methods Humans Mollusca/*virology Norovirus/*isolation \& purification RNA, Viral/genetics Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Seawater/*virology Sewage/*virology}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.01.013}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19195487}, author = {Asahina, A. Y. and Lu, Y. and Wu, C. and Fujioka, R. S. and Loh, P. C.} } @article {14861, title = {Potential biosentinels of human waste in marine coastal waters: bioaccumulation of human noroviruses and enteroviruses from sewage-polluted waters by indigenous mollusks}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {158}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {46{\textendash}50}, abstract = {A major problem of existing methods to monitor for viral pathogens in large bodies of water (i.e., coastal waters) is in the initial viral recovery and concentration of these viruses. In this report, the indigenous filter-feeding bivalve mollusk, Isognomon sp., ubiquitous in the Indo-Pacific area, has been used successfully in this critical initial sequence (virus recovery) to bioaccumulate human enteropathogenic viruses from seawater seeded experimentally with either raw sewage or human norovirus-positive stool samples. Characteristic amplicons representing the human noroviruses (213 bp) and enteroviruses (196 bp) were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) employing specific primers. The data indicate the high feasibility of employing these mollusks to serve as practical biosentinels of waters contaminated with sewage in coastal and island communities.}, keywords = {Animals, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Humans, Mollusca/*virology, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, RNA, Seawater/*virology, Sewage/*virology, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.01.013}, author = {Asahina, A. Y. and Lu, Y. and Wu, C. and Fujioka, R. S. and Loh, P. C.} } @article {14449, title = {Potential biosentinels of human waste in marine coastal waters: bioaccumulation of human noroviruses and enteroviruses from sewage-polluted waters by indigenous mollusks}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {158}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {46{\textendash}50}, abstract = {A major problem of existing methods to monitor for viral pathogens in large bodies of water (i.e., coastal waters) is in the initial viral recovery and concentration of these viruses. In this report, the indigenous filter-feeding bivalve mollusk, Isognomon sp., ubiquitous in the Indo-Pacific area, has been used successfully in this critical initial sequence (virus recovery) to bioaccumulate human enteropathogenic viruses from seawater seeded experimentally with either raw sewage or human norovirus-positive stool samples. Characteristic amplicons representing the human noroviruses (213 bp) and enteroviruses (196 bp) were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) employing specific primers. The data indicate the high feasibility of employing these mollusks to serve as practical biosentinels of waters contaminated with sewage in coastal and island communities.}, keywords = {Animals, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Humans, Mollusca/*virology, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, RNA, Seawater/*virology, Sewage/*virology, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1879-0984 (Electronic) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.01.013}, author = {Asahina, A. Y. and Lu, Y. and Wu, C. and Fujioka, R. S. and Loh, P. C.} } @inbook {1366, title = {Presence and environmental circulation of enteric viruses in three different wastewater treatment plants}, booktitle = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {106}, year = {2009}, note = {Petrinca, A R Donia, D Pierangeli, A Gabrieli, R Degener, A M Bonanni, E Diaco, L Cecchini, G Anastasi, P Divizia, M Journal of applied microbiology JAM4128 [pii] J Appl Microbiol. 2009 May;106(5):1608-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04128.x. Epub 2009 Feb 16.}, pages = {1608-17}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {AIMS: The aim of the work was to evaluate the circulation of the viruses and to determine a correlation between faecal indicators and viruses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Raw wastewater and effluent samples were collected from three wastewater treatment plants, during three sampling periods, and analysed, using cultural and molecular methods, to determine bacteria and virus presence. The results show a removal of bacterial indicators, but a limited reduction of the phages. The viral analysis displays the circulation of cultivable enteroviruses and differences in the seasonal-geographical distribution. Hepatitis A virus was found with only two genotypes: IA-IB. Rotavirus was present in 11.11\%, 24.14\%, 2.78\% of the samples in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd sampling periods; Astrovirus in 33.33\%, 6.9\%, 25\%; Adenovirus in 7.41\%, 3.45\%, 2.78\%; Norovirus in 7.41\%, 10.34\%, 5.56\% respectively. Adenovirus was never identified in plants B and C as Rotavirus in plant C. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of faecal indicators was not predictive of the enteric virus presence, whereas a different circulation of Enteroviruses was found in the wastewater treatment plants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study shows the importance and the usefulness of molecular methods to evaluate the virus circulation and the genetic variability of Enteroviruses.}, keywords = {Coliphages/isolation \& purification Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification Enterovirus/classification/genetics/ isolation \& purification Feces/microbiology/virology Gastrointestinal Diseases/ virology Genome, Fluid/ methods Water Microbiology, Viral Hepatitis A virus/classification/genetics/ isolation \& purification Phylogeny RNA Phages/isolation \& purification RNA, Viral/isolation \& purification Waste Disposal}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04128.x}, author = {Petrinca, A. R. and Donia, D. and Pierangeli, A. and Gabrieli, R. and Degener, A. M. and Bonanni, E. and Diaco, L. and Cecchini, G. and Anastasi, P. and Divizia, M.} } @article {10430, title = {Presence and Environmental Circulation of Enteric Viruses in Three Different Wastewater Treatment Plants}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {106}, year = {2009}, pages = {1608-17}, author = {Petrinca, A.R. and Donia, D. and Pierangeli, A. and Gabrieli, R. and Degener, A.M. and Bonanni, E. and Diaco, L. and Cecchini, G. and Anastasi, P. and Divizia, M.} } @article {3261, title = {{Presence and environmental circulation of enteric viruses in three different wastewater treatment plants.}}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {106}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {1608{\textendash}17}, abstract = {AIMS: The aim of the work was to evaluate the circulation of the viruses and to determine a correlation between faecal indicators and viruses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Raw wastewater and effluent samples were collected from three wastewater treatment plants, during three sampling periods, and analysed, using cultural and molecular methods, to determine bacteria and virus presence. The results show a removal of bacterial indicators, but a limited reduction of the phages. The viral analysis displays the circulation of cultivable enteroviruses and differences in the seasonal-geographical distribution. Hepatitis A virus was found with only two genotypes: IA-IB. Rotavirus was present in 11.11{\%}, 24.14{\%}, 2.78{\%} of the samples in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd sampling periods; Astrovirus in 33.33{\%}, 6.9{\%}, 25{\%}; Adenovirus in 7.41{\%}, 3.45{\%}, 2.78{\%}; Norovirus in 7.41{\%}, 10.34{\%}, 5.56{\%} respectively. Adenovirus was never identified in plants B and C as Rotavirus in plant C. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of faecal indicators was not predictive of the enteric virus presence, whereas a different circulation of Enteroviruses was found in the wastewater treatment plants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study shows the importance and the usefulness of molecular methods to evaluate the virus circulation and the genetic variability of Enteroviruses.}, keywords = {Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, enterovirus, Enterovirus: classification, Enterovirus: genetics, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Gastrointestinal Diseases: virology, Genome, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis A virus: classification, Hepatitis A virus: genetics, Hepatitis A virus: isolation {\&} purification, Phylogeny, RNA, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, Viral, Viral: isolation {\&} purification, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04128.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19226391}, author = {Petrinca, a R and Donia, D and Pierangeli, a and Gabrieli, R and Degener, a M and Bonanni, E and Diaco, L and Cecchini, G and Anastasi, P and Divizia, M} } @article {16860, title = {Presence and environmental circulation of enteric viruses in three different wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {106}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {1608{\textendash}1617}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Petrinca, AR and Donia, D and Pierangeli, a and Gabrieli, R and Degener, AM and Bonanni, E and Diaco, L and Cecchini, G and Anastasi, P and Divizia, M} } @article {17504, title = {{Presence and environmental circulation of enteric viruses in three different wastewater treatment plants}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {106}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {1608{\textendash}1617}, abstract = {Aims: The aim of the work was to evaluate the circulation of the viruses and to determine a correlation between faecal indicators and viruses. Methods and Results: Raw wastewater and effluent samples were collected from three wastewater treatment plants, during three sampling periods, and analysed, using cultural and molecular methods, to determine bacteria and virus presence. The results show a removal of bacterial indicators, but a limited reduction of the phages. The viral analysis displays the circulation of cultivable enteroviruses and differences in the seasonal-geographical distribution. Hepatitis A virus was found with only two genotypes: IA-IB. Rotavirus was present in 11{\textperiodcentered}11{\%}, 24{\textperiodcentered}14{\%}, 2{\textperiodcentered}78{\%} of the samples in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd sampling periods; Astrovirus in 33{\textperiodcentered}33{\%}, 6{\textperiodcentered}9{\%}, 25{\%}; Adenovirus in 7{\textperiodcentered}41{\%}, 3{\textperiodcentered}45{\%}, 2{\textperiodcentered}78{\%}; Norovirus in 7{\textperiodcentered}41{\%}, 10{\textperiodcentered}34{\%}, 5{\textperiodcentered}56{\%} respectively. Adenovirus was never identified in plants B and C as Rotavirus in plant C. Conclusions: The presence of faecal indicators was not predictive of the enteric virus presence, whereas a different circulation of Enteroviruses was found in the wastewater treatment plants. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study shows the importance and the usefulness of molecular methods to evaluate the virus circulation and the genetic variability of Enteroviruses. {\textcopyright} 2009 The Society for Applied Microbiology.}, keywords = {Biotechnology, Genotyping, Molecular biology, Viruses, wastewater}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04128.x}, author = {Petrinca, A. R. and Donia, D. and Pierangeli, A. and Gabrieli, R. and Degener, A. M. and Bonanni, E. and Diaco, L. and Cecchini, G. and Anastasi, P. and Divizia, M.} } @article {13893, title = {Presence of {Helicobacter} pylori in {Drinking} {Water} is {Associated} with {Clinical} {Infection}}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, year = {2009}, month = {jul}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori was detected using molecular methods in untreated well water. The presence of H. pylori in the wells correlated with infection in consumers and with the presence of Escherichia coli, indicating fecal contamination. Consumption of untreated well water should be considered a risk factor for H. pylori infection.}, keywords = {drinking water}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/003655401317074536?journalCode=infd19$\#$.Vqib07IDMTU.mendeley}, author = {Baker, Katherine H. and Hegarty, John P.} } @inbook {8265, title = {{Presence of Helicobacter pylori in Drinking Water is Associated with Clinical Infection}}, booktitle = {Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, year = {2009}, month = {jul}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, abstract = {

Helicobacter pylori was detected using molecular methods in untreated well water. The presence of H. pylori in the wells correlated with infection in consumers and with the presence of Escherichia coli, indicating fecal contamination. Consumption of untreated well water should be considered a risk factor for H. pylori infection.

}, keywords = {drinking water}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/003655401317074536?journalCode=infd19{\#}.Vqib07IDMTU.mendeley}, author = {Baker, Katherine H. and Hegarty, John P.} } @article {2023, title = {The presence of intestinal parasites in selected vegetables from open markets in south western Nigeria}, journal = {African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences}, volume = {38}, year = {2009}, pages = {319-324}, author = {Ogbolu, D. G. and Alli, O. A. and Ongunleye, V. F. and Olusoga-Ogbolu, F. F. and Olaosun, I.} } @article {5149, title = {{Presence of parasitic protozoa and helminth in sewage and efficiency of sewage treatment in Tunisia.}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, month = {aug}, pages = {393{\textendash}406}, abstract = {

Helminth eggs and protozoan cysts were enumerated in raw and treated wastewater in Tunisia in order to determine their removal by wastewater treatment and to provide quantitative data for developing regulations for wastewater quality that are currently lacking. Raw and treated wastewater samples were collected from 17 plants in Tunisia during 2006-2007 and analyzed for parasites using the modified Bailenger method. Two groups of parasites, namely, Ascaris sp., Entamoeba coli, Enterobius vermicularis, and Taenia sp. (group 1) and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Giardia sp., and Taenia sp. (group 2) could statistically be distinguished according to their removal by wastewater treatment. Group 1 parasites were removed by 1.1 log(10) (92.4{\%}) and group 2 parasites by 0.61 log(10) (76{\%}). The ubiquitous presence of parasitic protozoa in Tunisian wastewater and ineffective wastewater treatment lead to their proliferation in surface waters with a high probability of exposure of human and animals to these parasites and consequent adverse health effects, as is apparent from epidemiologic data as well. This study provides a quantitative basis for risk assessment studies and development of mitigation strategies, such as improving wastewater treatment efficiency.

}, keywords = {Animals, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Eukaryota, Eukaryota: isolation {\&} purification, Helminths, Helminths: isolation {\&} purification, Humans, Parasite Egg Count, Sewage, Sewage: parasitology, Tunisia, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, isbn = {0043600913}, issn = {1432-1955}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-009-1396-y}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19333622}, author = {Ben Ayed, L and Schijven, J and Alouini, Z and Jemli, M and Sabbahi, S} } @article {11332, title = {Presence of parasitic protozoa and helminth in sewage and efficiency of sewage treatment in Tunisia}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {393-406}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0932-0113}, author = {Ayed, L Ben and Schijven, J and Alouini, Z and Jemli, M and Sabbahi, S} } @article {11901, title = {Presence of parasitic protozoa and helminth in sewage and efficiency of sewage treatment in Tunisia}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {393}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1432-1955}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-009-1396-y}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1396-y}, author = {Ben Ayed, L. and Schijven, J. and Alouini, Z. and Jemli, M. and Sabbahi, S.} } @article {15201, title = {Presence of parasitic protozoa and helminth in sewage and efficiency of sewage treatment in {Tunisia}}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {393}, author = {Ayed, L Ben and Schijven, J and Alouini, Z and Jemli, M and Sabbahi, S} } @article {9196, title = {{Presence of parasitic protozoa and helminth in sewage and efficiency of sewage treatment in Tunisia}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {393{\textendash}406}, author = {Ben Ayed, L and Schijven, J and Alouini, Z and Jemli, M and Sabbahi, S} } @article {617, title = {Prevalence and occurrence of zoonotic bacterial pathogens in surface waters determined by quantitative \{PCR\}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, note = {Cross-validation of detection methods for pathogens and fecal indicators}, pages = {4918 - 4928}, abstract = {The prevalence and concentrations of Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp. and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) were investigated in surface waters in Brisbane, Australia using quantitative \{PCR\} (qPCR) based methodologies. Water samples were collected from Brisbane City Botanic Gardens (CBG) Pond, and two urban tidal creeks (i.e., Oxley Creek and Blunder Creek). Of the 32 water samples collected, 8 (25\%), 1 (3\%), 9 (28\%), 14 (44\%), and 15 (47\%) were positive for C. jejuni mapA, Salmonella invA, \{EHEC\} \{O157\} LPS, \{EHEC\} VT1, and \{EHEC\} \{VT2\} genes, respectively. The presence/absence of the potential pathogens did not correlate with either E. coli or enterococci concentrations as determined by binary logistic regression. In conclusion, the high prevalence, and concentrations of potential zoonotic pathogens along with the concentrations of one or more fecal indicators in surface water samples indicate a poor level of microbial quality of surface water, and could represent a significant health risk to users. The results from the current study would provide valuable information to the water quality managers in terms of minimizing the risk from pathogens in surface waters.}, keywords = {Health risk}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.041}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135409002115}, author = {W. Ahmed and S. Sawant and F. Huygens and A. Goonetilleke and T. Gardner} } @article {15119, title = {The prevalence and risk factors of geohelminth infections among primary school children in {Ebenebe} {Town}, {Anambra} {State}}, journal = {Nigeria. Middle East Jornal of Scientific Research}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {211{\textendash}215}, author = {Chukwuma, M. C. and Ekejindu, I. M. and Agbakoba, N. R. and Ezeagwuna, D. A. and Anaghalu, I. C. and Nwosu, D. C.} } @article {11048, title = {The {Prevalence} and {Risk} {Factors} of {Geohelminth} {Infections} among {Primary} {School} {Children} in {Ebenebe} {Town}, {Anambra} {State}, {Nigeria}}, journal = {Middle East Journal of Scientific Research}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {211{\textendash}215}, abstract = {A study of the prevalence of parasitic geohelminth infection of primary school children aged 6-13 years was undertaken. Two hundred and twenty (220) soil samples from the school compound and 220 stool samples from pupils in 3 primary schools were examined using formol ether concentration technique. Overall results showed that 118(53.6\%) soil and 193(87.7\%) stool samples were positive. The recovery rates from stool samples were; eggs of Ascaris spp. 199(54.1\%), Hookworm 100(45.5\%), Trichuris trichiura 41(18\%) and larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis 13(5.9\%). Prevalence from soil samples showed 53(24.0\%) of Ascaris eggs, 57(25.9\%) of Hookworm eggs and 21(9.5\%) of Strongyloides stercoralis larva. The wide and unrestricted spread of the infection is attributed to failure to wear footwears to school, lack of functional toilet facilities, geophagia and preference of the students to defecate in the bush leading to indiscriminate defecation in and around the school yard. Intervention by way of education on proper hygiene habits and regular de-worming exercise especially at the primary school level coupled with legislation against indiscriminate disposal of faeces and its endorsement is recommended.}, author = {C. Chukwuma, M. C and Ekejindu, Ifeoma and Agbakoba, Nneka and Ezeagwuna, D.A. and Anaghalu, I.C. and Nwosu, D.C.} } @article {1151, title = {Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis}, journal = {Int. J. Cancer}, volume = {124}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, pages = {1626-1636}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {AMERICA Anus Neoplasms assay ASSAYS cancer Carcinoma EPIDEMIOLOGY Female France HIV HIV infection HIV Infections human humans INFECTION INFECTIONS International Agencies LESIONS male North America Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections PCR prevalence Re}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19115209}, author = {DeVuyst, H. and Clifford, G.M. and Nascimento, M.C. and Madeleine, M.M. and Franceschi, S.} } @article {1152, title = {Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis}, journal = {Int. J. Cancer}, volume = {124}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, pages = {1626-1636}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {AMERICA Anus Neoplasms assay ASSAYS cancer Carcinoma EPIDEMIOLOGY Female France HIV HIV infection HIV Infections human humans INFECTION INFECTIONS International Agencies LESIONS male North America Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections PCR prevalence Re}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19115209}, author = {DeVuyst, H. and Clifford, G.M. and Nascimento, M.C. and Madeleine, M.M. and Franceschi, S.} } @article {2780, title = {Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis}, journal = {Int. J. Cancer}, volume = {124}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, pages = {1626-1636}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {AMERICA Anus Neoplasms assay ASSAYS cancer Carcinoma EPIDEMIOLOGY Female France HIV HIV infection HIV Infections human humans INFECTION INFECTIONS International Agencies LESIONS male North America Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections PCR prevalence Re}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19115209}, author = {DeVuyst, H. and Clifford, G.M. and Nascimento, M.C. and Madeleine, M.M. and Franceschi, S.} } @article {12631, title = {Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in drinking water treatment and distribution systems}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiologyApplied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {17}, year = {2009}, pages = {5714-5718}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Xi, Chuanwu and Zhang, Yongli and Marrs, Carl F and Ye, Wen and Simon, Carl and Foxman, Betsy and Nriagu, Jerome} } @article {14303, title = {Prevalence of {Arcobacter} in meat and shellfish.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {72}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {1102{\textendash}1106}, author = {Collado, Luis and Guarro, Josep and Maria J Figueras} } @article {5786, title = {{Prevalence of Arcobacter in meat and shellfish.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {72}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {1102{\textendash}1106}, author = {Collado, Luis and Guarro, Josep and Maria J Figueras} } @book {11036, title = {Prevalence {Of} {Intestinal} {Helminths} infections among schooling children in tropical semi urban communities}, volume = {5}, year = {2009}, note = {DOI: 10.4314/ari.v5i1.48715}, month = {dec}, abstract = {Prevalence of intestinal helminths infections among school children in Igbo-Eze South Local Government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria were studed between July and December 2005 Significantdifferences (P {\textless} 0.05) were recorded among the 1,296 school chidren (ages 4 {\textendash} 15) randomly sampled and examined for intestina helminthes. The prevalence of intestinal helminths varied significantly among schools sampled (P {\textless} 0.05). Central Schoo, Ovoko had the highest percent prevalence for Ascaris lumbricoides (9.3 \%), hookworm (6.0 \%) and Trichuris trichiura (2.3 \%). The least per cent prevalence of A. lumbricoides was recorded in Community Primary School, Iheakpu-Awka (2.3 \%), while the least per cent prevalence of hookworm occurred in Community Primary School 3 Itchi. T. trichiura was not recorded in community primary schools in Itchi, Unadu and Iheakpu-Awka. Similarly, the prevalence of these parasitic helminths varied signiicantly among the age groups (P {\textless} 005), with age groups 4{\textendash} 6 highly infected wth A. lumbricoides (7.0 \%), 13 {\textendash} 15wh hookworm (3.7 \%) and 7 {\textendash} 9 wth T. trchiura (1.2 \%). T. trchiura was absent instool sampes of 4 {\textendash} 6 and 13 {\textendash} 15 age groups. The prevalence of these intestinal parasites also varied significantly between the sexes with femaes having comparatively more A. lumbricoides (5.4 \%), hookworm (3.2 \%) and T. trichiura (0.8 \%) than males. Our study indicated that intestinal helminthiasis was prevalent in the area, and as such, control measures such as chemoherapy, provision o adequate sanitary facilties and potable drinking water, improved personal hygiene andhealth educaion should be the focus of non-governmental and governmental health institutions in Nigeria.}, author = {Edelduok, Ekaette and Eyo, Joseph} } @article {13260, title = {Prevalence of intestinal parasitic and bacterial pathogens in diarrhoeal and non-diarroeal human stools from Vhembe district, South Africa}, journal = {Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition}, volume = {27}, year = {2009}, pages = {739-745}, author = {Samie, A. and Guerrant, R. L. and Barrett, L. and Bessong, P. O. and Igumbor, E. O. and Obi, C. L.} } @article {8724, title = {{Prevalence of norovirus and factors influencing virus concentrations during one year in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, pages = {1117{\textendash}1125}, abstract = {Norovirus (NoV) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and is often spread via wastewater contamination. Little is known about how the wastewater treatment process affects norovirus, and which factors influence virus concentrations. To investigate this, we collected wastewater samples monthly during one year at eight different key sites at the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Gothenburg, Sweden. Virus particles were concentrated using ultracentrifugation, viral RNA was subsequently extracted, and transformed into cDNA by reverse transcription. The quantification was performed with real-time PCR assays for NoV genogroups I (GGI) and II (GGII), respectively. We found seasonal changes of NoV genogroups, with the highest concentration of NoV GGII during the winter months, and the highest concentration of NoV GGI during the summer months. Virus transmission in wastewater was more stable for NoV GGI, with NoV GGII demonstrating larger seasonal peaks. Virus reduction took place at similar rates in the primary settling, and in the activated sludge in combination with the secondary settling. Different physicochemical parameters and incoming virus concentrations were correlated to reduction of NoV between different treatment sites. This study gives new information about NoV transmission and virus reduction in a wastewater treatment plant. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Norovirus, Physicochemical parameters, Real-time PCR, removal, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.053}, author = {Nordgren, Johan and Matussek, Andreas and Mattsson, Ann and Svensson, Lennart and Per E Lindgren} } @article {7592, title = {{Prevalence of norovirus and factors influencing virus concentrations during one year in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1117-1125}, abstract = {

Norovirus (NoV) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and is often spread via wastewater contamination. Little is known about how the wastewater treatment process affects norovirus, and which factors influence virus concentrations. To investigate this, we collected wastewater samples monthly during one year at eight different key sites at the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Gothenburg, Sweden. Virus particles were concentrated using ultracentrifugation, viral RNA was subsequently extracted, and transformed into cDNA by reverse transcription. The quantification was performed with real-time PCR assays for NoV genogroups I (GGI) and II (GGII), respectively. We found seasonal changes of NoV genogroups, with the highest concentration of NoV GGII during the winter months, and the highest concentration of NoV GGI during the summer months. Virus transmission in wastewater was more stable for NoV GGI, with NoV GGII demonstrating larger seasonal peaks. Virus reduction took place at similar rates in the primary settling, and in the activated sludge in combination with the secondary settling. Different physicochemical parameters and incoming virus concentrations were correlated to reduction of NoV between different treatment sites. This study gives new information about NoV transmission and virus reduction in a wastewater treatment plant. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.053}, author = {Nordgren, J. and Matussek, A. and Mattsson, A. and Svensson, L. and P E Lindgren} } @article {13791, title = {Prevalence of norovirus and factors influencing virus concentrations during one year in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Norovirus (NoV) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and is often spread via wastewater contamination. Little is known about how the wastewater treatment process affects norovirus, and which factors influence virus concentrations. To investigate this, we collected wastewater samples monthly during one year at eight different key sites at the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Gothenburg, Sweden. Virus particles were concentrated using ultracentrifugation, viral RNA was subsequently extracted, and transformed into cDNA by reverse transcription. The quantification was performed with real-time PCR assays for NoV genogroups I (GGI) and II (GGII), respectively. We found seasonal changes of NoV genogroups, with the highest concentration of NoV GGII during the winter months, and the highest concentration of NoV GGI during the summer months. Virus transmission in wastewater was more stable for NoV GGI, with NoV GGII demonstrating larger seasonal peaks. Virus reduction took place at similar rates in the primary settling, and in the activated sludge in combination with the secondary settling. Different physicochemical parameters and incoming virus concentrations were correlated to reduction of NoV between different treatment sites. This study gives new information about NoV transmission and virus reduction in a wastewater treatment plant. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.053}, author = {Nordgren, J. and Matussek, A. and Mattsson, A. and Svensson, L. and P E Lindgren} } @article {17500, title = {{Prevalence of norovirus and factors influencing virus concentrations during one year in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1117{\textendash}1125}, abstract = {Norovirus (NoV) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and is often spread via wastewater contamination. Little is known about how the wastewater treatment process affects norovirus, and which factors influence virus concentrations. To investigate this, we collected wastewater samples monthly during one year at eight different key sites at the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Gothenburg, Sweden. Virus particles were concentrated using ultracentrifugation, viral RNA was subsequently extracted, and transformed into cDNA by reverse transcription. The quantification was performed with real-time PCR assays for NoV genogroups I (GGI) and II (GGII), respectively. We found seasonal changes of NoV genogroups, with the highest concentration of NoV GGII during the winter months, and the highest concentration of NoV GGI during the summer months. Virus transmission in wastewater was more stable for NoV GGI, with NoV GGII demonstrating larger seasonal peaks. Virus reduction took place at similar rates in the primary settling, and in the activated sludge in combination with the secondary settling. Different physicochemical parameters and incoming virus concentrations were correlated to reduction of NoV between different treatment sites. This study gives new information about NoV transmission and virus reduction in a wastewater treatment plant. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Norovirus, Physicochemical parameters, Real-time PCR, removal, Wastewater treatment}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.053}, author = {Nordgren, Johan and Matussek, Andreas and Mattsson, Ann and Svensson, Lennart and Lindgren, Per Eric} } @article {3258, title = {{Prevalence of norovirus and factors influencing virus concentrations during one year in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1117{\textendash}1125}, abstract = {

Norovirus (NoV) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and is often spread via wastewater contamination. Little is known about how the wastewater treatment process affects norovirus, and which factors influence virus concentrations. To investigate this, we collected wastewater samples monthly during one year at eight different key sites at the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Gothenburg, Sweden. Virus particles were concentrated using ultracentrifugation, viral RNA was subsequently extracted, and transformed into cDNA by reverse transcription. The quantification was performed with real-time PCR assays for NoV genogroups I (GGI) and II (GGII), respectively. We found seasonal changes of NoV genogroups, with the highest concentration of NoV GGII during the winter months, and the highest concentration of NoV GGI during the summer months. Virus transmission in wastewater was more stable for NoV GGI, with NoV GGII demonstrating larger seasonal peaks. Virus reduction took place at similar rates in the primary settling, and in the activated sludge in combination with the secondary settling. Different physicochemical parameters and incoming virus concentrations were correlated to reduction of NoV between different treatment sites. This study gives new information about NoV transmission and virus reduction in a wastewater treatment plant. \© 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Norovirus, Physicochemical parameters, Real-time PCR, removal, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.053}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.053}, author = {Nordgren, Johan and Matussek, Andreas and Mattsson, Ann and Svensson, Lennart and Per E Lindgren} } @article {15082, title = {Prevalence of norovirus and factors influencing virus concentrations during one year in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1117{\textendash}1125}, author = {Nordgren, Johan and Matussek, Andreas and Mattsson, Ann and Svensson, Lennart and Per E Lindgren} } @article {10001, title = {{Prevalence of norovirus and factors influencing virus concentrations during one year in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant.}}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {mar}, pages = {1117{\textendash}25}, abstract = {Norovirus (NoV) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and is often spread via wastewater contamination. Little is known about how the wastewater treatment process affects norovirus, and which factors influence virus concentrations. To investigate this, we collected wastewater samples monthly during one year at eight different key sites at the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Gothenburg, Sweden. Virus particles were concentrated using ultracentrifugation, viral RNA was subsequently extracted, and transformed into cDNA by reverse transcription. The quantification was performed with real-time PCR assays for NoV genogroups I (GGI) and II (GGII), respectively. We found seasonal changes of NoV genogroups, with the highest concentration of NoV GGII during the winter months, and the highest concentration of NoV GGI during the summer months. Virus transmission in wastewater was more stable for NoV GGI, with NoV GGII demonstrating larger seasonal peaks. Virus reduction took place at similar rates in the primary settling, and in the activated sludge in combination with the secondary settling. Different physicochemical parameters and incoming virus concentrations were correlated to reduction of NoV between different treatment sites. This study gives new information about NoV transmission and virus reduction in a wastewater treatment plant.}, keywords = {Cities, Fluid, Fluid: standards, genotype, Norovirus, Norovirus: genetics, Norovirus: growth {\&} development, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Sweden, Viral, Viral: genetics, Viral: isolation {\&} purification, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Microbiology: standards}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.053}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19108861}, author = {Nordgren, Johan and Matussek, Andreas and Mattsson, Ann and Svensson, Lennart and Per E Lindgren} } @article {10406, title = {Prevalence of norovirus and factors influencing virus concentrations during one year in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {1117{\textendash}1125}, author = {Nordgren, Johan and Matussek, Andreas and Mattsson, Ann and Svensson, Lennart and Per E Lindgren} } @article {17219, title = {Prevalence of Salmonella in wastewater and sewage sludge}, journal = {Sustainable animal husbandry: prevention is better than cure, Volume 2. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of the International Society for Animal Hygiene (ISAH), Vechta, Germany, 19th to 23rd July 2009Sustainable animal husbandry: prevention }, year = {2009}, month = {2009}, pages = {683-686}, author = {Gmelin, S. and Philipp, W. and Boehm, R.} } @article {11837, title = {{Prevalence of the broad tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum in perch (Perca fluviatilis) and analysis of abiotic factors influencing its occurrence in Lake Lario (Como, Italy)}}, journal = {Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {58{\textendash}65}, abstract = {Diphyllobothriosis affects man and mammals as definitive hosts, as well as several fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts. In Italy, in the last decade, Diphyllobothrium latum (Cestoda, Diphyllobothriidea) has shown a comeback around the shores of Lake Lario (Como), with several cases diagnosed from 2001. Anamnestic data constantly reported the consumption of raw or undercooked fish products in restaurants or local markets. In this study, we carried out a parasitological survey of perch caught in Lake Lario. Between 2005 and 2007, 609 perches (Perca fluviatilis) were sampled from 5 sites located along the three major branches of the lake and examined for the presence of plerocercoids larvae in the fillets. Data on abiotic factors in the same sampling areas were registered. The mean infection rate of perch was 30{\%}, a value much higher than those observed in other sub-alpine lakes. The data collected indicate that the concentration of total phosphorus could influence the prevalence by D. latum, which seems to be higher in basins with low trophic conditions. Further studies need to be assessed to confirm the relation between prevalence and abiotic factors and to clarify the principal aspects that allow the endemic status of diphyllobothriosis}, issn = {01080288}, author = {Wicht, B. and Gustinelli, A. and Fioravanti, M. L. and Invernizzi, S. and Peduzzi, R.} } @article {8519, title = {{Prey choice and habitat use drive sea otter pathogen exposure in a resource-limited coastal system}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {106}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, pages = {2242{\textendash}2247}, author = {Johnson, CK and Tinker, MT and Estes, JA and Conrad, PA and Staedler, M and Miller, MA and Jessup, DA and Mazet, JA} } @article {4053, title = {{Propagation of human enteropathogens in constructed horizontal wetlands used for tertiary wastewater treatment}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, year = {2009}, pages = {4531{\textendash}4538}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Lucy, FE and Tamang, L and Mashinski, Y and Broaders, MA and Connolly, M and Cheng, HW} } @article {9512, title = {{Propagation of human enteropathogens in constructed horizontal wetlands used for tertiary wastewater treatment}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {13}, year = {2009}, pages = {4531{\textendash}4538}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Lucy, FE and Tamang, L and Mashinski, Y and Broaders, MA and Connolly, M and Cheng, HWA} } @article {5394, title = {{Propagation of Human Enteropathogens in Constructed Horizontal Wetlands Used for Tertiary Wastewater Treatment}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {75}, year = {2009}, pages = {4531{\textendash}4538}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Lucy, FE and Tamang, L and Mashinski, Y and Broaders, MA and Connolly, M and Cheng, HWA} } @article {13203, title = {Prospective nationwide study of Aeromonas infections in France}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {47}, year = {2009}, pages = {1234-1237}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.00155-09}, author = {Lamy, B and Kodjo, A and Laurent, F} } @article {16070, title = {Prospects for applying virulence factor-activity relationships (VFAR) to emerging waterborne pathogens}, journal = {J Water HealthJ Water HealthJ Water Health}, volume = {7 Suppl 1}, year = {2009}, pages = {S64-74}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Bacteria/pathogenicity, Bacterial Infections/microbiology/transmission, Biomarkers, Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*microbiology, Humans, Virulence, Virulence Factors/*metabolism, Virus Diseases/microbiology/transmission, Viruses/pathogenicity}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920 (Linking)}, author = {Cangelosi, G. A.} } @article {3513, title = {Protective effects of natural rotavirus infection.}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {28}, number = {3 Suppl}, year = {2009}, pages = {S54{\textendash}S56}, abstract = {

Rotavirus is a ubiquitous infection that is the leading cause of severe diarrhea worldwide. Severe infections are most commonly observed in the first 2 years of life. Rotavirus-induced diarrhea is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality rates and socioeconomic costs with adverse outcomes particularly prevalent in developing countries. The natural history of rotavirus infection can provide guidance for the development and optimization of an effective vaccine. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that children who acquire natural rotavirus infections develop immunity to subsequent infections, with the protective effect increasing with each natural infection. Natural infections also decrease the severity of any subsequent rotavirus infections. Notably, asymptomatic infections provide protection similar to that induced by symptomatic infections. Data also suggest that the antibody response to natural infection is heterotypic, and therefore may provide protection against multiple serotypes. These data suggest that the development of a vaccine that produces asymptomatic infection at an optimal time point may provide effective immunity. An effective vaccine should mimic protection provided by natural infection and provide protection against the most common rotavirus serotypes (ie, G1, G2, G3, G4, G9) and be able to decrease disease severity, reduce hospitalizations, and decrease disease-related costs.

}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0b013e3181967c03}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181967c03}, author = {Vel{\'a}zquez, F R} } @article {16243, title = {Proteome analysis of Leptospira interrogans virulent strain.}, journal = {Open Microbiol J.Open Microbiol J.}, volume = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {69-74.}, author = {Vieira, M. L. and Pimenta, D. C. and de Morais, Z. M. and Vasconcellos, S. A. and Nascimento, A. L.} } @article {9307, title = {{Protozoal gastrointestinal infections}}, journal = {Medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {599{\textendash}602}, author = {Kenny, JM and Kelly, P} } @booklet {3472, title = {{Public Funding for Sanitation: The Many Faces of Sanitation Subsidies.}}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Water Supply {\&} Sanitation Collaborative Council}, address = {Geneva}, author = {Evans, B and van der Voorden, C and Peal, A} } @booklet {3940, title = {Public {Funding} for {Sanitation}: {The} {Many} {Faces} of {Sanitation} {Subsidies}.}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Water Supply \& Sanitation Collaborative Council}, address = {Geneva}, author = {Evans, B and van der Voorden, C and Peal, A} } @article {8930, title = {Pulsed electric field treatment for bacteria reduction and its impact on hospital wastewater}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {228-233}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0045-6535}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.066}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508014847 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0045653508014847/1-s2.0-S0045653508014847-main.pdf?_tid=5a815256-994f-11e6-b85f-00000aacb35d\&acdnat=1477247858_c80e52091b287569b24bc9e5e5c053c7}, author = {Gusbeth, Christian and Frey, Wolfgang and Volkmann, Holger and Schwartz, Thomas and Bluhm, Hansjoachim} } @article {8698, title = {{Qualite bacteriologique des eaux de la region parisienne.}}, journal = {TSM}, volume = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {38{\textendash}49}, author = {Goncalves, A. and Rocher, V. and Pichon, S.} } @article {16823, title = {Quantification of human polyomaviruses JC virus and BK virus by TaqMan quantitative PCR and comparison to other water quality indicators in water and fecal samples}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {3379{\textendash}3388}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {McQuaig, Shannon M and Scott, Troy M and Lukasik, Jerzy O and Paul, John H and Harwood, Valerie J} } @article {13784, title = {Quantification of human polyomaviruses {JC} virus and {BK} {Virus} by {TaqMan} quantitative {PCR} and comparison to other water quality indicators in water and fecal samples}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, abstract = {In the United States, total maximum daily load standards for bodies of water that do not meet bacterial water quality standards are set by each state. The presence of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) can be used as an indicator of human-associated sewage pollution in these waters. We have developed and optimized a TaqMan quantitative PCR (QPCR) assay based on the conserved T antigen to both quantify and simultaneously detect two HPyVs; JC virus and BK virus. The QPCR assay was able to consistently quantify {\textbackslash}textgreater10 gene copies per reaction and is linear over 5 orders of magnitude. HPyVs were consistently detected in human waste samples (57 of 64) and environmental waters with known human fecal contamination (5 of 5) and were not amplified in DNA extracted from 127 animal waste samples from 14 species. HPyV concentrations in sewage decreased 81.2 and 84.2\% over 28 days incubation at 25 and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively. HPyVs results were compared to Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, and enterococci concentrations and the presence of three other human-associated microbes: Bacteroidetes, Methanobrevibacter smithii, and adenovirus. HPyVs were the most frequently detected of these in human and contaminated environmental samples and were more human specific than the Bacteroidetes (HF183) or M. smithii. HPyVs and M. smithii more closely mimicked the persistence of adenovirus in sewage than the other microbes. The use of this rapid and quantitative assay in water quality research could help regulatory agencies to identify sources of water pollution for improved remediation of contaminated waters and ultimately protect humans from exposure to pathogens. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02302-08}, author = {McQuaig, S.M. and Scott, T.M. and Lukasik, J.O. and Paul, J.H. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {7585, title = {{Quantification of human polyomaviruses JC virus and BK Virus by TaqMan quantitative PCR and comparison to other water quality indicators in water and fecal samples}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {3379-3388}, abstract = {

In the United States, total maximum daily load standards for bodies of water that do not meet bacterial water quality standards are set by each state. The presence of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) can be used as an indicator of human-associated sewage pollution in these waters. We have developed and optimized a TaqMan quantitative PCR (QPCR) assay based on the conserved T antigen to both quantify and simultaneously detect two HPyVs; JC virus and BK virus. The QPCR assay was able to consistently quantify {\textgreater}10 gene copies per reaction and is linear over 5 orders of magnitude. HPyVs were consistently detected in human waste samples (57 of 64) and environmental waters with known human fecal contamination (5 of 5) and were not amplified in DNA extracted from 127 animal waste samples from 14 species. HPyV concentrations in sewage decreased 81.2 and 84.2{\%} over 28 days incubation at 25 and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively. HPyVs results were compared to Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, and enterococci concentrations and the presence of three other human-associated microbes: Bacteroidetes, Methanobrevibacter smithii, and adenovirus. HPyVs were the most frequently detected of these in human and contaminated environmental samples and were more human specific than the Bacteroidetes (HF183) or M. smithii. HPyVs and M. smithii more closely mimicked the persistence of adenovirus in sewage than the other microbes. The use of this rapid and quantitative assay in water quality research could help regulatory agencies to identify sources of water pollution for improved remediation of contaminated waters and ultimately protect humans from exposure to pathogens. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02302-08}, author = {McQuaig, S.M. and Scott, T.M. and Lukasik, J.O. and Paul, J.H. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {1006, title = {Quantification of human polyomaviruses JC Virus and BK Virus by TaqMan quantitative PCR and comparison to other water quality indicators in water and fecal samples}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {3379{\textendash}3388}, abstract = {

In the United States, total maximum daily load standards for bodies of water that do not meet bacterial water quality standards are set by each state. The presence of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) can be used as an indicator of human-associated sewage pollution in these waters. We have developed and optimized a TaqMan quantitative PCR (QPCR) assay based on the conserved T antigen to both quantify and simultaneously detect two HPyVs; JC virus and BK virus. The QPCR assay was able to consistently quantify \> or =10 gene copies per reaction and is linear over 5 orders of magnitude. HPyVs were consistently detected in human waste samples (57 of 64) and environmental waters with known human fecal contamination (5 of 5) and were not amplified in DNA extracted from 127 animal waste samples from 14 species. HPyV concentrations in sewage decreased 81.2 and 84.2\% over 28 days incubation at 25 and 35 degrees C, respectively. HPyVs results were compared to Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, and enterococci concentrations and the presence of three other human-associated microbes: Bacteroidetes, Methanobrevibacter smithii, and adenovirus. HPyVs were the most frequently detected of these in human and contaminated environmental samples and were more human specific than the Bacteroidetes (HF183) or M. smithii. HPyVs and M. smithii more closely mimicked the persistence of adenovirus in sewage than the other microbes. The use of this rapid and quantitative assay in water quality research could help regulatory agencies to identify sources of water pollution for improved remediation of contaminated waters and ultimately protect humans from exposure to pathogens.

}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Antigens, Bacteroidetes/isolation \& purification, BK Virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Colony Count, Conserved Sequence, DNA, Enterococcus/isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Feces/*virology, JC Virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Methanobrevibacter/isolation \& purification, Microbial, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/virology, United States, Viral/chemistry/genetics}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {AEM.02302-08 [pii]$\backslash$r10.1128/AEM.02302-08}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list\_uids=19346361$\backslash$nhttp://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/75/11/3379.pdf}, author = {McQuaig, S M and Scott, T M and Lukasik, J O and Paul, J H and Harwood, V J} } @article {14778, title = {Quantification of human polyomaviruses {JC} virus and {BK} {Virus} by {TaqMan} quantitative {PCR} and comparison to other water quality indicators in water and fecal samples}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, abstract = {In the United States, total maximum daily load standards for bodies of water that do not meet bacterial water quality standards are set by each state. The presence of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) can be used as an indicator of human-associated sewage pollution in these waters. We have developed and optimized a TaqMan quantitative PCR (QPCR) assay based on the conserved T antigen to both quantify and simultaneously detect two HPyVs; JC virus and BK virus. The QPCR assay was able to consistently quantify {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater10 gene copies per reaction and is linear over 5 orders of magnitude. HPyVs were consistently detected in human waste samples (57 of 64) and environmental waters with known human fecal contamination (5 of 5) and were not amplified in DNA extracted from 127 animal waste samples from 14 species. HPyV concentrations in sewage decreased 81.2 and 84.2\% over 28 days incubation at 25 and 35{\textdegree}C, respectively. HPyVs results were compared to Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, and enterococci concentrations and the presence of three other human-associated microbes: Bacteroidetes, Methanobrevibacter smithii, and adenovirus. HPyVs were the most frequently detected of these in human and contaminated environmental samples and were more human specific than the Bacteroidetes (HF183) or M. smithii. HPyVs and M. smithii more closely mimicked the persistence of adenovirus in sewage than the other microbes. The use of this rapid and quantitative assay in water quality research could help regulatory agencies to identify sources of water pollution for improved remediation of contaminated waters and ultimately protect humans from exposure to pathogens. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02302-08}, author = {McQuaig, S.M. and Scott, T.M. and Lukasik, J.O. and Paul, J.H. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {10147, title = {{Quantification of human polyomaviruses JC Virus and BK Virus by TaqMan quantitative PCR and comparison to other water quality indicators in water and fecal samples}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, year = {2009}, pages = {3379{\textendash}3388}, author = {McQuaig, SM and Scott, TM and Lukasik, JO and Paul, JH and Harwood, VJ} } @article {5547, title = {{Quantification of Norovirus Genogroups I and II in Environmental and Clinical Samples Using TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {15{\textendash}22}, issn = {1867-0334}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-008-9002-5}, author = {Rosa, Giuseppina and Pourshaban, Manoochehr and Iaconelli, Marcello and Muscillo, Michele} } @article {7920, title = {{Quantification of Norovirus Genogroups I and II in Environmental and Clinical Samples Using TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR}}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {15{\textendash}22}, abstract = {Noroviruses (NoVs) are a major cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in all age groups. They efficiently circulate in both clinical and environmental contexts. In this study, real-time RT-PCR methods based on TaqMan probe technology were used to enumerate human noroviruses (genogroups I and II) in clinical samples, and in estuarine, seawater and sewage water samples, with the aim of obtaining quantitative information on the level of viral contamination. This was achieved through a quantitative analysis of the highly conserved region between ORF1 and ORF2, using genogroup-specific assays. RNA standards used to construct calibration curves for the two genogroups were generated by in vitro transcription from recombinant pCR4TOPO vectors containing a partial sequence coding for RdRp polymerase. Sewages were found to contain from 6.8~{\{}$\backslash$texttimes{\}}~102 to 6.7~{\{}$\backslash$texttimes{\}}~104 genome copies (GC) per millilitre; seawater samples contained from 7.6~{\{}$\backslash$texttimes{\}}~101 to 2.4~{\{}$\backslash$texttimes{\}}~103 per 10~l. As for clinical samples, the concentrations of NoVs per gram of stool varied, ranging from 6.1~{\{}$\backslash$texttimes{\}}~103 to 1.4~{\{}$\backslash$texttimes{\}}~108. Real-time PCR is an easy to use, sensitive and specific tool able to generate quantitative data, and could prove useful in both environmental and clinical settings.}, issn = {1867-0342}, doi = {10.1007/s12560-008-9002-5}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-008-9002-5}, author = {La Rosa, Giuseppina and Pourshaban, Manoochehr and Iaconelli, Marcello and Muscillo, Michele} } @article {10189, title = {{Quantitative PCR for genetic markers of human fecal pollution}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, year = {2009}, pages = {5507{\textendash}5513}, author = {Shanks, OC and Kelty, CA and Sivaganesan, M and Varma, M and Haugland, RA} } @article {10190, title = {{Quantitative PCR for genetic markers of human fecal pollution}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {17}, year = {2009}, pages = {5507{\textendash}5513}, author = {Shanks, OC and Kelty, CA and Sivaganesan, M and Varma, M and Haugland, RA} } @article {10059, title = {{Rapid decay of host-specific fecal Bacteroidales cells in seawater as measured by quantitative PCR with propidium monoazide}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, pages = {4850{\textendash}4859}, author = {Bae, S and Wurtzer, S} } @article {14742, title = {Rapid group-, serotype-, and vaccine strain-specific identification of poliovirus isolates by real-time reverse transcription-{PCR} using degenerate primers and probes containing deoxyinosine residues}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {47}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {1939{\textendash}41}, abstract = {We have adapted our previously described poliovirus diagnostic reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays to a real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) format. Our highly specific assays and rRT-PCR reagents are designed for use in the WHO Global Polio Laboratory Network for rapid and large-scale identification of poliovirus field isolates.}, keywords = {DNA Primers/*genetics, Humans, Oligonucleotide Probes/*genetics, Poliovirus/*classification/*isolation \& purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, RNA, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral/*genetics}, issn = {1098-660X (Electronic) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {JCM.00702-09 [pii] 10.1128/JCM.00702-09}, author = {Kilpatrick, D. R. and Yang, C. F. and Ching, K. and Vincent, A. and Iber, J. and Campagnoli, R. and Mandelbaum, M. and De, L. and Yang, S. J. and Nix, A. and Kew, O. M.} } @article {15014, title = {Rapid group-, serotype-, and vaccine strain-specific identification of poliovirus isolates by real-time reverse transcription-{PCR} using degenerate primers and probes containing deoxyinosine residues}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {47}, year = {2009}, month = {jun}, pages = {1939{\textendash}41}, abstract = {We have adapted our previously described poliovirus diagnostic reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays to a real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) format. Our highly specific assays and rRT-PCR reagents are designed for use in the WHO Global Polio Laboratory Network for rapid and large-scale identification of poliovirus field isolates.}, keywords = {DNA Primers/*genetics, Humans, Oligonucleotide Probes/*genetics, Poliovirus/*classification/*isolation \& purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, RNA, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral/*genetics}, issn = {1098-660X (Electronic) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {JCM.00702-09 [pii] 10.1128/JCM.00702-09}, author = {Kilpatrick, D. R. and Yang, C. F. and Ching, K. and Vincent, A. and Iber, J. and Campagnoli, R. and Mandelbaum, M. and De, L. and Yang, S. J. and Nix, A. and Kew, O. M.} } @article {1664, title = {Rapid group-, serotype-, and vaccine strain-specific identification of poliovirus isolates by real-time reverse transcription-PCR using degenerate primers and probes containing deoxyinosine residues}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, note = {Kilpatrick, David R Yang, Chen-Fu Ching, Karen Vincent, Annelet Iber, Jane Campagnoli, Ray Mandelbaum, Mark De, Lina Yang, Su-Ju Nix, Allan Kew, Olen M Evaluation Studies United States Journal of clinical microbiology J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Jun;47(6):1939-41. Epub 2009 Apr 22.}, pages = {1939-41}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {We have adapted our previously described poliovirus diagnostic reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays to a real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) format. Our highly specific assays and rRT-PCR reagents are designed for use in the WHO Global Polio Laboratory Network for rapid and large-scale identification of poliovirus field isolates.}, keywords = {DNA Primers/*genetics Humans Oligonucleotide Probes/*genetics Poliovirus/*classification/*isolation \& purification RNA, Viral/*genetics Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Sensitivity and Specificity}, issn = {1098-660X (Electronic) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {JCM.00702-09 [pii] 10.1128/JCM.00702-09}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=19386844}, author = {Kilpatrick, D. R. and Yang, C. F. and Ching, K. and Vincent, A. and Iber, J. and Campagnoli, R. and Mandelbaum, M. and De, L. and Yang, S. J. and Nix, A. and Kew, O. M.} } @article {10078, title = {{Rapid QPCR-based assay for fecal Bacteroides spp. as a tool for assessing fecal contamination in recreational waters}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, pages = {4828{\textendash}4837}, author = {Converse, RR and Blackwood, AD and Kirs, M and Griffith, JF and Noble, RT} } @article {4493, title = {Real-time PCR detection of adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, and torque teno viruses in river water in Japan}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {44}, year = {2009}, pages = {1747{\textendash}52}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking) 1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking) 1867-0342 (Electronic)}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Kitajima, M. and Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S. and Oguma, K. and Kishida, N. and Asami, M. and Akiba, M.} } @article {9437, title = {{Reassessment of the epidemiology of amebiasis: state of the art}}, journal = {Infection Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1023{\textendash}1032}, author = {Ximenez, C and Moran, P and Rojas, L and Valadez, A and Gomez, A} } @article {14497, title = {Reclamation and agricultural reuse of wastewater: the experience of the {Cagliari} sewage treatment plant ({Sardinia}, {Italy})}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {59}, year = {2009}, pages = {65{\textendash}72}, abstract = {In Sardinia, as in many other Mediterranean regions, recurrent droughts and climate change have dramatically reduced available water resources. As a result of this critical situation, in 1995 the Italian Government declared a state of emergency and drew up a program for financial support by the State and local authorities with the aim of reducing this serious deficit. One of the actions focused on reclaiming and reusing the effluent from the sewage treatment plant of Cagliari. This article reports on the multidisciplinary preliminary study performed by the Ente Acque della Sardegna (ENAS) to evaluate the suitability of reusing Is Arenas effluent for irrigation and on the operation of the tertiary treatment plant.}, keywords = {*Agriculture, *Sewage, *Water Supply, Cities, Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods, Fluid/economics/*methods, Italy, Time Factors, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2009.776}, author = {Botti, P. and Virdis, A. and Solinas, G. and Buscarinu, P. and Ferralis, M. and Marras, G. and Spanu, P. and Vacca, S.} } @article {14882, title = {Reclamation and agricultural reuse of wastewater: the experience of the {Cagliari} sewage treatment plant ({Sardinia}, {Italy})}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {59}, year = {2009}, pages = {65{\textendash}72}, abstract = {In Sardinia, as in many other Mediterranean regions, recurrent droughts and climate change have dramatically reduced available water resources. As a result of this critical situation, in 1995 the Italian Government declared a state of emergency and drew up a program for financial support by the State and local authorities with the aim of reducing this serious deficit. One of the actions focused on reclaiming and reusing the effluent from the sewage treatment plant of Cagliari. This article reports on the multidisciplinary preliminary study performed by the Ente Acque della Sardegna (ENAS) to evaluate the suitability of reusing Is Arenas effluent for irrigation and on the operation of the tertiary treatment plant.}, keywords = {*Agriculture, *Sewage, *Water Supply, Cities, Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods, Fluid/economics/*methods, Italy, Time Factors, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2009.776}, author = {Botti, P. and Virdis, A. and Solinas, G. and Buscarinu, P. and Ferralis, M. and Marras, G. and Spanu, P. and Vacca, S.} } @article {13487, title = {Redial generations of Fasciola hepatica: A review}, journal = {J Helminthol}, volume = {83}, year = {2009}, pages = {245-254}, author = {Rondelaud, D. and Belfaiza, M. and Vognoles, P. and Moncef, M. and Dreyfuss, G.} } @article {15479, title = {Reduced susceptibility to praziquantel among naturally occurring Kenyan isolates of Schistosoma mansoni}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {3}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, note = {R01 AI044913/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
R01 AI053695/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
United States}, month = {Aug 18}, pages = {e504}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The near exclusive use of praziquantel (PZQ) for treatment of human schistosomiasis has raised concerns about the possible emergence of drug-resistant schistosomes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We measured susceptibility to PZQ of isolates of Schistosoma mansoni obtained from patients from Kisumu, Kenya continuously exposed to infection as a consequence of their occupations as car washers or sand harvesters. We used a) an in vitro assay with miracidia, b) an in vivo assay targeting adult worms in mice and c) an in vitro assay targeting adult schistosomes perfused from mice. In the miracidia assay, in which miracidia from human patients were exposed to PZQ in vitro, reduced susceptibility was associated with previous treatment of the patient with PZQ. One isolate ("KCW") that was less susceptible to PZQ and had been derived from a patient who had never fully cured despite multiple treatments was studied further. In an in vivo assay of adult worms, the KCW isolate was significantly less susceptible to PZQ than two other isolates from natural infections in Kenya and two lab-reared strains of S. mansoni. The in vitro adult assay, based on measuring length changes of adults following exposure to and recovery from PZQ, confirmed that the KCW isolate was less susceptible to PZQ than the other isolates tested. A sub-isolate of KCW maintained separately and tested after three years was susceptible to PZQ, indicative that the trait of reduced sensitivity could be lost if selection was not maintained. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Isolates of S. mansoni from some patients in Kisumu have lower susceptibility to PZQ, including one from a patient who was never fully cured after repeated rounds of treatment administered over several years. As use of PZQ continues, continued selection for worms with diminished susceptibility is possible, and the probability of emergence of resistance will increase as large reservoirs of untreated worms diminish. The potential for rapid emergence of resistance should be an important consideration of treatment programs.}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Melman, S. D. and Steinauer, M. L. and Cunningham, C. and Kubatko, L. S. and Mwangi, I. N. and Wynn, N. B. and Mutuku, M. W. and Karanja, D. M. and Colley, D. G. and Black, C. L. and Secor, W. E. and Mkoji, G. M. and Loker, E. S.} } @article {16284, title = {A regional analysis of event runoff coefficients with respect to climate and catchment characteristics in Austria}, journal = {Water Resources Research}, volume = {45}, year = {2009}, month = {Jan 7}, keywords = {Models, scale, soil-moisture, variability}, isbn = {0043-1397}, author = {Merz, R. and Bloschl, G.} } @article {5449, title = {{Removal of bacterial and viral indicators in vertical flow constructed wetlands and intermittent sand filters}}, journal = {Desalination}, volume = {246}, number = {1-3}, year = {2009}, pages = {169{\textendash}178}, author = {Torrens, A and Molle, P and Boutin, C and Salgot, M} } @article {12528, title = {Removal of residual pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems by advanced oxidation processes}, journal = {Environment internationalEnvironment International}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {402-417}, isbn = {0160-4120}, author = {Klavarioti, Maria and Mantzavinos, Dionissios and Kassinos, Despo} } @article {11859, title = {{Removing efficiency study on Cyclops cooperating with water treatment process by alternative oxidants}}, journal = {Huan Jing Ke Xue}, volume = {30}, number = {12}, year = {2009}, pages = {3568{\textendash}3572}, author = {Zhang, M and Cui, F Y and Liu, D M and He, W J and Han, H D} } @article {4268, title = {{Is the replication of somatic coliphages in water environments significant?}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {106}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {apr}, pages = {1059{\textendash}69}, abstract = {

Somatic coliphages are amid several groups of bacteriophages that have been suggested as indicators in water quality assessment. One of the limitations frequently endorsed to somatic coliphages as indicators is that they can replicate in the water environment. This review intends to evaluate the significance of this potential replication. In view of: the threshold densities of somatic coliphages and host bacteria needed for productive infection to occur, the densities of both host cells supporting somatic coliphages replication and these phages in water environments, and the poor contribution of lysogenic induction to the free somatic coliphage numbers in water, it can be concluded that replication of somatic coliphages in waters is very unlikely. Consequently, the contribution of replication in the environment of somatic coliphages is expected to have a non-noticeable influence on the numbers of somatic coliphages detected in water environments. Thus, the replication in the environment should not be argued as a limitation to the use of somatic coliphages as indicators.

}, keywords = {Coliphages, Coliphages: growth {\&} development, Colony Count, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: growth {\&} development, Escherichia coli: virology, Microbial, Virus Replication, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03957.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19040701}, author = {Jofre, J} } @article {4238, title = {{A reverse transcription-PCR assay to distinguish the four genogroups of male-specific (F+) RNA coliphages.}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {159}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {jul}, pages = {47{\textendash}52}, abstract = {

Goals of reducing fecal contamination in recreational, drinking, shellfishing and other waters and accurately assessing risk from exposure can best be attained if tools to distinguish between sources of pollution are available. The male-specific RNA coliphage (FRNA) genogroups display a trend of source specificity. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) can be effectively used for genotyping if specific primer sets are designed to be capable of identifying all members within each genogroup. In this study genogroup-specific primer sets were designed using a minimum of 5 to a maximum of 10 complete phage genome sequences from strains in each genogroup. With these primers and employing a heat-release procedure that eliminated the need for RNA purification an RT-PCR method for genotype identification of FRNA phages was developed. The four genogroup-specific primer sets generated discrete PCR amplicon sizes from a variety of environmental FRNA phage strains. Limits of detection, cross-reactivity and/or non-specific binding to strains from other genogroups were evaluated.

}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Conserved Sequence, DNA Primers, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Genetic Variation, Molecular Sequence Data, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: m, RNA, Sensitivity and Specificity, Species Specificity, Viral, Viral: genetics, Viral: isolation {\&} purification}, issn = {1879-0984}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.028}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19442844}, author = {Friedman, Stephanie D and Cooper, Emilie M and Casanova, Lisa and Sobsey, Mark D and Genthner, Fred J} } @article {3154, title = {Risk assessment of importation of dogs infected with {Echinococcus} multilocularis into the {UK}}, journal = {The Veterinary Record}, volume = {165}, number = {13}, year = {2009}, month = {sep}, pages = {366{\textendash}368}, abstract = {A risk assessment was undertaken to assess the likelihood of importation of dogs infected with Echinococcus multilocularis should the requirement for treatment with praziquantel be relaxed under the Pet Travel Scheme. The analysis suggested that for every 10,000 dogs going on a short trip to Germany, the probability of at least one returning to the UK infected is approximately 98 per cent. If the dogs had been longer-term residents, this probability rises to over 99 per cent. This indicates that if praziquantel treatment of dogs on importation into the UK is abandoned, then it is almost inevitable that E multilocularis will be introduced.}, keywords = {Age Distribution, Animals, Biological, Commerce, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcus multilocularis, Great Britain, Models, Risk Factors}, issn = {0042-4900}, author = {Torgerson, P. R. and Craig, P. S.} } @article {8521, title = {{Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {878{\textendash}884}, author = {Jones, JL and Dargelas, V and Roberts, J and Press, C and Remington, JS and Montoya, JG} } @article {237, title = {Rotavirus diarrhoea among children aged less than 5 years at Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {27}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 6 6}, pages = {F85-F88}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0264-410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.100}, url = {://WOS:000273415000017}, author = {Aloun, Douangdao Souk and Nyambat, Batmunkh and Phetsouvanh, Rattanaphone and Douangboupha, Vannida and Keonakhone, Phonesavanh and Xoumphonhphakdy, Bandit and Vongsouvath, Manivanh and Kirkwood, Carl and Bogdanovic-Sakran, Nada and Kilgore, Paul E.} } @article {450, title = {Rotavirus infection in hospitalized children and estimates of disease burden in Kyrgyzstan, 2005-2007}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {27}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 9 9}, pages = {F35-F39}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {To estimate the rotavirus-associated burden in Kyrgyzstan, we conducted hospital surveillance among children <5 years old with diarrhoea during 2005-2007. Of 3756 children hospitalized with diarrhoea, 26\% had rotavirus detected in stool samples by an enzyme immunoassay. The virus genotype G1P[8] was identified in 60\% of 190 characterized samples from 2005 to 2006. The estimated risk for rotavirus hospitalization by age 5 years was 1 in 28 children. One quarter of all gastroenteritis hospitalizations in children <5 years old in Kyrgyzstan may be attributable to rotavirus. Rotavirus vaccination could be an important health intervention to reduce the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, issn = {0264-410X}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.087}, url = {://WOS:000273415000008}, author = {Flem, Elmira T. and Kasymbekova, Kaliya T. and Vainio, Kirsti and Gentsch, Jon and Abdikarimov, Sabirjan T. and Glass, Roger I. and Bresee, Joseph S.} } @article {453, title = {Rotavirus Infections among HIV-Infected Children in Nairobi, Kenya}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Pediatrics}, volume = {55}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 5 5}, pages = {318-323}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human rotaviruses have emerged as a leading cause of acute diarrhea in children <5 years of age worldwide. Although there are previous reports relating to various aspects of rotaviruses, there is limited data on the involvement of rotavirus infection in HIV-infected children. We therefore evaluated the importance of rotavirus infections in HIV-related diarrhea in Kenyan children. Fecal samples were collected from a total of 207 children during the period February 1999 to June 2000 and screened for HRV antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive samples were analyzed by VP6 subgroup specificity assay, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Fourteen percent (29/207) of the samples were positive. HIV-seropositive children with diarrhea were more likely than their counterparts without diarrhea to have rotaviruses [23.3\% (10/43) versus 2.9\% (2/70); p=0.0001]. Rotavirus strain G3P[6] was predominant. These results indicate that rotavirus is an important viral etiological agent causing diarrhea in HIV-seropositive children.}, issn = {0142-6338}, doi = {10.1093/tropej/fmp016}, url = {://WOS:000271577900008}, author = {Kiulia, Nicholas M. and Nyaundi, Julia K. and Peenze, Ina and Nyachieo, Atunga and Musoke, Rachel N. and Steele, Andrew D. and Mwenda, Jason M.} } @article {3745, title = {Rotavirus overview.}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {28}, number = {3 Suppl}, year = {2009}, pages = {S50{\textendash}S53}, abstract = {

Rotaviral gastroenteritis is a serious public health problem in both developed and developing countries. The disease is ubiquitous, affecting nearly all children by the age of 5 years. It is the most common cause of hospitalizations for gastroenteritis among children in the United States (30\{\%\}-70\{\%\} depending on the season) and is associated with direct and indirect costs of approximately \{\$\}1 billion per year. Symptoms of rotaviral gastroenteritis are nonspecific (ie, diarrhea, vomiting, and fever), with disease severity varying considerably. Diagnostic confirmation of rotaviral gastroenteritis requires laboratory tests (most commonly enzyme immunoassay or latex agglutination); however, because specific diagnosis is costly and does not affect treatment, laboratory tests are generally not performed. Because no antiviral therapies are currently available, treatment of rotavirus infection is supportive and primarily aimed at the replacement of fluid and electrolyte losses. Based on the observations that improved sanitation does not decrease disease prevalence and that hospitalizations remain high despite the availability and use of oral rehydrating solutions, the primary public health intervention for rotavirus infection is vaccination. Current vaccines (ie, \{\{\}RotaTeq,\{\}\} Merck and Company; Rotarix, \{\{\}GlaxoSmithKline)\{\}\} are effective for reducing rotaviral gastroenteritis (particularly severe disease), emergency department visits, and hospitalizations. Rotavirus vaccination is now included as part of the routine vaccination schedule for all infants in the United States.

}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0b013e3181967bee}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181967bee}, author = {Bernstein, David I} } @article {3532, title = {Rotavirus surveillance in europe, 2005-2008: web-enabled reporting and real-time analysis of genotyping and epidemiological data.}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {200 Suppl}, year = {2009}, pages = {S215{\textendash}S221}, abstract = {

The first European rotavirus surveillance network, \{\{\}EuroRotaNet,\{\}\} comprising 16 laboratories in 15 European countries, has been established.

}, doi = {10.1086/605049}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/605049}, author = {Iturriza-G{\'o}mara, Miren and Dallman, T and B{\'a}nyai, K and B{\"o}ttiger, B and Buesa, J and Diedrich, S and Fiore, L and Johansen, K and Korsun, N and Kroneman, A and Lappalainen, M and L{\'a}szl{\'o}, B and Maunula, L and Matthinjnssens, J and Midgley, S and Mladenova, Z and M, Poljsak-Prijatelj and Pothier, P and Ruggeri, F M and A, Sanchez-Fauquier and Schreier, E and Steyer, A and Sidaraviciute, I and Tran, A N and Usonis, V and Van Ranst, M and de Rougemont, A and Gray, J} } @article {2542, title = {Rotavirus vaccines}, year = {2009}, author = {WHO} } @article {15583, title = {The saga of schistosome migration and attrition}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {136}, number = {12}, year = {2009}, note = {Journal Article
Review
England}, month = {Oct}, pages = {1581-92}, abstract = {Schistosomes infect the mammalian host by direct penetration of the skin and must then undergo a protracted migration to the site of parasitization, for Schistosoma mansoni the hepatic portal vasculature. This article reviews the work published roughly between 1976 and 1986 that clarified our understanding of the process in the laboratory mouse. A combination of histopathology, larval injection experiments and autoradiographic tracking revealed that migration involved one to several circuits of the pulmonary-systemic vasculature before chance delivery in cardiac output to splanchnic arteries that lead indirectly to the portal tract. The kinetics of migration through different capillary beds was established, with the lungs of naive mice not the skin proving the greatest obstacle; a proportion of schistosomula entered the alveoli from where they did not recover. The {\textquoteright}immunity{\textquoteright} displayed by mice with a chronic infection was shown to be an artefact of a {\textquoteright}leaky{\textquoteright} hepatic portal system, generated as a result of egg-induced hepatic pathology. The blockade of pulmonary migration was exacerbated in mice vaccinated with irradiated cercariae by immune-mediated inflammatory foci that developed around lung schistosomula thus decreasing the proportion that matured, but parasite elimination was a prolonged process, not an acute cytolytic {\textquoteright}hit.{\textquoteright}}, keywords = {*Movement, Animals, Autoradiography, Chronic Disease, Lung/*parasitology, Mice, Schistosoma mansoni/pathogenicity/*physiology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/parasitology, Skin/*parasitology, Vaccination}, isbn = {1469-8161 (Electronic)
0031-1820 (Linking)}, author = {Wilson, R. A.} } @article {17339, title = {Sanitation of faeces from source-separating dry toilets using urea}, journal = {Journal of Applied MicrobiologyJournal of applied microbiologyJ Appl Microbiol}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, month = {Nov}, pages = {1579-1587}, keywords = {Ammonia, bacteria, bacteriophage, Disinfection, escherichia-coli o157-h7, Faeces, fecal matter, human urine, Inactivation, Manure, Pathogen, Salmonella, salmonella-typhimurium, sanitation, sewage-sludge, Temperature, Urea}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Nordin, A. and Ottoson, J. R. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {17478, title = {{Sanitation of faeces from source-separating dry toilets using urea}}, journal = {JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, month = {nov}, pages = {1579{\textendash}1587}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04339.x}, author = {Nordin, A and Ottoson, J R and Vinneras, B} } @article {8818, title = {Sanitation of faeces from source-separating dry toilets using urea}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {1579{\textendash}1587}, abstract = {

AIM: To develop a reliable and simple method to produce safe fertilizers from human excreta using urea for sanitation of faeces. METHODS AND RESULTS: Urea was added to faecal matter (17{\%} dry matter) at concentrations of 0.5-2{\%} (w/w) and inactivation of Salmonella enterica subspecies 1 serovar Typhimurium (Salm. Typhimurium), Enterococcus spp. and the Salm. Typhimurium bacteriophage 28B was monitored at 14, 24 and 34 degrees C. Urea additions enhanced inactivation and inactivation rates were positively related to increasing NH(3) (aq) concentration and temperature. Salm. Typhimurium was the most sensitive of the organisms studied, while Enterococcus spp. showed more persistence, especially at lower temperatures. The bacteriophage was the most resistant organism studied. CONCLUSIONS: Salmonella reduction levels that meet requirements for safe reuse of faeces as fertilizer (i.e. 6 log(10) reduction) can be achieved for 1{\%} urea within 2 months at 14 degrees C or within 1 week at 24 degrees C and 34 degrees C. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The relationships between organism inactivation rates and temperature, ammonia and pH were identified. Urea treatment proved to be a robust and efficient option for safe recycling of plant nutrients.

}, keywords = {Ammonia, bacteriophage, Disinfection, Faeces, Pathogen, Salmonella, sanitation, Urea}, isbn = {1364-5072}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04339.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19426280 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04339.x}, author = {Nordin, A. and Ottoson, J. R. and B. Vinner{\r a}s} } @book {16701, title = {Science and decisions: {Advancing} risk assessment}, year = {2009}, publisher = {The National Academic Press}, organization = {The National Academic Press}, author = {Council, National Research} } @book {16756, title = {Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment}, year = {2009}, publisher = {The National Academies Press}, organization = {The National Academies Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, doi = {10.17226/12209} } @article {6020, title = {{Screening of specific diagnostic peptides of swine hepatitis E virus}}, journal = {Virology Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {186}, author = {Zhao, K and Liu, Q} } @article {5031, title = {A sea change ahead for recreational water quality criteria}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {9-20}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2009.122}, url = {://WOS:000264052900002}, author = {Boehm, Alexandria B. and Ashbolt, Nicholas J. and Colford, John M., Jr. and Dunbar, Lee E. and Fleming, Lora E. and Gold, Mark A. and Hansel, Joel A. and Hunter, Paul R. and Ichida, Audrey M. and McGee, Charles D. and Soller, Jeffrey A. and Weisberg, Stephen B.} } @article {14487, title = {A sea change ahead for recreational water quality criteria}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {7}, year = {2009}, pages = {9{\textendash}20}, author = {Boehm, A. B. and Ashbolt, N. J. and Colford, J. M. and Dunbar, L. E. and Fleming, L. E. and Gold, M. A. and Hansel, J. A. and Hunter, P. R. and Ichida, A. M. and McGee, C. D. and Soller, J. A. and Weisberg, S. B.} } @article {14283, title = {Seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, {Cryptosporidium} oocysts, {Giardia} cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {2209{\textendash}23}, abstract = {The South Nation River basin in eastern Ontario, Canada is characterized by mixed agriculture. Over 1600 water samples were collected on a bi-weekly basis from up to 24 discrete sampling sites on river tributaries of varying stream order within the river basin between 2004 and 2006. Water samples were analyzed for: densities of indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, enterococci, total and fecal coliforms), the presence of pathogenic bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp.), and densities of parasite Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Relationships between indicator bacteria, pathogens, and parasite oocysts/cysts were overall weak, seasonally dependent, site specific, but primarily positive. However, L. monocytogenes was inversely related with indicator bacteria densities. Campylobacter, Salmonella, Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were most frequently detected in the fall. E. coli O157:H7 was detected at a very low frequency. Exploratory decision tree analyses found overall that E. coli densities were the most utilitarian classifiers of parasite/pathogen presence and absence, followed closely by fecal coliforms, and to a lesser extent enterococci and total coliforms. Indicator bacteria densities that classified pathogen presence and absence groupings, were all below 100 CFU per 100 mL(-1). Microorganism relationships with rainfall indices and tributary discharge variables were globally weak to modest, and generally inconsistent among season, site and microorganism. But, overall rainfall and discharge were primarily positively associated with indicator bacteria densities and pathogen detection. Instances where a pathogen was detected in the absence of a detectable bacterial indicator were extremely infrequent; thus, the fecal indicators were conservative surrogates for a variety of pathogenic microorganisms in this agricultural setting. The results from this study indicate that no one indicator or simple hydrological index is entirely suitable for all environmental systems and pathogens/parasites, even within a common geographic setting. These results place more firmly into context that robust prediction and/or indicator utility will require a more firm understanding of microorganism distribution in the landscape, the nature of host sources, and transport/environmental fate affinities among pathogens and indicators.}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.033}, author = {Wilkes, Graham and Edge, Thomas and Gannon, Victor and Jokinen, Cassandra and Lyautey, Emilie and Medeiros, Diane and Neumann, Norman and Ruecker, Norma and Topp, Edward and Lapen, David R} } @article {2467, title = {{Seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape.}}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {2209{\textendash}23}, abstract = {The South Nation River basin in eastern Ontario, Canada is characterized by mixed agriculture. Over 1600 water samples were collected on a bi-weekly basis from up to 24 discrete sampling sites on river tributaries of varying stream order within the river basin between 2004 and 2006. Water samples were analyzed for: densities of indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, enterococci, total and fecal coliforms), the presence of pathogenic bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp.), and densities of parasite Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Relationships between indicator bacteria, pathogens, and parasite oocysts/cysts were overall weak, seasonally dependent, site specific, but primarily positive. However, L. monocytogenes was inversely related with indicator bacteria densities. Campylobacter, Salmonella, Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were most frequently detected in the fall. E. coli O157:H7 was detected at a very low frequency. Exploratory decision tree analyses found overall that E. coli densities were the most utilitarian classifiers of parasite/pathogen presence and absence, followed closely by fecal coliforms, and to a lesser extent enterococci and total coliforms. Indicator bacteria densities that classified pathogen presence and absence groupings, were all below 100 CFU per 100 mL(-1). Microorganism relationships with rainfall indices and tributary discharge variables were globally weak to modest, and generally inconsistent among season, site and microorganism. But, overall rainfall and discharge were primarily positively associated with indicator bacteria densities and pathogen detection. Instances where a pathogen was detected in the absence of a detectable bacterial indicator were extremely infrequent; thus, the fecal indicators were conservative surrogates for a variety of pathogenic microorganisms in this agricultural setting. The results from this study indicate that no one indicator or simple hydrological index is entirely suitable for all environmental systems and pathogens/parasites, even within a common geographic setting. These results place more firmly into context that robust prediction and/or indicator utility will require a more firm understanding of microorganism distribution in the landscape, the nature of host sources, and transport/environmental fate affinities among pathogens and indicators.}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.033}, author = {Wilkes, Graham and Edge, Thomas and Gannon, Victor and Jokinen, Cassandra and Lyautey, Emilie and Medeiros, Diane and Neumann, Norman and Ruecker, Norma and Topp, Edward and Lapen, David R} } @article {6370, title = {Seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, {Cryptosporidium} oocysts, {Giardia} cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, month = {may}, pages = {2209{\textendash}2223}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.033}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135409000761}, author = {Wilkes, Graham and Edge, Thomas and Gannon, Victor and Jokinen, Cassandra and Lyautey, Emilie and Medeiros, Diane and Neumann, Norman and Ruecker, Norma and Topp, Edward and Lapen, David R.} } @article {17173, title = {Seasonal stability of Cladophora-associated Salmonella in Lake Michigan watersheds}, journal = {Water ResWater ResWater research}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {Feb}, pages = {806-14}, edition = {2008/12/09}, keywords = {*Seasons, *Water Supply, Chlorophyta/*microbiology, Fresh Water/*microbiology, Geography, Michigan, Phylogeny, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Salmonella/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Time Factors}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)
0043-1354}, author = {Byappanahalli, M. N. and Sawdey, R. and Ishii, S. and Shively, D. A. and Ferguson, J. A. and Whitman, R. L. and Sadowsky, M. J.} } @article {12199, title = {A seasonal study of the mecA gene and Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant S. aureus in a municipal wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {925-932}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {B{\"o}rjesson, Stefan and Melin, Sara and Matussek, Andreas and Per E Lindgren} } @article {2623, title = {Seasonality of rotavirus disease in the tropics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {International journal of epidemiology}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1487-1496}, abstract = {To date little conclusive evidence exists on the seasonality of rotavirus incidence in the tropics. We present a systematic review and meta-analysis on the seasonal epidemiology of rotavirus in the tropics, including 26 studies reporting continuous monthly rotavirus incidence for which corresponding climatological data was available.}, doi = {10.1093/ije/dyn260}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn260}, author = {Levy, Karen and Hubbard, Alan E and Eisenberg, Joseph N} } @article {866, title = {Seasonality of rotavirus disease in the tropics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {International journal of epidemiology}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1487-1496}, abstract = {To date little conclusive evidence exists on the seasonality of rotavirus incidence in the tropics. We present a systematic review and meta-analysis on the seasonal epidemiology of rotavirus in the tropics, including 26 studies reporting continuous monthly rotavirus incidence for which corresponding climatological data was available.}, doi = {10.1093/ije/dyn260}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn260}, author = {Levy, Karen and Hubbard, Alan E and Eisenberg, Joseph N} } @article {3807, title = {Seasonality of rotavirus disease in the tropics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1487{\textendash}1496}, abstract = {

To date little conclusive evidence exists on the seasonality of rotavirus incidence in the tropics. We present a systematic review and meta-analysis on the seasonal epidemiology of rotavirus in the tropics, including 26 studies reporting continuous monthly rotavirus incidence for which corresponding climatological data was available.

}, doi = {10.1093/ije/dyn260}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn260}, author = {Levy, Karen and Hubbard, Alan E and Eisenberg, Joseph N} } @article {9846, title = {{Seven gene phylogeny of heterokonts}}, journal = {Protist}, volume = {160}, year = {2009}, pages = {191{\textendash}204}, doi = {10.1016/j.protis.2008.11.004}, author = {Riisberg, I and Orr, RJ and Kluge, R. and Shalchian-Tabrizi, K and Bowers, HA and Patil, V and Edvardsen, B and Jakobsen, KS} } @article {7814, title = {Sewage effluent as a source of Campylobacter sp. in a surface water catchment}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, note = {JID: 9106628; 0 (Sewage); ppublish}, month = {Aug}, pages = {239-249}, abstract = {

Campylobacter sp. can regularly be found in wastewater-affected surface waters. The occurrence of Campylobacter sp. in rivers, treated sewage and combined sewer overflows was analysed in a catchment with sparse annual precipitation. During regular treatment the reduction efficacy for Campylobacter sp. varies between 1.75 and 3.5 log(10). However, Campylobacter sp. concentrations do not increase downstream in the river as more sewage treatment plants discharge into it. During rain events, the Campylobacter sp. concentration in the river upstream of any sewage plant rises and in the sewer overflow water it is more than 150-fold higher than the average concentration in the river water at the river mouth. The highest Campylobacter sp. loads and the highest risk of infection occur during summertime after heavy rainfall. Risk management strategies should focus on problems regarding water scarcity, reuse of sewage effluent and the impact of heavy rain events.

}, keywords = {Campylobacter Infections/epidemiology/etiology, Campylobacter/isolation \& purification, Germany, Humans, Rain, Seasons, Sewage/microbiology, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/methods}, isbn = {1369-1619; 0960-3123}, author = {Rechenburg,A. and Kistemann,T.} } @article {6863, title = {Shame or subsidy revisited: social mobilization for sanitation in {Orissa}, {India}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {87}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, month = {aug}, pages = {580{\textendash}587}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a sanitation campaign that combines {\textquoteright}shaming{\textquoteright} (i.e. emotional motivators) with subsidies for poor households in rural Orissa, an Indian state with a disproportionately high share of India{\textquoteright}s child mortality. METHODS: Using a cluster-randomized design, we selected 20 treatment and 20 control villages in the coastal district of Bhadrak, rural Orissa, for a total sample of 1050 households. We collected sanitation and health data before and after a community-led sanitation project, and we used a difference-in-difference estimator to determine the extent to which the campaign influenced the number of households building and using a latrine. FINDINGS: Latrine ownership did not increase in control villages, but in treatment villages it rose from 6\% to 32\% in the overall sample, from 5\% to 36\% in households below the poverty line (eligible for a government subsidy) and from 7\% to 26\% in households above the poverty line (not eligible for a government subsidy). CONCLUSION: Subsidies can overcome serious budget constraints but are not necessary to spur action, for shaming can be very effective by harnessing the power of social pressure and peer monitoring. Through a combination of shaming and subsidies, social marketing can improve sanitation worldwide.}, keywords = {Adult, Data Collection, Female, Financing, Government, Health promotion, Humans, India, Male, Poverty, sanitation, Shame}, issn = {1564-0604}, author = {Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Yang, Jui-Chen and Dickinson, Katherine L. and Poulos, Christine and Patil, Sumeet R. and Mallick, Ranjan K. and Blitstein, Jonathan L. and Praharaj, Purujit} } @article {14788, title = {Socioeconomic and race/ethnic patterns in persistent infection burden among {US} adults}, journal = {{\textbackslash}textbackslashldots Sciences and {\textbackslash}textbackslashldots}, year = {2009}, url = {http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/64A/2/272.short}, author = {Zajacova, A and Dowd, JB and Aiello, AE} } @article {8242, title = {{Socioeconomic and race/ethnic patterns in persistent infection burden among US adults}}, journal = {Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences}, volume = {64}, year = {2009}, pages = {272-279}, url = {http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/64A/2/272.short}, author = {Zajacova, A and Dowd, JB and Aiello, AE} } @article {13870, title = {Socioeconomic and race/ethnic patterns in persistent infection burden among {US} adults}, journal = {{\textbackslash}ldots Sciences and {\textbackslash}ldots}, year = {2009}, url = {http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/64A/2/272.short}, author = {Zajacova, A and Dowd, JB and Aiello, AE} } @article {6826, title = {The {Sonoma} water evaluation trial: a randomized drinking water intervention trial to reduce gastrointestinal illness in older adults}, journal = {American journal of public health}, volume = {99}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {1988{\textendash}1995}, url = {http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153619}, author = {Colford Jr, John M. and Hilton, Joan F. and Wright, Catherine C. and Arnold, Benjamin F. and Saha, Sona and Wade, Timothy J. and Scott, James and Eisenberg, Joseph NS} } @article {7153, title = {The {Sonoma} water evaluation trial: a randomized drinking water intervention trial to reduce gastrointestinal illness in older adults}, journal = {American journal of public health}, volume = {99}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {1988}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2759780/}, author = {Colford Jr, John M. and Hilton, Joan F. and Wright, Catherine C. and Arnold, Benjamin F. and Saha, Sona and Wade, Timothy J. and Scott, James and Eisenberg, Joseph NS} } @article {12246, title = {The SOS Response Controls Integron Recombination}, journal = {ScienceScience}, volume = {324}, number = {5930}, year = {2009}, note = {Guerin, Emilie Cambray, Guillaume Sanchez-Alberola, Neus Campoy, Susana Erill, Ivan Da Re, Sandra Gonzalez-Zorn, Bruno Barbe, Jordi Ploy, Marie-Cecile Mazel, Didier
campoy, susana/E-4346-2010; Mazel, Didier/F-9200-2013; Cambray, Guillaume/A-9476-2015; Barbe, Jordi/G-5212-2015; Erill, Ivan/H-9405-2015; Account for bibliometric studies, IT VISAVET/C-3115-2014; Da Re, Sandra/F-6383-2011; Ploy, Marie-Cecile/O-7501-2016; Campoy, Susana/C-7335-2008; Sanz, Mar/G-2116-2011
campoy, susana/0000-0003-1369-0197; Mazel, Didier/0000-0001-6482-6002; Cambray, Guillaume/0000-0003-0087-2469; Barbe, Jordi/0000-0003-4408-013X; Erill, Ivan/0000-0002-7280-7191; Account for bibliometric studies, IT VISAVET/0000-0003-3319-0050; Da Re, Sandra/0000-0003-3579-9185; Campoy, Susana/0000-0003-1369-0197;}, month = {May}, pages = {1034-1034}, isbn = {0036-8075}, author = {Guerin, E. and Cambray, G. and Sanchez-Alberola, N. and Campoy, S. and Erill, I. and Da Re, S. and Gonzalez-Zorn, B. and Barbe, J. and Ploy, M. C. and Mazel, D.} } @article {9031, title = {Sources of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in The Netherlands}, journal = {Emerging Infection Diseases}, volume = {15}, year = {2009}, pages = {381-7}, author = {Rutjes, SA and Lodder, WJ and Lodder-Verschoor, F and van den Berg, HH and Vennema, H and Duizer, E and Koopmans, M and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {9973, title = {{Sporadic acute hepatitis E occurred constantly during the last decade in northeast Japan}}, journal = {Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {329{\textendash}337}, abstract = {Recent studies have shown that indigenous hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains cause hepatitis E in industrialized countries. We aimed to clarify the characteristics of HEV infection in sporadic hepatitis patients during the last decade in Miyagi, northeast Japan.}, keywords = {Hepatitis E virus, HEV, Miyagi, Phylogenetic analysis, Tohoku}, isbn = {0944-1174 (Print)$\backslash$n0944-1174 (Linking)}, issn = {09441174}, doi = {10.1007/s00535-009-0012-3}, author = {Inoue, Jun and Ueno, Yoshiyuki and Nagasaki, Futoshi and Akahane, Takehiro and Fukushima, Koji and Kogure, Takayuki and Kondo, Yasuteru and Kakazu, Eiji and Tamai, Keiichi and Kido, Osamu and Nakagome, Yu and Ninomiya, Masashi and Obara, Noriyuki and Wakui, Yuta and Takahashi, Masaharu and Okamoto, Hiroaki and Shimosegawa, Tooru} } @inbook {528, title = {Spread of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis due to a novel serotype of human adenovirus in Japan}, booktitle = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {47}, year = {2009}, note = {Ishiko, Hiroaki Aoki, Koki Letter Journal of clinical microbiology 47/8/2678 [pii] J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Aug;47(8):2678-9. doi: 10.1128/JCM.r00313-09.}, pages = {2678-9}, type = {Book Section}, address = {United States}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/*epidemiology/*virology Adenoviruses, DNA Sequence Homology, Human/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification DNA, Viral/chemistry/genetics Humans Japan/epidemiology Keratoconjunctivitis/*epidemiology/*virology Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Sequence Analysis}, isbn = {1098-660X (Electronic) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.r00313-09}, author = {Ishiko, H. and Aoki, K.} } @mastersthesis {6253, title = {The state and markets in {Russia}{\textendash}-{Understanding} the development of bureaucratic implementation capacities through the study of regulatory reform, 2001-2008}, year = {2009}, note = {3385477}, school = {Harvard University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {For much of the 1990s, the Russian state struggled with the enforcement of basic functions such as the provision of public goods, social regulation and collection of taxes. Enfeebled by the transition from communist rule, the post-soviet institutions lacked the organizational resources to ensure that policies enacted at the top are faithfully translated at the lower level of organizational hierarchy. In 2000, the country{\textquoteright}s new leadership moved aggressively to consolidate power within the executive branch and try to make the state more functional. It adopted a decidedly centralizing approach to state building by restricting discretion of individual bureaucrats and removing non-state actors from the process of policy making. This thesis looks at the success of this state-building drive by examining the trajectory of implementation of regulatory reform. Enacted in 2001, the regulatory reform package targeted the entry, licensing and inspections of firms. The basic thrust of the changes was to limit opportunities for rent-seeking behavior by local bureaucrats and to rationalize the interactions between government officials and firms. Regulatory agencies were instructed to inspect businesses less often and to provide licenses and registration within shorter specified time limits. The reforms represented a significant break with past practices that emphasized complete state control over the economy. To get at the issue of incentives to implement reforms, I designed and implemented a series of nation-wide surveys encompassing both implementing officials and firms. The research demonstrated that enforcement varied within temporal, regional and agency dimensions. While most agencies struggled to bring their practices in line with the new federal guidelines, some institutions implemented the changes better than others. Focusing specifically on the variation between established institutions such as the Fire Inspection and Sanitation and Trade Agency, I found that the implementation and performance of agencies depended on the level of organizational autonomy and the political strategies employed by the top management of these agencies. This project demonstrated that rapid organizational restructuring coupled with increased oversight and sanctions of lower level inspectors may not produce the results targeted by policy-makers in older established agencies. By contrast however, for newer institutions that lack established routines rapid changes to organizational structure and formal incentives may in fact work to the reformers{\textquoteright} advantage and produce more immediate tangible results. The thesis makes a contribution to the study of post-communist politics and the literature on comparative state building.}, keywords = {0615:Political science, 0617:Public administration, 0724:Russian history, Bureaucracy, Institutional development, Political science, Postcommunism, Public administration, Regulatory reform, Russia, Russian history, Social sciences, Transition}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304893607?accountid=14270}, author = {Pryadilnikov, Mikhail Vladimirovich} } @booklet {9335, title = {{State of the science: review of quantitative tools to determine wastewater soil treatment unit performance}}, year = {2009}, author = {McCray, J} } @article {15566, title = {A strategy to control transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {360}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, month = {Jan 8}, pages = {121-8}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Schistosoma japonicum causes an infection involving humans, livestock, and snails and is a significant cause of morbidity in China. METHODS: We evaluated a comprehensive control strategy in two intervention villages and two control villages along Poyang Lake in the southeastern province of Jiangxi, where annual synchronous chemotherapy is routinely used. New interventions, implemented from 2005 through 2007, included removing cattle from snail-infested grasslands, providing farmers with mechanized farm equipment, improving sanitation by supplying tap water and building lavatories and latrines, providing boats with fecal-matter containers, and implementing an intensive health-education program. During the intervention period, we observed changes in S. japonicum infection in humans, measured the rate of infection in snails, and tested the infectivity of lake water in mice. RESULTS: After three transmission seasons, the rate of infection in humans decreased to less than 1.0\% in the intervention villages, from 11.3\% to 0.7\% in one village and from 4.0\% to 0.9\% in the other (P<0.001 for both comparisons). The rate of infection in humans in control villages fluctuated but remained at baseline levels. In intervention villages, the percentage of sampling sites with infected snails decreased from 2.2\% to 0.1\% in one grassland area and from 0.3\% to no infection in the other (P<0.001 for both comparisons). The rate of infection in mice after exposure to lake water decreased from 79\% to no infection (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive control strategy based on interventions to reduce the rate of transmission of S. japonicum infection from cattle and humans to snails was highly effective. These interventions have been adopted as the national strategy to control schistosomiasis in China.}, keywords = {Agriculture, Animals, China/epidemiology, Communicable Disease Control/economics/ methods, control/transmission/veterinary, Costs and Cost Analysis, Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention \& control, Disease Vectors, Fresh Water/parasitology, Health Education, Humans, sanitation, Schistosoma japonicum/ isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis japonica/epidemiology/ prevention \&, Snails/parasitology}, isbn = {1533-4406 (Electronic)
0028-4793 (Linking)}, author = {Wang, L. D. and Chen, H. G. and Guo, J. G. and Zeng, X. J. and Hong, X. L. and Xiong, J. J. and Wu, X. H. and Wang, X. H. and Wang, L. Y. and Xia, G. and Hao, Y. and Chin, D. P. and Zhou, X. N.} } @article {9845, title = {{Subtype analysis of Blastocystis isolates from Blastocystis cyst excreting patients}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {80}, year = {2009}, pages = {588{\textendash}592}, author = {Rene, BA and Stensvold, CR and Badsberg, JH and Nielsen, HV} } @article {9868, title = {{Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates from synanthropic and zoo animals and identification of a new subtype}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {39}, year = {2009}, pages = {473{\textendash}479}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.07.006}, author = {Stensvold, CR and Alfellani, MA and N{\o}rskov-Lauritsen, S and Prip, K and Victory, EL and Maddox, C and Nielsen, HV and Clark, CG} } @article {5185, title = {{Sunlight inactivation of Escherichia coli in waste stabilization microcosms in a sahelian region (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso).}}, journal = {Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {113{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

Experiments on sunlight inactivation of Escherichia coli were conducted from November 2006 to June 2007 in eight outdoors microcosms with different depths filled with maturation pond wastewater in order to determine pond depth influence on sunlight inactivation of E. coli. The long-term aim was to maximize sunlight inactivation of waterborne pathogens in waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) in sahelian regions where number of sunny days enable longer exposure of wastewater to sunlight. The inactivation was followed during daylight from 8.00 h to 17.00 h and during the night. Sunlight inactivation rates (K(S)), as a function of cumulative global solar radiation (insolation), were 16 and 24 times higher than the corresponding dark inactivation (K(D)) rates, respectively in cold and warm season. In warm season, E. coli was inactivated far more rapidly. Inactivation of E. coli follows the evolution of radiation during the day. In shallow depth microcosms, E. coli was inactivated far more rapidly than in high depth microcosms. The physical chemical parameters [pH, dissolved oxygen (DO)] of microcosms water were higher in shallow depth microcosms than in high depth microcosms suggesting a synergistic effect of sunlight and these parameters to damage E. coli. To increase the efficiency of the elimination of waterborne bacteria, the use of maturation ponds with intermediate depths (0.4m) would be advisable in view of the high temperatures and thus evaporation recorded in sahelian regions.

}, keywords = {2.5 removal, Burkina Faso, Cell Death, Cell Death: radiation effects, Darkness, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: cytology, Escherichia coli: metabolism, Escherichia coli: physiology, Escherichia coli: radiation effects, Eukaryota, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microbial Viability, Microbial Viability: radiation effects, Oxygen, Oxygen: chemistry, Oxygen: metabolism, Seasons, Solubility, Sunlight, Temperature, Ultraviolet Rays, Waste Management}, issn = {1011-1344}, doi = {10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.10.008}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19084427}, author = {Ma{\"\i}ga, Ynoussa and Denyigba, Kokou and Wethe, Joseph and Aboubakar S Ouattara} } @article {10327, title = {Survey of wastewater indicators and human pathogen genomes in biosolids produced by class A and class B stabilization treatments}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {164{\textendash}174}, author = {Viau, Emily and Peccia, Jordan} } @article {1907, title = {Survey of wastewater indicators and human pathogen genomes in biosolids produced by class a and class B stabilization treatments}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, note = {Viau, Emily Peccia, Jordan eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2008/11/11 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Jan;75(1):164-74. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01331-08. Epub 2008 Nov 7.}, pages = {164-74}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Accurate modeling of the infectious aerosol risk associated with the land application of biosolids requires an in-depth knowledge of the magnitudes and changes in pathogen concentrations for a variety of class A and class B stabilization methods. The following survey used quantitative PCR (qPCR) and culture assays to detect environmentally resistant bacterial and viral pathogens and biosolid indicator organisms for 36 biosolid grab samples. Biosolids were collected from 14 U.S. states and included 16 class B mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) samples and 20 class A biosolid samples from temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD), MAD plus composting (COM), and MAD plus heat pelletization processes. The indicator concentrations of fecal coliforms and male-specific coliphages as well as pathogen genome concentrations for human adenovirus species, Legionella pneumophila, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium difficile were significantly lower in the class A samples, and a multivariate analysis of variance ranked the stabilization processes from the lowest pathogen/indicator load to the highest as (i) class A COM, (ii) class A TPAD, and (iii) class B MAD. Human adenovirus genomes were found in 88\% of the class B samples and 70 to 100\% of the class A samples. L. pneumophila, S. aureus, and C. difficile genomes were detected at the qPCR assay detection limits in 19 to 50\% of the class B and class A anaerobic digestion samples, while L. pneumophila was detected in 50\% of the class A compost samples. When considering all the stabilization methods, both the fecal coliform and the male-specific coliphage concentrations show a significant linear correlation with the pathogen genome concentrations. This survey provides the necessary pathogen concentrations to add to biosolid aerosol risk and pathogen exposure analyses and clarifies the effectiveness of class A stabilization methods with the pathogen and indicator loads in biosolids.}, keywords = {Bacteria/genetics/*isolation \& purification Colony Count, Microbial *Environmental Microbiology Environmental Monitoring/*methods Humans Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Sewage/*microbiology Viruses/genetics/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01331-08}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18997022}, author = {Viau, E. and Peccia, J.} } @article {14005, title = {Survival and adhesion ability of {Shigella} spp. strains after their incubation in seawater microcosms}, journal = {World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {1161{\textendash}1168}, issn = {0959-3993}, doi = {10.1007/s11274-009-9995-4}, author = {Ellafi, Ali and Denden, Ikbel and Abdallah, Fethi Ben and Souissi, Ines and Bakhrouf, Amina} } @article {7993, title = {{Survival and adhesion ability of Shigella spp. strains after their incubation in seawater microcosms}}, journal = {World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {1161{\textendash}1168}, issn = {0959-3993}, doi = {10.1007/s11274-009-9995-4}, author = {Ellafi, Ali and Denden, Ikbel and Abdallah, Fethi Ben and Souissi, Ines and Bakhrouf, Amina} } @article {2228, title = {{Survival and adhesion ability of Shigella spp. strains after their incubation in seawater microcosms}}, journal = {World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, pages = {1161{\textendash}1168}, issn = {0959-3993}, doi = {10.1007/s11274-009-9995-4}, author = {Ellafi, Ali and Denden, Ikbel and Abdallah, Fethi Ben and Souissi, Ines and Bakhrouf, Amina} } @article {9709, title = {Survival and persistence of human and ruminant-specific faecal Bacteroidales in freshwater microcosms}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {1410{\textendash}1421}, author = {Walters, SP and Field, KG} } @article {10218, title = {{Survival and persistence of human and ruminant-specific faecal Bacteroidales in freshwater microcosms}}, journal = {Environ Microbiol}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1410{\textendash}1421}, author = {Walters, SP and Field, KG} } @article {7721, title = {Survival mechanisms and culturability of Campylobacter jejuni under stress conditions}, journal = {Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {96(4)}, year = {2009}, pages = {377-394}, author = {Jackson,D. N. and Davis,B. and Tirado,S. M. and Duggal,M. and van Frankenhuyzen,J. K. and Deaville,D. and Wijesinghe,M. A. and Tessaro,M. and Trevors,J. T.} } @article {17484, title = {{Survival of Ascaris eggs and hygienic quality of human excreta in Vietnamese composting latrines.}}, journal = {Environmental health : a global access science source}, volume = {8}, year = {2009}, month = {dec}, pages = {57}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: For centuries farmers in Vietnam have fertilized their fields with human excreta collected directly from their household latrines. Contrary to the official guideline of six-month storage, the households usually only store human excreta for three to four months before use, since this is the length of time that farmers have available to produce fertilizer between two cropping seasons. This study aimed to investigate whether hygienically safe fertilizer could be produced in the latrines within this period of time. METHODS: By inoculating eggs of the helminth parasite indicator Ascaris suum into heaps of human excreta, a die-off experiment was conducted under conditions similar to those commonly used in Vietnamese latrines. Half a ton of human excreta was divided into five heaps containing increasing concentrations of lime from 0{\%} to 11{\%}. RESULTS: Regardless of the starting pH, which varied from 9.4 to 11.6, a {\textgreater}99{\%} die-off of eggs was obtained after 105 to 117 days of storage for all lime concentrations and 97{\%} of eggs were non-viable after 88 days of storage. The most critical parameter found to determine the die-off process was the amount of ammonia (urine) in the excreta which indicates that longer storage periods are needed for parasite egg die-off if urine is separated from the excreta. CONCLUSION: By inactivating {\textgreater}99{\%} of all A. suum eggs in human excreta during a storage period of only three months the commonly used Double Vault Composting (DVC) latrine, in which urine is not separated, could therefore potentially provide a hygienic acceptable fertilizer.}, keywords = {Agriculture, Analysis, Animals, Ascaris suum, Feces, Fertilizers, Humans, isolation {\&} purification, methods, Parasite Egg Count, Parasitology, Soil, Standards, Time Factors, Toilet Facilities, Vietnam, Waste Management}, issn = {1476-069X (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-8-57}, author = {Jensen, Peter K M and Phuc, Pham D and Konradsen, Flemming and Klank, Lise T and Dalsgaard, Anders} } @article {10977, title = {Survival of {Ascaris} eggs and hygienic quality of human excreta in {Vietnamese} composting latrines}, journal = {Environmental Health}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {dec}, pages = {57{\textendash}65}, abstract = {For centuries farmers in Vietnam have fertilized their fields with human excreta collected directly from their household latrines. Contrary to the official guideline of six-month storage, the households usually only store human excreta for three to four months before use, since this is the length of time that farmers have available to produce fertilizer between two cropping seasons. This study aimed to investigate whether hygienically safe fertilizer could be produced in the latrines within this period of time.}, issn = {1476-069X}, doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-8-57}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-8-57}, author = {Jensen, Peter KM and Phuc, Pham D. and Konradsen, Flemming and Klank, Lise T. and Dalsgaard, Anders} } @article {13390, title = {{Survival of Ascaris eggs and hygienic quality of human excreta in Vietnamese composting latrines}}, journal = {Environmental Health}, volume = {8}, number = {57}, year = {2009}, pages = {1{\textendash}9}, author = {P KM Jensen and P D Phuc and Konradsen, F and L T Klank and Dalsgaard, A} } @article {1242, title = {Survival of human adenovirus 41 in landapplied manure and biosolids.}, journal = {Food and environmental virology}, volume = {1}, number = {3-4}, year = {2009}, pages = {148-154}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {J Wei and Y Jin and T Sims and K Kniel} } @article {1294, title = {Survival of human adenovirus 41 in land-applied manure and biosolids}, journal = {Food Environ Virol}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {148-154}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {J Wei and Y Jin and T Sims and K Kniel} } @article {4507, title = {Survival of human adenovirus 41 in landapplied manure and biosolids.}, journal = {Food and Environmental Virology}, volume = {1}, number = {3-4}, year = {2009}, pages = {148{\textendash}154}, author = {J Wei and Y Jin and T Sims and K Kniel} } @article {7858, title = {Survival of selected pathogens in diluted sludge of a thermophilic waste treatment plant and in NaCl-solution under aerobic and anaerobic conditions}, journal = {Waste Management}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {1}, pages = {425-429}, abstract = {Decimal reduction times (DRT or D-value) of Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica (formerly Salmonella choleraesuis) serovar Senftenberg, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes were determined in two different matrices, diluted fermenter sludge (DFS) and 0.95\% NaCl-solution (NaCl) at 50 {\textdegree}C, both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Depending on aeration, matrix composition, and the respective organism, the D-values varied between 10 min and more than 15 h. Generally the viability of bacteria decreased faster in DFS compared to NaCl-solution and under aerobic compared to anaerobic conditions. After 24 h no viable cells could be detected in DFS, both under aerobic as well as under anaerobic conditions, whereas viable cells were still found in NaCl solutions. In both matrices the detection limits determined by means of PCR-based and classical microbiological methods were compared and pointed to lower detection limits of the latter methods. Results of the present investigation show that test organisms were far from surviving several days in DFS whereas hydraulic retention times normally used for thermophilic anaerobic digestion are in the range of 2 weeks. However, an underestimation of survival rates of the test organisms seems probable when applying aerobic standard methods.}, isbn = {0956-053X}, author = {Wagner,Andreas O. and Malin,Cornelia and Gstraunthaler,Gudrun and Illmer,Paul} } @article {4412, title = {A swimming pool-related outbreak of pharyngoconjunctival fever in children due to adenovirus type 4, Gipuzkoa, Spain, 2008}, journal = {Euro Surveill}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1560-7917 (Electronic) 1025-496X (Linking)}, author = {Artieda, J. and Pineiro, L. and Gonzalez, M. and Munoz, M. and Basterrechea, M. and Iturzaeta, A. and Cilla, G.} } @article {4439, title = {A swimming pool-related outbreak of pharyngoconjunctival fever in children due to adenovirus type 4, {Gipuzkoa}, {Spain}, 2008}, journal = {Euro Surveillance}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, pages = {19125}, issn = {1560-7917 (Electronic) 1025-496X (Linking)}, author = {Artieda, J. and Pineiro, L. and Gonzalez, M. and Munoz, M. and Basterrechea, M. and Iturzaeta, A. and Cilla, G.} } @article {1122, title = {Systematic review of human papillomavirus prevalence in invasive penile cancer}, journal = {Cancer Causes Control}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {449-457}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {AMERICA Asia assay ASSAYS biopsy cancer Carcinoma Carcinoma, Squamous Cell classification detection DNA dna, viral EFFICACY EPIDEMIOLOGY etiology Europe genetics health human Human papillomavirus 16 Human papillomavirus 18 Human papillomavirus 6 humans IF isolation \& purification male methods North America North Carolina Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papilloma}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19082746}, author = {Backes, D.M. and Kurman, R.J. and Pimenta, J.M. and Smith, J.S.} } @article {2760, title = {Systematic review of human papillomavirus prevalence in invasive penile cancer}, journal = {Cancer Causes Control}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {449-457}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {AMERICA Asia assay ASSAYS biopsy cancer Carcinoma Carcinoma, Squamous Cell classification detection DNA dna, viral EFFICACY EPIDEMIOLOGY etiology Europe genetics health human Human papillomavirus 16 Human papillomavirus 18 Human papillomavirus 6 humans IF isolation \& purification male methods North America North Carolina Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papilloma}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19082746}, author = {Backes, D.M. and Kurman, R.J. and Pimenta, J.M. and Smith, J.S.} } @mastersthesis {6902, title = {Temporal and spatial variation in community diversity, richness, and abundance of ichthyoplankton in coastal {Newfoundland} over two decades}, year = {2009}, note = {MR57384}, school = {Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {I examine the patterns of variation in the larval fish community from coastal Newfoundland using data from 68 surveys conducted during the summer months between 1982 and 2002. I review the literature concerning changes in the adult fish community that have taken place, and then review the hypotheses about their possible causes. The principle debate surrounding the collapse of the Newfoundland groundfish deals with the relative roles of fishing pressure versus the potential influence of seawater temperature during the years following peak fishing pressure in the 1960{\textquoteright}s. I address whether differences in gear type (Bongo vs. Ring nets) might affect my ability to detect changes in the larval fish community as a result of selection loss or avoidance. Based on the results of statistical comparisons and on calculated catch ratios of {\textless} 1.6 I concluded that DO consistent bias was present as a result of gear type and that the abundance data in this study are sufficiently comparable for use in larger temporal studies. I then contrast temporal changes in the larval community of three bays. Based on Multidimensional Scaling plots, Group Average Cluster Analysis and species abundance plots, I concluded that temperature (seasonal structure) plays a role in determining community composition of the larval fish studied, producing distinct larval assemblages at specific times of the year. I also concluded that below average water temperatures during the early 1990{\textquoteright}s affected the community composition of the larva; as cold-water species were unusually present during summer months. Additionally Analysis of Similarity showed that larval species abundance significantly decreased post 1992 and some non-commercial species showed smaller declines in abundance than those commercially targeted. Finally, I examine the scale at which these changes have occurred, to determine whether large-scale temporal changes occur in species diversity or dominance, and whether changes correlate within and among the bays surrounding Newfoundland{\textquoteright}s Avalon Peninsula. Larval fish abundance displayed significant changes during the same time periods in all the bays examined in this study. However, further investigation is needed before conclusions can be made regarding how species composition differs in the bays surrounding the Avalon Peninsula.}, keywords = {0416:Biological oceanography, 0792:Aquatic sciences, Aquatic sciences, Biological oceanography, Biological sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305063123?accountid=14270}, author = {Carter-Lynn, Kelly P.} } @article {12389, title = {Tetracycline resistance genes and tetracycline resistant lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae in activated sludge of sewage treatment plants}, journal = {Environmental science and technology}, volume = {43}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, pages = {3455-3460}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Zhang, Tong and Zhang, Ming and Zhang, Xuxiang and Fang, Herbert Hanping} } @mastersthesis {7067, title = {Thermal dissipation field and its statistical properties in turbulent {Rayleigh}-{Benard} convection}, year = {2009}, note = {3398675}, school = {Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Hong Kong)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A systematic study of the thermal dissipation field and its statistical properties is carried out in turbulent Rayleigh-B{\'e}nard convection. A local temperature gradient probe consisting of four identical thermistors is made to measure the normalized thermal dissipation rate ε N (r ) in two convection cells filled with water. The measurements are conducted over varying Rayleigh numbers Ra (8.9{\texttimes}10 8 <= Ra <= 9.3{\texttimes}109 ) and spatial positions r across the entire cell. It is found that εN ( r ) contains two contributions; one is generated by thermal plumes, present mainly in the plume-dominated bulk region, and decreases with increasing Ra. The other contribution comes from the mean temperature gradient, being concentrated in the thermal boundary layers, and increases with Ra. From the measured instantaneous thermal dissipation rate ε N (r , t ), we construct a locally averaged thermal dissipation rate ετ ( r , t ) over a time interval τ and study the τ-dependence of the moments, [left angle bracket][Special characters omitted.] (r , t )[right angle bracket]t , averaged over time t. A good scaling regime, in which [left angle bracket]([Special characters omitted.] )p [right angle bracket] goes as [left angle bracket]([Special characters omitted.] )p [right angle bracket]\~{}[Special characters omitted.] for all values of p up to 8, is found for all three dissipation contributions ετ (r , t ) (i = x, y, z ). The obtained exponents μi (p ) at three representative locations in the convection cell are explained by a phenomenological model, which combines the effects of both buoyancy for velocity statistics and geometric shape of the most dissipative structures in turbulent convection. The experiment thus provides a complete physical picture about the thermal dissipation field and its statistical properties in turbulent convection.}, keywords = {0794:Materials science, Applied sciences, Materials science, Rayleigh-Benard convection, Thermal dissipation, Thermistors, Turbulent convection}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/251365409?accountid=14270}, author = {He, Xiaozhou} } @article {17303, title = {Thermal Inactivation of Salmonella in Peanut Butter}, journal = {Journal of Food ProtectionJournal of food protection}, volume = {72}, number = {8}, year = {2009}, month = {Aug}, pages = {1596-1601}, keywords = {beef, Chicken, heat tolerance, listeria-monocytogenes, Serovars, spp., Turkey, typhimurium, validation}, isbn = {0362-028x}, author = {Ma, L. and Zhang, G. D. and Gerner-Smidt, P. and Mantripragada, V. and Ezeoke, I. and Doyle, M. P.} } @article {6365, title = {Thermotolerant {Coliforms} {Are} {Not} a {Good} {Surrogate} for {Campylobacter} spp. in {Environmental} {Water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {21}, year = {2009}, month = {nov}, pages = {6736{\textendash}6744}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00486-09}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.00486-09}, author = {St-Pierre, K. and Levesque, S. and Frost, E. and Carrier, N. and Arbeit, R. D. and Michaud, S.} } @mastersthesis {6289, title = {Towards an urban and sustainable {Puerto} {Nuevo}: {A} green (re)development of the first suburbs in {San} {Juan} of {Puerto} {Rico}}, year = {2009}, note = {1478567}, school = {University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras (Puerto Rico)}, type = {phdM.{P}.{L}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis explores the feasibility of the phased (re)construction of a deteriorating inner-city neighborhood as a strategy to forestall (sub)urban sprawl and advance a more sustainable relationship between the city and the biosphere. It focuses on the analysis of the causes and negative consequences of neighborhood deterioration and (sub)urban sprawl in the capital city of San Juan in Puerto Rico, and the proposal of a comprehensive, participatory and multidisciplinary (re)development program as a feasible solution. Puerto Nuevo Ward, the first mass-produced suburb in Puerto Rico, serves as case study for the investigation. A historic analysis of the socio-economic, political, institutional and urban design/planning aspects forms the first part of this investigation. Based on Goodall (1972) and Smith (1983) theoretical stage-models for neighborhood deterioration cycles, several socio-economic indicators, trends, and use changes are identified and compiled using US Census data. These are evaluated for one neighborhood-unit in the Puerto Nuevo Ward: Sector-74 . Informal interviews to residents and a historical comparative analysis of the transport and physical characteristics of housing structures, commercial structures and public spaces complement the socioeconomic evaluation. A progressive intermediate neighborhood deterioration stage is identified for Sector-74 . Socio-economic (re)vitalization and physical (re)development is proposed as a solution to the on-going decline. A multidisciplinary planning approach to the (re)construction of the city, (re)adapting and (re)structuring its urban inventories and integrating the community in the planning and (re)development process are considered essential to achieve housing affordability, social justice, and a more sustainable urban environment whilst pre-empting the causes of neighborhood deterioration. The project is specifically geared to transform the neighborhood{\textquoteright}s layout into a more environmentally friendly, socially conscious and physically optimized urban land. A voluntary community-based land trust scheme is proposed as a collective instrument of negotiation and/or participation as co-developer with the private sector, guided and planned by the public sector. This aims at managing the ubiquitous process of gentrification. Also, the project identities specific urban and architectural strategies and typologies at several design scales (metropolitan, neighborhood, urban block, and architecture) geared to mediate society{\textquoteright}s needs and those of the biosphere. Climate responsive design, transit, and an improved neighborhood layout that promote pedestrian accessibility and car deterrence are some of the strategies pursued. A new energy and water resource semiautonomous tropical urban block prototype, the EnviroBlock ( EcoBloque ), is proposed as a basic module for (re)constructing substantial areas in deteriorating (sub)urban neighborhoods into more sustainable urban districts. A feasibility/affordability study is performed for this prototype. Local development costs and construction costs are considered for several market sectors, public subsidies and density scenarios. The results indicate the necessity of public subsidies and/or technological innovation if the majority of the housing market demand is to be attended in central urban areas. Implementation design, planning instruments and public finance strategies are also discussed as part of the project. A sustainable transformation of San Juan City is necessary, possible and feasible. The (re)development of deteriorating transition period suburbs to higher density mix-uses and the improvement of transit through a socially and environmentally conscious urban plan is the recommended course of action.}, keywords = {0640:Sustainability, 0729:Architecture, 0999:Urban planning, Architecture, Communication and the arts, Social sciences, Sustainability, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305041616?accountid=14270}, author = {Ramos Santiago, Luis Enrique} } @article {11238, title = {{Toxocariasis: America{\textquoteright}s Most Common Neglected Infection of Poverty and a Helminthiasis of Global Importance?}}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, pages = {e400}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0000400}, author = {Hotez, Peter J and Wilkins, Patricia P} } @article {8477, title = {{Toxoplasma gondii: 1908-2008, homage to Nicolle, Manceaux and Splendore}}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {132{\textendash}147}, author = {Ferguson, DJP} } @article {8588, title = {{Toxoplasma gondii infection and cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients}}, journal = {Future Microbiology}, volume = {4}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, pages = {1363{\textendash}1379}, author = {Pereira-Chioccola, VL and Vidal, JE and Su, C} } @article {8490, title = {{Toxoplasma seroprevalence in a rural population in France: detection of a household effect}}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, year = {2009}, pages = {76}, author = {Fromont, EG and Riche, B and Rabilloud, M} } @article {8535, title = {{{\textquoteright}Toxoplasma-safe meat: close to reality?}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {18{\textendash}22}, author = {Kijlstra, A and Jongert, E} } @book {8457, title = {{Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans}}, year = {2009}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, edition = {Second}, address = {London}, author = {Dubey, JP} } @article {8583, title = {{Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {39}, number = {12}, year = {2009}, pages = {1385{\textendash}1394}, author = {Pappas, G and Roussos, N and Falagas, M. E.} } @book {5405, title = {{Treatment wetlands}}, year = {2009}, pages = {965}, publisher = {CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC}, organization = {CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC}, edition = {2nd editio}, address = {London, UK}, author = {Kadlec, RH and Wallace, SD} } @article {6285, title = {Tri-{County} {Comprehensive} {Assessment} of {Risk} {Factors} for {Sporadic} {Reportable} {Bacterial} {Enteric} {Infection} in {Children}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {199}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {feb}, pages = {467{\textendash}476}, issn = {0022-1899, 1537-6613}, doi = {10.1086/596555}, url = {http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1086/596555}, author = {Denno, Donna~M. and Keene, William~E. and Hutter, Carolyn~M. and Koepsell, Jennifer~K. and Patnode, Marianne and Flodin-Hursh, Denny and Stewart, Laurie~K. and Duchin, Jeffrey~S. and Rasmussen, Laurette and Jones, Robert and Tarr, Phillip~I.} } @article {13593, title = {Triclabendazole progress report, 2005-2009: an advancement of learning?}, journal = {J Helminthol.}, volume = {83}, year = {2009}, pages = {139-150}, author = {Fairweather, I.} } @article {6146, title = {Ubiquitous occurrence of the artificial sweetener acesulfame in the aquatic environment: an ideal chemical marker of domestic wastewater in groundwater}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, year = {2009}, pages = {4381-4385}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Buerge, Ignaz J and Hans R Buser and Kahle, Maren and Muller, Markus D and Poiger, Thomas} } @article {8912, title = {Ultrasound-induced inactivation of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in secondary treated municipal wastewater}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {629-634}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1350-4177}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2008.11.011}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417708001946 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1350417708001946/1-s2.0-S1350417708001946-main.pdf?_tid=08a5e690-4797-11e6-92c0-00000aacb362\&acdnat=1468262649_0d9374177df1fe22c86865b3663b45e1}, author = {Drakopoulou, S. and Terzakis, S. and Fountoulakis, M. S. and Mantzavinos, D. and Manios, T.} } @article {2267, title = {{Uncertainty Evaluation of Coliform Bacteria Removal from Vegetated Filter Strip under Overland Flow Condition}}, journal = {Journal of Environment Quality}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {jan}, pages = {1636}, abstract = {Vegetated filter strips (VFS) have become an important component of water quality improvement by reducing sediment and nutrients transport to surface water. This management practice is also beneficial for controlling manure-borne pathogen transport to surface water. The objective of this work was to assess the VFS efficiency and evaluate the uncertainty in predicting the microbial pollutant removal from overland flow in VFS. We used the kinematic wave overland flow model as implemented in KINEROS2 coupled with the convective-dispersive overland transport model which accounts for the reversible attachment-detachment and surface straining of infiltrating bacteria. The model was successfully calibrated with experimental data obtained from a series of simulated rainfall experiments at vegetated and bare sandy loam and clay loam plots, where fecal coliforms were released from manure slurry applied on the top of the plots. The calibrated model was then used to assess the sensitivity of the VFS efficiency to the model parameters, rainfall duration, and intensity for a case study with a 6-m VFS placed at the edge of 200-m long field. The Monte Carlo simulations were also performed to evaluate the uncertainty associated with the VFS efficiency given the uncertainty in the model parameters and key inputs. The VFS efficiency was found to be <95\% in 25\%, <75\% in 23\%, and <25\% in 20\% of cases. Relatively long high-intensity rainfalls, low hydraulic conductivities, low net capillary drives of soil, and high soil moisture contents before rainfalls caused the partial failure of VFS to retain coliforms from the infiltration excess runoff.}, keywords = {Calibration, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Models, Monte Carlo Method, Plants, Theoretical, Uncertainty, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1537-2537}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2008.0328}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19549940}, author = {Guber, A. K. and Yakirevich, A. M. and Sadeghi, A. M. and Pachepsky, Y. A. and Shelton, D. R.} } @article {14052, title = {Uncertainty {Evaluation} of {Coliform} {Bacteria} {Removal} from {Vegetated} {Filter} {Strip} under {Overland} {Flow} {Condition}}, journal = {Journal of Environment Quality}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {jan}, pages = {1636}, abstract = {Vegetated filter strips (VFS) have become an important component of water quality improvement by reducing sediment and nutrients transport to surface water. This management practice is also beneficial for controlling manure-borne pathogen transport to surface water. The objective of this work was to assess the VFS efficiency and evaluate the uncertainty in predicting the microbial pollutant removal from overland flow in VFS. We used the kinematic wave overland flow model as implemented in KINEROS2 coupled with the convective-dispersive overland transport model which accounts for the reversible attachment-detachment and surface straining of infiltrating bacteria. The model was successfully calibrated with experimental data obtained from a series of simulated rainfall experiments at vegetated and bare sandy loam and clay loam plots, where fecal coliforms were released from manure slurry applied on the top of the plots. The calibrated model was then used to assess the sensitivity of the VFS efficiency to the model parameters, rainfall duration, and intensity for a case study with a 6-m VFS placed at the edge of 200-m long field. The Monte Carlo simulations were also performed to evaluate the uncertainty associated with the VFS efficiency given the uncertainty in the model parameters and key inputs. The VFS efficiency was found to be {\textbackslash}textless95\% in 25\%, {\textbackslash}textless75\% in 23\%, and {\textbackslash}textless25\% in 20\% of cases. Relatively long high-intensity rainfalls, low hydraulic conductivities, low net capillary drives of soil, and high soil moisture contents before rainfalls caused the partial failure of VFS to retain coliforms from the infiltration excess runoff.}, keywords = {Calibration, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Models, Monte Carlo Method, Plants, Theoretical, Uncertainty, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1537-2537}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2008.0328}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19549940}, author = {Guber, A. K. and Yakirevich, A. M. and Sadeghi, A. M. and Pachepsky, Y. A. and Shelton, D. R.} } @article {8022, title = {{Uncertainty Evaluation of Coliform Bacteria Removal from Vegetated Filter Strip under Overland Flow Condition}}, journal = {Journal of Environment Quality}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {jan}, pages = {1636}, abstract = {Vegetated filter strips (VFS) have become an important component of water quality improvement by reducing sediment and nutrients transport to surface water. This management practice is also beneficial for controlling manure-borne pathogen transport to surface water. The objective of this work was to assess the VFS efficiency and evaluate the uncertainty in predicting the microbial pollutant removal from overland flow in VFS. We used the kinematic wave overland flow model as implemented in KINEROS2 coupled with the convective-dispersive overland transport model which accounts for the reversible attachment-detachment and surface straining of infiltrating bacteria. The model was successfully calibrated with experimental data obtained from a series of simulated rainfall experiments at vegetated and bare sandy loam and clay loam plots, where fecal coliforms were released from manure slurry applied on the top of the plots. The calibrated model was then used to assess the sensitivity of the VFS efficiency to the model parameters, rainfall duration, and intensity for a case study with a 6-m VFS placed at the edge of 200-m long field. The Monte Carlo simulations were also performed to evaluate the uncertainty associated with the VFS efficiency given the uncertainty in the model parameters and key inputs. The VFS efficiency was found to be {\textless}95{\%} in 25{\%}, {\textless}75{\%} in 23{\%}, and {\textless}25{\%} in 20{\%} of cases. Relatively long high-intensity rainfalls, low hydraulic conductivities, low net capillary drives of soil, and high soil moisture contents before rainfalls caused the partial failure of VFS to retain coliforms from the infiltration excess runoff.}, keywords = {Calibration, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Models, Monte Carlo Method, Plants, Theoretical, Uncertainty, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1537-2537}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2008.0328}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19549940}, author = {Guber, A. K. and Yakirevich, A. M. and Sadeghi, A. M. and Pachepsky, Y. A. and Shelton, D. R.} } @article {14810, title = {Uncertainty {Evaluation} of {Coliform} {Bacteria} {Removal} from {Vegetated} {Filter} {Strip} under {Overland} {Flow} {Condition}}, journal = {Journal of Environment Quality}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {jan}, pages = {1636}, abstract = {Vegetated filter strips (VFS) have become an important component of water quality improvement by reducing sediment and nutrients transport to surface water. This management practice is also beneficial for controlling manure-borne pathogen transport to surface water. The objective of this work was to assess the VFS efficiency and evaluate the uncertainty in predicting the microbial pollutant removal from overland flow in VFS. We used the kinematic wave overland flow model as implemented in KINEROS2 coupled with the convective-dispersive overland transport model which accounts for the reversible attachment-detachment and surface straining of infiltrating bacteria. The model was successfully calibrated with experimental data obtained from a series of simulated rainfall experiments at vegetated and bare sandy loam and clay loam plots, where fecal coliforms were released from manure slurry applied on the top of the plots. The calibrated model was then used to assess the sensitivity of the VFS efficiency to the model parameters, rainfall duration, and intensity for a case study with a 6-m VFS placed at the edge of 200-m long field. The Monte Carlo simulations were also performed to evaluate the uncertainty associated with the VFS efficiency given the uncertainty in the model parameters and key inputs. The VFS efficiency was found to be {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless95\% in 25\%, {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless75\% in 23\%, and {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless25\% in 20\% of cases. Relatively long high-intensity rainfalls, low hydraulic conductivities, low net capillary drives of soil, and high soil moisture contents before rainfalls caused the partial failure of VFS to retain coliforms from the infiltration excess runoff.}, keywords = {Calibration, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Models, Monte Carlo Method, Plants, Theoretical, Uncertainty, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1537-2537}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2008.0328}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19549940}, author = {Guber, A. K. and Yakirevich, A. M. and Sadeghi, A. M. and Pachepsky, Y. A. and Shelton, D. R.} } @mastersthesis {7252, title = {Understanding water and solute fluxes in diverse catchments}, year = {2009}, note = {3402610}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Catchments integrate incoming hydrological and geochemical fluxes via the mixing and reaction processes occurring within their boundaries. The catchment science community still seeks realistic and internally consistent models which explain integrated catchment behavior. It is known that the amount of streamflow responds quickly to rainfall, that stream water is predominantly "old" water which has been stored for long periods within the catchment, and that streamflow chemistry varies with flow regime. To quantify these observed patterns of catchment behavior, I examined precipitation-runoff relationships, the distribution of travel times of water parcels falling on the catchment, and reactive tracer concentration-discharge relationships. By examining water and solute fluxes across a wide range of catchments, I identified characteristics which catchment models should include in order to accurately represent these systems. Specifically, I showed that long-tailed travel time distributions are common in at least 20 European and North American catchments, and I tested the methods that are commonly used to estimate such distributions. I demonstrated that concentration-discharge relationships consistently exhibit power-law scaling at timescales of rainstorms and on an interannual basis in 59 hydrochemically diverse catchments. Finally, I showed that in snow-dominated catchments in California{\textquoteright}s Sierra Nevada mountains, summer low flows often respond more-than-proportionally to changes in snowpack volume. I also showed that, although simple exponential mixing models are commonly used to represent catchment behavior, they cannot reproduce observed long-tail travel time distributions or power-law concentration-discharge relationships. Instead I showed that catchment travel time distributions are well-characterized by gamma distributions, and that a new reaction and transport model matches concentration-discharge relationships across our study catchments. Finally, I examined the effects of changing the phase of precipitation in a historical snowpack-low flow model. As more precipitation fell as rain instead of snow, the historical model was less accurate. I considered a mechanistic model to explore potential catchment responses to climate warming in Sierra Nevada catchments, and found that changes in the processes of groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration that were not considered in the historical model affected low flow responses to perturbed catchment inputs.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrologic sciences, 0404:Climate Change, 0996:Geochemistry, Catchments, Chemostatic, Climate change, Dissolved load, Earth sciences, Geochemistry, Hydrologic sciences, Low flow, Snow, Solute fluxes, Travel time distribution}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304848082?accountid=14270}, author = {Godsey, Sarah Elizabeth} } @article {11780, title = {{Update on the human broad tapeworm (genus Diphyllobothrium), including clinical relevance}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {146{\textendash}160}, abstract = {

Summary: Tapeworms {\{}(Cestoda){\}} continue to be an important cause of morbidity in humans worldwide. Diphyllobothriosis, a human disease caused by tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium, is the most important fish-borne zoonosis caused by a cestode parasite. ...

}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00033-08}, author = {Scholz, T and Garcia, H H and Kuchta, R and Wicht, B} } @booklet {1879, title = {Updated Caribbean Environment Programme Technical Report No. 33 Land-Based Sources And Acivities In The Wider Caribbean Region Domestic And Industrial Pollutant Loads And The Contribute From Watersheds}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-70}, publisher = {UNEP https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=2\&ved=0CCIQFjABahUKEwiqjMbL9YLIAhUJbhQKHY18CTY\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fcep.unep.org\%2Fcimab\%2Finside-cimab-1\%2Fupdate-tr33\&usg=AFQjCNHaEV-xV3DC6PpO_OhX1Nppg5XHsQ\&cad=rja Last accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {UNEP} } @book {7275, title = {Urban poverty and health in developing countries}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Population Reference Bureau Washington, DC}, organization = {Population Reference Bureau Washington, DC}, url = {http://www.prb.org/pdf09/64.2urbanization.pdf}, author = {Montgomery, Mark R.} } @article {7303, title = {Urban sanitation and health in the developing world: reminiscing the nineteenth century industrial nations}, journal = {Health \& place}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {69{\textendash}78}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829208000191}, author = {Konteh, Frederick Hassan} } @article {8803, title = {{Ureases I. Functional, catalytic and kinetic properties: A review}}, journal = {Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic}, volume = {59}, number = {1-3}, year = {2009}, month = {jul}, pages = {9{\textendash}21}, issn = {13811177}, doi = {10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.01.003}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1381117709000150}, author = {Krajewska, Barbara} } @article {8785, title = {{Ureases. II. Properties and their customizing by enzyme immobilizations: A review}}, journal = {Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic}, volume = {59}, number = {1-3}, year = {2009}, month = {jul}, pages = {22{\textendash}40}, issn = {13811177}, doi = {10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.01.004}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1381117709000162}, author = {Krajewska, Barbara} } @article {9663, title = {Use of faecal pollution indicators to estimate pathogen die off conditions in source separated faeces in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {7}, year = {2009}, pages = {97-107}, author = {Sherpa, AM and Byamukama, D and Shrestha, RR and Haberl, R and Mach, RL and Farnleitner, AH} } @article {16891, title = {Use of particulate surrogates for assessing microbial mobility in subsurface ecosystems}, journal = {Hydrogeology Journal}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {49{\textendash}59}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Sinreich, Michael and Flynn, Raymond and Zopfi, Jakob} } @article {5343, title = {{Use of wetlands as post-treatment of anaerobically treated effluent}}, journal = {Desalination}, volume = {245}, number = {1-3}, year = {2009}, pages = {50{\textendash}59}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {The enhancement of water quality by constructed wetland systems is increasingly practiced world wide. The use of a treatment train consisting of an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (USAB) reactor followed by free water surface and subsurface flow constructed wetlands in series has been investigated. The common macrophyte in Egypt Typha latofolia (cattail) was used in both wetland units at a planting density of three rhizomes/m2. The wetlands were fed continuously with the UASB effluent. During the study period the organic loading rate was ranged from 84.5-152 kg COD/ha.day (41.4-74.5 kg BOD/ha.day). Effectiveness of the system for the removal of key constituents namely,COD, BOD, TSS, nutrients, total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, P. aeruginosa, Salmonellae, total Staphylococci, and Listeria monocytogenes was studied. The results obtained showed that average residual levels of COD, BOD and TSS in the final effluent were 21.4 mg O2l-1, 6.4 mgO2l-1 and 2.6 mgl-1, respectively. Also, significant removal of total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, P. aeruginosa, Salmonellae, total Staphylococci, and Listeria monocytogenes was achieved. ?? 2009.}, keywords = {Anaerobic treatment, Constructed wetlands, Pathogen removal, reuse}, isbn = {0011-9164}, issn = {00119164}, doi = {10.1016/j.desal.2008.01.071}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.01.071}, author = {El-Khateeb, M. A. and Al-Herrawy, A. Z. and Kamel, M. M. and El-Gohary, F. A.} } @article {10690, title = {{Usefulness of faecal Streps as indicator of presence of Salmonella sp. and Vibrio cholerae in sewage effluents}}, journal = {The Malaysian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {19{\textendash}24}, author = {Mariita, MR and Okemo, OP} } @article {17041, title = {UV disinfection of adenoviruses: molecular indications of DNA damage efficiency}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {23{\textendash}28}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Eischeid, Anne C and Meyer, Joel N and Linden, Karl G} } @article {3768, title = {UV inactivation and resistance of rotavirus evaluated by integrated cell culture and real-time RT-PCR assay}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {13}, year = {2009}, pages = {3261{\textendash}3269}, abstract = {

Rotaviruses are double-stranded \{\{\}RNA\{\}\} viruses which are among the most resistant waterborne enteric viruses to \{\{\}UV\{\}\} disinfection. An integrated cell culture and real-time \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} \{\{\}(ICC\{\}\} real-time \{\{\}RT-PCR)\{\}\} assay was developed to detect the infectivity of rotaviruses in water, which uses real-time \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} to detect \{\{\}RNA\{\}\} produced by infectious rotaviruses during replication in host cells. Detection of rotaviral \{\{\}RNA\{\}\} in host cells provides direct evidence of the presence of infectious rotavirus rather than just the presence of rotavirus \{\{\}RNA.\{\}\} Using this newly developed method, the inactivation and resistance of rotavirus to \{\{\}UV\{\}\} treatments at various doses was evaluated. With an initial concentration of 2 x \{\{\}10(4)PFU/ml\{\}\} simian rotavirus \{\{\}(SA11),\{\}\} a first-order linear relationship was obtained at \{\{\}UV\{\}\} dose range of 0-120 \{\{\}mJ\{\}\} cm(-2), and the inactivation rate constant was estimated to be 0.0343 cm(2) \{\{\}mJ(-1)\{\}\} \{\{\}(R(2)=0.966).\{\}\} The dose-inactivation curve tailed off and reached plateau as the \{\{\}UV\{\}\} dose increased from 120 to 360 \{\{\}mJ\{\}\} cm(-2), indicating resistance phenomena of sub-populations of \{\{\}SA11\{\}\} at very high \{\{\}UV\{\}\} doses. A maximal reduction of 4.8 log(10) was observed. Through parallel comparison with traditional culture assay, the \{\{\.I}CC\{\}\} real-time \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} method demonstrated more effective, sensitive and faster infectivity detection of rotavirus and, the results reveal that rotaviruses are more resistant to \{\{\}UV\{\}\} irradiation than previously reported with traditional cell culture assays.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.044}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.044}, author = {Li, Dan and Gu, April Z and He, Miao and HC C Shi and Yang, Wan} } @article {8527, title = {{Vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: challenges and opportunities}}, journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {252{\textendash}266}, author = {Jongert, E and Roberts, CW and Gargano, N and F{\"o}rster-Waldl, E and F{\"o}rster-Wald, E and Petersen, E} } @article {7554, title = {{Validation and field testing of library-independent microbial source tracking methods in the Gulf of Mexico}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, pages = {4812-4819}, abstract = {

Water quality is frequently impacted by microbial pollution from human and animal feces. Microbial source tracking (MST) can identify dominant pollution sources and improve assessment of health risk compared to indicator bacteria alone. This study aims to standardize and validate MST methods across laboratories in coastal Gulf of Mexico states. Three laboratories evaluated library-independent MST methods for human sewage detection via conventional PCR: (1) human-associated Bacteroidales, (2) human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), and (3) Methanobrevibacter smithii. All methods detected targets in human sewage seeded into buffer, freshwater or marine water (100{\%} sensitivity). The limit of detection (LOD) for human sewage was lowest for the Bacteroidales assay (10-5-10-6 dilution). LODs for HPyVs and M. smithii assays were similar to each other (10-3-10-4), but were higher than Bacteroidales. The HPyVs assay was 100{\%} specific, showing no cross-reactivity to dog, cow, cat, bird, or wild animal feces among {\textgreater}300 samples from three Gulf Coast regions. The human Bacteroidales assay was 96{\%} specific, but cross-reacted with 10{\%} of dog and some chicken samples. The M. smithii assay was 98{\%} specific with limited cross-reactivity with cow, dog and seagull samples. An experts{\textquoteright} workshop concluded that all methods showed sufficient accuracy and reliability to move forward. SOPs will be distributed to collaborating laboratories for further inter-laboratory comparison, and field validation will occur in year 2. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.029}, author = {Harwood, V.J. and Brownell, M. and Wang, S. and Lepo, J. and Ellender, R.D. and Ajidahun, A. and Hellein, K.N. and Kennedy, E. and Ye, X. and Flood, C.} } @article {13754, title = {Validation and field testing of library-independent microbial source tracking methods in the {Gulf} of {Mexico}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Water quality is frequently impacted by microbial pollution from human and animal feces. Microbial source tracking (MST) can identify dominant pollution sources and improve assessment of health risk compared to indicator bacteria alone. This study aims to standardize and validate MST methods across laboratories in coastal Gulf of Mexico states. Three laboratories evaluated library-independent MST methods for human sewage detection via conventional PCR: (1) human-associated Bacteroidales, (2) human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), and (3) Methanobrevibacter smithii. All methods detected targets in human sewage seeded into buffer, freshwater or marine water (100\% sensitivity). The limit of detection (LOD) for human sewage was lowest for the Bacteroidales assay (10-5-10-6 dilution). LODs for HPyVs and M. smithii assays were similar to each other (10-3-10-4), but were higher than Bacteroidales. The HPyVs assay was 100\% specific, showing no cross-reactivity to dog, cow, cat, bird, or wild animal feces among {\textbackslash}textgreater300 samples from three Gulf Coast regions. The human Bacteroidales assay was 96\% specific, but cross-reacted with 10\% of dog and some chicken samples. The M. smithii assay was 98\% specific with limited cross-reactivity with cow, dog and seagull samples. An experts{\textquoteright} workshop concluded that all methods showed sufficient accuracy and reliability to move forward. SOPs will be distributed to collaborating laboratories for further inter-laboratory comparison, and field validation will occur in year 2. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.029}, author = {Harwood, V.J. and Brownell, M. and Wang, S. and Lepo, J. and Ellender, R.D. and Ajidahun, A. and Hellein, K.N. and Kennedy, E. and Ye, X. and Flood, C.} } @article {10103, title = {{Validation and field testing of library-independent microbial source tracking methods in the Gulf of Mexico}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2009}, pages = {4812{\textendash}4819}, author = {Harwood, VJ and Brownell, M and Wang, S and Lepo, J and R D Ellender and Ajidahun, A and Hellein, KN and Kennedy, E and Ye, X and Flood, C} } @article {10104, title = {{Validation and field testing of library-independent microbial source tracking methods in the Gulf of Mexico}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, pages = {4812{\textendash}4819}, author = {Harwood, VJ and Brownell, M and Wang, S and Lepo, J and R D Ellender and Ajidahun, A and Hellein, KN and Kennedy, E and Ye, X and Flood, C} } @article {14772, title = {Validation and field testing of library-independent microbial source tracking methods in the {Gulf} of {Mexico}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, number = {19}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Water quality is frequently impacted by microbial pollution from human and animal feces. Microbial source tracking (MST) can identify dominant pollution sources and improve assessment of health risk compared to indicator bacteria alone. This study aims to standardize and validate MST methods across laboratories in coastal Gulf of Mexico states. Three laboratories evaluated library-independent MST methods for human sewage detection via conventional PCR: (1) human-associated Bacteroidales, (2) human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), and (3) Methanobrevibacter smithii. All methods detected targets in human sewage seeded into buffer, freshwater or marine water (100\% sensitivity). The limit of detection (LOD) for human sewage was lowest for the Bacteroidales assay (10-5-10-6 dilution). LODs for HPyVs and M. smithii assays were similar to each other (10-3-10-4), but were higher than Bacteroidales. The HPyVs assay was 100\% specific, showing no cross-reactivity to dog, cow, cat, bird, or wild animal feces among {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater300 samples from three Gulf Coast regions. The human Bacteroidales assay was 96\% specific, but cross-reacted with 10\% of dog and some chicken samples. The M. smithii assay was 98\% specific with limited cross-reactivity with cow, dog and seagull samples. An experts{\textquoteright} workshop concluded that all methods showed sufficient accuracy and reliability to move forward. SOPs will be distributed to collaborating laboratories for further inter-laboratory comparison, and field validation will occur in year 2. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.029}, author = {Harwood, V.J. and Brownell, M. and Wang, S. and Lepo, J. and Ellender, R.D. and Ajidahun, A. and Hellein, K.N. and Kennedy, E. and Ye, X. and Flood, C.} } @article {15394, title = {Variants of CTGF are associated with hepatic fibrosis in Chinese, Sudanese, and Brazilians infected with schistosomes}, journal = {J Exp Med}, volume = {206}, number = {11}, year = {2009}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, month = {Oct 26}, pages = {2321-8}, abstract = {Abnormal fibrosis occurs during chronic hepatic inflammations and is the principal cause of death in hepatitis C virus and schistosome infections. Hepatic fibrosis (HF) may develop either slowly or rapidly in schistosome-infected subjects. This depends, in part, on a major genetic control exerted by genes of chromosome 6q23. A gene (connective tissue growth factor [CTGF]) is located in that region that encodes a strongly fibrogenic molecule. We show that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs9402373 that lies close to CTGF is associated with severe HF (P = 2 x 10(-6); odds ratio [OR] = 2.01; confidence interval of OR [CI] = 1.51-2.7) in two Chinese samples, in Sudanese, and in Brazilians infected with either Schistosoma japonicum or S. mansoni. Furthermore, SNP rs12526196, also located close to CTGF, is independently associated with severe fibrosis (P = 6 x 10(-4); OR = 1.94; CI = 1.32-2.82) in the Chinese and Sudanese subjects. Both variants affect nuclear factor binding and may alter gene transcription or transcript stability. The identified variants may be valuable markers for the prediction of disease progression, and identify a critical step in the development of HF that could be a target for chemotherapy.}, keywords = {*Genetic Predisposition to Disease, African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics, Agriculture/manpower, American Native Continental Ancestry Group/genetics, Animals, Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics, Brazil, Cell Line, China, Connective Tissue Growth Factor/*genetics, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay, Fisheries/manpower, Humans, Liver Cirrhosis/complications/*genetics/*parasitology, Nuclear Proteins, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics, Protein Binding, RNA Stability, Schistosoma/physiology, Schistosomiasis/*complications/*genetics/parasitology, Sudan, Transcription, Genetic}, isbn = {1540-9538 (Electronic)
0022-1007 (Linking)}, author = {Dessein, A. and Chevillard, C. and Arnaud, V. and Hou, X. and Hamdoun, A. A. and Dessein, H. and He, H. and Abdelmaboud, S. A. and Luo, X. and Li, J. and Varoquaux, A. and Mergani, A. and Abdelwahed, M. and Zhou, J. and Monis, A. and Pitta, M. G. and Gasmelseed, N. and Cabantous, S. and Zhao, Y. and Prata, A. and Brandt, C. and Elwali, N. E. and Argiro, L. and Li, Y.} } @article {4098, title = {{Variation in Giardia: towards a taxonomic revision of the genus}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {25}, year = {2009}, pages = {93{\textendash}100}, author = {Monis, PT and Cacci{\`o}, SM and Thompson, RCA} } @inbook {10748, title = {{Vibrio cholerae}}, booktitle = {Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases}, year = {2009}, pages = {2777{\textendash}2791}, publisher = {Elsevier Health Sciences}, organization = {Elsevier Health Sciences}, address = {Philadelphia, PA}, author = {Seas, C and Gotuzzo, E}, editor = {Mandell, GL and Bennett, JE and Dolin, R} } @article {9165, title = {Virological evaluation of domestic water purification devices commonly used in India emphasizes inadequate quality and need for virological standards}, journal = {Tropical Medicice and International Health}, volume = {14}, year = {2009}, pages = {885-9}, author = {Verma, V and Arankalle, VA} } @article {2509, title = {Viruses in recreational water-borne disease outbreaks: a review.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {107}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1769-1780}, abstract = {Viruses are believed to be a significant cause of recreationally associated water-borne disease. However, they have been difficult to document because of the wide variety of illnesses that they cause and the limitations in previous detection methods. Noroviruses are believed to be the single largest cause of outbreaks, which have been documented in the published literature 45\% (n = 25), followed by adenovirus (24\%), echovirus (18\%), hepatitis A virus (7\%) and coxsackieviruses (5\%). Just under half of the outbreaks occurred in swimming pools (49\%), while the second largest outbreak occurred in lakes or ponds (40\%). The number of reported outbreaks associated with noroviruses has increased significantly in recent years probably because of better methods for virus detection. Inadequate disinfection was related to 69\% (n = 18) of swimming pool outbreaks. A lack of required reporting and nonuniform water quality and chlorination/disinfection standards continues to contribute to water-borne recreational disease outbreaks.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04367.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04367.x}, author = {Sinclair, RG and Jones, EL and C P Gerba} } @article {3742, title = {Viruses in recreational water-borne disease outbreaks: a review.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {107}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1769{\textendash}1780}, abstract = {Viruses are believed to be a significant cause of recreationally associated water-borne disease. However, they have been difficult to document because of the wide variety of illnesses that they cause and the limitations in previous detection methods. Noroviruses are believed to be the single largest cause of outbreaks, which have been documented in the published literature 45\{\%\} (n = 25), followed by adenovirus (24\{\%\}), echovirus (18\{\%\}), hepatitis A virus (7\{\%\}) and coxsackieviruses (5\{\%\}). Just under half of the outbreaks occurred in swimming pools (49\{\%\}), while the second largest outbreak occurred in lakes or ponds (40\{\%\}). The number of reported outbreaks associated with noroviruses has increased significantly in recent years probably because of better methods for virus detection. Inadequate disinfection was related to 69\{\%\} (n = 18) of swimming pool outbreaks. A lack of required reporting and nonuniform water quality and chlorination/disinfection standards continues to contribute to water-borne recreational disease outbreaks.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04367.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04367.x}, author = {Sinclair, R G and Jones, E L and Gerba, C P} } @article {321, title = {Viruses in recreational water-borne disease outbreaks: a review.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {107}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1769-1780}, abstract = {Viruses are believed to be a significant cause of recreationally associated water-borne disease. However, they have been difficult to document because of the wide variety of illnesses that they cause and the limitations in previous detection methods. Noroviruses are believed to be the single largest cause of outbreaks, which have been documented in the published literature 45\% (n = 25), followed by adenovirus (24\%), echovirus (18\%), hepatitis A virus (7\%) and coxsackieviruses (5\%). Just under half of the outbreaks occurred in swimming pools (49\%), while the second largest outbreak occurred in lakes or ponds (40\%). The number of reported outbreaks associated with noroviruses has increased significantly in recent years probably because of better methods for virus detection. Inadequate disinfection was related to 69\% (n = 18) of swimming pool outbreaks. A lack of required reporting and nonuniform water quality and chlorination/disinfection standards continues to contribute to water-borne recreational disease outbreaks.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04367.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04367.x}, author = {Sinclair, RG and Jones, EL and C P Gerba} } @article {16892, title = {Viruses in recreational water-borne disease outbreaks: A review}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {107}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {1769{\textendash}1780}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Sinclair, RG and Jones, EL and Gerba, CP} } @article {8970, title = {Wastewater disinfection by combination of ultrasound and ultraviolet irradiation}, journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials}, volume = {168}, number = {2{\textendash}3}, year = {2009}, pages = {925-929}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-3894}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.128}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030438940900329X http://ac.els-cdn.com/S030438940900329X/1-s2.0-S030438940900329X-main.pdf?_tid=1085f014-47a4-11e6-a958-00000aacb361\&acdnat=1468268246_56b97ed5016eb546c749831e7e7243b7}, author = {Naddeo, V. and Landi, M. and Belgiorno, V. and Napoli, R. M. A.} } @article {8316, title = {Water and Sanitation sub-sector Gender Strategy (2010-15)}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Government of Uganda: Ministry of Water and Environment} } @booklet {1461, title = {Water safety plan manual: step-by-step risk management for drinking water suppliers}, year = {2009}, publisher = {WHO www.preventionweb.net/files/8367_9789241562638eng1.pdf last accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {Bartram, J. and Corrales, L. and Davison, A. and Deere, D. and Drury, D. and Gordon, B and Howard, D. and Rinehold, A. and Stevens, M.} } @article {14462, title = {Water safety plan manual: step-by-step risk management for drinking water suppliers}, year = {2009}, author = {Bartram, J. and Corrales, L. and Davison, A. and Deere, D. and Drury, D. and Gordon, B. and Howard, D. and Rinehold, A. and Stevens, M.} } @book {6626, title = {Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries}, volume = {31}, year = {2009}, publisher = {International Initiative for Impact Evaluation Delhi}, organization = {International Initiative for Impact Evaluation Delhi}, url = {http://monitoringandevaluation.zunia.org/sites/default/files/media/node-files/3i/179502_3ie\%20SR0011249554991.pdf}, author = {Waddington, Hugh and Snilstveit, Birte and White, Howard and Fewtrell, Lorna} } @book {7203, title = {Water, sanitation and hygiene standards for schools in low-cost settings}, year = {2009}, publisher = {World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland}, organization = {World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland}, url = {http://www.who.int/entity/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash_standards_school.pdf}, author = {Adams, John and Organization, World Health and others} } @article {3514, title = {Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Standards for Schools in Low-cost Settings}, journal = {World Health Organization, Geneva}, year = {2009}, publisher = {World Health Organization, Geneva}, author = {Adams, J and Bartram, J and Chartier, Y and Sims, J} } @article {9997, title = {{Waterborne adenovirus.}}, journal = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology}, volume = {198}, year = {2009}, month = {jan}, pages = {133{\textendash}67}, abstract = {Adenoviruses are associated with numerous disease outbreaks, particularly those involving d-cares, schools, children{\textquoteright}s camps, hospitals and other health care centers, and military settings. In addition, adenoviruses have been responsible for many recreational water outbreaks, including a great number of swimming pool outbreaks than any other waterborne virus (Gerba and Enriquez 1997). Two drinking water outbreaks have been documented for adenovirus (Divizia et al. 2004; Kukkula et al. 1997) but none for food. Of the 51 known adenovirus serotypes, one third are associated with human disease, while other infections are asymptomatic. Human disease associated with adenovirus infections include gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, eye infections, acute hemorrhagic cystitis, and meningoencephalitis (Table 2). Children and the immunocompromised are more severely impacted by adenovirus infections. Subsequently, adenovirus is included in the EPA{\textquoteright}s Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL), which is a list of unregulated contaminants found in public water systems that may pose a risk to public health (National Research Council 1999). Adenoviruses have been detected in various waters worldwide including wastewater, river water, oceans, and swimming pools (Hurst et al. 1988; Irving and Smith 1981; Pina et al. 1998). Adenoviruses typically outnumber the enteroviruses, when both are detected in surface waters. Chapron et al. (2000) found that 38{\%} of 29 surface water samples were positive for infectious Ad40 and Ad41. Data are lacking regarding the occurrence of adenovirus in water in the US, particularly for groundwater and drinking water. Studies have shown, however, that adenoviruses survive longer in water than enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus (Enriquez et al. 1995), which may be due to their double-stranded DNA. Risk assessments have been conducted on waterborne adenovirus (Crabtree et al. 1997; van Heerden et al. 2005c). Using dose-response data for inhalation from Couch et al. (1966), human health risks of infection, illness and death have been determined for various adenovirus exposures. Crabtree et al. (1997) conclude that, even at an adenovirus concentration of 1 per 1,000 L of drinking water, annual risks of infection exceed the suggested risk recommendation of 1 x 10(-4) per yr (Regli et al. 1991) (Table 8). Using the same exposure and dose-response assumptions, van Heerden et al. (2005c) determined annual risks of infection to be 1-1.7 x 10(-1) for two drinking water samples from South Africa containing 1.40 and 2.45 adenoviruses per 10,000 L, respectively. This present study estimated annual risks of infection associated with varying levels of adenoviruses per 100 L (Table 9). By assuming a 2 L/d exposure and utilizing the exponential model at r = 0.4172 (Haas et al. 1993), yearly risks exceed the risk recommendation of 1 x 10(-4) at every exposure level. There are limited data regarding the removal of adenoviruses by conventional water treatment or other physical-chemical treatment processes, but studies do suggest that adenoviruses are of equal or greater sensitivity to oxidizing disinfectants, when compared to waterborne viruses (the most resistant to ultraviolet light). Data suggest that the chlorine doses applied to control other waterborne viruses are more effective against adenovirus, resulting in a greater than 4-log10 removal of adenoviruses by conventional treatment and chlorination. If treatment can achieve a 4-log10 removal of adenoviruses, then, based on the risk levels presented in Table 9, surface water concentrations should not exceed 0.5 adenoviruses per 100 L (Fig. 2). More data are needed regarding effectiveness of water treatment against adenovirus and the human-virus dose-response relationship to fully understand the role of adenovirus as a waterborne public health threat.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae, Adenoviridae Infections, Adenoviridae Infections: etiology, Adenoviridae Infections: virology, Adenoviridae: growth {\&} development, Adenoviridae: isolation {\&} purification, Adenoviridae: pathogenicity, Humans, Water Microbiology, Water Microbiology: standards, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: standards, Water Supply, Water Supply: standards}, issn = {0179-5953}, doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-09647-6_4}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19253037}, author = {Mena, Kristina D and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {1364, title = {Waterborne adenovirus}, journal = {Rev Environ Contam Toxicol}, volume = {198}, year = {2009}, note = {Mena, Kristina D Gerba, Charles P Review United States Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2009;198:133-67. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09647-6_4.}, pages = {133-67}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Adenoviruses are associated with numerous disease outbreaks, particularly those involving d-cares, schools, children{\textquoteright}s camps, hospitals and other health care centers, and military settings. In addition, adenoviruses have been responsible for many recreational water outbreaks, including a great number of swimming pool outbreaks than any other waterborne virus (Gerba and Enriquez 1997). Two drinking water outbreaks have been documented for adenovirus (Divizia et al. 2004; Kukkula et al. 1997) but none for food. Of the 51 known adenovirus serotypes, one third are associated with human disease, while other infections are asymptomatic. Human disease associated with adenovirus infections include gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, eye infections, acute hemorrhagic cystitis, and meningoencephalitis (Table 2). Children and the immunocompromised are more severely impacted by adenovirus infections. Subsequently, adenovirus is included in the EPA{\textquoteright}s Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL), which is a list of unregulated contaminants found in public water systems that may pose a risk to public health (National Research Council 1999). Adenoviruses have been detected in various waters worldwide including wastewater, river water, oceans, and swimming pools (Hurst et al. 1988; Irving and Smith 1981; Pina et al. 1998). Adenoviruses typically outnumber the enteroviruses, when both are detected in surface waters. Chapron et al. (2000) found that 38\% of 29 surface water samples were positive for infectious Ad40 and Ad41. Data are lacking regarding the occurrence of adenovirus in water in the US, particularly for groundwater and drinking water. Studies have shown, however, that adenoviruses survive longer in water than enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus (Enriquez et al. 1995), which may be due to their double-stranded DNA. Risk assessments have been conducted on waterborne adenovirus (Crabtree et al. 1997; van Heerden et al. 2005c). Using dose-response data for inhalation from Couch et al. (1966), human health risks of infection, illness and death have been determined for various adenovirus exposures. Crabtree et al. (1997) conclude that, even at an adenovirus concentration of 1 per 1,000 L of drinking water, annual risks of infection exceed the suggested risk recommendation of 1 x 10(-4) per yr (Regli et al. 1991) (Table 8). Using the same exposure and dose-response assumptions, van Heerden et al. (2005c) determined annual risks of infection to be 1-1.7 x 10(-1) for two drinking water samples from South Africa containing 1.40 and 2.45 adenoviruses per 10,000 L, respectively. This present study estimated annual risks of infection associated with varying levels of adenoviruses per 100 L (Table 9). By assuming a 2 L/d exposure and utilizing the exponential model at r = 0.4172 (Haas et al. 1993), yearly risks exceed the risk recommendation of 1 x 10(-4) at every exposure level. There are limited data regarding the removal of adenoviruses by conventional water treatment or other physical-chemical treatment processes, but studies do suggest that adenoviruses are of equal or greater sensitivity to oxidizing disinfectants, when compared to waterborne viruses (the most resistant to ultraviolet light). Data suggest that the chlorine doses applied to control other waterborne viruses are more effective against adenovirus, resulting in a greater than 4-log10 removal of adenoviruses by conventional treatment and chlorination. If treatment can achieve a 4-log10 removal of adenoviruses, then, based on the risk levels presented in Table 9, surface water concentrations should not exceed 0.5 adenoviruses per 100 L (Fig. 2). More data are needed regarding effectiveness of water treatment against adenovirus and the human-virus dose-response relationship to fully understand the role of adenovirus as a waterborne public health threat.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ growth \& development/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Adenoviridae Infections/ etiology/virology Humans Water Microbiology/ standards Water Pollutants/standards Water Supply/ standards}, issn = {0179-5953 (Print) 0179-5953 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-09647-6_4}, author = {Mena, K. D. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {4561, title = {Waterborne adenovirus}, journal = {Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology}, volume = {198}, year = {2009}, pages = {133{\textendash}67}, issn = {0179-5953 (Print) 0179-5953 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-09647-6_4}, author = {Mena, K. D. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {3986, title = {Weekly epidemiological record, No 23, 5 June 2009}, number = {November 10th, 2013}, year = {2009}, publisher = {World Health Organization (WHO)}, url = {http://www.who.int/wer/2009/wer8423.pdf} } @article {6254, title = {What impact will climate change have on rural groundwater supplies in {Africa}?}, journal = {Hydrological Sciences Journal}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {aug}, pages = {690{\textendash}703}, issn = {0262-6667, 2150-3435}, doi = {10.1623/hysj.54.4.690}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1623/hysj.54.4.690}, author = {Macdonald, Alan M. and Calow, Roger C. and Macdonald, David M. J. and Darling, W. George and Dochartaigh, Brighid {\'e}. {\'o}.} } @article {7134, title = {Where{\textquoteright}s the pump? {Associating} sporadic enteric disease with drinking water using a geographic information system, in {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}, 1996{\textendash}2005}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {07}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {dec}, pages = {692}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2009.108}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/007/jwh0070692.htm}, author = {Uhlmann, Sasha and Galanis, Eleni and Takaro, Tim and Mak, Sunny and Gustafson, Larry and Embree, Glen and Bellack, Neil and Corbett, Kitty and Isaac-Renton, Judy} } @article {7512, title = {Where{\textquoteright}s the pump? {Associating} sporadic enteric disease with drinking water using a geographic information system, in {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}, 1996{\textendash}2005}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {07}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {dec}, pages = {692}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2009.108}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2009.108}, author = {Uhlmann, Sasha and Galanis, Eleni and Takaro, Tim and Mak, Sunny and Gustafson, Larry and Embree, Glen and Bellack, Neil and Corbett, Kitty and Isaac-Renton, Judy} } @article {8567, title = {{Why prevent, diagnose and treat congenital toxoplasmosis?}}, journal = {Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {320{\textendash}344}, author = {McLeod, R and Kieffer, F and Sautter, M and Hosten, T and Pelloux, H} } @article {5537, title = {{Why "Winter" vomiting disease? seasonality, hydrology, and norovirus epidemiology in Toronto, Canada}}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {192{\textendash}199}, abstract = {Norovirus is a common cause of gastroenteritis, and is thought to be the causative agent in 68-90{\%} of all gastroenteritis outbreaks. The seasonality of disease occurrence is sufficiently stereotyped to result in this disease being dubbed "winter vomiting disease." The genesis of this seasonality has been obscure. We sought to identify environmental factors associated with Norovirus outbreaks in Toronto, Canada. We evaluated 253 outbreaks of gastroenteritis linked to Norovirus between November 2005 and March 2008. Poisson regression models were constructed to evaluate associations between average environmental exposures and case counts. A case-crossover approach was used to evaluate associations between acute changes in environment and outbreak risk. Case-crossover analysis indicated an association between low Lake Ontario temperature ({\textless}or=4 degrees C) (hazard ratio [HR], 5.61 [95{\%} CI, 2.81-11.12]) and high flow ({\textgreater}2.5 m(3)/s) in the Don River (HR, 3.17 [95{\%} CI, 2.30-4.36]), 1-7 days prior to case occurrence. For both exposure variables, the highest hazard ratios were found 24-48 h prior to case onset. Regression models provided further support for these patterns. The association between local watershed conditions and Norovirus outbreak risk suggest a source-water reservoir for this pathogen. We hypothesize that the reservoir may be maintained through the discharge of wastewater containing virus particles; wintertime seasonality may be explained by enhanced viral persistence at low temperatures.}, keywords = {Case-crossover analysis, Environmental health, Norovirus, Regression Analysis, Waterborne disease}, isbn = {1039300902478}, issn = {16129202}, doi = {10.1007/s10393-009-0247-8}, author = {Greer, Amy L. and Drews, Steven J. and Fisman, David N.} } @article {12287, title = {Widespread Dissemination of Aminoglycoside Resistance Genes armA and rmtB in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates in Taiwan Producing CTX-M-Type Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamases}, journal = {Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, note = {Times Cited: 50
Siu, Leung-Kei/C-1368-2010
2
58
1098-6596}, month = {Jan}, pages = {104-111}, isbn = {0066-4804}, author = {Ma, Ling and Lin, Chi-Jan and Chen, Jiun-Han and Fung, Chang-Phone and Chang, Feng-Yee and Lai, Yiu-Kay and Lin, Jung-Chung and Siu, L. K. and Taiwan Surveillance, Antimicrobial} } @article {11967, title = {Zoonotic helminth infections with particular emphasis on fasciolosis and other trematodiases}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences}, volume = {364}, number = {1530}, year = {2009}, pages = {2763-2776}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0962-8436}, author = {Robinson, Mark W and Dalton, John P} } @article {11312, title = {Zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs and cats in The Netherlands}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {163}, year = {2009}, pages = {115-122}, author = {overgaauw, P and van Zutphen, L and Hoek, D and Yaya, F and Roelfsema, J and Pinelli, E and van Knapen, F and Kortbeek, L} } @article {2392, title = {{Acanthamoeba castellanii an environmental host for Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella sonnei}}, journal = {Archives of Microbiology}, volume = {191}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {83{\textendash}88}, abstract = {The interaction between Shigella dysenteriae or Shigella sonnei and Acanthamoeba castellanii was studied by viable counts, gentamicin assay and electron microscopy. The result showed that Shigella dysenteriae or Shigella sonnei grew and survived in the presence of amoebae for more than 3\~{}weeks. Gentamicin assay showed that the Shigella were viable inside the Acanthamoeba castellanii which was confirmed by electron microscopy that showed the Shigella localized in the cytoplasm of the Acanthamoeba castellanii. In conclusion, the relationship between Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella sonnei with Acanthamoeba castellanii is symbiotic, and accordingly free-living amoebae may serve as a transmission reservoir for Shigella in water.}, doi = {10.1007/s00203-008-0422-2}, author = {Saeed, Amir and Abd, Hadi and Edvinsson, Benjamin and Sandstr"om, Gunnar} } @article {14202, title = {Acanthamoeba castellanii an environmental host for {Shigella} dysenteriae and {Shigella} sonnei}, journal = {Archives of Microbiology}, volume = {191}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {83{\textendash}88}, abstract = {The interaction between Shigella dysenteriae or Shigella sonnei and Acanthamoeba castellanii was studied by viable counts, gentamicin assay and electron microscopy. The result showed that Shigella dysenteriae or Shigella sonnei grew and survived in the presence of amoebae for more than 3\~{}weeks. Gentamicin assay showed that the Shigella were viable inside the Acanthamoeba castellanii which was confirmed by electron microscopy that showed the Shigella localized in the cytoplasm of the Acanthamoeba castellanii. In conclusion, the relationship between Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella sonnei with Acanthamoeba castellanii is symbiotic, and accordingly free-living amoebae may serve as a transmission reservoir for Shigella in water.}, doi = {10.1007/s00203-008-0422-2}, author = {Saeed, Amir and Abd, Hadi and Edvinsson, Benjamin and Sandstr"om, Gunnar} } @article {3042, title = {Accelerated larval growth of {Echinococcus} spp in the immunodeficient host?}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {79}, year = {2008}, pages = {118}, author = {Gruener, B and Cretu, CM and Brunetti, E and Menezes, CN and Haerter, G and Grobusch, MP and Kern, P} } @article {1347, title = {Adenovirus and ultraviolet light: An introduction}, journal = {Ozone: Science and Engineering: The journal of the international ozone association}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {70-72}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {V., Yates Marylynn} } @article {691, title = {Adsorption kinetics of an organic dye by wet hybrid gel monoliths}, journal = {Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, note = {Liu, Haining You, Laijiang Ye, Xiushen Li, Wu Wu, Zhijian}, pages = {279-290}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Wet hybrid gel monoliths are prepared with bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)amine (TSPA) or the mixture of TSPA with n-propyltriethoxysilane (PTES) or bis(trimethoxysilyl)hexane (TSH) or tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as precursors. The adsorption kinetics of an organic dye (erioglaucine disodium salt, EDS) by the gel monoliths in aqueous solutions is studied comprehensively. The effects of temperature, pH, and ionic strength on the adsorption kinetics are investigated. Kinetic studies show that in general the kinetic data are well described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. Initial adsorption rate increases with the increase in temperature, but decreases with the increase in solution pH and ionic strength. The adsorption activation energy is found to be 17-51 kJ mol(-1) under our experimental conditions. The internal diffusion of the dye into the hybrid gels appears to be the rate-limiting step of the overall adsorption process. The adsorption is promoted by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic attractions in acidic or neutral solutions, suppressed by the electrostatic repulsion in basic solutions and by the ionic exchange competition of Cl- with the dye anions in solutions with a high NaCl concentration. After adsorption for 165 h, all the gel monoliths present a linear shrinkage less than 10\%.}, issn = {0928-0707}, doi = {10.1007/s10971-007-1676-x}, url = {://WOS:000253129300007}, author = {Liu, H. N. and You, L. J. and Ye, X. S. and Li, W. and Wu, Z. J.} } @article {13221, title = {Aeromonas aquariorum sp. nov., isolated from aquaria of ornamental fish}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {58}, year = {2008}, pages = {1169-1175}, doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.65352-0}, author = {A. J. Martinez-Murcia and Saavedra, M. J. and Mota, V. R. and Maier, T. and Stackebrandt, E. and Cousin, S.} } @article {13258, title = {Aeromonas detection and their toxins from drinking water from reservoirs and drinking fountains}, journal = {Journal of Water Health}, volume = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {117-123}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2007.018}, author = {Razzolini, M. T. and Sato, M.I. and Di Bari, M. and Sanchez, P.S.} } @article {13292, title = {Aeromonas salmonicida peritonitis after eating fish in a patient undergoing CAPD}, journal = {Peritoneal Dialysis International}, volume = {28}, year = {2008}, pages = {316-317}, author = {Yang, X. and Yu, X.Q. and Yang, Q.Q. and Guo, Q.Y. and Yi, C.Y. and Mao, H.P. and Lin, J.X. and Jiang, Z.P.} } @article {7357, title = {Aggregation rules for cost-benefit analysis: a health economics perspective}, journal = {Health Economics}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, year = {2008}, month = {jul}, pages = {863{\textendash}875}, abstract = {Few willingness-to-pay (WTP) studies in the health sector have used their results within a cost-benefit analysis (CBA), an essential step to informing resource allocation decisions. This paper provides an overview of aggregation methods, reviews current evidence of practice in the health sector, and presents estimates of the total economic value of a women{\textquoteright}s group programme to improve mother and newborn health using different aggregation rules. A contingent valuation survey was conducted with 93 women{\textquoteright}s group members, 70 female non-members and 33 husbands. Aggregation was conducted with and without the values of non-users, and with different units of aggregation. The unadjusted mean, median and a weighted mean transfer were used to aggregate values. Equity weights were introduced to adjust WTP for income. Total WTP more than doubled when the values of husbands were added to that of women, and increased over 10-fold when the values of women who were not members of the group were added. The inclusion of non-use values, and the unit of aggregation, had the greatest effect on results. Researchers must reach agreement on the most acceptable method of aggregating WTP values to promote the use of WTP in resource allocation decisions in the health sector.}, keywords = {Child, Child Health Services, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Data Interpretation, Female, Health Expenditures, Humans, Male, Maternal Health Services, Reproducibility of Results, Sex Factors, Statistical}, issn = {1057-9230}, doi = {10.1002/hec.1304}, author = {Borghi, Josephine} } @article {9987, title = {{Aichi virus, norovirus, astrovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus involved in clinical cases from a French oyster-related gastroenteritis outbreak}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, pages = {4011{\textendash}4017}, abstract = {Following a flooding event close to a shellfish production lagoon, 205 cases of gastroenteritis were linked to oyster consumption. Twelve stool samples from different individuals were collected. Analysis showed that eight samples were positive for multiple enteric viruses, and one stool sample had seven different enteric viruses. Analysis of shellfish implicated in the outbreak allowed detection of the same diversity of enteric viruses, with some viral genomic sequences being identical to those obtained from stool sample analysis. Shellfish were contaminated by as many as five different enteric viruses. For the first time in Europe, Aichi virus was identified in oyster samples. Shellfish samples collected over 3 weeks following the outbreak showed a progressive decline in the level of virus contamination as measured by the virus diversity detected and by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR.}, isbn = {0095-1137}, issn = {00951137}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.01044-08}, author = {Le Guyader, F.S. and J C Le Saux and Ambert-Balay, K. and Krol, J. and Serais, O. and Parnaudeau, S. and Giraudon, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Delmas, Gilles and Pommepuy, Monique and Pothier, Pierre and Atmar, Robert L.} } @article {3152, title = {Alveolar echinococcosis: from a deadly disease to a well-controlled infection. {Relative} survival and economic analysis in {Switzerland} over the last 35 years}, journal = {Journal of Hepatology}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {jul}, pages = {72{\textendash}77}, abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIMS: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a serious liver disease. The aim of this study was to explore the long-term prognosis of AE patients, the burden of this disease in Switzerland and the cost-effectiveness of treatment. METHODS: Relative survival analysis was undertaken using a national database with 329 patient records. 155 representative cases had sufficient details regarding treatment costs and patient outcome to estimate the financial implications and treatment costs of AE. RESULTS: For an average 54-year-old patient diagnosed with AE in 1970 the life expectancy was estimated to be reduced by 18.2 and 21.3 years for men and women, respectively. By 2005 this was reduced to approximately 3.5 and 2.6 years, respectively. Patients undergoing radical surgery had a better outcome, whereas the older patients had a poorer prognosis than the younger patients. Costs amount to approximately Euro108,762 per patient. Assuming the improved life expectancy of AE patients is due to modern treatment the cost per disability-adjusted life years (DALY) saved is approximately Euro6,032. CONCLUSIONS: Current treatments have substantially improved the prognosis of AE patients compared to the 1970s. The cost per DALY saved is low compared to the average national annual income. Hence, AE treatment is highly cost-effective in Switzerland.}, keywords = {Animals, Anthelmintics, Chronic Disease, Cost of Illness, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Databases, Echinococcosis, Endemic Diseases, Factual, Female, Foxes, Hepatic, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Survival Analysis, Switzerland, Zoonoses}, issn = {0168-8278}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhep.2008.03.023}, author = {Torgerson, Paul R. and Schweiger, Alexander and Deplazes, Peter and Pohar, Maja and Reichen, J{\"u}rg and Ammann, Rudolf W. and Tarr, Philip E. and Halkik, Nerman and M{\"u}llhaupt, Beat} } @article {3066, title = {Alveolar echinococcosis localized in the liver, lung and brain}, journal = {Chinese Medical Journal}, volume = {121}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {90{\textendash}92}, keywords = {Aged, Brain, Echinococcosis, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Lymphoma, Pulmonary, T-Cell}, issn = {0366-6999}, author = {Kayacan, Seyit Mehmet and Vatansever, Sezai and Temiz, Suleyman and Uslu, Bora and Kayacan, Dilek and Akkaya, Vakur and Erk, Osman and Saka, B{\"u}lent and Karadag, Aytac and Turkmen, Kultigin and Yakar, Fatih and Guler, Kerim} } @article {9368, title = {{Amebiasis}}, journal = {Mayo Clinic Proceedings}, volume = {83}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, pages = {1154{\textendash}1159}, author = {Pritt, BS and Clark, CG} } @article {13510, title = {Anaemia in advanced chronic fasciolosis.}, journal = {Acta Tro}, volume = {108}, year = {2008}, pages = {35-43}, author = {Valero, M. A. and Girones, N. and Garcia-Bodelon, M. A. and Periago, M. V. and Chico-Calero, I., Khoubbane, M., Fresno, M. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {13131, title = {Analysis of 16S rRNA gene mutations in a subset of Aeromonas strains and their impact in species delineation}, journal = {International Microbiology}, volume = {11}, year = {2008}, pages = {185-194}, author = {Alperi, A. and Figueras, M. J. and Inza, I. and Martinez-Murcia, A. J.} } @article {5887, title = {{Analysis of microbial community during biofilm development in an anaerobic wastewater treatment reactor.}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {jul}, pages = {121{\textendash}132}, author = {Fern{\'a}ndez, Nuria and Emiliano E D{\'\i}az and Amils, Ricardo and Sanz, Jos{\'e} L} } @article {14404, title = {Analysis of microbial community during biofilm development in an anaerobic wastewater treatment reactor.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {jul}, pages = {121{\textendash}132}, author = {Fern{\'a}ndez, Nuria and Emiliano E D{\'\i}az and Amils, Ricardo and Sanz, Jos{\'e} L} } @booklet {1754, title = {Annotated Definitions of Selected Geomorphic Terms and Related Terms of Hydrology, Sedimentology, Soil Science and Ecology Open-File Report 2008-1217}, year = {2008}, publisher = {U.S. Geological Survey Publication http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20081217 Last accessed May 2015. Temporarily unavailable. July 2015.}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {Osterkamp, W. R.} } @article {12295, title = {Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments}, journal = {Science}, volume = {321}, number = {5887}, year = {2008}, note = {Times Cited: 491
Martinez, Jose/C-4100-2008; Martinez, Jose Luis/
Martinez, Jose Luis/0000-0001-8813-7607
6
548}, month = {Jul 18}, pages = {365-367}, isbn = {0036-8075}, author = {Martinez, Jose L.} } @article {12473, title = {Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments}, journal = {Current opinion in biotechnologyCurrent opinion in biotechnology}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {260-265}, isbn = {0958-1669}, author = {Baquero, Fernando and Mart{\'\i}nez, Jos{\'e}-Luis and Cant{\'o}n, Rafael} } @article {16519, title = {Antigen selection for future anti-{Trichuris} vaccines: a comparison of cytokine and antibody responses to larval and adult antigen in a primary infection}, journal = {Parasite Immunol}, volume = {30}, number = {9}, year = {2008}, pages = {454{\textendash}61}, abstract = {Trichuriasis, caused by the whipworm Trichuris trichiura, is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, affecting approximately 1 billion people. Child anthelminthic treatment programmes are being implemented but repeated treatments are costly, may prevent the development of acquired immunity and can lead to the development of drug resistant parasites. Thus, the development of a vaccine which would lead to the acquisition of immunity at an earlier age and reduce community faecal egg output would be beneficial. Development of subunit vaccines requires the identification of protective antigens and their formulation in a suitable adjuvant. Trichuris muris is an antigenically similar laboratory model for T. trichiura. Subcutaneous vaccination with adult excretory-secretory products (ES) protects susceptible mouse strains from T. muris. Larval stages may contain novel and more relevant antigens which when incorporated in a vaccine induce worm expulsion earlier in infection than the adult worm products. This study finds negligible difference in the cellular and humoral immune response to T. muris adult and third stage larva(e) (L3) ES during a primary T. muris infection, but identifies high molecular weight proteins in both adult and L3 ES as potential vaccine candidates.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Antigens, Cytokines/*immunology, Helminth/*immunology, Helminth/blood/immunology, Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology, Inbred AKR, Inbred BALB C, Larva/immunology, Mice, Trichuriasis/*immunology/parasitology, Trichuris/growth \& development/*immunology, Vaccines/immunology}, issn = {1365-3024 (Electronic) 0141-9838 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01035.x}, author = {Dixon, H. and Johnston, C. E. and Else, K. J.} } @article {12027, title = {Antigen selection for future anti-Trichuris vaccines: a comparison of cytokine and antibody responses to larval and adult antigen in a primary infection}, journal = {Parasite Immunology}, volume = {30}, number = {9}, year = {2008}, note = {Dixon, H
Johnston, C E
Else, K J
eng
068028/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2008/06/21 09:00
Parasite Immunol. 2008 Sep;30(9):454-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01035.x. Epub 2008 Jun 17.}, month = {Sep}, pages = {454-61}, abstract = {

Trichuriasis, caused by the whipworm Trichuris trichiura, is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, affecting approximately 1 billion people. Child anthelminthic treatment programmes are being implemented but repeated treatments are costly, may prevent the development of acquired immunity and can lead to the development of drug resistant parasites. Thus, the development of a vaccine which would lead to the acquisition of immunity at an earlier age and reduce community faecal egg output would be beneficial. Development of subunit vaccines requires the identification of protective antigens and their formulation in a suitable adjuvant. Trichuris muris is an antigenically similar laboratory model for T. trichiura. Subcutaneous vaccination with adult excretory-secretory products (ES) protects susceptible mouse strains from T. muris. Larval stages may contain novel and more relevant antigens which when incorporated in a vaccine induce worm expulsion earlier in infection than the adult worm products. This study finds negligible difference in the cellular and humoral immune response to T. muris adult and third stage larva(e) (L3) ES during a primary T. muris infection, but identifies high molecular weight proteins in both adult and L3 ES as potential vaccine candidates.

}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Helminth/blood/immunology, Antigens, Helminth/*immunology, Cytokines/*immunology, Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology, Larva/immunology, Mice, Mice, Inbred AKR, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Trichuriasis/*immunology/parasitology, Trichuris/growth \& development/*immunology, Vaccines/immunology}, isbn = {1365-3024 (Electronic)
0141-9838 (Linking)}, author = {Dixon, H. and Johnston, C. E. and Else, K. J.} } @article {11018, title = {Ascaris lumbricoides {Eggs} and {Human}-{Intestinal} {Protozoan} {Cysts} found in {River} {Water} of {Angke} {River}, {Jakarta}}, journal = {Makara Journal of Health Research}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {83{\textendash}85}, abstract = {Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Fecal contamination is a serious environmental problem at Angke River Jakarta. A cross-sectional study was conducted during April-June 2007 and the aim of the study is to assess the water quality of Angke River by detection of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs and the protozoan cysts. A total 24 L water of Angke River was collected from 8 sampling locations consisted of Kembangan/Duri Kosambi (upper reaches of river), Pesing Polgar (lower reaches of river), Teluk Gong (lower reaches of river), Pantai Indah Kapuk (estuary), River Mouth, left side of River Mouth, right side of River Mouth, and outer side of River Mouth. The water specimen was examined microscopically for A. lumbricoides eggs and protozoan cysts using a concentrated technique. Of 8 locations, 4 locations (50 \%, 4/8), Kembangan/Duri Kosambi, Teluk Gong, Pantai Indah Kapuk and left side of river mouth were positive for A. lumbricoides eggs and 2 locations (25\%, 2/8), Kembangan/Duri Kosambi and Pesing Polgar positive for Entamoeba histolytica cysts. Overall, 60 A. lumbricoides eggs and 2 E. histolytica cysts were found in 24 L water specimens. Among sampling locations, the most number of A. lumbricoides eggs were found at eastuary. The water of Angke River, Jakarta, has been contaminated by human feces contained A. lumbricoides eggs and E. histolytica cysts. The water was unsafe for drinking water.}, keywords = {Angke River, Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica, Jakarta}, url = {http://www.ijil.ui.ac.id/index.php/health/article/view/308}, author = {Rizal Subahar and Lisawati Sutanto} } @mastersthesis {6981, title = {Assessing the hydroecological effects of stream restoration}, year = {2008}, note = {3317929}, school = {University of California, Davis}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation consists of three studies undertaken to document and quantify the hydroecological effects of stream restoration. The study was conducted at the Bear Creek Meadow, a well-documented "pond and plug" type stream restoration project, located in northeastern California. The first study investigates the effects of stream restoration on hydrologic processes. A hydrologic model of the meadow was developed, calibrated, validated, and used to simulate the system under pre- and post-restoration topographic conditions. Simulation results document three general hydrologic responses to the meadow restoration effort: (1) increased groundwater levels and volume of subsurface storage; (2) increased frequency and duration of floodplain inundation and decreased magnitude of flood peaks; and (3) decreased annual runoff and duration of baseflow. The second study explores the relationship between temporally varying water-table elevations and plant community distributions in the restored riparian meadow. Vegetation was sampled throughout the meadow and classified into four community types. The hydrologic model was used to simulate a three-year time series of water-table depth for each plot, and nonmetric multidimensional scaling was utilized to investigate the relationships between community types and hydrologic variables. Community types were distributed along the hydrologic gradient at reasonably similar positions to those found in previous studies, however the range of water-table depths in this meadow was greater than previously observed, presumably due to the higher temporal resolution of water-table measurements, in addition to the intermittent nature of stream flow in Bear Creek and its substantial control of water-table elevations. In the final study, the changes in distribution of several commonly occurring herbaceous plant species were investigated. Vegetation models were developed where the probability of occurrence of a particular species was predicted as a function of growing season water table depth and range. These vegetation models were used in concert with the hydrologic model in order to predict the spatial distribution of individual plant species for pre- and post-restoration topographic-hydrologic conditions. Simulation results indicate an increase in the spatial distribution of obligate wetland, and facultative wetland plant species, as well as a decrease in the distribution of facultative upland and obligate upland plant species.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0388:Hydrology, 0777:Range management, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Ecology, Hydrology, Meadow vegetation, Range management, Stream restoration, Water table, wetlands}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304699180?accountid=14270}, author = {Hammersmark, Christopher Trevor} } @mastersthesis {6326, title = {An assessment of {Seechewal} {Initiative} in the {State} of {Punjab}, {India}: {An} example of community-based conservation?}, year = {2008}, note = {MR36359}, school = {University of Manitoba (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{N}.{R}.{M}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Community-based conservation (CBC) is a concept which can be described as the conservation of biological diversity, wildlife or any other natural resource based on the involvement of local communities in the decision-making process. As a step towards studying this phenomenon in-depth, research entitled "An Assessment of Seechewal Initiative in the State of Punjab, India: An example of Community-based-conservation?, was undertaken by me and examined in terms of a community-based conservation initiative. The main objectives of this research were to describe and understand the Seechewal initiative and to determine its participatory nature. The research also assessed the initiative in terms of environmental, economic and social dimensions, and examined the opportunity of extending the positive impacts of this initiative to other areas in Punjab. Further methods for scaling-up this initiative by other communities were also examined. The study concluded that a renewed focus on the management and conservation of natural resources by communities is emerging. Communities are being empowered directly or indirectly to manage their surroundings. The process could be self-initiated by the community or triggered by government, an NGO; or any other agency. The Seechewal movement is a religious and environmental movement with origins in the district of Jalandhar in the state of Punjab and it has spread to adjoining villages. The movement has multi-faceted components ranging from the construction of roads, laying of sewerage systems, provision of a water supply and cleaning the river Kali Rein. The environmental, economic and social impacts of the Seechewal initiative are visible, as they have not only helped improve the living conditions of the residents but also their general quality of life. In addition it has influenced on the social structure of the community, with community united into one whole unit where people are motivated, working together for one cause and overcoming their differences in terms of caste, creed, and economic status. Agriculture, being the backbone of the economy in the area, has benefited greatly due to an increase in the normal flow of the Kali Rein. The river is flowing effectively after it was cleaned up with the help of community efforts. The scaling-up of this initiative is demonstrated by having the principles, technologies and the processes that were first tested in village Seechewal, adopted elsewhere in the region. The Seechewal initiative has been mentioned in both local and international press and by the former president of India. Dr. A.P.J. Kalam has referred to it numerous times during his speeches on important occasions both within and outside of India. Certain limitations of this study have also been identified as its scope was limited to some extent. Areas of further research have also been identified.}, keywords = {0768:Environmental science, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304403096?accountid=14270}, author = {Nigah, Manpreet} } @article {2171, title = {{Bactericidal Effect of Solar Water Disinfection under Real Sunlight Conditions}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, pages = {2997{\textendash}3001}, abstract = {Batch solar disinfection (SODIS) inactivation kinetics are reported for suspensions in water of Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and endospores of Bacillus subtilis, exposed to strong natural sunlight in Spain and Bolivia. The exposure time required for complete inactivation (at least 4-log-unit reduction and below the limit of detection, 17 CFU/ml) under conditions of strong natural sunlight (maximum global irradiance, [\~{}]1,050 W m-2 \{+/-\} 10 W m-2) was as follows: C. jejuni, 20 min; S. epidermidis, 45 min; enteropathogenic E. coli, 90 min; Y. enterocolitica, 150 min. Following incomplete inactivation of B. subtilis endospores after the first day, reexposure of these samples on the following day found that 4\% (standard error, 3\%) of the endospores remained viable after a cumulative exposure time of 16 h of strong natural sunlight. SODIS is shown to be effective against the vegetative cells of a number of emerging waterborne pathogens; however, bacterial species which are spore forming may survive this intervention process.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02415-07}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/74/10/2997.full}, author = {Boyle, M. and Sichel, C. and Fernandez-Ibanez, P. and Arias-Quiroz, G. B. and Iriarte-Puna, M. and Mercado, A. and Ubomba-Jaswa, E. and McGuigan, K. G.} } @article {7660, title = {Bactericidal effect of solar water disinfection under real sunlight conditions}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, year = {2008}, pages = {2997-3001}, author = {Boyle, M and Sichel, C and Fern{\'a}ndez-Ib{\~n}ez, P and Arias-Quiroz, GB and Iriarte-Pu{\~n}a, M and Mercado, A and Ubomba-Jaswa, E and McGuigan, KG} } @article {7952, title = {{Bactericidal Effect of Solar Water Disinfection under Real Sunlight Conditions}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, month = {mar}, pages = {2997{\textendash}3001}, abstract = {Batch solar disinfection (SODIS) inactivation kinetics are reported for suspensions in water of Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and endospores of Bacillus subtilis, exposed to strong natural sunlight in Spain and Bolivia. The exposure time required for complete inactivation (at least 4-log-unit reduction and below the limit of detection, 17 CFU/ml) under conditions of strong natural sunlight (maximum global irradiance, [{\~{}}]1,050 W m-2 {\{}+/-{\}} 10 W m-2) was as follows: C. jejuni, 20 min; S. epidermidis, 45 min; enteropathogenic E. coli, 90 min; Y. enterocolitica, 150 min. Following incomplete inactivation of B. subtilis endospores after the first day, reexposure of these samples on the following day found that 4{\%} (standard error, 3{\%}) of the endospores remained viable after a cumulative exposure time of 16 h of strong natural sunlight. SODIS is shown to be effective against the vegetative cells of a number of emerging waterborne pathogens; however, bacterial species which are spore forming may survive this intervention process.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02415-07}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/74/10/2997.full}, author = {Boyle, M. and Sichel, C. and Fernandez-Ibanez, P. and Arias-Quiroz, G. B. and Iriarte-Puna, M. and Mercado, A. and Ubomba-Jaswa, E. and McGuigan, K. G.} } @article {13938, title = {Bactericidal {Effect} of {Solar} {Water} {Disinfection} under {Real} {Sunlight} {Conditions}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, month = {mar}, pages = {2997{\textendash}3001}, abstract = {Batch solar disinfection (SODIS) inactivation kinetics are reported for suspensions in water of Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and endospores of Bacillus subtilis, exposed to strong natural sunlight in Spain and Bolivia. The exposure time required for complete inactivation (at least 4-log-unit reduction and below the limit of detection, 17 CFU/ml) under conditions of strong natural sunlight (maximum global irradiance, [\~{}]1,050 W m-2 \{+/-\} 10 W m-2) was as follows: C. jejuni, 20 min; S. epidermidis, 45 min; enteropathogenic E. coli, 90 min; Y. enterocolitica, 150 min. Following incomplete inactivation of B. subtilis endospores after the first day, reexposure of these samples on the following day found that 4\% (standard error, 3\%) of the endospores remained viable after a cumulative exposure time of 16 h of strong natural sunlight. SODIS is shown to be effective against the vegetative cells of a number of emerging waterborne pathogens; however, bacterial species which are spore forming may survive this intervention process.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02415-07}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/74/10/2997.full}, author = {Boyle, M. and Sichel, C. and Fernandez-Ibanez, P. and Arias-Quiroz, G. B. and Iriarte-Puna, M. and Mercado, A. and Ubomba-Jaswa, E. and McGuigan, K. G.} } @article {5931, title = {{Bayesian estimation of hepatitis E virus seroprevalence for populations with different exposure levels to swine in The Netherlands}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {136}, year = {2008}, pages = {567{\textendash}576}, author = {Bouwknegt, M and Engel, B and Herremans, MM and Widdowson, MA and Worm, HC and Koopmans, MP and Frankena, K and A M De Roda Husman and De Jong, MC and W H van der Poel} } @article {16933, title = {Behaviour of pathogenic and indicator bacteria during urban wastewater treatment and sludge composting, as revealed by quantitative PCR}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {42}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, pages = {53{\textendash}62}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {W{\'e}ry, Nathalie and Lhoutellier, Claire and Ducray, Florence and Delgen{\`e}s, Jean-Philippe and Godon, Jean-Jacques} } @article {14274, title = {Behaviour of pathogenic and indicator bacteria during urban wastewater treatment and sludge composting, as revealed by quantitative {PCR}.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {42}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {53{\textendash}62}, abstract = {Two enteric pathogens, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni, and two bacteria commonly used as indicators, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens, were monitored using quantitative real-time PCR during municipal wastewater treatment and sludge composting. The results were compared with those obtained using standard culture methods. A reduction of all bacteria was observed during wastewater treatment and during the thermophilic phase of composting. However, the bacterial groups studied behaved differently during the process, and the main differences were observed during biological treatment in activated sludge basins. In particular, Salmonella spp. and C. jejuni survived better during activated sludge treatment than E. coli. C. jejuni was the most resistant to wastewater treatment among the four bacterial groups. Overall, differences in survival were observed for all bacteria studied, when submitted to the same environmental pressure. This holds both for differences between indicators and pathogenic bacteria and between pathogenic bacteria. These results show the difficulty in defining reliable indicators.}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.048}, author = {W{\'e}ry, Nathalie and Lhoutellier, Claire and Ducray, Florence and Delgen{\`e}s, Jean-Philippe and Godon, Jean-Jacques} } @article {7860, title = {Behaviour of pathogenic and indicator bacteria during urban wastewater treatment and sludge composting, as revealed by quantitative PCR}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {1{\textendash}2}, year = {2008}, month = {1}, pages = {53-62}, abstract = {

Two enteric pathogens, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni, and two bacteria commonly used as indicators, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens, were monitored using quantitative real-time PCR during municipal wastewater treatment and sludge composting. The results were compared with those obtained using standard culture methods. A reduction of all bacteria was observed during wastewater treatment and during the thermophilic phase of composting. However, the bacterial groups studied behaved differently during the process, and the main differences were observed during biological treatment in activated sludge basins. In particular, Salmonella spp. and C. jejuni survived better during activated sludge treatment than E. coli. C. jejuni was the most resistant to wastewater treatment among the four bacterial groups. Overall, differences in survival were observed for all bacteria studied, when submitted to the same environmental pressure. This holds both for differences between indicators and pathogenic bacteria and between pathogenic bacteria. These results show the difficulty in defining reliable indicators.

}, keywords = {Compost, Indicator bacteria, Pathogens, Real-time quantitative PCR, Sludge, wastewater}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {W{\'e}ry,Nathalie and Lhoutellier,Claire and Ducray,Florence and Jean P Delgen{\`e}s and Jean J Godon} } @inbook {1684, title = {Binding and inactivation of viruses on and in food, with a focus on the roles of the matrix}, booktitle = {Food-borne viruses : progress and challenges}, year = {2008}, note = {2007049165 edited by Marion P.G. Koopmans, Dean O. Cliver and Albert Bosch. ill. ; 24 cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Historic overview of food virology / Dean O. Cliver {\textendash} Food-borne viruses : state of the art / Marc-Alain Widdowson and Jan Vinjé {\textendash} Enterically tansmitted hepatitis / Rakesh Aggarwal and Sita Naik {\textendash} The challenge of estimating the burden of an underreported disease / Sarah J. O{\textquoteright}Brien {\textendash} Emerging food-borne viral diseases / Erwin Duizer and Marion Koopmans {\textendash} Viral evolution and its relevance for food-borne virus epidemiology / Esteban Domingo and Harry Vennema {\textendash} Rethinking virus detection in food / Rosa M. Pintó and Albert Bosch {\textendash} Binding and inactivation of viruses on and in food, with a focus on the role of the matrix / Françoise S. Le Guyader and Robert L. Atmar {\textendash} Use of the Codex risk analysis framework to reduce risks associated with viruses in food / Jaap Jansen {\textendash} Risk assessment of viruses in food : opportunities and challenges / Arie H. Havelaar and Saskia A. Rutjes.}, pages = {189-208.}, publisher = {ASM Press}, organization = {ASM Press}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Washington, DC}, keywords = {Foodborne diseases. Virus diseases. Food Microbiology. Food Contamination prevention \& control. Virus Diseases prevention \& control.}, isbn = {9781555814649 (hardcover) 1555814646 (hardcover)}, url = {Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip086/2007049165.html}, author = {Le Guyader, F. S. and Atmar, R. L.}, editor = {Koopmans, M. P. G. and Cliver, D. O. and Bosch, A.} } @article {16206, title = {Biofilm formation by saprophytic and pathogenic leptospires}, journal = {MicrobiologyMicrobiologyMicrobiology}, volume = {154}, number = {Pt 5}, year = {2008}, month = {May}, pages = {1309-17}, isbn = {1350-0872 (Print)}, author = {Ristow, P. and Bourhy, P. and Kerneis, S. and Schmitt, C. and Prevost, M. C. and Lilenbaum, W. and Picardeau, M.} } @conference {16613, title = {Biological {Degradation} {Processes} within a {Toilet}}, booktitle = {{WISA} 2008 {Conference}, {Sun} {City}, 19-22 {May} 2008}, year = {2008}, author = {Nwaneri, CF and Foxon, KM and Buckley, CA} } @conference {12858, title = {Biological Degradation Processes within a Toilet}, booktitle = {WISA 2008 Conference, Sun City, 19-22 May 2008}, year = {2008}, author = {Nwaneri, CF and Foxon, KM and Buckley, CA} } @mastersthesis {6398, title = {Bio-micrometeorological field measurements over heterogeneous surfaces}, year = {2008}, note = {3350744}, school = {University of California, Davis}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Scientists have left the flat and homogeneous sites where the foundation of micrometeorology was established in order to better describe the complexity and magnitude of ecosystem contributions to the hydrologic and carbon cycles. Despite their acknowledged shortcomings, the techniques currently employed for this work still rely upon site selection criteria which are rarely met. The focus of this dissertation is the development of novel and theoretically sound methods of quantifying the effects of heterogeneity on surface-atmosphere exchange. The primary objectives of this dissertation are: (1) estimate evapotranspiration, the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide, and canopy conductance from a riparian forest, (2) analyze the environmental controls of the above riparian processes, (3) estimate the errors introduced by the limited horizontal extent of the riparian forest, (4) measure horizontal advection and vertical scalar fluxes near the edge of an agricultural canopy, (5) measure energy balance closure near the edge of an agricultural canopy and evaluate the effects of the often-excluded advection terms on the energy budget, and (6) compare measured turbulent statistics and scalar transport to a higher-order closure model that has not been validated due to a lack of available field studies. Chapter 2 focuses on evapotranspiration and CO2 fluxes measured above a riparian Populus fremontii forest. Chapter 3 describes the results of a micrometeorological edge experiment performed in an agricultural crop, and in Chapter 4 the results presented in Chapter 3 are compared to a higher-order closure model. The results of the riparian work demonstrate the importance of local hydrology on the ecosystem fluxes of carbon dioxide and water vapor. The agricultural edge experiment presented in Chapter 3 confirmed that advection can be an important part of the scalar and energy budgets even in typical daytime conditions, and the modeling and scaling techniques applied in Chapter 4 compared well to the observations and were demonstrated to be a viable method of evaluating the magnitude of advection at other sites.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0425:Biogeochemistry, 0725:Atmospheric sciences, Advection, Atmospheric sciences, Biogeochemistry, Biological sciences, Carbon dioxide flux, Earth sciences, Ecology, Eddy covariance, Energy balance, Evapotranspiration}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304657557?accountid=14270}, author = {Kochendorfer, John} } @article {4092, title = {{Biomonitoring of surface and coastal water for Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and human-virulent microsporidia using molluscan shellfish}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {103}, year = {2008}, pages = {1369{\textendash}1375}, author = {Lucy, FE and Graczyk, TK and Tamang, L and Miraflor, A and Minchin, D} } @article {4710, title = {{Burden of acute gastrointestinal illness in Canada, 1999-2007: interim summary of NSAGI activities}}, journal = {Can Commun Dis Rep}, volume = {34}, year = {2008}, pages = {8{\textendash}15}, author = {Thomas, MK and Majowicz, SE and Pollari, F and Sockett, PN} } @article {13479, title = {Cah Sante}, journal = {Emergence chez l{\textquoteright}homme de fasciolose a Fasciola gigantica et de distomatose intestinale a Fasciolopsis buski au Laos}, volume = {18}, year = {2008}, pages = {119-124}, author = {Quang, T. D. and Duong, T. H. and Richard-Lenoble, D. and Peter Odermatt, P. and Khammanivong, K.} } @inbook {7722, title = {Campylobacter in food supply}, booktitle = {Campylobacter}, volume = {3rd}, year = {2008}, note = {Campylobacter in food supply; ID: 621}, pages = {627-644}, publisher = {Americal Society for MIcrobiology}, organization = {Americal Society for MIcrobiology}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Jacobs-Reitsma,W. and Lyhs,U. and Wagenaar,J.}, editor = {Nachamkin,I. and Szymanski,C. M. and Blaser,M. J.} } @article {16093, title = {Carriage of Leptospira interrogans among domestic rats from an urban setting highly endemic for leptospirosis in Brazil}, journal = {Acta TropActa Trop}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct}, pages = {1-5}, keywords = {*Disease Reservoirs, Agglutination Tests, Animals, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Blood/microbiology, Brazil, Carrier State/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary, Didelphis/microbiology, Kidney/microbiology, Leptospira interrogans/classification/*isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary, Rats/*microbiology, Serotyping, Urban Health, Urine/microbiology}, author = {de Faria, M. T. and Calderwood, M. S. and Athanazio, D. A. and McBride, A. J. and Hartskeerl, R. A. and Pereira, M. M. and Ko, A. I. and Reis, M. G.} } @article {11682, title = {{Cest{\'o}ideos Pseudophyllidea parasitos de congro-rosa, Genypterus brasiliensis Regan, 1903 comercializados no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil}}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Ci{\^e}ncia Veterin{\'a}ria}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {28{\textendash}32}, doi = {org/10.4322/rbov.2014.192}, author = {Knoff, M and De Sao Clemente, S and De Andrada, C and De Lima, FC and Padovani, R and Da Fonseca, MC and Neves, RCF and Gomes, DC} } @article {16101, title = {Characterization of the ompL1 gene of pathogenic Leptospira species in China and cross-immunogenicity of the OmpL1 protein. }, journal = {BMC MicrobiologyBMC Microbiology}, volume = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {223}, author = {Dong, H. and Hu, Y. and Xue, F. and Sun, D. and Ojcius, D. M. and Mao, Y. and Yan, J.} } @article {16944, title = {Chlorine disinfection of grey water for reuse: effect of organics and particles}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {42}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, pages = {483{\textendash}491}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Winward, Gideon P and Avery, Lisa M and Stephenson, Tom and Jefferson, Bruce} } @article {5952, title = {{Chronic hepatitis E virus infection in liver transplant recipients}}, journal = {Liver Transplantation}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {547{\textendash}553}, author = {Haagsma, EB and van den Berg, AP} } @article {5950, title = {{Chronic hepatitis E with cirrhosis in a kidney-transplant recipient}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {358}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {859{\textendash}860}, author = {G{\'e}rolami, R and Moal, V and Colson, P} } @article {3059, title = {Clinical management of cystic echinococcosis: state of the art, problems, and perspectives}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {301{\textendash}311}, abstract = {Clinical management of cystic echinococcosis (CE) has evolved over decades without adequate evaluation of important features such as efficacy, effectiveness, rate of adverse reactions, relapse rate, and cost. CE occurs in health care environments as different as Europe/North America and resource-poor countries of the South and the East. This creates setting-specific problems in the management of patients. Furthermore, studies carried out in either of the two fundamentally different environments lack external validity, i.e., results obtained in one setting may be different from those in the other and practices that can work in one may not be applicable to the other. In this paper, we review the current management procedures of CE with particular emphasis on the evidence base and setting-specific problems.}, keywords = {Anthelmintics, Echinococcosis, Evidence-Based Medicine, Humans}, issn = {1476-1645}, author = {Junghanss, Thomas and da Silva, Antonio Menezes and Horton, John and Chiodini, Peter L. and Brunetti, Enrico} } @inbook {7757, title = {Clinical Significance of Campylobacter and related species other than Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli}, booktitle = {Campylobacter}, volume = {3rd}, year = {2008}, note = {Clinical Significance of Campylobacter and related species other than Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; ID: 618}, publisher = {Americal Society for Microbiology}, organization = {Americal Society for Microbiology}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Lastovica,A. J. and Allos,B. M.}, editor = {Nachamkin,I. and Szymanski,C. M. and Blaser,M. J.} } @article {1010, title = {Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {319}, number = {5866}, year = {2008}, pages = {1096{\textendash}1100}, abstract = {

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but aggressive human skin cancer that typically affects elderly and immunosuppressed individuals, a feature suggestive of an infectious origin. We studied MCC samples by digital transcriptome subtraction and detected a fusion transcript between a previously undescribed virus T antigen and a human receptor tyrosine phosphatase. Further investigation led to identification and sequence analysis of the 5387-base-pair genome of a previously unknown polyomavirus that we call Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV or MCPyV). MCV sequences were detected in 8 of 10 (80\%) MCC tumors but only 5 of 59 (8\%) control tissues from various body sites and 4 of 25 (16\%) control skin tissues. In six of eight MCV-positive MCCs, viral DNA was integrated within the tumor genome in a clonal pattern, suggesting that MCV infection and integration preceded clonal expansion of the tumor cells. Thus, MCV may be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of MCC.

}, isbn = {1095-9203 (Electronic)$\backslash$n0036-8075 (Linking)}, issn = {0036-8075}, doi = {10.1126/science.1152586}, author = {Feng, Huichen and Shuda, Masahiro and Chang, Yuan and Moore, Patrick S} } @article {1855, title = {The coastal environment and human health: microbial indicators, pathogens, sentinels and reservoirs}, journal = {Environmental Health}, volume = {7 Suppl 2}, year = {2008}, note = {Stewart, Jill R Gast, Rebecca J Fujioka, Roger S Solo-Gabriele, Helena M Meschke, J Scott Amaral-Zettler, Linda A Del Castillo, Erika Polz, Martin F Collier, Tracy K Strom, Mark S Sinigalliano, Christopher D Moeller, Peter D R Holland, A Fredrick eng P50 ES012740/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ P50 ES012742/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ P50 ES012762/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ P50 ES12736/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. Review England 2008/12/17 09:00 Environ Health. 2008 Nov 7;7 Suppl 2:S3. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S3.}, pages = {S3}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Innovative research relating oceans and human health is advancing our understanding of disease-causing organisms in coastal ecosystems. Novel techniques are elucidating the loading, transport and fate of pathogens in coastal ecosystems, and identifying sources of contamination. This research is facilitating improved risk assessments for seafood consumers and those who use the oceans for recreation. A number of challenges still remain and define future directions of research and public policy. Sample processing and molecular detection techniques need to be advanced to allow rapid and specific identification of microbes of public health concern from complex environmental samples. Water quality standards need to be updated to more accurately reflect health risks and to provide managers with improved tools for decision-making. Greater discrimination of virulent versus harmless microbes is needed to identify environmental reservoirs of pathogens and factors leading to human infections. Investigations must include examination of microbial community dynamics that may be important from a human health perspective. Further research is needed to evaluate the ecology of non-enteric water-transmitted diseases. Sentinels should also be established and monitored, providing early warning of dangers to ecosystem health. Taken together, this effort will provide more reliable information about public health risks associated with beaches and seafood consumption, and how human activities can affect their exposure to disease-causing organisms from the oceans.

}, keywords = {Animals Disease Reservoirs/microbiology *Ecosystem *Environmental Health Environmental Monitoring/methods Food Contamination Great Lakes Region Humans Recreation Seawater/microbiology Sentinel Surveillance Shellfish/*microbiology *Water Microbiology Water}, issn = {1476-069X (Electronic) 1476-069X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S3}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19025674}, author = {Stewart, J. R. and Gast, R. J. and Fujioka, R. S. and Solo-Gabriele, H. M. and Meschke, J. S. and Amaral-Zettler, L. A. and Del Castillo, E. and Polz, M. F. and Collier, T. K. and Strom, M. S. and Sinigalliano, C. D. and Moeller, P. D. and Holland, A. F.} } @article {6030, title = {Colloid transport and retention in unsaturated porous media: A review of interface-, collector-, and pore-scale processes and models}, journal = {Vadose Zone Journal}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {667{\textendash}681}, author = {Bradford, Scott A and Torkzaban, Saeed} } @article {4301, title = {{The combined performance of UV light and chlorine during reclaimed water disinfection.}}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {57}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {935{\textendash}40}, abstract = {The combined effects of disinfectant agents on the microbiological quality of reclaimed water produced by two full-scale water reclamation plants in Catalonia, Spain, were examined in this work. All the disinfectant treatments tested led to the absence, or near absence, of E. coli in 100 mL samples of water, with log reductions of more than 3 log u. Hypochlorite reduced the bacterial concentrations. However, ultraviolet light was more effective than hypochlorite at reducing the concentrations of bacteriophages, viruses and pathogenic protozoa such as Cryptosporidium spp. We conclude that a combination of these two disinfectant agents is effective in protecting public health, as each agent acts to a different degree against the different groups of microorganisms studied. Further studies should investigate the combined action of disinfectant agents at water reclamation plants with ultraviolet light equipment in more favourable working conditions in order to assess their capacity to inactivate microorganisms.}, keywords = {Animals, Chlorine, Chlorine: pharmacology, Conservation of Natural Resources, Conservation of Natural Resources: methods, Disinfectants, Disinfectants: pharmacology, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: radiation effects, Eukaryota, Eukaryota: drug effects, Eukaryota: radiation effects, Hypochlorous Acid, Hypochlorous Acid: pharmacology, Reproducibility of Results, Spain, Ultraviolet Rays, Viruses, Viruses: drug effects, Viruses: radiation effects, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis, Water Supply: standards}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2008.206}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18413956}, author = {Montemayor, M and Costan, A and Lucena, F and Jofre, J and Mu{\~n}oz, J and Dalmau, E and Mujeriego, R and Sala, L} } @article {4243, title = {{Comparative reductions of bacterial indicators, bacteriophage-infecting enteric bacteria and enteroviruses in wastewater tertiary treatments by lagooning and UV-radiation.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {58}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {2223{\textendash}33}, abstract = {

A two-year monitoring program of microbiological and physical-chemical parameters at 2 waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Mallorca (Spain) was performed in order to (1) evaluate the efficiency of lagooning and UV radiation as tertiary treatment processes; (2) determine the characteristics of wastewater effluent for its potential agricultural reuse; and (3) establish correlations between bacteriological and virological parameters. The presence of currently established bacterial indicators (total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia), virological (enteroviruses, somatic coliphages, F-specific coliphages, and phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron), and helminth eggs were tested during this study. Bacterial and viral indicators were removed at least with one log reduction in the lagooning system, and to a lesser extent with UV-radiation treatment. The lagooning system was less efficient in removing phages and viruses than were bacterial indicators, with the exception of F-specific phages. Phages of B. fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron were less removed than all of the other microbiological parameters. In the UV-radiation treatment, however, the faecal coliforms proved the most sensitive, while clostridial spores, somatic coliphages, Bacteroides phages, and enteric viruses were the more resistant. Helminth eggs were not detected in any samples from effluents of either the secondary or tertiary treatments.Indicator levels in both treatments met the established regulations of both local and national authorities for the disposal or reuse of wastewater in irrigation for non-human crop. We demonstrate that somatic coliphages are effective indicators of enteric viruses in both of the WWTPs studied.

}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: isolation {\&} purification, Bacterial: radiation effects, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteriophages: radiation effects, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Enterobacteriaceae: radiation effects, Enterobacteriaceae: virology, enterovirus, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Enterovirus: radiation effects, Environmental Restoration and Remediation, Environmental Restoration and Remediation: methods, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli: radiation effects, Fluid, spores, Ultraviolet Rays, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2008.584}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092200}, author = {Gomila, Margarita and Solis, Javier J and David, Zoyla and Ramon, Cristina and Lalucat, Jorge} } @article {14635, title = {Comparative reductions of bacterial indicators, bacteriophage-infecting enteric bacteria and enteroviruses in wastewater tertiary treatments by lagooning and {UV}-radiation}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {58}, year = {2008}, pages = {2223{\textendash}33}, abstract = {A two-year monitoring program of microbiological and physical-chemical parameters at 2 waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Mallorca (Spain) was performed in order to (1) evaluate the efficiency of lagooning and UV radiation as tertiary treatment processes; (2) determine the characteristics of wastewater effluent for its potential agricultural reuse; and (3) establish correlations between bacteriological and virological parameters. The presence of currently established bacterial indicators (total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia), virological (enteroviruses, somatic coliphages, F-specific coliphages, and phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron), and helminth eggs were tested during this study. Bacterial and viral indicators were removed at least with one log reduction in the lagooning system, and to a lesser extent with UV-radiation treatment. The lagooning system was less efficient in removing phages and viruses than were bacterial indicators, with the exception of F-specific phages. Phages of B. fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron were less removed than all of the other microbiological parameters. In the UV-radiation treatment, however, the faecal coliforms proved the most sensitive, while clostridial spores, somatic coliphages, Bacteroides phages, and enteric viruses were the more resistant. Helminth eggs were not detected in any samples from effluents of either the secondary or tertiary treatments.Indicator levels in both treatments met the established regulations of both local and national authorities for the disposal or reuse of wastewater in irrigation for non-human crop. We demonstrate that somatic coliphages are effective indicators of enteric viruses in both of the WWTPs studied.}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, Bacterial/isolation \& purification/radiation effects, Bacteriophages/*isolation \& purification/radiation effects, Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification/radiation effects/*virology, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification/radiation effects, Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification/radiation effects, Fluid, spores, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2008.584}, author = {Gomila, M. and Solis, J. J. and David, Z. and Ramon, C. and Lalucat, J.} } @article {14962, title = {Comparative reductions of bacterial indicators, bacteriophage-infecting enteric bacteria and enteroviruses in wastewater tertiary treatments by lagooning and {UV}-radiation}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {58}, year = {2008}, pages = {2223{\textendash}33}, abstract = {A two-year monitoring program of microbiological and physical-chemical parameters at 2 waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Mallorca (Spain) was performed in order to (1) evaluate the efficiency of lagooning and UV radiation as tertiary treatment processes; (2) determine the characteristics of wastewater effluent for its potential agricultural reuse; and (3) establish correlations between bacteriological and virological parameters. The presence of currently established bacterial indicators (total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia), virological (enteroviruses, somatic coliphages, F-specific coliphages, and phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron), and helminth eggs were tested during this study. Bacterial and viral indicators were removed at least with one log reduction in the lagooning system, and to a lesser extent with UV-radiation treatment. The lagooning system was less efficient in removing phages and viruses than were bacterial indicators, with the exception of F-specific phages. Phages of B. fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron were less removed than all of the other microbiological parameters. In the UV-radiation treatment, however, the faecal coliforms proved the most sensitive, while clostridial spores, somatic coliphages, Bacteroides phages, and enteric viruses were the more resistant. Helminth eggs were not detected in any samples from effluents of either the secondary or tertiary treatments.Indicator levels in both treatments met the established regulations of both local and national authorities for the disposal or reuse of wastewater in irrigation for non-human crop. We demonstrate that somatic coliphages are effective indicators of enteric viruses in both of the WWTPs studied.}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, Bacterial/isolation \& purification/radiation effects, Bacteriophages/*isolation \& purification/radiation effects, Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification/radiation effects/*virology, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification/radiation effects, Environmental Restoration and Remediation/*methods, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification/radiation effects, Fluid, spores, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2008.584}, author = {Gomila, M. and Solis, J. J. and David, Z. and Ramon, C. and Lalucat, J.} } @article {17027, title = {Comparative study on the efficiency of peracetic acid and chlorine dioxide at low doses in the disinfection of urban wastewaters}, journal = {Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {217{\textendash}224}, author = {De Luca, Giovanna and Sacchetti, Rossella and Zanetti, Franca and Leoni, Erica} } @article {15071, title = {Comparing the partitioning behavior of {Giardia} and {Cryptosporidium} with that of indicator organisms in stormwater runoff}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {42}, number = {17}, year = {2008}, pages = {4421{\textendash}4438}, author = {Cizek, Adrienne R and Characklis, Gregory W and Leigh A Krometis and Hayes, Jeffrey A and Simmons, Otto D and Di Lonardo, Steve and Alderisio, Kerri A and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {5296, title = {Comparing the partitioning behavior of Giardia and Cryptosporidium with that of indicator organisms in stormwater runoff}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {17}, year = {2008}, pages = {4421{\textendash}4438}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Cizek, Adrienne R and Characklis, Gregory W and Leigh A Krometis and Hayes, Jeffrey A and Simmons, Otto D and Di Lonardo, Steve and Alderisio, Kerri A and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {10396, title = {Comparing the partitioning behavior of Giardia and Cryptosporidium with that of indicator organisms in stormwater runoff}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {17}, year = {2008}, pages = {4421{\textendash}4438}, author = {Cizek, Adrienne R and Characklis, Gregory W and Leigh A Krometis and Hayes, Jeffrey A and Simmons, Otto D and Di Lonardo, Steve and Alderisio, Kerri A and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {3225, title = {{A comparison of bacterial removal efficiencies in constructed wetlands and algae-based systems}}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {238{\textendash}243}, abstract = {Constructed wetlands and algae-based systems have been compared regarding their efficiencies on faecal bacteria removal. Two types of constructed wetlands, sub-surface (SSF) and free water surface (FWS) flow systems, and two more types of algae-based systems, high rate algae ponds (HRAP) and maturation pond (MP) have been studied for two years. All systems treated the same wastewater from a rural locality in Le{\'o}n (northwest of Spain). Hydraulic retention time was 3 days for both wetland systems, 20 days for the maturation pond and 10 days for the high rate algae pond. Total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal Streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococci were analyzed in the influent and effluents of each system. A comparison among the wetland systems showed that SSF were more efficient than FWS system when considering surface removal rates (cfu removed/m2/d). Nevertheless, differences were not statistically significant. Considering mean removal efficiencies (in log unit), results showed that higher reductions were observed in FWS for most of the groups except for clostridia and Staphylococci. Concerning algae-based systems, MP showed higher removal efficiencies than HRAP, getting higher surface removal rates in the HRAP. Generally constructed wetlands were more efficient than algae-based systems when considering both, efficiencies in {\%} and surface removal rates. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Algae pond, Constructed wetlands, Faecal indicators, Macrophytes, Removal rates}, isbn = {0925-8574}, issn = {09258574}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.11.012}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a, Mercedes and Soto, F{\'e}lix and Gonz{\'a}lez, Juan M. and B{\'e}cares, Eloy} } @article {16872, title = {Comparison of BGM and PLC/PRC/5 cell lines for total culturable viral assay of treated sewage}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {9}, year = {2008}, pages = {2583{\textendash}2587}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Rodriguez, Roberto A and Gundy, Patricia M and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {4080, title = {{A comparison of efficiencies of microbiological pollution removal in six sewage treatment plants with different treatment systems}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {211}, year = {2008}, pages = {534{\textendash}545}, author = {Kistemann, T and Rind, E and Rechenburg, A and Koch, C and Classen, T and Herbst, S and Wienand, I and Exner, M} } @book {12849, title = {Compendium of sanitation systems and technologies}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Eawag}, organization = {Eawag}, author = {Tilley, Elizabeth} } @article {5193, title = {{Complex interactions in the microbial world: underexplored key links between viruses, bacteria and protozoan grazers in aquatic environments}}, journal = {Aquatic Microbial Ecology}, volume = {51}, year = {2008}, month = {may}, pages = {195{\textendash}208}, keywords = {aquatic ecosystems, bacteria, interactions, of the publisher, permitted without written consent, protists, resale or republication not, Viruses}, issn = {0948-3055}, doi = {10.3354/ame01190}, url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/ame/v51/n2/p195-208/}, author = {Miki, T and Jacquet, S} } @article {7284, title = {Concentration of {Enteroviruses}, {Adenoviruses}, and {Noroviruses} from {Drinking} {Water} by {Use} of {Glass} {Wool} {Filters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, month = {may}, pages = {2990{\textendash}2996}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02246-07}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.02246-07}, author = {Lambertini, E. and Spencer, S. K. and Bertz, P. D. and Loge, F. J. and Kieke, B. A. and Borchardt, M. A.} } @article {7572, title = {{Concentration of enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and noroviruses from drinking water by use of glass wool filters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, pages = {2990{\textendash}2996}, abstract = {

Available filtration methods to concentrate waterborne viruses are either too costly for studies requiring large numbers of samples, limited to small sample volumes, or not very portable for routine field applications. Sodocalcic glass wool filtration is a cost-effective and easy-to-use method to retain viruses, but its efficiency and reliability are not adequately understood. This study evaluated glass wool filter performance to concentrate the four viruses on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency contaminant candidate list, i.e., coxsackievirus, echovirus, norovirus, and adenovirus, as well as poliovirus. Total virus numbers recovered were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR); infectious polioviruses were quantified by integrated cell culture (ICC)-qRT-PCR. Recovery efficiencies averaged 70{\%} for poliovirus, 14{\%} for coxsackievirus B5, 19{\%} for echovirus 18, 21{\%} for adenovirus 41, and 29{\%} for norovirus. Virus strain and water matrix affected recovery, with significant interaction between the two variables. Optimal recovery was obtained at pH 6.5. No evidence was found that water volume, filtration rate, and number of viruses seeded influenced recovery. The method was successful in detecting indigenous viruses in municipal wells in Wisconsin. Long-term continuous filtration retained viruses sufficiently for their detection for up to 16 days after seeding for qRT-PCR and up to 30 days for ICC-qRT-PCR. Glass wool filtration is suitable for large-volume samples (1,000 liters) collected at high filtration rates (4 liters min-1), and its low cost makes it advantageous for studies requiring large numbers of samples. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02246-07}, author = {Lambertini, E. and Spencer, S.K. and Bertz, P.D. and Loge, F.J. and Kieke, B.A. and Borchardt, M.A.} } @article {13772, title = {Concentration of enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and noroviruses from drinking water by use of glass wool filters}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Available filtration methods to concentrate waterborne viruses are either too costly for studies requiring large numbers of samples, limited to small sample volumes, or not very portable for routine field applications. Sodocalcic glass wool filtration is a cost-effective and easy-to-use method to retain viruses, but its efficiency and reliability are not adequately understood. This study evaluated glass wool filter performance to concentrate the four viruses on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency contaminant candidate list, i.e., coxsackievirus, echovirus, norovirus, and adenovirus, as well as poliovirus. Total virus numbers recovered were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR); infectious polioviruses were quantified by integrated cell culture (ICC)-qRT-PCR. Recovery efficiencies averaged 70\% for poliovirus, 14\% for coxsackievirus B5, 19\% for echovirus 18, 21\% for adenovirus 41, and 29\% for norovirus. Virus strain and water matrix affected recovery, with significant interaction between the two variables. Optimal recovery was obtained at pH 6.5. No evidence was found that water volume, filtration rate, and number of viruses seeded influenced recovery. The method was successful in detecting indigenous viruses in municipal wells in Wisconsin. Long-term continuous filtration retained viruses sufficiently for their detection for up to 16 days after seeding for qRT-PCR and up to 30 days for ICC-qRT-PCR. Glass wool filtration is suitable for large-volume samples (1,000 liters) collected at high filtration rates (4 liters min-1), and its low cost makes it advantageous for studies requiring large numbers of samples. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02246-07}, author = {Lambertini, E. and Spencer, S.K. and Bertz, P.D. and Loge, F.J. and Kieke, B.A. and Borchardt, M.A.} } @article {1681, title = {Concentration of enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and noroviruses from drinking water by use of glass wool filters}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, note = {Lambertini, Elisabetta Spencer, Susan K Bertz, Phillip D Loge, Frank J Kieke, Burney A Borchardt, Mark A eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2008/03/25 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 May;74(10):2990-6. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02246-07. Epub 2008 Mar 21.}, pages = {2990-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Available filtration methods to concentrate waterborne viruses are either too costly for studies requiring large numbers of samples, limited to small sample volumes, or not very portable for routine field applications. Sodocalcic glass wool filtration is a cost-effective and easy-to-use method to retain viruses, but its efficiency and reliability are not adequately understood. This study evaluated glass wool filter performance to concentrate the four viruses on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency contaminant candidate list, i.e., coxsackievirus, echovirus, norovirus, and adenovirus, as well as poliovirus. Total virus numbers recovered were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR); infectious polioviruses were quantified by integrated cell culture (ICC)-qRT-PCR. Recovery efficiencies averaged 70\% for poliovirus, 14\% for coxsackievirus B5, 19\% for echovirus 18, 21\% for adenovirus 41, and 29\% for norovirus. Virus strain and water matrix affected recovery, with significant interaction between the two variables. Optimal recovery was obtained at pH 6.5. No evidence was found that water volume, filtration rate, and number of viruses seeded influenced recovery. The method was successful in detecting indigenous viruses in municipal wells in Wisconsin. Long-term continuous filtration retained viruses sufficiently for their detection for up to 16 days after seeding for qRT-PCR and up to 30 days for ICC-qRT-PCR. Glass wool filtration is suitable for large-volume samples (1,000 liters) collected at high filtration rates (4 liters min(-1)), and its low cost makes it advantageous for studies requiring large numbers of samples.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification DNA, Viral/genetics Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Filtration/*methods Fresh Water/*virology Glass Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Norovirus/*isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods RNA, Viral/genetics Sensitivity and Specificity Virus Cultivation Wisconsin}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02246-07}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18359827}, author = {Lambertini, E. and Spencer, S. K. and Bertz, P. D. and Loge, F. J. and Kieke, B. A. and Borchardt, M. A.} } @article {11271, title = {{Contamination of dog hair with eggs of Toxocara canis}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {152}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, pages = {85{\textendash}93}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.008}, author = {Roddie, Gillian and Stafford, Peter and Holland, Celia and Wolfe, Alan} } @booklet {9289, title = {{Control of communicable diseases manual}}, year = {2008}, publisher = {American Public Health Association}, author = {Heymann, DL} } @article {9686, title = {Control strategy for Echinococcus multilocularis}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, year = {2008}, pages = {1626-1628}, doi = {10.3201/eid1410.080522}, author = {Hegglin, D and Deplazes, P} } @article {3046, title = {Control strategy for {Echinococcus} multilocularis}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, month = {oct}, pages = {1626{\textendash}1628}, abstract = {Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of zoonotic alveolar echinococcosis, can be controlled effectively by the experimental delivery of anthelminthic baits for urban foxes. Monthly baiting over a 45-month period was effective for long-lasting control. Trimonthly baiting intervals were far less effective and did not prevent parasite recovery.}, keywords = {Animals, Anthelmintics, Antigens, Disease Vectors, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Ecosystem, Feces, Foxes, Helminth, Hepatic, Humans, Praziquantel, Switzerland, Zoonoses}, issn = {1080-6059}, doi = {10.3201/eid1410.080522}, author = {Hegglin, Daniel and Deplazes, Peter} } @article {17426, title = {Cross-protective effect of acid-adapted Salmonella enterica on resistance to lethal acid and cold stress conditions}, journal = {Letters in Applied MicrobiologyLetters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct}, pages = {290-297}, isbn = {0266-8254}, author = {Xu, H. and Lee, H. Y. and Ahn, J.} } @article {15853, title = {Cryptosporidiosis and filtration of water from Loch Lomond, Scotland}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {Jan}, pages = {115-20}, edition = {2008/02/09}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/etiology/prevention \& control, Female, Filtration, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Scotland/epidemiology, Water Pollution/*adverse effects, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {1080-6040 (Print)
1080-6040}, author = {Pollock, K. G. and Young, D. and Smith, H. V. and Ramsay, C. N.} } @article {15817, title = {Cryptosporidiosis in children in Sub-Saharan Africa: a lingering challenge}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {47}, number = {7}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct 1}, pages = {915-21}, edition = {2008/08/22}, keywords = {Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology, Animals, Child Nutrition Disorders/complications, Child, Preschool, control/transmission, Cryptosporidiosis/complications/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention \&, Cryptosporidium, HIV Infections/complications, Humans, Infant, prevalence}, isbn = {1058-4838}, author = {Mor, S. M. and Tzipori, S.} } @article {15658, title = {Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children, Peru}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct}, pages = {1567-74}, edition = {2008/10/02}, keywords = {Animals, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium parvum/genetics/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Feces/parasitology, Female, genotype, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Peru/epidemiology, Risk Factors}, isbn = {1080-6040}, author = {Cama, V. A. and Bern, C. and Roberts, J. and Cabrera, L. and Sterling, C. R. and Ortega, Y. and Gilman, R. H. and Xiao, L.} } @article {4086, title = {{Current status and future trends in Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology in Malaysia}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {239{\textendash}254}, author = {Lim, YA and Ahmad, RA and Smith, HV} } @article {15478, title = {Current status of vaccines for schistosomiasis}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Rev}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, note = {Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
United States}, month = {Jan}, pages = {225-42}, abstract = {Schistosomiasis, caused by trematode blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, is recognized as the most important human helminth infection in terms of morbidity and mortality. Infection follows direct contact with freshwater harboring free-swimming larval (cercaria) forms of the parasite. Despite the existence of the highly effective antischistosome drug praziquantel (PZQ), schistosomiasis is spreading into new areas, and although it is the cornerstone of current control programs, PZQ chemotherapy does have limitations. In particular, mass treatment does not prevent reinfection. Furthermore, there is increasing concern about the development of parasite resistance to PZQ. Consequently, vaccine strategies represent an essential component for the future control of schistosomiasis as an adjunct to chemotherapy. An improved understanding of the immune response to schistosome infection, both in animal models and in humans, suggests that development of a vaccine may be possible. This review considers aspects of antischistosome protective immunity that are important in the context of vaccine development. The current status in the development of vaccines against the African (Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium) and Asian (S. japonicum) schistosomes is then discussed, as are new approaches that may improve the efficacy of available vaccines and aid in the identification of new targets for immune attack.}, keywords = {*Vaccines, Animals, Antibodies, Helminth, Antigens, Helminth/immunology/isolation \& purification, Humans, Schistosoma haematobium/immunology, Schistosoma japonicum/immunology, Schistosoma/*immunology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology, Schistosomiasis/*immunology/prevention \& control, Vaccination, Vaccines, DNA, Vaccines, Synthetic}, isbn = {1098-6618 (Electronic)
0893-8512 (Linking)}, author = {McManus, D. P. and Loukas, A.} } @article {2032, title = {Current world status of Balantidium coli}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {2008/10/01}, pages = {626-638}, isbn = {0893-8512}, author = {Schuster, FL and Ramirez-Avila, L} } @article {11226, title = {{Cutaneous manifestations of human toxocariasis}}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {1031{\textendash}1042}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2008.06.031}, author = {Gavignet, Beatrice and Piarroux, Renaud and Aubin, Francois and Millon, Laurence and Humbert, Philippe} } @article {4707, title = {{Cyclospora spp. in herbs and water samples collected from markets and farms in Hanoi, Vietnam}}, journal = {Tropical Medicice and International Health}, volume = {13}, year = {2008}, pages = {1415{\textendash}1420}, author = {Tram, NT and Hoang, LM and Cam, PD and Chung, PT and Fyfe, MW and Isaac-Renton, JL and Ong, CS} } @article {8401, title = {{Dendritic cells expressing plasmacytoid marker PDCA-1 are Trojan horses during Toxoplasma gondii infection}}, journal = {Journal of Immunology}, volume = {181}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, pages = {8586{\textendash}8491}, author = {Bierly, AL and Shufesky, WJ and Sukhumavasi, W and Morelli, AE and Denkers, EY} } @article {15850, title = {Detection and characterisation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Hungarian raw, surface and sewage water samples by IFT, PCR and sequence analysis of the SSUrRNA and GDH genes}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {211}, number = {5-6}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct}, pages = {524-33}, edition = {2008/06/14}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Animals, Cryptosporidium parvum/classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Environmental monitoring, Giardia lamblia/classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase/genetics, Hungary, Oocysts/classification, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sewage/*microbiology}, isbn = {1438-4639 (Print)
1438-4639}, author = {Plutzer, J. and Karanis, P. and Domokos, K. and Torokne, A. and Marialigeti, K.} } @article {4110, title = {{Detection and characterization of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Hungarian raw, surface and sewage water samples by IFT, PCR and sequence analysis of the SSUrRNA and GDH genes}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {211}, year = {2008}, pages = {524{\textendash}533}, author = {Plutzer, J and Karanis, P and Domokos, K. and T{\"o}r{\"o}kn{\'e}, A and M{\'a}rialigeti K} } @article {2040, title = {Detection and chemotherapy of Balantidium coli in buffaloes around Lahore, Pakistan}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, volume = {45}, year = {2008}, pages = {163-166}, author = {Tarrar, M. A. and Khan, M. S. and Pervez, K. and Ashraf, K. and Khan, J. A. and Rehman, Z. U.} } @article {1058, title = {Detection and distribution of rotavirus in municipal sewage treatment plants {(STPs)} and surface water in Beijing}, year = {2008}, doi = {10.1080/10934520701795731}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934520701795731}, author = {He, XQ and Cheng, L and Li, W and Xie, XM and Ma, M} } @article {2696, title = {Detection and distribution of rotavirus in municipal sewage treatment plants {(STPs)} and surface water in Beijing}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology}, volume = {43}, year = {2008}, doi = {10.1080/10934520701795731}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934520701795731}, author = {He, XQ and Cheng, L and Li, W and Xie, XM and Ma, M} } @article {9215, title = {{Detection and surveillance of waterborne protozoan parasites}}, journal = {Current opinion in biotechnology}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {302{\textendash}306}, author = {Bouzid, M and Steverding, D and Tyler, KM} } @article {5966, title = {{Detection of hepatitis E virus in archived German wild boar serum samples}}, journal = {Veterinary Microbiology}, volume = {128}, year = {2008}, pages = {380{\textendash}385}, author = {Kaci, S and N{\"o}ckler, K and Johne, R} } @article {5695, title = {{Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in Japanese Clams}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {71}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {1689{\textendash}1695}, author = {Hansman, GS and Oka, T and Li, TC and Nishio, O and Noda, M and Takeda, N} } @article {4491, title = {Detection of human enteric viruses in Japanese clams}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {71}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {1689{\textendash}95}, issn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Hansman, G. S. and Oka, T. and Li, T. C. and Nishio, O. and Noda, M. and Takeda, N.} } @article {16069, title = {Detection of Pathogenic Leptospira in Pinniped Populations via PCR Identifies a Source of Transmission for Zoonotic Leptospirosis in the Marine Environment}, journal = {J Clin MicrobiolJ Clin MicrobiolJ Clin Microbiol}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, month = {Mar 26}, pages = {1728-1733}, isbn = {1098-660X (Electronic)}, author = {Cameron, C. E. and Zuerner, R. L. and Raverty, S. and Colegrove, K. M. and Norman, S. A. and Lambourn, D. M. and Jeffries, S. J. and Gulland, F. M.} } @article {8744, title = {{Determination of virus abundance, diversity and distribution in a municipal wastewater treatment plant}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2008}, pages = {1101{\textendash}1109}, abstract = {a b s t r a c t Procedures to extract and count sludge viruses-like particles from municipal sewage treatment plant were optimized by epifluorescence microscopy using SYBR Green I as a stain. The highest indigenous virus yields from the bulk of the anaerobic digestion sludge and influent (solid) were obtained by utilizing 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate as eluant solution with vortex and 1 min of sonication. The use of 1{\^A} phosphate buffered saline as eluant with vortex and 1 min of sonication yields highest indigenous virus from activated sludge. The efficiency of extracting indigenous viruses by sodium pyrophosphate-ultra-sound treatment was about 62{\%} of the extractable virus particles from activated sludge and 87{\%} for anaerobic digestion sludge, respectively. Samples treated with DNase had decreased, but not significant, virus counts, suggesting a minor effect of extracellular DNA on virus count. Following the optimized procedure, we investigated the abundance and diversity of virus particles in the wastewater stream of a municipal treatment plant. The concentrations of virus particles ranged from 0.28 {\^A} 10 9 ml {\`A}1 to 27.04 {\^A} 10 9 ml {\`A}1 . Trans-mission electron microscopy (TEM) showed a high variety of virus morphotypes in sludge. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed a diverse and dynamic viral community in different stages of the system with genome sizes ranging from 33 kb to {\textgreater}350 kb with most of the viral DNA in the 30{\textendash}80 kb and 200{\textendash}350 kb size ranges. Collectively, our study sug-gested that indigenous viruses are abundant and dynamic in the municipal wastewater treatment system and may play an important role in functioning of the system.}, keywords = {Abundance, Diversity, Municipal wastewater treatment plant, Sludge, Virus particle}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.039}, author = {Wu, Qinglong and Wen T Liu} } @article {4842, title = {{Developing the community reporting system for foodborne outbreaks}}, journal = {Eurosurveillance}, volume = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {pii:19029}, author = {Gervelmeyer, A and Hempen, M and Nebel, U and Weber, C and Bronzwaer, S and Ammon, A and Makela, P} } @article {2727, title = {Development and application of a one-step low cost procedure to concentrate viruses from seawater samples}, year = {2008}, author = {Calgua, B and Mengewein, A and Grunert, A and Bofill-Mas, S} } @article {6072, title = {Development and applications of the HYDRUS and STANMOD software packages and related codes}, journal = {Vadose Zone Journal}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {587{\textendash}600}, author = {{\v S}imunek, Jiri and Martinus T van Genuchten and {\v S}ejna, Miroslav} } @article {15877, title = {Development and use of a pepsin digestion method for analysis of shellfish for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, month = {May}, pages = {959-66}, edition = {2008/06/05}, keywords = {*Food Parasitology, Animals, Bivalvia/*parasitology, Consumer Product Safety, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Food Contamination/*analysis, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Oocysts, Ostreidae/*parasitology, Pepsin A, Shellfish/*parasitology}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print)
0362-028x}, author = {Robertson, L. J. and Gjerde, B.} } @article {10692, title = {{Development of a multiplex single-tube nested PCR (MSTNPCR) assay for Vibrio cholerae O1 detection}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {72}, year = {2008}, pages = {191{\textendash}196}, author = {Mendes, CL and Abath, FGC and Leal, NC} } @article {6602, title = {The differences in characteristics between health-care users and non-users: implication for introducing community-based health insurance in {Burkina} {Faso}}, journal = {The European journal of health economics: HEPAC: health economics in prevention and care}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {feb}, pages = {41{\textendash}50}, abstract = {The purposes of this study are to describe the characteristics of different health-care users, to explain such characteristics using a health demand model and to estimate the price-related probability change for different types of health care in order to provide policy guidance for the introduction of community-based health insurance (CBI) in Burkina Faso. Data were collected from a household survey using a two stage cluster sampling approach. Household interviews were carried out during April and May 2003. In the interviewed 7,939 individuals in 988 households, there were 558 people reported one or more illness episodes; two-thirds of these people did not seek professional care. Health care non-users display lower household income and expenditure, older age and lower perceived severity of disease. The main reason for choosing no-care and self-care was {\textquoteright}not enough money{\textquoteright}. Multinomial logistic regression confirms these observations. Higher household cash-income, higher perceived severity of disease and acute disease significantly increased the probability of using western care. Older age and higher price-cash income ratio significantly increased the probability of no-care or self-care. If CBI were introduced the probability of using western care would increase by 4.33\% and the probability of using self-care would reduce by 3.98\%. The price-related probability change of using western care for lower income people is higher than for higher income although the quantity changed is relatively small. In conclusion, the introduction of CBI might increase the use of medical services, especially for the poor. Co-payment for the rich might be necessary. Premium adjusted for income or subsidies for the poor can be considered in order to absorb a greater number of poor households into CBI and further improve equity in terms of enrollment. However, the role of CBI in Burkina Faso is rather limited: it might only increase utilisation of western health care by a probability of 4\%.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Burkina Faso, Community Networks, Econometric, Family Characteristics, Female, Health, Health Surveys, Humans, Insurance, Interviews as Topic, Logistic Models, Male, Models, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Public policy, Universal Coverage}, issn = {1618-7598}, doi = {10.1007/s10198-006-0031-4}, author = {Dong, Hengjin and Gbangou, Adjima and De Allegri, Manuela and Pokhrel, Subhash and Sauerborn, Rainer} } @article {9403, title = {{Differences in complement-mediated killing of Entamoeba histolytica between men and women{\textendash}an explanation for the increased susceptibility of men to invasive amebiasis?}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {922{\textendash}923}, author = {Snow, M and Chen, M and Guo, J and Atkinson, J and Stanley, SL Jr} } @mastersthesis {6778, title = {Differential tuition by undergraduate major: {Its} use, amount, and impact at public research universities}, year = {2008}, note = {3297754}, school = {The University of Nebraska - Lincoln}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The purpose of the study was to examine differential tuition by undergraduate major at 165 public research universities. The study focused on: the emergence and prevalence of this type of differential tuition; the programs or majors for which differential tuition existed and the amount of the differential; the dates the differentials were considered or implemented; the reasons for implementing or not implementing; the impacts of the adoption and implementation of differential tuition; and how the incremental revenues were used. The study was a descriptive study using the pragmatic mixed-method approach which included a survey instrument completed by chief business officers, a review of institutional websites, and interviews with selected chief business officers to describe the practice of differential tuition by undergraduate program or major at public research institutions. There were 74 institutions, or 45\% which had differential tuition for 17 undergraduate programs. The differential for non-medical related programs ranged from \$2 to \$1,896 per term and from \$2 to \$194 per credit hour. The average rate of differential tuition by undergraduate program was 10.8\% of resident undergraduate tuition. The most prevalent programs with differential tuition by undergraduate program were Business and Engineering, followed by Architecture, Education, Sciences, Other, Fine Arts, Health Related, Computer Science, Journalism, Honors, Agriculture, and Liberal Arts. Plus the medical related programs of Nursing, Pharmacology, Dental Hygiene, and Physical Therapy. Between 2003 and 2008, 25 institutions implemented, and 26 considered but did not implement, differential tuition. The reasons for implementing or not implementing centered on the issues of revenue and access. There were two differing views on the impact of differential tuition by undergraduate program on the choice of major by undergraduate students. This divergence of opinion suggests further study to determine the impact of choice of major by undergraduate students. Public research institutions were studied; further research is needed on the prevalence of this type of differential at the other sectors of public college and universities.}, keywords = {0277:School finance, 0514:School administration, 0745:Higher education, Access, Colleges \& universities, Differential tuition, Education, Fees, Higher education, Major choice, Research, School administration, School finance, Student choice of major, Tuition, Undergraduate, Undergraduate tuition, Universities}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/193992296?accountid=14270}, author = {Nelson, Glen R.} } @article {11720, title = {{Diphyllobothriasis in Southern Brazil}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Newsletter}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {28{\textendash}29}, author = {Mezzari, A and Wiebbelling, A} } @inbook {11869, title = {Diphyllobothriasis: the Diphyllobothrium latum human infection conundrum and reconciliation with a worldwide zoonosis}, booktitle = {Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses: Fish and Plant-Borne Parasites}, year = {2008}, pages = {151-184}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {London}, author = {Dick, T.A.}, editor = {Murrel, K.D. and Fried, B.} } @article {11705, title = {{Diphyllobothrium latum infection in a non-endemic country: case report}}, journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {301{\textendash}303}, author = {Llaguno, M and Cortez-Escalante, J and Waikagul, J and Faleiros, A and Chagas, F and Castro, C} } @article {11546, title = {{Diplogonoporiasis in Japan: Genetic analysis of five clinical isolates}}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {57}, year = {2008}, pages = {212{\textendash}216}, author = {Arizono, Naoki and Fukumoto, Soji and Tademoto, Sayuri and Yamada, Minoru and Uchikawa, Ryuichi and Tegoshi, Tatsuya and Kuramochi, Toshiaki} } @article {2402, title = {{Diversity of bacterial endosymbionts of environmental acanthamoeba isolates.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {18}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {5822{\textendash}31}, abstract = {

Free-living amoebae are frequent hosts for bacterial endosymbionts. In this study, the symbionts of eight novel environmental Acanthamoeba strains isolated from different locations worldwide were characterized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they were related to one of four evolutionary lineages of amoeba symbionts recognized previously. This study provides evidence for the existence of only a small number of phylogenetically well-separated groups of obligate intracellular endosymbionts of acanthamoebae with global distribution.

}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01093-08}, author = {Schmitz-Esser, Stephan and Toenshoff, Elena R and Haider, Susanne and Heinz, Eva and Hoenninger, Verena M and Wagner, Michael and Horn, Matthias} } @article {14213, title = {Diversity of bacterial endosymbionts of environmental acanthamoeba isolates.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {18}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {5822{\textendash}31}, abstract = {Free-living amoebae are frequent hosts for bacterial endosymbionts. In this study, the symbionts of eight novel environmental Acanthamoeba strains isolated from different locations worldwide were characterized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they were related to one of four evolutionary lineages of amoeba symbionts recognized previously. This study provides evidence for the existence of only a small number of phylogenetically well-separated groups of obligate intracellular endosymbionts of acanthamoebae with global distribution.}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01093-08}, author = {Schmitz-Esser, Stephan and Toenshoff, Elena R and Haider, Susanne and Heinz, Eva and Hoenninger, Verena M and Wagner, Michael and Horn, Matthias} } @article {15392, title = {DNA-based vaccines protect against zoonotic schistosomiasis in water buffalo}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {26}, number = {29-30}, year = {2008}, note = {R01 AI068109/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
R01 AI068109-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
R01AI068109/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR 075816/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Netherlands}, month = {Jul 04}, pages = {3617-25}, abstract = {Schistosomiasis japonica is an endemic, zoonotic disease of major public health importance in China where water buffaloes account for approximately 75\% of disease transmission. Interventions that reduce schistosome infection in water buffaloes will enhance their health simultaneously reducing disease transmission to humans. While chemotherapy has proved successful, it requires continued time consuming and expensive mass treatments. A more sustainable option would be development of vaccines that reduce transmission of S. japonicum from bovines to replace bovine chemotherapy. We performed two randomized double blind trials in water buffaloes to determine if DNA vaccines encoding triose-phosphate isomerase (SjCTPI), or the tetraspanin 23 kDa integral membrane protein (SjC23), alone or fused to bovine heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) could induce a level of immunity conducive to long-term sustainable control. Groups of water buffaloes (15/group) received three intramuscular injections, 4 weeks apart. Booster immunizations were co-administered with a plasmid DNA encoding IL-12. Four weeks after the last injection, water buffaloes were challenged with 1000 cercariae, and vaccine efficacy analyzed 8 weeks later. Water buffaloes vaccinated with SjCTPI-Hsp70 or SjCTPI plasmids had worm burdens reduced by 51.2\% and 41.5\%, respectively. Importantly, fecal miracidial hatching was reduced by 52.1\% and 33.2\% respectively compared to control vaccinated water buffaloes. Vaccination with SjC23-Hsp70 and SjC23 plasmids reduced worm burdens by 50.9\% and 45.5\%, respectively, and fecal miracidial hatching by 52.0\% and 47.4\%. A mathematical model of schistosome transmission predicts that schistosome vaccines capable of reducing water buffaloes{\textquoteright} fecal egg output by 45\%, alone or in conjunction with praziquantel treatment, will lead to a significant reduction in transmission of schistosomiasis. Both DNA vaccines tested here exceed this hypothetical level. Indeed, mathematical modeling of SjCTPI-Hsp70 and SjC23-Hsp70 alone and in conjunction with human chemotherapy showed a significant reduction in transmission almost to the point of elimination.}, keywords = {*Zoonoses, Animals, Antigens, Helminth/genetics/immunology, Buffaloes, China, Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention \& control, Double-Blind Method, Feces/parasitology, Helminth Proteins/genetics/immunology, Immunization, Secondary, Injections, Intramuscular, Interleukin-12/genetics/immunology, Parasite Egg Count, Placebos, Plasmids, Schistosoma/*immunology, Schistosomiasis japonica/*prevention \& control/transmission, Triose-Phosphate Isomerase/genetics/immunology, Vaccines, DNA/administration \& dosage/*immunology}, isbn = {0264-410X (Print)
0264-410X (Linking)}, author = {Da{\textquoteright}dara, A. A. and Li, Y. S. and Xiong, T. and Zhou, J. and Williams, G. M. and McManus, D. P. and Feng, Z. and Yu, X. L. and Gray, D. J. and Harn, D. A.} } @article {5829, title = {{Dogs as carriers of the emerging pathogen Arcobacter.}}, journal = {Veterinary Microbiology}, volume = {130}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, month = {jul}, pages = {208{\textendash}213}, author = {Houf, Kurt and De Smet, Sarah and Bar{\'e}, Julie and Daminet, Sylvie} } @article {14346, title = {Dogs as carriers of the emerging pathogen {Arcobacter}.}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {130}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, month = {jul}, pages = {208{\textendash}213}, author = {Houf, Kurt and De Smet, Sarah and Bar{\'e}, Julie and Daminet, Sylvie} } @article {15699, title = {Drinking water 2008}, year = {2008}, address = {London, United Kingdom}, author = {DWI}, editor = {Drinking Water Inspectorate} } @article {9821, title = {{Drinking water: a possible source of Blastocystis spp. subtype 1 infection in schoolchildren of a rural community in Central Thailand}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {79}, year = {2008}, pages = {401{\textendash}406}, author = {Leelayoova, S and Siripattanapipong, S and Thathaisong, U and Naaglor, T and Taamasri, P and Piyaraj, P and Mungthin, M} } @book {15177, title = {Drivers and characteristics of wastewater agriculture in developing countries: {Results} from a global assessment}, volume = {127}, year = {2008}, publisher = {IWMI}, organization = {IWMI}, author = {Raschid-Sally, Liqa and Jayakody, Priyantha} } @article {8422, title = {{Dynamics of neutrophil migration in lymph nodes during infection}}, journal = {Immunity}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {487{\textendash}496}, author = {Chtanova, T and Schaeffer, M and Han, SJ and van Dooren, GG and Nollmann, M and Herzmark, P and Chan, SW and Satija, H and Camfield, K and Aaron, H and Striepen, B and Robey, EA} } @article {17228, title = {The effect of preenrichment and selective enrichment media on recovery of Salmonella Typhi from the tropical fruit mamey}, journal = {J AOAC IntJournal of AOAC International}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {Jan-Feb}, pages = {83-91}, edition = {2008/04/02}, keywords = {*Culture Media, Fruit/*microbiology, Salmonella typhi/*isolation \& purification}, isbn = {1060-3271 (Print)
1060-3271}, author = {Hammack, T. S. and Jacobson, A. P. and Andrews, W. H.} } @article {8732, title = {{Effect of the aeration system on the levels of airborne microorganisms generated at wastewater treatment plants}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, year = {2008}, pages = {3739{\textendash}3744}, abstract = {Six different wastewater treatment plants were monitored in order to identify the main bioaerosol sources and to evaluate the effect of the aeration system used in the biological treatment (air diffusion, horizontal rotors and surface turbine aerators) on the airborne microorganism levels to which workers may be exposed. Air samples were collected by using a single stage impactor. Total count of mesophilic bacteria was used as the monitoring parameter to compare the impact of the aeration system on generic bacterial bioaerosols rather than a quantitative estimation for pathogens or fecal indicator microbes. In this study, pre-treatment, biological treatment and sludge thickening were the processes that generated the highest amount of bioaerosols. Aeration systems involving mechanical agitation of the wastewater, such as horizontal rotors and surface turbines, generated a larger amount of bioaerosols (between 450 and 4580 CFU/m3) than air diffuser aerators (between 22 and 57 CFU/m3). The levels of airborne bacteria generated by air diffusers were very similar to those registered at the background locations (lower than 50 CFU/m3), unaffected by the activities taking place in the wastewater treatment plant. The use of air diffusers as an aeration system for the biological treatment would significantly minimise the potential biological hazard that wastewater treatment plant workers may be exposed to. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Aeration system, Bioaerosol, Biohazard, Biological treatment, Wastewater treatment plant}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.06.028}, author = {S{\'a}nchez-Monedero, M. A. and Aguilar, M. I. and Fenoll, R. and Roig, A.} } @article {9119, title = {{Effect of various environmental factors on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {104}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {980{\textendash}986}, abstract = {Aims: To evaluate individual and combined effects of temperature (4, 18 and 25{\textdegree}C), pH (7 and 10), ammonia (5 and 50 mg~l-1) and exposure time (1, 2, 4 and 6 days) on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water. Methods and Results: The viability of oocysts was evaluated using the fluorogenic vital dyes assay (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and propidium iodide). All the factors analysed (temperature, pH, ammonia and exposure time) and their interaction were statistically significant (P~{\{}{\textless}{\}}~0{\{}{\textperiodcentered}{\}}005). Exposure of oocysts to pH 10 for 6 days at 25{\textdegree}C reduced oocyst viability from \~{}80{\{}{\%}{\}} to 51{\{}{\%}{\}}. Similarly, the exposure of C. parvum oocysts to 5~mg NH3~l-1 and 50~mg NH3~l-1 for 4 days reduced their viability from between \~{}80{\{}{\%}{\}} to 41{\{}{\textperiodcentered}{\}}5{\{}{\%}{\}} and 14{\{}{\textperiodcentered}{\}}8{\{}{\%}{\}}, respectively. Conclusions: The interaction between pH, temperature and exposure time may have adverse effects on the survival of C. parvum oocysts in water. Low concentrations of ammonia, as commonly found in alga-based wastewater systems, over a long period of time can produce high C. parvum oocyst inactivation rates. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study provides relevant data on the inactivation of C. parvum oocysts in alga-based wastewater-treatment systems in the northwest of Spain.}, keywords = {Ammonia, Cryptosporidium parvum, pH, Temperature, viability, water}, isbn = {1365-2672}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03620.x}, author = {Reinoso, R and Becares, E and Smith, H V} } @article {15866, title = {Effect of various environmental factors on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {104}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {Apr}, pages = {980-6}, edition = {2007/11/02}, keywords = {Ammonia, Animals, Cell Survival, Cryptosporidium parvum/*physiology, Disinfectants, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oocysts, Spain, Temperature, Time, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Reinoso, R. and B{\'e}cares, E. and Smith, H. V.} } @article {10312, title = {Effect of various environmental factors on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {104}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {980{\textendash}986}, author = {Reinoso, R and Becares, E and Smith, HV} } @article {6186, title = {Effect of various environmental factors on the viability of {Cryptosporidium} parvum oocysts}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {104}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {980{\textendash}986}, issn = {1364-5072, 1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03620.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03620.x}, author = {Reinoso, R. and B{\'e}cares, E. and Smith, H.V.} } @article {5215, title = {{Effect of various environmental factors on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {104}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {apr}, pages = {980{\textendash}6}, abstract = {AIMS: To evaluate individual and combined effects of temperature (4, 18 and 25 degrees C), pH (7 and 10), ammonia (5 and 50 mg l(-1)) and exposure time (1, 2, 4 and 6 days) on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water. METHODS AND RESULTS: The viability of oocysts was evaluated using the fluorogenic vital dyes assay (4{\textquoteright},6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and propidium iodide). All the factors analysed (temperature, pH, ammonia and exposure time) and their interaction were statistically significant (P {\textless} 0.005). Exposure of oocysts to pH 10 for 6 days at 25 degrees C reduced oocyst viability from approximately 80{\%} to 51{\%}. Similarly, the exposure of C. parvum oocysts to 5 mg NH(3) l(-1) and 50 mg NH(3) l(-1) for 4 days reduced their viability from between approximately 80{\%} to 41.5{\%} and 14.8{\%}, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The interaction between pH, temperature and exposure time may have adverse effects on the survival of C. parvum oocysts in water. Low concentrations of ammonia, as commonly found in alga-based wastewater systems, over a long period of time can produce high C. parvum oocyst inactivation rates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provides relevant data on the inactivation of C. parvum oocysts in alga-based wastewater-treatment systems in the northwest of Spain.}, keywords = {Ammonia, Animals, Cell Survival, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium parvum: physiology, Disinfectants, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oocysts, Spain, Temperature, Time, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03620.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17973913}, author = {Reinoso, R. and B{\'e}cares, E. and Smith, H.V.} } @article {14725, title = {The effect of wetland vegetation on the survival of {Escherichia} coli, {Salmonella} typhimurium, bacteriophage {MS}-2 and polio virus}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {167{\textendash}75}, abstract = {A study was conducted to examine the role of aquatic plants used in constructed wetlands on the survival of enteric bacteria and viruses. Four small-scale wetland systems, receiving fresh water and two other wetland systems, receiving secondary unchlorinated sewage were used in this study. Fresh water and secondary sewage without the presence of any aquatic plants were used as controls. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, bacteriophage MS-2 and poliovirus were added to the waters collected from the wetlands and controls. The presence of aquatic plants significantly increased the die-off of both bacteria in fresh water and secondary sewage. No significant difference in the die-off of E. coli and S. typhimurium was observed in water from wetlands with different types of plants in freshwater. However, there was a significant difference in the die-off of E. coli in water with aquatic plants when sewage was used. The presence of the plants significantly increased the inactivation of MS-2 and poliovirus. Additional work on the survival of E. coli indicated that the plausible mechanism of bacterial die-off in constructed wetlands is through increased microbial competition or predation.}, keywords = {*Plants, *Water Microbiology, *Wetlands, Escherichia coli/*growth \& development, Humans, Levivirus/*growth \& development, Poliovirus/*growth \& development, Salmonella typhimurium/*growth \& development, Sewage/microbiology/virology, Water Pollution}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2008.024}, author = {Karim, M. R. and Glenn, E. P. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {1651, title = {The effect of wetland vegetation on the survival of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, bacteriophage MS-2 and polio virus}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, note = {Karim, Mohammad R Glenn, Edward P Gerba, Charles P England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2008 Jun;6(2):167-75. doi: 10.2166/wh.2008.024.}, pages = {167-75}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A study was conducted to examine the role of aquatic plants used in constructed wetlands on the survival of enteric bacteria and viruses. Four small-scale wetland systems, receiving fresh water and two other wetland systems, receiving secondary unchlorinated sewage were used in this study. Fresh water and secondary sewage without the presence of any aquatic plants were used as controls. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, bacteriophage MS-2 and poliovirus were added to the waters collected from the wetlands and controls. The presence of aquatic plants significantly increased the die-off of both bacteria in fresh water and secondary sewage. No significant difference in the die-off of E. coli and S. typhimurium was observed in water from wetlands with different types of plants in freshwater. However, there was a significant difference in the die-off of E. coli in water with aquatic plants when sewage was used. The presence of the plants significantly increased the inactivation of MS-2 and poliovirus. Additional work on the survival of E. coli indicated that the plausible mechanism of bacterial die-off in constructed wetlands is through increased microbial competition or predation.}, keywords = {Escherichia coli/*growth \& development Humans Levivirus/*growth \& development *Plants Poliovirus/*growth \& development Salmonella typhimurium/*growth \& development Sewage/microbiology/virology *Water Microbiology Water Pollution *Wetlands}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2008.024}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18209279}, author = {Karim, M. R. and Glenn, E. P. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {8974, title = {Effectiveness of solar disinfection using batch reactors with non-imaging aluminium reflectors under real conditions: Natural well-water and solar light}, journal = {Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B-Biology}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {155-161}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1011-1344}, doi = {10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.08.002}, url = {://WOS:000261966700006 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1011134408001784/1-s2.0-S1011134408001784-main.pdf?_tid=2530a27a-4aab-11e6-b431-00000aacb361\&acdnat=1468601140_1d85fe7d84f3c85a55697bd5f977fb1f}, author = {Navntoft, C. and Ubomba-Jaswa, E. and McGuigan, K. G. and Fernandez-Ibanez, P.} } @article {8470, title = {{Effects of ozone and ultraviolet radiation treatments on the infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {153}, number = {3-4}, year = {2008}, pages = {209{\textendash}213}, author = {Dum{\`e}tre, A and Le Bras, C and Baffet, M and Meneceur, P and Dubey, JP and Derouin, F and Duguet, JP and Joyeux, M and Moulin, L} } @article {15294, title = {Effects of sanitation, freezing and frozen storage on enteric viruses in berries and herbs}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {126}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, pages = {30-35}, author = {Butot, S. and Putallaz, T. and Sanchez, G.} } @article {16544, title = {Efficacy of current drugs against soil-transmitted helminth infections: systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {JAMA}, volume = {299}, number = {16}, year = {2008}, month = {apr}, pages = {1937{\textendash}48}, abstract = {CONTEXT: More than a quarter of the human population is likely infected with soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura) in highly endemic areas. Preventive chemotherapy is the mainstay of control, but only 4 drugs are available: albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, and pyrantel pamoate. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of single-dose oral albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, and pyrantel pamoate against A lumbricoides, hookworm, and T trichiura infections. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of PubMed, ISI Web of Science, ScienceDirect, the World Health Organization library database, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (1960 to August 2007). STUDY SELECTION: From 168 studies, 20 randomized controlled trials were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND DATA SYNTHESIS: Information on study year and country, sample size, age of study population, mean infection intensity before treatment, diagnostic method used, time between evaluations before and after treatment, cure rate (the percentage of individuals who became helminth egg negative following treatment with an anthelminthic drug), egg reduction rate, adverse events, and trial quality was extracted. Relative risk, including a 95\% confidence interval (CI), was used to measure the effect of the drugs on the risk of infection prevalence with a random-effects model. RESULTS: Single-dose oral albendazole, mebendazole, and pyrantel pamoate for infection with A lumbricoides resulted in cure rates of 88\% (95\% CI, 79\%-93\%; 557 patients), 95\% (95\% CI, 91\%-97\%; 309 patients), and 88\% (95\% CI, 79\%-93\%; 131 patients), respectively. Cure rates for infection with T trichiura following treatment with single-dose oral albendazole and mebendazole were 28\% (95\% CI, 13\%-39\%; 735 patients) and 36\% (95\% CI, 16\%-51\%; 685 patients), respectively. The efficacy of single-dose oral albendazole, mebendazole, and pyrantel pamoate against hookworm infections was 72\% (95\% CI, 59\%-81\%; 742 patients), 15\% (95\% CI, 1\%-27\%; 853 patients), and 31\% (95\% CI, 19\%-42\%; 152 patients), respectively. No pooled relative risks could be calculated for pyrantel pamoate against T trichiura and levamisole for any of the parasites investigated. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose oral albendazole, mebendazole, and pyrantel pamoate show high cure rates against A lumbricoides. For hookworm infection, albendazole was more efficacious than mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate. Treatment of T trichiura with single oral doses of current anthelminthics is unsatisfactory. New anthelminthics are urgently needed.}, keywords = {Albendazole/therapeutic use, Ancylostomatoidea, Animals, Anthelmintics/*therapeutic use, Ascariasis/*drug therapy/transmission, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm Infections/*drug therapy/transmission, Humans, Levamisole/therapeutic use, Mebendazole/therapeutic use, Pyrantel Pamoate/therapeutic use, Soil/parasitology, Trichuriasis/*drug therapy/transmission, Trichuris}, issn = {1538-3598 (Electronic) 0098-7484 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1001/jama.299.16.1937}, author = {Keiser, J. and Utzinger, J.} } @article {12052, title = {Efficacy of current drugs against soil-transmitted helminth infections: systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {JAMA}, volume = {299}, number = {16}, year = {2008}, note = {Keiser, Jennifer
Utzinger, Jurg
eng
Meta-Analysis
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
2008/04/24 09:00
JAMA. 2008 Apr 23;299(16):1937-48. doi: 10.1001/jama.299.16.1937.}, month = {Apr 23}, pages = {1937-48}, abstract = {CONTEXT: More than a quarter of the human population is likely infected with soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura) in highly endemic areas. Preventive chemotherapy is the mainstay of control, but only 4 drugs are available: albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, and pyrantel pamoate. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of single-dose oral albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, and pyrantel pamoate against A lumbricoides, hookworm, and T trichiura infections. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of PubMed, ISI Web of Science, ScienceDirect, the World Health Organization library database, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (1960 to August 2007). STUDY SELECTION: From 168 studies, 20 randomized controlled trials were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND DATA SYNTHESIS: Information on study year and country, sample size, age of study population, mean infection intensity before treatment, diagnostic method used, time between evaluations before and after treatment, cure rate (the percentage of individuals who became helminth egg negative following treatment with an anthelminthic drug), egg reduction rate, adverse events, and trial quality was extracted. Relative risk, including a 95\% confidence interval (CI), was used to measure the effect of the drugs on the risk of infection prevalence with a random-effects model. RESULTS: Single-dose oral albendazole, mebendazole, and pyrantel pamoate for infection with A lumbricoides resulted in cure rates of 88\% (95\% CI, 79\%-93\%; 557 patients), 95\% (95\% CI, 91\%-97\%; 309 patients), and 88\% (95\% CI, 79\%-93\%; 131 patients), respectively. Cure rates for infection with T trichiura following treatment with single-dose oral albendazole and mebendazole were 28\% (95\% CI, 13\%-39\%; 735 patients) and 36\% (95\% CI, 16\%-51\%; 685 patients), respectively. The efficacy of single-dose oral albendazole, mebendazole, and pyrantel pamoate against hookworm infections was 72\% (95\% CI, 59\%-81\%; 742 patients), 15\% (95\% CI, 1\%-27\%; 853 patients), and 31\% (95\% CI, 19\%-42\%; 152 patients), respectively. No pooled relative risks could be calculated for pyrantel pamoate against T trichiura and levamisole for any of the parasites investigated. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose oral albendazole, mebendazole, and pyrantel pamoate show high cure rates against A lumbricoides. For hookworm infection, albendazole was more efficacious than mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate. Treatment of T trichiura with single oral doses of current anthelminthics is unsatisfactory. New anthelminthics are urgently needed.}, keywords = {Albendazole/therapeutic use, Ancylostomatoidea, Animals, Anthelmintics/*therapeutic use, Ascariasis/*drug therapy/transmission, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm Infections/*drug therapy/transmission, Humans, Levamisole/therapeutic use, Mebendazole/therapeutic use, Pyrantel Pamoate/therapeutic use, Soil/parasitology, Trichuriasis/*drug therapy/transmission, Trichuris}, isbn = {1538-3598 (Electronic)
0098-7484 (Linking)}, author = {Keiser, J. and Utzinger, J.} } @article {4763, title = {{Efficacy of gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer against Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis on produce}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {71}, year = {2008}, pages = {2410{\textendash}2414}, author = {Ortega, YR and Mann, A and Torres, MP and Cama, V} } @article {4118, title = {{Efficiency of natural systems for removal of bacteria and pathogenic parasites from wastewater}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {395}, year = {2008}, pages = {80{\textendash}86}, author = {Reinoso, R and Torres, LA and Becares, E} } @article {11012, title = {Efficiency of natural systems for removal of bacteria and pathogenic parasites from wastewater}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {395}, number = {2-3}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {80{\textendash}86}, abstract = {A combined constructed wetland formed by a facultative pond (FP), a surface flow wetland (SF) and a subsurface flow wetland (SSF) was studied from December 2004 until September 2005 in north-western Spain in order to evaluate their efficiency in the removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms and to determine their relationships. Microbial removal ranged from 78\% for coliphages to over 99\% for helminth eggs, depending on the treatment system. The highest removal of indicator bacteria (total coliforms, E. coli, faecal streptococci and Clostridium perfringens) occurred in the stabilization pond, reaching 84\%, 96\%, 89\% and 78\%, respectively. However, the greatest removal of protozoan pathogens (Cryptosporidium and Giardia) and coliphages was found in the SSF wetland, 98\%, 97\% and 94\%, respectively. In contrast, the SF wetland was most efficient in the removal of pathogenic parasites when considering superficial removal rates. Seasonal differences in organism removal were not statistically significant during the study period. First-order removal rate constants ranged from 0.0027 to 0.71~m/d depending on the microorganism and type of wetland. Significant correlations were found between pathogenic parasites and faecal indicators in the influent of the treatment system but not in the other sampling points suggesting that such relations varied along the system due to the different survival rates of the microorganisms.}, keywords = {Constructed wetlands, Faecal indicators, Natural systems, parasites, Pathogens, Wastewater treatment, Water reuse}, issn = {0048-9697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.039}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969708002258}, author = {Reinoso, Roberto and Torres, Linda Alexandra and B{\'e}cares, Eloy} } @article {15868, title = {Efficiency of natural systems for removal of bacteria and pathogenic parasites from wastewater}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {395}, number = {2-3}, year = {2008}, month = {Jun 1}, pages = {80-6}, edition = {2008/04/01}, keywords = {*Sewage/microbiology/parasitology, *Wetlands, Animals, Clostridium perfringens/isolation \& purification, Coliphages/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Giardia/isolation \& purification, Streptococcus/isolation \& purification, Water Microbiology/*standards, Water Movements, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {0048-9697 (Print)
0048-9697}, author = {Reinoso, R. and Torres, L. A. and B{\'e}cares, E.} } @article {16868, title = {Efficiency of natural systems for removal of bacteria and pathogenic parasites from wastewater}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {395}, number = {2-3}, year = {2008}, pages = {80{\textendash}86}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Reinoso, Roberto and Torres, Linda Alexandra and B{\'e}cares, Eloy} } @article {9554, title = {{Efficiency of natural systems for removal of bacteria and pathogenic parasites from wastewater}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {395}, number = {2-3}, year = {2008}, pages = {80{\textendash}86}, author = {Reinoso, R and Torres, LA and Becares, E} } @article {5431, title = {{Efficiency of naturel systes for removal of bacteria and pathogenic parasites from wastewater}}, journal = {Sci. Total Environ}, volume = {395}, year = {2008}, pages = {80{\textendash}86}, author = {Reinoso, R and Torres, LA and Becares, E} } @booklet {9290, title = {{Elimination of microorganisms in water treatment.}}, year = {2008}, publisher = {University Utrecht}, address = {Netherlands}, author = {Hijnen, WAM} } @article {9258, title = {{Entamoeba moshkovskii infections in Sydney, Australia}}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {133{\textendash}137}, author = {Fotedar, R and Stark, D and Marriott, D and Ellis, J and Harkness, J} } @article {261, title = {Enteric viruses in pediatric diarrhea in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {80}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, note = {Times Cited: 15 15}, pages = {1919-1929}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0146-6615}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.21291}, url = {://WOS:000259622800008}, author = {Tayeb, Hamsa T. and Dela Cruz, Damian M. and Al-Qahtani, Ahmed and Al-Ahdal, Mohammed N. and Carter, Michael J.} } @article {7465, title = {Enteroviruses in water environment{\textendash}a potential threat to public health}, journal = {Ann Agric Environ Med}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {199{\textendash}203}, url = {http://www.aaem.pl/pdf/15199.pdf}, author = {Rajtar, Barbara and Majek, Magdalena and Polanski, Lukasz and Polz-Dacewicz, Ma\textbackslashlgorzata} } @article {1540, title = {Environmental controls, oceanography and population dynamics of pathogens and harmful algal blooms: connecting sources to human exposure}, journal = {Environmental Health}, volume = {7 Suppl 2}, year = {2008}, note = {Dyble, Julianne Bienfang, Paul Dusek, Eva Hitchcock, Gary Holland, Fred Laws, Ed Lerczak, James McGillicuddy, Dennis J Jr Minnett, Peter Moore, Stephanie K O{\textquoteright}Kelly, Charles Solo-Gabriele, Helena Wang, John D eng Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. England 2008/12/17 09:00 Environ Health. 2008 Nov 7;7 Suppl 2:S5. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S5.}, pages = {S5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Coupled physical-biological models are capable of linking the complex interactions between environmental factors and physical hydrodynamics to simulate the growth, toxicity and transport of infectious pathogens and harmful algal blooms (HABs). Such simulations can be used to assess and predict the impact of pathogens and HABs on human health. Given the widespread and increasing reliance of coastal communities on aquatic systems for drinking water, seafood and recreation, such predictions are critical for making informed resource management decisions. Here we identify three challenges to making this connection between pathogens/HABs and human health: predicting concentrations and toxicity; identifying the spatial and temporal scales of population and ecosystem interactions; and applying the understanding of population dynamics of pathogens/HABs to management strategies. We elaborate on the need to meet each of these challenges, describe how modeling approaches can be used and discuss strategies for moving forward in addressing these challenges.

}, keywords = {Animals Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control *Ecosystem Environmental Health/*methods Environmental Monitoring/methods Eukaryota/*growth \& development/microbiology *Eutrophication Humans Models, Biological Oceanography/*methods Population Dynamics Seafood/*microbiology Seawater/*microbiology Water Pollutants/analysis}, issn = {1476-069X (Electronic) 1476-069X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S5}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19025676}, author = {Dyble, J. and Bienfang, P. and Dusek, E. and Hitchcock, G. and Holland, F. and Laws, E. and Lerczak, J. and McGillicuddy, D. J., Jr. and Minnett, P. and Moore, S. K. and O{\textquoteright}Kelly, C. and Solo-Gabriele, H. and Wang, J. D.} } @article {14571, title = {Environmental controls, oceanography and population dynamics of pathogens and harmful algal blooms: connecting sources to human exposure}, journal = {Environ Health}, volume = {7 Suppl 2}, year = {2008}, pages = {S5}, abstract = {Coupled physical-biological models are capable of linking the complex interactions between environmental factors and physical hydrodynamics to simulate the growth, toxicity and transport of infectious pathogens and harmful algal blooms (HABs). Such simulations can be used to assess and predict the impact of pathogens and HABs on human health. Given the widespread and increasing reliance of coastal communities on aquatic systems for drinking water, seafood and recreation, such predictions are critical for making informed resource management decisions. Here we identify three challenges to making this connection between pathogens/HABs and human health: predicting concentrations and toxicity; identifying the spatial and temporal scales of population and ecosystem interactions; and applying the understanding of population dynamics of pathogens/HABs to management strategies. We elaborate on the need to meet each of these challenges, describe how modeling approaches can be used and discuss strategies for moving forward in addressing these challenges.}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, *Eutrophication, Animals, Biological, Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control, Environmental Health/*methods, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Eukaryota/*growth \& development/microbiology, Humans, Models, Oceanography/*methods, Population Dynamics, Seafood/*microbiology, Seawater/*microbiology, Water Pollutants/analysis}, issn = {1476-069X (Electronic) 1476-069X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S5}, author = {Dyble, J. and Bienfang, P. and Dusek, E. and Hitchcock, G. and Holland, F. and Laws, E. and Lerczak, J. and McGillicuddy, D. J. and Minnett, P. and Moore, S. K. and O{\textquoteright}Kelly, C. and Solo-Gabriele, H. and Wang, J. D.} } @article {14926, title = {Environmental controls, oceanography and population dynamics of pathogens and harmful algal blooms: connecting sources to human exposure}, journal = {Environ Health}, volume = {7 Suppl 2}, year = {2008}, pages = {S5}, abstract = {Coupled physical-biological models are capable of linking the complex interactions between environmental factors and physical hydrodynamics to simulate the growth, toxicity and transport of infectious pathogens and harmful algal blooms (HABs). Such simulations can be used to assess and predict the impact of pathogens and HABs on human health. Given the widespread and increasing reliance of coastal communities on aquatic systems for drinking water, seafood and recreation, such predictions are critical for making informed resource management decisions. Here we identify three challenges to making this connection between pathogens/HABs and human health: predicting concentrations and toxicity; identifying the spatial and temporal scales of population and ecosystem interactions; and applying the understanding of population dynamics of pathogens/HABs to management strategies. We elaborate on the need to meet each of these challenges, describe how modeling approaches can be used and discuss strategies for moving forward in addressing these challenges.}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, *Eutrophication, Animals, Biological, Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control, Environmental Health/*methods, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Eukaryota/*growth \& development/microbiology, Humans, Models, Oceanography/*methods, Population Dynamics, Seafood/*microbiology, Seawater/*microbiology, Water Pollutants/analysis}, issn = {1476-069X (Electronic) 1476-069X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S5}, author = {Dyble, J. and Bienfang, P. and Dusek, E. and Hitchcock, G. and Holland, F. and Laws, E. and Lerczak, J. and McGillicuddy, D. J. and Minnett, P. and Moore, S. K. and O{\textquoteright}Kelly, C. and Solo-Gabriele, H. and Wang, J. D.} } @article {5214, title = {{Environmental inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in waste stabilization ponds.}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {nov}, pages = {585{\textendash}92}, abstract = {

The survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in a waste stabilization pond system in northwestern Spain and the effects of sunlight and the depth and type of pond on oocyst viability were evaluated using an assay based on the exclusion or inclusion of two fluorogenic vital dyes, 4\&$\#$39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and propidium iodide (PI). All tested factors had significant effects (P {\textless} 0.01) over time on C. parvum oocyst viability. Sunlight exposure was the most influential factor for oocyst inactivation. A 40{\%} reduction was observed after 4 days exposure to sunlight conditions compared with dark conditions. The type of pond also caused a significant reduction in C. parvum oocyst viability (P {\textless} 0.01). Inactivation rates reflected that the facultative pond was the most aggressive environment for oocysts placed both at the surface (presence of sunlight) and at the bottom (absence of sunlight) of the pond, followed by the maturation pond and the anaerobic pond. The mean inactivation rates of oocysts in the ponds ranged from 0.0159 to 0.3025 day(-1).

}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium parvum: growth {\&} development, Cryptosporidium parvum: radiation effects, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: parasitology, Oocysts, Oocysts: growth {\&} development, Oocysts: radiation effects, Spain, Sunlight, Water Supply}, issn = {0095-3628}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-008-9378-7}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18345476}, author = {Reinoso, R. and B{\'e}cares, E.} } @book {13781, title = {Environmental microbiology}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, author = {Maier RM, Pepper IL, Gerba CP} } @book {7582, title = {Environmental microbiology}, year = {2008}, pages = {624}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, abstract = {For microbiology and environmental microbiology courses, this leading textbook builds on the academic success of the previous edition by including a comprehensive and up-to-date discussion of environmental microbiology as a discipline that has grown in scope and interest in recent years. From environmental science and microbial ecology to topics in molecular genetics, this edition relates environmental microbiology to the work of a variety of life science, ecology, and environmental science investigators. The authors and editors have taken the care to highlight links between environmental microbiology and topics important to our changing world such as bioterrorism and national security with sections on practical issues such as bioremediation, waterborne pathogens, microbial risk assessment, and environmental biotechnology.}, isbn = {9780080919409}, author = {Maier, RM and I L Pepper and C P Gerba} } @booklet {10498, title = {{Environmental Protection, Water: The Bathing Waters Regulations}}, year = {2008} } @booklet {10492, title = {{Environmental Public Health (Quality of Piped Drinking Water) Regulations. Chapter 95 of the Environmental Public Health Act}}, year = {2008} } @article {4883, title = {{Environmental risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in an island from Western Venezuela}}, journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {103}, year = {2008}, pages = {45{\textendash}49}, author = {Chacin-Bonilla, L and Barrios, F and Sanchez, Y} } @article {5661, title = {{Epaxal: a Virosomal Vaccine to Prevent Hepatitis A Infection}}, journal = {Expert review of vaccines}, volume = {7}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {1141{\textendash}1150}, doi = {10.1586/14760584.7.8.1141}, author = {Bovier, PA} } @article {14143, title = {The epidemiological and clinical characteristics and nutritional development of infants with acute diarrhoea, in north{\textendash}eastern {Brazil}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine \& Parasitology}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {357{\textendash}365}, abstract = {In order to assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and changing nutritional status of infants suffering from acute diarrhoea, 103 infants with such diarrhoea and the same number of age-matched controls were investigated at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte{\textquoteright}s Paediatric Hospital, in north-eastern Brazil. Each child with diarrhoea was given oral rehydration or, in the severe cases, intravenous rehydration. Each subject was checked for enteropathogens and his or her weight, height and weight-for-height, weight-for-age and height-for-age Z-scores were evaluated immediately after any clinical dehydration had been corrected and 30 days later. In the infants aged {\textbackslash}textless6 months, a diet that included foods other than breast milk (odds ratio=9.41), including one in which breast milk was supplemented with other foods (odds ratio=4.69), was found to be statistically associated with diarrhoea. The enteropathogens found most commonly in the children with diarrhoea were rotavirus (36.9\%), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (11.6\%) and Shigella (11.6\%). Just four (5.2\%) of the 77 cases with adequate follow-up showed persistent diarrhoea. At presentation or as soon as any clinical dehydration had been corrected, the infants with diarrhoea had significantly lower weights and weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores than the controls. Thirty days later, however, the weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores of the cases had increased significantly, to the point when they were not significantly different from the baseline values for the controls. The negative consequences of diarrhoea on weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores and the recovery of these parameters after 30 days with rehydration reflect the acute but reversible influence of diarrhoea on infant nutritional status.}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Age Distribution, Animals, Anthropometry, Anthropometry: methods, Bacillary, Bacillary: epidemiology, Brazil, Brazil: epidemiology, Breast Feeding, Case-Control Studies, Dehydration, Dehydration: diagnosis, Dehydration: epidemiology, Dehydration: prevention \& control, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Feces, Feces: parasitology, Humans, Infant, Infantile, Infantile: diagnosis, Infantile: epidemiology, Infantile: prevention \& control, Nutrition Assessment, Nutritional Status, Nutritional Status: physiology, Risk Factors}, issn = {0003-4983}, doi = {10.1179/136485908X278865}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18510816}, author = {Maranh{\~a}o, H. S. and Medeiros, M. C. C. and Scaletsky, I. C. A. and Fagundes-Neto, U. and Morais, M. B.} } @article {8081, title = {{The epidemiological and clinical characteristics and nutritional development of infants with acute diarrhoea, in north{\textendash}eastern Brazil}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine {\&} Parasitology}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {357{\textendash}365}, abstract = {In order to assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and changing nutritional status of infants suffering from acute diarrhoea, 103 infants with such diarrhoea and the same number of age-matched controls were investigated at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte{\textquoteright}s Paediatric Hospital, in north-eastern Brazil. Each child with diarrhoea was given oral rehydration or, in the severe cases, intravenous rehydration. Each subject was checked for enteropathogens and his or her weight, height and weight-for-height, weight-for-age and height-for-age Z-scores were evaluated immediately after any clinical dehydration had been corrected and 30 days later. In the infants aged {\textless}6 months, a diet that included foods other than breast milk (odds ratio=9.41), including one in which breast milk was supplemented with other foods (odds ratio=4.69), was found to be statistically associated with diarrhoea. The enteropathogens found most commonly in the children with diarrhoea were rotavirus (36.9{\%}), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (11.6{\%}) and Shigella (11.6{\%}). Just four (5.2{\%}) of the 77 cases with adequate follow-up showed persistent diarrhoea. At presentation or as soon as any clinical dehydration had been corrected, the infants with diarrhoea had significantly lower weights and weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores than the controls. Thirty days later, however, the weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores of the cases had increased significantly, to the point when they were not significantly different from the baseline values for the controls. The negative consequences of diarrhoea on weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores and the recovery of these parameters after 30 days with rehydration reflect the acute but reversible influence of diarrhoea on infant nutritional status.}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Age Distribution, Animals, Anthropometry, Anthropometry: methods, Bacillary, Bacillary: epidemiology, Brazil, Brazil: epidemiology, Breast Feeding, Case-Control Studies, Dehydration, Dehydration: diagnosis, Dehydration: epidemiology, Dehydration: prevention {\&} control, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Feces, Feces: parasitology, Humans, Infant, Infantile, Infantile: diagnosis, Infantile: epidemiology, Infantile: prevention {\&} control, Nutrition Assessment, Nutritional Status, Nutritional Status: physiology, Risk Factors}, issn = {0003-4983}, doi = {10.1179/136485908X278865}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18510816}, author = {Maranh{\~a}o, H. S. and Medeiros, M. C. C. and Scaletsky, I. C. A. and Fagundes-Neto, U. and Morais, M. B.} } @article {8181, title = {The epidemiological and clinical characteristics and nutritional development of infants with acute diarrhoea, in north{\textendash}eastern Brazil}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {102}, year = {2008}, pages = {357{\textendash}365}, author = {Maranh{\~a}o, HS and Medeiros, MCC and Scaletsky, ICA and Fagundes-Neto, U and Morais, MB} } @article {14827, title = {The epidemiological and clinical characteristics and nutritional development of infants with acute diarrhoea, in north{\textendash}eastern {Brazil}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine \& Parasitology}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {357{\textendash}365}, abstract = {In order to assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and changing nutritional status of infants suffering from acute diarrhoea, 103 infants with such diarrhoea and the same number of age-matched controls were investigated at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte{\textquoteright}s Paediatric Hospital, in north-eastern Brazil. Each child with diarrhoea was given oral rehydration or, in the severe cases, intravenous rehydration. Each subject was checked for enteropathogens and his or her weight, height and weight-for-height, weight-for-age and height-for-age Z-scores were evaluated immediately after any clinical dehydration had been corrected and 30 days later. In the infants aged {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless6 months, a diet that included foods other than breast milk (odds ratio=9.41), including one in which breast milk was supplemented with other foods (odds ratio=4.69), was found to be statistically associated with diarrhoea. The enteropathogens found most commonly in the children with diarrhoea were rotavirus (36.9\%), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (11.6\%) and Shigella (11.6\%). Just four (5.2\%) of the 77 cases with adequate follow-up showed persistent diarrhoea. At presentation or as soon as any clinical dehydration had been corrected, the infants with diarrhoea had significantly lower weights and weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores than the controls. Thirty days later, however, the weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores of the cases had increased significantly, to the point when they were not significantly different from the baseline values for the controls. The negative consequences of diarrhoea on weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores and the recovery of these parameters after 30 days with rehydration reflect the acute but reversible influence of diarrhoea on infant nutritional status.}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Age Distribution, Animals, Anthropometry, Anthropometry: methods, Bacillary, Bacillary: epidemiology, Brazil, Brazil: epidemiology, Breast Feeding, Case-Control Studies, Dehydration, Dehydration: diagnosis, Dehydration: epidemiology, Dehydration: prevention \& control, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Feces, Feces: parasitology, Humans, Infant, Infantile, Infantile: diagnosis, Infantile: epidemiology, Infantile: prevention \& control, Nutrition Assessment, Nutritional Status, Nutritional Status: physiology, Risk Factors}, issn = {0003-4983}, doi = {10.1179/136485908X278865}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18510816}, author = {Maranh{\~a}o, H. S. and Medeiros, M. C. C. and Scaletsky, I. C. A. and Fagundes-Neto, U. and Morais, M. B.} } @article {2341, title = {{The epidemiological and clinical characteristics and nutritional development of infants with acute diarrhoea, in north{\textendash}eastern Brazil}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine \& Parasitology}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {357{\textendash}365}, abstract = {In order to assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and changing nutritional status of infants suffering from acute diarrhoea, 103 infants with such diarrhoea and the same number of age-matched controls were investigated at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte{\textquoteright}s Paediatric Hospital, in north-eastern Brazil. Each child with diarrhoea was given oral rehydration or, in the severe cases, intravenous rehydration. Each subject was checked for enteropathogens and his or her weight, height and weight-for-height, weight-for-age and height-for-age Z-scores were evaluated immediately after any clinical dehydration had been corrected and 30 days later. In the infants aged <6 months, a diet that included foods other than breast milk (odds ratio=9.41), including one in which breast milk was supplemented with other foods (odds ratio=4.69), was found to be statistically associated with diarrhoea. The enteropathogens found most commonly in the children with diarrhoea were rotavirus (36.9\%), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (11.6\%) and Shigella (11.6\%). Just four (5.2\%) of the 77 cases with adequate follow-up showed persistent diarrhoea. At presentation or as soon as any clinical dehydration had been corrected, the infants with diarrhoea had significantly lower weights and weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores than the controls. Thirty days later, however, the weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores of the cases had increased significantly, to the point when they were not significantly different from the baseline values for the controls. The negative consequences of diarrhoea on weight-for-height and weight-for-age Z-scores and the recovery of these parameters after 30 days with rehydration reflect the acute but reversible influence of diarrhoea on infant nutritional status.}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Age Distribution, Animals, Anthropometry, Anthropometry: methods, Bacillary, Bacillary: epidemiology, Brazil, Brazil: epidemiology, Breast Feeding, Case-Control Studies, Dehydration, Dehydration: diagnosis, Dehydration: epidemiology, Dehydration: prevention \& control, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Feces, Feces: parasitology, Humans, Infant, Infantile, Infantile: diagnosis, Infantile: epidemiology, Infantile: prevention \& control, Nutrition Assessment, Nutritional Status, Nutritional Status: physiology, Risk Factors}, issn = {0003-4983}, doi = {10.1179/136485908X278865}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18510816}, author = {Maranh{\~a}o, H. S. and Medeiros, M. C. C. and Scaletsky, I. C. A. and Fagundes-Neto, U. and Morais, M. B.} } @article {9565, title = {{Epidemiological link between wastewater and human vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates}}, journal = {Current Microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, pages = {468{\textendash}473}, author = {Talebi, M and Rahimi, F and Katouli, M and M{\"o}llby, R and Pourshafie, MR} } @article {2699, title = {An epidemiological study of enteric viruses in sewage with molecular characterization by {RT-PCR} and sequence analysis}, year = {2008}, author = {Arraj, A and Bohatier, J and Aumeran, C and Bailly, J} } @article {1061, title = {An epidemiological study of enteric viruses in sewage with molecular characterization by {RT-PCR} and sequence analysis}, year = {2008}, author = {Arraj, A and Bohatier, J and Aumeran, C and Bailly, J} } @inbook {7800, title = {Epidemiology of Campulobacter jejuni infections in industrialized nations}, booktitle = {Campylobacter}, volume = {3rd}, year = {2008}, note = {Epidemiology of Campulobacter jejuni infections in industrialized nations; ID: 619}, pages = {9}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, organization = {American Society for Microbiology}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Olson,C. K. and Ethelberg,S. and Van Pelt,W. and Tauxe,R. V.}, editor = {Nachamkin,I. and Szymanski,C. M. and Blaser,M. J.} } @article {2792, title = {Epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection in men, cancers other than cervical and benign conditions}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {26 }, year = {2008}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC4366004}, pages = {K17-K28}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Anus Neoplasms ASSOCIATION cancer complications Condylomata Acuminata detection DISEASE DISEASES DNA EFFICACY EPIDEMIOLOGY etiology Female Genital Diseases, Male Genital Neoplasms, Male history human humans immunology INFECTION INFECTIONS male NATURAL-HISTORY Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections pathogenicity PREVENTION Research Respiratory Tract Infections Risk risk assessment Support TRACT Uterine Cervical Dis}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18847554}, author = {Giuliano, A.R. and Tortolero-Luna, G. and Ferrer, E. and Burchell, A.N. and de Sanjos{\'e} , S. and Kjaer, S.K. and Munoz, N. and Schiffman, M. and Bosch, F.X.} } @article {446, title = {Epidemiology of rotavirus and astrovirus infections in children in northwestern Nigeria}, journal = {Annals of African medicine}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, note = {5}, pages = {168-74}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent estimates attribute 527,000 deaths in children less than five years of age to rotavirus diarrhea annually, with 145,000 occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Human astroviruses have been identified as one of the most frequent causes of infantile diarrhea, second in incidence only to rotavirus. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of rotavirus and astrovirus and also to establish the circulating strains of rotavirus in a community in Nigeria where most diarrheic patients do not visit clinics or health care centers. METHODS: A total of 154 stool samples (134 diarrheic and 20 non-diarrheic) were collected from infants and young children less than 5 years of age from January-March 2002. Samples were obtained by house-to-house visit in randomly selected districts in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria. The samples were screened for rotavirus and astrovirus antigens using commercially available Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. All positive group A rotavirus samples were further subjected to VP6 sub-group ELISA, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to determine their RNA electropherotypes and Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine their VP7 and VP4 genotypes. RESULTS: Rotavirus and astrovirus antigens were detected in 9\% (12) and 5\% (7) of the 134 diarrheic stool samples respectively. No viral antigen was detected in the non-diarrheic stools. Rotavirus infection was more common in younger children than astrovirus infection. VP6 sub-group II specificity (58.3\%), long RNA electropherotypes (41.6\%), VP7 genotype G1 (33.3\%) and VP4 genotype P [6] (33.3\%) were the most common strains in circulation at that time in the community. Of significance is the fact that a large proportion of the rotavirus strains in circulation could not be assigned either a VP6 subgroup or RNA electrophoretic pattern probably as a result of low viral load. CONCLUSION: In this community-based study, rotavirus and astrovirus were significantly associated with diarrhea. However, the prevalence of rotavirus infection among children appears to be low while that of astrovirus falls in the range seen in hospital-based studies around the continent.}, issn = {1596-3519}, url = {://MEDLINE:19623918}, author = {Aminu, M. and Esona, M. D. and Geyer, A. and Steele, A. D.} } @mastersthesis {7283, title = {Essays in institutions, economic policy and development}, year = {2008}, note = {3305908}, school = {George Mason University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Essay one focuses on private participation in infrastructure. Over the past decade private involvement in the provision of infrastructure services has grown increasingly common in a large number of countries around the world. Increased activity brought along a good deal of controversy, most frequently relating to the cancellation of high profile projects. This paper analyzes this phenomenon empirically, using project level panel data from the 1990-2005 period. My first finding is that, contrary to popular belief, infrastructure project cancellations are rare. Second, contract cancellations are not randomly distributed, but seem correlated with a number of factors. I find that cancellation rates are higher for water sector projects, countries with a poor track record of protecting property rights and those with more effective local bureaucracies. Neither the level of GDP per capita nor its growth rate seem to be important factors, but larger current account deficits are correlated with more cancellations. Essay two examines the economic rationale for industrial policies aimed at supporting small firms with the intention of improving the rate of innovation and economic growth. I argue that such policies, while very common in the last few decades, frequently ignore two fundamental facts. First, a firms{\textquoteright} size is largely determined by the economic environment surrounding it, and in particular by the uncertainty it must face. Attempts to actively micromanage the mix of small to large firms while ignoring the environment they operate within is more likely to be harmful than helpful. The second often overlooked observation is that small and large firms often play complementary roles in the process of innovation. Instead of attempting to actively pick winners with certain characteristics, policymakers{\textquoteright} efforts are better spent on building a framework which is conducive to all innovation, wherever it may originate. In the third paper I analyze the real world impact of direct financing programs for small and medium enterprises. I base my analysis on two specific SME financing schemes implemented in Romania between 1998 and 2004, but my findings are broadly applicable. I argue that direct funding programs can suffer from two major flaws: a failure to address the financial system{\textquoteright}s binding constraints, and a difficulty in dealing with imperfect information. I find that both problems were acutely relevant in Romania, where they created programs that appeared successful at the firm level but in fact had very limited impact.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0511:Economic theory, Economic policy, Economic theory, Infrastructure, Institutions, PPP, SME, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304357876?accountid=14270}, author = {Dochia, Silviu} } @article {3387, title = {{Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries.}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization8}, volume = {86}, year = {2008}, pages = {710{\textendash}717}, doi = {10.2471/BLT.07.050054}, author = {Boschi-Pinto, C and Velebit, L and Shibuyac, K} } @article {3610, title = {Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization8}, volume = {86}, year = {2008}, pages = {710{\textendash}717}, doi = {10.2471/BLT.07.050054}, author = {Boschi-Pinto, C and Velebit, L and Shibuyac, K} } @article {14216, title = {Estimating the stability of {Escherichia} coli {O}157: {H}7 survival in manure-amended soils with different management histories}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, year = {2008}, author = {Semenov, AV and Franz, E} } @article {2405, title = {{Estimating the stability of Escherichia coli O157: H7 survival in manure-amended soils with different management histories}}, journal = {Environmental {\l}dots}, year = {2008}, author = {Semenov, AV and Franz, E} } @article {8131, title = {{Estimating the stability of Escherichia coli O157: H7 survival in manure-amended soils with different management histories}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {10}, year = {2008}, pages = {1450-1459}, author = {Semenov, AV and Franz, E} } @article {5932, title = {{Estimation of hepatitis E virus transmission among pigs due to contact-exposure}}, journal = {Veterinary Research}, volume = {39}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, pages = {40}, author = {Bouwknegt, M and Frankena, K} } @mastersthesis {7226, title = {Evaluating the ecological potential of constructed wetlands: {A} case study of the {Brighton} treatment wetland}, year = {2008}, note = {MR37178}, school = {Trent University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment fulfill habitat needs of wildlife. This study is the first attempt to characterize the macroinvertebrate community in an Ontario treatment wetland. It consists of a baseline survey of benthic fauna from a tertiary treatment wetland in Brighton, Canada. Macroinvertebrate community indicators including diversity, abundance and functional feeding groups were compared between (a) treatment wetland cells with and without emergent vegetation and (b) the treatment wetland and three natural reference wetlands. Macroinvertebrate data were collected by kick and sweep sampling and Hester Dendy samplers. Environmental parameters were compared with macroinvertebrate findings. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and permutational analysis of variance were used to explore separations of both environmental variables and macroinvertebrate communities. The higher diversity of macroinvertebrates in the treatment wetland cell with emergent vegetation contrasted with the open water cell{\textquoteright}s abundant but less diverse community. Natural wetlands had more than twice the stem density as treatment wetlands and at least twice the number of taxa. Shallow water depths, more dissolved oxygen, and lower ammonia and conductivity levels contributed to the higher ecological potential of natural wetlands. Aeration, emergent plant harvesting and hydrologic alterations are explored as methods to help raise the ecological potential of treatment wetlands. Keywords. Hester Dendy, macroinvertebrate, NMDS, treatment wetland, hemi-marsh, ecological potential, PERMANOVA.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, Biological sciences, Ecology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304386878?accountid=14270}, author = {McGauley, Erin K.} } @article {15944, title = {Evaluation and development of Cryptosporidium risk assessment}, year = {2008}, author = {Wilson, L and Anthony, S and Kay, D. and Procter, C}, editor = {Final Report ADA/012/07, Scottish Government} } @article {10052, title = {{Evaluation of Bacteroides markers for the detection of human faecal pollution}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {46}, year = {2008}, pages = {237{\textendash}242}, author = {Ahmed, W and Stewart, J and Powell, D and Gardner, T} } @article {4249, title = {{Evaluation of Escherichia coli host strain CB390 for simultaneous detection of somatic and F-specific coliphages.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {531{\textendash}4}, abstract = {

Escherichia coli WG5, the strain recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to detect somatic coliphages, was transformed to F(+) by introducing the plasmid Famp, which rendered it capable of simultaneously detecting both somatic and F-specific coliphages. Indeed, this strain, CB390, proved as effective in detecting similar numbers of phages as the sum of somatic and F-specific bacteriophages detected by the host strains recommended by both the ISO and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standardized methods.

}, keywords = {Coliphages, Coliphages: classification, Coliphages: growth {\&} development, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: virology, Viral Plaque Assay}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01710-07}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2223266{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Guzm{\'a}n, Carolina and Moc{\'e}-Llivina, Laura and Lucena, Francisco and Jofre, Juan} } @article {17077, title = {Evaluation of Escherichia coli host strain CB390 for simultaneous detection of somatic and F-specific coliphages}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {531{\textendash}534}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Guzm{\'a}n, Carolina and Moc{\'e}-Llivina, Laura and Lucena, Francisco and Jofre, Juan} } @article {8617, title = {{Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water samples and comparative findings by polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence test (IFT)}}, journal = {Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {357{\textendash}365}, author = {Sotiriadou, I and Karanis, P} } @article {9045, title = {{Evaluation of murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, poliovirus, and MS2 as surrogates for human norovirus in a model of viral persistence in surface water and groundwater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {477{\textendash}484}, abstract = {Human noroviruses (NoVs) are a significant cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, with contaminated drinking water a potential transmission route. The absence of a cell culture infectivity model for NoV necessitates the use of molecular methods and/or viral surrogate models amenable to cell culture to predict NoV inactivation. The NoV surrogates murine NoV (MNV), feline calicivirus (FCV), poliovirus (PV), and male-specific coliphage MS2, in conjunction with Norwalk virus (NV), were spiked into surface water samples (n = 9) and groundwater samples (n = 6). Viral persistence was monitored at 25 degrees C and 4 degrees C by periodically analyzing virus infectivity (for all surrogate viruses) and nucleic acid (NA) for all tested viruses. FCV infectivity reduction rates were significantly higher than those of the other surrogate viruses. Infectivity reduction rates were significantly higher than NA reduction rates at 25 degrees C (0.18 and 0.09 log(10)/day for FCV, 0.13 and 0.10 log(10)/day for PV, 0.12 and 0.06 log(10)/day for MS2, and 0.09 and 0.05 log(10)/day for MNV) but not significant at 4 degrees C. According to a multiple linear regression model, the NV NA reduction rates (0.04 +/- 0.01 log(10)/day) were not significantly different from the NA reduction rates of MS2 (0.05 +/- 0.03 log(10)/day) and MNV (0.04 +/- 0.03 log(10)/day) and were significantly different from those of FCV (0.08 +/- 0.03 log(10)/day) and PV (0.09 +/- 0.03 log(10)/day) at 25 degrees C. In conclusion, MNV shows great promise as a human NoV surrogate due to its genetic similarity and environmental stability. FCV was much less stable and thus questionable as an adequate surrogate for human NoVs in surface water and groundwater.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02095-06}, author = {Bae, Jinhee and Schwab, Kellogg J} } @article {6344, title = {Evaluation of {Murine} {Norovirus}, {Feline} {Calicivirus}, {Poliovirus}, and {MS}2 as {Surrogates} for {Human} {Norovirus} in a {Model} of {Viral} {Persistence} in {Surface} {Water} and {Groundwater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {477{\textendash}484}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02095-06}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.02095-06}, author = {Bae, J. and Schwab, K. J.} } @article {16111, title = {Evaluation of protective immunity of Leptospira immunoglobulin like protein A (LigA) DNA vaccine against challenge in hamsters.}, journal = {VaccineVaccine}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {277-287.}, author = {Faisal, S. M. and Yan, W. and Chen, C. S. and Palaniappan, R. U. and McDonough, S. P. and Chang, Y. F.} } @article {15847, title = {Evaluation of the effect of temperature on the die-off rate for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water, soils, and feces}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {23}, year = {2008}, month = {Dec}, pages = {7101-7}, edition = {2008/10/14}, keywords = {*Microbial Viability, *Temperature, Animals, Cryptosporidium parvum/*radiation effects, Feces/*parasitology, Soil/*parasitology, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Peng, X. and Murphy, T. and Holden, N. M.} } @article {10458, title = {{Evaluation of the host-specificity and prevalence of enterococci surface protein (esp) marker in sewage and its application for sourcing human fecal pollution}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {1583{\textendash}1588}, author = {Ahmed, W and Stewart, J and Powell, D and Gardner, T} } @mastersthesis {7274, title = {Evolutionary history, predation, and coastal upwelling interactively influence native oyster habitat in {Tomales} {Bay}, {California}}, year = {2008}, note = {3329628}, school = {University of California, Davis}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Certain structurally complex species such as corals and trees can create habitat that provides the foundation upon which ecological communities are built. Thus, understanding the biotic and abiotic limits of these "foundation species" may provide a means for conserving biodiversity and key ecosystem functions. For my dissertation, I studied native oyster habitat ( Ostrea lurida ) in Tomales Bay, CA, which acts as a foundation species by increasing community species richness and densities. Much of this habitat, however, has been depleted in areas where native crabs and whelks have been replaced by invasive crabs and whelks (Chapter 1). This work shows that in many cases invaders lack a shared evolutionary history and do not recognize each other as predator and prey. Therefore, predator-prey interactions like trophic cascades that normally benefit oysters have been short-circuited. Underlying these potentially important "top-down controls" is a spatial gradient in phytoplankton abundance that is tied to coastal upwelling (Chapter 2). During the summer-upwelling months, the lack of fresh water flowing into the estuary allows the daily pumping of water with each high and low tide (i.e., tidal excursion) to lengthen water residence times as distance from the ocean increases. The tidal excursion{\textquoteright}s exchange with coastal waters creates a gradient of coastal nutrients that interacts with water residence times to promote consistent phytoplankton blooms in the middle portion of the estuary. These food subsidies influence oyster habitat from the "bottom-up" by allowing juvenile oysters to grow faster in the middle-bay region when compared to oysters in the outer- and inner-bay regions. In addition to phytoplankton, recruitment of oyster larvae is another important bottom-up control (Chapter 3). But the 4-6 week planktonic stage of these larvae allows them to accumulate in the inner bay where residence times are higher. Because high abundances of recruitment and phytoplankton are decoupled in space and because recruitment is inconsistent, the top-down and bottom-up controls identified in this system interact differently over time. These interactions then create temporally varying gradients of oyster density and size that cannot be understood without simultaneously considering the effects and underlying mechanisms of mortality, growth, and recruitment.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0416:Biological oceanography, 0792:Aquatic sciences, Aquatic sciences, Biological oceanography, Biological sciences, California, Coastal upwelling, Ecology, Invasive species, Ostrea lurida, Predator-prey, Size-structure estimation, Tomales Bay, Top-down/bottom-up controls, Trophic cascades}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304697637?accountid=14270}, author = {Kimbro, David Lloyd} } @article {17217, title = {Exposure and risk assessment of Salmonella in recycled residuals}, journal = {Water Sci TechnolWater Sci Technol}, volume = {57}, number = {7}, year = {2008}, pages = {1061-5}, keywords = {*Environmental Exposure, *Salmonella, Aerosols, Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods, Risk Assessment/*methods, Sewage}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Castro-del Campo, N. and Brooks, J. P. and Pepper, I. L.} } @article {6941, title = {Exposure to {Environmental} {Factors} in {Drinking} {Water}: {Risk} of {Islet} {Autoimmunity} and {Type} 1 {Diabetes} {\textendash} {The} {BABYDIAB} {Study}}, journal = {Hormone and Metabolic Research}, volume = {40}, number = {08}, year = {2008}, month = {aug}, pages = {566{\textendash}571}, issn = {0018-5043, 1439-4286}, doi = {10.1055/s-2008-1073165}, url = {http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2008-1073165}, author = {Winkler, C. and Mollenhauer, U. and Hummel, S. and Bonifacio, E. and Ziegler, A.-G.} } @inbook {13520, title = {Fact sheet on fascioliasis.}, booktitle = {Action Against Worms}, year = {2008}, note = {Newsletter 10}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {World Health Organization (WHO)} } @article {7808, title = {Faecal contamination of a municipal drinking water distribution system in association with Campylobacter jejuni infections}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, note = {Sep; Faecal contamination of a municipal drinking water distribution system in association with Campylobacter jejuni infections; ISI:000259615300008; ID: 465}, pages = {365-376}, isbn = {1477-8920}, author = {Pitk{\"a}nen,T. and Miettinen,I. T. and Nakari,U. M. and Takkinen,J. and Nieminen,K. and Siitonen,A. and Kuusi,M. and Holopainen,A. and Hanninen,M. L.} } @article {11314, title = {A familial case of visceral toxocariasis due to consumption of raw bovine liver}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {57}, year = {2008}, pages = {525-529}, author = {Yoshikawa, M and Nishiofuku, M and Moriya, K and Ouji, Y and Ishizaka, S and Kasahara, K and Mikasa, K and Hirai, T and Mizuno, Y and Ogawa, S and Nakamura, T and Maruyama, H and Akao, N} } @inbook {5012, title = {{Family Opisthorchiidae}}, booktitle = {Keys to the Trematoda}, volume = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {9{\textendash}49}, publisher = {CAB Internat and Natural History Museum}, organization = {CAB Internat and Natural History Museum}, address = {London}, author = {Scholtz, T} } @article {14518, title = {Fate and transport of viruses during sewage treatment in a mound system}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {42}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {3047{\textendash}56}, abstract = {Studies undertaken to assess the performance of filter materials to remove phosphorus in decentralised sewage systems have not reported on the broader performance of these systems. This study aimed to identify virus fate and transport mechanisms at the laboratory scale for comparison with field experiments on a mound system amended with blast furnace slag. Inactivation was a significant removal mechanism for MS2 bacteriophage, but not for PRD1 bacteriophage. Column studies identified rapid transport of PRD1. Laboratory studies predicted lower removal of PRD1 in a full scale system than was experienced in the field study, highlighting the importance of considering pH and flow rate in pathogen removal estimates. The results highlight the necessity for studying a range of organisms when assessing the potential for pathogen transport.}, keywords = {Bacteriophage PRD1/*physiology, Bioreactors/virology, Environmental monitoring, Filtration/instrumentation, Sewage/*virology, Silicon Dioxide, Soil Microbiology, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/methods}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.032 S0043-1354(08)00110-3 [pii]}, author = {Charles, K. J. and Souter, F. C. and Baker, D. L. and Davies, C. M. and Schijven, J. F. and Roser, D. J. and Deere, D. A. and Priscott, P. K. and Ashbolt, N. J.} } @booklet {3833, title = {FDA Briefing document: Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting, February 20, 2008.}, year = {2008}, author = {FDA} } @booklet {3776, title = {Feeling the {Pulse}: {A} {Study} of the {Total} {Sanitation} {Campaign} in {Five} {States}.}, year = {2008}, publisher = {WaterAid India}, address = {New Delhi}, author = {India, WaterAid} } @booklet {3477, title = {{Feeling the Pulse: A Study of the Total Sanitation Campaign in Five States.}}, year = {2008}, publisher = {WaterAid India}, address = {New Delhi}, author = {India, WaterAid} } @article {9597, title = {Filovirus haemorrhagic fever guideline}, year = {2008}, institution = {M{\'e}decins Sans Fronti{\`e}res }, address = {Barcelona, Spain} } @booklet {15045, title = {Filovirus haemorrhagic fever guideline}, year = {2008}, publisher = {M{\'e}decins Sans Fronti{\`e}res}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, author = {MSF} } @mastersthesis {6870, title = {Financing potable water supply services in rural areas: challenges, approaches and lessons from the {PAGER} experience in {Morocco}}, year = {2008}, note = {U587347}, school = {University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The study analyses the financing of Morocco{\textquestiondown}s PAGER programme with a view to increasing our understanding of how potable rural water supply ({\textquoteleft}PRWS{\textquestiondown}) can be financed. Financing is a primary obstacle to increasing access to water supply services, in particular to achieving the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving the number of people without adequate access to water supply. The study shows how the financing of PRWS is best understood through a de-emphasis of the idea of the conventional rules of finance. It argues that the focus should be on social and political contexts and non-financial resources. The analysis deploys social theory, cultural theory and politics. The question of {\textquoteleft}how finance can be mobilised for water supply{\textquestiondown} is a broad question. It encompasses the notions of how much finance is required, what sources of finance can realistically be used to finance PRWS, and how these sources of finance can be mobilised. The study addresses these narrower questions as a means of providing greater understanding of the broad question of how finance can be mobilised for PRWS. Firstly, it does this in terms of how sources of finance can be mobilised, and shows how, in the case of PAGER, a convergence of interest in solving an immediate and unacceptable situation created the impetus to mobilise finance for PRWS. Secondly, it is shown how a limited range of sources of finance can realistically be used to finance PRWS. In order to be successfully used to finance PRWS, it is shown how sources of finance need to be accessible to PRWS projects, financially feasible for those who are expected to pay for them and compatible with the delivery of effective water supply services. Thirdly, the study shows how the cost of PRWS provision is highly variable. It demonstrates how the financial costs of PRWS delivery can be minimised in specific circumstances through the substitution of labour and administrative contributions. Finally, the study shows how water users are pivotal to the financing of PRWS in PAGER.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU587347, 0454:Management, Bibliographies, management, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1415221141?accountid=14270}, author = {Dalton, G M} } @article {11839, title = {{First record of human infection with the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense in North America}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {78}, year = {2008}, pages = {235{\textendash}238}, author = {Wicht, B and Scholz, T and Peduzzi, R and Kuchta, R} } @inbook {6028, title = {Forces involved in bacterial adhesion to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces}, booktitle = {Microbiology}, volume = {154}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, pages = {3122{\textendash}3133}, author = {Boks, Niels P and Norde, Willem and van der Mei, Henny C and Busscher, Henk J} } @article {3714, title = {Full genome-based classification of rotaviruses reveals a common origin between human Wa-Like and porcine rotavirus strains and human DS-1-like and bovine rotavirus strains.}, journal = {Journal Virology}, volume = {82}, number = {7}, year = {2008}, pages = {3204{\textendash}3219}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.02257-07}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02257-07}, author = {Matthijnssens, J and Ciarlet, M and Heiman, E and Arijs, I and Delbeke, T and McDonald, SM and Palombo, EA and Iturriza-Gomara, M and Maes, P and Patton, JT and Rahman, M and Van Ranst, M} } @article {1048, title = {Gastroenteritis Outbreak at Holiday Resort, Central Italy}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, publisher = {pmc}, abstract = {During the summer of 2003, a gastroenteritis outbreak spread throughout a holiday resort in central Italy. Fecally contaminated groundwater and seawater were leaking into the non{\textendash}drinking-water system, which was found to be connected to the drinking-water system of a large resort. This contamination had a primary role in the onset of the outbreak and spread of the infection.}, doi = {10.3201/eid1403.070121}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070121}, author = {Giacomo Migliorati and Vincenza Prencipe and Alessandro Ripani and Cristina Di Francesco and Claudia Casaccia and Silvia Crudeli and Nicola Ferri and Armando Giovannini and Maria Maddalena Marconi and Cristina Marfoglia and Valeria Melai and Giovanni Savini and Giampiero Scortichini and Primula Semprini and Franco Maria Ruggeri} } @article {2686, title = {Gastroenteritis Outbreak at Holiday Resort, Central Italy}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, publisher = {pmc}, abstract = {During the summer of 2003, a gastroenteritis outbreak spread throughout a holiday resort in central Italy. Fecally contaminated groundwater and seawater were leaking into the non{\textendash}drinking-water system, which was found to be connected to the drinking-water system of a large resort. This contamination had a primary role in the onset of the outbreak and spread of the infection.}, doi = {10.3201/eid1403.070121}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070121}, author = {Giacomo Migliorati and Vincenza Prencipe and Alessandro Ripani and Cristina Di Francesco and Claudia Casaccia and Silvia Crudeli and Nicola Ferri and Armando Giovannini and Maria Maddalena Marconi and Cristina Marfoglia and Valeria Melai and Giovanni Savini and Giampiero Scortichini and Primula Semprini and Franco Maria Ruggeri} } @article {9272, title = {{Gender and genetic control of resistance to intestinal amebiasis in inbred mice}}, journal = {Genes and Immunity}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, pages = {452{\textendash}461}, author = {Hamano, S and Becker, S and Asgharpour, A and Ocasio, YP and Stroup, SE and McDuffie, M and Houpt, E} } @article {12342, title = {Genetic diversity and composition of a plasmid metagenome from a wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {136}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, note = {Schlueter, Andreas Krause, Lutz Szczepanowski, Rafael Goesmann, Alexander Puehler, Alfred
Krause, Lutz/G-6283-2013; Krause, Lutz/M-7305-2015
Krause, Lutz/0000-0003-3806-0845; Schluter, Andreas/0000-0003-4830-310X; Krause, Lutz/0000-0003-3806-0845
Si}, month = {Aug}, pages = {65-76}, abstract = {Plasmid metagenome nucleotide sequence data were recently obtained from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) bacteria with reduced susceptibility to selected antimicrobial drugs by applying the ultrafast 454-sequencing technology. The sequence dataset comprising 36,071,493 bases (346,427 reads with an average read length of 104 bases) was analysed for genetic diversity and composition by using a newly developed bioinformatic pipeline based on assignment of environmental gene tags (EGTs) to protein families stored in the Pfam database. Short amino acid sequences deduced from the plasmid metagenome sequence reads were compared to profile hidden Markov models underlying Pfam. Obtained matches evidenced that many reads represent genes having predicted functions in plasmid replication, stability and plasmid mobility which indicates that WWTP bacteria harbour genetically stabilised and mobile plasmids. Moreover, the data confirm a high diversity of plasmids residing in WWTP bacteria. The mobile organic peroxide resistance plasmid pMAC from Acinetobacter baumannii was identified as reference plasmid for the most abundant replication module type in the sequenced sample. Accessory plasmid modules encode different transposons, insertion sequences, integrons, resistance and virulence determinants. Most of the matches to Transposase protein families were identified for transposases similar to the one of the chromate resistance transposon Tn5719. Noticeable are hits to P-lactamase protein families which suggests that plasmids from WWTP bacteria encode different enzymes possessing P-lactam-hydrolysing activity. Some of the sequence reads correspond to antibiotic resistance genes that were only recently identified in clinical isolates of human pathogens. EGT analysis thus proofed to be a very valuable method to explore genetic diversity and composition of the present plasmid metagenome dataset. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, isbn = {0168-1656}, author = {Schluter, A. and Krause, L. and Szczepanowski, R. and Goesmann, A. and Puhler, A.} } @article {962, title = {Genetic diversity of human polyomavirus JCPyV in Southern California wastewater}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {533{\textendash}538}, abstract = {

JC Polyomavirus (JCPyV) has the potential to be used as a viral marker for human waste contamination because at least 40\% of the human population excretes this virus through its urine. In addition, each of 6 known subtypes of JCPyV is associated with a specific human ethnicity group, which has allowed for tracing of human migration. This study aims to explore the possibility of linking the genetic diversity of JCPyV with source of human waste. Primary sewage effluent from Irvine Ranch Water District (IRWD) sewage treatment facility was collected and examined for the presence of JCPyV using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). JCPyV was detected by nested PCR using primers specific to the conservative regulatory region in 100\% of the 13 samples collected monthly over a year. Only 5 samples were amplifiable by the primers specific to the diverse intergenic region of the virus. Sequence analyses of cloned amplicons from the intergenic region indicated that JCPyV matched subtypes of European, Asian, African and African-American origins. A genotype that is unique from previously identified clinical sample is also revealed. This research suggests the diversity of JCPyV subtypes can be used as a tool to trace the source of human waste contamination.

}, keywords = {Genetic diversity, JC polyomavirus, PCR, Source identification}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)$\backslash$r1477-8920 (Linking)}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2008.067}, author = {Rafique, Amana and Jiang, Sunny C.} } @article {4259, title = {{Genome sequence of the Bacteroides fragilis phage ATCC 51477-B1.}}, journal = {Virology Journal}, volume = {5}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {97}, abstract = {

The genome of a fecal pollution indicator phage, Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 51477-B1, was sequenced and consisted of 44,929 bases with a G+C content of 38.7{\%}. Forty-six putative open reading frames were identified and genes were organized into functional clusters for host specificity, lysis, replication and regulation, and packaging and structural proteins.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: genetics, Bacteriophages: ultrastructure, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis: virology, Base Sequence, Chromosome Mapping, DNA, Genome, Molecular Sequence Data, Open Reading Frames, Viral, Viral: genetics}, issn = {1743-422X}, doi = {10.1186/1743-422X-5-97}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2535602{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Hawkins, Shawn A and Layton, Alice C and Ripp, Steven and Williams, Dan and Sayler, Gary S} } @article {16194, title = {Genome Sequence of the Saprophyte Leptospira biflexa Provides Insights into the Evolution of Leptospira and the Pathogenesis of Leptospirosis}, journal = {PLoS ONEPLoS ONEPLoS ONE}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {e1607}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)}, author = {Picardeau, M. and Bulach, D. M. and Bouchier, C. and Zuerner, R. L. and Zidane, N. and Wilson, P. J. and Creno, S. and Kuczek, E. S. and Bommezzadri, S. and Davis, J. C. and McGrath, A. and Johnson, M. J. and Boursaux-Eude, C. and Seemann, T. and Rouy, Z. and Coppel, R. L. and Rood, J. I. and Lajus, A. and Davies, J. K. and Medigue, C. and Adler, B.} } @article {16478, title = {The global burden of disease: 2004 update}, year = {2008}, institution = {World Health Organization }, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @booklet {9333, title = {{The global burden of disease: 2004 update}}, year = {2008}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, author = {Mathers, C and Fat, DM and Boerma, JT} } @article {9719, title = {The global burden of disease: 2004 update}, year = {2008}, institution = {WHO}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @booklet {3879, title = {Global {Corruption} {Report} 2008: {Corruption} in the {Water} {Sector}.}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Cambridge University Pres.}, address = {Cambridge and New York}, author = {International, Transparency} } @booklet {3437, title = {{Global Corruption Report 2008: Corruption in the Water Sector.}}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Cambridge University Pres.}, address = {Cambridge and New York}, author = {International, Transparency} } @article {11937, title = {Global trends in emerging infectious diseases}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {451}, number = {7181}, year = {2008}, pages = {990-993}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0028-0836}, author = {Jones, Kate E and Patel, Nikkita G and Levy, Marc A and Storeygard, Adam and Balk, Deborah and Gittleman, John L and Daszak, Peter} } @booklet {3903, title = {Governance {Reform} under {Real}-world {Conditions}: {Citizens}, {Stakeholders}, and {Voice}.}, year = {2008}, publisher = {The World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Gbemi, S and Jacobson, T} } @booklet {3432, title = {{Governance Reform under Real-world Conditions: Citizens, Stakeholders, and Voice.}}, year = {2008}, publisher = {The World Bank}, address = {Washington, DC}, doi = {10.1596/978-0-8213-7456-6.}, author = {Gbemi, S and Jacobson, T} } @booklet {6386, title = {Ground {Water} {Rule}: {A} quick {Reference} {Guide}- {EPA}-816-{F}-08-029}, year = {2008}, url = {http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P100156H.txt}, author = {US EPA} } @mastersthesis {6484, title = {Groundwater management in the arsenic belt of {India}}, year = {2008}, note = {U236753}, school = {Queen{\textquoteright}s University Belfast (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The high arsenic content of the groundwater in the Holocene aquifer of the Bengal delta plain is unique and elusive in the extent of its exposure causing a threat to the lives of millions of people in the region. The thesis presents a general review on the arsenic contamination of the aquifer in the region. A contingent valuation study (CVM) was conducted to survey the residents of a arsenic affected village about their willingness to pay for arsenic free water in place of arsenic laden water they were getting for drinking and cooking purpose. CVM uses surveys of expressed preferences to evaluate the willingness to pay for non-market, environmental goods. Assured, affordable and sustainable safe water resources are vital for all community to combat an arsenic disaster. Competent water resource management could play a key role to solve the arsenic contamination problem. The study conducted focused on the role of the cooperative and non co-operative extraction of groundwater on sustainable exploitation of a jointly used groundwater resources. Water scarcity and its contamination are biggest challenge to the scientific community. The rising cost of generating new supplies and the scarcity of safe and uncontaminated water resource has led to increased emphasis on the better management of the existing water resources. An analysis of deficit irrigation in three quite different situation using five crops viz potato, wheat, maize, onion and sesame was conducted to better understand the potential benefits and risks associated with the irrigation strategy. Crop yield function and crop function were developed and is used to estimate the level of applied water that would produce maximum net income in each situation.}, keywords = {0554:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Civil engineering, DXN119616, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301745870?accountid=14270}, author = {Chatterjee, S} } @article {2489, title = {Group A human rotavirus genomics: evidence that gene constellations are influenced by viral protein interactions}, year = {2008}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.01402-08}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01402-08}, author = {Heiman, EM and McDonald, SM and Barro, M} } @article {302, title = {Group A human rotavirus genomics: evidence that gene constellations are influenced by viral protein interactions}, year = {2008}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.01402-08}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01402-08}, author = {Heiman, EM and McDonald, SM and Barro, M} } @article {3722, title = {Group {A} human rotavirus genomics: evidence that gene constellations are influenced by viral protein interactions}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {82}, number = {22}, year = {2008}, pages = {11106{\textendash}11116}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.01402-08}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01402-08}, author = {Heiman, E M and McDonald, S M and Barro, M and Taraporewala, Z and Bar-Magen, T and Patton, J T} } @article {2466, title = {{Guideline for drinking water quality, incorporatin 1st and 2nd addenda, volume 1, recommendations, 3rd ed. WHO: Geneva, Switzerland.}}, year = {2008} } @article {14282, title = {Guideline for drinking water quality, incorporatin 1st and 2nd addenda, volume 1, recommendations, 3rd ed. {WHO}: {Geneva}, {Switzerland}.}, year = {2008}, author = {World Health Organization (WHO)} } @booklet {277, title = {Guidelines for drinking water quality-health criteria and other supporting information}, year = {2008}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, author = {WHO} } @book {10804, title = {{Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Incorporating 1st and 2nd Addenda, Volume 1, Recommendations, 3rd edn}}, year = {2008}, publisher = {WHO}, organization = {WHO}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {3669, title = {Handbook on {Community}-{Led} {Total} {Sanitation}.}, year = {2008}, publisher = {CLTS Knowledge Hub, Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex}, address = {Falmer, Brighton}, author = {Kar, K and Chambers, R} } @booklet {3480, title = {{Handbook on Community-Led Total Sanitation.}}, year = {2008}, publisher = {CLTS Knowledge Hub, Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex}, address = {Falmer, Brighton}, author = {Kar, K and Chambers, R} } @article {5697, title = {{Has the Time Come to Control Hepatitis A Globally? Matching Prevention to the Changing Epidemiology}}, journal = {Journal of Viral Hepatitis}, volume = {15}, number = {Supple 2:1-15}, year = {2008}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2893.2008.01022.x}, author = {Hendrickx, G and van Herck, K and Vorsters, A and Wiersma, S and Shapiro, C and Andrus, JK and Ropero, AM and Shouval, D and Ward, W and van Damme, P} } @mastersthesis {6251, title = {Health care financing for the poor in {Lao} {PDR}}, year = {2008}, note = {U506573}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}p {\textgreater}An official policy of user fees was adopted for the Lao health system in the 1990s.{\^A} In principle, the poor were to be exempted from paying user fees at public health providers.{\^A} This study aimed to contribute to policy on financial protection of the poor by improving understanding of health care utilization and strategies adopted by households to deal with costs of illness; examining attitudes of policy makers and actual practice of public health care providers on fee exemptions of the poor; and proposing better ways of protecting the poor.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p {\textgreater}Data were collected from 172 households of 4 villages in Savannakhet Province; 26 public providers in Savannakhet Province and 3 public providers in Vientiane Capital; and 22 policy makers in Vientiane Capital, between October 2005 and July 2006.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p {\textgreater}The exemption policy has been ineffectively implemented. In practice, criteria for identifying the poor were not specified and no budget was provided to hospitals to finance exemptions.{\^A} Providers preserved exemptions for {\^a}{\textquestiondown}{\textquestiondown}the destitute{\^a}{\textquestiondown}{\textquestiondown}.{\^A} The payment of user fees could be delayed without interest when {\^a}{\textquestiondown}{\textquestiondown}the poor{\^a}{\textquestiondown}{\textquestiondown} had insufficient cash.{\^A} Villagers strongly believed in the principle of paying user fees to providers either at point of service or through delayed payment, even though they lived in difficult conditions and their average consumption was below \$US1.00 a day.{\^A} Importantly they did not perceive exemption from fees to be possible for {\^a}{\textquestiondown}{\textquestiondown}the poor{\^a}{\textquestiondown}{\textquestiondown}.{\^A} The majority of households did not access health care services when ill for reasons such as financial and geographical barriers.{\^A} The better the socio-economic group, the better was access.{\^A} Among 172 sampled households, twelve were faced with catastrophic health expenditure, most from the middle and poorest socio-economic group.{\^A} The villagers managed health crises themselves mainly through drawing on social networks within the community in order to sell assets, borrow, and get other forms of support from neighbours.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, keywords = {0630:Public policy, 498458, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public policy, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/898733566?accountid=14270}, author = {Patcharanarumol, W} } @article {5728, title = {{Hepatitis A Vaccines}}, journal = {Expert Review of Vaccines}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, pages = {535{\textendash}545}, author = {Nothdurft, HD} } @article {5969, title = {{Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {358}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {811{\textendash}817}, author = {Kamar, N and Selves, J} } @article {573, title = {Hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir, CMX001, prevents adenovirus-induced mortality in a permissive, immunosuppressed animal model}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {105}, number = {20}, year = {2008}, note = {1091-6490 Toth, Karoly Spencer, Jacqueline F Dhar, Debanjan Sagartz, John E Buller, R Mark L Painter, George R Wold, William S M R01 CA118022/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States R41 AI075744/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural United States Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 20;105(20):7293-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0800200105. Epub 2008 May 19.}, pages = {7293-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Adenoviruses (Ads) cause a wide array of end-organ and disseminated diseases in severely immunosuppressed patients. For example, approximately 20\% of pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients develop disseminated Ad infection, and the disease proves fatal in as many as 50-80\% of these patients. Ad infections are a serious problem for solid-organ transplant recipients and AIDS patients as well. Unfortunately, there are no antiviral drugs approved specifically to treat these infections. A suitable animal model that is permissive for Ad replication would help in the discovery process. Here we identify an animal model to study Ad pathogenesis and the efficacy of antiviral compounds. We show that human serotype 5 Ad (Ad5) causes severe systemic disease in immunosuppressed Syrian hamsters that is similar to that seen in immunocompromised patients. We also demonstrate that hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir (CMX001) rescues the hamsters from a lethal challenge with Ad5. The antiviral drug provided protection both prophylactically and when given up to 2 days after i.v. exposure to Ad5. CMX001 acts by reducing Ad replication in key target organs. Thus, the immunosuppressed Syrian hamster is a powerful model to evaluate anti-Ad drugs, and its use can facilitate the entry of drugs such as CMX001 into clinical trials.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/metabolism Adenoviridae Infections/metabolism/therapy Animals Antiviral Agents/pharmacology Cricetinae Cytosine/*analogs \& derivatives/pharmacology Disease Models, Animal Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology Humans Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use Liver/metabolism Mesocricetus Models, Biological Organophosphonates/*pharmacology}, issn = {0027-8424}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.0800200105}, author = {Toth, K. and Spencer, J. F. and Dhar, D. and Sagartz, J. E. and Buller, R. M. and Painter, G. R. and Wold, W. S.} } @article {6807, title = {Hierarchical dose response of {E}. coli {O}157:{H}7 from human outbreaks incorporating heterogeneity in exposure}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {136}, number = {06}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, issn = {0950-2688, 1469-4409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268807008771}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268807008771}, author = {Teunis, P.~F.~M. and Ogden, I.~D. and Strachan, N.~J.~C.} } @article {13649, title = {Hierarchical dose response of E. coli O157: H7 from human outbreaks incorporating heterogeneity in exposure}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {136}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {761-770}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1469-4409}, author = {Teunis, PFM and Ogden, ID and Strachan, NJC} } @article {11307, title = {The high burden of cholera in children: comparison of incidence from endemic areas in Asia and Africa}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {e173}, author = {Deen, JL and von Seidlein, L and Sur, D and Agtini, M and Lucas, ME and Lopez, AL and Kim, DR and Ali, M and J D Clemens} } @article {9194, title = {{High prevalence of Entamoeba moshkovskii in a Tanzanian HIV population}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {48{\textendash}49}, author = {Beck, DL and Dogan, N and Maro, V and Sam, NE and Shao, J and Houpt, ER} } @article {1650, title = {A highly prevalent and genetically diversified Picornaviridae genus in South Asian children}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {105}, number = {51}, year = {2008}, note = {Kapoor, Amit Victoria, Joseph Simmonds, Peter Slikas, Elizabeth Chieochansin, Thaweesak Naeem, Asif Shaukat, Shahzad Sharif, Salmaan Alam, Muhammad Masroor Angez, Mehar Wang, Chunlin Shafer, Robert W Zaidi, Sohail Delwart, Eric eng R01HL083254/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural 2008/11/27 09:00 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 23;105(51):20482-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0807979105. Epub 2008 Nov 25.}, pages = {20482-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Viral metagenomics focused on particle-protected nucleic acids was used on the stools of South Asian children with nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). We identified sequences distantly related to Seneca Valley virus and cardioviruses that were then used as genetic footholds to characterize multiple viral species within a previously unreported genus of the Picornaviridae family. The picornaviruses were detected in the stools of >40\% of AFP and healthy Pakistani children. A genetically diverse and highly prevalent enteric viral infection, characteristics similar to the Enterovirus genus, was therefore identified substantially expanding the genetic diversity of the RNA viral flora commonly found in children.}, keywords = {Base Sequence Child Feces/virology Genetic Variation Genome, Viral/genetics Humans Molecular Sequence Data Pakistan/epidemiology Phylogeny Picornaviridae/genetics/*isolation \& purification Picornaviridae Infections/*epidemiology Polymerase Chain Reaction Prevalence}, issn = {1091-6490 (Electronic) 0027-8424 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.0807979105}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19033469}, author = {Kapoor, A. and Victoria, J. and Simmonds, P. and Slikas, E. and Chieochansin, T. and Naeem, A. and Shaukat, S. and Sharif, S. and Alam, M. M. and Angez, M. and Wang, C. and Shafer, R. W. and Zaidi, S. and Delwart, E.} } @article {14723, title = {A highly prevalent and genetically diversified {Picornaviridae} genus in {South} {Asian} children}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {105}, year = {2008}, month = {dec}, pages = {20482{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Viral metagenomics focused on particle-protected nucleic acids was used on the stools of South Asian children with nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). We identified sequences distantly related to Seneca Valley virus and cardioviruses that were then used as genetic footholds to characterize multiple viral species within a previously unreported genus of the Picornaviridae family. The picornaviruses were detected in the stools of {\textgreater}40\% of AFP and healthy Pakistani children. A genetically diverse and highly prevalent enteric viral infection, characteristics similar to the Enterovirus genus, was therefore identified substantially expanding the genetic diversity of the RNA viral flora commonly found in children.}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Child, Feces/virology, Genetic Variation, Genome, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Pakistan/epidemiology, Phylogeny, Picornaviridae Infections/*epidemiology, Picornaviridae/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, prevalence, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1091-6490 (Electronic) 0027-8424 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.0807979105}, author = {Kapoor, A. and Victoria, J. and Simmonds, P. and Slikas, E. and Chieochansin, T. and Naeem, A. and Shaukat, S. and Sharif, S. and Alam, M. M. and Angez, M. and Wang, C. and Shafer, R. W. and Zaidi, S. and Delwart, E.} } @article {15003, title = {A highly prevalent and genetically diversified {Picornaviridae} genus in {South} {Asian} children}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {105}, year = {2008}, month = {dec}, pages = {20482{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Viral metagenomics focused on particle-protected nucleic acids was used on the stools of South Asian children with nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). We identified sequences distantly related to Seneca Valley virus and cardioviruses that were then used as genetic footholds to characterize multiple viral species within a previously unreported genus of the Picornaviridae family. The picornaviruses were detected in the stools of {\textbackslash}textgreater40\% of AFP and healthy Pakistani children. A genetically diverse and highly prevalent enteric viral infection, characteristics similar to the Enterovirus genus, was therefore identified substantially expanding the genetic diversity of the RNA viral flora commonly found in children.}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Child, Feces/virology, Genetic Variation, Genome, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Pakistan/epidemiology, Phylogeny, Picornaviridae Infections/*epidemiology, Picornaviridae/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, prevalence, Viral/genetics}, issn = {1091-6490 (Electronic) 0027-8424 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.0807979105}, author = {Kapoor, A. and Victoria, J. and Simmonds, P. and Slikas, E. and Chieochansin, T. and Naeem, A. and Shaukat, S. and Sharif, S. and Alam, M. M. and Angez, M. and Wang, C. and Shafer, R. W. and Zaidi, S. and Delwart, E.} } @article {4802, title = {{Highly sensitive and specific PCR assay for reliable detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, year = {2008}, pages = {4354{\textendash}4358}, author = {Lalonde, LF and Gajadhar, AA} } @article {11625, title = {{Histopathology of fish parasite infections- importance for populations}}, journal = {Journal of Fish Biology}, volume = {73}, year = {2008}, pages = {2143{\textendash}2160}, author = {Feist, S and Longshaw, M} } @article {3710, title = {Hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides infection and polyparasitism associated with poor cognitive performance in Brazilian schoolchildren}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and International Health}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {994{\textendash}1004}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02103.x.}, author = {Jardim-Botelho, A and Raff, S and Rodrigues, R. de A and Hoffman, HJ and Diemert, DJ and Corr{\^e}a-Oliveira, R and Bethony, JM and Gazzinelli, MF} } @article {10020, title = {{Human bocavirus: Passenger or pathogen in acute respiratory tract infections?}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {291{\textendash}304}, abstract = {Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly identified virus tentatively assigned to the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, genus Bocavirus. HBoV was first described in 2005 and has since been detected in respiratory tract secretions worldwide. Herein we review the literature on HBoV and discuss the biology and potential clinical impact of this virus. Most studies have been PCR based and performed on patients with acute respiratory symptoms, from whom HBoV was detected in 2 to 19{\%} of the samples. HBoV-positive samples have been derived mainly from infants and young children. HBoV DNA has also been detected in the blood of patients with respiratory tract infection and in fecal samples of patients with diarrhea with or without concomitant respiratory symptoms. A characteristic feature of HBoV studies is the high frequency of coinciding detections, or codetections, with other viruses. Available data nevertheless indicate a statistical association between HBoV and acute respiratory tract disease. We present a model incorporating these somewhat contradictory findings and suggest that primary HBoV infection causes respiratory tract symptoms which can be followed by prolonged low-level virus shedding in the respiratory tract. Detection of the virus in this phase will be facilitated by other infections, either simply via increased sample cell count or via reactivation of HBoV, leading to an increased detection frequency of HBoV during other virus infections. We conclude that the majority of available HBoV studies are limited by the sole use of PCR diagnostics on respiratory tract secretions, addressing virus prevalence but not disease association. The ability to detect primary infection through the development of improved diagnostic methods will be of great importance for future studies seeking to assign a role for HBoV in causing respiratory illnesses.}, isbn = {1098-6618 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0893-8512 (Linking)}, issn = {08938512}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00030-07}, author = {Schildgen, Oliver and M{\"u}ller, Andreas and Allander, Tobias and Mackay, Ian M. and V{\"o}lz, Sebastian and Kupfer, Bernd and Simon, Arne} } @article {4956, title = {{Human illnesses caused by Opisthorchis felineus flukes, Italy}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, year = {2008}, pages = {1902{\textendash}1905}, author = {Armignacco, O and Caterini, L and Marucci, G and Ferri, F and Bernardini, G and Natalini Raponi, G and Ludovisi, A and Boss{\`u}, T and Gomez Morales, MA and Pozio, E} } @article {12799, title = {{Human paragonimiasis in Africa}}, journal = {Annals of African Medicine}, volume = {7}, year = {2008}, pages = {153{\textendash}162}, author = {Aka, NA and Adoubryn, K and Rondelaud, D and Dreyfuss, G} } @article {3837, title = {Impact of a city-wide sanitation intervention in a large urban centre on social, environmental and behavioural determinants of childhood diarrhoea: analysis of two cohort studies.}, journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {831{\textendash}840}, doi = {10.1093/ije/dyn101.}, author = {Genser, B and Strina, A and et al. dos Santos, LA} } @article {3390, title = {{Impact of a city-wide sanitation intervention in a large urban centre on social, environmental and behavioural determinants of childhood diarrhoea: analysis of two cohort studies.}}, journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {831{\textendash}840}, doi = {10.1093/ije/dyn101.}, author = {Genser, B and Strina, A and et al. dos Santos, LA} } @article {6283, title = {The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents: {Nyanza} {Province}, western {Kenya}, 2006}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {136}, number = {01}, year = {2008}, pages = {80{\textendash}91}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268807008060}, author = {O{\textquoteright}reilly, C. E. and Freeman, M. C. and Ravani, M. and Migele, J. and Mwaki, A. and Ayalo, M. and Ombeki, S. and Hoekstra, R. M. and Quick, R.} } @article {7375, title = {The impact of sunlight on inactivation of indicator microorganisms both in river water and benthic biofilms}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {19}, year = {2008}, month = {dec}, pages = {4771{\textendash}4779}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.022}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135408003540}, author = {Schultz-Fademrecht, Claudia and Wichern, Marc and Horn, Harald} } @article {7997, title = {{Impact of the Alga Cladophora on the Survival of E. coli, Salmonella, and Shigella in Laboratory Microcosm}}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {377{\textendash}382}, abstract = {E. coli is an indicator of recent fecal contamination of freshwater beaches around the Great Lakes region. Elevated concentrations indicate that a fecal contamination has occurred, and that the risk for contact with fecal pathogenic organisms is heightened. The green algae, Cladophora, harbors populations of E. coli and potentially allows for prolonged survival and even replication of the bacterium in the lake environment. If presence of Cladophora mats on beaches is associated with persistence of E. coli in beach water, then E. coli would be a useful indicator organism only if pathogens also were able to survive and persist in the algae. This study utilized lab microcosms to study the persistence of E. coli, and of the fecal pathogens, Salmonella and Shigella, in lake water with and without the presence of Cladophora. E. coli was able to persist for extended periods in the presence of Cladophora (attached to algal mats for 45 days). Salmonella and Shigella, however, were unable to persist for this time period while in the presence of Cladophora {\{}(Salmonella{\}} attached to Cladophora was detectable for 10 days and Shigella was detectable for only 2 days). These data imply that E. coli is able to survive in the presence of Cladophora for greater times than are the fecal pathogens and that E. coli may not be an appropriate indicator organism for beaches with accumulations of algal material.}, doi = {10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[377:IOTACO]2.0.CO;2}, author = {Englebert, Erik T and McDermott, Colleen and Kleinheinz, Gregory T} } @article {14009, title = {Impact of the {Alga} {Cladophora} on the {Survival} of {E}. coli, {Salmonella}, and {Shigella} in {Laboratory} {Microcosm}}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {377{\textendash}382}, abstract = {E. coli is an indicator of recent fecal contamination of freshwater beaches around the Great Lakes region. Elevated concentrations indicate that a fecal contamination has occurred, and that the risk for contact with fecal pathogenic organisms is heightened. The green algae, Cladophora, harbors populations of E. coli and potentially allows for prolonged survival and even replication of the bacterium in the lake environment. If presence of Cladophora mats on beaches is associated with persistence of E. coli in beach water, then E. coli would be a useful indicator organism only if pathogens also were able to survive and persist in the algae. This study utilized lab microcosms to study the persistence of E. coli, and of the fecal pathogens, Salmonella and Shigella, in lake water with and without the presence of Cladophora. E. coli was able to persist for extended periods in the presence of Cladophora (attached to algal mats for 45 days). Salmonella and Shigella, however, were unable to persist for this time period while in the presence of Cladophora \{(Salmonella\} attached to Cladophora was detectable for 10 days and Shigella was detectable for only 2 days). These data imply that E. coli is able to survive in the presence of Cladophora for greater times than are the fecal pathogens and that E. coli may not be an appropriate indicator organism for beaches with accumulations of algal material.}, doi = {10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[377:IOTACO]2.0.CO;2}, author = {Englebert, Erik T and McDermott, Colleen and Kleinheinz, Gregory T} } @article {2232, title = {{Impact of the Alga Cladophora on the Survival of E. coli, Salmonella, and Shigella in Laboratory Microcosm}}, journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {377{\textendash}382}, abstract = {E. coli is an indicator of recent fecal contamination of freshwater beaches around the Great Lakes region. Elevated concentrations indicate that a fecal contamination has occurred, and that the risk for contact with fecal pathogenic organisms is heightened. The green algae, Cladophora, harbors populations of E. coli and potentially allows for prolonged survival and even replication of the bacterium in the lake environment. If presence of Cladophora mats on beaches is associated with persistence of E. coli in beach water, then E. coli would be a useful indicator organism only if pathogens also were able to survive and persist in the algae. This study utilized lab microcosms to study the persistence of E. coli, and of the fecal pathogens, Salmonella and Shigella, in lake water with and without the presence of Cladophora. E. coli was able to persist for extended periods in the presence of Cladophora (attached to algal mats for 45 days). Salmonella and Shigella, however, were unable to persist for this time period while in the presence of Cladophora \{(Salmonella\} attached to Cladophora was detectable for 10 days and Shigella was detectable for only 2 days). These data imply that E. coli is able to survive in the presence of Cladophora for greater times than are the fecal pathogens and that E. coli may not be an appropriate indicator organism for beaches with accumulations of algal material.}, doi = {10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[377:IOTACO]2.0.CO;2}, author = {Englebert, Erik T and McDermott, Colleen and Kleinheinz, Gregory T} } @article {6346, title = {The impact of the environment on health by country: a meta-synthesis}, journal = {Environmental Health}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {7}, issn = {1476-069X}, doi = {10.1186/1476-069X-7-7}, url = {http://www.ehjournal.net/content/7/1/7}, author = {Pr{\"u}ss-{\"U}st{\"u}n, Annette and Bonjour, Sophie and Corval{\'a}n, Carlos} } @mastersthesis {6696, title = {The impact of the universal coverage policy on equity of the {Thai} health care system}, year = {2008}, note = {U500763}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}p {\textgreater}In 2001, the government of Thailand implemented a policy on universal coverage (UC) in access to health care by introducing a tax-funded health insurance scheme or {\^a}{\textquestiondown}{\textquestiondown}the UC scheme{\^a}{\textquestiondown}{\textquestiondown} to approximately 47 million people who were not beneficiaries of the Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme (CSMDB) or the Social Security Scheme (SSS).{\^A} The instigation of the UC scheme resulted in considerable changes in health financing arrangements and reduction in financial barriers to health services.{\^A} This research explored the impact of the UC policy on health service use, equity in health care finance, and the distribution of government subsidies for health gained by different socio-economic groups. The sensitivity of conclusions to choice of socio-economic group indicator (household income per capita or an asset index), and use of aggregate or regional unit subsidies to calculate benefit incidence, was also explored. {\textless}p {\textgreater}Two nationally representative household surveys were mainly used for the analyses of equity and distribution of government subsidies.{\^A} The effectiveness of the UC policy in protecting households against financial hardship was explored through two case studies of expensive medical services: renal replacement therapy (RRT) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and cardiac operations for heart disease patients. {\textless}p {\textgreater}Results show that the UC policy expanded health insurance coverage to nearly all Thais and enhanced the pro-poor nature of the Thai health care system.{\^A} The poorest quintiles gained the highest amount and share of government subsidies prior to and after UC.{\^A} Choice of socio-economic indicator or different levels of unit government subsidies did not significantly affect the distribution of government subsidies among different socio-economic groups.{\^A} The analysis of financing incidence between 2000 an 2002 showed a greater decrease in household expenditure among poorer quintiles, and a slight decrease in catastrophic incidence. {\textless}p {\textgreater}The decision not to include RRT into the UC benefit package resulted in a significant financial barrier and a substantial economic impact on poor ESRD patients, their families and relatives.{\^A} Financial barriers prevented poor ESRD patients from accessing essential health services, and the financial burden of RRT meant all poor patients faced financial catastrophe.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 499190, Bibliographies, economics, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/899722357?accountid=14270}, author = {Prakongsai, P} } @article {7124, title = {The impact of user fees on health service utilization in low- and middle-income countries: how strong is the evidence?}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {86}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, month = {nov}, pages = {839{\textendash}848}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of user charges on the uptake of health services in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: A systematic search of 25 social science, economics and health literature databases and other sources was performed to identify and appraise studies on the effects of introducing, removing, increasing or reducing user charges on the uptake of various health services in low- and middle-income countries. Only experimental or quasi-experimental study designs were considered: cluster randomized controlled trials (C-RCT), controlled " before and after" (CBA) studies and interrupted time series (ITS) studies. Papers were assessed in which the effect of the intervention was measured in terms of changes in service utilization (including equity outcomes), household expenditure or health outcomes. FINDINGS: Sixteen studies were included: five CBA, two C-RCT and nine ITS. Only studies reporting effects on health service utilization, sometimes across socioeconomic groups, were identified. Removing or reducing user fees was found to increase the utilization of curative services and perhaps preventive services as well, but may have negatively impacted service quality. Introducing or increasing fees reduced the utilization of some curative services, although quality improvements may have helped maintain utilization in some cases. When fees were either introduced or removed, the impact was immediate and abrupt. Studies did not adequately show whether such an increase or reduction in utilization was sustained over the longer term. In addition, most of the studies were given low-quality ratings based on criteria adapted from those of the Cochrane Collaboration{\textquoteright}s Effective Practice and Organisation of Care group. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for more high-quality research examining the effects of changes in user fees for health services in low- and middle-income countries.}, keywords = {Developing Countries, Fees and Charges, Financing, Health Services, Health Services Accessibility, Health Services Research, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Personal}, issn = {1564-0604}, author = {Lagarde, Mylene and Palmer, Natasha} } @mastersthesis {6265, title = {Impacts of scaling up water recycling and rainwater harvesting technologies on hydraulic and hydrological flows}, year = {2008}, note = {U514514}, school = {Cranfield University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {There is a vital need to apply an integrated approach to catchment management to implement sustainable solutions to resolve issues such as water supply and sewerage, drainage and river flooding.{\^A} Greywater recycling and rainwater harvesting are novel technologies.{\^A} However, their catchment scale impacts on hydraulic and hydrological flows are poorly understood. The research aim is to identify the hydrologic and hydraulic impacts of scaling up such technologies at catchment scale. For this particular study, a computer simulation model will be used to evaluate how increasing urbanisation, climate change and the implementation of greywater recycling and rainwater harvesting may alter the water balance within a representative catchment.{\^A} To achieve these aims data from the Carrickmines catchment in Ireland have been collected; a simulation model has been adapted to carry out the study, the model has been calibrated and validated, results have been analysed, and finally, a sensitivity analysis has been carried out.{\^A} The results show that rainwater harvesting systems are comparatively more effective than greywater recycling techniques in reducing flood frequency and intensity. Under five year return period rainfall events, the implementation of rainwater harvesting at any scale and number of units is a useful technique to control river flow and floods.{\^A} However, the study also shows that under extreme conditions the efficiency of rainwater harvesting systems decreases.{\^A} The study concludes that implementing the two technologies within a single catchment is not a solution to several forms of hydrological problem. The study shows that implementing rainwater harvesting or re-use technologies are a very useful way to protect local freshwater reserves and therefore conserve our environment.}, keywords = {0554:Civil engineering, 512756, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Civil engineering, http://hdl.handle.net/1826/4003, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/899724861?accountid=14270}, author = {Bertrand, N M-A} } @book {13450, title = {Importance and potential impact of liver fluke in cattle and buffalo. Overcoming Liver Fluke as a Constraint to Ruminant Production in South-East Asia}, volume = {133}, year = {2008}, note = {pp 21-36}, publisher = {Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, , No. 133, pp. 21-36}, organization = {Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, , No. 133, pp. 21-36}, address = {Canberra, ACIAR Monograph}, author = {Copeman, D. B. and Copland, R. S.}, editor = {Gray GD, Copland RS and Copeman DB} } @mastersthesis {6248, title = {The importance of planning to {Waikiki}: {A} history and analysis}, year = {2008}, note = {3311905}, school = {University of Hawai{\textquoteright}i at Manoa}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Comprehensive planning is necessary to preserve a unique sense of place while urban districts undergo rapid increases in both population density and physical growth. Public participation in this planning process is vital to both the financing and completion of such long term plans. Waikiki was employed as a case study because of its evolution from an agricultural district, to single family residential subdivision, then mixed business and residential area, and finally as a (mostly high-rise) international resort. Information was gathered from the Bishop Museum, City and County of Honolulu, Kawaiaha{\textquoteright}o Church, Hawai{\textquoteright}i State Archives, Honolulu Advertiser, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, University of Hawai{\textquoteright}i, and other sources. Time lines were created for area reclamation; road, water, and sewer development; land use; and open space. At Waikiki, population growth doomed continued agricultural land use and private pro-growth interests wished to develop. Government, faced with the challenge of this lowland environment, created comprehensive plans that included the strategic use of a canal for drainage, complementary open space, public-private partnerships for infrastructure development, and walk able neighborhoods. Such plans were central to protecting Waikiki{\textquoteright}s assets while sustaining further growth. The evolution of municipal planning in the United States was paralleled in Waikiki as judicial interpretations of public interest and private property changed during the study period. Planning focus and methodology also was predicated upon the context of the times. Useful tools in promoting planning effectiveness were identified. These included the importance of early planning and land acquisition; periodic public re-envisioning to promote public ownership of plans and thus support; continued use of public-private partnerships to lessen costs to the community budget; and promotion of proactive public entrepreneurship to identify opportunities and challenges. Increasing density of development also illustrated the impact of access to land use, and the need to facilitate the consolidation of small lots.}, keywords = {0337:American history, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, American history, Area planning \& development, Comprehensive planning, Hawaii, Public-private partnerships, Social sciences, Strategic investment, Sustainability, Urban metamorphosis, Urban planning, Waikiki}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304602419?accountid=14270}, author = {Stephenson, Ross Wayland} } @article {11838, title = {{Imported diphyllobothriasis in Switzerland: molecular evidence of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitsch, 1824)}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {102}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {201{\textendash}204}, abstract = {We report for the first time in Switzerland a clinical case because of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, identified by molecular methods. We discuss the potential for this imported species to infect local intermediate hosts and thus to achieve autochthonous cyclic transmission.}, issn = {0932-0113}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-007-0745-y}, author = {Wicht, B and Marval, F and Gottstein, B and Peduzzi, R} } @article {5562, title = {{Improved inactivation of nonenveloped enteric viruses and their surrogates by a novel alcohol-based hand sanitizer}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {16}, year = {2008}, pages = {5047{\textendash}5052}, abstract = {Norovirus is the leading cause of food-related illness in the United States, and contamination of ready-to-eat items by food handlers poses a high risk for disease. This study reports the in vitro (suspension test) and in vivo (fingerpad protocol) assessments of a new ethanol-based hand sanitizer containing a synergistic blend of polyquaternium polymer and organic acid, which is active against viruses of public health importance, including norovirus. When tested in suspension, the test product reduced the infectivity of the nonenveloped viruses human rotavirus (HRV), poliovirus type 1 (PV-1), and the human norovirus (HNV) surrogates feline calicivirus (FCV) F-9 and murine norovirus type 1 (MNV-1) by greater than 3 log(10) after a 30-s exposure. In contrast, a benchmark alcohol-based hand sanitizer reduced only HRV by greater than 3 log(10) and none of the additional viruses by greater than 1.2 log(10) after the same exposure. In fingerpad experiments, the test product produced a 2.48 log(10) reduction of MNV-1 after a 30-s exposure, whereas a 75{\%} ethanol control produced a 0.91 log(10) reduction. Additionally, the test product reduced the infectivity titers of adenovirus type 5 (ADV-5) and HRV by {\textgreater} or =3.16 log(10) and {\textgreater} or =4.32 log(10), respectively, by the fingerpad assay within 15 s; and PV-1 was reduced by 2.98 log(10) in 30 s by the same method. Based on these results, we conclude that this new ethanol-based hand sanitizer is a promising option for reducing the transmission of enteric viruses, including norovirus, by food handlers and care providers.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00487-08}, author = {Macinga, David R. and Sattar, Syed A. and Lee A Jaykus and Arbogast, James W.} } @article {10196, title = {{Improved real-time PCR assays for the detection of fecal indicator bacteria in surface waters with different instrument and reagent systems}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {225{\textendash}237}, author = {Siefring, S and Varma, M and Atikovic, E and Wymer, L and Haugland, RA} } @article {17351, title = {In situ ammonia production as a sanitation agent during anaerobic digestion at mesophilic temperature}, journal = {Letters in Applied MicrobiologyLetters in Applied MicrobiologyLett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {Mar}, pages = {325-330}, keywords = {Ammonia, Anaerobic digestion, Bacteriophages, biogas, Enterococci, household waste, Inactivation, Manure, Oocysts, organic fertilizer, Plants, Salmonella, Sludge, Survival, TOXICITY}, isbn = {0266-8254}, author = {Ottoson, J. R. and Schnurer, A. and Vinneras, B.} } @mastersthesis {6735, title = {In situ transmission infrared spectroscopy of high-kappa oxide atomic layer deposition onto silicon surfaces}, year = {2008}, note = {3343468}, school = {Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Ultra-thin aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ) and hafnium oxide (HfO2 ) layers have been grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using tri-methyl-aluminum (TMA) and tetrakis-ethyl-methyl-amino-hafnium (TEMAH) respectively with heavy water (D2 O) as the oxidizing agent. Several different silicon surfaces were used as substrates such as hydrogen terminated silicon (H/Si), SC2 (or RCA 2) cleaned native silicon oxide (SiO 2 /Si), and silicon (oxy)nitride. In-situ transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been adopted for the study of the growth mechanisms during ALD of these films. The vibrational spectra of gas phase TEMAH and its reaction byproducts with oxidants have also been investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) normal mode calculations show a good agreement with the experimental data when it is combined with linear wave-number scaling method and Fermi resonance mechanism. Ether (-C-O-C-) and tertiary alkylamine (N(R 1 R 2 R3 )) compounds are the two most dominant products of TEMAH reacting with oxygen gas and water. When ozone is used as the oxidant, gas phase CH2 O, CH3 NO2 , CH3 -N=C=O and other compounds containing -(C=O)- and -C-O-C- (or -O-C-) segments are observed. With substrate temperatures less than 400{\textdegree}C and 300{\textdegree}C for TMA and TEMAH respectively, Al oxide and Hf oxide ALD can be appropriately performed on silicon surfaces. Thin silicon (oxy)nitride thermally grown in ammonia on silicon substrate can significantly reduce silicon oxide interlayer formation during ALD and post-deposition annealing. The crystallization temperature of amorphous ALD grown HfO 2 on nitridized silicon is 600{\textdegree}C, which is 100{\textdegree}C higher than on the other silicon surfaces. When HfO2 is grown on H/Si(111) at 100{\textdegree}C deposition temperature, minimum 5-10 ALD cycles are required for the full surface coverage. The steric effect can be seen by the evolution of the H-Si stretching mode at 2083 cm-1 . The observed red shift of H-Si stretching to \~{} 2060 cm-1 can be caused by Si-H...Hf interactions or by the dielectric screening effect of as-grown high-κ moiety. A summary of local bonding models with vibrational mode assignments of the adsorbed TMA and TEMAH on silicon surfaces is presented based on the analysis of the substructure of silicate interfacial band at 900-1100 cm -1 .}, keywords = {0611:Condensed matter physics, 0794:Materials science, Aluminum oxide, Applied sciences, Atomic layer deposition, Condensed matter physics, High-k dielectrics, Infrared, Materials science, Pure sciences, Silicon surfaces}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/288358804?accountid=14270}, author = {Ho, Ming-Tsung} } @article {8813, title = {{Inactivation of bacteria and viruses in human urine depending on temperature and dilution rate}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {15}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {4067{\textendash}4074}, abstract = {Source separation and reuse of human urine can decrease the environmental pollution of recipient waters and reduce the need for artificial mineral fertilisers. However, the reuse of urine introduces another pathogen transmission route that needs to be managed. The inactivation of enteric pathogens and model organisms (Salmonella enterica subspecies 1 serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium), Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages S. typhimurium 28B, MS2 and Phi x 174) by urine storage was studied at dilutions (urine:water) 1:0, 1:1 and 1:3 at temperatures 4, 14, 24 and 34 degrees C. A threshold concentration of ammonia was found at approximately 40 mM NH(3) (e.g. 2.1 g NH(3)-NL(-1) and pH 8.9 at 24 degrees C), below which all studied organisms, except Salmonella, persisted considerably longer irrespective of treatment temperature, showing that urine dilution rate is of great importance for pathogen inactivation. For Salmonella spp. no threshold level was found in these studies (15 mM NH(3) lowest concentration studied). At temperatures below 20 degrees C, bacteriophage reduction was very slow. Therefore, urine stored at temperatures below 20 degrees C carries a high risk of containing viable viruses. The study indicated that the current recommended storage time for urine of 6 months at 20 degrees C or higher is safe for unrestricted use and could probably be shortened, especially for undiluted urine.}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.06.014}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18718625 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135408002613}, author = {Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas and Nordin, Annika and Niwagaba, Charles and Nyberg, Karin} } @article {8827, title = {Inactivation of bacteria and viruses in human urine depending on temperature and dilution rate}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {42}, year = {2008}, pages = {4067{\textendash}4074}, author = {Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas and Nordin, Annika and Niwagaba, Charles and Nyberg, Karin} } @article {9013, title = {Inactivation of bacteria and viruses in human urine depending on temperature and dilution rate}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {15}, year = {2008}, pages = {4067-4074}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.06.014}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135408002613 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135408002613/1-s2.0-S0043135408002613-main.pdf?_tid=06380d12-3eea-11e6-97f8-00000aacb360\&acdnat=1467308733_59a72d5fee40c92cf18338625585b0b9}, author = {Vinner{\r a}s, Bj{\"o}rn and Nordin, Annika and Niwagaba, Charles and Nyberg, Karin} } @article {17417, title = {Inactivation of bacteria and viruses in human urine depending on temperature and dilution rate}, journal = {Water ResearchWater researchWater Res}, volume = {42}, number = {15}, year = {2008}, month = {Sep}, pages = {4067-4074}, keywords = {Ammonia, Bacteriophages, cryptosporidium-parvum oocysts, Disinfection, enterococcus spp., Fecal contamination, Feces, Inactivation, Kinetics, Pathogens, Salmonella spp., Sanitisation, separated human urine, Sludge, Survival, SYSTEMS, Temperature, Urine}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Vinneras, B. and Nordin, A. and Niwagaba, C. and Nyberg, K.} } @article {14799, title = {Inactivation of {Nitrosomonas} europaea and pathogenic {Escherichia} coli by chlorine and monochloramine.}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {315{\textendash}22}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to measure the chlorine and monochloramine inactivation kinetics of Nitrosomonas europaea at 21 degrees C in the presence and absence of particles. The inactivation kinetics rates were compared with those obtained with Escherichia coli O157:H7. The results show that, in pure water, the use of free chlorine produced 4 log10 of N. europaea inactivation at a CT value of 0.8 mg.min l(-1), whereas monochloramine yielded 4 log10 of inactivation at CT values of approximately 9.9-16.4mg.min l(-1). With E. coli, chlorine produced approximately 4 1og10 of inactivation at a CT of 0.13 mg.min l(-1), whereas monochloramine resulted in 4 logo10 of inactivation at a CT of approximately 9.2 mg.min l(-1). These results suggest that N. europaea is more resistant to monochloramine and chlorine than E. coli. Corrosion debris, soil material and wastewater had no statistically significant (p {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 0.05) impact on the inactivation of N. europaea by either chlorine or monochloramine. It seems likely that the CT values present in distribution systems would be sufficient to control suspended cells of these two organisms, especially under conditions of breakpoint chlorination, which could be used to control nitrification. Adequate disinfection should prevent the growth of these organisms in a distribution system.}, keywords = {Algorithms, Chemical Warfare Agents, Chemical Warfare Agents: pharmacology, Chloramines, Chloramines: administration \& dosage, Chloramines: pharmacology, Chlorine, Chlorine: administration \& dosage, Chlorine: pharmacology, Drinking, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Fresh Water, Microbial Viability, Microbial Viability: drug effects, Nitrosomonas europaea, Nitrosomonas europaea: drug effects, Nitrosomonas europaea: isolation \& purification, Nitrosomonas europaea: pathogenicity, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19108551}, author = {Chauret, Christian and Smith, Curtis and Baribeau, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne} } @article {7967, title = {{Inactivation of Nitrosomonas europaea and pathogenic Escherichia coli by chlorine and monochloramine.}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {315{\textendash}22}, abstract = {

The purpose of this study was to measure the chlorine and monochloramine inactivation kinetics of Nitrosomonas europaea at 21 degrees C in the presence and absence of particles. The inactivation kinetics rates were compared with those obtained with Escherichia coli O157:H7. The results show that, in pure water, the use of free chlorine produced 4 log10 of N. europaea inactivation at a CT value of 0.8 mg.min l(-1), whereas monochloramine yielded 4 log10 of inactivation at CT values of approximately 9.9-16.4mg.min l(-1). With E. coli, chlorine produced approximately 4 1og10 of inactivation at a CT of 0.13 mg.min l(-1), whereas monochloramine resulted in 4 logo10 of inactivation at a CT of approximately 9.2 mg.min l(-1). These results suggest that N. europaea is more resistant to monochloramine and chlorine than E. coli. Corrosion debris, soil material and wastewater had no statistically significant (p {\textless} 0.05) impact on the inactivation of N. europaea by either chlorine or monochloramine. It seems likely that the CT values present in distribution systems would be sufficient to control suspended cells of these two organisms, especially under conditions of breakpoint chlorination, which could be used to control nitrification. Adequate disinfection should prevent the growth of these organisms in a distribution system.

}, keywords = {Algorithms, Chemical Warfare Agents, Chemical Warfare Agents: pharmacology, Chloramines, Chloramines: administration {\&} dosage, Chloramines: pharmacology, Chlorine, Chlorine: administration {\&} dosage, Chlorine: pharmacology, Drinking, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Fresh Water, Microbial Viability, Microbial Viability: drug effects, Nitrosomonas europaea, Nitrosomonas europaea: drug effects, Nitrosomonas europaea: isolation {\&} purification, Nitrosomonas europaea: pathogenicity, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19108551}, author = {Chauret, Christian and Smith, Curtis and Baribeau, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne} } @article {13962, title = {Inactivation of {Nitrosomonas} europaea and pathogenic {Escherichia} coli by chlorine and monochloramine.}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {315{\textendash}22}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to measure the chlorine and monochloramine inactivation kinetics of Nitrosomonas europaea at 21 degrees C in the presence and absence of particles. The inactivation kinetics rates were compared with those obtained with Escherichia coli O157:H7. The results show that, in pure water, the use of free chlorine produced 4 log10 of N. europaea inactivation at a CT value of 0.8 mg.min l(-1), whereas monochloramine yielded 4 log10 of inactivation at CT values of approximately 9.9-16.4mg.min l(-1). With E. coli, chlorine produced approximately 4 1og10 of inactivation at a CT of 0.13 mg.min l(-1), whereas monochloramine resulted in 4 logo10 of inactivation at a CT of approximately 9.2 mg.min l(-1). These results suggest that N. europaea is more resistant to monochloramine and chlorine than E. coli. Corrosion debris, soil material and wastewater had no statistically significant (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.05) impact on the inactivation of N. europaea by either chlorine or monochloramine. It seems likely that the CT values present in distribution systems would be sufficient to control suspended cells of these two organisms, especially under conditions of breakpoint chlorination, which could be used to control nitrification. Adequate disinfection should prevent the growth of these organisms in a distribution system.}, keywords = {Algorithms, Chemical Warfare Agents, Chemical Warfare Agents: pharmacology, Chloramines, Chloramines: administration \& dosage, Chloramines: pharmacology, Chlorine, Chlorine: administration \& dosage, Chlorine: pharmacology, Drinking, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Fresh Water, Microbial Viability, Microbial Viability: drug effects, Nitrosomonas europaea, Nitrosomonas europaea: drug effects, Nitrosomonas europaea: isolation \& purification, Nitrosomonas europaea: pathogenicity, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19108551}, author = {Chauret, Christian and Smith, Curtis and Baribeau, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne} } @article {2193, title = {{Inactivation of Nitrosomonas europaea and pathogenic Escherichia coli by chlorine and monochloramine.}}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {315{\textendash}22}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to measure the chlorine and monochloramine inactivation kinetics of Nitrosomonas europaea at 21 degrees C in the presence and absence of particles. The inactivation kinetics rates were compared with those obtained with Escherichia coli O157:H7. The results show that, in pure water, the use of free chlorine produced 4 log10 of N. europaea inactivation at a CT value of 0.8 mg.min l(-1), whereas monochloramine yielded 4 log10 of inactivation at CT values of approximately 9.9-16.4mg.min l(-1). With E. coli, chlorine produced approximately 4 1og10 of inactivation at a CT of 0.13 mg.min l(-1), whereas monochloramine resulted in 4 logo10 of inactivation at a CT of approximately 9.2 mg.min l(-1). These results suggest that N. europaea is more resistant to monochloramine and chlorine than E. coli. Corrosion debris, soil material and wastewater had no statistically significant (p < 0.05) impact on the inactivation of N. europaea by either chlorine or monochloramine. It seems likely that the CT values present in distribution systems would be sufficient to control suspended cells of these two organisms, especially under conditions of breakpoint chlorination, which could be used to control nitrification. Adequate disinfection should prevent the growth of these organisms in a distribution system.}, keywords = {Algorithms, Chemical Warfare Agents, Chemical Warfare Agents: pharmacology, Chloramines, Chloramines: administration \& dosage, Chloramines: pharmacology, Chlorine, Chlorine: administration \& dosage, Chlorine: pharmacology, Drinking, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Fresh Water, Microbial Viability, Microbial Viability: drug effects, Nitrosomonas europaea, Nitrosomonas europaea: drug effects, Nitrosomonas europaea: isolation \& purification, Nitrosomonas europaea: pathogenicity, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19108551}, author = {Chauret, Christian and Smith, Curtis and Baribeau, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne} } @article {5582, title = {{Inactivation of norovirus by chlorine disinfection of water}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {17}, year = {2008}, pages = {4562{\textendash}4568}, abstract = {

In an effort to validate previous research suggesting remarkable resistance of norovirus to free chlorine disinfection, we characterized the disinfection response of purified and dispersed Norwalk virus (NV) by bench-scale free chlorine disinfection using RT-PCR for virus assays. The inactivation of NV by two doses of free chlorine (1 and 5 mg/L) at pH 6 and 5 \°C based on two RT-PCR assays was similar to that of coliphage MS2, but much faster than that of poliovirus 1. Despite the underestimation of virus inactivation by RT-PCR assays, the predicted CT values for NV based on RT-PCR assays are lower than the ones for most other important waterborne viruses and the CT guidelines for chlorine disinfection of viruses under the Surface Water Treatment Rule by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Overall, the results of this study indicate that NV is not highly resistant to free chlorine disinfection as suggested by previous research and it is likely that NV contamination of drinking water can be controlled by adequate free chlorine disinfection practices with provision of proper pre-treatment processes before chlorination. \© 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Chlorine demand, Free chlorine disinfection, Long template RT-PCR, Noroviruses, Short template RT-PCR, Virus aggregation}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.001}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.001}, author = {Gwy A Shin and Sobsey, Mark D.} } @article {5856, title = {{Incidence of Arcobacter spp. in poultry: quantitative and qualitative analysis and PCR differentiation.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {71}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, month = {dec}, pages = {2533{\textendash}2536}, author = {Atanassova, Viktoria and Kessen, Volker and Reich, Felix and Klein, G{\"u}nter} } @article {14373, title = {Incidence of {Arcobacter} spp. in poultry: quantitative and qualitative analysis and {PCR} differentiation.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {71}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, month = {dec}, pages = {2533{\textendash}2536}, author = {Atanassova, Viktoria and Kessen, Volker and Reich, Felix and Klein, G{\"u}nter} } @article {15843, title = {Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the United States, 1992-2003}, journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine}, volume = {148}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, month = {May 20}, pages = {728-36}, edition = {2008/05/21}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, HIV Infections/*complications, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms/*epidemiology, Observation, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Tobacco Use Disorder/complications, United States/epidemiology}, isbn = {0003-4819}, author = {Patel, P. and Hanson, D. L. and Sullivan, P. S. and Novak, R. M. and Moorman, A. C. and Tong, T. C. and Holmberg, S. D. and Brooks, J. T.} } @article {9292, title = {{Increased Risk for Entamoeba histolytica Infection and Invasive Amebiasis in HIV Seropositive Men Who Have Sex with Men in Taiwan}}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, author = {Hung, CC and Ji, DD and Sun, HY and Lee, YT and Hsu, SY and Chang, SY and Wu, CH and Chan, YH and Hsiao, CF and Liu, WC and Colebunders, R} } @article {14361, title = {Induction and resuscitation of viable nonculturable {Arcobacter} butzleri cells.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, month = {may}, pages = {3266{\textendash}3268}, author = {Fera, M T and Maugeri, T L and Gugliandolo, C and La Camera, E and Lentini, V and Favaloro, A and Bonanno, D and Carbone, M} } @article {5844, title = {{Induction and resuscitation of viable nonculturable Arcobacter butzleri cells.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, month = {may}, pages = {3266{\textendash}3268}, author = {Fera, M T and Maugeri, T L and Gugliandolo, C and La Camera, E and Lentini, V and Favaloro, A and Bonanno, D and Carbone, M} } @article {11399, title = {Inexpensive anti-cysticercosis vaccine: S3Pvac expressed in heat inactivated M13 filamentous phage proves effective against naturally acquired Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {26}, number = {23}, year = {2008}, pages = {2899-2905}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0264-410X}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.042}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X08003824}, author = {Morales, J and Martinez, JJ and Manoutcharian, K and Hern{\'a}ndez, M and Fleury, A and Gevorkian, G and Acero, G and Blancas, A and Toledo, A and Cervantes, J and Maza, V and Quet, F and Bonnabau, H and De Aluja, AS and Fragoso, G and Larralde, C and Sciutto, E} } @article {9069, title = {{Infectivity and genome persistence of rotavirus and astrovirus in groundwater and surface water}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {10{\textendash}11}, year = {2008}, month = {may}, pages = {2618{\textendash}2628}, abstract = {In this work, we have characterized the survival of Rhesus rotavirus (RRV) and human astrovirus Yuc8 in clean groundwater and contaminated surface water, as well as in phosphate-buffered solutions maintained in the same conditions as the environmental waters, and have compared the dynamics of virus inactivation with the persistence of the viral genomes, as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, we also studied the tolerance of these viruses to chlorine disinfection. The reduction of infectivity of astrovirus was higher than for rotavirus, and also higher for both viruses in surface water as compared to groundwater. The enterobacterial content of the water as well as extrinsic factors, such as temperature and light, correlated with the stability of virus infectivity, and with the persistence of the virus genetic material, suggesting that molecular techniques to detect and quantify viral genomes would be suitable for the detection of viruses in water. The virus infectivity persisted in both types of water as well as in chlorine for times longer than previously reported. No decrease of infectivity was observed after 15 days of incubation in either type of water and the viruses remained infectious for months in groundwater. After 120 min in groundwater containing 2 mg/L of free chlorine, the infectivity of rotavirus and astrovirus was reduced by 0.78 and 1.3 logs, respectively. The longer persistence of viruses in this study could result from a combination of factors, including aggregation of the virus.}, keywords = {Astrovirus, Genome, Groundwater, infectivity, rotavirus, surface water}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.01.018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135408000286}, author = {Espinosa, Ana Cecilia and Mazari-Hiriart, Marisa and Espinosa, Rafaela and Maruri-Avidal, Liliana and M{\'e}ndez, Ernesto and Arias, Carlos F} } @article {7116, title = {Infectivity and genome persistence of rotavirus and astrovirus in groundwater and surface water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {10-11}, year = {2008}, month = {may}, pages = {2618{\textendash}2628}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.01.018}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135408000286}, author = {Espinosa, Ana Cecilia and Mazari-Hiriart, Marisa and Espinosa, Rafaela and Maruri-Avidal, Liliana and M{\'e}ndez, Ernesto and Arias, Carlos F.} } @article {3635, title = {Infectivity and genome persistence of rotavirus and astrovirus in groundwater and surface water.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {10-11}, year = {2008}, pages = {2618{\textendash}2628}, author = {Espinosa, AC and Mazari-Hiriart, M and Espinosa, R and Maruri-Avidal, L and M{\'e}ndez, E and C F Arias} } @article {14661, title = {Interactions of {Cryptosporidium} parvum, {Giardia} lamblia, vaccinal poliovirus type 1, and bacteriophages {phiX}174 and {MS}2 with a drinking water biofilm and a wastewater biofilm}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {74}, year = {2008}, month = {apr}, pages = {2079{\textendash}88}, abstract = {Biofilms colonizing surfaces inside drinking water distribution networks may provide a habitat and shelter to pathogenic viruses and parasites. If released from biofilms, these pathogens may disseminate in the water distribution system and cause waterborne diseases. Our study aimed to investigate the interactions of protozoan parasites (Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia [oo]cysts) and viruses (vaccinal poliovirus type 1, phiX174, and MS2) with two contrasting biofilms. First, attachment, persistence, and detachment of the protozoan parasites and the viruses were assessed with a drinking water biofilm. This biofilm was allowed to develop inside a rotating annular reactor fed with tap water for 7 months prior to the inoculation. Our results show that viable parasites and infectious viruses attached to the drinking water biofilm within 1 h and persisted within the biofilm. Indeed, infectious viruses were detected in the drinking water biofilm up to 6 days after the inoculation, while viral genome and viable parasites were still detected at day 34, corresponding to the last day of the monitoring period. Since viral genome was detected much longer than infectious particles, our results raise the question of the significance of detecting viral genomes in biofilms. A transfer of viable parasites and viruses from the biofilm to the water phase was observed after the flow velocity was increased but also with a constant laminar flow rate. Similar results regarding parasite and virus attachment and detachment were obtained using a treated wastewater biofilm, suggesting that our observations might be extrapolated to a wide range of environmental biofilms and confirming that biofilms can be considered a potential secondary source of contamination.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Bacteriophages/*isolation \& purification, Biofilms/growth \& development, Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification, Giardia lamblia/*isolation \& purification, Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification, Water Supply, Water/*parasitology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02495-07 AEM.02495-07 [pii]}, author = {Helmi, K. and Skraber, S. and Gantzer, C. and Willame, R. and Hoffmann, L. and Cauchie, H. M.} } @article {1612, title = {Interactions of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, vaccinal poliovirus type 1, and bacteriophages phiX174 and MS2 with a drinking water biofilm and a wastewater biofilm}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {74}, number = {7}, year = {2008}, note = {Helmi, Karim Skraber, Sylvain Gantzer, Christophe Willame, Raphael Hoffmann, Lucien Cauchie, Henry-Michel Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Applied and environmental microbiology Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Apr;74(7):2079-88. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02495-07. Epub 2008 Feb 15.}, pages = {2079-88}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Biofilms colonizing surfaces inside drinking water distribution networks may provide a habitat and shelter to pathogenic viruses and parasites. If released from biofilms, these pathogens may disseminate in the water distribution system and cause waterborne diseases. Our study aimed to investigate the interactions of protozoan parasites (Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia [oo]cysts) and viruses (vaccinal poliovirus type 1, phiX174, and MS2) with two contrasting biofilms. First, attachment, persistence, and detachment of the protozoan parasites and the viruses were assessed with a drinking water biofilm. This biofilm was allowed to develop inside a rotating annular reactor fed with tap water for 7 months prior to the inoculation. Our results show that viable parasites and infectious viruses attached to the drinking water biofilm within 1 h and persisted within the biofilm. Indeed, infectious viruses were detected in the drinking water biofilm up to 6 days after the inoculation, while viral genome and viable parasites were still detected at day 34, corresponding to the last day of the monitoring period. Since viral genome was detected much longer than infectious particles, our results raise the question of the significance of detecting viral genomes in biofilms. A transfer of viable parasites and viruses from the biofilm to the water phase was observed after the flow velocity was increased but also with a constant laminar flow rate. Similar results regarding parasite and virus attachment and detachment were obtained using a treated wastewater biofilm, suggesting that our observations might be extrapolated to a wide range of environmental biofilms and confirming that biofilms can be considered a potential secondary source of contamination.}, keywords = {Animals Bacteriophages/*isolation \& purification Biofilms/growth \& development Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification Giardia lamblia/*isolation \& purification Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification Water/*parasitology *Water Microbiology Water Su}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02495-07 AEM.02495-07 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18281435}, author = {Helmi, K. and Skraber, S. and Gantzer, C. and Willame, R. and Hoffmann, L. and Cauchie, H. M.} } @booklet {8355, title = {International Year of Sanitation}, year = {2008}, url = {http://www.un.org/es/comun/docs/?symbol=A/RES/64/292{\&}lang=E} } @article {14531, title = {Interrupting wild poliovirus transmission using oral poliovirus vaccine: environmental surveillance in high-risks area of {India}}, journal = {Journal of medical virology}, volume = {80}, year = {2008}, month = {aug}, pages = {1477{\textendash}88}, abstract = {Global eradication of poliomyelitis has reached critical stage. Sabin Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV) has been successful in three major regions of the world. In India eradication of poliomyelitis from states of Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Bihar has been difficult due to high population and low-socioeconomic standards of living. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance and intensive OPV rounds continues with the World Health Organization (WHO) operational strategies. Yet apparent lack of progress in reducing the number of wild cases has resulted in occasional impatience and frustration, even leading to questions about ultimate feasibility of global eradication using OPV. Lucknow in UP is in geographical area endemic for poliomyelitis and is surrounded by high-risk areas yet maintains a polio-free status since 2002. Environmental surveillance study was conducted (2004-2006) to authenticate the decline in the wild poliovirus (PV) cases in Lucknow. Sewage sample analyses were compared with stools of AFP patients and healthy children from same geographical area. Study reveals useful information on OPV circulation and proves important epidemiological tool to trust WHO{\textquoteright}s OPV immunization program. Genetic sequencing had detected silent wild PV-1 circulation of RCP1PGI (EU049849), RCP2PGI (EU049850), RCP3PGI (EU049851), and RCP4PGI (EU049852) in sewage waters. Properties of isolates from sewage reflected those of viruses excreted from human. This study provides valuable information and encouragement to AFP surveillance to maintain high levels of OPV immunization campaigns in the most difficult endemic region of India to interrupt the wild PV transmission.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control, *Environmental Microbiology, Base Sequence, Child, DNA, Feces/virology, Female, Humans, Immunization Programs, India/epidemiology, Infant, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Newborn, Oral/*administration \& dosage, Paralysis/virology, Poliomyelitis/epidemiology/*prevention \& control/*transmission/virology, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/classification/genetics/immunology/*isolation \& purification, Population Surveillance, Preschool, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/*virology, World Health Organization}, issn = {1096-9071 (Electronic) 0146-6615 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.21230}, author = {Chowdhary, R. and Dhole, T. N.} } @article {14902, title = {Interrupting wild poliovirus transmission using oral poliovirus vaccine: environmental surveillance in high-risks area of {India}}, journal = {Journal of medical virology}, volume = {80}, year = {2008}, month = {aug}, pages = {1477{\textendash}88}, abstract = {Global eradication of poliomyelitis has reached critical stage. Sabin Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV) has been successful in three major regions of the world. In India eradication of poliomyelitis from states of Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Bihar has been difficult due to high population and low-socioeconomic standards of living. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance and intensive OPV rounds continues with the World Health Organization (WHO) operational strategies. Yet apparent lack of progress in reducing the number of wild cases has resulted in occasional impatience and frustration, even leading to questions about ultimate feasibility of global eradication using OPV. Lucknow in UP is in geographical area endemic for poliomyelitis and is surrounded by high-risk areas yet maintains a polio-free status since 2002. Environmental surveillance study was conducted (2004-2006) to authenticate the decline in the wild poliovirus (PV) cases in Lucknow. Sewage sample analyses were compared with stools of AFP patients and healthy children from same geographical area. Study reveals useful information on OPV circulation and proves important epidemiological tool to trust WHO{\textquoteright}s OPV immunization program. Genetic sequencing had detected silent wild PV-1 circulation of RCP1PGI (EU049849), RCP2PGI (EU049850), RCP3PGI (EU049851), and RCP4PGI (EU049852) in sewage waters. Properties of isolates from sewage reflected those of viruses excreted from human. This study provides valuable information and encouragement to AFP surveillance to maintain high levels of OPV immunization campaigns in the most difficult endemic region of India to interrupt the wild PV transmission.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control, *Environmental Microbiology, Base Sequence, Child, DNA, Feces/virology, Female, Humans, Immunization Programs, India/epidemiology, Infant, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Newborn, Oral/*administration \& dosage, Paralysis/virology, Poliomyelitis/epidemiology/*prevention \& control/*transmission/virology, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/classification/genetics/immunology/*isolation \& purification, Population Surveillance, Preschool, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/*virology, World Health Organization}, issn = {1096-9071 (Electronic) 0146-6615 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.21230}, author = {Chowdhary, R. and Dhole, T. N.} } @article {9404, title = {{Intestinal invasion by Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Molecular Mechanisms of Parasite Invasion}, year = {2008}, pages = {221{\textendash}232}, author = {Solaymani-Mohammadi, S and Petri, WA Jr} } @article {9174, title = {{Is intestinal parasitic infection still a public health concern among Saudi children?}}, journal = {Saudi Medical Journal}, volume = {29}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, pages = {1630{\textendash}1635}, author = {Al-Braiken, FA} } @article {9814, title = {{Intestinal parasitic infections in Srimum suburban area of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand}}, journal = {Tropical Biomedicine}, volume = {25}, year = {2008}, pages = {237{\textendash}242}, author = {Kitvatanachai, S and Boonslip, S and Watanasatitarpa, S} } @article {4759, title = {Intestinal parasitism in the animals of the zoological garden "Pe{\~n}a Escrita" (Almu{\~n}ecar, Spain)}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {156}, year = {2008}, pages = {302{\textendash}309}, author = {Cord{\'o}n, GP and Hitos Prados, A and Romero, D and S{\'a}nchez Moreno, M and Pontes, A and Osuna, A and Rosales, MJ} } @article {5898, title = {{The introduction of Arcobacter spp. in poultry slaughterhouses.}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {125}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {jul}, pages = {223{\textendash}229}, author = {Ho, Hoa T K and Lipman, Len J A and Gaastra, Wim} } @article {14415, title = {The introduction of {Arcobacter} spp. in poultry slaughterhouses.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {125}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {jul}, pages = {223{\textendash}229}, author = {Ho, Hoa T K and Lipman, Len J A and Gaastra, Wim} } @article {15551, title = {Introgressive hybridization of human and rodent schistosome parasites in western Kenya}, journal = {Molecular Ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {23}, year = {2008}, month = {Dec}, pages = {5062-74}, abstract = {

Hybridization and introgression can have important consequences for the evolution, ecology and epidemiology of pathogenic organisms. We examined the dynamics of hybridization between a trematode parasite of humans, Schistosoma mansoni, and its sister species, S. rodhaini, a rodent parasite, in a natural hybrid zone in western Kenya. Using microsatellite markers, rDNA and mtDNA, we showed that hybrids between the two species occur in nature, are fertile and produce viable offspring through backcrosses with S. mansoni. Averaged across collection sites, individuals of hybrid ancestry comprised 7.2\% of all schistosomes collected, which is a large proportion given that one of the parental species, S. rodhaini, comprised only 9.1\% of the specimens. No F1 individuals were collected and all hybrids represented backcrosses with S. mansoni that were of the first or successive generations. The direction of introgression appears highly asymmetric, causing unidirectional gene flow from the rodent parasite, S. rodhaini, to the human parasite, S. mansoni. Hybrid occurrence was seasonal and most hybrids were collected during the month of September over a 2-year period, a time when S. rodhaini was also abundant. We also examined the sex ratios and phenotypic differences between the hybrids and parental species, including the number of infective stages produced in the snail host and the time of day the infective stages emerge. No statistical differences were found in any of these characteristics, and most of the hybrids showed an emergence pattern similar to that of S. mansoni. One individual, however, showed a bimodal emergence pattern that was characteristic of both parental species. In conclusion, these species maintain their identity despite hybridization, although introgression may cause important alterations of the biology and epidemiology of schistosomiasis in this region.

}, keywords = {Animals, Biomphalaria/parasitology, DNA, Helminth/genetics, DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal/genetics, Gene Flow, Genetic Markers, Humans, Hybridization, Genetic, Kenya, Microsatellite Repeats, Phenotype, Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational, Schistosoma/ genetics, Schistosomiasis/genetics/parasitology, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sex Distribution, Species Specificity}, isbn = {1365-294X (Electronic)
0962-1083 (Linking)}, author = {Steinauer, M. L. and Hanelt, B. and Mwangi, I. N. and Maina, G. M. and Agola, L. E. and Kinuthia, J. M. and Mutuku, M. W. and Mungai, B. N. and Wilson, W. D. and Mkoji, G. M. and Loker, E. S.} } @article {8973, title = {Investigation of microbial inactivation efficiency of a UV disinfection system employing an excimer lamp}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {19}, year = {2008}, pages = {4838-4846}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.09.001}, url = {://WOS:000261284200014 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135408003813/1-s2.0-S0043135408003813-main.pdf?_tid=7b936010-5e5d-11e6-8457-00000aacb35e\&acdnat=1470766808_b08bba4f9e7f7bb9b37de75d4e15cb06}, author = {Naunovic, Z. and Lim, S. and Blatchley, E. R.} } @article {14296, title = {Isolation of various {Arcobacter} species from domestic geese ({Anser} anser).}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {128}, number = {3-4}, year = {2008}, month = {apr}, pages = {400{\textendash}405}, author = {H I Atabay and Unver, Ahmet and Sahin, Mitat and Otlu, Salih and Elmali, Mehmet and Yaman, Hilmi} } @article {5779, title = {{Isolation of various Arcobacter species from domestic geese (Anser anser).}}, journal = {Veterinary Microbiology}, volume = {128}, number = {3-4}, year = {2008}, pages = {400{\textendash}405}, author = {H I Atabay and Unver, Ahmet and Sahin, Mitat and Otlu, Salih and Elmali, Mehmet and Yaman, Hilmi} } @article {651, title = {Keeping sanitation in the international spotlight}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {371}, number = {9618}, year = {2008}, pages = {1045-1045}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60459-6}, url = {://MEDLINE:18374820} } @article {8402, title = {{Kiss and spit: the dual roles of Toxoplasma rhoptries}}, journal = {Nature Reviews}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {79{\textendash}88}, author = {Boothroyd, JC and Dubremetz, JF} } @article {14483, title = {Lagrangian {Actinometry}{\textquoteright}s {Role} in {UV} {Reactor} {Validation} and {Optimization}}, journal = {IUVA News}, volume = {10}, year = {2008}, pages = {20{\textendash}23}, author = {Blatchley III, E. R. and Scheible, O. K. and Shen, C.} } @article {2930, title = {Landscape composition and spatial prediction of alveolar echinococcosis in southern {Ningxia}, {China}}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {2}, number = {9}, year = {2008}, pages = {e287}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) presents a serious public health challenge within China. Mass screening ultrasound surveys can detect pre-symptomatic AE, but targeting areas identified from hospital records is inefficient regarding AE. Prediction of undetected or emerging hotspots would increase detection rates. Voles and lemmings of the subfamily Arvicolinae are important intermediate hosts in sylvatic transmission systems. Their populations reach high densities in productive grasslands where food and cover are abundant. Habitat availability is thought to affect arvicoline population dynamic patterns and definitive host-intermediate host interactions. Arvicoline habitat correlates with AE prevalence in Western Europe and southern Gansu Province, China. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, borders southern Gansu. The aims of this study were to map AE prevalence across Xiji and test arvicoline habitat as a predictor. Land cover was mapped using remotely sensed (Landsat) imagery. Infection status of 3,205 individuals screened in 2002-2003 was related, using generalised additive mixed models, to covariates: gender; farming; ethnicity; dog ownership; water source; and areal cover of mountain pasture and lowland pasture. A Markov random field modelled additional spatial variation and uncertainty. Mountain pasture and lowland pasture were associated with below and above average AE prevalence, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Low values of the normalised difference vegetation index indicated sub-optimality of lowland pasture for grassland arvicolines. Unlike other known endemic areas, grassland arvicolines probably did not provide the principal reservoir for Echinococcus multilocularis in Xiji. This result is consistent with recent small mammal surveys reporting low arvicoline densities and high densities of hamsters, pikas and jerboas, all suitable intermediate hosts for E. multilocularis, in reforested lowland pasture. The risk of re-emergence is discussed. We recommend extending monitoring to: southern Haiyuan County, where predicted prevalence was high; southern Xiji County, where prediction uncertainty was high; and monitoring small mammal community dynamics and the infection status of dogs.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Agriculture, Altitude, Animals, Child, China, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Ecosystem, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Male, Markov Chains, Middle Aged, Preschool, prevalence, Pulmonary, Sex Characteristics, Water Supply, Zoonoses}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0000287}, author = {Pleydell, David R. J. and Yang, Yu Rong and Danson, F. Mark and Raoul, Francis and Craig, Philip S. and McManus, Donald P. and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Wang, Qian and Giraudoux, Patrick} } @article {14228, title = {A large {Escherichia} coli {O}157 outbreak in {Sweden} associated with locally produced lettuce.}, journal = {Foodborne pathogens and disease}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {339{\textendash}49}, abstract = {In 2005 a large outbreak of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) occurred in Sweden. Cases were interviewed and cohort and case-control studies were conducted. Microbiological investigations were performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the Shiga-like toxin (Stx) genes followed by cultivation and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A total of 135 cases were recorded, including 11 cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome. The epidemiological investigations implicated lettuce as the most likely source of the outbreak, with an OR of 13.0 (CI 2.94-57.5) in the case-control study. The lettuce was irrigated by water from a small stream, and water samples were positive for Stx 2 by PCR. The identical VTEC O157 Stx 2 positive strain was isolated from the cases and in cattle at a farm upstream from the irrigation point. An active surveillance and reporting system was crucial and cooperation between all involved parties was essential for quickly identifying the cause of this outbreak. Handling of fresh greens from farm to table must be improved to minimize the risk of contamination.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Child, Cohort Studies, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Female, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Lettuce, Lettuce: microbiology, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, Preschool, Sweden, Sweden: epidemiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1556-7125}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2007.0065}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18767979}, author = {S{\"o}derstr{\"o}m, A and Osterberg, P and Lindqvist, A and J{\"o}nsson, B and Lindberg, A and Blide S Ulander and Welinder-Olsson, C and L{\"o}fdahl, S and Kaijser, B and De Jong, B and K{\"u}hlmann-Berenzon, S and Boqvist, S and Eriksson, E and Szanto, E and Andersson, S and Allestam, G and Hedenstr{\"o}m, I and Ledet Muller, L and Andersson, Y} } @article {2416, title = {{A large Escherichia coli O157 outbreak in Sweden associated with locally produced lettuce.}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {339{\textendash}49}, abstract = {

In 2005 a large outbreak of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) occurred in Sweden. Cases were interviewed and cohort and case-control studies were conducted. Microbiological investigations were performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the Shiga-like toxin (Stx) genes followed by cultivation and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A total of 135 cases were recorded, including 11 cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome. The epidemiological investigations implicated lettuce as the most likely source of the outbreak, with an OR of 13.0 (CI 2.94-57.5) in the case-control study. The lettuce was irrigated by water from a small stream, and water samples were positive for Stx 2 by PCR. The identical VTEC O157 Stx 2 positive strain was isolated from the cases and in cattle at a farm upstream from the irrigation point. An active surveillance and reporting system was crucial and cooperation between all involved parties was essential for quickly identifying the cause of this outbreak. Handling of fresh greens from farm to table must be improved to minimize the risk of contamination.

}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Child, Cohort Studies, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Female, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Lettuce, Lettuce: microbiology, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, Preschool, Sweden, Sweden: epidemiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1556-7125}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2007.0065}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18767979}, author = {S{\"o}derstr{\"o}m, A and Osterberg, P and Lindqvist, A and J{\"o}nsson, B and Lindberg, A and Blide S Ulander and Welinder-Olsson, C and L{\"o}fdahl, S and Kaijser, B and De Jong, B and K{\"u}hlmann-Berenzon, S and Boqvist, S and Eriksson, E and Szanto, E and Andersson, S and Allestam, G and Hedenstr{\"o}m, I and Ledet Muller, L and Andersson, Y} } @article {8138, title = {{A large Escherichia coli O157 outbreak in Sweden associated with locally produced lettuce.}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {339{\textendash}49}, abstract = {

In 2005 a large outbreak of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) occurred in Sweden. Cases were interviewed and cohort and case-control studies were conducted. Microbiological investigations were performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the Shiga-like toxin (Stx) genes followed by cultivation and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A total of 135 cases were recorded, including 11 cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome. The epidemiological investigations implicated lettuce as the most likely source of the outbreak, with an OR of 13.0 (CI 2.94-57.5) in the case-control study. The lettuce was irrigated by water from a small stream, and water samples were positive for Stx 2 by PCR. The identical VTEC O157 Stx 2 positive strain was isolated from the cases and in cattle at a farm upstream from the irrigation point. An active surveillance and reporting system was crucial and cooperation between all involved parties was essential for quickly identifying the cause of this outbreak. Handling of fresh greens from farm to table must be improved to minimize the risk of contamination.

}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Child, Cohort Studies, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Female, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Lettuce, Lettuce: microbiology, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, Preschool, Sweden, Sweden: epidemiology, Young Adult}, issn = {1556-7125}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2007.0065}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18767979}, author = {S{\"o}derstr{\"o}m, A and Osterberg, P and Lindqvist, A and J{\"o}nsson, B and Lindberg, A and Blide S Ulander and Welinder-Olsson, C and L{\"o}fdahl, S and Kaijser, B and De Jong, B and K{\"u}hlmann-Berenzon, S and Boqvist, S and Eriksson, E and Szanto, E and Andersson, S and Allestam, G and Hedenstr{\"o}m, I and Ledet Muller, L and Andersson, Y} } @article {7723, title = {A large waterborne outbreak of campylobacteriosis in Norway: The need to focus on distribution system safety}, journal = {Bmc Infectious Diseases}, volume = {8}, year = {2008}, note = {Sep; A large waterborne outbreak of campylobacteriosis in Norway: The need to focus on distribution system safety; ISI:000260224300002; Jakopanec, Irena Borgen, Katrine Vold, Line Lund, Helge Forseth, Tore Hannula, Raisa Nygard, Karin; M3: 128 10.1186/1471-2334-8-128; ID: 693}, isbn = {1471-2334}, author = {Jakopanec,I. and Borgen,K. and Vold,L. and Lund,H. and Forseth,T. and Hannula,R. and Nyg{\r a}rd,K.} } @article {17406, title = {Large-scale freshwater microbiological study: rationale, results and risks}, journal = {J Water HealthJ Water Health}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {Dec}, pages = {443-60}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification, Animal Husbandry, Campylobacter/*isolation \& purification, Catchment Area (Health), Coliphages/isolation \& purification, Dairying, Data Collection, Drinking, environment, Escherichia coli/*isolation \& purification, Feces/microbiology, Forestry, Fresh Water/*microbiology/virology, Humans, Models, Statistical, New Zealand, Recreation, Risk Assessment, Seasons, Time Factors, Water Supply/*standards}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920 (Linking)}, author = {Till, D. and McBride, G. and Ball, A. and Taylor, K. and Pyle, E.} } @article {4132, title = {{Long-term study of Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurrence and quantitative microbial risk assessment in surface waters of Arizona in the USA}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {263{\textendash}273}, author = {Ryu, H and Abbaszadegan, M} } @mastersthesis {6993, title = {Macroinvertebrate community characteristics and related environmental features in prairie pothole wetlands of {Iowa}}, year = {2008}, note = {1461859}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Macroinvertebrates of open-water habitat in 17 semipermanent and permanent prairie pothole wetlands of north-central Iowa were quantitatively sampled in June 2007. Several macroinvertebrate community characteristics (i.e., metrics) were quantified, including metrics based on biomass, numerical densities, and taxonomic diversity. Several environmental features of each wetland were also measured. Land cover within a 50-m radius of each wetland was recorded in terms of \% agriculture, \% grassland, \% tree/woodland, \% urban, and \% water. Physicochemical features measured within wetlands included dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH, temperature, and turbidity. Additional biological features that were measured included coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) abundance (i.e., living and nonliving plants) and presence or absence of predaceous fish and salamanders. Multiple regression analyses and nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination were used to examine relationships between macroinvertebrate metrics and environmental features. A total of 44 macroinvertebrate taxa were recorded from wetlands and overall taxa composition was typical of most Midwestern USA and prairie pothole wetlands. Of 52 macroinvertebrate metrics that were measured, 32 were significantly related to one or more environmental features. CPOM abundance and turbidity (and nitrogen and phosphorus that were highly correlated with turbidity) were strongly associated with macroinvertebrate community characteristics and appeared to be the greatest causes of community variability across wetlands. CPOM and turbidity, respectively, were consistently positively and negatively related to several biomass, density, and diversity metrics. Based on nature and strength of relationships between metrics and environmental features that were quantified in this and previous studies, I complied a set of eight metrics (total macroinvertebrate biomass as ash-free dry weight, Chironomidae density, Amphipoda density, total Mollucsa density, total Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and Trichoptera (EOT) density, total Coleoptera density, EOT taxa richness, and total taxa richness) that should be considered for use in an ecosystem health index for prairie pothole wetlands in Iowa. Wetlands receiving high scores and ranks in a preliminary ecosystem health index that was based on these metrics also had higher CPOM abundance and lower turbidity than wetlands with low index scores. In conclusion, my results suggest that wetland ecosystem health and functionality would be improved by management strategies that enhance CPOM abundance and reduce turbidity. Additionally, measurement of CPOM, turbidity, and a standard set of macroinvertebrate metrics should be considered as a future standard practice in wetland ecosystem health monitoring programs. Although the candidate set of metrics described above appears to be a reliable bioassessment tool, research is still needed to identify the most reliable set of metrics, in addition to developing an effective, user-friendly ecosystem health index based on these metrics.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0793:Limnology, Biological sciences, Community characteristics, Ecology, Ecosystem health, Limnology, Macroinvertebrates, Prairie pothole region, Water quality, wetlands}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/288215432?accountid=14270}, author = {Hentges, Valerie Ann} } @article {778, title = {Mechanism for coordinated {RNA} packaging and genome replication by rotavirus polymerase {VP1.}}, journal = {Structure {(London,} England : 1993)}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, pages = {1678-1688}, abstract = {Rotavirus {RNA-dependent} {RNA} polymerase {VP1} catalyzes {RNA} synthesis within a subviral particle. This activity depends on core shell protein {VP2.} A conserved sequence at the 3{\textquoteright} end of plus-strand {RNA} templates is important for polymerase association and genome replication. We have determined the structure of {VP1} at 2.9 A resolution, as apoenzyme and in complex with {RNA.} The cage-like enzyme is similar to reovirus lambda3, with four tunnels leading to or from a central, catalytic cavity. A distinguishing characteristic of {VP1} is specific recognition, by conserved features of the template-entry channel, of four bases, {UGUG,} in the conserved 3{\textquoteright} sequence. Well-defined interactions with these bases position the {RNA} so that its 3{\textquoteright} end overshoots the initiating register, producing a stable but catalytically inactive complex. We propose that specific 3{\textquoteright} end recognition selects rotavirus {RNA} for packaging and that {VP2} activates the autoinhibited {VP1/RNA} complex to coordinate packaging and genome replication.}, doi = {10.1016/j.str.2008.09.006}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2008.09.006}, author = {Lu, Xiaohui and McDonald, Sarah M and Tortorici, MA and Tao, Yizhi J and Vasquez-Del Carpio, Rodrigo and Nibert, Max L and Patton, John T and Harrison, Stephen C} } @article {3687, title = {Mechanism for coordinated {RNA} packaging and genome replication by rotavirus polymerase {VP}1.}, journal = {Structure (London, England : 1993)}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, pages = {1678{\textendash}1688}, doi = {10.1016/j.str.2008.09.006}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2008.09.006}, author = {Lu, Xiaohui and McDonald, Sarah M and Tortorici, M A and Tao, Yizhi J and Vasquez-Del Carpio, Rodrigo and Nibert, Max L and Patton, John T and Harrison, Stephen C} } @article {3743, title = {Mechanism for coordinated \{\{\}{RNA}\{\}\} packaging and genome replication by rotavirus polymerase \{\{\}{VP}1.\{\}\}}, journal = {Structure \{\{\}(London,\{\}\} England : 1993)}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, pages = {1678{\textendash}1688}, abstract = {Rotavirus \{\{\}RNA-dependent\{\}\} \{\{\}RNA\{\}\} polymerase \{\{\}VP1\{\}\} catalyzes \{\{\}RNA\{\}\} synthesis within a subviral particle. This activity depends on core shell protein \{\{\}VP2.\{\}\} A conserved sequence at the 3\{\{\}\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textquoteright\{\}\} end of plus-strand \{\{\}RNA\{\}\} templates is important for polymerase association and genome replication. We have determined the structure of \{\{\}VP1\{\}\} at 2.9 A resolution, as apoenzyme and in complex with \{\{\}RNA.\{\}\} The cage-like enzyme is similar to reovirus lambda3, with four tunnels leading to or from a central, catalytic cavity. A distinguishing characteristic of \{\{\}VP1\{\}\} is specific recognition, by conserved features of the template-entry channel, of four bases, \{\{\}UGUG,\{\}\} in the conserved 3\{\{\}\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textquoteright\{\}\} sequence. Well-defined interactions with these bases position the \{\{\}RNA\{\}\} so that its 3\{\{\}\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textquoteright\{\}\} end overshoots the initiating register, producing a stable but catalytically inactive complex. We propose that specific 3\{\{\}\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textquoteright\{\}\} end recognition selects rotavirus \{\{\}RNA\{\}\} for packaging and that \{\{\}VP2\{\}\} activates the autoinhibited \{\{\}VP1/RNA\{\}\} complex to coordinate packaging and genome replication.}, doi = {10.1016/j.str.2008.09.006}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2008.09.006}, author = {Lu, Xiaohui and McDonald, Sarah M and Tortorici, M A and Tao, Yizhi J and Vasquez-Del Carpio, Rodrigo and Nibert, Max L and Patton, John T and Harrison, Stephen C} } @article {2530, title = {Mechanism for coordinated {RNA} packaging and genome replication by rotavirus polymerase {VP1.}}, journal = {Structure {(London,} England : 1993)}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, pages = {1678-1688}, abstract = {Rotavirus {RNA-dependent} {RNA} polymerase {VP1} catalyzes {RNA} synthesis within a subviral particle. This activity depends on core shell protein {VP2.} A conserved sequence at the 3{\textquoteright} end of plus-strand {RNA} templates is important for polymerase association and genome replication. We have determined the structure of {VP1} at 2.9 A resolution, as apoenzyme and in complex with {RNA.} The cage-like enzyme is similar to reovirus lambda3, with four tunnels leading to or from a central, catalytic cavity. A distinguishing characteristic of {VP1} is specific recognition, by conserved features of the template-entry channel, of four bases, {UGUG,} in the conserved 3{\textquoteright} sequence. Well-defined interactions with these bases position the {RNA} so that its 3{\textquoteright} end overshoots the initiating register, producing a stable but catalytically inactive complex. We propose that specific 3{\textquoteright} end recognition selects rotavirus {RNA} for packaging and that {VP2} activates the autoinhibited {VP1/RNA} complex to coordinate packaging and genome replication.}, doi = {10.1016/j.str.2008.09.006}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2008.09.006}, author = {Lu, Xiaohui and McDonald, Sarah M and Tortorici, MA and Tao, Yizhi J and Vasquez-Del Carpio, Rodrigo and Nibert, Max L and Patton, John T and Harrison, Stephen C} } @article {2947, title = {Mechanisms of immunity in hydatid disease: implications for vaccine development}, journal = {Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950)}, volume = {181}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, month = {nov}, pages = {6679{\textendash}6685}, abstract = {The Echinococcus organisms, the cause of echinococcosis (hydatid disease), are parasitic helminths with life cycles involving a carnivorous definitive host (usually dog or fox) and an intermediate host (human, ungulate, or rodent). They are complex multicellular pathogens that, despite being under constant barrage by the immune system, are able to modulate antiparasite immune responses and persist and flourish in their mammalian hosts. Understanding how the immune system deals with these parasites is a major challenge. Recent application of modern molecular and immunological approaches has revealed insights on the nature of immune responses generated during the course of hydatid infection, although many aspects of the Echinococcus-host interplay remain unexplored. This review summarizes current understanding of the immunology of echinococcosis, indicates areas where information is lacking, and shows how knowledge of host protective immunity has been translated into the design and development of anti-Echinococcus vaccines for application in intermediate hosts.}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Humans, Vaccines}, issn = {1550-6606}, author = {Zhang, Wenbao and Ross, Allen G. and McManus, Donald P.} } @booklet {3758, title = {Menstruation is on her mind: girl-centred, holistic thinking for school sanitation. WASH in Schools Notes \& News, April, pp. 46}, year = {2008}, publisher = {IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre}, address = {Delft}, author = {Sommer, M and Kirk, J} } @booklet {16347, title = {Methods and strategies for alpine karstic water resource management: opening pollution microbiology{\textquoteright}s "black box"}, year = {2008}, note = {World Water Conference and Exhibition, Vienna}, publisher = {IWA}, author = {Farnleitner, A. H. and H. Stadler et al.} } @article {2277, title = {{Microbial contamination of fruit and vegetables and the behaviour of enteropathogens in the phyllosphere: a review}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {613{\textendash}626}, edition = {2007/10/12}, abstract = {Consumption of fruit and vegetable products is commonly viewed as a potential risk factor for infection with enteropathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157, with recent outbreaks linked to lettuce, spinach and tomatoes. Routes of contamination are varied and include application of organic wastes to agricultural land as fertilizer, contamination of waters used for irrigation with faecal material, direct contamination by livestock, wild animals and birds and postharvest issues such as worker hygiene. The ability of pathogens to survive in the field environment has been well studied, leading to the implementation of guidelines such as the Safe Sludge Matrix, which aim to limit the likelihood of viable pathogens remaining at point-of-sale. The behaviour of enteropathogens in the phyllosphere is a growing field of research, and it is suggested that inclusion in phyllosphere biofilms or internalization within the plant augments the survival. Improved knowledge of plant-microbe interactions and the interaction between epiphytic and immigrant micro-organisms on the leaf surface will lead to novel methods to limit enteropathogen survival in the phyllosphere.}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {JAM3587 [pii] 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03587.x}, author = {Heaton, J C and Jones, K} } @article {14062, title = {Microbial contamination of fruit and vegetables and the behaviour of enteropathogens in the phyllosphere: a review}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {613{\textendash}626}, abstract = {Consumption of fruit and vegetable products is commonly viewed as a potential risk factor for infection with enteropathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157, with recent outbreaks linked to lettuce, spinach and tomatoes. Routes of contamination are varied and include application of organic wastes to agricultural land as fertilizer, contamination of waters used for irrigation with faecal material, direct contamination by livestock, wild animals and birds and postharvest issues such as worker hygiene. The ability of pathogens to survive in the field environment has been well studied, leading to the implementation of guidelines such as the Safe Sludge Matrix, which aim to limit the likelihood of viable pathogens remaining at point-of-sale. The behaviour of enteropathogens in the phyllosphere is a growing field of research, and it is suggested that inclusion in phyllosphere biofilms or internalization within the plant augments the survival. Improved knowledge of plant-microbe interactions and the interaction between epiphytic and immigrant micro-organisms on the leaf surface will lead to novel methods to limit enteropathogen survival in the phyllosphere.}, doi = {JAM3587 [pii] 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03587.x}, author = {Heaton, J C and Jones, K} } @article {6886, title = {Microbial groundwater quality and its health implications for a border-strip irrigated dairy farm catchment, {South} {Island}, {New} {Zealand}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {mar}, pages = {83}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2007.020}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2007.020}, author = {Close, Murray and Dann, Rod and Ball, Andrew and Savill, Marion and Pirie, Ruth and Smith, Zella} } @article {7673, title = {Microbial groundwater quality and its health implications for a border-strip irrigated dairy farm catchment, South Island, New Zealand}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health JID - 101185420}, volume = {6 (1)}, year = {2008}, note = {SB: IM; SO: J Water Health. 2008 Mar;6(1):83-98.}, pages = {83-98}, abstract = {

Intensification of dairying on irrigated pastures has led to concern over the microbial quality of shallow groundwater used for drinking purposes. The effects of intensive dairying and border-strip irrigation on the leaching of E. coli and Campylobacter to shallow groundwater were assessed over a three-year period in the Waikakahi catchment, Canterbury, New Zealand. Well selection excluded other sources of contamination so that the effect of dairying with border-strip irrigation could be assessed. Groundwater samples (135) were collected, mostly during the irrigation season, with E. coli being detected in 75\% of samples. Campylobacter was identified in 16 samples (12\%). A risk assessment of drinking water with these levels of Campylobacter was undertaken. A probability distribution was fitted to the observed Campylobacter data and the @RISK modeling software was used, assuming a dose response relationship for Campylobacter and consumption of 1 L/day of water. The probability of infection on any given day in the study area was estimated at 0.50\% to 0.76\%, giving an estimated probability of infection during the irrigation season of 60\% to 75\%. An epidemiological assessment of the Canterbury region comparing areas encompassing dairy within major irrigation schemes (approximately 55\% border-strip irrigation) to two control groups was undertaken. Control group 1 (CG1) encompasses areas of dairying without major irrigation schemes, and a second larger control group (CG2) comprises the rest of the Canterbury region. Comparisons of the subject group to control groups indicated that there was a statistically significant increase in age-standardised rates of campylobacteriosis (CG1 Relative Risk (RR)=1.51 (95\% CI = 1.31-1.75); CG2 RR = 1.51 (1.33-1.72)); cryptosporidiosis (CG1 RR = 2.08 (1.55-2.79); CG2 RR = 5.33 (4.12-6.90)); and salmonellosis (CG2 RR = 2.05 (1.55-2.71)). FAU - Close, Murray

}, keywords = {*Dairying, *Water Microbiology, AID - 10.2166/wh.2007.020 doi], Campylobacter Infections/*epidemiology, Campylobacter/isolation \& purification, CRDT- 2007/11/14 09:00, EDAT- 2007/11/14 09:00, Escherichia coli Infections/*epidemiology, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*microbiology, Humans, MHDA- 2008/05/08 09:00, New Zealand/epidemiology, PST - ppublish, Risk Assessment}, isbn = {1477-8920; 1477-8920}, author = {Close,M. and Dann,R. F. and Ball,A. F. and Pirie,R. F. and Savill,M. F. and Smith,Z.} } @article {16325, title = {{Microbial indicators and pathogens: Removal, relationships and predictive capabilities in water reclamation facilities}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {17}, year = {2008}, month = {nov}, pages = {4439{\textendash}4448}, publisher = {Pergamon}, abstract = {Four water reclamation facilities in north-eastern Spain were monitored over 2 years to determine the occurrence and concentrations of a set of microbial indicators (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, spores of sulphite reducing clostridia, somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA phages, phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis strain RYC2056 and phages infecting Bacteroides tethaiotaomicron strain GA-17), and two selected pathogens (cytopathogenic enteroviruses and viable Cryptosporidium oocysts). The indicator (survival) and index (presence) functions of the various indicators tested were evaluated through the wastewater treatments. The inactivation pattern of all groups of bacteriophages tested was closer to the inactivation of enteroviruses than to the inactivation of the conventional bacterial indicators tested. The inactivation of sulfite reducing clostridia spores and bacteriophages more closely approximates the reduction of viable Cryptosporidium than do the conventional bacterial indicators. We observed neither index functions nor a predictive relationship between any of microbial indicators and viable Cryptosporidium oocysts. In contrast, several regression models (r{\textgreater}0.6) and discriminant functions (67{\textendash}88{\%} well classified samples) based mostly on numbers of bacteriophages were able to predict both the presence and concentrations of enteroviruses. A combination of both bacterial and bacteriophage indicators seem to be the best choice for ensuring the microbial quality of reclaimed water.}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/J.WATRES.2008.07.037}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135408003102}, author = {Cost{\'a}n-Longares, Ana and Montemayor, Michel and Pay{\'a}n, Andrey and M{\'e}ndez, Javier and Jofre, Joan and Mujeriego, Rafael and Lucena, Francisco} } @article {17016, title = {Microbial indicators and pathogens: removal, relationships and predictive capabilities in water reclamation facilities}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {42}, number = {17}, year = {2008}, pages = {4439{\textendash}4448}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Cost{\'a}n-Longares, Ana and Montemayor, Michel and Pay{\'a}n, Andrey and M{\'e}ndez, Javier and Jofre, Joan and Mujeriego, Rafael and Lucena, Francisco} } @article {4228, title = {Microbial indicators and pathogens: removal, relationships and predictive capabilities in water reclamation facilities.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {17}, year = {2008}, month = {nov}, pages = {4439{\textendash}4448}, abstract = {

Four water reclamation facilities in north-eastern Spain were monitored over 2 years to determine the occurrence and concentrations of a set of microbial indicators (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, spores of sulphite reducing clostridia, somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA phages, phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis strain RYC2056 and phages infecting Bacteroides tethaiotaomicron strain GA-17), and two selected pathogens (cytopathogenic enteroviruses and viable Cryptosporidium oocysts). The indicator (survival) and index (presence) functions of the various indicators tested were evaluated through the wastewater treatments. The inactivation pattern of all groups of bacteriophages tested was closer to the inactivation of enteroviruses than to the inactivation of the conventional bacterial indicators tested. The inactivation of sulfite reducing clostridia spores and bacteriophages more closely approximates the reduction of viable Cryptosporidium than do the conventional bacterial indicators. We observed neither index functions nor a predictive relationship between any of microbial indicators and viable Cryptosporidium oocysts. In contrast, several regression models (r{\textgreater}0.6) and discriminant functions (67-88{\%} well classified samples) based mostly on numbers of bacteriophages were able to predict both the presence and concentrations of enteroviruses. A combination of both bacterial and bacteriophage indicators seem to be the best choice for ensuring the microbial quality of reclaimed water.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis: isolation {\&} purification, Biological, Biological: methods, Conservation of Natural Resources, Conservation of Natural Resources: trends, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium: isolation {\&} purification, enterovirus, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Enterovirus: pathogenicity, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Predictive Value of Tests, Preservation, Regression Analysis, water, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods, Water: parasitology}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2008.07.037}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18762313}, author = {Cost{\'a}n-Longares, Ana and Montemayor, Michel and Pay{\'a}n, Andrey and M{\'e}ndez, Javier and Jofre, Joan and Mujeriego, Rafael and Lucena, Francisco} } @article {12937, title = {Microbial risk assessment framework for exposure to amended sludge projects}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {116}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {727}, publisher = {National Institute of Environmental Health Science}, author = {Eisenberg, Joseph NS and Moore, Kelly and Soller, Jeffery A and Eisenberg, Don and Colford Jr, John M} } @article {14577, title = {Microbial risk assessment framework for exposure to amended sludge projects}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {116}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {727{\textendash}33}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has a long history of using risk-based approaches for regulatory purposes, pollutant limits for pathogens in biosolids are not currently based on quantitative risk assessments. OBJECTIVES: We developed and demonstrated a risk-based methodology for assessing the risk to human health from exposure to pathogens via biosolids. MATERIALS: Four models were developed, incorporating direct ingestion, groundwater, and aerosol exposure pathways. Three sources of environmental data were used to estimate risk: pathogen monitoring of sludge, efficacy of sludge treatment, and pathogen monitoring of biosolids. RESULTS: Risk estimates were obtainable even for Class A biosolids, where posttreatment monitoring data are below detectable levels, demonstrating that risk assessments for biosolids exposure are practical. Model analyses suggest that: a) a two-digester design decreases the probability of risks {\textgreater}10(-4) compared with one-digester designs, b) risks associated with exposures to groundwater and aerosol pathways were, in general, lower than exposures to the direct ingestion pathway, and c) secondary transmission can be an important factor in risk estimation. CONCLUSIONS: The risk-based approach presented here provides a tool to a) help biosolids producers interpret the results of biosolids monitoring data in terms of its health implications, b) help treatment plant engineers evaluate the risk-based benefits of operational changes to existing or projected treatment processes, and c) help environmental managers evaluate potential capital improvements and/or land application site placement issues. Regulation of pathogens can now be based on human health risk in a manner parallel to other water-related risks.}, keywords = {*Models, environment, Environmental Exposure/analysis/*standards, Environmental monitoring, Humans, Microbial, Risk Assessment, Sewage/*microbiology, Sludge, Theoretical, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency/standards}, issn = {0091-6765 (Print) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.10994}, author = {Eisenberg, J. N. and Moore, K. and Soller, J. A. and Eisenberg, D. and Colford, J. M.} } @article {14929, title = {Microbial risk assessment framework for exposure to amended sludge projects}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {116}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {727{\textendash}33}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has a long history of using risk-based approaches for regulatory purposes, pollutant limits for pathogens in biosolids are not currently based on quantitative risk assessments. OBJECTIVES: We developed and demonstrated a risk-based methodology for assessing the risk to human health from exposure to pathogens via biosolids. MATERIALS: Four models were developed, incorporating direct ingestion, groundwater, and aerosol exposure pathways. Three sources of environmental data were used to estimate risk: pathogen monitoring of sludge, efficacy of sludge treatment, and pathogen monitoring of biosolids. RESULTS: Risk estimates were obtainable even for Class A biosolids, where posttreatment monitoring data are below detectable levels, demonstrating that risk assessments for biosolids exposure are practical. Model analyses suggest that: a) a two-digester design decreases the probability of risks {\textbackslash}textgreater10(-4) compared with one-digester designs, b) risks associated with exposures to groundwater and aerosol pathways were, in general, lower than exposures to the direct ingestion pathway, and c) secondary transmission can be an important factor in risk estimation. CONCLUSIONS: The risk-based approach presented here provides a tool to a) help biosolids producers interpret the results of biosolids monitoring data in terms of its health implications, b) help treatment plant engineers evaluate the risk-based benefits of operational changes to existing or projected treatment processes, and c) help environmental managers evaluate potential capital improvements and/or land application site placement issues. Regulation of pathogens can now be based on human health risk in a manner parallel to other water-related risks.}, keywords = {*Models, environment, Environmental Exposure/analysis/*standards, Environmental monitoring, Humans, Microbial, Risk Assessment, Sewage/*microbiology, Sludge, Theoretical, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency/standards}, issn = {0091-6765 (Print) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.10994}, author = {Eisenberg, J. N. and Moore, K. and Soller, J. A. and Eisenberg, D. and Colford, J. M.} } @article {16364, title = {Microbiological monitoring and automated event sampling at karst springs using LEO-satellites}, journal = {Water Science Technology}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {899-909}, author = {Stadler, H. and Skritek , P. et al.} } @book {6509, title = {The {Millennium} {Development} {Goals} {Report} 2008}, year = {2008}, publisher = {United Nations Publications}, organization = {United Nations Publications}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=lang_en\&id=eh-0Z3xBgkEC\&oi=fnd\&pg=PA6\&dq=water+sanitation+hygiene+\%22willingness+to+pay\%22+OR+,+OR+finance,+OR+micro+OR+finance,+OR+public+OR+sector+OR+finance,+OR+private+OR+sector+OR+finance,+OR+financial+OR+model}, author = {Economic, United Nations Department of} } @article {6126, title = {Modeling transport of microbes in ten undisturbed soils under effluent irrigation}, journal = {Vadose Zone Journal}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {97{\textendash}111}, author = {Pang, Liping and McLeod, Malcolm and Aislabie, Jacqueline and Jirka {\v S}imuunek and Close, Murray and Hector, Ross} } @mastersthesis {6679, title = {Modelling shallow landslides: {The} importance of hydrological controls and lateral reinforcement}, year = {2008}, note = {U504295}, school = {University of Durham (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}p {\textgreater}Current models suitable for catchment-scale application provide valuable probabilistic information on failure, but not detailed deterministic predictions. Using the English Lake District as a study area, this thesis addresses there issues necessary to provide the process-basis of these probabilistic analyses. {\textless}p {\textgreater}First, poorly constrained or spatially variable input parameters such as soil depth, root reinforcement or material properties are often used to explain the locations of failure within a larger area that has a high, sometimes equal, probability of failure. The thesis develops rigorous new methods to quantify and minimise error in these parameters, representing them as distributions to capture both their natural variability and the error in their measurement. Results suggest that lateral root reinforcement even for grasses and shrubs may provide important additional strength (as much as 6 kPa) in the top 0.5 m of the soil. {\textless}p {\textgreater}Second, infinite slope stability analysis neglects important additional lateral friction and root reinforcement effects at the margins of an unstable block. More sophisticated three-dimensional stability analyses can represent this process but are limited in their applicability by computational and data resolution requirements. This thesis derives from first principles a set of analytical governing equations for three-dimensional analysis; tests these against benchmark geotechnical methods; and applies them to establish key landslide scaling relationships. {\textless}p {\textgreater}Third, shallow landslides in the UK are almost exclusively hdyrologically-triggered, resulting from local high pore water pressures. In line with the current paradigm existing stability models assume that the topography plays a dominant role in defining the spatial pattern of soil moisture and therefore pore water pressures in the landscape. This hypothesis is tested: first at the hillslope scale (10$^{\textrm{-1}}$ km$^{\textrm{2}}$) with a network of {\textasciitilde}100 wells; then the catchment scale (10$^{\textrm{2}}$km$^{\textrm{2}}$) using high resolution orthorectified aerial photographs to identify vegetation indicative of wet habitats and applying these as a proxy for soil moisture. These studies indicate that, for the case-study, wet areas are controlled at the landscape scale by a set of broad topographic limits in terms of slope and contributing area. Within these there is considerable scatter, resulting from the interplay of local factors such as: bedrock topography, preferential flow and soil stratification. {\textless}p {\textgreater}Lateral root cohesion represents an important source of additional strength which can be included within analytical stability equations to create a threshold dependence on landslide size. Patterns of instability will then depend on the spatial pattern of other influencing factors (e.g. soil strength and pore pressure).}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 494041, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Civil engineering, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/899724714?accountid=14270}, author = {Milledge, D G} } @article {5937, title = {{Molecular biology and pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus}}, journal = {Journal of Biosciences}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {451{\textendash}464}, author = {Chandra, V and Taneja, S} } @article {15947, title = {Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {38}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, month = {Sep}, pages = {1239-55}, edition = {2008/05/16}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Animals, Domestic/parasitology, Animals, Wild/parasitology, Child, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/prevention \& control/*transmission, Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics, Databases, Genetic, Disease Reservoirs/*parasitology, DNA, Protozoan/genetics, Feces/parasitology, Female, genotype, Giardia/classification/genetics, Giardiasis/epidemiology/prevention \& control/*transmission, Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics, Humans, Infant, Male, Young Adult, Zoonoses/epidemiology/*transmission}, isbn = {0020-7519 (Print)
0020-7519}, author = {Xiao, L. and Fayer, R.} } @article {13786, title = {Molecular detection and characterization of gastroenteritis viruses occurring naturally in the stream waters of {Manaus}, {Central} {Amaz{\^o}nia}, {Brazil}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, abstract = {To assess the presence of the four main viruses responsible for human acute gastroenteritis in a hydrographic network impacted by a disordered urbanization process, a 1-year study was performed involving water sample collection from streams in the hydrographic basin surrounding the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Thirteen surface water sample collection sites, including different areas of human settlement characterized as urban, rural, and primary forest, located in the Tarum{\~a}-A{\c c}u, S{\~a}o Raimundo, Educandos, and Puraquequara microbasins, were defined with a global positioning system. At least one virus was detected in 59.6\% (31/52) of the water samples analyzed, and rotavirus was the most frequent (44.2\%), followed by human adenovirus (30.8\%), human astrovirus (15.4\%), and norovirus (5.8\%). The viral contamination observed mainly in the urban streams reflected the presence of a local high-density population and indicated the gastroenteritis burden from pathogenic viruses in the water, principally due to recreational activities such as bathing. The presence of viral genomes in areas where fecal contamination was not demonstrated by bacterial indicators suggests prolonged virus persistence in aquatic environments and emphasizes the enteric virus group as the most reliable for environmental monitoring. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00944-07}, author = {Miagostovich, M.P. and Ferreira, F.F.M. and Guimar{\~a}es, F.R. and Fumian, T.M. and Diniz-Mendes, L. and Luz, S.L.B. and Silva, L.A. and Leite, J.P.G.} } @article {2674, title = {Molecular detection and characterization of gastroenteritis viruses occurring naturally in the stream waters of Manaus, central Amazonia, Brazil.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {375-382}, abstract = {

To assess the presence of the four main viruses responsible for human acute gastroenteritis in a hydrographic network impacted by a disordered urbanization process, a 1-year study was performed involving water sample collection from streams in the hydrographic basin surrounding the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Thirteen surface water sample collection sites, including different areas of human settlement characterized as urban, rural, and primary forest, located in the {Tarum\ã-A{\c c}u,} S\ão Raimundo, Educandos, and Puraquequara microbasins, were defined with a global positioning system. At least one virus was detected in 59.6\% (31/52) of the water samples analyzed, and rotavirus was the most frequent (44.2\%), followed by human adenovirus (30.8\%), human astrovirus (15.4\%), and norovirus (5.8\%). The viral contamination observed mainly in the urban streams reflected the presence of a local high-density population and indicated the gastroenteritis burden from pathogenic viruses in the water, principally due to recreational activities such as bathing. The presence of viral genomes in areas where fecal contamination was not demonstrated by bacterial indicators suggests prolonged virus persistence in aquatic environments and emphasizes the enteric virus group as the most reliable for environmental monitoring.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00944-07}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00944-07}, author = {Miagostovich, Marize and Ferreira, Fabiana and Guimar{\~a}es, Fl{\'a}via and Fumian, Tulio and Diniz-Mendes, Leonardo and Luz, S{\'e}rgio and Silva, Luciete and Leite, Jos{\'e}} } @article {7587, title = {{Molecular detection and characterization of gastroenteritis viruses occurring naturally in the stream waters of Manaus, Central Amaz{\^o}nia, Brazil}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {375{\textendash}382}, abstract = {

To assess the presence of the four main viruses responsible for human acute gastroenteritis in a hydrographic network impacted by a disordered urbanization process, a 1-year study was performed involving water sample collection from streams in the hydrographic basin surrounding the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Thirteen surface water sample collection sites, including different areas of human settlement characterized as urban, rural, and primary forest, located in the Tarum{\~a}-A{\c c}u, S{\~a}o Raimundo, Educandos, and Puraquequara microbasins, were defined with a global positioning system. At least one virus was detected in 59.6{\%} (31/52) of the water samples analyzed, and rotavirus was the most frequent (44.2{\%}), followed by human adenovirus (30.8{\%}), human astrovirus (15.4{\%}), and norovirus (5.8{\%}). The viral contamination observed mainly in the urban streams reflected the presence of a local high-density population and indicated the gastroenteritis burden from pathogenic viruses in the water, principally due to recreational activities such as bathing. The presence of viral genomes in areas where fecal contamination was not demonstrated by bacterial indicators suggests prolonged virus persistence in aquatic environments and emphasizes the enteric virus group as the most reliable for environmental monitoring. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00944-07}, author = {Miagostovich, M.P. and Ferreira, F.F.M. and Guimar{\~a}es, F.R. and Fumian, T.M. and Diniz-Mendes, L. and Luz, S.L.B. and Silva, L.A. and Leite, J.P.G.} } @article {5032, title = {Molecular detection and prevalence of enterovirus within environmental water in Taiwan}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {817-823}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03598.x}, url = {://WOS:000253255800021}, author = {Chen, C. H. and Hsu, B. M. and Wan, M. T.} } @article {14519, title = {Molecular detection and prevalence of enterovirus within environmental water in {Taiwan}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {104}, year = {2008}, month = {mar}, pages = {817{\textendash}23}, abstract = {AIMS: To investigate the presence of enterovirus RNA in various samples of environmental water collected in Taiwan during 2004-2005, and to characterize the genotypes and distribution of the viruses identified in Taiwan. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total 131 environmental samples were screened using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the highly conserved 5{\textquoteright}-nontranslated regions (5{\textquoteright}-NTR). Among these enterovirus RNA-positive samples, 32, 15 and 6 of the samples were recovered from surface water, ground water and sewage water respectively. However, the total positive detection rate increased to 40.5\% with the application of seminested PCR. Sequencing revealed that the majority of isolates belonged to the following genotypes: coxsackie A2 (35.8\%), coxsackie A6 (13.2\%) and enterovirus (EV)71 (11.3\%); echovirus 11, porcine EV9 and coxsackie A16 isolates were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that the major epidemic genotypes of enterovirus are prevalent in the surface and ground water of Taiwan. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study is helpful in understanding the significance and epidemiology of the virus within and beyond the study area. Moreover, it was possible to predict the enterovirus genotype and evaluate possible correlations between water contamination and viral sequences found among clinical samples.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Base Sequence, Enterovirus/classification/*genetics, Fresh Water, Genome, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, RNA, Sewage, Taiwan, Viral, Viral/*analysis}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03598.x}, author = {Chen, C. H. and Hsu, B. M. and Wan, M. T.} } @article {14891, title = {Molecular detection and prevalence of enterovirus within environmental water in {Taiwan}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {104}, year = {2008}, month = {mar}, pages = {817{\textendash}23}, abstract = {AIMS: To investigate the presence of enterovirus RNA in various samples of environmental water collected in Taiwan during 2004-2005, and to characterize the genotypes and distribution of the viruses identified in Taiwan. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total 131 environmental samples were screened using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the highly conserved 5{\textquoteright}-nontranslated regions (5{\textquoteright}-NTR). Among these enterovirus RNA-positive samples, 32, 15 and 6 of the samples were recovered from surface water, ground water and sewage water respectively. However, the total positive detection rate increased to 40.5\% with the application of seminested PCR. Sequencing revealed that the majority of isolates belonged to the following genotypes: coxsackie A2 (35.8\%), coxsackie A6 (13.2\%) and enterovirus (EV)71 (11.3\%); echovirus 11, porcine EV9 and coxsackie A16 isolates were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that the major epidemic genotypes of enterovirus are prevalent in the surface and ground water of Taiwan. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study is helpful in understanding the significance and epidemiology of the virus within and beyond the study area. Moreover, it was possible to predict the enterovirus genotype and evaluate possible correlations between water contamination and viral sequences found among clinical samples.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Base Sequence, Enterovirus/classification/*genetics, Fresh Water, Genome, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, RNA, Sewage, Taiwan, Viral, Viral/*analysis}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03598.x}, author = {Chen, C. H. and Hsu, B. M. and Wan, M. T.} } @article {2747, title = {Molecular detection of human enteric viruses in urban rivers in Korea.}, year = {2008}, author = {Lee, C and Lee, CH and Kim, SJ} } @inbook {1254, title = {Molecular detection of human enteric viruses in urban rivers in Korea}, booktitle = {J Microbiol Biotechnol}, volume = {18}, year = {2008}, note = {Lee, Cheonghoon Kim, Sang-Jong Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Journal of microbiology and biotechnology 7444 [pii] J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008 Jun;18(6):1156-63.}, pages = {1156-63}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Korea South}, abstract = {We performed RT-nested PCR to study the distribution of human enteric viruses in urban rivers in Korea. During 2002-2003, water samples were collected from four rivers in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Among 58 samples, 45 (77.6\%), 32 (55.2\%), 12 (20.7\%), 2 (3.4\%), 4 (6.9\%), and 4 (6.9\%) showed positive results with adenoviruses (AdVs), enteroviruses (EVs), reoviruses (ReVs), hepatitis A viruses (HAVs), rotaviruses (RoVs), and sapoviruses (SVs), respectively. According to the binary logistic regression model, the occurrence of each enteric virus, except ReVs and HAVs, was not statistically correlated with the water temperature and levels of fecal coliforms (P<0.05). AdVs were most often detected; only 4 samples (6.9\%) were negative for AdVs while positive for other enteric viruses in the studied sites. Our results indicated that monitoring human enteric viruses is necessary to improve microbial quality, and that AdVs detection by PCR can be a useful index for the presence of other enteric viruses in aquatic environments.}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification Enterovirus/genetics/ isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring Feces/microbiology/virology Humans Korea Logistic Models RNA, Viral/genetics Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Rivers/ virology Temperature Water Microbiology}, isbn = {1017-7825 (Print) 1017-7825 (Linking)}, author = {Lee, C. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {16163, title = {Molecular detection of Leptospira interrogans in human tissues and environmental samples in a lethal case of leptospirosis}, journal = {Int J Legal MedInt J Legal MedInt J Legal Med}, volume = {122}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, note = {Case Reports
Journal Article
Germany}, month = {May}, pages = {229-33}, abstract = {A forensic case of suspected Leptospirosis with fatal course was resolved by the molecular detection of Leptospira interrogans in postmortem human tissues and in environmental samples. Polymerase chain reaction analysis and DNA sequencing confirmed the clinical diagnosis of Weil syndrome, and the death was considered to be an occupational accident with all the legal implications.}, keywords = {Aged, Animals, DNA, Bacterial/analysis, Fatal Outcome, Feces/microbiology, Humans, Kidney/microbiology, Leptospira interrogans/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/*diagnosis, Liver/microbiology, Lung/microbiology, Male, Pancreas/microbiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rats, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Soil Microbiology, Toilet Facilities, Urinary Bladder/microbiology, Water Microbiology, Weil Disease/*diagnosis}, isbn = {0937-9827 (Print)}, author = {Luchini, D. and Meacci, F. and Oggioni, M. R. and Morabito, G. and D{\textquoteright}Amato, V. and Gabbrielli, M. and Pozzi, G.} } @article {15526, title = {Molecular determinants of compatibility polymorphism in the Biomphalaria glabrata/Schistosoma mansoni model: new candidates identified by a global comparative proteomics approach}, journal = {Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology}, volume = {157}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, note = {Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Netherlands}, month = {Feb}, pages = {205-16}, abstract = {

The co-evolutionary dynamics that exist in host-parasite interactions sometimes lead to compatibility polymorphisms, the molecular bases of which are rarely investigated. To identify key molecules that are involved in this phenomenon in the Schistosoma mansoni/Biomphalaria glabrata model, we developed a comparative proteomics approach using the larval stages that interact with the invertebrate host. We used qualitative and quantitative analyses to compare the total proteomes of primary sporocysts from compatible and incompatible parasite strains. The differentially expressed proteins thus detected belong to three main functional groups: (i) scavengers of reactive oxygen species, (ii) components of primary metabolism, and (iii) mucin-like proteins. We discuss the putative roles played by these protein families as determinants of compatibility polymorphism. Since mucins are known to play key roles in the host-parasite interplay, we consider the newly discovered S. mansoni mucin-like proteins (SmMucin-like) as the most promising candidates for influencing the fate of host-parasite interactions. An analysis of their expression is presented in a paper published in the same journal issue.

}, keywords = {*Host-Parasite Interactions, Animals, Biomphalaria/*parasitology, Chromatography, Liquid, Cricetinae, Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional, Enzymes/genetics/isolation \& purification, Free Radical Scavengers/isolation \& purification, Larva/*chemistry/genetics, Mucins/genetics/isolation \& purification, Proteome/*analysis, Schistosoma mansoni/*chemistry/genetics, Tandem Mass Spectrometry}, isbn = {0166-6851 (Print)
0166-6851 (Linking)}, author = {Roger, E. and Mitta, G. and Mone, Y. and Bouchut, A. and Rognon, A. and Grunau, C. and Boissier, J. and Th{\'e}ron, A. and Gourbal, B. E.} } @article {9198, title = {{Molecular differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar from Tunisian food handlers with amoeba infection initially diagnosed by microscopy}}, journal = {Parasite}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {65{\textendash}68}, author = {Ben Ayed, S and Ben, AR and Mousli, M and Aoun, K and Thellier, M and Bouratbine, A} } @article {7754, title = {Molecular Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni Populations in Dairy Cattle, Wildlife, and the Environment in a Farmland Area}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {16}, year = {2008}, month = {August 15}, pages = {5130-5138}, abstract = {We describe a cross-sectional study of the molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni in a dairy farmland environment, with the aim of elucidating the dynamics of horizontal transmission of C. jejuni genotypes among sources in the area. A collection of 327 C. jejuni isolates from cattle, wildlife, and environmental sources in a 100-km2 area of farmland in northwest England was characterized by multilocus sequence typing. A total of 91 sequence types and 18 clonal complexes were identified. Clonal complexes ST-21, ST-45, and ST-61, which have been frequently associated with human disease, were the most commonly recovered genotypes in this study. In addition, widely distributed genotypes as well as potentially host-associated genotypes have been identified, which suggests that both restricted and interconnecting pathways of transmission may be operating in the dairy farmland environment. In particular, the ST-61 complex and the ST-21 complex were significantly associated with cattle. In contrast, complex strains ST-45, ST-952, and ST-677 were isolated predominantly from wild birds, wild rabbits, and environmental water. A considerable number of novel sequence types have also been identified, which were unassigned to existing clonal complexes and were frequently isolated from wildlife and environmental sources. The segregated distribution of genotypes among samples from different sources suggests that their transmission to humans is perhaps via independent routes. Insight into the dynamics and interactions of C. jejuni populations between important animal reservoirs and their surrounding environment would improve the identification of sources of Campylobacter infection and the design of control strategies.}, author = {Kwan,Patrick S. L. and Barrigas,Mishele and Bolton,Frederick J. and French,Nigel P. and Gowland,Peter and Kemp,Richard and Leatherbarrow,Howard and Upton,Mathew and Fox,Andrew J.} } @inbook {7801, title = {Molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter species}, booktitle = {Campylobacter}, volume = {3rd}, year = {2008}, note = {Molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter species; ID: 620}, publisher = {American Society for MIcrobiology}, organization = {American Society for MIcrobiology}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {On,S. L. W. and McCarthy,N. and Miller,W. G. and Gilpin,B. J.}, editor = {Nachamkin,I. and Szymanski,C. M. and Blaser,M. J.} } @article {8130, title = {{Molecular pathogenesis of Shigella spp.: controlling host cell signaling, invasion, and death by type III secretion.}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {134{\textendash}56}, abstract = {

Shigella spp. are gram-negative pathogenic bacteria that evolved from harmless enterobacterial relatives and may cause devastating diarrhea upon ingestion. Research performed over the last 25 years revealed that a type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded on a large plasmid is a key virulence factor of Shigella flexneri. The T3SS determines the interactions of S. flexneri with intestinal cells by consecutively translocating two sets of effector proteins into the target cells. Thus, S. flexneri controls invasion into EC, intra- and intercellular spread, macrophage cell death, as well as host inflammatory responses. Some of the translocated effector proteins show novel biochemical activities by which they intercept host cell signal transduction pathways. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Shigella pathogenesis will foster the development of a safe and efficient vaccine, which, in parallel with improved hygiene, should curb infections by this widespread pathogen.

}, keywords = {Bacillary, Bacillary: microbiology, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Bacterial Proteins: metabolism, Biological Evolution, Biological Transport, Biological Transport: physiology, Cell Death, Dysentery, Epithelial Cells, Epithelial Cells: metabolism, Epithelial Cells: microbiology, Humans, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: met, Locomotion, Macrophages, Macrophages: microbiology, Macrophages: physiology, Shigella, Shigella: genetics, Shigella: metabolism, Shigella: pathogenicity, Signal Transduction, Virulence, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Virulence Factors: metabolism}, issn = {1098-6618}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00032-07}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2223840{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Schroeder, Gunnar N and Hilbi, Hubert} } @article {14215, title = {Molecular pathogenesis of {Shigella} spp.: controlling host cell signaling, invasion, and death by type {III} secretion.}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {134{\textendash}56}, abstract = {Shigella spp. are gram-negative pathogenic bacteria that evolved from harmless enterobacterial relatives and may cause devastating diarrhea upon ingestion. Research performed over the last 25 years revealed that a type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded on a large plasmid is a key virulence factor of Shigella flexneri. The T3SS determines the interactions of S. flexneri with intestinal cells by consecutively translocating two sets of effector proteins into the target cells. Thus, S. flexneri controls invasion into EC, intra- and intercellular spread, macrophage cell death, as well as host inflammatory responses. Some of the translocated effector proteins show novel biochemical activities by which they intercept host cell signal transduction pathways. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Shigella pathogenesis will foster the development of a safe and efficient vaccine, which, in parallel with improved hygiene, should curb infections by this widespread pathogen.}, keywords = {Bacillary, Bacillary: microbiology, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Bacterial Proteins: metabolism, Biological Evolution, Biological Transport, Biological Transport: physiology, Cell Death, Dysentery, Epithelial Cells, Epithelial Cells: metabolism, Epithelial Cells: microbiology, Humans, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: met, Locomotion, Macrophages, Macrophages: microbiology, Macrophages: physiology, Shigella, Shigella: genetics, Shigella: metabolism, Shigella: pathogenicity, Signal Transduction, Virulence, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Virulence Factors: metabolism}, issn = {1098-6618}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00032-07}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2223840\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Schroeder, Gunnar N and Hilbi, Hubert} } @article {2404, title = {{Molecular pathogenesis of Shigella spp.: controlling host cell signaling, invasion, and death by type III secretion.}}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {134{\textendash}56}, abstract = {Shigella spp. are gram-negative pathogenic bacteria that evolved from harmless enterobacterial relatives and may cause devastating diarrhea upon ingestion. Research performed over the last 25 years revealed that a type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded on a large plasmid is a key virulence factor of Shigella flexneri. The T3SS determines the interactions of S. flexneri with intestinal cells by consecutively translocating two sets of effector proteins into the target cells. Thus, S. flexneri controls invasion into EC, intra- and intercellular spread, macrophage cell death, as well as host inflammatory responses. Some of the translocated effector proteins show novel biochemical activities by which they intercept host cell signal transduction pathways. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Shigella pathogenesis will foster the development of a safe and efficient vaccine, which, in parallel with improved hygiene, should curb infections by this widespread pathogen.}, keywords = {Bacillary, Bacillary: microbiology, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Bacterial Proteins: metabolism, Biological Evolution, Biological Transport, Biological Transport: physiology, Cell Death, Dysentery, Epithelial Cells, Epithelial Cells: metabolism, Epithelial Cells: microbiology, Humans, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: met, Locomotion, Macrophages, Macrophages: microbiology, Macrophages: physiology, Shigella, Shigella: genetics, Shigella: metabolism, Shigella: pathogenicity, Signal Transduction, Virulence, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Virulence Factors: metabolism}, issn = {1098-6618}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00032-07}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2223840\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Schroeder, Gunnar N and Hilbi, Hubert} } @article {4138, title = {{Monitoring of waterborne pathogens in surface waters in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and the potential health risk associated with exposure to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in these waters}}, journal = {Appl. Environ. Microbiol}, volume = {74}, year = {2008}, pages = {2069{\textendash}2078}, author = {Schets, FM and van Wijnen, JH and Schijven, JF and Schoon, H and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {15902, title = {Monitoring of waterborne pathogens in surface waters in amsterdam, the Netherlands, and the potential health risk associated with exposure to cryptosporidium and giardia in these waters}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {7}, year = {2008}, month = {Apr}, pages = {2069-78}, edition = {2008/02/19}, keywords = {*Risk Assessment, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Environmental monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Feces/microbiology/parasitology, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/*epidemiology, Humans, Netherlands/epidemiology, Recreation, Rivers/parasitology, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Schets, F. M. and van Wijnen, J. H. and Schijven, J. F. and Schoon, H. and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {16167, title = {Monoclonal antibodies to LipL32 protect against heterologous Leptospira spp. challenge.}, journal = {Hybridoma (Larchmt).Hybridoma (Larchmt).}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {453-465.}, author = {Maneewatch, S. and Sakolvaree, Y. and Saengjaruk, P. and Srimanote, P. and Tapchaisri, P. and Tongtawe, P. and Klaysing, B. and Wongratanacheewin, S. and Chongsa-Nguan, M. and Chaicumpa, W.} } @article {17251, title = {Most probable number methodology for quantifying dilute concentrations and fluxes of Salmonella in surface waters}, journal = {J Appl MicrobiolJ Appl Microbiol}, volume = {104}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1562-8}, keywords = {*Data Interpretation, Statistical, *Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Bacteriological Techniques/methods, Colony Count, Microbial, Environmental Monitoring/methods/statistics \& numerical data, Feces/microbiology, Fresh Water, Humans, Salmonella/*isolation \& purification, Water Movements}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic)
1364-5072 (Linking)}, author = {Jenkins, M. B. and Endale, D. M. and Fisher, D. S.} } @article {1875, title = {Nanotechnology and water treatment: applications and emerging opportunities}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, note = {Theron, J Walker, J A Cloete, T E eng Review 2008/02/09 09:00 Crit Rev Microbiol. 2008;34(1):43-69. doi: 10.1080/10408410701710442 .}, pages = {43-69}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Nanotechnology, the engineering and art of manipulating matter at the nanoscale (1-100 nm), offers the potential of novel nanomaterials for treatment of surface water, groundwater, and wastewater contaminated by toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic solutes, and microorganisms. Due to their unique activity toward recalcitrant contaminants and application flexibility, many nanomaterials are under active research and development. Accordingly, literature about current research on different nanomaterials (nanostructured catalytic membranes, nanosorbents, nanocatalysts, and bioactive nanoparticles) and their application in water treatment, purification and disinfection is reviewed in this article. Moreover, knowledge regarding toxicological effects of engineered nanomaterials on humans and the environment is presented.}, keywords = {Humans *Nanotechnology Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1040-841X (Print) 1040-841X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/10408410701710442}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18259980}, author = {Theron, J. and Walker, J. A. and Cloete, T. E.} } @booklet {10493, title = {{National Environmental Act}}, year = {2008} } @article {11297, title = {{National Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Zoonotic Toxocara spp. Infection}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {79}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {552{\textendash}557}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.552}, author = {Won, K Y and Kruszon-Moran, Deanna and Schantz, PETER M and Jones, Jeffrey L} } @article {14387, title = {A new 16S {rDNA}-{RFLP} method for the discrimination of the accepted species of {Arcobacter}.}, journal = {Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease}, volume = {62}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {11{\textendash}15}, author = {Maria J Figueras and Collado, Luis and Guarro, Josep} } @article {5870, title = {{A new 16S rDNA-RFLP method for the discrimination of the accepted species of Arcobacter.}}, journal = {Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease}, volume = {62}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {11{\textendash}15}, author = {Maria J Figueras and Collado, Luis and Guarro, Josep} } @article {14533, title = {New generation of inactivated poliovirus vaccines for universal immunization after eradication of poliomyelitis}, journal = {Clin Infect Dis}, volume = {47}, year = {2008}, month = {dec}, pages = {1587{\textendash}92}, abstract = {Twenty years of global polio eradication efforts may soon eliminate the transmission of wild-type poliovirus. However, new information that has been learned about poliovirus, as well as the political realities of a modern world, demand that universal immunity against poliomyelitis be maintained, even after wild-type poliovirus is eradicated. Although 2 excellent vaccines have proven to be highly effective in the past, neither the live-attenuated vaccine nor the currently used inactivated vaccine are optimal for use in the posteradication era. Therefore, concerted efforts are urgently needed to develop a new generation of vaccine that is risk-free and affordable and can be produced on a global scale. Here, we discuss the desired properties of a vaccine and methods to create a new polio vaccine.}, keywords = {Humans, Inactivated/*immunology, Poliomyelitis/*prevention \& control, Poliovirus Vaccine}, issn = {1537-6591 (Electronic) 1058-4838 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1086/593310}, author = {Chumakov, K. and Ehrenfeld, E.} } @article {14903, title = {New generation of inactivated poliovirus vaccines for universal immunization after eradication of poliomyelitis}, journal = {Clin Infect Dis}, volume = {47}, year = {2008}, month = {dec}, pages = {1587{\textendash}92}, abstract = {Twenty years of global polio eradication efforts may soon eliminate the transmission of wild-type poliovirus. However, new information that has been learned about poliovirus, as well as the political realities of a modern world, demand that universal immunity against poliomyelitis be maintained, even after wild-type poliovirus is eradicated. Although 2 excellent vaccines have proven to be highly effective in the past, neither the live-attenuated vaccine nor the currently used inactivated vaccine are optimal for use in the posteradication era. Therefore, concerted efforts are urgently needed to develop a new generation of vaccine that is risk-free and affordable and can be produced on a global scale. Here, we discuss the desired properties of a vaccine and methods to create a new polio vaccine.}, keywords = {Humans, Inactivated/*immunology, Poliomyelitis/*prevention \& control, Poliovirus Vaccine}, issn = {1537-6591 (Electronic) 1058-4838 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1086/593310}, author = {Chumakov, K. and Ehrenfeld, E.} } @article {8591, title = {{New insights in toxoplasmosis immunology during pregnancy. Perspective for vaccine prevention}}, journal = {Parassitologia}, volume = {50}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, pages = {55{\textendash}58}, author = {Pfaff, AW and Candolfi, E} } @article {9890, title = {{New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {21}, year = {2008}, pages = {639{\textendash}665}, author = {Tan, TSW} } @article {810, title = {New tools for the study and direct surveillance of viral pathogens in water}, year = {2008}, author = {Bosch, A and Guix, S and Sano, D and Pinto, RM} } @article {14494, title = {New tools for the study and direct surveillance of viral pathogens in water}, journal = {Curr Opin Biotechnol}, volume = {19}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {295{\textendash}301}, abstract = {Half a century ago scientists attempted the detection of poliovirus in water. Since then other enteric viruses responsible for gastroenteritis and hepatitis have replaced enteroviruses as the main target for detection. However, most viral outbreaks are restricted to norovirus and hepatitis A virus, making them the main targets in water. The inclusion of virus analysis in regulatory standards for viruses in water samples must overcome several shortcomings such as the technical difficulties and high costs of virus monitoring, the lack of harmonised and standardised assays and the challenge posed by the ever-changing nature of viruses. However, new tools are nowadays available for the study and direct surveillance of viral pathogens in water that may contribute to fulfil these requirements.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Biotechnology, Humans, Public health, Sewage/virology, Virology/methods, Viruses/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Water Supply/standards}, issn = {0958-1669 (Print) 0958-1669 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2008.04.006}, author = {Bosch, A. and Guix, S. and Sano, D. and Pinto, R. M.} } @article {2566, title = {New tools for the study and direct surveillance of viral pathogens in water}, year = {2008}, author = {Bosch, A and Guix, S and Sano, D and Pinto, RM} } @article {3564, title = {New tools for the study and direct surveillance of viral pathogens in water}, journal = {Current opinion in biotechnology}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {295{\textendash}301}, author = {Bosch, A and Guix, S and Sano, D and Pinto, R M} } @article {10079, title = {{Niche-specific features of the intestinal bacteroidales}}, journal = {Journal of Bacteriology}, volume = {190}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {736{\textendash}742}, author = {Coyne, MJ and Comstock, LE} } @article {16870, title = {Nitrate removal rates in a 15-year-old permeable reactive barrier treating septic system nitrate}, journal = {Groundwater Monitoring \& Remediation}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {65{\textendash}72}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Robertson, WD and Vogan, JL and Lombardo, PS} } @mastersthesis {6960, title = {Non-market and public welfare values of common-pool irrigation in {New} {Mexico}}, year = {2008}, note = {3329465}, school = {The University of New Mexico}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Traditional irrigation systems or acequias in New Mexico can be difficult to analyze using traditional economic methods. However, they face a typical economic problem, competition for scarce water. Sometimes seen as in conflict with municipalities in demand for surface water, on the other hand they are considered integral to New Mexican culture, providing critical non-market values. This research begins to create a framework for assessing the total economic value of acequia irrigation for the purposes of comparing that use to other, more easily quantifiable types of use. The research asks three questions in order to address those values in San Miguel County, New Mexico: how are allocation decisions handled in the acequias of the Gallinas River, do irrigators{\textquoteright} responses in an experiment differ from non-irrigators{\textquoteright}, and how do residents of San Miguel County perceive water use and acequia culture? Three methods are used: the Institutional Analysis and Development (LAD) Framework, a Common Pool Resource (CPR) Experiment, and a Contingent Valuation (CV) Survey. The IAD interviews provide a baseline of detailed descriptives about acequia irrigation on the Gallinas River; the CPR experiments provide information about whether there are any measurable differences between irrigators on acequias and undergraduate students; the CV survey investigates attitudes toward different water uses and futures, and asks for willingness to pay to protect acequia culture. This would be pursued through a training program addressing traditional and contemporary farming methods, as well as water law and global climate change. Some predictions of local precipitation change show less snow and more rain in future years, a change for which acequias, dependent on snowpack, are totally unprepared. The acequias on the Gallinas River are far from homogeneous, and employ different strategies to confront varying management issues. Any careful analysis of even a single watershed must consider a heterogeneous management structure. The CPR results suggest that are not significant variations in perception and behavior in withdrawals between the two groups. CV results show that residents of San Miguel County hold positive non-market values for acequia culture, with differences predictably emerging between urban and rural groups.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0503:Agricultural economics, Acequias, Agricultural economics, Common pool resources, Common-pool irrigation, Contingent valuation, economics, Experimental economics, Institutional analysis, New Mexico, Public welfare values, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304535544?accountid=14270}, author = {Raheem, Nejem} } @mastersthesis {6459, title = {Non-metric multidimensional scaling ({NMDS}) as a basis for a plant functional group classification and a {Bayesian} belief network formulation for {California} oak woodlands}, year = {2008}, note = {3329589}, school = {University of California, Davis}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {One of the main goals of rangeland management is to sustain or obtain a specific plant community composition. Thus, rangeland management requires not only a good characterization of the plant community under management, but also a fairly good prediction of the response of that community to management actions. In this research on California oak woodlands we sampled 455 100-m transects both in the Coast Range and Sierra Nevada Foothill areas during the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005. Each transect site was characterized by its management history, disturbance frequency, soil characteristics and precipitation. Non-metrical multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and cluster analysis were combined to identify and classify the current most common plant communities. These communities and their canonical and spatial distribution were also analyzed using a plant functional group (PFG) approach. Finally, prior knowledge and observational data were combined in a Bayesian belief network to generate predictions about the woody species composition under different levels of precipitation and grazing. Our results indicate that the plant community composition on California oak woodlands is not a random assemblage of species. They also indicate that Quercus douglasii , Q. wislizeni and Pinus sabiniana are homogeneously distributed in the Coast Range and Sierra Nevada Foothills. Q. lobata and Q. kelloggii are mostly, and Q. agrifolia and Q. garryana are only present in the Coast Range. The distribution of the PFG{\textquoteright}s along precipitation and elevation gradients is not random. Evergreen species are located principally in the northern counties, whereas in the southern counties the predominant species are deciduous and adapted to dry conditions. Precipitation, soil available water capacity, elevation, slope and exposure are the most important variables in explaining the variability in the woody species composition. The probability of occurrence of Q. wislizeni, P. sabiniana, Q. kelloggii, and Q. garryana increases dramatically with precipitation. Grazing increases the probability of occurrence of Q. douglasii and Q. wislizeni ; does not affect Q. lobata ; and decreases the probability of finding P. sabiniana, Q. agrifolia, Q. garryana, and most of the shrubs. Further studies are needed to transform these patterns of distribution in quantitative rules of plant community assemblages.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0478:Forestry, 0777:Range management, 0800:Artificial intelligence, Applied sciences, Artificial Intelligence, Bayesian networks, Biological sciences, California, Cluster Analysis, Ecology, Forestry, Nonmetric multidimensional scaling, Oak woodlands, Ordination, Pinus sabiniana, Plant functional groups, Quercus agrifolia, Quercus douglasii, Quercus garryana, Quercus kelloggii, Quercus lobata, Quercus wislizeni, Range management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304698615?accountid=14270}, author = {Alonso Valdes, Maximo} } @article {5155, title = {{Norovirus removal and particle association in a waste stabilization pond.}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {42}, number = {24}, year = {2008}, month = {dec}, pages = {9151{\textendash}7}, abstract = {

The presence of norovirus (NoV) genogroup I (GI) and II (GII) was evaluated using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) in the influent, two midtreatment locations, and final effluent of a three-pond serial waste stabilization pond system from December 2005 through June 2006. Additionally, influent and effluent samples were filtered through a cascade of three membrane filters with sequentially smaller pores to determine the size range of particles with which GI and GII were associated. NoV GI and GII removal occurs primarily in the third pond. Viruses were found on large settleable particles (retained on a 180 microm filter), on smaller suspended particles (retained on a 0.45 microm filter), on colloidal particles (retained on a positively charged 0.45 microm filter), and in the final filtrate. Both GI and GII in influent samples were found to be dominantly associated with particles smaller than 180 microm, thereby suggesting that particle settling is not the main virus removal mechanism in the waste stabilization pond system. On average, NoV detected in filtered effluent samples were associated with particles between 0.45 and 180 microm in diameter (47 and 67{\%} of detected GI and GII, respectively). The presence of NoV GI and GII in the final filtrate of influent and effluent samples shows that positively charged membrane filters often used for viral concentration methods are not capable of trapping all viruses present in wastewater samples.

}, keywords = {Environmental Remediation, Filtration, Norovirus, Norovirus: genetics, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Particulate Matter, Particulate Matter: chemistry, Refuse Disposal, Water Supply}, issn = {0013-936X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19174885}, author = {da Silva, Allegra K and Le Guyader, Fran{\c c}oise S and Jean C Le Saux and Pommepuy, Monique and Montgomery, Maggie A and Elimelech, Menachem} } @article {15183, title = {Norwalk virus: how infectious is it?}, journal = {Journal of medical virology}, volume = {80}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {1468{\textendash}1476}, author = {Teunis, Peter FM and Moe, Christine L and Liu, Pengbo and E. Miller, Sara and Lindesmith, Lisa and Baric, Ralph S and Le Pendu, Jacques and Calderon, Rebecca L} } @article {15267, title = {Norwalk virus: how infectious is it?}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {80}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {1468{\textendash}1476}, abstract = {Noroviruses are major agents of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The infectivity of Norwalk virus, the prototype norovirus, has been studied in susceptible human volunteers. A new variant of the hit theory model of microbial infection was developed to estimate the variation in Norwalk virus infectivity, as well as the degree of virus aggregation, consistent with independent (electron microscopic) observations. Explicit modeling of viral aggregation allows us to express virus infectivity per single infectious unit (particle). Comparison of a primary and a secondary inoculum showed that passage through a human host does not change Norwalk virus infectivity. We estimate the average probability of infection for a single Norwalk virus particle to be close to 0.5, exceeding that reported for any other virus studied to date. Infected subjects had a dose-dependent probability of becoming ill, ranging from 0.1 (at a dose of 10(3) NV genomes) to 0.7 (at 10(8) virus genomes). A norovirus dose response model is important for understanding its transmission and essential for development of a quantitative risk model. Norwalk virus is a valuable model system to study virulence because genetic factors are known for both complete and partial protection; the latter can be quantitatively described as heterogeneity in dose response models.}, keywords = {Biological, Caliciviridae Infections, Caliciviridae Infections: genetics, Caliciviridae Infections: physiopathology, Caliciviridae Infections: transmission, Caliciviridae Infections: virology, Electron, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: genetics, Gastroenteritis: physiopathology, Gastroenteritis: virology, Humans, Microscopy, Models, Monte Carlo Method, Norovirus, Norwalk virus, Norwalk virus: genetics, Norwalk virus: isolation \& purification, Norwalk virus: pathogenicity, Norwalk virus: ultrastructure, QMRA, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Risk Assessment, RNA, Viral, Viral: analysis}, author = {Peter FM Teunis and Moe, Christine L and Liu, Pengbo and Miller, Sara E and Lindesmith, Lisa and Baric, Ralph S and Le Pendu, Jacques and Calderon, Rebecca L} } @article {15306, title = {Norwalk virus: how infectious is it?}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {80}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {1468-1476}, keywords = {Dose response Norovirus Primary inoculum Secondary inoculum Viral gastroenteritis Virus aggregation}, author = {Teunis, P. F. M. and Moe, C. L. and Liu, P. and Miller, S. E. and Lindesmith, L. and Baric, R. S. and Le Pendu, J. and Calderon, R. L.} } @article {13634, title = {Norwalk virus: how infectious is it?}, journal = {Journal of medical virology}, volume = {80}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {1468{\textendash}1476}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Teunis, Peter FM and Moe, Christine L and Liu, Pengbo and E. Miller, Sara and Lindesmith, Lisa and Baric, Ralph S and Le Pendu, Jacques and Calderon, Rebecca L} } @article {13685, title = {{Norwalk virus: how infectious is it?}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {80}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {1468{\textendash}1476}, abstract = {Noroviruses are major agents of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The infectivity of Norwalk virus, the prototype norovirus, has been studied in susceptible human volunteers. A new variant of the hit theory model of microbial infection was developed to estimate the variation in Norwalk virus infectivity, as well as the degree of virus aggregation, consistent with independent (electron microscopic) observations. Explicit modeling of viral aggregation allows us to express virus infectivity per single infectious unit (particle). Comparison of a primary and a secondary inoculum showed that passage through a human host does not change Norwalk virus infectivity. We estimate the average probability of infection for a single Norwalk virus particle to be close to 0.5, exceeding that reported for any other virus studied to date. Infected subjects had a dose-dependent probability of becoming ill, ranging from 0.1 (at a dose of 10(3) NV genomes) to 0.7 (at 10(8) virus genomes). A norovirus dose response model is important for understanding its transmission and essential for development of a quantitative risk model. Norwalk virus is a valuable model system to study virulence because genetic factors are known for both complete and partial protection; the latter can be quantitatively described as heterogeneity in dose response models.}, keywords = {Biological, Caliciviridae Infections, Caliciviridae Infections: genetics, Caliciviridae Infections: physiopathology, Caliciviridae Infections: transmission, Caliciviridae Infections: virology, Electron, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: genetics, Gastroenteritis: physiopathology, Gastroenteritis: virology, Humans, Microscopy, Models, Monte Carlo Method, Norovirus, Norwalk virus, Norwalk virus: genetics, Norwalk virus: isolation {\&} purification, Norwalk virus: pathogenicity, Norwalk virus: ultrastructure, QMRA, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Risk Assessment, RNA, Viral, Viral: analysis}, author = {Peter FM Teunis and Moe, Christine L and Liu, Pengbo and Miller, Sara E and Lindesmith, Lisa and Baric, Ralph S and Le Pendu, Jacques and Calderon, Rebecca L} } @article {16290, title = {Norwalk virus: How infectious is it?}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {80}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, month = {Aug}, pages = {1468-1476}, keywords = {challenge, dose response, dose-response, nonbacterial gastroenteritis, Norovirus, Noroviruses, primary inoculum, Recombination, rotavirus, secondary inoculum, susceptibility, Transmission, UNITED-STATES, viral gastroenteritis, Virus aggregation, Volunteers}, isbn = {0146-6615}, author = {Teunis, P. F. M. and Moe, C. L. and Liu, P. and Miller, S. E. and Lindesmith, L. and Baric, R. S. and Le Pendu, J. and Calderon, R. L.} } @article {16710, title = {Norwalk virus: {How} infectious is it?}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {80}, year = {2008}, pages = {1468{\textendash}1476}, author = {Teunis, P. F. M., C. L. Moe, P. Liu, S. E. Miller, L. Lindesmith, R. S. Baric, J. Le Pendu and Calderon, R. L.} } @article {7407, title = {Norwalk virus: {How} infectious is it?}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {80}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, month = {aug}, pages = {1468{\textendash}1476}, issn = {01466615, 10969071}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.21237}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jmv.21237}, author = {Teunis, Peter F.M. and Christine L Moe and Liu, Pengbo and E. Miller, Sara and Lindesmith, Lisa and Ralph S Baric and Le Pendu, Jacques and Calderon, Rebecca L.} } @article {7916, title = {{Norwalk virus: how infectious is it?}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {80}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, month = {aug}, pages = {1468{\textendash}1476}, abstract = {

Noroviruses are major agents of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The infectivity of Norwalk virus, the prototype norovirus, has been studied in susceptible human volunteers. A new variant of the hit theory model of microbial infection was developed to estimate the variation in Norwalk virus infectivity, as well as the degree of virus aggregation, consistent with independent (electron microscopic) observations. Explicit modeling of viral aggregation allows us to express virus infectivity per single infectious unit (particle). Comparison of a primary and a secondary inoculum showed that passage through a human host does not change Norwalk virus infectivity. We estimate the average probability of infection for a single Norwalk virus particle to be close to 0.5, exceeding that reported for any other virus studied to date. Infected subjects had a dose-dependent probability of becoming ill, ranging from 0.1 (at a dose of 10(3) NV genomes) to 0.7 (at 10(8) virus genomes). A norovirus dose response model is important for understanding its transmission and essential for development of a quantitative risk model. Norwalk virus is a valuable model system to study virulence because genetic factors are known for both complete and partial protection; the latter can be quantitatively described as heterogeneity in dose response models.

}, keywords = {Analysis, Biological, Caliciviridae Infections, Electron, Gastroenteritis, genetics, Humans, isolation {\&} purification, Microscopy, Models, Monte Carlo Method, Norwalk virus, pathogenicity, physiopathology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Risk Assessment, RNA, Transmission, ultrastructure, Viral, Virology}, issn = {1096-9071 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.21237}, author = {Peter FM Teunis and Moe, Christine L and Liu, Pengbo and Miller, Sara E and Lindesmith, Lisa and Baric, Ralph S and Le Pendu, Jacques and Calderon, Rebecca L} } @article {5508, title = {{Norwalk virus shedding after experimental human infection}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, pages = {1553{\textendash}1557}, abstract = {Noroviruses are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in the United States. To determine the magnitude and duration of virus shedding in feces, we evaluated persons who had been experimentally infected with Norwalk virus. Of 16 persons, clinical gastroenteritis (watery diarrhea and/or vomiting) developed in 11; symptomatic illness lasted 1-2 days. Virus shedding was first detected by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) 18 hours after participant inoculation and lasted a median of 28 days after inoculation (range 13-56 days). The median peak amount of virus shedding was 95 x 10(9) (range 0.5-1,640 x 10(9)) genomic copies/g feces as measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Virus shedding was first detected by antigen ELISA approximately 33 hours (median 42 hours) after inoculation and lasted 10 days (median 7 days) after inoculation. Understanding of the relevance of prolonged fecal norovirus excretion must await the development of sensitive methods to measure virus infectivity.}, isbn = {1080-6059 (Electronic)}, issn = {10806040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1410.080117}, author = {Atmar, Robert L. and Opekun, Antone R. and Gilger, Mark A. and Estes, Mary K. and Crawford, Sue E. and Neill, Frederick H. and Graham, David Y.} } @article {9942, title = {{Norwalk virus shedding after experimental human infection}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, pages = {1553{\textendash}1557}, abstract = {Noroviruses are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in the United States. To determine the magnitude and duration of virus shedding in feces, we evaluated persons who had been experimentally infected with Norwalk virus. Of 16 persons, clinical gastroenteritis (watery diarrhea and/or vomiting) developed in 11; symptomatic illness lasted 1-2 days. Virus shedding was first detected by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) 18 hours after participant inoculation and lasted a median of 28 days after inoculation (range 13-56 days). The median peak amount of virus shedding was 95 x 10(9) (range 0.5-1,640 x 10(9)) genomic copies/g feces as measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Virus shedding was first detected by antigen ELISA approximately 33 hours (median 42 hours) after inoculation and lasted 10 days (median 7 days) after inoculation. Understanding of the relevance of prolonged fecal norovirus excretion must await the development of sensitive methods to measure virus infectivity.}, isbn = {1080-6059 (Electronic)}, issn = {10806040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1410.080117}, author = {Atmar, R.L. and Opekun, A.R. and Gilger, M.A. and Estes, M.K. and Crawford, S.E. and Neill, F.H. and Graham, David Y.} } @article {6000, title = {{Novel hepatitis E virus in ferrets, the Netherlands}}, journal = {Emerging Infection Diseases}, volume = {18}, year = {2008}, pages = {1369{\textendash}1370}, author = {Raj, VS and Smits, SL and Pas, SD and Provacia, LB and Moorman-Roest, H and Osterhaus, AD and Haagmans, BL} } @article {529, title = {Novel human adenovirus causing nosocomial epidemic keratoconjunctivitis}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {46}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, note = {1098-660x Ishiko, Hiroaki Shimada, Yasushi Konno, Tsunetada Hayashi, Akio Ohguchi, Takeshi Tagawa, Yoshitsugu Aoki, Koki Ohno, Shigeaki Yamazaki, Shudo Journal Article United States J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Jun;46(6):2002-8. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01835-07. Epub 2008 Apr 2.}, pages = {2002-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In 2000, we encountered cases of nosocomial infections with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) at a university hospital in Kobe, in the western part of Japan. Two human adenovirus (HAdV) strains, Kobe-H and Kobe-S, were isolated from patients with nosocomial EKC infection. They were untypeable by existing neutralizing antisera; however, the isolate was neutralized with homologous antisera. We then encountered several cases of EKC due to nosocomial infections in eye clinics in different parts of Japan. A total of 80 HAdVs were isolated from patients with EKC at eight different hospitals. The partial hexon gene sequences of the isolates were determined and compared to those of the prototype strains of 51 serotypes. All isolates had identical partial hexon nucleotide sequences. Phylogenetic analysis classified these isolates into species of HAdV-D. The isolates showed 93.9 to 96.7\% nucleotide identity with HAdV-D prototype strains, while all 32 HAdV-D prototype strains ranged from 93.2 to 99.2\% identity. The sequences of the loop 2 and fiber knob regions from the representative strain, Kobe-H, were dissimilar in all prototype strains of 51 serotypes. We believe that this virus is a novel serotype of HAdV that causes EKC.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, DNA, Human/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification Capsid Proteins/genetics *Conjunctivitis, Human/epidemiology/virology Adenoviruses, Viral/epidemiology/virology *Cross Infection/epidemiology/virology *Disease Outbreaks Humans Japan *Keratoconjunctivitis/epidemiology/virology Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Sequence Analysis}, issn = {0095-1137}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.01835-07}, author = {Ishiko, H. and Shimada, Y. and Konno, T. and Hayashi, A. and Ohguchi, T. and Tagawa, Y. and Aoki, K. and Ohno, S. and Yamazaki, S.} } @article {4506, title = {Novel human adenovirus causing nosocomial epidemic keratoconjunctivitis}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {2002{\textendash}8}, issn = {0095-1137}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.01835-07}, author = {Ishiko, H. and Shimada, Y. and Konno, T. and Hayashi, A. and Ohguchi, T. and Tagawa, Y. and Aoki, K. and Ohno, S. and Yamazaki, S.} } @article {1518, title = {Occurrence and distribution of culturable enteroviruses in wastewater and surface waters of north-eastern Spain}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {105}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, note = {Costan-Longares, A Moce-Llivina, L Avellon, A Jofre, J Lucena, F eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2009/01/06 09:00 J Appl Microbiol. 2008 Dec;105(6):1945-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03954.x.}, pages = {1945-55}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

AIMS: Update information regarding occurrence and levels of culturable enteroviruses in several types of surface polluted waters in north-eastern Spain and determine the proportion of the different species and serotypes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The best procedures on hand in our laboratory for concentrating and quantifying culturable enteroviruses from different water sample types were used. Sequencing was used for typing the virus isolates. Geometric means of enteroviruses densities expressed in plaque forming units per litre were 968 in raw sewage, 12.51 in secondary effluents, 0.017 in tertiary effluents, 0.4 in river water and 0.36 in seawater. Enterovirus densities in wastewater revealed certain seasonality with a maximum at the end of spring - beginning of the summer. Coxsackievirus B, and amid them serotype CB4, were the most abundant species and serotypes detected. CONCLUSIONS: Densities of enteroviruses in different north-eastern Spain surface waters are similar to those present in industrialized countries with temperate climate. No wild polioviruses were detected. Distribution of species showed a clear prevalence of coxsackieviruses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Information regarding enteroviruses in this geographical area provides valuable information to estimate the risk of enteroviruses transmission through water and for complementing clinical epidemiological data.

}, keywords = {Animals Colony Count, Fluid *Water Microbiology *Water Pollution, Microbial Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/methods Fresh Water Seasons Seawater Serotyping Sewage Spain Waste Disposal}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03954.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120641}, author = {Costan-Longares, A and Moc{\'e}-Llivina, L and Avellon, A and Jofre, J and Lucena, F} } @article {14541, title = {Occurrence and distribution of culturable enteroviruses in wastewater and surface waters of north-eastern {Spain}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {105}, year = {2008}, month = {dec}, pages = {1945{\textendash}55}, abstract = {AIMS: Update information regarding occurrence and levels of culturable enteroviruses in several types of surface polluted waters in north-eastern Spain and determine the proportion of the different species and serotypes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The best procedures on hand in our laboratory for concentrating and quantifying culturable enteroviruses from different water sample types were used. Sequencing was used for typing the virus isolates. Geometric means of enteroviruses densities expressed in plaque forming units per litre were 968 in raw sewage, 12.51 in secondary effluents, 0.017 in tertiary effluents, 0.4 in river water and 0.36 in seawater. Enterovirus densities in wastewater revealed certain seasonality with a maximum at the end of spring - beginning of the summer. Coxsackievirus B, and amid them serotype CB4, were the most abundant species and serotypes detected. CONCLUSIONS: Densities of enteroviruses in different north-eastern Spain surface waters are similar to those present in industrialized countries with temperate climate. No wild polioviruses were detected. Distribution of species showed a clear prevalence of coxsackieviruses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Information regarding enteroviruses in this geographical area provides valuable information to estimate the risk of enteroviruses transmission through water and for complementing clinical epidemiological data.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Pollution, Animals, Colony Count, Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Fluid, Fresh Water, Microbial, Seasons, Seawater, Serotyping, Sewage, Spain, Waste Disposal}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03954.x}, author = {Costan-Longares, A. and Moce-Llivina, L. and Avellon, A. and Jofre, J. and Lucena, F.} } @article {14909, title = {Occurrence and distribution of culturable enteroviruses in wastewater and surface waters of north-eastern {Spain}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {105}, year = {2008}, month = {dec}, pages = {1945{\textendash}55}, abstract = {AIMS: Update information regarding occurrence and levels of culturable enteroviruses in several types of surface polluted waters in north-eastern Spain and determine the proportion of the different species and serotypes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The best procedures on hand in our laboratory for concentrating and quantifying culturable enteroviruses from different water sample types were used. Sequencing was used for typing the virus isolates. Geometric means of enteroviruses densities expressed in plaque forming units per litre were 968 in raw sewage, 12.51 in secondary effluents, 0.017 in tertiary effluents, 0.4 in river water and 0.36 in seawater. Enterovirus densities in wastewater revealed certain seasonality with a maximum at the end of spring - beginning of the summer. Coxsackievirus B, and amid them serotype CB4, were the most abundant species and serotypes detected. CONCLUSIONS: Densities of enteroviruses in different north-eastern Spain surface waters are similar to those present in industrialized countries with temperate climate. No wild polioviruses were detected. Distribution of species showed a clear prevalence of coxsackieviruses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Information regarding enteroviruses in this geographical area provides valuable information to estimate the risk of enteroviruses transmission through water and for complementing clinical epidemiological data.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Pollution, Animals, Colony Count, Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Fluid, Fresh Water, Microbial, Seasons, Seawater, Serotyping, Sewage, Spain, Waste Disposal}, issn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03954.x}, author = {Costan-Longares, A. and Moce-Llivina, L. and Avellon, A. and Jofre, J. and Lucena, F.} } @article {4052, title = {{Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in sewage sludge and solid waste landfill leachate and quantitative comparative analysis of sanitization treatments on pathogen inactivation}}, journal = {Environ Research}, volume = {106}, year = {2008}, pages = {27{\textendash}33}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Kacprzak, M and Neczaj, E and Tamang, L and Graczyk, H and Lucy, FE and Girouard, AS} } @article {15722, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in Norwegian groundwater wells in bedrock}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {Sep}, pages = {383-8}, edition = {2008/12/26}, keywords = {*Oocysts, Animals, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Geology, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Norway, Water Supply}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920}, author = {Gaut, S. and Robertson, L. and Gjerde, B. and Dagestad, A. and Brattli, B.} } @article {2289, title = {{Occurrence of protozoan and bacterial pathogens in water samples from small water systems in mountainous areas of Taiwan}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {134}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, pages = {389{\textendash}394}, isbn = {0733-9372}, author = {Bing M Hsu and Yu L Huang and Yeong F Hsu and Feng C Shih} } @article {14077, title = {Occurrence of protozoan and bacterial pathogens in water samples from small water systems in mountainous areas of {Taiwan}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {134}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, pages = {389{\textendash}394}, author = {Bing M Hsu and Yu L Huang and Yeong F Hsu and Feng C Shih} } @article {3637, title = {One-step quantitative RT-PCR for the detection of rotavirus in acute gastroenteritis.}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {153}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {238{\textendash}240}, author = {Zeng, SQ and Halkosalo, A and Salminen, M and Szakal, ED and Puustinen, L and Vesikari, T} } @article {4516, title = {One-year monthly quantitative survey of noroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in wastewater collected from six plants in Japan}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, year = {2008}, pages = {1441{\textendash}8}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Katayama, H. and Haramoto, E. and Oguma, K. and Yamashita, H. and Tajima, A. and Nakajima, H. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {16281, title = {One-year monthly quantitative survey of noroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in wastewater collected from six plants in Japan}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {6-7}, year = {2008}, month = {Mar}, pages = {1441-1448}, keywords = {DRINKING-WATER, Enteric viruses, hepatitis-a virus, Indigenous enteric viruses, Norovirus, Norwalk virus, POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION, purification, Quantitative PCR, reverse transcription-pcr, SAMPLES, Sewage, treatment efficiency, viral gastroenteritis, wastewater}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Katayama, H. and Haramoto, E. and Oguma, K. and Yamashita, H. and Tajima, A. and Nakajima, H. and Ohyaki, S.} } @article {8704, title = {{One-year monthly quantitative survey of noroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in wastewater collected from six plants in Japan}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, year = {2008}, pages = {1441{\textendash}1448}, abstract = {Sewerage systems are important nodes to monitor human enteric pathogens transmitted via water. A quantitative virus survey was performed once a month for a year to understand the seasonal profiles of noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in sewerage systems. A total of 72 samples of influent, secondary-treated wastewater before chlorination and effluent were collected from six wastewater treatment plants in Japan. Viruses were successfully recovered from 100 ml of influent and 1000 ml of the secondary-treated wastewater and effluent using the acid rinse method. Viruses were determined by the RT-PCR or PCR method to obtain the most probable number for each sample. All the samples were also assayed for fecal coliforms (FCs) by a double-layer method. The seasonal profiles of noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2 in influent were very similar, i.e. they were abundant in winter (from November to March) at a geometric mean value of 190 and 200 RT-PCR units/ml, respectively, and less frequent in summer (from June to September), at 4.9 and 9.1 RT-PCR units/ml, respectively. The concentrations of enteroviruses and adenoviruses were mostly constant all the year round, 17 RT-PCR units/ml and 320 PCR units/ml in influent, and 0.044 RT-PCR units/ml and 7.0 PCR units/ml in effluent, respectively. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Indigenous enteric viruses, Norovirus, Quantitative PCR, treatment efficiency, wastewater}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.10.029}, author = {Katayama, Hiroyuki and Haramoto, Eiji and Oguma, Kumiko and Yamashita, Hiromasa and Tajima, Atsushi and Nakajima, Hideichiro and Ohgaki, Shinichiro} } @article {17117, title = {One-year monthly quantitative survey of noroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in wastewater collected from six plants in Japan}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {1441{\textendash}1448}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Katayama, Hiroyuki and Haramoto, Eiji and Oguma, Kumiko and Yamashita, Hiromasa and Tajima, Atsushi and Nakajima, Hideichiro and Ohgaki, Shinichiro} } @article {9977, title = {{One-year monthly quantitative survey of noroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in wastewater collected from six plants in Japan}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {6-7}, year = {2008}, pages = {1441{\textendash}1448}, abstract = {Sewerage systems are important nodes to monitor human enteric pathogens transmitted via water. A quantitative virus survey was performed once a month for a year to understand the seasonal profiles of noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in sewerage systems. A total of 72 samples of influent, secondary-treated wastewater before chlorination and effluent were collected from six wastewater treatment plants in Japan. Viruses were successfully recovered from 100 ml of influent and 1000 ml of the secondary-treated wastewater and effluent using the acid rinse method. Viruses were determined by the RT-PCR or PCR method to obtain the most probable number for each sample. All the samples were also assayed for fecal coliforms (FCs) by a double-layer method. The seasonal profiles of noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2 in influent were very similar, i.e. they were abundant in winter (from November to March) at a geometric mean value of 190 and 200 RT-PCR units/ml, respectively, and less frequent in summer (from June to September), at 4.9 and 9.1 RT-PCR units/ml, respectively. The concentrations of enteroviruses and adenoviruses were mostly constant all the year round, 17 RT-PCR units/ml and 320 PCR units/ml in influent, and 0.044 RT-PCR units/ml and 7.0 PCR units/ml in effluent, respectively. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Indigenous enteric viruses, Norovirus, Quantitative PCR, treatment efficiency, wastewater}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.10.029}, author = {Katayama, Hiroyuki and Haramoto, Eiji and Oguma, Kumiko and Yamashita, Hiromasa and Tajima, Atsushi and Nakajima, Hideichiro and Ohgaki, Shinichiro} } @article {14728, title = {One-year monthly quantitative survey of noroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in wastewater collected from six plants in {Japan}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {42}, year = {2008}, month = {mar}, pages = {1441{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Sewerage systems are important nodes to monitor human enteric pathogens transmitted via water. A quantitative virus survey was performed once a month for a year to understand the seasonal profiles of noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in sewerage systems. A total of 72 samples of influent, secondary-treated wastewater before chlorination and effluent were collected from six wastewater treatment plants in Japan. Viruses were successfully recovered from 100ml of influent and 1000ml of the secondary-treated wastewater and effluent using the acid rinse method. Viruses were determined by the RT-PCR or PCR method to obtain the most probable number for each sample. All the samples were also assayed for fecal coliforms (FCs) by a double-layer method. The seasonal profiles of noroviruses genotype 1 and genotype 2 in influent were very similar, i.e. they were abundant in winter (from November to March) at a geometric mean value of 190 and 200 RT-PCR units/ml, respectively, and less frequent in summer (from June to September), at 4.9 and 9.1 RT-PCR units/ml, respectively. The concentrations of enteroviruses and adenoviruses were mostly constant all the year round, 17 RT-PCR units/ml and 320 PCR units/ml in influent, and 0.044 RT-PCR units/ml and 7.0 PCR units/ml in effluent, respectively.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Adenoviridae/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Data Collection, Enterobacteriaceae/genetics/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Japan, Norovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.10.029}, author = {Katayama, H. and Haramoto, E. and Oguma, K. and Yamashita, H. and Tajima, A. and Nakajima, H. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {4955, title = {{Opisthorchis viverrini: an underestimated parasite in world health}}, journal = {Trends Parasitol}, volume = {24}, year = {2008}, pages = {497{\textendash}501}, author = {Andrews, RH and Sithithaworn, P and Petney, TN} } @article {14866, title = {An outbreak of concurrent echovirus 30 and coxsackievirus {A}1 infections associated with sea swimming among a group of travelers to {Mexico}}, journal = {Clin Infect Dis}, volume = {47}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {616{\textendash}23}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Enteroviruses are shed in human stool and can cause a wide spectrum of illness. They are the leading cause of aseptic meningitis. METHODS: In 2004, the Connecticut Department of Public Health investigated a meningitis cluster among persons returning from a school-organized trip to Mexico. RESULTS: Among 29 travelers (25 teenagers and 4 adult chaperones), 21 became acutely ill. Viral culture and nucleic acid amplification testing of stool (n=27) and cerebrospinal fluid (n=4) specimens identified enteroviral infection in 20 of 28 travelers from whom any specimen was obtained; 4 had echovirus 30 only, 11 had coxsackievirus (CV) A1 only, 4 had both echovirus 30 and CVA1, and 1 had CVA5 only. Illness onset dates were tightly clustered 4 days after a prolonged swim in the Gulf of Mexico. Time spent swimming was significantly associated with the odds of enteroviral infection (univariate odds ratio for each additional hour swimming, 14.3; 95\% confidence interval, 1.3-154.3). Headache, fever, vomiting, and nausea occurred more frequently among the echovirus 30-infected travelers than among the uninfected control subjects (P{\textbackslash}textless .05). The most frequent symptoms among travelers infected with only CVA1 identified were nausea and diarrhea (36\% each), but neither was significantly associated with CVA1 infection; 5 patients with CVA1 infection were asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: We identified multiple enteroviruses among the travelers. Clustered illness onsets suggest point-source exposure, which likely was a sea swim in sewage-contaminated seawater. Novel molecular amplification and sequencing methodologies were required to recognize the rarely identified CVA1, but it is ambiguous whether CVA1 infection caused illness. Travelers should be aware of risks associated with swimming in natural waters when visiting areas where there is limited sewage treatment.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Travel, Adolescent, Adult, Cerebrospinal Fluid/virology, Child, Connecticut/epidemiology, Coxsackievirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology, Echovirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification, Face/virology, Human/classification/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Meningitis, Mexico/epidemiology, Swimming, Viral/*epidemiology/virology, Young Adult}, issn = {1537-6591 (Electronic) 1058-4838 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1086/590562}, author = {Begier, E. M. and Oberste, M. S. and Landry, M. L. and Brennan, T. and Mlynarski, D. and Mshar, P. A. and Frenette, K. and Rabatsky-Ehr, T. and Purviance, K. and Nepaul, A. and Nix, W. A. and M A Pallansch and Ferguson, D. and Cartter, M. L. and Hadler, J. L.} } @article {14464, title = {An outbreak of concurrent echovirus 30 and coxsackievirus {A}1 infections associated with sea swimming among a group of travelers to {Mexico}}, journal = {Clin Infect Dis}, volume = {47}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {616{\textendash}23}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Enteroviruses are shed in human stool and can cause a wide spectrum of illness. They are the leading cause of aseptic meningitis. METHODS: In 2004, the Connecticut Department of Public Health investigated a meningitis cluster among persons returning from a school-organized trip to Mexico. RESULTS: Among 29 travelers (25 teenagers and 4 adult chaperones), 21 became acutely ill. Viral culture and nucleic acid amplification testing of stool (n=27) and cerebrospinal fluid (n=4) specimens identified enteroviral infection in 20 of 28 travelers from whom any specimen was obtained; 4 had echovirus 30 only, 11 had coxsackievirus (CV) A1 only, 4 had both echovirus 30 and CVA1, and 1 had CVA5 only. Illness onset dates were tightly clustered 4 days after a prolonged swim in the Gulf of Mexico. Time spent swimming was significantly associated with the odds of enteroviral infection (univariate odds ratio for each additional hour swimming, 14.3; 95\% confidence interval, 1.3-154.3). Headache, fever, vomiting, and nausea occurred more frequently among the echovirus 30-infected travelers than among the uninfected control subjects (P{\textless} .05). The most frequent symptoms among travelers infected with only CVA1 identified were nausea and diarrhea (36\% each), but neither was significantly associated with CVA1 infection; 5 patients with CVA1 infection were asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: We identified multiple enteroviruses among the travelers. Clustered illness onsets suggest point-source exposure, which likely was a sea swim in sewage-contaminated seawater. Novel molecular amplification and sequencing methodologies were required to recognize the rarely identified CVA1, but it is ambiguous whether CVA1 infection caused illness. Travelers should be aware of risks associated with swimming in natural waters when visiting areas where there is limited sewage treatment.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Travel, Adolescent, Adult, Cerebrospinal Fluid/virology, Child, Connecticut/epidemiology, Coxsackievirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology, Echovirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification, Face/virology, Human/classification/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Meningitis, Mexico/epidemiology, Swimming, Viral/*epidemiology/virology, Young Adult}, issn = {1537-6591 (Electronic) 1058-4838 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1086/590562}, author = {Begier, E. M. and Oberste, M. S. and Landry, M. L. and Brennan, T. and Mlynarski, D. and Mshar, P. A. and Frenette, K. and Rabatsky-Ehr, T. and Purviance, K. and Nepaul, A. and Nix, W. A. and M A Pallansch and Ferguson, D. and Cartter, M. L. and Hadler, J. L.} } @article {1464, title = {An outbreak of concurrent echovirus 30 and coxsackievirus A1 infections associated with sea swimming among a group of travelers to Mexico}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {47}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, note = {Begier, Elizabeth M Oberste, M Steven Landry, Marie L Brennan, Timothy Mlynarski, Diana Mshar, Patricia A Frenette, Kasia Rabatsky-Ehr, Terry Purviance, Katherine Nepaul, Ava Nix, W Allan Pallansch, Mark A Ferguson, David Cartter, Matt L Hadler, James L eng 2008/07/22 09:00 Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Sep 1;47(5):616-23. doi: 10.1086/590562.}, pages = {616-23}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Enteroviruses are shed in human stool and can cause a wide spectrum of illness. They are the leading cause of aseptic meningitis. METHODS: In 2004, the Connecticut Department of Public Health investigated a meningitis cluster among persons returning from a school-organized trip to Mexico. RESULTS: Among 29 travelers (25 teenagers and 4 adult chaperones), 21 became acutely ill. Viral culture and nucleic acid amplification testing of stool (n=27) and cerebrospinal fluid (n=4) specimens identified enteroviral infection in 20 of 28 travelers from whom any specimen was obtained; 4 had echovirus 30 only, 11 had coxsackievirus (CV) A1 only, 4 had both echovirus 30 and CVA1, and 1 had CVA5 only. Illness onset dates were tightly clustered 4 days after a prolonged swim in the Gulf of Mexico. Time spent swimming was significantly associated with the odds of enteroviral infection (univariate odds ratio for each additional hour swimming, 14.3; 95\% confidence interval, 1.3-154.3). Headache, fever, vomiting, and nausea occurred more frequently among the echovirus 30-infected travelers than among the uninfected control subjects (P< .05). The most frequent symptoms among travelers infected with only CVA1 identified were nausea and diarrhea (36\% each), but neither was significantly associated with CVA1 infection; 5 patients with CVA1 infection were asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: We identified multiple enteroviruses among the travelers. Clustered illness onsets suggest point-source exposure, which likely was a sea swim in sewage-contaminated seawater. Novel molecular amplification and sequencing methodologies were required to recognize the rarely identified CVA1, but it is ambiguous whether CVA1 infection caused illness. Travelers should be aware of risks associated with swimming in natural waters when visiting areas where there is limited sewage treatment.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Cerebrospinal Fluid/virology Child Connecticut/epidemiology Coxsackievirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology *Disease Outbreaks Echovirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus B, Human/classification/*isolation \& purification Face/virology Humans Meningitis, Viral/*epidemiology/virology Mexico/epidemiology Swimming *Travel Young Adult}, issn = {1537-6591 (Electronic) 1058-4838 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1086/590562}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18637756}, author = {Begier, E. M. and Oberste, M. S. and Landry, M. L. and Brennan, T. and Mlynarski, D. and Mshar, P. A. and Frenette, K. and Rabatsky-Ehr, T. and Purviance, K. and Nepaul, A. and Nix, W. A. and M A Pallansch and Ferguson, D. and Cartter, M. L. and Hadler, J. L.} } @article {4761, title = {{Outbreak of cyclosporiasis in Istanbul, Turkey during an extremely dry and warm summer. Abstr. 18th Cong}}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, year = {2008}, pages = {988}, author = {Ozdamar, MT and Turkoglu, S and Hakko, E} } @article {9893, title = {{An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with intestinal parasites}}, journal = {T{\"u}rkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi}, volume = {32}, year = {2008}, pages = {249{\textendash}252}, author = {Tuncay, S and Deliba{\c s}, S and Inceboz, T and Over, L and Oral, AM and Akis{\"u}, C and Aksoy, U} } @article {13984, title = {Outbreak of verocytotoxin-producing {E}. coli {O}145 and {O}26 infections associated with the consumption of ice cream produced at a farm, {Belgium}, 2007.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europ{\'e}en sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, year = {2008}, month = {feb}, abstract = {In October 2007, an outbreak of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O145 and E. coli O26 occurred among consumers of ice cream produced and sold in September 2007 at a farm in the province of Antwerp (Belgium). The ice cream was consumed at two birthday parties and also eaten at the farm. Five children, aged between two and 11 years, developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), and seven other co-exposed persons contracted severe diarrhoea. In three of the five HUS cases VTEC O145 infections were laboratory confirmed, one in association with VTEC O26. Identical isolates of E. coli O145 and O26 were detected with PCR and PFGE in faecal samples of patients and in ice cream leftovers from one of the birthday parties, in faecal samples taken from calves, and in samples of soiled straw from the farm at which the ice cream was produced. Ice cream was made from pasteurised milk and most likely contaminated by one of food handlers.}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18445416}, author = {K De Schrijver and Buvens, G and Poss{\'e}, B and Van den Branden, D and Oosterlynck, O and De Zutter, L and Eilers, K and Pi{\'e}rard, D and Dierick, K and Van Damme-Lombaerts, R and Lauwers, C and Jacobs, R} } @article {7979, title = {{Outbreak of verocytotoxin-producing E. coli O145 and O26 infections associated with the consumption of ice cream produced at a farm, Belgium, 2007.}}, journal = {Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, year = {2008}, month = {feb}, abstract = {

In October 2007, an outbreak of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O145 and E. coli O26 occurred among consumers of ice cream produced and sold in September 2007 at a farm in the province of Antwerp (Belgium). The ice cream was consumed at two birthday parties and also eaten at the farm. Five children, aged between two and 11 years, developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), and seven other co-exposed persons contracted severe diarrhoea. In three of the five HUS cases VTEC O145 infections were laboratory confirmed, one in association with VTEC O26. Identical isolates of E. coli O145 and O26 were detected with PCR and PFGE in faecal samples of patients and in ice cream leftovers from one of the birthday parties, in faecal samples taken from calves, and in samples of soiled straw from the farm at which the ice cream was produced. Ice cream was made from pasteurised milk and most likely contaminated by one of food handlers.

}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18445416}, author = {K De Schrijver and Buvens, G and Poss{\'e}, B and Van den Branden, D and Oosterlynck, O and De Zutter, L and Eilers, K and Pi{\'e}rard, D and Dierick, K and Van Damme-Lombaerts, R and Lauwers, C and Jacobs, R} } @article {12713, title = {{Paragonimiasis in India: a newly emerging food borne parasitic disease}}, journal = {Clin Parasitol}, volume = {19}, year = {2008}, pages = {95}, author = {Singh, TS and Sugiyama, H} } @article {11372, title = {Parasite contamination of soil in households of a Mexican rural community endemic for neurocysticercosis}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {374-379}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1878-3503}, author = {Huerta, M and Avila, R and Jim{\'e}nez, HI and D{\'\i}az, R and D{\'\i}az, J and Diaz Huerta, ME and Hern{\'a}ndez, M and Martinez, JJ and Garate, T and G{\'o}mez, E} } @article {11373, title = {Parasite contamination of soil in households of a Mexican rural community endemic for neurocysticercosis}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {374-379}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0035-9203}, author = {Huerta, M and Avila, R and Jim{\'e}nez, HI and D{\'\i}az, R and D{\'\i}az, J and Huerta, ME and Hern{\'a}ndez, M and Martinez, JJ and Garate, T and G{\'o}mez, E} } @article {9461, title = {{Parasites in patients with malabsorption syndrome: a clinical study in children and adults}}, journal = {Digestive Diseases and Sciences}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {672{\textendash}679}, author = {Behera, B and Mirdha, BR and Makharia, GK and Bhatnagar, S and Dattagupta, S and Samantaray, JC} } @article {6510, title = {Participatory environmental governance in {China}: public hearings on urban water tariff setting}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {88}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {899{\textendash}913}, abstract = {In the late 1990s China started to expand its market economic reform to the public sector, such as water services. This reform led to major changes in urban water management, including water tariff management. The reforms in water tariff management relate not only to tariffs, but also to the decision-making on tariffs. Water tariff decision-making seems to move away from China{\textquoteright}s conventional mode of highly centralized and bureaucratic policy- and decision-making. The legalization, institutionalization and performance of public hearings in water tariff management forms a crucial innovation in this respect. This article analyzes the emergence, development and current functioning of public hearings in water tariff setting, and assesses to what extent public hearings are part of a turning point in China{\textquoteright}s tradition of centralized bureaucratic decision-making, towards more transparent, decentralized and participative governance.}, keywords = {China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Consumer Participation, Policy Making, Taxes, Urban Renewal, Water Supply}, issn = {0301-4797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.04.018}, author = {Zhong, Li-Jin and Mol, Arthur P. J.} } @article {1872, title = {Particle-Associated Viruses in Water: Impacts on Disinfection Processes}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {137-164}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Studies have shown that viruses are frequently attached onto or enmeshed within suspended particles in natural water and wastewater and that this viral{\textendash}particle association can impede disinfection processes in some circumstances. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge of the occurrence of particle-associated viruses in the aquatic environment and the reported subsequent impacts on disinfection processes. The intention is that this article will help guide future research and aid regulators attempting to address the disinfection of particle-laden waters.}, doi = {10.1080/10643380601174764}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380601174764}, author = {Templeton, M. R. and Andrews, R. C. and Hofmann, R.} } @mastersthesis {6497, title = {Partnerships in sanitary services delivery for the urban poor in {Bangladesh} cities: {Governance} and capacity building}, year = {2008}, note = {0820874}, school = {University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Currently less than 40 percent of the population in Asia is living in urban areas. Projections indicate that more than 50 percent of the Asian people will be living in urban centers by 2030. In South Asia, the surge of urban population has also been very high. One of the major sources of this unfettered urban population growth is rural-urban migration. One consequence of this rapid urbanization is the spontaneous growth of informal settlements, with minimal urban services. Inadequate urban services for the urban poor residing in slums and squatters have led to their ill health, lower productivity, reduced incomes and lower quality of life, often termed as the {\textquoteright}brown agenda{\textquoteright}. Chronic shortage of sanitary services for the slum poor and their consequent environmental and health impacts are common phenomena in developing countries such as Bangladesh. The prime objective of this research is to find an effective approach through which improved sanitary services can be provided in the slum settlements in the cities of Bangladesh. The slums of two cities: Khluna and Rajshahi were studied. An investigation and field surveys were made to see if partnerships arrangements worked in the socio-political contexts of the two cities. Focusing on the case studies of the two cities, this research argues that urban governance{\textendash}the relationships between the city government and the civil society{\textendash}does play an important role in making the variations in partnerships performance. The study finds that the two cities vary in SSD, probably a result of the specific partnerships arrangements. Rajshahi city performs better than Khulna city when measured by two indicators: participation and sense of ownership. The factors that emerge as having an influence on partnerships performance are the capacity of the city governments, leaderships of the people representative and active civil society organizations. This study demonstrates the importance of including the civil society and the local context when the relationships between urban governance and partnerships arrangements are investigated. The study also argues that in improving sanitary conditions in slums, the city authority which lacks the financial resources to provide adequate sanitary facilities should not just rely on donor-driven projects. The capacity of the city authority to facilitate partnership arrangements at the community level is of crucial importance. Leadership of the mayor, capacity to raise local finance, strong sense of ownership and ability of community members to cooperate in the cleaning and maintenance works are important factors in sustaining sanitation services delivery in slums.}, keywords = {0617:Public administration, 0999:Urban planning, Bangladesh, Capacity building, Partnerships, Public administration, Sanitary services, Social sciences, Urban planning, Urban poor}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304304133?accountid=14270}, author = {Hossain, Mallik Akram} } @article {11216, title = {{Patent Toxocara canis infections in previously exposed and in helminth-free dogs after infection with low numbers of embryonated eggs}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {152}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, pages = {108{\textendash}115}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.022}, author = {Fahrion, A S and Staebler, S and Deplazes, P} } @article {6112, title = {Pathogen and chemical transport in the karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer: 3. Use of microspheres to estimate the transport potential of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts}, journal = {Water Resources Research}, volume = {44}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Harvey, Ronald W and Metge, David W and Shapiro, Allen M and Renken, Robert A and Osborn, Christina L and Ryan, Joseph N and Cunningham, Kevin J and Landkamer, Lee} } @article {17087, title = {Pathogen and chemical transport in the karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer: 3. Use of microspheres to estimate the transport potential of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts}, journal = {Water Resources Research}, volume = {44}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Harvey, Ronald W and Metge, David W and Shapiro, Allen M and Renken, Robert A and Osborn, Christina L and Ryan, Joseph N and Cunningham, Kevin J and Landkamer, Lee} } @article {13072, title = {Pathogen removal from municipal wastewater in constructed soil filter}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {37{\textendash}44}, author = {Kadam, Avinash M and Oza, Goldie H and Nemade, Pravin D and Shankar, Hariharan S} } @inbook {5364, title = {Pathogen removal in constructed wetkands}, booktitle = {Wetlands: Ecology, Conservation and Restoration}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Nova Science Publisher, Inc.}, organization = {Nova Science Publisher, Inc.}, author = {Webber, KP and Legge, RL and Russo, RE} } @book {5472, title = {{Pathogen Removal in Constructed Wetlands}}, series = {Wetlands: Ecology, Conservation and Restoration}, number = {January}, year = {2008}, pages = {177{\textendash}211}, abstract = {

The effectiveness of wetland treatment systems for removal of coliforms, Salmonella and viruses from municipal sewage is reviewed, based on studies carried out at the Arcata Marsh pilot plant, California. Since total coliform counts were probably unreliable as indicators of faecal contamination, faecal coliform counts were performed for several typical wetland ecosystems. A channelized marsh system with a serpentine flow path gave the highest percentage removal (more than 99 per cent) and pathogen removals by such constructed wetlands might be superior to those of conventional treatment systems, while disinfection of the final effluent could reduce levels of faecal coliforms below the levels required for bathing and water-contact recreational uses. A detailed description of the enrichment and isolation techniques employed for enumerating Salmonella in the course of studies at the Arcata Marsh pilot plant is given. Substantial, almost complete elimination of Salmonella could be realized, and rates of reduction for bacteriophages (as indicators of enteric virus contamination) were also close to 99 per cent, although this level of reduction did not necessarily eliminate the risk to health, where raw or partially treated sewage was fed to the wetland ecosystem. There are 42 references.

}, isbn = {9781604569957}, author = {Weber, Kela P and Legge, Raymond L} } @article {1838, title = {Pathogen surveillance through monitoring of sewer systems}, journal = {Adv Appl Microbiol}, volume = {65}, year = {2008}, note = {Sinclair, Ryan G Choi, Christopher Y Riley, Mark R Gerba, Charles P eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. Review 2008/11/26 09:00 Adv Appl Microbiol. 2008;65:249-69. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2164(08)00609-6.}, pages = {249-69}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Bacteria/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Humans Parasites/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Sewage/*microbiology/parasitology/*virology Viruses/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Waste Disposal, Fluid}, issn = {0065-2164 (Print) 0065-2164 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/S0065-2164(08)00609-6}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19026868}, author = {Sinclair, R. G. and Choi, C. Y. and Riley, M. R. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {9413, title = {{PCR detection of Entamoeba spp from surface and waste water samples using genus-specific primers}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {39}, year = {2008}, pages = {6{\textendash}9}, author = {Sukpraset, S and Rattapraset, P and Hamzah, Z and Shipin, O and Chavalistshewinkoon-Pemitr, P} } @article {2680, title = {Performance evaluation of a waste stabilization pond in a rural area in Egypt}, journal = {American Journal of Environmental Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {316-325}, author = {E MM Ghazy and Morsy W El-Senousy and A Μ Abdel-Aatty and Kamel, M} } @article {9330, title = {{Performances {\'e}puratoires d{\textquoteright}une fili{\`e}re de trois bassins en s{\'e}rie de lagunage {\`a} microphytes sous climat sah{\'e}lien: cas de la station de traitement des eaux us{\'e}es de 21E (groupe EIER-ETSHER)}}, journal = {Revue des sciences de l{\textquoteright}eau/Journal of Water Science}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {399{\textendash}411}, author = {Maiga, AH and Konat{\'e}, Y and Wethe, J and Denyigba, K and Zoungrana, D and Togola, L} } @article {13884, title = {Persistence of {Helicobacter} pylori in heterotrophic drinking-water biofilms.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {19}, year = {2008}, month = {oct}, pages = {5898{\textendash}904}, abstract = {Although the route of transmission of Helicobacter pylori remains unknown, drinking water has been considered a possible transmission vector. It has been shown previously that, in water, biofilms are a protective niche for several pathogens, protecting them from stressful conditions, such as low carbon concentration, shear stress, and less-than-optimal temperatures. In this work, the influence of these three parameters on the persistence and cultivability of H. pylori in drinking-water biofilms was studied. Autochthonous biofilm consortia were formed in a two-stage chemostat system and then inoculated with the pathogen. Total numbers of H. pylori cells were determined by microscopy using a specific H. pylori 16S rRNA peptide nucleic acid probe, whereas cultivable cells were assessed by standard plating onto selective H. pylori medium. Cultivable H. pylori could not be detected at any time point, but the ability of H. pylori cells to incorporate, undergo morphological transformations, persist, and even agglomerate in biofilms for at least 31 days without a noticeable decrease in the total cell number (on average, the concentration was between 1.54 x 10(6) and 2.25 x 10(6) cells cm(-2)) or in the intracellular rRNA content may indicate that the loss of cultivability was due to entry into a viable but noncultivable state. Unlike previous results obtained for pure-culture H. pylori biofilms, shear stress did not negatively influence the numbers of H. pylori cells attached, suggesting that the autochthonous aquatic bacteria have an important role in retaining this pathogen in the sessile state, possibly by providing suitable microaerophilic environments or linking biomolecules to which the pathogen adheres. Therefore, biofilms appear to provide not only a safe haven for H. pylori but also a concentration mechanism so that subsequent sloughing releases a concentrated bolus of cells that might be infectious and that could escape routine grab sample microbiological analyses and be a cause of concern for public health.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, biofilm, Biofilms, Carbon, Carbon: metabolism, Colony Count, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: physiology, Humans, Microbial, Microbial Viability, RNA, Temperature, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00827-08}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/74/19/5898.short}, author = {Gi{\~a}o, M S and Azevedo, N F and Wilks, S A and Vieira, M J and Keevil, C W} } @article {8256, title = {{Persistence of Helicobacter pylori in heterotrophic drinking-water biofilms.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {19}, year = {2008}, month = {oct}, pages = {5898{\textendash}904}, abstract = {Although the route of transmission of Helicobacter pylori remains unknown, drinking water has been considered a possible transmission vector. It has been shown previously that, in water, biofilms are a protective niche for several pathogens, protecting them from stressful conditions, such as low carbon concentration, shear stress, and less-than-optimal temperatures. In this work, the influence of these three parameters on the persistence and cultivability of H. pylori in drinking-water biofilms was studied. Autochthonous biofilm consortia were formed in a two-stage chemostat system and then inoculated with the pathogen. Total numbers of H. pylori cells were determined by microscopy using a specific H. pylori 16S rRNA peptide nucleic acid probe, whereas cultivable cells were assessed by standard plating onto selective H. pylori medium. Cultivable H. pylori could not be detected at any time point, but the ability of H. pylori cells to incorporate, undergo morphological transformations, persist, and even agglomerate in biofilms for at least 31 days without a noticeable decrease in the total cell number (on average, the concentration was between 1.54 x 10(6) and 2.25 x 10(6) cells cm(-2)) or in the intracellular rRNA content may indicate that the loss of cultivability was due to entry into a viable but noncultivable state. Unlike previous results obtained for pure-culture H. pylori biofilms, shear stress did not negatively influence the numbers of H. pylori cells attached, suggesting that the autochthonous aquatic bacteria have an important role in retaining this pathogen in the sessile state, possibly by providing suitable microaerophilic environments or linking biomolecules to which the pathogen adheres. Therefore, biofilms appear to provide not only a safe haven for H. pylori but also a concentration mechanism so that subsequent sloughing releases a concentrated bolus of cells that might be infectious and that could escape routine grab sample microbiological analyses and be a cause of concern for public health.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, biofilm, Biofilms, Carbon, Carbon: metabolism, Colony Count, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: physiology, Humans, Microbial, Microbial Viability, RNA, Temperature, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00827-08}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/74/19/5898.short}, author = {Gi{\~a}o, M S and Azevedo, N F and Wilks, S A and Vieira, M J and Keevil, C W} } @article {8282, title = {Persistence of Helicobacter pylori in heterotrophic drinking-water biofilms}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {74}, year = {2008}, pages = {5898{\textendash}5904}, author = {Giao, Maria S and Azevedo, NF and Wilks, Sandra A and Vieira, MJ and Keevil, Charles W} } @article {1959, title = {Persistence of Yersinia pestis in soil under natural conditions}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, note = {39}, pages = {941-943}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1080-6040}, url = {://WOS:000256465100013}, author = {Eisen, Rebecca J. and Petersen, Jeannine M. and Higgins, Charles L. and Wong, David and Levy, Craig E. and Mead, Paul S. and Schriefer, Martin E. and Griffith, Kevin S. and Gage, Kenneth L. and Ben Beard, C.} } @unpublished {16344, title = {Personal communication}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico}, address = {Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico}, author = {Sanchez, C.} } @article {687, title = {Photodestruction and COD removal of toxic dye erioglaucine by TiO(2)-UV process: influence of operational parameters}, journal = {International Journal of Physical Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, note = {Jain, Rajeev Sikarwar, Shalini}, pages = {299-305}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Aqueous solutions of Erioglaucine, a hazardous dye, are photodegraded under ultraviolet light using TiO(2) as catalyst. The process has been carried out at different pHs, amounts of catalyst, concentrations of the dye, and effects of the electron acceptor H(2)O(2). It is found that under the influence of TiO(2) as catalyst the coloured solution of the dye Erioglaucine becomes colourless and the process follows first-order reaction kinetics. The optimum conditions for the degradation of the dye have been found as 7.0 x 10(-5) M dye concentration, pH 8.5, and 12 mg catalyst dose. In order to evaluate the effect of the electron acceptor, the effect of H(2)O(2) on the degradation process is also monitored and it is found that generation of hydroxyl radicals and retardation of electron-hole recombination takes place. It was observed that photocatalytic degradation by TiO(2) is an effective, economic and faster mode of removing Erioglaucine from aqueous solution. Chemical oxygen demand and dye absorbance of the photodegraded dye solution substantially decreased. The adsorption trends of Erioglaucine at various initial concentrations followed the Langmuir isotherm trend.}, issn = {1992-1950}, url = {://WOS:000266167700002}, author = {Jain, R. and Sikarwar, S.} } @article {9847, title = {{Phylogenetic analysis of Blastocystis isolates from animal and human hosts in the Philippines}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {156}, year = {2008}, pages = {178{\textendash}182}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.001}, author = {Rivera, WL} } @article {7376, title = {Point of use household drinking water filtration: a practical, effective solution for providing sustained access to safe drinking water in the developing world}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {42}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, pages = {4261{\textendash}4267}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es702746n}, author = {Sobsey, Mark D. and Stauber, Christine E. and Casanova, Lisa M. and Brown, Joseph M. and Elliott, Mark A.} } @inbook {1768, title = {Poliovirus vaccine - inactivated}, booktitle = {Vaccines, Fifth Edition}, year = {2008}, pages = {605-629}, publisher = {Saunders/Elsevier}, organization = {Saunders/Elsevier}, type = {Book Section}, chapter = {25}, address = {Philadelphia, Pa }, author = {Plotkin, S. A. and Vidor, E.}, editor = {Plotkin, S. A. and Orenstein, W. A. and Offit, P. A.} } @inbook {1860, title = {Poliovirus vaccine - live.}, booktitle = {Vaccines, Fifth Edition}, year = {2008}, pages = {631-685}, publisher = {Saunders/Elsevier}, organization = {Saunders/Elsevier}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Philadelphia, Pa }, author = {Sutter, R. W. and Kew, O. M. and Cochi, S. L.}, editor = {Plotkin, S. A. and Orenstein, W. A. and Offit, P. A.} } @mastersthesis {6850, title = {The politics of unfunded mandates: {The} intergovernmental fiscal relationships and political structure in {China}}, year = {2008}, note = {3324329}, school = {Northern Illinois University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {How do lower-level governments respond to unfunded or underfunded mandates in the particular political structure of the unitary government in China? Unfunded or underfunded mandates can include (1) operating budget mandates that require local governments to finance particular functional operations such as a salary or bonus increase for public servants and (2) capital budget mandates that require local governments to finance long-term outlays or projects such as building water treatment plants to comply with new national water standards. This study examines the impact of policy and program mandates from higher-level governments to lower-level governments when the higher-level government provides inadequate funding to pay for those mandates. The main focus of this research is the question of how governments at lower levels respond, the extent to which they comply or resist, and the techniques they use to adapt to these mandates in various policy areas. Using a case study design and qualitative methodology, this dissertation describes the politics of unfunded mandates and the intergovernmental relations in China, analyzing the politics between the local governments and the center, as well as the politics between different levels of local government, demonstrating the impact of structure on process.}, keywords = {0617:Public administration, China, Fiscal relationships, Funding, Intergovernmental relationships, Local government, Political structure, Politics, Public administration, Social sciences, Unfunded mandates}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304541072?accountid=14270}, author = {Fan, Yongmao} } @article {8615, title = {{Population structure of Toxoplasma gondii: clonal expansion driven by infrequent recombination and selective sweeps}}, journal = {Annual Review of Microbiology}, volume = {62}, year = {2008}, pages = {329{\textendash}351}, author = {Sibley, LD and Ajioka, JW} } @article {10125, title = {{Predominant role of host genetics in controlling the composition of gut microbiota}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {3}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {e3064}, author = {Khachatryan, ZA and Ktsoyan, ZA and Manukyan, GP and Kelly, D and Ghazaryan, KA and Aminov, RI} } @article {5830, title = {{The presence of Arcobacter species in breeding hens and eggs from these hens.}}, journal = {Poultry Science}, volume = {87}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, month = {nov}, pages = {2404{\textendash}2407}, author = {Lipman, L and Ho, H and Gaastra, W} } @article {14347, title = {The presence of {Arcobacter} species in breeding hens and eggs from these hens.}, journal = {Poultry science}, volume = {87}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, month = {nov}, pages = {2404{\textendash}2407}, author = {Lipman, L and Ho, H and Gaastra, W} } @article {14353, title = {Presence of {Arcobacter} spp. in environmental waters correlates with high levels of fecal pollution.}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {1635{\textendash}1640}, author = {Collado, Luis and Inza, Isabel and Guarro, Josep and Maria J Figueras} } @article {5836, title = {{Presence of Arcobacter spp. in environmental waters correlates with high levels of fecal pollution.}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {jun}, pages = {1635{\textendash}1640}, author = {Collado, Luis and Inza, Isabel and Guarro, Josep and Maria J Figueras} } @article {4016, title = {{Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis through drinking water}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {405}, year = {2008}, pages = {45{\textendash}53}, author = {J A Castro-Hermida and Garc{\'\i}a-Presedo, I and Almeida, A and Gonz{\'a}lez-Warleta, M and Correia Da Costa, JM and Mezo, M} } @article {13901, title = {Prevalence and potential link between {E}. coli {O}157:{H}7 isolated from drinking water, meat and vegetables and stools of diarrhoeic confirmed and non-confirmed {HIV}/{AIDS} patients in the {Amathole} {District} - {South} {Africa}.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, month = {aug}, pages = {424{\textendash}31}, abstract = {AIM: The current study investigated the prevalence and molecular relatedness between Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from water, meat and meat products and vegetables and from stools of confirmed and non-confirmed Human Immune Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients with diarrhoea. METHODS AND RESULTS: Culture-based and polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to identify E. coli O157:H7. Thirty-five per cent of meat products, 25.5\% of water, 21.7\% of vegetables as well as 56.5\% and 43.5\% of stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively, were presumptively positive with E. coli O157. Molecular results indicated that 10.3\%, 8.6\% and 7.8\% of the vegetables, water and meat products examined carried E. coli O157:H7, which had homologous fliC(H7), rfbE(O157) and eaeA genetic loci to the genes of some E. coli O157:H7 isolated from 12.2\% and 8.8\% of the stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Water, meat and meat products and vegetables are potential sources of E. coli O157:H7 that are potentially capable of causing diarrhoea in humans especially HIV/AIDS patients. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Great care should be exercised to ensure that water and foods consumed by HIV/AIDS patients are safe, as contaminated water and foods can cause secondary infections in these patients.}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03756.x}, author = {Abong{\textquoteright}o, B O and M NB Momba} } @article {2141, title = {{Prevalence and potential link between E. coli O157:H7 isolated from drinking water, meat and vegetables and stools of diarrhoeic confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients in the Amathole District - South Africa.}}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {424{\textendash}31}, abstract = {AIM: The current study investigated the prevalence and molecular relatedness between Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from water, meat and meat products and vegetables and from stools of confirmed and non-confirmed Human Immune Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients with diarrhoea. METHODS AND RESULTS: Culture-based and polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to identify E. coli O157:H7. Thirty-five per cent of meat products, 25.5\% of water, 21.7\% of vegetables as well as 56.5\% and 43.5\% of stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively, were presumptively positive with E. coli O157. Molecular results indicated that 10.3\%, 8.6\% and 7.8\% of the vegetables, water and meat products examined carried E. coli O157:H7, which had homologous fliC(H7), rfbE(O157) and eaeA genetic loci to the genes of some E. coli O157:H7 isolated from 12.2\% and 8.8\% of the stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Water, meat and meat products and vegetables are potential sources of E. coli O157:H7 that are potentially capable of causing diarrhoea in humans especially HIV/AIDS patients. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Great care should be exercised to ensure that water and foods consumed by HIV/AIDS patients are safe, as contaminated water and foods can cause secondary infections in these patients.}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03756.x}, author = {Abong{\textquoteright}o, B O and M NB Momba} } @article {7924, title = {{Prevalence and potential link between E. coli O157:H7 isolated from drinking water, meat and vegetables and stools of diarrhoeic confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients in the Amathole District - South Africa.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, month = {aug}, pages = {424{\textendash}31}, abstract = {

AIM: The current study investigated the prevalence and molecular relatedness between Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from water, meat and meat products and vegetables and from stools of confirmed and non-confirmed Human Immune Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients with diarrhoea. METHODS AND RESULTS: Culture-based and polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to identify E. coli O157:H7. Thirty-five per cent of meat products, 25.5{\%} of water, 21.7{\%} of vegetables as well as 56.5{\%} and 43.5{\%} of stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively, were presumptively positive with E. coli O157. Molecular results indicated that 10.3{\%}, 8.6{\%} and 7.8{\%} of the vegetables, water and meat products examined carried E. coli O157:H7, which had homologous fliC(H7), rfbE(O157) and eaeA genetic loci to the genes of some E. coli O157:H7 isolated from 12.2{\%} and 8.8{\%} of the stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Water, meat and meat products and vegetables are potential sources of E. coli O157:H7 that are potentially capable of causing diarrhoea in humans especially HIV/AIDS patients. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Great care should be exercised to ensure that water and foods consumed by HIV/AIDS patients are safe, as contaminated water and foods can cause secondary infections in these patients.

}, issn = {1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03756.x}, author = {Abong{\textquoteright}o, B O and M NB Momba} } @article {4141, title = {{Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis in swimming pools, Atlanta, Georgia}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, year = {2008}, pages = {948{\textendash}950}, author = {Shield, JM and Gleim, ER and Beach, MJ} } @article {14159, title = {Prevalence of enterohaemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli {O}157: {H}7 in drinking water and its predicted impact on diarrhoeic {HIV}/{AIDS} patients in the {Amathole}}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {34}, number = {3/7}, year = {2008}, pages = {365{\textendash}372.}, author = {Momba, MNB and Abong{\textquoteright}o, BO and Mwambakana, JN} } @article {2355, title = {{Prevalence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 in drinking water and its predicted impact on diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS patients in the Amathole}}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {34}, number = {3/7}, year = {2008}, pages = {365{\textendash}372.}, author = {Momba, MNB and Abong{\textquoteright}o, BO and Mwambakana, JN} } @article {727, title = {Prevalence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in drinking water and its predicted impact on diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS patients in the Amathole District, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {34}, year = {2008}, month = {07/2008}, pages = {365-372}, chapter = {365}, abstract = {
Immunosuppressed persons such as HIV/AIDS patients are at risk of acquiring diarrhoeal infections from water-borne E. coli O157:H7. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in drinking water collected from selected distribution systems within the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape and its predicted impact on diarrhoeic conditions of HIV/AIDS persons living in this area. One hundred and eighty water samples and 360 stool swabs from confirmed and nonconfirmed HIV/AIDS diarrhoeic patients were analysed. Escherichia coli O157:H7 were isolated using enrichment culture and confirmed using molecular techniques. Of the 180 drinking water samples, 46 (25.56\%) were positive for E. coli O157. The prevalence of E. coli O157 in the stools was at 36.39\% (131/360) of which 56.5\% (74/131) and 43.5\% (57/131) were from stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively. Molecular analysis of 27, 25 and 29 representative presumptive E. coli O157 from water and stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively, revealed that 14.81\%, 36\% and 17.24\% of the isolates were E. coli O157:H7. The findings predicted a possible link between E. coli O157:H7 isolated from drinking water and diarrhoeic conditions of both confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients visiting Frere Hospital for treatment.
}, keywords = {drinking water, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and PCR, HIV/AIDS, prevalence, stool specimens}, url = {Prevalence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in drinking water and its predicted impact on diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS patients in the Amathole District, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa}, author = {M NB Momba and B O Abong{\textquoteright}o and J N Mwambakana} } @article {3607, title = {Prevalence of group C rotavirus among children in Rhode Island, United States}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {221{\textendash}224}, author = {Esona, M. D. and Humphrey, C. D. and Dennehy, P. H. and Jiang, B} } @article {11446, title = {Prevalence of human cysticercosis and taeniasis in rural Goa, India}, journal = {The Journal of communicable diseases}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {147-150}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0019-5138}, author = {Vora, SH and Motghare, DD and Ferreira, AM and Kulkarni, MS and Vaz, FS} } @article {4619, title = {Prevalence of human pathogenic enteric viruses in bivalve molluscan shellfish and cultured shrimp in south west coast of {India}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {122}, year = {2008}, pages = {279{\textendash}86}, isbn = {0168-1605 (Print) 0168-1605 (Linking)}, author = {Umesha, K. R. and Bhavani, N. C. and Venugopal, M. N. and Karunasagar, I. and Krohne, G.} } @inbook {1281, title = {Prevalence of human pathogenic enteric viruses in bivalve molluscan shellfish and cultured shrimp in south west coast of India}, booktitle = {Int J Food Microbiol}, volume = {122}, year = {2008}, note = {Umesha, Kanasinakatte R Bhavani, Naniah C Venugopal, Moleyur N Karunasagar, Indrani Krohne, Georg Karunasagar, Iddya International journal of food microbiology S0168-1605(08)00003-2 [pii] Int J Food Microbiol. 2008 Mar 20;122(3):279-86. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.12.024. Epub 2008 Jan 7.}, pages = {279-86}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {The prevalence of human enteric viruses in bivalve molluscan shellfish and shrimp collected off the south west coast of India was studied to assess the extent of fecal pollution of coastal environment. Out of 194 samples analyzed, 37\% of oyster, 46\% of clam and 15\% of shrimp samples were positive for enteroviruses (EV). Adenoviruses (ADV) were detected in 17\% of oyster and 27\% of clam samples. However, other enteric viruses such as noroviruses (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) were not detected in any of the samples. High prevalence of EV and ADV was noticed between May to December. Thirty four percent of oyster and 49\% of clam samples showed fecal coliform values higher than the limit. MS-2 phage was detected in 57\% of oyster and 73\% of clam samples. The presence of MS-2 phage and human enteric viruses showed association while fecal coliforms and enteric viruses showed no association. However, 17 samples, which were positive for enteric viruses (EV and ADV), were negative for MS-2 phage.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/classification/ isolation \& purification Animals Consumer Product Safety Enterovirus/classification/ isolation \& purification Feces/virology Food Contamination/ analysis Food Microbiology Humans India Mollusca/ virology Penaeidae/ virology Pr}, isbn = {0168-1605 (Print) 0168-1605 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.12.024}, author = {Umesha, K. R. and Bhavani, N. C. and Venugopal, M. N. and Karunasagar, I. and Krohne, G.} } @article {8602, title = {{Prevalence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Cali, Colombia, South America}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {504{\textendash}508}, author = {Rosso, F and Les, JT and Agudelo, A and Villalobos, C and Chaves, JA and Tunubala, GA and Messa, A and Remington, JS and Montoya, JG} } @article {9310, title = {{Prevalence of intestinal parasites and anaemia among the slum male children in Dhaka city}}, journal = {International Journal of Biological Sciences}, year = {2008}, author = {Khanum, H and Ahmed, S and Uddin, M and Rahman, A and Dey, R and Farhana, R} } @article {4964, title = {{Prevalence of zoonotic trematodes in fish from a Vietnamese fish-farming community}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {94}, year = {2008}, pages = {423{\textendash}428}, author = {Chi, T and Dalsgaard, A and Turnbull, J and Tuan, P and Murrell, KD} } @article {8441, title = {{Prevention of toxoplasmosis in transplant patients}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, pages = {1089{\textendash}1101}, author = {Derouin, F and Pelloux, H and ESGOC} } @booklet {3685, title = {Progress on {Drinking}-water and {Sanitation}: {Special} {Focus} on {Sanitation}.}, year = {2008}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @article {11603, title = {{Proliferative sparganosis in a dog}}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {233}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, pages = {1756{\textendash}1760}, abstract = {

{\{}ABSTRACT{\}} Case {\{}Description\—A{\}} 21-month-old spayed female Border Collie was examined because of progressive right forelimb lameness, signs of pain, and subcutaneous edema. The dog lived in a fenced yard in Tampa, Fla, that contained a small area of marshy terrain.

}, author = {Drake, D A and Carre{\~n}o, A D and Blagburn, B L and Little, S and West, MD and Hendrix, CM and Johnson, CM} } @article {10261, title = {Proper sanitization of sewage sludge: a critical issue for a sustainable society}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {17}, year = {2008}, pages = {5267{\textendash}5275}, author = {Arthurson, Veronica} } @article {11390, title = {Public health implications of soil contaminated with helminth eggs in the metropolis of Kaduna, Nigeria}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {82}, number = {02}, year = {2008}, pages = {113-118}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1475-2697}, author = {Maikai, BV and Umoh, JU and Ajanusi, OJ and Ajogi, I} } @article {7006, title = {Public{\textendash}private partnerships in developing countries: are infrastructures responding to the new {ODA} strategy?}, journal = {Journal of International Development}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {311{\textendash}325}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.1416/abstract}, author = {Pessoa, Argentino} } @article {11156, title = {{Putative Virulence Traits and Pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1, Non-O139 Isolates from Surface Waters in Kolkata, India}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {18}, year = {2008}, pages = {5635{\textendash}5644}, author = {Bag, PK and Bhowmik, P and Hajra, TK and Ramamurthy, T and Sarkar, P and Majumder, M and Chowdhury, G and Das, SC} } @article {16961, title = {Quality control of wastewater treatment: A new approach}, journal = {European Journal of Operational Research}, volume = {189}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {445{\textendash}458}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Aizenchtadt, Elena and Ingman, Dov and Friedler, Eran} } @article {5626, title = {{Quantification and genotyping of torque teno virus at a wastewater treatment plant in Japan}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {23}, year = {2008}, pages = {7434{\textendash}7436}, abstract = {Torque teno virus (TTV) DNA was quantitatively detected in influent and effluent samples collected from a wastewater treatment plant in Japan, with the highest concentration being 4.8 x 10(4) copies/liter. Genogroup-specific nested PCR demonstrated that TTV of genogroup 3 was the most abundant in wastewater among the five genogroups tested.}, isbn = {1098-5336 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01605-08}, author = {Haramoto, Eiji and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Ohgaki, Shinichiro} } @article {10484, title = {{Quantification of enterococci and bifidobacteria in Georgia estuaries using conventional and molecular methods}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {14}, year = {2008}, pages = {4001{\textendash}4009}, author = {Morrison, CR and Bachoon, DS and Gates, KW} } @article {13629, title = {Quantification of the health risk associated with wastewater reuse in Accra, Ghana: a contribution toward local guidelines}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {461{\textendash}471}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Seidu, Razak and Heistad, Arve and Amoah, Philip and Drechsel, Pay and P D Jenssen and Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m} } @article {15178, title = {Quantification of the health risk associated with wastewater reuse in {Accra}, {Ghana}: a contribution toward local guidelines}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {461{\textendash}471}, author = {Seidu, Razak and Heistad, Arve and Amoah, Philip and Drechsel, Pay and P D Jenssen and Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m} } @article {15429, title = {Quantitative detection of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae in water by real-time PCR}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
United States}, pages = {e337}, abstract = {In China alone, an estimated 30 million people are at risk of schistosomiasis, caused by the Schistosoma japonicum parasite. Disease has re-emerged in several regions that had previously attained transmission control, reinforcing the need for active surveillance. The environmental stage of the parasite is known to exhibit high spatial and temporal variability, and current detection techniques rely on a sentinel mouse method which has serious limitations in obtaining data in both time and space. Here we describe a real-time PCR assay to quantitatively detect S. japonicum cercariae in laboratory samples and in natural water that has been spiked with known numbers of S. japonicum. Multiple primers were designed and assessed, and the best performing set, along with a TaqMan probe, was used to quantify S. japonicum. The resulting assay was selective, with no amplification detected for Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, avian schistosomes nor organisms present in non-endemic surface water samples. Repeated samples containing various concentrations of S. japonicum cercariae showed that the real-time PCR method had a strong linear correlation (R(2) = 0.921) with light microscopy counts, and the detection limit was below the DNA equivalent of half of one cercaria. Various cercarial concentrations spiked in 1 liter of natural water followed by a filtration process produced positive detection from 93\% of samples analyzed. The real-time PCR method performed well quantifying the relative concentrations of various spiked samples, although the absolute concentration estimates exhibited high variance across replicated samples. Overall, the method has the potential to be applied to environmental water samples to produce a rapid, reliable assay for cercarial location in endemic areas.}, keywords = {Animals, China/epidemiology, DNA Primers, DNA, Helminth/genetics, Humans, Larva, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Schistosoma japonicum/*genetics/growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis japonica/epidemiology/transmission, Snails/parasitology, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {1935-2735 (Electronic)
1935-2727 (Linking)}, author = {Hung, Y. W. and Remais, J.} } @article {5625, title = {{Quantitative detection of sapoviruses in wastewater and river water in Japan}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {408{\textendash}413}, abstract = {AIMS: To detect sapoviruses at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and in a river in Japan, quantitatively. METHODS AND RESULTS: Influent and effluent samples at a WWTP and river water samples were collected monthly for 1 year. The water samples were subjected to virus concentration using an HA electronegative filter, followed by quantification of sapoviruses using real-time PCR. The concentration of sapoviruses in influent ranged from 2.8 x 10(3) to 1.3 x 10(5) copies per litre, showing a higher value in winter. Seven (58{\%}) of 12 effluent samples were positive for sapoviruses, as were 23 (64{\%}) of 36 river water samples collected from three sites along the Tamagawa River. CONCLUSIONS: Sapoviruses were abundant in the influent even in the nonepidemic period, suggesting that sporadic and asymptomatic infections occur throughout the year. Increasing concentration of sapoviruses was discharged into the river during the epidemic period winter. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first study demonstrating the quantitative detection of sapoviruses in aquatic environments.}, keywords = {Detection, Environmental health, Environmental water, PCR, Viruses (phages), Waste Water, water}, issn = {02668254}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02330.x}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Phanuwan, C. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {13753, title = {Quantitative detection of sapoviruses in wastewater and river water in {Japan}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Aims: To detect sapoviruses at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and in a river in Japan, quantitatively. Methods and Results: Influent and effluent samples at a WWTP and river water samples were collected monthly for 1 year. The water samples were subjected to virus concentration using an HA electronegative filter, followed by quantification of sapoviruses using real-time PCR. The concentration of sapoviruses in influent ranged from 2.8 {\texttimes} 103 to 1.3 {\texttimes} 105 copies per litre, showing a higher value in winter. Seven (58\%) of 12 effluent samples were positive for sapoviruses, as were 23 (64\%) of 36 river water samples collected from three sites along the Tamagawa River. Conclusions: Sapoviruses were abundant in the influent even in the nonepidemic period, suggesting that sporadic and asymptomatic infections occur throughout the year. Increasing concentration of sapoviruses was discharged into the river during the epidemic period winter. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study demonstrating the quantitative detection of sapoviruses in aquatic environments. {\textcopyright} 2008 The Authors.}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02330.x}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Phanuwan, C. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {7553, title = {{Quantitative detection of sapoviruses in wastewater and river water in Japan}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {408-413}, abstract = {

Aims: To detect sapoviruses at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and in a river in Japan, quantitatively. Methods and Results: Influent and effluent samples at a WWTP and river water samples were collected monthly for 1 year. The water samples were subjected to virus concentration using an HA electronegative filter, followed by quantification of sapoviruses using real-time PCR. The concentration of sapoviruses in influent ranged from 2.8 {\texttimes} 103 to 1.3 {\texttimes} 105 copies per litre, showing a higher value in winter. Seven (58{\%}) of 12 effluent samples were positive for sapoviruses, as were 23 (64{\%}) of 36 river water samples collected from three sites along the Tamagawa River. Conclusions: Sapoviruses were abundant in the influent even in the nonepidemic period, suggesting that sporadic and asymptomatic infections occur throughout the year. Increasing concentration of sapoviruses was discharged into the river during the epidemic period winter. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study demonstrating the quantitative detection of sapoviruses in aquatic environments. {\textcopyright} 2008 The Authors.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02330.x}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Phanuwan, C. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {16286, title = {Quantitative microbial faecal source tracking with sampling guided by hydrological catchment dynamics}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, year = {2008}, month = {Oct}, pages = {2598-2608}, keywords = {16s ribosomal-rna, COMMUNITY COMPOSITION, fresh-water, genetic-markers, IDENTIFICATION, identify sources, pollution sources, rapid method, Real-time PCR, spring water}, isbn = {1462-2912}, author = {Reischer, G. H. and Haider, J. M. and Sommer, R. and Stadler, H. and Keiblinger, K. M. and Hornek, R. and Zerobin, W. and Mach, R. L. and Farnleitner, A. H.} } @article {16360, title = {Quantitative microbial faecal source tracking with sampling guided by hydrological catchment dynamics}, journal = {Environ Microbiol}, volume = {10}, year = {2008}, pages = {2598-2608}, author = {Reischer, G. H. and Haider, J.M. et al.} } @article {7383, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment of a drinking water {\textendash} wastewater cross-connection simulation}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {525{\textendash}530}, issn = {1496-2551, 1496-256X}, doi = {10.1139/S08-022}, url = {http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1139/s08-022}, author = {Hurd, William W and Gibbs, Shawn G and Mena, Kristina D and Meckes, Mark C and Mota, Linda C and Green, Christopher F} } @article {6361, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment of a drinking water {\textendash} wastewater cross-connection simulation}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {525{\textendash}530}, issn = {1496-2551, 1496-256X}, doi = {10.1139/S08-022}, url = {http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1139/S08-022}, author = {Mena, Kristina D. and Mota, Linda C. and Meckes, Mark C. and Green, Christopher F. and Hurd, William W. and Gibbs, Shawn G.} } @article {1044, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment of wastewater and faecal sludge reuse in Ghana}, year = {2008}, author = {Seidu, R and Drechsel, P and Amoah, P and Lofman, O} } @article {2682, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment of wastewater and faecal sludge reuse in Ghana}, year = {2008}, author = {Seidu, R and Drechsel, P and Amoah, P and Lofman, O} } @article {10186, title = {{Quantitative PCR for detection and enumeration of genetic markers of bovine fecal pollution}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, year = {2008}, pages = {745{\textendash}752}, author = {Shanks, OC and Atikovic, E and Blackwood, AD and Lu, J and Noble, RT and Domingo, JS and Seifring, S and Sivaganesan, M and Haugland, RA} } @article {10187, title = {{Quantitative PCR for detection and enumeration of genetic markers of bovine fecal pollution}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {745{\textendash}752}, author = {Shanks, OC and Atikovic, E and Blackwood, AD and Lu, J and Noble, RT and Domingo, JS and Seifring, S and Sivaganesan, M and Haugland, RA} } @article {9107, title = {{Quantitative study of persistence of human norovirus genome in water using TaqMan real-time RT-PCR}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {707{\textendash}715}, abstract = {AIMS: To evaluate the persistence of human norovirus (NoV) in different types of water at various temperatures using conventional and TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). METHODS AND RESULTS: Water from different sources was spiked with NoV and incubated at different temperatures over a 3-month period. NoV viral RNA was amplified by one-step TaqMan real-time RT-PCR and by conventional two-step RT-PCR. NoV persisted in mineral and tap water for over 2 months at all tested temperatures but disappeared after 100 days. At 4 and -20 degrees C, viral degradation was slower than that at 25 degrees C. In river water and effluent from primary sewage treatment, a slight reduction in viral load was observed after 1 month at 4 degrees C. This is the first demonstration of medium-to-long-term survival of human NoVs in different types of water using TaqMan real-time detection. CONCLUSIONS: NoV genome may persist for long periods of time in different types of water. Quantitative TaqMan real-time RT-PCR is a sensitive system that allows accurate evaluation of the persistence of human NoVs in different water samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our study is one of the few to demonstrate the ability of NoV to survive for a long time in water.}, keywords = {Enteric viruses, Human norovirus, Persistence, TaqMan real-time, Water samples}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic){\$}\backslash{\$}r1364-5072 (Linking)}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03597.x}, author = {Ngazoa, E S and Fliss, I and Jean, J} } @article {13525, title = {A randomized controlled pilot study of artesunate versus triclabendazole for human fascioliasis in Central Vietnam}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg.}, volume = {78}, year = {2008}, pages = {388-392}, author = {Hien, T. T. and Truong, N. T. and Minh, N. H. and Dat, H. D. and Dung, N. T. and Hue, N. T. and Dung, T. K. and Tuan, P. Q. and Campbell, J. I. and Farrar, J. J. and Day, J. N.} } @article {5731, title = {{Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Representative Food Matrices}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {147}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {177{\textendash}187}, author = {Papafragkou, E and Plante, M and Mattison, K and Bidawid, S and Karthikeyan, K and Farber, JM and Jaykus, LA} } @article {16043, title = {Rattus norvegicus as a model for persistent renal colonization by pathogenic Leptospira interrogans.}, journal = {Acta Trop.Acta Trop.}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {176-180.}, author = {Athanazio, D. A. and Silva, E. F. and Santos, C. S. and Rocha, G. M. and Vannier-Santos, M. A. and McBride, A. J. and Ko, A. I. and Reis, M. G.} } @article {8795, title = {{Reactions of chlorine with inorganic and organic compounds during water treatment-Kinetics and mechanisms: A critical review}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, pages = {13{\textendash}51}, abstract = {Numerous inorganic and organic micropollutants can undergo reactions with chlorine. However, for certain compounds, the expected chlorine reactivity is low and only small modifications in the parent compound{\textquoteright}s structure are expected under typical water treatment conditions. To better understand/predict chlorine reactions with micropollutants, the kinetic and mechanistic information on chlorine reactivity available in literature was critically reviewed. For most micropollutants, HOCl is the major reactive chlorine species during chlorination processes. In the case of inorganic compounds, a fast reaction of ammonia, halides (Br- and I-), SO32-, CN-, NO2-, As(III) and Fe(II) with HOCl is reported (103-109 M-1 s-1) whereas low chlorine reaction rates with Mn(II) were shown in homogeneous systems. Chlorine reactivity usually results from an initial electrophilic attack of HOCl on inorganic compounds. In the case of organic compounds, second-order rate constants for chlorination vary over 10 orders of magnitude (i.e. {\textless}0.1-109 M-1 s-1). Oxidation, addition and electrophilic substitution reactions with organic compounds are possible pathways. However, from a kinetic point of view, usually only electrophilic attack is significant. Chlorine reactivity limited to particular sites (mainly amines, reduced sulfur moieties or activated aromatic systems) is commonly observed during chlorination processes and small modifications in the parent compound{\textquoteright}s structure are expected for the primary attack. Linear structure-activity relationships can be used to make predictions/estimates of the reactivity of functional groups based on structural analogy. Furthermore, comparison of chlorine to ozone reactivity towards aromatic compounds (electrophilic attack) shows a good correlation, with chlorine rate constants being about four orders of magnitude smaller than those for ozone. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Chlorine, Inorganic compounds, Kinetics, Organic compounds, Product formation, water treatment}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.025}, author = {Deborde, Marie and von Gunten, Urs} } @article {10050, title = {{A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for quantitative detection of the human-specific enterococci surface protein marker in sewage and environmental waters}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {10}, year = {2008}, pages = {3255{\textendash}3264}, author = {Ahmed, W and Stewart, J and Gardner, T and Powell, D} } @article {10051, title = {{A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for quantitative detection of the human-specific enterococci surface protein marker in sewage and environmental waters}}, journal = {Environ Microbiol}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, pages = {3255{\textendash}3264}, author = {Ahmed, W and Stewart, J and Gardner, T and Powell, D} } @article {15439, title = {Recent advances in the characterization of genetic factors involved in human susceptibility to infection by schistosomiasis}, journal = {Curr Genomics}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, note = {Journal Article
Netherlands}, pages = {290-300}, abstract = {Human resistance to infection by schistosomes is associated to a strong Th2 immune. However a persistent Th2 response can cause severe kidney and liver disease in human. In this review, we mainly focused on the control of infection levels caused by schistosomes. Several experimental models allowed us to better understand the immunological mechanisms of the host against schistosome infection. High IgE and eosinophil levels are associated with resistance to infection by schistosomes and this effect is counterbalanced by IgG4. IgE and eosinophils are highly dependent on IL-4, IL-13, and Il-5, which are three main Th2 cytokines. We also examined the genetic factors involved in human susceptibility to infection by schistosomiasis. Infection levels are mainly regulated by a major locus SM1, in 5q31-q33 region, which contains the genes encoding for the IL-4, IL-13, and Il-5 cytokines. An association between an IL13 polymorphism, rs1800925, and infection levels has been shown. This polymorphism synergistically acts with another polymorphism (rs324013) in the STAT6 gene, encoding for the signal transducer of the IL13 pathway. This pathway has also been involved in atopic disorders. As helminthiasis, atopy is the result of aberrant Th2 cytokine response to allergens, with an increased production of IL-4, IL-13, Il-9 and Il-5, with high amounts of allergen-specific and total IgE and eosinophilia. However, the Th2 immune response is protective in helminthiasis but aggravating in atopic disorders. Several studies reported interplay between helminthic infections and allergic reactions. The different results are discussed here.}, isbn = {1389-2029 (Print)
1389-2029 (Linking)}, author = {Isnard, A. and Chevillard, C.} } @article {9273, title = {{Recent data on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in N{\textquoteright}Djamena, Chad Republic}}, journal = {African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {2}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, pages = {407{\textendash}411}, author = {Hamit, M and Tidjani, M and Bilong, CB} } @article {3624, title = {Recommendations for the classification of group A rotaviruses using all 11 genomic RNA segments.}, journal = {Archives of virology}, volume = {153}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {1621{\textendash}1629}, abstract = {

Recently, a classification system was proposed for rotaviruses in which all the 11 genomic \{\{\}RNA\{\}\} segments are used \{\{\}(Matthijnssens\{\}\} et al. in J Virol 82:3204-3219, 2008). Based on nucleotide identity cut-off percentages, different genotypes were defined for each genome segment. A nomenclature for the comparison of complete rotavirus genomes was considered in which the notations \{\{\}Gx-P[x]-Ix-Rx-Cx-Mx-Ax-Nx-Tx-Ex-Hx\{\}\} are used for the \{\{\}VP7-VP4-VP6-VP1-VP2-VP3-NSP1-NSP2-NSP3-NSP4-NSP5/6\{\}\} encoding genes, respectively. This classification system is an extension of the previously applied genotype-based system which made use of the rotavirus gene segments encoding \{\{\}VP4,\{\}\} \{\{\}VP7,\{\}\} \{\{\}VP6,\{\}\} and \{\{\}NSP4.\{\}\} In order to assign rotavirus strains to one of the established genotypes or a new genotype, a standard procedure is proposed in this report. As more human and animal rotavirus genomes will be completely sequenced, new genotypes for each of the 11 gene segments may be identified. A Rotavirus Classification Working Group \{\{\}(RCWG)\{\}\} including specialists in molecular virology, infectious diseases, epidemiology, and public health was formed, which can assist in the appropriate delineation of new genotypes, thus avoiding duplications and helping minimize errors. Scientists discovering a potentially new rotavirus genotype for any of the 11 gene segments are invited to send the novel sequence to the \{\{\}RCWG,\{\}\} where the sequence will be analyzed, and a new nomenclature will be advised as appropriate. The \{\{\}RCWG\{\}\} will update the list of classified strains regularly and make this accessible on a website. Close collaboration with the Study Group Reoviridae of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses will be maintained.

}, doi = {10.1007/s00705-008-0155-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-008-0155-1}, author = {Matthijnssens, Jelle and Ciarlet, Max and Rahman, Mustafizur and Attoui, Houssam and B{\'a}nyai, Kriszti{\'a}n and Estes, Mary K and Gentsch, Jon R and Iturriza-G{\'o}mara, Miren and Kirkwood, Carl D and Martella, Vito and Mertens, Peter P and Nakagomi, Osamu and Patton, John T and Ruggeri, Franco M and Saif, Linda J and Santos, Norma and Steyer, Andrej and Taniguchi, Koki and Desselberger, Ulrich and Van Ranst, Marc} } @article {1865, title = {Recovery and sequence analysis of hepatitis a virus from springwater implicated in an outbreak of acute viral hepatitis}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {19}, year = {2008}, note = {Tallon, Lindsay A Love, David C Moore, Zack S Sobsey, Mark D eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S. 2008/08/19 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Oct;74(19):6158-60. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02872-07. Epub 2008 Aug 15.}, pages = {6158-60}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {An outbreak of acute hepatitis A virus in North Carolina was linked to drinking water from a contaminated shallow spring by phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis A virus (HAV) genomic sequences. Detection of HAV and fecal indicators in the water provided useful and timely information to assist with public health prevention and control measures.}, keywords = {Colony Count, Microbial *Disease Outbreaks Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification Fresh Water/*virology Genotype Hepatitis A/*epidemiology/*virology Hepatitis A virus/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Humans Molecular Epidemiology Molecular Seque, Viral/genetics Sequence Analysis Sequence Homology}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02872-07}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18708522}, author = {Tallon, L. A. and Love, D. C. and Moore, Z. S. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {2952, title = {Reduced egg production of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in experimentally infected and re-infected red foxes ({Vulpes} vulpes)}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {155}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, pages = {59{\textendash}66}, abstract = {Ingestion of eggs of the small fox tapeworm, Echinococcus multilocularis, causes the severe human disease alveolar echinococcosis. Previously, the dynamics of the egg excretion from infected carnivores have been studied only where the host animals have been exposed to a single experimental infection. In nature, foxes are most likely repeatedly infected. To study the effect of repeated exposure, twenty-one foxes were inoculated with a high dose of E. multilocularis protoscoleces three times over a 1-month period. For comparative purposes, three groups of twenty-one foxes were respectively inoculated with low, medium, or high single dose of protoscoleces. For each group, worm number and morphology were analyzed after necropsy of seven foxes at 1, 2, and 4 months after last inoculation. The establishment of intestinal worms was very low in all foxes, and surprisingly, most of the worms did not produce eggs. Although most reproductive structures were detectable, the genital pore and the cirrus pouch often had abnormal enlargements that spread internally, most likely preventing the reproductive function. The reason for this abnormality could not be determined, but the preparation and storage conditions of the inoculated protoscoleces may have contributed to the stunted development. Physical stress of E. multilocularis at the larval stage in rodents may later adversely affect the reproductive success of the adult tapeworm in the carnivore definitive host; as in the present study where a worm establishment in the definitive host was only followed by a neglectable egg production.}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Feces, Female, Foxes, Host-Parasite Interactions, Ovum, Parasite Egg Count, Reproduction, Time Factors}, issn = {0304-4017}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.04.010}, author = {Al-Sabi, Mohammad Nafi Solaiman and Kapel, Christian M. O. and Webster, Pia and Deplazes, Peter} } @article {12504, title = {Reducing health risks from wastewater use in urban and peri-urban sub-Saharan Africa: applying the 2006 WHO guidelines}, journal = {Water Science and TechnologyWater Science and Technology}, volume = {57}, number = {9}, year = {2008}, pages = {1461-1466}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Drechsel, Pay and Keraita, Bernard and Amoah, Philip and Abaidoo, RC and Raschid-Sally, Liqa and Bahri, Akissa} } @article {9181, title = {{Relationship of intestinal parasitic infections and malnutrition among school children in Makurdi, Benue State - Nigeria}}, journal = {The Internet Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, author = {Amuta, E and Olusi, T and Houmsou, R} } @article {5285, title = {Reliability analysis of wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, year = {2008}, pages = {1182-1194}, author = {Oliveira, SC and von Sperling, M} } @article {17503, title = {{Reliability analysis of wastewater treatment plants}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {4-5}, year = {2008}, pages = {1182{\textendash}1194}, abstract = {This article presents a reliability analysis of 166 full-scale wastewater treatment plants operating in Brazil. Six different processes have been investigated, comprising septic tank+anaerobic filter, facultative pond, anaerobic pond+facultative pond, activated sludge, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors alone and UASB reactors followed by post-treatment. A methodology developed by Niku et al. [1979. Performance of activated sludge process and reliability-based design. J. Water Pollut. Control Assoc., 51(12), 2841-2857] is used for determining the coefficients of reliability (COR), in terms of the compliance of effluent biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and fecal or thermotolerant coliforms (FC) with discharge standards. The design concentrations necessary to meet the prevailing discharge standards and the expected compliance percentages have been calculated from the COR obtained. The results showed that few plants, under the observed operating conditions, would be able to present reliable performances considering the compliance with the analyzed standards. The article also discusses the importance of understanding the lognormal behavior of the data in setting up discharge standards, in interpreting monitoring results and compliance with the legislation. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.09.001}, author = {Oliveira, S.C. and von Sperling, M.} } @article {15960, title = {Removal characteristic of pathogenic protozoan in wastewater treatment and reclamation process}, journal = {Huan Jing Ke Xue}, volume = {29}, number = {7}, year = {2008}, month = {Jul}, pages = {1955-60}, edition = {2008/10/03}, keywords = {Animals, China, Cities, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Eukaryota/*isolation \& purification, Geologic Sediments/parasitology, Giardia/isolation \& purification, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {0250-3301 (Print)
0250-3301}, author = {Zhang, T. and Hu, H. Y. and Zong, Z. S. and Xie, X.} } @book {16956, title = {Removal of adenovirus, calicivirus, and bacteriophages by conventional drinking water treatment}, series = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {171{\textendash}177}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, author = {Abbaszadegan, Morteza and Monteiro, Patricia and Nwachuku, Nena and Alum, Absar and Ryu, Hodon} } @article {6077, title = {Removal of bacteriophages MS2 and PhiX174 during transport in a sandy anoxic aquifer}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {42}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, pages = {4589{\textendash}4594}, author = {Wielen, Paul WJJ van der and Senden, Wiel JMK and Medema, Gertjan} } @mastersthesis {6721, title = {Residents{\textquoteright} knowledge, perceptions, attitudes, and willingness to pay for non-point source pollution control: {A} study of {Nansihu} {Lake} watershed, {China}}, year = {2008}, note = {3292720}, school = {The Ohio State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In the past 15 years, China{\textquoteright}s GDP has consistently increased by 8\%-10\% every year, which greatly boosted China{\textquoteright}s economy. At the same time, China suffers from a host of environmental problems which have worsened over the past three decades of economic reform. Non-point source pollution in freshwater has become a striking issue around the country. Motivating residents to actively participate in controlling non-point source pollution through integrative watershed management, is a main goal for the implementation of 11 th Five-Year Plan (FYP, 2006-2010) of China. The objectives of the research were to explore the knowledge and perceptions of the residents about non-point source pollution and community-based watershed management policies within Nansihu Lake watershed of China, their attitudes toward non-point source pollution control and watershed management, the amount of their willing to pay for water quality improvement, the differences among different groups of the residents regarding their knowledge, perceptions, attitudes towards non-point source pollution and watershed management policies, and their willingness to pay for improving water quality, and finally, the socio-economic factors affecting the residents{\textquoteright} willingness to pay. Better understanding of their knowledge and attitudes toward the watershed management will greatly promote the integration of social progress and stability, economic development, and natural resource management in this area. The results indicated that the residents in Nansihu Lake watershed had low level of knowledge and perceptions of non-point source pollution, eutrophication, and community-based watershed management policies. Their attitudes toward the necessity for improving water quality, the relationship between individual responsibility and non-point source pollution control, artificial wetland construction for non-point source pollution control, trust for local, provincial, central government, trust for local environmental groups, and the benefits for non-point source pollution control were very positive. They trusted the central, provincial, and local governments for their efforts to improve environment quality. There was no direct cause and effect between respondents{\textquoteright} knowledge and their attitude. With the combination of two major CVM methods-dichotomous choice and open ended formats, the survey results indicated that the urban respondents{\textquoteright} median WTP was 157.5 (U.S. \$19.69), while suburban and rural respondents{\textquoteright} median WTPs were {\textyen}100 (U.S. \$12.5) and {\textyen}50 (U.S. \$6.25), respectively. 76.1\% of the total respondents in this survey chose 0\%-10\% of their annual income as WTP for improving water quality in Nansihu Lake watershed. The total amount of WTP per year in Nansihu Lake watershed was estimated to be {\textyen}562.63 million (U.S. \$70.33 million). Overall, there was no significant difference between urban and suburban residents in their knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes, but rural residents were significantly different from the two groups above. Relatively, the rural resident group was more concerned about economic development and their own life style than the other two groups. The survey revealed that residents{\textquoteright} yearly income and geographic locations were the main factors affecting residents{\textquoteright} willingness to pay for non-point source pollution control in this area, and there was no significant correlation between residents{\textquoteright} yearly income and their geographic locations. The research implied that (1) it is imperative for the local government to encourage residents to formulate community-based watershed management groups in Nansihu Lake watershed, China, (2) to deal with non-point source pollution, improving local economy and residents{\textquoteright} income, increasing environmental education input, and enhancing residents{\textquoteright} environmental awareness would be an effective approach for improving water quality in Nansihu Lake watershed, (3) full understanding of residents{\textquoteright} knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes toward non-point source pollution control would lay the foundation on sound watershed management policies in Nansihu Lake watershed, and (4) deep understanding of CVM mechanism and well-designed survey questionnaire would be the key to accurately estimating non-market environmental services and goods and residents{\textquoteright} true WTP to deal with non-point source pollution in this watershed.}, keywords = {0768:Environmental science, China, Environmental attitudes, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Nansihu Lake watershed, Nonpoint source pollution, Watershed management, Willingness to pay}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304508211?accountid=14270}, author = {Hao, Jianjun} } @book {6918, title = {A {Review} of {Decision}-{Making} {Support} {Tools} in the {Water}, {Sanitation}, and {Hygiene} {Sector}}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Pacific Institute}, organization = {Pacific Institute}, url = {http://www.protos.be/sites/default/files/library_assets/W_KMA_E10_Review_Decision.pdf}, author = {Palaniappan, Meena and Gleick, Peter H. and Change, Environmental} } @article {2230, title = {{Risk areas and neighborhood-level risk factors for Shigella dysenteriae 1 and Shigella flexneri.}}, journal = {Health \& place}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {mar}, pages = {96{\textendash}105}, abstract = {Annually, there are 165 million cases of shigellosis resulting in 1.1 million deaths in the developing world. Two species of the causative agent, Shigella dysenteriae 1 and Shigella flexneri, are responsible for acute diarrheal illness. Vaccines are being developed against both but many questions remain about the disease burden, distribution of species in space and time, and community-level risk factors. This study answers two questions. What are the differences in neighborhood-level risk factors between S. dysenteriae 1 and S. flexneri? Does shigellosis caused by the two different species occur in the same neighborhoods and are those high-risk neighborhoods persistent in time? Cases from a hospital in rural Bangladesh were assigned to one of the two shigellosis types and age-matched individuals were randomly chosen from the community to be controls. Information was collected for neighborhood-level variables hypothesized to be related to shigellosis. During the 3-year study period, there were 161 cases of S. dysenteriae 1 and 225 cases of S. flexneri. Incidence of both types was highest in children under 2 followed by children from 2 to 5. The location of S. dysenteriae 1 risk varies in time but S. flexneri risk areas were persistent in time. Neighborhoods near bazaars with many non-septic latrines were at highest risk for S. dysenteriae 1. S. flexneri was most common in flood-controlled areas. S. dysenteriae 1 risk is more related to hygiene and sanitation and S. flexneri is more related to the environment.}, issn = {1353-8292}, doi = {10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.05.004}, author = {Emch, Michael and Ali, Mohammad and Yunus, Mohammad} } @article {7995, title = {{Risk areas and neighborhood-level risk factors for Shigella dysenteriae 1 and Shigella flexneri.}}, journal = {Health and Place}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {mar}, pages = {96{\textendash}105}, abstract = {

Annually, there are 165 million cases of shigellosis resulting in 1.1 million deaths in the developing world. Two species of the causative agent, Shigella dysenteriae 1 and Shigella flexneri, are responsible for acute diarrheal illness. Vaccines are being developed against both but many questions remain about the disease burden, distribution of species in space and time, and community-level risk factors. This study answers two questions. What are the differences in neighborhood-level risk factors between S. dysenteriae 1 and S. flexneri? Does shigellosis caused by the two different species occur in the same neighborhoods and are those high-risk neighborhoods persistent in time? Cases from a hospital in rural Bangladesh were assigned to one of the two shigellosis types and age-matched individuals were randomly chosen from the community to be controls. Information was collected for neighborhood-level variables hypothesized to be related to shigellosis. During the 3-year study period, there were 161 cases of S. dysenteriae 1 and 225 cases of S. flexneri. Incidence of both types was highest in children under 2 followed by children from 2 to 5. The location of S. dysenteriae 1 risk varies in time but S. flexneri risk areas were persistent in time. Neighborhoods near bazaars with many non-septic latrines were at highest risk for S. dysenteriae 1. S. flexneri was most common in flood-controlled areas. S. dysenteriae 1 risk is more related to hygiene and sanitation and S. flexneri is more related to the environment.

}, issn = {1353-8292}, doi = {10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.05.004}, author = {Emch, Michael and Ali, Mohammad and Yunus, Mohammad} } @article {14007, title = {Risk areas and neighborhood-level risk factors for {Shigella} dysenteriae 1 and {Shigella} flexneri.}, journal = {Health \& place}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {mar}, pages = {96{\textendash}105}, abstract = {Annually, there are 165 million cases of shigellosis resulting in 1.1 million deaths in the developing world. Two species of the causative agent, Shigella dysenteriae 1 and Shigella flexneri, are responsible for acute diarrheal illness. Vaccines are being developed against both but many questions remain about the disease burden, distribution of species in space and time, and community-level risk factors. This study answers two questions. What are the differences in neighborhood-level risk factors between S. dysenteriae 1 and S. flexneri? Does shigellosis caused by the two different species occur in the same neighborhoods and are those high-risk neighborhoods persistent in time? Cases from a hospital in rural Bangladesh were assigned to one of the two shigellosis types and age-matched individuals were randomly chosen from the community to be controls. Information was collected for neighborhood-level variables hypothesized to be related to shigellosis. During the 3-year study period, there were 161 cases of S. dysenteriae 1 and 225 cases of S. flexneri. Incidence of both types was highest in children under 2 followed by children from 2 to 5. The location of S. dysenteriae 1 risk varies in time but S. flexneri risk areas were persistent in time. Neighborhoods near bazaars with many non-septic latrines were at highest risk for S. dysenteriae 1. S. flexneri was most common in flood-controlled areas. S. dysenteriae 1 risk is more related to hygiene and sanitation and S. flexneri is more related to the environment.}, issn = {1353-8292}, doi = {10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.05.004}, author = {Emch, Michael and Ali, Mohammad and Yunus, Mohammad} } @article {8534, title = {{Risk factors for retinochoroiditis during the first 2 years of life in infants with treated congenital toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal.}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {27{\textendash}32}, author = {Kieffer, F and Wallon, M and Garcia, P and Thulliez, P and Peyron, F and Franck, J} } @inbook {6278, title = {Risk of waterborne illness via drinking water in the {United} {States}}, booktitle = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology}, year = {2008}, pages = {117{\textendash}158}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-71724-1_4}, author = {Reynolds, Kelly A. and Mena, Kristina D. and Charles P Gerba} } @inbook {7207, title = {Risk of waterborne illness via drinking water in the {United} {States}}, booktitle = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology}, year = {2008}, pages = {117{\textendash}158}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-0-387-71724-1_4}, author = {Reynolds, Kelly A. and Mena, Kristina D. and Charles P Gerba} } @article {1787, title = {Risk of waterborne illness via drinking water in the United States}, journal = {Rev Environ Contam Toxicol}, volume = {192}, year = {2008}, note = {Reynolds, Kelly A Mena, Kristina D Gerba, Charles P eng Review 2007/11/21 09:00 Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2008;192:117-58.}, pages = {117-58}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Outbreaks of disease attributable to drinking water are not common in the U.S., but they do still occur and can lead to serious acute, chronic, or sometimes fatal health consequences, particularly in sensitive and immunocompromised populations. From 1971 to 2002, there were 764 documented waterborne outbreaks associated with drinking water, resulting in 575,457 cases of illness and 79 deaths (Blackburn et al. 2004; Calderon 2004); however, the true impact of disease is estimated to be much higher. If properly applied, current protocols in municipal water treatment are effective at eliminating pathogens from water. However, inadequate, interrupted, or intermittent treatment has repeatedly been associated with waterborne disease outbreaks. Contamination is not evenly distributed but rather affected by the number of pathogens in the source water, the age of the distribution system, the quality of the delivered water, and climatic events that can tax treatment plant operations. Private water supplies are not regulated by the USEPA and are generally not treated or monitored, although very few of the municipal systems involved in documented outbreaks exceeded the USEPA{\textquoteright}s total coliform standard in the preceding 12 mon (Craun et al. 2002). We provide here estimates of waterborne infection and illness risks in the U.S. based on the total number of water systems, source water type, and total populations exposed. Furthermore, we evaluated all possible illnesses associated with the microbial infection and not just gastroenteritis. Our results indicate that 10.7 M infections/yr and 5.4 M illnesses/yr occur in populations served by community groundwater systems; 2.2 M infections/yr and 1.1 M illnesses/yr occur in noncommunity groundwater systems; and 26.0 M infections/yr and 13.0 M illnesses/yr occur in municipal surface water systems. The total estimated number of waterborne illnesses/yr in the U.S. is therefore estimated to be 19.5 M/yr. Others have recently estimated waterborne illness rates of 12M cases/yr (Colford et al. 2006) and 16 M cases/yr (Messner et al. 2006), yet our estimate considers all health outcomes associated with exposure to pathogens in drinking water rather than only gastrointestinal illness. Drinking water outbreaks exemplify known breaches in municipal water treatment and distribution processes and the failure of regulatory requirements to ensure water that is free of human pathogens. Water purification technologies applied at the point-of-use (POU) can be effective for limiting the effects of source water contamination, treatment plant inadequacies, minor intrusions in the distribution system, or deliberate posttreatment acts (i.e., bioterrorism). Epidemiological studies are conflicting on the benefits of POU water treatment. One prospective intervention study found that consumers of reverse-osmosis (POU) filtered water had 20\%-35\% less gastrointestinal illnesses than those consuming regular tap water, with an excess of 14\% of illness due to contaminants introduced in the distribution system (Payment 1991, 1997). Two other studies using randomized, blinded, controlled trials determined that the risks were equal among groups supplied with POU-treated water compared to untreated tap water (Hellard et al. 2001; Colford et al. 2003). For immunocompromised populations, POU water treatment devices are recommended by the CDC and USEPA as one treatment option for reducing risks of Cryptosporidium and other types of infectious agents transmitted by drinking water. Other populations, including those experiencing "normal" life stages such as pregnancy, or those very young or very old, might also benefit from the utilization of additional water treatment options beyond the current multibarrier approach of municipal water treatment.}, keywords = {*Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/transmission Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control/*statistics \& numerical data Humans Risk Assessment Sanitation United States United States Environmental Protection Agency *Water Microbiology *Water Pollution *Water}, issn = {0179-5953 (Print) 0179-5953 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18020305}, author = {Reynolds, K. A. and Mena, K. D. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {15550, title = {The role of hygienic bathing after defecation in the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {102}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {Jun}, pages = {542-7}, abstract = {Transmission of Schistosoma mansoni depends on fecal eggs reaching water, but the way this happens is poorly understood. We studied the role of hygienic bathing after defecation in the contamination of water with S. mansoni eggs. Individuals in an endemic community in Northern Senegal (n=991) were examined for S. mansoni infection and a random sample (22\%) was interviewed about stool disposal practices and hygienic behavior. We assessed the presence and viability of S. mansoni eggs adhering to the peri-anal region of 13 infected volunteers, by counting the miracidia in the water they had used for hygienic washing; for 10 of them (77\%) miracidia were demonstrated. From the population infection distribution, average number of defecations per day, proportion of individuals bathing after defecation, and association between miracidial counts and infection intensity, we calculated a daily population miracidial output of approximately 30,000 through hygienic bathing. For comparison, one complete stool reaching the water was calculated to yield approximately 2500 miracidia. Thus, 12 individuals in this population should defecate into the water every day to produce the same number of miracidia as through hygienic bathing. Our results suggest a major role of hygienic bathing after defecation in the transmission of S. mansoni.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Feces/ parasitology, Female, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Hygiene, Life Cycle Stages, Male, Parasite Egg Count, Schistosoma mansoni/ isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis mansoni/prevention \& control/ transmission, Senegal, Toilet Facilities, Water Pollution/prevention \& control, Water/parasitology}, isbn = {0035-9203 (Print)
0035-9203 (Linking)}, author = {Sow, S. and Polman, K. and Vereecken, K. and Vercruysse, J. and Gryseels, B. and de Vlas, S. J.} } @book {15280, title = {Safer water, better health: costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health}, year = {2008}, publisher = {World Health Organization }, organization = {World Health Organization }, author = {Pr{\"u}ss-{\"U}st{\"u}n, Annette and Bos, Robert and Gore, Fiona and Bartram, Jamie} } @book {13627, title = {Safer water, better health: costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health}, year = {2008}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, author = {Pr{\"u}ss-{\"U}st{\"u}n, Annette and Bos, Robert and Gore, Fiona and Bartram, Jamie} } @book {6858, title = {Safer water, better health: costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health.}, year = {2008}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, url = {http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20083318172.html}, author = {Pr{\"u}ss-{\"U}st{\"u}n, Annette and Bos, Robert and Gore, Fiona and Bartram, Jamie and others} } @article {17317, title = {Salmonella, Campylobacter and Enterococcus spp.: their antimicrobial resistance profiles and their spatial relationships in a synoptic study of the Upper Oconee River basin}, journal = {Microb EcolMicrob Ecol}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {Apr}, pages = {444-52}, keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Campylobacter/classification/*drug effects/isolation \& purification, Cluster Analysis, Colony Count, Microbial, Enterococcus/classification/*drug effects/isolation \& purification, Georgia, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Rivers/*microbiology, Salmonella/classification/*drug effects/isolation \& purification}, isbn = {0095-3628 (Print)
0095-3628 (Linking)}, author = {Meinersmann, R. J. and Berrang, M. E. and Jackson, C. R. and Fedorka-Cray, P. and Ladely, S. and Little, E. and Frye, J. G. and Mattsson, B.} } @article {17350, title = {Salmonella reduction in manure by the addition of urea and ammonia}, journal = {Bioresource TechnologyBioresource Technology}, volume = {99}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1610-1615}, keywords = {Ammonia, cattle manure, chicken manure, dairy-cattle, escherichia-coli o157-h7, fecal matter, Manure, pilot-scale, recommendations, RISK-FACTORS, Salmonella, Survival, Treatment, typhimurium, Virus Inactivation}, isbn = {0960-8524}, author = {Ottoson, J. and Nordin, A. and von Rosen, D. and Vinneras, B.} } @article {8810, title = {{Salmonella reduction in manure by the addition of urea and ammonia}}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {99}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {apr}, pages = {1610{\textendash}1615}, abstract = {Animal manure may contain pathogenic microorganisms and disinfection is suggested to avoid reinfection of animal herds and introduction of zoonotic disease into the food chain. Ammonia and urea were tested for disinfection of bovine manure and Salmonella was found to be rapidly eliminated by the addition of 0.5{\%} aqueous ammonia or 2{\%} w/w urea (s). Treatments (2{\%} urea and 0.5{\%} ammonia), temperature (4 degrees C or 14 degrees C) and combinations of these factors significantly affected the inactivation rate. Decimal values (T(90)) were reduced from 8.3 days in the control to 2.0 days and 0.4 days at 14 degrees C after the addition of urea and ammonia, respectively. At 4 degrees C, the decimal values were reduced from 34 to 4.8 and 1.1 days, respectively. Recommended treatments of bovine manure based on Monte Carlo simulations are 0.5{\%} ammonia followed by storage for one week or 2{\%} urea followed by storage for two weeks at 14 degrees C, one month at 4 degrees C. Storage without additives should include at least one summer in temperate regions. Enterococci were evaluated as indicators for Salmonella but significantly slower decay rate and different behaviour in the material made them unsuitable as indicators for Salmonella in manure disinfected by ammonia or urea. Free ammonia treatment of Salmonella-contaminated manure disinfects the material and raises its fertilizer value.}, issn = {09608524}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.009}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17531477 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960852407003215}, author = {JR Ottoson and Nordin, A. and von Rosen, D. and B. Vinner{\r a}s} } @article {12505, title = {Salmonella uptake in sheep exposed to pastures after biosolids application to agricultural land}, journal = {Soil ResearchSoil Research}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {302-308}, isbn = {1838-6768}, author = {Eamens, GJ and Waldron, AM} } @article {3981, title = {Sanitation for Primary Schools in Africa}, year = {2008}, institution = {Water, Engineering and Development Centre, Loughborough University}, address = {Loughborough}, author = {Reed, RA and Shaw, RJ} } @article {13344, title = {Sanitation Systems and Technologies: Sandec Training Tool 1.0 - (2008) Module 4}, year = {2008} } @article {12881, title = {Scientific support for the design and operation of ventilated improved pit latrines (VIPs) and the efficacy of pit latrine additives}, journal = {Water Research Commission, South Africa}, year = {2008}, author = {Buckley, CA and Foxon, K and Brouckaert, CJ and Rodda, N and Nwaneri, C and Balboni, E and Couderc, A and Magagna, D} } @article {16634, title = {Scientific support for the design and operation of ventilated improved pit latrines ({VIPs}) and the efficacy of pit latrine additives}, journal = {Water Research Commission, South Africa}, year = {2008}, author = {Buckley, CA and Foxon, K and Brouckaert, CJ and Rodda, N and Nwaneri, C and Balboni, E and Couderc, A and Magagna, D} } @article {2662, title = {Sensitive detection of multiple rotavirus genotypes with a single reverse transcription-real-time quantitative {PCR} assay}, year = {2008}, author = {Guti{\'e}rrez-Aguirre, I and Steyer, A and Boben, J} } @article {1032, title = {Sensitive detection of multiple rotavirus genotypes with a single reverse transcription-real-time quantitative {PCR} assay}, year = {2008}, author = {Guti{\'e}rrez-Aguirre, I and Steyer, A and Boben, J} } @article {2944, title = {Serological prevalence of echinococcosis and risk factors for infection among children in rural communities of southern {Ningxia}, {China}}, journal = {Tropical medicine \& international health}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, month = {aug}, pages = {1086{\textendash}1094}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of serology as an indicator of Echinococcus transmission for developing preventive measures against echinococcosis in rural communities. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey in 2002 among 861 children aged 7 to 18 years in Xiji County, Ningxia, China. Before ultrasound abdominal examination, a questionnaire was used to identify socioeconomic, sanitary and hygiene risk factors for echinococcal infection; filter paper blood samples were collected from each child for specific antibody detection using EmP (Echinococcus multilocularis) and EgB (Echinococcus granulosus) antigens. RESULTS: Transmission of both E. multilocularis and E. granulosus occur in this area. Serological prevalence was far higher than disease prevalence in this age range. We found no gender-related differences of seroprevalence among the children, suggesting an equal chance of exposure to echinococcal egg-contaminated environments. The seroprevalence distribution was associated with changes in the ecology of wild hosts for E. multilocularis contamination, and with changes in socio-geographic features of the communities for E. granulosus contamination. CONCLUSIONS: Serological data obtained for children in mass surveys of echinococcosis appear to be a comprehensive and useful tool to monitor changes of transmission dynamics in humans and provide \&$\#$39;warning signals\&$\#$39; to decision makers for the instigation of specific control measures against the disease.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Animals, Child, China, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Epidemiologic Methods, Family Health, Humans, Risk Factors, rural health, Socioeconomic Factors}, issn = {1365-3156}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02101.x}, author = {Yang, Yu Rong and Craig, Philip S. and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Williams, Gail M. and Sun, Tao and Liu, Tian Xi and Boufana, Belgees and Giraudoux, Patrick and Teng, Jing and Li, Yanbin and Huang, Ling and Zhang, Wei and Jones, Malcolm K. and McManus, Donald P.} } @article {9197, title = {{Short Report: First Molecular Identification of Entamoeba moshkovskii in Human Stool Samples in Tunisia}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {79}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, pages = {706{\textendash}707}, author = {Ben Ayed, S and Aoun, K and Maamouri, N and Ben Abdallah, R and Bouratbine, A} } @article {12985, title = {Sobreviv{\^e}ncia de ovos de helmintos na reciclagem agrcola do lodo de esgoto no distrito federal}, journal = {Simp{\'o}sio Internacional de Savana Tropical}, year = {2008}, author = {Souza, CA and Lemainski, Jorge and da Silva, Jose Eurpedes and Mazzotti, Helena Adorni} } @article {16833, title = {Species distribution and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from surface and ocean water}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {1017{\textendash}1025}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Moore, DF and Guzman, JA and McGee, C} } @article {8918, title = {Speeding up solar disinfection (SODIS): effects of hydrogen peroxide, temperature, pH, and copper plus ascorbate on the photoinactivation of E. coli}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {35-51}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/6/1/35.abstract}, author = {Fisher, Michael B. and Keenan, Christina R. and Nelson, Kara L. and Voelker, Bettina M.} } @article {11583, title = {{A standardised terminology of the embryonic evelopes and associated developmental stages of tapeworms (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda)}}, journal = {Folia Parasitologica}, volume = {55}, year = {2008}, pages = {42{\textendash}52}, author = {Conn, D and Swiderski, Z} } @mastersthesis {6349, title = {State estimation strategies for {Autonomous} {Underwater} {Vehicle} fish tracking applications}, year = {2008}, note = {MR43880}, school = {University of Waterloo (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{A}.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {As the largest unexplored area on earth, the underwater world has unlimited attraction to marine scientists. Due to the complexity of the underwater environment and the limitations of human divers, underwater exploration has been facilitated by the use of submarines, Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). In recent years, use of autonomous control systems being integrated with visual sensors has increased substantially, especially in marine applications involving guidance of AUVs. In this work, autonomous fish-tracking via AUV with vision servoing control system is studied with the purpose of assisting marine biologists in gathering detailed information about the behaviors, habits, mobility, and local and global distributions of particular fish species. The main goal of this work in this thesis is to develop an AUV sensing system, including both video and auxiliary sonar, which has the ability to carry out visually guided autonomous tracking of a particular species of fish, Large Mouth Bass. A key in enabling fish-tracking involves the development of a vision-processing algorithm to measure the position of the vehicle relative to the fish. It is challenging because of the complex nature of the underwater environment including dynamic and varied lighting conditions, turbulent water, suspended organic particles and various underwater plants and animals, and the deformable body of fish while swimming. These issues cause target fish identification by computer vision processing extremely difficult. In automated fish-tracking work, we provide two valid and efficient segmentation and recognition vision algorithms to identify a fish from the natural underwater environment: one is a feature extraction algorithm based on Gabor filter texture segmentation and a new approach that we call projection curve recognition. It is able to extract the feature on the fish tail and body and successfully describe the fish as two straight line segments. The second algorithm is SIFT based fish recognition algorithm. The SIFT approach introduced by David Lowe in 1999 extracts distinctive invariant features to scaling, illumination, rotation or translation of the image. The reliable keypoints matching in the database of keypoints from target fish is implemented by Best-Bin-First (BBF) algorithm. Clustering keypoints that agree on the possible object with Hough transform are identified as the object fish, reliable recognition is possible with as few as 3 features. Finally, a dynamic recognition process was designed using continuously updated fish model to match and recognize the target fish from a series of video frames. The SIFT Based recognition algorithm is effective and efficient in identifying Large Mouth Bass in a natural cluttering underwater environment. For a monocular camera system, the depth of field is extremely hard to obtain by vision processing. Hence, the system is augmented with a forward-looking digital image micro sonar. With the sonar image processing algorithm, the target fish is recognized. Sonar can not only provide the relative range between the fish and AUV, but also assist in identifying the target. Finally, the relative position and orientation of the fish in the image plane is estimated using an image processing method, transforming the coordinates between camera, sonar and AUV, and applying the estimation algorithm. The results of off-line data processing taken from a natural Lake environment shows these computer vision algorithms for identifying fish and state estimation are efficient and successful. The proposed system has potential to enable a vision servo control system of AUV to reliably track a target fish in natural underwater environment.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Mechanical engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304826052?accountid=14270}, author = {Zhou, Jun} } @article {6734, title = {Step-wedge cluster-randomised community-based trials: an application to the study of the impact of community health insurance}, journal = {Health Research Policy and Systems / BioMed Central}, volume = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {10}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We describe a step-wedge cluster-randomised community-based trial which has been conducted since 2003 to accompany the implementation of a community health insurance (CHI) scheme in West Africa. The trial aims at overcoming the paucity of evidence-based information on the impact of CHI. Impact is defined in terms of changes in health service utilisation and household protection against the cost of illness. Our exclusive focus on the description and discussion of the methods is justified by the fact that the study relies on a methodology previously applied in the field of disease control, but never in the field of health financing. METHODS: First, we clarify how clusters were defined both in respect of statistical considerations and of local geographical and socio-cultural concerns. Second, we illustrate how households within clusters were sampled. Third, we expound the data collection process and the survey instruments. Finally, we outline the statistical tools to be applied to estimate the impact of CHI. CONCLUSION: We discuss all design choices both in relation to methodological considerations and to specific ethical and organisational concerns faced in the field. On the basis of the appraisal of our experience, we postulate that conducting relatively sophisticated trials (such as our step-wedge cluster-randomised community-based trial) aimed at generating sound public health evidence, is both feasible and valuable also in low income settings. Our work shows that if accurately designed in conjunction with local health authorities, such trials have the potential to generate sound scientific evidence and do not hinder, but at times even facilitate, the implementation of complex health interventions such as CHI.}, issn = {1478-4505}, doi = {10.1186/1478-4505-6-10}, author = {De Allegri, Manuela and Pokhrel, Subhash and Becher, Heiko and Dong, Hengjin and Mansmann, Ulrich and Kouyate, Bocar and Kynast-Wolf, Gisela and Gbangou, Adjima and Sanon, Mamadou and Bridges, John and Sauerborn, Rainer} } @article {9063, title = {{Studies on the survival of enterohemorrhagic and environmental Escherichia coli strains in wastewater and in activated sludges from dairy sewage treatment plants}}, journal = {Polish Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {165{\textendash}171}, abstract = {Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain isolated from milk in Poland and an environmental E. coli strain in wastewater from Garwolin and {\{}{\L}{\}}owicz dairies and in activated sludges from dairy sewage treatment plants as well as in dairy wastewater with activated sludges was examined. Environmental materials were contaminated with about 10(8) of target bacteria/ml of sample. The experiments were performed under temperature conditions typical of autumn-winter (6 degrees) and spring-summer (24 degrees C) seasons. It was found that the non-pathogenic E. coli strain survived longer in all media than the enterohemorrhagic serotype. E. coli O157:H7 bacteria were not detected (in direct plating method) in activated sludges after 21-28 days; in dairy wastewater as well as in wastewater with activated sludges after 21-25 days. These periods for environmental E. coli strain were 35-42 days (activated sludges), 25-28 days (wastewater with activated sludges). At higher temperature environmental E. coli were not detected in wastewater from {\{}{\L}{\}}owicz dairy sewage treatment plant after 25 days, but the bacteria were still present in wastewater from Garwolin dairy sewage tratment plant after 34 days. The obtained results show that the lack of environmental E. coli bacteria (as a indicator bacteria of fecal contamination) in dairy wastewater and in dairy wastewater with activated sludges could indicate the absence of pathogenic E. coli bacteria. Prolonged existence of the enterohemorrhagic serotype in activated sludges shows the need to treat activated sludges prior to the utilization of these materials as fertilizer.}, keywords = {Activated sludge, Dairy wastewater, E. coli O157:H7, Environmental E. coli strains}, isbn = {1733-1331 (Print){\$}\backslash{\$}r1733-1331 (Linking)}, issn = {17331331}, author = {Czajkowska, Danuta and Boszczyk-Maleszak, Hanka and Sikorska, Irena and Sochaj, Agnieszka} } @article {16941, title = {A study of the microbial quality of grey water and an evaluation of treatment technologies for reuse}, journal = {Ecological engineering}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {187{\textendash}197}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Winward, Gideon P and Avery, Lisa M and Frazer-Williams, Ronnie and Pidou, Marc and Jeffrey, Paul and Stephenson, Tom and Jefferson, Bruce} } @article {5361, title = {A study of the microbial quality of greywater and an evaluation of treatment technologies for reuse}, journal = {Ecol. Eng.}, volume = {32}, year = {2008}, pages = {187-197}, author = {Winward, GP and Avery, LM and Frazer-Williams, R and Pidou, M and Jeffrey, P and Stephenson, T and Jefferson, B} } @article {17006, title = {Study of the viral removal efficiency in a urban wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {893{\textendash}897}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Carducci, A and Morici, P and Pizzi, F and Battistini, R and Rovini, E and Verani, M} } @article {4456, title = {Study of the viral removal efficiency in a urban wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {893{\textendash}7}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2008.437}, author = {Carducci, A. and Morici, P. and Pizzi, F. and Battistini, R. and Rovini, E. and Verani, M.} } @article {17344, title = {A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls}, journal = {Bulletin of the world health organizationBulletin of the world health organization}, volume = {86}, year = {2008}, pages = {260-268}, isbn = {0042-9686}, author = {Ochiai, R Leon and Acosta, Camilo J and Danovaro-Holliday, M and Baiqing, Dong and Bhattacharya, Sujit K and Agtini, Magdarina D and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and Canh, Do Gia and Ali, Mohammad and Shin, Seonghye} } @mastersthesis {6428, title = {{STUDY} {ON} {SOLVENT} {WASHING} {METHOD} {FOR} {PURIFICATION} {OF} {TEREPHTHALIC} {ACID}}, year = {2008}, note = {H247239}, school = {Tianjin University (People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China)}, type = {phdM.{Eng}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Purified terephthalic acid is the main material of polyester production.The key technology is mastered by several foreign companies.The drying process has high investment and energy consumption in present technology. A new process is developed to substitute for drying method in this research project. Washing solvent water and p-xylene were experimental studied respectively to remove the acetic acid and catalyst residue of crude terephthalic acid.The ways of vacuum filtration after replacement and beating and centrifuging were studied in this work.Gas chromatography was used to analyze the content of acetic acid and p-xylene in the filter cake. Catalyst residue is detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy. With water as washing solvent the acetic acid was reduced from 10\% to 0.1\% in proper condition in the ways of vacuum filtration. A result of 0.0827\% was obtained by centrifuging method. P-xylene is a better solvent to wash crude terephthalic acid. Acetic acid residue was reduced from 0.18\% to about 0.1\% by centrifuging and p-xylene residue could be 8\% after beating method, a better result of 4.4\% was obtained by centrifuging method. Washing with p-xylene by Industrial centrifugal machine was experimental studied and a good result was obtained. After secondary washing with water the acetic acid residue of crude terephthalic acid and p-xylene residue were respectively reduced to below 0.1\% and 1.7\%.The removal rate of catalysts reached a high level. One dimensional model for specific resistance of filter cake was set up in this work. The relationship between slurry concentration, pressure difference and specific resistance was fitted.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIH247239, 0542:Chemical engineering, Applied sciences, Chemical engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1026574804?accountid=14270}, author = {Luo, Ming Qi} } @article {2217, title = {{Summer meeting 2007 - the problems with fresh produce: an overview}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {317{\textendash}330}, edition = {2008/02/21}, abstract = {In Fall 2006, four separate outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with the consumption of fresh produce occurred in the United States. In follow-up investigations, spinach, lettuce, and tomatoes were identified as the vehicles of illness. Epidemiologic investigations subsequently focused on finding the specific growing regions using traceback records. While the areas most likely involved in the outbreaks have been identified, the specific mode of contamination remains unconfirmed. Suspected risk factors in these cases include: proximity of irrigation wells and surface waterways exposed to faeces from cattle and wildlife; exposure in fields to wild animals and their waste materials; and improperly composted animal manure used as fertilizer. Difficulty in deciphering these and other on-farm routes of contamination is due to the sporadic nature of these events. Hence, evidence to support these contamination modes is based largely on experimental studies in the laboratory and field. Still at issue is the relevance of internalization of pathogens, whether this occurs through the roots and plant vascular tissues of vegetables and fruits or through plant surfaces into cracks and crevices. Potential for these events, conditions under which the events occur, and pathogen survival following these events, are questions that still need to be answered. Answers to these questions will ultimately affect the type of interventions needed for application postharvest. Currently, many chemical and biological interventions can reduce surface pathogens and minimize cross-contamination, however, they are largely ineffective on internalized pathogens. In the event internalization is a significant route of contamination in the field, physical interventions (irradiation and high pressure) may be needed to minimize risk. Ultimately, risk assessment studies will be useful tools in developing risk management strategies for the produce industry.}, isbn = {1365-2672 (Electronic) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {JAM3746 [pii] 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03746.x}, author = {Doyle, M P and Erickson, M C} } @article {13993, title = {Summer meeting 2007 - the problems with fresh produce: an overview}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {317{\textendash}330}, abstract = {In Fall 2006, four separate outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with the consumption of fresh produce occurred in the United States. In follow-up investigations, spinach, lettuce, and tomatoes were identified as the vehicles of illness. Epidemiologic investigations subsequently focused on finding the specific growing regions using traceback records. While the areas most likely involved in the outbreaks have been identified, the specific mode of contamination remains unconfirmed. Suspected risk factors in these cases include: proximity of irrigation wells and surface waterways exposed to faeces from cattle and wildlife; exposure in fields to wild animals and their waste materials; and improperly composted animal manure used as fertilizer. Difficulty in deciphering these and other on-farm routes of contamination is due to the sporadic nature of these events. Hence, evidence to support these contamination modes is based largely on experimental studies in the laboratory and field. Still at issue is the relevance of internalization of pathogens, whether this occurs through the roots and plant vascular tissues of vegetables and fruits or through plant surfaces into cracks and crevices. Potential for these events, conditions under which the events occur, and pathogen survival following these events, are questions that still need to be answered. Answers to these questions will ultimately affect the type of interventions needed for application postharvest. Currently, many chemical and biological interventions can reduce surface pathogens and minimize cross-contamination, however, they are largely ineffective on internalized pathogens. In the event internalization is a significant route of contamination in the field, physical interventions (irradiation and high pressure) may be needed to minimize risk. Ultimately, risk assessment studies will be useful tools in developing risk management strategies for the produce industry.}, doi = {JAM3746 [pii] 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03746.x}, author = {Doyle, M P and Erickson, M C} } @article {13961, title = {Super-shedding and the link between human infection and livestock carriage of {Escherichia} coli {O}157}, journal = {Nature Reviews Microbiology}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, month = {dec}, pages = {904{\textendash}912}, abstract = {Cattle that excrete more Escherichia coli O157 than others are known as super-shedders. Super-shedding has important consequences for the epidemiology of E. coli O157 in cattle {\textemdash} its main reservoir {\textemdash} and for the risk of human infection, particularly owing to environmental exposure. Ultimately, control measures targeted at super-shedders may prove to be highly effective. We currently have only a limited understanding of both the nature and the determinants of super-shedding. However, super-shedding has been observed to be associated with colonization at the terminal rectum and might also occur more often with certain pathogen phage types. More generally, epidemiological evidence suggests that super-shedding might be important in other bacterial and viral infections.}, issn = {1740-1526}, doi = {10.1038/nrmicro2029}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2029}, author = {Chase-Topping, Margo and Gally, David and Low, Chris and Matthews, Louise and Woolhouse, Mark} } @article {2192, title = {{Super-shedding and the link between human infection and livestock carriage of Escherichia coli O157}}, journal = {Nature Reviews Microbiology}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, month = {dec}, pages = {904{\textendash}912}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, abstract = {Cattle that excrete more Escherichia coli O157 than others are known as super-shedders. Super-shedding has important consequences for the epidemiology of E. coli O157 in cattle {\textemdash} its main reservoir {\textemdash} and for the risk of human infection, particularly owing to environmental exposure. Ultimately, control measures targeted at super-shedders may prove to be highly effective. We currently have only a limited understanding of both the nature and the determinants of super-shedding. However, super-shedding has been observed to be associated with colonization at the terminal rectum and might also occur more often with certain pathogen phage types. More generally, epidemiological evidence suggests that super-shedding might be important in other bacterial and viral infections.}, issn = {1740-1526}, doi = {10.1038/nrmicro2029}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2029}, author = {Chase-Topping, Margo and Gally, David and Low, Chris and Matthews, Louise and Woolhouse, Mark} } @article {2897, title = {{Suppression of the tapeworm order Pseudphyllidea {\{}(Platyhelminthes:{\}} Eucestoda) and the proposal of two new orders, Bothriocephalidea and Diphyllobothriidea}}, journal = {Int J Parasitol}, volume = {38}, year = {2008}, pages = {49{\textendash}55}, author = {Kuchta, R and Scholz, T and Brabec, J and Bray, R A} } @article {17188, title = {Survival and growth of Salmonella Enteritidis PT 30 in almond orchard soils}, journal = {Journal of Applied MicrobiologyJournal of applied microbiology}, volume = {104}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, month = {May}, pages = {1391-1399}, author = {Danyluk, M. D. and Nozawa-Inoue, M. and Hristova, K. R. and Scow, K. M. and Lampinen, B. and Harris, L. J.} } @article {15290, title = {Survival and transfer of murine norovirus 1, a surrogate for human noroviruses, during the production process of deep-frozen onions and spinach}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {71}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {1590-1597}, author = {Baert, L. and Uyttendaele, M. and Vermeersch, M. and Van Coillie, E. and Debevere, J.} } @article {5893, title = {{Survival capacity in water of Arcobacter species under different temperature conditions.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, month = {aug}, pages = {443{\textendash}451}, author = {Van Driessche, E and Houf, K} } @article {14410, title = {Survival capacity in water of {Arcobacter} species under different temperature conditions.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {105}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, month = {aug}, pages = {443{\textendash}451}, author = {Van Driessche, E and Houf, K} } @article {13917, title = {Survival of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in waters from lakes, rivers, puddles and animal-drinking troughs}, journal = {Sci Total Environ}, volume = {389}, number = {2-3}, year = {2008}, pages = {378{\textendash}385}, abstract = {Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in surface waters may increase the potential for dissipation of the organism to facilitate cycles of livestock re-infection and lead to human infection. Although previous studies have monitored survival of the organism in a range of surface waters, there is limited information on the influence of physico-chemical characteristics on persistence. Microcosms of four different surface water types (n=31) from the UK were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and incubated at 10 degrees C. The water types studied were: lake, puddle, river, and animal-drinking trough waters. Numbers of E. coli O157:H7 declined over time in all waters, although cells were still detected in 45\% of non-sterile samples after 2 months. Persistence of E. coli O157:H7 was enhanced by water aeration and by prior sterilisation; however there was no correlation between water chemistry and mean E. coli O157:H7 die-off times or rates in any water type. Survival of the pathogen was better in lake and puddle waters than in river or drinking trough waters. Further studies are needed to establish the key water quality factors that regulate pathogen survival.}, doi = {S0048-9697(07)00938-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.049}, author = {Avery, L M and Williams, A P and Killham, K and Jones, D L} } @article {7328, title = {Survival of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in waters from lakes, rivers, puddles and animal-drinking troughs}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {389}, number = {2-3}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {378{\textendash}385}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.049}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969707009382}, author = {Avery, L.M. and Williams, A.P. and Killham, K. and Jones, D.L.} } @article {7936, title = {{Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in waters from lakes, rivers, puddles and animal-drinking troughs}}, journal = {Sci Total Environ}, volume = {389}, number = {2-3}, year = {2008}, pages = {378{\textendash}385}, edition = {2007/10/09}, abstract = {Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in surface waters may increase the potential for dissipation of the organism to facilitate cycles of livestock re-infection and lead to human infection. Although previous studies have monitored survival of the organism in a range of surface waters, there is limited information on the influence of physico-chemical characteristics on persistence. Microcosms of four different surface water types (n=31) from the UK were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and incubated at 10 degrees C. The water types studied were: lake, puddle, river, and animal-drinking trough waters. Numbers of E. coli O157:H7 declined over time in all waters, although cells were still detected in 45{\%} of non-sterile samples after 2 months. Persistence of E. coli O157:H7 was enhanced by water aeration and by prior sterilisation; however there was no correlation between water chemistry and mean E. coli O157:H7 die-off times or rates in any water type. Survival of the pathogen was better in lake and puddle waters than in river or drinking trough waters. Further studies are needed to establish the key water quality factors that regulate pathogen survival.}, isbn = {0048-9697 (Print) 0048-9697 (Linking)}, doi = {S0048-9697(07)00938-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.049}, author = {Avery, L M and Williams, A P and Killham, K and Jones, D L} } @article {9043, title = {{Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in waters from lakes, rivers, puddles and animal-drinking troughs}}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {389}, number = {2-3}, year = {2008}, pages = {378{\textendash}385}, abstract = {Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in surface waters may increase the potential for dissipation of the organism to facilitate cycles of livestock re-infection and lead to human infection. Although previous studies have monitored survival of the organism in a range of surface waters, there is limited information on the influence of physico-chemical characteristics on persistence. Microcosms of four different surface water types (n = 31) from the UK were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and incubated at 10????C. The water types studied were: lake, puddle, river, and animal-drinking trough waters. Numbers of E. coli O157:H7 declined over time in all waters, although cells were still detected in 45{\{}{\%}{\}} of non-sterile samples after 2??months. Persistence of E. coli O157:H7 was enhanced by water aeration and by prior sterilisation; however there was no correlation between water chemistry and mean E. coli O157:H7 die-off times or rates in any water type. Survival of the pathogen was better in lake and puddle waters than in river or drinking trough waters. Further studies are needed to establish the key water quality factors that regulate pathogen survival. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {animal waste, Freshwater, Manure, Recreation, Streams, Verocytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC)}, isbn = {0048-9697 (Print)}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.049}, author = {Avery, L M and Williams, A P and Killham, K and Jones, D L} } @article {2152, title = {{Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in waters from lakes, rivers, puddles and animal-drinking troughs}}, journal = {Sci Total Environ}, volume = {389}, number = {2-3}, year = {2008}, pages = {378{\textendash}385}, edition = {2007/10/09}, abstract = {Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in surface waters may increase the potential for dissipation of the organism to facilitate cycles of livestock re-infection and lead to human infection. Although previous studies have monitored survival of the organism in a range of surface waters, there is limited information on the influence of physico-chemical characteristics on persistence. Microcosms of four different surface water types (n=31) from the UK were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and incubated at 10 degrees C. The water types studied were: lake, puddle, river, and animal-drinking trough waters. Numbers of E. coli O157:H7 declined over time in all waters, although cells were still detected in 45\% of non-sterile samples after 2 months. Persistence of E. coli O157:H7 was enhanced by water aeration and by prior sterilisation; however there was no correlation between water chemistry and mean E. coli O157:H7 die-off times or rates in any water type. Survival of the pathogen was better in lake and puddle waters than in river or drinking trough waters. Further studies are needed to establish the key water quality factors that regulate pathogen survival.}, isbn = {0048-9697 (Print) 0048-9697 (Linking)}, doi = {S0048-9697(07)00938-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.049}, author = {Avery, L M and Williams, A P and Killham, K and Jones, D L} } @article {8270, title = {{Survival of gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. in water: implications for transmission.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {mar}, pages = {1805{\textendash}11}, abstract = {

Part of the reason for rejecting aquatic environments as possible vectors for the transmission of Helicobacter pylori has been the preference of this microorganism to inhabit the human stomach and hence use a direct oral-oral route for transmission. On the other hand, most enteric bacterial pathogens are well known for being able to use water as an environmental reservoir. In this work, we have exposed 13 strains of seven different Helicobacter spp. (both gastric and enterohepatic) to water and tracked their survival by standard plating methods and membrane integrity assessment. The influence of different plating media and temperatures and the presence of light on recovery was also assessed. There was good correlation between cultivability and membrane integrity results (Pearson\&$\#$39;s correlation coefficient = 0.916), confirming that the culture method could reliably estimate differences in survival among different Helicobacter spp. The species that survived the longest in water was H. pylori ({\textgreater}96 h in the dark at 25 degrees C), whereas H. felis appeared to be the most sensitive to water ({\textless}6 h). A hierarchical cluster analysis demonstrated that there was no relationship between the enterohepatic nature of Helicobacter spp. and an increased time of survival in water. This work assesses for the first time the survival of multiple Helicobacter spp., such has H. mustelae, H. muridarum, H. felis, H. canadensis, H. pullorum, and H. canis, in water under several conditions and concludes that the roles of water in transmission between hosts are likely to be similar for all these species, whether enterohepatic or not.

}, keywords = {16S, 16S: genetics, Cluster Analysis, Colony Count, Helicobacter, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, Helicobacter: classification, Helicobacter: genetics, Helicobacter: growth {\&} development, Humans, Intestines, Intestines: microbiology, Light, Liver, Liver: microbiology, Microbial, Microbial Viability, Phylogeny, Ribosomal, RNA, Species Specificity, Stomach, Stomach: microbiology, Temperature, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02241-07}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/74/6/1805.short}, author = {Azevedo, N F and Almeida, C and Fernandes, I and Cerqueira, L and Dias, S and Keevil, C W and Vieira, M J} } @article {14793, title = {Survival of gastric and enterohepatic {Helicobacter} spp. in water: implications for transmission.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {mar}, pages = {1805{\textendash}11}, abstract = {Part of the reason for rejecting aquatic environments as possible vectors for the transmission of Helicobacter pylori has been the preference of this microorganism to inhabit the human stomach and hence use a direct oral-oral route for transmission. On the other hand, most enteric bacterial pathogens are well known for being able to use water as an environmental reservoir. In this work, we have exposed 13 strains of seven different Helicobacter spp. (both gastric and enterohepatic) to water and tracked their survival by standard plating methods and membrane integrity assessment. The influence of different plating media and temperatures and the presence of light on recovery was also assessed. There was good correlation between cultivability and membrane integrity results (Pearson{\textquoteright}s correlation coefficient = 0.916), confirming that the culture method could reliably estimate differences in survival among different Helicobacter spp. The species that survived the longest in water was H. pylori ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater96 h in the dark at 25 degrees C), whereas H. felis appeared to be the most sensitive to water ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless6 h). A hierarchical cluster analysis demonstrated that there was no relationship between the enterohepatic nature of Helicobacter spp. and an increased time of survival in water. This work assesses for the first time the survival of multiple Helicobacter spp., such has H. mustelae, H. muridarum, H. felis, H. canadensis, H. pullorum, and H. canis, in water under several conditions and concludes that the roles of water in transmission between hosts are likely to be similar for all these species, whether enterohepatic or not.}, keywords = {16S, 16S: genetics, Cluster Analysis, Colony Count, Helicobacter, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, Helicobacter: classification, Helicobacter: genetics, Helicobacter: growth \& development, Humans, Intestines, Intestines: microbiology, Light, Liver, Liver: microbiology, Microbial, Microbial Viability, Phylogeny, Ribosomal, RNA, Species Specificity, Stomach, Stomach: microbiology, Temperature, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02241-07}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/74/6/1805.short}, author = {Azevedo, N F and Almeida, C and Fernandes, I and Cerqueira, L and Dias, S and Keevil, C W and Vieira, M J} } @article {13898, title = {Survival of gastric and enterohepatic {Helicobacter} spp. in water: implications for transmission.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, month = {mar}, pages = {1805{\textendash}11}, abstract = {Part of the reason for rejecting aquatic environments as possible vectors for the transmission of Helicobacter pylori has been the preference of this microorganism to inhabit the human stomach and hence use a direct oral-oral route for transmission. On the other hand, most enteric bacterial pathogens are well known for being able to use water as an environmental reservoir. In this work, we have exposed 13 strains of seven different Helicobacter spp. (both gastric and enterohepatic) to water and tracked their survival by standard plating methods and membrane integrity assessment. The influence of different plating media and temperatures and the presence of light on recovery was also assessed. There was good correlation between cultivability and membrane integrity results (Pearson{\textquoteright}s correlation coefficient = 0.916), confirming that the culture method could reliably estimate differences in survival among different Helicobacter spp. The species that survived the longest in water was H. pylori ({\textbackslash}textgreater96 h in the dark at 25 degrees C), whereas H. felis appeared to be the most sensitive to water ({\textbackslash}textless6 h). A hierarchical cluster analysis demonstrated that there was no relationship between the enterohepatic nature of Helicobacter spp. and an increased time of survival in water. This work assesses for the first time the survival of multiple Helicobacter spp., such has H. mustelae, H. muridarum, H. felis, H. canadensis, H. pullorum, and H. canis, in water under several conditions and concludes that the roles of water in transmission between hosts are likely to be similar for all these species, whether enterohepatic or not.}, keywords = {16S, 16S: genetics, Cluster Analysis, Colony Count, Helicobacter, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, Helicobacter: classification, Helicobacter: genetics, Helicobacter: growth \& development, Humans, Intestines, Intestines: microbiology, Light, Liver, Liver: microbiology, Microbial, Microbial Viability, Phylogeny, Ribosomal, RNA, Species Specificity, Stomach, Stomach: microbiology, Temperature, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1098-5336}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02241-07}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/74/6/1805.short}, author = {Azevedo, N F and Almeida, C and Fernandes, I and Cerqueira, L and Dias, S and Keevil, C W and Vieira, M J} } @article {7481, title = {Survival of {Vibrio} fluvialis in seawater under starvation conditions}, journal = {Microbiological Research}, volume = {163}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {may}, pages = {323{\textendash}328}, issn = {09445013}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2006.06.006}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0944501306000681}, author = {Amel, Ben Kahla-Nakbi and Amine, Besbes and Amina, Bakhrouf} } @article {9039, title = {{Survival of Vibrio fluvialis in seawater under starvation conditions}}, journal = {Microbiological Research}, volume = {163}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {323{\textendash}328}, abstract = {The viability of Vibrio fluvialis in seawater microcosms, with and without sediment was investigated. The strain survived as culturable bacteria for at least 1 year and the expression of its virulence factors was maintained. In microcosms containing sediment Vibrio fluvialis was more stable. Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells of Vibrio fluvialis were able to resuscitate to the culturable state up to 6 years of incubation in marine sediment. These cells recuperate their initial biochemical characteristics after 3 months of incubation in marine broth. Amplified 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) restriction analysis (ARDRA) was used to confirm that it is the same strain of Vibrio fluvialis which resists in all microcosms during a long period of time. ?? 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {ARDRA, Resuscitation, Seawater, Starved cells, Survival, VBNC, Vibrio fluvialis}, isbn = {0944-5013 (Print)}, issn = {09445013}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2006.06.006}, author = {Amel, Ben Kahla Nakbi and Amine, Besbes and Amina, Bakhrouf} } @inbook {7840, title = {Survival strategies of Campylobacter jejuni: Stress responses, the viable but nonculturable state and biofilms}, booktitle = {Campylobacter}, volume = {3rd}, year = {2008}, note = {Survival Strategies of Campylobacter jejuni: Stress responses, the viable but nonculturable state and biofilms; ID: 608}, publisher = {Americal Society for Microbiology}, organization = {Americal Society for Microbiology}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Svensson,S. L. and Frirdich,E. and Gaynor,E. C.}, editor = {Nachamkin,I. and Szymanski,C. M. and Blaser,M. J.} } @article {10631, title = {{Susceptibility to Vibrio cholerae infection in a cohort of household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh}}, journal = {PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {e221}, author = {Harris, JB and LaRocque, RC and Chowdhury, F and Khan, AI and Logvinenko, T and Faruque, ASG and Ryan, ET and Qadri, F and Calderwood, SB} } @mastersthesis {7278, title = {Sustainability of {Rural} {Water} {Services} in {Low}-{Income} {Countries}: {Case} {Studies} in {Sub}-{Saharan} {Africa}}, year = {2008}, note = {U524169}, school = {University of Glamorgan (Wales) (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}p {\textgreater}Is the sustainability of rural water services in low-income countries currently poor, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, and what can be done to improve this situation?{\^A} The papers on which this research submission is based used selected case studies of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to assess key factors contributing to this state of rural water supply services.{\^A} This was achieved through content analysis of rural water supply policy documents from sub-Saharan African countries; community sampling, focus group discussions and key informant interviews in several countries; comprehensive review of management models implemented across the sub-continent; detailed financial analysis of long-term operational costs for rural water supply systems; assessment of the performance of different rural water supply technologies; technical analysis of drilling data and water source sustainability; and analysis of supply chain viability.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p {\textgreater}Policy analysis revealed common themes that may impact on the sustainability of rural water provision, including decentralisation, privatisation and community management. Community sampling, focus group discussions and key informant interviews showed that communities require more information from implementing agencies; greater choice in relation to technology and management options, and sustained institutional support.{\^A} A review of management models implemented across the sub-continent identified the need for greater flexibility in management approaches, and the need to explore alternatives based on sustainable incentives.{\^A} Detailed financial analysis of long-term operational costs for rural water supply systems revealed that costings are generally insufficient and communities are not provided with sufficient information on financial implications to make informed decisions.{\^A} It is concluded that greater interconnectedness between technology, environment, supply chains, financing and management is needed within co-ordinated programmes, supported by enabling policies.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU524169, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/898748449?accountid=14270}, author = {Harvey, P A} } @mastersthesis {7211, title = {Sustainability of rural water services in low-income countries: case studies in sub-{Saharan} {Africa}}, year = {2008}, note = {U524169}, school = {University of Glamorgan (Wales) (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}p {\textgreater}Is the sustainability of rural water services in low-income countries currently poor, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, and what can be done to improve this situation?{\^A} The papers on which this research submission is based used selected case studies of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to assess key factors contributing to this state of rural water supply services.{\^A} This was achieved through content analysis of rural water supply policy documents from sub-Saharan African countries; community sampling, focus group discussions and key informant interviews in several countries; comprehensive review of management models implemented across the sub-continent; detailed financial analysis of long-term operational costs for rural water supply systems; assessment of the performance of different rural water supply technologies; technical analysis of drilling data and water source sustainability; and analysis of supply chain viability.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p {\textgreater}Policy analysis revealed common themes that may impact on the sustainability of rural water provision, including decentralisation, privatisation and community management. Community sampling, focus group discussions and key informant interviews showed that communities require more information from implementing agencies; greater choice in relation to technology and management options, and sustained institutional support.{\^A} A review of management models implemented across the sub-continent identified the need for greater flexibility in management approaches, and the need to explore alternatives based on sustainable incentives.{\^A} Detailed financial analysis of long-term operational costs for rural water supply systems revealed that costings are generally insufficient and communities are not provided with sufficient information on financial implications to make informed decisions.{\^A} It is concluded that greater interconnectedness between technology, environment, supply chains, financing and management is needed within co-ordinated programmes, supported by enabling policies.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU524169, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/898748449?accountid=14270}, author = {Harvey, P A} } @article {8722, title = {{Sustainability of wastewater treatment technologies}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {88}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {437{\textendash}447}, abstract = {A set of indicators that incorporate environmental, societal, and economic sustainability were developed and used to investigate the sustainability of different wastewater treatment technologies, for plant capacities of {\textless} 5 million gallons per day (MGD) or 18.9 {\texttimes} 103 cubic meters (m3 / day). The technologies evaluated were mechanical (i.e., activated sludge with secondary treatment), lagoon (facultative, anaerobic, and aerobic), and land treatment systems (e.g., slow rate irrigation, rapid infiltration, and overland flow). The economic indicators selected were capital, operation and management, and user costs because they determine the economic affordability of a particular technology to a community. Environmental indicators include energy use, because it indirectly measures resource utilization, and performance of the technology in removing conventional wastewater constituents such as biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, and pathogens. These indicators also determine the reuse potential of the treated wastewater. Societal indicators capture cultural acceptance of the technology through public participation and also measure whether there is improvement in the community from the specific technology through increased job opportunities, better education, or an improved local environment. While selection of a set of indicators is dependent on the geographic and demographic context of a particular community, the overall results of this study show that there are varying degrees of sustainability with each treatment technology. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Activated sludge, design, Indicators, lagoon, Land treatment, Sustainable development, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {0301-4797}, issn = {03014797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.008}, author = {Muga, Helen E. and Mihelcic, James R.} } @article {11958, title = {Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, pages = {1224}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Patel, Manish M and Widdowson, Marc-Alain and Glass, Roger I and Akazawa, Kenichiro and J Vinj{\'e} and Parashar, Umesh D} } @article {11430, title = {Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis: Viability of cysticerci and persistency of antibodies and cysticercal antigens after treatment with oxfendazole}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {158}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, pages = {57-66}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TD7-4TBGF0H-1/2/7dc94bcf5864a978e45282ea71e10c73}, author = {Sikasunge, CS and Johansen, MV and Willingham Iii, AL and Leifsson, PS and Phiri, IK} } @inbook {7678, title = {Taxonomy of the Family Campylobacteraceae}, booktitle = {Campylobacter}, volume = {3rd}, year = {2008}, note = {Taxonomy of the Family Campylobacteraceae; ID: 607}, pages = {3-25}, publisher = {Americal Society for Microbiology}, organization = {Americal Society for Microbiology}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Debruyne,L. and Gevers,D. and Vandamme,P.}, editor = {Nachamkin,I. and Szymanski,C. M. and Blaser,M. J.} } @article {14113, title = {Temporal variation and persistence of bacteria in streams.}, journal = {Journal of environmental quality}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {1559{\textendash}66}, abstract = {Better understanding of bacterial fate and transport in watersheds is necessary for improved regulatory management of impaired streams. Novel statistical time series analyses of coliform data can be a useful tool for evaluating the dynamics of temporal variation and persistence of bacteria within a watershed. For this study, daily total coliform data for the Little River in East Tennessee from 1 Oct. 2000 to 31 Dec. 2005 were evaluated using novel time series techniques. The objective of this study was to analyze the total coliform concentration data to: (i) evaluate the temporal variation of the total coliform, and (ii) determine whether the total coliform concentration data demonstrated any long-term or short-term persistence. For robust analysis and comparison, both time domain and frequency domain approaches were used for the analysis. In the time domain, an autoregressive moving average approach was used; whereas in the frequency domain, spectral analysis was applied. As expected, the analyses showed that total coliform concentrations were higher in summer months and lower in winter months. However, the more interesting results showed that the total coliform concentration exhibited short-term as well as long-term persistence ranging from about 4 wk to approximately 1 yr, respectively. Comparison of the total coliform data to hydrologic data indicated both runoff and baseflow are responsible for the persistence.}, issn = {0047-2425}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2007.0310}, author = {Koirala, Shesh R and Gentry, Randall W and Perfect, Edmund and Schwartz, John S and Sayler, Gary S} } @article {2318, title = {{Temporal variation and persistence of bacteria in streams.}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {1559{\textendash}66}, publisher = {American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society}, abstract = {

Better understanding of bacterial fate and transport in watersheds is necessary for improved regulatory management of impaired streams. Novel statistical time series analyses of coliform data can be a useful tool for evaluating the dynamics of temporal variation and persistence of bacteria within a watershed. For this study, daily total coliform data for the Little River in East Tennessee from 1 Oct. 2000 to 31 Dec. 2005 were evaluated using novel time series techniques. The objective of this study was to analyze the total coliform concentration data to: (i) evaluate the temporal variation of the total coliform, and (ii) determine whether the total coliform concentration data demonstrated any long-term or short-term persistence. For robust analysis and comparison, both time domain and frequency domain approaches were used for the analysis. In the time domain, an autoregressive moving average approach was used; whereas in the frequency domain, spectral analysis was applied. As expected, the analyses showed that total coliform concentrations were higher in summer months and lower in winter months. However, the more interesting results showed that the total coliform concentration exhibited short-term as well as long-term persistence ranging from about 4 wk to approximately 1 yr, respectively. Comparison of the total coliform data to hydrologic data indicated both runoff and baseflow are responsible for the persistence.

}, issn = {0047-2425}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2007.0310}, author = {Koirala, Shesh R and Gentry, Randall W and Perfect, Edmund and Schwartz, John S and Sayler, Gary S} } @article {2028, title = {Tentative identification of the species of Balantidium from ostriches (Struthio camelus) as Balantidium coli-like by analysis of polymorphic DNA}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {157}, number = {1-2}, year = {2008}, month = {2008/10}, pages = {41-49}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Ponce-Gordo, F and Jimenez-Ruiz, E and Mart{\'\i}nez-D{\'\i}az, RA} } @article {7270, title = {Testing the {Ratio} of {Two} {Poisson} {Rates}}, journal = {Biometrical Journal}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, month = {apr}, pages = {283{\textendash}298}, issn = {03233847, 15214036}, doi = {10.1002/bimj.200710403}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/bimj.200710403}, author = {Gu, Kangxia and Ng, Hon Keung Tony and Tang, Man Lai and Schucany, William R.} } @article {17257, title = {Thermal resistance of Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli K12 in liquid egg determined by thermal-death-time disks}, journal = {Journal of Food EngineeringJournal of Food EngineeringJournal of Food Engineering}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {Feb}, pages = {608-614}, keywords = {COLI, curves, Inactivation, Kinetics, liquid egg, listeria-monocytogenes, products, Salmonella, STRAINS, Surrogate, SYSTEM, tdt disk, tubes, white}, isbn = {0260-8774}, author = {Jin, T. and Zhang, H. and Boyd, G. and Tang, J.} } @article {4897, title = {{These infectious diseases imported with food}}, journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} de Pathologie Exotique}, volume = {101}, year = {2008}, pages = {343{\textendash}347}, author = {Buisson, Y and Marie, JL and Davoust, B} } @article {17290, title = {Time and temperature inactivation kinetics of enteric bacteria relevant to sewage sludge treatment processes for agricultural use}, journal = {Water ResearchWater researchWater Res}, volume = {42}, number = {8-9}, year = {2008}, month = {Apr}, pages = {2229-2241}, keywords = {anaerobic-digestion, Decay, E. coli, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, heat tolerance, mesophilic, Microorganisms, pasteurization, Pathogen destruction, Salmonella, salmonella-typhimurium, Sewage sludge, Survival, thermal inactivation, thermophilic, time-temperature, waste-water sludges}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Lang, N. L. and Smith, S. R.} } @article {8948, title = {Time and temperature inactivation kinetics of enteric bacteria relevant to sewage sludge treatment processes for agricultural use}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {42}, number = {8{\textendash}9}, year = {2008}, pages = {2229-2241}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.12.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135407007336 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135407007336/1-s2.0-S0043135407007336-main.pdf?_tid=3e07ed86-3fb0-11e6-9a8f-00000aacb362\&acdnat=1467393867_ab66312d73098782b6e163c990863e0e}, author = {Lang, Nicola L. and Smith, Stephen R.} } @article {9178, title = {{Tissue Invasion by Entamoeba histolytica: Evidence of Genetic Selection and/or DNA Reorganization Events in Organ Tropism}}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, author = {Ali, IKM and Solaymani-Mohammadi, S and Akhter, J and Roy, S and Gorrini, C and Calderaro, A and Parker, SK and Haque, R and Petri, WA and Clark, CG} } @article {9295, title = {{Transmission of Amoebiasis at some selected areas of Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria : The role of human faeces used as manure}}, journal = {Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {32{\textendash}35}, author = {Ibrahim, S} } @article {4884, title = {{Transmission of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection: a review focusing on soil-borne infection}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {102}, year = {2008}, pages = {215{\textendash}216}, author = {Chacin-Bonilla, L} } @article {7697, title = {The transmission of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. to people living or working on dairy farms in New Zealand}, journal = {Zoonoses Public Health}, volume = {55 (7)}, year = {2008}, pages = {352-360}, author = {Gilpin,B. J. and Scholes,P. and Robson,B. and Savill,M. G.} } @article {5080, title = {Treatability of US Environmental Protection Agency contaminant candidate list viruses: removal of coxsackievirus and echovirus using enhanced coagulation}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {42}, year = {2008}, pages = {6890{\textendash}6896}, author = {Mayer, Brooke K and Ryu, Hodon and Abbaszadegan, Morteza} } @book {12653, title = {Treatment wetlands}, year = {2008}, publisher = {CRC press}, organization = {CRC press}, author = {Kadlec, Robert H and Wallace, Scott} } @article {13468, title = {Triclabendazole resistance involving Fasciola hepatica in sheep and goats during an outbreak in Almirante Tamandare, Parana, Brazil}, journal = {Rev Brasil Parasitol Vet}, volume = {17}, number = {Supl. 1}, year = {2008}, pages = {149-153}, author = {Oliveira, D. R. and Ferreira, D. M. and Stival, C. C. and Romero, F. and Cavagnolli, F. and Kloss, A. and Araujo, F. and Molento, M. B.} } @mastersthesis {7243, title = {Two {Issues} in {Premise} {Plumbing}: {Contamination} {Intrusion} at {Service} {Line} and {Choosing} {Alternative} {Plumbing} {Material}}, year = {2008}, note = {DP19083}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Worldwide water distribution infrastructure system is old and deteriorating. A water system with its myriad appurtenances (including pumps, valves, and tanks) is susceptible to hydraulic transients resulting in high and low pressure waves alternatively passing through the network. While both low and high pressure events structurally tax the already weak system, there is copious evidence indicating intrusion of contaminants into the drinking water pipes from the pipe{\textquoteright}s exterior environment due to low pressure events associated with water hammer phenomenon. These contaminants enter into the drinking water as the home plumbing system is a passive recipient from the water main. While the major (municipal) system is readily recognized as a vast infrastructure system of nearly 1,409,800 km of piping within the United States, the minor (plumbing) system that is at least 5 to 10 times larger is generally not well analyzed. In this study, an experimental plumbing rig was designed and implemented that replicates the range of pressures encountered in actual minor water distribution systems. This research addresses how a pressure transient triggered within a house and from municipal systems can impact the service line with a possible suction effect. Experimental results on low pressure events and the accompanying numerical modeling showed good agreement. The experiment also enabled visualization of the various pressure transient phenomena. It is demonstrated that hydraulic transients triggered from water mains result in low pressures events (up to -10 psig) in service lines which can allow possible intrusion of microbial and chemical contaminants at the service line. Structural integrity of service line and hydraulic integrity at water mains should be maintained to minimize any public health risks. In the USA, about 90\% of residential drinking water plumbing systems use copper pipes. Pinhole leaks in copper plumbing pipes have become a nationwide concern because these leaks cause property damage, lower property values, and result in possibility of adversely affecting homeowners{\textquoteright} insurance coverage. In addition, resulting mold damage may cause health concerns. This research also addresses the concerns of the affected homeowners by enabling them to decide on whether to continue to repair or replace their plumbing system, the factors to be considered in a replacement decision, and the type of material to use for replacement. Plastic pipes such as PEX (cross-linked polyethylene), CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride), and copper are considered in present analysis. Other alternatives include an epoxy coating technique on the existing piping systems, without the need to tear into walls. Multiple attributes of a plumbing system including cost (material plus labor charges), taste and odor impacts, potential for corrosion, longevity of the pipe system, fire retardance, convenience of installation or replacement, plumber or general contractor{\textquoteright}s opinions or expertise, and proven record in the market are considered. Attributes and material rankings are formalized within the framework of a preference elicitation tool namely AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process). Surveys are conducted with selected homeowners in pinhole leak prone area in Southeastern US Community to observe their revealed and stated preferences. Participants{\textquoteright} overall preference tradeoffs are reported in addition to comparing their revealed and stated preferences. Health effects, taste and odor of water turned out to be the most important factors from the survey. In real life, however, homeowners were not well aware of these safety issues related with plumbing materials. It is recommended that water professionals should work on bridging the gap between public perception and research results related to major and minor systems.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, AHP (analytical hierarchical process), Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Contaminant intrusion, Plumbing systems, Preference tradeoffs, Pressure transients, Water hammer}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1020575684?accountid=14270}, author = {Lee, Juneseok} } @article {12106, title = {Two quantitative trait loci influence whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) infection in a Nepalese population}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {197}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, note = {Williams-Blangero, Sarah
Vandeberg, John L
Subedi, Janardan
Jha, Bharat
Dyer, Tom D
Blangero, John
eng
AI44406/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
C06 RR017515-01A1/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/
R01 AI037091-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
C06 RR017515/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/
C06 RR013556-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/
C06 RR013556/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/
MH59490/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
R01 MH059490/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
R37 MH059490-11/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
R21 AI044406/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
R21 AI044406-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
R01 AI044406/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
R37 MH059490/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
AI37091/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
R01 AI037091/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
2008/05/09 09:00
J Infect Dis. 2008 Apr 15;197(8):1198-203. doi: 10.1086/533493.}, month = {Apr 15}, pages = {1198-203}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) infection is a soil-transmitted helminth infection that affects >1 billion people. It is a serious public health problem in many developing countries and can result in deficits in growth and cognitive development. In a follow-up study of significant heritability for whipworm infection, we conducted the first genome scan for quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing the heritability of susceptibility to this important parasitic disease. METHODS: Whipworm egg counts were determined for 1,253 members of the Jirel population of eastern Nepal. All individuals in the study sample belonged to a single pedigree including >26,000 pairs of relatives that are informative for genetic analysis. RESULTS: Linkage analysis of genome scan data generated for the pedigree provided unambiguous evidence for 2 QTL influencing susceptibility to whipworm infection, one located on chromosome 9 (logarithm of the odds ratio [LOD] score, 3.35; genomewide P = .0138) and the other located on chromosome 18 (LOD score, 3.29; genomewide P = .0159). There was also suggestive evidence that 2 loci located on chromosomes 12 and 13 influenced whipworm infection. CONCLUSION: The results of this first genome scan for T. trichiura egg counts provides new information on the determinants of genetic predisposition to whipworm infection.}, keywords = {*Quantitative Trait Loci, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Mapping, Feces/parasitology, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology/*genetics/*parasitology, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome, Human, Humans, Lod Score, Male, Middle Aged, Nepal/epidemiology, Parasite Egg Count, prevalence, Trichuriasis/epidemiology/*genetics/parasitology, Trichuris/*growth \& development}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print)
0022-1899 (Linking)}, author = {Williams-Blangero, S. and Vandeberg, J. L. and Subedi, J. and Jha, B. and Dyer, T. D. and Blangero, J.} } @article {16598, title = {Two quantitative trait loci influence whipworm ({Trichuris} trichiura) infection in a {Nepalese} population}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {197}, number = {8}, year = {2008}, month = {apr}, pages = {1198{\textendash}203}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) infection is a soil-transmitted helminth infection that affects {\textgreater}1 billion people. It is a serious public health problem in many developing countries and can result in deficits in growth and cognitive development. In a follow-up study of significant heritability for whipworm infection, we conducted the first genome scan for quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing the heritability of susceptibility to this important parasitic disease. METHODS: Whipworm egg counts were determined for 1,253 members of the Jirel population of eastern Nepal. All individuals in the study sample belonged to a single pedigree including {\textgreater}26,000 pairs of relatives that are informative for genetic analysis. RESULTS: Linkage analysis of genome scan data generated for the pedigree provided unambiguous evidence for 2 QTL influencing susceptibility to whipworm infection, one located on chromosome 9 (logarithm of the odds ratio [LOD] score, 3.35; genomewide P = .0138) and the other located on chromosome 18 (LOD score, 3.29; genomewide P = .0159). There was also suggestive evidence that 2 loci located on chromosomes 12 and 13 influenced whipworm infection. CONCLUSION: The results of this first genome scan for T. trichiura egg counts provides new information on the determinants of genetic predisposition to whipworm infection.}, keywords = {*Quantitative Trait Loci, 80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Chromosome Mapping, Feces/parasitology, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology/*genetics/*parasitology, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome, Human, Humans, Lod Score, Male, Middle Aged, Nepal/epidemiology, Parasite Egg Count, Preschool, prevalence, Trichuriasis/epidemiology/*genetics/parasitology, Trichuris/*growth \& development}, issn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1086/533493}, author = {Williams-Blangero, S. and Vandeberg, J. L. and Subedi, J. and Jha, B. and Dyer, T. D. and Blangero, J.} } @article {8571, title = {{Type X Toxoplasma gondii in a wild mussel and terrestrial carnivores from coastal California: New linkages between terrestrial mammals, runoff and toxoplasmosis of sea otters}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {38}, number = {11}, year = {2008}, pages = {1319{\textendash}1328}, author = {Miller, MA and Miller, WA and Conrad, PA and James, ER and Melli, AC and Leutenegger, CM and Dabritz, HA and Packham, AE and Paradies, D and Harris, M and Ames, J and Jessup, DA and Worcester, K and Grigg, ME} } @article {13792, title = {Ultrafiltration-based techniques for rapid and simultaneous concentration of multiple microbe classes from 100-{L} tap water samples}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, abstract = {This study focused on ultrafiltration as a technique for simultaneously concentrating and recovering viruses, bacteria and parasites in 100-L drinking water samples. A chemical dispersant, sodium polyphosphate, and Tween 80 were used to increase microbial recovery efficiencies. Secondary concentration was performed to reduce sample volumes to 3-5 mL for analysis using tissue culture, microscopy, and real-time PCR and RT-PCR. At seeding levels of 100-1000 (CFU, PFU, oocysts, or particles), a "high-flux" ultrafiltration procedure was found to achieve mean recoveries of 51-94\% of simultaneously seeded MS2 bacteriophage, echovirus 1, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii endospores, Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, and 4.5-μm microspheres. When 4-7\% of the final sample concentrate volume was assayed using real-time PCR and RT-PCR, overall method sensitivities were {\textbackslash}textless 100 C. parvum oocysts, {\textbackslash}textless 240 PFU echovirus 1, {\textbackslash}textless 100 CFU Salmonella and \~{} 160 CFU B. atrophaeus spores in 100-L drinking water samples. The "high-flux" ultrafiltration procedure required approximately 2 h, including time required for backflushing. Secondary concentration procedures required an additional 1-3 h, while nucleic acid extraction and real-time PCR procedures required an additional 2-2.5 h. Thus, this study demonstrated that efficient recovery and sensitive detection of diverse microbes in 100-L drinking water samples could be achieved within 5-8 h using ultrafiltration, rapid secondary processing techniques, and real-time PCR.}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2008.02.014}, author = {Polaczyk, A.L. and Narayanan, J. and Cromeans, T.L. and Hahn, D. and Roberts, J.M. and Amburgey, J.E. and Hill, V.R.} } @article {1769, title = {Ultrafiltration-based techniques for rapid and simultaneous concentration of multiple microbe classes from 100-L tap water samples}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, note = {Polaczyk, Amy L Narayanan, Jothikumar Cromeans, Theresa L Hahn, Donghyun Roberts, Jacqueline M Amburgey, James E Hill, Vincent R eng Evaluation Studies Netherlands 2008/04/09 09:00 J Microbiol Methods. 2008 May;73(2):92-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.02.014. Epub 2008 Feb 29.}, pages = {92-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This study focused on ultrafiltration as a technique for simultaneously concentrating and recovering viruses, bacteria and parasites in 100-L drinking water samples. A chemical dispersant, sodium polyphosphate, and Tween 80 were used to increase microbial recovery efficiencies. Secondary concentration was performed to reduce sample volumes to 3-5 mL for analysis using tissue culture, microscopy, and real-time PCR and RT-PCR. At seeding levels of 100-1000 (CFU, PFU, oocysts, or particles), a "high-flux" ultrafiltration procedure was found to achieve mean recoveries of 51-94\% of simultaneously seeded MS2 bacteriophage, echovirus 1, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii endospores, Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, and 4.5-mum microspheres. When 4-7\% of the final sample concentrate volume was assayed using real-time PCR and RT-PCR, overall method sensitivities were <100 C. parvum oocysts, <240 PFU echovirus 1, <100 CFU Salmonella and approximately 160 CFU B. atrophaeus spores in 100-L drinking water samples. The "high-flux" ultrafiltration procedure required approximately 2 h, including time required for backflushing. Secondary concentration procedures required an additional 1-3 h, while nucleic acid extraction and real-time PCR procedures required an additional 2-2.5 h. Thus, this study demonstrated that efficient recovery and sensitive detection of diverse microbes in 100-L drinking water samples could be achieved within 5-8 h using ultrafiltration, rapid secondary processing techniques, and real-time PCR.}, keywords = {Animals Bacteria/*isolation \& purification Bacteriophages/*isolation \& purification Detergents/pharmacology Microbiological Techniques/*methods Microbiology Microscopy Parasites/*isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction Polyphosphates/pharmacolo}, issn = {0167-7012 (Print) 0167-7012 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2008.02.014}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18395278}, author = {Polaczyk, A. L. and Narayanan, J. and Cromeans, T. L. and Hahn, D. and Roberts, J. M. and Amburgey, J. E. and Hill, V. R.} } @article {14779, title = {Ultrafiltration-based techniques for rapid and simultaneous concentration of multiple microbe classes from 100-{L} tap water samples}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, abstract = {This study focused on ultrafiltration as a technique for simultaneously concentrating and recovering viruses, bacteria and parasites in 100-L drinking water samples. A chemical dispersant, sodium polyphosphate, and Tween 80 were used to increase microbial recovery efficiencies. Secondary concentration was performed to reduce sample volumes to 3-5 mL for analysis using tissue culture, microscopy, and real-time PCR and RT-PCR. At seeding levels of 100-1000 (CFU, PFU, oocysts, or particles), a "high-flux" ultrafiltration procedure was found to achieve mean recoveries of 51-94\% of simultaneously seeded MS2 bacteriophage, echovirus 1, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii endospores, Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, and 4.5-μm microspheres. When 4-7\% of the final sample concentrate volume was assayed using real-time PCR and RT-PCR, overall method sensitivities were {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 100 C. parvum oocysts, {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 240 PFU echovirus 1, {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 100 CFU Salmonella and \~{} 160 CFU B. atrophaeus spores in 100-L drinking water samples. The "high-flux" ultrafiltration procedure required approximately 2 h, including time required for backflushing. Secondary concentration procedures required an additional 1-3 h, while nucleic acid extraction and real-time PCR procedures required an additional 2-2.5 h. Thus, this study demonstrated that efficient recovery and sensitive detection of diverse microbes in 100-L drinking water samples could be achieved within 5-8 h using ultrafiltration, rapid secondary processing techniques, and real-time PCR.}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2008.02.014}, author = {Polaczyk, A.L. and Narayanan, J. and Cromeans, T.L. and Hahn, D. and Roberts, J.M. and Amburgey, J.E. and Hill, V.R.} } @article {7593, title = {{Ultrafiltration-based techniques for rapid and simultaneous concentration of multiple microbe classes from 100-L tap water samples}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {92-99}, abstract = {

This study focused on ultrafiltration as a technique for simultaneously concentrating and recovering viruses, bacteria and parasites in 100-L drinking water samples. A chemical dispersant, sodium polyphosphate, and Tween 80 were used to increase microbial recovery efficiencies. Secondary concentration was performed to reduce sample volumes to 3-5\ mL for analysis using tissue culture, microscopy, and real-time PCR and RT-PCR. At seeding levels of 100-1000 (CFU, PFU, oocysts, or particles), a "high-flux" ultrafiltration procedure was found to achieve mean recoveries of 51-94{\%} of simultaneously seeded MS2 bacteriophage, echovirus 1, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii endospores, Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, and 4.5-$μ$m microspheres. When 4-7{\%} of the final sample concentrate volume was assayed using real-time PCR and RT-PCR, overall method sensitivities were {\textless} 100 C. parvum oocysts, {\textless} 240\ PFU echovirus 1, {\textless} 100\ CFU Salmonella and \~{} 160\ CFU B. atrophaeus spores in 100-L drinking water samples. The "high-flux" ultrafiltration procedure required approximately 2\ h, including time required for backflushing. Secondary concentration procedures required an additional 1-3\ h, while nucleic acid extraction and real-time PCR procedures required an additional 2-2.5\ h. Thus, this study demonstrated that efficient recovery and sensitive detection of diverse microbes in 100-L drinking water samples could be achieved within 5-8\ h using ultrafiltration, rapid secondary processing techniques, and real-time PCR.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2008.02.014}, author = {Polaczyk, A.L. and Narayanan, J. and Cromeans, T.L. and Hahn, D. and Roberts, J.M. and Amburgey, J.E. and Hill, V.R.} } @article {10564, title = {{An ultrasensitive chemiluminescence biosensor for cholera toxin based on ganglioside-functionalized supported lipid membrane and liposome}}, journal = {Biosensors and Bioelectronics}, volume = {24}, year = {2008}, pages = {684{\textendash}689}, author = {Chen, H and Zheng, Y and Jiang, JH and Wu, HL and Shen, GL and Yu, RQ} } @inbook {8356, title = {{Unplanned reuse of wastewater for human consumption: The Tula Valley, Mexico}}, booktitle = {Water Reuse: An International Survey of Current Practice, Issues and Needs}, year = {2008}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, edition = {Scientific}, address = {London}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, B.}, editor = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, B. and Asano, T.} } @article {10229, title = {{Use of a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron-specific alpha-1-6, mannanase quantitative PCR to detect human faecal pollution in water}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {105}, year = {2008}, pages = {1686{\textendash}1693}, author = {Yampara-Iquise, H and Zheng, G and Jones, JE and Carson, CA} } @article {10230, title = {{Use of a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron-specific alpha-1-6, mannanase quantitative PCR to detect human faecal pollution in water}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {105}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, pages = {1686{\textendash}1693}, author = {Yampara-Iquise, H and Zheng, G and Jones, JE and Carson, CA} } @article {14509, title = {The use of ozone during advanced primary treatment of wastewater for its reuse in agriculture: an approach to enhance coagulation, disinfection and crop productivities}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {57}, year = {2008}, pages = {955{\textendash}62}, abstract = {The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect that ozone (O(3)) has on the advanced primary treatment (APT) and disinfection of wastewaters for their reuse in agriculture. The enhancement and optimization of APT was done by applying low O(3) doses during coagulation. By applying an ozone dose of 2 mg/L during APT, the required coagulant dose may be reduced by up to 25\% to achieve a similar turbidity removal (and up to 50\% for total suspended solids removal), when compared to a conventional APT treatment. When the same coagulant dose was applied (60 mg/L), the volume of settleable solids was reduced from 31.0 to 25.5 mL/L, and the settling velocity increased from 0.111 to 0.139 m/min. Disinfection was also improved by the use of ozone, which leads to better plant germination rates than when using chlorination, because of reduced toxicity of the ozonated effluents. Additionally, helminth eggs content was reduced by applying ozone.}, keywords = {*Water Supply, Agricultural/growth \& development, Agriculture/*methods, Animals, Crops, Disinfection/instrumentation/methods, Fluid/instrumentation/*methods, Helminths/drug effects, Ovum/drug effects/growth \& development, Ozone/*pharmacology, Parasite Egg Count, Waste Disposal, Water Purification/instrumentation/*methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2008.204}, author = {Campos-Reales-Pineda, A. E. and Orta de Velasquez, M. T. and Rojas-Valencia, M. N.} } @article {14885, title = {The use of ozone during advanced primary treatment of wastewater for its reuse in agriculture: an approach to enhance coagulation, disinfection and crop productivities}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {57}, year = {2008}, pages = {955{\textendash}62}, abstract = {The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect that ozone (O(3)) has on the advanced primary treatment (APT) and disinfection of wastewaters for their reuse in agriculture. The enhancement and optimization of APT was done by applying low O(3) doses during coagulation. By applying an ozone dose of 2 mg/L during APT, the required coagulant dose may be reduced by up to 25\% to achieve a similar turbidity removal (and up to 50\% for total suspended solids removal), when compared to a conventional APT treatment. When the same coagulant dose was applied (60 mg/L), the volume of settleable solids was reduced from 31.0 to 25.5 mL/L, and the settling velocity increased from 0.111 to 0.139 m/min. Disinfection was also improved by the use of ozone, which leads to better plant germination rates than when using chlorination, because of reduced toxicity of the ozonated effluents. Additionally, helminth eggs content was reduced by applying ozone.}, keywords = {*Water Supply, Agricultural/growth \& development, Agriculture/*methods, Animals, Crops, Disinfection/instrumentation/methods, Fluid/instrumentation/*methods, Helminths/drug effects, Ovum/drug effects/growth \& development, Ozone/*pharmacology, Parasite Egg Count, Waste Disposal, Water Purification/instrumentation/*methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2008.204}, author = {Campos-Reales-Pineda, A. E. and Orta de Velasquez, M. T. and Rojas-Valencia, M. N.} } @article {4781, title = {{Use of PCR to improve diagnostic yield in an outbreak of cyclosporiasis in Lima Peru}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {102}, year = {2008}, pages = {712{\textendash}717}, author = {Mundaca, CC and Torres-Slimming, PA and Araujo-Castillo, RV and Moran, M and Bacon, DJ and Ortega, Y and Gilman, RH and Blazes, DL} } @article {3241, title = {{Using on-farm sedimentation ponds to improve microbial quality of irrigation water in urban vegetable farming in Ghana.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {57}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {519{\textendash}25}, abstract = {This paper presents an assessment of the potential of using on-farm ponds to reduce levels of microbial contamination in wastewater{\textendash}contaminated irrigation water. The study involved observations on the use of ponds in urban agriculture in Kumasi, Ghana, and more than 300 irrigation water samples were taken for physico-chemical and microbial laboratory analysis. The study shows that while on-farm ponds are commonly used, their potential to remove pathogens through sedimentation has not been fully optimized. Two-thirds of helminth eggs were in the sediments and careful collection of irrigation water without disturbing sediments reduced helminth eggs in irrigation water by about 70{\%}. Helminth eggs reduced from about 5 to less than 1 egg per litre in three days in both dry and wet seasons while thermotolerant coliforms took six days in the dry season to reduce from about 8 to 4 log units per 100 ml, to meet the WHO guidelines. For optimal pathogen removal, better pond designs, farmers{\textquoteright} training on collection of water with minimal disturbance and any other means to enhance sedimentation and pathogen die-off can be essential components of a multiple-barrier approach complementing farm-based measures like simple filtration techniques, better irrigation methods and post-harvest contamination.}, keywords = {2.5 removal, Agriculture, Agriculture: methods, Animals, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: microbiology, Ghana, Helminths, Parasite Egg Count, UASB, Vegetables, Waste Disposal, water, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis, Water: parasitology}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2008.166}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18359990}, author = {Keraita, B and Drechsel, P and Konradsen, F} } @article {14591, title = {{UV} light inactivation of hepatitis {A} virus, {Aichi} virus, and feline calicivirus on strawberries, green onions, and lettuce}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {71}, year = {2008}, month = {may}, pages = {908{\textendash}13}, abstract = {A majority of illnesses caused by foodborne viruses are associated with fresh produce. Fruits and vegetables may be considered high-risk foods, as they are often consumed raw without a specific inactivation step. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate nonthermal treatments for the inactivation of foodborne pathogens. This study investigates the UV inactivation of three viruses: feline calicivirus (a surrogate for norovirus), and two picornaviruses, hepatitis A virus and Aichi virus. Three produce types were selected for their different surface topographies and association with outbreaks. Green onions, lettuce, and strawberries were individually spot inoculated with 10(7) to 10(9) 50\% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) of each virus per ml and exposed to UV light at various doses ({\textless} or = 240 mW s/cm2), and viruses were eluted using an optimized recovery strategy. Virus infection was quantified by TCID50 in mammalian cell culture and compared with untreated recovered virus. UV light applied to contaminated lettuce resulted in inactivation of 4.5 to 4.6 log TCID50/ml; for contaminated green onions, inactivation ranged from 2.5 to 5.6 log TCID50/ml; and for contaminated strawberries, inactivation ranged from 1.9 to 2.6 log TCID50/ml for the three viruses tested. UV light inactivation on the surface of lettuce is more effective than inactivation on the other two produce items. Consistently, the lowest results were observed in the inactivation of viruses on strawberries. No significant differences (P {\textgreater} 0.05) for virus inactivation were observed among the three doses applied (40, 120, and 240 mW s/cm2) on the produce, with the exception of hepatitis A virus and Aichi virus inactivation on green onions, where inactivation continued at 120 mW s/cm2 (P {\textless} 0.05).}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, Agricultural/*virology, Calicivirus, Colony Count, Consumer Product Safety, Crops, Dose-Response Relationship, Feline/growth \& development/*radiation effects, Food Contamination/analysis/prevention \& control, Food Handling/*methods, Fragaria/virology, Hepatitis A virus/growth \& development/*radiation effects, Humans, Kobuvirus/growth \& development/*radiation effects, Lettuce/virology, Microbial, Onions/virology, Radiation}, issn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Fino, V. R. and Kniel, K. E.} } @article {14939, title = {{UV} light inactivation of hepatitis {A} virus, {Aichi} virus, and feline calicivirus on strawberries, green onions, and lettuce}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {71}, year = {2008}, month = {may}, pages = {908{\textendash}13}, abstract = {A majority of illnesses caused by foodborne viruses are associated with fresh produce. Fruits and vegetables may be considered high-risk foods, as they are often consumed raw without a specific inactivation step. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate nonthermal treatments for the inactivation of foodborne pathogens. This study investigates the UV inactivation of three viruses: feline calicivirus (a surrogate for norovirus), and two picornaviruses, hepatitis A virus and Aichi virus. Three produce types were selected for their different surface topographies and association with outbreaks. Green onions, lettuce, and strawberries were individually spot inoculated with 10(7) to 10(9) 50\% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) of each virus per ml and exposed to UV light at various doses ({\textbackslash}textless or = 240 mW s/cm2), and viruses were eluted using an optimized recovery strategy. Virus infection was quantified by TCID50 in mammalian cell culture and compared with untreated recovered virus. UV light applied to contaminated lettuce resulted in inactivation of 4.5 to 4.6 log TCID50/ml; for contaminated green onions, inactivation ranged from 2.5 to 5.6 log TCID50/ml; and for contaminated strawberries, inactivation ranged from 1.9 to 2.6 log TCID50/ml for the three viruses tested. UV light inactivation on the surface of lettuce is more effective than inactivation on the other two produce items. Consistently, the lowest results were observed in the inactivation of viruses on strawberries. No significant differences (P {\textbackslash}textgreater 0.05) for virus inactivation were observed among the three doses applied (40, 120, and 240 mW s/cm2) on the produce, with the exception of hepatitis A virus and Aichi virus inactivation on green onions, where inactivation continued at 120 mW s/cm2 (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.05).}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, Agricultural/*virology, Calicivirus, Colony Count, Consumer Product Safety, Crops, Dose-Response Relationship, Feline/growth \& development/*radiation effects, Food Contamination/analysis/prevention \& control, Food Handling/*methods, Fragaria/virology, Hepatitis A virus/growth \& development/*radiation effects, Humans, Kobuvirus/growth \& development/*radiation effects, Lettuce/virology, Microbial, Onions/virology, Radiation}, issn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Fino, V. R. and Kniel, K. E.} } @article {2946, title = {Vaccination of dogs against {Echinococcus} granulosus: a means to control hydatid disease?}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, year = {2008}, month = {sep}, pages = {419{\textendash}424}, abstract = {Hydatid disease continues to be a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elimination is difficult with current control options, but reducing egg production by Echinococcus granulosus (Eg) in canines might help to reduce transmission in areas where the parasite is endemic. Recently obtained data using recombinant protein-based and live attenuated Salmonella vaccines are preliminary but encouraging and auger well for the future development of an effective dog vaccine against Eg, although much additional work is required before this becomes a reality. New approaches to control and for the prevention of hydatidosis have been described recently, and important additional gains should be expected if the efficacy of the dog vaccines is confirmed and leads to their incorporation into future control options.}, keywords = {Animals, Attenuated, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Humans, Protozoan Proteins, Protozoan Vaccines, Recombinant Proteins, Salmonella, Vaccines}, issn = {1471-4922}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2008.05.008}, author = {Zhang, Wenbao and McManus, Donald P.} } @article {16055, title = {Victims or vectors: a survey of marine vertebrate zoonoses from coastal waters of the Northwest Atlantic}, journal = {Dis Aquat OrganDis Aquat OrganDis Aquat Organ}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, month = {Aug 19}, pages = {13-38}, edition = {2008/10/03}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteria/classification/isolation \& purification, Birds/ microbiology/ parasitology, Cetacea/ microbiology/ parasitology, Disease Reservoirs/microbiology/parasitology/veterinary, Disease Vectors, Eukaryota/classification/isolation \& purification, Orthomyxoviridae/isolation \& purification, Seasons, Sharks/ microbiology/ parasitology, Viruses/classification/isolation \& purification}, isbn = {0177-5103 (Print)
0177-5103 (Linking)}, author = {Bogomolni, A. L. and Gast, R. J. and Ellis, J. C. and Dennett, M. and Pugliares, K. R. and Lentell, B. J. and Moore, M. J.} } @article {14765, title = {Viruses in granitic groundwater from 69 to 450 m depth of the {Aspo} hard rock laboratory, {Sweden}}, journal = {ISME J}, volume = {2}, year = {2008}, month = {may}, pages = {571{\textendash}4}, abstract = {{The objectives of this study were to determine if viruses exist in deep granitic groundwater and to analyse their abundance and morphological diversity. Fluorescent microscopy counts on 10 groundwater samples ranging from 69 to 450 m depth were in the range of 10(4)-10(6) TNC ml(-1) (TNC, total number of prokaryotic cells) and 10(5)-10(7) VLP ml(-1) (VLP, virus-like particles). A good positive correlation of VLP with TNC (r=0.91}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Ecosystem, Silicon Dioxide, Sweden, Viruses/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1751-7362 (Print) 1751-7362 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1038/ismej.2008.18}, author = {Kyle, J. E. and Eydal, H. S. and Ferris, F. G. and Pedersen, K.} } @mastersthesis {2818, title = {Viruses in raw sewage and their potential to indicate fecal pollution in coastal environments}, year = {2008}, note = {RefMgr field[8]: Not in File RefMgr field[30]: Graduate School Theses and Dissertations. RefMgr field[33]: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/522}, month = {2008}, school = {Univerity of South Florida}, type = {Web Page}, keywords = {VIRUSES sewage POLLUTION Environment}, url = {http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/522}, author = {Symonds, E.M.} } @booklet {274, title = {Voluntary Risk Assessment: Environmental effects, general approach and effects to freshwater organisms}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Arcadis, European Union Risk Assessment}, author = {Van Sprang, P. and Vangheluwe, M. and Van Hyfte, A. and Heijerick, D. and Vandenbroele, M. and Verdonck, F} } @book {5456, title = {{Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetlands with Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow}}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Dodrecht, The Netherlands}, author = {Vymazal, J and Kr{\"o}pfelov{\'a}, L} } @book {16711, title = {Water quality guidelines for recycled water schemes}, year = {2008}, note = {Published: �urlhttps://www.dews.qld.gov.au/\_\_data/assets/pdf\_file/0019/45172/water-quality-guidelines.pdf} } @article {16327, title = {{Water recycling and reuse in EUREAU countries: Trends and challenges}}, journal = {Desalination}, volume = {218}, number = {1-3}, year = {2008}, month = {jan}, pages = {3{\textendash}12}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {EUREAU is a non-profit Union of National Associations of Water Suppliers and Wastewater Services from EU and EFTA countries. EUREAU countries depend on appropriately treated wastewater to protect the environment and ensure that freshwater is available for all applications. Water recycling and reuse through surface and groundwater bodies is common practice and public health is protected through potable water standards. The reuse of water for non potable applications or potable substitution has been proven internationally in water stressed regions to be a drought proof source of water and one of the most effective water scarcity solutions. This paper considers (a) the status of water recycling and reuse in EUREAU countries, (b) the major challenges, (c) the future views, and (d) successful examples wastewater reclamation and reuse in Europe.}, issn = {0011-9164}, doi = {10.1016/J.DESAL.2006.07.015}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916407005061}, author = {Angelakis, A.N. and Durham, B.} } @article {5805, title = {{Waterborne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in a costal area in Slovenia in June and July 2008.}}, journal = {Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europ{\'e}en sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin}, volume = {13}, number = {34}, year = {2008}, month = {aug}, author = {Kopilovi{\'c}, B and Ucakar, V and Koren, N and Krek, M and Kraigher, Alenka} } @article {14322, title = {Waterborne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in a costal area in {Slovenia} in {June} and {July} 2008.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europ{\'e}en sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {13}, number = {34}, year = {2008}, month = {aug}, author = {Kopilovi{\'c}, B and Ucakar, V and Koren, N and Krek, M and Kraigher, Alenka} } @inbook {15638, title = {Waterborne: recreational water}, booktitle = {Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis}, year = {2008}, pages = {335-369}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, edition = {2nd edn}, address = {Boca Raton, Florida, USA}, author = {Beach, M.J.}, editor = {R. Fayer and L. Xiao} } @article {10817, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2007}, volume = {83}, number = {31}, year = {2008}, pages = {269{\textendash}284} } @article {12891, title = {When last did we look down the pits}, journal = {WISA Paper. Midrand: Water Institute of South Africa}, year = {2008}, pages = {11}, author = {Bhagwan, J and Still, D and Buckley, C and Foxon, K} } @mastersthesis {6900, title = {Zimbabwe{\^a}{\textquestiondown}{\textquestiondown}s water reform and effects on local level water management processes and rural livelihoods: evidence from {Lower} {Save} {East} sub-catchment}, year = {2008}, note = {U525216}, school = {The University of Manchester (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}p {\textgreater}This study examined the effects of water reform on local level water management processes, and rural livelihoods in Lower Save East (LSE) sub-catchment area, in Save Catchment.{\^A} Firstly, the analysis on local level water management processes focused on the participation and representation of different water users, specifically communal farmers and communal irrigators, in decentralised water management processes, through the sub-catchment council.{\^A} However, participation and representation of water users has been undermined by the complex institutional, historical and hydrological context, within which water use and participation, must occur.{\^A} Added to this, are parallel institutional processes, one relating to technical aspects, while the other, dealing with participatory issues, of water management, within the broad water reform.{\^A} These processes have impeded the participation of water users in decentralised water management processes.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p {\textgreater}Despite the fact that LSE sub-catchment council was supposed to be self-financing, the study found the greatest proportion of revenue generated from water charges was remitted to the central government, leaving the sub-catchment council with limited financial resources to sustain it.{\^A} The study concludes that, this had the attendant effect of subverting the participatory function of LSE sub-catchment council.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p {\textgreater}Secondly, this research showed that, despite the purported benefits of paying for water, most communal irrigators were reducing the amount of land they irrigate, resorting to one crop per season and abandoning irrigation altogether, on account of water charges.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, 508833, Agricultural economics, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/898748334?accountid=14270}, author = {Mtisi, S} } @article {15948, title = {Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis}, journal = {FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {Apr}, pages = {309-23}, edition = {2008/01/22}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/parasitology, Cryptosporidium parvum/classification/*genetics/isolation \&, Humans, purification/pathogenicity, Zoonoses/*epidemiology/parasitology}, isbn = {0928-8244 (Print)
0928-8244}, author = {Xiao, L. and Feng, Y.} } @article {9224, title = {{Zoonotic parasites in dog feces at public squares in the municipality of Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil}}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin{\'a}ria}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {206{\textendash}209}, author = {Campos Filho, PC and Barros, LM and Campos, JO and Braga, VB and Cazorla, IM and Albuquerque, GR and Carvalho, SM} } @article {891, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {119}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {11-18}, abstract = {Rotavirus is the leading cause of dehydrating acute gastroenteritis in infants worldwide. Previous studies of a live pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine have shown it to be efficacious across a range of potencies.}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2006-2058}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2058}, author = {Block, Stan L and Vesikari, Timo and Goveia, Michelle G and Rivers, Stephen B and Adeyi, Ben A and Dallas, Michael J and Bauder, Jeffrey and Boslego, John W and Heaton, Penny M and Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine Dose Confirmation Efficacy Study Group} } @article {894, year = {2007}, author = {Department of Health and Human Services, CDC.} } @article {2650, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {119}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {11-18}, abstract = {Rotavirus is the leading cause of dehydrating acute gastroenteritis in infants worldwide. Previous studies of a live pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine have shown it to be efficacious across a range of potencies.}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2006-2058}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2058}, author = {Block, Stan L and Vesikari, Timo and Goveia, Michelle G and Rivers, Stephen B and Adeyi, Ben A and Dallas, Michael J and Bauder, Jeffrey and Boslego, John W and Heaton, Penny M and Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine Dose Confirmation Efficacy Study Group} } @article {2653, year = {2007}, author = {Department of Health and Human Services, CDC.} } @booklet {11956, year = {2007}, type = {Electronic Book Section}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20370/} } @article {16445, title = {16S rRNA-based assays for quantitative detection of universal, human-, cow-, and dog-specific fecal Bacteroidales: a Bayesian approach}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {41}, year = {2007}, pages = {3701-3715}, author = {Kildare, B.J. and Leutenegger, C.M. and McSwain, B.S. and Bambic, D.G. and Rajal, V.B. and Wuertz, S.} } @article {10126, title = {{16S rRNA-based assays for quantitative detection of universal, human-, cow-, and dog-specific fecal Bacteroidales: a Bayesian approach}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, year = {2007}, pages = {3701{\textendash}3715}, author = {Kildare, BJ and Leutenegger, CM and McSwain, BS and Bambic, DG and Rajal, VB and Wuertz, S} } @article {10127, title = {{16S rRNA-based assays for quantitative detection of universal, human-, cow-, and dog-specific fecal Bacteroidales: a Bayesian approach}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {41}, number = {16}, year = {2007}, pages = {3701{\textendash}3715}, author = {Kildare, BJ and Leutenegger, CM and McSwain, BS and Bambic, DG and Rajal, VB and Wuertz, S} } @article {4678, title = {2005 Annual laboratory surveillance data for enteric pathogens in Canada}, year = {2007}, institution = {Public Health Agency of Canada}, address = {Ottawa, Canada} } @mastersthesis {6945, title = {Ab initio electronic structure methods for intermolecular interactions}, year = {2007}, note = {3275468}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Intermolecular interactions determine physical and chemical properties of a broad class of important systems such as liquids, solutions and molecular solids. First principles electronic structure methods are playing an important role in the study of weakly bonded ensembles of molecules. However, the applicability of ab initio methods is severely limited by poor scaling. The diagonalization of the effective Hamiltonian matrix, which scales cubically with the system size, becomes the bottleneck for calculations for large systems. In the first part of this work, we propose an efficient method for removing the self-consistent field (SCF) diagonalization bottleneck for systems of weakly interacting components. The method is based on the equations of the locally-projected SCF which utilize nonorthogonal absolutely localized molecular orbitals expanded in local subsets of the atomic basis set. A generalization of direct inversion in the iterative subspace for nonorthogonal molecular orbitals is formulated to increase the rate of convergence of the locally-projected SCF equations and a perturbative correction is developed to improve the accuracy of the locally-projected SCF method. Next, we proceed to show how absolutely localized molecular orbitals can be used to formulate an energy decomposition analysis (EDA) method that isolates physically relevant components of the total intermolecular interaction energies such as the contribution from interacting frozen monomer densities, the energy lowering due to polarization of the densities and the further energy lowering due to charge transfer effects. The newly proposed EDA method is used to understand the fundamental aspects of intermolecular interactions such as the degree of covalency in the hydrogen bonding in water and the contributions of forward and back-donation in synergic bonding in metal complexes. Additionally, it is demonstrated that this method can be used to identify the factors controlling the interaction of molecular hydrogen with open metal centers in potential hydrogen storage materials and the interaction of methane with rhenium complexes. Finally, we applied ab initio electronic structure methods to study the mechanism of free radical generation from molecular hydrogen peroxide in the catalytic system vanadate/pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid and the origin of a strong solvent effect on the extent of iron(III) [tetrakis-(pentafluorophenyl)]-porphyrin chloride dissociation in acetonitrile-methanol solutions.}, keywords = {0494:Chemistry, Chemistry, Energy decomposition, Free radicals, Pure sciences, Self-consistent fields}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304900740?accountid=14270}, author = {Khaliullin, Rustam Zakar evich} } @article {4563, title = {Abrupt emergence of diverse species {B} adenoviruses at {US} military recruit training centers}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {196}, number = {10}, year = {2007}, pages = {1465{\textendash}73}, issn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/522970}, author = {Metzgar, D. and Osuna, M. and Kajon, A. E. and Hawksworth, A. W. and Irvine, M. and Russell, K. L.} } @article {551, title = {Abrupt emergence of diverse species B adenoviruses at US military recruit training centers}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {196}, number = {10}, year = {2007}, note = {Metzgar, David Osuna, Miguel Kajon, Adriana E Hawksworth, Anthony W Irvine, Marina Russell, Kevin L Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 15;196(10):1465-73. Epub 2007 Oct 31.}, pages = {1465-73}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adenoviruses (Ads) cause continuous outbreaks of acute respiratory disease (ARD) in US military training facilities. In 1996, the loss of vaccines targeting the dominant recruit-associated serotypes precipitated the reemergence of Ads in these populations. Between 1999 and 2002, serotype 4 accounted for >95\% of Ads isolated from recruits and for >50\% of ARD cases in training facilities (15,000 cases/year). METHODS: Ads (n=1867) collected between 2002 and 2006 from recruits with ARD at 8 military training facilities in the United States were serotyped by serum neutralization and polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The dominance of Ad4 continued through 2005, followed by a simultaneous emergence of diverse species B serotypes at the majority of sites. This included the subspecies B1 serotypes 3, 7, and 21 and the subspecies B2 serotype 14. Ad14 was the most prevalent species B serotype, appearing in high numbers at 3 sites and becoming dominant at 1. CONCLUSIONS: Subspecies B2 Ads have rarely been associated with ARD, and only in Eurasia. This survey represents the first report of AdB2-associated ARD in the Western Hemisphere. The simultaneous emergence of several species B Ads suggests a common external source (the civilian population) and a decrease in preexisting immunity to species B Ads.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Emerging/epidemiology/prevention \& control/*virology DNA Primers DNA, Human/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification Communicable Diseases, Human/epidemiology/prevention \& control/*virology Adenoviruses, Viral/analysis Humans Military Personnel/*statistics \& numerical data Neutralization Tests Polymerase Chain Reaction Prevalence Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology/prevention \& control/*virology United States/epidemiology}, issn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/522970}, author = {Metzgar, D. and Osuna, M. and Kajon, A. E. and Hawksworth, A. W. and Irvine, M. and Russell, K. L.} } @article {14092, title = {Acanthamoeba: could it be an environmental host of {Shigella}?}, journal = {Experimental parasitology}, volume = {115}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {181{\textendash}186}, abstract = {Shigellosis is a serious public health problem in Korea, because large outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infections were recorded in many parts of the country during the period 1998-2000. However, the epidemiological features of shigellosis are not well known. In this study, we devised conditions suitable for the growth and replication of Shigella in an amoebic intracellular environment, and investigate whether medium conditions affect the survival and replication of Shigella within Acanthamoeba. We evaluated the uptake rates of invasive and non invasive S. sonnei strains by three Acanthamoeba species, namely, A. castellanii Neff, A. astronyxis Ray \& Hayes, and A. healyi \{OC-3A.\} When A. castellanii Neff was infected with S. sonnei \{99OBS1\} or \{80DH248,\} shigellae was maintained for a longer time in cytoplasms than in other Acanthamoeba species. S. sonnei \{99OBS1\} strain (a virulent strain) was recovered in higher numbers than the non-virulent S. sonnei \{80DH248\} strain in all experiments. Moreover, S. sonnei was more easily engulfed by Acanthamoeba at 18 degrees C. The shigellae uptake rates of Neff strain, which was cultured in free-media (less nutrition), were higher (\{\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textgreater\}10-fold) than those observed in original amoeba culture media \{(PYG\} medium) in all time points. S. sonnei \{99OBS1\} was localized, with an intact membrane, to the vacuoles of Acanthamoeba. We conclude that free-living amoebae more likely act as environmental hosts for shigellae, and thus, may have contributed to outbreaks of shigellosis in Korea.}, doi = {10.1016/j.exppara.2006.08.002}, author = {Hae J Jeong and Eun S Jang and Byung I Han and Keun H Lee and Mee S Ock and Hyun H Kong and Chung, Dong Il and Seol, Sung Yong and Cho, Dong Taek and Yu, Hak Sun} } @article {8048, title = {{Acanthamoeba: could it be an environmental host of Shigella?}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {115}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {181{\textendash}186}, abstract = {

Shigellosis is a serious public health problem in Korea, because large outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infections were recorded in many parts of the country during the period 1998-2000. However, the epidemiological features of shigellosis are not well known. In this study, we devised conditions suitable for the growth and replication of Shigella in an amoebic intracellular environment, and investigate whether medium conditions affect the survival and replication of Shigella within Acanthamoeba. We evaluated the uptake rates of invasive and non invasive S. sonnei strains by three Acanthamoeba species, namely, A. castellanii Neff, A. astronyxis Ray {\&} Hayes, and A. healyi {\{}OC-3A.{\}} When A. castellanii Neff was infected with S. sonnei {\{}99OBS1{\}} or {\{}80DH248,{\}} shigellae was maintained for a longer time in cytoplasms than in other Acanthamoeba species. S. sonnei {\{}99OBS1{\}} strain (a virulent strain) was recovered in higher numbers than the non-virulent S. sonnei {\{}80DH248{\}} strain in all experiments. Moreover, S. sonnei was more easily engulfed by Acanthamoeba at 18 degrees C. The shigellae uptake rates of Neff strain, which was cultured in free-media (less nutrition), were higher ({\{}$\backslash$textgreater{\}}10-fold) than those observed in original amoeba culture media {\{}(PYG{\}} medium) in all time points. S. sonnei {\{}99OBS1{\}} was localized, with an intact membrane, to the vacuoles of Acanthamoeba. We conclude that free-living amoebae more likely act as environmental hosts for shigellae, and thus, may have contributed to outbreaks of shigellosis in Korea.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.exppara.2006.08.002}, author = {Hae J Jeong and Eun S Jang and Byung I Han and Keun H Lee and Mee S Ock and Hyun H Kong and Chung, Dong Il and Seol, Sung Yong and Cho, Dong Taek and Yu, Hak Sun} } @article {2301, title = {{Acanthamoeba: could it be an environmental host of Shigella?}}, journal = {Experimental parasitology}, volume = {115}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {181{\textendash}186}, abstract = {Shigellosis is a serious public health problem in Korea, because large outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infections were recorded in many parts of the country during the period 1998-2000. However, the epidemiological features of shigellosis are not well known. In this study, we devised conditions suitable for the growth and replication of Shigella in an amoebic intracellular environment, and investigate whether medium conditions affect the survival and replication of Shigella within Acanthamoeba. We evaluated the uptake rates of invasive and non invasive S. sonnei strains by three Acanthamoeba species, namely, A. castellanii Neff, A. astronyxis Ray \& Hayes, and A. healyi \{OC-3A.\} When A. castellanii Neff was infected with S. sonnei \{99OBS1\} or \{80DH248,\} shigellae was maintained for a longer time in cytoplasms than in other Acanthamoeba species. S. sonnei \{99OBS1\} strain (a virulent strain) was recovered in higher numbers than the non-virulent S. sonnei \{80DH248\} strain in all experiments. Moreover, S. sonnei was more easily engulfed by Acanthamoeba at 18 degrees C. The shigellae uptake rates of Neff strain, which was cultured in free-media (less nutrition), were higher (\{$\backslash$textgreater\}10-fold) than those observed in original amoeba culture media \{(PYG\} medium) in all time points. S. sonnei \{99OBS1\} was localized, with an intact membrane, to the vacuoles of Acanthamoeba. We conclude that free-living amoebae more likely act as environmental hosts for shigellae, and thus, may have contributed to outbreaks of shigellosis in Korea.}, doi = {10.1016/j.exppara.2006.08.002}, author = {Hae J Jeong and Eun S Jang and Byung I Han and Keun H Lee and Mee S Ock and Hyun H Kong and Chung, Dong Il and Seol, Sung Yong and Cho, Dong Taek and Yu, Hak Sun} } @article {14817, title = {Acanthamoeba: could it be an environmental host of {Shigella}?}, journal = {Experimental parasitology}, volume = {115}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {181{\textendash}186}, abstract = {Shigellosis is a serious public health problem in Korea, because large outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infections were recorded in many parts of the country during the period 1998-2000. However, the epidemiological features of shigellosis are not well known. In this study, we devised conditions suitable for the growth and replication of Shigella in an amoebic intracellular environment, and investigate whether medium conditions affect the survival and replication of Shigella within Acanthamoeba. We evaluated the uptake rates of invasive and non invasive S. sonnei strains by three Acanthamoeba species, namely, A. castellanii Neff, A. astronyxis Ray \& Hayes, and A. healyi \{OC-3A.\} When A. castellanii Neff was infected with S. sonnei \{99OBS1\} or \{80DH248,\} shigellae was maintained for a longer time in cytoplasms than in other Acanthamoeba species. S. sonnei \{99OBS1\} strain (a virulent strain) was recovered in higher numbers than the non-virulent S. sonnei \{80DH248\} strain in all experiments. Moreover, S. sonnei was more easily engulfed by Acanthamoeba at 18 degrees C. The shigellae uptake rates of Neff strain, which was cultured in free-media (less nutrition), were higher (\{\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$textgreater\}10-fold) than those observed in original amoeba culture media \{(PYG\} medium) in all time points. S. sonnei \{99OBS1\} was localized, with an intact membrane, to the vacuoles of Acanthamoeba. We conclude that free-living amoebae more likely act as environmental hosts for shigellae, and thus, may have contributed to outbreaks of shigellosis in Korea.}, doi = {10.1016/j.exppara.2006.08.002}, author = {Hae J Jeong and Eun S Jang and Byung I Han and Keun H Lee and Mee S Ock and Hyun H Kong and Chung, Dong Il and Seol, Sung Yong and Cho, Dong Taek and Yu, Hak Sun} } @article {3979, title = {Access to toilets for all}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {370}, year = {2007}, pages = {1590}, doi = {doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61665-1} } @book {16929, title = {Activated sludge and aerobic biofilm reactors}, year = {2007}, publisher = {IWA publishing}, organization = {IWA publishing}, author = {Von Sperling, Marcos} } @book {5261, title = {{Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm Reactors. Volume 5: Biological Wastewater Treatment Series}}, year = {2007}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, address = {London, UK}, author = {von Sperling, M.} } @inbook {8740, title = {Activated Sludge and Aerobic Bioflim Reactors}, booktitle = {Biological Wastewater Treatment Series}, year = {2007}, publisher = {International Water Association (IWA) Publishing}, organization = {International Water Association (IWA) Publishing}, edition = {5}, address = {London}, author = {von Sperling, M.} } @inbook {4665, title = {Adenoviruses}, booktitle = {Manual of Clinical Microbiology }, year = {2007}, publisher = {ASM Pres}, organization = {ASM Pres}, edition = {9th ed. Pp 1589}, author = {Robinson, C and Echavarria, M and Murray, PJ and Baron, EJ and Jorgensen, J and Pfaller, M and Landry, ML} } @inbook {4472, title = {Adenoviruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized and community children up to 5 years old in Rio de Janeiro and Salvador, Brazil}, booktitle = {Journal of Medical Microbiology}, volume = {56}, year = {2007}, pages = {313{\textendash}9}, isbn = {0022-2615 (Print) 0022-2615 (Linking)}, author = {Filho, EP and N R da Costa Faria and Fialho, AM and de Assis, RS and Almeida, MM and Rocha, M and Galvao, M and dos Santos, FB and Barreto, ML and Leite, JP} } @inbook {517, title = {Adenoviruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized and community children up to 5 years old in Rio de Janeiro and Salvador, Brazil}, booktitle = {J Med Microbiol}, volume = {56}, year = {2007}, note = {Filho, Edson Pereira da Costa Faria, Nieli R Fialho, Alexandre M de Assis, Rosane S Almeida, Marilda Maria S Rocha, Myrna Galvao, Marcia dos Santos, Flavia B Barreto, Mauricio L Leite, Jose Paulo G Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Journal of medical microbiology 56/3/313 [pii] J Med Microbiol. 2007 Mar;56(Pt 3):313-9.}, pages = {313-9}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {Acute gastroenteritis is a major source of morbidity and mortality among young children in developed and developing countries. Human adenoviruses (HAdVs), and in particular species F, are related to childhood diarrhoea worldwide. This study presents the results obtained during an investigation of HAdVs causing acute gastroenteritis in children hospitalized in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, from April 1996 to September 2003, as well as in children with diarrhoea living in the slums of Salvador, BA, Brazil, from October 2001 to September 2003. A total of 3060 stool samples was analysed by an enzyme immunoassay for rotavirus and adenovirus (EIARA) and 61 (2\%) were found to be positive. HAdV presented with low prevalence throughout the year, with a slight but not significant increase in incidence in late summer and early autumn. Children up to 2 years of age were the most frequently affected (79\% of all positive samples). All positive samples were analysed further by generic and species-specific HAdV PCR protocols, confirming 100\% specificity of this rapid and inexpensive EIARA. Species F was the most prevalent (65\%), despite the occurrence of species A (12\%), C, D and co-infection F/D (5\% each) and species B and co-infections F/A, F/C and B/D (2\% each). In order to type the species F strains as HAdV-40 or -41, generic PCR and a HinfI restriction digest were performed. HAdV-40 and -41 were found to represent 62\% (23/37) and 38\% (14/37), respectively. These results demonstrated that a combination of generic and species-specific PCRs is useful and reliable for HAdV species and type identification directly from faecal specimens. The results confirmed the endemism of human adenoviruses, mainly species F, in children as aetiological agents of diarrhoea, although the limited sensitivity of EIARA as a screening method may have underestimated their prevalence.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, DNA, Human/ classification/genetics/ isolation \& purification Antigens, Human/epidemiology/ virology Adenoviruses, Preschool Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology/ virology DNA, Restriction Fragment Length Prevalence Rotavirus/isolation \& purification Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology/virology Sequence Analysis, Viral/analysis Brazil/epidemiology Child, Viral/genetics Feces/virology Gastroenteritis/epidemiology/ virology Hospitalization Humans Infant Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymorphism}, isbn = {0022-2615 (Print) 0022-2615 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1099/jmm.0.46685-0}, author = {Filho, E. P. and N R da Costa Faria and Fialho, A. M. and de Assis, R. S. and Almeida, M. M. and Rocha, M. and Galvao, M. and dos Santos, F. B. and Barreto, M. L. and Leite, J. P.} } @mastersthesis {6514, title = {Adoption and diffusion of irrigation technologies: {Application} on the agriculture of {Murcia}}, year = {2007}, note = {3289974}, school = {Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena (Spain)}, type = {phdDr.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Innovations reach the market as techniques, technologies or management methods, contributing to a more effective use of productive factors. They help differentiate the products of companies that adopt these innovations, with resulting competitive advantages. Once they have been adopted, the benefits derived from innovations are reflected in society, as fast as they are spread among its members. Farmers face a great deal of risks; among those is water availability and price. This problem is especially relevant in the Region of Murcia, where the scarcity of water resources is the most highly noted in Europe. This is why the adoption of water saving technology is one of the goals of the Spanish irrigation policy and the European Union Water Framework. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to analyse the adoption and diffusion of irrigation technology that increases the effectiveness of water use, and reduces its consumption within the scope of irrigation communities and farmers. Furthermore, the farmers{\textquoteright} willingness to pay for irrigation water is analyzed. To achieve these aims, the empirical work carried out focuses on the adoption and diffusion in two levels: irrigation communities, which adopt distributing and controlling technology and grower, who adopt drip irrigation technology. Duration models, diffusion models, and established preferences were analysed in a temporary analysis framework. The results obtained show that the variables that define a greater guarantee of provision, better organization in water management, access to information and its quality, positively influence the adoption of irrigation technologies. Individuals{\textquoteright} features (age, education, cooperatives, aversion to risk, preferences and perceptions), economical factors of the farm (water price and farm size), and origin of the water and its availability influence the probability of adopting drip irrigation technology. On the other hand, those farmers who use underground water in their farms are more willing to pay for the water from the irrigation community, and so are those with bigger acreages. Thus, a great variability exists in this willingness, and a high aversion to the risk is also associated with the water price.}, keywords = {0473:Agriculture, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Agriculture, Agronomy, Biological sciences, economics, Irrigation, Irrigation technologies, Murcia, natural resources, Social sciences, Spain, Studies, Technology adoption}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304702543?accountid=14270}, author = {Alcon Provencio, Francisco Jose} } @article {1708, title = {Advanced environmental surveillance and molecular analyses indicate separate importations rather than endemic circulation of wild type 1 poliovirus in Gaza district in 2002}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {18}, year = {2007}, note = {Manor, Y Blomqvist, S Sofer, D Alfandari, J Halmut, T Abramovitz, B Mendelson, E Shulman, L M Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Applied and environmental microbiology Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Sep;73(18):5954-8. Epub 2007 Jul 27.}, pages = {5954-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {An improved sewage surveillance algorithm (sample acquisition, processing, and molecular analysis) for wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses was developed and validated. It was based on plaque isolation with sensitive and high-throughput methods. The molecular analysis included sequencing; a comparison of the type, rate, and distribution of nucleotide substitutions with a profile for outbreaks evolving from a single progenitor; and phylogenetic analysis for relative similarity. The analyses revealed that two environmental wild type 1 isolates from the Gaza district in 2002 were imported separately, most likely from Egyptian southern governorates, and were not linked by endemic circulation. These findings illustrate the continuous spreading potential of wild-type poliovirus and underscore the value of extensive environmental surveillance employing advanced molecular analysis to monitor wild poliovirus in poliomyelitis-free regions.}, keywords = {*Environmental Monitoring Geography Humans Middle East/epidemiology Molecular Sequence Data Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/virology *Poliovirus/classification/genetics/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated Sewage/virology Urban Health}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print)}, doi = {AEM.02537-06 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.02537-06}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=17660306}, author = {Manor, Y. and Blomqvist, S. and Sofer, D. and Alfandari, J. and Halmut, T. and Abramovitz, B. and Mendelson, E. and Shulman, L. M.} } @proceedings {3987, title = {Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Meeting, Atlanta, GA, October 24-25, 2007}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Department of Health and Human Services}, address = {Atlanta, GA} } @article {7250, title = {Allergies, infections and the hygiene hypothesis {\textendash} {The} epidemiological evidence}, journal = {Immunobiology}, volume = {212}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {jun}, pages = {433{\textendash}439}, issn = {01712985}, doi = {10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.002}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0171298507000332}, author = {von Mutius, Erika} } @article {9389, title = {{Anaerobic membrane bioreactor treatment of domestic wastewater in Tunisia}}, journal = {Desalination}, volume = {207}, number = {1-3}, year = {2007}, pages = {205{\textendash}215}, author = {Saddoud, A and Ellouze, M and Dhouib, A and Sayadi, S} } @book {5295, title = {Anaerobic Reactors.}, series = {Biological wastewater treatment Series}, volume = {4}, year = {2007}, publisher = {IWA Publishing, UK}, organization = {IWA Publishing, UK}, author = {C Chernicharo} } @article {13778, title = {Analysis of multiple enteric viral targets as sewage markers in coral reefs}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {54}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Water and coral mucus samples were collected from throughout the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and the Dry Tortugas for three years and were analyzed for human enteric viruses (enteroviruses, noroviruses, hepatitis A virus and adenoviruses) as conservative markers of human sewage using molecular methods. Of the 100 coral and water samples collected, 40 contained genetic material from one or more human enteric viruses. DNA-based adenoviruses were detected widely, in 37.8\% of samples and at 91\% of stations, including {\textquoteright}pristine{\textquoteright} reefs in the Dry Tortugas; however, the detection rate was <=12\% for the RNA-based enteroviruses and noroviruses (hepatitis A virus was never detected). The disparity between the prevalence of RNA- and DNA-based viruses suggests the need for additional work to determine the utility of adenovirus as marker of human sewage. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.001}, author = {Lipp, E.K. and Carrie Futch, J. and Griffin, D.W.} } @article {7579, title = {{Analysis of multiple enteric viral targets as sewage markers in coral reefs}}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {54}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {1897-1902}, abstract = {

Water and coral mucus samples were collected from throughout the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and the Dry Tortugas for three years and were analyzed for human enteric viruses (enteroviruses, noroviruses, hepatitis A virus and adenoviruses) as conservative markers of human sewage using molecular methods. Of the 100 coral and water samples collected, 40 contained genetic material from one or more human enteric viruses. DNA-based adenoviruses were detected widely, in 37.8{\%} of samples and at 91{\%} of stations, including {\textquoteright}pristine{\textquoteright} reefs in the Dry Tortugas; however, the detection rate was <=12{\%} for the RNA-based enteroviruses and noroviruses (hepatitis A virus was never detected). The disparity between the prevalence of RNA- and DNA-based viruses suggests the need for additional work to determine the utility of adenovirus as marker of human sewage. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.001}, author = {Lipp, E.K. and Carrie Futch, J. and Griffin, D.W.} } @article {5686, title = {{Analysis of the Full-Length Genome of a Subgenotype IIIB Hepatitis A Virus Isolate: Primers for Broadly Reactive PCR and Genotypic Analysis}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {8{\textendash}17}, author = {Endo, K and Inoue, J and Takahashi, M and Mitsui, T and Masuko, K and Akahane, Y and Okamoto, H} } @article {8235, title = {{Analysis of the survival of H. pylori within a laboratory-based aquatic model system using molecular and classical techniques.}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {nov}, pages = {771{\textendash}7}, abstract = {

Despite the significance of Helicobacter pylori infection for man, its transmission is not clearly known. The human stomach is considered the reservoir of this pathogen, and one of the accepted routes is fecal-oral, in which water acts as a vector. However, although H. pylori epidemiology associates its transmission with water, only molecular and not cultural analysis detects the bacteria in water. This study was carried out to understand these data through studying the survival of H. pylori in a laboratory water model using cultural, morphological, and molecular methods. A mineral water system spiked with H. pylori and stored at 7 +/- 1 degrees C in the dark was analyzed by different methods over a period of 3 weeks. The total number of cells observed by DAPI staining and their DNA content remained constant over this study period. In contrast, cells could no longer be cultured after 5 days. Cell viability, which was determined via the LIVE/DEAD BacLight kit, decreased up to day 14, and at day 21 all cell membranes were damaged. In addition, a gradual conversion from spiral to coccal morphology occurred from day 3 onward. However, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique detected H. pylori DNA at day 21 and 3 months later. A study of the cell morphology of a young colony demonstrated the coexistence of bacilli and cocci. The results of this study show that H. pylori survives in water but loses its culturability and bacillar morphology rapidly, although it remains viable for longer periods and its DNA is still detectable much later. Thus, interpreting H. pylori\&$\#$39;s behavior in water differs according to the type of analysis. Consequently, we suggest that the presence of H. pylori infective cells is overestimated by PCR, whereas, in contrast, culture techniques underestimate it. Nevertheless, H. pylori should be considered a waterborne pathogen during its viable period, independently of its shape and culturability, as its presence in water may be risky for human health.

}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Bacterial: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteriological Techniques, Colony Count, Culture Media, DNA, Electron, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: growth {\&} development, Helicobacter pylori: isolation {\&} purification, Helicobacter pylori: ultrastructure, Humans, Laboratories, Microbial, Microbial Viability, Microscopy, Mineral Waters, Mineral Waters: microbiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Scanning}, issn = {0095-3628}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-007-9242-1}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17401696}, author = {Queralt, Nuria and Araujo, Rosa} } @article {13863, title = {Analysis of the survival of {H}. pylori within a laboratory-based aquatic model system using molecular and classical techniques.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {771{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Despite the significance of Helicobacter pylori infection for man, its transmission is not clearly known. The human stomach is considered the reservoir of this pathogen, and one of the accepted routes is fecal-oral, in which water acts as a vector. However, although H. pylori epidemiology associates its transmission with water, only molecular and not cultural analysis detects the bacteria in water. This study was carried out to understand these data through studying the survival of H. pylori in a laboratory water model using cultural, morphological, and molecular methods. A mineral water system spiked with H. pylori and stored at 7 +/- 1 degrees C in the dark was analyzed by different methods over a period of 3 weeks. The total number of cells observed by DAPI staining and their DNA content remained constant over this study period. In contrast, cells could no longer be cultured after 5 days. Cell viability, which was determined via the LIVE/DEAD BacLight kit, decreased up to day 14, and at day 21 all cell membranes were damaged. In addition, a gradual conversion from spiral to coccal morphology occurred from day 3 onward. However, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique detected H. pylori DNA at day 21 and 3 months later. A study of the cell morphology of a young colony demonstrated the coexistence of bacilli and cocci. The results of this study show that H. pylori survives in water but loses its culturability and bacillar morphology rapidly, although it remains viable for longer periods and its DNA is still detectable much later. Thus, interpreting H. pylori{\textquoteright}s behavior in water differs according to the type of analysis. Consequently, we suggest that the presence of H. pylori infective cells is overestimated by PCR, whereas, in contrast, culture techniques underestimate it. Nevertheless, H. pylori should be considered a waterborne pathogen during its viable period, independently of its shape and culturability, as its presence in water may be risky for human health.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Bacterial: isolation \& purification, Bacteriological Techniques, Colony Count, Culture Media, DNA, Electron, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: growth \& development, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Helicobacter pylori: ultrastructure, Humans, Laboratories, Microbial, Microbial Viability, Microscopy, Mineral Waters, Mineral Waters: microbiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Scanning}, issn = {0095-3628}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-007-9242-1}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17401696}, author = {Queralt, Nuria and Araujo, Rosa} } @article {14427, title = {Analysis of the survival of {H}. pylori within a laboratory-based aquatic model system using molecular and classical techniques.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {nov}, pages = {771{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Despite the significance of Helicobacter pylori infection for man, its transmission is not clearly known. The human stomach is considered the reservoir of this pathogen, and one of the accepted routes is fecal-oral, in which water acts as a vector. However, although H. pylori epidemiology associates its transmission with water, only molecular and not cultural analysis detects the bacteria in water. This study was carried out to understand these data through studying the survival of H. pylori in a laboratory water model using cultural, morphological, and molecular methods. A mineral water system spiked with H. pylori and stored at 7 +/- 1 degrees C in the dark was analyzed by different methods over a period of 3 weeks. The total number of cells observed by DAPI staining and their DNA content remained constant over this study period. In contrast, cells could no longer be cultured after 5 days. Cell viability, which was determined via the LIVE/DEAD BacLight kit, decreased up to day 14, and at day 21 all cell membranes were damaged. In addition, a gradual conversion from spiral to coccal morphology occurred from day 3 onward. However, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique detected H. pylori DNA at day 21 and 3 months later. A study of the cell morphology of a young colony demonstrated the coexistence of bacilli and cocci. The results of this study show that H. pylori survives in water but loses its culturability and bacillar morphology rapidly, although it remains viable for longer periods and its DNA is still detectable much later. Thus, interpreting H. pylori{\textquoteright}s behavior in water differs according to the type of analysis. Consequently, we suggest that the presence of H. pylori infective cells is overestimated by PCR, whereas, in contrast, culture techniques underestimate it. Nevertheless, H. pylori should be considered a waterborne pathogen during its viable period, independently of its shape and culturability, as its presence in water may be risky for human health.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Bacterial: isolation \& purification, Bacteriological Techniques, Colony Count, Culture Media, DNA, Electron, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: growth \& development, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Helicobacter pylori: ultrastructure, Humans, Laboratories, Microbial, Microbial Viability, Microscopy, Mineral Waters, Mineral Waters: microbiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Scanning}, issn = {0095-3628}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-007-9242-1}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17401696}, author = {Queralt, Nuria and Araujo, Rosa} } @article {17039, title = {The application of a recently isolated strain of Bacteroides (GB-124) to identify human sources of faecal pollution in a temperate river catchment}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {16}, year = {2007}, pages = {3683{\textendash}3690}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Ebdon, James and Muniesa, Maite and Taylor, Huw} } @article {4235, title = {{The application of a recently isolated strain of Bacteroides (GB-124) to identify human sources of faecal pollution in a temperate river catchment}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {16}, year = {2007}, pages = {3683{\textendash}3690}, keywords = {Bacteroides, Catchment, Faecal, Phages, Source}, author = {Ebdon, James and Muniesa, Maite and Taylor, Huw} } @article {7639, title = {Application of culture-independent methods to assess the bacteria removal efficiency of subsurface flow constructed wetlands}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {56 (3)}, year = {2007}, pages = {217-222}, author = {Alexandrino,M. and Grohmann,E. and Szewzyk,R. and Szewzyk,U.} } @article {690, title = {Application of MCM-41 for dyes removal from wastewater}, journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials}, volume = {147}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, note = {Lee, Chung-Kung Liu, Shin-Shou Juang, Lain-Chuen Wang, Cheng-Cai Lin, Kuen-Song Lyu, Meng-Du}, pages = {997-1005}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The adsorption of three basic dyes (Rhodamine B (RB), Crystal Violet (CV), and Methylene Green (MG)) and two acid dyes (Acid Red 1 (AR1) and Erioglaucine (EG)) onto MCM-41 was studied to examine the potential of MCM-41 for the removal of dyes from water solution. The revolution of pore structure and surface chemical characteristics of MCM-41 induced by dyes adsorption was characterized based on the analyses of XRD patterns, FTIR spectra, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The adsorption capacity of MCM-41 for the five dyes followed a decreasing order of RB > CV > MG > EG similar to AR1. It was experimentally concluded that if the dyes adsorption did not introduce a serious disorder on the pore structure of MCM-41 (such as RB adsorption), MCM-41 might be a good adsorbent for the removal of basic dyes from water solution. The fitness of both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption model on describing the equilibrium isotherms of three basic dyes was examined. The suitability of both pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the intraparticle diffusion model for the description of the kinetic data was investigated, from which the adsorption mechanism was examined. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, issn = {0304-3894}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.130}, url = {://WOS:000249262600040}, author = {Lee, C. K. and Liu, S. S. and Juang, L. C. and Wang, C. C. and Lin, K. S. and Lyu, M. D.} } @article {10408, title = {Application of real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of selected bacterial pathogens during municipal wastewater treatment}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {382}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {121{\textendash}129}, author = {Shannon, KE and D Y Lee and Trevors, JT and Beaudette, LA} } @article {15085, title = {Application of real-time quantitative {PCR} for the detection of selected bacterial pathogens during municipal wastewater treatment}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {382}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {121{\textendash}129}, author = {Shannon, KE and D Y Lee and Trevors, JT and Beaudette, LA} } @article {17383, title = {Application of real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of selected bacterial pathogens during municipal wastewater treatment}, journal = {Science of the total environmentScience of the total environment}, volume = {382}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {121-129}, isbn = {0048-9697}, author = {Shannon, KE and Lee, D-Y and Trevors, JT and Beaudette, LA} } @booklet {273, title = {Aquatic Life Ambient Freshwater Criteria-Copper}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Environmental Protection Agency}, author = {US.EPA} } @article {13246, title = {Arsenic-resistant bacteria isolated from contaminated sediments of the Orbetello Lagoon, Italy, and their characterization}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, year = {2007}, pages = {2299-2308}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03471.x}, author = {Pepi, M. and Volterrani, M. and Renzi, M. and Marvasi, M. and Gasperini, S. and Franchi, E. and Focardi, S. E.} } @article {5344, title = {{Assessment of Cryptosporidium removal from domestic wastewater via constructed wetland systems}}, journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution}, volume = {179}, number = {1-4}, year = {2007}, pages = {207{\textendash}215}, abstract = {Constructed wetlands have been recognized as offering a removal treatment option for high concentrations removal of chemical and biological contaminants in domestic wastewater. The enteric protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is considered one of the highly resistant to treatment and highly infectious organisms to humans and animals. Moreover, some species of Cryptosporidium are known to have a zoonotic nature. In this investigation a pilot scale for domestic wastewater treatment system was used, consisting of the following steps in series: (1) up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, (2) free water surface (FWS) wetland unit, and (3) sub-surface flow (SSF) wetland unit. This treatment system was fed with domestic wastewater to assess its efficiency in removing Cryptosporidium oocysts. The obtained Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected and enumerated by two different staining techniques {\textquoteright}acid fast trichrome (AFT) and modified Ziehl Neelsen (MZN) stains{\textquoteright}. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was also used to detect Cryptosporidium DNA in wastewater samples. Results revealed that anaerobic treatment (using UASB reactor) could remove about 53.1{\%} of Cryptosporidium oocysts present in raw wastewater. The in-series connection between the two wetland units allowed complete elimination of Cryptosporidium oocysts as the first (FWS) wetland unit removed 95.9{\%} of the oocysts present in anaerobically treated wastewater and the remaining portion of oocysts was completely removed by the second (SSF) wetland unit. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 95.8{\%} of raw wastewater samples with a mean count of 43.8 oocysts/l when AFT stain was used while they were detected in only 87.5{\%} of raw wastewater samples with a mean count of 35.6 oocysts/l when MZN stain was used. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was able to detect Cryptosporidium DNA in only 45.8{\%} of raw wastewater samples. Positive PCR results were only achieved in wastewater samples containing 52 oocysts or more per liter.}, keywords = {Constructed wetlands, Cryptosporidium, Domestic wastewater, PCR technique}, isbn = {0049-6979}, issn = {00496979}, doi = {10.1007/s11270-006-9225-8}, author = {Morsy, Effat A. and Al-Herrawy, Ahmad Z. and Ali, Mohamed A.} } @article {3073, title = {Assessment of use of microsatellite polymorphism analysis for improving spatial distribution tracking of echinococcus multilocularis}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {9}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {2943{\textendash}2950}, abstract = {Alveolar echinococcosis (AE){\textendash}caused by the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis{\textendash}is a severe zoonotic disease found in temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Even though the transmission patterns observed in different geographical areas are heterogeneous, the nuclear and mitochondrial targets usually used for the genotyping of E. multilocularis have shown only a marked genetic homogeneity in this species. We used microsatellite sequences, because of their high typing resolution, to explore the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis. Four microsatellite targets (EmsJ, EmsK, and EmsB, which were designed in our laboratory, and NAK1, selected from the literature) were tested on a panel of 76 E. multilocularis samples (larval and adult stages) obtained from Alaska, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Genetic diversity for each target was assessed by size polymorphism analysis. With the EmsJ and EmsK targets, two alleles were found for each locus, yielding two and three genotypes, respectively, discriminating European isolates from the other groups. With NAK1, five alleles were found, yielding seven genotypes, including those specific to Tibetan and Alaskan isolates. The EmsB target, a tandem repeated multilocus microsatellite, found 17 alleles showing a complex pattern. Hierarchical clustering analyses were performed with the EmsB findings, and 29 genotypes were identified. Due to its higher genetic polymorphism, EmsB exhibited a higher discriminatory power than the other targets. The complex EmsB pattern was able to discriminate isolates on a regional and sectoral level, while avoiding overdistinction. EmsB will be used to assess the putative emergence of E. multilocularis in Europe.}, keywords = {Alaska, Animals, Asia, Canada, Cluster Analysis, Domestic, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Europe, Genetic, genotype, Geography, Hepatic, Humans, Microsatellite Repeats, Molecular Epidemiology, Polymorphism, Wild}, issn = {0095-1137}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.02107-06}, author = {Knapp, J. and Bart, J. M. and Glowatzki, M. L. and Ito, A. and Gerard, S. and Maillard, S. and Piarroux, R. and Gottstein, B.} } @article {6199, title = {The association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {256}, issn = {14712458}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-7-256}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/7/256}, author = {Mann, Andrea G and Tam, Clarence C and Higgins, Craig D and Rodrigues, Laura C} } @article {8946, title = {Association with natural organic matter enhances the sunlight-mediated inactivation of MS2 coliphage by singlet oxygen}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {41}, number = {13}, year = {2007}, pages = {4626-4632}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0013-936X}, author = {Kohn, Tamar and Grandbois, Matthew and McNeill, Kristopher and Nelson, Kara L.} } @article {3644, title = {Astrovirus infection in young Kenyan children with diarrhoea.}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Pediatrics}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {206{\textendash}209}, author = {N M Kiulia and J M Mwenda and Nyachieo, A and Nyaundi, JK and A D Steele and M B Taylor} } @book {4181, title = {Astroviruses}, year = {2007}, pages = {981-1000}, publisher = {Lippincott Williams and Wilkins}, organization = {Lippincott Williams and Wilkins}, edition = {5th}, address = {Philadelphia, PA }, author = {M{\'e}ndez, E and C F Arias and Knipe, DM and Howley, PM and Griffin, DE and Lamb, RA and Martin, MA and Roizman, B and Straus, SE} } @mastersthesis {6292, title = {Avoiding collapse: resilience and sustainable development in vulnerable small islands}, year = {2007}, note = {U235786}, school = {University of Plymouth (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This fieldwork based case study researched in French and Creole languages in the sub-tropical, mid-Oceanic island of Rodrigues (Mauritius, Indian Ocean) addresses two main questions: "Are conservation and development compatible goals for marine protected areas (MPA) in small islands reliant on fisheries and tourism?" and "Do social-ecological resilience concepts help clarify related issues of sustainability?" Local fishers{\textquoteright} knowledge suggested marine fish species including large predators of ecological and economic significance had been in decline for decades. Tourists{\textquoteright} stated willingness to pay to use Marine and Coastal Protected Areas could help fund conservation of biodiversity and fisher enhancement, with fee options ranging from MPA up to island-level. Beyond this, downside risks emerged from qualitative interviews with key informants and historical analysis. A recent crisis catalysed by severe drought (1970s) led to deep social and ecological changes (collapse in farming, migration, and external dependence), while subsequent policies failed to address key drivers, instead creating negative feedbacks ensuring degradation extended outward from the coast. Remote and vulnerable small islands with few resources (forests, soil, water, energy) need significant capital inputs from higher scales which are seldom taken into account in determining the balance of winners and losers in conservation and development policy at MPA or island level. A lack of inter-island trust (social capital), water scarcity, climate change and migration arises as critical issues for the future. Rodrigues characterises the secondary importance of island regions within larger island states, and underlies the cross-scale and cross-temporal nature of sustainability in resilience terms.}, keywords = {0768:Environmental science, Bibliographies, DXN118870, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301725648?accountid=14270}, author = {Bunce, M P} } @article {9662, title = {Bacterial regrowth potential in alkaline sludges from open-sun and covered sludge drying beds}, journal = {Environ Technol}, volume = {28}, year = {2007}, pages = {1111-1118}, author = {Alkan, U and Topa{\c c}, FO and Birden, B and Baskaya, HS} } @article {12659, title = {Basic Principles of Wastewater Treatment}, journal = {Volume 2: Biological Wastewater Treatment Series. London, UK: IWA Publishing}, year = {2007}, author = {Von Sperling, Marcos} } @article {15196, title = {Basic {Principles} of {Wastewater} {Treatment}}, journal = {Volume 2: Biological Wastewater Treatment Series. London, UK: IWA Publishing}, year = {2007}, author = {Von Sperling, Marcos} } @article {9515, title = {{Bather density and levels of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and pathogenic microsporidian spores in recreational bathing water}}, journal = {Parasitol Res}, volume = {101}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {1729{\textendash}1731}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Sunderland, D and Tamang, L and Lucy, FE and Breysse, PN} } @article {4055, title = {{Bather density and levels of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and pathogenic microsporidian spores in recreational bathing water}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {101}, year = {2007}, pages = {1729{\textendash}1731}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Sunderland, D and Tamang, L and Lucy, FE and Breysse, PN} } @article {13987, title = {Behavior of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in leafy vegetables}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {70}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {1966{\textendash}1974}, abstract = {Leafy vegetables, including lettuce and spinach, have been implicated in several outbreaks of foodborne disease caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7, a pathogen of increasing public health significance because of the severity of the gastrointestinal illness and long-term, chronic sequelae that can result from infection. A definitive association between the consumption of leafy vegetables and human disease provides implicit evidence of transfer from animal sources to field crops and retail commodities, including minimally processed or fresh-cut products. Understanding the behavior of E. coli O157:H7 in leafy vegetables during production, after harvest, in storage, during processing, and in packaged fresh-cut products is essential for the development of effective control measures. To this end, previous research on the fate of the species at each step in the production of market-ready leafy vegetables is reviewed in this study. Several critical gaps in knowledge are identified, notably uncertainty about the location of contaminating cells on or in plant tissues, behavior in packaged products stored at low temperatures, and the influence of environmental stresses on growth and infectivity.}, author = {Delaquis, P and Bach, S and Dinu, L D} } @article {2213, title = {{Behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in leafy vegetables}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {70}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {1966{\textendash}1974}, edition = {2007/09/07}, abstract = {Leafy vegetables, including lettuce and spinach, have been implicated in several outbreaks of foodborne disease caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7, a pathogen of increasing public health significance because of the severity of the gastrointestinal illness and long-term, chronic sequelae that can result from infection. A definitive association between the consumption of leafy vegetables and human disease provides implicit evidence of transfer from animal sources to field crops and retail commodities, including minimally processed or fresh-cut products. Understanding the behavior of E. coli O157:H7 in leafy vegetables during production, after harvest, in storage, during processing, and in packaged fresh-cut products is essential for the development of effective control measures. To this end, previous research on the fate of the species at each step in the production of market-ready leafy vegetables is reviewed in this study. Several critical gaps in knowledge are identified, notably uncertainty about the location of contaminating cells on or in plant tissues, behavior in packaged products stored at low temperatures, and the influence of environmental stresses on growth and infectivity.}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Delaquis, P and Bach, S and Dinu, L D} } @article {11701, title = {{Biological control experiment of excess propagation of Cyclops for drinking water security}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {290{\textendash}294}, author = {Lin, T and Cui, F Y and Kiu, D M} } @article {17253, title = {Biological risks to food crops fertilized with Ecosan sludge}, journal = {Water Science and TechnologyWater Science and Technology}, volume = {55}, number = {7}, year = {2007}, pages = {21-9}, author = {Jimenez, B. and Austin, A. and Cloete, E. and Phasha, C. and Beltran, N.} } @article {15417, title = {Biology of the schistosome lung-stage schistosomulum}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {134}, number = {Pt 4}, year = {2007}, note = {071657/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
England}, month = {Apr}, pages = {453-60}, abstract = {Past and more recent research has examined the ultrastructure, metabolism, cell biology, genomics and post-genomics of schistosome schistosomula. These areas are considered and discussed in this review with particular emphasis on (1) the early migration phases through the host, (2) interaction of the host immune response with the parasite surface, (3) glucose uptake mechanisms, and (4) defining the transcriptional profiles of lung-stage schistosomula compared with other developmental stages using microarrays. The microarray profiling studies suggest caution is required when considering the use of schistosomes obtained by in vitro means for molecular or biochemical studies.}, keywords = {Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Helminth Proteins/genetics/metabolism, Lung/*parasitology, Schistosoma/genetics/*physiology}, isbn = {0031-1820 (Print)
0031-1820 (Linking)}, author = {Gobert, G. N. and Chai, M. and McManus, D. P.} } @article {8812, title = {{Biosecurity and arable use of manure and biowaste {\textemdash} Treatment alternatives}}, journal = {Livestock Science}, volume = {112}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {dec}, pages = {232{\textendash}239}, issn = {18711413}, doi = {10.1016/j.livsci.2007.09.015}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1871141307004738}, author = {Albihn, Ann and Vinneras, B.} } @article {9905, title = {{Blastocystis sp. subtype 5: a possibly zoonotic genotype}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {101}, year = {2007}, pages = {1527{\textendash}1532}, author = {Yan, Y and Su, S and Ye, J and Lai, X and Lai, R and Liao, H and Chen, G and Zhang, R and Hou, Z and Luo, X} } @article {8343, title = {{BMJ readers choose the {\textquotedblleft}sanitary revolution{\textquotedblright} as greatest medical advance since 1840}}, journal = {British Medical Journal}, volume = {334}, year = {2007}, pages = {111}, author = {Ferriman, A.} } @article {6656, title = {Breaks and maintenance work in the water distribution systems and gastrointestinal illness: a cohort study}, journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {aug}, pages = {873{\textendash}880}, issn = {0300-5771, 1464-3685}, doi = {10.1093/ije/dym029}, url = {http://www.ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/ije/dym029}, author = {Nygard, K. and Wahl, E. and Krogh, T. and Tveit, O. A. and Bohleng, E. and Tverdal, A. and Aavitsland, P.} } @article {7322, title = {Bringing safe water to remote populations: an evaluation of a portable point-of-use intervention in rural {Madagascar}}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {97}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {mar}, pages = {398{\textendash}400}, abstract = {Rural populations disproportionately lack access to improved water supplies. We evaluated a novel scheme that employed community-based sales agents to disseminate the Safe Water System (SWS){\textendash}a household-level water chlorination and safe storage intervention{\textendash}in rural Madagascar. Respondents from 242 households in 4 villages were interviewed; all used surface water for drinking water. Respondents from 239 households (99\%) had heard of S{\^u}r{\textquoteright}Eau, the SWS disinfectant; 226 (95\%) reported having ever used S{\^u}r{\textquoteright}Eau, and 166 (73\%) reported current use. Current S{\^u}r{\textquoteright}Eau use was confirmed in 54\% of households. Community sales agents effectively motivated their neighbors to adopt a new health behavior that prevents diarrhea. Future work should focus on strategies for sustaining SWS use, factors that motivate community-based sales agents to promote SWS, and the feasibility of scaling up this approach.}, keywords = {Attitudes, Chlorine Compounds, Diarrhea, Disinfectants, Entrepreneurship, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Household Products, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Madagascar, Marketing, Practice, rural health, Safety, Social Marketing, Water Purification}, issn = {1541-0048}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2005.073460}, author = {Ram, Pavani Kalluri and Kelsey, Elaine and Rasoatiana, null and Miarintsoa, Rabeantoandro Rado and Rakotomalala, Oliver and Dunston, Chris and Quick, Robert E.} } @mastersthesis {6255, title = {Bubble dynamics in microchannel flow boiling}, year = {2007}, note = {3281839}, school = {Stanford University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Microchannel flow boiling is a very promising solution to the thermal management problem facing the microprocessor industry. In macroscale systems, such as nuclear reactors, flow boiling has been successful in removing large amounts of power. Unfortunately, microscale flows deviate from conventional theory. Large fluctuations in pressure, temperature, and flow distribution are generated by single bubbles due to channel confinement. Difficulties instrumenting microchannels for experimental studies require many standard parameters to be inferred from external sensors. Using a novel experimental design, the dominant forces in bubble departure and convection in high aspect ratio channels are identified from scaling analyses. Form drag due to increased liquid velocities surrounding the bubbles opposes surface tension during departure, while the convection velocity is determined by the balance of this form drag and viscous shear in thin liquid films between the bubble and the walls. Film thickness has a significant effect on convection velocity and determines whether the bubbles move faster or slower than the superficial liquid velocity. Since the earliest studies in microchannel flow boiling, researchers have believed there are fundamental differences in the bubble dynamics from larger channels. Modeling efforts failed to identify these differences. Conventional cavitation and water hammer theories are leveraged to characterize confined bubble growth. Single bubbles under practical thermal loads create water hammers inside the channel. Propagating pulses create local depressions in the static liquid pressure causing bubble nucleation at lower wall temperatures. Channel confinement inhibits bubble growth as a result of the additional water hammer pressure, thereby inhibiting heat transfer in nucleate boiling. Based on this model, a non-dimensional number is proposed for channel classification. Major contributions to microchannel flow boiling will come from the development of new metrologies. Non-invasive techniques to measure local liquid pressure, flow rate, temperature, and void fraction need to be developed to validate models of the physical interactions. Fluorescent thermometry is extended to microscale two-phase flows using a two-dye/two-color technique. This metrology provides an optical method to measure local liquid temperature and liquid fraction. Arrays of these sensors will also allow bubble size, frequency, velocity and perhaps growth rate to be measured.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Bubbles, Flow boiling, Heat exchanger, Mechanical engineering, Microchannel}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304827102?accountid=14270}, author = {Fogg, David W.} } @article {3996, title = {{Canal networks as extended waste stabilization ponds: fate of pathogens in constructed waterways in Pathumthani Province, Thailand}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {55}, year = {2007}, pages = {143{\textendash}156}, author = {Anceno, A.J and Ozaki, M and Dang, YN and Chuluun, B and Shipin, OV} } @article {11707, title = {{A case human of diphyllobothriasis in northern Taiwan after eating raw fish fillets}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection}, volume = {40}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {452{\textendash}456}, author = {Lou, H Y and Tsai, P C and Chang, C C and Lin, Y H and Liao, C W and Kao, T C and Lin, H C and Lee, W C and Fan, C K} } @article {11775, title = {{Case of subcutaneous sparganosis: use of imaging in definitive preoperative diagnosis}}, journal = {Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {34}, number = {9}, year = {2007}, pages = {654{\textendash}657}, author = {Sakurawa, S and Kawanabe, T and Yagasaki, A and Shimizu, A and Shimada, S} } @article {15783, title = {Case-control study of environmental and social factors influencing cryptosporidiosis}, journal = {European Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {22}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {805-11}, edition = {2007/09/25}, keywords = {*Environmental Exposure, *Socioeconomic Factors, Animals, Case-Control Studies, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/*etiology/parasitology, Cryptosporidium parvum/*parasitology, Geographic Information Systems, Humans, Risk Factors, United Kingdom/epidemiology, Wales/epidemiology}, isbn = {0393-2990 (Print)
0393-2990}, author = {Lake, I. R. and Harrison, F. C. and Chalmers, R. M. and Bentham, G. and Nichols, G. and Hunter, P. R. and Kovats, R. S. and Grundy, C.} } @article {3502, title = {Changing epidemiology of rotavirus-related hospitalizations in rio de janeiro, {Brazil}, from 2002 to 2006.}, journal = {Open Virology Journal}, volume = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {47{\textendash}50}, author = {Gouvea, VS and Domingues, AL and Naveca, FG and Pedro, AR and Bevilacqua, CC} } @mastersthesis {6489, title = {Changing farms, changing forests: {A} model of land cover change in northwestern {Wisconsin} from 1972 to 2002}, year = {2007}, note = {3294126}, school = {The University of Wisconsin - Madison}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {With a dynamic land use history and the availability of long-term social and physical data, northwestern Wisconsin presents a unique opportunity to conduct research on the changing pattern of land use and land cover. In this region, land cover patterns are affected by shifts in agricultural economies and the growth of the recreation industry. Field interviews of land managers and farmers focused on identifying relevant social, economic and spatial factors that may lead to land use changes. These factors included increasing land taxes, the age of the land owner, the distance from nearest water body or distance from urban center. Using a layer stack method, four Landsat scenes were analyzed to assess land cover change at approximately 10 year intervals, from 1972 to 2001. Land change trajectories were then incorporated into classification tree models linking the location and pattern of land cover change to a set of socioeconomic and spatial factors representing the driving causes of change. Through the use of classification trees, this study has shown that the highest rates of change occurred in and around population centers from 1983-1991, but in more rural areas from 1991-2002. Additionally, areas with a higher median age and more managed lands led to persistent or increased forest cover over time. The factors leading to changes in landscape pattern, measured through landscape ecology metrics, included the percent of managed lands for the early period and the total housing density and distance to nearest city for the later period. More specifically, there appears to be less fragmentation of forested areas on managed lands suggesting that managed forest are less prone to fragmentation. Taken together the models of land cover and land pattern change reveal that areas of high intensity use with little managed lands appear to be the most affected by forest loss and corresponding forest fragmentation. By modeling land cover changes in relation to a set of socioeconomic and spatial indicators, this research provides a better understanding of the impact of local land use changes on forest cover and forest fragmentation over time.}, keywords = {0478:Forestry, 0768:Environmental science, Biological sciences, Environmental science, Forest fragmentation, Forestry, Forests, Health and environmental sciences, Land cover change, Wisconsin}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304782466?accountid=14270}, author = {Rose, Robert A.} } @article {13431, title = {Characterisation of Lymnaea cubensis, L. viatrix and L. neotropica n. sp., the main vectors of Fasciola hepatica in Latin America, by analysis of their ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA}, journal = {Ann Tropl Med Parasitol}, volume = {101}, year = {2007}, pages = {621-641}, author = {Bargues, M. D. and Artigas, P., Mera y Sierra, R.L., Pointier, J.P. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {12258, title = {Characterization of integrons and tetracycline resistance determinants in Aeromonas spp. isolated from South African aquaculture systems}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {114}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, note = {Jacobs, Liezl Chenia, Hafizah Y.
Chenia, Hafizah/N-5548-2013
Chenia, Hafizah/0000-0001-9753-6394}, month = {Mar}, pages = {295-306}, abstract = {

An increasing incidence of multidrug resistance amongst Aeromonas spp. isolates, which are both fish pathogens and emerging opportunistic human pathogens, has been observed worldwide. This can be attributed to the horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements, viz.: plasmids and class I integrons. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 37 Aeromonas spp. isolates, from tilapia, trout and koi aquaculture systems, were determined by disc-diffusion testing. The plasmid content of each isolate was examined using the alkaline lysis protocol. Tet determinant type was determined by amplification using two degenerate primer sets and subsequent HaeIII restriction. The presence of integrons was determined by PCR amplification of three integrase genes, as well as gene cassettes, and the qacE Delta I-sulI region. Thirty-seven Aeromonas spp. isolates were differentiated into six species by aroA PCR-PFLP, i.e., A. veronii biovar sobria, A. hydrophila, A. encheleia, A. ichtiosoma, A. salmonicida, and A. media. High levels of resistance to tetracycline (78.3\%), amoxicillin (89.2\%), and augmentin (86.5\%) were observed. Decreased susceptibility to erythromycin was observed for 67.6\% of isolates. Although 45.9\% of isolates displayed nalidixic acid resistance, majority of isolates were susceptible to the fluoroquinolones. The MAR index ranged from 0.12 to 0.59, with majority of isolates indicating high-risk contamination originating from humans or animals where antibiotics are often used. Plasmids were detected in 21 isolates, with 14 of the isolates displaying multiple plasmid profiles. Single and multiple class A family Tet determinants were observed in 27\% and 48.7\% of isolates, respectively, with Tet A being the most prevalent Tet determinant type. Class 1 integron and related structures were amplified and carried different combinations of the antibiotic resistance gene cassettes ant(3 \&$\#$39;\&$\#$39;)Ia, aac(6)Ia, dhfr1, oxa2a and/or pse1. Class 2 integrons were also amplified, but the associated resistance cassettes could not be identified. Integrons and Tet determinants were carried by 68.4\% of isolates bearing plasmids, although it was not a strict association. These plasmids could potentially mobilize the integrons and Tet determinants, thus transferring antimicrobial resistance to other water-borne bacteria or possible human pathogens. The identification of a diversity of resistance genes in the absence of antibiotic selective pressure in Aeromonas spp. from aquaculture systems highlights the risk of these bacteria serving as a reservoir of resistance genes, which may be transferred to other bacteria in the aquaculture environment. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0168-1605}, author = {Jacobs, L. and Chenia, H. Y.} } @article {14312, title = {Characterization of the {Arcobacter} contamination on {Belgian} pork carcasses and raw retail pork.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {aug}, pages = {20{\textendash}26}, author = {Van Driessche, Ellen and Houf, Kurt} } @article {5795, title = {{Characterization of the Arcobacter contamination on Belgian pork carcasses and raw retail pork.}}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {20{\textendash}26}, author = {Van Driessche, Ellen and Houf, Kurt} } @article {8642, title = {{Chemical inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {93}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {925{\textendash}931}, author = {Wainwright, KE and Miller, MA and Barr, BC and Gardner, IA and Melli, AC and Essert, T and Packham, AE and Truong, T and Lagunas-Solar, M and Conrad, P} } @article {9590, title = {Cholera: a new homeland in Africa?}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {77}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {Oct}, pages = {705-13}, edition = {2007/11/06}, keywords = {Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology, Cholera Vaccines/therapeutic use, Cholera/ epidemiology/mortality/transmission, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Transmission, Horizontal, Endemic Diseases, Feces/microbiology, Fluid Therapy/methods, Health Services Accessibility/economics, Humans, Sanitation/methods, Water Microbiology, World Health Organization}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)}, author = {Gaffga, N. H. and Tauxe, R. V. and Mintz, E. D.} } @article {15038, title = {Cholera: a new homeland in {Africa}?}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {77}, year = {2007}, month = {oct}, pages = {705{\textendash}13}, keywords = {Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology, Cholera Vaccines/therapeutic use, Cholera/ epidemiology/mortality/transmission, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Transmission, Endemic Diseases, Feces/microbiology, Fluid Therapy/methods, Health Services Accessibility/economics, Horizontal, Humans, Sanitation/methods, Water Microbiology, World Health Organization}, issn = {0002-9637 (Print)}, doi = {77/4/705 [pii]}, author = {Gaffga, N. H. and Tauxe, R. V. and Mintz, E. D.} } @mastersthesis {6580, title = {Citizens{\textquoteright} attitudes to re-establish a permanent water flow for the {Colorado} {River} {Delta}, north western {Mexico}}, year = {2007}, note = {MR35249}, school = {University of Waterloo (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{E}.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Ecosystem services and goods are non-market values that are increasingly being accounted through contingent valuation methods and more specifically by studying people{\textquoteright}s willingness-to-pay for them. Large ecosystem restoration is an area that benefits from economic valuation because placing a monetary value proves that restoration efforts are justified to preserve resources for future generations, wanted by a community, and even a profitable investment of public funds. However, what determines that a community supports and understands restoration efforts is linked to their social, economic, cultural, and geographic reality. In this study I adopted the idea of willingness-to-pay to examine people{\textquoteright}s attitudes towards river flow restoration efforts in the Colorado River Delta. The Colorado River Delta is a resilient ecosystem that has endured severe river flow depravation for more than 70 years now; yet, this ecosystem still provides many environmental services and goods and its restoration is well justified for that. This research mainly reveals that the Colorado River Delta is still an undervalued ecosystem despite its resiliency and the many regional benefits it still provides. This study has two research questions. Fist, I determined what factors influence Mexicali{\textquoteright}s willingness-to-pay. Second, I compared willingness-to-pay attitudes between the cities of Mexicali and San Luis Rio Colorado (SLRC); two neighboring Mexican cities of different size and economic structure but of similar social, ecologic and geographical conditions. The instrument to collect field data was a survey that posed a realistic river flow restoration scenario at a range of prices from 10 to 90 pesos in order to test people{\textquoteright}s willingness-to-pay; a total of 564 surveys were delivered face to face in Mexicali. Subsequently, I compared Mexicali survey results with a previous SLRC survey. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric analysis, and qualitative analysis were the main instruments to arrive to my conclusions. Within Mexicali, I found that parenthood and the perception of received benefits from the river were the most significant factors that determined people{\textquoteright}s willingness-to-pay. Migration was also a salient socio-demographic factor that probably has an influence on people{\textquoteright}s attitudes towards river flow restoration. When making comparisons between cities I found that SLRC is more willing to pay than Mexicali, which confirmed my hypothesis that environmental awareness influences willingness-to-pay in each city given that SLRC is a true river city while Mexicali is 64 km away from the river. Pricing was also influential in both cities. People{\textquoteright}s exposure to the river varied from one city to the other{\textendash}SLRC people have more interactions with the river than people from Mexicali do, thus matching again the difference in willingness-to-pay attitudes of each city. Although income, education, frequency of visits, and awareness of dry river conditions were expected to have a clear connection to willingness-to-pay within Mexicali, I found only a marginal statistical relationship that was very close to be significant. This was due to the fact that I analyzed the dependency of those variables for all prices and not at a specific price range where the actual average willingness-to-pay resides. Finding that average and then analyzing the relationships again should clarify this issue. What motivates people to pay was related to resource conservation and the recognition of the river{\textquoteright}s ecological importance. What motivates people to not pay relates to negative attitudes such as incredulity and lack of trust in Mexican institutions. My main recommendations are to raise local environmental awareness of river issues with environmental education, to address local negative attitudes towards river restoration, and to explore the analysis of these data with other approaches such as socio-psychological models.}, keywords = {0768:Environmental science, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304716598?accountid=14270}, author = {Hernandez Morlan, Xochitl Itzel} } @article {15639, title = {Class B alkaline stabilization to achieve pathogen inactivation}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {Mar}, pages = {53-60}, edition = {2007/04/14}, keywords = {*Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, *Microbial Viability/drug effects, Animals, Ascaris lumbricoides/drug effects/physiology, Bacteria/drug effects, Calcium Compounds/*pharmacology, Cryptosporidium parvum/drug effects/physiology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Giardia lamblia/drug effects/physiology, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Oocysts/drug effects, Oxides/*pharmacology, Viruses/drug effects, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/*methods, Water/parasitology}, isbn = {1661-7827 (Print)
1660-4601}, author = {Bean, C. L. and Hansen, J. J. and Margolin, A. B. and Balkin, H. and Batzer, G. and Widmer, G.} } @article {4001, title = {{Class B alkaline stabilization to achieve pathogen inactivation}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {53{\textendash}60}, author = {Bean, CL and Hansen, JJ and Margolin, AB and Balkin, H and Batzer, G and Wildmer, G} } @article {9985, title = {{Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Human Bocavirus in Respiratory and Fecal Samples from Children in Hong Kong}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {196}, number = {7}, year = {2007}, pages = {986{\textendash}993}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a recently discovered parvovirus associated with respiratory tract infections in children. We conducted the first systematic prospective clinical and molecular study using nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) and fecal samples. METHODS: NPAs negative for influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and coronavirus and fecal samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis were included. On the basis of results from a pilot study using 400 NPAs from all age groups, a prospective 12-month study was conducted to detect HBoV in 1,200 NPAs and 1,435 fecal samples from patients {\textless}18 years old by polymerase chain reaction. The complete genome sequences of HBoVs from 12 NPAs and 12 fecal samples were determined. RESULTS: Of the 400 NPAs collected in the pilot study, 20 (5.0{\%}) were found to contain HBoV, all from children {\textless}5 years old. In the subsequent prospective study of pediatric patients, HBoV was detected in 83 (6.9{\%}) of 1,200 NPAs. Upper and lower respiratory tract infections were equally common. HBoV was detected in 30 (2.1{\%}) of 1,435 fecal samples. Fever and watery diarrhea were the most common symptoms. The seasonality of HBoV in NPAs and fecal samples was similar. Codetection with other pathogens occurred in 33{\%} and 56{\%} of NPAs and fecal samples, respectively, from patients with HBoV infection. Genomes of HBoVs from NPAs and fecal samples displayed minimal sequence variations. CONCLUSIONS: HBoV was detected in fecal specimens in children with acute gastroenteritis. A single lineage of HBoV was associated with both respiratory tract and enteric infections.}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print)$\backslash$r0022-1899 (Linking)}, issn = {0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/521310}, url = {http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1086/521310}, author = {Lau, S.K.P. and Yip, C.C.Y. and Que, T. and Lee, R.A. and Au-Yeung, R.K.H. and Zhou, B. and So, Lok-yee and Lau, Yu-lung and Chan, Kwok-hung and Woo, Patrick C. Y. and Yuen, Kwok-yung} } @article {8247, title = {{Coccoid form of Helicobacter pylori as a morphological manifestation of cell adaptation to the environment.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {10}, year = {2007}, month = {may}, pages = {3423{\textendash}7}, abstract = {

After characterization of preferred conditions for Helicobacter pylori survival in the sessile state, it was observed that the bacterium transforms from spiral to coccoid under mild circumstances, whereas under extreme ones it is unable to undergo shape modification. This strongly supports the view that transformation into the coccoid form is an active, biologically led process, switched on by the bacterium as a protection mechanism.

}, keywords = {Adaptation, Colony Count, Electron, Fluorescence, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: cytology, Helicobacter pylori: physiology, Helicobacter pylori: ultrastructure, Microbial, Microscopy, Physiological, Scanning}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00047-07}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/73/10/3423.short}, author = {Azevedo, N F and Almeida, C and Cerqueira, L and Dias, S and Keevil, C W and Vieira, M J} } @article {13875, title = {Coccoid form of {Helicobacter} pylori as a morphological manifestation of cell adaptation to the environment.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {10}, year = {2007}, pages = {3423{\textendash}7}, abstract = {After characterization of preferred conditions for Helicobacter pylori survival in the sessile state, it was observed that the bacterium transforms from spiral to coccoid under mild circumstances, whereas under extreme ones it is unable to undergo shape modification. This strongly supports the view that transformation into the coccoid form is an active, biologically led process, switched on by the bacterium as a protection mechanism.}, keywords = {Adaptation, Colony Count, Electron, Fluorescence, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: cytology, Helicobacter pylori: physiology, Helicobacter pylori: ultrastructure, Microbial, Microscopy, Physiological, Scanning}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00047-07}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/73/10/3423.short}, author = {Azevedo, N F and Almeida, C and Cerqueira, L and Dias, S and Keevil, C W and Vieira, M J} } @article {14429, title = {Coccoid form of {Helicobacter} pylori as a morphological manifestation of cell adaptation to the environment.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {10}, year = {2007}, month = {may}, pages = {3423{\textendash}7}, abstract = {After characterization of preferred conditions for Helicobacter pylori survival in the sessile state, it was observed that the bacterium transforms from spiral to coccoid under mild circumstances, whereas under extreme ones it is unable to undergo shape modification. This strongly supports the view that transformation into the coccoid form is an active, biologically led process, switched on by the bacterium as a protection mechanism.}, keywords = {Adaptation, Colony Count, Electron, Fluorescence, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: cytology, Helicobacter pylori: physiology, Helicobacter pylori: ultrastructure, Microbial, Microscopy, Physiological, Scanning}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00047-07}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/73/10/3423.short}, author = {Azevedo, N F and Almeida, C and Cerqueira, L and Dias, S and Keevil, C W and Vieira, M J} } @article {6044, title = {Colloid retention in porous media: Mechanistic confirmation of wedging and retention in zones of flow stagnation}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {41}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {1279{\textendash}1287}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Johnson, WP and Li, Xiqing and Yal, Gozde} } @article {6205, title = {Community water supply for the urban poor in developing countries: the case of {Dhaka}, {Bangladesh}}, journal = {Habitat International}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {24{\textendash}35}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397506000178}, author = {Akbar, HM Delwar and Minnery, John R. and van Horen, Basil and Smith, Phil} } @article {5700, title = {{Comparative Evaluation of New TaqMan Real-Time Assays for the Detection of Hepatitis A Virus}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {140}, number = {1-2}, year = {2007}, pages = {80{\textendash}89}, author = {Houde, A and Gu{\'e}vremont, E and Poitras, E and Leblanc, D and Ward, P and Simard, C and Trottier, YL} } @article {10328, title = {Comparison of composting, storage and urea treatment for sanitising of faecal matter and manure}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {98}, number = {17}, year = {2007}, pages = {3317{\textendash}3321}, author = {Vinner{\r a}s, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {6142, title = {Comparison of flowpaths to a well and spring in a karst aquifer}, journal = {Groundwater}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {281{\textendash}287}, author = {Toran, Laura and Herman, Ellen K and White, William B} } @article {10969, title = {A comparison of methods for detecting the eggs of Ascaris, Trichuris, and Hookworm in infant stool, and the epidimiology of infection in Zanzibari infants}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {725{\textendash}731}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.725}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.725}, author = {Goodman, D. and Haji, HJ and Bickle, QD and Stoltzfus, RJ and Tielsch, J. M. and Ramsan, M and Savioli, L and Albonico, M} } @article {15118, title = {Comparison of sludge characteristics and {PCR}-{DGGE} based microbial diversity of nanofiltration and helminth eggs using sucrose density gradient centrifugation}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {68}, year = {2007}, pages = {916{\textendash}919}, author = {Choi, J. H. and Lee, S. H. and Fukushi, K. and Yamamoto, K.} } @article {12474, title = {Comparison of the occurrence of antibiotics in four full-scale wastewater treatment plants with varying designs and operations}, journal = {ChemosphereChemosphere}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {428-435}, isbn = {0045-6535}, author = {Batt, Angela L and Kim, Sungpyo and Aga, Diana S} } @article {4129, title = {{Comparison of two methodologies for detection of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in activated sludge samples from a sewage treatment plant in the city of Campinas, S{\~a}o Paulo State, Brazil}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {609{\textendash}614}, author = {Rondello Bonatti, T and Bueno Franco, RM and Cantusio Neto, R} } @article {5819, title = {{The complete genome sequence and analysis of the epsilonproteobacterium Arcobacter butzleri.}}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {2}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {e1358}, author = {Miller, William G and Parker, Craig T and Rubenfield, Marc and Mendz, George L and W{\"o}sten, Marc M S M and Ussery, David W and Stolz, John F and Binnewies, Tim T and Hallin, Peter F and Wang, Guilin and Malek, Joel A and Rogosin, Andrea and Stanker, Larry H and Mandrell, Robert E} } @article {14336, title = {The complete genome sequence and analysis of the epsilonproteobacterium {Arcobacter} butzleri.}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {2}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {e1358}, author = {Miller, William G and Parker, Craig T and Rubenfield, Marc and Mendz, George L and W{\"o}sten, Marc M S M and Ussery, David W and Stolz, John F and Binnewies, Tim T and Hallin, Peter F and Wang, Guilin and Malek, Joel A and Rogosin, Andrea and Stanker, Larry H and Mandrell, Robert E} } @mastersthesis {6663, title = {Composting possibilities for sanitation provision cuidadela of {Pachacutec}}, year = {2007}, note = {MR33731}, school = {Carleton University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Arch}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {An informal slum community called Pachacutec, located on the urban fringe of Lima, Peru has several sanitation provision deficiencies that the Peruvian government has yet to and appears unable to address. A new sanitation approach using a composting facility and collection process can boost the proportion of the population with access to improved sanitation. In doing so, it should operate within the economic, technological and human resource capacity of the community, using profit incurred from compost and small trees sales to finance its services. As an alternative to ocean dumping in Peru, composting can also encourage the greenification of parks and schoolyards in addition to stopping the spread of pathogens that contribute to intestinal disease. This thesis will draw from local and international sources to demonstrate the potential for a pilot project initiative. If the proposed pilot is eventually constructed it will be a foundation for further research.}, keywords = {0554:Sanitation, 0729:Architecture, 0768:Environmental science, Applied sciences, Architecture, Communication and the arts, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Peru, sanitation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304884129?accountid=14270}, author = {Sauve, Joseph Adrian} } @article {5351, title = {Constructed wetland systems vegetated with different plants applied to the treatment of tannery wastewater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {1790{\textendash}1798}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Calheiros, Cristina SC and Rangel, Antonio OSS and Castro, Paula ML} } @proceedings {5366, title = {Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: a review}, journal = {Taal2007: the 12th World Lake Conference}, year = {2007}, month = {2008}, pages = {965-980}, author = {Vymazal, J} } @article {17326, title = {Construction and evaluation of a microbiological positive process internal control for PCR-based examination of food samples for Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica}, journal = {International journal of food microbiologyInternational journal of food microbiology}, volume = {120}, number = {1-2}, year = {2007}, pages = {110-119}, isbn = {0168-1605}, author = {Murphy, NM and McLauchlin, J and Ohai, C and Grant, KA} } @article {4305, title = {{The contribution of induction of temperate phages to the numbers of free somatic coliphages in waters is not significant.}}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {270}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {272{\textendash}276}, publisher = {Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.}, abstract = {Somatic coliphages have been proposed as indicators of water quality. But several factors have been considered a drawback for their use as indicators. We evaluated the contribution of temperate phages to the numbers of somatic coliphages detected in water by ISO (International Standards Organization) standardised methods. Prophage induction from naturally occurring bacteria was assayed with mitomycin C, ciprofloxacin and UV irradiation. Results indicate that the presence of prophages will not influence the determinations of somatic coliphages in water.}, isbn = {0378-1097}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00676.x}, author = {Muniesa, Maite and Jofre, Juan} } @article {13313, title = {Controversial data on the association of Aeromonas with diarrhoea in a recent Hong Kong study}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology}, year = {2007}, pages = {996 - 998}, author = {M J Figueras and A J Horneman and Martinez-Muercia, A and Guarro, J} } @article {7129, title = {Cost-effectiveness of water quality interventions for preventing diarrhoeal disease in developing countries}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {599{\textendash}608}, author = {Clasen, Thomas and Cairncross, S. and Haller, L. and Bartram, Jamie and Walker, D.} } @article {11693, title = {{Crise {\'e}conomique au N{\'e}otilithique {\`a} la transition Pf{\"y}n-Horgen (3400 BC): contribution de la pal{\'e}oparasitologie}}, journal = {Anthropozologica}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {175{\textendash}185}, author = {Le Bailly, M and Leuzinger, U and Schlichtherle, H and Bouchet, F} } @article {11870, title = {Crise {\'e}conomique au N{\'e}otilithique {\`a} la transition Pf{\"y}n-Horgen (3400 BC): contribution de la pal{\'e}oparasitologie}, journal = {Anthropozologica}, volume = {42}, year = {2007}, pages = {175-185}, author = {Le Bailly, M. and Leuzinger, U. and Schlichtherle, H. and Bouchet, F.} } @article {15776, title = {Critical processes affecting Cryptosporidium oocyst survival in the environment}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {134}, number = {Pt 3}, year = {2007}, month = {Mar}, pages = {309-23}, edition = {2006/11/14}, keywords = {*Climate, Animals, Cryptosporidium/drug effects/*growth \& development, Disinfectants/pharmacology, Humans, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Oocysts/drug effects/*growth \& development, Soil/analysis/*parasitology, Temperature, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0031-1820 (Print)
0031-1820}, author = {King, B. J. and Monis, P. T.} } @article {14211, title = {Cross-border investigation of a {Shigella} sonnei outbreak in a group of {Norwegian} tourists after a trip to {Russia}.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europ{\'e}en sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {apr}, pages = {E9{\textendash}10}, abstract = {In early September 2006, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health was alerted to an outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections (shigellosis) among 23 Norwegian passengers who had taken a bus tour from Kirkenes, Norway to Murmansk, Russia. The trip lasted from 27 to 31 August, and the group stayed in various hotels and visited several restaurants in both Kirkenes and Murmansk during this period. Stool samples from three ill passengers yielded S. sonnei; an additional 10 passengers had gastrointestinal symptoms with diarrhoea or loose stools with abdominal pain. An investigation was initiated in collaboration with the department of epidemiological surveillance in Murmansk. We sent a questionnaire to the work e-mail addresses of all passengers asking about symptoms and exposures. Two restaurants and a hotel visited by the Norwegian tourists in Murmansk were inspected and sampled. Of all the food and beverage items mentioned in the questionnaire, only cured meat consumed in restaurant A in Murmansk on 28 August was associated with the risk of developing illness. Inspections of the restaurants in Murmansk identified some hygienic shortcomings and inadequate routines. However, S. sonnei could not be isolated from food samples or the personnel. Improved routines were implemented.}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991389}, author = {Schimmer, B and Meldal, H and Perederij, N G and Vold, L and Petukhova, M A and Grahek-Ogden, D and Nyg\textbackslasha ard, K} } @article {8128, title = {{Cross-border investigation of a Shigella sonnei outbreak in a group of Norwegian tourists after a trip to Russia.}}, journal = {Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {apr}, pages = {E9{\textendash}10}, abstract = {

In early September 2006, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health was alerted to an outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections (shigellosis) among 23 Norwegian passengers who had taken a bus tour from Kirkenes, Norway to Murmansk, Russia. The trip lasted from 27 to 31 August, and the group stayed in various hotels and visited several restaurants in both Kirkenes and Murmansk during this period. Stool samples from three ill passengers yielded S. sonnei; an additional 10 passengers had gastrointestinal symptoms with diarrhoea or loose stools with abdominal pain. An investigation was initiated in collaboration with the department of epidemiological surveillance in Murmansk. We sent a questionnaire to the work e-mail addresses of all passengers asking about symptoms and exposures. Two restaurants and a hotel visited by the Norwegian tourists in Murmansk were inspected and sampled. Of all the food and beverage items mentioned in the questionnaire, only cured meat consumed in restaurant A in Murmansk on 28 August was associated with the risk of developing illness. Inspections of the restaurants in Murmansk identified some hygienic shortcomings and inadequate routines. However, S. sonnei could not be isolated from food samples or the personnel. Improved routines were implemented.

}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991389}, author = {Schimmer, B and Meldal, H and Perederij, N G and Vold, L and Petukhova, M A and Grahek-Ogden, D and Nyg\aard, K} } @article {14836, title = {Cross-border investigation of a {Shigella} sonnei outbreak in a group of {Norwegian} tourists after a trip to {Russia}.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europ{\'e}en sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {apr}, pages = {E9{\textendash}10}, abstract = {In early September 2006, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health was alerted to an outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections (shigellosis) among 23 Norwegian passengers who had taken a bus tour from Kirkenes, Norway to Murmansk, Russia. The trip lasted from 27 to 31 August, and the group stayed in various hotels and visited several restaurants in both Kirkenes and Murmansk during this period. Stool samples from three ill passengers yielded S. sonnei; an additional 10 passengers had gastrointestinal symptoms with diarrhoea or loose stools with abdominal pain. An investigation was initiated in collaboration with the department of epidemiological surveillance in Murmansk. We sent a questionnaire to the work e-mail addresses of all passengers asking about symptoms and exposures. Two restaurants and a hotel visited by the Norwegian tourists in Murmansk were inspected and sampled. Of all the food and beverage items mentioned in the questionnaire, only cured meat consumed in restaurant A in Murmansk on 28 August was associated with the risk of developing illness. Inspections of the restaurants in Murmansk identified some hygienic shortcomings and inadequate routines. However, S. sonnei could not be isolated from food samples or the personnel. Improved routines were implemented.}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991389}, author = {Schimmer, B and Meldal, H and Perederij, N G and Vold, L and Petukhova, M A and Grahek-Ogden, D and Nyg\textbackslashtextbackslasha ard, K} } @article {15923, title = {Cryptosporidiosis in patients with colorectal cancer}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {Jun}, pages = {722-4}, edition = {2007/07/14}, keywords = {Adenocarcinoma/*complications/pathology, Animals, Chi-Square Distribution, Colorectal Neoplasms/*complications/pathology, Cryptosporidiosis/*complications/epidemiology, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Diarrhea/complications/parasitology, Feces/parasitology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Opportunistic Infections/*complications/epidemiology/parasitology, prevalence}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395}, author = {Sulzyc-Bielicka, V. and Kuzna-Grygiel, W. and Kolodziejczyk, L. and Bielicki, D. and Kladny, J. and Stepien-Korzonek, M. and Telatynska-Smieszek, B.} } @article {15901, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia in commercial and non-commercial oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and water from the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan 25}, pages = {189-94}, edition = {2006/09/16}, keywords = {*Food Parasitology, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Food Contamination/*analysis, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Netherlands, Oocysts, Ostreidae/*parasitology, Public health, Shellfish/*parasitology}, isbn = {0168-1605 (Print)
0168-1605}, author = {Schets, F. M. and van den Berg, H. H. and Engels, G. B. and Lodder, W. J. and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {4137, title = {{Cryptosporidium and Giardia in commercial and non-commercial oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and water from the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {113}, year = {2007}, pages = {189{\textendash}194}, author = {Schets, FM and van den Berg, HH and Engels, GB and Lodder, WJ and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {15855, title = {Cryptosporidium parvum infection in orphan lambs on a farm open to the public}, journal = {The Vetinary Record}, volume = {161}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {Jul 7}, pages = {11-4}, edition = {2007/07/10}, keywords = {Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/*veterinary, Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification, Disease Reservoirs/*veterinary, England/epidemiology, Feces/parasitology, Fluorescent Antibody Technique/veterinary, Humans, Sheep, Sheep Diseases/*epidemiology/etiology/*transmission, Zoonoses}, isbn = {0042-4900 (Print)
0042-4900}, author = {Pritchard, G. C. and Marshall, J. A. and Giles, M. and Chalmers, R. M. and Marshall, R. N.} } @article {11791, title = {{CT and MR Characteristics of Cerebral Sparganosis}}, journal = {American Journal of Neuroradiology}, volume = {28}, number = {9}, year = {2007}, month = {oct}, pages = {1700{\textendash}1705}, issn = {0195-6108}, doi = {10.3174/ajnr.A0659}, url = {http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/doi/10.3174/ajnr.A0659}, author = {Song, T. and Wang, W.-S. and Zhou, B.-R. and Mai, W.-W. and Li, Z.-Z. and Guo, H.-C. and Zhou, F.} } @article {9570, title = {{Declining incidence of intestinal microsporidiosis and reduction in AIDS-related mortality following introduction of HAART in Sydney, Australia}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {101}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {1096{\textendash}1100}, author = {van Hal, SJ and Muthiah, K and Matthews, G and Harkness, J and Stark, D and Cooper, D and Marriott, D} } @article {6970, title = {Demographic determinants of acute gastrointestinal illness in {Canada}: a population study}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {dec}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-7-162}, url = {http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-7-162}, author = {Majowicz, Shannon E and Horrocks, Julie and Bocking, Kathryn} } @article {11260, title = {{Design, Testing and Implementation of a Large-Scale Urban Dog Waste Composting Program}}, journal = {Compost Science and Utilization}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {237{\textendash}242}, doi = {10.1080/1065657x.2007.10702339}, author = {Nemiroff, Leah and Patterson, Judith} } @article {6806, title = {The desirability and feasibility of scaling up community health insurance in low-income settings{\textendash}lessons from {Armenia}}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, volume = {64}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {feb}, pages = {509{\textendash}520}, abstract = {There is growing evidence that community financing mechanisms can raise additional revenue, increase equitable access to primary health care (PHC), and improve social protection. More recently there has been interest in scaling up community financing as a step towards universal coverage either via tax-based systems or social health insurance. Using key informant interviews and focus group discussions, this study sought to assess the desirability and feasibility of scaling-up community health insurance in Armenia. The results suggest that there is broad-based political support for scaling up the schemes and that community financing is synergistic with major health sector reforms. High levels of social capital within the rural communities should facilitate scaling up. Existing schemes have increased access and quality of care, but expansion of coverage is constrained by affordability, poor infrastructure, and weak linkages with the broader health system. Long-term subsidies and system-building will be essential if the expanded schemes are to be financially viable and pro-poor. Overall, successfully scaling up community financing in Armenia would depend on addressing a range of obstacles related to legislation, institutional capacity, human resources and resistance to change among certain stakeholders.}, keywords = {Armenia, Community Networks, Decision making, Focus Groups, Health, Humans, Insurance, Interviews as Topic, Poverty, Universal Coverage}, issn = {0277-9536}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.005}, author = {Poletti, Tim and Balabanova, Dina and Ghazaryan, Olga and Kocharyan, Hasmik and Hakobyan, Margarita and Arakelyan, Karen and Normand, Charles} } @article {9869, title = {{Detecting Blastocystis using parasitologic and DNA-based methods: a comparative study}}, journal = {Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease}, volume = {59}, year = {2007}, pages = {303{\textendash}307}, author = {Stensvold, CR and Arendrup, MC and Jespersgaard, C and M{\o}lbak, K and Nielsen, HV} } @article {2290, title = {{Detecting low concentrations of Shigella sonnei in environmental water samples by PCR}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {270}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {291{\textendash}298}, edition = {2007/03/30}, abstract = {

Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei associated with contaminated water have been reported and methods for the simultaneous detection of Shigellae and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in water samples have been developed with detection limits of 10(1)-10(2) CFU mL(-1) of water. Because 10(1)-10(2)Shigellae can cause disease, a more sensitive detection method as an addition to the existing methods for detection of Shigella sonnei in water samples is reported here. Initially, 33 Shigella sonnei and 72 non-Shigella sonnei isolates were tested and one primer pair was found capable of specifically amplifying a 369-bp insertion sequence 1 (IS1) fragment from all 33 Shigella sonnei isolates and one Shigella dysenteriae ATCC isolate by PCR. The detection method was developed, which included filtration of 50 mL of water through a membrane and application of PCR to the membrane using this primer pair. Environmental water samples with total bacterial numbers of 384-2.84 x 10(7) CFU L(-1) were collected and seeded with 13 Shigella sonnei and the Shigella dysenteriae ATCC isolates. Detection limits were determined as 1.7-24.7 and 270-8000 CFU per 50 mL of water, respectively, using this detection method.

}, isbn = {0378-1097 (Print)0378-1097 (Linking)}, doi = {FML686 [pii]10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00686.x}, author = {Hsu, W B and Wang, J H and Chen, P C and Lu, Y S and Chen, J H} } @article {14078, title = {Detecting low concentrations of {Shigella} sonnei in environmental water samples by {PCR}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiol Lett}, volume = {270}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {291{\textendash}298}, abstract = {Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei associated with contaminated water have been reported and methods for the simultaneous detection of Shigellae and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in water samples have been developed with detection limits of 10(1)-10(2) CFU mL(-1) of water. Because 10(1)-10(2)Shigellae can cause disease, a more sensitive detection method as an addition to the existing methods for detection of Shigella sonnei in water samples is reported here. Initially, 33 Shigella sonnei and 72 non-Shigella sonnei isolates were tested and one primer pair was found capable of specifically amplifying a 369-bp insertion sequence 1 (IS1) fragment from all 33 Shigella sonnei isolates and one Shigella dysenteriae ATCC isolate by PCR. The detection method was developed, which included filtration of 50 mL of water through a membrane and application of PCR to the membrane using this primer pair. Environmental water samples with total bacterial numbers of 384-2.84 x 10(7) CFU L(-1) were collected and seeded with 13 Shigella sonnei and the Shigella dysenteriae ATCC isolates. Detection limits were determined as 1.7-24.7 and 270-8000 CFU per 50 mL of water, respectively, using this detection method.}, doi = {FML686 [pii] 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00686.x}, author = {Hsu, W B and Wang, J H and Chen, P C and Lu, Y S and Chen, J H} } @article {14344, title = {Detection of {Arcobacter} spp. in piggery effluent and effluent-irrigated soils in southeast {Queensland}.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {aug}, pages = {418{\textendash}426}, author = {Chinivasagam, H N and Corney, B G and Wright, L L and Diallo, I S and Blackall, P J} } @article {5827, title = {{Detection of Arcobacter spp. in piggery effluent and effluent-irrigated soils in southeast Queensland.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {aug}, pages = {418{\textendash}426}, author = {Chinivasagam, H N and Corney, B G and Wright, L L and Diallo, I S and Blackall, P J} } @inbook {544, title = {Detection of four adenovirus serotypes within water-isolated strains of Acanthamoeba in the Canary Islands, Spain}, booktitle = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {77}, year = {2007}, note = {Lorenzo-Morales, Jacob Coronado-Alvarez, Nieves Martinez-Carretero, Enrique Maciver, Sutherland K Valladares, Basilio Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 77/4/753 [pii] Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Oct;77(4):753-6.}, pages = {753-6}, type = {Book Section}, address = {United States}, abstract = {We surveyed 236 potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains, isolated from water sources in the Canary Islands, for the presence of human adenoviruses (HAdV) using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based typing assay. A total of 34 of these strains were found to be positive for adenovirus belonging to four different HAdV serotypes (HAdV-1, 2, 8, and 37). We found that HAdV-2 was the most frequently encountered serotype amongst the Acanthamoeba strains, and their identification was confirmed by a nested PCR specific for this serotype. We showed that Acanthamoeba genotype T4 was highly associated with serotype HAdV-2, whereas Acanthamoeba genotype T3 was most often associated with adenovirus serotypes related to ocular diseases. Based on these data, we suggest that Acanthamoeba should be considered as a potential reservoir and perhaps even a transmitter of adenoviruses to human and other secondary hosts.}, keywords = {Acanthamoeba/ isolation \& purification/ virology Adenoviridae/classification/ isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Amebiasis/genetics/immunology Animals Humans Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Spain Water Microbiology}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print) 0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Lorenzo-Morales, J. and Coronado-Alvarez, N. and Martinez-Carretero, E. and Maciver, S. K. and Valladares, B.} } @article {4549, title = {Detection of four adenovirus serotypes within water-isolated strains of {Acanthamoeba} in the {Canary} {Islands}, {Spain}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {77}, year = {2007}, pages = {753{\textendash}6}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print) 0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Lorenzo-Morales, J. and Coronado-Alvarez, N. and Martinez-Carretero, E. and Maciver, S. K. and Valladares, B.} } @article {13880, title = {Detection of {Helicobacter} pylori in sewage and water using a new quantitative {PCR} method with {SYBR} green.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, month = {nov}, pages = {1931{\textendash}41}, abstract = {AIMS: To demonstrate the application of a new quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique for the determination of Helicobacter pylori concentrations in water, and to use this method to investigate the occurrence of the bacteria in sewage. The other aim was to study the survival capacity and detectability of the bacteria in artificially contaminated groundwater at different temperatures of 4 and 15 degrees C. METHODS AND RESULTS: The detection of H. pylori in water was aided by PCR using specific primers designed for the amplification of a fragment within the major vacuolating cytotoxin gene. Conventional culture was compared with conventional PCR and the new real-time (RT) qPCR approach for the quantification of the bacterium. Helicobacter pylori remained culturable for 120 h at 4 degrees C as opposed to only 24 h at 15 degrees C. RT qPCR demonstrated a 100-fold greater sensitivity for the detection of H. pylori DNA in comparison with conventional PCR. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation showed that the normal spiral form changed to a coccoid form after 24 and 72 h at 15 and 4 degrees C, respectively. Helicobacter pylori was found at 2-28 cells ml(-1) in sewage, of the 23 sewage samples - 84\% were positive for H. pylori species-specific vacuolating cyctotoxin gene (vacA) by RT qPCR, but were negative by conventional PCR. CONCLUSIONS: The RT qPCR assay provided a specific, sensitive and rapid method for the quantitative detection of H. pylori in sewage. This molecular method would be valuable in studying the prevalence of H. pylori as required by the United States Environmental Protection Agency Contaminant Candidate List, particularly in nondisinfected ground waters, in sewage as a source of contamination, and for addressing the possible presence of viable but nonculturable of H. pylori. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The quantitative detection of H. pylori by rapid and less-expensive methods than the TaqMan Assay using SYBR green could be an important tool to monitor infection in community by measuring the concentrations in sewage and to meet the new regulatory and risk-based frameworks for water supplies.}, keywords = {DNA, DNA Primers, DNA Primers: genetics, Electron, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fluorescent Dyes, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Helicobacter pylori: ultrastructure, Microbial Viability, Microscopy, Organic Chemicals, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: m, Scanning, Sequence Analysis, Sewage, Temperature, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03435.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03435.x/full}, author = {Nayak, A K and Rose, J B} } @article {8297, title = {Detection of Helicobacter pylori in sewage and water using a new quantitative PCR method with SYBR{\textregistered} green}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, year = {2007}, pages = {1931{\textendash}1941}, author = {Nayak, AK and J B Rose} } @article {8252, title = {{Detection of Helicobacter pylori in sewage and water using a new quantitative PCR method with SYBR green.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, month = {nov}, pages = {1931{\textendash}41}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {

AIMS: To demonstrate the application of a new quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique for the determination of Helicobacter pylori concentrations in water, and to use this method to investigate the occurrence of the bacteria in sewage. The other aim was to study the survival capacity and detectability of the bacteria in artificially contaminated groundwater at different temperatures of 4 and 15 degrees C. METHODS AND RESULTS: The detection of H. pylori in water was aided by PCR using specific primers designed for the amplification of a fragment within the major vacuolating cytotoxin gene. Conventional culture was compared with conventional PCR and the new real-time (RT) qPCR approach for the quantification of the bacterium. Helicobacter pylori remained culturable for 120 h at 4 degrees C as opposed to only 24 h at 15 degrees C. RT qPCR demonstrated a 100-fold greater sensitivity for the detection of H. pylori DNA in comparison with conventional PCR. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation showed that the normal spiral form changed to a coccoid form after 24 and 72 h at 15 and 4 degrees C, respectively. Helicobacter pylori was found at 2-28 cells ml(-1) in sewage, of the 23 sewage samples - 84{\%} were positive for H. pylori species-specific vacuolating cyctotoxin gene (vacA) by RT qPCR, but were negative by conventional PCR. CONCLUSIONS: The RT qPCR assay provided a specific, sensitive and rapid method for the quantitative detection of H. pylori in sewage. This molecular method would be valuable in studying the prevalence of H. pylori as required by the United States Environmental Protection Agency Contaminant Candidate List, particularly in nondisinfected ground waters, in sewage as a source of contamination, and for addressing the possible presence of viable but nonculturable of H. pylori. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The quantitative detection of H. pylori by rapid and less-expensive methods than the TaqMan Assay using SYBR green could be an important tool to monitor infection in community by measuring the concentrations in sewage and to meet the new regulatory and risk-based frameworks for water supplies.

}, keywords = {DNA, DNA Primers, DNA Primers: genetics, Electron, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Fluorescent Dyes, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: isolation {\&} purification, Helicobacter pylori: ultrastructure, Microbial Viability, Microscopy, Organic Chemicals, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: m, Scanning, Sequence Analysis, Sewage, Temperature, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03435.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03435.x/full}, author = {Nayak, A K and Rose, J B} } @article {8468, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water by an immunomagnetic separation method targeting the sporocysts}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {989{\textendash}996}, author = {Dum{\`e}tre, A and Dard{\'e}, ML} } @article {8428, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii-like oocysts in cat feces and estimates of the environmental oocyst burden}}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {231}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {1676{\textendash}1684}, author = {Dabritz, HA and Miller, MA and Atwill, ER and Gardner, IA and Leutenegger, CM and Melli, AC and Conrad, PA} } @article {10532, title = {{Detection of viable and viable nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 through cultures and immunofluorescence in the Tucum{\'a}n rivers, Argentina}}, journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {385{\textendash}390}, author = {Aulet, O and Silva, C and Fraga, SG and Pichel, M and Cangemi, R and Gaudioso, C and Porcel, N and Jure, MA and de Castillo, MC and Binsztein, N} } @article {620, title = {Detection of virulence genes in Escherichia coli of an existing metabolic fingerprint database to predict the sources of pathogenic E. coli in surface waters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {16}, year = {2007}, note = {Identifying Sources of Fecal Pollution}, pages = {3785 - 3791}, abstract = {A collection of 366 Escherichia coli strains from 10 host groups and surface waters were tested for the presence of 15 virulence genes associated with strains causing intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. The virulence genes included eaeA, VT1, 2 and 2e, LT1, \{ST1\} and 2, Einv gene, \{EAgg\} gene, \{CNF1\} and 2, papC, \{O111\} and \{O157\} side chain LPS. Of the 262 strains obtained from nine different hosts, 39 (15\%) carried one or more of these virulence genes. These included six strains from humans, two from horses, eight from dogs, two from ducks, five from cattle, seven from chickens, four from pigs, two from sheep and three from deer. Of the remaining 104 strains obtained from water samples, 10 (10\%) also carried one or more of the tested virulence genes. Of these, six had identical biochemical phenotypes (BPTs) to strains isolated from humans (two strains), dogs (two strains), chickens (one strain) and sheep (one strain) with 4 \{BPTs\} also carrying same virulence genes. Our results indicate that the sources of clinically important E. coli strains found in surface waters due to faecal contamination can be predicted by using a combination of biochemical fingerprinting method and the detection of virulence genes. From the public health point of view this information will be of great importance for evaluating the risk associated with public use of the catchment.}, keywords = {Faecal source tracking}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.026}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135406007330}, author = {W. Ahmed and J. Tucker and K.A. Bettelheim and R. Neller and M. Katouli} } @booklet {1939, title = {The detection of waterborne viruses}, year = {2007}, note = {/ edited by Albert Bosch. ill. Includes bibliographical references and index. Cover {\textendash} Contents {\textendash} Chapter 1. Overview of Health-Related Water Virology {\textendash} Historical perspective {\textendash} Impact of human viruses in water {\textendash} Quality guidelines {\textendash} References {\textendash} Chapter 2. Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses {\textendash} Introduction {\textendash} Calicivirus {\textendash} Rotavirus {\textendash} Astroviruses {\textendash} Adenovirus {\textendash} Conclusion {\textendash} References {\textendash} Chapter 3. Enteric Hepatitis Viruses {\textendash} Background {\textendash} Hepatitis A {\textendash} Hepatitis E {\textendash} References {\textendash} Chapter 4. Enteroviruses with Special Reference to Poliovirus and Poliomyelitis Eradication {\textendash} Background {\textendash} Detection and identification of enteroviruses {\textendash} Old and new identification methods {\textendash} Incongruous distribution of serotypes as compared to clinical isolates {\textendash} Monitoring the progress of the poliomyelitis eradication initiative {\textendash} Environmental surveillance of poliovirus circulation {\textendash} Evaluation of the persistence of OPV-derived viruses in the population after an OPV/IPV switch {\textendash} Concluding remarks {\textendash} Acknowledgements {\textendash} References {\textendash} Chapter 5. Virus Occurrence and Survival in the Environmental Waters {\textendash} Background {\textendash} Factors controlling virus survival {\textendash} Occurrence of human viruses in water {\textendash} Data gaps and the future {\textendash} References {\textendash} Chapter 6. Virus Removal During Drinking Water Treatment {\textendash} Introduction {\textendash} Potential for reduction of viruses during water treatment {\textendash} Virus reduction by removal during water treatment {\textendash} Virus inactivation during water treatment {\textendash} Risk to humans from viruses in drinking water {\textendash} Concluding remarks {\textendash} References {\textendash} Chapter 7. Global Supply of Virus-Safe Drinking Water {\textendash} WHO guidelines for drinking water quality {\textendash} Water safety plans {\textendash} Concluding remarks and recommendations {\textendash} References {\textendash} Chapter 8. Waterborne Viruses: Assessing the Risks {\textendash} Introduction {\textendash} Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) {\textendash} Building models: a regulatory tool? {\textendash} Conclusion {\textendash} References {\textendash} Chapter 9. The Detection of Waterborne Viruses {\textendash} Concentration methods {\textendash} Detection and enumeration of waterborne viruses {\textendash} References {\textendash} Chapter 10. Viruses in Shellfish {\textendash} Background {\textendash} Enteric viruses causing shellfish-associated disease {\textendash} Economic importance of shellfish and impact of viral disease {\textendash} Biology of shellfish and interactions with ingested enteric viruses {\textendash} Virus detection methods {\textendash} Detection of viral contamination in shellfish {\textendash} Evaluation of outbreaks: lessons learned and remaining questions {\textendash} References {\textendash} Chapter 11. Indicators of Waterborne Enteric Viruses {\textendash} Introduction {\textendash} Indicator concept {\textendash} Conventional bacterial indicators {\textendash} Alternative indicators for viruses {\textendash} Characteristics of potential indicator bacteriophages {\textendash} Detection and enumeration methods {\textendash} Bacteriophages in faeces {\textendash} Bacteriophages in faecal wastes {\textendash} Bacteriophages as indexes of human viruses {\textendash} Bacteriophages as indicators {\textendash} Which group of bacteriophages better surrogates human viruses? {\textendash} References {\textendash} Chapter 12. Quality Control, Environmental Monitoring and Regulations {\textendash} Quality control {\textendash} Monitoring {\textendash} Regulations {\textendash} Conclusions {\textendash} Acknowledgement {\textendash} References {\textendash} Chapter 13. Rec. Access is available to the Yale community. Perspectives in medical virology ; v. 17. Yale Internet Resource None Online Resource}, pages = {177-204}, publisher = {Elsevier}, type = {Electronic Book Section}, abstract = {This book provides overviews and updates on basic research, diagnosis, epidemiology, and public health on enteric viruses, as well as on treatment and intervention to prevent their waterborne transmission. Data are presented and interpreted by leading researchers in the field in 13 chapters. An essential resource for virologists, epidemiologists, medical and public health professionals, graduate students and postdoctoral scientists at various levels of their careers.}, keywords = {Waterborne infection. Viruses. Water Microbiology.}, isbn = {9780080553276 (electronic bk.) 0080553273 (electronic bk.) 0444521577 (electronic bk.) 9780444521576 (electronic bk.) 0168-7069 }, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780444521576}, author = {Wyn-Jones, P.} } @book {7448, title = {Development and application of health-based screening levels for use in water-quality assessments}, year = {2007}, publisher = {US Geological Survey}, organization = {US Geological Survey}, url = {http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20075106/pdf/sir20075106.pdf}, author = {Toccalino, Patricia} } @article {10797, title = {{Development and application of real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in river water}}, journal = {Chinese journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {28}, year = {2007}, pages = {768{\textendash}771}, author = {Wang, XM and Wang, DC and Tan, HL and Zhong, HJ and Chen, JD and Li, BS and Ke, CW and Yan, MY and Zhang, J and Kan, B} } @article {7738, title = {Development of a novel triplex PCR assay for the detection and differentiation of thermophilic species of Campylobacter using 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, note = {PT: J; TC: 18; UT: WOS:000251251200059}, month = {DEC 2007}, pages = {2561-2569}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Khan,I. U. H. and Edge,T. A.} } @article {15972, title = {{Development of a process-based model to predict pathogen budgets for the Sydney drinking water catchment}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {05}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {187{\textendash}208}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2007.013}, author = {Ferguson, C M and Croke, B F W and Beatson, P J and Ashbolt, N J and Deere, D A} } @article {16815, title = {Development of thermal surrogate microorganisms in ground beef for in-plant critical control point validation studies}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {952{\textendash}957}, publisher = {International Association for Food Protection}, author = {Ma, Li and Kornacki, Jeffrey L and Zhang, Guodong and Lin, Chia-Min and Doyle, Michael P} } @article {9173, title = {{Diagnosis and Differentiation of Entamoeba Infection in Makkah Al Mukarramah Using Microscopy and Stool Antigen Detection Kits}}, journal = {World Journal of Medical Sciences}, volume = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {15{\textendash}20}, author = {Al Harthi, SA and Jamjoom, MB} } @article {9309, title = {{Diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis by using nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay}}, journal = {Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {42}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {631{\textendash}640}, author = {Khairnar, K and Parija, SC and Palaniappan, R} } @article {7330, title = {Diarrhea prevention in a {Kenyan} school through the use of a simple safe water and hygiene intervention}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {76}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {351{\textendash}353}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/content/76/2/351.short}, author = {Migele, John and Ombeki, Sam and Ayalo, Mary and Biggerstaff, Matthew and Quick, Robert} } @article {15822, title = {Die-off of Cryptosporidium parvum in soil and wastewater effluents}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, pages = {169-76}, edition = {2006/12/23}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, Protozoan/immunology, Bacillus subtilis/physiology, Cryptosporidiosis/parasitology, Cryptosporidium parvum/immunology/pathogenicity/*physiology, DNA, Protozoan/analysis, Fluorescent Dyes/pharmacokinetics, Giardia/physiology, Humans, Indoles/pharmacokinetics, Oocysts/immunology/*physiology, Permeability, Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology, Soil/*parasitology, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Purification/methods, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print)
1364-5072}, author = {Nasser, A. M. and Tweto, E. and Nitzan, Y.} } @article {12965, title = {Die-off of Cryptosporidium parvum in soil and wastewater effluents}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {102}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {169{\textendash}176}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Nasser, AM and Tweto, E and Nitzan, Y} } @article {15335, title = {Differentiation of Schistosoma haematobium from related schistosomes by PCR amplifying an inter-repeat sequence}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {76}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, note = {AI45473/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
R01 TW001543/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States
R01 TW001543-05/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States
TW/ES01543/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States}, month = {May}, pages = {950-5}, abstract = {Schistosoma haematobium infects nearly 150 million people, primarily in Africa, and is transmitted by select species of local bulinid snails. These snails can host other related trematode species as well, so that effective detection and monitoring of snails infected with S. haematobium requires a successful differentiation between S. haematobium and any closely related schistosome species. To enable differential detection of S. haematobium DNA by simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we designed and tested primer pairs from numerous newly identified Schistosoma DNA repeat sequences. However, all pairs tested were found unsuitable for this purpose. Differentiation of S. haematobium from S. bovis, S. mattheei, S. curassoni, and S. intercalatum (but not from S. margrebowiei) was ultimately accomplished by PCR using one primer from a newly identified repeat, Sh110, and a second primer from a known schistosomal splice-leader sequence. For evaluation of residual S. haematobium transmission after control interventions, this differentiation tool will enable accurate monitoring of infected snails in areas where S. haematobium is sympatric with the most prevalent other schistosome species.}, keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Bulinus/*parasitology, Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/metabolism, DNA Primers/chemistry, DNA, Helminth/chemistry/*genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/*genetics, Schistosoma haematobium/*classification/genetics, Schistosoma/classification/genetics, Sensitivity and Specificity}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Abbasi, I. and King, C. H. and Sturrock, R. F. and Kariuki, C. and Muchiri, E. and Hamburger, J.} } @article {11567, title = {{Difilobotriase: relato de caso no municipio de Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brasil.}}, journal = {RBCA}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {163{\textendash}164}, author = {Capuano, D and Okino, M and H, Mattos and Torres, D} } @article {11716, title = {{Diphyllobothriasis and sparganosis in Indonesia}}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and Health}, volume = {35}, year = {2007}, pages = {301{\textendash}305}, author = {Margono, S S and Sutjahyono, R W and Kurniawan, A and Nakao, M and Mulyani, T and Wandra, T and Ito, A} } @inbook {11597, title = {{Diphyllobothriasis: the Diphyllobothrium latum human infection conundrum and reconciliation with a worldwide zoonosis}}, booktitle = {Food-borne parasitic zoonoses: fish and plant-borne parasites}, year = {2007}, pages = {151{\textendash}184}, edition = {Springer}, address = {New York}, author = {Dick, T A}, editor = {Murrel KDaF, B} } @article {11692, title = {{Diphyllobothrium latum: a case of an incidental finding.}}, journal = {World journal of gastroenterology}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, month = {mar}, pages = {1875{\textendash}1876}, abstract = {Colorectal cancer screening can be performed by fecal occult blood testing, sigmoidoscopy, double contrast barium enema or colonoscopy. Colonoscopy has the significant advantage that polyps can be removed during the same procedure. Occasionally, colonoscopy can also reveal unexpected findings, including parasitic infections, even in asymptomatic patients. Tapeworms or cestodes are hermaphroditic parasites, which can live for considerable periods of time in the human gastrointestinal tract. Fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium species) are endemic in various parts of the world, the commonest species being Diphyllobothrium latum. Humans are the main definitive host for D. Latum and the majority of individuals harbouring the parasite are asymptomatic, while 40{\%} of infected individuals may have low vitamin B12 levels. We describe a case of D. latum infection found on routine colonoscopic screening for colorectal cancer in an asymptomatic patient, which was successfully treated with praziquantel. The infection likely arose following raw fish (sushi) consumption.}, issn = {1007-9327}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17465485 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4149971}, author = {Lal, Simon and Steinhart, A-Hillary} } @article {11840, title = {{Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense (Yamane et al., 1986) in Switzerland: First molecular evidence and case reports}}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {195{\textendash}199}, issn = {13835769}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2007.02.002}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1383576907000360}, author = {Wicht, Barbara and de Marval, Floriane and Peduzzi, Raffaele} } @article {8104, title = {{Dipstick for rapid diagnosis of Shigella flexneri 2a in stool}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {e361}, edition = {2007/04/19}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, an acute bloody diarrhoea, is a major public health burden in developing countries. In the absence of prompt and appropriate treatment, the infection is often fatal, particularly in young malnourished children. Here, we describe a new diagnostic test for rapid detection, in stool, at the bedside of patients, of Shigella flexneri 2a, the most predominant agent of the endemic form of the disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The test is based on the detection of S.flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using serotype 2a-specific monoclonal antibodies coupled to gold particles and displayed on one-step immunochromatographic dipstick. A concentration as low as 20 ng/ml of LPS is detected in distilled water and in reconstituted stools in under 15 minutes. The threshold of detection corresponds to a concentration of 5x10(7) CFU/ml of S. flexneri 2a, which provides an unequivocal positive reaction in three minutes in distilled water and reconstituted stools. The specificity is 100{\%} when tested with a battery of Shigella and unrelated strains, in culture. When tested in Vietnam, on clinical samples, the specificity and sensitivity were 99.2 and 91.5{\%}, respectively. A decrease of the sensitivity during the evaluation on stool samples was observed after five weeks at room temperature and was due to moistening of the dipsticks caused by the humidity of the air during the fifth week of the evaluation. This drawback is now overcome by improving the packaging and providing dipsticks individually wrapped in waterproof bags. CONCLUSION: This simple dipstick-bases test represents a powerful tool for case management and epidemiological surveys.}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0000361}, author = {Nato, F and Phalipon, A and Nguyen, T L and Diep, T T and Sansonetti, P and Germani, Y} } @article {14170, title = {Dipstick for rapid diagnosis of {Shigella} flexneri 2a in stool}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {e361}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, an acute bloody diarrhoea, is a major public health burden in developing countries. In the absence of prompt and appropriate treatment, the infection is often fatal, particularly in young malnourished children. Here, we describe a new diagnostic test for rapid detection, in stool, at the bedside of patients, of Shigella flexneri 2a, the most predominant agent of the endemic form of the disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The test is based on the detection of S.flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using serotype 2a-specific monoclonal antibodies coupled to gold particles and displayed on one-step immunochromatographic dipstick. A concentration as low as 20 ng/ml of LPS is detected in distilled water and in reconstituted stools in under 15 minutes. The threshold of detection corresponds to a concentration of 5x10(7) CFU/ml of S. flexneri 2a, which provides an unequivocal positive reaction in three minutes in distilled water and reconstituted stools. The specificity is 100\% when tested with a battery of Shigella and unrelated strains, in culture. When tested in Vietnam, on clinical samples, the specificity and sensitivity were 99.2 and 91.5\%, respectively. A decrease of the sensitivity during the evaluation on stool samples was observed after five weeks at room temperature and was due to moistening of the dipsticks caused by the humidity of the air during the fifth week of the evaluation. This drawback is now overcome by improving the packaging and providing dipsticks individually wrapped in waterproof bags. CONCLUSION: This simple dipstick-bases test represents a powerful tool for case management and epidemiological surveys.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0000361}, author = {Nato, F and Phalipon, A and Nguyen, T L and Diep, T T and Sansonetti, P and Germani, Y} } @article {2362, title = {{Dipstick for rapid diagnosis of Shigella flexneri 2a in stool}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {e361}, edition = {2007/04/19}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, an acute bloody diarrhoea, is a major public health burden in developing countries. In the absence of prompt and appropriate treatment, the infection is often fatal, particularly in young malnourished children. Here, we describe a new diagnostic test for rapid detection, in stool, at the bedside of patients, of Shigella flexneri 2a, the most predominant agent of the endemic form of the disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The test is based on the detection of S.flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using serotype 2a-specific monoclonal antibodies coupled to gold particles and displayed on one-step immunochromatographic dipstick. A concentration as low as 20 ng/ml of LPS is detected in distilled water and in reconstituted stools in under 15 minutes. The threshold of detection corresponds to a concentration of 5x10(7) CFU/ml of S. flexneri 2a, which provides an unequivocal positive reaction in three minutes in distilled water and reconstituted stools. The specificity is 100\% when tested with a battery of Shigella and unrelated strains, in culture. When tested in Vietnam, on clinical samples, the specificity and sensitivity were 99.2 and 91.5\%, respectively. A decrease of the sensitivity during the evaluation on stool samples was observed after five weeks at room temperature and was due to moistening of the dipsticks caused by the humidity of the air during the fifth week of the evaluation. This drawback is now overcome by improving the packaging and providing dipsticks individually wrapped in waterproof bags. CONCLUSION: This simple dipstick-bases test represents a powerful tool for case management and epidemiological surveys.}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0000361}, author = {Nato, F and Phalipon, A and Nguyen, T L and Diep, T T and Sansonetti, P and Germani, Y} } @article {5814, title = {{Direct detection and identification of Arcobacter species by multiplex PCR in chicken and wastewater samples from Spain.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {feb}, pages = {341{\textendash}347}, author = {Gonz{\'a}lez, A and Botella, S and Montes, R M and Moreno, Y and Ferr{\'u}s, M A} } @article {14331, title = {Direct detection and identification of {Arcobacter} species by multiplex {PCR} in chicken and wastewater samples from {Spain}.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {feb}, pages = {341{\textendash}347}, author = {Gonz{\'a}lez, A and Botella, S and Montes, R M and Moreno, Y and Ferr{\'u}s, M A} } @article {14714, title = {Discovery of a novel human picornavirus in a stool sample from a pediatric patient presenting with fever of unknown origin}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {45}, year = {2007}, month = {jul}, pages = {2144{\textendash}50}, abstract = {Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a serious problem in the United States. An unidentified agent was cultured from the stool of an infant who presented with FUO. This virus showed growth in HFDK cells and suckling mice. Using DNase sequence-independent single-primer amplification, we identified several nucleotide sequences with a high homology to Theiler{\textquoteright}s murine encephalomyelitis virus. Nearly full-length viral genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis demonstrate that this virus is a member of the Cardiovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Feces/*virology, Female, Fever of Unknown Origin/*complications/virology, Genome, Humans, Infant, Phylogeny, Picornaviridae Infections/*complications/*virology, Picornaviridae/*classification/*isolation \& purification, Viral, Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.00174-07}, author = {M S Jones and Lukashov, V. V. and R D Ganac and D P Schnurr} } @article {15000, title = {Discovery of a novel human picornavirus in a stool sample from a pediatric patient presenting with fever of unknown origin}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {45}, year = {2007}, month = {jul}, pages = {2144{\textendash}50}, abstract = {Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a serious problem in the United States. An unidentified agent was cultured from the stool of an infant who presented with FUO. This virus showed growth in HFDK cells and suckling mice. Using DNase sequence-independent single-primer amplification, we identified several nucleotide sequences with a high homology to Theiler{\textquoteright}s murine encephalomyelitis virus. Nearly full-length viral genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis demonstrate that this virus is a member of the Cardiovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Feces/*virology, Female, Fever of Unknown Origin/*complications/virology, Genome, Humans, Infant, Phylogeny, Picornaviridae Infections/*complications/*virology, Picornaviridae/*classification/*isolation \& purification, Viral, Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.00174-07}, author = {M S Jones and Lukashov, V. V. and R D Ganac and D P Schnurr} } @article {1644, title = {Discovery of a novel human picornavirus in a stool sample from a pediatric patient presenting with fever of unknown origin}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {7}, year = {2007}, note = {Jones, Morris S Lukashov, Vladimir V Ganac, Robert D Schnurr, David P eng Case Reports Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2007/04/27 09:00 J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jul;45(7):2144-50. Epub 2007 Apr 25.}, pages = {2144-50}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a serious problem in the United States. An unidentified agent was cultured from the stool of an infant who presented with FUO. This virus showed growth in HFDK cells and suckling mice. Using DNase sequence-independent single-primer amplification, we identified several nucleotide sequences with a high homology to Theiler\&$\#$39;s murine encephalomyelitis virus. Nearly full-length viral genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis demonstrate that this virus is a member of the Cardiovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family.

}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence Feces/*virology Female Fever of Unknown Origin/*complications/virology Genome, Viral Humans Infant Phylogeny Picornaviridae/*classification/*isolation \& purification Picornaviridae Infections/*complications/*virology Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.00174-07}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17460053}, author = {M S Jones and Lukashov, V. V. and R D Ganac and D P Schnurr} } @article {14395, title = {Discrepancy between the occurrence of {Arcobacter} in chickens and broiler carcass contamination.}, journal = {Poultry science}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {apr}, pages = {744{\textendash}751}, author = {Van Driessche, E and Houf, K} } @article {5878, title = {{Discrepancy between the occurrence of Arcobacter in chickens and broiler carcass contamination.}}, journal = {Poultry Science}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {apr}, pages = {744{\textendash}751}, author = {Van Driessche, E and Houf, K} } @article {13615, title = {Disease burden estimation to support policy decision-making and research prioritization for arsenic mitigation}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {67{\textendash}81}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Howard, Guy and Feroze Ahmed, M and Gaifur Mahmud, Shamsul and Teunis, Peter and Davison, Annette and Deere, Dan} } @article {15165, title = {Disease burden estimation to support policy decision-making and research prioritization for arsenic mitigation}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {67{\textendash}81}, author = {Howard, Guy and Feroze Ahmed, M and Gaifur Mahmud, Shamsul and Teunis, Peter and Davison, Annette and Deere, Dan} } @inbook {16954, title = {Disinfection efficiency of peracetic acid (PAA): inactivation of coliphages and bacterial indicators in a municipal wastewater plant}, booktitle = {Environmental technology}, volume = {28}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {1265{\textendash}1271}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis Group}, organization = {Taylor and Francis Group}, author = {Zanetti, F and De Luca, G and Sacchetti, R and Stampi, S} } @article {16853, title = {Disinfection of wastewater: Comparative evaluation of chlorination and DHS-biotower}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Biology}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {717}, publisher = {PRAGATI PRESS-INDIA}, author = {Pant, Anju and Mittal, Atul K} } @article {8980, title = {Disinfection of water and wastewater by TiO2 photocatalysis, sonolysis and UV-C irradiation}, journal = {Catalysis Today}, volume = {129}, number = {1{\textendash}2}, year = {2007}, pages = {136-142}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0920-5861}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2007.06.059}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920586107004191 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0920586107004191/1-s2.0-S0920586107004191-main.pdf?_tid=75c221e0-47a0-11e6-9497-00000aab0f02\&acdnat=1468266697_1a48334dedea360d217b2dfd1affbf51}, author = {Paleologou, Andreas and Marakas, Haridimos and Xekoukoulotakis, Nikolaos P. and Moya, Armando and Vergara, Yolanda and Kalogerakis, Nicolas and Gikas, Petros and Mantzavinos, Dionissios} } @article {7871, title = {Distribution and Ecology of Campylobacters in Coastal Plain Streams (Georgia, United States of America)}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, year = {2007}, month = {March 1, 2007}, pages = {1395-1403}, abstract = {

Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterium-associated diarrhea in the United States and most developed countries. While this disease is considered a food-borne disease, many clinical cases cannot be linked to a food source. In rural and agrarian areas environmental transmission may be an important factor contributing to case loads. Here we investigated the waterborne prevalence of campylobacters in a mixed-use rural watershed in the coastal plain of southern Georgia (United States). Six sites representing various degrees of agricultural and human influence were surveyed biweekly to monthly for 1 year for the presence of culturable thermophilic campylobacters and other measures of water quality. Campylobacters were frequently present in agriculture- and sewage-impacted stretches of streams. The mean campylobacter counts and overall prevalence were highest downstream from a wastewater treatment plant that handled both human and poultry slaughterhouse waste (<=595 CFU ml-1; 100\% positive); the concentrations were significantly higher than those for the four upstream sites (P \< 0.05). The counts were significantly correlated with the number of fecal coliform bacteria, conductivity, pH, and concentrations of nutrients (NO3-, PO43-, and NH3). Campylobacters were isolated more frequently and larger numbers were present during the summer months, similar to the occurrence of clinical cases of campylobacteriosis in this region. A multivariate model showed that the levels were significantly influenced by increasing precipitation, which also peaked in the summer. The results indicate that loading from both human and domestic animal waste may be high in the watershed studied during the summer months. Mixed-use watersheds supporting agriculture production, human populations, and wildlife may be at risk for contamination by campylobacters and may be an important route for human exposure.

}, author = {Vereen, Ethell and Lowrance,R. R. and Cole,Dana J. and Lipp,Erin K.} } @article {11335, title = {Distribution and risk factors of bovine cysticercosis in Belgian dairy and mixed herds}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {1-11}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0167-5877}, author = {Boone, I and Thys, E and Marcotty, T and De Borchgrave, J and Ducheyne, E and Dorny, P} } @article {15951, title = {Distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes in calves in eastern United States}, journal = {Parasitol Res}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {Mar}, pages = {701-6}, edition = {2006/10/07}, keywords = {Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cattle, Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary, Cryptosporidium parvum/*classification/isolation \& purification, DNA, Protozoan/genetics/isolation \& purification, prevalence, United States/epidemiology}, isbn = {0932-0113 (Print)
0932-0113}, author = {Xiao, L. and Zhou, L. and Santin, M. and Yang, W. and Fayer, R.} } @article {9351, title = {{Distribution of intestinal parasites detected in Camlihemsin healthcare center during the period from July 2005 to January 2007}}, journal = {T{\"u}rkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {142{\textendash}144}, author = {Ogzumus, OB and Efe, U} } @article {3535, title = {Dose response and efficacy of a live, attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in Mexican infants.}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {120}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {e253{\textendash}e261}, abstract = {

Immunization against rotavirus has been proposed as the most cost-effective intervention to reduce the disease burden associated with this infection worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the dose response, immunogenicity, and efficacy of 2 doses of an oral, attenuated monovalent \{\{\}G1[P8]\{\}\} human rotavirus vaccine in children from the same setting in Mexico, where the natural protection against rotavirus infection was studied.

}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2006-2630}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2630}, author = {M Ruiz-Palacios, Guillermo and Guerrero, M L and Aurora Bautista-M{\'a}rquez and Hilda Ortega-Gallegos and Fernando Tuz-Dzib and Leticia Reyes-Gonz{\'a}lez and Gustavo Rosales-Pedraza and Julia Mart{\'\i}nez-L{\'o}pez and Erika Casta{\~n}{\'o}n-Acosta and Cervantes, Yolanda and SueAnn Costa-Clemens and Beatrice DeVos} } @mastersthesis {6471, title = {The durability of concrete using concrete plant wash water}, year = {2007}, note = {MR35338}, school = {University of Waterloo (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{A}.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Hundreds of ready-mix concrete trucks are dispatched daily from ready-mix concrete plants. On average, a concrete truck has a carrying capacity ranging from 7 to 9 cubic metres of concrete, requiring about 1500 litres of water. In addition, 500 to 1300 litres of water are used to wash out the excess concrete when the truck returns. Based on these figures, it is clear that the ready-mixed concrete industry consumes large amounts of fresh water. The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of using the wash water as mixing water in new concrete. The specific goal of this project is to determine the influence of the high pH and dissolved solids content of the wash water on the durability of concrete, particularly in regard to de-icing salt induced corrosion of steel reinforcement. Two types of mix designs were used in this research: a standard class N and a higher strength, structural C2 concrete. Two sets of concrete specimens were made with both mix designs: one with wash water and one with clean water. The project consists of a multi-component experimental program, beginning with wash water characterization, then pore solution and cement chemistry, followed by an evaluation of the effect of wash water on concrete workability and mechanical properties, resistance to de-icing salt scaling, and corrosion of reinforcing steel embedded in the concrete. In addition, the effect of the wash water on the effectiveness of air entraining agents (AEA) was determined using air void analysis of specimens with different AEA contents. On the basis of the results obtained from the comparative study using wash water versus tap water, it appears that wash water can be used as mixing water for the production of concrete without compromising the durability properties related to corrosion and salt scaling performance. In addition, the mechanical and plastic properties of wash water concrete meet all standards pertaining to the use of wash water concrete and are similar to those of tap water concrete. Finally, the pore solution, thermal analyses, and water analyses of wash water and tap water showed comparable results. Overall, with regards to the tests conducted thus far, the use of wash water as mixing water in concrete poses no durability concerns.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304714380?accountid=14270}, author = {Tran, Khanh An} } @inbook {2914, title = {Echinococcosis of the liver}, booktitle = {Textbook of Hepatology: From Basic Science to Clinical Practice}, year = {2007}, pages = {1047{\textendash}1057}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing}, organization = {Blackwell Publishing}, edition = {3rd}, address = {Oxford}, isbn = {978-1-4051-2741-7}, author = {Bresson-Hadni, S and Miguet, JP and Mantion, GA and Vuitton, DA} } @article {12971, title = {Ecological impact of application of wastewater biosolids to agricultural soil}, journal = {Water and Environment Journal}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {34{\textendash}40}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Rogers, Michael and Smith, Stephen R} } @book {15410, title = {Ecological sanitation and associated hygienic risk}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Human in Europe for a Common Future}, organization = {Human in Europe for a Common Future}, author = {Gajurel, D.R. and Wendland, C.} } @article {3752, title = {Effect of Giardia lamblia infection on the cognitive function of school children}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Public Health}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {73{\textendash}78}, author = {Partovi, F and Khalili, G and Kariminia, A and Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, H} } @article {9503, title = {{Effect of solar disinfection on viability of intestinal protozoa in drinking water}}, journal = {Egypt Soc Parasitol}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {65{\textendash}86}, author = {Gaafar, MR} } @article {6245, title = {Effectiveness of common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of {West} {Africa} for the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables}, journal = {Tropical medicine \& international health: TM \& IH}, volume = {12 Suppl 2}, year = {2007}, month = {dec}, pages = {40{\textendash}50}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To analyse and improve the effectiveness of common indigenous washing methods for the reduction of faecal coliform (FC) populations on the surface of wastewater-irrigated vegetables and to determine simple factors affecting their efficacy. METHODS: Questionnaire interviews were used to gather information on common methods used for washing vegetables in seven West African countries. The efficacy of the most common decontamination methods was measured in terms of log reductions in FC populations on homogenised contaminated lettuce, cabbage and spring onion samples. RESULTS: The large majority of urban households and restaurants in the subregion are aware of vegetable-related health risks and wash vegetables before consumption. Methods used vary widely within and between Ghana and neighbouring francophone West African countries. However, several of the most common methods do not reduce the contamination to any desirable level. Significantly, different log reductions are achieved depending on the washing method, contact time and water temperature. Tests to improve the apparent ineffective methods were especially promising in view of the relatively expensive vinegar. However, up to 3 log units reduction is also possible at a much lower price with {\textquoteright}Eau de Javel{\textquoteright} (household bleach), which is commonly used in francophone West Africa. CONCLUSION: Washing vegetables before consumption is an important component of a multiple barrier approach for health risk reduction. The high risk perception among consumers demands that more information be made available on the appropriate use of these washing methods. Any washing method will need complementary efforts to reduce contamination before the vegetables enter the kitchen, such as safer irrigation practices.}, keywords = {Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Disinfection, Enterobacteriaceae, Food Handling, Ghana, Helminths, Risk Assessment, Surveys and Questionnaires, Vegetables, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {1365-3156}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01940.x}, author = {Amoah, P. and Drechsel, P. and Abaidoo, R. C. and Klutse, A.} } @article {7013, title = {Effectiveness of hand-washing teaching programs for families of children in paediatric intensive care units}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Nursing}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {jun}, pages = {1173{\textendash}1179}, abstract = {AIMS: The authors developed a video-centred teaching program based on social learning principles to demonstrate hand-washing technique. A comparison was made between families who viewed the video and families who were taught the same techniques with the aid of an illustrated poster in terms of compliance and improvement in hand-washing skills. BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in paediatric intensive care unit patients. Hand hygiene is considered the most important preventive action against hospital-acquired infections. A number of studies have shown that increased compliance with hand-washing guidelines for health-care workers leads to decreases in nosocomial infection rates. Furthermore, recommendations have been made to ensure that parents who visit their children in intensive care units wash their hands first. STUDY DESIGN: Quasi-experimental time series. Compliance and accuracy measurements were collected during one to five visits following the initial teaching intervention. METHODS: A total of 123 families, who visited paediatric intensive care units, were recruited and assigned to two groups - one experimental (61 families) and the other a comparison group (62). Participants in the comparison group were taught hand-washing skills using simple illustrations. A 20-item hand-washing checklist was used to examine hand-washing compliance and accuracy. RESULTS: No significant differences were noted in terms of demographics between the two groups. Results from a general estimated equation analysis showed that families in the experimental group had higher compliance and accuracy scores at statistically significant levels. CONCLUSION: The video-based teaching program was effective in increasing compliance and accuracy with a hand-washing policy among families with children in intensive care units. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The education program is a simple, low-cost, low technology intervention for substantially reducing the incidence of nosocomial infection.}, keywords = {Adult, Attitude to Health, Audiovisual Aids, Chi-Square Distribution, Child, Educational, Female, Guideline Adherence, Hand Disinfection, Health Education, Humans, Infection Control, Intensive Care Units, Male, Nursing Evaluation Research, Parents, Pediatric, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Program Development, Program Evaluation, Psychology, Taiwan, Teaching, Videotape Recording}, issn = {0962-1067}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01665.x}, author = {Chen, Yong-Chuan and Chiang, Li-Chi} } @article {8625, title = {{Effectiveness of prenatal treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis: a meta-analysis of individual patients{\textquoteright} data}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {369}, number = {9556}, year = {2007}, pages = {115{\textendash}122}, author = {Thi{\'e}baut, R and Leproust, S and Ch{\^e}ne, G and Gilbert, R and SSRoCTs} } @article {8778, title = {The effects of temperature, pH, and ammonia concentration on the inactivation of Ascaris eggs in sewage sludge}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {13}, year = {2007}, month = {jul}, pages = {2893{\textendash}902}, abstract = {

The reported inactivation of Ascaris eggs during alkaline sludge stabilization is highly variable. The objective of our research was to better understand the sources of this variability by quantifying the effects of temperature, pH, and ammonia concentration on the inactivation of indigenous Ascaris eggs in wastewater sludge. Primary sludge was supplemented with ammonia (0, 1000, and 5000 mg/l NH(3)-N) and Ca(OH)(2) and incubated in sealed bottles across the range of temperatures (20, 30, 40, and 50 degrees C) and pH (7 and 12) that may be encountered during treatment. Changes in egg viability over time were fit to a two-parameter kinetic model (shoulder and first-order region); to compare treatment conditions, the time for 99{\%} inactivation (t(99)) was also calculated. Each 10 degrees C increase in temperature caused a significant decrease in t(99) at every pH and ammonia concentration tested. At 50 degrees C, the effect of temperature was dominant, such that no effect of pH or ammonia was observed. At 30 and 40 degrees C, raising the pH from 7 to 12 decreased t(99), but at 20 degrees C no pH effect was seen over 80 d (very little inactivation occurred). At 20, 30, and 40 degrees C, the addition of ammonia dramatically decreased t(99). The effect of pH could not be completely separated from that of ammonia, as the unamended sludge samples contained 100-200mg/l indigenous ammonia. Because temperature, pH, and ammonia all contributed to Ascaris egg inactivation, it is essential that these parameters are measured and accounted for when assessing the effectiveness of alkaline stabilization. Furthermore, inactivation by ammonia could be exploited to improve the effectiveness of alkaline sludge stabilization.

}, keywords = {Ammonia, Ammonia: chemistry, Ammonia: pharmacology, Animals, ascaris, Ascaris: drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ovum, Ovum: drug effects, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Sewage: parasitology, Temperature}, issn = {1879-2448}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.040}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17524448}, author = {Pecson, BM and Barrios, JA and Jimenez, BE and Nelson, KL} } @article {11004, title = {The effects of temperature, {pH}, and ammonia concentration on the inactivation of {Ascaris} eggs in sewage sludge}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {13}, year = {2007}, month = {jul}, pages = {2893{\textendash}2902}, abstract = {The reported inactivation of Ascaris eggs during alkaline sludge stabilization is highly variable. The objective of our research was to better understand the sources of this variability by quantifying the effects of temperature, pH, and ammonia concentration on the inactivation of indigenous Ascaris eggs in wastewater sludge. Primary sludge was supplemented with ammonia (0, 1000, and 5000mg/l NH3-N) and Ca(OH)2 and incubated in sealed bottles across the range of temperatures (20, 30, 40, and 50{\textdegree}C) and pH (7 and 12) that may be encountered during treatment. Changes in egg viability over time were fit to a two-parameter kinetic model (shoulder and first-order region); to compare treatment conditions, the time for 99\% inactivation (t99) was also calculated. Each 10{\textdegree}C increase in temperature caused a significant decrease in t99 at every pH and ammonia concentration tested. At 50{\textdegree}C, the effect of temperature was dominant, such that no effect of pH or ammonia was observed. At 30 and 40{\textdegree}C, raising the pH from 7 to 12 decreased t99, but at 20{\textdegree}C no pH effect was seen over 80 d (very little inactivation occurred). At 20, 30, and 40{\textdegree}C, the addition of ammonia dramatically decreased t99. The effect of pH could not be completely separated from that of ammonia, as the unamended sludge samples contained 100{\textendash}200mg/l indigenous ammonia. Because temperature, pH, and ammonia all contributed to Ascaris egg inactivation, it is essential that these parameters are measured and accounted for when assessing the effectiveness of alkaline stabilization. Furthermore, inactivation by ammonia could be exploited to improve the effectiveness of alkaline sludge stabilization.}, keywords = {Alkaline stabilization, Ammonia, Biosolids, Pathogens, Sludge}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.040}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135407002321}, author = {Pecson, Brian M. and Barrios, Jos{\'e} Antonio and Jim{\'e}nez, Blanca Elena and Nelson, Kara L.} } @article {13403, title = {{The effects of temperature, pH, and ammonia concentration on the inactivation of Ascaris eggs in sewage sludge}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {13}, year = {2007}, pages = {2893{\textendash}2902}, author = {Pecson, B M and J A Barrios and B E Jimenez and Nelson, K. L.} } @article {8640, title = {{The effects of toxoplasma infection on rodent behavior are dependent on dose of the stimulus}}, journal = {Neuroscience}, volume = {148}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {342{\textendash}348}, author = {Vyas, A and Kim, SK and Sapolsky, RM} } @article {8824, title = {{Effects of wastewater disinfection on waterborne bacteria and viruses.}}, journal = {Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {81{\textendash}92}, abstract = {Wastewater disinfection is practiced with the goal of reducing risks of human exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. In most circumstances, the efficacy of a wastewater disinfection process is regulated and monitored based on measurements of the responses of indicator bacteria. However, inactivation of indicator bacteria does not guarantee an acceptable degree of inactivation among other waterborne microorganisms (e.g., microbial pathogens). Undisinfected effluent samples from several municipal wastewater treatment facilities were collected for analysis. Facilities were selected to provide a broad spectrum of effluent quality, particularly as related to nitrogenous compounds. Samples were subjected to bench-scale chlorination and dechlorination and UV irradiation under conditions that allowed compliance with relevant discharge regulations and such that disinfectant exposures could be accurately quantified. Disinfected samples were subjected to a battery of assays to assess the immediate and long-term effects of wastewater disinfection on waterborne bacteria and viruses. In general, (viable) bacterial populations showed an immediate decline as a result of disinfectant exposure; however, incubation of disinfected samples under conditions that were designed to mimic the conditions in a receiving stream resulted in substantial recovery of the total bacterial community. The bacterial groups that are commonly used as indicators do not provide an accurate representation of the response of the bacterial community to disinfectant exposure and subsequent recovery in the environment. UV irradiation and chlorination/dechlorination both accomplished measurable inactivation of indigenous phage; however, the extent of inactivation was fairly modest under the conditions of disinfection used in this study. UV irradiation was consistently more effective as a virucide than chlorination/dechlorination under the conditions of application, based on measurements of virus (phage) diversity and concentration. Taken together, and when considered in conjunction with previously published research, the results of these experiments illustrate several important limitations of common disinfection processes as applied in the treatment of municipal wastewaters. In general, it is not clear that conventional disinfection processes, as commonly implemented, are effective for control of the risks of disease transmission, particularly those associated with viral pathogens. Microbial quality in receiving streams may not be substantially improved by the application of these disinfection processes; under some circumstances, an argument can be made that disinfection may actually yield a decrease in effluent and receiving water quality. Decisions regarding the need for effluent disinfection must account for site-specific characteristics, but it is not clear that disinfection of municipal wastewater effluents is necessary or beneficial for all facilities. When direct human contact or ingestion of municipal wastewater effluents is likely, disinfection may be necessary. Under these circumstances, UV irradiation appears to be superior to chlorination in terms of microbial quality and chemistry and toxicology. This advantage is particularly evident in effluents that contain appreciable quantities of ammonia-nitrogen or organic nitrogen.}, keywords = {10, 106143006x102024, 2175, bacteria, Chlorine, Disinfection, doi, uv, Virus, wastewater}, isbn = {1061430315547531}, issn = {1061-4303}, doi = {10.2175/106143006X102024}, author = {Blatchley, Ernest R and Gong, Woei-Long and Alleman, James E and Rose, Joan B and Huffman, Debra E and Otaki, Masahiro and Lisle, John T} } @article {14482, title = {Effects of wastewater disinfection on waterborne bacteria and viruses}, journal = {Water Environ Res}, volume = {79}, year = {2007}, month = {jan}, pages = {81{\textendash}92}, abstract = {Wastewater disinfection is practiced with the goal of reducing risks of human exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. In most circumstances, the efficacy of a wastewater disinfection process is regulated and monitored based on measurements of the responses of indicator bacteria. However, inactivation of indicator bacteria does not guarantee an acceptable degree of inactivation among other waterborne microorganisms (e.g., microbial pathogens). Undisinfected effluent samples from several municipal wastewater treatment facilities were collected for analysis. Facilities were selected to provide a broad spectrum of effluent quality, particularly as related to nitrogenous compounds. Samples were subjected to bench-scale chlorination and dechlorination and UV irradiation under conditions that allowed compliance with relevant discharge regulations and such that disinfectant exposures could be accurately quantified. Disinfected samples were subjected to a battery of assays to assess the immediate and long-term effects of wastewater disinfection on waterborne bacteria and viruses. In general, (viable) bacterial populations showed an immediate decline as a result of disinfectant exposure; however, incubation of disinfected samples under conditions that were designed to mimic the conditions in a receiving stream resulted in substantial recovery of the total bacterial community. The bacterial groups that are commonly used as indicators do not provide an accurate representation of the response of the bacterial community to disinfectant exposure and subsequent recovery in the environment. UV irradiation and chlorination/dechlorination both accomplished measurable inactivation of indigenous phage; however, the extent of inactivation was fairly modest under the conditions of disinfection used in this study. UV irradiation was consistently more effective as a virucide than chlorination/dechlorination under the conditions of application, based on measurements of virus (phage) diversity and concentration. Taken together, and when considered in conjunction with previously published research, the results of these experiments illustrate several important limitations of common disinfection processes as applied in the treatment of municipal wastewaters. In general, it is not clear that conventional disinfection processes, as commonly implemented, are effective for control of the risks of disease transmission, particularly those associated with viral pathogens. Microbial quality in receiving streams may not be substantially improved by the application of these disinfection processes; under some circumstances, an argument can be made that disinfection may actually yield a decrease in effluent and receiving water quality. Decisions regarding the need for effluent disinfection must account for site-specific characteristics, but it is not clear that disinfection of municipal wastewater effluents is necessary or beneficial for all facilities. When direct human contact or ingestion of municipal wastewater effluents is likely, disinfection may be necessary. Under these circumstances, UV irradiation appears to be superior to chlorination in terms of microbial quality and chemistry and toxicology. This advantage is particularly evident in effluents that contain appreciable quantities of ammonia-nitrogen or organic nitrogen.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Bacteria/drug effects/*growth \& development/radiation effects, Chlorine/pharmacology, Disinfectants/pharmacology, Disinfection/*methods/standards, Oxygen/metabolism, Ultraviolet Rays, United States, Viruses/drug effects/*growth \& development/radiation effects, Water Purification/*methods/standards}, issn = {1061-4303 (Print) 1061-4303 (Linking)}, author = {Blatchley, E. R. and Gong, W. L. and Alleman, J. E. and Rose, J. B. and Huffman, D. E. and Otaki, M. and Lisle, J. T.} } @article {1479, title = {Effects of wastewater disinfection on waterborne bacteria and viruses}, journal = {Water Environmental Research}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, note = {Blatchley, Ernest R 3rd Gong, Woei-Long Alleman, James E Rose, Joan B Huffman, Debra E Otaki, Masahiro Lisle, John T Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation Water Environ Res. 2007 Jan;79(1):81-92.}, pages = {81-92}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Wastewater disinfection is practiced with the goal of reducing risks of human exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. In most circumstances, the efficacy of a wastewater disinfection process is regulated and monitored based on measurements of the responses of indicator bacteria. However, inactivation of indicator bacteria does not guarantee an acceptable degree of inactivation among other waterborne microorganisms (e.g., microbial pathogens). Undisinfected effluent samples from several municipal wastewater treatment facilities were collected for analysis. Facilities were selected to provide a broad spectrum of effluent quality, particularly as related to nitrogenous compounds. Samples were subjected to bench-scale chlorination and dechlorination and UV irradiation under conditions that allowed compliance with relevant discharge regulations and such that disinfectant exposures could be accurately quantified. Disinfected samples were subjected to a battery of assays to assess the immediate and long-term effects of wastewater disinfection on waterborne bacteria and viruses. In general, (viable) bacterial populations showed an immediate decline as a result of disinfectant exposure; however, incubation of disinfected samples under conditions that were designed to mimic the conditions in a receiving stream resulted in substantial recovery of the total bacterial community. The bacterial groups that are commonly used as indicators do not provide an accurate representation of the response of the bacterial community to disinfectant exposure and subsequent recovery in the environment. UV irradiation and chlorination/dechlorination both accomplished measurable inactivation of indigenous phage; however, the extent of inactivation was fairly modest under the conditions of disinfection used in this study. UV irradiation was consistently more effective as a virucide than chlorination/dechlorination under the conditions of application, based on measurements of virus (phage) diversity and concentration. Taken together, and when considered in conjunction with previously published research, the results of these experiments illustrate several important limitations of common disinfection processes as applied in the treatment of municipal wastewaters. In general, it is not clear that conventional disinfection processes, as commonly implemented, are effective for control of the risks of disease transmission, particularly those associated with viral pathogens. Microbial quality in receiving streams may not be substantially improved by the application of these disinfection processes; under some circumstances, an argument can be made that disinfection may actually yield a decrease in effluent and receiving water quality. Decisions regarding the need for effluent disinfection must account for site-specific characteristics, but it is not clear that disinfection of municipal wastewater effluents is necessary or beneficial for all facilities. When direct human contact or ingestion of municipal wastewater effluents is likely, disinfection may be necessary. Under these circumstances, UV irradiation appears to be superior to chlorination in terms of microbial quality and chemistry and toxicology. This advantage is particularly evident in effluents that contain appreciable quantities of ammonia-nitrogen or organic nitrogen.

}, keywords = {Bacteria/drug effects/*growth \& development/radiation effects Chlorine/pharmacology Disinfectants/pharmacology Disinfection/*methods/standards Oxygen/metabolism Ultraviolet Rays United States Viruses/drug effects/*growth \& development/radiation effects *W}, issn = {1061-4303 (Print) 1061-4303 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17290975}, author = {E R Blatchley III and Gong, W. L. and Alleman, J. E. and Rose, J. B. and Huffman, D. E. and Otaki, M. and Lisle, J. T.} } @article {16990, title = {Effects of wastewater disinfection on waterborne bacteria and viruses}, journal = {Water environment research}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {81{\textendash}92}, publisher = {Water Environment Federation}, author = {Blatchley, Ernest R and Gong, Woei-Long and Alleman, James E and Rose, Joan B and Huffman, Debra E and Otaki, Masahiro and Lisle, John T} } @article {3586, title = {Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of a pentavalent human-bovine ({WC}3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine at the end of shelf life.}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {119}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {11{\textendash}18}, author = {Block, SL and Vesikari, T and Goveia, MG and Rivers, SB and Adeyi, BA and Dallas, MJ and Bauder, J and Boslego, JW and Heaton, PM} } @article {4689, title = {{Efficacy of nitazoxanide for cyclosporiasis in patients with sulfa allergy}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {44}, year = {2007}, pages = {466{\textendash}467}, author = {Zimmer, SM and Schuetz, AN and Franco-Paredes, C} } @article {12578, title = {Elevated risk of carrying gentamicin-resistant Escherichia coli among US poultry workers}, journal = {Environmental Health PerspectivesEnvironmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {115}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {1738-1742}, author = {Price, Lance B and Graham, Jay P and Lackey, Leila G and Roess, Amira and Vailes, Rocio and Silbergeld, Ellen} } @inbook {4420, title = {Emergence of adenovirus type 14 in US military recruits{\textendash}a new challenge}, booktitle = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {196}, year = {2007}, pages = {1436-7}, type = {Book Section}, address = {United States}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1086/522969}, author = {Binn, L. N. and Sanchez, J. L. and Gaydos, J. C.} } @inbook {4448, title = {Emergence of adenovirus type 14 in {US} military recruits{\textendash}a new challenge}, booktitle = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {196}, year = {2007}, pages = {1436{\textendash}7}, address = {United States }, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899 (Linking)}, author = {Binn, L. N. and Sanchez, J. L. and Gaydos, J. C.} } @inbook {506, title = {Emergence of adenovirus type 14 in US military recruits{\textendash}a new challenge}, booktitle = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {196}, year = {2007}, note = {Binn, Leonard N Sanchez, Jose L Gaydos, Joel C Comment Editorial The Journal of infectious diseases JID38935 [pii] J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 15;196(10):1436-7. Epub 2007 Oct 31.}, pages = {1436-7}, type = {Book Section}, address = {United States}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Human/blood/epidemiology/*prevention \& control/virology Adenoviruses, Human/classification/*immunology Antibodies, Viral/blood Humans Military Personnel Population Surveillance Respiratory Tract Infections/blood/epidemiology/*prevention \& control/virology United States Vaccination Viral Vaccines/administration \& dosage/*therapeutic use}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1086/522969}, author = {Binn, L. N. and Sanchez, J. L. and Gaydos, J. C.} } @article {10603, title = {{Emergence of multidrug-resistant strain of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladesh and reversal of their susceptibility to tetracycline after two years}}, journal = {Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition}, volume = {25}, year = {2007}, pages = {241{\textendash}243}, author = {Faruque, ASG and Alam, K and Malek, MA and Khan, MGY and Ahmed, S and Saha, D} } @mastersthesis {6574, title = {Engineering {Application} {Study} of {Treating} {Refining} {Wastewater} by {Microfiltration} and {Reverse} {Osmosis}}, year = {2007}, note = {H457321}, school = {South China University of Technology (People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China)}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Abstract With the development of society and the heightenning of people{\textquoteright}s demand for water , the industrial wastewater discharge and domestic sewage discharge of our country is larger and larger .Clean production must be treasured and its discharge has be decreased and its reuse must be considered strictly.The general treatment methods of wastewater reuse are introduced and the current research on membrance separation technology for oily wastewater treatment such as micro-filtration(MF) ,ultra- filtration(UF) ,reverse osmosis(RO) and combined membrance treatment process. The experiments of treating the oily wastewater from Guangzhou Petrochemical Company by micro-filtration and reverse osmosis process were carried out. Its outlet water has used to circulating coling water .The results indicate that the outlet water quality has reached the standard of sewage reuse for circulating coling water . The continuned micro-filtration process can remove oil , COD andturbidity The average removal rate of oil reachs 60\%{\textasciitilde}90\% , the average removal rate of COD reachs 40\%{\textasciitilde}70\%. The mass concentration of oil in treated water is reduced to 1mg/L , the mass concentration of ammonia nitrogen is dropped and less than 1mg/L , the COD is less than 25mg/L . And the quality of water which was also treated by reverse osmosis can meet the quality standards of drinkwater under normal state . The results show that circulating coling water quality is in the control,but corrosion rate ascend , inhibitor rate descend. Membrane fouling is a critical factor impacting on the micro-filtration and reverse osmosis system running , membrane fouling results in the permeate flux falling and reduces the productivity of micro-filtration and reverse osmosis system . Pretreatment is very important for controlling membrane fouling . walnut shell filter is use to eliminate the suspended solid and oil in the wastewater , the average removal rate of oil more than 50\% .If the operation conditions such as washing interval and washing period are fixd on in reason , the productivity of water can be improved . In this study , the reasonable operation conditions are washing interval 30minutes ; wash period difference with inlet water quality have more better effect . This text interchange germicide of 200mg/L NaClO and germicide of 200mg/L H2O2 created satisfactory results .It introduces the difference of scale inhibition ability and effect of scale inhibitor dosage on scale inhibion rate .when water washing can not restore the permeat flux , permeate flux falling remarkable or trans membrance pressure difference increase to certain value , chemical cleaning can restore the permeate flux effectively . The article expounds the difference cleaning efficiency of fouling membrane by the three chemical cleaning agent . In the text , 300mg/LNaOH and 300mg/LNaClO is useed as chemical cleaning agent for micro-filtration . The results showed that the cleaning efficiency is 98 \% . The operation cost is the main limitation which membrane applies to practice in scale . It mainly includes energy and membrane replacement cost .}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIH457321, 9998:No UMI subject assigned, No UMI subject assigned, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1027107182?accountid=14270}, author = {Wu, Hui Jun} } @article {4747, title = {{Enhanced concentration and isolation of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts from human fecal samples}}, journal = {J Microbiol Methods}, volume = {71}, year = {2007}, pages = {75{\textendash}77}, author = {Riner, DK and Mullin, AS and Lucas, SY and Cross, JH and Lindquist, HD} } @article {4545, title = {Enhanced UV inactivation of adenoviruses under polychromatic UV lamps}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {23}, year = {2007}, pages = {7571{\textendash}4}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Linden, KG and Thurston, J and Schaefer, R and J P Malley} } @article {1337, title = {Enhanced UV inactivation of adenoviruses under polychromatic UV lamps}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {73}, number = {23}, year = {2007}, note = {Linden, Karl G Thurston, Jeanette Schaefer, Raymond Malley, James P Jr Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {7571-4}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Adenovirus is recognized as the most UV-resistant waterborne pathogen of concern to public health microbiologists. The U.S. EPA has stipulated that a UV fluence (dose) of 186 mJ cm(-2) is required for 4-log inactivation credit in water treatment. However, all adenovirus inactivation data to date published in the peer-reviewed literature have been based on UV disinfection experiments using UV irradiation at 253.7 nm produced from a conventional low-pressure UV source. The work reported here presents inactivation data for adenovirus based on polychromatic UV sources and details the significant enhancement in inactivation achieved using these polychromatic sources. When full-spectrum, medium-pressure UV lamps were used, 4-log inactivation of adenovirus type 40 is achieved at a UV fluence of less than 60 mJ cm(-2) and a surface discharge pulsed UV source required a UV fluence of less than 40 mJ cm(-2). The action spectrum for adenovirus type 2 was also developed and partially explains the improved inactivation based on enhancements at wavelengths below 230 nm. Implications for water treatment, public health, and the future of UV regulations for virus disinfection are discussed.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ radiation effects Disinfection/instrumentation/methods Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation Ultraviolet Rays Water Purification/instrumentation/methods}, issn = {1098-5336 (Electronic) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Linden, K. G. and Thurston, J. and Schaefer, R. and J P Malley} } @article {1354, title = {Enteric virus survival during household laundering and impact of disinfection with sodium hypochlorite}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {73}, number = {14}, year = {2007}, note = {Gerba, Charles P Kennedy, Denise United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {4425-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This study was conducted to determine whether enteric viruses (adenovirus, rotavirus, and hepatitis A virus) added to cotton cloth swatches survive the wash cycle, the rinse cycle, and a 28-min permanent press drying cycle as commonly practiced in households in the United States. Detergent with and without bleach (sodium hypochlorite) was added to washing machines containing sterile and virus-inoculated 58-cm2 swatches, 3.2 kg of cotton T-shirts and underwear, and a soiled pillowcase designed to simulate the conditions (pH, organic load, etc.) encountered in soiled laundry. The most important factors for the reduction of virus in laundry were passage through the drying cycle and the addition of sodium hypochlorite. Washing with detergent alone was not found to be effective for the removal or inactivation of enteric viruses, as significant concentrations of virus were found on the swatches (reductions of 92 to 99\%). It was also demonstrated that viruses are readily transferred from contaminated cloths to uncontaminated clothes. The use of sodium hypochlorite reduced the number of infectious viruses on the swatches after washing and drying by at least 99.99\%. Laundering practices in common use in the United States do not eliminate enteric and respiratory viruses from clothes. The use of bleach can further reduce the numbers of enteric viruses in laundry.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ drug effects Detergents/ pharmacology Disinfectants/ pharmacology Disinfection/methods Hepatitis A virus/ drug effects Laundering/ methods Microbial Viability/ drug effects Rotavirus/ drug effects Sodium Hypochlorite/ pharmacology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Kennedy, D.} } @article {15298, title = {Enteric virus survival during household laundering and impact of disinfection with sodium hypochlorite}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {14}, year = {2007}, pages = {4425-4428}, author = {Gerba, C P and Kennedy, Denise} } @article {3553, title = {Enteric viruses in molluscan shellfish.}, journal = {New Microbiology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {471{\textendash}475}, author = {Gabrieli, R and Macaluso, A and Lanni, L and Saccares, S and Di Giamberardino, F and Cencioni, B and Petrinca, AR and Divizia, M} } @inbook {14672, title = {Enterovirus with special reference to poliovirus and poliomyelitis eradication}, booktitle = {Human viruses in water, {Perspectives} in medical virology,}, year = {2007}, pages = {69{\textendash}89}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, author = {Hovi, T. and Roivainen, M. and Blomqvist, S.}, editor = {Bosch, A.} } @booklet {1621, title = {Enterovirus with special reference to poliovirus and poliomyelitis eradication}, year = {2007}, pages = {69-89}, publisher = {Elsevier}, type = {Electronic Book Section}, author = {Hovi, T. and Roivainen, M. and Blomqvist, S.} } @article {15467, title = {Environmental effects on parasitic disease transmission exemplified by schistosomiasis in western China}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {104}, number = {17}, year = {2007}, note = {R01 AI 50612/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States}, month = {Apr 24}, pages = {7110-5}, abstract = {

Environmental effects on the transmission of many parasitic diseases are well recognized, but the role of specific factors like climate and agricultural practices in modulating transmission is seldom characterized quantitatively. Based on studies of Schistosoma japonicum transmission in irrigated agricultural environments in western China, a mathematical model was used to quantify environmental impacts on transmission intensity. The model was calibrated by using field data from intervention studies in three villages and simulated to predict the effects of alternative control options. Both the results of these interventions and earlier epidemiological findings confirm the central role of environmental factors, particularly those relating to snail habitat and agricultural and sanitation practices. Moreover, the findings indicate the inadequacy of current niclosamide-praziquantel strategies alone to achieve sustainable interruption of transmission in some endemic areas. More generally, the analysis suggests a village-specific index of transmission potential and how this potential is modulated by time-varying factors, including climatological variables, seasonal water-contact patterns, and irrigation practices. These time-variable factors, a village\&$\#$39;s internal potential, and its connectedness to its neighbors provide a framework for evaluating the likelihood of sustained schistosomiasis transmission and suggest an approach to quantifying the role of environmental factors for other parasitic diseases.

}, keywords = {*Environment, China/epidemiology, Computer Simulation, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Models, Biological, Schistosomiasis japonica/epidemiology/*transmission, Time Factors}, isbn = {0027-8424 (Print)
0027-8424 (Linking)}, author = {Liang, S. and Seto, E. Y. and Remais, J. V. and Zhong, B. and Yang, C. and Hubbard, A. and Davis, G. M. and Gu, X. and Qiu, D. and Spear, R. C.} } @article {7115, title = {Environmental {Health} {Indicators} in {New} {Zealand}: {Drinking} {Water}{\textemdash}{A} {Case} {Study}}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {apr}, pages = {63{\textendash}71}, issn = {1612-9202, 1612-9210}, doi = {10.1007/s10393-007-0089-1}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10393-007-0089-1}, author = {Khan, Rabia and Phillips, David and Fernando, Dinusha and Fowles, Jefferson and Lea, Rod} } @article {15054, title = {Epidemics after {Natural} {Disasters}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {13}, year = {2007}, pages = {1{\textendash}5}, author = {Watson, J. T. and Gayer, M. and Connolly, M.} } @article {9606, title = {Epidemics after Natural Disasters}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {1-5}, author = {Watson, JT and Gayer, M. and Connolly, M.} } @article {9421, title = {{Epidemiology and aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases in adults engaged in wastewater-fed agriculture and aquaculture in Hanoi, Vietnam}}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and International Health}, volume = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {23{\textendash}33}, author = {Trang, DT and Hien, BTT and Molbak, K and Cam, PD and Dalsgaard, A} } @article {13650, title = {Epidemiology and aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases in adults engaged in wastewater-fed agriculture and aquaculture in Hanoi, Vietnam}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and International Health}, volume = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {23-33}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1360-2276}, author = {Trang, DT and Hien, BTT and M{\o}lbak, K. and Cam, PD and Dalsgaard, A} } @article {9424, title = {{Epidemiology of amoebic liver abscess in Mexico: the case of Sonora}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {101}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {533{\textendash}538}, author = {Valenzuela, O and Moran, P and Gomez, A and Cordova, K and Corrales, N and Cardoza, J and Gomez, N and Cano, M and Ximenez, C} } @article {4885, title = {{Epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in San Carlos Island, Venezuela: strong association between socio-economic status and infection}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {101}, year = {2007}, pages = {1018{\textendash}1024}, author = {Chacin-Bonilla, L and Barrios, F and Sanchez, Y} } @article {5011, title = {{Epidemiology of Opisthorchis viverrini in a rural district of southern Lao PDR}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {101}, year = {2007}, pages = {40{\textendash}47}, author = {Sayasone, S and Odermatt, P and Phoumindr, N and Vongsaravane, X and Sensombath, V and Phetsouvanh, R and Choulamany, X and Strobel, M} } @article {6525, title = {Equitable utilisation of {Indian} community based health insurance scheme among its rural membership: cluster randomised controlled trial}, journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed.)}, volume = {334}, number = {7607}, year = {2007}, month = {jun}, pages = {1309}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate alternative strategies for improving the uptake of benefits of a community based health insurance scheme by its poorest members. DESIGN: Prospective cluster randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Self Employed Women{\textquoteright}s Association (SEWA) community based health insurance scheme in rural India. Participants 713 claimants at baseline (2003) and 1440 claimants two years later among scheme members in 16 rural sub-districts. INTERVENTIONS: After sales service with supportive supervision, prospective reimbursement, both packages, and neither package, randomised by sub-district. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was socioeconomic status of claimants relative to members living in the same sub-district. Secondary outcomes were enrolment rates in SEWA Insurance, mean socioeconomic status of the insured population relative to the general rural population, and rate of claim submission. RESULTS: Between 2003 and 2005, the mean socioeconomic status of SEWA Insurance members (relative to the rural population of Gujarat) increased significantly. Rates of claims also increased significantly, on average by 21.6 per 1000 members (P{\textless}0.001). However, differences between the intervention groups and the standard scheme were not significant. No systematic effect of time or interventions on the socioeconomic status of claimants relative to members in the same sub-district was found. CONCLUSIONS: Neither intervention was sufficient to ensure that the poorer members in each sub-district were able to enjoy the greater share of the scheme benefits. Claim submission increased as a result of interventions that seem to have strengthened awareness of and trust in a community based health insurance scheme. Trial registration Clinical trials NCT00421629.}, keywords = {Cluster Analysis, Community Health Services, Health, Health Policy, Humans, India, Insurance, Medically Uninsured, Prospective Studies, rural health, Socioeconomic Factors}, issn = {1756-1833}, doi = {10.1136/bmj.39192.719583.AE}, author = {Ranson, M. Kent and Sinha, Tara and Chatterjee, Mirai and Gandhi, Fenil and Jayswal, Rupal and Patel, Falguni and Morris, Saul S. and Mills, Anne J.} } @article {14090, title = {Escherichia coli {O}157:{H}7 in feral swine near spinach fields and cattle, central {California} coast}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {1908{\textendash}1911}, abstract = {We investigated involvement of feral swine in contamination of agricultural fields and surface waterways with Escherichia coli O157:H7 after a nationwide outbreak traced to bagged spinach from California. Isolates from feral swine, cattle, surface water, sediment, and soil at 1 ranch were matched to the outbreak strain.}, doi = {10.3201/eid1312.070763}, author = {Jay, M T and Cooley, M and Carychao, D and Wiscomb, G W and Sweitzer, R A and Crawford-Miksza, L and Farrar, J A and Lau, D K and O{\textquoteright}Connell, J and Millington, A and Asmundson, R V and Atwill, E R and Mandrell, R E} } @article {2300, title = {{Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feral swine near spinach fields and cattle, central California coast}}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {1908{\textendash}1911}, edition = {2008/02/09}, abstract = {We investigated involvement of feral swine in contamination of agricultural fields and surface waterways with Escherichia coli O157:H7 after a nationwide outbreak traced to bagged spinach from California. Isolates from feral swine, cattle, surface water, sediment, and soil at 1 ranch were matched to the outbreak strain.}, isbn = {1080-6040 (Print) 1080-6040 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3201/eid1312.070763}, author = {Jay, M T and Cooley, M and Carychao, D and Wiscomb, G W and Sweitzer, R A and Crawford-Miksza, L and Farrar, J A and Lau, D K and O{\textquoteright}Connell, J and Millington, A and Asmundson, R V and Atwill, E R and Mandrell, R E} } @mastersthesis {6587, title = {Essays on the economic value of environmental cleanup}, year = {2007}, note = {3290430}, school = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {We offer three different essays on economic values of environmental cleanup. The first essay summarizes and integrates the previous noxious and hazardous site evaluation studies by a meta analysis. We find that the property value is the most sensitive to water base contamination, published case studies result in systematically greater environmental value than those in unpublished reports, and real estate markets show responses to environmental condition changes. The second study uses sales and assessment data together with survey responses to estimate the local welfare gains to property owners from the cleanup of a contaminated site. This study indicates that home owners{\textquoteright} average willingness to pay (WTP) for full cleanup of Sheboygan River is equivalent to \$12, 247. The average WTP for full cleanup in Buffalo is \$7,833. In addition, we examine the importance of heterogeneous preference by including both demographic characteristics and psychometric data in the model specifications. We find that the psychometric data do not seem to add much beyond the demographic variables. The third essay focuses on the potential spillover from cleanup. We find that households express greater WTP for cleanup of the Lower Buffalo River AOC than to avoid its stigma by moving away. The difference of WTPs might be caused by an environmental premium, a spillover from cleanup. Where it occurs, property values should rebound by more than the discounts evident in the presence of contamination.}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, Cleanup, Conjoint, Economic value, Economic value added, Environmental cleanup, Essays, Hedonic, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304856695?accountid=14270}, author = {Won, Doohwan} } @article {224, title = {Estimating the burden of disease attributable to unsafe water and lack of sanitation and hygiene in South Africa in 2000}, journal = {S Afr Med J}, volume = {97}, number = {8 Pt 2}, year = {2007}, note = {Lewin, Simon Norman, Rosana Nannan, Nadine Thomas, Elizabeth Bradshaw, Debbie South African Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group Journal Article South Africa S Afr Med J. 2007 Aug;97(8 Pt 2):755-62.}, pages = {755-62}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: to estimate the burden of disease attributable to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene (wsh) by age group for South Africa in 2000. DESIGN: World Health Organization comparative risk assessment methodology was used to estimate the disease burden attributable to an exposure by comparing the observed risk factor distribution with a theoretical lowest possible population distribution. A scenario-based approach was applied for estimating diarrhoeal disease burden from unsafe WSH. Six exposure scenarios were defined based on the type of water and sanitation infrastructure and environmental faecal-oral pathogen load. For {\textquoteright}intestinal parasites{\textquoteright} and schistosomiasis, the burden was assumed to be 100\% attributable to exposure to unsafe WSH. SETTING: South Africa. OUTCOME MEASURES: Disease burden from diarrhoeal diseases, intestinal parasites and schistosomiasis, measured by deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). RESULTS: 13,434 deaths were attributable to unsafe WSH accounting for 2.6\% (95\% uncertainty interval 2.4 - 2.7\%) of all deaths in South Africa in 2000. The burden was especially high in children under 5 years, accounting for 9.3\% of total deaths in this age group and 7.4\% of burden of disease. Overall, the burden due to unsafe WSH was equivalent to 2.6\% (95\% uncertainty interval 2.5 - 2.7\%) of the total disease burden for South Africa, ranking this risk factor seventh for the country. CONCLUSIONS: Unsafe WSH remains an important risk factor for disease in South Africa, especially in children under 5. High priority needs to be given to the provision of safe and sustainable sanitation and water facilities and to promoting safe hygiene behaviours, particularly among children.}, keywords = {Adult Age Factors Child, Parasitic/*epidemiology Risk Factors *Sanitation South Africa/epidemiology *Water Microbiology, Preschool *Cost of Illness Dysentery/*epidemiology Humans *Hygiene Intestinal Diseases}, issn = {0256-9574 (Print)}, author = {Lewin, S. and Norman, R. and Nannan, N. and Thomas, E. and Bradshaw, D.} } @article {9544, title = {{Estimation of canine intestinal parasites in Cordoba (Spain) and their risk to public health}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {143}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {7{\textendash}13}, author = {Mart{\'\i}nez-Moreno, FJ and Hern{\'a}ndez, S and L{\'o}pez-Cobos, E and Becerra, C and Acosta, I and Mart{\'\i}nez-Moreno, A} } @book {7439, title = {Estimation of the burden of water-borne disease in {New} {Zealand} preliminary report}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Ministry of Health}, organization = {Ministry of Health}, address = {[Wellington, N.Z.]}, isbn = {978-0-478-30768-9}, url = {http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/5821/$File/water-borne-disease-burden-prelim-report-feb07.pdf}, author = {Ball, Andrew and New Zealand and Ministry of Health} } @article {1861, title = {Etiological role of viruses in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in The Netherlands from 1994 through 2005}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {45}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, note = {Svraka, Sanela Duizer, Erwin Vennema, Harry de Bruin, Erwin van der Veer, Bas Dorresteijn, Bram Koopmans, Marion eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2007/03/16 09:00 J Clin Microbiol. 2007 May;45(5):1389-94. Epub 2007 Mar 14.}, pages = {1389-94}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases worldwide. In developed countries, viruses, particularly noroviruses, are recognized as the leading cause. In The Netherlands, the surveillance of gastroenteritis outbreaks with suspected viral etiologies (as determined by Kaplan criteria) was established by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in 1994. This paper presents an overview of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks reported from 1994 through 2005. A minimum epidemiological data set consisting of the associated setting(s), the probable transmission mode, the date of the first illness and the date of sampling, the number of persons affected, and the number of hospitalizations was requested for each reported outbreak. Stool samples were tested for the presence of norovirus, sapovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and Aichi virus by electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and/or reverse transcription-PCR. A total of 6,707 stool samples from 941 gastroenteritis outbreaks were investigated. Noroviruses were detected as the causative agent in 735 (78.1\%) of the outbreaks, and rotaviruses, adenoviruses, and astroviruses were found to be responsible for 46 (4.9\%), 9 (1.0\%), and 5 (0.5\%) outbreaks, respectively. Among the gastroenteritis outbreaks in which a mode of transmission was identified, most outbreaks (38.1\%) were associated with person-to-person transmission, and the majority (54.9\%) of the outbreaks investigated were reported by residential institutions. Since 2002, the total number of outbreaks reported and the number of unexplained outbreaks have increased. Furthermore, the number of rotavirus-associated outbreaks has increased, especially in nursing homes. Despite thorough testing, 115 (12.2\%) outbreaks suspected of having viral etiologies remain unexplained. Increases in numbers of reported outbreaks may indicate undefined changes in the criteria for reporting or the emergence of new pathogens.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks Feces/virology Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/*virology Humans Netherlands/epidemiology Population Surveillance Seasons Time Factors Virus Diseases/*epidemiology}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.02305-06}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360839}, author = {Svraka, S. and Duizer, E. and Vennema, H. and de Bruin, E. and van der Veer, B. and Dorresteijn, B. and Koopmans, M.} } @article {10231, title = {{Evaluation of agricultural reuse practices and relevant guidelines for the Alba Rancho WWTP (primary and secondary facultative ponds) in Cochabamba, Bolivia}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {55}, number = {1-2}, year = {2007}, pages = {469{\textendash}475}, author = {Zabalaga, J and Amy, G and von Munch, E} } @mastersthesis {6793, title = {Evaluation of fuel ethanol releases in a pilot-scale aquifer tank: {Source} dynamics, {NAPL} migration and microbial community response}, year = {2007}, note = {3256668}, school = {Rice University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Ethanol is playing a key role in current discussions on energy, agriculture, taxes and the environment. This work addresses the potential environmental impacts and behavior of subsurface fuel-ethanol releases. A continuous-flow 8,150-L pilot-aquifer tank packed with sand was used to simulate two spill scenarios: (1) fuel-grade ethanol (E95, 95\% v/v ethanol, 5\% v/v hydrocarbon mixture as a denaturant) into uncontaminated soil, and (2) neat ethanol (100\% v/v) release onto gasoline-contaminated soil. Measurement of ethanol and hydrocarbon concentrations in groundwater and capillary-fringe pore water from over 30-locations over 120+ days provided a quantitative evaluation of the extent of plume migration, longevity, and impacts to groundwater quality. Real-time quantitative PCR (RTQ-PCR) was also used to estimate temporal and spatial trends in concentrations of total bacteria (16s rDNA) and various genotypes that inhabit different electron-accepting zones at sites undergoing natural attenuation. Furthermore, the anaerobic catabolic gene bssA (coding for benzylsuccinate synthase), and the aerobic catabolic genes dmpN (coding for phenol hydroxylase) and todC1 (coding for toluene dioxygenase) were also quantified as biomarkers for BTEX biodegradation. Ethanol, which is buoyant and hygroscopic, quickly migrated upwards and spread laterally within the capillary-zone. Horizontal migration of ethanol occurred through a shallow thin layer with minimal vertical dispersion, and was consistently 10-times slower than the preceding bromide tracer. Dyes, one hydrophobic (Sudan- IV) and one hydrophilic (Fluorescein) provided evidence that the fuel hydrocarbons phase separated from the E95 mixture as ethanol was diluted by pore water and its cosolvent effect was diminished. The neat ethanol spill mobilized the pre-existing hydrocarbon NAPL down-gradient. Neither of the highly concentrated spills had a bactericidal impact on the microbial community, and cell growth coincided with ethanol availability. Bacteria concentrations increased by at least one-order of magnitude as did bacteria harboring todC1 and dmpN after each spill. However, bacteria harboring bssA were not detected, suggesting that longer acclimation time may be required to establish anaerobic hydrocarbon degraders. It appears that microbial impacts are mainly related to O 2 depletion, but rebound can be relatively fast, and fortuitous proliferation of aerobic BTEX degraders (growing on ethanol) is likely following the relatively rapid ethanol washout.}, keywords = {0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Aquifer, Environmental engineering, Fuel ethanol, Microbial community, NAPL}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304818174?accountid=14270}, author = {Capiro, Natalie Lara} } @article {9356, title = {{Evaluation of intestinal parasites in a period of four years in the coprology laboratory of a training hospital}}, journal = {T{\"u}rkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {306{\textendash}308}, author = {Ozyurt, M and Kurt, O and Yaman, O and Ardic, N and Haznedaroglu, T} } @inbook {17020, title = {Evaluation of removal of noroviruses during wastewater treatment, using real-time reverse transcription-PCR: different behaviors of genogroups I and II}, booktitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {24}, year = {2007}, pages = {7891{\textendash}7897}, author = {da Silva, Allegra Kyria and Le Saux, Jean-Claude and Parnaudeau, Sylvain and Pommepuy, Monique and Elimelech, Menachem and Le Guyader, Fran{\c c}oise S} } @article {3215, title = {{Evaluation of removal of noroviruses during wastewater treatment, using real-time reverse transcription-PCR: Different behaviors of genogroups I and II}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {24}, year = {2007}, pages = {7891{\textendash}7897}, abstract = {

Noroviruses, an important cause of gastroenteritis, are excreted by infected individuals and are therefore present in wastewater. We quantified norovirus genogroup I (GI) and GII in wastewater at different locations in France and evaluated removal by a range of treatment types, including basic (waste stabilization pond), current industry standard (activated sludge), and state-of-the-art (submerged membrane bioreactor) treatments. Noroviruses were quantified using real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR). Mengovirus was used as a virus extraction control, and internal controls were used to verify the level of GI and GII rRT-PCR inhibition. A total of 161 (81 influent and 79 effluent) samples were examined; GI and GII were detected in 43 and 88{\%} of the influent samples, respectively, and in 24 and 14{\%} of the effluent samples, respectively. Physicians in France report far more cases of GII than GI during outbreaks; thus, the frequent presence of GI was unexpected. The GI influent concentrations were more variable, the peak GI influent concentrations were higher than the peak GII influent concentrations at all four sites (up to 1 x 10(9) and 6 x 10(7) genome copies/liter, respectively), and the average positive influent concentrations of GI were higher than the average positive influent concentrations of GII. The maximum effluent breakthrough concentrations were 6 x 10(6) and 3 x 10(6) genome copies/liter for GI and GII, respectively, indicating that the four treatment systems studied decreased the norovirus contamination load in receiving waters.

}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01428-07}, author = {Allegra K Da Silva and Jean C Le Saux and Parnaudeau, Sylvain and Pommepuy, Monique and Elimelech, Menachem and Le Guyader, Fran{\c c}oise S.} } @article {6658, title = {Evaluation of the microbial risk reduction due to selective closure of the raw water intake before drinking water treatment}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {Suppl 1}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {S81}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2007.139}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/005/jwh005S081.htm}, author = {Astrom, J. and Pettersson, T. J. R. and Petterson, S. and Bergstedt, O. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A.} } @article {6685, title = {Evaluation of the microbial risk reduction due to selective closure of the raw water intake before drinking water treatment}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {Suppl 1}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {S81}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2007.139}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2007.139}, author = {Astrom, J. and Pettersson, T. J. R. and Petterson, S. and Bergstedt, O. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A.} } @article {9040, title = {{Evaluation of the Weibull and log normal distribution functions as survival models of Escherichia coli under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {119}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {nov}, pages = {243{\textendash}257}, abstract = {Published survival curves of Escherichia coli in two growth media, with and without the presence of salt, at various temperatures and in a Greek eggplant salad having various levels of essential oil, all had a characteristic downward concavity when plotted on semi logarithmic coordinates. Some also exhibited what appeared as a {\textquoteright}shoulder{\textquoteright} of considerable length. Regardless of whether a shoulder was noticed, the survival pattern could be considered as a manifestation of an underlying unimodal distribution of the cells{\textquoteright} death times. Mathematically, the data could be described equally well by the Weibull and log normal distribution functions, which had similar modes, means, standard deviations and coefficients of skewness. When plotted in their probability density function (PDF) form, the curves also appeared very similar visually. This enabled us to quantify and compare the effect of temperature or essential oil concentration on the organism{\textquoteright}s survival in terms of these temporal distributions{\textquoteright} characteristics. Increased lethality was generally expressed in a shorter mean and mode, a smaller standard deviation and increased overall symmetry as judged by the distributions{\textquoteright} degree of skewness. The {\textquoteright}shoulder{\textquoteright}, as expected, simply indicated that the distribution{\textquoteright}s standard deviation was much smaller than its mode. Rate models based on the two distribution functions could be used to predict non isothermal survival patterns. They were derived on the assumption that the momentary inactivation rate is the isothermal rate at the momentary temperature at a time that corresponds to the momentary survival ratio. In this application, however, the Weibullian model with a fixed power was not only simpler and more convenient mathematically than the one based on the log normal distribution, but it also provided more accurate estimates of the dynamic inactivation patterns.}, issn = {0168-1605}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.08.004}, author = {Aragao, Glaucia M F and Corradini, Maria G and Normand, Mark D and Peleg, Micha} } @article {10091, title = {{Evaluation of two library-independent microbial source tracking methods to identify sources of fecal contamination in French estuaries}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, year = {2007}, pages = {4857{\textendash}4866}, author = {Gourmelon, M and Caprais, MP and Segura, R and Le Mennec, C and Lozach, S and Piriou, JY and Rinc{\'e}, A} } @article {932, title = {Evolutionary history and global spread of the emerging g12 human rotaviruses.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {81}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {2382-2390}, abstract = {G12 rotaviruses were first detected in diarrheic children in the Philippines in 1987, but no further cases were reported until 1998. However, G12 rotaviruses have been detected all over the world in recent years. Here, we report the worldwide variations of G12 rotaviruses to investigate the evolutionary mechanisms by which they managed to spread globally in a short period of time. We sequenced the complete genomes (11 segments) of nine G12 rotaviruses isolated in Bangladesh, Belgium, Thailand, and the Philippines and compared them with the genomes of other rotavirus strains. Our genetic analyses revealed that after introduction of the {VP7} gene of the rare G12 genotype into more common local strains through reassortment, a vast genetic diversity was generated and several new variants with distinct gene constellations emerged. These reassortment events most likely took place in Southeast Asian countries and spread to other parts of the world. The acquirement of gene segments from human-adapted rotaviruses might allow G12 to better propagate in humans and hence to develop into an important emerging human pathogen.}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.01622-06}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01622-06}, author = {Rahman, Mustafizur and Matthijnssens, Jelle and Yang, Xuelei and Delbeke, Thomas and Arijs, Ingrid and Taniguchi, Koki and Iturriza-G{\'o}mara, Miren and Iftekharuddin, Nadia and Azim, Tasnim and Van Ranst, Marc} } @article {2516, title = {Evolutionary history and global spread of the emerging g12 human rotaviruses.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {81}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {2382-2390}, abstract = {G12 rotaviruses were first detected in diarrheic children in the Philippines in 1987, but no further cases were reported until 1998. However, G12 rotaviruses have been detected all over the world in recent years. Here, we report the worldwide variations of G12 rotaviruses to investigate the evolutionary mechanisms by which they managed to spread globally in a short period of time. We sequenced the complete genomes (11 segments) of nine G12 rotaviruses isolated in Bangladesh, Belgium, Thailand, and the Philippines and compared them with the genomes of other rotavirus strains. Our genetic analyses revealed that after introduction of the {VP7} gene of the rare G12 genotype into more common local strains through reassortment, a vast genetic diversity was generated and several new variants with distinct gene constellations emerged. These reassortment events most likely took place in Southeast Asian countries and spread to other parts of the world. The acquirement of gene segments from human-adapted rotaviruses might allow G12 to better propagate in humans and hence to develop into an important emerging human pathogen.}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.01622-06}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01622-06}, author = {Rahman, Mustafizur and Matthijnssens, Jelle and Yang, Xuelei and Delbeke, Thomas and Arijs, Ingrid and Taniguchi, Koki and Iturriza-G{\'o}mara, Miren and Iftekharuddin, Nadia and Azim, Tasnim and Van Ranst, Marc} } @mastersthesis {6783, title = {Expanding the focus of water management: {An} investigation of cooperative irrigation in {Sacaba} ({Cochabamba}), {Bolivia}}, year = {2007}, note = {3246950}, school = {The Catholic University of America}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In the past decade, approaches to the management of water within Latin American policy-making circles have begun to change, especially in countries with significant development needs and external debt. At the same time, however, development budgets are being reduced and the high financial and environmental costs of large-scale infrastructure projects are increasingly criticized. As a result, many Latin American governments now look for new ways to restructure management of natural resources to enhance efficiency and to lower their costs. Water management, a critical issue in the Andean countries where most agricultural production is irrigation dependent and small-scale, has become a major focus of the restructuring efforts. In the mid 1980{\textquoteright}s, the Bolivian government began the process of restructuring by dismantling state bureaucracies, eliminating economic interventionist policies and privatizing the economy, putting the country on a path of austere economic stabilization and structural adjustment. As a result of the new legal and development currents, irrigation systems in Bolivia are in the process of dramatic institutional change. The 1994 Popular Participation Law, which called for the redrawing of municipal boundaries throughout the country, has incorporated every communidad indigena into the newly expanded category of secci{\'o}n municipal. Isolated rural communities now have legal status and therefore a vehicle for participation in local and national governance and rights to a share of national tax revenue. Further institutional changes are anticipated to take place if Bolivia{\textquoteright}s proposed new water law is implemented. The proposed law is intended to simplify and correct obvious deficiencies in the 1906 Ley de Aguas, and to take into consideration the newly expanded municipal structure. Progress on the law, however, has been halted for the present time. In the context of these shifts in the legal framework and the increasing prominence of irrigation issues in national politics developments, Bolivia provides an apt case for examining three main issues significant to scholarship on Andean irrigation. They are, first, the organization of irrigation systems, second, the governance of irrigation systems, and third, the impacts of external agents intervening in irrigation systems.}, keywords = {0326:Cultural anthropology, 0539:Agricultural engineering, 0617:Public administration, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Agricultural engineering, Applied sciences, Area planning \& development, Bolivia, Cochabamba, Cooperative irrigation, Cultural anthropology, Public administration, Sacaba, Social sciences, Urban planning, Water management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304888237?accountid=14270}, author = {Holben, Symantha A} } @article {11823, title = {{Experimental infection of copepods from four lakes in southern Chile with Diphyllobothrium latum (Linnaeus,1758) coracidia}}, journal = {Comparative Parasitology}, volume = {74}, year = {2007}, pages = {167{\textendash}170}, author = {Torres, P and Villalobos, L and Woelfl, S} } @article {14193, title = {Extractable organic components and nutrients in wastewater from dairy lagoons influence the growth and survival of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {73}, number = {7}, year = {2007}, pages = {2191{\textendash}2198}, abstract = {The influence of nutrients in wastewater from dairy lagoons on the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was monitored. Initially, the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in wastewater from which the competing native organisms had been removed by filter sterilization or autoclaving was compared with that in wastewater from which competing organisms had not been removed. Numbers of E. coli O157:H7 or E. coli ONT (O-nontypeable):H32 cells declined rapidly in filter-sterilized water and exhibited a slower decline in nonsterile water, while the organisms proliferated in autoclaved water. Subsequently, the growth of E. coli O157:H7 strains was monitored in 300 mul of Luria-Bertani (LB) broth supplemented with incremental proportions of filter-sterilized wastewater. E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli ONT:H32 strains failed to grow in filter-sterilized wastewater, and their growth was reduced incrementally with wastewater supplementation of LB broth. Consequently, the influence of organic extracts of wastewater on the growth of E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli ONT:H32 in reduced-strength LB was monitored, followed by scale-up tests in wastewater. Acidic and basic extracts inhibited growth of both strains, while the neutral aqueous extract improved growth. However, a scale-up with a threefold increase in the acidic components supplementing the wastewater did not result in any additional decline in numbers of E. coli O157:H7 cells. When protected inside a 300-kDa dialysis tube and exposed to diffusible components, E. coli O157:H7 survived longer, with a decimal reduction time of 18.1 days, compared to 3.5 days when inoculated directly into wastewater. Although wastewater can potentially provide nutrients to naturally occurring human pathogens, the chemical components, protozoa, and coliphages in wastewater can inhibit the growth of freshly introduced pathogens from manure.}, doi = {AEM.02213-06 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.02213-06}, author = {Ravva, S V and Korn, A} } @article {7378, title = {Extractable {Organic} {Components} and {Nutrients} in {Wastewater} from {Dairy} {Lagoons} {Influence} the {Growth} and {Survival} of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {7}, year = {2007}, month = {apr}, pages = {2191{\textendash}2198}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02213-06}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.02213-06}, author = {Ravva, S. V. and Korn, A.} } @article {2383, title = {{Extractable organic components and nutrients in wastewater from dairy lagoons influence the growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {73}, number = {7}, year = {2007}, pages = {2191{\textendash}2198}, edition = {2007/02/20}, abstract = {The influence of nutrients in wastewater from dairy lagoons on the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was monitored. Initially, the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in wastewater from which the competing native organisms had been removed by filter sterilization or autoclaving was compared with that in wastewater from which competing organisms had not been removed. Numbers of E. coli O157:H7 or E. coli ONT (O-nontypeable):H32 cells declined rapidly in filter-sterilized water and exhibited a slower decline in nonsterile water, while the organisms proliferated in autoclaved water. Subsequently, the growth of E. coli O157:H7 strains was monitored in 300 mul of Luria-Bertani (LB) broth supplemented with incremental proportions of filter-sterilized wastewater. E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli ONT:H32 strains failed to grow in filter-sterilized wastewater, and their growth was reduced incrementally with wastewater supplementation of LB broth. Consequently, the influence of organic extracts of wastewater on the growth of E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli ONT:H32 in reduced-strength LB was monitored, followed by scale-up tests in wastewater. Acidic and basic extracts inhibited growth of both strains, while the neutral aqueous extract improved growth. However, a scale-up with a threefold increase in the acidic components supplementing the wastewater did not result in any additional decline in numbers of E. coli O157:H7 cells. When protected inside a 300-kDa dialysis tube and exposed to diffusible components, E. coli O157:H7 survived longer, with a decimal reduction time of 18.1 days, compared to 3.5 days when inoculated directly into wastewater. Although wastewater can potentially provide nutrients to naturally occurring human pathogens, the chemical components, protozoa, and coliphages in wastewater can inhibit the growth of freshly introduced pathogens from manure.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {AEM.02213-06 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.02213-06}, author = {Ravva, S V and Korn, A} } @article {2415, title = {{Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {jan}, pages = {134{\textendash}63}, abstract = {

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) possesses virulence traits that allow it to invade, colonize, and induce disease in bodily sites outside of the gastrointestinal tract. Human diseases caused by ExPEC include urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia, surgical site infections, as well as infections in other extraintestinal locations. ExPEC-induced diseases represent a large burden in terms of medical costs and productivity losses. In addition to human illnesses, ExPEC strains also cause extraintestinal infections in domestic animals and pets. A commonality of virulence factors has been demonstrated between human and animal ExPEC, suggesting that the organisms are zoonotic pathogens. ExPEC strains have been isolated from food products, in particular from raw meats and poultry, indicating that these organisms potentially represent a new class of foodborne pathogens. This review discusses various aspects of ExPEC, including its presence in food products, in animals used for food or as companion pets; the diseases ExPEC can cause; and the virulence factors and virulence mechanisms that cause disease.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Resistance, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Humans, Phylogeny, prevalence, Virulence, Zoonoses}, issn = {1535-3141}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2007.0087}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17600482}, author = {Smith, James L and Fratamico, Pina M and Gunther, Nereus W} } @article {14227, title = {Extraintestinal pathogenic {Escherichia} coli.}, journal = {Foodborne pathogens and disease}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {jan}, pages = {134{\textendash}63}, abstract = {Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) possesses virulence traits that allow it to invade, colonize, and induce disease in bodily sites outside of the gastrointestinal tract. Human diseases caused by ExPEC include urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia, surgical site infections, as well as infections in other extraintestinal locations. ExPEC-induced diseases represent a large burden in terms of medical costs and productivity losses. In addition to human illnesses, ExPEC strains also cause extraintestinal infections in domestic animals and pets. A commonality of virulence factors has been demonstrated between human and animal ExPEC, suggesting that the organisms are zoonotic pathogens. ExPEC strains have been isolated from food products, in particular from raw meats and poultry, indicating that these organisms potentially represent a new class of foodborne pathogens. This review discusses various aspects of ExPEC, including its presence in food products, in animals used for food or as companion pets; the diseases ExPEC can cause; and the virulence factors and virulence mechanisms that cause disease.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Consumer Product Safety, Drug Resistance, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Humans, Phylogeny, prevalence, Virulence, Zoonoses}, issn = {1535-3141}, doi = {10.1089/fpd.2007.0087}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17600482}, author = {Smith, James L and Fratamico, Pina M and Gunther, Nereus W} } @article {4699, title = {{Faecal and protozoan parasite contamination of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) cultivated in urban wastewater in Phnom Penh, Cambodia}}, journal = {Tropical Medicice and International Health}, volume = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {73{\textendash}81}, author = {Vuong, TA and Nguyen, TT and Klank, LT and Phung, DC and Dalsgaard, A} } @article {6164, title = {Fate and occurrence of X-ray contrast media in the environment}, journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry}, volume = {387}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {1235-1246}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {P{\'e}rez, Sandra and Barcel{\'o}, Dami{\`a}} } @article {9344, title = {{Fate of pathogens in sludge sand drying beds at Qateef, Khobar and Dammam: A case study}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {19-27}, author = {Malack, MH and Bukhari, A and Abuzaid, NS} } @article {693, title = {Feasibility of using Trichoderma harzianum biomass for the removal of erioglaucine from aqueous solution}, journal = {World Journal of Microbiology \& Biotechnology}, volume = {23}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, note = {Sadhasivam, Subramaniam Savitha, Sivasubramanian Swaminathan, Krishnasamy}, pages = {1075-1081}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The test fungus Trichoderma harzianum was isolated from the Western Ghats area of Tamilnadu, India. The study involves the feasibility of using T.harzianum to remove erioglaucine from an aqueous solution in batch mode. The batch mode experimental parameters such as effect of agitation time and initial dye concentration, adsorbent mass and pH were determined. The results revealed that, the fungal biomass at 1.5 g/50 ml adsorbent mass removed 75.67-88.05\% of dye (10-50 mg/l) in 105 min at pH 4.0. The adsorption equilibrium data followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. From the Langmuir isotherm, the adsorbent had adsorption capacity (Q(0) ) of 3.09 mg/g. Pseudo first and second order rate kinetic equations were applied to the experimental adsorption data. The results indicate that the adsorbent system followed second order rate kinetics.}, issn = {0959-3993}, doi = {10.1007/s11274-006-9336-9}, url = {://WOS:000248330300005}, author = {Sadhasivam, S. and Savitha, S. and Swaminathan, K.} } @article {17052, title = {Fecal source tracking, the indicator paradigm, and managing water quality}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {41}, number = {16}, year = {2007}, pages = {3517{\textendash}3538}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Field, Katharine G and Samadpour, Mansour} } @article {7918, title = {{Fecal viral concentration and diarrhea in norovirus gastroenteritis}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, year = {2007}, pages = {1399{\textendash}1401}, abstract = {Fecal viral concentrations of 40 patients infected with norovirus genogroup GII.4 correlated with diarrhea duration and frequency of vomiting. Higher viral concentration and older age were independently associated with prolonged diarrhea ({\textgreater} or =4 days). These findings provide information on the pathogenesis and transmission of norovirus infections.}, isbn = {1080-6040 (Print)$\backslash$n1080-6040 (Linking)}, issn = {10806040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1309.061535}, author = {Lee, Nelson and Chan, Martin C.W. and Wong, Bonnie and Choi, K. W. and Sin, Winnie and Lui, Grace and Chan, Paul K.S. and Lai, Raymond W.M. and Cockram, C. S. and Sung, Joseph J.Y. and Leung, Wai K.} } @article {12950, title = {Field investigations on the survival of Escherichia coli and presence of other enteric micro-organisms in biosolids-amended agricultural soil}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {1868{\textendash}1882}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Lang, NL and Bellett-Travers, MD and S R Smith} } @article {15851, title = {First investigations into the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in Hungarian drinking water}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {Dec}, pages = {573-84}, edition = {2007/09/20}, keywords = {*Cryptosporidium, *Giardia, Animals, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Humans, Hungary, Water Supply/*analysis}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920}, author = {Plutzer, J. and Tako, M. H. and Marialigeti, K. and Torokne, A. and Karanis, P.} } @article {4111, title = {{First investigations into the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in Hungarian drinking water}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {573{\textendash}84}, author = {Plutzer, J and Tak{\'o}, MH and M{\'a}rialigeti, K and T{\"o}r{\"o}kn{\'e}, A and Karanis, P} } @article {4974, title = {{Fishborne zoonotic intestinal trematodes, Vietnam}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {13}, year = {2007}, pages = {1828{\textendash}1833}, author = {Dung, D and Van De, N and Waikagul, J and Dalsgaard, A and Chai, JY and Sohn, WM and Murrell, KD} } @article {2233, title = {{Food as a vehicle for transmission of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, year = {2007}, month = {oct}, pages = {2426{\textendash}49}, abstract = {Contaminated food continues to be the principal vehicle for transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) to humans. A large number of foods, including those associated with outbreaks (alfalfa sprouts, fresh produce, beef, and unpasteurized juices), have been the focus of intensive research studies in the past few years (2003 to 2006) to assess the prevalence and identify effective intervention and inactivation treatments for these pathogens. Recent analyses of retail foods in the United States revealed E. coli O157:H7 was present in 1.5\% of alfalfa sprouts and 0.17\% of ground beef but not in some other foods examined. Differences in virulence patterns (presence of both stx1 and stx2 genes versus one stx gene) have been observed among isolates from beef samples obtained at the processing plant compared with retail outlets. Research has continued to examine survival and growth of STEC in foods, with several models being developed to predict the behavior of the pathogen under a wide range of environmental conditions. In an effort to develop effective strategies to minimize contamination, several influential factors are being addressed, including elucidating the underlying mechanism for attachment and penetration of STEC into foods and determining the role of handling practices and processing operations on cross-contamination between foods. Reports of some alternative nonthermal processing treatments (high pressure, pulsed-electric field, ionizing radiation, UV radiation, and ultrasound) indicate potential for inactivating STEC with minimal alteration to sensory and nutrient characteristics. Antimicrobials (e.g., organic acids, oxidizing agents, cetylpyridinium chloride, bacteriocins, acidified sodium chlorite, natural extracts) have varying degrees of efficacy as preservatives or sanitizing agents on produce, meat, and unpasteurized juices. Multiple-hurdle or sequential intervention treatments have the greatest potential to minimize transmission of STEC in foods.}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: metabolism, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Microbiology, Humans, Shiga Toxin, Shiga Toxin: biosynthesis}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969631}, author = {Erickson, Marilyn C and Doyle, Michael P} } @article {7998, title = {{Food as a vehicle for transmission of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, year = {2007}, month = {oct}, pages = {2426{\textendash}49}, abstract = {

Contaminated food continues to be the principal vehicle for transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) to humans. A large number of foods, including those associated with outbreaks (alfalfa sprouts, fresh produce, beef, and unpasteurized juices), have been the focus of intensive research studies in the past few years (2003 to 2006) to assess the prevalence and identify effective intervention and inactivation treatments for these pathogens. Recent analyses of retail foods in the United States revealed E. coli O157:H7 was present in 1.5{\%} of alfalfa sprouts and 0.17{\%} of ground beef but not in some other foods examined. Differences in virulence patterns (presence of both stx1 and stx2 genes versus one stx gene) have been observed among isolates from beef samples obtained at the processing plant compared with retail outlets. Research has continued to examine survival and growth of STEC in foods, with several models being developed to predict the behavior of the pathogen under a wide range of environmental conditions. In an effort to develop effective strategies to minimize contamination, several influential factors are being addressed, including elucidating the underlying mechanism for attachment and penetration of STEC into foods and determining the role of handling practices and processing operations on cross-contamination between foods. Reports of some alternative nonthermal processing treatments (high pressure, pulsed-electric field, ionizing radiation, UV radiation, and ultrasound) indicate potential for inactivating STEC with minimal alteration to sensory and nutrient characteristics. Antimicrobials (e.g., organic acids, oxidizing agents, cetylpyridinium chloride, bacteriocins, acidified sodium chlorite, natural extracts) have varying degrees of efficacy as preservatives or sanitizing agents on produce, meat, and unpasteurized juices. Multiple-hurdle or sequential intervention treatments have the greatest potential to minimize transmission of STEC in foods.

}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention {\&} control, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli O157: metabolism, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Microbiology, Humans, Shiga Toxin, Shiga Toxin: biosynthesis}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969631}, author = {Erickson, Marilyn C and Doyle, Michael P} } @article {14010, title = {Food as a vehicle for transmission of {Shiga} toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, year = {2007}, month = {oct}, pages = {2426{\textendash}49}, abstract = {Contaminated food continues to be the principal vehicle for transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) to humans. A large number of foods, including those associated with outbreaks (alfalfa sprouts, fresh produce, beef, and unpasteurized juices), have been the focus of intensive research studies in the past few years (2003 to 2006) to assess the prevalence and identify effective intervention and inactivation treatments for these pathogens. Recent analyses of retail foods in the United States revealed E. coli O157:H7 was present in 1.5\% of alfalfa sprouts and 0.17\% of ground beef but not in some other foods examined. Differences in virulence patterns (presence of both stx1 and stx2 genes versus one stx gene) have been observed among isolates from beef samples obtained at the processing plant compared with retail outlets. Research has continued to examine survival and growth of STEC in foods, with several models being developed to predict the behavior of the pathogen under a wide range of environmental conditions. In an effort to develop effective strategies to minimize contamination, several influential factors are being addressed, including elucidating the underlying mechanism for attachment and penetration of STEC into foods and determining the role of handling practices and processing operations on cross-contamination between foods. Reports of some alternative nonthermal processing treatments (high pressure, pulsed-electric field, ionizing radiation, UV radiation, and ultrasound) indicate potential for inactivating STEC with minimal alteration to sensory and nutrient characteristics. Antimicrobials (e.g., organic acids, oxidizing agents, cetylpyridinium chloride, bacteriocins, acidified sodium chlorite, natural extracts) have varying degrees of efficacy as preservatives or sanitizing agents on produce, meat, and unpasteurized juices. Multiple-hurdle or sequential intervention treatments have the greatest potential to minimize transmission of STEC in foods.}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: metabolism, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Microbiology, Humans, Shiga Toxin, Shiga Toxin: biosynthesis}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969631}, author = {Erickson, Marilyn C and Doyle, Michael P} } @article {11427, title = {Further evaluation of the synthetic peptide vaccine S3Pvac against Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs in an endemic town of Mexico}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {134}, number = {Pt 1}, year = {2007}, pages = {129-33}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182006001132}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948875}, author = {Sciutto, E and Morales, J and Martinez, JJ and Toledo, A and Villalobos, MN and Cruz-Revilla, C and Meneses, G and Hern{\'a}ndez, M and D{\i}az, A and Rodarte, LF and Acero, G and Gevorkian, G and Manoutcharian, K and Paniagua, J and Fragoso, G and Fleury, A and Larralde, R and De Aluja, AS and Larralde, C} } @article {5677, title = {{Genetic Variability and Molecular Evolution of Hepatitis A Virus}}, journal = {Virus Research}, volume = {127}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {151{\textendash}157}, author = {Cristina, J and Costa-Mattioli, M} } @article {5015, title = {{Genetic variation in Opisthorchis viverrini (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae) from northeast Thailand and Laos PDR based on random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {100}, year = {2007}, pages = {613{\textendash}617}, author = {Sithithaworn, P and Nuchjungreed, C and Srisawangwong, T and Ando, K and Petney, TN and Chilton, NB and Andrews, RH} } @inbook {8532, title = {{Genetics and Genomic Organization of Toxoplasma gondii}}, booktitle = {Toxoplasma: Molecular and Cellular Biology}, year = {2007}, pages = {626}, publisher = {Horizon Bioscience}, organization = {Horizon Bioscience}, edition = {1 ed}, address = {Whymondham, UK}, author = {Khan, A and Taylor, S and Su, C and Sibley, LD and Paulsen, I and Ajioka, JW}, editor = {Ajioka, JW and Soldati, D} } @article {10606, title = {{Genomic analysis of the Mozambique strain of Vibrio cholerae O1 reveals the origin of El Tor strains carrying classical CTX prophage}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {104}, year = {2007}, pages = {5151{\textendash}5156}, author = {Faruque, SM and Tam, VC and Chowdhury, N and Diraphat, P and Dziejman, M and Heidelberg, JF and J D Clemens and Mekalanos, JJ and Nair, GB.} } @article {4170, title = {{Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolates among residents of slum area in Manila, Philippines}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {101}, year = {2007}, pages = {681{\textendash}687}, author = {Yason, JA and Rivera, WL} } @article {4381, title = {Giardia lamblia and other intestinal parasitic infections and their relationships with nutritional status in children in Brazilian Amazon}, journal = {Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo }, volume = {49}, year = {2007}, pages = {147-153}, author = {Carvalho-Costa, FA and Goncalves, AQ and Lassance, SL and da Silva Neto, LM and Salmazo, CAA and Boia, MN} } @article {7100, title = {Global cost-benefit analysis of water supply and sanitation interventions}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {481{\textendash}502}, author = {Hutton, Guy and Haller, Laurence and Bartram, Jamie} } @inbook {1524, title = {Global supply of virus safe drinking-water}, booktitle = {Human Viruses in Water, Perspectives in Medical Virology}, year = {2007}, pages = {127-162}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands }, author = {de Roda Husman, A. M. and Bartram, J.}, editor = {Bosch, A.} } @inbook {14549, title = {Global supply of virus safe drinking-water}, booktitle = {Human viruses in water, {Perspectives} in medical virology}, year = {2007}, pages = {127{\textendash}162}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, author = {A M De Roda Husman and Bartram, J.}, editor = {Bosch, A.} } @article {10595, title = {{GM1-functionalized liposomes in a microtiter plate assay for cholera toxin in Vibrio cholerae culture samples}}, journal = {Analytical Biochemistry}, volume = {368}, year = {2007}, pages = {39{\textendash}48}, author = {Edwards, KA and March, JC} } @article {16326, title = {{Golf course irrigantion with reclaimed water}}, journal = {Water Reuse Studies in Spain}, volume = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {1{\textendash}4}, url = {http://www.ccbgi.org/docs/projectes{\_}reutilitzacio/golf{\_}course{\_}irrigation{\_}with{\_}reclaimed{\_}water{\_}final.pdf}, author = {Mujeriego, Rafael} } @article {10791, title = {{Growth of Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa Eltor in freshwater}}, journal = {Microbiology}, volume = {153}, year = {2007}, pages = {1993{\textendash}2001}, author = {Vital, M and F{\"u}chslin, HP and Hammes, F and Thomas Egli, T} } @article {7841, title = {Guillain-Barr{\'e} Syndrome and Preceding Infection with Campylobacter, Influenza and Epstein-Barr Virus in the General Practice Research Database}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {04}, pages = {1-6}, abstract = {

BackgroundA number of infectious agents have previously been suggested as risk factors for the development of Guillain-Barr\Ã\© syndrome (GBS), but robust epidemiologic evidence for these associations is lacking.Methods and FindingsWe conducted a nested case-control study using data from the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database between 1991 and 2001. Controls were matched to cases on general practice clinic, sex, year of birth and date of outcome diagnosis in their matched case. We found positive associations between GBS and infection with Campylobacter, Epstein-Barr virus and influenza-like illness in the previous two months, as well as evidence of a protective effect of influenza vaccination. After correction for under-ascertainment of Campylobacter infection, the excess risk of GBS following Campylobacter enteritis was 60-fold and 20\% of GBS cases were attributable to this pathogen.ConclusionsOur findings indicate a far greater excess risk of GBS among Campylobacter enteritis patients than previously reported by retrospective serological studies. In addition, they confirm previously suggested associations between infection due to Epstein-Barr virus infection and influenza-like illness and GBS. Finally, we report evidence of a protective effect of influenza vaccination on GBS risk, which may be mediated through protection against influenza disease, or result from a lower likelihood of vaccination among those with recent infection. Cohort studies of GBS incidence in this population would help to clarify the burden of GBS due to influenza, and any potential protective effect of influenza vaccination.

}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371\%2Fjournal.pone.0000344}, author = {Tam, Clarence C. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, Sarah J. and Petersen, Irene and Islam, Amir and Hayward, Andrew and Rodrigues,Laura C.} } @article {1751, title = {Health risk assessment of non-potable domestic water supplies in the Netherlands}, journal = {Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology{\textemdash}AQUA}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {171-179}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Dual water supply systems were installed in several newly built housing estates in the Netherlands in the late1990s. These residential homes were provided with both drinking water and separately with so-called household water for toilet flushing, laundry and the garden tap. Household water was produced by limited treatment from a variety of sources and had a lower quality than drinking water. No legislation for (the quality of) this type of water was present at the time and the Dutch government appointed six of these estates as pilot projects. Four pilot projects were intensively monitored for toxicological and microbiological safety as well as microbiological stability during a period of almost 16 months. Specific incidents such as cross connections between drinking water and household water and observations of viruses and pathogenic protozoa in treated water demonstrated that some of these systems were microbiologically unsafe. Furthermore certain household waters had a relatively high biofilm formation potential leading to growth of Legionella sp. and Aeromonas and complaints from customers about the smell and colour of the household water. In nearly all cases concentrations of heavy metals and organic pollutants were below drinking water standards, hence the toxicological risk caused by chemical substances was not significant. Based on the results of this study the Dutch government decided to discourage the production and distribution of household water on a large scale. At present all projects owned by water companies in the Netherlands have been terminated by replacing household water with drinking water.}, author = {Oesterholt, F. and Medema, G. J. and van der Kooij, D. and Martijnse, G.} } @article {16697, title = {Health risks in wastewater irrigation: {Comparing} estimates from quantitative microbial risk analyses and epidemiological studies}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {39{\textendash}50}, author = {Mara, D. D., P. A. Sleigh, U. J. Blumenthal and Carr, R. M.} } @article {15169, title = {Health risks in wastewater irrigation: comparing estimates from quantitative microbial risk analyses and epidemiological studies}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {39{\textendash}50}, author = {Mara, DD and Sleigh, PA and Blumenthal, UJ and Carr, RM} } @article {13619, title = {Health risks in wastewater irrigation: comparing estimates from quantitative microbial risk analyses and epidemiological studies}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {39{\textendash}50}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Mara, DD and Sleigh, PA and Blumenthal, UJ and Carr, RM} } @article {15655, title = {Heavy cryptosporidial infections in children in northeast Brazil: comparison of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum}, journal = {Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {Apr}, pages = {378-84}, edition = {2006/08/29}, keywords = {Animals, Anthropometry, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium parvum/isolation \& purification/physiology, Cryptosporidium/*classification/isolation \& purification/physiology, Diarrhea, Infantile/parasitology, Feces/chemistry/parasitology, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Infant, Lactoferrin/analysis, Nutritional Status, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Prospective Studies, Species Specificity, Urban Health/statistics \& numerical data}, isbn = {0035-9203 (Print)
0035-9203}, author = {Bushen, O. Y. and Kohli, A. and Pinkerton, R. C. and Dupnik, K. and Newman, R. D. and Sears, C. L. and Fayer, R. and Lima, A. A. and Guerrant, R. L.} } @article {9093, title = {{Helicobacter pylori: longer survival in deep ground water and sea water than in a nutrient-rich environment}}, journal = {APMIS}, volume = {115}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {1285{\textendash}1291}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, keywords = {deep ground water, electron microscopy, helicobacter pylori, sea water, viability}, issn = {1600-0463}, doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0643.2007.00594.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0643.2007.00594.x}, author = {Konishi, Kohei and Saito, Nagahito and Shoji, Eriko and Takeda, Hiroshi and Kato, Mototsugu and Asaka, Masahiro and OOI, HONG-KEAN} } @article {7110, title = {Helicobacter pylori: longer survival in deep ground water and sea water than in a nutrient-rich environment}, journal = {Apmis}, volume = {115}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {1285{\textendash}1291}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0643.2007.00594.x/full}, author = {Konishi, Kohei and Saito, Nagahito and Shoji, Eriko and Takeda, Hiroshi and Kato, Mototsugu and Asaka, Masahiro and OOI, HONG-KEAN} } @article {17498, title = {{Helminth eggs inactivation efficiency by faecal sludge dewatering and co-composting in tropical climates}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {19}, year = {2007}, pages = {4397{\textendash}4402}, abstract = {This study investigates helminth eggs removal and inactivation efficiency in a treatment process combining faecal sludge (FS) dewatering and subsequent co-composting with organic solid waste as a function of windrow turning frequency. Fresh public toilet sludge and septage mixed at a 1:2 ratio were dewatered on a drying bed. Biosolids with initial loads of 25-83 helminth eggs/g total solids (TS) were mixed with solid waste as bulking material for co-composting at a 1:2 volume ratio. Two replicate sets of compost heaps were mounted in parallel and turned at different frequencies during the active composting period: (i) once every 3 days and (ii) once every 10 days. Turning frequency had no effect on helminth eggs removal efficiency. In both setups, helminth eggs were reduced to {\textless}1 viable egg/g TS, thereby complying with the WHO guidelines 2006 for the safe reuse of FS. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {ascaris, Co-composting, Drying beds, faecal sludge, Helminth eggs, Trichuris}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.024}, author = {Kone, Doulaye and Cofie, Olufunke and Zurbr{\"u}gg, Christian and Gallizzi, Katharina and Moser, Daya and Drescher, Silke and Strauss, Martin} } @article {10289, title = {Helminth ova control in sludge: A review}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {56}, number = {9}, year = {2007}, pages = {147{\textendash}155}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, Blanca} } @article {11241, title = {{Helminth ova control in wastewater and sludge for advanced and conventional sanitation}}, journal = {Water Science {\&} Technology}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {43}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2007.555}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, B and Maya, C and Galvan, M} } @article {17110, title = {Helminth ova control in wastewater and sludge for agricultural reuse}, journal = {Water and Health}, volume = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {1{\textendash}12}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, B} } @article {16540, title = {Helminth ova removal from wastewater for agriculture and aquaculture reuse}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {55}, number = {1-2}, year = {2007}, pages = {485{\textendash}93}, abstract = {In the new version of the World Health Organization (WHO), water reuse guidelines helminth ova are considered one of the main target pollutants to be removed from wastewater reuse for agriculture and aquaculture purposes. In spite of this, along with the fact that helminth ova have been considered the main health risk to wastewater reuse for agriculture for at least 20 years, relatively little research has been done to control helminth ova in the wastewater treatment field. This paper addresses (1) characteristics of helminth ova and differences with microorganisms; (2) the most frequent helminth ova genus found in wastewater; (3) helminth ova content in developed and developing countries wastewater; (4) reasons why conventional disinfection methods cannot be applied; (5) main removal mechanisms; and (6) processes that in practice have effectively removed or inactivated helminth ova.}, keywords = {*Agriculture, *Aquaculture, *Waste Disposal, *Water Supply, Animals, Fluid, Helminths/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Parasite Egg Count, Water/*parasitology}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Jimenez, B.} } @article {14709, title = {Helminth ova removal from wastewater for agriculture and aquaculture reuse}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {55}, year = {2007}, pages = {485{\textendash}93}, abstract = {In the new version of the World Health Organization (WHO), water reuse guidelines helminth ova are considered one of the main target pollutants to be removed from wastewater reuse for agriculture and aquaculture purposes. In spite of this, along with the fact that helminth ova have been considered the main health risk to wastewater reuse for agriculture for at least 20 years, relatively little research has been done to control helminth ova in the wastewater treatment field. This paper addresses (1) characteristics of helminth ova and differences with microorganisms; (2) the most frequent helminth ova genus found in wastewater; (3) helminth ova content in developed and developing countries wastewater; (4) reasons why conventional disinfection methods cannot be applied; (5) main removal mechanisms; and (6) processes that in practice have effectively removed or inactivated helminth ova.}, keywords = {*Agriculture, *Aquaculture, *Waste Disposal, *Water Supply, Animals, Fluid, Helminths/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Parasite Egg Count, Water/*parasitology}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Jimenez, B.} } @article {14999, title = {Helminth ova removal from wastewater for agriculture and aquaculture reuse}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {55}, year = {2007}, pages = {485{\textendash}93}, abstract = {In the new version of the World Health Organization (WHO), water reuse guidelines helminth ova are considered one of the main target pollutants to be removed from wastewater reuse for agriculture and aquaculture purposes. In spite of this, along with the fact that helminth ova have been considered the main health risk to wastewater reuse for agriculture for at least 20 years, relatively little research has been done to control helminth ova in the wastewater treatment field. This paper addresses (1) characteristics of helminth ova and differences with microorganisms; (2) the most frequent helminth ova genus found in wastewater; (3) helminth ova content in developed and developing countries wastewater; (4) reasons why conventional disinfection methods cannot be applied; (5) main removal mechanisms; and (6) processes that in practice have effectively removed or inactivated helminth ova.}, keywords = {*Agriculture, *Aquaculture, *Waste Disposal, *Water Supply, Animals, Fluid, Helminths/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Parasite Egg Count, Water/*parasitology}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Jimenez, B.} } @article {11240, title = {{Helminth ova removal from wastewater for agriculture and aquaculture reuse}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {55}, number = {1-2}, year = {2007}, pages = {485}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2007.046}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, B} } @article {11377, title = {Helminth ova removal from wastewater for agriculture and aquaculture reuse}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {55}, number = {1-2}, year = {2007}, pages = {485-493}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, B} } @article {12048, title = {Helminth ova removal from wastewater for agriculture and aquaculture reuse}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {55}, number = {1-2}, year = {2007}, note = {Jimenez, B
eng
Review
England
2007/02/20 09:00
Water Sci Technol. 2007;55(1-2):485-93.}, pages = {485-93}, abstract = {

In the new version of the World Health Organization (WHO), water reuse guidelines helminth ova are considered one of the main target pollutants to be removed from wastewater reuse for agriculture and aquaculture purposes. In spite of this, along with the fact that helminth ova have been considered the main health risk to wastewater reuse for agriculture for at least 20 years, relatively little research has been done to control helminth ova in the wastewater treatment field. This paper addresses (1) characteristics of helminth ova and differences with microorganisms; (2) the most frequent helminth ova genus found in wastewater; (3) helminth ova content in developed and developing countries wastewater; (4) reasons why conventional disinfection methods cannot be applied; (5) main removal mechanisms; and (6) processes that in practice have effectively removed or inactivated helminth ova.

}, keywords = {*Agriculture, *Aquaculture, *Waste Disposal, Fluid, *Water Supply, Animals, Helminths/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Parasite Egg Count, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Jimenez, B.} } @article {11857, title = {{Helminth parasites of the grass snake, Natrix natrix, and the dice snake, Natrix tessellata (Serpentea: colubrida) from Turkey.}}, journal = {Comparative Parasitology}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {343{\textendash}354}, author = {Yildirimhan, H and Bursey, C and Goldberg, S} } @inbook {11060, title = {Helminths and sanitation}, booktitle = {Communicating current research and educational topics and trends in applied microbiology}, year = {2007}, note = {OCLC: 758132062}, pages = {60{\textendash}71}, publisher = {FORMATEX}, organization = {FORMATEX}, address = {Badajoz}, isbn = {978-84-611-9422-3}, author = {Jimenez-Cisneros, B.E. and Mendez-Vilas, A.}, editor = {Maya-Rendon, C} } @article {11379, title = {Helminths and sanitation}, journal = {Communicating current research and educational topics and trends in applied microbiology}, volume = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {60-71}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, BE and Maya-Rendon, C} } @article {13749, title = {Hepatitis {A} virus in environmental water samples from the {Amazon} {Basin}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a significant waterborne human pathogen. Of the global supply of potable water, Brazil retains 13\%, of which 75\% resides in the Amazon Basin. Although hepatitis A morbidity has declined progressively in Brazil as a whole, it remains high in the Amazon region. We used nested and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and quantify the viral load in water samples from the Amazon Basin. Most samples tested positive (92\%), with viral loads varying from 60 to 5500 copies /L, depending on sanitary conditions and the degree of flooding. Nested RT-PCR of the VP1-2A region detected HAV RNA in 23\% of the samples. In low viral load samples, HAV was detected only with real-time RT-PCR, suggesting that this technique is useful for monitoring HAV contamination. The presence of HAV in water samples constitutes a serious public health problem. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.029}, author = {De Paula, V.S. and Diniz-Mendes, L. and Villar, L.M. and Luz, S.L.B. and Silva, L.A. and Jesus, M.S. and da Silva, N.M.V.S. and Gaspar, A.M.C.} } @article {7549, title = {{Hepatitis A virus in environmental water samples from the Amazon Basin}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {1169-1176}, abstract = {

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a significant waterborne human pathogen. Of the global supply of potable water, Brazil retains 13{\%}, of which 75{\%} resides in the Amazon Basin. Although hepatitis A morbidity has declined progressively in Brazil as a whole, it remains high in the Amazon region. We used nested and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and quantify the viral load in water samples from the Amazon Basin. Most samples tested positive (92{\%}), with viral loads varying from 60 to 5500 copies /L, depending on sanitary conditions and the degree of flooding. Nested RT-PCR of the VP1-2A region detected HAV RNA in 23{\%} of the samples. In low viral load samples, HAV was detected only with real-time RT-PCR, suggesting that this technique is useful for monitoring HAV contamination. The presence of HAV in water samples constitutes a serious public health problem. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.029}, author = {De Paula, V.S. and Diniz-Mendes, L. and Villar, L.M. and Luz, S.L.B. and Silva, L.A. and Jesus, M.S. and da Silva, N.M.V.S. and Gaspar, A.M.C.} } @article {5681, title = {{Hepatitis A Virus in Environmental Water Samples from the Amazon Basin}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {1169{\textendash}1176}, author = {V S De Paula and Diniz-Mendes, L and Villar, LM and Luz, SL and Silva, LA and Jesus, MS and da Silva, NM and Gaspar, AM} } @article {10432, title = {Hepatitis A Virus in Surface Water in South Africa: What Are the Risks?}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {229-40}, author = {Venter, J.M. and Van Heerden, J. and Vivier, J.C. and Grabow, W.O. and Taylor, M.B.} } @article {5736, title = {{Hepatitis A Virus in Urban Sewage from Two Mediterranean Countries}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {135}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {270{\textendash}273}, author = {Pinto, RM and Alegre, D and Dom{\'\i}nguez, A and El-Senousy, WM and S{\'a}nchez, G and Villena, C and Costafreda, MI and Aragon{\`e}s, L and Bosch, A} } @article {5997, title = {Hepatitis E virus}, journal = {Reviews in Medical Virology}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {151{\textendash}180}, author = {Panda, SK and Thakral, D} } @article {5933, title = {{Hepatitis E virus RNA in commercial porcine livers in The Netherlands}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {70}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {2889{\textendash}2895}, author = {Bouwknegt, M and Lodder-Verschoor, F} } @article {4807, title = {{High hydrostatic pressure and UV light treatment of produce contaminated with Eimeria acervulina as a Cyclospora cayetanensis surrogate}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {70}, year = {2007}, pages = {2837{\textendash}2842}, author = {Kniel, KE and Shearer, AE and Cascarino, JL and Wilkins, GC and Jenkins, MC} } @article {15571, title = {Is host-schistosome coevolution going anywhere?}, journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {7}, year = {2007}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
England}, pages = {91}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: That pathogens and hosts coevolve is a powerful concept with broad theoretical and applied implications spanning from genetic theory to the medical and veterinary sciences, particularly in the context of infectious disease epidemiology. A substantial body of theory has been developed to explore the likelihood and consequences of coevolution, but few empirical studies have been conducted to test these theories, particularly for indirectly-transmitted pathogen-host systems. We initiated replicate longitudinal host-schistosome co-selection trials under different host genotype combinations: Schistosoma mansoni parasite lines were co-selected with populations of either previously resistant-selected Biomphalaria glabrata host genotypes, or unselected susceptible B. glabrata genotypes, or a mixed population of the two. All parasite lines were also passaged through their obligatory mammalian definitive host at each generation. RESULTS: We demonstrated variation in, and a reciprocal impact on, the fitness of both host and pathogen phenotype and genotype, an outcome dependent on the combinations of genotypes involved, and evidence of change over time. Most apparent was the observation that parasites appeared to rapidly adapt to those intermediate hosts previously selected for resistance. CONCLUSION: Our results illustrate the potential for host-schistosome coevolution and, in particular, suggest that host resistance may be a temporary phenomenon in nature due, in part, to rapid counter-adaptations by parasites.

}, keywords = {*Biological Evolution, Adaptation, Physiological/genetics, Animals, Biomphalaria/genetics/*parasitology, Crosses, Genetic, Evolution, Molecular, Genes, Helminth, Genetics, Population, genotype, Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics, Immunity, Innate, Mice, Mice, Inbred CBA, Phenotype, Schistosoma mansoni/genetics/pathogenicity/*physiology, Selection, Genetic, Virulence}, isbn = {1471-2148 (Electronic)
1471-2148 (Linking)}, author = {Webster, J. P. and Shrivastava, J. and Johnson, P. J. and Blair, L.} } @article {15912, title = {How can the UK statutory Cryptosporidium monitoring be used for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium in drinking water?}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5 Suppl 1}, year = {2007}, pages = {107-18}, edition = {2007/11/21}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*legislation \& jurisprudence, Risk Assessment, United Kingdom, Water Purification, Water Supply/*analysis}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print)
1477-8920}, author = {Smeets, P. W. and van Dijk, J. C. and Stanfield, G. and Rietveld, L. C. and Medema, G. J.} } @article {6629, title = {How can the {UK} statutory monitoring be used for {Quantitative} {Risk} {Assessment} of in drinking water?}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {Suppl 1}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {S107}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2007.140}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/005/jwh005S107.htm}, author = {Smeets, P. W. M. H. and Medema, G. J. and Stanfield, G. and van Dijk, J. C. and Rietveld, L. C.} } @article {6934, title = {How can the {UK} statutory monitoring be used for {Quantitative} {Risk} {Assessment} of in drinking water?}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {Suppl 1}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {S107}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2007.140}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2007.140}, author = {Smeets, P. W. M. H. and Medema, G. J. and Stanfield, G. and van Dijk, J. C. and Rietveld, L. C.} } @article {3137, title = {Human alveolar echinococcosis after fox population increase, {Switzerland}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {jun}, pages = {878{\textendash}882}, abstract = {We analyzed databases spanning 50 years, which included retrospective alveolar echinococcosis (AE) case finding studies and databases of the 3 major centers for treatment of AE in Switzerland. A total of 494 cases were recorded. Annual incidence of AE per 100,000 population increased from 0.12-0.15 during 1956-1992 and a mean of 0.10 during 1993-2000 to a mean of 0.26 during 2001-2005. Because the clinical stage of the disease did not change between observation periods, this increase cannot be explained by improved diagnosis. Swiss hunting statistics suggested that the fox population increased 4-fold from 1980 through 1995 and has persisted at these higher levels. Because the period between infection and development of clinical disease is long, the increase in the fox population and high Echinococcus multilocularis prevalence rates in foxes in rural and urban areas may have resulted in an emerging epidemic of AE 10-15 years later.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Foxes, Hepatic, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Incidence, Middle Aged, prevalence, Retrospective Studies, Rural Population, Switzerland, Urban Population, Zoonoses}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1306.061074}, author = {Schweiger, Alexander and Ammann, Rudolf W. and Candinas, Daniel and Clavien, Pierre-Alain and Eckert, Johannes and Gottstein, Bruno and Halkic, Nerman and Muellhaupt, Beat and Prinz, Bettina Mareike and Reichen, Juerg and Tarr, Philip E. and Torgerson, Paul R. and Deplazes, Peter} } @article {6310, title = {Human enteric viruses in groundwater from a confined bedrock aquifer}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {41}, number = {18}, year = {2007}, pages = {6606{\textendash}6612}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es071110\%2B}, author = {Borchardt, Mark A. and Bradbury, Kenneth R. and Gotkowitz, Madeline B. and Cherry, John A. and Parker, Beth L.} } @article {1485, title = {Human enteric viruses in groundwater from a confined bedrock aquifer}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {41}, number = {18}, year = {2007}, note = {Borchardt, Mark A Bradbury, Kenneth R Gotkowitz, Madeline B Cherry, John A Parker, Beth L eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2007/10/24 09:00 Environ Sci Technol. 2007 Sep 15;41(18):6606-12.}, pages = {6606-12}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Confined aquifers are overlain by low-permeability aquitards that are commonly assumed to protect underlying aquifers from microbial contaminants. However, empirical data on microbial contamination beneath aquitards is limited. This study determined the occurrence of human pathogenic viruses in well water from a deep sandstone aquifer confined by a regionally extensive shale aquitard. Three public water-supply wells were each sampled 10 times over 15 months. Samples were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for several virus groups and by cell culture for infectious enteroviruses. Seven of 30 samples were positive by RT-PCR for enteroviruses; one of these was positive for infectious echovirus 18. The virus-positive samples were collected from two wells cased through the aquitard, indicating the viruses were present in the confined aquifer. Samples from the same wells showed atmospheric tritium, indicating water recharged within the pastfew decades. Hydrogeologic conditions support rapid porous media transport of viruses through the upper sandstone aquifer to the top of the aquitard 61 m below ground surface. Natural fractures in the shale aquitard are one possible virus transport pathway through the aquitard; however, windows, cross-connecting well bores, or imperfect grout seals along well casings also may be involved. Deep confined aquifers can be more vulnerable to contamination by human viruses than commonly believed.}, keywords = {Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Fresh Water/*virology Geography Humans Water Supply/*analysis Wisconsin}, issn = {0013-936X (Print) 0013-936X (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17948815}, author = {Borchardt, M. A. and Bradbury, K. R. and Gotkowitz, M. B. and Cherry, J. A. and Parker, B. L.} } @article {4054, title = {{Human enteropathogen load in activated sewage sludge and corresponding sewage sludge end products}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, year = {2007}, pages = {2013{\textendash}2015}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Lucy, FE and Tamang, L and Miraflor, A} } @article {15732, title = {Human enteropathogen load in activated sewage sludge and corresponding sewage sludge end products}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {Mar}, pages = {2013-5}, edition = {2007/02/06}, keywords = {Animals, Colony Count, Microbial, Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification, Giardia lamblia/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Microsporidia/*isolation \& purification, Parasite Egg Count, Sewage/*microbiology/*parasitology, Spores, Fungal/isolation \& purification, Water Microbiology, Water Purification}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Graczyk, T. K. and Lucy, F. E. and Tamang, L. and Miraflor, A.} } @article {9513, title = {{Human enteropathogen load in activated sewage sludge and corresponding sewage sludge end products}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {2013{\textendash}2015}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Lucy, FE and Tamang, L and Miraflor, A} } @article {13570, title = {Human fascioliasis infection: gender difference within school-age children from endemic areas of the Nile Delta, Egypt}, journal = {Trans Roy Soc Tropl Med Hyg}, volume = {101}, year = {2007}, pages = {155-160}, author = {Curtale, F. and Hassanein, Y. A. W. and Barduagni, P. and Yousef, M. M. and El Wakeel, A. and Hallaj, Z. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {9528, title = {{Human pathogenic microsporidia detection in agricultural samples: method development and assessment}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {100}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {529{\textendash}538}, author = {Kahler, AM and Thurston-Enriquez, JA} } @book {4271, title = {{Human Viruses in Water}}, series = {Perspectives in Medical Virology}, volume = {17}, year = {2007}, pages = {227{\textendash}249}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, abstract = {Many aspects related to water quality control surrogate indicators are still needed because at present techniques do not allow for the moment to distinguish whether the detected viruses are infectious or not, without introducing additional steps that impair the efficiency of the detection method. Bacterial groups that include Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Clostridium perfringens have been the conventional indicators. More recently, with the advent of methods that allow their direct detection, these bacterial species or genera have been used as indicators of water pollution. Recently, human enteric virus and bacteriophages of enteric bacteria have both been advocated as potential viral indicators. After the advent of the genomic techniques, the genome of viruses excreted by humans had also been proposed as potential viral indicator. Somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis have so far been advocated as potential model microorganisms for various aspects of water quality control.}, isbn = {9780444521576}, issn = {01687069}, doi = {10.1016/S0168-7069(07)17011-7}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168706907170117}, author = {Jofre, Juan} } @article {9509, title = {{Human-virulent microsporidian spores in solid waste landfill leachate and sewage sludge, and effects of sanitization treatments on their inactivation}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {101}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {569{\textendash}575}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Kacprzak, M and Neczaj, E and Tamang, L and Graczyk, H and Lucy, FE and Girouard, AS} } @mastersthesis {6975, title = {Hydrologic influence on stream water nitrogen to phosphorus ratios}, year = {2007}, note = {3263450}, school = {University of Minnesota}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Watersheds and their complex network of flow paths regulate the movement of water and nutrients to aquatic ecosystems. Overland and subsurface (soil and ground water) flow paths transport nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) with differing levels of efficiency; P transport occurs via surface flow paths almost exclusively and N transport can utilize both overland and subsurface flow paths. Stream water N:P ratios influence ecosystem community composition, nutrient limitation of primary production, and trophic dynamics. Regional patterns of stream water N:P ratios have been identified, however, the controls driving the pattern remains poorly understood. This dissertation hypothesizes that watershed flow paths control the regional variation of stream water N:P ratios. Three independent lines of evidence were pursued to address the hypothesis: (i) a field study that quantified watershed flow paths and stream water N:P ratios in two watersheds with distinctly different hydrology; (ii) a watershed modeling exercise that simulated many different precipitation regimes and recorded the resulting flow paths and N:P ratios; (iii) a data synthesis of 58 minimally-impacted watersheds across the United States that focused on the relationship between stream water N:P ratios and stream discharge. The results from the three studies all indicate that watershed flow paths influence stream water N:P ratios. Furthermore, the results from all lines of evidence identify a possible scaling relationship between N:P ratios and stream discharge across large temporal and spatial ranges. The results suggest that watershed connectivity with the stream, defined as the sum of the active watershed flow paths, is a fundamental condition that helps explain the variability of N:P ratios, and has important implications for the watershed transport of other elements. Such information allows more informed management of aquatic ecosystems in a changing environment.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrology, 0425:Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemistry, Earth sciences, Hydrology, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Stream water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304841536?accountid=14270}, author = {Green, Mark Benjamin} } @article {2048, title = {Cryptosporidium oocysts and Balantidium coli cysts in pigs reared semi-intensively in Zuru, Nigeria}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences}, volume = {10}, number = {19}, year = {2007}, month = {2007/12/01}, pages = {3435-3439}, isbn = {1028-8880
1812-5735}, author = {S Yatswako and O O Faleke and M L Gulumbe and A I Daneji} } @article {1001, title = {Identification of a novel polyomavirus from patients with acute respiratory tract infections}, journal = {PLoS Pathogens}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {0595{\textendash}0604}, abstract = {

We report the identification of a novel polyomavirus present in respiratory secretions from human patients with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection. The virus was initially detected in a nasopharyngeal aspirate from a 3-year-old child from Australia diagnosed with pneumonia. A random library was generated from nucleic acids extracted from the nasopharyngeal aspirate and analyzed by high throughput DNA sequencing. Multiple DNA fragments were cloned that possessed limited homology to known polyomaviruses. We subsequently sequenced the entire virus genome of 5,229 bp, henceforth referred to as WU virus, and found it to have genomic features characteristic of the family Polyomaviridae. The genome was predicted to encode small T antigen, large T antigen, and three capsid proteins: VP1, VP2, and VP3. Phylogenetic analysis clearly revealed that the WU virus was divergent from all known polyomaviruses. Screening of 2,135 patients with acute respiratory tract infections in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and St. Louis, Missouri, United States, using WU virus-specific PCR primers resulted in the detection of 43 additional specimens that contained WU virus. The presence of multiple instances of the virus in two continents suggests that this virus is geographically widespread in the human population and raises the possibility that the WU virus may be a human pathogen.

}, isbn = {1553-7374 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1553-7366 (Linking)}, issn = {15537366}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.0030064}, author = {Gaynor, Anne M. and Nissen, Michael D. and Whiley, David M. and Mackay, Ian M. and Lambert, Stephen B. and Wu, Guang and Brennan, Daniel C. and Storch, Gregory A. and Sloots, Theo P. and Wang, David} } @article {969, title = {Identification of a third human polyomavirus.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {81}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {4130{\textendash}4136}, abstract = {

We have previously reported on a system for large-scale molecular virus screening of clinical samples. As part of an effort to systematically search for unrecognized human pathogens, the technology was applied for virus screening of human respiratory tract samples. This resulted in the identification of a previously unknown polyomavirus provisionally named KI polyomavirus. The virus is phylogenetically related to other primate polyomaviruses in the early region of the genome but has very little homology (\<30\% amino acid identity) to known polyomaviruses in the late region. The virus was found by PCR in 6 (1\%) of 637 nasopharyngeal aspirates and in 1 (0.5\%) of 192 fecal samples but was not detected in sets of urine and blood samples. Since polyomaviruses have oncogenic potential and may produce severe disease in immunosuppressed individuals, continued searching for the virus in different medical contexts is important. This finding further illustrates how unbiased screening of respiratory tract samples can be used for the discovery of diverse virus types.

}, isbn = {0022-538X (Print)$\backslash$n0022-538X (Linking)}, issn = {0022-538X}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.00028-07}, author = {Allander, Tobias and Andreasson, Kalle and Gupta, Shawon and Bjerkner, Annelie and Bogdanovic, Gordana and Persson, Mats A A and Dalianis, Tina and Ramqvist, Torbj{\"o}rn and Andersson, Bj{\"o}rn} } @article {8284, title = {Identification of genomic differences between Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni and C. jejuni subsp. doylei at the nap locus leads to the development of a C. jejuni subspeciation multiplex PCR method}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2007}, pages = {11}, author = {Miller, William G and Parker, Craig T and Heath, Sekou and Lastovica, Albert J} } @article {9672, title = {Identification of taeniid eggs in the faeces from carnivores based on multiplex PCR using targets in mitochondrial DNA}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {134}, year = {2007}, pages = {911-920}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182007002235}, author = {Trachsel, D and Deplazes, P and Mathis, A} } @article {10770, title = {{Identification of Vibrio isolates by a multiplex PCR assay and rpoB sequence determination}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {46}, year = {2007}, pages = {134{\textendash}140}, author = {Tarr, CL and Patel, JS and Puhr, ND and Sowers, EG and Bopp, CA and Strockbine, NA} } @article {16320, title = {{Identifying Fecal Sources in a Selected Catchment Reach Using Multiple Source-Tracking Tools}}, journal = {Journal of Environment Quality}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {718}, abstract = {Given known limitations of current microbial source-tracking (MST) tools, emphasis on small, simple study areas may enhance interpretations of fecal contamination sources in streams. In this study, three MST tools-Escherichia coli repetitive element polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), coliphage typing, and Bacteroidales 16S rDNA host-associated markers-were evaluated in a selected reach of Plum Creek in south-central Nebraska. Water-quality samples were collected from six sites. One reach was selected for MST evaluation based on observed patterns of E. coli contamination. Despite high E. coli concentrations, coliphages were detected only once among water samples, precluding their use as a MST tool in this setting. Rep-PCR classification of E. coli isolates from both water and sediment samples supported the hypothesis that cattle and wildlife were dominant sources of fecal contamination, with minor contributions by horses and humans. Conversely, neither ruminant nor human sources were detected by Bacteroidales markers in most water samples. In bed sediment, ruminant- and human-associated Bacteroidales markers were detected throughout the interval from 0 to 0.3 m, with detections independent of E. coli concentrations in the sediment. Although results by E. coli-based and Bacteroidales-based MST methods led to similar interpretations, detection of Bacteroidales markers in sediment more commonly than in water indicates that different tools to track fecal contamination (in this case, tools based on Bacteroidales DNA and E. coli isolates) may have varying relevance to the more specific goal of tracking the sources of E. coli in watersheds. This is the first report of simultaneous, toolbox approach application of a library-based and marker-based MST analyses to flowing surface water.}, issn = {1537-2537}, doi = {10.2134/jeq2006.0246}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412907 https://www.agronomy.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/36/3/718}, author = {Vogel, Jason R. and Stoeckel, Donald M. and Lamendella, Regina and Zelt, Ronald B. and Santo Domingo, Jorge W. and Walker, Steven R. and Oerther, Daniel B.} } @article {13604, title = {Immune surpression in advanced chronic fascioliasis: an experimental study in a rat model}, journal = {J infect Dis}, volume = {195}, year = {2007}, pages = {1504-1512}, author = {Girones, N. and Valero, M. A. and Garcia-Bodelon, M. A. and Chico-Calero, M. I. and Punzon, C. and Fresno, M. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {11428, title = {Improvement of the synthetic tri-peptide vaccine (S3Pvac) against porcine Taenia solium cysticercosis in search of a more effective, inexpensive and manageable vaccine}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {1368-1378}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0264-410X}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X06011121}, author = {Sciutto, Edda and Rosas, Gabriela and Hern{\'a}ndez, Marisela and Morales, Julio and Cruz-Revilla, Carmen and Toledo, Andrea and Manoutcharian, Karen and Gevorkian, Goar and Blancas, Abel and Acero, Gonzalo and Hern{\'a}ndez, Beatriz and Cervantes, Jacquelynne and Bobes, Raul J. and Goldbaum, Fernando A. and Huerta, Mirna and Diaz-Orea, Alicia and Fleury, Agnes and de Aluja, Aline S. and Cabrera-Ponce, Jose Luis and Herrera-Estrella, Luis and Fragoso, Gladis and Larralde, Carlos} } @article {10102, title = {{In appreciation of Theodor Escherich. Nature Reviews Microbiology}}, journal = {Nature Reviews Microbiology}, volume = {5}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {902}, author = {Hacker, J and Blum-Oehler, G} } @article {11861, title = {{Inactivation and removal of clorine dioxide on cyclops of zooplankton}}, journal = {Huan Jing Ke Xue}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {1759{\textendash}1762}, author = {Zhao, Z W and Cui, F Y and Lin, T and Liu, G P} } @article {1323, title = {Inactivation of adenovirus type 5, rotavirus Wa and male specific coliphage (MS2) in biosolids by lime stabilization}, journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, note = {Hansen, Jacqueline J Warden, Paul S Margolin, Aaron B Comparative Study Evaluation Studies Switzerland International journal of environmental research and public health}, pages = {61-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The use of lime to reduce or eliminate pathogen content is a cost-effective treatment currently employed in many Class B biosolids production plants in the United States. A bench scale model of lime stabilization was designed to evaluate the survival of adenovirus type 5, rotavirus Wa, and the male specific bacteriophage, MS2, in various matrices. Each virus was initially evaluated independently in a reverse osmosis treated water matrix limed with an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide for 24-hr at 22 +/- 5 degrees C. In all R/O water trials, adenovirus type 5, rotavirus Wa and MS2 were below detectable levels (<100.5 TCID50/mL and <1 PFU/mL respectively) following 0.1-hr of liming. Adenovirus type 5, rotavirus Wa, and MS2, were inoculated into composted, raw and previously limed matrices, representative of sludge and biosolids, to achieve a final concentration of approximately 104 PFU or TCID50/mL. Each matrix was limed for 24-hr at 22 +/- 5 degrees C and 4 +/- 2 degrees C. In all trials virus was below detectable levels following a 24-hr incubation. The time required for viral inactivation varied depending on the temperature and sample matrix. This research demonstrates reduction of adenovirus type 5, rotavirus Wa, and male-specific bacteriophage, in water, sludge and biosolids matrices following addition of an 8\% calcium hydroxide slurry to achieve a pH of 12 for 2-hr reduced to 11.5 for 22-hr by addition of 0.1 N HCl. In these trials, MS2 was a conservative indicator of the efficacy of lime stabilization of adenovirus Type 5 and rotavirus Wa and therefore is proposed as a useful indicator organism.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ drug effects Bioreactors Calcium Compounds/ pharmacology Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Levivirus/ drug effects Oxides/ pharmacology Rotavirus/ drug effects Sewage/ virology Temperature Virus Inactivation/ drug effects Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods Water Microbiology}, issn = {1661-7827 (Print) 1660-4601 (Linking)}, author = {Hansen, J. J. and Warden, P. S. and Margolin, A. B.} } @article {4465, title = {Inactivation of adenovirus types 2, 5, qnd 41 in drinking water by {UV} light, free chlorine, and monochloramine}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {133}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {95{\textendash}103}, author = {C S Baxter and R Hofmann and M R Templeton and M Brown and R C Andrews} } @article {1305, title = {Inactivation of adenovirus types 2,5, and 41 in drinking water by UV light, free chlorine, and monochloramine}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {133}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {95-103}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Baxter, CS and Hofmann, R and Templeton, MR and Brown, M and Andrews, RC} } @article {5708, title = {{Inactivation of Hepatitis A HM-175/18f, Reovirus T1 Lang and MS2 During Alkaline Stabilization of Human Biosolids}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {2225{\textendash}2233}, author = {Katz, BD and Margolin, AB} } @article {8792, title = {{Inactivation of particle-associated microorganisms in wastewater disinfection: Modeling of ozone and chlorine reactive diffusive transport in polydispersed suspensions}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {10}, year = {2007}, pages = {2189{\textendash}2201}, abstract = {Occlusion of microorganisms in wastewater particles often governs the overall performance of a disinfection system, and the associated health risks of post-disinfected effluents. Little is currently known on the penetration of chemical oxidants into particles developed in wastewater treatment. In this work, a reactive transport model that incorporates intra- and extra-particle chemical decay, radial intra-particle diffusion, mass transfer resistance at particle surfaces, and non-linear reaction kinetics within a competitive multi-particle size aqueous environment, was used to analyze the penetration of ozone and chlorine into wastewater particles. Individual characteristics from two secondary wastewater treatment facilities were used in model calibration. Simulations revealed that significant ozone transport within particles greater than 6 ??m required large initial concentrations to exhaust the preferential reaction with aqueous soluble matter. Chlorinated samples exhibited apparently slower reactions and thus deeper penetration (22-40 ??m). Chlorine penetration was less sensitive to variations in the extra-particle reaction and disinfectant concentration than ozone. Model simulations that considered elevated initial concentrations of chemical disinfectants revealed that complete inactivation of all particle size domains was not possible with current disinfection practices (e.g., contact times). Reduction in the health risks associated with wastewater particles requires treatment that efficiently balances particle removal (filtration) and particle inactivation (disinfection). ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Chlorine, Disinfection, ozone, Reactive-diffusive modeling, Wastewater particles}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.01.038}, author = {Dietrich, Joseph P. and Loge, Frank J. and Ginn, Timothy R. and Ba??a??ao??lu, Hakan} } @article {13266, title = {Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas hydrophila by silver in tap water}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health: Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering}, volume = {42}, year = {2007}, pages = {1579-1584}, doi = {10.1080/10934520701517689}, author = {Silvestry-Rodriguez, N. and Bright, K. R. and Uhlmann, D. R. and Slack, D. C. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {1878, title = {Inactivation of viruses on surfaces by ultraviolet germicidal irradiation}, journal = {J Occup Environ Hyg}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, note = {Tseng, Chun-Chieh Li, Chih-Shan eng Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2007/05/03 09:00 J Occup Environ Hyg. 2007 Jun;4(6):400-5.}, pages = {400-5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In many outbreaks caused by viruses, the transmission of the agents can occur through contaminated environmental surfaces. Because of the increasing incidence of viral infections, there is a need to evaluate novel engineering control methods for inactivation of viruses on surfaces. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is considered a promising method to inactivate viruses. This study evaluated UVGI effectiveness for viruses on the surface of gelatin-based medium in a UV exposure chamber. The effects of UV dose, viral nucleic acid type (single-stranded RNA, ssRNA; single-stranded DNA, ssDNA; double-stranded RNA, dsRNA; and double-stranded DNA, dsDNA), and relative humidity on the virus survival fraction were investigated. For 90\% viral reduction, the UV dose was 1.32 to 3.20 mJ/cm2 for ssRNA, 2.50 to to 4.47 mJ/cm2 for ssDNA, 3.80 to 5.36 mJ/cm2 for dsRNA, and 7.70 to 8.13 mJ/cm2 for dsDNA. For all four tested viruses, the UV dose for 99\% viral reduction was 2 times higher than those for 90\% viral reduction. Viruses on a surface with single-stranded nucleic acid (ssRNA and ssDNA) were more susceptible to UV inactivation than viruses with double-stranded nucleic acid (dsRNA and dsDNA). For the same viral reduction, the UV dose at 85\% relative humidity (RH) was higher than that at 55\% RH. In summary, results showed that UVGI was an effective method for inactivation of viruses on surfaces.}, keywords = {Bacteriophage T7/physiology/*radiation effects Bacteriophage phi 6/physiology/*radiation effects Bacteriophage phi X 174/physiology/*radiation effects DNA, Double-Stranded/radiation effects RNA, Single-Stranded/radiation effects DNA, Viral/radiation effects *Ultraviolet Rays Virus Inactivation/radiation effects, Viral/radiation effects Escherichia coli/virology Humidity Levivirus/physiology/*radiation effects Pseudomonas syringae/virology RNA}, issn = {1545-9624 (Print) 1545-9624 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/15459620701329012}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17474029}, author = {Tseng, C. C. and Li, C. S.} } @article {13971, title = {Incidence and tracking of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in a major produce production region in {California}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {e1159}, abstract = {Fresh vegetables have become associated with outbreaks caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157). Between 1995-2006, 22 produce outbreaks were documented in the United States, with nearly half traced to lettuce or spinach grown in California. Outbreaks between 2002 and 2006 induced investigations of possible sources of pre-harvest contamination on implicated farms in the Salinas and San Juan valleys of California, and a survey of the Salinas watershed. EcO157 was isolated at least once from 15 of 22 different watershed sites over a 19 month period. The incidence of EcO157 increased significantly when heavy rain caused an increased flow rate in the rivers. Approximately 1000 EcO157 isolates obtained from cultures of{\textbackslash}textgreater100 individual samples were typed using Multi-Locus Variable-number-tandem-repeat Analysis (MLVA) to assist in identifying potential fate and transport of EcO157 in this region. A subset of these environmental isolates were typed by Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) in order to make comparisons with human clinical isolates associated with outbreak and sporadic illness. Recurrence of identical and closely related EcO157 strains from specific locations in the Salinas and San Juan valleys suggests that transport of the pathogen is usually restricted. In a preliminary study, EcO157 was detected in water at multiple locations in a low-flow creek only within 135 meters of a point source. However, possible transport up to 32 km was detected during periods of higher water flow associated with flooding. During the 2006 baby spinach outbreak investigation, transport was also detected where water was unlikely to be involved. These results indicate that contamination of the environment is a dynamic process involving multiple sources and methods of transport. Intensive studies of the sources, incidence, fate and transport of EcO157 near produce production are required to determine the mechanisms of pre-harvest contamination and potential risks for human illness.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0001159}, author = {Cooley, M and Carychao, D and Crawford-Miksza, L and Jay, M T and Myers, C and Rose, C and Keys, C and Farrar, J and Mandrell, R E} } @article {14801, title = {Incidence and tracking of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in a major produce production region in {California}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {e1159}, abstract = {Fresh vegetables have become associated with outbreaks caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157). Between 1995-2006, 22 produce outbreaks were documented in the United States, with nearly half traced to lettuce or spinach grown in California. Outbreaks between 2002 and 2006 induced investigations of possible sources of pre-harvest contamination on implicated farms in the Salinas and San Juan valleys of California, and a survey of the Salinas watershed. EcO157 was isolated at least once from 15 of 22 different watershed sites over a 19 month period. The incidence of EcO157 increased significantly when heavy rain caused an increased flow rate in the rivers. Approximately 1000 EcO157 isolates obtained from cultures of{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater100 individual samples were typed using Multi-Locus Variable-number-tandem-repeat Analysis (MLVA) to assist in identifying potential fate and transport of EcO157 in this region. A subset of these environmental isolates were typed by Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) in order to make comparisons with human clinical isolates associated with outbreak and sporadic illness. Recurrence of identical and closely related EcO157 strains from specific locations in the Salinas and San Juan valleys suggests that transport of the pathogen is usually restricted. In a preliminary study, EcO157 was detected in water at multiple locations in a low-flow creek only within 135 meters of a point source. However, possible transport up to 32 km was detected during periods of higher water flow associated with flooding. During the 2006 baby spinach outbreak investigation, transport was also detected where water was unlikely to be involved. These results indicate that contamination of the environment is a dynamic process involving multiple sources and methods of transport. Intensive studies of the sources, incidence, fate and transport of EcO157 near produce production are required to determine the mechanisms of pre-harvest contamination and potential risks for human illness.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0001159}, author = {Cooley, M and Carychao, D and Crawford-Miksza, L and Jay, M T and Myers, C and Rose, C and Keys, C and Farrar, J and Mandrell, R E} } @article {7969, title = {{Incidence and tracking of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a major produce production region in California}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {e1159}, edition = {2008/01/05}, abstract = {Fresh vegetables have become associated with outbreaks caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157). Between 1995-2006, 22 produce outbreaks were documented in the United States, with nearly half traced to lettuce or spinach grown in California. Outbreaks between 2002 and 2006 induced investigations of possible sources of pre-harvest contamination on implicated farms in the Salinas and San Juan valleys of California, and a survey of the Salinas watershed. EcO157 was isolated at least once from 15 of 22 different watershed sites over a 19 month period. The incidence of EcO157 increased significantly when heavy rain caused an increased flow rate in the rivers. Approximately 1000 EcO157 isolates obtained from cultures of{\textgreater}100 individual samples were typed using Multi-Locus Variable-number-tandem-repeat Analysis (MLVA) to assist in identifying potential fate and transport of EcO157 in this region. A subset of these environmental isolates were typed by Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) in order to make comparisons with human clinical isolates associated with outbreak and sporadic illness. Recurrence of identical and closely related EcO157 strains from specific locations in the Salinas and San Juan valleys suggests that transport of the pathogen is usually restricted. In a preliminary study, EcO157 was detected in water at multiple locations in a low-flow creek only within 135 meters of a point source. However, possible transport up to 32 km was detected during periods of higher water flow associated with flooding. During the 2006 baby spinach outbreak investigation, transport was also detected where water was unlikely to be involved. These results indicate that contamination of the environment is a dynamic process involving multiple sources and methods of transport. Intensive studies of the sources, incidence, fate and transport of EcO157 near produce production are required to determine the mechanisms of pre-harvest contamination and potential risks for human illness.}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0001159}, author = {Cooley, M and Carychao, D and Crawford-Miksza, L and Jay, M T and Myers, C and Rose, C and Keys, C and Farrar, J and Mandrell, R E} } @article {2201, title = {{Incidence and tracking of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a major produce production region in California}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {e1159}, edition = {2008/01/05}, abstract = {Fresh vegetables have become associated with outbreaks caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157). Between 1995-2006, 22 produce outbreaks were documented in the United States, with nearly half traced to lettuce or spinach grown in California. Outbreaks between 2002 and 2006 induced investigations of possible sources of pre-harvest contamination on implicated farms in the Salinas and San Juan valleys of California, and a survey of the Salinas watershed. EcO157 was isolated at least once from 15 of 22 different watershed sites over a 19 month period. The incidence of EcO157 increased significantly when heavy rain caused an increased flow rate in the rivers. Approximately 1000 EcO157 isolates obtained from cultures of>100 individual samples were typed using Multi-Locus Variable-number-tandem-repeat Analysis (MLVA) to assist in identifying potential fate and transport of EcO157 in this region. A subset of these environmental isolates were typed by Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) in order to make comparisons with human clinical isolates associated with outbreak and sporadic illness. Recurrence of identical and closely related EcO157 strains from specific locations in the Salinas and San Juan valleys suggests that transport of the pathogen is usually restricted. In a preliminary study, EcO157 was detected in water at multiple locations in a low-flow creek only within 135 meters of a point source. However, possible transport up to 32 km was detected during periods of higher water flow associated with flooding. During the 2006 baby spinach outbreak investigation, transport was also detected where water was unlikely to be involved. These results indicate that contamination of the environment is a dynamic process involving multiple sources and methods of transport. Intensive studies of the sources, incidence, fate and transport of EcO157 near produce production are required to determine the mechanisms of pre-harvest contamination and potential risks for human illness.}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0001159}, author = {Cooley, M and Carychao, D and Crawford-Miksza, L and Jay, M T and Myers, C and Rose, C and Keys, C and Farrar, J and Mandrell, R E} } @article {4706, title = {{Incidence of cyclosporiasis in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms in western Turkey}}, journal = {Med Sci Monit}, volume = {13}, year = {2007}, pages = {CR34 {\textendash} 39}, author = {Turgay, N and Yolasigmaz, A and Erdogan, DD and Zeyrek, FY and Uner, A} } @article {7879, title = {{Incubation of environmental samples in a diffusion chamber increases the diversity of recovered isolates}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {20}, year = {2007}, pages = {6386{\textendash}6390}, author = {Bollmann, AK and Epstein, SS} } @article {17111, title = {Indicators of waterborne enteric viruses}, journal = {Perspectives in Medical Virology}, volume = {17}, year = {2007}, pages = {227{\textendash}249}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Jofre, Juan} } @article {12951, title = {Influence of soil type, moisture content and biosolids application on the fate of Escherichia coli in agricultural soil under controlled laboratory conditions}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {2122{\textendash}2131}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Lang, NL and S R Smith} } @article {7431, title = {Integrating disease control strategies: balancing water sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrheal disease burden}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {97}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {846}, url = {http://oork.com/47rwf}, author = {Eisenberg, Joseph NS and Scott, James C. and Porco, Travis} } @article {7419, title = {Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {Bmj}, volume = {334}, number = {7597}, year = {2007}, pages = {782}, url = {http://www.bmj.com/content/334/7597/782.short}, author = {Clasen, Thomas and Schmidt, Wolf-Peter and Rabie, Tamer and Roberts, Ian and Cairncross, Sandy} } @article {15440, title = {Intestinal parasitism, potable water availability and methods of sewage disposal in three communities in Benue State, Nigeria: a survey}, journal = {Ann Afr Med}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {Mar}, pages = {17-21}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: To assess the level of parasite burden in a village community and the predisposing factors. METHODS: Two hundred subjects each were recruited from three communities- Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka and Adikpo during an episode of free medical outreach. A simple random sampling method was adopted and a questionnaire was interviewer administered on relevant aspects of basic hygiene such as- sources of water supply, methods of domestic sewage disposal and frequency of hand washing. Stool samples were collected and tested and findings analysed using appropriate statistical methods, p values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The prevalence of intestinal parasites in Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka and Adikpo communities was found to be 71.5\%, 65.5\% and 40.5\% respectively. Ascaris lumbricoides was the commonest parasite in the three centres (34.5\%, 28.5\% and 19.0\% respectively for Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka and Adikpo communities). Other parasites identified were- Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Hookworm. Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma mansoni and Trichuris trichura. Multiple parasitic infestation was common in the communities where quality of water supply and methods of sewage disposal facilities were below standard. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of intestinal parasitism is still high in Nigerian rural communities. The present resolve by the federal ministry of water resources to supply potable water to all Nigerian rural communities should be sustained. Furthermore, a health education program should be properly constituted and integrated into the present primary health care policy for the country.}, keywords = {Causality, Hand Disinfection, Health Surveys, Humans, Hygiene, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/diagnosis/ epidemiology/prevention \& control, Nigeria/epidemiology, prevalence, rural health, Waste Management, Water Supply}, isbn = {1596-3519 (Print)
0975-5764 (Linking)}, author = {Jombo, G. T. and Egah, D. Z. and Akosu, J. T.} } @article {9770, title = {{Intestinal parasitoses and environmental factors in a rural population of Argentina, 2002-2003}}, journal = {Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S{\~a}o Paulo}, volume = {49}, year = {2007}, pages = {251{\textendash}255}, author = {Basualdo, JA and Cordoba, MA and De Luca, MM and Ciarmela, ML and Pezzani, BC and Grenovero, MA and Minvielle, MC} } @article {2864, title = {Intraspecific variation of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and phylogenetic relationship between Spirometra and Diphyllobothrium inferred from mitochondrial {CO1} gene sequences}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a diphyllobothriid cestode whose adult stage occurs mainly in cat-like carnivores, but occasionally in canids and humans. Although it is generally accepted that the distribution of S. erinaceieuropaei is cosmopolitan, it is controversial as to whether all of S. erinaceieuropaei reported are the same species. This study determined partial sequences of the {CO1} gene from several isolates in Asian countries and compared them to sequence data from the {GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ} nucleotide sequence database. Then intraspecific variation of S. erinaceieuropaei and its phylogenetic relationship with Diphyllobothrium were evaluated. The level of nucleotide variation in the {CO1} gene sequences within S. erinaceieuropaei was less than 2.6\%. Although it was a little larger than that within each species of Diphyllobothrium (0.1{\textendash}1.0\%), it was much smaller than the interspecific variation within the genus Diphyllobothrium (6.2{\textendash}14\%). These facts indicate that all isolates of S. erinaceieuropaei used in this study, which were collected from Asia, Australia and New Zealand, belong to the same species. Based on {CO1} gene sequences, genus Spirometra is clearly separate from the genus Diphyllobothrium. It seems that the genus Spirometra is not a synonym of the genus Diphyllobothrium. The phylogenetic relationship between S. erinaceieuropaei and Sparganum proliferum inferred from the {CO1} gene clearly confirm the previous opinion that S. proliferum is a distinct species from S. erinaceieuropaei.}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2007.03.003}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2007.03.003}, author = {Okamoto, M. and Iseto, C. and Shibahara, T. and Sato, M.O. and Wandra, T. and Craig, P.S. and Ito, A.} } @article {11741, title = {{Intraspecific variation of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and phylogenetic relationship between Spirometra and Diphyllobothrium inferred from mitochondrial (CO1) gene sequences}}, journal = {Parasitolgy International}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {235{\textendash}238}, abstract = {Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a diphyllobothriid cestode whose adult stage occurs mainly in cat-like carnivores, but occasionally in canids and humans. Although it is generally accepted that the distribution of S. erinaceieuropaei is cosmopolitan, it is controversial as to whether all of S. erinaceieuropaei reported are the same species. This study determined partial sequences of the {\{}CO1{\}} gene from several isolates in Asian countries and compared them to sequence data from the {\{}GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ{\}} nucleotide sequence database. Then intraspecific variation of S. erinaceieuropaei and its phylogenetic relationship with Diphyllobothrium were evaluated. The level of nucleotide variation in the {\{}CO1{\}} gene sequences within S. erinaceieuropaei was less than 2.6{\%}. Although it was a little larger than that within each species of Diphyllobothrium (0.1{\textendash}1.0{\%}), it was much smaller than the interspecific variation within the genus Diphyllobothrium (6.2{\textendash}14{\%}). These facts indicate that all isolates of S. erinaceieuropaei used in this study, which were collected from Asia, Australia and New Zealand, belong to the same species. Based on {\{}CO1{\}} gene sequences, genus Spirometra is clearly separate from the genus Diphyllobothrium. It seems that the genus Spirometra is not a synonym of the genus Diphyllobothrium. The phylogenetic relationship between S. erinaceieuropaei and Sparganum proliferum inferred from the {\{}CO1{\}} gene clearly confirm the previous opinion that S. proliferum is a distinct species from S. erinaceieuropaei.}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2007.03.003}, author = {Okamoto, M and Iseto, C and Shibahara, T and Sato, M O and Wandra, T and Craig, P S and Ito, A} } @article {5025, title = {{Invasive freshwater snail, China}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {13}, year = {2007}, pages = {1119{\textendash}1120}, author = {Wang, QP and Chen, XG and Lun, ZR} } @mastersthesis {6238, title = {Investigating the spring bloom in {San} {Francisco} {Bay}: {Links} between water chemistry, metal cycling, mercury speciation, and phytoplankton community composition}, year = {2007}, note = {3265725}, school = {University of California, Santa Cruz}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Investigating the spring bloom in San Francisco Bay: Links between water chemistry, metal cycling, mercury speciation, and phytoplankton community composition This dissertation addresses the relationship between two problems facing estuaries nationwide: nutrient enrichment and metal contamination. The focus is on the southern reach of San Francisco Bay, where high nutrient concentrations can control the magnitude of the predictably occurring spring phytoplankton bloom. The bloom in this study, in spring 2003, was one of the largest blooms on record, exceeding 150 μg L -1 of chlorophyll α. As the bloom grew, diatoms (e.g. Thalassiosira punctigera ) depleted dissolved nutrients from the water column, including the silicate required for their frustules. Along with nutrients, the bloom depleted dissolved Mn, Ni, Pb, and methyl mercury (MeHg). That depletion was statistically significant when the water chemistry data were reduced into three factors by principal component analysis, and the effect of those factors on trace metal concentrations was examined. Algal uptake of trace metals could entrain those metals within the estuary and affect their bioavailability to higher trophic levels through bloom dilution. Consistent with bloom dilution, we calculated that McHg concentrations in phytoplankton decreased when the bloom peaked. However, that decrease was a transient event, caused by depletion of McHg from the water column. Concentrations of McHg and other dissolved metals returned to pre-bloom values, and even exceeded those values, as phytoplankton decayed. The decomposition of phytoplankton presumably caused suboxic conditions in surficial sediments and led to release of trace metals from historically contaminated sediments. Because sediments contain large reservoirs of metals, the most important impact of the recently observed increase in algal biomass in the estuary could be release of metals from sediments during algal decomposition. As the diatoms decayed following nutrient depletion, small phytoplankton (e.g., Synechocystis sp. ) increased. Statistical analyses (multidimensional scaling) found significant spatial and temporal differences in phytoplankton communities. Those community patterns were linked to water temperature and dissolved ammonium concentrations, demonstrating the myriad effects of nutrient enrichment in this system. However, algal community composition was not related to dissolved metal concentrations. This research shows that nutrient enrichment affects the magnitude of the bloom and thereby alters metal cycling, but the relationship is unidirectional because metals do not shape algal community composition.}, keywords = {0416:Oceanography, 0996:Geochemistry, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Estuaries, Geochemistry, Mercury speciation, Metal cycling, Oceanography, Phytoplankton blooms, San Francisco Bay}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304887456?accountid=14270}, author = {Luengen, Allison Christine} } @article {5892, title = {{Isolation and characterization of the emerging foodborn pathogen Arcobacter from human stool.}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {feb}, pages = {408{\textendash}413}, author = {Houf, Kurt and Stephan, Roger} } @article {14409, title = {Isolation and characterization of the emerging foodborn pathogen {Arcobacter} from human stool.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {feb}, pages = {408{\textendash}413}, author = {Houf, Kurt and Stephan, Roger} } @article {12071, title = {Trichuris burdens in Zoo-Housed Colobus guereza}, journal = {International Journal of Primatology}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {1449-1456}, author = {Melfi, V. and Poyser, F.} } @book {13942, title = {Jawetz, {Melnick}, {Adelberg}{\textquoteright}s {Medical} {Microbiology}}, year = {2007}, abstract = {The goals for the twenty-fourth edition of Jawetz, Melnick, \& Adelberg{\textquoteright}s Medical Microbiology have remained the same as those of the first edition published in September, 1954: {\textquotedblleft}...to provide a brief, accurate, and up-to-date presentation of those aspects of medical microbiology that are of particular significance in the fields of clinical infections and chemotherapy.{\textquotedblright} The current edition reflects the remarkable advances that have been made since that time in our knowledge of microbes and the molecular mechanisms of microbial disease as well as in the development of modern laboratory and diagnostic technologies. The DNA sequences of many pathogenic microorganisms of humans are known. In this edition, and in future editions, there will be meaningful changes based on the understanding developed from the study of the sequences and the molecular mechanisms of disease. The twenty-fourth edition includes several completely revised chapters and an extensive upgrade to the current status of knowledge.}, isbn = {978-0-07-147666-9}, author = {Brooks, Geo. F. and Carroll, Karen C. and Butel, Janet S. and Morse, Stephen A.} } @book {7955, title = {{Jawetz, Melnick, Adelberg{\textquoteright}s Medical Microbiology}}, year = {2007}, publisher = {McGraw Hill Medical}, organization = {McGraw Hill Medical}, address = {New York; Chicago}, abstract = {

The goals for the twenty-fourth edition of Jawetz, Melnick, {\&} Adelberg\&$\#$39;s Medical Microbiology have remained the same as those of the first edition published in September, 1954: \“...to provide a brief, accurate, and up-to-date presentation of those aspects of medical microbiology that are of particular significance in the fields of clinical infections and chemotherapy.\” The current edition reflects the remarkable advances that have been made since that time in our knowledge of microbes and the molecular mechanisms of microbial disease as well as in the development of modern laboratory and diagnostic technologies. The DNA sequences of many pathogenic microorganisms of humans are known. In this edition, and in future editions, there will be meaningful changes based on the understanding developed from the study of the sequences and the molecular mechanisms of disease. The twenty-fourth edition includes several completely revised chapters and an extensive upgrade to the current status of knowledge.

}, isbn = {9780071476669}, author = {Brooks, Geo. F. and Carroll, Karen C. and Butel, Janet S. and Morse, Stephen A.} } @book {2175, title = {{Jawetz, Melnick, Adelberg{\textquoteright}s Medical Microbiology}}, series = {Jawetz, Melnick, Adelberg{\textquoteright}s Medical Microbiology}, year = {2007}, pages = {electronic copy}, abstract = {The goals for the twenty-fourth edition of Jawetz, Melnick, \& Adelberg{\textquoteright}s Medical Microbiology have remained the same as those of the first edition published in September, 1954: {\textquotedblleft}...to provide a brief, accurate, and up-to-date presentation of those aspects of medical microbiology that are of particular significance in the fields of clinical infections and chemotherapy.{\textquotedblright} The current edition reflects the remarkable advances that have been made since that time in our knowledge of microbes and the molecular mechanisms of microbial disease as well as in the development of modern laboratory and diagnostic technologies. The DNA sequences of many pathogenic microorganisms of humans are known. In this edition, and in future editions, there will be meaningful changes based on the understanding developed from the study of the sequences and the molecular mechanisms of disease. The twenty-fourth edition includes several completely revised chapters and an extensive upgrade to the current status of knowledge.}, isbn = {9780071476669}, author = {Brooks, Geo. F. and Carroll, Karen C. and Butel, Janet S. and Morse, Stephen A.} } @book {16351, title = {Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {Wiley}, address = {New York}, author = {Ford, D. C. and P. Williams} } @article {15533, title = {Katayama syndrome}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious Diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, note = {Ross, Allen G
Vickers, David
Olds, G Richard
Shah, Syed M
McManus, Donald P
eng
Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
2007/02/24 09:00
Lancet Infect Dis. 2007 Mar;7(3):218-24.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {218-24}, abstract = {Katayama syndrome is an early clinical manifestation of schistosomiasis that occurs several weeks post-infection with Schistosoma spp (trematode) worms. Because of this temporal delay and its non-specific presentation, it is the form of schistosomiasis most likely to be misdiagnosed by travel medicine physicians and infectious disease specialists in non-endemic countries. Katayama syndrome appears between 14-84 days after non-immune individuals are exposed to first schistosome infection or heavy reinfection. Disease onset appears to be related to migrating schistosomula and egg deposition with individuals typically presenting with nocturnal fever, cough, myalgia, headache, and abdominal tenderness. Serum antibodies and schistosome egg excretion often substantiate infection if detected. Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates are found radiologically, and almost all cases have eosinophilia and a history of water contact 14-84 days before presentation of clinical symptoms; patients respond well to regimens of praziquantel with and without steroids. Artemisinin treatment given early after exposure may decrease the risk of the syndrome.}, keywords = {Animals, Artemisinins/therapeutic use, Humans, Praziquantel/therapeutic use, Schistosoma/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis/*diagnosis/drug therapy/parasitology/*physiopathology, Schistosomicides/therapeutic use, Sesquiterpenes/therapeutic use, Steroids/therapeutic use}, isbn = {1473-3099 (Print)
1473-3099 (Linking)}, author = {Ross, A. G. and Vickers, D. and Olds, G. R. and Shah, S. M. and McManus, D. P.} } @article {9331, title = {L{\textquoteright}amibiase visc{\'e}rale: bilan dans le CHU de Sfax}, journal = {Revue Tunisienne d{\textquoteright}Infectiologie}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {20{\textendash}24}, author = {Makni, F and Sellami, H and Sellami, A and Cheikhrouhou, F and Ayadi, H and Ben Jemaa, M and Ayoub, A and Beyrouti, I and Ayadi, A} } @article {9257, title = {{Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {511{\textendash}532}, author = {Fotedar, R and Stark, D and Beebe, N and Marriott, D and Ellis, J and Harkness, J} } @article {3836, title = {Large outbreak of viral gastroenteritis caused by contaminated drinking water in {Apulia}, {Italy}, {May}-{October} 2006}, journal = {Euro Surveillance}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {E070419}, author = {Martinelli, D and Prato, R and Chironna, M and Sallustio, A and Caputi, G and Conversano, M and M, Ciofi Degli Atti and D{\textquoteright}Ancona, FP and Germinario, CA and Quarto, M} } @article {16116, title = {Leptospirosis on Oahu: an outbreak associated with flooding of a university campus}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {76}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, month = {May}, pages = {882-5}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Implosive Therapy, Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration \& dosage, Antibodies, Bacterial/blood, Doxycycline/administration \& dosage, Hawaii/epidemiology, Humans, Internet, Leptospira interrogans/*pathogenicity, Leptospirosis/blood/drug therapy/*epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Questionnaires}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)}, author = {Gaynor, K. and Katz, A. R. and Park, S. Y. and Nakata, M. and Clark, T. A. and Effler, P. V.} } @inbook {5017, title = {Liver flukes}, booktitle = {Foodborne Parasitic Zoonoses. Fish and Plant-borne Parasites}, year = {2007}, pages = {3{\textendash}52}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, author = {Sithithaworn, P and Yongvanit, P and Tesna, S and Pairojkul, C}, editor = {Murrell, KD and Fried, B} } @article {5943, title = {{Locally acquired hepatitis E in chronic liver disease}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {369}, number = {9569}, year = {2007}, pages = {1260}, author = {Dalton, HR and Hazeldine, S and Banks, M and Ijaz, S and Bendall, R} } @article {7732, title = {Longitudinal Study of Finnish Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Isolates from Humans, Using Multilocus Sequence Typing, Including Comparison with Epidemiological Data and Isolates from Poultry and Cattle}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {January 01}, pages = {148-155}, abstract = {We describe a study on the application of multilocus sequence typing for the analysis of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolates from human domestically acquired infections in the Helsinki-Uusimaa area of Finland in 1996, 2002, and 2003. In addition, isolates from poultry meat and fecal samples of cattle from the seasonal peak (July to September) in 2003 were included in the study. In total, 361 Finnish C. jejuni and C. coli strains were typed. Sequence type 45 (ST-45) (45\%), ST-21 (21\%), and ST-677 (11\%) clonal complexes were the most prevalent. The ST-45 and ST-677 complexes were overrepresented in comparison with previous studies. The longitudinal study revealed an association between C. coli (ST-828 complex) infection and elderly patients (=60 years). Analysis of exposure factors, determined by a previous case-control study conducted during the seasonal peak in 2002, revealed that the ST-48 complex was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the tasting or eating of raw minced meat. New and unassigned STs were associated with swimming in natural bodies of water, whereas the ST-677 complex was related to drinking nonchlorinated water from a small water plant or water from natural sources. The ST-45 complex was associated with contact with pet cats and dogs. In 2003, ST-45 occurrence was significantly associated with poultry whereas ST-50 was associated with isolates from humans. In contrast, ST-53, ST-58, ST-61, and ST-883 were significantly associated with isolates from cattle. Further studies are needed to reveal the significance of the observed associations.}, author = {K{\"a}renlampi,Rauni and Rautelin,Hilpi and Sch{\"o}nberg-Norio,Daniela and Paulin,Lars and Marja L H{\"a}nninen} } @article {4382, title = {Making Water a Part of Economic Development: The Economic Benefits of Improved Water Management and Services}, year = {2007}, institution = {Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI)}, address = {Stockholm} } @mastersthesis {6792, title = {The management of human pharmaceuticals in the environment}, year = {2007}, note = {NR34491}, school = {University of Waterloo (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, collectively known as pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), have been detected in surface water, groundwater, and drinking water, in a number of countries, since the mid-1990s. Pharmaceuticals can be used in human or veterinary medicine; human pharmaceuticals in the environment are the subject of this dissertation. Human pharmaceuticals enter the environment via wastewater treatment plants, after being consumed and excreted by humans, and through improper disposal, to toilets and garbage, among other routes of entry. Some PhACs have been found to have detrimental effects on aquatic organisms at low concentrations, such as the feminization of fish after exposure to low levels of 17α-ethinylestradiol, the active ingredient in the birth control pill. Others are suspected of having effects on non-target species, but the impacts of long-term exposure to mixtures of PhACs generally remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, the precautionary principle suggests that management action to mitigate the environmental impacts of PhACs should be considered and possibly implemented. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide an analysis of precautionary management strategies to mitigate the environment impacts of human PhACs. Four underlying objectives are set. The first is to review the extant scientific understanding of human PhACs in the environment, so that this knowledge can be applied to the analysis of management strategies. The sources, transport, fate, and occurrence of PhACs are discussed, and several classes of PhACs of particular concern are highlighted. The effects of PhACs on humans and aquatic organisms are explored, in addition to the gaps in scientific understanding of PhACs in aquatic environments. Finally, a rough ranking of priority PhACs is conducted; the PhACs of greatest concern are found to be carbamazepine, clofibric acid, ifosfamid, 17a-ethinylestradiol, oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and diclofenac. The second objective is to investigate how planning and management principles and theories can be applied to the problem of PhACs in the environment. The precautionary principle and the theory of adaptive planning are identified as essential tools in this regard. The application of the precautionary principle and adaptive planning to pharmaceuticals in the environment are discussed, and a management framework is developed. The third objective is to determine how human PhACs in the environment can be managed at a local scale, using a case study in the Region of Waterloo. Pharmaceuticals released from two wastewater treatment plans are found entering the local environment at concentrations similar to those in other cities internationally. Social surveys indicate that residents desire management action to prevent environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals, but at a limited cost. The surveys also indicate that many residents dispose of pharmaceuticals improperly; education to encourage proper drug disposal is therefore recommended as one of several management strategies. The other two recommended management strategies target the wastewater treatment plants. In Foxboro, where the wastewater treatment plant is functioning less than optimally, optimization without technological upgrades is suggested. In Kitchener, where the plant is functioning within ministerial guidelines, ozonation is suggested as a means of improving pharmaceutical removal without exceeding residents{\textquoteright} willingness to pay. The fourth and final objective is to assess how human pharmaceuticals can be managed at a broad scale, such as at the national scale. Stakeholder interviews are conducted with the purpose of gaining a deeper understanding of possible management strategies. A policy analysis is conducted to determine which combinations of management strategies are likely to optimally address the problem of PhACs in the environment, and some policy packages are recommended for implementation by governments - in particular, multiple levels of government in Canada. This dissertation is among the first research efforts to investigate the management of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Few efforts to date have combined natural scientific research, social scientific research, and an understanding of planning and management theories, to explore policy and management options for this issue. It is hoped that this research will provide assistance to various governments grappling with pharmaceuticals in the environment. Furthermore, the research provides insight into how environmental problems surrounded by high levels of scientific uncertainty can be managed. The framework for precautionary decision making developed in this study can provide guidance to planners, managers and policy makers faced with the problem of uncertain environmental risk.}, keywords = {0454:Management, 0768:Environmental science, environmental management, Health and environmental sciences, Human pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceuticals, Precautionary principle, Social sciences, Studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304712953?accountid=14270}, author = {Doerr-MacEwen, Nora A.} } @article {14383, title = {Massive microbiological groundwater contamination associated with a waterborne outbreak in {Lake} {Erie}, {South} {Bass} {Island}, {Ohio}.}, journal = {Environmental health perspectives}, volume = {115}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {jun}, pages = {856{\textendash}864}, author = {Fong, Theng-Theng and Mansfield, Linda S and Wilson, David L and Schwab, David J and Molloy, Stephanie L and Rose, Joan B} } @article {5866, title = {{Massive microbiological groundwater contamination associated with a waterborne outbreak in Lake Erie, South Bass Island, Ohio.}}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {115}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {jun}, pages = {856{\textendash}864}, author = {Fong, TΤ and Mansfield, Linda S and Wilson, David L and Schwab, David J and Molloy, Stephanie L and Rose, Joan B} } @article {7364, title = {Microbial {Exposure} {Assessment} of {Waterborne} {Pathogens}}, journal = {Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {nov}, pages = {1313{\textendash}1351}, issn = {1080-7039, 1549-7860}, doi = {10.1080/10807030701655582}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10807030701655582}, author = {Coffey, Rory and Cummins, Enda and Cormican, Martin and Flaherty, Vincent O and Kelly, Stephen} } @article {3842, title = {Microbial impact of small tributaries on water and shellfish quality in shallow coastal areas.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {2774{\textendash}2786}, author = {Riou, P and J C Le Saux and Dumas, F and Caprais, MP and Le Guyader, SF and Pommepuy, M} } @article {12344, title = {Microbial risk assessment of local handling and reuse of human faeces}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {117-128}, author = {Sch{\"o}nning, C. and T Westrell and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A. and Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K. and H{\o}ibye, L. and Carlsen, A.} } @article {7436, title = {Microbial risk implications of rainfall-induced runoff events entering a reservoir used as a drinking-water source}, journal = {Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA}, volume = {56}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {515{\textendash}531}, url = {http://aqua.iwaponline.com/content/56/8/515.abstract}, author = {Signor, R. S. and Ashbolt, N. J. and Roser, D. J.} } @article {7564, title = {{Microbial source tracking in a small southern California urban watershed indicates wild animals and growth as the source of fecal bacteria}}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {927-934}, abstract = {

Three independent microbial source tracking (MST) methods were applied to a small urban subwatershed in Orange County, California. Fifty-seven water samples collected over summer 2002 were analyzed for human adenovirus and enterovirus. Enterococci and E. coli were isolated for antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) and for PCR identification of human- and animal-specific toxin genes, respectively. All water samples were PCR negative for human enteroviruses and E. coli human-specific toxin gene. E. coli toxin markers revealed the presence of toxin genes specific to bird, rabbit, and cow. Enterococci ARA results supported this conclusion and indicated that fecal bacteria from bird and wild animal feces as well as soil were the predominant source found in the watershed. An E. coli, isolated from the watershed and inoculated back into the heat-sterilized storm drain water, increased 4 log units within 6 days. Collectively, these results suggest that bird and wild animal feces, soil amendments, and/or fecal coliform growth in the storm drain are the major contributors to the fecal bacterial pollution in downstream areas. However, human adenoviruses were detected on two occasions. Fecal bacterial concentrations were not elevated on these two occasions, suggesting that the elevated levels of fecal indicator bacteria in this small watershed could be unrelated to the source of human adenovirus. {\textcopyright} 2007 Springer-Verlag.

}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-007-1047-0}, author = {Jiang, S.C. and Chu, W. and Olson, B.H. and He, J.-W. and Choi, S. and Zhang, J. and Le, J.Y. and Gedalanga, P.B.} } @article {13764, title = {Microbial source tracking in a small southern {California} urban watershed indicates wild animals and growth as the source of fecal bacteria}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Three independent microbial source tracking (MST) methods were applied to a small urban subwatershed in Orange County, California. Fifty-seven water samples collected over summer 2002 were analyzed for human adenovirus and enterovirus. Enterococci and E. coli were isolated for antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) and for PCR identification of human- and animal-specific toxin genes, respectively. All water samples were PCR negative for human enteroviruses and E. coli human-specific toxin gene. E. coli toxin markers revealed the presence of toxin genes specific to bird, rabbit, and cow. Enterococci ARA results supported this conclusion and indicated that fecal bacteria from bird and wild animal feces as well as soil were the predominant source found in the watershed. An E. coli, isolated from the watershed and inoculated back into the heat-sterilized storm drain water, increased 4 log units within 6 days. Collectively, these results suggest that bird and wild animal feces, soil amendments, and/or fecal coliform growth in the storm drain are the major contributors to the fecal bacterial pollution in downstream areas. However, human adenoviruses were detected on two occasions. Fecal bacterial concentrations were not elevated on these two occasions, suggesting that the elevated levels of fecal indicator bacteria in this small watershed could be unrelated to the source of human adenovirus. {\textcopyright} 2007 Springer-Verlag.}, doi = {10.1007/s00253-007-1047-0}, author = {Jiang, S.C. and Chu, W. and Olson, B.H. and He, J.-W. and Choi, S. and Zhang, J. and Le, J.Y. and Gedalanga, P.B.} } @article {13721, title = {Microbiological assessments of compost toilets: In situ measurements and laboratory studies on the survival of fecal microbial indicators using sentinel chambers. }, journal = {Waste Management}, volume = {27}, year = {2007}, pages = {1144-1154}, author = {L Tonner-Klan and J Moller and A Forslund and A Dalsgaard} } @article {17483, title = {{Microbiological assessments of compost toilets: in situ measurements and laboratory studies on the survival of fecal microbial indicators using sentinel chambers.}}, journal = {Waste management (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {27}, number = {9}, year = {2007}, pages = {1144{\textendash}1154}, abstract = {Compost toilet systems were assessed for their ability to reduce microbial indicators and pathogens. Bacterial pathogens were not detected in any samples indicating a low survival rate in composting feces and/or an initial low occurrence. Indicator bacteria showed large variations with no clear trend of lower bacterial numbers after longer storage. In controlled composting experiments, thermophilic conditions were only reached when amendments were made (grass and a sugar solution). Even then it was impossible to ensure a homogenous temperature in the composting fecal material and therefore difficult to achieve a uniform reduction and killing of indicator organisms. Presumptive thermotolerant coliforms, Salmonella typhimurium Phage 28 B and eggs of Ascaridia galli, proved useful as indicators. However, regrowth was detected for enterococci and total numbers of bacteria grown at 36 degrees C. These indicator parameters may therefore overestimate the level of other (pathogenic) bacteria present in the material and can not be recommended for use as reliable indicator organisms in composting toilet systems. The addition of indicator bacteria to fecal material contained in semi-permeable capsules proved to be a useful technique to ensure that microorganisms were contained in a small test volume.}, keywords = {Animals, Ascaridia, Clostridium perfringens, Colony Count, Denmark, Enterococcus, isolation {\&} purification, Microbial, Ovum, Salmonella, Soil, Sweden, Temperature, Toilet Facilities, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0956-053X (Print)}, doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2006.04.021}, author = {Tonner-Klank, L and Moller, J and Forslund, A and Dalsgaard, A} } @article {7233, title = {The microbiological quality of seven large commercial private water supplies in the {United} {Kingdom}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {dec}, pages = {523}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2007.042}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2007.042}, author = {Kay, D. and Wyn-Jones, A. P. and Stapleton, C. M. and Fewtrell, L. and Wyer, M. D. and Watkins, J. and Francis, C. A. and Drury, D.} } @booklet {10651, title = {{Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs {\textendash} horizontal method for the detection of potentially enteropathogenic Vibrio spp. Part-2: Detection of species other than Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae.}}, year = {2007} } @article {8703, title = {{Microorganisms in bioaerosol emissions from wastewater treatment plants during summer at a Mediterranean site}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, year = {2007}, pages = {1355{\textendash}1365}, abstract = {Measurements were conducted at a Mediterranean site (latitude 35?? 31??? north and longitude 24?? 03??? east) during summer, to study the concentration of microorganisms emitted from a wastewater treatment plant under intensive solar radiation (520-840 W/m2) and at elevated air temperatures (25-31 ??C). Air samples were taken with the Air Sampler MAS 100 (Merck) at each stage of an activated-sludge wastewater treatment (pretreatment, primary settling tanks, aeration tanks, secondary settling tanks, chlorination, and sludge processors). Cultivation methods based on the viable counts of mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria, as well as of indicator microorganisms of faecal contamination (total and faecal coliforms and enterococci), and fungi were performed. During air sampling, temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed were measured. The highest concentrations of airborne microorganisms were observed at the aerated grit removal of wastewater at the pretreatment stage. A gradual decrease of bioaerosol emissions was observed during the advanced wastewater treatment from the pretreatment to the primary, secondary and tertiary treatment (97.4{\%} decrease of mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria, and 100{\%} decrease of total coliforms, faecal coliforms and enterococci), 95.8{\%} decrease of fungi. The concentration of the airborne microorganisms at the secondary and tertiary treatment of the wastewater was lower than in the outdoor control. At the same time, the reduction of the microbial load at the waste sludge processors was 19.7{\%} for the mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria, 99.4{\%} for the total coliforms, and 100{\%} for the faecal coliforms and the enterococci, 84.2{\%} for the fungi. The current study concludes that the intensive solar radiation, together with high ambient temperatures, as well as optimal wastewater treatment are the most important factors for low numbers of microbes in the air. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Airborne bacteria, Airborne fungi, Bioaerosols, Coliforms, Enterococci, wastewater}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.014}, author = {Karra, Styliani and Katsivela, Eleftheria} } @article {1999, title = {Milk composition varies in relation to the presence and abundance of Balantidium coli in the mother in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)}, journal = {American Journal of Primatology}, volume = {69}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {2007/06}, pages = {625-634}, isbn = {0275-2565
1098-2345}, author = {Hinde, K} } @article {17172, title = {Modeling inactivation kinetics of food borne pathogens at a constant temperature}, journal = {Lwt-Food Science and TechnologyLwt-Food Science and TechnologyLwt-Food Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {632-637}, keywords = {bacterial-growth, calculating sterility, describe, Escherichia coli, first-order model, frequency-distribution model, Heat, high-pressure, Listeria monocytogenes, listeria-monocytogenes, preservation methods, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, survival curves, thermal inactivation, weibull}, isbn = {0023-6438}, author = {Buzrul, S. and Alpas, H.} } @inbook {11934, title = {Modeling the Fate of Microorganisms in Water, Wastewater and Soil}, booktitle = {Manual of Environmental Microbiology}, year = {2007}, publisher = {ASM Press}, organization = {ASM Press}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, author = {Hurst, Christon J.}, editor = {Hurst, Christon J. and Crawford, Ronald L. and Garland, Jay L. and Lipson, David A. and Mills, Aaron L. and Stetzenbach, Linda D.} } @article {4796, title = {{Molecular characterization of Cyclospora-like organism from dairy cattle}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {100}, year = {2007}, pages = {955{\textendash}961}, author = {Li, G and Xiao, S and Zhou, R and Li, W and Wadeh, H} } @article {5749, title = {{Molecular Confirmation of Oysters as the Vector for Hepatitis A in a 2005 Multistate Outbreak}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {145{\textendash}150}, author = {Shieh, YC and Khudyakov, Y.E. and Xia, G and Ganova-Raeva, LM and Khambaty, FM and Woods, JW and Veazey, JE and Motes, ML and Glatzer, MB and S R Bialek and A E Fiore} } @article {1037, title = {Molecular detection and characterization of gastroenteritis viruses occurring naturally in the stream waters of Manaus, central Amazonia, Brazil.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {375-382}, abstract = {To assess the presence of the four main viruses responsible for human acute gastroenteritis in a hydrographic network impacted by a disordered urbanization process, a 1-year study was performed involving water sample collection from streams in the hydrographic basin surrounding the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Thirteen surface water sample collection sites, including different areas of human settlement characterized as urban, rural, and primary forest, located in the {Tarum{\~a}-A{\c c}u,} S{\~a}o Raimundo, Educandos, and Puraquequara microbasins, were defined with a global positioning system. At least one virus was detected in 59.6\% (31/52) of the water samples analyzed, and rotavirus was the most frequent (44.2\%), followed by human adenovirus (30.8\%), human astrovirus (15.4\%), and norovirus (5.8\%). The viral contamination observed mainly in the urban streams reflected the presence of a local high-density population and indicated the gastroenteritis burden from pathogenic viruses in the water, principally due to recreational activities such as bathing. The presence of viral genomes in areas where fecal contamination was not demonstrated by bacterial indicators suggests prolonged virus persistence in aquatic environments and emphasizes the enteric virus group as the most reliable for environmental monitoring.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00944-07}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00944-07}, author = {Marize P Miagostovich and Fabiana F M Ferreira and Fl{\'a}via R Guimar{\~a}es and T{\'u}lio M Fumian and Leonardo Diniz-Mendes and S{\'e}rgio Luiz B Luz and Luciete A Silva and Jos{\'e} Paulo G Leite} } @article {10032, title = {{Molecular detection of hepatitis A virus in urban sewage in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {168{\textendash}173}, abstract = {AIMS: A one-year survey was conducted to examine hepatitis A virus (HAV) prevalence, distribution of genotypes and their relationship to bacterial indicators in raw and treated sewage samples.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty sewage samples (raw = 25 and treated = 25) were collected twice monthly from one sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro. Virus concentration was performed by adsorption to an electronegative membrane followed by ultrafiltration. Viral RNA was detected by nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR and positive products were directly sequenced. Total and faecal coliform concentrations were also determined. By nested RT-PCR, HAV RNA was detected in 16/50 (32{\%}) and eight (16{\%}) of them were found in treated sewage samples. By real-time PCR, HAV RNA was detected in 46/50 (92{\%}) samples and 24 were from treated sewage. Phylogenetic analyses classified nine isolates (56{\%}) as subgenotype IA and seven (44{\%}) as IB.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: Real-time PCR was more sensitive than nested RT-PCR; the presence of subgenotypes IA and IB was described and bacterial indicators cannot be used to predict HAV presence in sewage.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nSIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These results demonstrated that HAV still remains in the environment after sewage treatment and could play an important role in maintaining the endemicity of HAV infection.}, keywords = {hav, Real-time PCR, Sewage, Subgenotype IA, Subgenotype IB}, isbn = {0266-8254 (Print)$\backslash$r0266-8254}, issn = {02668254}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02164.x}, author = {Villar, L. M. and De Paula, V. S. and Diniz-Mendes, L. and Guimaraes, F. R. and Ferreira, F. F M and Shubo, T. C. and Miagostovich, M. P. and Lampe, E. and Gaspar, A. M C} } @article {5761, title = {{Molecular Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Urban Sewage in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {168{\textendash}173}, author = {Villar, LM and V S De Paula and Diniz-Mendes, L and Guimar{\~a}es, FR and Ferreira, FF and Shubo, TC and Miagostovich, MP and Lampe, E and Gaspar, AM} } @article {3882, title = {Molecular epidemiology of astrovirus type 1 in Belem, Brazil, as an agent of infantile gastroenteritis, over a period of 18 years (1982-2000): identification of two possible new lineages}, journal = {Virus Research}, volume = {129}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {166{\textendash}174}, author = {Gabbay, Y B and Leite, J P G and Oliveira, D S and Nakamura, L S and Nunes, MR and Mascarenhas, JD and Heinemann, MB and Linhares, AC} } @article {9929, title = {. Molecular epidemiology of human Blastocystis in a village in Yunnan Province, China.}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {56}, year = {2007}, pages = {281-286}, author = {Li, L. and Zhou, X and Du, Z and Wang, X and Wang, L} } @article {7921, title = {{Molecular identification and genetic analysis of norovirus genogroups I and II in water environments: Comparative analysis of different reverse transcription-PCR assays}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {13}, year = {2007}, pages = {4152{\textendash}4161}, abstract = {Noroviruses have received increased attention in recent years because their role as etiologic agents in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks is now clearly established. Our inability to grow them in cell culture and the lack of an animal model hinder the characterization of these viruses. More recently, molecular approaches have been used to study the genetic relationships that exist among them. In the present study, environmental samples from seawater, estuarine water, and effluents of sewage treatment plants were analyzed in order to evaluate the role of environmental surface contamination as a possible vehicle for transmission of norovirus genogroups I and II. Novel broad-range reverse transcription-PCR/nested assays targeting the region coding for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase were developed, amplifying fragments of 516 bp and 687 bp in the nested reactions for genogroups II and I, respectively. The assays were evaluated and compared against widely used published assays. The newly designed assays provide long regions for high-confidence BLAST searches in public databases and therefore are useful diagnostic tools for molecular diagnosis and typing of human noroviruses in clinical and environmental samples, as well as for the study of molecular epidemiology and the evolution of these viruses.}, isbn = {0649902718}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00222-07}, author = {La Rosa, G. and Fontana, S. and Di Grazia, A. and Iaconelli, M. and Pourshaban, M. and Muscillo, M.} } @article {5313, title = {Monitoring of pathogenicity of effluents from the UASB based sewage treatment plant}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {133}, number = {1-3}, year = {2007}, pages = {43{\textendash}51}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Pant, Anju and Mittal, Atul K} } @article {16904, title = {Multiplex approach for screening genetic markers of microbial indicators}, journal = {Water environment research}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {260{\textendash}269}, publisher = {Water Environment Federation}, author = {Stedtfeld, Robert D and Baushke, Sam and Tourlousse, Dieter and Chai, Benli and Cole, James R and Hashsham, Syed A} } @article {4275, title = {{Multiplex quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for F+-specific RNA coliphages: a method for use in microbial source tracking.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {mar}, pages = {808{\textendash}14}, abstract = {

It is well documented that microbial contamination of coastal waters poses a significant risk to human health through recreational exposure and consumption of shellfish. Identifying the source of microbial contamination (microbial source tracking) plays a dominant role in enabling effective management and remediation strategies. One method used to determine the source of the contamination is quantification of the ratio of the four subgroups of F+-specific RNA coliphages (family Leviviridae) in impacted water samples. Because of typically low concentrations in the environment, enrichment assays are performed prior to detection, even though differential replication rates have been reported. These assays are also compromised by differential loss of phage infectivity among subgroups after release into the environment, thus obscuring the initial ratio. Here, a culture-independent multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) protocol for the simultaneous quantification of all four subgroups of F+-specific RNA coliphages using novel primer sets and molecular beacons is presented. This assay is extremely sensitive, achieving detection with as few as 10 copies of isolated coliphage RNA, and is linear for a minimum of six orders of magnitude. During survival experiments, the real-time RT-PCR technique was able to quantify coliphages in seawater when culture-based double agar layer assay failed. While infectivity was lost at different rates at the subgroup level, decay constants in seawater, calculated using the real-time RT-PCR estimates, did not vary among subgroups. The accurate determination of the in situ concentration of F+-specific RNA coliphages using this method will facilitate more effective remediation strategies for impacted environments.

}, keywords = {Animals, Cats, Cattle, Chickens, Chickens: virology, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, DNA, DNA Primers, F Factor, F Factor: genetics, F Factor: isolation {\&} purification, Feces, Feces: virology, Humans, Molecular Probe Techniques, Molecular Sequence Data, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: m, RNA, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: genetics, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, Sequence Analysis, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Viral, Viral: analysis, Viral: genetics, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution, Water Pollution: analysis}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00399-06}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1800770{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Kirs, Marek and Smith, David C} } @article {1615, title = {Multistate evaluation of an ultrafiltration-based procedure for simultaneous recovery of enteric microbes in 100-liter tap water samples}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {73}, number = {13}, year = {2007}, note = {Hill, Vincent R Kahler, Amy M Jothikumar, Narayanan Johnson, Trisha B Hahn, Donghyun Cromeans, Theresa L eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2007/05/08 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jul;73(13):4218-25. Epub 2007 May 4.}, pages = {4218-25}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Ultrafiltration (UF) is increasingly being recognized as a potentially effective procedure for concentrating and recovering microbes from large volumes of water and treated wastewater. Because of their very small pore sizes, UF membranes are capable of simultaneously concentrating viruses, bacteria, and parasites based on size exclusion. In this study, a UF-based water sampling procedure was used to simultaneously recover representatives of these three microbial classes seeded into 100-liter samples of tap water collected from eight cities covering six hydrologic areas of the United States. The UF-based procedure included hollow-fiber UF as the primary step for concentrating microbes and then used membrane filtration for bacterial culture assays, immunomagnetic separation for parasite recovery and quantification, and centrifugal UF for secondary concentration of viruses. Water samples were tested for nine water quality parameters to investigate whether water quality data correlated with measured recovery efficiencies and molecular detection levels. Average total method recovery efficiencies were 71, 97, 120, 110, and 91\% for phiX174 bacteriophage, MS2 bacteriophage, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens spores, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, respectively. Real-time PCR and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for seeded microbes and controls indicated that tap water quality could affect the analytical performance of molecular amplification assays, although no specific water quality parameter was found to correlate with reduced PCR or RT-PCR performance.}, keywords = {Animals Bacteriophage phi X 174/isolation \& purification Base Sequence Clostridium perfringens/isolation \& purification Cryptosporidium parvum/isolation \& purification DNA Primers/genetics DNA, Bacterial/genetics DNA, Bacterial/isolation \& purification Ultrafiltration/instrumentation/*methods United States Water/*parasitology *Water Microbiology Water Supply, Protozoan/genetics DNA, Viral/genetics Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification Enterococcus faecalis/isolation \& purification Levivirus/isolation \& purification Oocysts Polymerase Chain Reaction Spores}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02713-06}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17483281}, author = {Hill, V. R. and Kahler, A. M. and Jothikumar, N. and Johnson, T. B. and Hahn, D. and Cromeans, T. L.} } @article {13759, title = {Multistate evaluation of an ultrafiltration-based procedure for simultaneous recovery of enteric microbes in 100-liter tap water samples}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {13}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Ultrafiltration (UF) is increasingly being recognized as a potentially effective procedure for concentrating and recovering microbes from large volumes of water and treated wastewater. Because of their very small pore sizes, UF membranes are capable of simultaneously concentrating viruses, bacteria, and parasites based on size exclusion. In this study, a UF-based water sampling procedure was used to simultaneously recover representatives of these three microbial classes seeded into 100-liter samples of tap water collected from eight cities covering six hydrologic areas of the United States. The UF-based procedure included hollow-fiber UF as the primary step for concentrating microbes and then used membrane filtration for bacterial culture assays, immunomagnetic separation for parasite recovery and quantification, and centrifugal UF for secondary concentration of viruses. Water samples were tested for nine water quality parameters to investigate whether water quality data correlated with measured recovery efficiencies and molecular detection levels. Average total method recovery efficiencies were 71, 97, 120, 110, and 91\% for ϕX174 bacteriophage, MS2 bacteriophage, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens spores, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, respectively. Realtime PCR and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for seeded microbes and controls indicated that tap water quality could affect the analytical performance of molecular amplification assays, although no specific water quality parameter was found to correlate with reduced PCR or RT-PCR performance. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02713-06}, author = {Hill, V.R. and Kahler, A.M. and Jothikumar, N. and Johnson, T.B. and Hahn, D. and Cromeans, T.L.} } @article {14665, title = {Multistate evaluation of an ultrafiltration-based procedure for simultaneous recovery of enteric microbes in 100-liter tap water samples}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {73}, year = {2007}, month = {jul}, pages = {4218{\textendash}25}, abstract = {Ultrafiltration (UF) is increasingly being recognized as a potentially effective procedure for concentrating and recovering microbes from large volumes of water and treated wastewater. Because of their very small pore sizes, UF membranes are capable of simultaneously concentrating viruses, bacteria, and parasites based on size exclusion. In this study, a UF-based water sampling procedure was used to simultaneously recover representatives of these three microbial classes seeded into 100-liter samples of tap water collected from eight cities covering six hydrologic areas of the United States. The UF-based procedure included hollow-fiber UF as the primary step for concentrating microbes and then used membrane filtration for bacterial culture assays, immunomagnetic separation for parasite recovery and quantification, and centrifugal UF for secondary concentration of viruses. Water samples were tested for nine water quality parameters to investigate whether water quality data correlated with measured recovery efficiencies and molecular detection levels. Average total method recovery efficiencies were 71, 97, 120, 110, and 91\% for phiX174 bacteriophage, MS2 bacteriophage, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens spores, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, respectively. Real-time PCR and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for seeded microbes and controls indicated that tap water quality could affect the analytical performance of molecular amplification assays, although no specific water quality parameter was found to correlate with reduced PCR or RT-PCR performance.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Bacterial/genetics, Bacterial/isolation \& purification, Bacteriophage phi X 174/isolation \& purification, Base Sequence, Clostridium perfringens/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium parvum/isolation \& purification, DNA, DNA Primers/genetics, Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification, Enterococcus faecalis/isolation \& purification, Levivirus/isolation \& purification, Oocysts, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Protozoan/genetics, spores, Ultrafiltration/instrumentation/*methods, United States, Viral/genetics, Water Supply, Water/*parasitology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02713-06}, author = {Hill, V. R. and Kahler, A. M. and Jothikumar, N. and Johnson, T. B. and Hahn, D. and Cromeans, T. L.} } @article {14981, title = {Multistate evaluation of an ultrafiltration-based procedure for simultaneous recovery of enteric microbes in 100-liter tap water samples}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {73}, year = {2007}, month = {jul}, pages = {4218{\textendash}25}, abstract = {Ultrafiltration (UF) is increasingly being recognized as a potentially effective procedure for concentrating and recovering microbes from large volumes of water and treated wastewater. Because of their very small pore sizes, UF membranes are capable of simultaneously concentrating viruses, bacteria, and parasites based on size exclusion. In this study, a UF-based water sampling procedure was used to simultaneously recover representatives of these three microbial classes seeded into 100-liter samples of tap water collected from eight cities covering six hydrologic areas of the United States. The UF-based procedure included hollow-fiber UF as the primary step for concentrating microbes and then used membrane filtration for bacterial culture assays, immunomagnetic separation for parasite recovery and quantification, and centrifugal UF for secondary concentration of viruses. Water samples were tested for nine water quality parameters to investigate whether water quality data correlated with measured recovery efficiencies and molecular detection levels. Average total method recovery efficiencies were 71, 97, 120, 110, and 91\% for phiX174 bacteriophage, MS2 bacteriophage, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens spores, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, respectively. Real-time PCR and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for seeded microbes and controls indicated that tap water quality could affect the analytical performance of molecular amplification assays, although no specific water quality parameter was found to correlate with reduced PCR or RT-PCR performance.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Bacterial/genetics, Bacterial/isolation \& purification, Bacteriophage phi X 174/isolation \& purification, Base Sequence, Clostridium perfringens/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium parvum/isolation \& purification, DNA, DNA Primers/genetics, Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification, Enterococcus faecalis/isolation \& purification, Levivirus/isolation \& purification, Oocysts, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Protozoan/genetics, spores, Ultrafiltration/instrumentation/*methods, United States, Viral/genetics, Water Supply, Water/*parasitology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02713-06}, author = {Hill, V. R. and Kahler, A. M. and Jothikumar, N. and Johnson, T. B. and Hahn, D. and Cromeans, T. L.} } @article {7559, title = {{Multistate evaluation of an ultrafiltration-based procedure for simultaneous recovery of enteric microbes in 100-liter tap water samples}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {13}, year = {2007}, pages = {4218-4225}, abstract = {

Ultrafiltration (UF) is increasingly being recognized as a potentially effective procedure for concentrating and recovering microbes from large volumes of water and treated wastewater. Because of their very small pore sizes, UF membranes are capable of simultaneously concentrating viruses, bacteria, and parasites based on size exclusion. In this study, a UF-based water sampling procedure was used to simultaneously recover representatives of these three microbial classes seeded into 100-liter samples of tap water collected from eight cities covering six hydrologic areas of the United States. The UF-based procedure included hollow-fiber UF as the primary step for concentrating microbes and then used membrane filtration for bacterial culture assays, immunomagnetic separation for parasite recovery and quantification, and centrifugal UF for secondary concentration of viruses. Water samples were tested for nine water quality parameters to investigate whether water quality data correlated with measured recovery efficiencies and molecular detection levels. Average total method recovery efficiencies were 71, 97, 120, 110, and 91{\%} for $\phi$X174 bacteriophage, MS2 bacteriophage, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens spores, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, respectively. Realtime PCR and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for seeded microbes and controls indicated that tap water quality could affect the analytical performance of molecular amplification assays, although no specific water quality parameter was found to correlate with reduced PCR or RT-PCR performance. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02713-06}, author = {Hill, V.R. and Kahler, A.M. and Jothikumar, N. and Johnson, T.B. and Hahn, D. and Cromeans, T.L.} } @article {7385, title = {[{A} nationwide survey on the hand washing behavior and awareness]}, journal = {Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health = Yebang Uihakhoe Chi}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {may}, pages = {197{\textendash}204}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the public{\textquoteright}s awareness of the importance of hand washing and to compare perceptions on the habit of hand washing with actual hand washing behavior. METHODS: Data were collected by observing 2,800 participants washing their hands after using public restrooms in seven cities nationwide and by surveying 1,000 respondents (age{\textgreater}14 years) through telephone interviews using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Although 94\% of the survey respondents claimed to mostly or always wash their hands after using public restrooms, only 63.4\% of the observed participants did wash their hands after using public restrooms. Significant factors related to increased adherence to hand washing were female gender, approximate ages of 20 to 39 years by their appearance, and the presence of other people from the observation. About 79\% of the survey respondents always washed their hands after using bathrooms at home, 73\% washed their hands before handling food, and 67\% washed their hands upon returning to their home. However, 93.2\% and 86.3\% of the survey respondents did not wash their hands after coughing or sneezing and after handling money, respectively. Although most of the survey respondents (77.6\%) were aware that hand washing is helpful in preventing communicable diseases, 39.6\% of the survey respondents did not do so because they were {\textquoteright}not accustomed{\textquoteright} to washing their hands and 30.2\% thought that washing their hands is {\textquoteright}annoying{\textquoteright}. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first comprehensive report on hand washing behavior and awareness of the general population in Korea. The result of this study in terms of individual behavior and awareness of hand washing are comparable with similar studies conducted in other countries. However adherence to hand washing is still low and needs to be increased. The results of this study can be used as a baseline in setting up strategies and activities to promote adherence to hand washing.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Attitudes, Child, Female, Hand Disinfection, Health Knowledge, Humans, Korea, Male, Middle Aged, Practice, Toilet Facilities}, issn = {1975-8375}, author = {Jeong, Jae Sim and Jun K Choi and Jeong, Ihn Sook and Paek, Kyong Ran and In, Hye-Kyung and Park, Ki Dong} } @article {11189, title = {{Neurotoxocarosis}}, journal = {Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S{\~a}o Paulo}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {279{\textendash}287}, doi = {10.1590/s0036-46652007000500002}, author = {Finsterer, Josef and Auer, Herbert} } @article {4512, title = {New adenovirus species found in a patient presenting with gastroenteritis}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {81}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {5978{\textendash}84}, issn = {0022-538X (Print) 0022-538x}, doi = {10.1128/jvi.02650-06}, author = {M S Jones and B Harrach and R D Ganac and M M Gozum and W P Dela Cruz and B Riedel and C Pan and E L Delwart and D P Schnurr} } @article {532, title = {New adenovirus species found in a patient presenting with gastroenteritis}, journal = {J Virol}, volume = {81}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, note = {Jones, Morris Saffold 2nd Harrach, Balazs Ganac, Robert D Gozum, Mary M A Dela Cruz, Wilfred P Riedel, Brian Pan, Chao Delwart, Eric L Schnurr, David P Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States J Virol. 2007 Jun;81(11):5978-84. Epub 2007 Mar 14.}, pages = {5978-84}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {An unidentified agent was cultured in primary monkey cells at the Los Angeles County Public Health Department from each of five stool specimens submitted from an outbreak of gastroenteritis. Electron microscopy and an adenovirus-specific monoclonal antibody confirmed this agent to be an adenovirus. Since viral titers were too low, complete serotyping was not possible. Using the DNase-sequence-independent viral nucleic acid amplification method, we identified several nucleotide sequences with a high homology to human adenovirus 41 (HAdV-41) and simian adenovirus 1 (SAdV-1). However, using anti-SAdV-1 sera, it was determined that this virus was serologically different than SAdV-1. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that this new adenovirus was so divergent from the known human adenoviruses that it was not only a new type but also represented a new species (human adenovirus G). In a retrospective clinical study, this new virus was detected by PCR in one additional patient from a separate gastroenteritis outbreak. This study suggests that HAdV-52 may be one of many agents causing gastroenteritis of unknown etiology.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/*isolation \& purification Adenoviridae Infections/*diagnosis/*virology Amino Acid Sequence Animals Cells, Cultured Gastroenteritis/*diagnosis/*virology Haplorhini Humans Molecular Sequence Data}, issn = {0022-538X (Print) 0022-538x}, doi = {10.1128/jvi.02650-06}, author = {Jones, M. S., 2nd and B Harrach and R D Ganac and M M Gozum and W P Dela Cruz and B Riedel and C Pan and E L Delwart and D P Schnurr} } @article {12705, title = {{A new species of Paragonimus (Trematoda: Troglotrematidae) from a cat infected with metacercariae from mountain crabs Larnaudia larnaudia}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {93}, year = {2007}, pages = {1496{\textendash}1500}, author = {Waikagul, J} } @article {9822, title = {{No Title}}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {56}, year = {2007}, pages = {281{\textendash}286}, author = {Li, L and Zhou, X and Du, Z and Wang, X and Wang, L} } @article {11459, title = {Non-biting cyclorrhaphan flies (Diptera) as carriers of intestinal human parasites in slum areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {103}, year = {2007}, pages = {186-194}, author = {Getachew, S and Gebre-Michael, T and Erko, B and Balkew, M and Medhin, G} } @article {9308, title = {{A novel nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for differential detection of Entamoeba histolytica, E. moshkovskii and E. dispar DNA in stool samples}}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2007}, pages = {47}, author = {Khairnar, K and Parija, SC} } @article {4248, title = {{Occurrence and levels of indicators and selected pathogens in different sludges and biosolids.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {dec}, pages = {2420{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

AIMS: Determine the occurrence and levels of pathogens and indicators in raw and treated sludges and compare their persistence after two different treatments. METHODS AND RESULTS: Helminth ova, Cryptosporidium spp., Salmonella spp., enteroviruses, and bacterial and viral indicators were determined in raw sludges and biosolids produced after mesophilic and thermophilic treatments. Except Salmonella, all of the parameters were quantified. Helminth ova were found at very low concentrations even in raw sludges. Viable Cryptosporidium oocysts were still present in most samples of treated sludges. Faecal coliforms, spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SSRC), and somatic coliphages were the only indicators with values above their detection limits in most of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: Pathogens were still detected in some treated sludge samples. SSRC were the most resistant micro-organisms to treatments and hence may be an indicator for the reduction of protozoan oocysts. Somatic coliphages constitute an alternative as viral indicators due to their detection in sludges before and after treatment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Because of the persistence of some pathogens after sludge treatments, additional indicators are needed. SSRC and somatic coliphages are good candidates. Easy and inexpensive methods for the determination of these indicators are feasible both in industrialized and developing countries.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Clostridium, Clostridium: isolation {\&} purification, Colony Count, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium: isolation {\&} purification, enterovirus, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Helminths, Helminths: isolation {\&} purification, Humans, Microbial, Oocysts, Parasite Egg Count, Salmonella, Salmonella: isolation {\&} purification, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Viral Plaque Assay, Waste Disposal, Water Pollution}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03487.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18045427}, author = {Guzm{\'a}n, C and Jofre, J and Montemayor, M and Lucena, F} } @article {17078, title = {Occurrence and levels of indicators and selected pathogens in different sludges and biosolids}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {2420{\textendash}2429}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Guzm{\'a}n, C and Jofre, J and Montemayor, M and Lucena, F} } @article {14645, title = {Occurrence and levels of indicators and selected pathogens in different sludges and biosolids}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {103}, year = {2007}, month = {dec}, pages = {2420{\textendash}9}, abstract = {AIMS: Determine the occurrence and levels of pathogens and indicators in raw and treated sludges and compare their persistence after two different treatments. METHODS AND RESULTS: Helminth ova, Cryptosporidium spp., Salmonella spp., enteroviruses, and bacterial and viral indicators were determined in raw sludges and biosolids produced after mesophilic and thermophilic treatments. Except Salmonella, all of the parameters were quantified. Helminth ova were found at very low concentrations even in raw sludges. Viable Cryptosporidium oocysts were still present in most samples of treated sludges. Faecal coliforms, spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SSRC), and somatic coliphages were the only indicators with values above their detection limits in most of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: Pathogens were still detected in some treated sludge samples. SSRC were the most resistant micro-organisms to treatments and hence may be an indicator for the reduction of protozoan oocysts. Somatic coliphages constitute an alternative as viral indicators due to their detection in sludges before and after treatment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Because of the persistence of some pathogens after sludge treatments, additional indicators are needed. SSRC and somatic coliphages are good candidates. Easy and inexpensive methods for the determination of these indicators are feasible both in industrialized and developing countries.}, keywords = {*Water Pollution, Animals, Bacteriophages/isolation \& purification, Clostridium/isolation \& purification, Colony Count, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Feces/microbiology, Fluid/methods, Helminths/isolation \& purification, Humans, Microbial, Oocysts, Parasite Egg Count, Salmonella/isolation \& purification, Sewage/*microbiology, Viral Plaque Assay, Waste Disposal}, issn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03487.x}, author = {Guzman, C. and Jofre, J. and Montemayor, M. and Lucena, F.} } @article {14970, title = {Occurrence and levels of indicators and selected pathogens in different sludges and biosolids}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {103}, year = {2007}, month = {dec}, pages = {2420{\textendash}9}, abstract = {AIMS: Determine the occurrence and levels of pathogens and indicators in raw and treated sludges and compare their persistence after two different treatments. METHODS AND RESULTS: Helminth ova, Cryptosporidium spp., Salmonella spp., enteroviruses, and bacterial and viral indicators were determined in raw sludges and biosolids produced after mesophilic and thermophilic treatments. Except Salmonella, all of the parameters were quantified. Helminth ova were found at very low concentrations even in raw sludges. Viable Cryptosporidium oocysts were still present in most samples of treated sludges. Faecal coliforms, spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SSRC), and somatic coliphages were the only indicators with values above their detection limits in most of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: Pathogens were still detected in some treated sludge samples. SSRC were the most resistant micro-organisms to treatments and hence may be an indicator for the reduction of protozoan oocysts. Somatic coliphages constitute an alternative as viral indicators due to their detection in sludges before and after treatment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Because of the persistence of some pathogens after sludge treatments, additional indicators are needed. SSRC and somatic coliphages are good candidates. Easy and inexpensive methods for the determination of these indicators are feasible both in industrialized and developing countries.}, keywords = {*Water Pollution, Animals, Bacteriophages/isolation \& purification, Clostridium/isolation \& purification, Colony Count, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Feces/microbiology, Fluid/methods, Helminths/isolation \& purification, Humans, Microbial, Oocysts, Parasite Egg Count, Salmonella/isolation \& purification, Sewage/*microbiology, Viral Plaque Assay, Waste Disposal}, issn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03487.x}, author = {Guzman, C. and Jofre, J. and Montemayor, M. and Lucena, F.} } @article {9125, title = {{Occurrence and persistence of bacterial and viral faecal indicators in wastewater biofilms}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {55}, number = {8-9}, year = {2007}, pages = {377{\textendash}385}, abstract = {Biofilms within wastewater treatment plants can capture enteric microorganisms initially present in the water phase immobilising them either definitively or temporarily. Consequently, fates of microorganisms may totally change depending on whether they interact or not with biofilms. In this study, we assessed the stability of wastewater biofilms comparing the evolution of the concentrations of bacteria (heterotrophic plate count [HPC], thermotolerant coliforms [TC]) and viral (somatic coliphages [SC] and F-specific phages [F +]) indicators in the biofilms and in the corresponding wastewaters at 4 and 20 dgrees C. Additionally, we assessed the monthly occurrence of these bacterial and viral indicators as well as of pathogenic protozoa (Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts) in three native wastewater biofilms for four months. Our results show that viral indicators (SC and F + ) persist longer in biofilms than in the corresponding wastewaters at 4 degrees C as well as at 20 degrees C. In contrast, persistence of bacterial indicators (TC and HPC) depends on both the temperature and the matrix. Differences between viral and bacterial persistence are discussed. Monthly analysis of native wastewater biofilms shows that bacterial and viral indicators, as well as Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, attach to wastewater biofilms to a concentration that remains stable in time, probably as a result of a dynamic equilibrium between attachment and detachment processes.}, keywords = {Biofilms, Coliphages, F-specific phages, Heterotrophic plate count, Occurrence, Persistence, Somatic, Thermotolerant coliforms, wastewater}, isbn = {1843395932}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2007.280}, author = {Skraber, S and Helmi, K and Willame, R and Ferr{\'e}ol, M and Gantzer, C and Hoffmann, L and Cauchie, H M} } @article {6221, title = {Occurrence and persistence of bacterial and viral faecal indicators in wastewater biofilms.}, journal = {Water Science \& Technology}, volume = {55}, year = {2007}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&profile=ehost\&scope=site\&authtype=crawler\&jrnl=02731223\&AN=25398872\&h=gZ70R2LGSjLwmysNcdnW0N9l7GgqWCx41CrKvi8O6Ld8rCBpQl7Br8nc3852DIKxo1quBHKMYS6BK7UdK94YOA\%3D\%3D\&crl=c}, author = {Skraber, S. and Helmi, K. and Willame, R. and Ferreol, M. and Gantzer, C. and Hoffmann, L. and H M Cauchie} } @article {16895, title = {Occurrence and persistence of bacterial and viral faecal indicators in wastewater biofilms}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {55}, number = {8-9}, year = {2007}, pages = {377{\textendash}385}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Skraber, Sylvain and Helmi, K and Willame, R and Ferr{\'e}ol, M and Gantzer, C and Hoffmann, L and Cauchie, H-M} } @article {4635, title = {Occurrence of human adenoviruses at two recreational beaches of the great lakes}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {24}, year = {2007}, pages = {7874{\textendash}81}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/aem.01239-07}, author = {Xagoraraki, I. and Kuo, D. H. and Wong, K. and Wong, M. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {16168, title = {OmpL1 DNA vaccine cross-protects against heterologous Leptospira spp. challenge.}, journal = {Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol.Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol.}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {75-82.}, author = {Maneewatch, S. and Tapchaisri, P. and Sakolvaree, Y. and Klaysing, B. and Tongtawe, P. and Chaisri, U. and Songserm, T. and Wongratanacheewin, S. and Srimanote, P. and Chongsa-nguanz, M. and Chaicumpa, W.} } @article {3510, title = {Outbreak of norovirus illness associated with a swimming pool}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {135}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {827{\textendash}833}, author = {Podewils, LJ and Zanardi L Blevins and Hagenbuch, M and Itani, D and Burns, A and Otto, C and Blanton, L and Adams, S and Monroe, SS and Beach, MJ and Widdowson, M} } @article {14012, title = {An outbreak of {Verocytotoxin}-producing {Escherichia} coli {O}26:{H}11 caused by beef sausage, {Denmark} 2007.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europ{\'e}en sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, month = {may}, pages = {E070531.4}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17868586}, author = {Ethelberg, S and Smith, B and Torpdahl, M and Lisby, M and Boel, J and Jensen, T and M{\o}lbak, K} } @article {7999, title = {{An outbreak of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11 caused by beef sausage, Denmark 2007.}}, journal = {Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, month = {may}, pages = {E070531.4}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17868586}, author = {Ethelberg, S and Smith, B and Torpdahl, M and Lisby, M and Boel, J and Jensen, T and M{\o}lbak, K} } @inbook {14637, title = {Overview of health-related water virology.}, booktitle = {Human {Viruses} in {Water}}, year = {2007}, pages = {1 {\textendash} 25}, publisher = {Elsevier, Amsterdam}, organization = {Elsevier, Amsterdam}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, author = {W. O.K. Grabow}, editor = {Bosch, A.} } @inbook {1589, title = {Overview of health-related water virology.}, booktitle = {Human Viruses in Water}, year = {2007}, pages = {1 {\textendash} 25}, publisher = {Elsevier, Amsterdam}, organization = {Elsevier, Amsterdam}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands }, author = {W. O.K. Grabow}, editor = {Bosch, A.} } @article {13264, title = {Ozonation followed by ultraviolet irradiation provides effective bacteria inactivation in a freshwater recirculating system}, journal = {Aquacultural Engineering}, volume = {37}, year = {2007}, pages = {180-191}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquaeng.2007.05.001}, author = {Sharrer, M. J. and Summerfel, S. T.} } @article {11401, title = {Palpable lingual cysts, a possible indicator of porcine cysticercosis, in Teso District, Western Kenya}, journal = {Journal of Swine Health and Production}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {206}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1537-209X}, author = {Mutua, FK and Randolph, TF and Arimi, SM and Kitala, PM and Githigia, SM and Willingham, AL and Njeruh, FM} } @article {9234, title = {{Parasitic contamination of vegetables in Jos, Nigeria}}, journal = {Annals of African Medicine}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {115{\textendash}118}, author = {Damen, JG and Banwat, EB and Egah, DZ and Allanana, JA} } @article {7887, title = {{Pathogen detection: A perspective of traditional methods and biosensors}}, journal = {Biosensors and Bioelectronics}, volume = {22}, year = {2007}, pages = {1205{\textendash}1217}, author = {Laczka, O and Del Campo, FJ and Munoz, FX} } @mastersthesis {6618, title = {Payment for environmental services in eastern {Costa} {Rican} watersheds: {Institutions}, public participation and demand}, year = {2007}, note = {1451587}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Proper management of watersheds is essential for the protection of natural resources, the environment, ecosystems and the socio-economic health of regions. The present work examines the viability of using local payments for watershed services as an incentive-based instrument for protecting and managing drinking water sources in eastern Costa Rica. Specifically, this thesis addresses the need for analyses of institutional impact of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) programs, as well as the need for empirical research on demand for and public participation in PES programs. Research methods include an institutional analysis of local-scale PES, household surveys, and econometric analysis of households{\textquoteright} willingness to participate in PES governance and to pay for PES programs. The household survey was implemented in July 2006 using face-to-face interviews that achieved an 84\% response rate. The empirical results indicate that there is significant demand for the proposed PES program across all income segments of the communities studied. The results also identify factors within households that are related to individual{\textquoteright}s willingness to participate in program administration and willingness to finance payments to protect local drinking water sources in surrounding micro-watersheds. Knowledge gained from this study can aid decision-makers in developing watershed-scale, community-based and institutionally-sound PES programs.}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304844493?accountid=14270}, author = {Ortega-Pacheco, Daniel Vicente} } @article {1808, title = {Peracetic acid disinfection: a feasible alternative to wastewater chlorination}, journal = {Water Environmental Research}, volume = {79}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, note = {Rossi, S Antonelli, M Mezzanotte, V Nurizzo, C eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2007/05/11 09:00 Water Environ Res. 2007 Apr;79(4):341-50.}, pages = {341-50}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The paper summarizes the results of a bench-scale study to evaluate the feasibility of using peracetic acid (PAA) as a substitute for sodium hypochlorite both for discharge into surface water and for agricultural reuse. Trials were carried out with increasing doses (1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 15 mg/L) and contact times (6, 12, 18, 36, 42, and 54 minutes) to study disinfectant decay and bacterial removal and regrowth, using fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) as process efficiency indicators. Peracetic acid decay kinetics was evaluated in tap water and wastewater; in both cases, PAA decays according to first-order kinetics with respect to time, and a correlation was found between PAA oxidative initial consumption and wastewater characteristics. The PAA disinfection efficiency was correlated with operating parameters (active concentration and contact time), testing different kinetic models. Two data groups displaying a different behavior on the basis of initial active concentration ranges (1 to 2 mg/L and 5 to 15 mg/L, respectively) can be outlined. Both groups had a "tailing-off" inactivation curve with respect to time, but the second one showed a greater inactivation rate. Moreover, the effect of contact time was greater at the lower doses. Hom{\textquoteright}s model, used separately for the two data groups, was found to best fit experimental data, and the disinfectant active concentration appears to be the main factor affecting log-survival ratios. Moreover, the S-model better explains the initial resistance of E. coli, especially at low active concentrations (< 2 mg/L) and short contact times (< 12 minutes). Microbial counts, performed by both traditional methods and flow cytometry, immediately and 5 hours after sample collection (both with or without residual PAA inactivation), showed that no appreciable regrowth took place after 5 hours, neither for coliform group bacteria, nor for total heterotrophic bacteria.}, keywords = {Disinfectants/*pharmacology Disinfection/*methods Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Escherichia coli/drug effects/growth \& development Feces/microbiology Peracetic Acid/metabolism/*pharmacology Sewage/microbiology Time Factors *Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Microbiology Water Purification}, issn = {1061-4303 (Print) 1061-4303 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17489268}, author = {Rossi, S. and Antonelli, M. and Mezzanotte, V. and Nurizzo, C.} } @mastersthesis {6979, title = {Perception of the drought hazard on the {Great} {Plains} and its sociological impacts}, year = {2007}, note = {3243745}, school = {The University of Nebraska - Lincoln}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Drought, a defining characteristic of the Great Plains, continues to be one of the most expensive natural disasters in the United States, with the lion{\textquoteright}s share of financial losses shouldered by crop and livestock producers. These producer{\textquoteright}s perceptions of and responses to drought were studied in the mid-1960s, the mid-1980s, and were examined again in this study, providing valuable longitudinal data. A number of direct and indirect impacts are experienced by non-farm businesses, communities, and individuals, as well. Some of those impacts have not been well researched and were integral to this project. Interviews with crop producers, livestock producers, and community members were conducted in Frontier County, Nebraska in late summer 2006. It was found that producers are very perceptive of the drought hazard, a result found in the two previous studies; recollections and estimates were well supported with 100 years of SPI and PDSI values. Adoption of drought mitigation practices has increased over the past 40 years. Producers were concerned about the myriad of factors they must consider when planning their farm/ranch operations, particularly as they are trying to adjust to water restrictions imposed as an outcome of the Kansas-Nebraska lawsuit on the Republican River (a task exacerbated by the long-term drought in recent years), but overall they are basically optimistic. Community members were very concerned about the future of farming and the quality of rural life. They expressed fears that changes in farming practices may lower the value of land, affect the tax base, and ultimately impact the school system and other county services.}, keywords = {0626:Sociology, 0725:Atmosphere, 0768:Environmental science, Atmosphere, Drought, Earth sciences, Environmental science, Great Plains, Health and environmental sciences, Nebraska, Social sciences, Sociological, Sociology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304838249?accountid=14270}, author = {Woudenberg, Donna Louise} } @article {13802, title = {Performance, design, and analysis in microbial source tracking studies}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02473-06}, author = {Stoeckel, D.M. and Harwood, V.J.} } @inbook {16906, title = {Performance, design, and analysis in microbial source tracking studies}, booktitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {2405{\textendash}2415}, author = {Stoeckel, Donald M and Harwood, Valerie J} } @article {7605, title = {{Performance, design, and analysis in microbial source tracking studies}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {2405-2415}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02473-06}, author = {Stoeckel, D.M. and Harwood, V.J.} } @article {6846, title = {Persistence, dissipation, and activity of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 within sand and seawater environments: {Survival} of {E}. coli {O}157:{H}7 in marine environments}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {apr}, pages = {24{\textendash}32}, issn = {01686496, 15746941}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00273.x}, url = {http://femsec.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00273.x}, author = {Williams, A. Prysor and Avery, Lisa M. and Killham, Ken and Jones, David L.} } @article {5519, title = {{Persistence of caliciviruses in artificially contaminated oysters during depuration}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {17}, year = {2007}, pages = {5698{\textendash}5701}, abstract = {The fate of calicivirus in oysters in a 10-day depuration was assessed. The norovirus gene was persistently detected from artificially contaminated oysters during the depuration, whereas feline calicivirus in oysters was promptly eliminated. The prolonged observation of norovirus in oysters implies the existence of a selective retention mechanism for norovirus within oysters.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)$\backslash$r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00290-07}, author = {Ueki, You and Shoji, Mika and Suto, Atsushi and Tanabe, Toru and Okimura, Yoko and Kikuchi, Yoshihiko and Saito, Noriyuki and Sano, Daisuke and Omura, Tatsuo} } @article {10161, title = {{Persistence of host-specific Bacteroides-Prevotella 16S rRNA genetic markers in environmental waters: effects of temperature and salinity}}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {935{\textendash}944}, author = {Okabe, S and Shimazu, Y} } @inbook {1239, title = {The persistence of infectious adenovirus (type 35) in mussels (Mytilus edulis) and oysters (Ostrea edulis)}, booktitle = {Int J Food Microbiol}, volume = {113}, year = {2007}, note = {Hernroth, Bodil Allard, Annika Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t International journal of food microbiology S0168-1605(06)00523-X [pii] Int J Food Microbiol. 2007 Feb 15;113(3):296-302. Epub 2006 Dec 1.}, pages = {296-302}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to provide information for improving risk assessment of viral contaminants in bivalves. The persistence of viable adenovirus type 35 (Ad35) after controlled contaminations of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, and oysters, Ostrea edulis, was studied. Bivalves, kept in running seawater at two different temperatures (4 and 18 degrees C) were sampled after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 70 days. Virus particles were separated from the gills and the digestive gland through ultra high-speed centrifugation. Qualitative PCR analyses of DNA in the virus extracts showed that Ad35 was detectable for 6-10 weeks and quantitative real-time PCR verified a gradual but not linear decrease in copy numbers, within this time interval. The virus genome was detectable to the same degree on the gills as in the digestive gland. When viral extractions were inoculated on A549 cells to investigate the cytopathic effect (CPE) it was shown that Ad35 stayed infectious in oysters, kept at 4 degrees C, for about six weeks, which was double the time compared to that for mussels. The detection of the viral genome exceeded the persistence of their infectivity, in most cases with 4-6 weeks. The data were highly variable and the sporadic occurrence of high numbers of accumulated viruses and their remaining infectivity is seemingly a significant factor regarding food safety.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ isolation \& purification Animals Bivalvia/ virology Consumer Product Safety DNA, Viral/analysis Food Contamination/ analysis Food Handling/methods Food Microbiology Food Preservation/methods Gills/virology Humans Ostreidae/ virology Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Shellfish/ virology Temperature Time Factors}, isbn = {0168-1605 (Print) 0168-1605 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.08.009}, author = {Hernroth, B. and Allard, A.} } @article {4497, title = {The persistence of infectious adenovirus (type 35) in mussels (Mytilus edulis) and oysters (Ostrea edulis)}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {296{\textendash}302}, issn = {0168-1605}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.08.009}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17141347}, author = {Hernroth, B. and Allard, A.} } @article {8641, title = {{Physical inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {17}, year = {2007}, pages = {5663{\textendash}5666}, author = {Wainwright, KE and Lagunas-Solar, M and Miller, MA and Barr, BC and Gardner, IA and Pina, C and Melli, AC and Packham, AE and Zeng, N and Truong, T and Conrad, PA} } @inbook {1779, title = {Picornaviridae: The viruses and their replication.}, booktitle = {Fields Virology, Fifth edition}, year = {2007}, pages = {795-838}, publisher = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}, organization = {Wolters Klewer / Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Philadelphia}, author = {Racaniello, V. R.}, editor = {Chief, Editors - in- and Knipe, D. M. and Howley, P. M. and Editors, Associate and Griffin, D. E and Lamb, R. A. and Straus, S. E. and Martin, M. A. and Roizman, B.} } @article {1966, title = {Plague}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {369}, number = {9568}, year = {2007}, note = {Prentice, Michael/0000-0003-1117-2388 129}, pages = {1196-1207}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0140-6736}, doi = {10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60566-2}, url = {://WOS:000245595100031}, author = {Prentice, Michael B. and Rahalison, Lila} } @article {15873, title = {The potential for marine bivalve shellfish to act as transmission vehicles for outbreaks of protozoan infections in humans: A review}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {120}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {2007/12/15/}, pages = {201-216}, keywords = {Foodborne transmission, Molluscs, Shellfish}, isbn = {0168-1605}, author = {Robertson, L. J.} } @mastersthesis {6315, title = {Predicting sustainable performance and household satisfaction of community-oriented rural water supply projects: {A} quantitative evaluation of evidence from {Ghana} and {Peru}}, year = {2007}, note = {3272560}, school = {The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation assesses what project, community, and external household and village-level factors are associated with household-level sustainability indicators for community-managed rural water schemes in Peru and Ghana. Methodological contributions include the use of multi-level random effects and structural equation models to analyze data collected from large samples of households and villages in the two countries. Descriptive results indicate that the participatory, demand-driven model of rural water service provision has generally delivered well-designed, functioning systems which many beneficiaries are using and remain satisfied with. Most households are paying something for the water they receive, although cost recovery remains an elusive goal for many villages. Regression results suggest that certain household and village factors directly and/or indirectly impact outcomes. Household knowledge of committee activities is associated with current satisfaction and confidence in future performance, while other household factors (such as income and social capital) demonstrate mixed results. Project factors such as direct election of water committees, training, and the presence of a non-governmental organization as the planning agency (in Peru) positively influenced sustainability indicators, while committee experience was negatively associated with outcomes. This dissertation also augments research on the role of post construction assistance by finding that visited households participate more often and are more engaged in a water committee{\textquoteright}s financial dealings. Finally, the study sheds new light on household preferences for scaling up service by indicating that households are more likely to favor scaling up if they are currently aware of and participate in the current governing process and understand how the committee collects and spends its money. Other important village factors include elected committee structures, distance to the nearest area mechanic, and village size.}, keywords = {0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Area planning \& development, Community-oriented, Ghana, Household satisfaction, Peru, Rural infrastructure, Social sciences, Sustainable performance, Urban planning, Water supply projects}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304842197?accountid=14270}, author = {Thorsten, II, Richard E.} } @article {4015, title = {{Presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water supplies in northern Spain}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {102}, year = {2007}, pages = {619{\textendash}629}, author = {Carmena, D and Aguinagalde, X and Zigorraga, C and Fern{\'a}ndez-Crespo, JC and Ocio, JA} } @article {7802, title = {Prevalence and strain diversity of thermophilic campylobacters in cattle, sheep and swine farms}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {977-984}, abstract = {

Aims: To determine prevalence and strain diversity of thermophilic campylobacters in healthy ruminants and swine. Methods and Results: Faecal samples collected from 343 herds (120 sheep, 124 beef cattle, 82 dairy cattle and 17 swine) in the Basque Country were screened in pools for thermophilic campylobacters. Two hundred and three herds were positive (67\·1\% dairy cattle, 58\·9\% beef cattle, 55\·0\% sheep and 52\·9\% pig), and species-specific PCR identified Campylobacter jejuni in 20\·7\% of the herds and Campylobacter coli in 6\·4\%. Campylobacter coli was isolated from the four production systems and was the most prevalent species in swine, where C. jejuni was not found. Other thermophilic campylobacters were found in all production systems. Four hundred and ninety-three animals from 11 positive herds were individually analysed, detecting significantly higher within-herd prevalences in dairy cattle (66\·7\%) and swine (57\·8\%) than in sheep (8\·8\%) or beef cattle (5\·4\%). flaA PCR\–RFLP and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of a selection of isolates showed high genetic diversity. Conclusions: Healthy swine, cattle and sheep are important reservoirs of thermophilic campylobacters of different species and high genetic diversity. Significance and Impact of the Study: Efficient farm-based intervention measures are needed to reduce risk of infection. Non-C. jejuni/C. coli species should be monitored to investigate their significance for infection.

}, keywords = {Campylobacter, Cattle, farm, flaA typing, PCR, prevalence, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Sheep, Swine}, isbn = {1365-2672}, author = {Oporto,B. and Esteban,J. I. and Aduriz,G. and Juste,R. A. and Hurtado,A.} } @article {5835, title = {{Prevalence of Arcobacter and Campylobacter on broiler carcasses during processing.}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {jan}, pages = {16{\textendash}22}, author = {Son, Insook and Englen, Mark D and Berrang, Mark E and Fedorka-Cray, Paula J and Harrison, Mark A} } @article {14352, title = {Prevalence of {Arcobacter} and {Campylobacter} on broiler carcasses during processing.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {113}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {jan}, pages = {16{\textendash}22}, author = {Son, Insook and Englen, Mark D and Berrang, Mark E and Fedorka-Cray, Paula J and Harrison, Mark A} } @article {14307, title = {Prevalence of {Campylobacter} species, {Helicobacter} pylori and {Arcobacter} species in stool samples from the {Venda} region, {Limpopo}, {South} {Africa}: studies using molecular diagnostic methods.}, journal = {The Journal of infection}, volume = {54}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {jun}, pages = {558{\textendash}566}, author = {Samie, A and Obi, C L and Barrett, L J and Powell, S M and Guerrant, R L} } @article {5790, title = {{Prevalence of Campylobacter species, Helicobacter pylori and Arcobacter species in stool samples from the Venda region, Limpopo, South Africa: studies using molecular diagnostic methods.}}, journal = {The Journal of Infection}, volume = {54}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {jun}, pages = {558{\textendash}566}, author = {Samie, A and Obi, C L and Barrett, L J and Powell, S M and Guerrant, R L} } @article {7706, title = {Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in cattle in Finland and antimicrobial susceptibilities of bovine Campylobacter jejuni strains}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {10}, year = {2007}, note = {May; Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in cattle in Finland and antimicrobial susceptibilities of bovine Campylobacter jejuni strains; ISI:000246680500014; ID: 379}, pages = {3232-3238}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Hakkinen,M. and Heiska,H. and Hanninen,M. L.} } @article {5021, title = {{Prevalence of fishborne zoonotic parasites in important cultured fish species in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {101}, year = {2007}, pages = {1277{\textendash}1284}, author = {Thien, PC and Dalsgaard, A and Thanh, BN and Olsen, A and Murrell, KD} } @article {2984, title = {Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious Diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {jun}, pages = {385{\textendash}394}, abstract = {Human cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease) continues to be a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. Elimination is difficult to obtain and it is estimated that, using current control options, achieving such a goal will take around 20 years of sustained efforts. Since the introduction of current (and past) hydatid control campaigns, there have been clear technological improvements made in the diagnosis and treatment of human and animal cystic echinococcosis, the diagnosis of canine echinococcosis, and the genetic characterisation of strains and vaccination against Echinococcus granulosus in animals. Incorporation of these new measures could increase the efficiency of hydatid control programmes, potentially reducing the time required to achieve effective prevention of disease transmission to as little as 5-10 years.}, keywords = {Active, Animals, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Global Health, Humans, Immunotherapy, Infection Control, National Health Programs, Sheep}, issn = {1473-3099}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70134-2}, author = {Craig, Philip S. and McManus, Donald P. and Lightowlers, Marshall W. and Chabalgoity, Jose A. and Garcia, Hector H. and Gavidia, Cesar M. and Gilman, Robert H. and Gonzalez, Armando E. and Lorca, Myriam and Naquira, Cesar and Nieto, Alberto and Schantz, Peter M.} } @article {10025, title = {{Prolonged fecal shedding of hepatitis E virus (HEV) during sporadic acute hepatitis E: Evaluation of infectivity of HEV in fecal specimens in a cell culture system}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, pages = {3671{\textendash}3679}, abstract = {To investigate the duration of fecal shedding and changing loads of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in feces and serum from patients with acute HEV infection, HEV RNA was quantitated in periodic serum and fecal specimens obtained from 11 patients with sporadic acute hepatitis E. All 11 patients had detectable HEV RNA in serum at admission, with the highest viral load being 1.9 x 10(3) to 1.7 x 10(7) copies/ml, and HEV viremia lasted until days 17 to 48 (mean, 28.3) after the onset of hepatitis. Even at the initial examination on days 10 to 29 (mean, 17.6), the HEV load in fecal supernatant was less than 5.7 x 10(4) copies/ml for 10 of the 11 patients, while for the remaining patient (patient 1) it was markedly high, 2.0 x 10(7) copies/ml on day 22. In addition, although HEV RNA in fecal supernatant continued to be positive until days 14 to 33 (mean, 22.4) for patients 2 to 11, that for patient 1 was detectable even on day 121. HEVs in fecal specimens obtained on days 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30, but not day 121, from patient 1 grew efficiently in PLC/PRF/5 cells, reaching the highest titer of up to 10(7) copies/ml in culture medium on day 50 postinoculation. The HEV genome recovered from patient 1 had 29 unique nucleotides that were not seen in any of the 25 reported HEV isolates of the same genotype over the entire genome, with six amino acid substitutions in the ORF1 protein.}, issn = {00951137}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.01086-07}, author = {Takahashi, Masaharu and Tanaka, Toshinori and Azuma, Masahiro and Kusano, Eiji and Aikawa, Tatsuya and Shibayama, Takao and Yazaki, Yasuyuki and Mizuo, Hitoshi and Inoue, Jun and Okamoto, Hiroaki} } @article {6688, title = {Prolonged {Norovirus} {Shedding} in {Infants} ???6 {Months} of {Age} {With} {Gastroenteritis}:}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {jan}, pages = {46{\textendash}49}, issn = {0891-3668}, doi = {10.1097/01.inf.0000247102.04997.e0}, url = {http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage\&an=00006454-200701000-00010}, author = {Murata, Toshio and Katsushima, Noriko and Mizuta, Katsumi and Muraki, Yasushi and Hongo, Seiji and Matsuzaki, Yoko} } @article {4852, title = {{Protozoal pollution of surface water sources in Dakahlia Govemorate Egypt}}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {37}, year = {2007}, pages = {51{\textendash}64}, author = {Elshazly, AM and Elsheikha, HM and Soltan, DM and Mohammad, KA and Morsy, TA} } @article {9791, title = {{Protozoal pollution of surface water sources in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt}}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {37}, year = {2007}, pages = {51{\textendash}64}, author = {El-Shazly, AM and Elsheikha, HM and Soltan, DM and Mohammad, KA and Morsy, TA} } @article {9925, title = {Protozoal pollution of surface water sources in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt}, journal = {J Egypt Soc Parasitol}, volume = {37}, year = {2007}, pages = {51-64}, author = {EL-SHAZLY, A.M and ELSHEIKHA, H.M and SOLTAN, D.M and MOHAMMAD, K.A and Morsy, T.A.} } @book {4096, title = {{Protozoan Parasites in Sewage Sludge}}, year = {2007}, publisher = {TemaNord, Nordic Council of Ministers}, organization = {TemaNord, Nordic Council of Ministers}, address = {Copenhagen}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2006-596}, author = {of Ministers, Nordic Council} } @inbook {10789, title = {{Public health aspects of on- site sanitation}}, booktitle = {Wastewater Recycle, Reuse, and Reclamation}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Ecolss Publishers Co. Ltd}, organization = {Ecolss Publishers Co. Ltd}, address = {Oxford, UK}, author = {Viraraghavan, T and Krishnamurthy, S and Vigneswaran, S}, editor = {Vigneswaran, SV} } @article {8417, title = {{Pulling together: an integrated model of Toxoplasma cell invasion}}, journal = {Current opinion in Microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {83{\textendash}89}, author = {Carruthers, V and Boothroyd, JC} } @article {9510, title = {{Quality of reclaimed waters: a public health need for source tracking of wastewater-derived protozoan enteropathogens in engineered wetlands}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {101}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {532{\textendash}533}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Lucy, FE} } @article {17342, title = {Quantification of Salmonella spp. in composted biosolids using a TaqMan qPCR assay}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methodsJournal of microbiological methods}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {119-126}, isbn = {0167-7012}, author = {Novinscak, Amy and Surette, C{\'e}line and Filion, Martin} } @article {8700, title = {{Quantitative analysis of human enteric adenoviruses in aquatic environments}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, year = {2007}, pages = {2153{\textendash}2159}, abstract = {AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine human adenoviruses (HuAdVs) in aquatic environments by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS AND RESULTS: In order to describe the ratio of enteric serotypes to the total HuAdVs, the primer set specific for the enteric serotypes 40 and 41 was used in parallel with the universal primer set for all 51 serotypes of HuAdVs. The enteric serotypes of HuAdVs were detected at the concentration of 7.3-1500 PCR-detection units (PDU) per ml in raw sewage (n = 17), 0.00060-4.1 PDU ml(-1) in secondary-treated sewage before chlorination (n = 17), 0.0018-7.0 PDU ml(-1) in river water (n = 36), and 0.032-6.1 PDU ml(-1) in seawater (n = 18). The concentration of HuAdVs, determined by the universal primer set, was equivalent to that of enteric serotypes in almost all the samples tested. CONCLUSIONS: Enteric serotypes were predominant among all serotypes of HuAdVs in the aquatic environments. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The abundance of enteric serotypes of HuAdVs should be more emphasized than other serotypes in order to assess the risk of their infection via water.}, keywords = {Adenovirus, Real-time PCR, River water, Seawater, Virus concentration, wastewater}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print)}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03453.x}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Oguma, K. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {4492, title = {Quantitative analysis of human enteric adenoviruses in aquatic environments}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, year = {2007}, pages = {2153{\textendash}9}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Oguma, K. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {3233, title = {{Quantitative analysis of human enteric adenoviruses in aquatic environments}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {2153{\textendash}2159}, abstract = {AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine human adenoviruses (HuAdVs) in aquatic environments by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS AND RESULTS: In order to describe the ratio of enteric serotypes to the total HuAdVs, the primer set specific for the enteric serotypes 40 and 41 was used in parallel with the universal primer set for all 51 serotypes of HuAdVs. The enteric serotypes of HuAdVs were detected at the concentration of 7.3-1500 PCR-detection units (PDU) per ml in raw sewage (n = 17), 0.00060-4.1 PDU ml(-1) in secondary-treated sewage before chlorination (n = 17), 0.0018-7.0 PDU ml(-1) in river water (n = 36), and 0.032-6.1 PDU ml(-1) in seawater (n = 18). The concentration of HuAdVs, determined by the universal primer set, was equivalent to that of enteric serotypes in almost all the samples tested. CONCLUSIONS: Enteric serotypes were predominant among all serotypes of HuAdVs in the aquatic environments. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The abundance of enteric serotypes of HuAdVs should be more emphasized than other serotypes in order to assess the risk of their infection via water.}, keywords = {Adenovirus, Real-time PCR, River water, Seawater, Virus concentration, wastewater}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print)}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03453.x}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Oguma, K. and Ohgaki, S.} } @inbook {1235, title = {Quantitative analysis of human enteric adenoviruses in aquatic environments Occurrence of viruses and protozoa in drinking water sources of Japan and their relationship to indicator microorganisms}, booktitle = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {103}, year = {2007}, note = {Haramoto, E Katayama, H Oguma, K Ohgaki, S Journal of applied microbiology JAM3453 [pii] J Appl Microbiol. 2007 Dec;103(6):2153-9. Haramoto, Eiji Kitajima, Masaaki Kishida, Naohiro Katayama, Hiroyuki Asami, Mari Akiba, Michihiro Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Food and environmental virology Food Environ Virol. 2012 Sep;4(3):93-101. doi: 10.1007/s12560-012-9082-0. Epub 2012 Jul 4.}, pages = {2153-9}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England United States}, abstract = {AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine human adenoviruses (HuAdVs) in aquatic environments by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS AND RESULTS: In order to describe the ratio of enteric serotypes to the total HuAdVs, the primer set specific for the enteric serotypes 40 and 41 was used in parallel with the universal primer set for all 51 serotypes of HuAdVs. The enteric serotypes of HuAdVs were detected at the concentration of 7.3-1500 PCR-detection units (PDU) per ml in raw sewage (n = 17), 0.00060-4.1 PDU ml(-1) in secondary-treated sewage before chlorination (n = 17), 0.0018-7.0 PDU ml(-1) in river water (n = 36), and 0.032-6.1 PDU ml(-1) in seawater (n = 18). The concentration of HuAdVs, determined by the universal primer set, was equivalent to that of enteric serotypes in almost all the samples tested. CONCLUSIONS: Enteric serotypes were predominant among all serotypes of HuAdVs in the aquatic environments. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The abundance of enteric serotypes of HuAdVs should be more emphasized than other serotypes in order to assess the risk of their infection via water. A nationwide survey of viruses, protozoa, and indicator microorganisms in drinking water sources of Japan was conducted. Among 64 surface water samples collected from 16 drinking water treatment plants, 51 (80 \%) samples were positive for at least one of the 11 pathogen types tested, including noroviruses of genogroups I (positive rate, 13 \%) and II (2 \%), human sapoviruses (5 \%), human adenoviruses of serotypes 40 and 41 (39 \%), Cryptosporidium oocysts (41 \%), and Giardia cysts (36 \%). Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and F-specific coliphages were detected in 63 (98 \%), 33 (52 \%), and 17 (27 \%) samples, respectively, and E. coli was judged to be the most suitable indicator of pathogen contamination of drinking water sources. Genogroup-specific real-time PCR for F-specific coliphages revealed the presence of F-specific RNA coliphages of animal genogroup I and human genogroups II and III in 13 (41 \%), 12 (39 \%), and 1 (3 \%), respectively, of 31 plaques isolated.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, DNA, Human/genetics/ isolation \& purification DNA, Human/transmission Adenoviruses, Viral/analysis Environmental Monitoring/ methods Humans Intestines/ virology Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Rivers Seawater Serotyping Sewage Water Microbiology Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Coliphages/isolation \& purific, Viral/genetics/isolation \& purification Sapovirus/isolation \& purification Sequence Analysis}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking) 1867-0342 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03453.x 10.1007/s12560-012-9082-0}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Oguma, K. and Ohgaki, S. and Kitajima, M. and Kishida, N. and Asami, M. and Akiba, M.} } @inbook {1293, title = {Quantitative analysis of human enteric adenoviruses in aquatic environments}, booktitle = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {103}, year = {2007}, note = {Haramoto, E Katayama, H Oguma, K Ohgaki, S Journal of applied microbiology JAM3453 [pii] J Appl Microbiol. 2007 Dec;103(6):2153-9.}, pages = {2153-9}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine human adenoviruses (HuAdVs) in aquatic environments by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS AND RESULTS: In order to describe the ratio of enteric serotypes to the total HuAdVs, the primer set specific for the enteric serotypes 40 and 41 was used in parallel with the universal primer set for all 51 serotypes of HuAdVs. The enteric serotypes of HuAdVs were detected at the concentration of 7.3-1500 PCR-detection units (PDU) per ml in raw sewage (n = 17), 0.00060-4.1 PDU ml(-1) in secondary-treated sewage before chlorination (n = 17), 0.0018-7.0 PDU ml(-1) in river water (n = 36), and 0.032-6.1 PDU ml(-1) in seawater (n = 18). The concentration of HuAdVs, determined by the universal primer set, was equivalent to that of enteric serotypes in almost all the samples tested. CONCLUSIONS: Enteric serotypes were predominant among all serotypes of HuAdVs in the aquatic environments. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The abundance of enteric serotypes of HuAdVs should be more emphasized than other serotypes in order to assess the risk of their infection via water.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Human/genetics/ isolation \& purification DNA, Human/transmission Adenoviruses, Viral/analysis Environmental Monitoring/ methods Humans Intestines/ virology Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Rivers Seawater Serotyping Sewage Water Microbiology}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03453.x}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Oguma, K. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {9524, title = {{Quantitative assessment of contamination of fresh food produce of various retail types by human-virulent microsporidian spores}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {4071{\textendash}4073}, author = {Jedrzejewski, S and Graczyk, TK and Slodkowicz-Kowalska, A and Tamang, L and Majewska, AC} } @article {10167, title = {{A quantitative real-time PCR assay for the highly sensitive and specific detection of human faecal influence in spring water from a large alpine catchment area}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {44}, year = {2007}, pages = {351{\textendash}356}, author = {Reischer, GH and Kasper, DC and Steinborn, R and Farnleitner, AH and Mach, RL} } @article {10168, title = {{A quantitative real-time PCR assay for the highly sensitive and specific detection of human faecal influence in spring water from a large alpine catchment area}}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {351{\textendash}356}, author = {Reischer, GH and Kasper, DC and Steinborn, R and Farnleitner, AH and Mach, RL} } @article {16359, title = {A quantitative real-time PCR assay for the highly sensitive and specific detection of human faecal influence in spring water from a large alpine catchment}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {44}, year = {2007}, pages = {351-356}, author = {Reischer, G. H. and Kasper, D.C. et al} } @article {11595, title = {{A rare case of diphyllobothriasis from Pondicherry, South India}}, journal = {Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology}, volume = {25}, year = {2007}, pages = {152{\textendash}154}, author = {Devi, C S and Shashikala, C and Srinivasan, S and Murmu, U C and Barman, P and Kanungo, R} } @article {13448, title = {[A rare case of obstructive jaundice and cholecystitis in hepatic fascioliasis in Italy]}, journal = {Chir Ital}, volume = {59}, year = {2007}, pages = {891-894}, author = {Caprino, P. and Ferranti, F. and Passa, G. and Quintiliani, A.} } @article {17232, title = {Reactivation and growth of non-culturable indicator bacteria in anaerobically digested biosolids after centrifuge dewatering}, journal = {Water ResearchWater researchWater Res}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {Feb}, pages = {665-673}, keywords = {CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI, Cells, digestion, E. coli, enterica serovar typhimurium, enterococcus-faecalis, enterohemorrhagic escherichia-coli, fecal coliform, glutamate-decarboxylase, GROWTH, nonculturable state, Reactivation, RECOVERY, Resuscitation, starvation, sub-lethal injury, viable but non-culturable}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Higgins, M. J. and Chen, Y. C. and Murthy, S. N. and Hendrickson, D. and Farrel, J. and Schafer, P.} } @booklet {16310, title = {{Real Decreto 1620/2007, de 7 de diciembre, por el que se establece el r{\'e}gimen jur{\'\i}dico de la reutilizaci{\'o}n de las aguas depuradas. 281:50639{\textendash}50661}}, year = {2007}, pages = {281:50639{\textendash}50661} } @article {16217, title = {Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressing the LipL32 antigen of Leptospira interrogans protects hamsters from challenge.}, journal = {VaccineVaccine}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {88-95.}, author = {Seixas, F. K. and da Silva, E. F. and Hartwig, D. D. and Cerqueira, G. M. and Amaral, M. and Fagundes, M. Q. and Dossa, R. G. and Dellagostin, O. A.} } @article {15793, title = {Reduction of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by sewage treatment processes}, journal = {Tropical Biomedicine}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {Jun}, pages = {95-104}, edition = {2007/06/15}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Oocysts, Sewage/*parasitology, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {0127-5720 (Print)
0127-5720}, author = {Lim, Y. A. and Wan Hafiz, W. I. and Nissapatorn, V.} } @article {9323, title = {{Reduction of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by sewage treatment processes}}, journal = {Tropical Biomedicine}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {95{\textendash}104}, author = {Lim, YAL and Hafiz, WIW and Nissapatom, V} } @article {4088, title = {{Reduction of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by sewage treatment processes}}, journal = {Tropical Biomedicine}, volume = {24}, year = {2007}, pages = {95{\textendash}104}, author = {Lim, YAL and WI Wan Hafiz and Nissapatorn, V} } @article {10179, title = {{Relationships between Bacteroides 16S rRNA genetic markers and presence of bacterial enteric pathogens and conventional fecal indicators}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {16}, year = {2007}, pages = {3615{\textendash}3628}, author = {Savichtcheva, O and Okyama, N and Okabe, S} } @mastersthesis {6987, title = {Remote sensing of energy and water fluxes over {Volta} {Savannah} catchments in {West} {Africa}}, year = {2007}, note = {U231370}, school = {University of Durham (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The deterioration of the West African savannah in the last three decades is believed to be closely linked with about 0.50C rise in temperature leading to evaporation losses and declining levels of the Volta Lake in Ghana. Although hydrological models can be used to predict climate change impacts on the regional hydrology, spatially-observed ground data needed for this purpose are largely unavailable. This thesis seeks to address this problem by developing improved methods for estimating energy and water fluxes (e.g. latent heat [ET]) from remotely sensed data and to demonstrate how these may be used to parameterize hydrological models. The first part of the thesis examines the potential of the Penman-Monteith method to estimate local-scale ET using ground-based hydrometereological observations, vegetation coefficients and environmental data. To improve ET estimation at the regional-scale, the second part of the thesis develops spatial models through energy balance modelling and data up-scaling methods, driven by radiometric measurements from recent satellite sensors such as the Landsat ETM+ MODIS and ENVISAT-AATSR. The results were validated using estimates from the Penman-Monteith method, field observations, detailed satellite measurements and published data. It was realised that the MODIS sensor is a more useful source of energy and water balance parameters than AAATSR. The final part of the thesis demonstrates the application of the ET model for predicting runoff (Q) using a simplified version of the regional water balance equation. This is followed by analysis of flow sensitivity to declining scenarios of biomass volume. The results showed the absence of Q for {\textgreater}90\% of the study area during the dry season due largely to crude model approximation and lack of rainfall data, which makes model testing during the wet season important. Runoff prediction may be improved if spatial estimates of rainfall, ET and geographical data (e.g. land-use/cover maps, soil \& geology maps and DEM) could be routinely derived from satellite imagery.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrologic sciences, Bibliographies, DXN115955, Earth sciences, Hydrologic sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301705656?accountid=14270}, author = {Opoku-Duah, S} } @article {3822, title = {Removal of astrovirus from water and sewage treatment plants, evaluated by a competitive reverse transcription-{PCR}.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {164{\textendash}167}, author = {El-Senousy, M and Guix, S and Abid, I and Pinto, RM and Bosch, A} } @article {5365, title = {Removal of bacteria by filtration in planted and non-planted sand columns}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, year = {2007}, pages = {159-167}, author = {Wand, H and Vacca, G and Kuschk, P and Kruger, M and Kastner, M} } @article {9399, title = {{Removal of helminth parasitic eggs from waste stabilization ponds at Shimoga}}, journal = {The BioScan}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {9{\textendash}14}, author = {Shanthala, M and Hosetti, B and Stott, R} } @article {11080, title = {Removal of helminth parasitic eggs from waste wtabilization ponds at {Shimoga}.}, journal = {The BioScan}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {9{\textendash}14}, author = {Shanthala, M. and Hosetti, B. B. and Stott, R.} } @article {10859, title = {Removal of native coliphages and coliform bacteria from municipal wastewater by various wastewater treatment processes: implications to water reuse}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {2816{\textendash}2824}, author = {Zhang, K and Farahbakhsh, K} } @article {4379, title = {Removal of native coliphages and coliform bacteria from municipal wastewater by various wastewater treatment processes: implications to water reuse.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, month = {jun}, pages = {2816{\textendash}24}, abstract = {

The efficacy of a conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment process and the membrane bioreactor technology in removing microbial pathogens was investigated. Total and fecal coliforms and somatic and F-specific coliphages were used as indicators of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Up to 5.7 logs removal of coliforms and 5.5 logs of coliphages were observed in the conventional treatment process with advanced tertiary treatment. Addition of chemical coagulants seemed to improve the efficacy of primary and secondary treatment for microorganism removal. Complete removal of fecal coliforms and up to 5.8 logs removal of coliphages was observed in the MBR system. It was shown that the MBR system was capable of high removal of coliphages despite the variation in feed coliphage concentrations. The results of this study indicated that the MBR system can achieve better microbial removal in far fewer steps than the conventional activated sludge process with advanced tertiary treatment. The final effluent from either treatment processes can be potentially reused.

}, keywords = {Artificial, Bioreactors, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Conservation of Natural Resources, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Membranes, Ontario, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: isolation {\&} purification, Water Supply}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.010}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17449083}, author = {Zhang, K and Farahbakhsh, K} } @article {15089, title = {Removal of native coliphages and coliform bacteria from municipal wastewater by various wastewater treatment processes: implications to water reuse}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {41}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {2816{\textendash}2824}, author = {Zhang, K and Farahbakhsh, K} } @article {10412, title = {Removal of native coliphages and coliform bacteria from municipal wastewater by various wastewater treatment processes: implications to water reuse}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {2816{\textendash}2824}, author = {Zhang, K and Farahbakhsh, K} } @article {8746, title = {{Removal of native coliphages and coliform bacteria from municipal wastewater by various wastewater treatment processes: Implications to water reuse}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, year = {2007}, pages = {2816{\textendash}2824}, abstract = {The efficacy of a conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment process and the membrane bioreactor technology in removing microbial pathogens was investigated. Total and fecal coliforms and somatic and F-specific coliphages were used as indicators of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Up to 5.7 logs removal of coliforms and 5.5 logs of coliphages were observed in the conventional treatment process with advanced tertiary treatment. Addition of chemical coagulants seemed to improve the efficacy of primary and secondary treatment for microorganism removal. Complete removal of fecal coliforms and up to 5.8 logs removal of coliphages was observed in the MBR system. It was shown that the MBR system was capable of high removal of coliphages despite the variation in feed coliphage concentrations. The results of this study indicated that the MBR system can achieve better microbial removal in far fewer steps than the conventional activated sludge process with advanced tertiary treatment. The final effluent from either treatment processes can be potentially reused. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Activated sludge process, Coliforms, Coliphages, Membrane bioreactors, Pathogen removal, Water reuse}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print){\$}\backslash{\$}r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.010}, author = {Zhang, K. and Farahbakhsh, K.} } @article {1871, title = {Removal of particle-associated bacteriophages by dual-media filtration at different filter cycle stages and impacts on subsequent UV disinfection}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, note = {Templeton, Michael R Andrews, Robert C Hofmann, Ron eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2007/04/17 09:00 Water Res. 2007 Jun;41(11):2393-406. Epub 2007 Apr 12.}, pages = {2393-406}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This bench-scale study investigated the passage of particle-associated bacteriophage through a dual-media (anthracite-sand) filter over a complete filter cycle and the effect on subsequent ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. Two model viruses, bacteriophages MS2 and T4, were considered. The water matrix was de-chlorinated tap water with either kaolin or Aldrich humic acid (AHA) added and coagulated with alum to form floc before filtration. The turbidity of the influent flocculated water was 6.4+/-1.5 NTU. Influent and filter effluent turbidity and particle counts were measured as well as headloss across the filter media. Filter effluent samples were collected for phage enumeration during three filter cycle stages: (i) filter ripening; (ii) stable operation; and (iii) end of filter cycle. Stable filter operation was defined according to a filter effluent turbidity goal of <0.3 NTU. Influent and filter effluent samples were subsequently exposed to UV light (254 nm) at 40 mJ/cm(2) using a low pressure UV collimated beam. The study found statistically significant differences (alpha=0.05) in the quantity of particle-associated phage present in the filter effluent during the three stages of filtration. There was reduced UV disinfection efficiency due to the presence of particle-associated phage in the filter effluent in trials with bacteriophage MS2 and humic acid floc. Unfiltered influent water samples also resulted in reduced UV inactivation of phage relative to particle-free control conditions for both phages. Trends in filter effluent turbidity corresponded with breakthrough of particle-associated phage in the filter effluent. The results therefore suggest that maintenance of optimum filtration conditions upstream of UV disinfection is a critical barrier to particle-associated viruses.}, keywords = {Alum Compounds/chemistry Bacteriophage T4/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity/*radiation effects Disinfection/instrumentation/*methods Filtration/*methods Flocculation Humic Substances Kaolin Levivirus/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity/*radiation}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.02.047}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433406}, author = {Templeton, M. R. and Andrews, R. C. and Hofmann, R.} } @booklet {13519, title = {Report of the WHO Informal Meeting on use of triclabendazole in fascioliasis control}, year = {2007}, month = {17-18 October 2006}, publisher = {World Health Organization, Headquarters Geneva}, author = {World Health Organization (WHO)} } @mastersthesis {6431, title = {{THE} {RESEARCH} {OF} {DIGITAL} {PRINTING} {WORKFLOW} {SCHEDULING} {BASED} {ON} {JDF}}, year = {2007}, note = {H349495}, school = {Beijing University of Technology (People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China)}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Abstract Increased demands for productivities and product-quality have been made since the arrival of the Information era, at the same time, all walks of life experienced an enormous change in the process, so does the printing industry. The traditional printing flow cannot meet the demands of market anymore, it doomed to be wash out gradually and will be replaced by the digital printing. By now, the competition among printing enterprises has been transferred to management competition. The enterprise of the lowest cost, the best quality and the fastest speed will be the market leader. In the entire printing process, the production scheduling problem which is concerned for a long time became more important. According to the characteristic of digital printing flow based on JDF, the scheduling problem for this flow was studied by genetic algorithm (GA) in this paper. Firstly, the process of printing scheduling parameter obtaining was introduced. The information of order which was put in by the customer was obtained by MIS system. And then, the information of equipments was obtained by the production process supervisory system. All parameters needed in the genetic algorithm program were summarized. Secondly, the genetic algorithm which has the ability of whole optimization was introduced. The important problem of GA was studied according to the production scheduling characteristic, the scheme of encoding and decoding was determined, the crossover and variation operation was select. The software system was realized by object oriented programming using JAVA. Finally, the printing scheduling task was described; a scheduling example was given to prove the feasibility of the scheduling system. And then, the process of JDF worksheet forming and the actual result returning were introduced.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIH349495, 0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Mechanical engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1026760408?accountid=14270}, author = {Zhang, Mei} } @article {14033, title = {Respective contributions of point and non-point sources of {E}. coli and enterococci in a large urbanized watershed (the {Seine} river, {France}).}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {mar}, pages = {512{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Because the large rivers of the Seine watershed have a low microbiological water quality, the main sources of fecal contamination were investigated in the present study. The inputs of the point (wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents) and non-point sources (surface runoff and soil leaching) of fecal bacteria were quantified for Escherichia coli and intestinal enteroccoci used as bacterial indicators. In order to assess the contamination through non-point sources, fecal indicators abundance was estimated in samples collected in small streams located in rural areas upstream from all point sources; these small rivers were characterized by the land use of their watershed. Bacterial indicator numbers were also measured in effluents of WWTPs, some using classical treatment (settling followed by activated sludge process) and some using an additional disinfection stage (UV irradiation). These data were used to estimate the respective importance of each type of source at the scale of the whole Seine river watershed taking into account the land use and the population density. It shows the predominant importance of the point sources of fecal indicator bacteria at the scale of the whole watershed. In a scenario in which activated sludge treatment would be complemented with UV in all WWTPs located in this watershed, the non-point sources of fecal indicator bacteria would be dominant.}, issn = {0301-4797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.01.011}, author = {Garcia-Armisen, T and Servais, P} } @article {2253, title = {{Respective contributions of point and non-point sources of E. coli and enterococci in a large urbanized watershed (the Seine river, France).}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {mar}, pages = {512{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Because the large rivers of the Seine watershed have a low microbiological water quality, the main sources of fecal contamination were investigated in the present study. The inputs of the point (wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents) and non-point sources (surface runoff and soil leaching) of fecal bacteria were quantified for Escherichia coli and intestinal enteroccoci used as bacterial indicators. In order to assess the contamination through non-point sources, fecal indicators abundance was estimated in samples collected in small streams located in rural areas upstream from all point sources; these small rivers were characterized by the land use of their watershed. Bacterial indicator numbers were also measured in effluents of WWTPs, some using classical treatment (settling followed by activated sludge process) and some using an additional disinfection stage (UV irradiation). These data were used to estimate the respective importance of each type of source at the scale of the whole Seine river watershed taking into account the land use and the population density. It shows the predominant importance of the point sources of fecal indicator bacteria at the scale of the whole watershed. In a scenario in which activated sludge treatment would be complemented with UV in all WWTPs located in this watershed, the non-point sources of fecal indicator bacteria would be dominant.

}, issn = {0301-4797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.01.011}, author = {Garcia-Armisen, T and Servais, P} } @article {10872, title = {Response of membrane bioreactor to feed starvation shock load}, journal = {Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {81{\textendash}86}, publisher = {IOS Press}, author = {Yogalakshmi, KN and Joseph, Kurian and Visvanathan, C} } @article {1526, title = {Retrospective characterization of a vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 isolate from sewage in Greece}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {73}, number = {21}, year = {2007}, note = {Dedepsidis, Evaggelos Kyriakopoulou, Zaharoula Pliaka, Vaia Kottaridi, Christine Bolanaki, Eugenia Levidiotou-Stefanou, Stamatina Komiotis, Dimitri Markoulatos, Panayotis eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2007/09/11 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Nov;73(21):6697-704. Epub 2007 Sep 7.}, pages = {6697-704}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Retrospective molecular and phenotypic characterization of a vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) type 1 isolate (7/b/97) isolated from sewage in Athens, Greece, in 1997 is reported. VP1 sequencing of this isolate revealed 1.87\% divergence from the VP1 region of reference strain Sabin 1, while further genomic characterization of isolate 7/b/97 revealed a recombination event in the nonstructural part of the genome between a vaccine strain and a nonvaccine strain probably belonging to Enterovirus species C. Amino acid substitutions commonly found in previous studies were identified in the capsid coding region of the isolate, while most of the attenuation and temperature sensitivity determinants were reverted. The ultimate source of isolate 7/b/97 is unknown. The recovery of such a highly divergent derivative of a vaccine strain emphasizes the need for urgent implementation of environmental surveillance as a supportive procedure in the polio surveillance system even in countries with high rates of OPV coverage in order to prevent cases or even outbreaks of poliomyelitis that otherwise would be inevitable.}, keywords = {Capsid Proteins/chemistry/*genetics Greece/epidemiology Humans Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control/virology Poliovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification *Poliovirus Vaccine, DNA Sewage/*virology, Genetic Retrospective Studies Sequence Analysis, Oral Recombination}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00535-07}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17827314}, author = {Dedepsidis, E. and Kyriakopoulou, Z. and Pliaka, V. and Kottaridi, C. and Bolanaki, E. and Levidiotou-Stefanou, S. and Komiotis, D. and Markoulatos, P.} } @article {14551, title = {Retrospective characterization of a vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 isolate from sewage in {Greece}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {73}, year = {2007}, month = {nov}, pages = {6697{\textendash}704}, abstract = {Retrospective molecular and phenotypic characterization of a vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) type 1 isolate (7/b/97) isolated from sewage in Athens, Greece, in 1997 is reported. VP1 sequencing of this isolate revealed 1.87\% divergence from the VP1 region of reference strain Sabin 1, while further genomic characterization of isolate 7/b/97 revealed a recombination event in the nonstructural part of the genome between a vaccine strain and a nonvaccine strain probably belonging to Enterovirus species C. Amino acid substitutions commonly found in previous studies were identified in the capsid coding region of the isolate, while most of the attenuation and temperature sensitivity determinants were reverted. The ultimate source of isolate 7/b/97 is unknown. The recovery of such a highly divergent derivative of a vaccine strain emphasizes the need for urgent implementation of environmental surveillance as a supportive procedure in the polio surveillance system even in countries with high rates of OPV coverage in order to prevent cases or even outbreaks of poliomyelitis that otherwise would be inevitable.}, keywords = {*Poliovirus Vaccine, Capsid Proteins/chemistry/*genetics, DNA, Genetic, Greece/epidemiology, Humans, Oral, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control/virology, Poliovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Recombination, Retrospective Studies, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/*virology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00535-07}, author = {Dedepsidis, E. and Kyriakopoulou, Z. and Pliaka, V. and Kottaridi, C. and Bolanaki, E. and Levidiotou-Stefanou, S. and Komiotis, D. and Markoulatos, P.} } @article {14914, title = {Retrospective characterization of a vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 isolate from sewage in {Greece}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {73}, year = {2007}, month = {nov}, pages = {6697{\textendash}704}, abstract = {Retrospective molecular and phenotypic characterization of a vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) type 1 isolate (7/b/97) isolated from sewage in Athens, Greece, in 1997 is reported. VP1 sequencing of this isolate revealed 1.87\% divergence from the VP1 region of reference strain Sabin 1, while further genomic characterization of isolate 7/b/97 revealed a recombination event in the nonstructural part of the genome between a vaccine strain and a nonvaccine strain probably belonging to Enterovirus species C. Amino acid substitutions commonly found in previous studies were identified in the capsid coding region of the isolate, while most of the attenuation and temperature sensitivity determinants were reverted. The ultimate source of isolate 7/b/97 is unknown. The recovery of such a highly divergent derivative of a vaccine strain emphasizes the need for urgent implementation of environmental surveillance as a supportive procedure in the polio surveillance system even in countries with high rates of OPV coverage in order to prevent cases or even outbreaks of poliomyelitis that otherwise would be inevitable.}, keywords = {*Poliovirus Vaccine, Capsid Proteins/chemistry/*genetics, DNA, Genetic, Greece/epidemiology, Humans, Oral, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control/virology, Poliovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Recombination, Retrospective Studies, Sequence Analysis, Sewage/*virology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00535-07}, author = {Dedepsidis, E. and Kyriakopoulou, Z. and Pliaka, V. and Kottaridi, C. and Bolanaki, E. and Levidiotou-Stefanou, S. and Komiotis, D. and Markoulatos, P.} } @article {7162, title = {A review of health resource tracking in developing countries}, journal = {Health Policy and Planning}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {nov}, pages = {353{\textendash}362}, abstract = {Timely, reliable and complete information on financial resources in the health sector is critical for sound policy making and planning, particularly in developing countries where resources are both scarce and unpredictable. Health resource tracking has a long history and has seen renewed interest more recently as pressure has mounted to improve accountability for the attainment of the health Millennium Development Goals. We review the methods used to track health resources and recent experiences of their application, with a view to identifying the major challenges that must be overcome if data availability and reliability are to improve. At the country level, there have been important advances in the refinement of the National Health Accounts (NHA) methodology, which is now regarded as the international standard. Significant efforts have also been put into the development of methods to track disease-specific expenditures. However, NHA as a framework can do little to address the underlying problem of weak government public expenditure management and information systems that provide much of the raw data. The experience of institutionalizing NHA suggests progress has been uneven and there is a potential for stand-alone disease accounts to make the situation worse by undermining capacity and confusing technicians. Global level tracking of donor assistance to health relies to a large extent on the OECD{\textquoteright}s Creditor Reporting System. Despite improvements in its coverage and reliability, the demand for estimates of aid to control of specific diseases is resulting in multiple, uncoordinated data requests to donor agencies, placing additional workload on the providers of information. The emergence of budget support aid modalities poses a methodological challenge to health resource tracking, as such support is difficult to attribute to any particular sector or health programme. Attention should focus on improving underlying financial and information systems at the country level, which will facilitate more reliable and timely reporting of NHA estimates. Effective implementation of a framework to make donors more accountable to recipient countries and the international community will improve the availability of financial data on their activities.}, keywords = {Delivery of Health Care, Developing Countries, Health Resources, Humans}, issn = {0268-1080}, doi = {10.1093/heapol/czm024}, author = {Powell-Jackson, Timothy and Mills, Anne} } @article {1333, title = {A review of the effectiveness of current time-temperature regulations on pathogen inactivation during composting.}, journal = {Journal of environmental engineering and science}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {573-586}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {K M Wichuk and D McCartney} } @article {4523, title = {A review of the effectiveness of current time-temperature regulations on pathogen inactivation during composting.}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {573{\textendash}586}, author = {K M Wichuk and D McCartney} } @article {11431, title = {Risk factors associated with porcine cysticercosis in selected districts of Eastern and Southern provinces of Zambia}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {143}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {59-66}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TD7-4KV2YDB-5/2/1f7c1751df96b7b49d2039c578ac3ed8}, author = {Sikasunge, CS and Phiri, IK and Phiri, AM and Dorny, P and Siziya, S and Willingham Iii, AL} } @article {13284, title = {The role of Aeromonas in diarrhea: a review}, journal = {Infection}, volume = {35}, year = {2007}, pages = {59-64}, doi = {10.1007/s15010-007-6243-4}, author = {von Graevenitz, A.} } @article {13254, title = {The role of c-di-GMP signaling in an Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria strain}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {273}, year = {2007}, pages = {172-179}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00803.x}, author = {Rahman, M. and Simm, R. and Kader, A. and Basseres, E. and Romling, U. and Mollby, R.} } @article {1690, title = {Role of cell culture for virus detection in the age of technology}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, note = {Leland, Diane S Ginocchio, Christine C eng Review 2007/01/16 09:00 Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007 Jan;20(1):49-78.}, pages = {49-78}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Viral disease diagnosis has traditionally relied on the isolation of viral pathogens in cell cultures. Although this approach is often slow and requires considerable technical expertise, it has been regarded for decades as the "gold standard" for the laboratory diagnosis of viral disease. With the development of nonculture methods for the rapid detection of viral antigens and/or nucleic acids, the usefulness of viral culture has been questioned. This review describes advances in cell culture-based viral diagnostic products and techniques, including the use of newer cell culture formats, cryopreserved cell cultures, centrifugation-enhanced inoculation, precytopathogenic effect detection, cocultivated cell cultures, and transgenic cell lines. All of these contribute to more efficient and less technically demanding viral detection in cell culture. Although most laboratories combine various culture and nonculture approaches to optimize viral disease diagnosis, virus isolation in cell culture remains a useful approach, especially when a viable isolate is needed, if viable and nonviable virus must be differentiated, when infection is not characteristic of any single virus (i.e., when testing for only one virus is not sufficient), and when available culture-based methods can provide a result in a more timely fashion than molecular methods.}, keywords = {Cell Culture Techniques/methods Cell Line Centrifugation/methods Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods Cryopreservation/methods Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures/economics/*standards Humans Virology/*methods Virus Diseases/*diagnosis Viruses/*isolati}, issn = {0893-8512 (Print) 0893-8512 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.00002-06}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17223623}, author = {Leland, D. S. and Ginocchio, C. C.} } @article {1520, title = {The role of wastewater treatment in protecting water supplies against emerging pathogens}, journal = {Water Environ Res}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, note = {Crockett, Christopher S Review United States Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation Water Environ Res. 2007 Mar;79(3):221-32.}, pages = {221-32}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Traditionally, regulators, dischargers, and even water suppliers believed that wastewater discharge meeting the levels of 200 cfu/ 100 mL of fecal coliforms in wastewater effluent was sufficient to protect against downstream microbial effects. However, these beliefs are now being challenged by emerging pathogens that are resistant to standard water and wastewater treatment processes, exhibit extended survival periods in the environment, can adversely affect sensitive subpopulations, and require extremely low doses for human infection. Based on this new information, it is estimated that discharges of emerging pathogens from conventional wastewater treatment plants as far as 160 km upstream and cumulative amounts of wastewater discharge ranging from 2 to 20 ML/d have the potential to reach a water supply intake in a viable state at significant concentrations that could exceed regulatory limits for drinking water supplies, increase endemic risk from drinking water, and/or require additional drinking water treatment. Wastewater dischargers may be able mitigate this potential effect and achieve upwards of 6 log combined removal and inactivation of emerging pathogens to mitigate drinking water effects by using alternative treatment processes, such as filtration or UV light disinfection, or optimizing these processes based on site-specific conditions.}, keywords = {*Bacteria/growth \& development *Disinfection *Viruses/growth \& development Water Microbiology/*standards Water Purification/*methods Water Supply/*standards}, issn = {1061-4303 (Print) 1061-4303 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17469654}, author = {Crockett, C. S.} } @article {14543, title = {The role of wastewater treatment in protecting water supplies against emerging pathogens}, journal = {Water Environ Res}, volume = {79}, year = {2007}, month = {mar}, pages = {221{\textendash}32}, abstract = {Traditionally, regulators, dischargers, and even water suppliers believed that wastewater discharge meeting the levels of 200 cfu/ 100 mL of fecal coliforms in wastewater effluent was sufficient to protect against downstream microbial effects. However, these beliefs are now being challenged by emerging pathogens that are resistant to standard water and wastewater treatment processes, exhibit extended survival periods in the environment, can adversely affect sensitive subpopulations, and require extremely low doses for human infection. Based on this new information, it is estimated that discharges of emerging pathogens from conventional wastewater treatment plants as far as 160 km upstream and cumulative amounts of wastewater discharge ranging from 2 to 20 ML/d have the potential to reach a water supply intake in a viable state at significant concentrations that could exceed regulatory limits for drinking water supplies, increase endemic risk from drinking water, and/or require additional drinking water treatment. Wastewater dischargers may be able mitigate this potential effect and achieve upwards of 6 log combined removal and inactivation of emerging pathogens to mitigate drinking water effects by using alternative treatment processes, such as filtration or UV light disinfection, or optimizing these processes based on site-specific conditions.}, keywords = {*Bacteria/growth \& development, *Disinfection, *Viruses/growth \& development, Water Microbiology/*standards, Water Purification/*methods, Water Supply/*standards}, issn = {1061-4303 (Print) 1061-4303 (Linking)}, author = {Crockett, C. S.} } @article {3660, title = {Rotarix (RIX4414): an oral human rotavirus vaccine.}, journal = {Expert Review of Vaccines}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {11{\textendash}19}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Ryan, M} } @article {3785, title = {RotaTeq (prescribing information). Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co Inc, 2007.}, year = {2007} } @article {218, title = {Rotaviruses}, journal = {Fields Virology.}, volume = {2}, number = {5th}, year = {2007}, pages = {1917-1974.}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Estes M and A., Kapikian and In: Knipe DM and Howley PM and Griffin DE, Lamb RA and Martin MA and Roizman B, Straus SE} } @article {3728, title = {Rotaviruses: diversity and zoonotic {Potential}-a brief review.}, journal = {Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift}, volume = {120}, number = {3-4}, year = {2007}, pages = {108{\textendash}112}, author = {M{\"u}ller, Hermann and Johne, Reimar} } @article {4803, title = {{Sachet drinking water in Accra: the potential threats of transmission of enteric pathogenic protozoan organisms}}, journal = {Ghana Medical Journal}, volume = {41}, year = {2007}, pages = {62{\textendash}67}, author = {Kwakye-Nuako, G and Borketey, P and Mensah-Attipoe, I and Asmah, R and Ayeh-Kumi, P} } @article {9534, title = {{Sachet drinking water in accra: the potential threats of transmission of enteric pathogenic protozoan organisms}}, journal = {Ghana Med J}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {62{\textendash}67}, author = {Kwakye-Nuako, G and Borketey, P and Mensah-Attipoe, I and Asmah, R and Ayeh-Kumi, P} } @article {6004, title = {{Safety and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {356}, number = {9}, year = {2007}, pages = {895{\textendash}903}, author = {Shrestha, MP and Scott, RM} } @article {3851, title = {Safety and efficacy of the pentavalent human-bovine \{\{\}({WC}3)\{\}\} reassortant rotavirus vaccine in healthy premature infants.}, journal = {The Pediatric infectious disease journal}, volume = {26}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {1099{\textendash}1104}, abstract = {Premature infants seem to be at greater risk of hospitalization from rotavirus gastroenteritis than term infants. Safety and efficacy of the pentavalent human-bovine \{\{\}(WC3)\{\}\} reassortant rotavirus vaccine were assessed in premature infants enrolled in the large-scale, blinded, placebo-controlled rotavirus efficacy and safety trial \{\{\}(REST).\{\}\}}, doi = {10.1097/INF.0b013e31814521cb}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31814521cb}, author = {Goveia, Michelle G and Rodriguez, Zoe M and Dallas, Michael J and Itzler, Robbin F and Boslego, John W and Heaton, Penny M and DiNubile, Mark J and Team, REST Study} } @article {8629, title = {{Schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Schizophrenia Research}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {727{\textendash}728}, author = {Torrey, EF and Yolken, RH} } @article {4267, title = {{Seasonal detection of human viruses and coliphage in Newport Bay, California.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {20}, year = {2007}, month = {oct}, pages = {6468{\textendash}74}, abstract = {

Recent studies have shown that the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) currently used to indicate water quality in the coastal environment may be inadequate to reflect human viral contamination. Coliphage was suggested as a better indicator of human viral pollution and was proposed by the U.S. EPA as an alternative indicator for fecal pollution in groundwater. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and distribution of FIB, F+ coliphage, and PCR-detectable human adenovirus and enterovirus for an entire year at 15 locations around the Newport Bay watershed, an important southern California estuary for water recreation and an ecological reserve. Peak concentrations and prevalences of FIB and F+ coliphage were associated with winter storms (wet weather). Human adenoviruses and enteroviruses, however, were detected by PCR in approximately 5{\%} of samples collected in the summer (dry weather) but only once in wet weather. These results demonstrated that FIB and coliphage have similar seasonal and freshwater-to-saltwater distribution patterns, while the detection of human viruses depends on a distribution pattern that is the opposite of that of FIB and coliphage. This research suggested that coliphage and FIB share similar environmental sources, while sources of human viruses in Newport Bay are perhaps different.

}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, California, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: genetics, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: genetics, Enterococcus: isolation {\&} purification, enterovirus, Enterovirus: genetics, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Human, Human: genetics, Human: isolation {\&} purification, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, Seasons, Seawater, Seawater: virology}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01370-07}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2075071{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Jiang, Sunny C and Chu, Weiping and He, Jian-Wen} } @article {11596, title = {{Selected pathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural changes associated with an infection by Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) (Cestoda) plerocercoids in Coregonus lavaretus (L.) (Coregonidae)}}, journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {471{\textendash}482}, abstract = {The pathological changes induced by an infection of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) plerocercoids in powan, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), from Loch Lomond, Scotland, were assessed using immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques. In a sample of 26 powan, the occurrence of encysted plerocercoids of D. dendriticum on the outer surface of the stomach was 38.5{\%} (n = 10) with the number of cysts ranging from 4 to 15 and measuring 4.2 +/- 1.0 mm x 3.4 +/- 0.9 mm (mean +/- SD). Histological examination of intestinal samples also revealed plerocercoids (2-21) encapsulated within a proliferation of mesenteric fibrous tissues of the gastric wall and, occasionally, by the gut lamina propria-submucosa and lamina muscularis. In section, cysts were tri-layered and were formed from a series of concentric whorls of fibroblast and collagen fibre-based connective elements. The extent of necrosis within each muscle layer and the serosa of the stomach differed, notably within the latter that was marked by a chronic inflammatory reaction and fibrosis. Within the cyst and around it, a large number of degranulating mast cell/eosinophilic granule cells were seen, in addition to melano-macrophage centres. Immunohistochemical staining of sections of infected stomach revealed a high density of elements, in close proximity to plerocercoids, staining positive for serotonin, bombesin, substance P and galanin. Uninfected material did not present the same levels of activity. Sections through both infected and uninfected tissue were also tested for elements containing vasoactive intestinal peptide, met-enkephalin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y and nitric oxide synthase, but these were absent.}, keywords = {Coregonus lavaretus, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, Immunohistochemistry, Pathology, Plerocercoid, Stomach}, isbn = {0140-7775}, issn = {01407775}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00833.x}, author = {Dezfuli, B. S. and Pironi, F. and Simoni, E. and Shinn, A. P. and Giari, L.} } @article {10547, title = {{Serogroup conversion of Vibrio cholerae in aquatic reservoirs}}, journal = {PLoS Pathogens}, volume = {3}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {0477{\textendash}0746}, author = {Blokesh, M and Schoolnik, GK} } @article {17163, title = {Serotyping, PCR, phage-typing and antibiotic sensitivity testing of Salmonella serovars isolated from urban drinking water supply systems of Nepal}, journal = {Letters in Applied MicrobiologyLetters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {588-594}, abstract = {Abstract Aims: To study the occurrence and diversity of Salmonella serovars in urban water supply systems of Nepal. Methods and Results: Occurrence of Salmonella was detected in 42 out of 300 water samples by enrichment culture technique in selenite F broth followed by plating on Salmonella Shigella agar. A total of 54 isolates identified to genus level by standard tests were subsequently confirmed by serotyping, phage typing and PCR detection of virulence genes (inv A and spv C). The predominant serotype was Salmonella Typhimurium, followed by Salm. Typhi, Salm. Paratyphi A and Salmonella Enteritidis. Most of the Salm. Typhi isolates were E1 phage type followed by UVS4, A and UVS1. All isolates of Salm. Paratyphi A and Salm. Enteritidis were an untypable (UT) phage type. The majority of isolates were multi-drug resistant as revealed by Kirby{\textendash}Bauer disc diffusion technique. Ceftriaxone resistant isolates of Salm. Enteritidis indicated the presence of one of the ESBL genes, blaSHV, whereas the genes blaTEM and blaCTX were absent. Conclusions: The microbiological quality of the urban water supply is poor and indicates possibility of fatal outbreaks of enteric fever and related infections in Nepal. Significance and Impact of the Study: The present study will be useful in water borne disease control and prevention strategy formulation in Nepal and in the global context.}, isbn = {0266-8254}, author = {Bhatta, D.R. and Bangtrakulnonth, A. and Tishyadhigama, P. and Saroj, S.D. and Bandekar, J.R. and Hendriksen, R.S. and Kapadnis, B.P.} } @article {2269, title = {{Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: an overview.}}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {85}, number = {13 Suppl}, year = {2007}, month = {mar}, pages = {E45{\textendash}62}, abstract = {

The objective of this review is to highlight the importance of cattle in human disease due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and to discuss features of STEC that are important in human disease. Healthy dairy and beef cattle are a major reservoir of a diverse group of STEC that infects humans through contamination of food and water, as well as through direct contact. Infection of humans by STEC may result in combinations of watery diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Systems of serotyping, subtyping, and virulence typing of STEC are used to aid in epidemiology, diagnosis, and pathogenesis studies. Severe disease and outbreaks of disease are most commonly due to serotype O157:H7, which, like most other highly pathogenic STEC, colonize the large intestine by means of a characteristic attaching and effacing lesion. This lesion is induced by a bacterial type III secretion system that injects effector proteins into the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in profound changes in the architecture and metabolism of the host cell and intimate adherence of the bacteria. Severe disease in the form of bloody diarrhea and the hemolytic uremic syndrome is attributable to Shiga toxin (Stx), which exists as 2 major types, Stx1 and Stx2. The stx genes are encoded on temperate bacteriophages in the chromosome of the bacteria, and production and release of the toxin are highly dependent on induction of the phages. Regulation of the genes involved in induction of the attaching and effacing lesion, and production of Stx is complex. In addition to these genes that are clearly implicated in virulence, there are several putative virulence factors. A major public health goal is to prevent STEC-induced disease in humans. Studies aimed at understanding factors that affect carriage and shedding of STEC by cattle and factors that contribute to development of disease in humans are considered to be important in achieving this objective.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: epidemiology, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, Disease Reservoirs, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Humans, Ruminants, Ruminants: microbiology, Serotyping, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: metabolism, Shiga Toxins: toxicity, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Virulence Factors: physiology}, issn = {1525-3163}, doi = {10.2527/jas.2006-508}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17085726}, author = {Gyles, C L} } @article {14054, title = {Shiga toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli: an overview.}, journal = {Journal of animal science}, volume = {85}, number = {13 Suppl}, year = {2007}, month = {mar}, pages = {E45{\textendash}62}, abstract = {The objective of this review is to highlight the importance of cattle in human disease due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and to discuss features of STEC that are important in human disease. Healthy dairy and beef cattle are a major reservoir of a diverse group of STEC that infects humans through contamination of food and water, as well as through direct contact. Infection of humans by STEC may result in combinations of watery diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Systems of serotyping, subtyping, and virulence typing of STEC are used to aid in epidemiology, diagnosis, and pathogenesis studies. Severe disease and outbreaks of disease are most commonly due to serotype O157:H7, which, like most other highly pathogenic STEC, colonize the large intestine by means of a characteristic attaching and effacing lesion. This lesion is induced by a bacterial type III secretion system that injects effector proteins into the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in profound changes in the architecture and metabolism of the host cell and intimate adherence of the bacteria. Severe disease in the form of bloody diarrhea and the hemolytic uremic syndrome is attributable to Shiga toxin (Stx), which exists as 2 major types, Stx1 and Stx2. The stx genes are encoded on temperate bacteriophages in the chromosome of the bacteria, and production and release of the toxin are highly dependent on induction of the phages. Regulation of the genes involved in induction of the attaching and effacing lesion, and production of Stx is complex. In addition to these genes that are clearly implicated in virulence, there are several putative virulence factors. A major public health goal is to prevent STEC-induced disease in humans. Studies aimed at understanding factors that affect carriage and shedding of STEC by cattle and factors that contribute to development of disease in humans are considered to be important in achieving this objective.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: epidemiology, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, Disease Reservoirs, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Humans, Ruminants, Ruminants: microbiology, Serotyping, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: metabolism, Shiga Toxins: toxicity, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Virulence Factors: physiology}, issn = {1525-3163}, doi = {10.2527/jas.2006-508}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17085726}, author = {Gyles, C L} } @article {4923, title = {{Short communication: investigation of intestinal coccidia in patients with diarrhea}}, journal = {Mikrobiyoloji B{\"u}lteni}, volume = {41}, year = {2007}, pages = {127{\textendash}135}, author = {Aksoy, U and Tunkay, S} } @article {5657, title = {{Significance of Fomites in the Spread of Respiratory and Enteric Viral Disease}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {1687{\textendash}1696}, author = {Boone, SA and C P Gerba} } @inbook {17135, title = {Simple and rapid F+ coliphage culture, latex agglutination, and typing assay to detect and source track fecal contamination}, booktitle = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {13}, year = {2007}, pages = {4110{\textendash}4118}, author = {Love, David C and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {4287, title = {{Simple and rapid F+ coliphage culture, latex agglutination, and typing assay to detect and source track fecal contamination.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {13}, year = {2007}, month = {jul}, pages = {4110{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Simple, rapid, and reliable fecal indicator tests are needed to better monitor and manage ambient waters and treated waters and wastes. Antibody-coated polymeric bead agglutination assays can fulfill these needs and are inexpensive and portable for nonlaboratory settings, and their reagents can be stored at ambient temperatures for months. The goal of this study was to develop, optimize, and validate a rapid microbial water quality monitoring assay using F+ coliphage culture, latex agglutination, and typing (CLAT) to detect F+ coliphage groups with antibody-coated particles. Rapid (180 min) F+ coliphage culture gave comparable results to those with the 16- to 24-h culture time used in EPA method 1601 and was amenable to CLAT assay detection. CLAT was performed on a cardboard card by mixing a drop of coliphage enrichment culture with a drop of antibody-coated polymeric beads as the detection reagent. Visual agglutination or clumping of positive samples occurred in {\textless}60 seconds. The CLAT assay had sensitivities of 96.4{\%} (185/192 samples) and 98.2{\%} (161/164 samples) and specificities of 100{\%} (34/34 samples) and 97.7{\%} (129/132 samples) for F+ RNA and DNA coliphages, respectively. CLAT successfully classified F+ RNA coliphages into serogroups typically obtained from human (groups II and III) and animal (groups I and IV) fecal sources, in similar proportions to those obtained with a nucleic acid hybridization assay. This novel group-specific antibody-based particle agglutination technique for rapid and simple detection and grouping of F+ coliphages provides a new and improved tool for monitoring the microbiological quality of drinking, recreational, shellfishing, and other waters.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophage Typing, Bacteriophage Typing: methods, Base Sequence, Coliphages, Coliphages: classification, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, DNA, DNA Primers, DNA Primers: genetics, F Factor, F Factor: genetics, Feces, Feces: virology, Humans, In Vitro Techniques, Latex Fixation Tests, Latex Fixation Tests: methods, Levivirus, Levivirus: classification, Levivirus: genetics, Levivirus: isolation {\&} purification, Phylogeny, Viral, Viral: genetics, Virus Cultivation, Virus Cultivation: methods, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02546-06}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1932791{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Love, David C and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {4899, title = {{Six human cyclosporiasis: with general review}}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {37}, year = {2007}, pages = {349{\textendash}360}, author = {Bouree, P and Lancon, A and Bisaro, F and Bonnot, G} } @book {10260, title = {Sludge treatment and disposal}, year = {2007}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, address = {London, United Kingdom}, author = {Andreoli, C.V. and von Sperling, M. and Fernandes, F. and M Ronteltap} } @article {9183, title = {{Sludge treatment and disposal}}, journal = {IWA publishing}, year = {2007}, author = {Andreoli, CV and von Sperling, M and Fernandes, F and Ronteltap, M} } @article {10577, title = {{Small chromosomal integration site of classical CTX prophage in Mozambique Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor strain}}, journal = {Archives of Microbiology}, volume = {188}, year = {2007}, pages = {677{\textendash}683}, author = {Das, B and Halder, K and Pal, P and Bhadra, RK} } @article {11279, title = {{Soil transmitted helminthiasis in Kathmandu, Nepal.}}, journal = {Nepal Medical College Journal}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {166{\textendash}169}, author = {Shrestha, A and Rai, S K and Basnyat, S R and Rai, C K} } @article {17508, title = {{Solar drying in sludge management in Turkey}}, journal = {Renewable Energy}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, year = {2007}, pages = {1661{\textendash}1675}, abstract = {Two main wastewater treatment plants in Bursa city in Turkey will start to operate and produce at least 27,000 tons of dry solids per year by the end of 2006. The purpose of this study was to investigate an economical solution to the sludge management problem that Bursa city would encounter. The general trend in Turkey is mechanical dewatering to obtain a dry solid (DS) content of 20{\%}, and liming the mechanically dewatered sludge to reach the legal landfilling requirement, 35{\%} DS content. This study recommends limited liming {\&} solar drying as an alternative to only-liming the mechanically dewatered sludge. Open and covered solar sludge drying plants were constructed in pilot scale for experimental purposes. Dry solids and climatic conditions were constantly measured. Faecal coliform reduction was also monitored. The specially designed covered solar drying plant proved to be more efficient than the open plant in terms of drying and faecal coliform reduction. It was found that, if the limited liming {\&} solar drying method was applied after mechanical dewatering instead of only-liming method, the total amount of the sludge to be disposed would be reduced by approximately 40{\%}. This would lead to a reduction in the transportation, handling, and landfilling costs. The covered drying system would amortize itself in 4 years. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Greenhouse, Net present value, Sludge management, Solar drying}, issn = {09601481}, doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2006.08.001}, author = {Kamil Salihoglu, Nezih and Pinarli, Vedat and Salihoglu, Guray} } @article {4265, title = {{Somatic coliphages and bacterial indicators of bathing water quality in the beaches of Gipuzkoa, Spain.}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {417{\textendash}26}, abstract = {

Monitoring the quality of the bathing waters of Gipuzkoa (the Basque Country, Spain) makes it possible to assess the suitability of its 15 beaches for bathing throughout each season. In 1998, the parameters E. coli, somatic coliphages (SOMCPH) and F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) were incorporated into the bathing water quality monitoring system. This enabled the study of the link between bacterial and viral indicators as well as the analysis of the ratios between both types of indicators in waters with different levels of pollution. Although bacterial indicators (total coliforms (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC)) and enterococci showed a strong correlation between them, the correlations between the viral indicators and between the viral and bacterial indicators were weaker, though significant in all cases. The ratio between SOMCPH and E. coli indicates that at low levels of bacterial pollution (E coli {\textless}100 MPN/100 ml) SOMCPH outnumber E coli. In contrast, at higher levels of pollution (E coli {\textgreater}100 MPN/100 ml), SOMCPH numbers are lower than those of E-coli. The data reveal the presence of viral indicators in waters classified as suitable for bathing by the European Directive and alert us to their suitability.

}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: isolation {\&} purification, Bathing Beaches, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Colony Count, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Microbial, Spain, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: isolation {\&} purification}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2007.037}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17878556}, author = {Ibarluzea, Jes{\'u}s M and Santa Marina, Loreto and Moreno, Bel{\'e}n and Serrano, Elena and Larburu, Karmele and Maiztegi, Mar{\'\i}a J and Yarzabal, Asunci{\'o}n} } @article {8887, title = {Sonochemical disinfection of municipal wastewater}, journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials}, volume = {146}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {492-495}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-3894}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.04.065}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389407005560 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0304389407005560/1-s2.0-S0304389407005560-main.pdf?_tid=44657e5a-4861-11e6-99f8-00000aab0f26\&acdnat=1468349507_0815e216bf1b1edda089a13ad8d98cf7}, author = {Antoniadis, Apostolos and Poulios, Ioannis and Nikolakaki, Eleni and Mantzavinos, Dionissios} } @article {619, title = {Sourcing faecal pollution: A combination of library-dependent and library-independent methods to identify human faecal pollution in non-sewered catchments}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {16}, year = {2007}, note = {Identifying Sources of Fecal Pollution}, pages = {3771 - 3779}, abstract = {Library-dependent (LD) (biochemical fingerprinting of Escherichia coli and enterococci) and library-independent (LI) (PCR detection of human-specific biomarkers) methods were used to detect human faecal pollution in three non-sewered catchments. In all, 550 E. coli isolates and 700 enterococci isolates were biochemically fingerprinted from 18 water samples and compared with metabolic fingerprint libraries of 4508 E. coli and 4833 enterococci isolates. E. coli fingerprints identified human unique biochemical phenotypes (BPTs) in nine out of 18 water samples; similarly, enterococci fingerprints identified human faecal pollution in 10 water samples. Seven samples were tested by \{PCR\} for the detection of biomarkers. Human-specific \{HF134\} Bacteroides and enterococci surface protein (esp) biomarkers were detected in five samples. Four samples were also positive for \{HF183\} Bacteroides biomarker. The combination of biomarkers detected human faecal pollution in six out of seven water samples. Of the seven samples analysed for both the indicators/markers, at least one indicator/marker was detected in every sample. Four of the seven PCR-positive samples were also positive for one of the human-specific E. coli or enterococci BPTs. The results indicated human faecal pollution in the studied sub-catchments after storm events. \{LD\} and \{LI\} methods used in this study complimented each other and provided additional information regarding the polluting sources when one method failed to detect human faecal pollution. Therefore, it is recommended that a combination of methods should be used to identify the source(s) of faecal pollution where possible.}, keywords = {Bacteroides}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.02.051}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135407001698}, author = {W. Ahmed and J. Stewart and T. Gardner and D. Powell and P. Brooks and D. Sullivan and N. Tindale} } @article {16008, title = {Spatial epidemiology of human schistosomiasis in Africa: risk models, transmission dynamics and control}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {101}, year = {2007}, pages = {1-8}, author = {Brooker, S.} } @mastersthesis {6501, title = {Specifying fevers: positioning {Malaya}{\textquestiondown}s health lobbies (1867-1941)}, year = {2007}, note = {U238228}, school = {University of London, University College London (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation explores the roles of interest groups in the provision of medical facilities and the shaping of public policies in colonial Malaya. Business associations, medical missionaries, temperance movements and international health organisations were instrumental in financing and establishing medical facilities, as well as promoting public health issues and particular infectious diseases as flagships to define and platform larger socio-political agendas. Among the organisations included were the local merchant and plantation bodies, Anti-Opium Societies and social hygiene based organisations, the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation. Their activities were situated within the contexts of health in the urban centres, plantation estates and rural hinterlands. In addition, these groups were visible in addressing social problems manifested through opium addiction and venereal diseases, and the crisis during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Collectively, these lobbies served to broaden the appreciation of the multi-layered interactions between health and society. The appropriation of healing functions by these non-medical organisations revealed a more pluralistic discourse on medicine beyond that of the medical practitioners or public health officials. Operating simultaneously at the local, regional and international contexts, the transnational networks of these organisations open up the possibilities of a more globalised perspective of health and medicine. The doctoral thesis hopes to historicise the phenomenon of non-government organisations in colonial Malaya, and to present new insights of the medical and socio-political contexts in which they operated.}, keywords = {0585:Science history, Bibliographies, DXN120701, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Science history, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301651155?accountid=14270}, author = {Liew, K K} } @mastersthesis {6553, title = {Specifying fevers: {Positioning} {Malaya}{\textquoteright}s health lobbies (1867-1941)}, year = {2007}, note = {U594392}, school = {University of London, University College London (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation explores the roles of interest groups in the provision of medical facilities and the shaping of public policies in colonial Malaya. Business associations, medical missionaries, temperance movements and international health organisations were instrumental in financing and establishing medical facilities, as well as promoting public health issues and particular infectious diseases as flagships to define and platform larger socio-political agendas. Among the organisations included were the local merchant and plantation bodies, Anti-Opium Societies and social hygiene based organisations, the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation. Their activities were situated within the contexts of health in the urban centres, plantation estates and rural hinterlands. In addition, these groups were visible in addressing social problems manifested through opium addiction and venereal diseases, and the crisis during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Collectively, these lobbies served to broaden the appreciation of the multi-layered interactions between health and society. The appropriation of healing functions by these non-medical organisations revealed a more pluralistic discourse on medicine beyond that of the medical practitioners or public health officials. Operating simultaneously at the local, regional and international contexts, the transnational networks of these organisations open up the possibilities of a more globalised perspective of health and medicine. The doctoral thesis hopes to historicise the phenomenon of non-government organisations in colonial Malaya, and to present new insights of the medical and socio-political contexts in which they operated.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU594392, 0501:Economics, 0630:Public policy, 0769:Health care management, British Malaya, Business associations, economics, Health and environmental sciences, Health care management, International health organizations, Medical facilities, Medical missionaries, Public policy, Social sciences, Temperance movements}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1430890780?accountid=14270}, author = {Khiun, Liew Kai} } @article {7502, title = {Sporadic {Campylobacter} {Infection} in {Infants}: {A} {Population}-{Based} {Surveillance} {Case}-{Control} {Study}}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {jan}, pages = {19{\textendash}24}, issn = {0891-3668}, doi = {10.1097/01.inf.0000247137.43495.34}, url = {http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage\&an=00006454-200701000-00005}, author = {Fullerton, Kathleen E. and Ingram, L Amanda and Jones, Timothy F. and Anderson, Bridget J. and McCarthy, Patrick V. and Hurd, Sharon and Shiferaw, Beletshachew and Vugia, Duc and Haubert, Nicole and Hayes, Tameka and Wedel, Stephanie and Scallan, Elaine and Henao, Olga and Angulo, Frederick J.} } @article {9497, title = {{Spores of two fish microsporidia (Pseudoloma neurophilia and Glugea anomala) are highly resistant to chlorine}}, journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {205{\textendash}214}, author = {Ferguson, JA and Watral, V and Schwindt, AR and Kent, ML} } @mastersthesis {6840, title = {Statistical modeling of extreme rainfall processes in consideration of climate change}, year = {2007}, note = {MR32684}, school = {McGill University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Extreme rainfall events may have catastrophic impacts on the population and infrastructures, therefore it is essential to have accurate knowledge of extreme rainfall characteristics. Moreover, both the scientific community and policymakers have recently shown a growing interest in the potential impacts of climate change on water resources management. Indeed, changes in the intensity and frequency of occurrence of extreme rainfall events may have serious impacts. As such, it is important to understand not only the current patterns of extreme rainfalls but also how they are likely to change in the future. The objective of the present research is therefore to find the best method for estimating accurately extreme rainfalls for the current time period and future periods in the context of climate change. The analysis of extreme rainfall data from the province of Qu{\'e}bec (Canada) revealed that, according to L-moment ratio diagrams, the data may be well described by the Generalized-Extreme-Value (GEV) distribution. Results also showed that a simple scaling relationship between non-central moments (NCM) and duration can be established and that a scaling method based on NCMs and scaling exponents can be used to generate accurate estimates of extreme rainfalls at Dorval station (Qu{\'e}bec, Canada). Other results demonstrated that the method of NCMs can accurately estimate distribution parameters and can be used to construct accurate Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. Furthermore, a regional analysis was performed and homogenous regions of weather stations within Qu{\'e}bec were identified. A method for the estimation of missing data at ungauged sites based on regional NCMs was found to yield good estimates. In addition, the potential impacts of climate change on extreme rainfalls were assessed. Changes in the distribution of annual maximum (AM) precipitations were evaluated using simulations from two Global Climate Models (GCMs) under the A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario: the Coupled Global Climate Model version 2 (CGCM2A2) of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, and the Hadley Centre{\textquoteright}s Model version 3 (HadCM3A2). Simulations from these two models were downscaled spatially using the Statistical DownScaling Model (SDSM). A bias-correction method to adjust the downscaled AM daily precipitations for Dorval station was tested and results showed that after adjustments, the values fit the observed AM daily precipitations well. The analysis of future AM precipitations revealed that, after adjustments, AM precipitations downscaled from CGCM2A2 increase from current to future periods, while AM precipitations downscaled from HadCM3A2 show a mild decrease from current to future periods, for daily and sub-daily scales.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0725:Atmosphere, Applied sciences, Atmosphere, Civil engineering, Earth sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304755521?accountid=14270}, author = {Cung, Annie} } @mastersthesis {6899, title = {Steam-air mixture condensation in a subcooled water pool}, year = {2007}, note = {3291211}, school = {Purdue University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In any conceptual reactor design under postulated accidental conditions, one parameter that is considered as being highly ranked in determining the thermal-hydraulic conditions of the reactor safety components is the system pressure. To obtain a satisfactory prediction of steam partial pressure, within reasonable uncertainty in the gas space of a confined SP (suppression pool) bounded to the steam source of the break flow, one must establish a means by which local phenomena associated with steam direct contact condensation in the subcooled water pool can be fully addressed to predict the global component thermal response. For this purpose a scaled down, reduced pressure, suppression pool was designed and built to study condensation and mixing phenomena. The scaled test facility represented an idealized trapezoidal cross section, 1/10 sector of the SP with scaled height ratio of 1/4.5 and volume ratio of 1/400. The design and test conditions were based on a hierarchical scaling principle that preserves the transfer of mass, momentum, energy and condensation phenomena. Distributed thermocouples within the pool provided a means to quantify the pool thermal response. The test loop was not only instrumented with thermocouples for monitoring pool stratification but also with high speed photography for flow visualization from which to build a comprehensive database to identify the regions of the pool that were thermally stratified or mixed. Data were obtained for different pool initial subcooling and steam/air mixture flow rates. Dimensionless boundary maps were plotted from several experimental runs of pure steam injection to determine conditions when the pool transits from being homogeneously mixed to being thermally stratified. Steam-air mixture injection cases for single horizontal venting indicated that above a pool temperature of 40{\textdegree}C with airmass flow rates below 0.1 g/s the pool can attain thermal stratification. Models of a single phase liquid-into-liquid buoyant jet and a two-phase vapor-into-liquid turbulent jet plume injected in horizontal orientation were developed from the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations in the cylindrical system for steady axisymmetric flow and incorporated the integral plume theory. The two-phase simplified model developed to predict the pool surface temperature to within less than 0.5{\textdegree}C in the majority of cases.}, keywords = {0552:Nuclear physics, Applied sciences, Condensation, Nuclear physics, Steam-air, Subcooled water, Water pool}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304837436?accountid=14270}, author = {Norman, Timothy Linhurst} } @article {14022, title = {{STEC} {O}157 outbreak in the {Netherlands}, {September}-{October} 2007.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europ{\'e}en sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, month = {nov}, pages = {E071101.1}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17997906}, author = {Friesema, I and Schimmer, B and Stenvers, O and Heuvelink, A and de Boer, E and van der Zwaluw, K and de Jager, C and Notermans, D and van Ouwerkerk, I and de Jonge, R and Van Pelt, W} } @article {8004, title = {{STEC O157 outbreak in the Netherlands, September-October 2007.}}, journal = {Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, year = {2007}, month = {nov}, pages = {E071101.1}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17997906}, author = {Friesema, I and Schimmer, B and Stenvers, O and Heuvelink, A and de Boer, E and van der Zwaluw, K and de Jager, C and Notermans, D and van Ouwerkerk, I and de Jonge, R and Van Pelt, W} } @mastersthesis {6382, title = {Study on greywater recycling}, year = {2007}, note = {H228580}, school = {Wuhan University of Technology (People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China)}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Good quality drinking water in many areas of the world is becoming a scarce commodity and substituting freshwater with recycled water is becoming of growing interest in public water supply systems, not only in poor water deficient countries, but also in the developed nations of the world- The concept of greywater reuse systems is borne out of a need for an economic alternative to developing new sources of water- Greywater is wastewater from baths, showers, sinks and wash basins- This water if well engineered serves as a source of water for uses other than drinking after adequate treatment has been done- Depending on the type of greywater and its level of treatment, it could be reused on-site for ornamental garden and lawn-watering, toilet flushing and laundry- As technology develops there is a growing acceptance of this relatively new concept- This study is aimed at enhancing a greywater cycle model by including economic factors- A financial appraisal has been applied in the form of an effective benefit cost analysis of a recycle scheme- A computer simulation model for the above mentioned economical recycle scheme has been developed- The primary purpose of this simulation model is to investigate the performance of water reuse systems for maximum water savings (PT) design with high water saving efficiency (Ew)- After a series of investigations and system re-configurations, a model which is similar to reality is developed taking economy and feasibility in construction into consideration- Based on a critical analysis of chosen design factors an optimal design for a series of configurations is obtained- The developed model serves as a good guide in the design of greywater reuse facilities in future- Recommendations for future improvement in greywater reuse system design based on the results obtained are also included-}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIH228580, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Environmental engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1026712070?accountid=14270}, author = {Wang, Ying} } @article {14536, title = {Subsurface constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and reuse in agriculture: five years of experiences in {Sicily}, {Italy}}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {56}, year = {2007}, pages = {183{\textendash}91}, abstract = {The paper reports the results of an investigation on a H-SSF constructed wetland for tertiary treatment in a small community located in eastern Sicily, Italy. The system is designed to reuse wastewater for the irrigation of olive orchards covering about 150 hectares. From March 2001 to September 2005, wastewater samples were collected and the following chemical-physical parameters were determined according to Standard Methods: temperature, pH, EC, DO, TSS (105degrees C), BOD5, COD, TN, TP. The following microbiological parameters were also evaluated: total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, faecal streptococci, Salmonella, helminth eggs. Mean removal efficiencies ranged from 77 to 92\% (TSS), 37 to 72\% (BOD5), 51 to 79\% (COD), 97 to 99.5\% (E. coli). Removal efficiency of Salmonella and helminth eggs was always 100\% in all samples; however, only 150\% of total samples matched the limit of E. coli ({\textless} 50 CFU/100 mL) fixed by Italian legislation for wastewater reuse.}, keywords = {*Wetlands, Agriculture, Animals, Bacteria/isolation \& purification, Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods, Fluid, Helminths/isolation \& purification, Italy, Waste Disposal, Water Purification/legislation \& jurisprudence/*methods, Water Supply/legislation \& jurisprudence}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Cirelli, G. L. and Consoli, S. and Di Grande, V. and Milani, M. and Toscano, A.} } @article {14905, title = {Subsurface constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and reuse in agriculture: five years of experiences in {Sicily}, {Italy}}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {56}, year = {2007}, pages = {183{\textendash}91}, abstract = {The paper reports the results of an investigation on a H-SSF constructed wetland for tertiary treatment in a small community located in eastern Sicily, Italy. The system is designed to reuse wastewater for the irrigation of olive orchards covering about 150 hectares. From March 2001 to September 2005, wastewater samples were collected and the following chemical-physical parameters were determined according to Standard Methods: temperature, pH, EC, DO, TSS (105degrees C), BOD5, COD, TN, TP. The following microbiological parameters were also evaluated: total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, faecal streptococci, Salmonella, helminth eggs. Mean removal efficiencies ranged from 77 to 92\% (TSS), 37 to 72\% (BOD5), 51 to 79\% (COD), 97 to 99.5\% (E. coli). Removal efficiency of Salmonella and helminth eggs was always 100\% in all samples; however, only 150\% of total samples matched the limit of E. coli ({\textbackslash}textless 50 CFU/100 mL) fixed by Italian legislation for wastewater reuse.}, keywords = {*Wetlands, Agriculture, Animals, Bacteria/isolation \& purification, Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods, Fluid, Helminths/isolation \& purification, Italy, Waste Disposal, Water Purification/legislation \& jurisprudence/*methods, Water Supply/legislation \& jurisprudence}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Cirelli, G. L. and Consoli, S. and Di Grande, V. and Milani, M. and Toscano, A.} } @article {5354, title = {Subsurface constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and reuse in agriculture: five years of experiences in Sicily, Italy}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {183{\textendash}191}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Cirelli, GL and Consoli, S and Di Grande, V and Milani, M and Toscano, A} } @article {5381, title = {{Subsurface constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and reuse in agriculture: five years of experiences in Sicily, Italy}}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {56}, year = {2007}, pages = {183{\textendash}191}, author = {Cirelli, GL and Consoli, S and Di Grande, V and Milani, M and Toscano, A} } @article {5231, title = {Sunlight inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enterica, compared with Escherichia coli, in seawater and river water}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {357{\textendash}65}, abstract = {

The inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enterica, compared with Escherichia coli, was determined in 100 l chambers of seawater and river water located at an outdoor site. The chambers (paired with dark controls) were seeded with waste stabilization pond effluent and laboratory-cultured pathogens, and exposed to sunlight in summer and winter experiments. All sunlight inactivation (k(S)) rates, as a function of cumulative global solar radiation (insolation), were far higher than the corresponding dark (k(D)) rates, with a ranking (and average k(S) rates for seawater and river water, respectively) of: C. jejuni (3.23; 2.34){\textgreater}S. enterica (0.51; 0.37){\textgreater}E. coli (0.34; 0.26). All the T(90) (time to 90{\%} inactivation) values were higher in winter than in summer, but there was far greater similarity between the summer and winter S(90) (insolation needed for 90{\%} inactivation) values. The rapid inactivation of C. jejuni was attributed to a high susceptibility to photooxidative damage. The results suggest that, in sunlight-exposed waters, E. coli will be a more conservative indicator for C. jejuni than for S. enterica, and C. jejuni transmission as a pathogenic agent is less likely than for S. enterica.

}, keywords = {Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter jejuni: growth {\&} development, Campylobacter jejuni: radiation effects, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: growth {\&} development, Escherichia coli: radiation effects, Rivers, Rivers: microbiology, Salmonella enterica, Salmonella enterica: growth {\&} development, Salmonella enterica: radiation effects, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Sunlight, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: radiation effects}, issn = {1477-8920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2007.031}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17878550}, author = {Sinton, Lester and Hall, Carollyn and Braithwaite, Robin} } @article {5439, title = {{Sunlight inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enterica, compared with Escherichia coli, in seawater and river water}}, journal = {J. Water Health}, volume = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {357{\textendash}365}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2007.031}, author = {Sinton, L and Hall, C and Braithwaite, R} } @article {7830, title = {Sunlight inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enterica, compared with Escherichia coli, in seawater and river water}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {357-365}, author = {Sinton, L and Hall, C and Braithwaite, R} } @article {8947, title = {Sunlight-Mediated Inactivation of MS2 Coliphage via Exogenous Singlet Oxygen Produced by Sensitizers in Natural Waters}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {192-197}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0013-936X}, doi = {10.1021/es061716i}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061716i http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es061716i}, author = {Kohn, Tamar and Nelson, Kara L.} } @article {7273, title = {Surveillance of waterborne disease in {European} member states: a qualitative study}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {Suppl 1}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {S19}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2007.135}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/005/jwh005S019.htm}, author = {Risebro, Helen L. and Hunter, Paul R.} } @article {6601, title = {Surveillance of waterborne disease in {European} member states: a qualitative study}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {Suppl 1}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {S19}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2007.135}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2007.135}, author = {Risebro, Helen L. and Hunter, Paul R.} } @article {5022, title = {{Survey for zoonotic liver and intestinal trematode metacercariae in cultured and wild fish in An Giang Province, Vietnam}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {45}, year = {2007}, pages = {45{\textendash}54}, author = {Thu, ND and Dalsgaard, A and Loan, LT and Murrell, KD} } @article {10769, title = {{Survival and detection of the faecal indicator bacterium Enterococcus faecalis in water stored in traditional vessel}}, journal = {Indian J Med Res}, volume = {125}, year = {2007}, pages = {557{\textendash}566}, author = {Tandon, P and Chhibber, S and Reed, RH} } @article {8226, title = {{Survival and viability of Helicobacter pylori after inoculation into chlorinated drinking water}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {15}, year = {2007}, pages = {3490{\textendash}3496}, abstract = {The aim of this work was to assess the effect of chlorine water treatment on Helicobacter pylori and to study the succession of cellular alterations in response to chlorine exposure. H. pylori NCTC 11637 reference strain was used for inoculating water samples. The culturability, substrate responsiveness combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization detection (DVC-FISH assay), RNA content, DNA content, and mRNA changes of H. pylori cells were analyzed. Culturability was lost at 5 min in water with 0.96 mg/l of free chlorine. Viable cells were detected by DVC-FISH after 3 h of exposure to chlorine but not after 24 h. The percentage of coccoid forms was higher than spiral forms after 40 s of chlorine exposure, but even after 24 h, FISH detection revealed the presence of spiral cells. After 24 h, amplification of the specific H. pylori 16S rDNA gene was achieved. Expression of the vacA gene was detected with the same intensity at all time points tested, demonstrating that these genes are expressed in non-culturable H. pylori cells. Levels of 16S rRNA were constant during the chlorine treatment, so killing of bacteria with chlorine probably does not involve ribosome degradation. According to our results, H. pylori could survive to disinfection practices normally used in drinking water treatment in the viable but non-culturable form, which would allow them to reach final consumption points and, at the same time, enable them to be undetectable by culture methods. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Chlorine, Culturability, DVC-FISH, H. pylori, viability, water}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.020}, author = {Moreno, Y and Piqueres, P and Alonso, J.L. and Jimenez, A and Gonz{\'a}lez, A and Ferrsus, M.A.} } @article {13854, title = {Survival and viability of {Helicobacter} pylori after inoculation into chlorinated drinking water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {15}, year = {2007}, pages = {3490{\textendash}3496}, abstract = {The aim of this work was to assess the effect of chlorine water treatment on Helicobacter pylori and to study the succession of cellular alterations in response to chlorine exposure. H. pylori NCTC 11637 reference strain was used for inoculating water samples. The culturability, substrate responsiveness combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization detection (DVC-FISH assay), RNA content, DNA content, and mRNA changes of H. pylori cells were analyzed. Culturability was lost at 5 min in water with 0.96 mg/l of free chlorine. Viable cells were detected by DVC-FISH after 3 h of exposure to chlorine but not after 24 h. The percentage of coccoid forms was higher than spiral forms after 40 s of chlorine exposure, but even after 24 h, FISH detection revealed the presence of spiral cells. After 24 h, amplification of the specific H. pylori 16S rDNA gene was achieved. Expression of the vacA gene was detected with the same intensity at all time points tested, demonstrating that these genes are expressed in non-culturable H. pylori cells. Levels of 16S rRNA were constant during the chlorine treatment, so killing of bacteria with chlorine probably does not involve ribosome degradation. According to our results, H. pylori could survive to disinfection practices normally used in drinking water treatment in the viable but non-culturable form, which would allow them to reach final consumption points and, at the same time, enable them to be undetectable by culture methods. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Chlorine, Culturability, DVC-FISH, H. pylori, viability, water}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.020}, author = {Moreno, Y and Piqueres, P and Alonso, J.L. and Jimenez, A and Gonz{\'a}lez, A and Ferrsus, M.A.} } @article {9061, title = {{Survival of Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli in groundwater during prolonged starvation at low temperatures}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {573{\textendash}583}, abstract = {Aims: To evaluate the survival of Campylobacter jejuni relative to that of Escherichia coli in groundwater microcosms varying in nutrient composition. Methods and Results: Studies were conducted in groundwater and deionized water incubated for up to 470 days at 4 C. Samples were taken for culturable and total cell counts, nutrient and molecular analysis. Die-off in groundwater microcosms was between 2.5 and 13 times faster for C. jejuni than for E. coli. Campylobacter jejuni had the lowest decay rate and longest culturability in microcosms with higher dissolved organic carbon (4 mg l(-1)). Escherichia coli survival was the greatest when the total dissolved nitrogen (12.0 mg l(-1)) was high. The transition of C. jejuni to the coccoid stage was independent of culturability. Conclusion: The differences in the duration of survival and response to water nutrient composition between the two organisms suggest that E. coli may be present in the waters much longer and respond to water composition much differently than C. jejuni. Significance and Impact of the Study: The data from these studies would aid in the evaluation of the utility of E. coli as an indicator of C. jejuni. This study also provided new information about the effect of nutrient composition on C. jejuni viability.}, keywords = {-Ditolyl tetrazolium chloride, 3, 5-cyano-2, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Groundwater, Nutrient, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Survival}, isbn = {1364-5072}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03285.x}, author = {Cook, K L and Bolster, C H} } @article {6724, title = {Survival of {Campylobacter} jejuni and {Escherichia} coli in groundwater during prolonged starvation at low temperatures}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {573{\textendash}583}, issn = {1364-5072, 1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03285.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03285.x}, author = {Cook, K.L. and Bolster, C.H.} } @article {12947, title = {Survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. after application of sewage sludge to a Pinus radiata forest}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {1321{\textendash}1331}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Horswell, J and Ambrose, V and Clucas, L and Leckie, A and Clinton, P and Speir, TW} } @article {12970, title = {Survival of faecal indicators and enteroviruses in soil after land-spreading of municipal sewage sludge}, journal = {Applied Soil Ecology}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {473{\textendash}479}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {A M Pourcher and Fran{\c c}oise, Picard-Bonnaud and Virginie, Ferr{\'e} and Agnieszka, Gosinska and Vasilica, Stan and G{\'e}rard, Moguedet} } @article {5518, title = {{Survival of Mycobacterium avium, Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, and Calicivirases in drinking water-associated biofilms grown under high-shear turbulent flow}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {9}, year = {2007}, pages = {2854{\textendash}2859}, abstract = {Most of the bacteria in drinking water distribution systems are associated with biofilms. In biofilms, their nutrient supply is better than in water, and biofilms can provide shelter against disinfection. We used a Propella biofilm reactor for studying the survival of Mycobacterium avium, Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, and canine calicivirus (CaCV) (as a surrogate for human norovirus) in drinking water biofilms grown under high-shear turbulent-flow conditions. The numbers of M. avium and L. pneumophila were analyzed with both culture methods and with peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods. Even though the numbers of pathogens in biofilms decreased during the experiments, M. avium and L. pneumophila survived in biofilms for more than 2 to 4 weeks in culturable forms. CaCV was detectable with a reverse transcription-PCR method in biofilms for more than 3 weeks. E. coli was detectable by culture for only 4 days in biofilms and 8 days in water, suggesting that it is a poor indicator of the presence of certain waterborne pathogens. With L. pneumophila and M. avium, culture methods underestimated the numbers of bacteria present compared to the FISH results. This study clearly proved that pathogenic bacteria entering water distribution systems can survive in biofilms for at least several weeks, even under conditions of high-shear turbulent flow, and may be a risk to water consumers. Also, considering the low number of virus particles needed to result in an infection, their extended survival in biofilms must be taken into account as a risk for the consumer.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02916-06}, author = {Lehtola, Markku J. and Torvinen, Eila and Kusnetsov, Jaana and Pitk??nen, Tarja and Maunula, Leena and Von Bonsdorff, Carl Henrik and Martikainen, Pertti J. and Wilks, Sandra A. and Keevil, C. William and Miettinen, Ilkka T.} } @article {11732, title = {{Taeniasis in Mongolia, 2002-2006}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {77}, year = {2007}, pages = {342{\textendash}346}, author = {Myadagsuren, N and Davaajav, A and Wandra, T and Sandar, T and Ichinkhorloo, P and Yamasaki, H and Sako, Y and Nakao, M and Sato, M O and Nakaya, K and Ito, A} } @article {1766, title = {Techniques for the recovery of enteric viruses from artificially contaminated marine sediments}, journal = {Igiene e Sanita Pubblica}, volume = {63}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, note = {Pianetti, Anna Citterio, Barbara Sabatini, Luigia Pierfelici, Lucia Colantoni, Paolo Bruscolini, Francesca eng Evaluation Studies Italy 2007/10/04 09:00 Ig Sanita Pubbl. 2007 Jul-Aug;63(4):419-31.}, pages = {419-31}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Viruses are an important component of aquatic microbial communities and marine sediments may represent an optimal means for their survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate different methods for virus recovery from marine sediments. Three methods were used for virus recovery from artificially contaminated sediments: elution and centrifugation technique, sonication technique, and mechanical disgregation followed by elution and centrifuge technique. The sonication technique obtained the highest virus recovery percentages (94,25\%). Eluent 2 provided more efficient recovery of enteric viruses than eluent 1 presumably due to the presence, in eluent 2, of NANO3, a chaotropic agent that enhances the solubilization of hydrophobic compounds in water. Finally, the authors confirm the importance of searching for viruses in sediments, which protect them from inactivation by biological, chemical and physical factors and allow them to survive longer than in the overlaying water column.

}, keywords = {Centrifugation, Density Gradient/methods Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Geologic Sediments/*virology Humans Italy Seawater/*virology Sewage/*virology Sonication Ultrafiltration/methods Virology/*methods}, issn = {0019-1639 (Print) 0019-1639 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17912278}, author = {Pianetti, A. and Citterio, B. and Sabatini, L. and Pierfelici, L. and Colantoni, P. and Bruscolini, F.} } @article {9874, title = {{Terminology for Blastocystis subtypes{\textendash}a consensus}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {23}, year = {2007}, pages = {93{\textendash}96}, author = {Stensvold, CR and Suresh, GK and Tan, KS and Thompson, RC and Traub, RJ and Viscogliosi, E and Yoshikawa, H and Clark, CG} } @mastersthesis {7393, title = {Terrestrial-aquatic linkages in human-altered landscapes}, year = {2007}, note = {3260269}, school = {University of Maryland, College Park}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Streams and adjacent riparian zones are intimately linked by the flow of resource subsidies between terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Landscape-level changes in land use can have profound impacts on riparian structure and stream health, and may alter the flow of resource subsidies across the stream-riparian boundary. Yet, terrestrial-aquatic linkages have not been well-studied in human-impacted landscapes. Here, I examine energy flows across the stream-riparian boundary in agricultural and suburban landscapes in Maryland. I study the effects of terrestrial resource subsidies (grass and herbaceous vegetation, periodical cicada detritus) on stream ecosystem processes and consumers and the effects of one aquatic subsidy (emerging aquatic insects) on agriculturally important consumers, wolf spiders (Lycosidae). I present strong evidence for terrestrial-aquatic linkages where large quantities of high quality, allochthonous resources subsidize stream ecosystems. Herbaceous vegetation and grasses growing along the edges of agricultural headwater streams provide significant quantities of organic matter that are rapidly decomposed and support a diverse macroinvertebrate community. Further, the dense vegetation appears to limit light to algae growing on the stream bottom. Detritus from 17-year periodical cicadas ( Magicicada spp.) that falls into forested suburban streams provides an intense pulse of terrestrial resources that is unusual for the summer, but is locally utilized and causes dramatic increases in whole-stream community respiration. I provide weak evidence for a terrestrial-aquatic linkage between emerging aquatic insects and lycosid wolf spiders inhabiting agro-ecosystems in central Maryland. Results from field studies indicate that wolf spiders are generally more abundant in the riparian buffers adjacent to corn fields, and exhibit neither alternating abundance nor net movement between the field and buffer habitats throughout the year. While wolf spiders consume adult aquatic insects in the lab, I could not resolve the specific contribution aquatic insects make to the diets of field-collected wolf spiders. Terrestrial-aquatic linkages are important in human-altered ecosystems, and have significant implications for the conservation and restoration of impacted habitats and ecosystem services. The relative strength of these linkages, however, depends on the species involved, the direction of the subsidy flux, the nature of the land-water boundary, and the temporal context in which they occur.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0353:Entomology, Biological sciences, Ecology, Entomology, Magicicada, Riparian, Streams}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304852219?accountid=14270}, author = {Menninger, Holly L.} } @article {12181, title = {Tetracycline resistance genes in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {1143-1151}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Auerbach, Eric A and Seyfried, Erin E and McMahon, Katherine D} } @article {16563, title = {\textit{{Trichuris} }burdens in {Zoo}-{Housed} \textit{{Colobus} guereza}}, journal = {International Journal of Primatology}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {1449{\textendash}1456}, author = {Melfi, V. and Poyser, F.} } @article {17349, title = {Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes in breaded pork patties}, journal = {Journal of Food ScienceJ Food Sci}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {Mar}, pages = {M56-M61}, keywords = {Chicken, destruction, e. coli o157 : h7, fat-content, Foodborne pathogens, heat-resistance, in-ground beef, Listeria monocytogenes, Meat, Pork, ready-to-eat, Salmonella, sodium lactate, thermal inactivation, Turkey, typhimurium dt104, z-values}, isbn = {0022-1147}, author = {Osaili, T. M. and Griffis, C. L. and Martin, E. M. and Beard, B. L. and Keener, A. E. and Marcy, J. A.} } @article {17261, title = {Thermal inactivation of Salmonella spp. in ground chicken breast or thigh meat}, journal = {International Journal of Food Science and TechnologyInternational Journal of Food Science and TechnologyInternational Journal of Food Science and Technology}, volume = {42}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1443-1448}, keywords = {beef, Campylobacter, Chicken, d-values, Enzymes, escherichia-coli o157-h7, Heat, heat-resistance, Poultry, prevalence, salmonella spp, senftenberg, thermal inactivation, Turkey, z-values}, isbn = {0950-5423}, author = {Juneja, V. K.} } @article {14708, title = {Thermophilic treatment of acidified and partially acidified wastewater using an anaerobic submerged {MBR}: {Factors} affecting long-term operational flux}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {41}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {3868{\textendash}79}, abstract = {The long-term operation of two thermophilic anaerobic submerged membrane bioreactors (AnSMBRs) was studied using acidified and partially acidified synthetic wastewaters. In both reactors, cake formation was identified as the key factor governing critical flux. Even though cake formation was observed to be mostly reversible, particle deposition proceeds fast once the critical flux is exceeded. Very little irreversible fouling was observed during long-term operation, irrespective of the substrate. Critical flux values at the end of the reactors operation were 7 and 3L/m(2)h for the AnSMBRs fed with acidified and partially acidified wastewaters, respectively, at a gas superficial velocity of 70m/h. Small particle size was identified as the responsible parameter for the low observed critical flux values. The degree of wastewater acidification significantly affected the physical properties of the sludge, determining the attainable flux. Based on the fluxes observed in this research, the membrane costs would be in the range of 0.5euro/m(3) of treated wastewater. Gas sparging was ineffective in increasing the critical flux values. However, preliminary tests showed that cross-flow operation may be a feasible alternative to reduce particle deposition.}, keywords = {*Bioreactors/economics, *Membranes, *Temperature, Anaerobiosis, Artificial, Electron, Fatty Acids/chemistry, Gases/chemistry, Microscopy, Particle Size, Scanning, Sewage, Surface Properties, Time Factors, ultrafiltration, Volatilization, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {S0043-1354(07)00389-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.013}, author = {Jeison, D. and van Lier, J. B.} } @article {14998, title = {Thermophilic treatment of acidified and partially acidified wastewater using an anaerobic submerged {MBR}: {Factors} affecting long-term operational flux}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {41}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {3868{\textendash}79}, abstract = {The long-term operation of two thermophilic anaerobic submerged membrane bioreactors (AnSMBRs) was studied using acidified and partially acidified synthetic wastewaters. In both reactors, cake formation was identified as the key factor governing critical flux. Even though cake formation was observed to be mostly reversible, particle deposition proceeds fast once the critical flux is exceeded. Very little irreversible fouling was observed during long-term operation, irrespective of the substrate. Critical flux values at the end of the reactors operation were 7 and 3L/m(2)h for the AnSMBRs fed with acidified and partially acidified wastewaters, respectively, at a gas superficial velocity of 70m/h. Small particle size was identified as the responsible parameter for the low observed critical flux values. The degree of wastewater acidification significantly affected the physical properties of the sludge, determining the attainable flux. Based on the fluxes observed in this research, the membrane costs would be in the range of 0.5euro/m(3) of treated wastewater. Gas sparging was ineffective in increasing the critical flux values. However, preliminary tests showed that cross-flow operation may be a feasible alternative to reduce particle deposition.}, keywords = {*Bioreactors/economics, *Membranes, *Temperature, Anaerobiosis, Artificial, Electron, Fatty Acids/chemistry, Gases/chemistry, Microscopy, Particle Size, Scanning, Sewage, Surface Properties, Time Factors, ultrafiltration, Volatilization, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {S0043-1354(07)00389-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.013}, author = {Jeison, D. and van Lier, J. B.} } @booklet {3703, title = {Towards Effective Programming for WASH in Schools: A Manual on Scaling Up Programmes for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools (Technical Paper Series No. 048)}, year = {2007}, publisher = {IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre}, address = {Delft} } @article {8524, title = {{Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States, 1999 2004, decline from the prior decade}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {77}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {405{\textendash}410}, author = {Jones, JL and Kruszon-Moran, D and Sanders-Lewis, K and Wilson, M} } @article {7420, title = {Tracking {Host} {Sources} of {Cryptosporidium} spp. in {Raw} {Water} for {Improved} {Health} {Risk} {Assessment}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, month = {jun}, pages = {3945{\textendash}3957}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02788-06}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.02788-06}, author = {Ruecker, N. J. and Braithwaite, S. L. and Topp, E. and Edge, T. and Lapen, D. R. and Wilkes, G. and Robertson, W. and Medeiros, D. and Sensen, C. W. and Neumann, N. F.} } @article {12790, title = {{Transition of parasitic diseases in Korea}}, journal = {Infection and Chemotherapy}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {S156{\textendash}S172}, author = {Chai, JY} } @article {9468, title = {{Transmission of Enterocytozoon bieneusi between a child and guinea pigs}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {2708{\textendash}2710}, author = {Cama, VA and Pearson, J and Cabrera, L and Pacheco, C and Gilma, R and Meyer, S and Ortega, Y and Xiao, L} } @article {513, title = {Treatment of adenovirus pneumonia with cidofovir in pediatric lung transplant recipients}, journal = {J Heart Lung Transplant}, volume = {26}, number = {9}, year = {2007}, note = {1557-3117 Doan, Minh L Mallory, George B Kaplan, Sheldon L Dishop, Megan K Schecter, Marc G McKenzie, E Dean Heinle, Jeffrey S Elidemir, Okan Journal Article United States J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007 Sep;26(9):883-9.}, pages = {883-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adenovirus pneumonia results in significant morbidity and mortality in lung transplant recipients. Cidofovir allows for directed therapy but can result in nephrotoxicity. We report our experience with cidofovir for the treatment of adenovirus pneumonia in pediatric lung transplant recipients. METHODS: In a retrospective review, we identified four cases of culture-proven adenovirus pneumonia in children who underwent lung transplantation at Texas Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital (TCH). All patients received cidofovir 1 mg/kg every other day or three times a week for a total of 4 weeks. Probenecid and intravenous hydration were administered in conjunction with the cidofovir. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) was given as adjunctive therapy, and immunosuppression was not modified during the treatment course. RESULTS: The four cases of adenovirus pneumonia comprised 4 of the 54 (7\%) lung transplantations performed at TCH from 2002 to 2006, and all were in children <3 years of age. All patients developed pneumonia within 2 months after transplantation. With cidofovir treatment, three of the four children survived. Among the survivors, two developed early bronchiolitis obliterans within 1 year after transplant, and one has continued to have good graft function at 2 years after transplant. All patients maintained normal renal function throughout the treatment course. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric lung transplant recipients <3 years of age are at increased risk of adenovirus pneumonia early after transplantation. Cidofovir, when used in the modified dosing regimen and in combination with IVIg and renal protection measures, is a safe and potentially effective treatment option for adenovirus pneumonia in lung transplant recipients.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Human/diagnosis/*drug therapy Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use Child, Preschool Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy Cytosine/*analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use Humans *Immunocompromised Host Infant *Lung Transplantation Organophosphonates/*therapeutic use Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*drug therapy}, issn = {1053-2498}, doi = {10.1016/j.healun.2007.06.009}, author = {Doan, M. L. and Mallory, G. B. and Kaplan, S. L. and Dishop, M. K. and Schecter, M. G. and McKenzie, E. D. and Heinle, J. S. and Elidemir, O.} } @article {4468, title = {Treatment of adenovirus pneumonia with cidofovir in pediatric lung transplant recipients}, journal = {The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplant}, volume = {26}, number = {9}, year = {2007}, pages = {883{\textendash}9}, issn = {1053-2498}, doi = {10.1016/j.healun.2007.06.009}, author = {Doan, M. L. and Mallory, G. B. and Kaplan, S. L. and Dishop, M. K. and Schecter, M. G. and McKenzie, E. D. and Heinle, J. S. and Elidemir, O.} } @inbook {5257, title = {{Trickling Filters}}, booktitle = {Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm Reactors. Volume 5: Biological Wastewater Treatment Series}, year = {2007}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, chapter = {Chapter 14}, address = {London, UK}, author = {C AL Chernicharo and R F Gon{\c c}alves} } @mastersthesis {7191, title = {Two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain full-waveform inversion of crosshole georadar data}, year = {2007}, note = {C829697}, school = {Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule Zuerich (Switzerland)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Borehole georadar is an increasingly popular method for probing the shallow subsurface. A typical setup for a crosshole georadar experiment consists of an emitting dipole-type antenna located in a borehole and a corresponding receiver antenna located in a neighboring borehole. The nominal center frequencies of commonly used antennas range from \~{}20 to \~{}250MHz, which correspond to dominant wavelengths of \~{}5 to \~{}0.4m, in the subsurface. Prior to developing a full-waveform inversion algorithm it is therefore essential to improve our understanding of the complex electromagnetic wave propagation. To study the radiative properties of borehole georadar antenna systems, I developed a modeling tool based on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) solutions of Maxwell{\textquoteright}s equations in cylindrical coordinates. To minimize reflections from the model boundaries, efficient uniaxial perfectly matched layer (UPLM) absorbing boundary conditions are implemented along the top, bottom and right model edges and symmetrical conditions along the cylindrical axis. Using an accurate local refinement technique allows to account for the detailed aspects of borehole radar systems, slim boreholes and materials with very high permittivities (e.g., water). Numerical experiments were conducted to benchmark the modeling tool and to analyze different antenna geometries. Results of these studies reveal that radiation characteristics of finite length Wu-King-type antennas correspond well with typically employed dipole-type approximations as long as they are placed in same environments. In contrast, substantial differences in the radiation characteristics are found when placing antennas in water-filled boreholes. I further studied effects of antennas placed in air- or water-filled boreholes on two real data sets acquired in dry crystalline rock (Grimsel Rock Laboratory in Switzerland) and in water-saturated sediments (Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site in the USA). Both experiments using realistic transmitter antennas provide better agreements between observed and modeled data than simulations based on infinitesimal dipole transmitters and receivers. In my thesis, I present a full-waveform inversion scheme for crosshole georadar data based on FDTD solutions of Maxwell{\textquoteright}s equations in a 2-D Cartesian coordinate system. Using a Cartesian coordinate system rather than a cylindrical system offers more freedom with respect to placing transmitters and receivers in the model space and allows the implementation of highly accurate and fast generalized perfectly match layers as absorbing boundary conditions. My waveform inversion approach directly considers permittivity and conductivity distributions and has the potential to resolve not only the coarse but also the fine scale features of the probed subsurface. The scheme requires a stepped or cascaded inversion approach in which the first step consists of a permittivity inversion that mainly accounts for the phase information of the data, followed by a conductivity inversion, which focuses on the remaining amplitude information. Numerical experiments demonstrate that my 2-D inversion scheme is capable of adequately resolving, the locations, the shapes and the magnitudes of bodies with spatial extent considerably smaller than a dominant wavelength embedded in homogeneous background media. Similar good results are reported for band-limited Gaussian noise contaminated data. More realistic synthetic experiments consisting of layers and artificial objects (pipes and tunnels) embedded in stochastic background media suggested that dielectric permittivity distributions are only slightly improved compared to corresponding ray-based results. Generally, the waveform inversion of the electrical conductivity clearly resolves more details of the artificial objects. In order to invert field data, I developed a 3-D to 2-D transformation scheme that accurately corrects for (i) 3-D geometrical spreading, (ii) a π/4 phase shift, and (iii) a frequency scaling effect of 1/[Special characters omitted.] , where ω is the angular frequency. The unknown source wavelets are estimated with a scheme that accounts for permittivity and conductivity medium parameter distributions together with deconvolutions of the observed data. The same field data sets are used as for the initial study of the radiation characteristics of different antenna types. The resolution of all full-waveform tomograms is shown to be significantly higher than that of the relevant ray tomograms. Boundaries between distinct geological features and small heterogeneities are sharply imaged in the full-waveform tomograms. These studies demonstrate that waveform inversion is feasible and yields markedly more information about the probed subsurface. It thus may provide key constraints on engineering parameters, such as water content, salinity, porosity, clay fraction or ore grade. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0373:Geophysics, Earth sciences, Full-waveform inversion, Geophysics, Georadar}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304782035?accountid=14270}, author = {Ernst, Jacques Robert} } @article {17295, title = {Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine and prevention of paratyphoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {45 Suppl 1}, year = {2007}, month = {Jul 15}, pages = {S24-8}, edition = {2007/07/14}, keywords = {Administration, Oral, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Chile/epidemiology, Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Incidence, Mass Vaccination, Paratyphoid Fever/immunology/*prevention \& control, Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology/*therapeutic use, Salmonella paratyphi A/immunology, Salmonella paratyphi B/*immunology, Treatment Outcome, Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/immunology/*therapeutic use, Vaccines, Attenuated/therapeutic use}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Levine, M. M. and Ferreccio, C. and Black, R. E. and Lagos, R. and San Martin, O. and Blackwelder, W. C.} } @article {12126, title = {Understanding emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases}, year = {2007}, institution = {National Institutes of Health}, address = {Bethesda, MD} } @article {13444, title = {Understanding triclabendazole resistance}, journal = {Exp Mol Pathol.}, volume = {82}, year = {2007}, pages = {104-109}, author = {Brennan, G. P. and Fairweather, I. and Trudgett, A. and Hoey, E. and McCoy, M. and McConville, M. and Meaney, M. and Robinson, M. and McFerran, N. and Ryan, L. and Lanusse, C. and Mottier, L. and Alvarez, L. and Solana, H. and Virkel, G. and Brophy, P. M.} } @article {10545, title = {{Use of a real time PCR assay for detection of the ctxA gene of Vibrio cholerae in an environmental survey of Mobile Bay}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {68}, year = {2007}, pages = {254{\textendash}259}, author = {Blackstone, GM and Nordstrom, JL and Bowen, MD and Meyer, RF and Imbro, P and DePaola, A} } @article {9081, title = {{Use of cell culture to assess Cryptosporidium parvum survival rates in natural groundwaters and surface waters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {18}, year = {2007}, pages = {5968{\textendash}5970}, abstract = {Bench-scale survival studies with Cryptosporidium parvum were conducted with representative aquifer and reservoir waters of Florida. C. parvum inactivation rates ranged from 0.0088 log(10)/day at 5 degrees C to -0.20 log(10)/day at 30 degrees C. Temperature, surface water or groundwater type, and the interaction of these factors had statistically significant effects on the survival of C. parvum.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00347-07}, author = {Ives, Rebecca L and Kamarainen, Amy M and John, David E and Rose, Joan B} } @article {6787, title = {Use of {Cell} {Culture} {To} {Assess} {Cryptosporidium} parvum {Survival} {Rates} in {Natural} {Groundwaters} and {Surface} {Waters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {18}, year = {2007}, month = {sep}, pages = {5968{\textendash}5970}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00347-07}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.00347-07}, author = {Ives, R. L. and Kamarainen, A. M. and John, D. E. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {5650, title = {{Use of Molecular Epidemiology to Confirm a Multistate Outbreak of Hepatitis A Caused by Consumption of Oysters}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, pages = {838{\textendash}840}, author = {S R Bialek and George, PA and Xia, GL and Glatzer, MB and Motes, ML and Veazey, JE and Hammond, RM and Jones, T and Shieh, YC and Wamnes, J and Vaughan, G and Khudyakov, Y and A E Fiore} } @article {3599, title = {Vaccines: the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine: discovery to licensure and beyond.}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {45}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, pages = {1618{\textendash}1624}, abstract = {

Twenty-five years passed between the discovery of the parent strain \{\{\}(WC3)\{\}\} of the pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine \{\{\}(PRV)\{\}\} in 1981 and the licensure of \{\{\}PRV\{\}\} in 2006. This orally administered liquid vaccine, which is given as a 3-dose series, is indicated for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis, caused by the G serotypes contained in the vaccine, in infants and children. \{\{\}PRV\{\}\} is recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the American Academy of Pediatrics for administration to all infants in the United States. These recommendations are supported by the results of the phase \{\{\.I}II\{\}\} studies, which demonstrated that \{\{\}PRV\{\}\} is well tolerated and efficacious. \{\{\}PRV\{\}\} reduced rotavirus-related hospitalizations by 96\{\%\} and was not associated with an increased incidence of serious adverse events, including intussusception. This report focuses on the safety and efficacy data from the late-phase studies of \{\{\}PRV\{\}\} and discusses plans for providing this vaccine to the developing world.

}, doi = {10.1086/522997}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522997}, author = {Heaton, Penny M and Ciarlet, Max} } @article {1781, title = {Validation of hollow fiber ultrafiltration and real-time PCR using bacteriophage PP7 as surrogate for the quantification of viruses from water samples}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {41}, number = {7}, year = {2007}, note = {Rajal, Veronica B McSwain, Belinda S Thompson, Donald E Leutenegger, Christian M Kildare, Beverly J Wuertz, Stefan eng TW-05718/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ Comparative Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2007/02/23 09:00 Water Res. 2007 Apr;41(7):1411-22. Epub 2007 Feb 20.}, pages = {1411-22}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A quantitative real-time TaqMan PCR system for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage PP7 was designed to detect PP7 as surrogate in performance tests of 2 hollow fiber ultrafiltration systems in series. Fifty-six storm water samples from 21 sites representing agricultural, urban and highway locations in California were collected. The optimized procedure gave recoveries of spiked PP7 of 64+/-4.8\% (mean+/-SEM). The PP7 assay was validated over 5 orders of magnitude with an assay limit of detection of 5 gene copies per reaction volume. Sample-dependent variables like enzymatic inhibition during PCR analysis, filtration recovery and extraction efficiency were quantified and incorporated to calculate a specific sample limit of detection (S(LOD)) for the spiked surrogate PP7. S(LOD) values were highly variable among samples; they were independent of physicochemical parameters including conductivity, turbidity, total suspended solids and pH but strongly correlated with the dilution factor required to relieve enzymatic inhibition during PCR analysis. To determine actual gene copies of PP7, a dilution approach was developed that involves assaying several dilutions within a range where inhibitors do not affect the efficiency of amplification and linear regression to determine the theoretical C(t) value when there is no inhibition. For the detection of viral pathogens, an internal standard like PP7 can be used to calculate filtration recoveries when quantifying pathogens and to determine whether filtration or inhibitor concentration affect nucleic acid extraction efficiency. Additionally, by defining S(LOD) values per sample and pathogenic organism analyzed, it should be possible to critically investigate the absence of detects for a particular pathogen and determine probabilities of risk associated with a specific sample limit of detection.}, keywords = {California Environmental Monitoring/*methods Evaluation Studies as Topic Fresh Water/*virology Linear Models Oligonucleotides Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Pseudomonas Phages/isolation \& purification Ultrafiltration/methods *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.034}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313967}, author = {Rajal, V. B. and McSwain, B. S. and Thompson, D. E. and Leutenegger, C. M. and Kildare, B. J. and Wuertz, S.} } @article {10518, title = {{Vibrio cholerae O1 strains are facultative intracellular bacteria, able to survive and multiply symbiotically inside the aquatic free- living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology and Ecology}, volume = {60}, year = {2007}, pages = {33{\textendash}39}, author = {Abd, H and Saeed, A and Weintraub, A and Nair, GB and Sandstr{\"o}m, G} } @booklet {1572, title = {Viral presence in waste water and sewage and control methods}, year = {2007}, pages = {293-315}, publisher = {Amsterdam}, type = {Electronic Book Section}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Kitajima, M. and Iker, B. C.} } @inbook {14618, title = {Viral presence in waste water and sewage and control methods}, booktitle = {Human viruses in water, {Perspectives} in medical virology,}, year = {2007}, pages = {293{\textendash}315}, publisher = {Amsterdam}, organization = {Amsterdam}, address = {Amsterdam}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Kitajima, M. and Iker, B. C.}, editor = {Bosch, A.} } @inbook {14617, title = {Virus occurrence and survival in the environmental waters}, booktitle = {Human {Viruses} in {Water}}, year = {2007}, pages = {91 {\textendash} 108}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands.}, author = {Gerba, C. P.}, editor = {Bosch, A.} } @inbook {1570, title = {Virus occurrence and survival in the environmental waters}, booktitle = {Human Viruses in Water}, year = {2007}, pages = {91 {\textendash} 108}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands }, author = {Gerba, C. P.}, editor = {Bosch, A.} } @article {4283, title = {{Virus occurrence in municipal groundwater sources in Quebec, Canada.}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {jun}, pages = {688{\textendash}94}, abstract = {

A 1 year study was undertaken on groundwater that was a source of drinking water in the province of Quebec, Canada. Twelve municipal wells (raw water) were sampled monthly during a 1 year period, for a total of 160 samples. Using historic data, the 12 sites were categorized into 3 groups: group A (no known contamination), group B (sporadically contaminated by total coliforms), and group C (historic and continuous contamination by total coliforms and (or) fecal coliforms). Bacterial indicators (total coliform, Escherichia coli, enteroccoci), viral indicators (somatic and male-specific coliphages), total culturable human enteric viruses, and noroviruses were analyzed at every sampling site. Total coliforms were the best indicator of microbial degradation, and coliform bacteria were always present at the same time as human enteric viruses. Two samples contained human enteric viruses but no fecal pollution indicators (E. coli, enterococci, or coliphages), suggesting the limited value of these microorganisms in predicting the presence of human enteric viruses in groundwater. Our results underline the value of historic data in assessing the vulnerability of a well on the basis of raw water quality and in detecting degradation of the source. This project allowed us to characterize the microbiologic and virologic quality of groundwater used as municipal drinking water sources in Quebec.

}, keywords = {Environmental monitoring, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: virology, Quebec, Viruses, Viruses: growth {\&} development, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {0008-4166}, doi = {10.1139/W07-034}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17668028}, author = {Locas, Annie and Barthe, Christine and Barbeau, Benoit and Carri{\`e}re, Annie and Payment, Pierre} } @article {7518, title = {Virus occurrence in municipal groundwater sources in {Quebec}, {Canada}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {jun}, pages = {688{\textendash}694}, issn = {0008-4166, 1480-3275}, doi = {10.1139/W07-034}, url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/W07-034}, author = {Locas, Annie and Barthe, Christine and Barbeau, Benoit and Carri{\`e}re, Annie and Payment, Pierre} } @inbook {1852, title = {Virus removal during drinking water treatment}, booktitle = {Human viruses in water, Perspectives in medical virology}, year = {2007}, pages = {109-126}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Amsterdam }, author = {Springthorpe, S. and Sattar, S. A.}, editor = {Bosch, A.} } @article {16925, title = {Virus removal within a soil infiltration zone as affected by effluent composition, application rate, and soil type}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {699{\textendash}709}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Van Cuyk, Sheila and Siegrist, Robert L} } @book {10329, title = {Waste stabilisation ponds}, series = {Biological Wastewater Treatment Series}, volume = {3}, year = {2007}, publisher = {IWA publishing}, organization = {IWA publishing}, address = {London, United Kingdom}, author = {von Sperling, M} } @book {5245, title = {Waste Stabilisation Ponds. Volume Three: Biological Wastewater Treatment Series}, year = {2007}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, address = {London, UK}, isbn = {9781843391630}, author = {von Sperling, M} } @book {16930, title = {Wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal}, year = {2007}, publisher = {IWA publishing}, organization = {IWA publishing}, author = {Von Sperling, Marcos} } @book {5443, title = {{Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal, Volume I of Biological Wastewater Treatment}}, year = {2007}, publisher = {IWA Publishing,}, organization = {IWA Publishing,}, address = {London, UK}, author = {Sperling, Von} } @article {1722, title = {Wastewater disinfection alternatives: chlorine, ozone, peracetic acid, and UV light}, journal = {Water Environmental Research}, volume = {79}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, note = {Mezzanotte, V Antonelli, M Citterio, S Nurizzo, C eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2007/11/30 09:00 Water Environ Res. 2007 Nov;79(12):2373-9.}, pages = {2373-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Disinfection tests were carried out at pilot scale to compare the disinfection efficiency of ozone, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), peracetic acid (PAA), and UV irradiation. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli were monitored as reference microorganisms. Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) were also enumerated by cytometry. At similar doses, NaOCl was more effective than PAA, and its action was less affected by contact time. The results obtained by ozonation were comparable for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli. On the contrary, some differences among the three indicators were observed for NaOCl, PAA, and UV. Differences increased with increasing values of the disinfectant concentration times contact time (C x t) and were probably the result of different initial counts, as total coliforms include fecal coliforms, which include E. coli. The UV irradiation lead to complete E. coli removals, even at low doses (10 to 20 mJ/cm2). Total heterotrophic bacteria appeared to be too wide a group to be a good disinfection indicator; no correlation was found among THB inactivation, dose, and contact time.}, keywords = {Animals Chlorine/pharmacology Disinfection/*methods Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects/radiation effects Escherichia coli/drug effects/radiation effects Feces/microbiology Humans Ozone/pharmacology Peracetic Acid/pharmacology Sewage/microbiology Ultraviolet, Fluid/*methods Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1061-4303 (Print) 1061-4303 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044353}, author = {Mezzanotte, V. and Antonelli, M. and Citterio, S. and Nurizzo, C.} } @article {12591, title = {Wastewater irrigation in the developing world{\textemdash}two case studies from the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal}, journal = {Agricultural Water ManagementAgricultural Water Management}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {83-91}, isbn = {0378-3774}, author = {Rutkowski, Thomas and Raschid-Sally, Liqa and Buechler, Stephanie} } @article {15163, title = {Wastewater irrigation: the state of play}, journal = {Vadose zone journal}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {823{\textendash}840}, author = {Hamilton, Andrew J and Stagnitti, Frank and Xiong, Xianzhe and Kreidl, Simone L and Benke, Kurt K and Maher, Peta} } @article {13613, title = {Wastewater irrigation: the state of play}, journal = {Vadose zone journal}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, pages = {823{\textendash}840}, publisher = {Soil Science Society}, author = {Hamilton, Andrew J and Stagnitti, Frank and Xiong, Xianzhe and Kreidl, Simone L and Benke, Kurt K and Maher, Peta} } @book {11243, title = {{WATER AND HEALTH Vol. II - Helminth ova control in wastewater and sludge for agriculture reuse}}, year = {2007}, pages = {5}, publisher = {Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)}, organization = {Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)}, edition = {1}, url = {https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c03/e2-20a-06-09.pdf}, author = {JImenez-Cisneros, B E} } @article {6213, title = {Water and sanitation in developing countries: including health in the equation}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {17{\textendash}24}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es072435t}, author = {Montgomery, Maggie A. and Elimelech, Menachem} } @booklet {10497, title = {{Water and Sewerage: The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations}}, year = {2007} } @article {4082, title = {{Water management in Windhoek, Namibia}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {55}, year = {2007}, pages = {441{\textendash}448}, author = {Lahnsteiner, J and Lempert, G} } @article {4223, title = {{Water quality indicators and the risk of illness at beaches with nonpoint sources of fecal contamination.}}, journal = {Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {jan}, pages = {27{\textendash}35}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Indicator bacteria are a good predictor of illness at marine beaches that have point sources of pollution with human fecal content. Few studies have addressed the utility of indicator bacteria where nonpoint sources are the dominant fecal input. Extrapolating current water-quality thresholds to such locations is uncertain. METHODS: In a cohort of 8797 beachgoers at Mission Bay, California, we measured baseline health at the time of exposure and 2 weeks later. Water samples were analyzed for bacterial indicators (enterococcus, fecal coliforms, total coliforms) using both traditional and nontraditional methods, ie, chromogenic substrate or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A novel bacterial indicator (Bacteroides) and viruses (coliphage, adenovirus, norovirus) also were measured. Associations of 14 health outcomes with both water exposure and water quality indicators were assessed. RESULTS: Diarrhea and skin rash incidence were the only symptoms that were increased in swimmers compared with nonswimmers. The incidence of illness was not associated with any of the indicators that traditionally are used to monitor beaches. Among nontraditional water quality indicators, associations with illness were observed only for male-specific coliphage, although a low number of participants were exposed to water at times when coliphage was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional fecal indicators currently used to monitor these beaches were not associated with health risks. These results suggest a need for alternative indicators of water quality where nonpoint sources are dominant fecal contributors.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Bacteroides, Bacteroides: genetics, Bacteroides: isolation {\&} purification, Bathing Beaches, California, Child, Cohort Studies, Dysentery, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: genetics, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: prevention {\&} control, Environmental Exposure: statistics {\&} numerical dat, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Epidemiological Monitoring, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Gastrointestinal Diseases: epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Infectious, Infectious: epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases: epidemiology, Preschool, Risk Factors, Seawater, Seawater: adverse effects, Seawater: microbiology, Seawater: virology, Skin Diseases, Swimming, Water Pollution, Water Pollution: analysis}, issn = {1044-3983}, doi = {10.1097/01.ede.0000249425.32990.b9}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17149140}, author = {Colford, John M and Wade, Timothy J and Schiff, Kenneth C and Wright, Catherine C and Griffith, John F and Sandhu, Sukhminder K and Burns, Susan and Sobsey, Mark and Lovelace, Greg and Weisberg, Stephen B} } @article {6920, title = {Water, sanitation and hygiene}, journal = {World Health Organization, Geneva}, year = {2007}, pages = {p12{\textendash}50}, url = {http://protos.ong/sites/default/files/library_assets/W_SAN_E32_water_sanitation.pdf}, author = {Fewtrell, Lorna and Pr{\"u}ss-{\"U}st{\"u}n, Annette and Bos, Robert and Gore, Fiona and Bartram, Jamie} } @article {1352, title = {Waterborne pathogens in urban watersheds}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, note = {Arnone, Russell D Walling, Joyce Perdek England Journal of water and health J Water Health. 2007 Mar;5(1):149-62.}, pages = {149-62}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A serious concern for managers of water resources, pathogens in the urban environment easily enter waters through a number of pathways, including discharge of inadequately treated sewage, stormwater runoff, combined sewer overflows and sanitary sewer overflows. Pathogens in US ambient water bodies are regulated under the Clean Water Act (CWA), while pathogens in drinking water supplies are regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) are developed in accordance with CWA regulations for ambient water bodies with bacterial concentrations exceeding the water quality standard, which generally is a measure of a bacterial indicator organism. However, developing a TMDL for a supplementary indicator or pathogen is also required if a use impairment would still exist even after the water body is in compliance with the standard. This occurs because indicator organisms do not reflect the presence of pathogen contamination with complete certainty. The evaluation of pathogen indicators and summary of epidemiological studies presented are resources for those developing TMDLs to achieve water quality standards and restore water bodies to their intended uses.}, keywords = {Bacterial Infections/transmission Disease Outbreaks Environmental Monitoring Epidemiological Monitoring Fresh Water/ microbiology Gastroenteritis/epidemiology Humans Protozoan Infections/transmission Urban Population Virus Diseases/transmission Water Poll}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, author = {Arnone, R. D. and Walling, J. P.} } @article {6768, title = {Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: {A} worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, month = {mar}, pages = {1{\textendash}38}, issn = {1477-8920, 1996-7829}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.002}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2006.002}, author = {Karanis, P. and Kourenti, C. and Smith, H.} } @article {4074, title = {{Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {1{\textendash}38}, author = {Karanis, P and Kourenti, C and Smith, H} } @article {4812, title = {{Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt}}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {5}, year = {2007}, pages = {1{\textendash}38}, author = {Karanis, P and Kourenti, C and Smith, H} } @article {9303, title = {{Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: A worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {1{\textendash}38}, author = {Karanis, P and Kourenti, C and Smith, H} } @article {1719, title = {Waterborne Viruses: Assessing the Risks}, journal = {Human Viruses in Water}, volume = {17}, year = {2007}, pages = {163-175}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The diversity and frequency of human health consequences associated with exposures to hazards in the environment are traditionally documented during outbreaks of disease resulting from human exposure to an extensive amount of a hazard. In lieu of an outbreak investigation, a risk assessment approach may be undertaken to address a hazard or a group of hazards to identify individuals most vulnerable, the range of resulting human health outcomes, and likely places and routes of exposure. Risk assessment is the first component of the risk analysis process, followed by risk management and risk communication. Results of risk assessments may then be used to guide policy makers in allocating resources for mitigation strategies or additional research, as well as direct the scientific information released to the public regarding a hazard. A four-step risk assessment framework was initially developed by the National Research Council (NRC) to address environmental exposures to chemicals that include hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Assessments may be qualitative or quantitative depending upon the information available, with the latter the more ideal approach. In addition, the framework has been modified to address issues specific to microorganisms such as survivability of a virus in the environment and virus susceptibility to treatment and{\textemdash}more recently{\textemdash}the impact of immunity and multiple exposures.}, author = {Mena, K. D.} } @article {10816, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2006}, volume = {82}, number = {31}, year = {2007}, pages = {273{\textendash}284} } @article {10717, title = {{Wind direction and its linkage with Vibrio cholerae dissemination}}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {115}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {195{\textendash}200}, author = {Paz, S and Broza, M} } @booklet {9009, volume = {47 CFR Parts 9, 141 \& 142}, number = {FInal Rule}, year = {2006}, type = {Government Document} } @booklet {4679, title = {2004. Annual laboratory surveillance data for enteric pathogens in Canada}, year = {2006}, publisher = {Public Health Agency of Canada}, address = {Ottawa, Canada} } @article {9605, title = {2005: Disasters in number}, year = {2006}, institution = {United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @booklet {15053, title = {2005: {Disasters} in number}, year = {2006}, publisher = {United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {UNISDR} } @article {728, title = {Abundance of pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae in Nkonkobe drinking water sources}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, year = {2006}, month = {04/2006}, pages = {289-296}, chapter = {289}, abstract = {
In order to study the prevalence of enteric pathogens capable of causing infection and disease in the rural communities of Nkonkobe, bacterial isolates were collected from several surface water and groundwater sources used by the community for their daily water needs. By making use of selective culture media and the 20E API kit, presumptive Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae isolates were obtained and then analysed by polymerase chain reaction assays (PCR). The PCR successfully amplified from water samples a fragment of E. coli uidA gene that codes for b-D-glucuronidase which is a highly specific characteristic of enteropathogenic E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli and entero-invasive E. coli. The PCR also amplified the epsM gene from water samples containing toxigenic V. cholerae. Although E. coli was mostly detected in groundwater sources, toxigenic V. cholerae was detected in both surface and groundwater sources. There was a possibility of Salmonella typhimurium in Ngqele and Dyamala borehole water samples. The presence of these pathogenic bacteria in the above drinking water sources may pose a serious health risk to consumers.
}, keywords = {ground water, pathogenic bacteria, PCR, rural community, surface water}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17036837}, author = {M NB Momba}, editor = {V. K. Malakate} } @article {11187, title = {Accelerated larvae development of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs with ultraviolet radiation}, journal = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {115-119}, doi = {10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.06.008}, author = {Al-Adawi, M.A. and Albarodi, H. and Hammoudeh, A. and Shamma, M. and Sharabi, N.} } @article {11190, title = {{Accelerated larvae development of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs with ultraviolet radiation}}, journal = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {115{\textendash}119}, doi = {10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.06.008}, author = {Aladawi, M A and Albarodi, H and Hammoudeh, A and Shamma, M and Sharabi, N} } @article {11420, title = {Active epilepsy as an index of burden of neurocysticercosis in Vellore district, India}, journal = {Neurology}, volume = {67}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {2135-2139}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0028-3878}, author = {Rajshekhar, V and Raghava, M Venkat and Prabhakaran, V and Oommen, A and Muliyil, J} } @article {530, title = {Adenovirus infections in transplant recipients}, journal = {Clin Infect Dis}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, note = {1537-6591 Ison, Michael G Journal Article United States Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 1;43(3):331-9. Epub 2006 Jun 19.}, pages = {331-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Adenoviruses are increasingly recognized as contributors to morbidity and mortality among stem cell and solid-organ transplant recipients. Clinical presentations range from asymptomatic viremia to respiratory and gastrointestinal disease, hemorrhagic cystitis, and severe disseminated illness. The limited clinical data available support the use of cidofovir for many of these illnesses. Prospective studies are needed to better understand the pathogenesis of and therapeutic options for adenoviral infections in this patient population.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/*classification/genetics Adenovirus Infections, Human/diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention \& control Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use Humans *Transplantation}, issn = {1058-4838}, doi = {10.1086/505498}, author = {Ison, M. G.} } @book {9114, title = {{Advanced quantitative microbiology for foods and biosystems: models for predicting growth and inactivation}}, series = {CRC Series in Contemporary Food Science}, year = {2006}, pages = {417}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {Boca Raton}, isbn = {0849336457}, author = {Peleg, Micha} } @article {1930, title = {Advances In Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion}, journal = {Proceedings of the Water Environment Foundation}, year = {2006}, pages = {5378-5392}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Significant advances have been made in the knowledge base and practical options for improving thermophilic anaerobic digestion over the past 10 to 15 years. Today, more options exist that promise to enhance the degree of stabilization achieved and finished product quality in new and retrofitted existing processes. In parallel, the body of knowledge regarding pathogen inactivation in these systems has also been advanced, well beyond that available at the time that the 40 CFR Part 503 regulations1were promulgated. This paper summarizes recent work with thermophilic anaerobic systems. This paper is a literature review and comparison of recent publications and work from a number of sources.

}, author = {Willis, J. and Schafer, P.} } @article {13170, title = {Aeromonas spp. isolated from oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorea) from a natural oyster bed, Ceara, Brazil}, journal = {Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo}, volume = {48}, year = {2006}, pages = {129-133}, author = {Evangelista-Barreto, N. S. and Vieira, R. H. and Carvalho, F. C. and Torres, R. C. and Sant{\textquoteright}Anna, E. S. and Rodrigues, D. P. and Reis, C. M.} } @article {12595, title = {Alternative indicators of fecal pollution: relations with pathogens and conventional indicators, current methodologies for direct pathogen monitoring and future application perspectives}, journal = {Water researchWater research}, volume = {40}, number = {13}, year = {2006}, pages = {2463-2476}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Savichtcheva, Olga and Okabe, Satoshi} } @article {16879, title = {Alternative indicators of fecal pollution: relations with pathogens and conventional indicators, current methodologies for direct pathogen monitoring and future application perspectives}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {40}, number = {13}, year = {2006}, pages = {2463{\textendash}2476}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Savichtcheva, Olga and Okabe, Satoshi} } @article {16919, title = {Alternative microbial indicators of faecal pollution: current perspective}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {205{\textendash}216}, author = {Tyagi, VK and Chopra, AK and Kazmi, AA and Kumar, Arvind} } @article {12218, title = {Aminoglycosides: Ancient and modern}, journal = {Journal of Antibiotics}, volume = {59}, number = {9}, year = {2006}, note = {Times Cited: 13

14}, month = {Sep}, pages = {529-532}, isbn = {0021-8820}, author = {Davies, Julian E.} } @article {9221, title = {{Amoebiasis cutis in HIV positive patient}}, journal = {Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {224{\textendash}226}, author = {Bumb, RA and Mehta, RD} } @article {13078, title = {Anaerobic mesophilic treatment of cattle manure in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor with prior pasteurization}, journal = {Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {137{\textendash}143}, author = {Mara{\~n}{\'o}n, Elena and Castrillon, Leonor and Juan J Fern{\'a}ndez and Fern{\'a}ndez, Yolanda and Ana I Pel{\'a}ez and S{\'a}nchez, Jes{\'u}s} } @mastersthesis {5258, title = {{An{\'a}lise de desempenho e confiabilidade de esta{\c c}{\~o}es de tratamento de esgotos (Performance and reliability analysis of sewage treatment plants).}}, year = {2006}, school = {Federal University of Minas Gerais}, type = {phdPh.D. Dissertation}, author = {Oliveira, S.M.A.C.} } @article {12583, title = {Antibiotic resistance genes as emerging contaminants: studies in northern Colorado}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {23}, year = {2006}, pages = {7445-7450}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Pruden, Amy and Pei, Ruoting and Storteboom, Heather and Carlson, Kenneth H} } @article {12584, title = {Antibiotic resistance genes as emerging contaminants: studies in northern Colorado}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {23}, year = {2006}, pages = {7445-7450}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Pruden, Amy and Pei, Ruoting and Storteboom, Heather and Carlson, Kenneth H} } @article {9489, title = {{Antimicrosporidial activities of fumagillin, TNP-470, ovalicin, and ovalicin derivatives in vitro and in vivo}}, journal = {Antimicrob Agents Chemother}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {2146{\textendash}2155}, author = {Didier, PJ and Phillips, JN and Kuebler, DJ and Nasr, M and Brindley, PJ and Stovall, ME and Bowers, LC and Didier, ES} } @article {4294, title = {{Application of Bacteroides fragilis phage as an alternative indicator of sewage pollution in Tampa Bay, Florida}}, journal = {Estuaries and Coasts}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {apr}, pages = {246{\textendash}256}, issn = {1559-2723}, doi = {10.1007/BF02781993}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02781993}, author = {McLaughlin, Molly R. and Rose, Joan B.} } @article {7458, title = {An approach for developing a national estimate of waterborne disease due to drinking water and a national estimate model application}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {201}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.024}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2006.024}, author = {Messner, Michael and Shaw, Susan and Regli, Stig and Rotert, Ken and Blank, Valerie and Soller, Jeff} } @article {6266, title = {An approach for developing a national estimate of waterborne disease due to drinking water and a national estimate model application}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {201}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.024}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/004/jwh004s201.htm}, author = {Messner, Michael and Shaw, Susan and Regli, Stig and Rotert, Ken and Blank, Valerie and Soller, Jeff} } @article {9211, title = {{Areia contaminada das praias da Guanabara Contaminated sand of the beaches of Guanabara}}, journal = {Bol Comiss{\~a}o Meio Ambiente Assembl{\'e}ia Legislativa Est Rio de Janeiro}, year = {2006}, pages = {1}, author = {Bordinh{\~a}o, P and Costa, L} } @article {3835, title = {Assessing the risk of transmission of viral diseases in flooded areas: viral load of the {River} {Elbe} in {Dresden} during the flood of {August} 2002.}, journal = {Intervirology}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {370{\textendash}376}, author = {Rohayem, J and Dumke, R and Jaeger, K and Schr{\"o}ter-Bobsin, U and Mogel, M and Kruse, A and Jacobs, E and Rethwilm, A} } @article {13251, title = {Assessment of pathogens and toxicants in New Orleans, LA following Hurricane Katrina}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, year = {2006}, pages = {468-474}, doi = {10.1021/es052219p}, author = {Presley, S. M. and Rainwater, T. R. and Austin, G. P. and Platt, S. G. and Zak, J. C. and Cobb, G. P. and Marsland, E. J. and Tian, K. and Zhang, B. and Anderson, T. A. and Cox, S. B. and Abel, M. T. and Leftwich, B. D. and Huddleston, J. R. and Jeter, R. M. and Kendall, R. J.} } @article {12884, title = {Assessment of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality in rural areas: a case study from Marondera district, Zimbabwe}, journal = {Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C}, volume = {31}, number = {15}, year = {2006}, pages = {779{\textendash}788}, author = {Dzwairo, Bloodless and Hoko, Zvikomborero and Love, David and Guzha, Edward} } @article {16635, title = {Assessment of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality in rural areas: a case study from {Marondera} district, {Zimbabwe}}, journal = {Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C}, volume = {31}, number = {15}, year = {2006}, pages = {779{\textendash}788}, author = {Dzwairo, Bloodless and Hoko, Zvikomborero and Love, David and Guzha, Edward} } @article {16512, title = {Association between intestinal parasitic infections and type of sanitation system in rural {El} {Salvador}}, journal = {Trop Med Int Health}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, month = {dec}, pages = {1821{\textendash}31}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify demographic, behavioural and environmental determinants of intestinal parasitic infection, evaluate the impact of a variety of dry sanitation systems on intestinal parasitic infection, and evaluate the safety of using stored biosolids in agriculture in order to guide future sanitation interventions in rural areas of El Salvador. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with 109 households in eight communities where double-vaulted and solar urine-diverting desiccating latrines, pit latrines or no latrines were used. Faecal samples from 499 individuals were tested for enteric helminths and protozoa. RESULTS: Users of solar desiccating latrines had the lowest prevalence of enteric parasite infection. Double-vault, urine-diverting desiccating latrines effectively reduced the transmission of some pathogens, but may not achieve the conditions sufficient for the complete destruction of the more environmentally persistent pathogens, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Contact with inadequately treated latrine biosolids was associated with an increased risk of Ascaris infection. CONCLUSIONS: Solar latrines were associated with the overall lowest prevalence of enteric parasitic infections. Members of households where latrine biosolids were used in agriculture had a higher prevalence of infection than those where biosolids were buried. We therefore recommend the promotion of solar latrines in rural areas of El Salvador over other dry sanitation systems, and recommend that stored biosolids not be used in agriculture.}, keywords = {*Toilet Facilities, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Child, El Salvador/epidemiology, Feces/parasitology, Female, Humans, Intestinal Diseases, Male, Parasitic/epidemiology/*etiology/prevention \& control, Preschool, prevalence, Risk Factors, Rural Health/statistics \& numerical data}, issn = {1360-2276 (Print) 1360-2276 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01737.x}, author = {Corrales, L. F. and Izurieta, R. and Moe, C. L.} } @article {16668, title = {Association between intestinal parasitic infections and type of sanitation system in rural {El} {Salvador}}, journal = {Tropical Medicine \& International Health}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {1821{\textendash}1831}, author = {Corrales, Lana F and Izurieta, Ricardo and Moe, Christine L} } @inbook {12922, title = {Association between intestinal parasitic infections and type of sanitation system in rural El Salvador}, booktitle = {Tropical Medicine and International Health}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {1821{\textendash}1831}, author = {Corrales, Lana F and Izurieta, Ricardo and Moe, Christine L} } @article {15123, title = {Association between intestinal parasitic infections and type of sanitation system in rural {El} {Salvador}}, journal = {Tropical Medicine \& International Health}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {1821{\textendash}1831}, author = {Corrales, L. F. and Izurieta, R. and Moe, C. L.} } @article {13416, title = {{Association between intestinal parasitic infections and type of sanitation system in rural El Salvador}}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and International Health}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {1821{\textendash}1831}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify demographic, behavioural and environmental determinants of intestinal parasitic infection, evaluate the impact of a variety of dry sanitation systems on intestinal parasitic infection, and evaluate the safety of using stored biosolids in agriculture in order to guide future sanitation interventions in rural areas of El Salvador. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with 109 households in eight communities where double-vaulted and solar urine-diverting desiccating latrines, pit latrines or no latrines were used. Faecal samples from 499 individuals were tested for enteric helminths and protozoa. RESULTS: Users of solar desiccating latrines had the lowest prevalence of enteric parasite infection. Double-vault, urine-diverting desiccating latrines effectively reduced the transmission of some pathogens, but may not achieve the conditions sufficient for the complete destruction of the more environmentally persistent pathogens, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Contact with inadequately treated latrine biosolids was associated with an increased risk of Ascaris infection. CONCLUSIONS: Solar latrines were associated with the overall lowest prevalence of enteric parasitic infections. Members of households where latrine biosolids were used in agriculture had a higher prevalence of infection than those where biosolids were buried. We therefore recommend the promotion of solar latrines in rural areas of El Salvador over other dry sanitation systems, and recommend that stored biosolids not be used in agriculture.}, keywords = {ascaris, Biosolids, ecological sanitation, geohelminths, latrines, sanitation}, isbn = {1360-2276 (Print)$\backslash$n1360-2276 (Linking)}, issn = {13602276}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01737.x}, author = {Corrales, Lana F. and Izurieta, Ricardo and Christine L Moe} } @article {10953, title = {Association between intestinal parasitic infections and type of sanitation system in rural {El} {Salvador}.}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and International Health}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {1821{\textendash}1831}, keywords = {ascaris, biosolides, bios{\'o}lidos, Biosolids, ecological sanitation, g{\'e}ohelminthes, geohelminths, geohelmintos, Hygiene, hygi{\`e}ne {\'e}cologique, latrines, letrinas, sanitation, sistemas sanitarios, sistemas sanitarios ecol{\'o}gicos}, issn = {1365-3156}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01737.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01737.x}, author = {Corrales, LF and Izurieta, R and Moe, CL} } @article {12020, title = {Association between intestinal parasitic infections and type of sanitation system in rural El Salvador}, journal = {Tropical Medicice and International Health}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, note = {Corrales, Lana F
Izurieta, Ricardo
Moe, Christine L
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2006/12/21 09:00
Trop Med Int Health. 2006 Dec;11(12):1821-31.}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1821-31}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify demographic, behavioural and environmental determinants of intestinal parasitic infection, evaluate the impact of a variety of dry sanitation systems on intestinal parasitic infection, and evaluate the safety of using stored biosolids in agriculture in order to guide future sanitation interventions in rural areas of El Salvador. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with 109 households in eight communities where double-vaulted and solar urine-diverting desiccating latrines, pit latrines or no latrines were used. Faecal samples from 499 individuals were tested for enteric helminths and protozoa. RESULTS: Users of solar desiccating latrines had the lowest prevalence of enteric parasite infection. Double-vault, urine-diverting desiccating latrines effectively reduced the transmission of some pathogens, but may not achieve the conditions sufficient for the complete destruction of the more environmentally persistent pathogens, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Contact with inadequately treated latrine biosolids was associated with an increased risk of Ascaris infection. CONCLUSIONS: Solar latrines were associated with the overall lowest prevalence of enteric parasitic infections. Members of households where latrine biosolids were used in agriculture had a higher prevalence of infection than those where biosolids were buried. We therefore recommend the promotion of solar latrines in rural areas of El Salvador over other dry sanitation systems, and recommend that stored biosolids not be used in agriculture.}, keywords = {*Toilet Facilities, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Child, Child, Preschool, El Salvador/epidemiology, Feces/parasitology, Female, Humans, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology/*etiology/prevention \& control, Male, prevalence, Risk Factors, Rural Health/statistics \& numerical data}, isbn = {1360-2276 (Print)
1360-2276 (Linking)}, author = {Corrales, L. F. and Izurieta, R. and Moe, C. L.} } @article {14171, title = {Atypical enteropathogenic {Escherichia} coli infection and prolonged diarrhea in children}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {597{\textendash}603}, abstract = {Some clinical isolates of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) lack bundle-forming pili and are termed atypical EPEC. The aim of this study was to determine if atypical EPEC are pathogens by comparing the clinical features of patients infected with atypical EPEC with those of children infected with other causative agents of diarrhea. Fecal samples obtained from children attending the Royal Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital in Melbourne for investigation of diarrhea were examined for adenovirus, rotavirus, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., protozoa, and pathogenic E. coli. Clinical data were obtained by using a standardized pro forma and analyzed separately. Patients infected with atypical EPEC experienced mild, nondehydrating, and noninflammatory diarrhea that was not particularly associated with fever, vomiting, or abdominal pain. However, the duration of diarrhea in patients infected with atypical EPEC was significantly longer than that caused by the other species or where no pathogens were identified. Infection with atypical EPEC is associated with prolonged diarrhea.}, doi = {10.3201/eid1204.051112}, author = {Nguyen, R N and Taylor, L S and Tauschek, M and Robins-Browne, R M} } @article {2363, title = {{Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection and prolonged diarrhea in children}}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {597{\textendash}603}, edition = {2006/05/18}, abstract = {Some clinical isolates of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) lack bundle-forming pili and are termed atypical EPEC. The aim of this study was to determine if atypical EPEC are pathogens by comparing the clinical features of patients infected with atypical EPEC with those of children infected with other causative agents of diarrhea. Fecal samples obtained from children attending the Royal Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital in Melbourne for investigation of diarrhea were examined for adenovirus, rotavirus, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., protozoa, and pathogenic E. coli. Clinical data were obtained by using a standardized pro forma and analyzed separately. Patients infected with atypical EPEC experienced mild, nondehydrating, and noninflammatory diarrhea that was not particularly associated with fever, vomiting, or abdominal pain. However, the duration of diarrhea in patients infected with atypical EPEC was significantly longer than that caused by the other species or where no pathogens were identified. Infection with atypical EPEC is associated with prolonged diarrhea.}, isbn = {1080-6040 (Print) 1080-6040 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3201/eid1204.051112}, author = {Nguyen, R N and Taylor, L S and Tauschek, M and Robins-Browne, R M} } @conference {15174, title = {Australian guidelines for water recycling. {Managing} health and environmental risks. {Phase} 1. {National} water quality management strategy 21}, booktitle = {Natural {Resource} {Management} {Ministerial} {Council}. {Environment} {Protection} and {Heritage} {Council} {Australian} {Health} {Ministers}{\textquoteright} {Conference}, {Canberra}, {Australia}}, year = {2006}, author = {Protection, Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council; Environment and Conference, Heritage Council; Australian Health Ministers{\textquoteleft}} } @conference {13624, title = {Australian guidelines for water recycling. Managing health and environmental risks. Phase 1. National water quality management strategy 21}, booktitle = {Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council. Environment Protection and Heritage Council Australian Health Ministers{\textquoteright} Conference, Canberra, Australia}, year = {2006}, author = {Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council; Environment Protection and Heritage Council; Australian Health Ministers{\textquoteleft} Conference} } @article {13064, title = {Bacteria removal in septic effluent: Influence of biofilm and protozoa}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {16}, year = {2006}, pages = {3109{\textendash}3114}, author = {Chabaud, Sylvaine and Andres, Yves and Lakel, Abdel and Le Cloirec, Pierre} } @article {14470, title = {Bacteroides spp. as reliable marker of sewage contamination in {Hawaii}{\textquoteright}s environmental waters using molecular techniques}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {54}, year = {2006}, pages = {101{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Standard PCR (SPCR) and quantitative PCR (QPCR) assays using primers for general and for human-specific Bacteroides 16S rRNA markers were selected as the molecular tests to assess sewage contamination in recreational waters of Hawaii and these same water samples were assayed for culturable concentrations of selected faecal microbial indicators. The results of this study showed that the general primer for Bacteroides was not useful because ambient and polluted water samples were positive for this marker. However, use of human-specific primers reliably detected sewage contamination. The human-specific Bacteroides detection data supported previously reported conclusions that concentrations of alternative faecal indicators (C. perfringens, FRNA coliphages) but not traditional faecal indicators (faecal coliform, E. coli, enterococci) are reliable indicators of faecal contamination in Hawaii{\textquoteright}s environmental waters. The QPCR assay for the human-specific Bacteroides 16S rRNA marker was faster, more sensitive and more reliable than comparable SPCR assay because OPCR assay provided additional information such as melting temperatures, which confirmed that the right amplicons were being measured and Ct values, which indicated the relative level of faecal contamination.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, 16S/genetics, Bacteroides/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Hawaii, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ribosomal, RNA, Sewage/*microbiology}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Fujioka, R. S.} } @article {16980, title = {Bacteroides spp. as reliable marker of sewage contamination in Hawaii{\textquoteright}s environmental waters using molecular techniques}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {101{\textendash}107}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Betancourt, WQ and Fujioka, RS} } @article {14870, title = {Bacteroides spp. as reliable marker of sewage contamination in {Hawaii}{\textquoteright}s environmental waters using molecular techniques}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {54}, year = {2006}, pages = {101{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Standard PCR (SPCR) and quantitative PCR (QPCR) assays using primers for general and for human-specific Bacteroides 16S rRNA markers were selected as the molecular tests to assess sewage contamination in recreational waters of Hawaii and these same water samples were assayed for culturable concentrations of selected faecal microbial indicators. The results of this study showed that the general primer for Bacteroides was not useful because ambient and polluted water samples were positive for this marker. However, use of human-specific primers reliably detected sewage contamination. The human-specific Bacteroides detection data supported previously reported conclusions that concentrations of alternative faecal indicators (C. perfringens, FRNA coliphages) but not traditional faecal indicators (faecal coliform, E. coli, enterococci) are reliable indicators of faecal contamination in Hawaii{\textquoteright}s environmental waters. The QPCR assay for the human-specific Bacteroides 16S rRNA marker was faster, more sensitive and more reliable than comparable SPCR assay because OPCR assay provided additional information such as melting temperatures, which confirmed that the right amplicons were being measured and Ct values, which indicated the relative level of faecal contamination.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, 16S/genetics, Bacteroides/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Hawaii, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ribosomal, RNA, Sewage/*microbiology}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Fujioka, R. S.} } @article {9375, title = {{Biofouling in membrane bioreactor}}, journal = {Separation Science and Technology}, volume = {41}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, pages = {1345{\textendash}1370}, author = {Ramesh, A and Lee, DJ and Wang, ML and Hsu, JP and Juang, RS and Hwang, KJ and Liu, JC and Tseng, SJ} } @mastersthesis {6843, title = {Biological responses in off-channel habitat to hydrologic gradients and river management practices in {Mississippi} {River} {Pool} 25}, year = {2006}, note = {3215050}, school = {Southern Illinois University at Carbondale}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Few studies have examined the biological responses to water-level management (WLM) in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR). The WLM in UMR Pool 25 creates extended dry periods whereby lower-pool backwaters dry extensively (\~{}60 days/yr). Macroinvertebrate and zooplankton communities and benthic organic matter (BOM) was compared in replicated paired plots, one vegetated and one experimentally de-vegetated, during 1999{\textendash}2001. Differences in BOM between plot types were most pronounced in years following strong vegetation responses. Oligochaeta biomass was significantly higher in vegetated plots, whereas Chironomidae biomass was significantly higher in devegetated plots. Zooplankton density and community metrics indicated positive responses to vegetated plots. Responses varied with the degree of vegetation response, suggesting hydrologic variability can enhance invertebrate diversity in floodplain wetland habitats. During 2001{\textendash}2003, I examined the influence of WLM between mid and lower pool sites on BOM, macroinvertebrates, and fishes. Hydrologic models predict lower pool off-channel habitats were less stable and dry with greater frequency and duration. The BOM values were stable at mid-pool but lower pool values were variable. Multivoltine taxa had high biomass and dominated lower-pool habitats while longer-lived taxa had higher biomass in mid-pool sites with longer hydroperiods. Fish communities were dominated by cyprinids, but unique fish taxa were collected in each pool reach, with primarily rheophilic forms in mid-pool and limnophilic forms in lower pool sites. Results indicate that hydrologic gradients associated with a mid-pool control point directly and indirectly influences biological communities in off channel habitats. During spring flooding in 2002, macroinvertebrate communities were examined in off-channel habitats representing four site types: island sloughs, island fringes, backwaters, and artificial substrates. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis identified significant spatial structuring in physical and biological variables and vector analysis indicated substrates were linked to differences among sites. During the rising limb, island sloughs were different from island fringes ( P {\textless}0.01). Between sampling dates, island sloughs were significantly different from island fringes and backwaters (all P {\textless}0.01). Post-flooding, no significant differences were evident among sites. Results underscore the importance of habitat diversity on fine spatial and temporal scales in this highly managed system, and suggest that management and restoration efforts should target island sloughs.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0388:Hydrology, 0472:Zoology, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Ecology, Floodplains, Hydrologic gradients, Hydrology, Mississippi River, Off-channel habitat, River management, wetlands, Zoology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304976315?accountid=14270}, author = {Flinn, Michael Brainerd} } @article {9895, title = {{Blastocystis hominis and bowel diseases}}, journal = {T{\"u}rkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi}, volume = {30}, year = {2006}, pages = {73{\textendash}77}, author = {Ust{\"u}n, S and Turgay, N} } @article {16189, title = {Brief report: Leptospirosis after flooding of a university campus--Hawaii, 2004}, journal = {MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly RepMMWR Morb Mortal Wkly RepMMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep}, volume = {55}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, month = {Feb 10}, pages = {125-7}, keywords = {*Natural Disasters, Hawaii/epidemiology, Humans, Leptospirosis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control/transmission, Male, Middle Aged}, isbn = {1545-861X (Electronic)}, author = {Park, S.Y. and Effler, P.V. and Nakata, M. and Sasaki, D. and Katz, A.R. and Clark, T.A. and Gaynor, K.} } @book {10142, title = {{Brock Biology of Microorhanisms 11th edition}}, year = {2006}, publisher = {Pearson}, organization = {Pearson}, address = {Upper Saddle, NJ}, author = {Madigan, MT and Martinko, JM} } @article {4898, title = {{Brote epidemico por Cyclospora cayetanensis en Medellin, Colombia.}}, journal = {Revista de Salud P{\'u}blica}, volume = {8}, year = {2006}, pages = {258{\textendash}268}, author = {Botero-Garces, J and Montoya-Palacio, MN and Barguil, JI and Casta{\~n}o-Gonzalez, A} } @article {7635, title = {Campylobacter in waterfowl and aquatic environments: Incidence and methods of detection}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {23}, year = {2006}, note = {Dec; Campylobacter in waterfowl and aquatic environments: Incidence and methods of detection; ISI:000242367100011; ID: 356}, pages = {7122-7131}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Abulreesh,H. H. and Paget,T. A. and Goulder,R.} } @article {7820, title = {Campylobacter jejuni inactivation in New Zealand soils}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {101}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {1188-1197}, abstract = {

Aim:\  The study was undertaken to determine the inactivation rate of Campylobacter jejuni in New Zealand soils. Methods and Results:\  Farm dairy effluent (FDE) inoculated at c. 105 ml\−1 with C. jejuni was applied to intact soil cores at a rate of 2 l m\−2. Four soils were used: Hamilton (granular); Taupo (pumice); Horotiu and Waihou (allophanic). After FDE application cores were incubated at 10\°C for up to 32 days. For all four soils all the FDE remained within the cores and at least 99\% of C. jejuni were retained in the top 5 cm. Campylobacter jejuni had declined to the limit of detection (two C. jejuni 100 g\−1) by 25 days in Hamilton and Taupo soils and by 32 days in Waihou soil. In contrast, in Horotiu soil the decline was only three orders of magnitude after 32 days. Simulated heavy rainfall was applied 4 and 11 days after FDE application and only about 1\% of the applied C. jejuni were recovered in leachates. Conclusions:\  This study demonstrated that at least 99\% of applied C. jejuni were retained in the top 5 cm of four soils where they survived for at least 25 days at 10\°C. Significance and Impact of the Study:\  Soil retention of C. jejuni is efficient at FDE application rates that prevent drainage losses. The low infectious dose of C. jejuni and its ability to survive up to 25 days have implications for stock management on dairy farms.

}, keywords = {Campylobacter jejuni, farm dairy effluent, New Zealand, Pathogen, Soils}, isbn = {1365-2672}, author = {Ross,C. M. and Donnison,A. M.} } @article {7645, title = {Campylobacter jejuni loss of culturability in aqueous microcosms and ability to resuscitate in a mouse model}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {107}, year = {2006}, pages = {83-91}, author = {Baffone,W. and Casaroli,A. and Citterio,B. and Pierfelici,L. and Campana,R. and Vittoria,E. and Guaglianone,E. and Donelli,G.} } @article {12348, title = {Can landscape ecology untangle the complexity of antibiotic resistance?}, journal = {Nature Reviews Microbiology}, volume = {4}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, month = {Dec}, pages = {943-52}, keywords = {*Ecology, *Environmental Microbiology, Animals, Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics/*physiology, Geography, Selection (Genetics)}, isbn = {1740-1534 (Electronic)}, author = {Singer, R. S. and Ward, M. P. and Maldonado, G.} } @article {8425, title = {{CD11c- and CD11b-expressing mouse leukocytes transport single Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites to the brain}}, journal = {Blood}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {309{\textendash}316}, author = {Courret, N and Darche, S and Sonigo, P and Milon, G and Buzoni-G{\^a}tel, D and Tardieux, I} } @article {17007, title = {The challenge of the future: operating emerging disinfection technologies}, journal = {Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {2006}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {6361{\textendash}6370}, publisher = {Water Environment Federation}, author = {Casson, Leonard W and Hunter, Gary L and Bess, James W} } @article {2807, title = {Chapter 1: HPV in the etiology of human cancer}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {24 Suppl 3:S3/1-10. Epub@2006 Jun 23.}, year = {2006}, pages = {S3/1-S310}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {cancer Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis classification complications Conjunctival Neoplasms deficiency etiology Female France Genetic Genital Neoplasms, Female Genital Neoplasms, Male Herpes Simplex HIV HOST human humans immunosuppression INFECTION isolation \& purification male Neoplasms Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections Skin Skin Neoplasms Smoking Vagina VARIANT VARIANTS Viral Viral}, author = {Munoz, N. and Castellsague, X. and de Gonzalez, A.B. and Gissmann, L.} } @article {1191, title = {Chapter 1: HPV in the etiology of human cancer}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {24 Suppl 3:S3/1-10. Epub@2006 Jun 23.}, year = {2006}, pages = {S3/1-S310}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {cancer Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis classification complications Conjunctival Neoplasms deficiency etiology Female France Genetic Genital Neoplasms, Female Genital Neoplasms, Male Herpes Simplex HIV HOST human humans immunosuppression INFECTION isolation \& purification male Neoplasms Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections Skin Skin Neoplasms Smoking Vagina VARIANT VARIANTS Viral Viral}, author = {Munoz, N. and Castellsague, X. and de Gonzalez, A.B. and Gissmann, L.} } @inbook {1459, title = {Chapter 3 Microbial Risk Assessment (MRA) Tool to aid in the Selection of Sustainable Urban Water Systems}, booktitle = {2nd IWA Leading-Edge on Sustainability in Water-Limited Environments.}, year = {2006}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, type = {Book Section}, address = {London}, author = {Ashbolt, N. J. and Pettersson, S. and T Westrell and Ottoson, J. and Sch{\"o}nning, C. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A.}, editor = {Beck, M. B. and Speers, A.} } @article {17449, title = {Characterization of sludges - Good practice for landfilling of sludges and sludge treatment residues}, year = {2006}, institution = {Swedish Institute for Standards}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden} } @article {10704, title = {{Cholera Due to Altered El Tor Strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladesh}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {44}, year = {2006}, pages = {4211{\textendash}4213}, author = {Nair, GB and Qadri, F and Holmgren, J and Svennerholm, AM and Safa, A and Bhuiyan, NA and Ahmad, QS and Faruque, SM and Faruque, AS and Takeda, Y and D A Sack} } @article {9342, title = {{Climate change and human health in Latin America: drivers, effects, and policies}}, journal = {Regional Environment Change}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {157{\textendash}164}, author = {Moreno, AR} } @mastersthesis {6867, title = {Closing the gap between socioeconomic and financial implications of residential and community level hydrogen-based energy systems: {Incentives} needed for a bridge to the future}, year = {2006}, note = {3214097}, school = {The George Washington University}, type = {phdD.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier has the potential to decrease the amount of pollutants emitted to the atmosphere, significantly reduce our dependence on imported oil and resolve geopolitical issues related to energy consumption. The current status of hydrogen technology makes it prohibitive and financially risky for most investors to commit the money required for large-scale hydrogen production. Therefore, alternative strategies such as small and medium-scale hydrogen applications should be implemented during the early stages of the transition to the hydrogen economy in order to test potential markets and technology readiness. While many analysis tools have been built to estimate the requirements of the transition to a hydrogen economy, few have focused on small and medium-scale hydrogen production and none has paired financial with socioeconomic costs at the residential level. The computer-based tool (H2POWER) presented in this study calculates the capacity, cost and socioeconomic impact of the systems needed to meet the energy demands of a home or a community using home and neighborhood refueling units, which are systems that can provide electricity and heat to meet the energy demands of either (1) a home and automobile or (2) a cluster of homes and a number of automobiles. The financial costs of the production, processing and delivery sub-systems that conform the refueling units are calculated using cost data of existing technology and normalizing them to calculate capital and net present cost. The monetary value of the externalities (socioeconomic analysis) caused by each system is calculated by H2POWER through a statistical analysis of the cost associated to various externalities. Additionally, H2POWER calculates the financial impact of different penalties and incentives (such as net metering, low interest loans, fuel taxes, and emission penalties) on the cost of the system from the point of view of a developer and a homeowner. In order to assess the benefits and costs of hydrogen-based alternatives, H2POWER compares the financial and socioeconomic costs of home and neighborhood refueling units to a baseline of "conventional" sources of residential electricity, space heat, water heat, and vehicle fuel. The model can also calculate the "gap" between the financial cost of the technology and the environmental cost of the externalities that are generated using conventional energy sources. H2POWER is a flexible, user-friendly tool that allows the user to specify different production pathways, supplemental power sources (renewable and non-renewable), component characteristics, electricity mixes, and other analysis parameters in order to customize the results to specific projects. The model has also built-in default values for each of the input fields based on national averages, standard technology specifications and input from experts.}, keywords = {0768:Environmental science, 0775:Environmental engineering, 0791:Energy, Applied sciences, Community, Energy, Environmental engineering, Environmental science, Financial, Health and environmental sciences, Hydrogen, Residential, Socioeconomic}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305337886?accountid=14270}, author = {Verduzco, Laura E} } @article {6071, title = {Colloid-facilitated solute transport in variably saturated porous media}, journal = {Vadose Zone Journal}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {1035{\textendash}1047}, author = {Jirka {\v S}imuunek and He, Changming and Pang, Liping and Bradford, SA} } @article {11358, title = {Combined human and porcine mass chemotherapy for the control of T. solium}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {74}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {850-5}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0002-9637}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16687692}, author = {Garcia, HH and Gonzalez, AE and Gilman, RH and Moulton, LH and Verastegui, M and Rodr{\'\i}guez, S and Gavidia, C and Tsang, VC} } @article {6148, title = {Combined sewer overflows to surface waters detected by the anthropogenic marker caffeine}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {13}, year = {2006}, pages = {4096-4102}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Buerge, Ignaz J and Poiger, Thomas and Muller, Markus D and Hans R Buser} } @article {7093, title = {Combining drinking water treatment and hand washing for diarrhoea prevention, a cluster randomised controlled trial}, journal = {Tropical medicine \& international health: TM \& IH}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {apr}, pages = {479{\textendash}489}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of point of use water treatment with flocculent-disinfectant on reducing diarrhoea and the additional benefit of promoting hand washing with soap. METHODS: The study was conducted in squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan, where diarrhoea is a leading cause of childhood death. Interventions were randomly assigned to 47 neighbourhoods. Households in 10 neighbourhoods received diluted bleach and a water vessel; nine neighbourhoods received soap and were encouraged to wash hands; nine neighbourhoods received flocculent-disinfectant water treatment and a water vessel; 10 neighbourhoods received disinfectant-disinfectant water treatment and soap and were encouraged to wash hands; and nine neighbourhoods were followed as controls. Field workers visited households at least once a week from April to December 2003 to promote use of the interventions and to collect data on diarrhoea. RESULTS: Study participants in control neighbourhoods had diarrhoea on 5.2\% of days. Compared to controls, participants living in intervention neighbourhoods had a lower prevalence of diarrhoea: 55\% (95\% CI 17\%, 80\%) lower in bleach and water vessel neighbourhoods, 51\% (95\% CI 12\%, 76\%) lower in hand washing promotion with soap neighbourhoods, 64\% lower (95\% CI 29\%, 90\%) in disinfectant-disinfectant neighbourhoods, and 55\% (95\% CI 18\%, 80\%) lower in disinfectant-disinfectant plus hand washing with soap neighbourhoods. CONCLUSIONS: With an intense community-based intervention and supplies provided free of cost, each of the home-based interventions significantly reduced diarrhoea. There was no benefit by combining hand washing promotion with water treatment.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Breast Feeding, Child, Diarrhea, Disinfectants, Female, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Infant, Male, Pakistan, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Preschool, prevalence, Soaps, Socioeconomic Factors, Sodium Hypochlorite, Treatment Outcome, Water Purification, Water Supply}, issn = {1360-2276}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01592.x}, author = {Luby, Stephen P. and Agboatwalla, Mubina and Painter, John and Altaf, Arshad and Billhimer, Ward and Keswick, Bruce and Hoekstra, Robert M.} } @article {13546, title = {Commercial watercress as an emerging source of fascioliasis in Northern France in 2002: results from an outbreak investigation}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {134}, year = {2006}, pages = {942-945}, author = {Mailles, A. and Capek, I. and Ajana, F. and Schepens, C. and Ilef, D. and Vaillant, V.} } @article {2945, title = {Community surveys and risk factor analysis of human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis in {Ningxia} {Hui} {Autonomous} {Region}, {China}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {84}, number = {9}, year = {2006}, month = {sep}, pages = {714{\textendash}721}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the true community prevalence of human cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcosis (hydatid disease) in a highly endemic region in Ningxia Hui, China, by detecting asymptomatic cases. METHODS: Using hospital records and "AE-risk" landscape patterns we selected study communities predicted to be at risk of human echinococcosis in Guyuan, Longde and Xiji counties. We conducted community surveys of 4773 individuals from 26 villages in 2002 and 2003 using questionnaire analysis, ultrasound examination and serology. FINDINGS: Ultrasound and serology showed a range of prevalences for AE (0-8.1\%; mean 2\%) and CE (0-7.4\%; mean 1.6\%), with the highest prevalence in Xiji (2\% for CE, 2.5\% for AE). There were significant differences in the prevalence of CE, AE and total echinococcosis between the three counties and villages (with multiple degrees of freedom). While hospital records showed 96\% of echinococcosis cases attributable to CE, our survey showed a higher prevalence of human AE (56\%) compared to CE (44\%). Questionnaire analysis revealed that key risk factors for infection were age and dog ownership for both CE and AE, and Hui ethnicity and being female for AE. Drinking well-water decreased the risk for both AE and CE. CONCLUSION: Echinococcosis continues to be a severe public health problem in this part of China because of unhygienic practices/habits and poor knowledge among the communities regarding this disease.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Attitudes, Child, China, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Female, Health Knowledge, Health Surveys, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Newborn, Practice, Preschool, prevalence, Pulmonary, Residence Characteristics, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, rural health, Surveys and Questionnaires}, issn = {0042-9686}, author = {Yang, Yu Rong and Sun, Tao and Li, Zhengzhi and Zhang, Jianzhong and Teng, Jing and Liu, Xongzhou and Liu, Ruiqi and Zhao, Rui and Jones, Malcolm K. and Wang, Yunhai and Wen, Hao and Feng, Xiaohui and Zhao, Qin and Zhao, Yumin and Shi, Dazhong and Bartholomot, Brigitte and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Pleydell, David and Giraudoux, Patrick and Ito, Akira and Danson, Mark F. and Boufana, Belchis and Craig, Philip S. and Williams, Gail M. and McManus, Donald P.} } @article {3736, title = {Community-based monitoring of diarrhea in urban {Brazilian} children: incidence and associated pathogens.}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {100}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {234{\textendash}242}, author = {Barreto, ML and Milroy, CA and Strina, A and Prado, MS and Leite, JP and Ramos, EA and Ribeiro, H and Alc{\^a}ntara-Neves, NM and Teixeira, Mda G and Rodrigues, LC and Ruf, H and Guerreiro, H and Trabulsi, LR} } @article {3148, title = {Comparative development of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in its definitive hosts}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {132}, number = {Pt 5}, year = {2006}, month = {may}, pages = {709{\textendash}716}, abstract = {The comparative development of Echinococcus multilocularis was studied in its definitive hosts, the fox, dog, cat and raccoon dog, beyond the pre-patent period to 90 days post-infection. All host species, apart from cats were susceptible to infection and capable of supporting substantial worm burdens. Although worms in cats matured and produced thick-shelled eggs, their overall development was retarded compared to that in other species in which the parasite matured rapidly producing large populations of gravid worms. E. multilocularis matured rapidly in foxes and raccoon dogs and this was sustained in raccoon dogs but not in foxes in which maturation of worms declined during the later stages of infection, in contrast to that in both raccoon dogs and dogs. These populations were sustained for longer in raccoon dogs and dogs compared to foxes. Cats would appear to have only a minor role in the maintenance of E. multilocularis in endemic areas, and infections in cats may be of minimal public health significance. In contrast, foxes, dogs and the recently recognized definitive host the raccoon dog, are all capable of playing significant roles in the epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis. This study also demonstrated that the developmental processes of growth, segmentation, proglottization and maturation in adult Echinococcus are independent and can be influenced by environmental factors thus confirming earlier in vitro observations.}, keywords = {Animals, Body Size, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Female, Foxes, Host-Parasite Interactions, Male, Parasite Egg Count, Population Density, Raccoon Dogs, Time Factors}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182005009625}, author = {Thompson, R. C. A. and Kapel, C. M. O. and Hobbs, R. P. and Deplazes, P.} } @article {8957, title = {Comparative effectiveness of solar disinfection using small-scale batch reactors with reflective, absorptive and transmissive rear surfaces}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {721-727}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.11.039}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135405006767}, author = {Mani, Shibu K. and Kanjur, Ranjit and Bright Singh, Isaac S. and Reed, Robert H.} } @article {8456, title = {{Comparative infectivity of oocysts and bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii for intermediate (mice) and definitive (cats) hosts}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {140}, number = {1-2}, year = {2006}, pages = {69{\textendash}75}, author = {Dubey, JP} } @article {9713, title = {Comparison of a stool antigen detection kit and PCR for diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infections in asymptomatic cyst passers in Iran}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {44}, year = {2006}, pages = {2258-2261}, author = {Solaymani-Mohammadi, S and Rezaian, M and Babaei, Z and Rajabpour, A and Meamar, AR and Pourbabai, AA and Petri, WA Jr} } @article {12067, title = {Comparison of techniques for the detection of helminth ova in drinking water and wastewater}, journal = {Water Environmental Research}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, note = {Maya, C
Jimenez, B
Schwartzbrod, J
eng
Comparative Study
2006/03/29 09:00
Water Environ Res. 2006 Feb;78(2):118-24.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {118-24}, abstract = {Many countries use wastewater for irrigation. The World Health Organization established, as reuse guidelines, a maximum value of 1 helminth ovum/L for irrigation. Various techniques for enumerating helminth ova in water have been published. To determine the most adequate method for Mexico, four techniques were compared: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), membrane-filter, Leeds I, and Faust. Two types of water were used: drinking water and municipal wastewater effluent. Sensitivity, discrimination coefficients, precision, recovery efficiency, and cost were determined. In addition, several unseeded wastewater samples were analyzed. For drinking water, U.S. EPA and the membrane-filter techniques demonstrated comparable results; however, when wastewater was used, the membrane technique showed some deficiencies. Because the U.S. EPA technique may be used for samples with both high and low solids content, allows for the recovery of helminth ova with different specific gravities, and has the lowest total cost, it was selected as the best technique.}, keywords = {*Parasite Egg Count, *Water Supply, Agriculture/methods, Animals, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Helminths/*isolation \& purification, Quality Control, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {1061-4303 (Print)
1061-4303 (Linking)}, author = {Maya, C. and Jimenez, B. and Schwartzbrod, J.} } @article {16559, title = {Comparison of techniques for the detection of helminth ova in drinking water and wastewater}, journal = {Water Environ Res}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {feb}, pages = {118{\textendash}24}, abstract = {Many countries use wastewater for irrigation. The World Health Organization established, as reuse guidelines, a maximum value of 1 helminth ovum/L for irrigation. Various techniques for enumerating helminth ova in water have been published. To determine the most adequate method for Mexico, four techniques were compared: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), membrane-filter, Leeds I, and Faust. Two types of water were used: drinking water and municipal wastewater effluent. Sensitivity, discrimination coefficients, precision, recovery efficiency, and cost were determined. In addition, several unseeded wastewater samples were analyzed. For drinking water, U.S. EPA and the membrane-filter techniques demonstrated comparable results; however, when wastewater was used, the membrane technique showed some deficiencies. Because the U.S. EPA technique may be used for samples with both high and low solids content, allows for the recovery of helminth ova with different specific gravities, and has the lowest total cost, it was selected as the best technique.}, keywords = {*Parasite Egg Count, *Water Supply, Agriculture/methods, Animals, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Helminths/*isolation \& purification, Quality Control, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Water/*parasitology}, issn = {1061-4303 (Print) 1061-4303 (Linking)}, author = {Maya, C. and Jimenez, B. and Schwartzbrod, J.} } @article {10991, title = {Comparison of {Techniques} for the {Detection} of {Helminth} {Ova} in {Drinking} {Water} and {Wastewater}}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {118{\textendash}124}, abstract = {Many countries use wastewater for irrigation. The World Health Organization established, as reuse guidelines, a maximum value of 1 helminth ovum/L for irrigation. Various techniques for enumerating helminth ova in water have been published. To determine the most adequate method for Mexico, four techniques were compared: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), membrane-filter, Leeds I, and Faust. Two types of water were used: drinking water and municipal wastewater effluent. Sensitivity, discrimination coefficients, precision, recovery efficiency, and cost were determined. In addition, several unseeded wastewater samples were analyzed. For drinking water, U.S. EPA and the membrane-filter techniques demonstrated comparable results; however, when wastewater was used, the membrane technique showed some deficiencies. Because the U.S. EPA technique may be used for samples with both high and low solids content, allows for the recovery of helminth ova with different specific gravities, and has the lowest total cost, it was selected as the best technique.}, issn = {10614303, 15547531}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25045952}, author = {Maya, C. and Jimenez, B. and Schwartzbrod, J.} } @article {11393, title = {Comparison of techniques for the detection of helminth ova in drinking water and wastewater}, journal = {Water environment research}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {118-124}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1061-4303}, author = {Maya, C and Jim{\'e}nez, B and Schwartzbrod, J} } @article {621, title = {Comparison of the efficacy of an existing versus a locally developed metabolic fingerprint database to identify non-point sources of faecal contamination in a coastal lake}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {2339 - 2348}, abstract = {A comparison of the efficacy of an existing large metabolic fingerprint database of enterococci and Escherichia coli with a locally developed database was undertaken to identify the sources of faecal contamination in a coastal lake, in southeast Qld., Australia. The local database comprised of 776 enterococci and 780 E. coli isolates from six host groups. In all, 189 enterococci and 245 E. coli biochemical phenotypes (BPTs) were found, of which 118 and 137 \{BPTs\} were unique (UQ) to host groups. The existing database comprised of 295 enterococci UQ-BPTs and 273 E. coli UQ-BPTs from 10 host groups. The representativeness and the stability of the existing database were assessed by comparing with isolates that were external to the database. In all, 197 enterococci \{BPTs\} and 179 E. coli \{BPTs\} were found in water samples. The existing database was able to identify 62.4\% of enterococci \{BPTs\} and 64.8\% of E. coli \{BPTs\} as human and animal sources. The results indicated that a representative database developed from a catchment can be used to predict the sources of faecal contamination in another catchment with similar landuse features within the same geographical area. However, the representativeness and the stability of the database should be evaluated prior to its application in such investigation.}, keywords = {Microbial source tracking}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.04.016}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135406002326}, author = {W. Ahmed and J. Tucker and J. Harper and R. Neller and M. Katouli} } @article {10191, title = {{Competitive metagenomic DNA hybridization identifies host-specific microbial genetic markers in cow fecal samples}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, pages = {4054{\textendash}4060}, author = {Shanks, OC and JW Santo Domingo and Lamendella, R and Kelty, CA and Graham, JE} } @article {10192, title = {{Competitive metagenomic DNA hybridization identifies host-specific microbial genetic markers in cow fecal samples}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {4054{\textendash}4060}, author = {Shanks, OC and JW Santo Domingo and Lamendella, R and Kelty, CA and Graham, JE} } @article {8239, title = {{A conceptual model of water{\textquoteright}s role as a reservoir in Helicobacter pylori transmission: a review of the evidence}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {134}, number = {03}, year = {2006}, month = {mar}, pages = {439}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, issn = {0950-2688}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268806006005}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0950268806006005}, author = {Bellack, N. R. and Koehoorn, M. W. and Macnab, Y. C. and Morshed, M. G.} } @article {13867, title = {A conceptual model of water{\textquoteright}s role as a reservoir in {Helicobacter} pylori transmission: a review of the evidence}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {134}, number = {03}, year = {2006}, month = {mar}, pages = {439}, issn = {0950-2688}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268806006005}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268806006005}, author = {Bellack, N. R. and Koehoorn, M. W. and Macnab, Y. C. and Morshed, M. G.} } @article {1531, title = {Containment of polioviruses after eradication and OPV cessation: characterizing risks to improve management}, journal = {Risk Anal}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, note = {0272-4332 (Print) Journal Article Review}, pages = {1449-69}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The goal of the World Health Organization is to stop routine use of oral poliovirus vaccine shortly after interruption of wild poliovirus transmission. A key component of this goal is to minimize the risk of reintroduction by destruction of polioviruses except in an absolute minimum number of facilities that serve essential functions and implement effective containment. Effective containment begins with a complete facility risk assessment. This article focuses on characterizing the risks of exposure to polioviruses from the essential vaccine production, quality control, and international reference and research facilities that remain. We consider the potential exposure pathways that might lead to a poliovirus reintroduction, including para-occupational exposures and releases to the environment, and review the literature to provide available estimates and a qualitative assessment of containment risks. Minimizing the risk of poliovirus transmission from a poliovirus facility to increasingly susceptible communities is a crucial and ongoing effort requiring understanding and actively managing the potential exposure pathways.}, keywords = {Containment of Biohazards Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control Environmental Exposure Humans Immune System Immunization Programs Occupational Exposure Poliomyelitis/*prevention \& control/transmission Poliovirus/*metabolism Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/*therapeutic use Quality Control Risk Risk Assessment World Health Organization}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=17184392}, author = {Dowdle, W. and van der Avoort, H. and de Gourville, E. and Delpeyroux, F. and Desphande, J. and Hovi, T. and Martin, J. and Pallansch, M. and Kew, O. and Wolff, C.} } @article {14560, title = {Containment of polioviruses after eradication and {OPV} cessation: characterizing risks to improve management}, journal = {Risk Anal}, volume = {26}, year = {2006}, month = {dec}, pages = {1449{\textendash}69}, abstract = {The goal of the World Health Organization is to stop routine use of oral poliovirus vaccine shortly after interruption of wild poliovirus transmission. A key component of this goal is to minimize the risk of reintroduction by destruction of polioviruses except in an absolute minimum number of facilities that serve essential functions and implement effective containment. Effective containment begins with a complete facility risk assessment. This article focuses on characterizing the risks of exposure to polioviruses from the essential vaccine production, quality control, and international reference and research facilities that remain. We consider the potential exposure pathways that might lead to a poliovirus reintroduction, including para-occupational exposures and releases to the environment, and review the literature to provide available estimates and a qualitative assessment of containment risks. Minimizing the risk of poliovirus transmission from a poliovirus facility to increasingly susceptible communities is a crucial and ongoing effort requiring understanding and actively managing the potential exposure pathways.}, keywords = {Containment of Biohazards, Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control, Environmental Exposure, Humans, Immune System, Immunization Programs, Occupational Exposure, Oral/*therapeutic use, Poliomyelitis/*prevention \& control/transmission, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/*metabolism, Quality Control, Risk, Risk Assessment, World Health Organization}, author = {Dowdle, W. and van der Avoort, H. and de Gourville, E. and Delpeyroux, F. and Desphande, J. and Hovi, T. and Martin, J. and Pallansch, M. and Kew, O. and Wolff, C.} } @article {14922, title = {Containment of polioviruses after eradication and {OPV} cessation: characterizing risks to improve management}, journal = {Risk Anal}, volume = {26}, year = {2006}, month = {dec}, pages = {1449{\textendash}69}, abstract = {The goal of the World Health Organization is to stop routine use of oral poliovirus vaccine shortly after interruption of wild poliovirus transmission. A key component of this goal is to minimize the risk of reintroduction by destruction of polioviruses except in an absolute minimum number of facilities that serve essential functions and implement effective containment. Effective containment begins with a complete facility risk assessment. This article focuses on characterizing the risks of exposure to polioviruses from the essential vaccine production, quality control, and international reference and research facilities that remain. We consider the potential exposure pathways that might lead to a poliovirus reintroduction, including para-occupational exposures and releases to the environment, and review the literature to provide available estimates and a qualitative assessment of containment risks. Minimizing the risk of poliovirus transmission from a poliovirus facility to increasingly susceptible communities is a crucial and ongoing effort requiring understanding and actively managing the potential exposure pathways.}, keywords = {Containment of Biohazards, Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control, Environmental Exposure, Humans, Immune System, Immunization Programs, Occupational Exposure, Oral/*therapeutic use, Poliomyelitis/*prevention \& control/transmission, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/*metabolism, Quality Control, Risk, Risk Assessment, World Health Organization}, author = {Dowdle, W. and van der Avoort, H. and de Gourville, E. and Delpeyroux, F. and Desphande, J. and Hovi, T. and Martin, J. and Pallansch, M. and Kew, O. and Wolff, C.} } @article {2951, title = {Coproantigens in taeniasis and echinococcosis}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {55 Suppl}, year = {2006}, pages = {S75{\textendash}80}, abstract = {The application of modern immunodiagnostic or molecular diagnostic techniques has improved the diagnosis of the taeniid cestode infections, echinococcosis and taeniasis. One particularly promising approach is the detection of parasite-specific antigens in faeces (coproantigens). This approach has been applied to both Echinoccocus and Taenia species and it has gained increasingly widespread use. Taeniid coproantigen tests are based on either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies raised against adult tapeworm antigens. These tests have the following common characteristics; they are largely genus-specific, specificity is high ({\textbackslash}textgreater95\%), parasite antigen can be detected in faeces weeks prior to patency, levels of coproantigen are independent of egg output, coproantigen is stable for days at a range of temperatures (-80 degrees C to 35 degrees C), for several months in formalin-fixed faecal samples, and coproantigen levels drop rapidly (1-5 days) following successful treatment. In the genus Taenia, most work has been done on Taenia solium and coproantigen tests have reliably detected many more tapeworm carriers than microscopy. For Echinococcus species, there is a broad positive correlation between test sensitivity and worm burden with a reliable threshold level for the test of {\textbackslash}textgreater50 worms. Characterisation of taeniid coproantigens in order to further improve the tests is ongoing. Studies indicate taeniid coproantigens to include high molecular weight ({\textbackslash}textgreater150 kDa), heavily glycosylated molecules with carbohydrate moieties contributing substantially to the levels of antigen detected in faeces. Application of the existing coproantigen tests in epidemiological and control programmes for Echinococcus and Taenia species infection has begun to contribute to an improved understanding of transmission and of surveillance of these important zoonotic cestodes.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Feces, Helminth, Humans, Taenia, Taeniasis}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.010}, author = {Allan, James C. and Craig, Philip S.} } @article {16816, title = {Correlation between bacterial indicators and bacteriophages in sewage and sludge}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {263}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {119{\textendash}126}, publisher = {The Oxford University Press}, author = {Mandilara, Georgia D and Smeti, Eleni M and Mavridou, Athena Th and Lambiri, Maria P and Vatopoulos, Alkiviadis C and Rigas, Fotis P} } @article {4292, title = {{Correlation between bacterial indicators and bacteriophages in sewage and sludge.}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {263}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {oct}, pages = {119{\textendash}26}, abstract = {

The use of bacteriophages as potential indicators of faecal pollution has recently been studied. The correlation of the number of bacterial indicators and the presence of three groups of bacteriophages, namely somatic coliphages (SOMCPH), F-RNA-specific phages (FRNAPH) and phages of Bacteroides fragilis (BFRPH), in raw and treated wastewater and sludge is presented in this study. Raw and treated wastewater and sewage sludge samples from two wastewater treatment plants in Athens were collected on a monthly basis, over a 2-year period, and analysed for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci and the three groups of bacteriophages. A clear correlation between the number of bacterial indicators and the presence of bacteriophages was observed. SOMCPH may be used as additional indicators, because of their high densities and resistance to various treatment steps.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: growth {\&} development, Coliphages, Coliphages: growth {\&} development, Colony Count, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: growth {\&} development, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: growth {\&} development, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: growth {\&} development, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Greece, Microbial, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Sewage: virology, Viral Plaque Assay, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00414.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16958859}, author = {Mandilara, Georgia D and Smeti, Eleni M and Mavridou, Athena Th and Lambiri, Maria P and Vatopoulos, Alkiviadis C and Rigas, Fotis P} } @article {13509, title = {Crowding effect on adult growth, pre-patent period and egg shedding of Fasciola hepatica}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {133}, year = {2006}, pages = {453-463}, author = {Valero, M. A. and De Renzi, M. and Panova, M. and Garcia-Bodelon, M. A. and Periago, M. V. and Ordonez, D. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {15698, title = {Cryptosporidiosis: A report on the surveillance and epidemiology of cryptosporidium infection in England and Wales}, number = {DWI 70/2/201
}, year = {2006}, address = {London} } @article {15672, title = {Cryptosporidium hominis: experimental challenge of healthy adults}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {75}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, month = {Nov}, pages = {851-7}, edition = {2006/11/25}, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*immunology/*parasitology/transmission, Cryptosporidium parvum/immunology/*pathogenicity, Diarrhea/*immunology/parasitology, Disease Susceptibility, Humans, Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology, Lethal Dose 50, Parasite Egg Count, Water Supply, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637}, author = {Chappell, C. L. and Okhuysen, P. C. and Langer-Curry, R. and Widmer, G. and Akiyoshi, D. E. and Tanriverdi, S. and Tzipori, S.} } @article {15792, title = {Cryptosporidium oocysts in mussels (Mytilus edulis) from Normandy (France)}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {2006/05/01/}, pages = {321-325}, keywords = {18S rDNA, Food-borne infection, in shellfish}, isbn = {0168-1605}, author = {Li, Xunde and Guyot, Karine and Dei-cas, Eduardo and Mallard, Jean-Paul and Ballet, Jean Jacques and Brasseur, Philippe} } @article {4755, title = {{Cyclosporiasis: a point source outbreak acquired in Guatemala}}, journal = {Journal of Travel Medicine}, volume = {13}, year = {2006}, pages = {334{\textendash}337}, author = {Puente, S and Morente, A and Garcia-Benayas, T and Subirats, M and Gascon, J and Gonzalez-Lahoz, JM} } @mastersthesis {6296, title = {Demand for public health policies}, year = {2006}, note = {3224074}, school = {University of Oregon}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {I examine the demand for preventative public health policies. Many policies are designed to reduce the number of community fatalities and illnesses. The variety of health threats and the limited resources available require that policy-makers make tradeoffs among public health policies and other goods. I provide detailed information about individual preferences for public health policies. I analyze responses to a survey concerning policies to manage public heath risks. Respondents make choices between policies that reduce the number of illnesses and deaths by improving environmental quality or reducing traffic hazards. Policies are described by randomized attributes that include cases prevented, deaths prevented, and the duration of the policy. In contrast to previous studies, I consider willingness-to-pay for reductions in both morbidity and mortality. In addition to these attributes, each policy has an associated underlying cause and health threat. These causes include air pollutants, drinking water contaminants, pesticides in foods, and road hazards. The health threats are major illnesses or injuries, including unspecified cancer, leukemia, leukemia in children, colon/bladder cancer, asthma, asthma in children, lung cancer, heart disease, heart attack, stroke, respiratory disease, or car accident. The randomized design enables analysis of possible heterogeneity in preferences. This research is related to the "value of a statistical life" (VSL) literature. While the value of a statistical life measures the population average marginal rate of substitution between private income and private mortality risk, I investigate the trade-off between private income and public health benefits. This research is motivated by the observation that while the value of a statistical life is a useful metric for evaluating the mortality risk reduction benefits of some types of policies, the benefits of policies designed to improve public health may include not only reduced morbidity risks but also a cleaner environment, or other ancillary benefits. In the dissertation, I develop utility-theoretic foundations for the analysis and investigate the existence and implications of heterogeneity in willingness-to-pay based on policy attributes and individual characteristics. I also use sophisticated optimization techniques to simultaneously estimate systematically varying discount rates used to explain choices.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0573:Public health, 0617:Public administration, Demand, economics, Health and environmental sciences, Health risks, Morbidity, Mortality, Public administration, Public health, Public health policies, Social sciences, Studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305252734?accountid=14270}, author = {Bosworth, Ryan Cole} } @article {10425, title = {Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis A Virus in Water Samples in Thailand}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {100}, year = {2006}, pages = {1318-23}, author = {Kittigul, L. and Uthaisin, A. and Ekchaloemkiet, S. and Utrarachkij, F. and Luksamijarulkul, P.} } @article {4022, title = {{Detection of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in surface water, including recreational areas: a one-year prospective study}}, journal = {FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology}, volume = {47}, year = {2006}, pages = {351{\textendash}359}, author = {Coupe, S and Delabre, K and Pouillot, R and Houdart, S and Santillana-Hayat, M and Derouin, F} } @article {15685, title = {Detection of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in surface water, including recreational areas: a one-year prospective study}, journal = {FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {Aug}, pages = {351-9}, edition = {2006/07/29}, keywords = {*Recreation, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Enterocytozoon/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/*epidemiology, Humans, Models, Statistical, Paris/epidemiology, Prospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Rivers/parasitology}, isbn = {0928-8244 (Print)
0928-8244}, author = {Coupe, S. and Delabre, K. and Pouillot, R. and Houdart, S. and Santillana-Hayat, M. and Derouin, F.} } @article {9476, title = {{Detection of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in surface water, including recreational areas: a one-year prospective study}}, journal = {FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {351{\textendash}359}, author = {Coupe, S and Delabre, K and Pouillot, R and Houdart, S and Santillana-Hayat, M and Derouin, F} } @article {14743, title = {Detection of enteroviruses and mammalian reoviruses in {Korean} environmental waters}, journal = {Microbiol Immunol}, volume = {50}, year = {2006}, pages = {781{\textendash}6}, abstract = {Using the standard total culturable virus assay-most probable number (TCVA-MPN) method, we evaluated a total of 348 samples, including surface water, finished water, and tap water samples, collected from randomly selected water treatment plants in Korea from August 2001 through July 2005 according to the Information Collection Rule. All the TCVA-positive samples were also subjected to integrated cell culture-PCR (ICC-PCR) methods for the detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus, adenoviruses, and reoviruses. The most probable number of infectious units per 100 liters for the environmental water samples ranged from 0.5 to 47.3. Nine of the 13 TCVA-positive samples (69.2\%) were found by ICC-PCR to be positive for human enteroviruses, which were confirmed to be coxsackievirus type B3, coxsackievirus type B4, coxsackievirus type B6, echovirus type 30, and vaccine strain poliovirus type 3 by direct sequencing. Eleven of the 13 TCVA-positive samples (84.6\%) were found by ICC-PCR assay to be positive for reoviruses. The serotype of all the reoviruses was the same as reovirus type 1 by direct sequencing. Both enteroviruses and reoviruses were concurrently detected in seven TCVA-positive samples (53.8\%).}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reoviridae/*isolation \& purification, Water Supply}, issn = {0385-5600 (Print) 0385-5600 (Linking)}, author = {Kim, H. J. and Shin, Y. O. and Kim, S. H.} } @article {14529, title = {Detection of human adenoviruses and enteroviruses in {Korean} oysters using cell culture, integrated cell culture-{PCR}, and direct {PCR}}, journal = {J Microbiol}, volume = {44}, year = {2006}, month = {apr}, pages = {162{\textendash}70}, abstract = {Oysters are known to be carriers of food-born diseases, but research on viruses in Korean oysters is scarce despite its importance for public health. We therefore tested oysters cultivated in Goheung, Seosan, Chungmu, and Tongyeong, for viral contamination using cell culture and integrated cell culture PCR (ICC-PCR) with Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) and human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Additional screens via PCR, amplifying viral nucleic acids extracted from oysters supplemented our analysis. Our methods found 23.6\%, 50.9\%, and 89.1\% of all oysters to be positive for adenoviruses when cell culture, ICC-PCR, and direct PCR, respectively, was used to conduct the screen. The same methodology identified enteroviruses in 5.45\%, 30.9\%, and 10.9\% of all cases. Most of the detected enteroviruses (81.3\%) were similar to poliovirus type 1; the remainder resembled coxsackievirus type A1. A homology search with the adenoviral sequences revealed similarities to adenovirus subgenera C (type 2, 5, and 6), D (type 44), and F (enteric type 40 and 41). Adenovirus-positive samples were more abundant in A549 cells (47.3\%) than in BGMK cells (18.2\%), while the reverse was true for enteroviruses (21.8\% vs. 14.5\%). Our data demonstrate that Korean oysters are heavily contaminated with enteric viruses, which is readily detectable via ICC-PCR using a combination of A549 and BGMK cells.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/prevention \& control, Adenoviridae/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Animals, Cell Culture Techniques, Cells, Cultured, DNA, Enterovirus Infections/prevention \& control, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Food Contamination/*analysis, Humans, Korea, Ostreidae/cytology/*virology, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Sequence Analysis, Viral/*analysis}, issn = {1225-8873 (Print) 1225-8873 (Linking)}, author = {Choo, Y. J. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {14900, title = {Detection of human adenoviruses and enteroviruses in {Korean} oysters using cell culture, integrated cell culture-{PCR}, and direct {PCR}}, journal = {J Microbiol}, volume = {44}, year = {2006}, month = {apr}, pages = {162{\textendash}70}, abstract = {Oysters are known to be carriers of food-born diseases, but research on viruses in Korean oysters is scarce despite its importance for public health. We therefore tested oysters cultivated in Goheung, Seosan, Chungmu, and Tongyeong, for viral contamination using cell culture and integrated cell culture PCR (ICC-PCR) with Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) and human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Additional screens via PCR, amplifying viral nucleic acids extracted from oysters supplemented our analysis. Our methods found 23.6\%, 50.9\%, and 89.1\% of all oysters to be positive for adenoviruses when cell culture, ICC-PCR, and direct PCR, respectively, was used to conduct the screen. The same methodology identified enteroviruses in 5.45\%, 30.9\%, and 10.9\% of all cases. Most of the detected enteroviruses (81.3\%) were similar to poliovirus type 1; the remainder resembled coxsackievirus type A1. A homology search with the adenoviral sequences revealed similarities to adenovirus subgenera C (type 2, 5, and 6), D (type 44), and F (enteric type 40 and 41). Adenovirus-positive samples were more abundant in A549 cells (47.3\%) than in BGMK cells (18.2\%), while the reverse was true for enteroviruses (21.8\% vs. 14.5\%). Our data demonstrate that Korean oysters are heavily contaminated with enteric viruses, which is readily detectable via ICC-PCR using a combination of A549 and BGMK cells.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/prevention \& control, Adenoviridae/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Animals, Cell Culture Techniques, Cells, Cultured, DNA, Enterovirus Infections/prevention \& control, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Food Contamination/*analysis, Humans, Korea, Ostreidae/cytology/*virology, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Sequence Analysis, Viral/*analysis}, issn = {1225-8873 (Print) 1225-8873 (Linking)}, author = {Choo, Y. J. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {1509, title = {Detection of human adenoviruses and enteroviruses in Korean oysters using cell culture, integrated cell culture-PCR, and direct PCR}, journal = {Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, note = {Choo, Yoe-Jin Kim, Sang-Jong eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Korea (South) 2006/05/27 09:00 J Microbiol. 2006 Apr;44(2):162-70.}, pages = {162-70}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Oysters are known to be carriers of food-born diseases, but research on viruses in Korean oysters is scarce despite its importance for public health. We therefore tested oysters cultivated in Goheung, Seosan, Chungmu, and Tongyeong, for viral contamination using cell culture and integrated cell culture PCR (ICC-PCR) with Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) and human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Additional screens via PCR, amplifying viral nucleic acids extracted from oysters supplemented our analysis. Our methods found 23.6\%, 50.9\%, and 89.1\% of all oysters to be positive for adenoviruses when cell culture, ICC-PCR, and direct PCR, respectively, was used to conduct the screen. The same methodology identified enteroviruses in 5.45\%, 30.9\%, and 10.9\% of all cases. Most of the detected enteroviruses (81.3\%) were similar to poliovirus type 1; the remainder resembled coxsackievirus type A1. A homology search with the adenoviral sequences revealed similarities to adenovirus subgenera C (type 2, 5, and 6), D (type 44), and F (enteric type 40 and 41). Adenovirus-positive samples were more abundant in A549 cells (47.3\%) than in BGMK cells (18.2\%), while the reverse was true for enteroviruses (21.8\% vs. 14.5\%). Our data demonstrate that Korean oysters are heavily contaminated with enteric viruses, which is readily detectable via ICC-PCR using a combination of A549 and BGMK cells.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/*isolation \& purification Adenoviridae Infections/prevention \& control Animals Cell Culture Techniques Cells, Cultured DNA, DNA, Viral/*analysis Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus Infections/prevention \& control Food Contamination/*analysis Humans Korea Ostreidae/cytology/*virology Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Sequence Analysis}, issn = {1225-8873 (Print) 1225-8873 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728952}, author = {Choo, Y. J. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {3633, title = {Detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish collected in {Tunisia}.}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {399{\textendash}404}, author = {Elamri, DE and Aouni, M and Parnaudeau, S and Le Guyader, FS} } @article {968, title = {{Detection of human-derived fecal pollution in environmental waters by use of a PCR-based human polyomavirus assay}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {7567{\textendash}7574}, abstract = {Regulatory agencies mandate the use of fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli or Enterococcus spp., as microbial indicators of recreational water quality. These indicators of fecal pollution do not identify the specific sources of pollution and at times underestimate health risks associated with recreational water use. This study proposes the use of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), which are widespread among human populations, as indicators of human fecal pollution. A method was developed to concentrate and extract HPyV DNA from environmental water samples and then to amplify it by nested PCR. HPyVs were detected in as little as 1 microl of sewage and were not amplified from dairy cow or pig wastes. Environmental water samples were screened for the presence of HPyVs and two additional markers of human fecal pollution: the Enterococcus faecium esp gene and the 16S rRNA gene of human-associated Bacteroides. The presence of human-specific indicators of fecal pollution was compared to fecal coliform and Enterococcus concentrations. HPyVs were detected in 19 of 20 (95\%) samples containing the E. faecium esp gene and Bacteroides human markers. Weak or no correlation was observed between the presence/absence of human-associated indicators and counts of indicator bacteria. The sensitivity, specificity, and correlation with other human-associated markers suggest that the HPyV assay could be a useful predictor of human fecal pollution in environmental waters and an important component of the microbial-source-tracking "toolbox."}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)$\backslash$n0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01317-06}, author = {McQuaig, Shannon M. and Scott, Troy M. and Harwood, Valerie J. and Farrah, Samuel R. and Lukasik, Jerzy O.} } @inbook {16821, title = {Detection of human-derived fecal pollution in environmental waters by use of a PCR-based human polyomavirus assay}, booktitle = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {7567{\textendash}7574}, author = {McQuaig, Shannon M and Scott, Troy M and Harwood, Valerie J and Farrah, Samuel R and Lukasik, Jerzy O} } @article {13783, title = {Detection of human-derived fecal pollution in environmental waters by use of a {PCR}-based human polyomavirus assay}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Regulatory agencies mandate the use of fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli or Enterococcus spp., as microbial indicators of recreational water quality. These indicators of fecal pollution do not identify the specific sources of pollution and at times underestimate health risks associated with recreational water use. This study proposes the use of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), which are widespread among human populations, as indicators of human fecal pollution. A method was developed to concentrate and extract HPyV DNA from environmental water samples and then to amplify it by nested PCR. HPyVs were detected in as little as 1 μl of sewage and were not amplified from dairy cow or pig wastes. Environmental water samples were screened for the presence of HPyVs and two additional markers of human fecal pollution: the Enterococcus faecium esp gene and the 16S rRNA gene of human-associated Bacteroides. The presence of human-specific indicators of fecal pollution was compared to fecal coliform and Enterococcus concentrations. HPyVs were detected in 19 of 20 (95\%) samples containing the E. faecium esp gene and Bacteroides human markers. Weak or no correlation was observed between the presence/absence of human-associated indicators and counts of indicator bacteria. The sensitivity, specificity, and correlation with other human-associated markers suggest that the HPyV assay could be a useful predictor of human fecal pollution in environmental waters and an important component of the microbial-source-tracking "toolbox." Copyright {\textcopyright} 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01317-06}, author = {McQuaig, S.M. and Scott, T.M. and Harwood, V.J. and SR Farrah and Lukasik, J.O.} } @article {7584, title = {{Detection of human-derived fecal pollution in environmental waters by use of a PCR-based human polyomavirus assay}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {7567-7574}, abstract = {

Regulatory agencies mandate the use of fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli or Enterococcus spp., as microbial indicators of recreational water quality. These indicators of fecal pollution do not identify the specific sources of pollution and at times underestimate health risks associated with recreational water use. This study proposes the use of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), which are widespread among human populations, as indicators of human fecal pollution. A method was developed to concentrate and extract HPyV DNA from environmental water samples and then to amplify it by nested PCR. HPyVs were detected in as little as 1 $μ$l of sewage and were not amplified from dairy cow or pig wastes. Environmental water samples were screened for the presence of HPyVs and two additional markers of human fecal pollution: the Enterococcus faecium esp gene and the 16S rRNA gene of human-associated Bacteroides. The presence of human-specific indicators of fecal pollution was compared to fecal coliform and Enterococcus concentrations. HPyVs were detected in 19 of 20 (95{\%}) samples containing the E. faecium esp gene and Bacteroides human markers. Weak or no correlation was observed between the presence/absence of human-associated indicators and counts of indicator bacteria. The sensitivity, specificity, and correlation with other human-associated markers suggest that the HPyV assay could be a useful predictor of human fecal pollution in environmental waters and an important component of the microbial-source-tracking "toolbox." Copyright {\textcopyright} 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01317-06}, author = {McQuaig, S.M. and Scott, T.M. and Harwood, V.J. and SR Farrah and Lukasik, J.O.} } @article {14290, title = {Detection of {Shiga} toxin genes stx1, stx2, and the +93 {uidA} mutation of {E}. coli {O}157:{H}7/{H}-using {SYBR} {Green} {I} in a real-time multiplex {PCR}}, journal = {Mol Cell Probes}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {31{\textendash}41}, abstract = {Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a major foodborne pathogen capable of causing diarrhea and vomiting, but more serious complications such as hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) can result. A real-time PCR method to detect the presence of Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) and E. coli O157:H7 was investigated using SYBR Green I (SG). Primers were designed to target the Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) and a highly conserved base substitution at +93 of the beta-glucuronidase gene (uidA) unique to E. coli O157:H7. An initial test panel of five E. coli and non-E. coli isolates was tested with individual primer sets (simplex assay) and all primer sets including stx1, stx2, and uidA (multiplex assay). All strains were correctly identified in both assays. Average melt temperatures (Tm{\textquoteright}s, degrees C) for PCR products were 85.42{\textendash}stx1, 81.93{\textendash}stx2, and 88.25{\textendash}uidA in simplex assays and 85.20{\textendash}stx1, 81.20{\textendash}stx2, and 88.16{\textendash}uidA when multiplexed. Each of the three gene targets in one multiplex reaction could be distinguished by melt curve data with significantly different Tm{\textquoteright}s. The assay was expanded to a panel of 138 isolates consisting of STEC, E. coli O157:H7, non-toxigenic E. coli, and non-E. coli isolates with melt peaks consistent with those stated above.}, doi = {S0890-8508(05)00072-1 [pii] 10.1016/j.mcp.2005.09.002}, author = {Yoshitomi, K J and Jinneman, K C and Weagant, S D} } @article {2474, title = {{Detection of Shiga toxin genes stx1, stx2, and the +93 uidA mutation of E. coli O157:H7/H-using SYBR Green I in a real-time multiplex PCR}}, journal = {Molecular and Cellular Probes}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {31{\textendash}41}, edition = {2005/11/08}, abstract = {

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a major foodborne pathogen capable of causing diarrhea and vomiting, but more serious complications such as hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) can result. A real-time PCR method to detect the presence of Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) and E. coli O157:H7 was investigated using SYBR Green I (SG). Primers were designed to target the Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) and a highly conserved base substitution at +93 of the beta-glucuronidase gene (uidA) unique to E. coli O157:H7. An initial test panel of five E. coli and non-E. coli isolates was tested with individual primer sets (simplex assay) and all primer sets including stx1, stx2, and uidA (multiplex assay). All strains were correctly identified in both assays. Average melt temperatures (Tm\&$\#$39;s, degrees C) for PCR products were 85.42\–stx1, 81.93\–stx2, and 88.25\–uidA in simplex assays and 85.20\–stx1, 81.20\–stx2, and 88.16\–uidA when multiplexed. Each of the three gene targets in one multiplex reaction could be distinguished by melt curve data with significantly different Tm\&$\#$39;s. The assay was expanded to a panel of 138 isolates consisting of STEC, E. coli O157:H7, non-toxigenic E. coli, and non-E. coli isolates with melt peaks consistent with those stated above.

}, isbn = {0890-8508 (Print)0890-8508 (Linking)}, doi = {S0890-8508(05)00072-1 [pii]10.1016/j.mcp.2005.09.002}, author = {Yoshitomi, K J and Jinneman, K C and Weagant, S D} } @article {10212, title = {{Detection of the nifH gene of Methanobrevibacter smithii: a potential tool to identify sewage pollution in recreational waters}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {101}, year = {2006}, pages = {44{\textendash}52}, author = {Ufnar, JA and Wang, SY and Christiansen, JM and Yampara-Iquise, H and Carson, CA and R D Ellender} } @article {10213, title = {{Detection of the nifH gene of Methanobrevibacter smithii: a potential tool to identify sewage pollution in recreational waters}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {44{\textendash}52}, author = {Ufnar, JA and Wang, SY and Christiansen, JM and Yampara-Iquise, H and Carson, CA and R D Ellender} } @article {6057, title = {Determination of protection zones for Dutch groundwater wells against virus contamination-uncertainty and sensitivity analysis}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {297{\textendash}312}, author = {Schijven, J and M{\"u}lschlegel, J and Hassanizadeh, S and Teunis, P and Husman, A} } @article {16115, title = {Determining risk for severe leptospirosis by molecular analysis of environmental surface waters for pathogenic Leptospira}, journal = {PLoS MedPLoS Med}, volume = {3}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, month = {Aug}, pages = {e308}, keywords = {*Environment, *Molecular Epidemiology, *Water Microbiology, Humans, Leptospira/genetics/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Leptospirosis/*epidemiology/*microbiology, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Risk Factors, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis/genetics, Rural Population, Sequence Analysis, DNA, South America/epidemiology}, author = {Ganoza, C. A. and Matthias, M. A. and Collins-Richards, D. and Brouwer, K. C. and Cunningham, C. B. and Segura, E. R. and Gilman, R. H. and Gotuzzo, E. and Vinetz, J. M.} } @article {5674, title = {{Development, Evaluation, and Standardization of a Real-Time TaqMan Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Quantification of Hepatitis A Virus in Clinical and Shellfish Samples}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {3846{\textendash}3855}, author = {Costafreda, MI and Bosch, A and Pinto, RM} } @article {5692, title = {{Development of an Extraction and Concentration Procedure and Comparison of RT-PCR Primer Systems for the Detection of Hepatitis A Virus and Norovirus GII in Green Onions}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {134}, number = {1-2}, year = {2006}, pages = {130{\textendash}135}, author = {Greening, GE} } @article {10136, title = {{Development of Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene TaqMan-based real-time PCR assays for estimation of total, human, and bovine fecal pollution in water}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, pages = {4214{\textendash}4224}, author = {Layton, A and McKay, L and Williams, D and Garrett, V and Gentry, R and Sayler, G} } @article {4314, title = {{Development of real-time RT-PCR methods for specific detection of F-specific RNA bacteriophage genogroups: application to urban raw wastewater.}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {138}, number = {1-2}, year = {2006}, month = {dec}, pages = {131{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

F-specific RNA bacteriophages have been classified into four genogroups (GI, GII, GIII and GIV). It was suggested that two of these genogroups are more frequent in human excreta (GII and GIII) and the two other (GI and GIV) are specific for animal excreta. Real-time RT-PCR methods using TaqMan MGB probe were developed to detect the four genogroups. Primers and probes of each specific RT-PCR were designed to target all sequenced bacteriophages belonging to one genogroup, without cross-reactivity with other genogroups. These four methods showed detection limits ranging between 0.01 and 10 PFU/mL and PCR efficiencies ranging between 87 and 95{\%}. The newly methods were tested in urban raw wastewater. Genogroups I and II were detected in all samples (n=7); GIII in six samples and GIV was never detected. GI was predominant in one sample, in which the quantity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia was, respectively, three and eight times higher than the mean values. Because GI is mainly observed in animals, it was hypothesized that this increase was due to an animal input. The use of F-specific RNA phage genotyping to estimate the origin of faecal pollution requires appropriate validation. In this context, real-time RT-PCR will undoubtedly be useful.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium: isolation {\&} purification, DNA Primers, F Factor, Fimbriae, Giardia, Giardia: isolation {\&} purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: m, RNA, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: classification, RNA Phages: genetics, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Viral, Viral: analysis, Viral: genetics, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution, Water Pollution: analysis}, issn = {0166-0934}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.08.004}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16997389}, author = {Ogorzaly, Leslie and Gantzer, Christophe} } @article {5727, title = {{Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus Infection: a Molecular Approach}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {63{\textendash}79}, author = {O V Nainan and Xia, G and Vaughan, G and H S Margolis} } @article {3755, title = {Diagnosis of Norovirus outbreaks by commercial ELISA or RT-PCR}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {137}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {259{\textendash}264}, author = {De Bruin, E and Duizer, E and Vennema, H and Koopmans, MP} } @inbook {11281, title = {{Diagnostic limitations and future trends in the serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis}}, booktitle = {Toxocara. The Enigmatic Parasite}, year = {2006}, pages = {89{\textendash}112}, publisher = {CABI}, organization = {CABI}, edition = {1}, author = {Smith, Huw and Noordin, Rahmah}, editor = {Holland, Celia and Smith, Huw} } @article {11534, title = {{Diphyllobothriasis in Saudi Arabia}}, journal = {Saudi Medical Journal}, volume = {27}, year = {2006}, pages = {1901{\textendash}1904}, author = {Alkhalife, I S and Hassan, R R and Abdel-Hameed, A A and Al-Khayal, L A} } @article {11611, title = {{Diphyllobothrium latum: relato de caso no Brasil}}, journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {82{\textendash}84}, author = {Emmel, VE and Inamine, E and Secchi, C and Brodt, TCZ and Amaro, MCO and Cantarelli, VV and Spalding, S} } @article {15623, title = {Distribution of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in water samples in Portugal: a preliminary study}, journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology}, volume = {53 Suppl 1}, year = {2006}, pages = {S24-5}, edition = {2006/12/16}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidium/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, DNA, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Phylogeny, Portugal, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {1066-5234 (Print)
1066-5234}, author = {Alves, M. and Ribeiro, A. M. and Neto, C. and Ferreira, E. and Benoliel, M. J. and Antunes, F. and Matos, O.} } @article {3201, title = {{Distribution of Human Polyomaviruses, Adenoviruses, and Hepatitis E Virus in the Environment and in a Drinking-Water Treatment Plant}}, journal = {Environmental Science {\&} Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {23}, year = {2006}, pages = {7416{\textendash}7422}, abstract = {Large numbers of viruses are excreted in human feces and urine, which even at low concentrations may cause illness when ingested. Some of these viruses have not been traditionally monitored in terms of waterborne diseases and are considered emergent viruses, such as hepatitis E virus (HEV) and JC and BK polyomavirus (JCPyV and BKPyV). The high prevalence of human adenoviruses (HAdV) and polyomaviruses, which both show DNA genomes, in sewage from widely divergent areas has suggested the relevance of evaluating these viruses as possible indicators of viral contamination. The concentration of these viruses was analyzed in sewage and river water and after treatment in a drinking-water treatment plant including chlorination, flocculation, ozonation, and granulate active carbon (GAC) filtration. Samples of GAC-filtered water were collected before a second chlorination treatment. The river used as a source of fresh water presented an average concentration of 2.6 10 1 JCPyV and 4 10 2 HAdV GC (genome copies)/L. A removal of 2 logarithms (99{\%}) of HAdV and JCPyV was observed in the drinking-water treatment plant. All the GAC-filtered water samples studied contained HAdV, with a mean value of 4.3 HAdV GC/L. HEV strains belonging to genotype 3 were frequently detected in low concentrations in urban sewage and in biosolids or sewage containing swine feces but not in the river water samples studied. The detection of viruses by molecular techniques is useful for genetically describe emergent viruses incommunitywastewatersandwatersupplies.Quantification of JCPyV and HAdV using quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) may be useful for evaluating virus removal efficiency in water treatment plants and as an index of the virological quality of water and of the potential presence of human viruses.}, isbn = {0013-936X}, issn = {0013-936X}, doi = {10.1021/es060343i}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es060343i}, author = {Albi{\~n}ana-Gimenez, Nestor and Clemente-Casares, Pilar and Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Ribas, Ferran and Girones, Rosina} } @article {1023, title = {Distribution of human polyomaviruses, adenoviruses, and hepatitis E virus in the environment and in a drinking-water treatment plant}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {23}, year = {2006}, pages = {7416{\textendash}7422}, abstract = {

Large numbers of viruses are excreted in human feces and urine, which even at low concentrations may cause illness when ingested. Some of these viruses have not been traditionally monitored in terms of waterborne diseases and are considered emergent viruses, such as hepatitis E virus (HEV) and JC and BK polyomavirus (JCPyV and BKPyV). The high prevalence of human adenoviruses (HAdV) and polyomaviruses, which both show DNA genomes, in sewage from widely divergent areas has suggested the relevance of evaluating these viruses as possible indicators of viral contamination. The concentration of these viruses was analyzed in sewage and river water and after treatment in a drinking-water treatment plant including chlorination, flocculation, ozonation, and granulate active carbon (GAC) filtration. Samples of GAC-filtered water were collected before a second chlorination treatment. The river used as a source of fresh water presented an average concentration of 2.6 x 10(1) JCPyV and 4 x 10(2) HAdV GC (genome copies)/L. A removal of 2 logarithms (99\%) of HAdV and JCPyV was observed in the drinking-water treatment plant. All the GAC-filtered water samples studied contained HAdV, with a mean value of 4.3 HAdV GC/L. HEV strains belonging to genotype 3 were frequently detected in low concentrations in urban sewage and in biosolids or sewage containing swine feces but not in the river water samples studied. The detection of viruses by molecular techniques is useful for genetically describe emergent viruses in community wastewaters and water supplies. Quantification of JCPyV and HAdV using quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) may be useful for evaluating virus removal efficiency in water treatment plants and as an index of the virological quality of water and of the potential presence of human viruses.

}, keywords = {A026, Adenoviridae, Adenoviridae: genetics, Base Sequence, DNA, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: statistics \& numerical d, Fluid, Hepatitis E virus, Hepatitis E virus: genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Polyomavirus, Polyomavirus: genetics, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rivers, Rivers: virology, Sequence Analysis, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Spain, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis}, isbn = {0013-936X (Print)}, issn = {0013-936X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17180997}, author = {Albi{\~n}ana-Gimenez, Nestor and Clemente-Casares, Pilar and Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Ribas, Ferran and Girones, Rosina} } @article {9349, title = {{Diversity of clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica in Japan}}, journal = {Archives of Medical Research}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {277{\textendash}279}, author = {Nozaki, T and Kobayashi, S and Takeuchi, T and Haghighi, A} } @article {9856, title = {{DNA barcoding of Blastocystis}}, journal = {Protist}, volume = {157}, year = {2006}, pages = {77{\textendash}85}, author = {Scicluna, SM and Tawari, B and Clark, CG} } @book {7317, title = {Drinking water distribution systems: assessing and reducing risks}, year = {2006}, publisher = {National Academies Press}, organization = {National Academies Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, keywords = {drinking water, purification, Standards, United States, water, Water quality management}, isbn = {978-0-309-10306-0 978-0-309-66432-5}, editor = {National Research Council (U.S.) and National Research Council (U.S.)} } @article {3181, title = {Dual infection of animal hosts with different {Echinococcus} species in the eastern {Qinghai}-{Tibet} plateau region of {China}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {aug}, pages = {292{\textendash}294}, abstract = {The eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau of China is a highly endemic region of echinococcosis where Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (sheep strain), Echinococcus multilocularis, and Echinococcus shiquicus are distributed sympatrically. We developed a polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method for the identification of the three species in this region. The PCR-RFLP showed the dual infection of animals with different Echinococcus spp. The first case was a domestic dog concurrently infected with adults of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis. The second case was a plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) harboring metacestodes of E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus in the liver. The high susceptibility of some mammalian hosts to the parasites and the high prevalence of the three co-endemic species probably increase the chance of mixed infections in the eastern Tibetan plateau.}, keywords = {Animals, China, DNA, DNA Restriction Enzymes, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Lagomorpha, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Ribosomal}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Xiao, Ning and Nakao, Minoru and Qiu, Jiamin and Budke, Christine M. and Giraudoux, Patrick and Craig, Philip S. and Ito, Akira} } @article {16231, title = {Duplex PCR-hybridization based detection of pathogenic Leptospira in environmental water samples obtained from endemic areas in northeast region of Thailand}, journal = {Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public HealthSoutheast Asian J Trop Med Public HealthSoutheast Asian J Trop Med Public Health}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {Jul}, pages = {729-41}, keywords = {Animals, Blotting, Southern, DNA Probes/genetics, DNA/*isolation \& purification, Electrophoresis, Agar Gel, Environmental Monitoring/*statistics \& numerical data, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Leptospira/*genetics, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Thailand}, isbn = {0125-1562 (Print)}, author = {Tansuphasiri, U. and Thipsuk, C. and Phulsuksombati, D. and Chanyasanha, C.} } @mastersthesis {6481, title = {Durability of reinforced concrete incorporating recycled concrete as aggregate ({RCA})}, year = {2006}, note = {MR23448}, school = {University of Waterloo (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{A}.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The interest in using recycled construction materials is derived from the growth in construction and demolition waste due to rehabilitation and natural and technological disasters. The driving force for recycling concrete is three-fold: preserving natural resources, utilizing the growing waste and saving energy and money. While some waste concrete is currently being crushed and used for grading and base material for highways, it has not been used as the aggregate in new concrete in Canada, largely because of the plentiful supply of good quality virgin material. However, crushed concrete is being used in new concrete in other parts of the world where the local aggregate is inferior, and there is now a push within the Canadian cement and concrete sector to improve the industry sustainability, one aspect of which is recycling of materials. The research done to date has emphasized the influence of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) on the workability and strength of the new concrete with little attention being paid to the behaviour in service. In contrast, the present study is focused on the durability of concrete containing RCA in reinforced structures. Since the most common cause of failure of reinforced concrete structures in this part of the world is corrosion of the reinforcement by de-icing salts, the focus of the project is on this aspect of durability. The project involves a comparative study of the durability of three concrete mixtures containing, as coarse aggregate: (1) new clean recycled concrete aggregate (NC-RCA) obtained by crushing the excess concrete returned to the ready mix yard; (2) old de-icing salt contaminated, recycled concrete aggregate (OC-RCA) from a demolished bridge over Highway 401 in Ontario; (3) natural aggregate as a control material. These three materials were crushed and sieved to give the same grading for each mix. Natural sand was used as fine aggregate. The mixes were adjusted to account for the different water absorption characteristics of the aggregates but were otherwise identical. Prism specimens with a centrally placed reinforcing bar, cylindrical specimens and non-reinforced slabs were cast from each of the concretes. After curing, the reinforced prisms were exposed to a saturated de-icing salt solution for two of every four weeks. For the second two week period, they were allowed to dry in the laboratory atmosphere or, to accelerate the process, dried at 32{\textdegree}C in a low humidity (18\%) chamber. The electrochemical corrosion behaviour of the steel was monitored using linear polarization resistance and cyclic polarization techniques. In addition, the physical properties of the materials were assessed. For the aggregates, water absorption, chloride content and susceptibility to abrasion were determined. For the concretes, compressive strength, salt scaling resistance and chloride permeability were measured and microscopic observation of the interfacial zones between the aggregate and the new cement paste were conducted. On the basis of the results, it is concluded that the durability and the strength of the RCA concrete is very dependent on the age of the RCA aggregate. Water and chloride permeability, and, salt scaling and reinforcing steel corrosion resistance of concrete made with a very well hardened old RCA were comparable with or better than those of in normal concrete. Concrete incorporating new RCA exhibited inferior properties and consequently, it is recommended that, the OC-RCA concrete can be used as a sustainable material in structural applications.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Mechanical engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304905307?accountid=14270}, author = {Movassaghi, Ramtin} } @mastersthesis {6716, title = {Dynamics and noise emission of vortex cavitation bubbles}, year = {2006}, note = {3208440}, school = {University of Michigan}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The dynamics and noise emission of cavitation bubbles forming within the core of a single line vortex were examined experimentally and numerically. For the experiment, a steady line vortex was formed downstream of a hydrofoil mounted in the test section of a re-circulating water tunnel, allowing for the detailed examination of the growth, splitting and collapse of individual cavitation bubbles as they experience a reduction and recovery of the local static pressure. The average Reynolds number of the vortices was ReΓ = 250000, and the average core radius was 4.5 mm. The growth and collapse of bubbles with maximum aspect ratios of 60 were examined. The acoustic emissions from the bubbles were detected during growth, splitting and collapse. The impulse produced upon collapse was the strongest and usually 10 times the rarely detected impulse caused by inception and splitting. However, the impulse produced by the elongated bubbles was 100 times less than the impulse produced by near-spherical cavitation bubbles. The equilibrium radius of elongated vortex cavitation bubbles are related to the original vortex properties and the local static pressure. The observed bubble radii were between 10\% and 15\% of the original vortex radius. The analytically calculated bubble radii are nearly 3 times larger, even after considering the influence of the cavitation bubble on the original vortex flow field. Similar results were found after direct simulation of the axisymmetric bubble dynamics with DF\_UNCLE{\textcopyright}. These differences are ascribed to the three-dimensional and wavy interfaces of the experimentally observed bubbles compared to the assumption of axisymmetry used in the calculations. The growth and collapse of individual axisymmetric cavitation bubbles were performed to study scaling effects, and the process of bubble splitting. Finally, cavitation inception related to the interaction of two counter-rotating vortices was experimentally examined. In traditional vortex cavitation scaling, the strongest ("primary") vortex is expected to cavitate first. However, vortex interactions can lead the stretching of a weaker ("secondary") vortex as a result of Crow-like instabilities. The weaker vortex can then have a substantially reduced core pressure and incept before the primary vortex.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Bubbles, Cavitation, Mechanical engineering, Noise, Vortex}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305304270?accountid=14270}, author = {Choi, Jaehyug} } @article {15415, title = {An ecological field study of the water-rat Nectomys squamipes as a wild reservoir indicator of Schistosoma mansoni transmission in an endemic area}, journal = {Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {101}, year = {2006}, note = {10th International Symposium on Schistosomiasis
SEP 25-28, 2005
Belo Horizonte, BRAZIL
Suppl. 1}, pages = {111-117}, abstract = {Small mammals are found naturally infected by Schistosoma mansoni, becoming a confounding factor for control programs of schistosomiasis in endemic areas. The aims of this study were: to investigate the infection rates by S. mansoni on the water-rat Nectomys squamipes during four years in endemic areas of Sumidouro, state of Rio de Janeiro, using mark-recapture technique; to compare two diagnostic methods for schistosomiasis; and to evaluate the effects of the chemotherapy in the human infected population on the rodent infection rates. The rodent infection rates of S. mansoni increased when rodent population sizes were lower Coprology and serology results presented the same trends along time and were correlated Serology could detect recent infection, including the false negatives in the coprology. The chemotherapy in the humans could not interrupt the rodent infection. Rodents can increase the schistosomiaisis transmission where it already exists, they probably maintain the transmission cycle in the nature and can be considered as biological indicators of the transmission sites of this parasite since they are highly susceptible to infection. The water-rats may present different levels of importance in the transmission dynamics of S. mansoni infection cycle for each area, and can be considered important wild-reservoirs of this human disease.}, isbn = {0074-0276}, author = {Gentile, R. and Costa-Neto, S. F. and Goncalves, M. M. L. and Bonecker, S. T. and Fernandes, F. A. and Garcia, J. S. and Barreto, M. G. M. and Soares, M. S. and D{\textquoteright}Andrea, P. S. and Peralta, J. M. and Rey, L.} } @mastersthesis {6430, title = {Economic analysis of scaling up {HIV} prevention interventions in {Southern} {India}}, year = {2006}, note = {U228776}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis explores the impact of scale on the costs of HIV prevention interventions and the contractual relationships between governments and NGOs in two Southern Indian states. Standardised data on production costs and qualitative data on transaction costs were collected and analysed from a sample of these NGO projects in two Indian states. Two data sets are used to explore the impact of increasing coverage on costs: economic cost data from 17 case study interventions; and expenditure data from 82 interventions contracted by one of the state programmes. An econometric cost function examines the influence of coverage on costs. Factors affecting the transaction costs of HIV prevention programmes supporting large numbers of contracts with NGOs are identified from document review and semi-structured interviews. Across the interventions there are variations in coverage, and total and average costs (median cost per person reached is US\$ 19.21 (range: US\$ 10-5 1)). Coverage explains over 50\% of the variation in total costs. The cost function estimates confirm a non-linear relationship between average cost and coverage. The two states use different contracting models: direct contracting; and contracting a management agency for NGO recruitment, monitoring and evaluation and technical support. The management agency reduces opportunity costs of leakage and poor quality and copes better with large scale contracting than direct contracting. More efficient scaling up could be achieved by increasing the number of interventions delivered by an NGO rather than recruiting new NGOs. Through better understanding costs and transaction costs, the thesis demonstrates that the economies of scale vary with coverage and that governance must adapt with increasing scale of operation.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, Bibliographies, DXN109709, economics, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301672207?accountid=14270}, author = {Guinness, L} } @mastersthesis {6280, title = {Economic evaluation of a community - based intervention: measuring the value to society}, year = {2006}, note = {U217289}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The aim of this thesis is to measure the benefits of a community-based participatory intervention in rural Nepal and draw lessons more broadly for how such interventions can be valued within economic evaluation. A contingent valuation survey of a women{\textquoteright}s group intervention designed to improve maternal and newborn health was carried out in rural Nepal. Members of eleven women{\textquoteright}s groups were interviewed along with a sample of female non-members and males from the same communities. Monetary and non-monetary measures were used to elicit preferences and respondents were asked which aspects of the intervention they were willing-to-pay for: health outcomes, non-health outcomes or both. The response rate was high in all stakeholder groups indicating that the survey was well understood and acceptable to respondents. The study found that non-health benefits were valued by over 80\% of respondents and thus their omission would lead to the undervaluation of such programmes. There was no significant difference between the willingness-to-pay of women{\textquoteright}s group members and non-members, suggesting that the programme generates positive externalities. Focus groups helped to improve the content validity of the survey and to achieve high response rates by enabling questions in the survey to be framed in a manner more relevant to the community. They also gave insight into the valuation context, helped to interpret values derived from the survey and highlighted the importance of trust in the payment vehicle. This thesis also shed light on some of the empirical challenges that are faced when attempting to extrapolate sample values to a larger population and deciding whose values to include.}, keywords = {0573:Public health, Bibliographies, DXN104892, Health and environmental sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public health, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301722286?accountid=14270}, author = {Borghi, J} } @article {2564, title = {Effect of heat treatment on hepatitis A virus and norovirus in New Zealand greenshell mussels {(Perna} canaliculus) by quantitative real-time reverse transcription {PCR} and cell culture.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {69}, number = {9}, year = {2006}, pages = {2217-2223}, abstract = {Quantitative real-time reverse transcription {PCR} {(qRT-PCR)} and cell culture (50\% tissue culture infectious dose {[TCID50])} were used to determine the effect of heat treatments on norovirus and hepatitis A virus {(HAV)} in the New Zealand Greenshell mussel {(Perna} canaliculus). Since it is common practice to cook mussels until the shells open, internal temperatures and opening times of mussels on boiling and steaming were determined at regular time intervals. Fifty mussels in batches of six were exposed to boiling and steaming. A mean internal temperature of 90 degrees C (recommended for virus inactivation when maintained for 90 s) was reached after boiling for 170 s, with all 50 mussels open at 210 s. For steaming, the mean internal temperature achieved was only 83 degrees C after 300 s, and all 50 mussels were open. When mussels were steamed for 180 s (mean internal temperature of 63 degrees C), a significant 1.5-log decrease in the {HAV} titer (log {TCID50)} was observed. Following the immersion of mussels in boiling water for 180 s (mean internal temperature of 92 degrees C), no viable {HAV} was detected. For both boiling and steaming experiments, there was no significant change in the norovirus or {HAV} {qRT-PCR} titers compared with the controls. Our results show that when New Zealand Greenshell mussels open on heating, their internal temperature may not reach the parameters required for virus inactivation. Immersion for a minimum of 3 min in boiling water rather than steaming is recommended to reduce the risk of viral foodborne illness from contaminated shellfish.}, author = {Hewitt, Joanne and Greening, Gail E} } @article {938, title = {Effect of heat treatment on hepatitis A virus and norovirus in New Zealand greenshell mussels {(Perna} canaliculus) by quantitative real-time reverse transcription {PCR} and cell culture.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {69}, number = {9}, year = {2006}, pages = {2217-2223}, abstract = {Quantitative real-time reverse transcription {PCR} {(qRT-PCR)} and cell culture (50\% tissue culture infectious dose {[TCID50])} were used to determine the effect of heat treatments on norovirus and hepatitis A virus {(HAV)} in the New Zealand Greenshell mussel {(Perna} canaliculus). Since it is common practice to cook mussels until the shells open, internal temperatures and opening times of mussels on boiling and steaming were determined at regular time intervals. Fifty mussels in batches of six were exposed to boiling and steaming. A mean internal temperature of 90 degrees C (recommended for virus inactivation when maintained for 90 s) was reached after boiling for 170 s, with all 50 mussels open at 210 s. For steaming, the mean internal temperature achieved was only 83 degrees C after 300 s, and all 50 mussels were open. When mussels were steamed for 180 s (mean internal temperature of 63 degrees C), a significant 1.5-log decrease in the {HAV} titer (log {TCID50)} was observed. Following the immersion of mussels in boiling water for 180 s (mean internal temperature of 92 degrees C), no viable {HAV} was detected. For both boiling and steaming experiments, there was no significant change in the norovirus or {HAV} {qRT-PCR} titers compared with the controls. Our results show that when New Zealand Greenshell mussels open on heating, their internal temperature may not reach the parameters required for virus inactivation. Immersion for a minimum of 3 min in boiling water rather than steaming is recommended to reduce the risk of viral foodborne illness from contaminated shellfish.}, author = {Hewitt, Joanne and Greening, Gail E} } @article {3705, title = {Effect of nitazoxanide for treatment of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {368}, number = {9530}, year = {2006}, pages = {124{\textendash}129}, abstract = {Rotavirus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years, but there is no effective treatment. We assessed the activity of nitazoxanide, a broad-spectrum anti-infective drug, against rotavirus in cell culture and in a clinical trial in paediatric patients hospitalised with severe rotavirus diarrhoea.}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68852-1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68852-1}, author = {Jean F Rossignol and Abu-Zekry, Mona and Hussein, Abeer and Santoro, M G} } @article {17003, title = {Effectiveness of chlorination and ozonation methods on pure cultures of floc-forming micro-organisms and activated sludge: A comparative study}, journal = {Water Sa}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {585{\textendash}595}, publisher = {Water Research Commission (WRC)}, author = {Caravelli, Alejandro and Giannuzzi, Leda and Zaritzky, Noem{\'\i}} } @article {4741, title = {{Effects of temperature and different food matrices on Cyclospora cayetanensis oocyst sporulation}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {92}, year = {2006}, pages = {218{\textendash}222}, author = {Sathyanarayanan, L and Ortega, Y} } @article {2395, title = {{Effects of temperature and sand on E. coil survival in a northern lake water microcosm.}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {sep}, pages = {389{\textendash}93}, abstract = {

A concern for public health officials is the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli), an indicator of fecal contamination, in monitoring recreational waters. While E. coli is unlikely to cause disease in humans, its presence may indicate other more pathogenic microorganisms. Many factors can lead to changes in the survival of E. coli outside of the animal intestine and may affect the probability of colonizing a new host. Survival of bacteria in recreational water has been linked to water temperature, and most recently to the presence of sand on the beach. This project looked at the survival of an environmental E. coli isolate in lake water. Lake water microcosms were placed at 4, 10, 14, or 25 degrees C for up to 36 d and an enzyme-substrate test (Colisure, IDEXX Corp.) was used to determine the most probable number (MPN) of E. coli/100 ml water. E. coli numbers at all temperatures declined over the duration of the experiment. The decline was most pronounced at 14 degrees C and was slowest at 4 degrees C. The presence of sand in the microcosm increased the time that E. coli survived, regardless of temperature. From a beach management standpoint, these findings indicate that E.coli may persist in the environment in cooler water longer than in the warmer water encountered in late summer.

}, issn = {1477-8920}, author = {Sampson, Reyne{\'e} W and Swiatnicki, Sarah A and Osinga, Vicki L and Supita, Jamie L and McDermott, Colleen M and Kleinheinz, G T} } @article {14205, title = {Effects of temperature and sand on {E}. coil survival in a northern lake water microcosm.}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {sep}, pages = {389{\textendash}93}, abstract = {A concern for public health officials is the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli), an indicator of fecal contamination, in monitoring recreational waters. While E. coli is unlikely to cause disease in humans, its presence may indicate other more pathogenic microorganisms. Many factors can lead to changes in the survival of E. coli outside of the animal intestine and may affect the probability of colonizing a new host. Survival of bacteria in recreational water has been linked to water temperature, and most recently to the presence of sand on the beach. This project looked at the survival of an environmental E. coli isolate in lake water. Lake water microcosms were placed at 4, 10, 14, or 25 degrees C for up to 36 d and an enzyme-substrate test (Colisure, IDEXX Corp.) was used to determine the most probable number (MPN) of E. coli/100 ml water. E. coli numbers at all temperatures declined over the duration of the experiment. The decline was most pronounced at 14 degrees C and was slowest at 4 degrees C. The presence of sand in the microcosm increased the time that E. coli survived, regardless of temperature. From a beach management standpoint, these findings indicate that E.coli may persist in the environment in cooler water longer than in the warmer water encountered in late summer.}, issn = {1477-8920}, author = {Sampson, Reyne{\'e} W and Swiatnicki, Sarah A and Osinga, Vicki L and Supita, Jamie L and McDermott, Colleen M and Kleinheinz, G T} } @article {8891, title = {Efficacy of solar disinfection of Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella Typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {828-836}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02983.x}, url = {://WOS:000240441100009 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02983.x/asset/j.1365-2672.2006.02983.x.pdf?v=1\&t=iqnzhh1c\&s=40db96828594f5e3d80c96f5d07899019ed700e2}, author = {Berney, M. and Weilenmann, H. U. and Simonetti, A. and Egli, T.} } @article {11161, title = {Efficacy of water treatment processes. Microbiological risk assessment: a scientific basis for managing drinking water safety from source to tap}, journal = {MicroRisk Final Report}, year = {2006}, pages = {70}, author = {Smeets, P and Rietveld, L and Hijnen, W and Medema, G and Stenstr{\"o}m, TA} } @article {8952, title = {Electrohydraulic Discharge and Nonthermal Plasma for Water Treatment}, journal = {Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {882-905}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0888-5885}, doi = {10.1021/ie050981u}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie050981u http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/ie050981u}, author = {Locke, B. R. and Sato, M. and Sunka, P. and Hoffmann, M. R. and Chang, J. S.} } @booklet {1894, title = {Emerging Technologies for Biosolids Management EPA 832-R-06-005 September 2006}, year = {2006}, publisher = {USEPA https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=2\&ved=0CCgQFjABahUKEwiek_y3h5HHAhWIltsKHROECkU\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwater.epa.gov\%2Fscitech\%2Fwastetech\%2Fupload\%2F2007_04_24_mtb_epa-biosolids.pdf\&ei=uYrBVd7SBoit7gaTiKqoBA\&usg=AFQjCNGyj-T}, type = {Electronic Article} } @article {2961, title = {{EmsB}, a tandem repeated multi-loci microsatellite, new tool to investigate the genetic diversity of {Echinococcus} multilocularis}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution: Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {390{\textendash}400}, abstract = {In order to explore the genetic diversity within Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis), the cestode responsible for the alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in humans, a microsatellite, composed of (CA) and (GA) repeats and designated EmsB, was isolated and characterized in view of its nature and potential field application. PCR-amplification with specific primers exhibited a high degree of size polymorphism between E. multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sheep (G1) and camel (G6) strains. Fluorescent-PCR was subsequently performed on a panel of E. multilocularis isolates to assess intra-species polymorphism level. EmsB provided a multi-peak profile, characterized by tandemly repeated microsatellite sequences in the E. multilocularis genome. This "repetition of repeats" feature provided to EmsB a high discriminatory power in that eight clusters, supported by bootstrap p-values larger than 95\%, could be defined among the tested E. multilocularis samples. We were able to differentiate not only the Alaskan from the European samples, but also to detect different European isolate clusters. In total, 25 genotypes were defined within 37 E. multilocularis samples. Despite its complexity, this tandem repeated multi-loci microsatellite possesses the three important features for a molecular marker, i.e. sensitivity, repetitiveness and discriminatory power. It will permit assessing the genetic polymorphism of E. multilocularis and to investigate its spatial distribution in detail.}, keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Foxes, Genetic, Genetic Variation, Genomic Instability, Helminth, Hepatic, Humans, Mice, Microsatellite Repeats, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Reproducibility of Results, Rodentia, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sequence Homology, Sheep, Tandem Repeat Sequences}, issn = {1567-1348}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2006.01.006}, author = {Bart, J. M. and Knapp, J. and Gottstein, B. and El-Garch, F. and Giraudoux, P. and Glowatzki, M. L. and Berthoud, H. and Maillard, S. and Piarroux, R.} } @article {9280, title = {{Entamoeba histolytica infection in children and protection from subsequent amebiasis}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {904{\textendash}909}, author = {Haque, R and Mondal, D and Duggal, P and Kabir, M and Roy, S and Farr, BM and Sack, RB and Petri, WA Jr} } @article {2441, title = {{Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli from humans and animals differ in major phenotypical traits and virulence genes.}}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {256}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {mar}, pages = {251{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is characterized by the expression of the aggregative adherence pattern to cultured epithelial cells. In this study, we determined the phenotypic and genotypic relationships among 86 EAEC strains of human and animal (calves, piglets and horses) feces. Serotypes and the presence of EAEC virulence markers were determined, and these results were associated with ribotyping. Strains harboring aggR (typical EAEC) of human origin were found carrying several of the searched markers, while atypical EAEC harbored none or a few markers. The strains of animal origin were classified as atypical EAEC (strains lacking aggR) and harbored only irp2 or shf. Strains from humans and animals belonged to several different serotypes, although none of them prevailed. Sixteen ribotypes were determined, and there was no association with virulence genes profiles or serotypes. Relationship was not found among the strains of this study, and the assessed animals may not represent a reservoir of human pathogenic typical EAEC.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Bacterial: metabolism, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, DNA, DNA Fingerprinting, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: physiology, Horse Diseases, Horse Diseases: microbiology, Horses, Horses: microbiology, Humans, Iron Regulatory Protein 2, Iron Regulatory Protein 2: genetics, Molecular Epidemiology, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Phylogeny, Ribotyping, Serotyping, Swine, Swine Diseases, Swine Diseases: microbiology, Swine: microbiology, Trans-Activators, Trans-Activators: genetics, Virulence, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Virulence: genetics}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00124.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16499614}, author = {Ana P Uber and Trabulsi, Luiz R and Irino, Kinue and Beutin, Lothar and Angela CR Ghilardi and T{\^a}nia AT Gomes and Ana MA Liberatore and Ant{\^o}nio FP de Castro and Elias, Waldir P} } @article {14255, title = {Enteroaggregative {Escherichia} coli from humans and animals differ in major phenotypical traits and virulence genes.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {256}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {mar}, pages = {251{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is characterized by the expression of the aggregative adherence pattern to cultured epithelial cells. In this study, we determined the phenotypic and genotypic relationships among 86 EAEC strains of human and animal (calves, piglets and horses) feces. Serotypes and the presence of EAEC virulence markers were determined, and these results were associated with ribotyping. Strains harboring aggR (typical EAEC) of human origin were found carrying several of the searched markers, while atypical EAEC harbored none or a few markers. The strains of animal origin were classified as atypical EAEC (strains lacking aggR) and harbored only irp2 or shf. Strains from humans and animals belonged to several different serotypes, although none of them prevailed. Sixteen ribotypes were determined, and there was no association with virulence genes profiles or serotypes. Relationship was not found among the strains of this study, and the assessed animals may not represent a reservoir of human pathogenic typical EAEC.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Bacterial: metabolism, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, DNA, DNA Fingerprinting, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: physiology, Horse Diseases, Horse Diseases: microbiology, Horses, Horses: microbiology, Humans, Iron Regulatory Protein 2, Iron Regulatory Protein 2: genetics, Molecular Epidemiology, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Phylogeny, Ribotyping, Serotyping, Swine, Swine Diseases, Swine Diseases: microbiology, Swine: microbiology, Trans-Activators, Trans-Activators: genetics, Virulence, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Virulence: genetics}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00124.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16499614}, author = {Ana P Uber and Trabulsi, Luiz R and Irino, Kinue and Beutin, Lothar and Angela CR Ghilardi and T{\^a}nia AT Gomes and Ana MA Liberatore and Ant{\^o}nio FP de Castro and Elias, Waldir P} } @article {8156, title = {{Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli from humans and animals differ in major phenotypical traits and virulence genes.}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {256}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {mar}, pages = {251{\textendash}7}, abstract = {

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is characterized by the expression of the aggregative adherence pattern to cultured epithelial cells. In this study, we determined the phenotypic and genotypic relationships among 86 EAEC strains of human and animal (calves, piglets and horses) feces. Serotypes and the presence of EAEC virulence markers were determined, and these results were associated with ribotyping. Strains harboring aggR (typical EAEC) of human origin were found carrying several of the searched markers, while atypical EAEC harbored none or a few markers. The strains of animal origin were classified as atypical EAEC (strains lacking aggR) and harbored only irp2 or shf. Strains from humans and animals belonged to several different serotypes, although none of them prevailed. Sixteen ribotypes were determined, and there was no association with virulence genes profiles or serotypes. Relationship was not found among the strains of this study, and the assessed animals may not represent a reservoir of human pathogenic typical EAEC.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Bacterial: metabolism, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, DNA, DNA Fingerprinting, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli: physiology, Horse Diseases, Horse Diseases: microbiology, Horses, Horses: microbiology, Humans, Iron Regulatory Protein 2, Iron Regulatory Protein 2: genetics, Molecular Epidemiology, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Phylogeny, Ribotyping, Serotyping, Swine, Swine Diseases, Swine Diseases: microbiology, Swine: microbiology, Trans-Activators, Trans-Activators: genetics, Virulence, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Virulence: genetics}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00124.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16499614}, author = {Ana P Uber and Trabulsi, Luiz R and Irino, Kinue and Beutin, Lothar and Angela CR Ghilardi and T{\^a}nia AT Gomes and Ana MA Liberatore and Ant{\^o}nio FP de Castro and Elias, Waldir P} } @article {7417, title = {Enterovirus surveillance{\textendash}{United} {States}, 1970-2005}, journal = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries (Washington, D.C.: 2002)}, volume = {55}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, month = {sep}, pages = {1{\textendash}20}, abstract = {PROBLEM: Enteroviruses are common human viruses associated with various clinical syndromes, from minor febrile illness to severe, potentially fatal conditions (e.g., aseptic meningitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and neonatal enteroviral sepsis). Multiple enterovirus serotypes exist. Individual serotypes have different temporal patterns of circulation and often are associated with different clinical manifestations. Changes in circulating serotypes might be accompanied by large-scale outbreaks. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: 1970-2005. DESCRIPTION OF SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM: The National Enterovirus Surveillance System (NESS) is a voluntary, passive surveillance system that has monitored trends in circulating enteroviruses since 1961. Enterovirus detections by serotype with specimen type, collection date, and demographic information are reported monthly by participating laboratories to CDC, which summarizes the data and disseminates the results. For this analysis, the available data set for 1970-1982 included only information on serotype and state for each report; complete records were available for 1983-2005. RESULTS: During 1970-2005, a total of 52,812 enterovirus detections were reported to NESS (29,772 of them during 1983-2005). Laboratory participation and the numbers of reports declined throughout the 1990s, but they increased again after 2000. The 15 most commonly reported enteroviruses accounted for 83.5\% of reports with known serotype, and the five most commonly reported serotypes (echoviruses [E] 9, 11, 30, and 6, and coxsackievirus B5) accounted for 48.1\%. Predominant serotypes and ranking of individual enteroviruses changed over time. Long-term circulation patterns for individual serotypes varied but were consistent with epidemic (e.g., E9, E13, E30, and coxsackievirus B5) or endemic patterns (e.g., coxsackieviruses A9, B2, B4, and enterovirus 71). Children aged {\textless}1 year accounted for 44.2\% of reports with known age. Male predominance was present among patients aged {\textless}20 years, but not among those aged {\textgreater}/=20 years (male/female ratio: 1.4 and 0.9, respectively). Enterovirus detections had prominent summer-fall seasonality, with June-October accounting for 77.9\% of reports with known month of specimen collection. Cerebrospinal fluid was the most common specimen type, followed by respiratory and fecal specimens (49.8\%, 26.9\%, and 13.6\%, respectively). Death was reported for 3.3\% of detections with known outcome. Infections with coxsackievirus B4 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.3; 95\% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-6.0), and human parechovirus 1 (formerly E22) (OR = 3.7; CI = 1.7-7.6) were associated with higher risk for death, and infections with E9 were associated with lower risk for death (OR = 0.1; CI = 0-0.4) than infections with other enteroviruses. INTERPRETATION: NESS data allowed identification and description of a core group of consistently circulating enteroviruses that probably determine the disease burden associated with enterovirus infections. These data also are helpful in guiding outbreak investigations and identifying targets for development of diagnostic assays and antivirals. Efforts to update the reporting system initiated in the early 2000s (i.e., simplification of reporting forms and transition to electronic reporting) resulted in a substantial increase in reporting compared with the late 1990s. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION: Efforts to increase laboratory participation in NESS should continue to allow for more complete and accurate surveillance for enteroviruses. Further improvement in the timeliness of feedback through the development of a NESS website to allow access to historic data and to the information on circulating serotypes can provide additional incentives to public health laboratories to participate in NESS.}, keywords = {enterovirus, Enterovirus Infections, Humans, Population Surveillance, Serotyping, United States}, issn = {1545-8636}, author = {Khetsuriani, Nino and LaMonte-Fowlkes, Ashley and Oberst, Steven and Pallansch, Mark A. and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and MMWR Recommendation Report} } @article {14739, title = {Enterovirus {Surveillance} {\textendash}- {United} {States}, 1970{\textendash}2005}, journal = {MMWR}, volume = {55(SS08)}, year = {2006}, pages = {1{\textendash}20}, author = {Khetsuriani, N. and LaMonte-Fowlkes, A. and Oberste, S. and M A Pallansch} } @article {15011, title = {Enterovirus {Surveillance} {\textemdash} {United} {States}, 1970{\textendash}2005}, journal = {MMWR}, volume = {55(SS08)}, year = {2006}, pages = {1{\textendash}20}, author = {Khetsuriani, N. and LaMonte-Fowlkes, A. and Oberste, S. and M A Pallansch} } @article {5078, title = {Enterovirus surveillance{\textemdash}United States, 1970{\textendash}2005}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries}, volume = {55}, year = {2006}, pages = {1{\textendash}20}, author = {Khetsuriani, Nino and LaMonte-Fowlkes, Ashley and Oberst, S and Pallansch, Mark A} } @article {2876, title = {Environment and health: an international concordance on selected concepts}, year = {2006}, author = {World Health Organization (WHO) and others} } @booklet {10485, title = {{Environment (Water Quality Criteria) Regulation}}, year = {2006} } @booklet {10487, title = {{Environmental Management and Coordination (Water Quality) Regulations}}, year = {2006}, author = {Republic of Kenya} } @article {7783, title = {Environmental survival mechanisms of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, note = {Apr; Environmental survival mechanisms of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni; ISI:000236024400001; M3: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02903.x; ID: 771}, pages = {623-632}, abstract = {

Campylobacter spp. continue to be the greatest cause of bacterial gastrointestinal infections in humans worldwide. They encounter many stresses in the host intestinal tract, on foods and in the environment. However, in common with other enteric bacteria, they have developed survival mechanisms to overcome these stresses. Many of the survival mechanisms used by Campylobacter spp. differ from those used by other bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which Campylobacter spp. adapt to stress conditions and thereby increase their ability to survive on food and in the environment.

}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Murphy,C. and Carroll,C. and Jordan,K. N.} } @article {4697, title = {{Epidemiological and clinical features of travel-associated cryptosporidiosis}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {921{\textendash}924}, author = {Weitzel, T and Wichmann, O and M{\"u}hlberger, N and Reuter, B and Hoof, HD and Jelinek, T} } @article {2742, title = {Epidemiological surveillance of human enteric viruses by monitoring of different environmental matrices}, year = {2006}, author = {Carducci, A and Verani, M and Battistini, R and Pizzi, F} } @article {9208, title = {{Epidemiology and treatment of amebiasis in Hue, Vietnam}}, journal = {Archives of Medical Research}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {270{\textendash}272}, author = {Blessmann, J and Le Van, A and Tannich, E} } @article {13182, title = {Epidemiology, etiology and pathophysiology of traveler{\textquoteright}s diarrhea}, journal = {Digestion.}, volume = {73}, year = {2006}, pages = {102-108}, author = {J. Gascon} } @article {5016, title = {{Epidemiology of food-borne trematodes and other parasite infections in a fishing community on the Nam Ngum reservoir, Lao PDR}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {37}, year = {2006}, pages = {1083{\textendash}1090}, author = {Sithithaworn, P and Sukavat, K and Vannachone, B and Sophonphong, K and Ben-Embarek, P and Petney, T and Andrews, R} } @article {2983, title = {Epidemiology of human alveolar echinococcosis in {China}}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {55 Suppl}, year = {2006}, pages = {S221{\textendash}225}, abstract = {Globally human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a rare zoonotic helminthic disease confined to the Northern Hemisphere as sporadic infections in rural populations, principally in some areas of North America, west-central Europe, the Near East, Siberia, Central Asia, Japan and China. In China the first human cases were reported from western regions in the 1960s, but most hospital records remain fragmented and inadequate. From the mid-1990s mass screening surveys using portable ultrasound scanners recorded higher prevalences (up to 6\% by county) than in any other areas of the world with some village rates as high as 15\%. Risk factors identified for AE cases included ethnicity, sex, age and occupation. The role of the dog in transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis to humans now appears to be significant and may be one of the most important risk factor, in combination with landscape/land-use features conducive to maintaining wildlife host populations.}, keywords = {Animals, China, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Hepatic, Humans, prevalence, Risk Factors}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.034}, author = {Craig, Philip S. and Echinococcosis Working Group in China} } @mastersthesis {7014, title = {Essays on the economics of common property and public goods}, year = {2006}, note = {3237971}, school = {University of Michigan}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Common property resources and public goods are two of the most common forms of market failures studied in economics, and are closely related. Using both theoretical and empirical methods I explore the issues of interstate river allocations and preservation of open-space/historic resources as well as examine a possible general solution to the tragedy of the commons. Chapter 1 aims to estimate the effects of voter referenda for preservation on property values using micro-data on real estate transactions in suburban Boston, Massachusetts between the years of 1996 and 2004. The subject of my analysis is the Massachusetts Community Preservation Act (CPA). Treating passage of the CPA as a natural experiment, I compare towns which pass the CPA to similar towns which do not. Using the time-series data on property transactions I measure the short-run property value effects of the CPA at the local level using fixed-effects analysis. Simultaneously, I am able to calculate a range of possible long-term benefits from the CPA through the use of hedonic analysis. In Chapter 2, I explore a {\textquoteright}partnership solution{\textquoteright} to the tragedy of the commons. Each of n players maximizes his payoff by joining a partnership in the first stage and by choosing his effort at the second stage. Each agent must pay his own cost of effort but receives an equal share of his partnership{\textquoteright}s revenue. The incentive to free ride created by such partnerships naturally offsets the incentive to exert excessive effort inherent in common property problems. This institutional arrangement can, under specified circumstances, induce socially optimal effort in a subgame-perfect equilibrium. Likewise, firms in an oligopolistic industry, organized in such partnerships, are able to induce monopoly profits. Finally, Chapter 3 uses the tools of economic bargaining theory to study negotiated interstate river-water allocations. I develop a model of bargaining to answer three questions: (1) what properties characterize bargained water allocations; (2) how do compact allocations differ from the efficient allocations; and (3) how do government policies affect these outcomes? I show that compact allocations are unlikely to be economically efficient. Instead, the act of negotiation leads to a balance between efficiency and equity: compacts will tend to over-allocate water to relatively low value users at the expense of higher value users, as well as favor less risk averse states. Well-considered subsidies on water use by low-value users will tend to improve the overall utilitarian efficiency of the bargaining equilibrium, as will encouraging multi-dimensional bargaining. Whether or not such a re-allocation is desirable, however, depends upon the preferences of policymakers.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0768:Environmental science, Bargaining, Common property, economics, Environmental economics, Environmental science, Essays, Health and environmental sciences, Land use, Models, Policy Making, Preservation, Property values, Public good, Public goods, Social sciences, Studies, Theory, Tragedy of the commons, Water resources}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305310378?accountid=14270}, author = {Heintzelman, Martin D.} } @mastersthesis {6621, title = {Essays on the political economy of public infrastructure and economic development in regional economies: {Internal} migration, political cycles and child mortality}, year = {2006}, note = {3246224}, school = {University of Pennsylvania}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The aim of this dissertation is to study the role of local politics in the economic development of regional economies by analyzing the decision to spend on local public infrastructure, and its effect on population welfare. This thesis addresses two relevant phenomena and their effects on public infrastructure investment: internal migration and political cycles. About internal migration, this thesis provides a rationale for the role of population and labor force mobility in the decision to spend local public funds in public infrastructure in open metropolitan areas -with perfect population mobility- under different perception{\textquoteright}s approximations: voters either anticipate or not changes in wages and housing prices and the in- or out- migration generated in response to changes in local taxes and public spending composition. In addition, this dissertation investigates whether political cycles affect the development of local public infrastructure. The case study chosen is the progress of water systems in Mexican municipalities for the 1994-2001 period. A new model of political cycles is proposed to explain the existence of political cycles in water investment and explain cross-sample differences in growth of water networks. Finally, as a way to assess the impact on welfare of political and decentralizing reforms in Mexico, this thesis analyzes the effect of the evolution of water services and the decentralization of water companies on infant and child mortality at a municipal level for the same period as above.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, Child mortality, Decentralization, Development, Economic development, economics, Infrastructure, Internal migration, Mobility, Mortality, Political economy, Politics, Public infrastructure, Reforms, Regional economies, Regions, Social sciences, Studies, Water utilities}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305243460?accountid=14270}, author = {Rodriguez-Pueblita, Jose Carlos} } @article {6181, title = {Estimates of endemic waterborne risks from community-intervention studies}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, pages = {89}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.019}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/004/jwh0040s89.htm}, author = {Calderon, Rebecca L. and Craun, Gunther F.} } @article {13102, title = {Etiology and epidemiology of diarrhea in children in Hanoi, Vietnam}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {298{\textendash}308}, author = {Trung V Nguyen and Le Van, Phung and Le Huy, Chinh and Khanh N Gia and Weintraub, Andrej} } @article {8541, title = {{Evaluation and applicability of a purification method coupled with nested PCR for the detection of Toxoplasma oocysts in water}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {43}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {475{\textendash}481}, author = {Kourenti, C and Karanis, P} } @article {2776, title = {Evaluation of a novel highly sensitive, broad-spectrum PCR-reverse hybridization assay for detection and identification of beta-papillomavirus DNA}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {1792-1800}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {AMPLIFICATION assay base sequence biopsy Case-Control Studies classification detection DNA dna, Nucleic Acid Skin SPECIMENS statistics \& numerical data Viral virology, viral FRESH genetics GENOME GENOMES Genotype genotypes Hair human humans HYBRIDIZATION IDENTIFICATION isolation \& purification Laboratories methods molecular sequence data Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Paraffin Embedding PCR polymerase chain reaction RE}, author = {de Koning, M. and Quint, W. and Struijk, L. and Kleter, B. and Wanningen, P. and van Doorn, L.J. and Weissenborn, S.J. and Feltkamp, M. and ter, Schegget J.} } @article {1140, title = {Evaluation of a novel highly sensitive, broad-spectrum PCR-reverse hybridization assay for detection and identification of beta-papillomavirus DNA}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {1792-1800}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {AMPLIFICATION assay base sequence biopsy Case-Control Studies classification detection DNA dna, Nucleic Acid Skin SPECIMENS statistics \& numerical data Viral virology, viral FRESH genetics GENOME GENOMES Genotype genotypes Hair human humans HYBRIDIZATION IDENTIFICATION isolation \& purification Laboratories methods molecular sequence data Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Paraffin Embedding PCR polymerase chain reaction RE}, author = {de Koning, M. and Quint, W. and Struijk, L. and Kleter, B. and Wanningen, P. and van Doorn, L.J. and Weissenborn, S.J. and Feltkamp, M. and ter, Schegget J.} } @article {15823, title = {Evaluation of activated sludge treatment and the efficiency of the disinfection of Giardia species cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts by UV at a sludge treatment plant in Campinas, south-east Brazil}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {89-94}, edition = {2006/10/14}, keywords = {Animals, Brazil, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification/*radiation effects, Female, Giardia/isolation \& purification/*radiation effects, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Oocysts/*radiation effects, Sewage/*parasitology}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223}, author = {Neto, R. C. and Santos, L. U. and Franco, R. M.} } @article {4101, title = {Evaluation of activated sludge treatment and the efficiency of the disinfection of Giardia species cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts by UV at a sludge treatment plant in Campinas, southeast Brazil}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {54}, year = {2006}, pages = {89{\textendash}94}, author = {Neto, RC and Santos, LU and Franco, RM} } @article {16945, title = {Evaluation of an alternative method for the enumeration and confirmation of Clostridium perfringens from treated and untreated sewages}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {438{\textendash}444}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Wohlsen, T and Bayliss, J and Gray, B and Bates, J and Katouli, M} } @mastersthesis {6474, title = {Evaluation of commercial weight loss programmes during weight loss and weight maintenance}, year = {2006}, note = {U211508}, school = {University of Ulster (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Objective: To investigate the effect of OlibraTM fat emulsion on medium-term food intake and appetite in non-obese subjects. Design: The study was of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover design. Twenty-eight subjects (14 male, 14 female) were randomly assigned to receive either a 200g portion of test (5g of OlibraTM fat) or control (5g of milk fat) yoghurt for breakfast for 2 x 3 week {\textquoteright}study{\textquoteright} phases, separated by a 3-week {\textquoteright}wash-out{\textquoteright} phase. On days 1, 8 and 22 of the study phases, food intake 4h post-consumption of the yoghurt was assessed by pre and post-covert weighing at an ad libitum buffet-style lunch. Throughout each of these study days, appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales (VAS) at regular intervals. For the remainder of the study days, and the following 24 h ({\textquoteright}post-study days{\textquoteright}), subjects reported their food intake using weighed dietary records. Results: Consumption of the OlibraTM emulsion had no significant effect on mean energy, macronutrient or amounts of food consumed at the lunch 4 h post-consumption. Self-reported food intakes indicated that there was no significant effect of the emulsion on energy intakes for the remainder of each study day and post-study days. There was considerable individual variation in food intakes following consumption of the OlibraTM emulsion, with 46\%, 59\% and 57\% of subjects reducing their energy intakes at lunch on days 1, 8 and 22. There was no consistent effect of the emulsion on appetite ratings.}, keywords = {0570:Nutrition, Bibliographies, DXN099853, Health and environmental sciences, Nutrition, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301681668?accountid=14270}, author = {Logan, C} } @article {6035, title = {Evaluation of data from the literature on the transport and survival of Escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliforms in aquifers under saturated conditions}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {401{\textendash}426}, author = {Foppen, JWA and Schijven, JF} } @article {5303, title = {The evaluation of the anaerobic baffled reactor for sanitation in dense peri-urban settlements}, journal = {Water Research Commission Report}, volume = {1248}, number = {01/06}, year = {2006}, pages = {4421{\textendash}4438}, author = {Foxon, K.M. and Buckley, C.A. and Brouckaert, C.J. and Dama, P. and Mtembu, Z. and Rodda, N. and Smith, M. and Pillay, S. and Arjun, N. and Lalbahadur, T. and Bux, F.} } @mastersthesis {7192, title = {Evaluation of uncertainties in {MOFAT} for {Tier} 3 {RBCA}}, year = {2006}, note = {NR19621}, school = {Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The description and characterization of parametric uncertainty in the modeling process is a required component of risk assessment and is of paramount importance for Tier 3 Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) of petroleum-contaminated sites. The parametric uncertainty associated with the modeling process is propagated through the risk assessment computations and failure to characterize this uncertainty in multi-phase multicomponent flow and transport modeling outputs results in an inaccurate risk assessment. The primary aim of this study was to improve quantification of parametric uncertainties by developing a comprehensive framework for the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of a fate and transport model that has wide spread application in Tier 3 RBCA of petroleum contaminated sites. The fate and transport model selected for this study was the U.S. EPA two-dimensional multi-phase multi-component fate and transport model{\textendash}-MOFAT. It is one of the few finite element models available from the U.S. EPA to model multi-phase and multi-component fate and transport. MOFAT was selected after screening Tier 3 RBCA numerical models against four criteria that required the selected model to be a finite element multi-phase multi-component fate and transport model; a public domain code with detailed documentation; peer reviewed and validated; and identified as a Tier 3 RBCA code by the American Society of Testing and Materials. The specific objectives of his research were: (1) to conduct a bench mark parametric uncertainty analysis of MOFAT using Random Sampling based Monte Carlo and to evaluate the applicability and performance of various uncertainty analysis techniques to MOFAT; (2) to develop the computational tools required to undertake an uncertainty analysis of MOFAT; (3) to quantify the uncertainty in estimates of exposure due to variability in input parameters; (4) to evaluate the applicability and performance of various sensitivity analysis techniques to MOFAT; (5) to identify sensitive parameters and issues that need to be addressed when using MOFAT; (6) to use the information gained from the previous five objectives to develop a framework for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of MOFAT and; (7) to identify areas of additional research so that uncertainty in MOFAT estimates can be better understood and quantified. To ensure that the objectives of this research study were met, a comprehensive parametric uncertainty analysis study was formulated and implemented. The uncertainty analysis techniques evaluated were Random Sampling based Monte Carlo (RS-MC), Monte Carlo with Latin Hypercube sampling (LHS-MC), Monte Carlo using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM-MC) based replacement model and Monte Carlo using a Neural Network (NN-MC) based replacement model. LHS-MC was able to accurately replicate the cumulative distribution function ( cdf ) generated by RS-MC with greater efficiency. RSM-MC and NN-MC were not able to accurately approximate MOFAT outputs for uncertainty analysis. A set of computational tools required to undertake an uncertainty analysis of MOFAT were also developed as a part of this study. A Monte Carlo version of MOFAT called MC-MOFAT was also developed by modifying the original FORTRAN code for MOFAT. A pre-processing FORTRAN tool was developed to allow automated generation of MOFAT input files from text files listing all MC or LHS samples. Similarly a Visual Basic based post-processing tool was developed to automatically extract the results for a specified node and time step from MC-MOFAT output files. An extensive sensitivity analysis of MOFAT was also accomplished. Sensitive parameters were identified through the application of sampling based statistical measures on the set of LHS-MC inputs and outputs. Scatter plots of each of the twelve MOFAT outputs versus the probabilistic input parameters indicated that all the outputs displayed a monotonic dependence on the input parameters; saturated conductivity, Ksw , and the van Genuchten retention parameters, α, and n . A slight dependence between all the outputs and the input parameter, apparent irreducible water saturation, Sm was also apparent. Dependencies between input parameters and MOFAT outputs were also evaluated using four different measures of correlation (Pearson{\textquoteright}s r, Spearman{\textquoteright}s ρ, Partial Correlation Coefficient and Partial Rank Correlation Coefficient). While all the tests do not always concur, in general all the outputs are correlated with Ksw , α, n and to a lesser degree Sm . The variation in correlations as detected by the four different tests is a function of the different testing powers of the tests, complexity of MOFAT and the correlations between the probabilistic input parameters (where Ksw is positively correlated with Sm , α and n. ) Interactions between the input parameters were identified using RSM models. For all phases of Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl benzene, and Xylene, interactions were identified between Ksw and [straight phi] and between [straight phi] and α. For the gas phases of Benzene and Toluene and all phases of Ethyl-benzene and Xylene an additional interaction was identified between K sw and α. To assign priorities to the input variables for reducing uncertainties, MOFAT input variables were ranked on the relative size of the absolute value of the Partial Rank Correlation Coefficients (PRCC). They were also grouped into three categories of decreasing significance based on critical values of the PRCC analysis. Using a new approach developed in this study the input variables were first grouped into four groups on the basis of the critical values of the PRCC and then within each group they were relatively ranked based on the relative size of absolute value of the PRCC. The higher ranked inputs within the lower critical value groups will have the most influence on the calibration and predictions and should be the focus of field investigation and calibration efforts. Drawing on the results of the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, a comprehensive six-step framework for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of MOFAT was developed. This study has provided the community of MOFAT users with a comprehensive framework for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of MOFAT. This framework not only lays out a methodology for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of MOFAT but it also provides the tools required to conduct such an analysis. Within the context of Tier 3 RBCA the framework and supporting tools developed will make it possible for MOFAT users to conduct comprehensive uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of their simulation scenarios. The framework is also crucial for undertaking any further uncertainty or sensitivity research on MOFAT. Additional areas of research identified in this study to address uncertainty in Tier 3 RBCA fate and transport modeling were: improving the input covariance matrix to better account for input parameter correlations; incorporating component properties as probabilistic inputs in the uncertainty analysis; evaluating the applicability of SRSM-ADIFOR as an uncertainty analysis technique for MOFAT; further study of interactions between [straight phi] and α and between Ksw and α; extending the uncertainty analysis in this study to other Tier 3 RBCA Models; and studying the effect of scaling up of input parameters in the context of uncertainty analysis of MOFAT.* *This dissertation is a compound document (contains both a paper copy and a CD as part of the dissertation). The CD requires the following system requirements: Internet browser; Microsoft Office..}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Environmental engineering, MOFAT, Petroleum contamination, Risk-based corrective action, Tier 3 RBCA, Uncertainties}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304955593?accountid=14270}, author = {Khan, Amir Ali} } @mastersthesis {6229, title = {An evalulation of variables affecting gold extraction at a mineral processing plant operated in a sub-{Arctic} environment}, year = {2006}, note = {3240326}, school = {University of Alaska Fairbanks}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The Fort Knox Mine, located 25 miles northeast of Fairbanks, Alaska, is operated in a sub-Antic environment. Since process slurry temperatures cycle seasonally with air temperature, the mine presents a unique opportunity to measure the impact of slurry temperature on process performance under full scale plant, conditions. This thesis analyzes an energy balance approach to model the seasonal variations in slurry temperature throughout the Fort Knox mill. The mill utilizes both gravity concentration and cyanidation for gold recovery. Models were developed to accurately predict the impact of slurry temperature on cyanide leach, carbon adsorption and cyanide destruction kinetics. The energy balance model, combined with the kinetics models, was used to accurately predict the gold recovery and subsequently to justify the installation of a tailings wash thickener to recovery heat from the mill tailings. A substantial portion of this thesis is dedicated to the development of these models, analysis of the post expansion plant performance, and summarizing project economics. Gold in the Fort Knox deposit is generally less than 100 microns in size and contained in quartz veins and along shears within the host granite, at an average gold grade of 0.8 g/metric ton. In April 2001, the mill began processing ore from a satellite ore deposit, the True North Mine, as a blend with Fort Knox ore. The gold grade in the True North deposit averages 1.5 g/metric ton and can be associated with pyrite, arsenopyrite and stibnite. An unexpected drop in gold recovery resulted from processing the blended ore and was the subject of an extensive laboratory evaluation. Laboratory results suggested that the leach kinetics of the coarse gold particles were significantly impacted, when the blended ore was processed, and that the impact could be reduced, or eliminated, with the addition of lead nitrate. Subsequently, a lead nitrate addition scheme was implemented at the Fort Knox mill. A portion of this thesis is dedicated to a review of the laboratory program, an evaluation of the environmental impacts and a summary of plant performance, when utilizing lead nitrate at the Fort Knox Mine.}, keywords = {0743:Metallurgy, Applied sciences, Cyanidation, Gold, Metallurgy, Mineral processing, Subarctic}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305353869?accountid=14270}, author = {Hollow, John T} } @article {15715, title = {Evidence supporting zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {44}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {4303-4308}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, edition = {09/27}, isbn = {0095-1137
1098-660X}, author = {Feltus, Dawn C. and Giddings, Catherine W. and Schneck, Brianna L. and Monson, Timothy and Warshauer, David and McEvoy, John M.} } @article {276, title = {The evolution of the environmental quality concept: From the US EPA red book to the European Water Framework Directive}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, note = {994KS Times Cited:16 Cited References Count:26}, pages = {9-14}, abstract = {Background. Water Quality Criteria were firstly defined in the 1970s by the EPA in the USA and the EIFAC in Europe, recognizing the need for protecting water quality in order to allow the use Of water resources by man. In the 1990s, the European Commission emphasized the importance of safeguarding structure and function Of biologic communities. These approaches were chemically-based. The European Water Framework Directive (WED) substantially changes the concept of Water Quality, by assuming that a water body needs to be protected as In environmental good and not as a resource to be exploited. In this frame, the biological-ecological quality assumes a prevailing role. Main Features. The Water Quality concept introduced by the WED is a challenge for environmental sciences. Reference conditions should be defined for different typologics of water bodies and for different European ecoregions. Suitable indicators should be developed in order to quantify ecological Status and to define what a {\textquoteright}good{\textquoteright} ecological status is. Procedures should be developed for correlating the deviation from a good ecological to the effects of multiple stressors on function and structure of the ecosystem. The protection of biodiversity becomes a key objective. In this frame, the traditional procedures for ecotoxicological risk assessment, mainly based on laboratory testing, Should be overcome by more sire-specific approaches, taking into account the characteristics and the homeostatic capabilities Of natural communities. In the paper an overview of the present knowledge and of the new trends in ecotoxicology to get these objectives will be given. A procedure is Suggested based on the concept of Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD). Recommendations and Perspectives. The need for more site-specific and ecologically-oriented approaches in ecotoxicology is strongly recommended. The development of new tools for implementing the concept of {\textquoteright}Stress Ecology{\textquoteright} his been recently proposed by van Straalen (2003). In the same time, more ecological realism{\textquoteright} is needed in practically applicable procedures for regulatory purposes.}, keywords = {biodiversity ecotoxicology environmental quality objective (eqo) risk assessment species sensitivity distribution (ssd) water framework directive (wed) induced community tolerance}, author = {Vighi, M. and Finizio, A. and Villa, S.} } @inbook {11256, title = {{Exposure and Environmental Contamination}}, booktitle = {Toxocara. The Enigmatic Parasite}, year = {2006}, pages = {211{\textendash}227}, publisher = {CABI}, organization = {CABI}, edition = {1}, author = {Mizgajska-Wiktor, H and Uga, S}, editor = {Holland, C V and Smith, H V} } @inbook {11531, title = {Exposure and Environmental Contamination}, booktitle = {Toxocara. The Enigmatic Parasite}, year = {2006}, pages = {211,227}, publisher = {Wallingford}, organization = {Wallingford}, edition = {1st}, address = {CABI}, author = {Mizgajska-Wiktor, H and Uga, S and Holland, C and Smith, H} } @article {4348, title = {{F+ RNA coliphage typing for microbial source tracking in surface waters.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {101}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, month = {nov}, pages = {1015{\textendash}26}, abstract = {

AIMS: The utility of coliphages to detect and track faecal pollution was evaluated using South Carolina surface waters that exceeded State faecal coliform standards. METHODS AND RESULTS: Coliphages were isolated from 117 surface water samples by single agar layer (SAL) and enrichment presence/absence (EP/A) methods. Confirmed F+ RNA coliphages were typed for microbial source tracking using a library-independent approach. Concentrations of somatic coliphages using 37 and 44.5 degrees C incubation temperatures were found to be significantly different and the higher temperature may be more specific for faecal contamination. The EP/A technique detected coliphages infecting Escherichia coli Famp in 38 (66{\%}) of the 58 surface water samples negative for F+ coliphages by the SAL method. However, coliphages isolated by EP/A were found to be less representative of coliphage diversity within a sample. Among the 2939 coliphage isolates tested from surface water and known source samples, 813 (28{\%}) were found to be F+ RNA. The majority (94{\%}) of surface water F+ RNA coliphage isolates typed as group I. Group II and/or III viruses were identified from 14 surface water stations, the majority of which were downstream of wastewater discharges. These sites were likely contaminated by human-source faecal pollution. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that faecal contamination in surface waters can be detected and source identifications aided by coliphage analyses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study supports the premise that coliphage typing can provide useful, but not absolute, information to distinguish human from animal sources of faecal pollution. Furthermore, the comparison of coliphage isolation methods detailed in this study should provide valuable information to those wishing to incorporate coliphage detection into water quality assessments.

}, keywords = {Animals, Coliphages, Coliphages: classification, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Feces, Feces: virology, Humans, RNA, Temperature, Viral, Viral: analysis, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03011.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17040225}, author = {Stewart-Pullaro, J and Daugomah, J W and Chestnut, D E and Graves, D A and Sobsey, M D and Scott, G I} } @article {5290, title = {Factors affecting disinfection and stabilization of sewage sludge}, journal = {Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {2006}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, pages = {5345{\textendash}5361}, publisher = {Water Environment Federation}, author = {Bethany A Acquisto and Reimers, Robert S and Smith, James E and Pillai, Suresh D} } @inbook {16862, title = {Faecal contamination (viral and bacteria) detection in groundwater used for drinking purposes in Sao Paulo, Brazil}, booktitle = {Geomicrobiology Journal}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {279{\textendash}283}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, author = {Piranha, JM and Pacheco, A and Gamba, RC and Mehnert, DU and Garrafa, P and Barrella, KM} } @article {13348, title = {Faecal Contamination (Viral and Bacteria) Detection in Groundwater used for Drinking Purposes in S{\~a}o Paulo, Brazil}, journal = {Geomicrobiology Journal}, volume = {23}, year = {2006}, pages = {279{\textendash}283}, author = {Piranha, J.M. and Pacheco, A. and Gamba, R.C. and Mehnert, D.U. and Garrafa, P. and Barrella, K.M.} } @article {4125, title = {{Fate of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the Norwegian aquatic environment over winter.}}, journal = {Microbiol. Ecol}, volume = {52}, year = {2006}, pages = {597{\textendash}602}, author = {Robertson, LJ and Gjerde, B} } @article {5540, title = {{Fecal viral load and norovirus-associated gastroenteritis}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, pages = {1278{\textendash}1280}, abstract = {We report the median cDNA viral load of norovirus genogroup II is {\textgreater}100-fold higher than that of genogroup I in the fecal specimens of patients with norovirus-associated gastroenteritis. We speculate that increased cDNA viral load accounts for the higher transmissibility of genogroup II strains through the fecal-oral route.}, isbn = {1080-6040 (Print)}, issn = {10806040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1208.060081}, author = {M CW Chan and J JY Sung and R KY Lam and P KS Chan and N LS Lee and Lai, Raymond W M and Leung, Wai K.} } @article {15295, title = {Fecal viral load and norovirus-associated gastroenteritis}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, pages = {1278-1280}, author = {Chan, M. C. W. and Sung, J. J. Y. and Lam, R. K. Y. and Chan, P. K. S. and Lee, N. L. S. and Lai, R. W. M. and Leung, W. K.} } @article {4995, title = {{Field investigations of Bithynia funiculata, intermediate host of Opisthorchis viverrini in northern Thailand}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {37}, year = {2006}, pages = {662{\textendash}672}, author = {Ngern-klun, R and Sukantason, K and Tesna, S and Snpakdee, D and Irvine, K} } @article {17048, title = {Field scale quantification of microbial transport from bovine faeces under simulated rainfall events}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {83{\textendash}95}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Ferguson, Christobel M and Davies, Cheryl M and Kaucner, Christine and Ashbolt, Nicholas J and Krogh, Martin and Rodehutskors, J{\"o}rg and Deere, Daniel A} } @article {14091, title = {First general outbreak of {Verocytotoxin}-producing {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in {Denmark}.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europ{\'e}en sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {55{\textendash}8}, abstract = {This report describes the first general outbreak of verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) in Denmark. Twenty five patients, 18 children and seven adults, with culture-confirmed VTEC O157:H- infection and indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis DNA profiles, were identified during a six month period from September 2003 to March 2004. The outbreak strain possessed the virulence genes: eae, vtx1 and vtx2c. All patients but one presented with diarrhoea; none developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The outbreak was restricted to Copenhagen and surrounding areas. A case-control study including 11 cases and 55 matched controls revealed an association between VTEC O157:H- infection and shopping in a specific supermarket chain in Copenhagen and surrounding area, matched odds ratio (OR): 8.7 (95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-71). After exclusion of three assumed secondary cases, only consumption of a particular kind of organic milk from a small dairy was associated with disease OR: 8.7 (95\% CI 1.6-48). Environmental and microbiological investigations at the suspected dairy did not confirm the presence of the outbreak strain, but the outbreak stopped once the dairy was closed and thoroughly cleaned.}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16525198}, author = {Jensen, C and Ethelberg, S and Gervelmeyer, A and Nielsen, E M and Olsen, K E P and M{\o}lbak, K and Outbreak Investigation Team} } @article {8047, title = {{First general outbreak of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in Denmark.}}, journal = {Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {55{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

This report describes the first general outbreak of verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) in Denmark. Twenty five patients, 18 children and seven adults, with culture-confirmed VTEC O157:H- infection and indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis DNA profiles, were identified during a six month period from September 2003 to March 2004. The outbreak strain possessed the virulence genes: eae, vtx1 and vtx2c. All patients but one presented with diarrhoea; none developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The outbreak was restricted to Copenhagen and surrounding areas. A case-control study including 11 cases and 55 matched controls revealed an association between VTEC O157:H- infection and shopping in a specific supermarket chain in Copenhagen and surrounding area, matched odds ratio (OR): 8.7 (95{\%} confidence interval (CI): 1.1-71). After exclusion of three assumed secondary cases, only consumption of a particular kind of organic milk from a small dairy was associated with disease OR: 8.7 (95{\%} CI 1.6-48). Environmental and microbiological investigations at the suspected dairy did not confirm the presence of the outbreak strain, but the outbreak stopped once the dairy was closed and thoroughly cleaned.

}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16525198}, author = {Jensen, C and Ethelberg, S and Gervelmeyer, A and Nielsen, E M and Olsen, K E P and M{\o}lbak, K and Outbreak Investigation Team} } @mastersthesis {6883, title = {Foliar dark respiration: {Scaling} gas exchange characteristics and isotopic signals from leaf to canopy and ecosystem level}, year = {2006}, note = {3237357}, school = {Columbia University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Foliar respiration contributes up to two thirds of total plant carbon loss and is sensitive to temperature, so it is necessary to understand the response of leaf respiration to environmental factors at multiple scales, given that we intend to predict the long-term effects of climate change. At the community level, species-specific changes in foliar carbon balance can affect the relative competitive ability. At the ecosystem level, a small change in foliar respiration efflux can lead to large effects on the net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE) and may alter the carbon sink/source status. This thesis firstly addresses leaf respiration of Quercus rubra (red oak) and understory shrubs, seasonally in a temperate deciduous forest, and then scales foliar respiration to the canopy level. The base leaf respiration rate (R0 , 10{\textdegree}C) of Q. rubra was significantly affected by season, site water availability, canopy height and their interactions, but the activation energy of respiration (E0 ) was constant. Ignoring the heterogeneity of R0 results in up to a 130\% error on the estimation of canopy foliar carbon loss (Rc ), but a constant E0 can be assumed in the model. In the understory, leaf respiration was compared between invasive Berberis thunbergii and two native shrubs, Kalmia latifolia and Vaccinium corymbosum. A negative correlation between R0 and E0 was found in all three shrubs. The effect of significant winter warming in southern New York state in the 20th century on Rc is the smallest in the evergreen K. latifolia, which is mainly attributed to the low E0 in this species. Longer-term, integrated environmental effects on ecosystem respiration can be reflected by stable carbon isotope signals. I surveyed δ 13 C of plant respiratory CO2 (δ13 C R ) in five C3 plants. In all cases, leaf respiratory CO 2 was more 13 C enriched than leaf organic components, illustrating that δ13 CR was 5.8[per thousand] higher than leaf bulk organic matter on average. However, caution should be taken when predicting vegetation respiratory δ13 C on ecosystem level by scaling leaf level results. In summary, this thesis demonstrated that appropriate upscaling of leaf respiratory properties is critical to quantify canopy and ecosystem level processes.}, keywords = {0309:Botany, 0329:Ecology, 0817:Botany, Biological sciences, Botany, Canopy, Dark respiration, Ecology, Ecosystem, Foliar, Gas exchange, Isotopic, Leaf, Respiration}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305356579?accountid=14270}, author = {Xu, Chengyuan} } @article {9062, title = {{General model, based on two mixed weibull distributions of bacterial resistance, for describing various shapes of inactivation curves}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {10}, year = {2006}, pages = {6493{\textendash}6502}, abstract = {Cells of Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium taken from six characteristic stages of growth were subjected to an acidic stress (pH 3.3). As expected, the bacterial resistance increased from the end of the exponential phase to the late stationary phase. Moreover, the shapes of the survival curves gradually evolved as the physiological states of the cells changed. A new primary model, based on two mixed Weibull distributions of cell resistance, is proposed to describe the survival curves and the change in the pattern with the modifications of resistance of two assumed subpopulations. This model resulted from simplification of the first model proposed. These models were compared to the Whiting{\textquoteright}s model. The parameters of the proposed model were stable and showed consistent evolution according to the initial physiological state of the bacterial population. Compared to the Whiting{\textquoteright}s model, the proposed model allowed a better fit and more accurate estimation of the parameters. Finally, the parameters of the simplified model had biological significance, which facilitated their interpretation.}, author = {Coroller, L. and Leguerinel, I. and Mettler, E. and Savy, N. and Mafart, P.} } @article {7747, title = {Genetic relatedness within the genus Campylobacter inferred from rpoB sequences}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {937-945}, author = {Korczak,Bo{\.z}ena M. and Stieber,Regina and Emler,Stefan and Burnens,Andr{\'e} P. and Frey,Joachim and Kuhnert,Peter} } @article {16066, title = {Genome reduction in Leptospira borgpetersenii reflects limited transmission potential.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.}, volume = {103}, number = {39}, year = {2006}, pages = {14560-14565.}, author = {Bulach, D. M. and Zuerner, R. L. and Wilson, P. and Seemann, T. and McGrath, A. and Cullen, P. A. and Davis, J. and Johnson, M. and Kuczek, E. and Alt, D. P. and Peterson-Burch, B. and Coppel, R. L. and Rood, J. I. and Davies, J. K. and Adler, B.} } @book {8348, title = {{The Ghost Map: The Story of London{\textquoteright}s Most Terrifying Epidemic{\textemdash}and How it Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World}}, year = {2006}, address = {New York, NY}, author = {Johnson, S.}, editor = {Riverhead Books} } @article {4136, title = {{Giardia and Cryptosporidium join the {\textquoteleft}Neglected Diseases Initiative{\textquoteright}}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {22}, year = {2006}, pages = {203{\textendash}207}, author = {Savioli, L and Smith, H and Thompson, RCA} } @article {15900, title = {Giardia and Cryptosporidium join the {\textquoteright}Neglected Diseases Initiative{\textquoteright}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, month = {May}, pages = {203-8}, edition = {2006/03/21}, keywords = {Animals, Animals, Domestic/parasitology, Animals, Wild/parasitology, Child, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention \& control/transmission, Cryptosporidium/*classification/genetics/pathogenicity, Failure to Thrive/parasitology, genotype, Giardia/*classification/genetics/pathogenicity, Giardiasis/diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention \& control/transmission, Humans, Infant, Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, Species Specificity, Water/parasitology, World Health Organization}, isbn = {1471-4922 (Print)
1471-4922}, author = {Savioli, L. and Smith, H. and Thompson, A.} } @article {15797, title = {Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in membrane-filtered municipal wastewater used for irrigation}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, month = {Dec}, pages = {7916-8}, edition = {2006/10/24}, keywords = {*Ultrafiltration/instrumentation/methods, Agriculture, Animals, Cities, Cryptosporidium/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Giardia/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Membranes, Artificial, Micropore Filters, Oocysts/growth \& development, Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Lonigro, A. and Pollice, A. and Spinelli, R. and Berrilli, F. and Di Cave, D. and D{\textquoteright}Orazi, C. and Cavallo, P. and Brandonisio, O.} } @article {4091, title = {{Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in membrane-filtered municipal wastewater used for irrigation}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, pages = {7916{\textendash}7918}, author = {Lonigro, A and Pollice, A and Spinelli, R and Berrilli, F and Di Cave, D and D{\textquoteright}Orazi, C and Cavallo, P and Brandonisio, O} } @article {4034, title = {{Giardia duodenalis infection and wastewater irrigation in Pakistan}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {100}, year = {2006}, pages = {538{\textendash}542}, author = {Ensink, JH and van der Hoek, W and Amerasinghe, FP} } @article {7009, title = {Global challenges in water, sanitation and health}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {41}, url = {http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Moe-2006-Global2.pdf}, author = {Christine L Moe and Rheingans, Richard D. and others} } @article {2967, title = {Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {feb}, pages = {296{\textendash}303}, abstract = {Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an emerging zoonotic parasitic disease throughout the world. Human incidence and livestock prevalence data of CE were gathered from published literature and the Office International des Epizooties databases. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and monetary losses, resulting from human and livestock CE, were calculated from recorded human and livestock cases. Alternative values, assuming substantial underreporting, are also reported. When no underreporting is assumed, the estimated human burden of disease is 285,407 (95\% confidence interval [CI], 218,515-366,133) DALYs or an annual loss of US \$193,529,740 (95\% CI, \$171,567,331-\$217,773,513). When underreporting is accounted for, this amount rises to 1,009,662 (95\% CI, 862,119-1,175,654) DALYs or US \$763,980,979 (95\% CI, \$676,048,731-\$857,982,275). An annual livestock production loss of at least US \$141,605,195 (95\% CI, \$101,011,553-\$183,422,465) and possibly up to US \$2,190,132,464 (95\% CI, \$1,572,373,055-\$2,951,409,989) is also estimated. This initial valuation demonstrates the necessity for increased monitoring and global control of CE.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Communicable Diseases, Cost of Illness, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Emerging, Global Health, Goat Diseases, Goats, Humans, Incidence, prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, Socioeconomic Factors, Swine, Swine Diseases}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1202.050499}, author = {Budke, Christine M. and Deplazes, Peter and Torgerson, Paul R.} } @article {8546, title = {{Globalization and the population structure of Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {103}, number = {30}, year = {2006}, pages = {11423{\textendash}11428}, author = {Lehmann, T and Marcet, PL and Graham, DH and Dahl, ER and Dubey, JP} } @booklet {5418, title = {{Greywater management in low and middle-income countries, review of different treatment systems for households and neighbourhood. Sandec report No. 14/06}}, year = {2006}, pages = {107}, publisher = {Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)}, address = {D{\"u}bendorf, Switzerland}, author = {Morel, A and Diener, S} } @article {6041, title = {Groundwater and public health}, journal = {Protecting groundwater for health: managing the quality of drinking-water sources. London, International Water Association Publishing}, year = {2006}, pages = {3{\textendash}19}, author = {Howard, G and Bartram, J and Pedley, S and Schmoll, O and Chorus, I and Berger, P} } @inbook {6033, title = {Groundwater protection zones.}, booktitle = {Protecting groundwater for health: managing the quality of drinking-water sources}, year = {2006}, pages = {465{\textendash}492}, publisher = {World Health Organization, IWA Publishing}, organization = {World Health Organization, IWA Publishing}, author = {Chave, P and Howard, G and Schijven, J and Appleyard, S and Fladerer, F and Schimon, W and Schmoll, O and Chilton, J and Chorus, I and others} } @article {17262, title = {Growth kinetics of Salmonella spp. pre- and post-thermal treatment}, journal = {International Journal of Food MicrobiologyInternational journal of food microbiologyInt J Food Microbiol}, volume = {109}, number = {1-2}, year = {2006}, month = {May 25}, pages = {54-59}, keywords = {exponential growth rates, lag phase, Salmonella}, isbn = {0168-1605}, author = {Juneja, V. K. and Marks, H. M.} } @book {13651, title = {Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality: Incorporating first addendum}, volume = {1, Recommendations - 3rd Edition}, year = {2006}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, type = {Report}, address = {Geneva} } @booklet {13411, title = {{Guidelines for the Safe use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater: Volume 4: Excreta and Greywater use in Agriculture}}, year = {2006}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {WHO} } @book {13660, title = {Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater }, series = {Policy and Regulatory Aspects}, volume = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {1{\textendash}114}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, keywords = {Excreta, Greywater, Guidlelines, REF, wastewater, Who, WHO Guidelines}, isbn = {92 4 154685 9} } @booklet {10227, title = {{Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Volumes I-IV}}, year = {2006}, publisher = {World Health Organization} } @book {10333, title = {Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater: Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture}, volume = {4}, year = {2006}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, edition = {3}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @booklet {4161, title = {{Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater, Volume 3: Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture}}, year = {2006}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva} } @book {15242, title = {Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater}, series = {Policy and Regulatory Aspects}, volume = {2, Wastewater use in agriculture}, year = {2006}, publisher = {World Health Organization (WHO)}, organization = {World Health Organization (WHO)}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, keywords = {Excreta, Greywater, Guidlelines, REF, wastewater, Who, WHO Guidelines}, isbn = {92 4 154685 9} } @book {11293, title = {Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 2}, year = {2006}, publisher = {World Health Organization, (WHO)}, organization = {World Health Organization, (WHO)}, edition = {1} } @book {16619, title = {Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater}, volume = {2}, year = {2006}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, author = {Organization, World Health} } @book {16723, title = {Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater-volume 2: wastewater use in agriculture}, year = {2006}, note = {Published: �urlhttp://www.who.int/water\_sanitation\_health/wastewater/wwuvol2intro.pdf}, author = {Organization, World Health} } @article {8214, title = {{Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Children of Low and High Socioeconomic Status in Northeastern Brazil}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {509{\textendash}512}, author = {Jos{\'e} M Parente and N F Nishimura and Jos{\'e} M Zeitune and Benedito B Da Silva and M{\'\i}rian PS Palha-Dias and Schlioma Zaterka} } @article {13842, title = {Helicobacter {Pylori} {Infection} in {Children} of {Low} and {High} {Socioeconomic} {Status} in {Northeastern} {Brazil}}, journal = {Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {509{\textendash}512}, author = {Jos{\'e} Miguel L. Parente,* Benedito Borges Da Silva, M{\'\i}rian P. S. Palha-Dias, Schlioma Zaterka and Nancy F. Nishimura and Zeitune, Jos{\'e} Murilo} } @article {14784, title = {Helicobacter {Pylori} {Infection} in {Children} of {Low} and {High} {Socioeconomic} {Status} in {Northeastern} {Brazil}}, journal = {Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {509{\textendash}512}, author = {Jos{\'e} Miguel L. Parente, * Benedito Borges Da Silva, M{\'\i}rian P. S. Palha-Dias, Schlioma Zaterka and Nishimura, Nancy F. and Zeitune, Jos{\'e} Murilo} } @article {11389, title = {Helminth eggs in raw and treated wastewater in the Islamic Republic of Iran}, year = {2006}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1020-3397}, author = {Mahvi, AH and Kia, Eb} } @article {7389, title = {Helping members of a community-based health insurance scheme access quality inpatient care through development of a preferred provider system in rural {Gujarat}}, journal = {The National Medical Journal of India}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, month = {oct}, pages = {274{\textendash}282}, abstract = {We describe and analyse the experience of piloting a preferred provider system (PPS) for rural members of Vimo SEWA, a fixed-indemnity, community-based health insurance (CBHI) scheme run by the Self-Employed Women{\textquoteright}s Association (SEWA). The objectives of the PPS were (i) to facilitate access to hospitalization by providing financial benefits at the time of service utilization; (ii) to shift the burden of compiling a claim away from members and towards Vimo SEWA staff; and (iii) to direct members to inpatient facilities of acceptable quality. The PPS was launched between August and October 2004, in 8 subdistricts covering 15,000 insured. The impact of the scheme was analysed using data from a household survey of claimants and qualitative data from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The PPS appears to have been successful in terms of two of the three primary objectives{\textendash}it has transferred much of the burden of compiling a health Insurance claim onto Vimo SEWA staff, and it has directed members to inpatient facilities with acceptable levels of technical quality (defined in terms of structural Indicators). However, even under the PPS, user fees pose a financial barrier, as the insured have to mobilize funds to cover the costs of medicines, supplies, registration fee, etc. before receipt of cash payment from Vimo SEWA. Other barriers to the success of the PPS were the geographic Inaccessibility of some of the selected hospitals, lack of awareness about the PPS among members and a variety of administrative problems. This pilot project provides useful lessons relating to strategic purchasing by CBHI schemes and, more broadly, managed care in India. In particular, the pragmatic approach taken to assessing hospitals and identifying preferred providers is likely to be useful elsewhere.}, keywords = {Community Health Planning, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Hospitalization, Humans, India, Insurance Claim Reporting, Insurance Coverage, Labor Unions, Pilot Projects, Preferred Provider Organizations, Rural Health Services, Social Class, Women, Women{\textquoteright}s Health Services, Working}, issn = {0970-258X}, author = {Ranson, M. Kent and Sinha, Tara and Gandhi, Fenil and Jayswal, Rupal and Mills, Anne J.} } @article {5766, title = {{Hepatitis A in the Era of Vaccination}}, journal = {Epidemiologic Reviews}, volume = {28}, year = {2006}, pages = {101{\textendash}111}, author = {Wasley, A and Fiore, A and B P Bell} } @article {5998, title = {{Hepatitis E virus: an emerging disease}}, journal = {Sante}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {239{\textendash}243}, author = {Peron, JM and Mansuy, JM} } @article {13508, title = {High risk of bacterobilia in advanced experimental chronic fasciolosis}, journal = {Acta Tro}, volume = {100}, year = {2006}, pages = {17-23}, author = {Valero, M. A. and Navarro, M. and Garcia-Bodelon, M. A. and Marcilla, A. and Morales, M. and Garcia, J. E. and Hernandez, J. L. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {2943, title = {Hospital and community surveys reveal the severe public health problem and socio-economic impact of human echinococcosis in {Ningxia} {Hui} {Autonomous} {Region}, {China}}, journal = {Tropical medicine \& international health: TM \& IH}, volume = {11}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {880{\textendash}888}, abstract = {A comprehensive study of human echinococcosis (caused by Echinococcus granulosus or E. multilocularis), including assessment of hospital records, community surveys and patient follow-up, was conducted in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), China. In contrast to hospital records that showed 96\% of echinococcosis cases were caused by cystic echinococcosis (CE), 56\% of cases detected in active community surveys were caused by alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The AE and CE cases co-existed frequently in the same village, even occurring in the same patient. A serious public health problem caused by echinococcosis was evident in southern NHAR, typified by: a long diagnostic history for both AE and CE (7.5 years) compared with a shorter treatment history (4.7 years); a significant mortality rate (39\%) caused by AE in one surveyed village, where patients had no previous access to treatment; family aggregation of CE and AE cases; a high proportion of both AE (62.5\%) and CE (58\%) in females; a high rate of recurrent surgery (30\%) for CE demonstrated by surgical records; and frequent symptomatic recurrences (51\%) because of discontinuous or sporadic access to chemotherapy for AE. The disease burden for both human AE and CE is thus very severe among these rural communities in NHAR, and this study provides the first attempt to determine the costs of morbidity and surgical intervention of human CE and AE cases both at the hospital and community level in this setting. This information may be useful for assessing the cost effectiveness of designing effective public health programs to control echinococcosis in this and other endemic areas in China and elsewhere.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, China, Echinococcosis, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Health Care Costs, Hospitalization, Humans, Infant, Length of Stay, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Preschool, Public health, Pulmonary, Socioeconomic Factors, Treatment Outcome}, issn = {1360-2276}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01633.x}, author = {Yang, Y. R. and Williams, G. M. and Craig, P. S. and Sun, T. and Yang, S. K. and Cheng, L. and Vuitton, D. A. and Giraudoux, P. and Li, X. and Hu, S. and Liu, X. and Pan, X. and McManus, D. P.} } @article {7039, title = {Household water treatment and safe storage options in developing countries: a review of current implementation practices}, journal = {Wilson Quarterly, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Environmental Change and Security Program}, volume = {99}, number = {11}, year = {2006}, url = {http://www.ewbdenver.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/household_water_treatment.pdf}, author = {Lantagne, Daniele S. and Quick, Robert and Mintz, Eric D.} } @article {4510, title = {Human adenoviruses in water: occurrence and health implications: a critical review}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {23}, year = {2006}, pages = {7132{\textendash}40}, issn = {0013-936X (Print) 0013-936X (Linking)}, author = {Jiang, S. C.} } @article {17109, title = {Human adenoviruses in water: occurrence and health implications: a critical review}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {40}, number = {23}, year = {2006}, pages = {7132{\textendash}7140}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, author = {Jiang, Sunny C} } @article {1358, title = {Human adenoviruses in water: occurrence and health implications: a critical review}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {40}, number = {23}, year = {2006}, note = {Jiang, Sunny C Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review United States Environmental science \& technology Environ Sci Technol. 2006 Dec 1;40(23):7132-40.}, pages = {7132-40}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Adenoviruses are important human pathogens that are responsible for both enteric illnesses and respiratory and eye infections. Recently, these viruses have been found to be prevalent in rivers, coastal waters, swimming pool waters, and drinking water supplies worldwide. United Sates Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) listed adenovirus as one of nine microorganisms on the Contamination Candidate List for drinking water because their survival characteristic during water treatment is not yet fully understood. Adenoviruses have been found to be significantly more stable than fecal indicator bacteria and other enteric viruses during UV treatment. Adenovirus infection may be caused by consumption of contaminated water or inhalation of aerosolized droplets during water recreation. The goal of this review is to summarize the state of technology for adenovirus detection in natural and drinking waters and the human health risk imposed by this emerging pathogen. The occurrence of these viruses in natural and treated waters is summarized from worldwide reports.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/ epidemiology Adenoviruses, Human/genetics/ isolation \& purification Cell Line DNA Primers Fresh Water/ virology Humans Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Swimming Pools Water Microbiology Water Supply/ analysis}, issn = {0013-936X (Print) 0013-936X (Linking)}, author = {Jiang, S. C.} } @inbook {5693, title = {{Human and Animal Viruses in Food (Including Taxonomy of Enteric Viruses)}}, booktitle = {Viruses in Foods}, year = {2006}, pages = {5{\textendash}42}, publisher = {Springer Science, Business Media, LLC}, organization = {Springer Science, Business Media, LLC}, address = {New York, NY, USA }, author = {Greening, GE}, editor = {Goyal, SM} } @article {3709, title = {Human astroviruses in raw sewage samples in {Hungary}}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {101}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {1123{\textendash}1129}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02997.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02997.x}, author = {Meleg, E and Jakab, F and Kocsis, B and B{\'a}nyai, K and Melegh, B and cs, Sz G} } @article {314, title = {Human astroviruses in raw sewage samples in Hungary}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {101}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {1123-1129}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02997.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02997.x}, author = {Meleg, E and Jakab, F and Kocsis, B and B{\'a}nyai, K and Melegh, B and cs, Sz G} } @article {2501, title = {Human astroviruses in raw sewage samples in Hungary}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {101}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {1123-1129}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02997.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02997.x}, author = {Meleg, E and Jakab, F and Kocsis, B and B{\'a}nyai, K and Melegh, B and cs, Sz G} } @article {3578, title = {Human astroviruses in raw sewage samples in {Hungary}.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {101}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {1123{\textendash}1129}, author = {Meleg, E and Jakab, F and Kocsis, B and B{\'a}nyai, K and Melegh, B and Szucs, G} } @article {15422, title = {Human schistosomiasis}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {368}, number = {9541}, year = {2006}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
England}, month = {Sep 23}, pages = {1106-18}, abstract = {Schistosomiasis or bilharzia is a tropical disease caused by worms of the genus Schistosoma. The transmission cycle requires contamination of surface water by excreta, specific freshwater snails as intermediate hosts, and human water contact. The main disease-causing species are S haematobium, S mansoni, and S japonicum. According to WHO, 200 million people are infected worldwide, leading to the loss of 1.53 million disability-adjusted life years, although these figures need revision. Schistosomiasis is characterised by focal epidemiology and overdispersed population distribution, with higher infection rates in children than in adults. Complex immune mechanisms lead to the slow acquisition of immune resistance, though innate factors also play a part. Acute schistosomiasis, a feverish syndrome, is mostly seen in travellers after primary infection. Chronic schistosomal disease affects mainly individuals with long-standing infections in poor rural areas. Immunopathological reactions against schistosome eggs trapped in the tissues lead to inflammatory and obstructive disease in the urinary system (S haematobium) or intestinal disease, hepatosplenic inflammation, and liver fibrosis (S mansoni, S japonicum). The diagnostic standard is microscopic demonstration of eggs in the excreta. Praziquantel is the drug treatment of choice. Vaccines are not yet available. Great advances have been made in the control of the disease through population-based chemotherapy but these required political commitment and strong health systems.}, keywords = {*Schistosomiasis/drug therapy/epidemiology/physiopathology, Animals, Anthelmintics/adverse effects/*therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Male, Praziquantel/adverse effects/*therapeutic use, Schistosoma/growth \& development/*pathogenicity/physiology}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Gryseels, B. and Polman, K. and Clerinx, J. and Kestens, L.} } @article {11150, title = {{Hyperinfectivity: A Critical Element in the Ability of V. cholerae to Cause Epidemics?}}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {e7}, author = {Hartley, MD and Morris, Jr. GJ and Smith, DL} } @article {10713, title = {{Hyperinfectivity in cholera: a new mechanism for an old epidemiological model}}, journal = {PLoS Medicine}, volume = {3}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {e280}, author = {Pascual, M and Koelle, K and Dobson, AP} } @article {1982, title = {Balantidium, Cryptosporidium and Giardia species infections in indoor and outdoor pig production units in Croatia}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {158}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {2006/01/14}, pages = {61-61}, isbn = {0042-4900
2042-7670}, author = {Bilic, H. R. and Bilkei, G.} } @article {13761, title = {Identification of human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses for determination of sources of fecal contamination in the environment}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The Adenoviridae and Polyomaviridae families comprise a wide diversity of viruses which may be excreted for long periods in feces or urine. In this study, a preliminary analysis of the prevalence in the environment and the potential usefulness as source-tracking tools of human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses has been developed. Molecular assays based on PCR specifically targeting human adenoviruses (HAdV), porcine adenoviruses (PAdV), bovine adenoviruses (BAdV), and bovine polyomaviruses (BPyV) were applied to environmental samples including urban sewage, slaughterhouse, and river water samples. PAdV and BPyV were detected in a very high percentage of samples potentially affected by either porcine or bovine fecal contamination, respectively. However, BAdV were detected in only one sample, showing a lower prevalence than BPyV in the wastewater samples analyzed. The 22 slaughterhouse samples with fecal contamination of animal origin showed negative results for the presence of HAdV. The river water samples analyzed were positive for the presence of both human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses, indicating the existence of diverse sources of contamination. The identities of the viruses detected were confirmed by analyses of the amplified sequences. All BPyV isolates showed a 97\% similarity in nucleotide sequences. This is the first time that PAdV5, BAdV6, and BPyV have been reported to occur in environmental samples. Human and porcine adenoviruses and human and bovine polyomaviruses are proposed as tools for evaluating the presence of viral contamination and for tracking the origin of fecal/urine contamination in environmental samples. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01090-06}, author = {Hundesa, A. and Maluquer de Motes, C. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Girones, R.} } @article {7561, title = {{Identification of human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses for determination of sources of fecal contamination in the environment}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {7886-7893}, abstract = {

The Adenoviridae and Polyomaviridae families comprise a wide diversity of viruses which may be excreted for long periods in feces or urine. In this study, a preliminary analysis of the prevalence in the environment and the potential usefulness as source-tracking tools of human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses has been developed. Molecular assays based on PCR specifically targeting human adenoviruses (HAdV), porcine adenoviruses (PAdV), bovine adenoviruses (BAdV), and bovine polyomaviruses (BPyV) were applied to environmental samples including urban sewage, slaughterhouse, and river water samples. PAdV and BPyV were detected in a very high percentage of samples potentially affected by either porcine or bovine fecal contamination, respectively. However, BAdV were detected in only one sample, showing a lower prevalence than BPyV in the wastewater samples analyzed. The 22 slaughterhouse samples with fecal contamination of animal origin showed negative results for the presence of HAdV. The river water samples analyzed were positive for the presence of both human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses, indicating the existence of diverse sources of contamination. The identities of the viruses detected were confirmed by analyses of the amplified sequences. All BPyV isolates showed a 97{\%} similarity in nucleotide sequences. This is the first time that PAdV5, BAdV6, and BPyV have been reported to occur in environmental samples. Human and porcine adenoviruses and human and bovine polyomaviruses are proposed as tools for evaluating the presence of viral contamination and for tracking the origin of fecal/urine contamination in environmental samples. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01090-06}, author = {Hundesa, A. and Maluquer de Motes, C. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Girones, R.} } @article {2916, title = {Imaging aspects and non-surgical interventional treatment in human alveolar echinococcosis}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {55 Suppl}, year = {2006}, pages = {S267{\textendash}272}, abstract = {Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) of the liver caused by the metacestode of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis is characterized by a multivesicular structure surrounded by an extensive fibro-inflammatory host reaction. The lesions behave like a slow-growing liver cancer, without sharp limits between the parasitic tissue and the liver parenchyma. Invasion of biliary and vascular walls is another hallmark of this severe disease. Moreover, the poor vascularization of the parasitic mass often leads to necrosis in the central part of the lesion. This explains why liver abscess due to superimposed bacterial infection of the necrotic area may occur in this disease. Currently, a range of imaging techniques can be used at the different stages of management of AE. For diagnosis, ultrasonography remains the first line examination. For a more accurate disease evaluation, aiming to guide the surgical strategy, computerized tomography, Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging, including cholangio-MR imaging are of importance, providing useful complementary information. More recently, Positive-Emission Tomography using [18F] fluoro-deoxyglucose has been developed for the follow-up of inoperable AE patients under long-term benzimidazoles therapy. This approach seems very promising to assess inflammatory activity and thereby to indirectly depict parasitic activity. Non-surgical interventional procedures, mainly percutaneous biliary and/or centro-parasitic abscesses drainages, are currently a major aspect in the care of incurable AE patients and have largely contributed to the improvement of survival in this situation during the past 20 years. They may also be used as a bridge before a curative surgical procedure in symptomatic patients presenting a life-threatening bacterial and/or fungal infection. It is also very useful in inoperable patients to overcome similar infectious episodes.}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Hepatic, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron-Emission Tomography, Tomography, X-Ray Computed}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.053}, author = {Bresson-Hadni, Solange and Delabrousse, Eric and Blagosklonov, Oleg and Bartholomot, Brigitte and Koch, St{\'e}phane and Miguet, Jean-Philippe and Mantion, Georges Andr{\'e} and Vuitton, Dominique Ang{\`e}le} } @article {9701, title = {Imaging aspects and non-surgical interventional treatment in human alveolar echinococcosis.}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {55 Suppl}, year = {2006}, pages = {S267-272}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.053}, author = {Bresson-Hadni, S and Delabrousse, E. and Blagosklonov, O and Bartholomot, B. and Koch, S and Miguet, J.-P. and Mantion, G.A. and Vuitton, D.A.} } @mastersthesis {6224, title = {The impact of {HIV} on measles and measles immunisation}, year = {2006}, note = {U489637}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Methods: A prospective study of the immunogenicity of standard-titre measles vaccine administered at 9 months of age to HIV-1-infected and uninfected children in Lusaka, Zambia was performed. Measles antibody levels before, at and 1, 3, 15 and 27 months after vaccination were measured using the Plaque Reduction Neutralisation Assay. HIV-seropositive and negative paired maternal-cord sera from rural Kenya were tested for measles antibodies using ELISA. A simple mathematical model was used to explore the potential impact of HIV infection on the transmission dynamics of measles infection. Results: Maternal HIV infection was associated with a 35\% reduction in newborn measles antibody levels. By six months of age 91\% of HIV-infected children, had measles antibody levels that were unlikely to interfere vaccination (<=50 mlU/mL) compared to 58\% of HIV-seronegative children. HIV-infected children responded to measles vaccine, but by 27 months post-vaccination only half had protective antibody titres compared with 92\% of uninfected children (titres {\textless}120 mlU/mL) (P = 0.001). The force of infection was estimated to be 20\% per year (95\% CI 16.5, 23.5). Mathematical modelling suggests that high mortality in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy (280.4 per 1,000 child years in HIV-infected children compared to 9.3 per 1,000 in HIV-uninfected children) limits the impact of HIV on measles transmission dynamics. Conclusions: Although protection against measles virus infection appears to be lower in HIV-infected children than HIV-uninfected children, in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy HIV-induced children die before they can play a major role in the transmission dynamics of measles infection. This may change with the scaling up of ART in sub-Saharan Africa, and improved survival of HIV-infected children.}, keywords = {0766:Epidemiology, Bibliographies, DXN106921, epidemiology, Health and environmental sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301722573?accountid=14270}, author = {Scott, S} } @article {10693, title = {{The impact of inadequate wastewater treatment on the receiving water bodies - case study: Buffalo City and Nkonkobe Municipalities of the Eastern Cape Province}}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {687{\textendash}692}, author = {Momba, MNB and Osode, AN and Sibewu, M} } @article {16831, title = {The impact of inadequate wastewater treatment on the receiving water bodies{\textendash}Case study: Buffalo City and Nkokonbe Municipalities of the Eastern Cape Province}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, publisher = {Water Research Commission (WRC)}, author = {Momba, MNB and Osode, AN and Sibewu, M} } @article {3037, title = {Imported disease of dogs and cats exotic to {Ireland}: {Echinococcus} multilocularis}, journal = {Irish Veterinary Journal}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {214{\textendash}216}, abstract = {Changes in legislation that facilitate the movement of animals within the European Union may increase the risk that some microbial and parasitic organisms, currently exotic to Ireland, will be introduced by travelled pet animals. It is possible that the fox tapeworm, Echinococcus multilocularis, might be introduced in that manner from any of the several member states in which it is endemic. Red foxes are the principal definitive hosts of E. multilocularis but dogs and cats can also be infected. Infection in the definitive host is of little clinical significance, but aberrant infection of humans results in alveolar echinococcosis, a debilitating disease that has a high mortality rate. Humans acquire the organism by ingestion of Echinococcus multilocularis eggs excreted by definitive hosts; the larval metacestodes develop primarily in the liver, in the initial asymptomatic phase as small, well-encapsulated cysts. Over time, perhaps five to 15 years, progressive local infiltration and secondary cyst development at distant sites occur with resultant clinical signs. Patients with infiltrative liver disease present with cholestatic jaundice, epigastric pain, fatigue, weight loss and hepatomegaly. If left untreated, the disease can be fatal.This paper recounts the life cycle of the parasite, and discusses the control measures on which its exclusion from Ireland depend. Strict adherence to the routine worming of travelled dogs with praziquantel, at appropriate doses, 24 to 48 hours prior to entry into the country will minimise the likelihood of introduction of this zoonosis.}, issn = {0368-0762}, doi = {10.1186/2046-0481-59-4-214}, author = {Goodfellow, Mark and Shaw, Susan and Morgan, Eric} } @article {10635, title = {{Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo) cysts in water: A review}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, year = {2006}, pages = {3{\textendash}22}, author = {Hijnen, WAM and Beerendonk, EF and Medema, GJ} } @inbook {1325, title = {Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: a review}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {40}, year = {2006}, note = {Hijnen, W A M Beerendonk, E F Medema, G J Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review Water research S0043-1354(05)00610-X [pii] Water Res. 2006 Jan;40(1):3-22.}, pages = {3-22}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {UV disinfection technology is of growing interest in the water industry since it was demonstrated that UV radiation is very effective against (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, two pathogenic micro-organisms of major importance for the safety of drinking water. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment, the new concept for microbial safety of drinking water and wastewater, requires quantitative data of the inactivation or removal of pathogenic micro-organisms by water treatment processes. The objective of this study was to review the literature on UV disinfection and extract quantitative information about the relation between the inactivation of micro-organisms and the applied UV fluence. The quality of the available studies was evaluated and only high-quality studies were incorporated in the analysis of the inactivation kinetics. The results show that UV is effective against all waterborne pathogens. The inactivation of micro-organisms by UV could be described with first-order kinetics using fluence-inactivation data from laboratory studies in collimated beam tests. No inactivation at low fluences (offset) and/or no further increase of inactivation at higher fluences (tailing) was observed for some micro-organisms. Where observed, these were included in the description of the inactivation kinetics, even though the cause of tailing is still a matter of debate. The parameters that were used to describe inactivation are the inactivation rate constant k (cm(2)/mJ), the maximum inactivation demonstrated and (only for bacterial spores and Acanthamoeba) the offset value. These parameters were the basis for the calculation of the microbial inactivation credit (MIC="log-credits") that can be assigned to a certain UV fluence. The most UV-resistant organisms are viruses, specifically Adenoviruses, and bacterial spores. The protozoon Acanthamoeba is also highly UV resistant. Bacteria and (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia are more susceptible with a fluence requirement of <20 mJ/cm(2) for an MIC of 3 log. Several studies have reported an increased UV resistance of environmental bacteria and bacterial spores, compared to lab-grown strains. This means that higher UV fluences are required to obtain the same level of inactivation. Hence, for bacteria and spores, a correction factor of 2 and 4 was included in the MIC calculation, respectively, whereas some wastewater studies suggest that a correction of a factor of 7 is needed under these conditions. For phages and viruses this phenomenon appears to be of little significance and for protozoan (oo)cysts this aspect needs further investigation. Correction of the required fluence for DNA repair is considered unnecessary under the conditions of drinking water practice (no photo-repair, dark repair insignificant, esp. at higher (60 mJ/cm(2)) fluences) and probably also wastewater practice (photo-repair limited by light absorption). To enable accurate assessment of the effective fluence in continuous flow UV systems in water treatment practice, biodosimetry is still essential, although the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) improves the description of reactor hydraulics and fluence distribution. For UV systems that are primarily dedicated to inactivate the more sensitive pathogens (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, pathogenic bacteria), additional model organisms are needed to serve as biodosimeter.}, keywords = {Animals Bacteria/pathogenicity Disinfection/ methods Eukaryota/pathogenicity Kinetics Oocysts Ultraviolet Rays Viruses/pathogenicity Water Microbiology Water Purification/ methods}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.030}, author = {Hijnen, W. A. and Beerendonk, E. F. and Medema, G. J.} } @article {1614, title = {Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: a review}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, note = {Hijnen, W A M Beerendonk, E F Medema, G J Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review England Water research Water Res. 2006 Jan;40(1):3-22.}, pages = {3-22}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {UV disinfection technology is of growing interest in the water industry since it was demonstrated that UV radiation is very effective against (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, two pathogenic micro-organisms of major importance for the safety of drinking water. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment, the new concept for microbial safety of drinking water and wastewater, requires quantitative data of the inactivation or removal of pathogenic micro-organisms by water treatment processes. The objective of this study was to review the literature on UV disinfection and extract quantitative information about the relation between the inactivation of micro-organisms and the applied UV fluence. The quality of the available studies was evaluated and only high-quality studies were incorporated in the analysis of the inactivation kinetics. The results show that UV is effective against all waterborne pathogens. The inactivation of micro-organisms by UV could be described with first-order kinetics using fluence-inactivation data from laboratory studies in collimated beam tests. No inactivation at low fluences (offset) and/or no further increase of inactivation at higher fluences (tailing) was observed for some micro-organisms. Where observed, these were included in the description of the inactivation kinetics, even though the cause of tailing is still a matter of debate. The parameters that were used to describe inactivation are the inactivation rate constant k (cm(2)/mJ), the maximum inactivation demonstrated and (only for bacterial spores and Acanthamoeba) the offset value. These parameters were the basis for the calculation of the microbial inactivation credit (MIC="log-credits") that can be assigned to a certain UV fluence. The most UV-resistant organisms are viruses, specifically Adenoviruses, and bacterial spores. The protozoon Acanthamoeba is also highly UV resistant. Bacteria and (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia are more susceptible with a fluence requirement of <20 mJ/cm(2) for an MIC of 3 log. Several studies have reported an increased UV resistance of environmental bacteria and bacterial spores, compared to lab-grown strains. This means that higher UV fluences are required to obtain the same level of inactivation. Hence, for bacteria and spores, a correction factor of 2 and 4 was included in the MIC calculation, respectively, whereas some wastewater studies suggest that a correction of a factor of 7 is needed under these conditions. For phages and viruses this phenomenon appears to be of little significance and for protozoan (oo)cysts this aspect needs further investigation. Correction of the required fluence for DNA repair is considered unnecessary under the conditions of drinking water practice (no photo-repair, dark repair insignificant, esp. at higher (60 mJ/cm(2)) fluences) and probably also wastewater practice (photo-repair limited by light absorption). To enable accurate assessment of the effective fluence in continuous flow UV systems in water treatment practice, biodosimetry is still essential, although the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) improves the description of reactor hydraulics and fluence distribution. For UV systems that are primarily dedicated to inactivate the more sensitive pathogens (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, pathogenic bacteria), additional model organisms are needed to serve as biodosimeter.}, keywords = {Animals Bacteria/pathogenicity Disinfection/*methods Eukaryota/pathogenicity Kinetics Oocysts *Ultraviolet Rays Viruses/pathogenicity *Water Microbiology Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {S0043-1354(05)00610-X [pii] 10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.030}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16386286}, author = {Hijnen, W. A. and Beerendonk, E. F. and Medema, G. J.} } @article {14663, title = {Inactivation credit of {UV} radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: a review}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {40}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {3{\textendash}22}, abstract = {UV disinfection technology is of growing interest in the water industry since it was demonstrated that UV radiation is very effective against (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, two pathogenic micro-organisms of major importance for the safety of drinking water. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment, the new concept for microbial safety of drinking water and wastewater, requires quantitative data of the inactivation or removal of pathogenic micro-organisms by water treatment processes. The objective of this study was to review the literature on UV disinfection and extract quantitative information about the relation between the inactivation of micro-organisms and the applied UV fluence. The quality of the available studies was evaluated and only high-quality studies were incorporated in the analysis of the inactivation kinetics. The results show that UV is effective against all waterborne pathogens. The inactivation of micro-organisms by UV could be described with first-order kinetics using fluence-inactivation data from laboratory studies in collimated beam tests. No inactivation at low fluences (offset) and/or no further increase of inactivation at higher fluences (tailing) was observed for some micro-organisms. Where observed, these were included in the description of the inactivation kinetics, even though the cause of tailing is still a matter of debate. The parameters that were used to describe inactivation are the inactivation rate constant k (cm(2)/mJ), the maximum inactivation demonstrated and (only for bacterial spores and Acanthamoeba) the offset value. These parameters were the basis for the calculation of the microbial inactivation credit (MIC="log-credits") that can be assigned to a certain UV fluence. The most UV-resistant organisms are viruses, specifically Adenoviruses, and bacterial spores. The protozoon Acanthamoeba is also highly UV resistant. Bacteria and (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia are more susceptible with a fluence requirement of {\textless}20 mJ/cm(2) for an MIC of 3 log. Several studies have reported an increased UV resistance of environmental bacteria and bacterial spores, compared to lab-grown strains. This means that higher UV fluences are required to obtain the same level of inactivation. Hence, for bacteria and spores, a correction factor of 2 and 4 was included in the MIC calculation, respectively, whereas some wastewater studies suggest that a correction of a factor of 7 is needed under these conditions. For phages and viruses this phenomenon appears to be of little significance and for protozoan (oo)cysts this aspect needs further investigation. Correction of the required fluence for DNA repair is considered unnecessary under the conditions of drinking water practice (no photo-repair, dark repair insignificant, esp. at higher (60 mJ/cm(2)) fluences) and probably also wastewater practice (photo-repair limited by light absorption). To enable accurate assessment of the effective fluence in continuous flow UV systems in water treatment practice, biodosimetry is still essential, although the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) improves the description of reactor hydraulics and fluence distribution. For UV systems that are primarily dedicated to inactivate the more sensitive pathogens (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, pathogenic bacteria), additional model organisms are needed to serve as biodosimeter.}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, *Water Microbiology, Animals, Bacteria/pathogenicity, Disinfection/*methods, Eukaryota/pathogenicity, Kinetics, Oocysts, Viruses/pathogenicity, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {S0043-1354(05)00610-X [pii] 10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.030}, author = {Hijnen, W. A. and Beerendonk, E. F. and Medema, G. J.} } @article {14979, title = {Inactivation credit of {UV} radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: a review}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {40}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {3{\textendash}22}, abstract = {UV disinfection technology is of growing interest in the water industry since it was demonstrated that UV radiation is very effective against (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, two pathogenic micro-organisms of major importance for the safety of drinking water. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment, the new concept for microbial safety of drinking water and wastewater, requires quantitative data of the inactivation or removal of pathogenic micro-organisms by water treatment processes. The objective of this study was to review the literature on UV disinfection and extract quantitative information about the relation between the inactivation of micro-organisms and the applied UV fluence. The quality of the available studies was evaluated and only high-quality studies were incorporated in the analysis of the inactivation kinetics. The results show that UV is effective against all waterborne pathogens. The inactivation of micro-organisms by UV could be described with first-order kinetics using fluence-inactivation data from laboratory studies in collimated beam tests. No inactivation at low fluences (offset) and/or no further increase of inactivation at higher fluences (tailing) was observed for some micro-organisms. Where observed, these were included in the description of the inactivation kinetics, even though the cause of tailing is still a matter of debate. The parameters that were used to describe inactivation are the inactivation rate constant k (cm(2)/mJ), the maximum inactivation demonstrated and (only for bacterial spores and Acanthamoeba) the offset value. These parameters were the basis for the calculation of the microbial inactivation credit (MIC="log-credits") that can be assigned to a certain UV fluence. The most UV-resistant organisms are viruses, specifically Adenoviruses, and bacterial spores. The protozoon Acanthamoeba is also highly UV resistant. Bacteria and (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia are more susceptible with a fluence requirement of {\textbackslash}textless20 mJ/cm(2) for an MIC of 3 log. Several studies have reported an increased UV resistance of environmental bacteria and bacterial spores, compared to lab-grown strains. This means that higher UV fluences are required to obtain the same level of inactivation. Hence, for bacteria and spores, a correction factor of 2 and 4 was included in the MIC calculation, respectively, whereas some wastewater studies suggest that a correction of a factor of 7 is needed under these conditions. For phages and viruses this phenomenon appears to be of little significance and for protozoan (oo)cysts this aspect needs further investigation. Correction of the required fluence for DNA repair is considered unnecessary under the conditions of drinking water practice (no photo-repair, dark repair insignificant, esp. at higher (60 mJ/cm(2)) fluences) and probably also wastewater practice (photo-repair limited by light absorption). To enable accurate assessment of the effective fluence in continuous flow UV systems in water treatment practice, biodosimetry is still essential, although the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) improves the description of reactor hydraulics and fluence distribution. For UV systems that are primarily dedicated to inactivate the more sensitive pathogens (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, pathogenic bacteria), additional model organisms are needed to serve as biodosimeter.}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, *Water Microbiology, Animals, Bacteria/pathogenicity, Disinfection/*methods, Eukaryota/pathogenicity, Kinetics, Oocysts, Viruses/pathogenicity, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {S0043-1354(05)00610-X [pii] 10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.030}, author = {Hijnen, W. A. and Beerendonk, E. F. and Medema, G. J.} } @article {8937, title = {Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: A review}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {3-22}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.030}, url = {://WOS:000235045700002 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S004313540500610X/1-s2.0-S004313540500610X-main.pdf?_tid=e9c4a692-535a-11e6-ad14-00000aab0f02\&acdnat=1469556241_a7da06c9c32192e5aff1b03af2a797f8}, author = {Hijnen, W. A. M. and Beerendonk, E. F. and Medema, G. J.} } @article {7710, title = {Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: A review}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, note = {Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: A review; doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.030; ID: 463}, pages = {3-22}, keywords = {bacteria, Drinking water treatment, Inactivation, k-value, Kinetics, Protozoa, UV irradiation, Viruses}, isbn = {0043-1354}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V73-4HX479Y-1/2/46db39ad19e2637041a2cff1da363e7b}, author = {Hijnen,W. A. M. and Beerendonk,E. F. and Medema,G. J.} } @article {4500, title = {Inactivation credit of {UV} radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: a review}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, year = {2006}, pages = {3{\textendash}22}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Hijnen, W. A. and Beerendonk, E. F. and Medema, G. J.} } @article {10949, title = {Inactivation of {Single}-{Celled} {Ascaris} suum {Eggs} by {Low}-{Pressure} {UV} {Radiation}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {2178{\textendash}2184}, abstract = {Intact and decorticated single-celled Ascaris suum eggs were exposed to UV radiation from low-pressure, germicidal lamps at fluences (doses) ranging from 0 to 8,000 J/m(2) for intact eggs and from 0 to 500 J/m(2) for decorticated eggs. With a UV fluence of 500 J/m(2), 0.44- {\textpm} 0.20-log inactivation (mean {\textpm} 95\% confidence interval) (63.7\%) of intact eggs was observed, while a fluence of 4,000 J/m(2) resulted in 2.23- {\textpm} 0.49-log inactivation (99.4\%). (The maximum quantifiable inactivation was 2.5 log units.) Thus, according to the methods used here, Ascaris eggs are the most UV-resistant water-related pathogen identified to date. For the range of fluences recommended for disinfecting drinking water and wastewater (200 to 2,000 J/m(2)), from 0- to 1.5-log inactivation can be expected, although at typical fluences (less than 1,000 J/m(2)), the inactivation may be less than 1 log. When the eggs were decorticated (the outer egg shell layers were removed with sodium hypochlorite, leaving only the lipoprotein ascaroside layer) before exposure to UV, 1.80- {\textpm} 0.32-log reduction (98.4\%) was achieved with a fluence of 500 J/m(2), suggesting that the outer eggshell layers protected A. suum eggs from inactivation by UV radiation. This protection may have been due to UV absorption by proteins in the outer layers of the 3- to 4-μm-thick eggshell. Stirring alone (without UV exposure) also inactivated some of the Ascaris eggs (\~{}20\% after 75 min), which complicated determination of the inactivation caused by UV radiation alone.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.3.2178-2184.2006}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1393194/}, author = {Brownell, Sarah A and Nelson, Kara L} } @article {8901, title = {Inactivation of single-celled Ascaris suum eggs by low-pressure UV radiation}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {2178-2184}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1393194/pdf/1893-05.pdf}, author = {Brownell, Sarah A and Nelson, Kara L} } @article {15114, title = {Inactivation of single-celled {Ascaris} suum eggs by low-pressure {UV} radiation}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72(3)}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {2178{\textendash}2184}, author = {Browell, S. A. and Nelson, K. L.} } @article {7770, title = {Incidence and Epidemiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome After a Large Waterborne Outbreak of Bacterial Dysentery}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, volume = {131}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {8}, pages = {445-450}, abstract = {Background \& Aims: Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) is a common clinical phenomenon. To better define its incidence and epidemiology, a large cohort study was initiated after the contamination of a municipal water supply led to a large outbreak of acute Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis. Methods: Local residents were invited to undergo structured assessments at research clinics established 2 years after the outbreak. Permanent adult residents with no prior history of inflammatory bowel disease or IBS were eligible. Standardized questionnaires defined past and current health. The cohort was divided into controls without gastroenteritis, subjects with clinically suspected gastroenteritis, and subjects with only self-reported gastroenteritis that could not be substantiated by another source. A modified Bowel Disease Questionnaire identified IBS according to Rome criteria. The incidence and epidemiology of PI-IBS was characterized. Risk factors were assessed using multiple logistic regression. Results: There were 2069 eligible study participants. Rome I criteria were met by 71 of 701 controls (10.1\%) vs 249 of 904 subjects with self-reported gastroenteritis (27.5\%) and 168 of 464 subjects with clinically suspected gastroenteritis (36.2\%) (all comparisons, P < 001). Independent risk factors for PI-IBS included younger age, female sex, bloody stools, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and prolonged diarrhea. PI-IBS was more likely than sporadic IBS to show diarrhea-predominant features. Conclusions: PI-IBS is common after gastroenteritis from water contamination and often is diarrhea-predominant. Characteristics of the acute illness identify patients at increased risk for PI-IBS.}, isbn = {0016-5085}, author = {Marshall,John K. and Thabane,Marroon and Garg,Amit X. and Clark,William F. and Salvadori,Marina and Collins,Stephen M.} } @article {9381, title = {{Infecciones en pacientes con trasplante de m{\'e}dula {\'o}sea en el tr{\'o}pico}}, journal = {Infection}, volume = {10}, year = {2006}, pages = {101}, author = {Reyes, P and Cort{\'e}s, J and Potdevin, G and Urdaneta, A and Rosales, J and Cuervo, S and Bermudez, D and Arroyo, P} } @article {15760, title = {Infectious diseases of severe weather-related and flood-related natural disasters}, journal = {Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, month = {Oct}, pages = {408-14}, edition = {2006/08/31}, keywords = {*Communicable Disease Control, *Disasters, *Weather, Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology/*etiology, Humans, Risk Factors}, isbn = {0951-7375 (Print)
0951-7375}, author = {Ivers, L. C. and Ryan, E. T.} } @article {7650, title = {Influence of genotype and diet on steer performance, manure odor, and carriage of pathogenic and other fecal bacteria. II. Pathogenic and other fecal bacteria}, journal = {Journal of Animal Science}, volume = {84(9)}, year = {2006}, pages = {2523-2532}, author = {Berry,E. D. and Wells,J. E. and Archibeque,S. L. and Ferrell,C. L. and Freetly,H. C. and Miller,D. N.} } @article {17152, title = {Influence of temperature on Salmonella survival in hog manure slurry and seasonal temperature profiles in farm manure storage reservoirs}, journal = {Livestock ScienceLivestock Science}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {Jul}, pages = {226-236}, isbn = {1871-1413}, author = {Arrus, K. M. and Holley, R. A. and Ominski, K. H. and Tenuta, M. and Blank, G.} } @article {4212, title = {{Integrated analysis of established and novel microbial and chemical methods for microbial source tracking.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {9}, year = {2006}, month = {sep}, pages = {5915{\textendash}26}, abstract = {

Several microbes and chemicals have been considered as potential tracers to identify fecal sources in the environment. However, to date, no one approach has been shown to accurately identify the origins of fecal pollution in aquatic environments. In this multilaboratory study, different microbial and chemical indicators were analyzed in order to distinguish human fecal sources from nonhuman fecal sources using wastewaters and slurries from diverse geographical areas within Europe. Twenty-six parameters, which were later combined to form derived variables for statistical analyses, were obtained by performing methods that were achievable in all the participant laboratories: enumeration of fecal coliform bacteria, enterococci, clostridia, somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA phages, bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis RYC2056 and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron GA17, and total and sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria; genotyping of F-specific RNA phages; biochemical phenotyping of fecal coliform bacteria and enterococci using miniaturized tests; specific detection of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium dentium; and measurement of four fecal sterols. A number of potentially useful source indicators were detected (bacteriophages infecting B. thetaiotaomicron, certain genotypes of F-specific bacteriophages, sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria, 24-ethylcoprostanol, and epycoprostanol), although no one source identifier alone provided 100{\%} correct classification of the fecal source. Subsequently, 38 variables (both single and derived) were defined from the measured microbial and chemical parameters in order to find the best subset of variables to develop predictive models using the lowest possible number of measured parameters. To this end, several statistical or machine learning methods were evaluated and provided two successful predictive models based on just two variables, giving 100{\%} correct classification: the ratio of the densities of somatic coliphages and phages infecting Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron to the density of somatic coliphages and the ratio of the densities of fecal coliform bacteria and phages infecting Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron to the density of fecal coliform bacteria. Other models with high rates of correct classification were developed, but in these cases, higher numbers of variables were required.

}, keywords = {Animals, Artificial Intelligence, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: classification, Bacteriophages: genetics, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: classification, Enterobacteriaceae: genetics, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: classification, Enterococcus: genetics, Enterococcus: isolation {\&} purification, Europe, Feces, Feces: chemistry, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Humans, Microbiological Techniques, Phenotype, Sterols, Sterols: analysis, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02453-05}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1563622{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Blanch, Anicet R and Belanche-Mu{\~n}oz, Llu{\'\i}s and Bonjoch, Xavier and Ebdon, James and Gantzer, Christophe and Lucena, Francisco and Ottoson, Jakob and Kourtis, Christos and Iversen, Aina and K{\"u}hn, Inger and Moc{\'e}, Laura and Muniesa, Maite and Schwartzbrod, Janine and Skraber, Sylvain and Papageorgiou, Georgios T and Taylor, Huw and Wallis, Jessica and Jofre, Joan} } @article {10067, title = {{Integrated analysis of established and novel microbial and chemical methods for microbial source tracking}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, pages = {5915{\textendash}5926}, author = {Blanch, AR and Belanche-Munoz, L and Bonjoch, X and Ebdon, J and Gantzer, C and Lucena, F and Ottoson, J and Kourtis, C and Iversen, A and Kuhn, I and Moce, L and Muniesa, M and Schwartzbrod, J and Skraber, S and Papageorgiou, GT and Taylor, H and Wallis, J and Jofre, J} } @article {13104, title = {Integrating groundwater into urban water management}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {54}, number = {6-7}, year = {2006}, pages = {395{\textendash}403}, author = {Wolf, L and Klinger, J and Held, I and H{\"o}tzl, H} } @article {10654, title = {{Interaction of Vibrio cholerae O139 with an intestinal parasite, Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology}, volume = {55}, year = {2006}, pages = {1755{\textendash}1756}, author = {Jain, V and Dongre, M and Raychaudhuri, S} } @article {15962, title = {Intestinal parasitosis in French West Indies: endemic evolution from 1991 to 2003 in the University Hospital of Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe}, journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} de Pathologie Exotique}, volume = {99}, year = {2006}, pages = {254-7}, author = {Nicolas, M. and Perez, J.M. and Carme, B.} } @article {877, title = {Intussusception and rotavirus vaccines.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {24}, number = {18}, year = {2006}, pages = {3772-3776}, abstract = {The association between the first oral rotavirus vaccine to be licensed in the {U.S.} {(Rotashield)} and intussusception has presented a major challenge to the effort to reduce the global burden related to rotavirus infection. Although the risk of developing intussusception following immunization with Rotashield is low, debate continues about the estimation of intussusception risk and the events surrounding the withdrawal of the vaccine. The experience with Rotashield has highlighted the wisdom of parallel clinical trials in developing and developed countries and the value of post-licensure surveillance for the detection of uncommon adverse events. This review retraces the steps leading up to the withdrawal of the Rotashield vaccine and reflects on how this experience has influenced the development of other rotavirus vaccines.}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.031}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.031}, author = {Bines, Julie} } @article {2636, title = {Intussusception and rotavirus vaccines.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {24}, number = {18}, year = {2006}, pages = {3772-3776}, abstract = {The association between the first oral rotavirus vaccine to be licensed in the {U.S.} {(Rotashield)} and intussusception has presented a major challenge to the effort to reduce the global burden related to rotavirus infection. Although the risk of developing intussusception following immunization with Rotashield is low, debate continues about the estimation of intussusception risk and the events surrounding the withdrawal of the vaccine. The experience with Rotashield has highlighted the wisdom of parallel clinical trials in developing and developed countries and the value of post-licensure surveillance for the detection of uncommon adverse events. This review retraces the steps leading up to the withdrawal of the Rotashield vaccine and reflects on how this experience has influenced the development of other rotavirus vaccines.}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.031}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.031}, author = {Bines, Julie} } @article {3826, title = {Intussusception and rotavirus vaccines.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {24}, number = {18}, year = {2006}, pages = {3772{\textendash}3776}, abstract = {The association between the first oral rotavirus vaccine to be licensed in the \{\{\}U.S.\{\}\} \{\{\}(Rotashield)\{\}\} and intussusception has presented a major challenge to the effort to reduce the global burden related to rotavirus infection. Although the risk of developing intussusception following immunization with Rotashield is low, debate continues about the estimation of intussusception risk and the events surrounding the withdrawal of the vaccine. The experience with Rotashield has highlighted the wisdom of parallel clinical trials in developing and developed countries and the value of post-licensure surveillance for the detection of uncommon adverse events. This review retraces the steps leading up to the withdrawal of the Rotashield vaccine and reflects on how this experience has influenced the development of other rotavirus vaccines.}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.031}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.031}, author = {Bines, Julie} } @mastersthesis {6401, title = {Inventory, condition assessment and diagnosis of water supply and sewage systems}, year = {2006}, note = {MR28623}, school = {McGill University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Eng}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This project describes a methodology for developing a digitized GIS-based inventory of underground municipal utilities, and recommends an approach for developing a database, which will assist with considerably improved management of buried systems and effective use of limited available resources. The study also discusses the water and sewer infrastructure debt and the total infrastructure debt in Canada. Some other issues related to the Canadian water infrastructure, such as water pricing and consumption patterns, along with the deterioration mechanisms of the underground services, are also discussed. The study focuses on the main services of water supply and sewage systems in any Canadian municipality, which presently are in an advanced state of deterioration. The steps required to develop such an inventory are reviewed and suggestions are made for condition assessment of the system using non-destructive techniques, employing simple methods, as well as more sophisticated tests in critical sectors, where further investigation is required. These methods are also summarily revised. The underground infrastructure of the McGill Downtown Campus is summarily described; it comprises the various underground features which exist in a small community, e.g. water- supply and sewage system, electrical lines, gas pipelines, telecommunication networks, etc., which are similar with Montreal{\textquoteright}s underground services, in terms of age, materials employed, workmanship and technologies available over the past 175 to 200 years. The framework for the underground infrastructure inventory is proposed for implementation in a small community such as the McGill Downtown Campus. The long-term goal of the project is to extrapolate the McGill "model", and to enhance it such that the municipalities in Canada can implement it as a basis for development of GIS-based inventories and condition assessment, and prioritization for effective management of underground services, which include scheduling, financing and implementation of repair, rehabilitation and replacement of underground and other infrastructure.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0554:Sanitation, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, sanitation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304936822?accountid=14270}, author = {Sipos, Cristian} } @article {14555, title = {Investigation of potential zooanthroponotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis through agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater}, journal = {Int J Environ Health Res}, volume = {16}, year = {2006}, month = {dec}, pages = {405{\textendash}18}, abstract = {A field study in the Juarez Valley of Mexico was performed to investigate the potential transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia to sheep livestock grazing on forage irrigated with reclaimed wastewater, and the potential for disease transmission back to humans. United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623 immunofluorescent assay (IFA) revealed high levels of pathogens in reclaimed wastewater, with 183 to {\textgreater}7000 Giardia cysts and 9 - 762 Cryptosporidium oocysts detected per litre. Infectious Cryptosporidium were detected in the reclaimed wastewater using the cell culture focus detection method (FDM). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed reclaimed wastewater contained the C. parvum bovine (zoonotic) genotype, human-specific C. hominis subgenotypes, and G. lamblia (syn. G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis) Assemblage A genotypes (A2 and A3). Despite high levels of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the reclaimed wastewater, these pathogens were rarely found on the forage plants, possibly due to environmental attenuation. Sheep fecal specimens were positive for only livestock-associated G. lamblia Assemblage E genotypes. Therefore, in this field study, there was no evidence of zooanthroponotic transmission of Cryptosporidium or Giardia.}, keywords = {Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Cryptosporidiosis/*transmission, Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Disease Transmission, Feces/parasitology, Fluid/*methods, Fresh Water/microbiology/parasitology, Giardia/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/*transmission, Humans, Infectious, Mexico, Molecular Sequence Data, Sheep/parasitology, Waste Disposal, Water Purification/methods}, issn = {0960-3123 (Print) 0960-3123 (Linking)}, doi = {H33L4V2053735514 [pii] 10.1080/09603120601095100}, author = {Di Giovanni, G. D. and Betancourt, W. Q. and Hernandez, J. and Assadian, N. W. and Flores Margez, J. P. and Lopez, E. J.} } @article {14917, title = {Investigation of potential zooanthroponotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis through agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater}, journal = {Int J Environ Health Res}, volume = {16}, year = {2006}, month = {dec}, pages = {405{\textendash}18}, abstract = {A field study in the Juarez Valley of Mexico was performed to investigate the potential transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia to sheep livestock grazing on forage irrigated with reclaimed wastewater, and the potential for disease transmission back to humans. United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623 immunofluorescent assay (IFA) revealed high levels of pathogens in reclaimed wastewater, with 183 to {\textbackslash}textgreater7000 Giardia cysts and 9 - 762 Cryptosporidium oocysts detected per litre. Infectious Cryptosporidium were detected in the reclaimed wastewater using the cell culture focus detection method (FDM). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed reclaimed wastewater contained the C. parvum bovine (zoonotic) genotype, human-specific C. hominis subgenotypes, and G. lamblia (syn. G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis) Assemblage A genotypes (A2 and A3). Despite high levels of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the reclaimed wastewater, these pathogens were rarely found on the forage plants, possibly due to environmental attenuation. Sheep fecal specimens were positive for only livestock-associated G. lamblia Assemblage E genotypes. Therefore, in this field study, there was no evidence of zooanthroponotic transmission of Cryptosporidium or Giardia.}, keywords = {Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Cryptosporidiosis/*transmission, Cryptosporidium/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Disease Transmission, Feces/parasitology, Fluid/*methods, Fresh Water/microbiology/parasitology, Giardia/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/*transmission, Humans, Infectious, Mexico, Molecular Sequence Data, Sheep/parasitology, Waste Disposal, Water Purification/methods}, issn = {0960-3123 (Print) 0960-3123 (Linking)}, doi = {H33L4V2053735514 [pii] 10.1080/09603120601095100}, author = {Di Giovanni, G. D. and Betancourt, W. Q. and Hernandez, J. and Assadian, N. W. and Flores Margez, J. P. and Lopez, E. J.} } @article {4103, title = {{A large community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis-delayed detection in a non-endemic urban area}}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {141}, author = {Nygaard, K and Schimmer, B and Sobstad, O and Walde, A and Tveit, I and Langeland, N and Hausken, T and Aavitsland, P} } @article {3646, title = {A large multi-pathogen waterborne community outbreak linked to faecal contamination of a groundwater system, {France}, 2000.}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {561{\textendash}570}, abstract = {

A large waterborne outbreak of infection that occurred during August 2000 in a local community in France was investigated initially via a rapid survey of visits to local physicians. A retrospective cohort study was then conducted on a random cluster sample of residents. Of 709 residents interviewed, 202 (28.5\{\%\}) were definite cases (at least three liquid stools/day or vomiting) and 62 (8.7\{\%\}) were probable cases (less than three liquid stools/day or abdominal pain). Those who had drunk tap water had a three-fold increased risk for illness (95\{\%\} \{\{\}CI\{\}\} 2.4-4.0). The risk increased with the amount of water consumed (chi-square trend: p \{{\textbackslash}textless\} 0.0001). Bacteriological analyses of stools were performed for 35 patients and virological analyses for 24 patients. Campylobacter coli, group A rotavirus and norovirus were detected in 31.5\{\%\}, 71.0\{\%\} and 21\{\%\} of samples, respectively. An extensive environmental investigation concluded that a groundwater source to this community had probably been contaminated by agricultural run-off, and a failure in the chlorination system was identified. This is the first documented waterborne outbreak of infection involving human C. coli infections. A better understanding of the factors influencing campylobacter transmission between hosts is required.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01441.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01441.x}, author = {Gallay, A and De Valk, H and Cournot, M and Ladeuil, B and Hemery, C and Castor, C and Bon, F and M{\'e}graud, F and Le Cann, P and Desenclos, J C and Team, Outbreak Investigation} } @article {14521, title = {Leaching of phage from {Class} {B} biosolids and potential transport through soil}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {665{\textendash}71}, abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate leaching and transport of viruses, specifically those of an indigenous coliphage host specific to Escherichia coli ATTC 15597 (i.e., MS-2), from a biosolid-soil matrix. Serial extractions of 2\% and 7\% (solids) class B biosolid matrices were performed to determine the number of phage present in the biosolids and to evaluate their general leaching potential. Significant concentrations of coliphage were removed from the biosolids for each sequential extraction, indicating that many phage remained associated with the solid phase. The fact that phage was associated with or attached to solid particles appeared to influence the potential for release and subsequent transport of phage under saturated-flow conditions, which was examined in a series of column experiments. The results indicated that less than 8\% of the indigenous coliphage initially present in the biosolids leached out of the biosolid-soil matrix. A fraction of this was subsequently transported through the sandy porous medium with minimal retention. The minimal retention observed for the indigenous phage, once released from the biosolids, was consistent with the results of control experiments conducted to examine MS-2 transport through the porous medium.}, keywords = {*Soil Microbiology, Coliphages/isolation \& purification/metabolism/*physiology, Environmental monitoring, Escherichia coli/virology, Soil/analysis}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.1.665-671.2006}, author = {Chetochine, A. S. and Brusseau, M. L. and Gerba, C. P. and Pepper, I. L.} } @article {1502, title = {Leaching of phage from Class B biosolids and potential transport through soil}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, note = {Chetochine, Alexandra S Brusseau, Mark L Gerba, Charles P Pepper, Ian L eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2006/01/05 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jan;72(1):665-71.}, pages = {665-71}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate leaching and transport of viruses, specifically those of an indigenous coliphage host specific to Escherichia coli ATTC 15597 (i.e., MS-2), from a biosolid-soil matrix. Serial extractions of 2\% and 7\% (solids) class B biosolid matrices were performed to determine the number of phage present in the biosolids and to evaluate their general leaching potential. Significant concentrations of coliphage were removed from the biosolids for each sequential extraction, indicating that many phage remained associated with the solid phase. The fact that phage was associated with or attached to solid particles appeared to influence the potential for release and subsequent transport of phage under saturated-flow conditions, which was examined in a series of column experiments. The results indicated that less than 8\% of the indigenous coliphage initially present in the biosolids leached out of the biosolid-soil matrix. A fraction of this was subsequently transported through the sandy porous medium with minimal retention. The minimal retention observed for the indigenous phage, once released from the biosolids, was consistent with the results of control experiments conducted to examine MS-2 transport through the porous medium.}, keywords = {Coliphages/isolation \& purification/metabolism/*physiology Environmental Monitoring Escherichia coli/virology Soil/analysis *Soil Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.1.665-671.2006}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16391105}, author = {Chetochine, A. S. and Brusseau, M. L. and Gerba, C. P. and Pepper, I. L.} } @article {9035, title = {Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water treatment Rule}, number = {47 CFR Parts 9, 141 \& 142.}, year = {2006} } @article {6964, title = {Longitudinal observation of enterovirus and adenovirus in stool samples from {Norwegian} infants with the highest genetic risk of type 1 diabetes}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {33{\textendash}40}, issn = {13866532}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcv.2005.03.007}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1386653205001058}, author = {Cinek, O and Witso, E and Jeansson, S and Rasmussen, T and Drevinek, P and Wetlesen, T and Vavrinec, J and Grinde, B and Ronningen, K} } @article {13059, title = {Long-term flow rates and biomat zone hydrology in soil columns receiving septic tank effluent}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {2327{\textendash}2338}, author = {Beal, CD and Gardner, EA and Kirchhof, G and Menzies, NW} } @article {6853, title = {Making health insurance work for the poor: learning from the {Self}-{Employed} {Women}{\textquoteright}s {Association}{\textquoteright}s ({SEWA}) community-based health insurance scheme in {India}}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {feb}, pages = {707{\textendash}720}, abstract = {How best to provide effective protection for the poorest against the financial risks of ill health remains an unanswered policy question. Community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes, by pooling risks and resources, can in principal offer protection against the risk of medical expenses, and make accessible health care services that would otherwise be unaffordable. The purpose of this paper is to measure the distributional impact of a large CBHI scheme in Gujarat, India, which reimburses hospitalization costs, and to identify barriers to optimal distributional impact. The study found that the Vimo Self-employed Women{\textquoteright}s Association (SEWA) scheme is inclusive of the poorest, with 32\% of rural members, and 40\% of urban members, drawn from households below the 30th percentile of socio-economic status. Submission of claims for inpatient care is equitable in Ahmedabad City, but inequitable in rural areas. The financially better off in rural areas are significantly more likely to submit claims than are the poorest, and men are significantly more likely to submit claims than women. Members living in areas that have better access to health care submit more claims than those living in remote areas. A variety of factors prevent the poorest in rural and remote areas from accessing inpatient care or from submitting a claim. The study concludes that even a well-intentioned scheme may have an undesirable distributional impact, particularly if: (1) the scheme does not address the major barriers to accessing (inpatient) health care; and (2) the process of seeking reimbursement under the scheme is burdensome for the poor. Design and implementation of an equitable scheme must involve: a careful assessment of barriers to health care seeking; interventions to address the main barriers; and reimbursement requiring minimum paperwork and at the time/place of service utilization.}, keywords = {Community Health Planning, Consumer Organizations, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Hospitalization, Humans, India, Insurance, Insurance Pools, Poverty, Qualitative Research, rural health, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Health, Women, Women{\textquoteright}s Health Services, Working}, issn = {0277-9536}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.037}, author = {Ranson, M. Kent and Sinha, Tara and Chatterjee, Mirai and Acharya, Akash and Bhavsar, Ami and Morris, Saul S. and Mills, Anne J.} } @article {4309, title = {{Male-specific coliphages as indicators of thermal inactivation of pathogens in biosolids.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {apr}, pages = {2471{\textendash}5}, abstract = {

Male-specific (F+) coliphages have been proposed as a candidate indicator of fecal contamination and of virus reduction in waste treatment. However, in this and earlier work with a laboratory thermophilic anaerobic digester, a heat-resistant fraction of F+ coliphage populations indigenous to municipal wastewater and sludge was evident. We therefore isolated coliphages from municipal wastewater sludge and from biosolid samples after thermophilic anaerobic digestion to evaluate the susceptibility of specific groups to thermal inactivation. Similar numbers of F+ DNA and F+ RNA coliphages were found in untreated sludge, but the majority of isolates in digested biosolids were group I F+ RNA phages. Separate experiments on individual isolates at 53 degrees C confirmed the apparent heat resistance of group I F+ RNA coliphages as well as the susceptibility of group III F+ RNA coliphages. Although few F+ DNA coliphages were recovered from the treated biosolid samples, thermal inactivation experiments indicated heat resistance similar to that of group I F+ RNA phages. Hence, F+ DNA coliphage reductions during thermophilic anaerobic digestion are probably related to mechanisms other than thermal inactivation. Further studies should focus on the group III F+ RNA coliphages as potential indicators of reductions of heat-resistant pathogens in thermal processes for sludge treatment.

}, keywords = {Anaerobiosis, Bioreactors, Coliphages, Coliphages: classification, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: growth {\&} development, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, F Factor, F Factor: genetics, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Hot Temperature, Indicators and Reagents, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: classification, RNA Phages: genetics, RNA Phages: growth {\&} development, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, Serotyping, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.4.2471-2475.2006}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1449007{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Nappier, Sharon P and Aitken, Michael D and Sobsey, Mark D} } @inbook {11251, title = {{Management and treatment options for human toxocariasis}}, booktitle = {Toxocara: The Enigmatic Parasite}, year = {2006}, pages = {113{\textendash}126}, publisher = {CABI}, organization = {CABI}, edition = {1}, author = {Magnaval, J and Glickman, L}, editor = {Holland, C V and Smith, H V} } @booklet {10533, title = {{Manual of Water Supply Practices. (M48): Waterborne Pathogens}}, year = {2006}, publisher = {American Water Works Association}, address = {Denver, Colorado} } @article {13737, title = {The marine viromes of four oceanic regions}, journal = {PLoS Biology}, volume = {4}, number = {11}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Viruses are the most common biological entities in the marine environment. There has not been a global survey of these viruses, and consequently, it is not known what types of viruses are in Earth{\textquoteright}s oceans or how they are distributed. Metagenomic analyses of 184 viral assemblages collected over a decade and representing 68 sites in four major oceanic regions showed that most of the viral sequences were not similar to those in the current databases. There was a distinct "marine-ness" quality to the viral assemblages. Global diversity was very high, presumably several hundred thousand of species, and regional richness varied on a North-South latitudinal gradient. The marine regions had different assemblages of viruses. Cyanophages and a newly discovered clade of single-stranded DNA phages dominated the Sargasso Sea sample, whereas prophage-like sequences were most common in the Arctic. However most viral species were found to be widespread. With a majority of shared species between oceanic regions, most of the differences between viral assemblages seemed to be explained by variation in the occurrence of the most common viral species and not by exclusion of different viral genomes. These results support the idea that viruses are widely dispersed and that local environmental conditions enrich for certain viral types through selective pressure. {\textcopyright} 2006 Angly et al.}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.0040368}, author = {Angly, F.E. and Felts, B. and Breitbart, M. and Salamon, P. and Edwards, R.A. and Carlson, C. and Chan, A.M. and Haynes, M. and Kelley, S. and Liu, H. and Mahaffy, J.M. and Mueller, J.E. and Nulton, J. and Olson, R. and Parsons, R. and Rayhawk, S. and Suttle, C.A. and Rohwer, F.} } @article {7537, title = {{The marine viromes of four oceanic regions}}, journal = {PLoS Biology}, volume = {4}, number = {11}, year = {2006}, pages = {2121-2131}, abstract = {

Viruses are the most common biological entities in the marine environment. There has not been a global survey of these viruses, and consequently, it is not known what types of viruses are in Earth{\textquoteright}s oceans or how they are distributed. Metagenomic analyses of 184 viral assemblages collected over a decade and representing 68 sites in four major oceanic regions showed that most of the viral sequences were not similar to those in the current databases. There was a distinct "marine-ness" quality to the viral assemblages. Global diversity was very high, presumably several hundred thousand of species, and regional richness varied on a North-South latitudinal gradient. The marine regions had different assemblages of viruses. Cyanophages and a newly discovered clade of single-stranded DNA phages dominated the Sargasso Sea sample, whereas prophage-like sequences were most common in the Arctic. However most viral species were found to be widespread. With a majority of shared species between oceanic regions, most of the differences between viral assemblages seemed to be explained by variation in the occurrence of the most common viral species and not by exclusion of different viral genomes. These results support the idea that viruses are widely dispersed and that local environmental conditions enrich for certain viral types through selective pressure. {\textcopyright} 2006 Angly et al.

}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.0040368}, author = {Angly, F.E. and Felts, B. and Breitbart, M. and Salamon, P. and Edwards, R.A. and Carlson, C. and Chan, A.M. and Haynes, M. and Kelley, S. and Liu, H. and Mahaffy, J.M. and Mueller, J.E. and Nulton, J. and Olson, R. and Parsons, R. and Rayhawk, S. and Suttle, C.A. and Rohwer, F.} } @mastersthesis {7403, title = {Measurement of backfill effects on circumferential bending in lined-corrugated thermoplastic pipes and fibre reinforced cement pipes}, year = {2006}, note = {MR18783}, school = {Queen{\textquoteright}s University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.{Eng}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Large scale laboratory testing and analyses have been conducted on a number of different pipe products using a variety of different backfill conditions. Six tests were performed on 600 mm nominal diameter lined-corrugated thermoplastic pipes (HDPE{\textendash}-high density polyethylene and PVC{\textendash}-polyvinylchloride) and two tests were performed on 381 mm nominal diameter fibre reinforced cement pipes (FRC). All testing was conducted in a 2.0 m wide by 2.0 m long by 1.6 m high soil box at overburden pressures of up to 200 kPa and 550 kPa for HDPE/PVC and FRC pipes respectively through a pressurized air bladder. Limit states design procedures are being developed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) to guide thermoplastic pipe design. Design calculations must include the evaluation of maximum circumferential and local bending strains that develop in the profile wall of the pipe as a result of non-uniform soil support. Maximum bending strains can be estimated through scaling bending deflections by a semi-empirical strain factor, Df . Deflections and strains were measured and a strain factor, Df , back-calculated for six large scale thermoplastic pipe tests to provide additional input with regards to bending strains for these types of pipe. HDPE and PVC pipes were backfilled with three different burial conditions (compaction with rammer, compaction with plate tamper, and rigid base with loose sand up to springline and compaction above) and two soil types (high stiffness and low stiffness). The largest strain factors, Df , were observed on the PVC pipe buried in a high stiffness backfill and compacted with a plate tamper. Strain factors for pipes tested in the low stiffness soil were at or near a value of Df equal to 3 which corresponds to the elastic pipe-soil interaction solution for uniform soil support. The largest local bending was found to occur in three areas of the pipe; the springline, the invert, and the haunch. Measured deflections and circumferential strains are also reported for two 381 mm nominal diameter fibre reinforced cement pipes. These pipes were saturated with water and then tested under simulated embankment conditions to determine the effects of different types of soil support on the structural integrity of the pipe. Hoeg (1968) theoretical calculations were performed and compared with measured deflections and strains. These demonstrated the "semi-rigid" nature of FRC pipe response, with decreases in moment below rigid pipe limits, in particular when buried in stiff backfill. Hoeg theory is an effective method for estimating both deflections and moments within the linear (rigid) range of fibre reinforced cement pipes.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304970633?accountid=14270}, author = {Munro, Scott Matthew} } @article {10861, title = {Mechanism investigation of virus removal in a membrane bioreactor}, journal = {Water Science and Technology: Water Supply}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {51{\textendash}59}, author = {Zheng, X and Liu, JX} } @article {3069, title = {Medical treatment of echinococcosis under the guidance of {Good} {Clinical} {Practice} ({GCP}/{ICH})}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {55 Suppl}, year = {2006}, pages = {S273{\textendash}282}, abstract = {Chemotherapy is one of the main components for the treatment of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Benzimidazoles are on the market since 30 years, and are used widely according to the recommendations of the 1996 WHO guidelines for treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis [Bull WHO 1996; 74: 231-242.]. However, none of the two drugs (Albendazole or Mebendazole) would satisfy today the requirements for an approval by the relevant authorities, such as the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). New anthelmithic drugs are in the pipeline, and some of them have already undergone preclinical testing. In addition, recent advances have been made in the definition of outcomes for clinical trials in alveolar echinococcosis. Thus, phase III studies with new active ingredients are needed to assess short- and long-term safety as well as the therapeutic value. The basic requirements for comparative drug testing are provided in the Note for Guidance on Good Clinical Practice (GCP), and are based upon the rules and regulations by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and the Clinical Trial Directive (Directive 2001/20/EC) of the European Commission. The application of these standards to new drug testing for echinococcosis will help to upgrade the level of evidence.}, keywords = {Anthelmintics, Clinical Protocols, Clinical Trials as Topic, Echinococcosis, Humans, Practice Guidelines as Topic}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.040}, author = {Kern, Peter} } @article {6990, title = {Meeting the {MDG} drinking water and sanitation target: the urban and rural challenge of the decade}, year = {2006}, url = {http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43488}, author = {Organization, World Health and others} } @article {7468, title = {Menstruation and body awareness: linking girls{\textquoteright} health with girls{\textquoteright} education}, journal = {Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Special on Gender and Health}, year = {2006}, pages = {1{\textendash}22}, url = {http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-1200-kirk-2006-menstruation-kit-paper.pdf}, author = {Kirk, Jackie and Sommer, Marni} } @article {10214, title = {{Method 1600: Enterococci in Water by Membrane Filtration Using membrane-Enterococcus Indoxyl-$\beta$-D-Glucoside Agar (mEI) EPA-821-R-06-009}}, year = {2006} } @booklet {10499, title = {{Method 1600: Enterococci in Water by Membrane Filtration Using membrane-Enterococcus Indoxyl-$\beta$-D-Glucoside Agar (mEI)}}, year = {2006}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Washington, DC} } @booklet {10500, title = {{Method 1603: Escherichia coli (E. coli) in Water by Membrane Filtration Usinge Modified membrane-Thermotolerant Escherichia coli Agar (modified mTEC)}}, year = {2006}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Washington, DC} } @article {17438, title = {Method 1682: Salmonella in Sewage Sludge (biosolids) by Modified Semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) Medium (EPA-821-R06-14)}, year = {2006}, institution = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Washington DC,~ U.S.A.} } @article {8981, title = {Microbial inactivation by microwave radiation in the home environment}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {17-24}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0022-0892}, url = {://WOS:000242491200003}, author = {Park, D. K. and Bitton, G. and Melker, R.} } @article {13281, title = {Microbiological evaluation of bottled non-carbonated ("still") water from domestic brands in Greece}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {107}, year = {2006}, pages = {68-72}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.08.013}, author = {Venieri, D. and Vantarakis, A. and Komninou, G. and Papapetropoulou, M.} } @article {9488, title = {{Microsporidiosis: current status}}, journal = {Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {485{\textendash}492}, author = {Didier, ES and Weiss, LM} } @article {9470, title = {{Microsporidiosis in Venezuela: prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis and its contribution to diarrhea in a group of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients from Zulia State}}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {482{\textendash}486}, author = {Chachin-Bonilla, L and Panunzio, AP and Monsalve Castillo, F and Parra Cepeda, IE and Martinez, R} } @article {4886, title = {{Microsporidiosis in Venezuela. Prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis and its contribution to diarrhea in groups of human immunodeficiency virus infected patients from Zulia State}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {74}, year = {2006}, pages = {482{\textendash}486}, author = {Chacin-Bonilla, L and Panunzio, AP and Monsalve Castillo, F and Parra Cepeda, IE and Martinez, R} } @article {4764, title = {{Microwave inactivation of Cyclospora cayetanensis sporulation and viability of Cryptosporidium parvum}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {69}, year = {2006}, pages = {1957{\textendash}1960}, author = {Ortega, YR and Liao, J} } @article {7109, title = {Millennium {Development} {Goals} for {Health}: {What} will it take to accelerate progress?}, year = {2006}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11716/}, author = {Wagstaff, Adam and Claeson, Mariam and Hecht, Robert M. and Gottret, Pablo and Fang, Qiu} } @article {3175, title = {{Mixed} infection of {Echinococcus} granulosus and {Echinococcus} multilocularis in dog}, journal = {Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {feb}, pages = {10{\textendash}13}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To identify mixed infection of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis in a dog from Xinjiang. METHODS: Thirty dogs from the pasture area were dissected and over 10,000 Echinococcus adult worms were found from one dog. Morphological observation revealed possible mixed infection of the two Echinococcus species. Further identification was made by amplification of the target gene DNA fragment (mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene). RESULTS: The adult worms of E. granulosus showed a relatively longer and larger gravid proglottid, its genital pore situated near or below the middle-side of the segment. The uterus was in a sacculate shape with irregular branches and approximately over 200 - 800 eggs in it. Morphology of the adult worms of E. multilocularis was similar to E. granulosus, slightly smaller, consisting of 4 to 5 proglottids. The uterus was not sacculate and with no branch. Its lateral genital pore often situated in the anterior part of the segment. Sequence analysis of mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene showed that amplification with the Eg1f/r primers shared complete identity with E. granulosus G1 genotype (GenBank accession no. AY462129), while that witht the EmH15/17 primers shared complete identity with E. multilocularis (GenBank accession no. AB031351). The presence of both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis was confirmed by microscopy and gene identification. CONCLUSION: Mixed infection of the two species of Echinococcus has been confirmed in the dog by morphological observation and PCR technique.

}, keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, DNA, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Female, Mitochondrial, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ribosomal, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Sequence Homology}, issn = {1000-7423}, author = {Wen, Hao and Zhang, Ya-lou and Bart, Jean-Mathieu and Giraudoux, P. and Vuitton, D. A. and Ma, Xu-dong and Zou, Lin-yue and Miao, Yu-qing and Craig, P. S.} } @article {6633, title = {Mobilising financial resources for maternal health}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {368}, number = {9545}, year = {2006}, month = {oct}, pages = {1457{\textendash}1465}, abstract = {Coverage of cost-effective maternal health services remains poor due to insufficient supply and inadequate demand for these services among the poorest groups. Households pay too great a share of the costs of maternal health services, or do not seek care because they cannot afford the costs. Available evidence creates a strong case for removal of user fees and provision of universal coverage for pregnant women, particularly for delivery care. To be successful, governments must also replenish the income lost through the abolition of user fees. Where insurance schemes exist, maternal health care needs to be included in the benefits package, and careful design is needed to ensure uptake by the poorest people. Voucher schemes should be tested in low-income settings, and their costs and relative cost-effectiveness assessed. Further research is needed on methods to target financial assistance for transport and time costs. Current investment in maternal health is insufficient to meet the fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG), and much greater resources are needed to scale up coverage of maternal health services and create demand. Existing global estimates are too crude to be of use for domestic planning, since resource requirements will vary; budgets need first to be developed at country-level. Donors need to increase financial contributions for maternal health in low-income countries to help fill the resource gap. Resource tracking at country and donor levels will help hold countries and donors to account for their commitments to achieving the maternal health MDG.}, keywords = {Cesarean Section, Developing Countries, Female, Humans, Maternal Health Services, Poverty, Pregnancy}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69383-5}, author = {Borghi, Jo and Ensor, Tim and Somanathan, Aparnaa and Lissner, Craig and Mills, Anne and Lancet Maternal Survival Series steering group} } @article {16134, title = {A model of Leptospirosis infection in an African rodent to determine risk to humans: seasonal fluctuations and the impact of rodent control.}, journal = {Acta Trop.Acta Trop.}, volume = {99}, number = {2-3}, year = {2006}, pages = {218-225.}, author = {Holt, J. and Davis, S. and Leirs, H.} } @article {9941, title = {{Molecular characterization of hepatitis A virus from a large outbreak from Kerala, India.}}, journal = {The Indian Journal of Medical Research}, volume = {123}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {760{\textendash}769}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND {\&} OBJECTIVES: Hepatitis A is highly prevalent in India and mainly presents as a sporadic disease. This study investigated an outbreak of viral hepatitis at Medical College Hospital area, Kottayam, Kerala state, India during January 2005. METHODS: Blood (133), faecal (1), sewage (4), and water samples (13) were collected. Sera were tested for IgG- and IgM-anti-HAV and IgM antibodies against hepatitis E (IgM-anti-HEV). Sewage, faeces and water samples were tested for HAV RNA in nested RT-PCR and HAV RNA positive samples were further processed for RNA quantitation using Real Time PCR. RESULTS: Of the 1180 total cases, 540 were reported from Medical college area. Two deaths were reported among doctors. Patients from the community gave a previous history of visit to medical college hospital area. The sewage treatment plant at the campus was non-functional since 1990 and the untreated sewage was constantly overflowing and getting mixed with a canal. At the time of the study, all the water sources were superchlorinated. HAV RNA was present in the faeces of hepatitis A patient (1.36 x 10(7) copies/ml), sewage tank (2.57 x 10(3) copies/ml and the canal ({\textless}100 copies/ml). None of the 13 water samples concentrated 10,000-fold and the soil sample showed presence of HAV RNA. Phylogenetic analysis based on 5\&$\#$39;-non-coding and P2 regions showed HAV-genotype IIIA in all samples. INTERPRETATION {\&} CONCLUSION: The aetiological agent of the present outbreak was found to be HAV. Epidemic hepatitis A (genotype-IIIA) is emerging in Indian adults, emphasizing the need for definite policy for control.

}, keywords = {a virus, a virus - outbreak, disease of global public, enterically transmitted viral, environmental samples - hepatitis, hav, health importance, hepatitis a is an, person-, Phylogenetic analysis, to-person contact transmits hepatitis}, isbn = {0971-5916, 0971-5916}, issn = {0971-5916}, author = {Arankalle, V and K L Sarada Devi and Lole, K S and Shenoy, K T and Verma, V and Haneephabi, M} } @article {14699, title = {Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 13, based on an environmental surveillance conducted in {Toyama} {Prefecture}, 2002-2003}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, month = {sep}, pages = {6381{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Nineteen echovirus 11 (E11) and 12 E13 isolates were isolated from three rivers in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, during an environmental surveillance conducted from April 2002 to March 2003. The nucleotide sequences of E13 isolates were closely related to those from patients with aseptic meningitis, with less than 1.3\% divergence in the VP1 region of the viral capsid gene, and belonged to the same clade responsible for a worldwide outbreak that started in 2000. In contrast, E11 isolates were clustered into three genomic groups and were not closely related to echovirus strains isolated from patients. These results suggest that the combination of both virus isolation from environmental sources and phylogenetic analysis could be complementary assessment approaches to trace prevalent and minor circulating enteroviruses in the human population.}, keywords = {Aseptic/epidemiology/virology, Capsid Proteins/genetics, Disease Outbreaks, Echovirus Infections/epidemiology/virology, Enterovirus B, Fresh Water/*virology, Genes, Human/classification/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Japan/epidemiology, Meningitis, Molecular Epidemiology, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Time Factors, Viral, Viral/epidemiology/virology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02621-05}, author = {Iwai, M. and Yoshida, H. and Matsuura, K. and Fujimoto, T. and Shimizu, H. and Takizawa, T. and Nagai, Y.} } @article {14994, title = {Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 13, based on an environmental surveillance conducted in {Toyama} {Prefecture}, 2002-2003}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, month = {sep}, pages = {6381{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Nineteen echovirus 11 (E11) and 12 E13 isolates were isolated from three rivers in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, during an environmental surveillance conducted from April 2002 to March 2003. The nucleotide sequences of E13 isolates were closely related to those from patients with aseptic meningitis, with less than 1.3\% divergence in the VP1 region of the viral capsid gene, and belonged to the same clade responsible for a worldwide outbreak that started in 2000. In contrast, E11 isolates were clustered into three genomic groups and were not closely related to echovirus strains isolated from patients. These results suggest that the combination of both virus isolation from environmental sources and phylogenetic analysis could be complementary assessment approaches to trace prevalent and minor circulating enteroviruses in the human population.}, keywords = {Aseptic/epidemiology/virology, Capsid Proteins/genetics, Disease Outbreaks, Echovirus Infections/epidemiology/virology, Enterovirus B, Fresh Water/*virology, Genes, Human/classification/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Japan/epidemiology, Meningitis, Molecular Epidemiology, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Time Factors, Viral, Viral/epidemiology/virology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02621-05}, author = {Iwai, M. and Yoshida, H. and Matsuura, K. and Fujimoto, T. and Shimizu, H. and Takizawa, T. and Nagai, Y.} } @article {3825, title = {Molecular epidemiology of group A rotaviruses in water sources and selected raw vegetables in southern Africa.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, pages = {4554{\textendash}4560}, author = {Van Zyl, WB and Page, NA and Grabow, WOK and A D Steele and M B Taylor} } @article {15826, title = {Molecular Fingerprinting of Cryptosporidium Oocysts Isolated during Water Monitoring}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, pages = {5428-5435}, author = {Nichols, Rosely A. B. and Campbell, Brian M. and Smith, Huw V.} } @article {12512, title = {Molecular techniques in wastewater: understanding microbial communities, detecting pathogens, and real-time process control}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methodsJournal of microbiological methods}, volume = {66}, year = {2006}, pages = {1-20}, isbn = {0167-7012}, author = {Gilbride, KA and D Y Lee and Beaudette, LA} } @article {3187, title = {Morphological and molecular characteristics of {Echinococcus} multilocularis and {Echinococcus} granulosus mixed infection in a dog from {Xinjiang}, {China}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {139}, number = {1-3}, year = {2006}, month = {jun}, pages = {244{\textendash}248}, abstract = {The Xinjiang plateau of western China has been shown to have a high prevalence for human cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus, and human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. The domestic dog is suspected to be the primary definitive host for the transmission of both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis to humans in this locality. Seventeen of 30 stray dogs from Hejing County of Xinjiang were found positive for E. granulosus post mortem, and one double infection was suspected. Worm samples were collected, dyed by carmine, and observed microscopically. Carmine staining examination clearly revealed the differences in number of proglottids and appearance of uterine branches and lateral genital pore for those two species of Echinococcus. Furthermore, gene target DNA fragments were amplified for formal identification of the two parasite species, based on 12s rRNA mitochondrial gene. The PCR products were purified and sequenced. Compared with NCBI GenBank, the DNA sequences demonstrated 100\% identity with E. granulosus (sheep strain, G1 genotype) and E. multilocularis.}, keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, China, Disease Reservoirs, DNA, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Helminth, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ribosomal, RNA, Sequence Alignment}, issn = {0304-4017}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.003}, author = {Zhang, Yalou and Bart, Jean-Mathieu and Giraudoux, Patrick and Craig, Philip and Vuitton, Dominique and Wen, Hao} } @article {6060, title = {Multi-scale Cryptosporidium sand interactions in water treatment}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {18}, year = {2006}, pages = {3315{\textendash}3331}, author = {Tufenkji, Nathalie and Dixon, David R and Considine, Robert and Drummond, Calum J} } @article {13790, title = {Multitiered approach using quantitative {PCR} to track sources of fecal pollution affecting {Santa} {Monica} {Bay}, {California}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The ubiquity of fecal indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in urban environments makes tracking of fecal contamination extremely challenging. A multitiered approach was used to assess sources of fecal pollution in Ballona Creek, an urban watershed that drains to the Santa Monica Bay (SMB) near Los Angeles, Calif. A mass-based design at six main-stem sites and four major tributaries over a 6-h period was used (i) to assess the flux of Enterococcus spp. and E. coli by using culture-based methods (tier 1); (ii) to assess levels of Enterococcus spp. by using quantitative PCR and to detect and/or quantify additional markers of human fecal contamination, including a human-specific Bacteroides sp. marker and enterovirus, using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (tier 2); and (iii) to assess the specific types of enterovirus genomes found via sequence analysis (tier 3). Sources of fecal indicator bacteria were ubiquitous, and concentrations were high, throughout Ballona Creek, with no single tributary dominating fecal inputs. The flux of Enterococcus spp. and E. coli averaged 109 to 1010 cells h-1 and was as high at the head of the watershed as at the mouth prior to discharge into the SMB. In addition, a signal for the human-specific Bacteroides marker was consistently detected: 86\% of the samples taken over the extent during the study period tested positive. Enteroviruses were quantifiable in 14 of 36 samples (39\%), with the highest concentrations at the site furthest upstream (Cochran). These results indicated the power of using multiple approaches to assess and quantify fecal contamination in freshwater conduits to high-use, high-priority recreational swimming areas. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.2.1604-1612.2006}, author = {Noble, R.T. and Griffith, J.F. and Blackwood, A.D. and Fuhrman, J.A. and Gregory, J.B. and Hernandez, X. and Liang, X. and Bera, A.A. and Schiff, K.} } @article {7591, title = {{Multitiered approach using quantitative PCR to track sources of fecal pollution affecting Santa Monica Bay, California}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {1604-1612}, abstract = {

The ubiquity of fecal indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in urban environments makes tracking of fecal contamination extremely challenging. A multitiered approach was used to assess sources of fecal pollution in Ballona Creek, an urban watershed that drains to the Santa Monica Bay (SMB) near Los Angeles, Calif. A mass-based design at six main-stem sites and four major tributaries over a 6-h period was used (i) to assess the flux of Enterococcus spp. and E. coli by using culture-based methods (tier 1); (ii) to assess levels of Enterococcus spp. by using quantitative PCR and to detect and/or quantify additional markers of human fecal contamination, including a human-specific Bacteroides sp. marker and enterovirus, using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (tier 2); and (iii) to assess the specific types of enterovirus genomes found via sequence analysis (tier 3). Sources of fecal indicator bacteria were ubiquitous, and concentrations were high, throughout Ballona Creek, with no single tributary dominating fecal inputs. The flux of Enterococcus spp. and E. coli averaged 109 to 1010 cells h-1 and was as high at the head of the watershed as at the mouth prior to discharge into the SMB. In addition, a signal for the human-specific Bacteroides marker was consistently detected: 86{\%} of the samples taken over the extent during the study period tested positive. Enteroviruses were quantifiable in 14 of 36 samples (39{\%}), with the highest concentrations at the site furthest upstream (Cochran). These results indicated the power of using multiple approaches to assess and quantify fecal contamination in freshwater conduits to high-use, high-priority recreational swimming areas. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.2.1604-1612.2006}, author = {Noble, R.T. and Griffith, J.F. and Blackwood, A.D. and Fuhrman, J.A. and Gregory, J.B. and Hernandez, X. and Liang, X. and Bera, A.A. and Schiff, K.} } @mastersthesis {6827, title = {Municipal anti-socialism and the growth of the anti-socialist critique in {Britain}, 1873{\textendash}1914}, year = {2006}, note = {3225737}, school = {University of Minnesota}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Municipal anti-socialism played a critical role in shaping wider debates over the growth of the state in Britain between 1873 and 1914. Municipal socialism, as formulated in Birmingham under the leadership of Joseph Chamberlain, provided a model for endeavors that sought efficiency and collective benefit through public management of services including gas and water. Municipal anti-socialists contended that, particularly when expanded beyond gas and water, municipal socialism fueled increasing debt and tax rates, pandered to the demands of public workers, and became economically inefficient and resistant to innovation. Municipal anti-socialists refined their arguments in the 1890s and gave support to the minority {\textquoteright}Moderate{\textquoteright} party on the London County Council (LCC), which sought to disrupt the municipal program of the majority {\textquoteright}Progressive{\textquoteright} party. The Liberal parliamentary victory of 1906 temporarily put municipal anti-socialists on the defensive. However, they worked to secure the victory of the Moderates, now renamed the {\textquoteright}Municipal Reformers,{\textquoteright} in the LCC election of 1907. The Municipal Reform Party restricted or discontinued some programs associated with municipal socialism while preserving others, demonstrating that some elements of municipal socialism were widely accepted by 1907. Through the anti-socialist organization the London Municipal Society (LMS), municipal anti-socialists also shifted their attention to attacking the socialism they believed implicit in {\textquoteright}new Liberalism{\textquoteright} after 1908. In the years before 1914, the debate over municipal socialism was affected by the emergence of regional as opposed to municipal economies of scale and the new fiscal demands placed upon local government by national authorities. By 1914, municipal anti-socialism had largely been absorbed into a wider anti-socialist discourse that challenged the growth of the state at both the local and national levels.}, keywords = {0335:European history, 0582:History, 0615:Political science, Antisocialism, Conservative Party, European history, Great Britain, History, Municipal socialism, Political science, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305305093?accountid=14270}, author = {Gehrke, Jules Philip} } @booklet {4360, title = {{National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Groundwater rule. Final Rule; 40 CFR Parts 9, 141 and 142. Federal register, vol. 71}}, year = {2006}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency.}, address = {Washington D.C.}, author = {U.S. EPA} } @booklet {10502, title = {{National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR); Final Rule. 40 CFR Parts 9, 141, 142. Federal Register}}, year = {2006}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency} } @booklet {10501, title = {{National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Revisions to the Total Coliform Rule; Regulations: Revisions to the Total Coliform Rule; Final Rule. 40 CFR Parts 141 and 142. Federal Register}}, year = {2006}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Washington, DC} } @book {15206, title = {Natural wastewater treatment systems}, year = {2006}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, author = {Crites, Ronald W and Middlebrooks, E Joe and Reed, Sherwood C} } @article {11554, title = {{Neuroimaging and pathological findings in a child with cerebral sparganosis: Case report}}, journal = {Journal of Neurosurgery}, volume = {105}, year = {2006}, pages = {470{\textendash}472}, abstract = {

The authors report the case of a 6-year-old boy with cerebral sparganosis due to infection with a plerocercoid tapeworm larva of Spirometra mansoni. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an area of irregular long T2 signal in the right frontal lobe. When compared with images obtained 2 year earlier, the lesion appeared to have migrated into the parietal lobe. During surgey for the removal of a granuloma, the parasite was discovered and excised. Following surgery, the patient{\{}$\backslash$textasciiacute{\}}s neurological deficits markedly improved. The authors review the pathological and imaging features of cerebal sparganosis.

}, author = {Bo, G and Xuejian, W} } @article {1830, title = {Neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses in sewage from highly immune populations}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {1}, year = {2006}, note = {1932-6203 (Electronic) Journal Article}, pages = {e69}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) have caused poliomyelitis outbreaks in communities with sub-optimal vaccination. Israeli environmental surveillance of sewage from populations with high (>95\%) documented vaccine coverage of confirmed efficacy identified two separate evolutionary clusters of VDPVs: Group 1 (1998-2005, one system, population 1.6x10(6)) and Group 2 (2006, 2 systems, populations 0.7x10(6) and 5x10(4)). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Molecular analyses support evolution of nine Group 1 VDPVs along five different lineages, starting from a common ancestral type 2 vaccine-derived Sabin-2/Sabin-1 recombinant strain, and independent evolution of three Group 2 VDPVs along one lineage starting from a different recombinant strain. The primary evidence for two independent origins was based on comparison of unique recombination fingerprints, the number and distribution of identical substitutions, and evolutionary rates. Geometric mean titers of neutralizing antibodies against Group 1 VDPVs were significantly lower than against vaccine strains in all age-group cohorts tested. All individuals had neutralizing titers >1:8 against these VDPVs except 7\% of the 20-50 year cohort. Group 1 VDPVs were highly neurovirulent in a transgenic mouse model. Intermediate levels of protective immunity against Group 2 VDPVs correlated with fewer (5.0+1.0) amino acid substitutions in neutralizing antigenic sites than in Group 1 VDPV{\textquoteright}s (12.1+/-1.5). SIGNIFICANCE: VDPVs that revert from live oral attenuated vaccines and reacquire characteristics of wild-type polioviruses not only threaten populations with poor immune coverage, but are also a potential source for re-introduction of poliomyelitis into highly immune populations through older individuals with waning immunity. The presence of two independently evolved groups of VDPVs in Israel and the growing number of reports of environmental VDPV elsewhere make it imperative to determine the global frequency of environmental VDPV. Our study underscores the importance of the environmental surveillance and the need to reconsider the global strategies for polio eradication and the proposed cessation of vaccination.}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=17183700}, author = {Shulman, L. M. and Manor, Y. and Sofer, D. and Handsher, R. and Swartz, T. and Delpeyroux, F. and Mendelson, E.} } @article {5505, title = {{Norwalk virus-specific binding to oyster digestive tissues}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {931{\textendash}936}, abstract = {The primary pathogens related to shellfish-borne gastroenteritis outbreaks are noroviruses. These viruses show persistence in oysters, which suggests an active mechanism of virus concentration. We investigated whether Norwalk virus or viruslike particles bind specifically to oyster tissues after bioaccumulation or addition to tissue sections. Since noroviruses attach to carbohydrates of the histo-blood group family, tests using immunohistochemical analysis were performed to evaluate specific binding of virus or viruslike particles to oyster tissues through these ligands. Viral particles bind specifically to digestive ducts (midgut, main and secondary ducts, and tubules) by carbohydrate structures with a terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residue in an alpha linkage (same binding site used for recognition of human histo-blood group antigens). These data show that the oyster can selectively concentrate a human pathogen and that conventional depuration will not eliminate noroviruses from oyster tissue.}, isbn = {1080-6040 (Print) 1080-6040 (Linking)}, issn = {10806040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1206.051519}, author = {Le Guyader, Fran{\c c}oise S and Loisy, Fabienne and Atmar, Robert L and Hutson, Anne M and Estes, Mary K and Ruvo{\"e}n-Clouet, Nathalie and Pommepuy, Monique and Le Pendu, Jacques} } @book {15059, title = {The {Not} {So} {Short} {Introduction} to {\textbackslash}{LaTeXe}}, year = {2006}, edition = {4.2}, author = {Oetiker, Tobias and Partl, Hubert and Hyna, Irene and Schlegl, Elisabeth} } @inbook {11239, title = {{Novel approaches to immunoprophylaxis for toxocariasis}}, booktitle = {Toxocara. The Enigmatic Parasite.}, year = {2006}, pages = {174{\textendash}194}, publisher = {CABI}, organization = {CABI}, edition = {1}, author = {Hrckova, G}, editor = {Holland, C V and Smith, H V} } @article {7782, title = {Numbers and transported state of Escherichia coli in runoff direct from fresh cowpats under simulated rainfall*}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {83-87}, keywords = {Agriculture, attachment, clumping, nonpoint, particles}, isbn = {1472-765X}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2005.01823.x}, author = {Muirhead,R. W. and Collins,R. P. and Bremer,P. J.} } @article {13239, title = {Occurrence and characterization of Aeromonas spp. in mussels from the Adriatic Sea}, journal = {Food Microbiology}, volume = {23}, year = {2006}, pages = {418-422}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2005.08.001}, author = {Ottaviani, D. and Santarelli, S. and Bacchiocchi, S. and Masini, L. and Ghittino, C. and Bacchiocchi, I.} } @article {4290, title = {{Occurrence of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages infecting enteric bacteria in groundwater in different geographical areas.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {96{\textendash}102}, abstract = {

AIMS: The aim of this research was to determine the suitability of coliphages (bacteriophages) for assessing the microbial quality of groundwater. METHODS AND RESULTS: The number of several bacterial indicators (faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci and spores of sulfite-reducing clostridia) and bacteriophages (somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis) were determined in groundwater of aquifers in various geographical areas. Results show that the relative abundance, determined as percentages of positive detections, of the bacterial indicators and bacteriophages varies depending on the aquifer. CONCLUSIONS: A single bacterial indicator may not be enough to assess microbiological quality in certain aquifers. One bacterial indicator and a bacteriophage parameter provide more information than two bacterial indicators. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Coliphages (CPH) provide different information from that provided by bacterial indicators on the microbial quality of groundwater in different geographical areas. Easy, fast and inexpensive methods for the detection of CPH are feasible in both industrialized and developing countries.

}, keywords = {Argentina, bacteria, Bacteria: isolation {\&} purification, Colombia, Colony Count, enterovirus, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, France, Fresh Water, Microbial, Microbiological Techniques, Sewage, Spain, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02907.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16834595}, author = {Lucena, F and Ribas, F and Dur{\'a}n, A E and Skraber, S and Gantzer, C and Campos, C and Mor{\'o}n, A and Calder{\'o}n, E and Jofre, J} } @article {17137, title = {Occurrence of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages infecting enteric bacteria in groundwater in different geographical areas}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {101}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {96{\textendash}102}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Lucena, F and Ribas, F and Duran, AE and Skraber, S and Gantzer, C and Campos, C and Mor{\'o}n, A and Calder{\'o}n, E and Jofre, J} } @article {15878, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in sewage in Norway}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, month = {Aug}, pages = {5297-303}, edition = {2006/08/04}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission, Cryptosporidium/genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, DNA, Protozoan/analysis/isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Epidemiological Monitoring, Giardia/genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission, Humans, Norway/epidemiology, Oocysts/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Sewage/*parasitology}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Robertson, L. J. and Hermansen, L. and Gjerde, B. K.} } @article {4126, title = {{Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia Cysts in sewage in Norway}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, pages = {5297{\textendash}5303}, author = {Robertson, LJ and Hermansen, L and Gjerde, B} } @article {4075, title = {{Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies of Russia and Bulgaria}}, journal = {Environmental Research}, volume = {102}, year = {2006}, pages = {260{\textendash}271}, author = {Karanis, P and Sotiriadou, I and Kartashev, V and Kourenti, C and Tsvetkova, N and Stojanova, K} } @article {6504, title = {Occurrence of {Giardia} and {Cryptosporidium} in water supplies of {Russia} and {Bulgaria}}, journal = {Environmental Research}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {nov}, pages = {260{\textendash}271}, issn = {00139351}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2006.05.005}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0013935106001095}, author = {Karanis, P. and Sotiriadou, I. and Kartashev, V. and Kourenti, C. and Tsvetkova, N. and Stojanova, K.} } @article {15767, title = {Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies of Russia and Bulgaria}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {102}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {Nov}, pages = {260-71}, edition = {2006/06/20}, keywords = {*Cryptosporidium, *Giardia, *Water Microbiology, Animals, Bulgaria, Fresh Water/analysis, Russia, Water Supply/*analysis}, isbn = {0013-9351 (Print)
0013-9351}, author = {Karanis, P. and Sotiriadou, I. and Kartashev, V. and Kourenti, C. and Tsvetkova, N. and Stojanova, K.} } @article {4105, title = {{Occurrence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in swimming pools in the province of Palermo, Italy}}, journal = {Annali di igiene}, volume = {18}, year = {2006}, pages = {367{\textendash}374}, author = {Oliveri, R and Di Piazza, F and Marsala, B and Cerame, G and Firenze, A and Di Benedetto, MA} } @article {11248, title = {{The occurrence of Toxocara malaysiensis in cats in China, confirmed by sequence-based analyses of ribosomal DNA}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {99}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {554{\textendash}557}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-006-0194-z}, author = {Li, Ming-Wei and Zhu, Xing-Quan and Gasser, Robin B and Lin, Rui-Qing and Sani, Rehana A and Lun, Zhao-Rong and Jacobs, Dennis E} } @article {8618, title = {{Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii in water from wells located on farms}}, journal = {Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {169{\textendash}175}, author = {Sroka, J and Wojcik-Fatla, A and Dutkiewicz, J} } @article {11536, title = {{Ocular manifestations of helminthic infections: onchocersiasis, cysticercosis, toxocariasis, and diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis}}, journal = {International Ophthalmology Clinics}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {1{\textendash}10}, author = {Ament, C C and Young, L H} } @inbook {11286, title = {{Ocular Toxocariasis}}, booktitle = {Toxocara. The Enigmatic Parasite}, year = {2006}, pages = {127{\textendash}144}, publisher = {CABI}, organization = {CABI}, edition = {1}, author = {Taylor, Mervyn R H}, editor = {Holland, Celia and Smith, Huw} } @inbook {4681, title = {{The ongoing saga of U.S. outbreaks of cyclosporiasis associated with imported fresh produce: what Cyclospora cayetanensis has taught us and what we have yet to learn}}, booktitle = {Addressing foodborne threats to health: policies, practices, and global coordination}, year = {2006}, pages = {85{\textendash}115, 133{\textendash}140}, publisher = {National Academic Press}, organization = {National Academic Press}, edition = {Institute}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Herwaldt, BL} } @article {14610, title = {On-site wastewater treatment and reuses in {Japan}}, journal = {Water Management}, volume = {159}, year = {2006}, pages = {103{\textendash}109}, abstract = {On-site wastewater treatment poses a challenging problem for engineers. It requires a balance of appropriate levels of technology and the operational complexity necessary to obtain high-quality effluent together with adequate reliability and simplicity to accommodate infrequent maintenance and monitoring. This review covers how these issues have been addressed in on-site wastewater treatment in Japan (termed johkasou). On-site systems in Japan range from outmoded designs that discharge grey water directly into the environment to advanced treatment units in high-density areas that produce reclaimed water on-site. Japan is a world leader in membrane technologies that have led to the development of on-site wastewater treatment units capable of water-reclamation quality effluent. Alternative ideas being pursued for on-site technologies also include separate waste stream collection, which would provide for more efficient treatment and reuse. Night soil treatment plants, where sludge from on-site systems is treated, are also distinctive to Japan, serving 37 million people. Japan has governmental regulations in place to ensure routine inspections of on-site units; furthermore, subsidies are available to reduce the cost of on-site systems for building owners. Lessons learned in on-site wastewater treatment in Japan have applications worldwide, from regions where water is scarce, to high-density areas in developing countries that currently lack sewer infrastructures.}, author = {Gaulke, L. S.} } @article {1564, title = {On-site wastewater treatment and reuses in Japan}, journal = {Water Management}, volume = {159}, year = {2006}, pages = {103-109}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {On-site wastewater treatment poses a challenging problem for engineers. It requires a balance of appropriate levels of technology and the operational complexity necessary to obtain high-quality effluent together with adequate reliability and simplicity to accommodate infrequent maintenance and monitoring. This review covers how these issues have been addressed in on-site wastewater treatment in Japan (termed johkasou). On-site systems in Japan range from outmoded designs that discharge grey water directly into the environment to advanced treatment units in high-density areas that produce reclaimed water on-site. Japan is a world leader in membrane technologies that have led to the development of on-site wastewater treatment units capable of water-reclamation quality effluent. Alternative ideas being pursued for on-site technologies also include separate waste stream collection, which would provide for more efficient treatment and reuse. Night soil treatment plants, where sludge from on-site systems is treated, are also distinctive to Japan, serving 37 million people. Japan has governmental regulations in place to ensure routine inspections of on-site units; furthermore, subsidies are available to reduce the cost of on-site systems for building owners. Lessons learned in on-site wastewater treatment in Japan have applications worldwide, from regions where water is scarce, to high-density areas in developing countries that currently lack sewer infrastructures.}, author = {Gaulke, L. S.} } @proceedings {11122, title = {Operational safety of urine diversion toilets in Durban, South Africa}, journal = {Proceedings for the 32nd WEDC International Comference on Sustainable Development of Water Resources, Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation}, year = {2006}, pages = {1-8}, address = {Colombo, Sri Lanka}, author = {Austin, L.M.} } @booklet {10824, title = {{Oral cholera vaccine use in complex emergencies: what next? Global task force on cholera control}}, year = {2006}, address = {Cairo, Egypt}, author = {WHO} } @article {4708, title = {{Outbreak of cyclosporiasis at a naval base in Lima Peru}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {75}, year = {2006}, pages = {546{\textendash}548}, author = {Torres-Slimming, PA and Mundaca, CC and Moran, M and Quispe, J and Colina, O and Bacon, DJ and Lescano, AG and Gilman, RH and Blazes, DL} } @article {3623, title = {An outbreak of group C rotavirus infection in an elementary school in Shimane prefecture, Japan, February 2006}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {350{\textendash}351}, author = {Lizuka, Setsuko and Tabara, Kenji and Kawamukai, Akemi and Itogawa, Hiroshi and Hoshina, Ken} } @article {8566, title = {{Outcome of Treatment for Congenital Toxoplasmosis, 1981{\textendash}2004: The National Collaborative Chicago-Based, Congenital Toxoplasmosis Study}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {42}, number = {10}, year = {2006}, pages = {1383{\textendash}1394}, author = {McLeod, R and Boyer, K and Karrison, T and Kasza, K and Swisher, C and Roizen, N and Jalbrzikowski, J and Remington, J and Heydemann, P and Noble, AG and Mets, M and Holfels, E and Withers, S and Latkany, P and Meier, P and Toxoplasmosis Study, G} } @article {1850, title = {Overview of anaerobic treatment: thermophilic and propionate implications}, journal = {Water Environmental Research}, volume = {78}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, note = {Speece, R E Boonyakitsombut, Saroch Kim, Moonil Azbar, Nuri Ursillo, Pepi Review United States Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation Water Environ Res. 2006 May;78(5):460-73.}, pages = {460-73}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Difficulties in achieving low propionate concentrations in anaerobically treated effluents are frequently reported in the literature (Ahring, 1994; Kugelman and Guida, 1989; Rimkus et al., 1982), especially at thermophilic temperatures, with concentrations as high as 1000 to 9600 mg/L sometimes produced. This paper will detail the effect of several variables on the performance of both mesophilic and thermophilic regimes. Studies concerning the effect of the following four important factors on performance are included: reactor configuration, inorganic nutrient supplementation, substrate characteristics, and the unique role of microbial consortia proximity in enhancing performance. Reactor configuration modifications, essential nutrient additions, and the importance of close microbial proximity were all found to contribute to improvement in thermophilic anaerobic digestion in all the studies. It was found that, in substrates that shunt significant amounts of the electron donor through propionate, performance was critically related to reactor optimization, with propionate removal efficiency considerably improved using intact upflow anaerobic sludge blanket granules, less so in a homogenized granule slurry blanket, and noticeably reduced even more when the completely stirred reactor configuration of homogenized granules was used. The critical importance of extremely close microbial consortia proximity in maintaining hydrogen intermediates at very low levels to efficiently convert propionate to hydrogen and acetate was demonstrated. Compared to mesophilic digestion, thermophilic digestion manifested elevated levels of propionate, except in the nonmixed reactors, which had close microbial consortia proximity. The reactor configuration with the best results was the anaerobic digestion elutriated phased treatment (ADEPT) scheme, in which the raw sludge was elutriated of its fermenting volatile fatty acids, as they are generated in a short 5- to 8-day solids retention time (SRT) in one reactor and the elutriate then metabolized by passing up through a methanogenic granule or slurry blanket (with its close microbial consortia proximity) in a separate reactor with a 20- to 50-day SRT. Loading rates and performance of the ADEPT reactor configuration were superior to the standard continuously stirred tank reactor, and ADEPT thermophilic temperatures allowed higher organic loading rates without high propionate concentrations in the effluent.}, keywords = {Anaerobic Biodegradation, Anaerobiosis/physiology Bacteria, Environmental Biofilms Bioreactors/*microbiology Sewage/*microbiology Temperature Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1061-4303 (Print) 1061-4303 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16752608}, author = {Speece, R. E. and Boonyakitsombut, S. and Kim, M. and Azbar, N. and Ursillo, P.} } @article {11355, title = {Overview of food-and water-borne zoonotic parasites at the farm level}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {595-606}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Gajadhar, AA and Scandrett, WB and Forbes, LB} } @article {9736, title = {Parasites of the Central American tapir Tapirus bairdii (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) in Chiapas, Mexico}, journal = {Revista de Biolog{\'\i}a Tropical}, volume = {54}, year = {2006}, pages = {445- 450}, author = {Cruz E Aldan and Lira I Torres and D M Guiris Andrade and Osorio D Sarabia and M M Quintero} } @article {9443, title = {Parasitic contamination of wells drinking water in Mazandaran Province in 2002-2003}, year = {2006}, author = {Ziaie, HH and Yousefi, Z and Mohammadpour, TR} } @article {9418, title = {{Parasitic etiology of childhood diarrhea}}, journal = {Indian Journal of Pediatrics}, volume = {73}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {1081{\textendash}1084}, author = {Ogunlesi, T and Tinuade, O and John, O and Saheed, O and Oyeku, O and Fidelis, N and Olabisi, D} } @article {4869, title = {{Par{\'a}sitos intestinales en lechugas comercializadas en mercados populares y supermercados de Ciudad Bol{\'\i}var, Estado Bol{\'\i}var, Venezuela}}, journal = {Rev Soc Venezol Microbiol}, volume = {26}, year = {2006}, pages = {100{\textendash}107}, author = {Devera, R and Blanco, Y and Gonz{\'a}lez, H and Garcia, L} } @article {3172, title = {Pasture types and {Echinococcus} multilocularis, {Tibetan} communities}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, month = {jun}, pages = {1008{\textendash}1010}, abstract = {Our study showed that open pastures had more small mammal burrows than fenced pastures in Tibetan pastoralist communities in 2003. This characteristic was linked to a higher prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in dogs and indicates that pasture type may affect E. multilocularis transmission.}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Reservoirs, DNA, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Feces, Helminth, Hepatic, Humans, Lagomorpha, Nonparametric, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Statistics, Tibet}, issn = {1080-6040}, author = {Wang, Qian and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Xiao, Yongfu and Budke, Christine M. and Campos-Ponce, Maiza and Schantz, Peter M. and Raoul, Francis and Yang, Wen and Craig, Philip S. and Giraudoux, Patrick} } @booklet {9187, title = {{Pathogen Removal Mechanisms in Macrophyte and Algal Waste Stabilization Ponds, The Netherlands}}, year = {2006}, author = {Awuah, E} } @mastersthesis {11064, title = {Pathogen removal mechanisms in macrophyte and algal waste stabilization ponds}, year = {2006}, school = {Wageningen University}, type = {phdPh.{D}. thesis}, address = {Delft, The Netherlands}, author = {Awuah, E.} } @article {2275, title = {{Pathogenesis of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection.}}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {254}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {12{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is emerging as a significant diarrheal pathogen in multiple population groups. Although most commonly associated with pediatric diarrhea in developing countries, EAEC is also linked to diarrhea in adults including HIV-positive patients and travelers and has been a cause of food-borne outbreaks in the industrialized world. Current data suggest that one set of virulence elements is not associated with all EAEC strains, but that combinations of multiple factors prevail. Pathogenesis is believed to be initiated with adherence to the terminal ileum and colon in an aggregative, stacked-brick-type pattern by means of one of several different hydrophobic aggregative adherence fimbriae. Some strains of EAEC may then elaborate cytotoxins including the plasmid-encoded toxin and the enterotoxins, EAST1 and ShET1. An AraC homolog termed AggR regulates several genes contributing to fimbrial biogenesis in {\textquoteright}typical EAEC strains{\textquoteright}. AggR has now also been shown to regulate genes on a chromosomal island. Sequencing of the EAEC type strain 042 completed at the Sanger Center has revealed two other chromosomal islands that are being explored for their pathogenetic potential. This article reviews these virulence elements and presents on-going areas of research in EAEC pathogenesis.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial Adhesion, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Diarrhea: physiopathology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: physiopathology, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Escherichia coli Proteins: metabolism, Escherichia coli: growth \& development, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Virulence, Virulence Factors}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00005.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16451173}, author = {Harrington, Susan M and Dudley, Edward G and Nataro, James P} } @article {8027, title = {{Pathogenesis of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection.}}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {254}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {12{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is emerging as a significant diarrheal pathogen in multiple population groups. Although most commonly associated with pediatric diarrhea in developing countries, EAEC is also linked to diarrhea in adults including HIV-positive patients and travelers and has been a cause of food-borne outbreaks in the industrialized world. Current data suggest that one set of virulence elements is not associated with all EAEC strains, but that combinations of multiple factors prevail. Pathogenesis is believed to be initiated with adherence to the terminal ileum and colon in an aggregative, stacked-brick-type pattern by means of one of several different hydrophobic aggregative adherence fimbriae. Some strains of EAEC may then elaborate cytotoxins including the plasmid-encoded toxin and the enterotoxins, EAST1 and ShET1. An AraC homolog termed AggR regulates several genes contributing to fimbrial biogenesis in {\textquoteright}typical EAEC strains{\textquoteright}. AggR has now also been shown to regulate genes on a chromosomal island. Sequencing of the EAEC type strain 042 completed at the Sanger Center has revealed two other chromosomal islands that are being explored for their pathogenetic potential. This article reviews these virulence elements and presents on-going areas of research in EAEC pathogenesis.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial Adhesion, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Diarrhea: physiopathology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: physiopathology, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Escherichia coli Proteins: metabolism, Escherichia coli: growth {\&} development, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Virulence, Virulence Factors}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00005.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16451173}, author = {Harrington, Susan M and Dudley, Edward G and Nataro, James P} } @article {14060, title = {Pathogenesis of enteroaggregative {Escherichia} coli infection.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {254}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {12{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is emerging as a significant diarrheal pathogen in multiple population groups. Although most commonly associated with pediatric diarrhea in developing countries, EAEC is also linked to diarrhea in adults including HIV-positive patients and travelers and has been a cause of food-borne outbreaks in the industrialized world. Current data suggest that one set of virulence elements is not associated with all EAEC strains, but that combinations of multiple factors prevail. Pathogenesis is believed to be initiated with adherence to the terminal ileum and colon in an aggregative, stacked-brick-type pattern by means of one of several different hydrophobic aggregative adherence fimbriae. Some strains of EAEC may then elaborate cytotoxins including the plasmid-encoded toxin and the enterotoxins, EAST1 and ShET1. An AraC homolog termed AggR regulates several genes contributing to fimbrial biogenesis in {\textquoteright}typical EAEC strains{\textquoteright}. AggR has now also been shown to regulate genes on a chromosomal island. Sequencing of the EAEC type strain 042 completed at the Sanger Center has revealed two other chromosomal islands that are being explored for their pathogenetic potential. This article reviews these virulence elements and presents on-going areas of research in EAEC pathogenesis.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial Adhesion, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Diarrhea: physiopathology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: physiopathology, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Escherichia coli Proteins: metabolism, Escherichia coli: growth \& development, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Virulence, Virulence Factors}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00005.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16451173}, author = {Harrington, Susan M and Dudley, Edward G and Nataro, James P} } @inbook {11267, title = {{Pathogens: Health relevance, transport and attenuation}}, booktitle = {Protecting groundwater for health}, year = {2006}, pages = {51}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, edition = {1}, author = {Pedley, S and Yates, M and Schijven, J F and West, J and Howard, G and Barrett, M}, editor = {Schmoll, O and Howard, G and Chilton, J} } @inbook {6051, title = {Pathogens: health relevance, transport and attenuation.}, booktitle = {Protecting Groundwater for Health, Managing the Quality of Drinking-water Sources}, year = {2006}, pages = {49-80}, author = {Pedley, Steve and Yates, Marylynn and Schijven, JF and West, Julie and Howard, Guy and Barrett, Mike and Schmoll, O and Chilton, J and Chorus, I and others} } @inbook {12969, title = {Pathogens in Biosolids}, booktitle = {Advances in Agronomy}, volume = {90}, year = {2006}, pages = {1 - 41}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, issn = {0065-2113}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(06)90001-7}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065211306900017}, author = {Ian L. Pepper and John P. Brooks and Charles P. Gerba} } @article {17377, title = {Performance evaluation of a {\textquoteright}sequential-batch{\textquoteright} Temperature-Phased Anaerobic Digestion (TPAD) scheme for producing Class A biosolids}, journal = {Water Environment ResearchWater Environ Res}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {Mar}, pages = {221-226}, keywords = {class a, primary sludge, sequential, Sludge, temperature-phased, time-temperature, waste activated sludge}, isbn = {1061-4303}, author = {Santha, H. and Sandino, J. and Shimp, G. F. and Sung, S. W.} } @article {5521, title = {{Persistence of caliciviruses on environmental surfaces and their transfer to food}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {84{\textendash}91}, abstract = {The noroviruses (NoV) are a common cause of human gastroenteritis whose transmission by foodborne routes is well documented. Fecally contaminated surfaces are likely to contribute to this foodborne transmission and to the propagation of viral disease outbreaks. The purpose of this study was to (i) investigate the stability of NoV on various food preparation surfaces; and (ii) evaluate the degree of virus transfer from these surfaces to a model-ready-to-eat (RTE) food. For the virus persistence experiments, stainless steel, formica and ceramic coupons were artificially contaminated with Norwalk virus (NV), the prototype genogroup I NoV; NV RNA; or feline calicivirus (FCV) F9 (a NoV surrogate), stored at ambient temperature for up to 7 d, and periodically assayed for detection. In the transfer experiments, stainless steel coupons were inoculated with NV or FCV F9 and allowed to dry for 10, 30 and 60 min, after which lettuce leaves were exposed to the surface of the coupons at various contact pressures (10, 100, and 1000 g/9 cm2). Virus recovery was evaluated by RT-PCR (for NV and NV RNA) or by plaque assay (for FCV F9) using Crandell Reese Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells. NV and FCV were detected on all three surfaces for up to 7 d post-inoculation; for FCV, there was an approximate 6 to 7-log10 drop in virus titer over the 7 d evaluation period. By contrast, when stainless steel was inoculated with purified NV RNA, RT-PCR detection was not possible beyond 24 h. Transfer of both NV and FCV from stainless steel surfaces to lettuce occurred with relative ease. This study confirms lengthy NoV persistence on common food preparation surfaces and their ease of transfer, confirming a potential role for environmental contamination in the propagation of viral gastroenteritis. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Feline calicivirus, Food, Norovirus, Persistence, Transfer}, isbn = {0168-1605}, issn = {01681605}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.10.024}, author = {D{\textquoteright}Souza, Doris H. and Sair, Arnie and Williams, Karen and Papafragkou, Efstathia and Jean, Julie and Moore, Christina and Jaykus, LeeAnn} } @article {7447, title = {Persistence of {Mycobacterium} avium subsp. paratuberculosis and {Other} {Zoonotic} {Pathogens} during {Simulated} {Composting}, {Manure} {Packing}, and {Liquid} {Storage} of {Dairy} {Manure}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {565{\textendash}574}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.1.565-574.2006}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.72.1.565-574.2006}, author = {Grewal, S. K. and Rajeev, S. and Sreevatsan, S. and Michel, F. C.} } @article {9079, title = {{Persistence of Paratuberculosis(incomplete)}}, journal = {Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {565{\textendash}574}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.1.565}, author = {Grewal, Sukhbir K and Grewal, Sukhbir K and Rajeev, Sreekumari and Rajeev, Sreekumari and Sreevatsan, Srinand and Sreevatsan, Srinand and Michel, Frederick C and Michel, Frederick C} } @article {13476, title = {Phenotypic comparison of allopatric populations of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica from European and African bovines using a computer image analysis system (CIAS)}, journal = {Parasitol Res}, volume = {99}, year = {2006}, pages = {368-378}, author = {Periago, M. V. and Valero, M. A. and Panova, M. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {686, title = {Photocatalytic degradation of the herbicide erioglaucine in the presence of nanosized titanium dioxide: Comparison and modeling of reaction kinetics}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes}, volume = {41}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, note = {Daneshvar, N. Salari, D. Niaei, A. Khataee, A. R.}, pages = {1273-1290}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The present work mainly deals with photocatalytic degradation of a herbicide, erioglaucine, in water in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles (Degussa P-25) under ultraviolet (UV) light illumination (30 W). The degradation rate of erioglaucine was not so high when the photolysis was carried out in the absence of TiO2 and it was negligible in the absence of UV light. We have studied the influence of the basic photocatalytic parameters such as pH of the solution, amount of TiO2, irradiation time and initial concentration of erioglaucine on the photodegradation efficiency of erioglaucine. A kinetic model is applied for the photocatalytic oxidation by the UV/TiO2 system. Experimental results indicated that the photocatalytic degradation process could be explained in terms of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. The values of the adsorption equilibrium constant, K, and the second order kinetic rate constant, k, were 0.116 ppm(-1) and 0.984 ppm min(-1), respectively. In this work, we also compared the reactivity between the commercial TiO2 Degussa P-25 and a rutile TiO2. The photocatalytic activities of both photocatalysts were tested using the herbicide solution. We have noticed that photodegradation efficiency was different between both of them. The higher photoactivity of Degussa P-25 compared to that of rutile TiO2 for the photodegradation of erioglaucine may be due to higher hydroxyl content, higher surface area, nano-size and crystallinity of the Degussa P-25. Our results also showed that the UV/TiO2 process with Degussa P-25 as photocatalyst was appropriate as the effective treatment method for removal of erioglaucine from a real wastewater. The electrical energy consumption per order of magnitude for photocatalytic degradation of erioglaucine was lower with Degussa P- 25 than in the presence of rutile TiO2.}, issn = {0360-1234}, doi = {10.1080/03601230600962302}, url = {://WOS:000242363800002}, author = {Daneshvar, N. and Salari, D. and Niaei, A. and Khataee, A. R.} } @article {5986, title = {{Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis}}, journal = {Reviews in Medical Virology}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {5{\textendash}36}, author = {Lu, L and Li, C} } @inbook {13577, title = {Planborne trematodes and fascioliasis in Vietnam}, booktitle = {5th Seminar on Food- and Water-born parasitic Zoonoses (5th FBPZ, 28-30 November 2006). Bangkok, Thailand}, year = {2006}, author = {De, N. V. and Le, T. H. and Waikagul, J.} } @article {13426, title = {Plant-borne human contamination by fascioliasis.}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg.}, volume = {75}, year = {2006}, pages = {295-302}, author = {Ashrafi, K. and Valero, M. A. and Massoud, J. and Sobhani, A. R. and Solaymani-Mohammadi, S. and Conde, P. and Khoubbane, M. and Bargues, M. D. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {13576, title = {Plant-borne trematode (fascioliasis) in Vietnam}, journal = {In: V Seminar on Food- and Water-borne Parasitic Zoonoses (5th FBPZ), Miracle Grand Convention Hotel, Bangkok, 2006, Abstracts}, year = {2006}, author = {De, N. V. and Hoa, L. T. and Waikagul, J.} } @article {5037, title = {Poliovirus vaccine strains in sewage and river water in South Africa}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {52}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, pages = {717-723}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0008-4166}, doi = {10.1139/w06-026}, url = {://WOS:000240077800002}, author = {Pavlov, D. N.} } @article {8605, title = {{Polymorphic secreted kinases are key virulence factors in toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Science}, volume = {314}, number = {5806}, year = {2006}, pages = {1780{\textendash}1783}, author = {Saeij, JP and Boyle, JP and Coller, S and Taylor, S and Sibley, LD and Brooke-Powell, ET and Ajioka, JW and Boothroyd, JC} } @book {5224, title = {{Pond Treatment Technology}}, year = {2006}, pages = {498}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, address = {London, UK}, author = {Shilton, A.} } @article {7452, title = {Population distribution and burden of acute gastrointestinal illness in {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {307}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-6-307.pdf}, author = {Thomas, M. Kate and Majowicz, Shannon and MacDougall, Laura and Sockett, Paul and Kovacs, Suzie and Fyfe, Murray and Edge, Victoria and Dor{\'e}, Kathryn and Flint, James and Henson, Spencer and others} } @article {12712, title = {{Possible discovery of Chinese lung fluke, Paragonimus skrjabini in Manipur, India}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {37}, number = {suppl. 3}, year = {2006}, pages = {53{\textendash}56}, author = {Singh, TS and Singh, DL and Sugiyama, H} } @article {1535, title = {Post-eradication poliovirus facility-associated community risks}, journal = {Biologicals}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, note = {Dowdle, Walter R Wolff, Chris England Biologicals : journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization Biologicals. 2006 Jun;34(2):127-32. Epub 2006 May 8.}, pages = {127-32}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Minimizing the risk of poliovirus transmission from the poliovirus facility to an increasingly susceptible community is crucial when global poliovirus transmission and OPV use stops. Community risks of exposure to wild poliovirus as well as Sabin strains are highest from facility personnel who are unknowingly contaminated or infected. Immunization with OPV or IPV prevents poliomyelitis, but neither vaccine fully inhibits silent infection of the gut. Facility environments maintained at low relative humidity (<50\%) may reduce poliovirus survival and inhalation risk. Circulating antibodies reduce personnel infection risks from injection or virus entry through breaks in skin or mucous membranes. Community exposure risk through inhalation of contaminated air effluent is likely low in most modern facilities. Community risks through ingestion of liquid effluents are facility-specific and may range from high to low. This assessment of community risks, when combined with assessments of facility-specific hazards and the consequences of wild or Sabin poliovirus transmission, provides the foundation for effective risk management.}, keywords = {Humans *Medical Laboratory Personnel Poliomyelitis/epidemiology/*transmission Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification Risk Assessment World Health Organization}, issn = {1045-1056 (Print) 1045-1056 (Linking)}, doi = {S1045-1056(06)00041-8 [pii] 10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.03.003}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16682225}, author = {Dowdle, W. R. and Wolff, C.} } @article {14563, title = {Post-eradication poliovirus facility-associated community risks}, journal = {Biologicals}, volume = {34}, year = {2006}, month = {jun}, pages = {127{\textendash}32}, abstract = {Minimizing the risk of poliovirus transmission from the poliovirus facility to an increasingly susceptible community is crucial when global poliovirus transmission and OPV use stops. Community risks of exposure to wild poliovirus as well as Sabin strains are highest from facility personnel who are unknowingly contaminated or infected. Immunization with OPV or IPV prevents poliomyelitis, but neither vaccine fully inhibits silent infection of the gut. Facility environments maintained at low relative humidity ({\textless}50\%) may reduce poliovirus survival and inhalation risk. Circulating antibodies reduce personnel infection risks from injection or virus entry through breaks in skin or mucous membranes. Community exposure risk through inhalation of contaminated air effluent is likely low in most modern facilities. Community risks through ingestion of liquid effluents are facility-specific and may range from high to low. This assessment of community risks, when combined with assessments of facility-specific hazards and the consequences of wild or Sabin poliovirus transmission, provides the foundation for effective risk management.}, keywords = {*Medical Laboratory Personnel, Humans, Poliomyelitis/epidemiology/*transmission, Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification, Risk Assessment, World Health Organization}, issn = {1045-1056 (Print) 1045-1056 (Linking)}, doi = {S1045-1056(06)00041-8 [pii] 10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.03.003}, author = {Dowdle, W. R. and Wolff, C.} } @article {14924, title = {Post-eradication poliovirus facility-associated community risks}, journal = {Biologicals}, volume = {34}, year = {2006}, month = {jun}, pages = {127{\textendash}32}, abstract = {Minimizing the risk of poliovirus transmission from the poliovirus facility to an increasingly susceptible community is crucial when global poliovirus transmission and OPV use stops. Community risks of exposure to wild poliovirus as well as Sabin strains are highest from facility personnel who are unknowingly contaminated or infected. Immunization with OPV or IPV prevents poliomyelitis, but neither vaccine fully inhibits silent infection of the gut. Facility environments maintained at low relative humidity ({\textbackslash}textless50\%) may reduce poliovirus survival and inhalation risk. Circulating antibodies reduce personnel infection risks from injection or virus entry through breaks in skin or mucous membranes. Community exposure risk through inhalation of contaminated air effluent is likely low in most modern facilities. Community risks through ingestion of liquid effluents are facility-specific and may range from high to low. This assessment of community risks, when combined with assessments of facility-specific hazards and the consequences of wild or Sabin poliovirus transmission, provides the foundation for effective risk management.}, keywords = {*Medical Laboratory Personnel, Humans, Poliomyelitis/epidemiology/*transmission, Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification, Risk Assessment, World Health Organization}, issn = {1045-1056 (Print) 1045-1056 (Linking)}, doi = {S1045-1056(06)00041-8 [pii] 10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.03.003}, author = {Dowdle, W. R. and Wolff, C.} } @article {2942, title = {Post-survey follow-up for human cystic echinococcosis in northwest {China}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {43{\textendash}51}, abstract = {In Hobukesar, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, (China), a mass-screening programme for human cystic echinococcosis (CE)was performed during 1995 and 1996. After the survey 51 cases were followed-up using ultrasound scan and serology for 1-8 years(1996-2003). These included 20 CE cases treated by surgery (endocystectomy), four CE cases treated by percutaneous drainage(PAIR), six untreated CE cases, five ultrasound {\textquoteright}query{\textquoteright} cases, eight cases of isolated hepatic calcifications, four previous CE surgery cases whose ultrasound was now normal, and four seropositive cases who exhibited a normal hepatic ultrasound. Follow-up results indicated that in the untreated CE patients, one case exhibited a spontaneous cure within 4 years, another case changed from a hepatic hydatid cyst that contained a floating laminated membrane (type CE3) to a cyst that contained daughter cysts (type CE2)within 1 year of follow-up. In the 20 surgically treated cases, two recurrent CE cases occurred within 4 years, and five cases had had residual cavities for more than 4 or 8 years. Of the 4 PAIR treated cases, two recurrent cases of CE occurred within 4 or 8 years of follow-up. Serological follow-up data showed that specific IgG antibody levels were persistently positive in most CE cases, but exhibited a decreasing tendency in cases that were effectively treated by surgery; In contrast, serum IgG levels in the PAIR group or in the recurrent CE cases after surgery exhibited an increasing tendency. At least one persistent seropositive case with an isolated hepatic calcification was considered to be abortive CE.}, keywords = {albendazole, Anthelmintics, China, Echinococcosis, Follow-Up Studies, Health Surveys, Hepatic, Humans, Recurrence}, issn = {0001-706X}, author = {Wang, Yunhai and He, Tiehan and Wen, Xinian and Li, Tao and Waili, Arbudu and Zhang, Wenbing and Xu, Xincai and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Rogan, Mike T. and Wen, Hao and Craig, Philip S.} } @article {3212, title = {{Post-treatment options for the anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater}}, journal = {Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {73{\textendash}92}, abstract = {This paper focuses on the post-treatment options for the anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater. Initially, the main limitations of anaerobic systems regarding carbon, nutrients and pathogen removal are presented. In sequence, the advantages of combined anaerobic/aerobic treatment and the main post-treatment options currently in use are discussed, including the presentation of flowsheets and a comparison between various post-treatment systems. Lastly, the paper presents a review of emerging options and possible improvements of current post-treatment alternatives. {\textcopyright} Springer 2006.}, keywords = {Anaerobic digestion, Domestic wastewater, Emerging technologies, New developments, Post-treatment, UASB reactors, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {1569-1705}, issn = {15691705}, doi = {10.1007/s11157-005-5683-5}, author = {Chernicharo, C. A L} } @article {17493, title = {{Post-treatment options for the anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater}}, journal = {Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {73{\textendash}92}, abstract = {This paper focuses on the post-treatment options for the anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater. Initially, the main limitations of anaerobic systems regarding carbon, nutrients and pathogen removal are presented. In sequence, the advantages of combined anaerobic/aerobic treatment and the main post-treatment options currently in use are discussed, including the presentation of flowsheets and a comparison between various post-treatment systems. Lastly, the paper presents a review of emerging options and possible improvements of current post-treatment alternatives. {\textcopyright} Springer 2006.}, keywords = {Anaerobic digestion, Domestic wastewater, Emerging technologies, New developments, Post-treatment, UASB reactors, Wastewater treatment}, issn = {15691705}, doi = {10.1007/s11157-005-5683-5}, author = {Chernicharo, C. A.L.} } @article {5857, title = {{Potential routes of acquisition of Arcobacter species by piglets.}}, journal = {Veterinary Microbiology}, volume = {114}, number = {1-2}, year = {2006}, month = {apr}, pages = {123{\textendash}133}, author = {Ho, T K H and Lipman, L J A and L van der Graaf-van Bloois and van Bergen, M and Gaastra, W} } @article {14374, title = {Potential routes of acquisition of {Arcobacter} species by piglets.}, journal = {Veterinary microbiology}, volume = {114}, number = {1-2}, year = {2006}, month = {apr}, pages = {123{\textendash}133}, author = {Ho, T K H and Lipman, L J A and L van der Graaf-van Bloois and van Bergen, M and Gaastra, W} } @mastersthesis {7202, title = {Precipitation recycling as a mechanism for ecoclimatological stability through local and non-local interactions}, year = {2006}, note = {3269880}, school = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This study is the first to analyze the mechanisms that drive precipitation recycling variability at the daily to intraseasonal timescale. A new Dynamic Precipitation Recycling model is developed which, unlike previous models, includes the moisture storage term in the equation of conservation of atmospheric moisture. As shown using scaling analysis, the moisture storage term is non-negligible at small time scales, so the new model enables us to analyze precipitation recycling variability at shorter timescales than traditional models. The daily to intraseasonal analysis enables us to uncover key relationships between recycling and the moisture and energy fluxes. In the second phase of this work, a spatiotemporal analysis of daily precipitation recycling is performed over two regions of North America: the Midwestern United States, and the North American Monsoon System (NAMS) region. These regions were chosen because they present contrasting land-atmosphere interactions. Different physical mechanisms drive precipitation recycling in each region. In the Midwestern United States, evapotranspiration is not significantly affected by soil moisture anomalies, and there is a high recycling ratio during periods of reduced total precipitation. The reason is that, during periods of drier atmospheric conditions, transpiration will continue to provide moisture to the overlying atmosphere and contribute to total rainfall. Consequently, precipitation recycling variability in not driven by changes in evapotranspiration. Precipitable water, sensible heat and moisture fluxes are the main drivers of recycling variability in the Midwest. However, the drier soil moisture conditions over the NAMS region limit evapotranspiration, which will drive recycling variability. In this region, evapotranspiration becomes an important contribution to precipitation after Monsoon onset when total precipitation and evapotranspiration are highest. The precipitation recycling process in the NAMS region relocates moisture from regions of high evapotranspiration like the seasonally dry tropical forests of Mexico to drier regions downwind. During long monsoons, when soil moisture is abundant for a prolonged period of time, precipitation recycling significantly contributes to precipitation during periods of reduced total rainfall. In both the moisture abundant Midwestern region and the drier NAMS region, precipitation recycling plays an important role in maintaining a favorable hydroclimatological environment for vegetation.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrology, 0725:Atmosphere, Atmosphere, Earth sciences, Evapotranspiration, Hydrology, Precipitation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305329430?accountid=14270}, author = {Dominguez, Francina} } @article {9088, title = {{Predictive model for growth of Clostridium perfringens in cooked cured pork}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {85{\textendash}92}, keywords = {C. perfringens, Cooling, Cured pork, Predictive model}, issn = {0168-1605}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.01.038}, url = {file://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160506001826}, author = {Juneja, Vijay K and Huang, Lihan and Thippareddi, Harshvardhan H} } @article {9889, title = {{Predominance of amoeboid forms of Blastocystis hominis in isolates from symptomatic patients}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {98}, year = {2006}, pages = {189{\textendash}193}, author = {Tan, TC and Suresh, KC} } @article {8042, title = {{Presence and growth of naturalized Escherichia coli in temperate soils from Lake Superior watersheds.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {612{\textendash}21}, abstract = {

The presence of Escherichia coli in water is used as an indicator of fecal contamination, but recent reports indicate that soil populations can also be detected in tropical, subtropical, and some temperate environments. In this study, we report that viable E. coli populations were repeatedly isolated from northern temperate soils in three Lake Superior watersheds from October 2003 to October 2004. Seasonal variation in the population density of soilborne E. coli was observed; the greatest cell densities, up to 3 x 10(3) CFU/g soil, were found in the summer to fall (June to October), and the lowest numbers, {\textless} or =1 CFU/g soil, occurred during the winter to spring months (February to May). Horizontal, fluorophore-enhanced repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (HFERP) DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that identical soilborne E. coli genotypes, those with {\textgreater} or =92{\%} similarity values, overwintered in frozen soil and were present over time. Soilborne E. coli strains had HFERP DNA fingerprints that were unique to specific soils and locations, suggesting that these E. coli strains became naturalized, autochthonous members of the soil microbial community. In laboratory studies, naturalized E. coli strains had the ability to grow and replicate to high cell densities, up to 4.2 x 10(5) CFU/g soil, in nonsterile soils when incubated at 30 or 37 degrees C and survived longer than 1 month when soil temperatures were {\textless} or =25 degrees C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the growth of naturalized E. coli in nonsterile, nonamended soils. The presence of significant populations of naturalized populations of E. coli in temperate soils may confound the use of this bacterium as an indicator of fecal contamination.

}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.1.612-621.2006}, author = {Ishii, Satoshi and Ksoll, Winfried B and Hicks, Randall E and Sadowsky, Michael J} } @article {14082, title = {Presence and growth of naturalized {Escherichia} coli in temperate soils from {Lake} {Superior} watersheds.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {612{\textendash}21}, abstract = {The presence of Escherichia coli in water is used as an indicator of fecal contamination, but recent reports indicate that soil populations can also be detected in tropical, subtropical, and some temperate environments. In this study, we report that viable E. coli populations were repeatedly isolated from northern temperate soils in three Lake Superior watersheds from October 2003 to October 2004. Seasonal variation in the population density of soilborne E. coli was observed; the greatest cell densities, up to 3 x 10(3) CFU/g soil, were found in the summer to fall (June to October), and the lowest numbers, {\textbackslash}textless or =1 CFU/g soil, occurred during the winter to spring months (February to May). Horizontal, fluorophore-enhanced repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (HFERP) DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that identical soilborne E. coli genotypes, those with {\textbackslash}textgreater or =92\% similarity values, overwintered in frozen soil and were present over time. Soilborne E. coli strains had HFERP DNA fingerprints that were unique to specific soils and locations, suggesting that these E. coli strains became naturalized, autochthonous members of the soil microbial community. In laboratory studies, naturalized E. coli strains had the ability to grow and replicate to high cell densities, up to 4.2 x 10(5) CFU/g soil, in nonsterile soils when incubated at 30 or 37 degrees C and survived longer than 1 month when soil temperatures were {\textbackslash}textless or =25 degrees C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the growth of naturalized E. coli in nonsterile, nonamended soils. The presence of significant populations of naturalized populations of E. coli in temperate soils may confound the use of this bacterium as an indicator of fecal contamination.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.1.612-621.2006}, author = {Ishii, Satoshi and Ksoll, Winfried B and Hicks, Randall E and Sadowsky, Michael J} } @article {14814, title = {Presence and growth of naturalized {Escherichia} coli in temperate soils from {Lake} {Superior} watersheds.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {612{\textendash}21}, abstract = {The presence of Escherichia coli in water is used as an indicator of fecal contamination, but recent reports indicate that soil populations can also be detected in tropical, subtropical, and some temperate environments. In this study, we report that viable E. coli populations were repeatedly isolated from northern temperate soils in three Lake Superior watersheds from October 2003 to October 2004. Seasonal variation in the population density of soilborne E. coli was observed; the greatest cell densities, up to 3 x 10(3) CFU/g soil, were found in the summer to fall (June to October), and the lowest numbers, {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless or =1 CFU/g soil, occurred during the winter to spring months (February to May). Horizontal, fluorophore-enhanced repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (HFERP) DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that identical soilborne E. coli genotypes, those with {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater or =92\% similarity values, overwintered in frozen soil and were present over time. Soilborne E. coli strains had HFERP DNA fingerprints that were unique to specific soils and locations, suggesting that these E. coli strains became naturalized, autochthonous members of the soil microbial community. In laboratory studies, naturalized E. coli strains had the ability to grow and replicate to high cell densities, up to 4.2 x 10(5) CFU/g soil, in nonsterile soils when incubated at 30 or 37 degrees C and survived longer than 1 month when soil temperatures were {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless or =25 degrees C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the growth of naturalized E. coli in nonsterile, nonamended soils. The presence of significant populations of naturalized populations of E. coli in temperate soils may confound the use of this bacterium as an indicator of fecal contamination.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.1.612-621.2006}, author = {Ishii, Satoshi and Ksoll, Winfried B and Hicks, Randall E and Sadowsky, Michael J} } @article {2293, title = {{Presence and growth of naturalized Escherichia coli in temperate soils from Lake Superior watersheds.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {612{\textendash}21}, abstract = {The presence of Escherichia coli in water is used as an indicator of fecal contamination, but recent reports indicate that soil populations can also be detected in tropical, subtropical, and some temperate environments. In this study, we report that viable E. coli populations were repeatedly isolated from northern temperate soils in three Lake Superior watersheds from October 2003 to October 2004. Seasonal variation in the population density of soilborne E. coli was observed; the greatest cell densities, up to 3 x 10(3) CFU/g soil, were found in the summer to fall (June to October), and the lowest numbers, < or =1 CFU/g soil, occurred during the winter to spring months (February to May). Horizontal, fluorophore-enhanced repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (HFERP) DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that identical soilborne E. coli genotypes, those with > or =92\% similarity values, overwintered in frozen soil and were present over time. Soilborne E. coli strains had HFERP DNA fingerprints that were unique to specific soils and locations, suggesting that these E. coli strains became naturalized, autochthonous members of the soil microbial community. In laboratory studies, naturalized E. coli strains had the ability to grow and replicate to high cell densities, up to 4.2 x 10(5) CFU/g soil, in nonsterile soils when incubated at 30 or 37 degrees C and survived longer than 1 month when soil temperatures were < or =25 degrees C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the growth of naturalized E. coli in nonsterile, nonamended soils. The presence of significant populations of naturalized populations of E. coli in temperate soils may confound the use of this bacterium as an indicator of fecal contamination.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.1.612-621.2006}, author = {Ishii, Satoshi and Ksoll, Winfried B and Hicks, Randall E and Sadowsky, Michael J} } @article {16500, title = {Prevalence and distribution of soil-transmitted helminthiases among {Orang} {Asli} children living in peripheral {Selangor}, {Malaysia}}, journal = {Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {40{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Soil-transmitted helminthiases are a public health problem in rural communities. A cross-sectional study of the prevalence and distribution of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm was conducted in 281 Orang Asli children (aborigines) aged between 2 and 15 years, from 8 Orang Asli villages in Selangor, Malaysia. All the children were infected with soil-transmitted helminthes, with 26.3\% of the children infected either with A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura or hookworm and 72.6\% having mixed infection. The overall prevalences of A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworm were 61.9, 98.2 and 37.0\%, respectively. Approximately 19.0, 26.0 and 3.0\% of the children had severe infection of ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection, respectively. The prevalences and mean egg per gram (epg) counts for A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura were not significantly dependent on age, therefore age-dependent convexity was not seen in this study. However, the results of this study reveal an age-dependent prevalence and mean epg count in children with hookworm infection. We conclude that ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection are still prevalent and therefore a public health concern in Orang Asli communities. Severe ascariasis and trichuriasis may lead to other health and medical problems.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Age Factors, Ascariasis/*epidemiology/transmission, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Hookworm Infections/*epidemiology/transmission, Humans, Malaysia/epidemiology, Male, Preschool, prevalence, Rural Population, Soil/*parasitology, Trichuriasis/*epidemiology/transmission}, issn = {0125-1562 (Print) 0125-1562 (Linking)}, author = {Al-Mekhlafi, M. S. and Azlin, M. and Nor Aini, U. and Shaikh, A. and Sa{\textquoteright}iah, A. and Fatmah, M. S. and Ismail, M. G. and Firdaus, M. S. and Aisah, M. Y. and Rozlida, A. R. and Norhayati, M.} } @article {12008, title = {Prevalence and distribution of soil-transmitted helminthiases among Orang Asli children living in peripheral Selangor, Malaysia}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, note = {Al-Mekhlafi, M S Hesham
Azlin, M{\textquoteright}
Nor Aini, U
Shaikh, A
Sa{\textquoteright}iah, A
Fatmah, M S
Ismail, M G
Firdaus, M S Ahmad
Aisah, M Y
Rozlida, A R
Norhayati, M
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Thailand
2006/06/15 09:00
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2006 Jan;37(1):40-7.}, month = {Jan}, pages = {40-7}, abstract = {

Soil-transmitted helminthiases are a public health problem in rural communities. A cross-sectional study of the prevalence and distribution of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm was conducted in 281 Orang Asli children (aborigines) aged between 2 and 15 years, from 8 Orang Asli villages in Selangor, Malaysia. All the children were infected with soil-transmitted helminthes, with 26.3\% of the children infected either with A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura or hookworm and 72.6\% having mixed infection. The overall prevalences of A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworm were 61.9, 98.2 and 37.0\%, respectively. Approximately 19.0, 26.0 and 3.0\% of the children had severe infection of ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection, respectively. The prevalences and mean egg per gram (epg) counts for A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura were not significantly dependent on age, therefore age-dependent convexity was not seen in this study. However, the results of this study reveal an age-dependent prevalence and mean epg count in children with hookworm infection. We conclude that ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection are still prevalent and therefore a public health concern in Orang Asli communities. Severe ascariasis and trichuriasis may lead to other health and medical problems.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Age Factors, Ascariasis/*epidemiology/transmission, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Hookworm Infections/*epidemiology/transmission, Humans, Malaysia/epidemiology, Male, prevalence, Rural Population, Soil/*parasitology, Trichuriasis/*epidemiology/transmission}, isbn = {0125-1562 (Print)
0125-1562 (Linking)}, author = {Al-Mekhlafi, M. S. and Azlin, M. and Nor Aini, U. and Shaikh, A. and Sa{\textquoteright}iah, A. and Fatmah, M. S. and Ismail, M. G. and Firdaus, M. S. and Aisah, M. Y. and Rozlida, A. R. and Norhayati, M.} } @article {9409, title = {{Prevalence and incidence of Entamoeba histolytica infection in South Africa and Egypt}}, journal = {Archives of Medical Research}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {266{\textendash}269}, author = {Stauffer, W and Abd-Alla, M and Ravdin, JI} } @article {9393, title = {{Prevalence and species distribution of E. histolytica and E. dispar in the Venda region, Limpopo, South Africa}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {565{\textendash}571}, author = {Samie, A and Obi, LA and Bessong, PO and Stroup, S and Houpt, E and Guerrant, RL} } @article {16584, title = {Prevalence of soil transmitted nematodes on {Nukufetau}, a remote {Pacific} island in {Tuvalu}}, journal = {BMC Infect Dis}, volume = {6}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {110}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The population of Nukufetau, a remote coral atoll island in Tuvalu in the Western Pacific, received annual mass drug administration (MDA) of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole under the Pacific Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis program in 2001, 2002 and 2003, with the last MDA occurring six months before a cross-sectional survey of the whole population for soil transmitted helminths (STH). METHODS: A cross-sectional survey in May 2004 recruited 206 residents (35.2\% of the population) who provided a single faecal sample that was preserved, concentrated and examined microscopically. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of STH was 69.9\%; only hookworm and Trichuris trichiura were diagnosed. Trichuris was present in 68.4\% with intensity of infection being light in 56.3\%, medium in 11.7\% and heavy in 0.5\%. Hookworm occurred in 11.7\% with intensity of infection 11.2\% being light and medium in 0.5\%. Twenty individuals (9.7\%) had dual infections. The prevalence of Trichuris was constant across all ages while the prevalence of hookworm was significantly lower in residents below 30 years of age. In the age group 5-12 years comparison of results with a 2001 survey 1 suggested that the prevalence of STH has declined minimally, due to sustained high prevalence of Trichuris, while hookworm has declined dramatically from 34.4\% to 1.6\%. CONCLUSION: The results of this survey suggest that although the MDA appears to have reduced hookworm prevalence in residents below 30 years of age, there has been minimal effect on Trichuris prevalence. An integrated program to control STH is required.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Albendazole/therapeutic use, Ancylostomatoidea/*isolation \& purification, Animals, Antinematodal Agents/therapeutic use, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diethylcarbamazine/therapeutic use, Female, Hookworm Infections/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Humans, Infant, Male, Micronesia/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Preschool, prevalence, Soil/*parasitology, Trichuriasis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Trichuris/*isolation \& purification}, issn = {1471-2334 (Electronic) 1471-2334 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2334-6-110}, author = {Speare, R. and Latasi, F. F. and Nelesone, T. and Harmen, S. and Melrose, W. and Durrheim, D. and Heukelbach, J.} } @article {12092, title = {Prevalence of soil transmitted nematodes on Nukufetau, a remote Pacific island in Tuvalu}, journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases}, volume = {6}, year = {2006}, note = {Speare, Rick
Latasi, Falatea Fab
Nelesone, Tekaai
Harmen, Sonia
Melrose, Wayne
Durrheim, David
Heukelbach, Jorg
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2006/07/14 09:00
BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 12;6:110.}, month = {Jul 12}, pages = {110}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The population of Nukufetau, a remote coral atoll island in Tuvalu in the Western Pacific, received annual mass drug administration (MDA) of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole under the Pacific Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis program in 2001, 2002 and 2003, with the last MDA occurring six months before a cross-sectional survey of the whole population for soil transmitted helminths (STH). METHODS: A cross-sectional survey in May 2004 recruited 206 residents (35.2\% of the population) who provided a single faecal sample that was preserved, concentrated and examined microscopically. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of STH was 69.9\%; only hookworm and Trichuris trichiura were diagnosed. Trichuris was present in 68.4\% with intensity of infection being light in 56.3\%, medium in 11.7\% and heavy in 0.5\%. Hookworm occurred in 11.7\% with intensity of infection 11.2\% being light and medium in 0.5\%. Twenty individuals (9.7\%) had dual infections. The prevalence of Trichuris was constant across all ages while the prevalence of hookworm was significantly lower in residents below 30 years of age. In the age group 5-12 years comparison of results with a 2001 survey 1 suggested that the prevalence of STH has declined minimally, due to sustained high prevalence of Trichuris, while hookworm has declined dramatically from 34.4\% to 1.6\%. CONCLUSION: The results of this survey suggest that although the MDA appears to have reduced hookworm prevalence in residents below 30 years of age, there has been minimal effect on Trichuris prevalence. An integrated program to control STH is required.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Albendazole/therapeutic use, Ancylostomatoidea/*isolation \& purification, Animals, Antinematodal Agents/therapeutic use, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diethylcarbamazine/therapeutic use, Female, Hookworm Infections/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Humans, Infant, Male, Micronesia/epidemiology, Middle Aged, prevalence, Soil/*parasitology, Trichuriasis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Trichuris/*isolation \& purification}, isbn = {1471-2334 (Electronic)
1471-2334 (Linking)}, author = {Speare, R. and Latasi, F. F. and Nelesone, T. and Harmen, S. and Melrose, W. and Durrheim, D. and Heukelbach, J.} } @article {15711, title = {Prevalence of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium found in 1-2-year-old dairy cattle in the eastern United States}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {135}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {Jan 30}, pages = {105-12}, edition = {2005/09/15}, keywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases/*epidemiology/*parasitology, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary, Cryptosporidium/*classification/*genetics, Dairying, DNA, Protozoan/analysis, Feces/parasitology, Female, genotype, Housing, Animal, Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary, prevalence, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Species Specificity, United States/epidemiology}, isbn = {0304-4017 (Print)
0304-4017}, author = {Fayer, R. and Santin, M. and Trout, J. M. and Greiner, E.} } @article {1997, title = {Prevalence of Zoonotic Pathogens from Feral Pigs in Major Public Drinking Water Catchments in Western Australia}, journal = {EcoHealth}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {2006/06}, pages = {103-108}, isbn = {1612-9202
1612-9210}, author = {Hampton, J and Spencer, PBS and Elliot, AD and Thompson, RCA} } @booklet {1776, title = {Preventing Disease Through Healthy Environments Towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease}, year = {2006}, publisher = {WHO, https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CBwQFjAAahUKEwiCjLbdgb3HAhWLshQKHUQxAJ8\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.who.int\%2Fquantifying_ehimpacts\%2Fpublications\%2Fpreventingdisease.pdf\&ei=UZbYVcKfIIvlUsTigPgJ\&usg=AFQjCNEemvaSIrl3D0-}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {Prüss-{\"U}stün, A. and Corval{\'a}n, C.} } @booklet {11089, title = {Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis}, year = {2006}, pages = {74}, publisher = {WHO}, address = {Geneva} } @article {15576, title = {Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis}, year = {2006}, author = {WHO} } @article {6742, title = {Privatisation results: private sector participation in water services after 15 years}, journal = {Development Policy Review}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {669{\textendash}692}, url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=938226}, author = {Prasad, Naren} } @mastersthesis {6748, title = {Properties of organic and metalorganic molecules on silicon(100)-2 x 1 and at silicon/titanium carbon nitride interface}, year = {2006}, note = {3205440}, school = {University of Delaware}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Surface science has been studied throughout history. The spontaneous spreading of oil on water is one well-known phenomenon that was observed early in ancient times. Some understanding of another surface process, friction, was demonstrated by Leonardo da Vinci. A massive amount of research that describes problems important to surface-chemistry-based technologies was started with such a scientific approach. A surface is a place where phases meet. This is why surfaces are inherently different from the rest of the solid in their unsatisfied bonding abilities. Surface science is composed of many different areas and has become particularly important to the industry of microelectronics and nanotechnology. Chemical reactivity and material properties at the molecular level have to be understood in order for semiconductor processing to advance to even smaller dimensions. Si(100) surface and Si/TiCN interface are of a great importance to the contemporary industrial applications. Various molecules have been studied on these specimens in the framework of this dissertation. One of the fields that play an important role in surface science is the study of ordered adsorbed species. Originally, the way to satisfy the demand on constantly decreasing structured entities was investigated because the size starts playing a significant role in the commercial success of a device. Eventually, scaling down reached the atomic level where single molecules are supposed to be utilized as {\textquoteright}wires{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteright}switches{\textquoteright} and so on. Now, there is a need to understand the processes happening with species adsorbed on a surface in order to realize modern engineering ambitions. There are several special problems that have to be addressed by the scientific community to support these ambitions. This thesis will address two types of problems associated with {\textquoteright}scaling down{\textquoteright}: (1) surface specific binding on a Si(100) surface and (2) chemical behavior of a thin diffusion barrier layer. In both cases, the researcher{\textquoteright}s attention is brought to an interface, or two-dimensional geometrical boundary between the phases, as it is the most important part of a system in the surface studies. Species adsorbed on the interface can be probed in a number of different ways. Techniques used in our studies will be described in detail in the next chapter; here, it will be noted only that a method chosen for the surface analysis has certain implications by itself both for the kind of information which can be received in the investigation and for the impact made on the species analyzed. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0494:Chemistry, Chemistry, Metal-organic, Pure sciences, Silicon, Titanium carbon nitride}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305323152?accountid=14270}, author = {Bocharov, Semyon} } @article {10178, title = {{Prospects for a self-sustainable sewage treatment system: A case study on full-scale UASB system in India{\textquoteright}s Yamuna River Basin}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {80}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {198{\textendash}207}, author = {Sato, N and Okubo, T and Onodera, T and Ohashi, A and Harada, H} } @article {5316, title = {Prospects for a self-sustainable sewage treatment system: A case study on full-scale UASB system in India{\textquoteright}s Yamuna River Basin}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {80}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {198{\textendash}207}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Sato, Nobuyuki and Okubo, Tsutomu and Onodera, Takashi and Ohashi, Akiyoshi and Harada, Hideki} } @book {11273, title = {{Protecting groundwater for health}}, year = {2006}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, edition = {1}, author = {Schmoll, Oliver and Howard, Guy and Chilton, John} } @article {11855, title = {{Putative Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense acquired from a Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) eaten in France; genomic identification and case report.}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {45{\textendash}49}, abstract = {

We report here a likely case of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense contracted in France through the consumption of a Pacific salmon imported from Canada. The species diagnosis was made by molecular analysis of two mitochondrial genes {\{}(COI{\}} {\&} {\{}ND3).{\}} This case is rather unusual in that D. nihonkaiense has never been reported along the Pacific coast of North America.

}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2005.09.004}, author = {Yera, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Estran, Christelle and Delaunay, Pascal and Martine, Gari-Toussaint and Dupouy-Camet, Jean and Marty, Pierre} } @article {1011, title = {Quantification and stability of human adenoviruses and polyomavirus JCPyV in wastewater matrices}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {7894{\textendash}7896}, abstract = {

Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and human polyomavirus JCPyV have been previously proposed as indicators of fecal viral contamination in the environment. Different wastewater matrices have been analyzed by applying real-time quantitative PCR procedures for the presence, quantity, and stability of a wide diversity of excreted HAdV and JCPyV. High quantities of HAdV and JCPyV were detected in sewage, effluent wastewater, sludge, and biosolid samples. Both viruses showed high stability in urban sewage. These results confirm the suitability of both viruses as indicators of human fecal viral pollution.

}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)$\backslash$n0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00965-06}, author = {Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Albi{\~n}ana-Gimenez, Nestor and Clemente-Casares, Pilar and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus and Allard, Annika and Calvo, Miquel and Girones, Rosina} } @article {1307, title = {Quantification and stability of human adenoviruses and polyomavirus JCPyV in wastewater matrices}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {7894-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and human polyomavirus JCPyV have been previously proposed as indicators of fecal viral contamination in the environment. Different wastewater matrices have been analyzed by applying real-time quantitative PCR procedures for the presence, quantity, and stability of a wide diversity of excreted HAdV and JCPyV. High quantities of HAdV and JCPyV were detected in sewage, effluent wastewater, sludge, and biosolid samples. Both viruses showed high stability in urban sewage. These results confirm the suitability of both viruses as indicators of human fecal viral pollution.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Fluid Water Pollution, Human Feces Fresh Water Humans JC Virus Polymerase Chain Reaction Sewage Waste Disposal}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00965-06}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17028225}, author = {Bofill-Mas, S. and Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Clemente-Casares, P. and Hundesa, A. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Allard, A. and Calvo, M. and Girones, R.} } @article {7541, title = {{Quantification and stability of human adenoviruses and polyomavirus JCPyV in wastewater matrices}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {7894-7896}, abstract = {

Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and human polyomavirus JCPyV have been previously proposed as indicators of fecal viral contamination in the environment. Different wastewater matrices have been analyzed by applying real-time quantitative PCR procedures for the presence, quantity, and stability of a wide diversity of excreted HAdV and JCPyV. High quantities of HAdV and JCPyV were detected in sewage, effluent wastewater, sludge, and biosolid samples. Both viruses showed high stability in urban sewage. These results confirm the suitability of both viruses as indicators of human fecal viral pollution. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00965-06}, author = {Bofill-Mas, S. and Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Clemente-Casares, P. and Hundesa, A. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Allard, A. and Calvo, M. and Girones, R.} } @article {3207, title = {Quantification and stability of human adenoviruses and polyomavirus JCPyV in wastewater matrices}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {7894{\textendash}7896}, abstract = {

Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and human polyomavirus JCPyV have been previously proposed as indicators of fecal viral contamination in the environment. Different wastewater matrices have been analyzed by applying real-time quantitative PCR procedures for the presence, quantity, and stability of a wide diversity of excreted HAdV and JCPyV. High quantities of HAdV and JCPyV were detected in sewage, effluent wastewater, sludge, and biosolid samples. Both viruses showed high stability in urban sewage. These results confirm the suitability of both viruses as indicators of human fecal viral pollution.

}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)$\backslash$n0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00965-06}, author = {Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Albi{\~n}ana-Gimenez, Nestor and Clemente-Casares, Pilar and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus and Allard, Annika and Calvo, Miquel and Girones, Rosina} } @article {4421, title = {Quantification and stability of human adenoviruses and polyomavirus JCPyV in wastewater matrices}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {7894-6}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00965-06}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17028225}, author = {Bofill-Mas, S. and Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Clemente-Casares, P. and Hundesa, A. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Allard, A. and Calvo, M. and Girones, R.} } @article {4449, title = {Quantification and stability of human adenoviruses and polyomavirus {JCPyV} in wastewater matrices}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {7894{\textendash}6}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00965-06}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17028225}, author = {Bofill-Mas, S. and Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Clemente-Casares, P. and Hundesa, A. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Allard, A. and Calvo, M. and Girones, R.} } @article {13741, title = {Quantification and stability of human adenoviruses and polyomavirus {JCPyV} in wastewater matrices}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and human polyomavirus JCPyV have been previously proposed as indicators of fecal viral contamination in the environment. Different wastewater matrices have been analyzed by applying real-time quantitative PCR procedures for the presence, quantity, and stability of a wide diversity of excreted HAdV and JCPyV. High quantities of HAdV and JCPyV were detected in sewage, effluent wastewater, sludge, and biosolid samples. Both viruses showed high stability in urban sewage. These results confirm the suitability of both viruses as indicators of human fecal viral pollution. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00965-06}, author = {Bofill-Mas, S. and Albinana-Gimenez, N. and Clemente-Casares, P. and Hundesa, A. and Rodriguez-Manzano, J. and Allard, A. and Calvo, M. and Girones, R.} } @book {16992, title = {Quantification and stability of human adenoviruses and polyomavirus JCPyV in wastewater matrices}, series = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {7894{\textendash}7896}, author = {Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Albi{\~n}ana-Gimenez, Nestor and Clemente-Casares, Pilar and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Rodriguez-Manzano, Jesus and Allard, Annika and Calvo, Miquel and Girones, Rosina} } @inbook {10072, title = {{Quantification of Nucleic Acids by PCR}}, booktitle = {A-Z of Quantitative PCR}, year = {2006}, pages = {3{\textendash}29}, publisher = {International University Line}, organization = {International University Line}, address = {La Jolla, CA}, author = {Bustin, S}, editor = {Bustin, S} } @article {15149, title = {Quantification of sewer leakage: a review}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {54}, number = {6-7}, year = {2006}, pages = {135{\textendash}144}, author = {Rutsch, M and Rieckermann, J and Krebs, P} } @article {13033, title = {Quantification of sewer leakage: a review}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {54}, number = {6-7}, year = {2006}, pages = {135{\textendash}144}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Rutsch, M and Rieckermann, J and Krebs, P} } @article {5039, title = {Quantitation of hepatitis A virus and enterovirus levels in the lagoon canals and Lido beach of Venice, Italy, using real-time RT-PCR}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {2387-2396}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2006.03.030}, url = {://WOS:000239196200016}, author = {Rose, Michael A. and Dhar, Arun K. and Brooks, Hilary A. and Zecchini, Fulvio and Gersberg, Richard M.} } @article {3561, title = {Quantitation of human astrovirus by real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction to examine correlation with clinical illness.}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {134}, number = {1-2}, year = {2006}, pages = {190{\textendash}196}, author = {Zhang, Z and Mitchell, DK and Afflerbach, C and Jakab, F and Walter, J and Zhang, YJ and M A Staat and Azimi, P and Matson, DO} } @article {14063, title = {Quantitative detection of {E}. coli, {E}. coli {O}157 and other shiga toxin producing {E}. coli in water samples using a culture method combined with real-time {PCR}}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {487{\textendash}498}, abstract = {Recent water related outbreaks of shiga toxin producing E. coli O157 have resulted in increased attention of the water industry to this potentially deadly pathogen. Current methods to detect E. coli O157 and its virulence genes are laborious and time-consuming. Specificity, sensitivity and simple use of a real-time PCR method makes it an attractive alternative for the detection of STEC E. coli O157. This study describes the development and application of real-time PCR methods for the detection of E. coli O157, shiga toxin genes (Stx1 and Stx2) and E. coli. The specificity of the methods was confirmed by performing colony-PCR assays on characterized bacterial isolates, demonstrating the applicability of these assays as rapid tests to confirm the presence of E. coli or E. coli O157 colonies on culture plates. Sensitive culture-PCR methods were developed by combining culture enrichment with real-time PCR detection. This rapid method allowed detection of low concentrations of E. coli O157 in the presence of high concentrations of non-O157-E. coli (1:104). Culture-PCR methods were applied to 27 surface water and 4 wastewater samples. E. coli O157 and both Stx genes were detected in two wastewater samples, whereas only E. coli O157 was detected in two surface water samples. Culture-PCR methods were not influenced by matrix effects and also enabled quantitative (MPN) detection of E. coli in these samples.}, author = {Heijnen, L and Medema, G} } @article {2278, title = {{Quantitative detection of E. coli, E. coli O157 and other shiga toxin producing E. coli in water samples using a culture method combined with real-time PCR}}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {487{\textendash}498}, edition = {2006/12/21}, abstract = {Recent water related outbreaks of shiga toxin producing E. coli O157 have resulted in increased attention of the water industry to this potentially deadly pathogen. Current methods to detect E. coli O157 and its virulence genes are laborious and time-consuming. Specificity, sensitivity and simple use of a real-time PCR method makes it an attractive alternative for the detection of STEC E. coli O157. This study describes the development and application of real-time PCR methods for the detection of E. coli O157, shiga toxin genes (Stx1 and Stx2) and E. coli. The specificity of the methods was confirmed by performing colony-PCR assays on characterized bacterial isolates, demonstrating the applicability of these assays as rapid tests to confirm the presence of E. coli or E. coli O157 colonies on culture plates. Sensitive culture-PCR methods were developed by combining culture enrichment with real-time PCR detection. This rapid method allowed detection of low concentrations of E. coli O157 in the presence of high concentrations of non-O157-E. coli (1:104). Culture-PCR methods were applied to 27 surface water and 4 wastewater samples. E. coli O157 and both Stx genes were detected in two wastewater samples, whereas only E. coli O157 was detected in two surface water samples. Culture-PCR methods were not influenced by matrix effects and also enabled quantitative (MPN) detection of E. coli in these samples.}, isbn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, author = {Heijnen, L and Medema, G} } @article {1578, title = {Quantitative detection of hepatitis a virus and enteroviruses near the United States-Mexico border and correlation with levels of fecal indicator bacteria}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, note = {Gersberg, Richard M Rose, Michael A Robles-Sikisaka, Refugio Dhar, Arun K eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2006/09/19 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Dec;72(12):7438-44. Epub 2006 Sep 15.}, pages = {7438-44}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {For decades, untreated sewage flowing northward from Tijuana, Mexico, via the Tijuana River has adversely affected the water quality of the recreational beaches of San Diego, California. We used quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to measure the levels of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and enteroviruses in coastal waters near the United States-Mexico border and compared these levels to those of the conventional fecal indicators, Escherichia coli and enterococci. Over a 2-year period from 2003 to 2005, a total of 20 samples were assayed at two sites during both wet and dry weather: the surfzone at the mouth of the Tijuana River and the surfzone near the pier at Imperial Beach (IB), California (about 2 km north of the mouth of the Tijuana River). HAV and enterovirus were detected in 79 and 93\% of the wet-weather samples, respectively. HAV concentrations in these samples ranged from 105 to 30,771 viral particles/liter, and enterovirus levels ranged from 7 to 4,417 viral particles/liter. The concentrations of HAV and enterovirus were below the limit of detection for all dry weather samples collected at IB. Regression analyses showed a significant correlation between the densities of both fecal bacterial indicators and the levels of HAV (R2>0.61, P<0.0001) and enterovirus (R2>0.70, P<0.0001), a finding that supports the use of conventional bacterial indicators to predict the levels of these viruses in recreational marine waters.}, keywords = {Base Sequence *Bathing Beaches California DNA, Complementary DNA, DNA United States, Viral/analysis Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/*methods Feces/*microbiology Hepatitis A virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Mexico Molecular Sequence Data Organic Chemicals Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Cha}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01024-06}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980430}, author = {Gersberg, R. M. and Rose, M. A. and Robles-Sikisaka, R. and Dhar, A. K.} } @article {14623, title = {Quantitative detection of hepatitis a virus and enteroviruses near the {United} {States}-{Mexico} border and correlation with levels of fecal indicator bacteria}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, month = {dec}, pages = {7438{\textendash}44}, abstract = {For decades, untreated sewage flowing northward from Tijuana, Mexico, via the Tijuana River has adversely affected the water quality of the recreational beaches of San Diego, California. We used quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to measure the levels of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and enteroviruses in coastal waters near the United States-Mexico border and compared these levels to those of the conventional fecal indicators, Escherichia coli and enterococci. Over a 2-year period from 2003 to 2005, a total of 20 samples were assayed at two sites during both wet and dry weather: the surfzone at the mouth of the Tijuana River and the surfzone near the pier at Imperial Beach (IB), California (about 2 km north of the mouth of the Tijuana River). HAV and enterovirus were detected in 79 and 93\% of the wet-weather samples, respectively. HAV concentrations in these samples ranged from 105 to 30,771 viral particles/liter, and enterovirus levels ranged from 7 to 4,417 viral particles/liter. The concentrations of HAV and enterovirus were below the limit of detection for all dry weather samples collected at IB. Regression analyses showed a significant correlation between the densities of both fecal bacterial indicators and the levels of HAV (R2{\textgreater}0.61, P{\textless}0.0001) and enterovirus (R2{\textgreater}0.70, P{\textless}0.0001), a finding that supports the use of conventional bacterial indicators to predict the levels of these viruses in recreational marine waters.}, keywords = {*Bathing Beaches, *Seawater/microbiology/virology, Base Sequence, California, Complementary, DNA, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Feces/*microbiology, Hepatitis A virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Mexico, Molecular Sequence Data, Organic Chemicals, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, United States, Viral/analysis}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01024-06}, author = {Gersberg, R. M. and Rose, M. A. and Robles-Sikisaka, R. and Dhar, A. K.} } @article {14953, title = {Quantitative detection of hepatitis a virus and enteroviruses near the {United} {States}-{Mexico} border and correlation with levels of fecal indicator bacteria}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, month = {dec}, pages = {7438{\textendash}44}, abstract = {For decades, untreated sewage flowing northward from Tijuana, Mexico, via the Tijuana River has adversely affected the water quality of the recreational beaches of San Diego, California. We used quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to measure the levels of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and enteroviruses in coastal waters near the United States-Mexico border and compared these levels to those of the conventional fecal indicators, Escherichia coli and enterococci. Over a 2-year period from 2003 to 2005, a total of 20 samples were assayed at two sites during both wet and dry weather: the surfzone at the mouth of the Tijuana River and the surfzone near the pier at Imperial Beach (IB), California (about 2 km north of the mouth of the Tijuana River). HAV and enterovirus were detected in 79 and 93\% of the wet-weather samples, respectively. HAV concentrations in these samples ranged from 105 to 30,771 viral particles/liter, and enterovirus levels ranged from 7 to 4,417 viral particles/liter. The concentrations of HAV and enterovirus were below the limit of detection for all dry weather samples collected at IB. Regression analyses showed a significant correlation between the densities of both fecal bacterial indicators and the levels of HAV (R2{\textbackslash}textgreater0.61, P{\textbackslash}textless0.0001) and enterovirus (R2{\textbackslash}textgreater0.70, P{\textbackslash}textless0.0001), a finding that supports the use of conventional bacterial indicators to predict the levels of these viruses in recreational marine waters.}, keywords = {*Bathing Beaches, *Seawater/microbiology/virology, Base Sequence, California, Complementary, DNA, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Feces/*microbiology, Hepatitis A virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Mexico, Molecular Sequence Data, Organic Chemicals, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, United States, Viral/analysis}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01024-06}, author = {Gersberg, R. M. and Rose, M. A. and Robles-Sikisaka, R. and Dhar, A. K.} } @article {5984, title = {{Quantitative detection of hepatitis E virus RNA and dynamics of viral replication in experimental infection}}, journal = {Journal of Viral Hepatitis}, volume = {13}, year = {2006}, pages = {835{\textendash}839}, author = {Li, X and Kamili, S and Krawczynski, K} } @article {15301, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment models for consumption of raw vegetables irrigated with reclaimed water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {3284-3290}, author = {Hamilton, A. J. and Stagnitti, F. and Premier, R. and Boland, A. M. and Hale, G.} } @article {13643, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate health risks attributable to water supply: can the technique be applied in developing countries with limited data?}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {49-65}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=16604838}, author = {Howard, G. and Pedley, S. and Tibatemwa, S.} } @article {16358, title = {Quantitative PCR method for sensitive detection of ruminant faecal pollution in freshwater and evaluation of this method in alpine karstic regions}, journal = {Applied Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, pages = {5610-5614}, author = {Reischer, G. H. and Kasper, D.C. et al.} } @article {10169, title = {{Quantitative PCR method for sensitive detection of ruminant fecal pollution in freshwater and evaluation of this method in alpine karstic regions}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, pages = {5610{\textendash}5614}, author = {Reischer, GH and Kasper, DC and Steinborn, R and Mach, RL and Famleitner, AH} } @article {10170, title = {{Quantitative PCR method for sensitive detection of ruminant fecal pollution in freshwater and evaluation of this method in alpine karstic regions}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, pages = {5610{\textendash}5614}, author = {Reischer, GH and Kasper, DC and Steinborn, R and Mach, RL and Farnleitner, AH} } @article {6604, title = {Quantitative {Risk} {Assessment} of {Noroviruses} in {Drinking} {Water} {Based} on {Qualitative} {Data} in {Japan} $^{\textrm{{\textdagger}}}$}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {23}, year = {2006}, month = {dec}, pages = {7428{\textendash}7433}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es060348f}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es060348f}, author = {Masago, Yoshifumi and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Watanabe, Toru and Haramoto, Eiji and Hashimoto, Atsushi and Omura, Tatsuo and Hirata, Tsuyoshi and Ohgaki, Shinichiro} } @article {4373, title = {{A randomized controlled trial assessing infectious disease risks from bathing in fresh recreational waters in relation to the concentration of Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and somatic coliphages.}}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {mar}, pages = {228{\textendash}36}, abstract = {

We performed epidemiologic studies at public freshwater bathing sites in Germany to provide a better scientific basis for the definition of recreational water quality standards. A total of 2,196 participants were recruited from the local population and randomized into bathers and nonbathers. Bathers were exposed for 10 min and had to immerse their head at least three times. Water samples for microbiological analysis were collected at 20-min intervals. Unbiased concentration-response effects with no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) were demonstrated for three different definitions of gastroenteritis and four fecal indicator organisms. Relative risks for bathing in waters with levels above NOAELs compared with nonbathing ranged from 1.8 (95{\%} CI, 1.2-2.6) to 4.6 (95{\%} CI, 2.1-10.1), depending on the definition of gastroenteritis. The effect of swallowing water provided additional evidence for true dose-response relationships. Based on the NOAELs, the following guide values for water quality are suggested: 100 Escherichia coli, 25 intestinal enterococci, 10 somatic coliphages, or 10 Clostridium perfringens per 100 mL. Recreational water quality standards are intended to protect the health of those consumers who are not already immune or resistant to pathogens that may be associated with indicator organisms. In contrast to current World Health Organization recommendations, we concluded that standards should be based on rates of compliance with NOAELs rather than on attributable risks determined above NOAELs, because these risks depend mainly on the unpredictable susceptibility of the cohorts. Although in theory there is no threshold in real concentration-response relationships, we demonstrated that a NOAEL approach would be a more robust and practical solution to the complex problem of setting standards.

}, keywords = {Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium perfringens: pathogenicity, Coliphages, Disease Transmission, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: pathogenicity, Enterocolitis, Epidemiologic Studies, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Humans, Infectious, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Pseudomembranous, Pseudomembranous: etiology, Random Allocation, Recreation, Risk Assessment, Swimming, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0091-6765}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1367836{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Wiedenmann, Albrecht and Kr{\"u}ger, Petra and Dietz, Klaus and L{\'o}pez-Pila, Juan M and Szewzyk, Regine and Botzenhart, Konrad} } @article {16942, title = {A randomized controlled trial assessing infectious disease risks from bathing in fresh recreational waters in relation to the concentration of Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and somatic coliphages}, journal = {Environmental health perspectives}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {228}, publisher = {National Institute of Environmental Health Science}, author = {Wiedenmann, Albrecht and Kr{\"u}ger, Petra and Dietz, Klaus and L{\'o}pez-Pila, Juan M and Szewzyk, Regine and Botzenhart, Konrad} } @article {1591, title = {Rapid one-step quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay with competitive internal positive control for detection of enteroviruses in environmental samples}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, note = {Gregory, Jason B Litaker, R Wayne Noble, Rachel T eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2006/06/06 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jun;72(6):3960-7.}, pages = {3960-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human enteroviruses can serve as a more accurate indicator of human fecal contamination than conventional bacteriological fecal indicators. We describe here a quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) assay specifically tailored to detect these viruses in environmental waters. The assay included a competitive internal positive control (CIPC) that allowed the inhibition of qRT-PCRs to be quantitatively assessed. Coamplification of the CIPC with enteroviral genetic material did not affect the sensitivity, specificity, or reproducibility of the enteroviral qRT-PCR assay. The assay is rapid (less than 5 h from sample to result), has a wide dynamic range (>3 logs), and is capable of detecting as few as 25 enteroviral genomes with an average amplification efficiency of 0.91. In samples with low or moderate inhibition, the delay in CIPC amplification was used to adjust enterovirus qRT-PCR concentrations to account for losses due to inhibition. Samples exhibiting significant inhibition were not corrected but instead diluted twofold and immediately assayed again. Using significantly inhibited samples, it was found that dilution relieved inhibition in 93\% (25 of 27) of the samples. In addition, 15\% (4 of 27) of these previously negative samples contained enteroviral genomes. The high-throughput format of the assay compared to conventional culture-based methods offers a fast, reliable, and specific method for detecting enteroviruses in environmental water samples. The ability of the assay to identify false negatives and provide improved quantitative assessments of enterovirus concentrations will facilitate the tracking of human fecal contamination and the assessment of potential public health risk due to enteroviruses in recreational and shellfish harvesting waters.}, keywords = {Base Sequence DNA Primers Enterovirus/*genetics/*isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/*methods *Environmental Pollution Feces/*virology Genome, Viral Humans Public Health Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Sensitivity and Specificity United States}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02291-05}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16751503}, author = {Gregory, J. B. and Litaker, R. W. and Noble, R. T.} } @article {14641, title = {Rapid one-step quantitative reverse transcriptase {PCR} assay with competitive internal positive control for detection of enteroviruses in environmental samples}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, month = {jun}, pages = {3960{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Human enteroviruses can serve as a more accurate indicator of human fecal contamination than conventional bacteriological fecal indicators. We describe here a quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) assay specifically tailored to detect these viruses in environmental waters. The assay included a competitive internal positive control (CIPC) that allowed the inhibition of qRT-PCRs to be quantitatively assessed. Coamplification of the CIPC with enteroviral genetic material did not affect the sensitivity, specificity, or reproducibility of the enteroviral qRT-PCR assay. The assay is rapid (less than 5 h from sample to result), has a wide dynamic range ({\textgreater}3 logs), and is capable of detecting as few as 25 enteroviral genomes with an average amplification efficiency of 0.91. In samples with low or moderate inhibition, the delay in CIPC amplification was used to adjust enterovirus qRT-PCR concentrations to account for losses due to inhibition. Samples exhibiting significant inhibition were not corrected but instead diluted twofold and immediately assayed again. Using significantly inhibited samples, it was found that dilution relieved inhibition in 93\% (25 of 27) of the samples. In addition, 15\% (4 of 27) of these previously negative samples contained enteroviral genomes. The high-throughput format of the assay compared to conventional culture-based methods offers a fast, reliable, and specific method for detecting enteroviruses in environmental water samples. The ability of the assay to identify false negatives and provide improved quantitative assessments of enterovirus concentrations will facilitate the tracking of human fecal contamination and the assessment of potential public health risk due to enteroviruses in recreational and shellfish harvesting waters.}, keywords = {*Environmental Pollution, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, Enterovirus/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Feces/*virology, Genome, Humans, Public health, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, United States, Viral}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02291-05}, author = {Gregory, J. B. and Litaker, R. W. and Noble, R. T.} } @article {14966, title = {Rapid one-step quantitative reverse transcriptase {PCR} assay with competitive internal positive control for detection of enteroviruses in environmental samples}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, month = {jun}, pages = {3960{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Human enteroviruses can serve as a more accurate indicator of human fecal contamination than conventional bacteriological fecal indicators. We describe here a quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) assay specifically tailored to detect these viruses in environmental waters. The assay included a competitive internal positive control (CIPC) that allowed the inhibition of qRT-PCRs to be quantitatively assessed. Coamplification of the CIPC with enteroviral genetic material did not affect the sensitivity, specificity, or reproducibility of the enteroviral qRT-PCR assay. The assay is rapid (less than 5 h from sample to result), has a wide dynamic range ({\textbackslash}textgreater3 logs), and is capable of detecting as few as 25 enteroviral genomes with an average amplification efficiency of 0.91. In samples with low or moderate inhibition, the delay in CIPC amplification was used to adjust enterovirus qRT-PCR concentrations to account for losses due to inhibition. Samples exhibiting significant inhibition were not corrected but instead diluted twofold and immediately assayed again. Using significantly inhibited samples, it was found that dilution relieved inhibition in 93\% (25 of 27) of the samples. In addition, 15\% (4 of 27) of these previously negative samples contained enteroviral genomes. The high-throughput format of the assay compared to conventional culture-based methods offers a fast, reliable, and specific method for detecting enteroviruses in environmental water samples. The ability of the assay to identify false negatives and provide improved quantitative assessments of enterovirus concentrations will facilitate the tracking of human fecal contamination and the assessment of potential public health risk due to enteroviruses in recreational and shellfish harvesting waters.}, keywords = {*Environmental Pollution, Base Sequence, DNA Primers, Enterovirus/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Feces/*virology, Genome, Humans, Public health, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, United States, Viral}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.02291-05}, author = {Gregory, J. B. and Litaker, R. W. and Noble, R. T.} } @article {16931, title = {Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality are predictive of swimming-associated gastrointestinal illness}, journal = {Environmental health perspectives}, volume = {114}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {24}, publisher = {National Institute of Environmental Health Science}, author = {Wade, Timothy J and Calderon, Rebecca L and Sams, Elizabeth and Beach, Michael and Brenner, Kristen P and Williams, Ann H and Dufour, Alfred P} } @article {6740, title = {The rate of acute gastrointestinal illness in developed countries}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {31}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.017}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/004/jwh0040s31.htm}, author = {Roy, Sharon L. and Beach, Michael J. and Scallan, Elaine} } @article {7359, title = {The rate of acute gastrointestinal illness in developed countries}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {31}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.017}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2006.017}, author = {Roy, Sharon L. and Beach, Michael J. and Scallan, Elaine} } @article {1811, title = {The rate of acute gastrointestinal illness in developed countries}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {4 Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, note = {Roy, Sharon L Scallan, Elaine Beach, Michael J eng Review England 2006/08/10 09:00 J Water Health. 2006;4 Suppl 2:31-69.}, pages = {31-69}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This paper reviews estimates of the incidence and prevalence of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) from 33 studies. These studies include prospective cohort studies, retrospective cross-sectional population-based surveys, and intervention trials from the United States and six other developed countries published since 1953. The incidence and prevalence estimates for AGI reported in these studies range from 0.1 to 3.5 episodes per person-year. However, comparisons of these rates are problematic owing to significant variation in study design, sampling methodology, and case definitions and should be made with caution. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention{\textquoteright}s (CDC) Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) estimates a rate of 0.65 episodes of AGI per person-year. This estimate includes diarrhea and/or vomiting of infectious or non-infectious origin, with a measure of severity (impairment of daily activities or diarrhea duration greater than 1 day), and has been adjusted for combined respiratory-gastrointestinal illnesses. However, it excludes episodes of diarrhea or vomiting due to any long-lasting or chronic illness or condition. Limitations in study design result in an unknown degree of uncertainty around this point estimate.}, keywords = {Acute Disease Developed Countries/*statistics \& numerical data Gastrointestinal Diseases/*epidemiology Humans}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16895085}, author = {Roy, S. L. and Scallan, E. and Beach, M. J.} } @article {11005, title = {A {Real}-{Time} {PCR} {Method} for {Quantifying} {Viable} {Ascaris} {Eggs} {Using} the {First} {Internally} {Transcribed} {Spacer} {Region} of {Ribosomal} {DNA}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, month = {dec}, pages = {7864{\textendash}7872}, abstract = {Worldwide, 1.4 billion people are infected with the intestinal worm Ascaris lumbricoides. As a result, Ascaris eggs are commonly found in wastewater and sludges. The current microscopy method for detecting viable Ascaris eggs is time- and labor-intensive. The goal of this study was to develop a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) method to determine the levels of total and viable Ascaris eggs in laboratory solutions using the first internally transcribed spacer (ITS-1) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and rRNA. ITS-1 rDNA levels were proportional to Ascaris egg cell numbers, increasing as eggs developed from single cells to mature larvae and ultimately reaching a constant level per egg. Treatments causing {\textgreater}99\% inactivation (high heat, moderate heat, ammonia, and UV) eliminated this increase in ITS-1 rDNA levels and caused decreases that were dependent on the treatment type. By taking advantage of this difference in ITS-1 rDNA level between viable, larvated eggs and inactivated, single-celled eggs, qPCR results were used to develop inactivation profiles for the different treatments. No statistical difference from the standard microscopy method was found in 75\% of the samples (12 of 16). ITS-1 rRNA was detected only in samples containing viable eggs, but the levels were more variable than rDNA levels and ITS-1 rRNA could not be used for quantification. The detection limit of the rDNA-based method was approximately one larvated egg or 90 single-celled eggs; the detection limit for the rRNA-based method was several orders of magnitude higher. The rDNA qPCR method is promising for both research and regulatory applications.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01983-06}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1694259/}, author = {Pecson, Brian M and Barrios, Jos{\'e} Antonio and Johnson, David R and Nelson, Kara L} } @article {1812, title = {Real-time detection of noroviruses in surface water by use of a broadly reactive nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {72}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, note = {Rutjes, Saskia A van den Berg, Harold H J L Lodder, Willemijn J de Roda Husman, Ana Maria eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2006/08/04 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Aug;72(8):5349-58.}, pages = {5349-58}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Noroviruses are the most common agents causing outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis. Outbreaks originating from contaminated drinking water and from recreational waters have been described. Due to a lack of cell culture systems, noroviruses are detected mostly by molecular methods. Molecular detection assays for viruses in water are often repressed by inhibitory factors present in the environment, like humic acids and heavy metals. To study the effect of environmental inhibitors on the performance of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), we developed a real-time norovirus NASBA targeting part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. Specificity of the assay was studied with 33 divergent clones that contained part of the targeted RdRp gene of noroviruses from 15 different genogroups. Viral RNA originated from commercial oysters, surface waters, and sewage treatment plants in The Netherlands. Ninety-seven percent of the clones derived from human noroviruses were detected by real-time NASBA. Two clones containing animal noroviruses were not detected by NASBA. We compared the norovirus detection by real-time NASBA with that by conventional reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) with large-volume river water samples and found that inhibitory factors of RT-PCR had little or no effect on the performance of the norovirus NASBA. This consequently resulted in a higher sensitivity of the NASBA assay than of the RT-PCR. We show that by combining an efficient RNA extraction method with real-time NASBA the sensitivity of norovirus detection in water samples increased at least 100 times, which consequently has implications for the outcome of the infectious risk assessment.}, keywords = {Animals Humans Norovirus/enzymology/genetics/*isolation \& purification Ostreidae/virology RNA Replicase/*genetics RNA, Viral/analysis/isolation \& purification Rivers/virology Self-Sustained Sequence Replication/*methods Sensitivity and Specificity Sewage/virology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.00751-06}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16885286}, author = {Rutjes, S. A. and van den Berg, H. H. and Lodder, W. J. and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {4312, title = {{Real-time fluorogenic reverse transcription-PCR assays for detection of bacteriophage MS2.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {jan}, pages = {478{\textendash}83}, abstract = {

Bacteriophage MS2 is used in place of pathogenic viruses in a wide variety of studies that range from testing of compounds for disinfecting surfaces to studying environmental transport and fate of pathogenic viruses in groundwater. MS2 is also used as a pathogen simulant in the research, development, and testing (including open air tests) of methods, systems, and devices for the detection of pathogens in both the battlefield and homeland defense settings. PCR is often used as either an integral part of such detection systems or as a reference method to assess the sensitivity and specificity of microbial detection. To facilitate the detection of MS2 by PCR, we describe here a set of real-time fluorogenic reverse transcription-PCR assays. The sensitivity of the assays (performed with primer pairs and corresponding dye-labeled probes) ranged from 0.4 to 40 fg of MS2 genomic RNA (200 to 20,000 genome equivalents). We also demonstrate the usefulness of the primer pairs in assays without dye-labeled probe that included the DNA-binding dye SYBR green. None of the assays gave false-positive results when tested against 400 pg of several non-MS2 nucleic acid targets.

}, keywords = {DNA Primers, Fluorescent Dyes, Fluorescent Dyes: metabolism, Levivirus, Levivirus: genetics, Levivirus: isolation {\&} purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: m, RNA, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral, Viral: analysis}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.1.478-483.2006}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1352182{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Connell, Kevin P and Bucher, Jennifer R and Anderson, Patricia E and Cao, Cheng J and Khan, Akbar S and Gostomski, Mark V and Valdes, James J} } @article {963, title = {{Real-time, quantitative PCR assays for the detection of virus-specific DNA in samples with mixed populations of polyomaviruses}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {135}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {32{\textendash}42}, abstract = {Mixtures of polyomaviruses can be present in the central nervous system, the gastrointestinal tract, the genitourinary tract, blood, and urban sewage. We have developed 12 primer/probe sets (four per virus) for real-time, quantitative PCR assays (TaqMan) that can specifically detect BKV, JCV, and SV40 genomes present in mixtures of these viruses. The specificities of these primer/probe sets were determined by evaluating their level of interaction with the DNA from other polyomaviruses and their ability to estimate the number of copies of homologous viral DNA in blinded samples of defined mixtures of three polyomaviral DNAs. Three early region and three late region primer/probe sets determined, within a two-fold range, the number of copies of their respective DNAs. Four sets of SV40 primer/probes also detected 1.1-2.4 copies of SV40 DNA per COS-1 cell, cells estimated to contain a single copy of SV40 DNA. Three JCV primer/probe sets detected 3.7-4.2 copies per cell of JCV DNA in the JCV-transformed cell line M1-HR, cells estimated to contain between 0.5 and 1 copy of the JCV genome. We suggest that the virus-specific primer/probe sets in this study be considered sufficiently characterized to initiate the quantification of polyomavirus DNA in biological samples.}, keywords = {BKV, JCV, Polyomavirus, Q-PCR, Real-time PCR, SV40, TaqMan}, isbn = {0166-0934 (Print)$\backslash$r0166-0934 (Linking)}, issn = {01660934}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.01.018}, author = {Pal, Achintya and Sirota, Lev and Maudru, Thomas and Peden, Keith and Lewis, Andrew M.} } @article {15731, title = {Recovery, bioaccumulation, and inactivation of human waterborne pathogens by the Chesapeake Bay nonnative oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, month = {May}, pages = {3390-5}, edition = {2006/05/05}, keywords = {*Ostreidae/microbiology/parasitology, *Seawater/microbiology/parasitology, *Shellfish/microbiology/parasitology, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/parasitology, Cryptosporidium parvum/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Giardia lamblia/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/parasitology, Humans, Maryland, Microsporidia/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification/physiology, Mycoses/microbiology, Oocysts/isolation \& purification, Spores, Fungal/isolation \& purification}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Graczyk, T. K. and Girouard, A. S. and Tamang, L. and Nappier, S. P. and Schwab, K. J.} } @article {17182, title = {Reduction of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms by psychrophilic anaerobic digestion in swine slurries}, journal = {Bioresource TechnologyBioresource Technology}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {Mar}, pages = {686-691}, keywords = {Anaerobic treatment, bacteria, manure slurry, manure treatment, methane production, Pathogens removal, psychrophilic, Salmonella, sequencing batch reactor, Survival, swine slurry, yersinia-enterocolitica}, isbn = {0960-8524}, author = {Cote, C. and Masse, D. I. and Quessy, S.} } @article {3581, title = {Reductions in cross-neutralizing antibody responses in infants after attenuation of the human rotavirus vaccine candidate 89-12.}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {194}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {1729{\textendash}1736}, abstract = {

The \{\{\}G1P1A[8]\{\}\} rotavirus vaccine candidate 89-12, the precursor to Rotarix, stimulated high titers of neutralizing antibodies to \{\{\}non-G1/P1A[8]\{\}\} serotypes of human rotavirus in naturally infected subjects before attenuation by cell-culture passages. These responses were greatly diminished in young infants (median age, 11 weeks) administered the attenuated vaccine. Because of the possibility of improved responses in older infants, the immunogenicity of the 89-12 vaccine candidate was evaluated after administration of 2 doses beginning at either 4 or 6 months of age. As was found in young infants, neutralizing antibody responses to \{\{\}non-G1/P1A[8]\{\}\} rotaviruses were considerably lower than those observed after natural infection. The reasons identified were overall \{\{\}(P\{{\textbackslash}textless\}.0001)\{\}\} lower neutralizing antibody responses stimulated by the attenuated 89-12 strain, compared with those stimulated by its virulent precursor, and 5 mutations selected in the gene encoding the immunodominant \{\{\}VP4\{\}\} \{\{\}(P)\{\}\} neutralization protein. Even so, the Rotarix vaccine developed from attenuated 89-12 was found to elicit excellent protection against \{\{\}non-G1\{\}\} rotaviruses.

}, doi = {10.1086/509623}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/509623}, author = {Ward, Richard L and Kirkwood, Carl D and Sander, Donna S and Smith, Vicki E and Shao, Mingyuan and Bean, Judy A and Sack, David A and Bernstein, David I} } @mastersthesis {6603, title = {Reexamination of dynamics of semidilute polymer solution}, year = {2006}, note = {3254597}, school = {The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Much theoretical and experimental work has focused on chain dynamics in semidilute polymer solutions for over three decades. The fast relaxation mode (namely, the cooperative diffusion of chain segments between two neighboring entanglement points, i.e., the "blobs") has been well understood. But for the slow mode that observed from time to time, its earlier attribution to the "reptation" is clearly wrong. There are a school of people in the world who thought that it was due to some experimental artifacts. However, there are also many experimentalists who believe that it is real and try to explain it in different ways. Up to now, the questions about whether this observed slow mode is real and its nature are still remained as a challenging problem. In this study, dynamics of liner polystyrene semidilute solution in both toluene and cyclohexane was comparatively studied by laser light scattering. In toluene, a thermodynamically good solvent, four different narrowly distributed polystyrene standards over a wide molar mass range (1.15 {\texttimes} 10 5 - 6.85 {\texttimes} 106 g/mol) were studied. The highest concentration (C) studied was \~{}21 times of the overlap concentration (C*) at which polymer chains start to "touch" each other. As expected, only one fast diffusive relaxation was observed, attributing to the blob diffusion The static and dynamic correlation lengths (ξ D and ξS ) are also expectedly scaled to the concentration as ξS or ξD \~{} C -0.72 {\textpm} 0.02 . In cyclohexane, a poor or marginal solvent, depending on the solution temperature, an additional slow relaxation mode repeatly appeared. In the range 32-50{\textdegree}C, the polystyrene chains extend as the temperature increases because cyclohexane becomes a better solvent. In this way, C* decreases. Therefore, we can use the solution temperature to switch such a polystyrene solution from dilute to semidilute for a given polymer concentration. By comparing the intensity contribution and characteristic decay time of the slow mode, we found that the temperature has a much stronger effects on the slow mode. Our results indicate that the fast and slow modes are coupled and the slow mode is due to relaxation of segments around the entanglement point, that is, the knots. These interacted segments fluctuation corresponds to some density with a correlation length longer than that of individual blobs. We further comparatively studied the chain dynamics of a pair of diblock poly(styrene-b -butadiene) (PS210 -b -PB 960 ) and triblock poly(styrene-b -butadiene- b -styrene) (PS200 -b -PB1815 - b -PS200 ) copolymers in both dilute and semidilute toluene solutions. As expected, the mutual diffusion of individual chain in dilute solutions became a fast cooperative diffusion of the "blobs" for both the copolymers in semidilute solutions. Further increase of the polymer concentration also lead to an additional slow relaxation mode. For the triblock chains, there existed an extra middle relaxation mode between the fast and the slow modes. The concentration dependence of the average characteristic decay time of the fast mode ([left angle bracket]τ f [right angle bracket]) follows a scaling of 1/[left angle bracket]τ f [right angle bracket] \~{} C-α with 0.33 {\textless} α {\textless} 0.44, much smaller than 0.75 (predicted) or 0.72 (observed) for linear homopolymer chains in a thermodynamically good solvent. Note that toluene is a less good solvent for PB block. Such a difference in solubility leads us to speculate that the PB and PS blocks are transiently segregated in semidilute solutions. The relaxation of these transient PB and PS richer domains might lead to the observed slow mode. Our speculation is supported by the appearance and disappearance of the slow relaxation mode in a polyisoprene- b -polystyrene- b -polyisoprene semidilute solution in cyclohexane, a selective solvent for PS block at lower temperatures because the solubility of PS decreases as the solution temperature. On the way, we also studied the random copolymer poly(N -isopropylacrylamide - co - x 2{\textquoteright}-methacryloylaminoethylene-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanoamide) poly(NIPAM-co-xMACA) in dilute solutions. MACA is a methacrylamide derivative of bioactive cholic acid. The copolymers were made by free-radical polymerization and " x " represents the composition of MACA (1.0, 2.9 and 4.8 mol\%). Poly(N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is a thermally sensitive polymer, namely, it is soluble in water with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST \~{}32{\textdegree}C). Due to incorporation of different amounts of hydrophobic MACA, the LCST of the copolymer is shifted to different lower values. At temperatures higher than the LCST, the copolymer chains undergo intrachain contraction or/and interchain association, depending on the polymer concentration and chain structure. Our laser lightscattering study of such chain contraction and association reveal an unexpected result; namely, the formation of stable aggregates of these hydrophobically modified copolymer chains is stronger easier than PNIPAM homopolymer chains under the same conditions. Our finding that that insertion of more hydrophobic comonomers into a hydrophilic chain backbone surprisingly led to the formation of smaller aggregates in water is apparently contradict to our conventional wisdom. A higher content of hydrophobic MACA or a quick heating of the solution can make the intrachain contraction so dominant that each resultant aggregate on average only contains a few collapsed chains with a lower chain density. We successfully attributed the stabilization to the viscoelastic effect, namely, hydrophobic association inside each aggregate increases the chain relaxation time (τ e ). When τe becomes much longer than the interaction time (τ c ) of two colliding aggregates, each aggregate behaves like a tiny non-adhesive "glassy" ball. This stabilization mechanism is completely different from our conventional thermodynamic consideration in which we normally try to make the particle surface hydrophilic to reduce τ c . We also observed that in the cooling process, the collapsed chains inside the aggregates swell first before they can detachment and dissolve in the solution. The hydrophobic association induced in the collapsed solute at higher temperatures cannot be completely removed even at a temperature as low as 10{\textdegree}C. The dilution of the copolymer solution can completely suppress interchain association so that individual chains can undergo an intrachain coil-to-globule transition. The association of a limited number of heteropolymer chains in dilute solutions to form a stable/metastable mesoglobular phase between single-chain globules and macroscopic precipitates resembles the association of some protein chains.}, keywords = {0495:Polymers, Cyclohexane, Polymers, Polystyrene, Pure sciences, Semidilute polymer solution, Toluene}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304913550?accountid=14270}, author = {Li, Wei} } @article {15141, title = {The regulation of alternative onsite wastewater treatment systems in the {Great} {Lakes} {Region}}, journal = {Small Flows Quarterly}, volume = {7}, year = {2006}, pages = {23{\textendash}37}, author = {Gorman, Hugh S and Halvorsen, Kathleen E} } @article {13023, title = {The regulation of alternative onsite wastewater treatment systems in the Great Lakes Region}, journal = {Small Flows Quarterly}, volume = {7}, year = {2006}, pages = {23{\textendash}37}, author = {Gorman, Hugh S and Halvorsen, Kathleen E} } @article {15838, title = {Removal of noro- and enteroviruses, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts, and fecal indicators at four secondary wastewater treatment plants in Sweden}, journal = {Water Environmental Research}, volume = {78}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, month = {Aug}, pages = {828-34}, edition = {2006/10/25}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Cysts/pathology, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Feces/microbiology, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/pathology, Humans, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Oocysts/cytology, Sweden, Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {1061-4303 (Print)
1061-4303}, author = {Ottoson, J. and Hansen, A. and T Westrell and Johansen, K. and Norder, H. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A.} } @article {1756, title = {Removal of noro- and enteroviruses, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts, and fecal indicators at four secondary wastewater treatment plants in Sweden}, journal = {Water Environmental Research}, volume = {78}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, note = {Ottoson, J Hansen, A Westrell, T Johansen, K Norder, H Stenstrom, T A eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2006/10/25 09:00 Water Environ Res. 2006 Aug;78(8):828-34.}, pages = {828-34}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate variation in the occurrence and removal of enteroviruses, noroviruses, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts, and the most commonly used fecal indicators in four Swedish secondary wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Paired samples were taken from the inlet and outlet of each WWTP. (Oo)cysts and indicators were enumerated with standard methods and viruses with a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Giardia cysts and enteroviruses were constantly detected (mean numbers were 10(3.31) cysts and 10(4.44) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) units L(-1), respectively). Oocysts were found in 5 out of 19 samples (mean number was 20 L(-1)). Noroviruses were found between November and February, with an average titer of 10(3.29( L(-1). Mean cyst removal was 2.6 log, while noroviruses and enteroviruses were removed by 0.9 and 1.3 log, respectively. There was no correlation between the removals of pathogens and indicators (p > 0.05). Coliphage removal resembled human viral removal better than did F-specific phage.}, keywords = {Animals Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification Cysts/pathology Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Feces/microbiology Giardia/*isolation \& purification Giardiasis/pathology Humans Norovirus/*isolation \& purification Oocysts/cytology Sweden Waste Disp, Fluid/methods *Water Microbiology Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {1061-4303 (Print) 1061-4303 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17059136}, author = {Ottoson, J. and Hansen, A. and T Westrell and Johansen, K. and Norder, H. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A.} } @article {9354, title = {{Removal of noro- and enteroviruses, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts, and fecal indicators at four secondary wastewater treatment plants in Sweden}}, journal = {Water Environmental Research}, volume = {78}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, pages = {828{\textendash}834}, author = {Ottoson, J and Hansen, A and Westrell, T and Johansen, K and Norder, H and Stenstr{\"o}m, TA} } @article {3259, title = {{Removal of viruses, parasitic protozoa and microbial indicators in conventional and membrane processes in a wastewater pilot plant}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, pages = {1449{\textendash}1457}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate variations in the occurrence and removal of enterovirus and norovirus genomes, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and the most commonly used faecal indicators in a Swedish wastewater pilot plant. Paired samples were taken from the inlet and outlet of each treatment line: tertiary filtration, membrane bioreactor (MBR) and upflow anaerobic sludge blankets (UASB). (Oo)cysts and indicators were enumerated using standard methods and viruses using RT-PCR. Giardia cysts and enteroviruses were constantly detected, mean numbers 103.11 cysts and 104.0 PCR units L-1, respectively. Oocysts were found in 5/19 samples, mean number 5 L-1. Noroviruses were found in 6/7 influent samples, with an average titre of 103.28 L-1, during winter, but only in 2/15 in the rest of the year (mean 200 L-1). MBR treatment removed indicators more efficiently than did the other two lines, with 5 log removal of E. coli. Human virus genome removal did not differ between the MBR and tertiary treatment line. Microorganism removal in UASB was significantly lower for all the organisms studied. E. coli, enterococci and Cl. perfringens removal was correlated (p{\textless}0.05) with enterovirus genome removal, with R-values around 0.4. However, values for removal of indicators were more strongly correlated to each other. Removal of viruses based on enumeration using RT-PCR probably underestimates infectious virion removal. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium oocyst, enterovirus, Faecal indicators, Giardia cysts, MBR, Norovirus, PCR, Phages, removal, UASB, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2006.01.039}, author = {Ottoson, J. and Hansen, A. and Bjorlenius, B. and Norder, H. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A.} } @article {10878, title = {Removal of viruses, parasitic protozoa and microbial indicators in conventional and membrane processes in a wastewater pilot plant}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, pages = {1449{\textendash}1457}, author = {Ottoson, J and Hansen, A and Bj{\"o}rlenius, B and Norder, H and Stenstr{\"o}m, TA} } @article {1755, title = {Removal of viruses, parasitic protozoa and microbial indicators in conventional and membrane processes in a wastewater pilot plant}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {40}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, note = {Ottoson, J Hansen, A Bjorlenius, B Norder, H Stenstrom, T A eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2006/03/15 09:00 Water Res. 2006 Apr;40(7):1449-57. Epub 2006 Mar 13.}, pages = {1449-57}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate variations in the occurrence and removal of enterovirus and norovirus genomes, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and the most commonly used faecal indicators in a Swedish wastewater pilot plant. Paired samples were taken from the inlet and outlet of each treatment line: tertiary filtration, membrane bioreactor (MBR) and upflow anaerobic sludge blankets (UASB). (Oo)cysts and indicators were enumerated using standard methods and viruses using RT-PCR. Giardia cysts and enteroviruses were constantly detected, mean numbers 10(3.11) cysts and 10(4.0) PCR units L(-1), respectively. Oocysts were found in 5/19 samples, mean number 5 L(-1). Noroviruses were found in 6/7 influent samples, with an average titre of 10(3.28)L(-1), during winter, but only in 2/15 in the rest of the year (mean 200 L(-1)). MBR treatment removed indicators more efficiently than did the other two lines, with 5log removal of E. coli. Human virus genome removal did not differ between the MBR and tertiary treatment line. Microorganism removal in UASB was significantly lower for all the organisms studied. E. coli, enterococci and Cl. perfringens removal was correlated (p<0.05) with enterovirus genome removal, with R-values around 0.4. However, values for removal of indicators were more strongly correlated to each other. Removal of viruses based on enumeration using RT-PCR probably underestimates infectious virion removal.}, keywords = {Animals Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Facility Design and Construction Giardia/*isolation \& purification Norovirus/*isolation \& purification Pilot Projects Waste Disposal, Fluid/instrumentation/*methods}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2006.01.039}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16533517}, author = {Ottoson, J. and Hansen, A. and Bjorlenius, B. and Norder, H. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A.} } @article {13421, title = {Resistance of Fasciola hepatica to triclabendazole and albendazole in sheep in Spain}, journal = {Vet Rec}, volume = {159}, year = {2006}, pages = {424-425}, author = {Alvarez-Sanchez, M. A. and Mainar-Jaime, R. C. and Perez-Garcia, J. and Rojo-Vazquez, F. A.} } @article {7450, title = {A review of household drinking water intervention trials and an approach to the estimation of endemic waterborne gastroenteritis in the {United} {States}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {71}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.018}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/004/jwh0040s71.htm}, author = {Colford, John M. and Roy, Sharon and Beach, Michael J. and Hightower, Allen and Shaw, Susan E. and Wade, Timothy J.} } @article {7167, title = {A review of household drinking water intervention trials and an approach to the estimation of endemic waterborne gastroenteritis in the {United} {States}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {71}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.018}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2006.018}, author = {Colford, John M. and Roy, Sharon and Beach, Michael J. and Hightower, Allen and Shaw, Susan E. and Wade, Timothy J.} } @article {6058, title = {Review on subsurface colloids and colloid-associated contaminant transport in saturated porous media}, journal = {Advances in Colloid and Interface Science}, volume = {119}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {71{\textendash}96}, author = {Tushar K Sen and Khilar, Kartic C} } @article {1949, title = {RNA viral community in human feces: prevalence of plant pathogenic viruses}, journal = {PLoS Biol}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, note = {Zhang, Tao Breitbart, Mya Lee, Wah Heng Run, Jin-Quan Wei, Chia Lin Soh, Shirlena Wee Ling Hibberd, Martin L Liu, Edison T Rohwer, Forest Ruan, Yijun eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2005/12/13 09:00 PLoS Biol. 2006 Jan;4(1):e3.}, pages = {e3}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The human gut is known to be a reservoir of a wide variety of microbes, including viruses. Many RNA viruses are known to be associated with gastroenteritis; however, the enteric RNA viral community present in healthy humans has not been described. Here, we present a comparative metagenomic analysis of the RNA viruses found in three fecal samples from two healthy human individuals. For this study, uncultured viruses were concentrated by tangential flow filtration, and viral RNA was extracted and cloned into shotgun viral cDNA libraries for sequencing analysis. The vast majority of the 36,769 viral sequences obtained were similar to plant pathogenic RNA viruses. The most abundant fecal virus in this study was pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV), which was found in high concentrations{\textendash}up to 10(9) virions per gram of dry weight fecal matter. PMMV was also detected in 12 (66.7\%) of 18 fecal samples collected from healthy individuals on two continents, indicating that this plant virus is prevalent in the human population. A number of pepper-based foods tested positive for PMMV, suggesting dietary origins for this virus. Intriguingly, the fecal PMMV was infectious to host plants, suggesting that humans might act as a vehicle for the dissemination of certain plant viruses.}, keywords = {Adult Capsicum/virology Feces/*virology Food/virology Humans Infant Molecular Sequence Data Plant Viruses/*isolation \& purification RNA Viruses/*isolation \& purification Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction}, issn = {1545-7885 (Electronic) 1544-9173 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.0040003}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16336043}, author = {Zhang, T. and Breitbart, M. and Lee, W. H. and Run, J. Q. and Wei, C. L. and Soh, S. W. and Hibberd, M. L. and Liu, E. T. and Rohwer, F. and Ruan, Y.} } @article {6074, title = {Role of air-water interfaces on retention of viruses under unsaturated conditions}, journal = {Water Resources Research}, volume = {42}, number = {12}, year = {2006}, pages = {1-11}, author = {Torkzaban, S and Hassanizadeh, SM and Schijven, JF and Van Den Berg, HHJL} } @article {11413, title = {Role of chemotherapy of taeniasis in prevention of neurocysticercosis}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {55, Supplement}, year = {2006}, pages = {S105-S109}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.017}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576905001194}, author = {Pawlowski, Zbigniew S.} } @article {6591, title = {The role of disease burden measures in future estimates of endemic waterborne disease}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {187}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.023}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/004/jwh004s187.htm}, author = {Rice, Glenn and Heberling, Matthew T. and Rothermich, Mary and Wright, J. Michael and Murphy, Patricia A. and Craun, Michael F. and Craun, Gunther F.} } @article {7472, title = {A role of high impact weather events in waterborne disease outbreaks in {Canada}, 1975 {\textendash} 2001}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {jun}, pages = {167{\textendash}180}, issn = {0960-3123, 1369-1619}, doi = {10.1080/09603120600641326}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09603120600641326}, author = {Thomas, Kate M. and Charron, Dominique F. and Waltner-Toews, David and Schuster, Corinne and Maarouf, Abdel R. and Holt, John D.} } @article {3693, title = {{RT}-{PCR} based diagnosis revealed importance of human group {B} rotavirus infection in childhood diarrhoea}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {222{\textendash}227}, author = {Barman, P and Ghosh, S and Samajdar, S and Mitra, U and Dutta, P and Bhattacharya, SK and Krishnan, T and Kobayashi, N and Naik, TN} } @article {7320, title = {Rural communities{\textquoteright} preferences for arsenic mitigation options in {Bangladesh}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {dec}, pages = {463{\textendash}477}, abstract = {In the context of arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh, this paper analyses rural people{\textquoteright}s preferences for arsenic-free drinking water options. A particular focus is on rural households{\textquoteright} willingness to pay for piped water supply which can provide a sustainable solution to the arsenic problem, and how the preference for piped water supply compares with that for various other household/community-based arsenic mitigation technologies. The analysis is based on data collected in a survey of over 2700 households in rural Bangladesh. Six arsenic mitigation technologies were selected for the study: three-kolshi (pitcher) method, activated alumina method (household-based and community-based), dugwell, pond sand filter and deep tubewell (handpump). The survey results indicate that, after taking into consideration the initial and recurring costs, convenience, associated risks and the advantages and disadvantages of each selected technology, the preference of the rural people is overwhelmingly in favor of deep tubewells, followed by the three-kolshi method. The analysis reveals a strong demand for piped water in both arsenic-affected and arsenic-free rural areas, and scope of adequate cost recovery. Between piped water and other arsenic mitigation technologies, the preference of the rural people is found to be predominantly in favor of the former.}, keywords = {Arsenic, Arsenic Poisoning, Bangladesh, Chemical, Consumer Participation, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Environmental monitoring, Family Characteristics, Filtration, Geographic Information Systems, Humans, rural health, Rural Population, Time Factors, Water Pollution, Water Purification}, issn = {1477-8920}, author = {Ahmad, Junaid and Goldar, Bishwanath and Misra, Smita} } @article {4471, title = {Safe adoptive transfer of virus-specific {T}-cell immunity for the treatment of systemic adenovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation}, journal = {British Journal of Haematology}, volume = {134}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {64{\textendash}76}, issn = {0007-1048 (Print) 0007-1048}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06108.x}, author = {Feuchtinger, T. and Matthes-Martin, S. and Richard, C. and Lion, T. and Fuhrer, M. and Hamprecht, K. and Handgretinger, R. and Peters, C. and Schuster, F. R. and Beck, R. and Schumm, M. and Lotfi, R. and Jahn, G. and Lang, P.} } @article {516, title = {Safe adoptive transfer of virus-specific T-cell immunity for the treatment of systemic adenovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation}, journal = {Br J Haematol}, volume = {134}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, note = {Feuchtinger, Tobias Matthes-Martin, Susanne Richard, Celine Lion, Thomas Fuhrer, Monika Hamprecht, Klaus Handgretinger, Rupert Peters, Christina Schuster, Friedhelm R Beck, Robert Schumm, Michael Lotfi, Ramin Jahn, Gerhard Lang, Peter Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Br J Haematol. 2006 Jul;134(1):64-76.}, pages = {64-76}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {During periods of immunosuppression, such as postallogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT), patients are at significant risk for severe viral infections. Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection is a serious complication post-SCT, especially in children. Virus-specific T cells are essential for the clearance of HAdV, as antiviral chemotherapy has revealed limited success. We present feasibility data for a new treatment option using virus-specific donor T cells for adoptive transfer of immunity to patients with HAdV-infection/reactivation. Virus-specific donor T cells were isolated and infused into nine children with systemic HAdV infection after SCT. Isolation was based on gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion after short in vitro stimulation with viral antigen, resulting in a combination of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. 1.2-50 x 10(3)/kg T cells were infused for adoptive transfer. Isolated cells showed high specificity and markedly reduced alloreactivity in vitro. Adoptive transfer of HAdV-specific immunity was successful in five of six evaluable patients, documented by a dose-independent and sustained in vivo expansion of HAdV-specific T cells, associated with a durable clearance/decrease of viral copies. T-cell infusion was well tolerated in all nine patients, except one case with graft-versus-host disease II of the skin. In conclusion, induction of a specific T-cell response through adoptive transfer was feasible and effective. When performed early in the course of infection, adoptive T-cell transfer may protect from HAdV-related complications.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Homologous Treatment Outcome, Human/*immunology Adoptive Transfer/*methods CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/virology CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/virology Cell Proliferation Cell Separation/methods Child Child, Human/immunology/*therapy Adenoviruses, Preschool Feasibility Studies Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/*adverse effects Humans Infant T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*virology Transplantation}, issn = {0007-1048 (Print) 0007-1048}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06108.x}, author = {Feuchtinger, T. and Matthes-Martin, S. and Richard, C. and Lion, T. and Fuhrer, M. and Hamprecht, K. and Handgretinger, R. and Peters, C. and Schuster, F. R. and Beck, R. and Schumm, M. and Lotfi, R. and Jahn, G. and Lang, P.} } @article {3820, title = {Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human–bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {354}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {23{\textendash}33}, author = {Vesikari, Timo and Matson, David O and Dennehy, Penelope and Damme, Pierre and Santosham, Mathuram and Rodriguez, Zoe and Dallas, Michael J and Heyse, Joseph F and Goveia, Michelle G and Black, Steven B and Shinefield, Henry R and Christie, Celia D.C. and Ylitalo, Samuli and Itzler, Robbin F. and Coia, Michele L. and Onorato, Matthew T. and Adeyi, Ben A. and Marshall, Gary S. and Gothefors, Leif and Campens, Dirk and Karvonen, Aino and Watt, James P. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, Katherine L. and DiNubile, Mark J. and Clark, H Fred and Boslego, John W. and Offit, Paul A. and Heaton, Penny M. and Team, Rotavirus Efficacy and Study, Safety Trial (REST)} } @article {3839, title = {Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis.}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {354}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {11{\textendash}22}, abstract = {

The safety and efficacy of an attenuated \{\{\}G1P[8]\{\}\} human rotavirus \{\{\}(HRV)\{\}\} vaccine were tested in a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial.

}, doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa052434}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052434}, author = {M Ruiz-Palacios, Guillermo and Irene P{\'e}rez-Schael and Vel{\'a}zquez, F R and Abate, Hector and Breuer, Thomas and Clemens, SueAnn C and Cheuvart, Brigitte and Espinoza, Felix and Gillard, Paul and Innis, Bruce L and Cervantes, Yolanda and Linhares, Alexandre C and L{\'o}pez, P{\'\i}o and Mercedes Mac{\'\i}as-Parra and Eduardo Ortega-Barr{\'\i}a and Richardson, Vesta and M Rivera-Medina, Doris and Rivera, Luis and Salinas, Bel{\'e}n and Noris Pav{\'\i}a-Ruz and Salmer{\'o}n, Jorge and R"uttimann, Ricardo and Tinoco, Juan C and Rubio, Pilar and Nu{\~n}ez, Ernesto and Guerrero, M L and Yarz{\'a}bal, Juan P and Damaso, Silvia and Tornieporth, Nadia and Xavier S{\'a}ez-Llorens and Vergara, Rodrigo F and Vesikari, Timo and Bouckenooghe, Alain and Clemens, Ralf and De Vos, B{\'e}atrice and Miguel O{\textquoteright}Ryan and Group, Human Rotavirus Vaccine Study} } @inbook {8313, title = {Sanitation and Hygiene}, booktitle = {Gender and IWRM Resource Guide}, year = {2006}, publisher = {Gender and Water Alliance}, organization = {Gender and Water Alliance}, address = {Dieren, Netherlands} } @article {17082, title = {Seasonal profiles of human noroviruses and indicator bacteria in a wastewater treatment plant in Tokyo, Japan}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {54}, number = {11-12}, year = {2006}, pages = {301{\textendash}308}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Haramoto, E and Katayama, H and Oguma, K and Yamashita, H and Tajima, A and Nakajima, H and Ohgaki, S} } @article {5624, title = {{Seasonal profiles of human noroviruses and indicator bacteria in a wastewater treatment plant in Tokyo, Japan}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {54}, number = {11-12}, year = {2006}, pages = {301{\textendash}308}, abstract = {The seasonal profiles of microorganisms in raw sewage, secondary-treated sewage, and final effluent at a wastewater treatment plant in Tokyo, Japan, were quantitatively determined each month for one year, from July 2003 to June 2004. Human noroviruses, which were determined by real-time PCR, in raw sewage varied from 0.17-260 copies/mL for genotype 1 and from 2.4-1900 copies/mL for genotype 2, showing much higher values in winter, the epidemic season. The concentration of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, or F-specific phages in raw sewage was almost constant throughout the year. Human noroviruses of genotype 2 were removed most effectively (3.69 log10 on average) at the wastewater treatment plant, followed by E. coli (3.37 log10), total coliforms (3.05 loglo), F-specific phages (2.81 log10), and human noroviruses of genotype 1 (2.27 log10). The removal ratio of human noroviruses was almost constant, independent of the initial concentration of the viruses in raw sewage, which led to the increasing concentration of human noroviruses in final effluent in winter. None of the tested bacteria was judged to be a reliable indicator of human noroviruses in final effluent.}, keywords = {Human norovirus, Indicator bacteria, Real-time PCR, Wastewater treatment plant}, isbn = {184339586X}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2006.888}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Oguma, K. and Yamashita, H. and Tajima, A. and Nakajima, H. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {11769, title = {{A second case of diphyllobothriasis in Malaysia}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {37}, year = {2006}, pages = {896{\textendash}898}, author = {Rohela, M and Jamaiah, I and Goh, K L and Nissapatorn, V} } @article {1744, title = {Sensitive, seminested PCR amplification of VP1 sequences for direct identification of all enterovirus serotypes from original clinical specimens}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {44}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, note = {Nix, W Allan Oberste, M Steven Pallansch, Mark A eng 2006/08/08 09:00 J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Aug;44(8):2698-704.}, pages = {2698-704}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A reverse transcription-seminested PCR (RT-snPCR) assay was developed for the detection and identification of enterovirus (EV) RNA in clinical specimens. Three conserved protein motifs were identified by aligning the VP3 and VP1 sequences of prototype EV strains. Consensus degenerate primers were designed from a conserved VP3 motif and a distal VP1 motif for the first PCR. Consensus-degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primers were designed from an internal VP1 motif and used with the same distal VP1 motif for the second, seminested PCR step. The primers were designed for broad target specificity and amplified all recognized and proposed EV serotypes and other antigenic variant strains tested. The VP1 RT-snPCR assay was slightly more sensitive than our in-house EV 5{\textquoteright} nontranslated region RT-snPCR assay, detecting as few as 10 RNA copies per reaction. As an example application, the VP1 RT-snPCR assay was used to identify EVs in clinical specimens. A product of the expected size was successfully amplified and sequenced from cerebrospinal fluid; serum; stool suspensions; and nasopharyngeal, eye, and rectal swab specimens, allowing unambiguous identification of the infecting virus in all cases. The VP1 sequences derived from the RT-snPCR products allow rapid phylogenetic and molecular epidemiologic analysis of strains circulating during the EV season and comparison with EV sequences from past seasons or from different locations around the world.}, keywords = {Agar Gel Enterovirus/*classification/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus Infections/*diagnosis/virology Eye/virology Feces/virology Humans *Molecular Diagnostic Techniques Molecular Sequence Data Nasopharynx/virology Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Amino Acid Motifs Capsid Proteins/*genetics Cerebrospinal Fluid/virology Conserved Sequence DNA Primers Electrophoresis, DNA Serum/virology, Viral/analysis/genetics Rectum/virology Sensitivity and Specificity Sequence Analysis}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.00542-06}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16891480}, author = {Nix, W. A. and Oberste, M. S. and M A Pallansch} } @article {14134, title = {Sensitivity of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 detection in bovine feces assessed by broth enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation and direct plating methodologies}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {872{\textendash}875}, abstract = {In order to more precisely predict food safety risks, the fecal presence of food-borne pathogens among animals at slaughter must be correctly determined. Quantification of Escherichia coli O157 is also desirable. In two separate experiments, detection and enumeration of a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of E. coli O157 in bovine feces was assessed by culture on MacConkey agar supplemented with nalidixic acid (MACnal) and compared to overnight broth enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and to direct plating of dilutions of bovine feces onto sorbitol MacConkey agar containing cefixime and tellurite (SMACct). The sensitivity of detection of E. coli O157 by both direct plating and IMS was highly dependent upon the initial concentration of the target organism in the sample. Sensitivity of detection by IMS was poor below 100 CFU/g but was better, and not affected by initial E. coli O157 numbers, above this concentration. Sensitivity of detection of E. coli O157 in bovine feces at low initial concentrations is very poor for both direct plating and IMS. Direct plating of dilutions of bovine feces on SMACct can be used to determine the magnitude of fecal E. coli excretion among cattle excreting greater than 100 CFU/g. Among positive samples identified by direct plating on SMACct, the direct counts of E. coli O157:H7 were highly correlated with the estimates obtained with the MACnal plates (r = 0.88, P {\textbackslash}textless 0.001). Because the majority of cattle excrete less than 10(2) CFU E. coli O157/g feces, most studies, including those using IMS methods, probably grossly underestimate the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle.}, doi = {44/3/872 [pii] 10.1128/JCM.44.3.872-875.2006}, author = {LeJeune, J T and Hancock, D D and Besser, T E} } @article {14825, title = {Sensitivity of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 detection in bovine feces assessed by broth enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation and direct plating methodologies}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {872{\textendash}875}, abstract = {In order to more precisely predict food safety risks, the fecal presence of food-borne pathogens among animals at slaughter must be correctly determined. Quantification of Escherichia coli O157 is also desirable. In two separate experiments, detection and enumeration of a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of E. coli O157 in bovine feces was assessed by culture on MacConkey agar supplemented with nalidixic acid (MACnal) and compared to overnight broth enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and to direct plating of dilutions of bovine feces onto sorbitol MacConkey agar containing cefixime and tellurite (SMACct). The sensitivity of detection of E. coli O157 by both direct plating and IMS was highly dependent upon the initial concentration of the target organism in the sample. Sensitivity of detection by IMS was poor below 100 CFU/g but was better, and not affected by initial E. coli O157 numbers, above this concentration. Sensitivity of detection of E. coli O157 in bovine feces at low initial concentrations is very poor for both direct plating and IMS. Direct plating of dilutions of bovine feces on SMACct can be used to determine the magnitude of fecal E. coli excretion among cattle excreting greater than 100 CFU/g. Among positive samples identified by direct plating on SMACct, the direct counts of E. coli O157:H7 were highly correlated with the estimates obtained with the MACnal plates (r = 0.88, P {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 0.001). Because the majority of cattle excrete less than 10(2) CFU E. coli O157/g feces, most studies, including those using IMS methods, probably grossly underestimate the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle.}, doi = {44/3/872 [pii] 10.1128/JCM.44.3.872-875.2006}, author = {LeJeune, J T and Hancock, D D and Besser, T E} } @article {2335, title = {{Sensitivity of Escherichia coli O157 detection in bovine feces assessed by broth enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation and direct plating methodologies}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {872{\textendash}875}, edition = {2006/03/07}, abstract = {In order to more precisely predict food safety risks, the fecal presence of food-borne pathogens among animals at slaughter must be correctly determined. Quantification of Escherichia coli O157 is also desirable. In two separate experiments, detection and enumeration of a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of E. coli O157 in bovine feces was assessed by culture on MacConkey agar supplemented with nalidixic acid (MACnal) and compared to overnight broth enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and to direct plating of dilutions of bovine feces onto sorbitol MacConkey agar containing cefixime and tellurite (SMACct). The sensitivity of detection of E. coli O157 by both direct plating and IMS was highly dependent upon the initial concentration of the target organism in the sample. Sensitivity of detection by IMS was poor below 100 CFU/g but was better, and not affected by initial E. coli O157 numbers, above this concentration. Sensitivity of detection of E. coli O157 in bovine feces at low initial concentrations is very poor for both direct plating and IMS. Direct plating of dilutions of bovine feces on SMACct can be used to determine the magnitude of fecal E. coli excretion among cattle excreting greater than 100 CFU/g. Among positive samples identified by direct plating on SMACct, the direct counts of E. coli O157:H7 were highly correlated with the estimates obtained with the MACnal plates (r = 0.88, P < 0.001). Because the majority of cattle excrete less than 10(2) CFU E. coli O157/g feces, most studies, including those using IMS methods, probably grossly underestimate the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {44/3/872 [pii] 10.1128/JCM.44.3.872-875.2006}, author = {LeJeune, J T and Hancock, D D and Besser, T E} } @article {8075, title = {{Sensitivity of Escherichia coli O157 detection in bovine feces assessed by broth enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation and direct plating methodologies}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {872{\textendash}875}, edition = {2006/03/07}, abstract = {In order to more precisely predict food safety risks, the fecal presence of food-borne pathogens among animals at slaughter must be correctly determined. Quantification of Escherichia coli O157 is also desirable. In two separate experiments, detection and enumeration of a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of E. coli O157 in bovine feces was assessed by culture on MacConkey agar supplemented with nalidixic acid (MACnal) and compared to overnight broth enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and to direct plating of dilutions of bovine feces onto sorbitol MacConkey agar containing cefixime and tellurite (SMACct). The sensitivity of detection of E. coli O157 by both direct plating and IMS was highly dependent upon the initial concentration of the target organism in the sample. Sensitivity of detection by IMS was poor below 100 CFU/g but was better, and not affected by initial E. coli O157 numbers, above this concentration. Sensitivity of detection of E. coli O157 in bovine feces at low initial concentrations is very poor for both direct plating and IMS. Direct plating of dilutions of bovine feces on SMACct can be used to determine the magnitude of fecal E. coli excretion among cattle excreting greater than 100 CFU/g. Among positive samples identified by direct plating on SMACct, the direct counts of E. coli O157:H7 were highly correlated with the estimates obtained with the MACnal plates (r = 0.88, P {\textless} 0.001). Because the majority of cattle excrete less than 10(2) CFU E. coli O157/g feces, most studies, including those using IMS methods, probably grossly underestimate the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {44/3/872 [pii] 10.1128/JCM.44.3.872-875.2006}, author = {LeJeune, J T and Hancock, D D and Besser, T E} } @inbook {8312, title = {Setting the Scene: Water, Poverty, and the MDGs}, booktitle = {Asia Water Watch 2015}, year = {2006}, publisher = {Asian Development Bank}, organization = {Asian Development Bank}, chapter = {Setting the Scene: Water, Poverty, and the MDGs}, address = {Manila, Phillipines} } @article {8253, title = {{Shear stress, temperature, and inoculation concentration influence the adhesion of water-stressed Helicobacter pylori to stainless steel 304 and polypropylene.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {apr}, pages = {2936{\textendash}41}, abstract = {

Although molecular techniques have identified Helicobacter pylori in drinking water-associated biofilms, there is a lack of studies reporting what factors affect the attachment of the bacterium to plumbing materials. Therefore, the adhesion of H. pylori suspended in distilled water to stainless steel 304 (SS304) coupons placed on tissue culture plates subjected to different environmental conditions was monitored. The extent of adhesion was evaluated for different water exposure times, using epifluorescence microscopy to count total cell numbers. High shear stresses-estimated through computational fluid dynamics-negatively influenced the adhesion of H. pylori to the substrata (P {\textless} 0.001), a result that was confirmed in similar experiments with polypropylene (P {\textless} 0.05). However, the temperature and inoculation concentration appeared to have no effect on adhesion (P {\textgreater} 0.05). After 2 hours, H. pylori cells appeared to be isolated on the surface of SS304 and were able to form small aggregates with longer exposure times. However, the formation of a three-dimensional structure was only very rarely observed. This study suggests that the detection of the pathogen in well water described by other authors can be related to the increased ability of H. pylori to integrate into biofilms under conditions of low shear stress. It will also allow a more rational selection of locations to perform molecular or plate culture analysis for the detection of H. pylori in drinking water-associated biofilms.

}, keywords = {Bacterial Adhesion, Colony Count, Drinking, Fresh Water, Heat-Shock Response, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: physiology, Microbial, Polypropylenes, Shear Strength, Stainless Steel, Temperature, Water Supply}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.4.2936-2941.2006}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/72/4/2936.short}, author = {Azevedo, N F and Pinto, A R and Reis, N M and Vieira, M J and Keevil, C W} } @article {14789, title = {Shear stress, temperature, and inoculation concentration influence the adhesion of water-stressed {Helicobacter} pylori to stainless steel 304 and polypropylene.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {apr}, pages = {2936{\textendash}41}, abstract = {Although molecular techniques have identified Helicobacter pylori in drinking water-associated biofilms, there is a lack of studies reporting what factors affect the attachment of the bacterium to plumbing materials. Therefore, the adhesion of H. pylori suspended in distilled water to stainless steel 304 (SS304) coupons placed on tissue culture plates subjected to different environmental conditions was monitored. The extent of adhesion was evaluated for different water exposure times, using epifluorescence microscopy to count total cell numbers. High shear stresses-estimated through computational fluid dynamics-negatively influenced the adhesion of H. pylori to the substrata (P {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 0.001), a result that was confirmed in similar experiments with polypropylene (P {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 0.05). However, the temperature and inoculation concentration appeared to have no effect on adhesion (P {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater 0.05). After 2 hours, H. pylori cells appeared to be isolated on the surface of SS304 and were able to form small aggregates with longer exposure times. However, the formation of a three-dimensional structure was only very rarely observed. This study suggests that the detection of the pathogen in well water described by other authors can be related to the increased ability of H. pylori to integrate into biofilms under conditions of low shear stress. It will also allow a more rational selection of locations to perform molecular or plate culture analysis for the detection of H. pylori in drinking water-associated biofilms.}, keywords = {Bacterial Adhesion, Colony Count, Drinking, Fresh Water, Heat-Shock Response, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: physiology, Microbial, Polypropylenes, Shear Strength, Stainless Steel, Temperature, Water Supply}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.4.2936-2941.2006}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/72/4/2936.short}, author = {Azevedo, N F and Pinto, A R and Reis, N M and Vieira, M J and Keevil, C W} } @article {13881, title = {Shear stress, temperature, and inoculation concentration influence the adhesion of water-stressed {Helicobacter} pylori to stainless steel 304 and polypropylene.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {apr}, pages = {2936{\textendash}41}, abstract = {Although molecular techniques have identified Helicobacter pylori in drinking water-associated biofilms, there is a lack of studies reporting what factors affect the attachment of the bacterium to plumbing materials. Therefore, the adhesion of H. pylori suspended in distilled water to stainless steel 304 (SS304) coupons placed on tissue culture plates subjected to different environmental conditions was monitored. The extent of adhesion was evaluated for different water exposure times, using epifluorescence microscopy to count total cell numbers. High shear stresses-estimated through computational fluid dynamics-negatively influenced the adhesion of H. pylori to the substrata (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.001), a result that was confirmed in similar experiments with polypropylene (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.05). However, the temperature and inoculation concentration appeared to have no effect on adhesion (P {\textbackslash}textgreater 0.05). After 2 hours, H. pylori cells appeared to be isolated on the surface of SS304 and were able to form small aggregates with longer exposure times. However, the formation of a three-dimensional structure was only very rarely observed. This study suggests that the detection of the pathogen in well water described by other authors can be related to the increased ability of H. pylori to integrate into biofilms under conditions of low shear stress. It will also allow a more rational selection of locations to perform molecular or plate culture analysis for the detection of H. pylori in drinking water-associated biofilms.}, keywords = {Bacterial Adhesion, Colony Count, Drinking, Fresh Water, Heat-Shock Response, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: physiology, Microbial, Polypropylenes, Shear Strength, Stainless Steel, Temperature, Water Supply}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.72.4.2936-2941.2006}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/72/4/2936.short}, author = {Azevedo, N F and Pinto, A R and Reis, N M and Vieira, M J and Keevil, C W} } @article {13992, title = {Shiga toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli ({STEC}) {O}157 outbreak, {The} {Netherlands}, {September}-{October} 2005.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europ{\'e}en sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {182{\textendash}5}, abstract = {In September 2005, the first national food-related outbreak of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 was investigated in the Netherlands. A total of 21 laboratory-confirmed cases (including one secondary case), and another 11 probable cases (two primary and nine secondary cases) were reported in patients who became ill between 11 September and 10 October 2005. Preliminary investigation suggested consumption of a raw beef product, steak tartare (in the Netherlands also known as "filet americain"), and contact with other symptomatic persons as possible risk factors. A subsequent case-control study supported the hypothesis that steak tartare was the source of the outbreak (matched odds ratio (OR) 272, 95\% confidence interval (CI) 3-23,211). Consumption of ready-to-eat vegetables was also associated with STEC O157 infection (matched OR 24, 95\% CI 1.1-528), but was considered a less likely source, as only 40\% of the cases were exposed. Samples of steak tartare collected from one chain of supermarkets where it is likely that most patients (67\%) bought steak tartare, all tested negative for STEC O157. However, sampling was done three days after the date of symptom onset of the last reported case. Since 88\% of the cases became ill within a two week period, point source contamination may explain these negative results. It is concluded that steak tartare was the most likely cause of the first national food-related outbreak of STEC O157 in the Netherlands.}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16966799}, author = {Doorduyn, Y and de Jager, C M and van der Zwaluw, W K and Friesema, I H M and Heuvelink, A E and de Boer, E and Wannet, W J B and van Duynhoven, Y T H P} } @article {7985, title = {{Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 outbreak, The Netherlands, September-October 2005.}}, journal = {Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {182{\textendash}5}, abstract = {

In September 2005, the first national food-related outbreak of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 was investigated in the Netherlands. A total of 21 laboratory-confirmed cases (including one secondary case), and another 11 probable cases (two primary and nine secondary cases) were reported in patients who became ill between 11 September and 10 October 2005. Preliminary investigation suggested consumption of a raw beef product, steak tartare (in the Netherlands also known as \"filet americain\"), and contact with other symptomatic persons as possible risk factors. A subsequent case-control study supported the hypothesis that steak tartare was the source of the outbreak (matched odds ratio (OR) 272, 95{\%} confidence interval (CI) 3-23,211). Consumption of ready-to-eat vegetables was also associated with STEC O157 infection (matched OR 24, 95{\%} CI 1.1-528), but was considered a less likely source, as only 40{\%} of the cases were exposed. Samples of steak tartare collected from one chain of supermarkets where it is likely that most patients (67{\%}) bought steak tartare, all tested negative for STEC O157. However, sampling was done three days after the date of symptom onset of the last reported case. Since 88{\%} of the cases became ill within a two week period, point source contamination may explain these negative results. It is concluded that steak tartare was the most likely cause of the first national food-related outbreak of STEC O157 in the Netherlands.

}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16966799}, author = {Doorduyn, Y and de Jager, C M and van der Zwaluw, W K and Friesema, I H M and Heuvelink, A E and de Boer, E and Wannet, W J B and van Duynhoven, Y T H P} } @article {14270, title = {Shigella as a foodborne pathogen and current methods for detection in food}, journal = {Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr}, volume = {46}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, pages = {551{\textendash}567}, abstract = {Shigella, the causative agent of shigellosis or "bacillary dysentery," has been increasingly involved in foodborne outbreaks. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention{\textquoteright}s Emerging Infections Program, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), Shigella was the third most reported foodborne bacterial pathogen in 2002. Foods are most commonly contaminated with Shigella by an infected food handler who practices poor personal hygiene. Shigella is acid resistant, salt tolerant, and can survive at infective levels in many types of foods such as fruits and vegetables, low pH foods, prepared foods, and foods held in modified atmosphere or vacuum packaging. Survival is often increased when food is held at refrigerated temperatures. Detection methods for Shigella include conventional culture methods, immunological methods, and molecular microbiological methods. Conventional culture of Shigella in foods is often problematic due to the lack of appropriate selective media. Immunological methods for Shigella have been researched, yet there is only one commercially available test kit. Molecular microbiological methods such as PCR, oligonucleotide microarrays, and rep-PCR have also been developed for the detection and identification of Shigella. This manuscript reviews the general characteristics, prevalence, growth and survival, and methods for detection of Shigella in food.}, doi = {L04146654158X562 [pii] 10.1080/10408390500295458}, author = {Warren, B R and Parish, M E and Schneider, K R} } @article {2455, title = {{Shigella as a foodborne pathogen and current methods for detection in food}}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition}, volume = {46}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, pages = {551{\textendash}567}, edition = {2006/09/07}, abstract = {

Shigella, the causative agent of shigellosis or \"bacillary dysentery,\" has been increasingly involved in foodborne outbreaks. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\&$\#$39;s Emerging Infections Program, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), Shigella was the third most reported foodborne bacterial pathogen in 2002. Foods are most commonly contaminated with Shigella by an infected food handler who practices poor personal hygiene. Shigella is acid resistant, salt tolerant, and can survive at infective levels in many types of foods such as fruits and vegetables, low pH foods, prepared foods, and foods held in modified atmosphere or vacuum packaging. Survival is often increased when food is held at refrigerated temperatures. Detection methods for Shigella include conventional culture methods, immunological methods, and molecular microbiological methods. Conventional culture of Shigella in foods is often problematic due to the lack of appropriate selective media. Immunological methods for Shigella have been researched, yet there is only one commercially available test kit. Molecular microbiological methods such as PCR, oligonucleotide microarrays, and rep-PCR have also been developed for the detection and identification of Shigella. This manuscript reviews the general characteristics, prevalence, growth and survival, and methods for detection of Shigella in food.

}, isbn = {1549-7852 (Electronic) 1040-8398 (Linking)}, doi = {L04146654158X562 [pii] 10.1080/10408390500295458}, author = {Warren, B R and Parish, M E and Schneider, K R} } @article {8059, title = {{Shigellosis in Kobe City, Japan, after school excursion to Malaysia and Singapore.}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {aug}, pages = {274}, issn = {1344-6304}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16936352}, author = {Kimura, Tomoki and Inoue, Akira and Kawakami, Yasuto and Shirai, Chika} } @article {14110, title = {Shigellosis in {Kobe} {City}, {Japan}, after school excursion to {Malaysia} and {Singapore}.}, journal = {Japanese journal of infectious diseases}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {aug}, pages = {274}, issn = {1344-6304}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16936352}, author = {Kimura, Tomoki and Inoue, Akira and Kawakami, Yasuto and Shirai, Chika} } @article {4371, title = {{Short- and long-term variations of norovirus concentrations in the Meuse river during a 2-year study period.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {14}, year = {2006}, month = {aug}, pages = {2613{\textendash}20}, abstract = {

Faecally impacted surface waters used for drinking water production may encompass risk for norovirus infections. To be able to assess a possible health risk, noroviruses should be quantified and fluctuations identified. In 2001, norovirus concentrations in the river Meuse displayed a seasonal distribution with high peaks during wintertime as determined by RT-PCR on serially diluted RNA. An intensified day-by-day sampling scheme in the winter of 2002/2003 revealed that the winter peak consisted of several peaks of varying duration and magnitude, possibly due to contamination events in the catchment. The highest estimated concentration was 1700 PCR-detectable units per litre (95{\%} CI 250-8000), which if coinciding with failing treatment could lead to significant numbers in drinking water. Adaptive dynamic filtering was shown to adequately predict subsequent sample concentrations. If valid, such analyses could prove to be useful as early warning systems in risk management of water sources.

}, keywords = {Netherlands, Norovirus, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Probability, Rivers, Rivers: microbiology, Time Factors}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2006.05.019}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16839583}, author = {Westrell, Therese and Teunis, Peter and Van Den Berg, Harold and Lodder, Willemijn and Ketelaars, Henk and Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m and Ana M. De Roda Husman} } @article {7047, title = {Short- and long-term variations of norovirus concentrations in the {Meuse} river during a 2-year study period}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {14}, year = {2006}, month = {aug}, pages = {2613{\textendash}2620}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2006.05.019}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135406003083}, author = {Westrell, Therese and Teunis, Peter and Van Den Berg, Harold and Lodder, Willemijn and Ketelaars, Henk and Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m and Ana M. De Roda Husman} } @inbook {11235, title = {{The significance of cerebral toxocariasis}}, booktitle = {Toxocara. The Enigmatic Parasite.}, year = {2006}, pages = {58{\textendash}73}, publisher = {CABI}, organization = {CABI}, edition = {1}, author = {Holland, C V and Hamilton, C}, editor = {Holland, Celia and Smith, H V} } @article {3185, title = {Simultaneous alveolar and cystic echinococcosis of the liver}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {100}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, month = {jun}, pages = {597{\textendash}600}, abstract = {Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by infection with the larval stages of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus, respectively, are of major clinical importance. Reports of infection with AE or CE are very common, but instances of simultaneous or dual infection are rare. We report on four cases with mixed AE/CE infections in the liver, diagnosed using retrospective surgical records and active community surveys in southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), PR China, a recognized hyperendemic area for echinococcosis.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, China, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Male, Middle Aged}, issn = {0035-9203}, doi = {10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.09.016}, author = {Yang, Yu Rong and Liu, Xong Zhou and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Bartholomot, Brigitte and Wang, Yun Hai and Ito, Akira and Craig, Philip S. and McManus, Donald P.} } @article {8691, title = {{Site-related airborne biological hazard and seasonal variations in two wastewater treatment plants}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, year = {2006}, pages = {1985{\textendash}1994}, abstract = {Results of a study conducted to assess the degree of airborne bacterial contamination generated by two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) with different treatment systems and evaluate the dispersion of potential pathogens, have been described. Aerosols samples were collected in summer and winter with an agar impact sampler from several plant sites. External upwind and downwind controls were also examined. Total colony-forming counts of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria, actinomycetes and streptomycetes, Gram-negatives, coliforms and sulfite-reducers were determined. Selective media were used in order to detect pathogenic bacteria. The lowest concentrations of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria were 8 and 28 CFU/m3 in plants A and B respectively, the highest {\textgreater}40 000 CFU/m3 in both plants. Strains of Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. were isolated in some sites of the two plants. Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica and Legionella spp. were never detected. The activities involving nebulization and mechanical aeration of wastewaters and the sewage inflows have proved to be of greatest potential risk. In both plants, we found a statistically significant dependence of bacterial contamination on the season for many of the analyzed parameters but a clear seasonal trend could not be observed. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {bacteria, Bioaerosols, Health risk, Pathogens, Season, Wastewater treatment plants}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2006.03.016}, author = {Fracchia, Letizia and Pietronave, Stefano and Rinaldi, Maurizio and Giovanna Martinotti, Maria} } @inbook {12899, title = {Sludge treatment and management}, year = {2006}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, B and Wang, L}, editor = {Ujang, Z and Henze, M} } @article {8913, title = {SODIS manual Guidance on solar water disinfection}, year = {2006}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://www.sodis.ch/methode/anwendung/ausbildungsmaterial/dokumente_material/sodismanual_2016.pdf} } @inbook {1312, title = {Soil inactivation of DNA viruses in septic seepage}, booktitle = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {100}, year = {2006}, note = {Davies, C M Logan, M R Rothwell, V J Krogh, M Ferguson, C M Charles, K Deere, D A Ashbolt, N J Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Journal of applied microbiology JAM2777 [pii] J Appl Microbiol. 2006 Feb;100(2):365-74.}, pages = {365-74}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {AIMS: To generate field-relevant inactivation data for incorporation into models to predict the likelihood of viral contamination of surface waters by septic seepage. METHODS AND RESULTS: Inactivation rates were determined for PRD1 bacteriophage and Adenovirus 2 in two catchment soils under a range of temperature, moisture and biotic status regimes. Inactivation rates presented for both viruses were significantly different at different temperatures and in different soil types (alpha = 0.05). Soil moisture generally did not significantly affect virus inactivation rate. Biotic status significantly affected inactivation rates of PRD1 in the loam soil but not the clay-loam soil. Adenovirus 2 was inactivated more rapidly in the loam soil than PRD1 bacteriophage. CONCLUSIONS: Virus inactivation rates incorporated into models should be appropriate for the climate/catchment in question with particular regard to soil type and temperature. Given that PRD1 is similar in size to adenoviruses, yet more conservative with regard to inactivation in soil, it may be a useful surrogate in studies of Adenovirus fate and transport. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A better understanding of the factors that govern virus fate and transport in catchments would facilitate the design of barrier measures to prevent viral contamination of surface waters by septic seepage.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/physiology Aluminum Silicates Bacteriophage PRD1/physiology DNA Viruses/ physiology Ecosystem Humidity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Soil Microbiology Temperature Virus Inactivation Water Microbiology Water Purification/methods}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02777.x}, author = {Davies, C. M. and Logan, M. R. and Rothwell, V. J. and Krogh, M. and Ferguson, C. M. and Charles, K. and Deere, D. A. and Ashbolt, N. J.} } @article {10945, title = {Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {367}, number = {9521}, year = {2006}, pages = {1521{\textendash}1532}, abstract = {The three main soil-transmitted helminth infections, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm, are common clinical disorders in man. The gastrointestinal tract of a child living in poverty in a less developed country is likely to be parasitised with at least one, and in many cases all three soil-transmitted helminths, with resultant impairments in physical, intellectual, and cognitive development. The benzimidazole anthelmintics, mebendazole and albendazole, are commonly used to remove these infections. The use of these drugs is not limited to treatment of symptomatic soil-transmitted helminth infections, but also for large-scale prevention of morbidity in children living in endemic areas. As a result of data showing improvements in child health and education after deworming, and the burden of disease attributed to soil-transmitted helminths, the worldwide community is awakening to the importance of these infections. Concerns about the sustainability of periodic deworming with benzimidazole anthelmintics and the emergence of resistance have prompted efforts to develop and test new control tools.}, issn = {0140-6736}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68653-4}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68653-4}, author = {Bethony, Jeffrey and Brooker, Simon and Albonico, Marco and Geiger, Stefan M and Loukas, Alex and Diemert, David and Hotez, Peter J} } @article {12014, title = {Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {367}, number = {9521}, year = {2006}, note = {Bethony, Jeffrey
Brooker, Simon
Albonico, Marco
Geiger, Stefan M
Loukas, Alex
Diemert, David
Hotez, Peter J
eng
Review
England
2006/05/09 09:00
Lancet. 2006 May 6;367(9521):1521-32.}, month = {May 06}, pages = {1521-32}, abstract = {The three main soil-transmitted helminth infections, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm, are common clinical disorders in man. The gastrointestinal tract of a child living in poverty in a less developed country is likely to be parasitised with at least one, and in many cases all three soil-transmitted helminths, with resultant impairments in physical, intellectual, and cognitive development. The benzimidazole anthelmintics, mebendazole and albendazole, are commonly used to remove these infections. The use of these drugs is not limited to treatment of symptomatic soil-transmitted helminth infections, but also for large-scale prevention of morbidity in children living in endemic areas. As a result of data showing improvements in child health and education after deworming, and the burden of disease attributed to soil-transmitted helminths, the worldwide community is awakening to the importance of these infections. Concerns about the sustainability of periodic deworming with benzimidazole anthelmintics and the emergence of resistance have prompted efforts to develop and test new control tools.}, keywords = {*Ascariasis/drug therapy/epidemiology/transmission, *Hookworm Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/transmission, *Public Health, *Trichuriasis/drug therapy/epidemiology/transmission, Animals, Anthelmintics/*therapeutic use, Child, Developing Countries, Female, Helminthiasis/mortality/*physiopathology, Helminths/*growth \& development/physiology, Humans, Male, Soil/*parasitology}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Bethony, J. and Brooker, S. and Albonico, M. and Geiger, S. M. and Loukas, A. and Diemert, D. and Hotez, P. J.} } @article {16506, title = {Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {367}, number = {9521}, year = {2006}, month = {may}, pages = {1521{\textendash}32}, abstract = {The three main soil-transmitted helminth infections, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm, are common clinical disorders in man. The gastrointestinal tract of a child living in poverty in a less developed country is likely to be parasitised with at least one, and in many cases all three soil-transmitted helminths, with resultant impairments in physical, intellectual, and cognitive development. The benzimidazole anthelmintics, mebendazole and albendazole, are commonly used to remove these infections. The use of these drugs is not limited to treatment of symptomatic soil-transmitted helminth infections, but also for large-scale prevention of morbidity in children living in endemic areas. As a result of data showing improvements in child health and education after deworming, and the burden of disease attributed to soil-transmitted helminths, the worldwide community is awakening to the importance of these infections. Concerns about the sustainability of periodic deworming with benzimidazole anthelmintics and the emergence of resistance have prompted efforts to develop and test new control tools.}, keywords = {*Ascariasis/drug therapy/epidemiology/transmission, *Hookworm Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/transmission, *Public Health, *Trichuriasis/drug therapy/epidemiology/transmission, Animals, Anthelmintics/*therapeutic use, Child, Developing Countries, Female, Helminthiasis/mortality/*physiopathology, Helminths/*growth \& development/physiology, Humans, Male, Soil/*parasitology}, issn = {1474-547X (Electronic) 0140-6736 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68653-4}, author = {Bethony, J. and Brooker, S. and Albonico, M. and Geiger, S. M. and Loukas, A. and Diemert, D. and Hotez, P. J.} } @article {15109, title = {Soil-transmitted helminth infections for ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {367}, year = {2006}, pages = {1521{\textendash}1532}, author = {Bethony, J. and Brooker, S. and Albonico, M. and Geiger, S. M. and Ioukas, A. and Diemert, D. and Hotez, P. J.} } @article {5696, title = {{Solar Disinfection of Poliovirus and Acanthamoeba Polyphaga Cysts in Water - a Laboratory Study Using Simulated Sunlight}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {125{\textendash}130}, author = {Heaselgrave, W and Patel, N and Kilvington, S and Kehoe, SC and McGuigan, KG} } @article {8936, title = {Solar disinfection of poliovirus and Acanthamoeba polyphaga cysts in water{\textendash}a laboratory study using simulated sunlight}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {125-130}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1472-765X}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.01940.x/asset/j.1472-765X.2006.01940.x.pdf?v=1\&t=iqtqjfxa\&s=9b62d1a77db4f30006c7a852e960e0a69cc6bbfd}, author = {Heaselgrave, W. and Patel, N. and Kilvington, S. and Kehoe, S. C. and McGuigan, K. G.} } @article {1749, title = {Species-specific RT-PCR amplification of human enteroviruses: a tool for rapid species identification of uncharacterized enteroviruses}, journal = {J Gen Virol}, volume = {87}, number = {Pt 1}, year = {2006}, note = {Oberste, M Steven Maher, Kaija Williams, Alford J Dybdahl-Sissoko, Naomi Brown, Betty A Gookin, Michelle S Penaranda, Silvia Mishrik, Nada Uddin, Moyez Pallansch, Mark A eng England 2005/12/20 09:00 J Gen Virol. 2006 Jan;87(Pt 1):119-28.}, pages = {119-28}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The 65 serotypes of human enteroviruses are classified into four species, Human enterovirus (HEV) A to D, based largely on phylogenetic relationships in multiple genome regions. The 3{\textquoteright}-non-translated region of enteroviruses is highly conserved within a species but highly divergent between species. From this information, species-specific RT-PCR primers were developed that can be used to rapidly screen collections of enterovirus isolates to identify species of interest. The four primer pairs were 100 \% specific when tested against enterovirus prototype strains and panels of isolates of known serotype (a total of 193 isolates). For evaluation in a typical application, the species-specific primers were used to screen 186 previously uncharacterized non-polio enterovirus isolates. The HEV-B primers amplified 68.3 \% of isolates, while the HEV-A and HEV-C primers accounted for 9.7 and 11.3 \% of isolates, respectively; no isolates were amplified with the HEV-D primers. Twelve isolates (6.5 \%) were amplified by more than one primer set and eight isolates (4.3 \%) were not amplified by any of the four primer pairs. Serotypes were identified by partial sequencing of the VP1 capsid gene, and in every case sequencing confirmed that the species-specific PCR result was correct; the isolates that were amplified by more than one species-specific primer pair were mixtures of two (11 isolates) or three (one isolate) species of viruses. The eight isolates that were not amplified by the species-specific primers comprised four new serotypes (EV76, EV89, EV90 and EV91) that appear to be unique members of HEV-A based on VP1, 3D and 3{\textquoteright}-non-translated region sequences.}, keywords = {3{\textquoteright} Untranslated Regions/*analysis/genetics Amino Acid Sequence Capsid/chemistry Capsid Proteins/*genetics DNA Primers Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification *Genome, Viral Humans Molecular Sequence Data Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Sensitivity and Specificity}, issn = {0022-1317 (Print) 0022-1317 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1099/vir.0.81179-0}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16361424}, author = {Oberste, M. S. and Maher, K. and Williams, A. J. and Dybdahl-Sissoko, N. and Brown, B. A. and Gookin, M. S. and Penaranda, S. and Mishrik, N. and Uddin, M. and M A Pallansch} } @article {9259, title = {{Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {354}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {119{\textendash}130}, author = {Freedman, DO and Weld, LH and Kozarsky, PE and Fisk, T and Robins, R and von Sonnenburg, F and Keystone, JS and Pandey, P and Cetron, MS and GeoSentinel Surveillance, N} } @article {14234, title = {The structures of {Escherichia} coli {O}-polysaccharide antigens.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology reviews}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {may}, pages = {382{\textendash}403}, abstract = {Escherichia coli is usually a non-pathogenic member of the human colonic flora. However, certain strains have acquired virulence factors and may cause a variety of infections in humans and in animals. There are three clinical syndromes caused by E. coli: (i) sepsis/meningitis; (ii) urinary tract infection and (iii) diarrhoea. Furthermore the E. coli causing diarrhoea is divided into different {\textquoteright}pathotypes{\textquoteright} depending on the type of disease, i.e. (i) enterotoxigenic; (ii) enteropathogenic; (iii) enteroinvasive; (iv) enterohaemorrhagic; (v) enteroaggregative and (vi) diffusely adherent. The serotyping of E. coli based on the somatic (O), flagellar (H) and capsular polysaccharide antigens (K) is used in epidemiology. The different antigens may be unique for a particular serogroup or antigenic determinants may be shared, resulting in cross-reactions with other serogroups of E. coli or even with other members of the family Enterobacteriacea. To establish the uniqueness of a particular serogroup or to identify the presence of common epitopes, a database of the structures of O-antigenic polysaccharides has been created. The E. coli database (ECODAB) contains structures, nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts and to some extent cross-reactivity relationships. All fields are searchable. A ranking is produced based on similarity, which facilitates rapid identification of strains that are difficult to serotype (if known) based on classical agglutinating methods. In addition, results pertinent to the biosynthesis of the repeating units of O-antigens are discussed. The ECODAB is accessible to the scientific community at http://www.casper.organ.su.se/ECODAB/.}, keywords = {Carbohydrate Sequence, Computational Biology, Databases, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: chemistry, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Factual, Molecular Structure, O Antigens, O Antigens: biosynthesis, O Antigens: chemistry}, issn = {0168-6445}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00016.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16594963}, author = {Stenutz, Roland and Weintraub, Andrej and Widmalm, G{\"o}ran} } @article {2422, title = {{The structures of Escherichia coli O-polysaccharide antigens.}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {may}, pages = {382{\textendash}403}, abstract = {

Escherichia coli is usually a non-pathogenic member of the human colonic flora. However, certain strains have acquired virulence factors and may cause a variety of infections in humans and in animals. There are three clinical syndromes caused by E. coli: (i) sepsis/meningitis; (ii) urinary tract infection and (iii) diarrhoea. Furthermore the E. coli causing diarrhoea is divided into different \&$\#$39;pathotypes\&$\#$39; depending on the type of disease, i.e. (i) enterotoxigenic; (ii) enteropathogenic; (iii) enteroinvasive; (iv) enterohaemorrhagic; (v) enteroaggregative and (vi) diffusely adherent. The serotyping of E. coli based on the somatic (O), flagellar (H) and capsular polysaccharide antigens (K) is used in epidemiology. The different antigens may be unique for a particular serogroup or antigenic determinants may be shared, resulting in cross-reactions with other serogroups of E. coli or even with other members of the family Enterobacteriacea. To establish the uniqueness of a particular serogroup or to identify the presence of common epitopes, a database of the structures of O-antigenic polysaccharides has been created. The E. coli database (ECODAB) contains structures, nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts and to some extent cross-reactivity relationships. All fields are searchable. A ranking is produced based on similarity, which facilitates rapid identification of strains that are difficult to serotype (if known) based on classical agglutinating methods. In addition, results pertinent to the biosynthesis of the repeating units of O-antigens are discussed. The ECODAB is accessible to the scientific community at http://www.casper.organ.su.se/ECODAB/.

}, keywords = {Carbohydrate Sequence, Computational Biology, Databases, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: chemistry, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Factual, Molecular Structure, O Antigens, O Antigens: biosynthesis, O Antigens: chemistry}, issn = {0168-6445}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00016.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16594963}, author = {Stenutz, Roland and Weintraub, Andrej and Widmalm, G{\"o}ran} } @article {5510, title = {{Surrogates for the study of norovirus stability and inactivation in the environment: A comparison of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {69}, number = {11}, year = {2006}, pages = {2761{\textendash}2765}, abstract = {

Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of food- and waterborne outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. As a result of the lack of a mammalian cell culture model for these viruses, studies on persistence, inactivation, and transmission have been limited to cultivable viruses, including feline calicivirus (FCV). Recently, reports of the successful cell culture of murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) have provided investigators with an alternative surrogate for human NoVs. In this study, we compared the inactivation profiles of MNV-1 to FCV in an effort to establish the relevance of MNV-1 as a surrogate virus. Specifically, we evaluated (i) stability upon exposure to pH extremes; (ii) stability upon exposure to organic solvents; (iii) thermal inactivation; and (iv) surface persistence under wet and dry conditions. MNV-1 was stable across the entire pH range tested (pH 2 to 10) with less than 1 log reduction in infectivity at pH 2, whereas FCV was inactivated rapidly at pH values {\textless} 3 and {\textgreater} 9. FCV was more stable than MNV-1 at 56 degrees C, but both viruses exhibited similar inactivation at 63 and 72 degrees C. Long-term persistence of both viruses suspended in a fecal matrix and inoculated onto stainless steel coupons were similar at 4 degrees C, but at room temperature in solution, MNV-1 was more stable than FCV. The genetic relatedness of MNV-1 to human NoVs combined with its ability to survive under gastric pH levels makes this virus a promising and relevant surrogate for studying environmental survival of human NoVs.

}, isbn = {4046393645}, issn = {0362-028X}, author = {Cannon, Jennifer L and Papafragkou, Efstathia and Park, Geunwoo W and Osborne, Jason and Lee A Jaykus and J Vinj{\'e}} } @article {7663, title = {Surveillance for bacterial diarrhea and antimicrobial resistance in rural western Kenya, 1997-2003}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {43}, year = {2006}, pages = {393-401}, author = {Brooks,J. T. and Ochieng,J. B. and Kumar,L. and Okoth,G. and Shapiro,R. L. and Wells,J. G. and Bird,M. and Bopp,C. and Chege,W. and Beatty,M. E. and Chiller,T. and Vulule,J. M. and Mintz,E. and Slutsker,L.} } @article {13954, title = {Surveillance for {Waterborne} {Disease} and {Outbreaks} {Associated} with {Recreational} {Water} {\textemdash} {United} {States}, 2003{\textendash}2004 and {Surveillance} for {Waterborne} {Disease} and {Outbreaks} {Associated} with {Drinking} {Water} and {Water} not {Intende}, journal = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {55}, number = {SS-12}, year = {2006}, author = {CDC - Centers for Disease Control} } @article {2187, title = {Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water {\textemdash} United States, 2003{\textendash}2004 and Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Water and Water not Intended for Drinking {\textemdash} United States}, journal = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {55}, number = {SS-12}, year = {2006}, pages = {1-47} } @inbook {1489, title = {Survival and transport of enteric viruses in the environment.}, booktitle = {Viruses in Foods. Food Microbiology and Food Safety Series}, year = {2006}, pages = {151-187}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, type = {Book Section}, address = {New York, NY, USA }, author = {Bosch, A. and Pinto, R. M. and Abad, F. X .}, editor = {Goyal, S. M.} } @inbook {11470, title = {Survival and transport of enteric viruses in the environment}, booktitle = {Viruses in Foods}, year = {2006}, pages = {151{\textendash}187}, author = {Bosch, Albert and Pinto, RM and Abad, FX} } @article {7759, title = {Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in potable water biofilms: a comparative study with different detection methods}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, note = {Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in potable water biofilms: a comparative study with different detection methods; ISI:000241249600009; ID: 297}, pages = {57-61}, author = {Lehtola,M. J. and Pitk{\"a}nen,T. and Miebach,L. and Miettinen,I. T.} } @article {14194, title = {Survival of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in wastewater from dairy lagoons.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {oct}, pages = {891{\textendash}902}, abstract = {AIM: To determine the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy wastewater from on-site holding lagoons equipped with or without circulating aerators. METHODS AND RESULTS: Survival was monitored in dairy lagoon microcosms equipped with or without scale-size circulators. Both laboratory strains of E. coli O157:H7 and an isolate of E. coli H7 from wastewater had poor survival rates and none proliferated in water from waste lagoons with or without circulators. Furthermore, the decline of E. coli O157:H7 was not enhanced in those microcosms equipped with circulators. Strain variation in survival was observed in both circulated and settling waters. The decline rate of E. coli O157:H7 Odwalla strain increased proportionately with the inoculum load. Escherichia coli failed to establish itself in wastewater even after four sequential inoculations simulating continuous faecal input into the lagoon. The native aerobic bacteria survived longer with a decimal reduction time of 21.3 days vs either introduced or native E. coli, which declined rapidly with decimal reduction time of 0.5-9.4 days. CONCLUSIONS: Escherichia coli O157:H7 failed to establish and proliferate in dairy wastewater microcosms equipped with or without circulating aerators. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study furthers our knowledge of pathogen survival in wastewater, and suggests that proper management of wastewater before its use in irrigation is essential to reduce pathogen transfer to crops.}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02956.x}, author = {Ravva, S V and Sarreal, C Z and Duffy, B and Stanker, L H} } @article {7083, title = {Survival of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in wastewater from dairy lagoons}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {oct}, pages = {891{\textendash}902}, issn = {1364-5072, 1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02956.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02956.x}, author = {Ravva, S.V. and Sarreal, C.Z. and Duffy, B. and Stanker, L.H.} } @article {2384, title = {{Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in wastewater from dairy lagoons.}}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {oct}, pages = {891{\textendash}902}, abstract = {AIM: To determine the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy wastewater from on-site holding lagoons equipped with or without circulating aerators. METHODS AND RESULTS: Survival was monitored in dairy lagoon microcosms equipped with or without scale-size circulators. Both laboratory strains of E. coli O157:H7 and an isolate of E. coli H7 from wastewater had poor survival rates and none proliferated in water from waste lagoons with or without circulators. Furthermore, the decline of E. coli O157:H7 was not enhanced in those microcosms equipped with circulators. Strain variation in survival was observed in both circulated and settling waters. The decline rate of E. coli O157:H7 Odwalla strain increased proportionately with the inoculum load. Escherichia coli failed to establish itself in wastewater even after four sequential inoculations simulating continuous faecal input into the lagoon. The native aerobic bacteria survived longer with a decimal reduction time of 21.3 days vs either introduced or native E. coli, which declined rapidly with decimal reduction time of 0.5-9.4 days. CONCLUSIONS: Escherichia coli O157:H7 failed to establish and proliferate in dairy wastewater microcosms equipped with or without circulating aerators. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study furthers our knowledge of pathogen survival in wastewater, and suggests that proper management of wastewater before its use in irrigation is essential to reduce pathogen transfer to crops.}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02956.x}, author = {Ravva, S V and Sarreal, C Z and Duffy, B and Stanker, L H} } @article {12966, title = {Survival of~faecal coliforms in~four~different types of~sludge-amended soils in~Botswana}, journal = {European Journal of Soil Biology}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {208 - 218}, keywords = {Arenosol, Biochemical, coliform, Luvisol, Physico-chemical, Vertisol}, issn = {1164-5563}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.03.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1164556306000215}, author = {V. Ngole and S. Mpuchane and O. Totolo} } @article {12936, title = {Survival of pathogenic and indicator bacteria in biosolids applied to agricultural land}, journal = {Soil Research}, volume = {44}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, pages = {647{\textendash}659}, publisher = {CSIRO}, author = {Eamens, GJ and Waldron, AM and Nicholls, PJ} } @article {12980, title = {Survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in manure and manure-amended soils.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72 9}, year = {2006}, pages = {5777-83}, author = {Youwen You and Shelley C. Rankin and Helen W. Aceto and Charles E. Benson and John Daniel Toth and Zhengxia Dou} } @inbook {1569, title = {Survival of viruses in the marine environment.}, booktitle = {Ocean and Health}, year = {2006}, pages = {133-142}, publisher = {Springer.}, organization = {Springer.}, type = {Book Section}, address = {New York, NY, USA }, author = {Gerba, C. P.}, editor = {Belkin, S. and Colwell, R.} } @inbook {14616, title = {Survival of viruses in the marine environment.}, booktitle = {Ocean and {Health}}, year = {2006}, pages = {133{\textendash}142}, publisher = {Springer.}, organization = {Springer.}, address = {New York, NY}, author = {Gerba, C. P.}, editor = {Belkin, S. and Colwell, R.} } @article {2939, title = {Survival strategy of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in the human host}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {55 Suppl}, year = {2006}, pages = {S51{\textendash}55}, abstract = {As exemplified by "aborted" calcified liver lesions commonly found in patients from endemic areas, Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes develop only in a minority of individuals exposed to infection with the papasite. Clinical research has disclosed some aspects of the survival strategy of E. multilocularis in human hosts. Clinical observations in liver transplantation and AIDS suggest that suppression of cellular/Th1-related immunity increases disease severity. Most of the studies have stressed a role for CD8+ T cells and for Interleukin-10 in the development of tolerance. A spontaneous secretion of IL-10 by the PBMC seems to be the immunological hallmark of patients with progressive forms of alveolar echinococcosis (AE). IL-10-induced inhibition of effector macrophages, but also of antigen-presenting dendritic cells, may be operating and allowing parasite growth and survival. The genetic correlates of susceptibility to infection with E. multilocularis are clearer in humans than in the mouse model. A significant link between MHC polymorphism and clinical presentation of AE has been shown, and the spontaneous secretion of IL-10 in patients with a progressive AE is higher in patients with the HLA DR3+, DQ2+ haplotype. Clustering of cases in certain families, in communities otherwise exposed to similar risk factors, also points to immuno-genetic predisposition factors that may allow the larva to escape host immunity more easily. The first stage of larval development may be crucial in producing "danger signals" stimulating the initial production of cytokines. Therapeutic use of Interferon alpha is an attempt to foil the survival strategy of E. multilocularis.}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Hepatic, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Immune Tolerance}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.007}, author = {Vuitton, Dominique Ang{\`e}le and Zhang, Shao Ling and Yang, Yurong and Godot, V{\'e}ronique and Beurton, Isabelle and Mantion, Georges and Bresson-Hadni, Solange} } @article {15562, title = {Tetraspanins on the surface of Schistosoma mansoni are protective antigens against schistosomiasis}, journal = {Nature Medicine}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, note = {Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, month = {Jul}, pages = {835-40}, abstract = {Schistosomes are blood-dwelling flukes that infect 200 million people worldwide and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths annually. Using a signal sequence trap, we cloned from Schistosoma mansoni two cDNAs, Sm-tsp-1 and Sm-tsp-2, encoding the tetraspanin (TSP) integral membrane proteins TSP-1 and TSP-2. We raised antibodies to recombinant TSP fusion proteins and showed that both proteins are exposed on the surface of S. mansoni. Recombinant TSP-2, but not TSP-1, is strongly recognized by IgG1 and IgG3 (but not IgE) from naturally resistant individuals but is not recognized by IgG from chronically infected or unexposed individuals. Vaccination of mice with the recombinant proteins followed by challenge infection with S. mansoni resulted in reductions of 57\% and 64\% (TSP-2) and 34\% and 52\% (TSP-1) for mean adult worm burdens and liver egg burdens, respectively, over two independent trials. Fecal egg counts were reduced by 65-69\% in both test groups. TSP-2 in particular provided protection in excess of the 40\% benchmark set by the World Health Organization for progression of schistosome vaccine antigens into clinical trials. When coupled with its selective recognition by naturally resistant people, TSP-2 seems to be an effective vaccine antigen against S. mansoni.}, keywords = {Animals, Feces/parasitology, Female, Helminth Proteins/*immunology, Humans, Membrane Proteins/*immunology, Nerve Tissue Proteins/immunology, Parasite Egg Count, Recombinant Proteins/immunology, Schistosoma mansoni/*immunology/isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology, Tetraspanins}, isbn = {1078-8956 (Print)
1078-8956 (Linking)}, author = {Tran, M. H. and Pearson, M. S. and Bethony, J. M. and Smyth, D. J. and Jones, M. K. and Duke, M. and Don, T. A. and McManus, D. P. and Correa-Oliveira, R. and Loukas, A.} } @article {9000, title = {Thermal inactivation of water-borne pathogenic and indicator bacteria at sub-boiling temperatures}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {1326-1332}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2006.01.032}, url = {://WOS:000236480200027 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S004313540600056X/1-s2.0-S004313540600056X-main.pdf?_tid=cd986058-3edd-11e6-9ae8-00000aab0f01\&acdnat=1467303484_bae8f67bbfcf278f6dc035c31e791d92}, author = {Spinks, A. T. and Dunstan, R. H. and Harrison, T. and Coombes, P. and Kuczera, G.} } @article {17394, title = {Thermal inactivation of water-borne pathogenic and indicator bacteria at sub-boiling temperatures}, journal = {Water ResearchWater researchWater Res}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, month = {Mar}, pages = {1326-1332}, keywords = {bacteria, Contamination, D-value, destruction, different roof catchments, escherichia-coli o157-h7, growth-phase, heat-resistance, hot water, legionella-pneumophila, pH, rainwater quality, resistance, rpos, Thermal, yersinia-enterocolitica}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Spinks, A. T. and Dunstan, R. H. and Harrison, T. and Coombes, P. and Kuczera, G.} } @article {6667, title = {Towards a {US} national estimate of the risk of endemic waterborne disease {\textendash} sero-epidemiologic studies}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {121}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.021}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/004/jwh004s121.htm}, author = {Casemore, David} } @article {7212, title = {Towards a {US} national estimate of the risk of endemic waterborne disease {\textendash} sero-epidemiologic studies}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {121}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.021}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2006.021}, author = {Casemore, David} } @article {10525, title = {{Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in the aquatic environment of Mathbaria, Bangladesh}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, pages = {2849{\textendash}2855}, author = {Alam, M and Sultana, M and Nair, GB and Sack, RB and D A Sack and Siddique, AK and Ali, A and Huq, A and Colwell, RR} } @book {11232, title = {{Toxocara: The Enigmatic Parasite}}, year = {2006}, publisher = {CABI}, organization = {CABI}, edition = {1}, author = {Holland, C V and Smith, H V} } @article {7248, title = {Tracking {Patterns} of {Enteric} {Illnesses} in {Populations} and {Communities}}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {sep}, pages = {58{\textendash}64}, issn = {0091-6765}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.9199}, url = {http://www.ehponline.org/ambra-doi-resolver/10.1289/ehp.9199}, author = {Peace, Terry and Mazumder, Asit} } @article {7402, title = {Tracking {Patterns} of {Enteric} {Illnesses} in {Populations} and {Communities}}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {sep}, pages = {58{\textendash}64}, issn = {0091-6765}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.9199}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1797834/}, author = {Peace, Terry and Mazumder, Asit} } @article {15805, title = {Transient neonatal Cryptosporidium parvum infection triggers long-term jejunal hypersensitivity to distension in immunocompetent rats}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {74}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, month = {Jul}, pages = {4387-9}, edition = {2006/06/23}, keywords = {*Cryptosporidium parvum, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cryptosporidiosis/*immunology/physiopathology, Female, Hypersensitivity/*immunology/parasitology/physiopathology, Jejunum/*immunology/parasitology/physiopathology, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley}, isbn = {0019-9567 (Print)
0019-9567}, author = {Marion, R. and Baishanbo, A. and Gargala, G. and Francois, A. and Ducrotte, P. and Duclos, C. and Fioramonti, J. and Ballet, J. J. and Favennec, L.} } @article {562, title = {Transmission dynamics and prospective environmental sampling of adenovirus in a military recruit setting}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {194}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, note = {Russell, Kevin L Broderick, Michael P Franklin, Suzanne E Blyn, Lawrence B Freed, Nikki E Moradi, Emily Ecker, David J Kammerer, Peter E Osuna, Miguel A Kajon, Adriana E Morn, Cassandra B Ryan, Margaret A K Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States J Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 1;194(7):877-85. Epub 2006 Aug 25.}, pages = {877-85}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: High levels of morbidity caused by adenovirus among US military recruits have returned since the loss of adenovirus vaccines in 1999. The transmission dynamics of adenovirus have never been well understood, which complicates prevention efforts. METHODS: Enrollment and end-of-study samples were obtained and active surveillance for febrile respiratory illnesses (FRIs) was performed for 341 recruits and support personnel. Environmental samples were collected simultaneously. Classic and advanced diagnostic techniques were used. RESULTS: Seventy-nine percent (213/271) of new recruits were seronegative for either adenovirus serotype 4 (Ad-4) or adenovirus serotype 7 (Ad-7). FRI caused by Ad-4 was observed in 25\% (67/271) of enrolled recruits, with 100\% of them occurring in individuals with enrollment titers <1 : 4. The percentage of recruits seropositive for Ad-4 increased from 34\% at enrollment to 97\% by the end of the study. Adenovirus was most commonly detected in the environment on pillows, lockers, and rifles. CONCLUSIONS: Potential sources of adenovirus transmission among US military recruits included the presence of adenovirus on surfaces in living quarters and extended pharyngeal viral shedding over the course of several days. The introduction of new recruits, who were still shedding adenovirus, into new training groups was documented. Serological screening could identify susceptible recruits for the optimal use of available vaccines. New high-throughput technologies show promise in providing valuable data for clinical and research applications.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Human/*classification/genetics/immunology/isolation \& purification Antibodies, Human/*transmission/virology Adenoviruses, Tumor Housing Humans *Military Personnel Respiratory Tract Infections/*transmission/virology United States, Viral/blood Cell Line}, issn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/507426}, author = {Russell, K. L. and Broderick, M. P. and Franklin, S. E. and Blyn, L. B. and Freed, N. E. and Moradi, E. and Ecker, D. J. and Kammerer, P. E. and Osuna, M. A. and Kajon, A. E. and Morn, C. B. and Ryan, M. A.} } @article {4592, title = {Transmission dynamics and prospective environmental sampling of adenovirus in a military recruit setting}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {194}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, pages = {877{\textendash}85}, issn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/507426}, author = {Russell, K. L. and Broderick, M. P. and Franklin, S. E. and Blyn, L. B. and Freed, N. E. and Moradi, E. and Ecker, D. J. and Kammerer, P. E. and Osuna, M. A. and Kajon, A. E. and Morn, C. B. and Ryan, M. A.} } @article {6049, title = {Transport and fate of manure-borne pathogens: Modeling perspective}, journal = {Agricultural Water Management}, volume = {86}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {81{\textendash}92}, author = {Pachepsky, Ya A and Sadeghi, AM and Bradford, SA and Shelton, DR and Guber, AK and Dao, T} } @article {5744, title = {{An Ultracentrifugation-Based Approach to the Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Soft Fruits}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {315{\textendash}320}, author = {Rze{\.z}utka, A and D{\textquoteright}Agostino, M and Cook, N} } @article {8896, title = {Ultraviolet and chlorine disinfection of Mycobacterium in wastewater: Effect of aggregation}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, year = {2006}, pages = {565-571}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1061-4303}, doi = {10.2175/106143006x99795}, url = {://WOS:000238989700003}, author = {Bohrerova, Z. and Linden, K. G.} } @article {4900, title = {{Une parasitose emergente: la cyclosporose. Revue a propos de five observations}}, journal = {Antibiotiques}, volume = {8}, year = {2006}, pages = {73{\textendash}78}, author = {Bouree, P and Lancon, A and Bonnot, G} } @article {12167, title = {Upstream of the SOS response: figure out the trigger}, journal = {Trends in Microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, year = {2006}, note = {Aertsen, Abram Michiels, Chris W.
Michiels, Chris/I-6847-2013
Michiels, Chris/0000-0002-7710-6802; Aertsen, Abram/0000-0002-1897-2305}, month = {Oct}, pages = {421-423}, abstract = {

The bacterial SOS regulon encodes a response to DNA damage that not only functions to relieve the incurred damage but also enhances adaptation through mutagenesis and the lateral spread of virulence factors. Recent papers have demonstrated that certain stimuli can indirectly generate the SOS-inducing signal by activation of endogenous DNA damage mechanisms rather than by direct DNA damage. We suggest that these endogenous triggers have been recruited by bacteria to enable adaptation to various types of stresses.

}, isbn = {0966-842X}, author = {Aertsen, A. and Michiels, C. W.} } @article {7008, title = {Urban {Service} {Partnerships},{\textquoteleft}{Street}-{Level} {Bureaucrats}{\textquoteright} and {Environmental} {Sanitation} in {Kumasi} and {Accra}, {Ghana}: {Coping} with {Organisational} {Change} in the {Public} {Bureaucracy}}, journal = {Development Policy Review}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {51{\textendash}73}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2006.00313.x/abstract}, author = {Crook, Richard and Ayee, Joseph} } @article {16529, title = {Urban wastewater disinfection by filtration technologies}, journal = {Desalination}, volume = {190}, number = {1-3}, year = {2006}, pages = {16{\textendash}28}, abstract = {The microbiological quality of effluents from different macrofiltration systems (pressure sand filter and disc filter) used as pre-treatment and membrane technologies (microfiltration and ultrafiltration) was evaluated in order to determine their possible application as alternatives to disinfection of urban wastewater prior to reutilization. Microbiological quality was determined by reference to nematode egg content, fecal coliforms, E.coli and somatic coliphages. Pathogenic nematode eggs were efficiently retained by the macrofiltration systems. However, since other types of nematode eggs were present in the effluents treated by both systems, the possibility of such infective agents appearing after this type of treatment cannot be discounted. The membrane technologies proved highly efficient at retaining micro-organisms, achieving effluents of excellent microbiological quality. However, the effluents could not be classified as sterile, since contamination of permeation zones gave rise to the presence of micro-organisms. This result casts doubt on the validity of using the fecal coliform indicator to assess microbiological quality of effluents from these systems. Differences between the two membrane technologies were noted with regard to viral particle retention capacity, with only the ultrafiltration module achieving effluents with total absence of fecal contamination indicators. The macrofiltration systems may present problems when used as pre-treatments to standard disinfection systems (UV radiation, reactive oxidant disinfection). Such problems do not arise with the membrane technologies, which offer a valid alternative for the disinfection of urban wastewater prior to reutilization.}, keywords = {Coliphages, E. coli, Microfiltration, nematode eggs, reclamation, removal, reuse, ultrafiltration, wastewater disinfection}, issn = {0011-9164}, doi = {10.1016/j.desal.2005.07.014}, author = {Gomez, M. and de la Rua, A. and Garralon, G. and Plaza, F. and Hontoria, E. and Gomez, M. A.} } @article {12037, title = {Urban wastewater disinfection by filtration technologies}, journal = {Desalination}, volume = {190}, number = {1-3}, year = {2006}, note = {037tk
Times Cited:33
Cited References Count:25}, month = {Apr 15}, pages = {16-28}, abstract = {The microbiological quality of effluents from different macrofiltration systems (pressure sand filter and disc filter) used as pre-treatment and membrane technologies (microfiltration and ultrafiltration) was evaluated in order to determine their possible application as alternatives to disinfection of urban wastewater prior to reutilization. Microbiological quality was determined by reference to nematode egg content, fecal coliforms, E.coli and somatic coliphages. Pathogenic nematode eggs were efficiently retained by the macrofiltration systems. However, since other types of nematode eggs were present in the effluents treated by both systems, the possibility of such infective agents appearing after this type of treatment cannot be discounted. The membrane technologies proved highly efficient at retaining micro-organisms, achieving effluents of excellent microbiological quality. However, the effluents could not be classified as sterile, since contamination of permeation zones gave rise to the presence of micro-organisms. This result casts doubt on the validity of using the fecal coliform indicator to assess microbiological quality of effluents from these systems. Differences between the two membrane technologies were noted with regard to viral particle retention capacity, with only the ultrafiltration module achieving effluents with total absence of fecal contamination indicators. The macrofiltration systems may present problems when used as pre-treatments to standard disinfection systems (UV radiation, reactive oxidant disinfection). Such problems do not arise with the membrane technologies, which offer a valid alternative for the disinfection of urban wastewater prior to reutilization.}, keywords = {Coliphages, E. coli, Microfiltration, nematode eggs, reclamation, removal, reuse, ultrafiltration, wastewater disinfection}, isbn = {0011-9164}, author = {Gomez, M. and de la Rua, A. and Garralon, G. and Plaza, F. and Hontoria, E. and Gomez, M. A.} } @book {13391, title = {{Urine diversion: one step towards sustainable sanitation}}, year = {2006}, publisher = {EcoSanRes Programme}, organization = {EcoSanRes Programme}, author = {Kvarnstr{\"o}m, E and Emilsson, K and Stintzing, A. R and Johansson, M and J{\"o}nsson, H and Petersens, E and Sch{\"o}nning, C and Christensen, J and Hellstr{\"o}m, D and Qvarnst{\"o}m, L and Riddrstolpe, P and Drangert, JO} } @article {6194, title = {Use of a health information telephone line, {Info}-sante {CLSC}, for the surveillance of waterborne gastroenteritis}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {225}, year = {2006}, pages = {232}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/004/jwh0040225.htm}, author = {Gilbert, M. and Levallois, Patrick and Rodriguez, M.} } @article {6994, title = {Use of a health information telephone line, {Info}-sante {CLSC}, for the surveillance of waterborne gastroenteritis}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {225{\textendash}232}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/4/2/225.abstract}, author = {Gilbert, Marie-Line and Levallois, Patrick and Rodriguez, Manuel J.} } @article {6343, title = {Use of microbial risk assessment to inform the national estimate of acute gastrointestinal illness attributable to microbes in drinking water}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {165}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.022}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/004/jwh004s165.htm}, author = {Soller, Jeffrey A.} } @article {7094, title = {Use of microbial risk assessment to inform the national estimate of acute gastrointestinal illness attributable to microbes in drinking water}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {165}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.022}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2006.022}, author = {Soller, Jeffrey A.} } @article {1848, title = {Use of microbial risk assessment to inform the national estimate of acute gastrointestinal illness attributable to microbes in drinking water}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {4 Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, note = {Soller, Jeffrey A eng Review England 2006/08/10 09:00 J Water Health. 2006;4 Suppl 2:165-86.}, pages = {165-86}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Microbial risk assessment (MRA) evaluates the likelihood of adverse human health effects that occur following exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. This paper focuses on the potential use of MRA to provide insight to the national estimate of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) in the United States among persons served by public water systems. This article defines MRA, describes how MRA is implemented, provides an overview of the field of MRA and discusses how MRA may be useful for characterizing the national estimate. Communities served by drinking water systems with relatively contaminated source waters, sub-standard treatment facilities, and/or contamination problems in their distribution systems are subject to higher risks than communities where such issues are less of a concern. Further, the risk of illness attributable to pathogens in drinking water in each community can be thought of as the sum of the risk from the treated drinking water and the risk from the distribution system. Pathogen-specific MRAS could be developed to characterize the risk associated with each of these components; however, these assessments are likely to under-estimate the total risk from all pathogens attributable to drinking water. Potential methods for developing such MRAs are discussed along with their associated limitations.}, keywords = {Communicable Diseases/epidemiology Gastrointestinal Diseases/*epidemiology Humans Risk Assessment/*methods/standards Water Microbiology/*standards}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16895090}, author = {Soller, J. A.} } @article {9244, title = {Use of Secondary Effluent in Food Production in Botswana}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sciences}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {38{\textendash}324}, author = {Emongor, VE} } @article {17252, title = {Using Ecosan sludge for crop production}, journal = {Water Science and TechnologyWater Science and Technology}, volume = {54}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {169-177}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Jimenez, B. and Austin, A. and Cloete, E. and Phasha, C.} } @article {11378, title = {Using Ecosan sludge for crop production}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {54}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {169-177}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, B and Austin, A and Cloete, E and Phasha, C} } @article {2948, title = {Vaccination of dogs against {Echinococcus} granulosus, the cause of cystic hydatid disease in humans}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {194}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, month = {oct}, pages = {966{\textendash}974}, abstract = {Dogs are pivotal in Echinococcus granulosus transmission to humans, and dog vaccination provides a very practical and cost-effective prevention strategy. We vaccinated dogs with soluble native proteins isolated from protoscoleces of E. granulosus and induced significant suppression of worm growth and egg production. Accordingly, we tested for vaccine efficacy using recombinant proteins derived from a developmentally regulated gene family (egM) specifically expressed in mature adult E. granulosus worms. Three egM genes{\textendash}egM4, egM9, and egM123{\textendash}were subcloned into an expression vector that expressed the molecules as soluble glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. The 3 fusion proteins were purified for dog vaccination trials (3 doses of 80 microg/protein/dog) in which the dogs were challenged and then necropsied 45 days after infection. Compared with worms in the control dogs that received GST, the 3 recombinant proteins induced a very high level of protection (97\%-100\%) in terms of suppression of worm growth and, especially, of egg development and embryogenesis. We have thus shown that vaccination of the dog host against E. granulosus is feasible when recombinant proteins are used. Because the egg stage is crucial in the echinococcal life cycle, successful suppression of egg development by vaccination would halt transmission to intermediate hosts, thereby effecting long-term control.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Antigens, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Helminth, Helminth Proteins, Humans, Mice, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Vaccination, Vaccines}, issn = {0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/506622}, author = {Zhang, Wenbao and Zhang, Zhuangzhi and Shi, Baoxin and Li, Jun and You, Hong and Tulson, Gunlor and Dang, Xinsheng and Song, Yingchun and Yimiti, Turhong and Wang, Jincheng and Jones, Malcolm K. and McManus, Donald P.} } @article {3093, title = {Vaccines against cysticercosis and hydatidosis: foundations in taeniid cestode immunology}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {55 Suppl}, year = {2006}, pages = {S39{\textendash}43}, abstract = {Recombinant oncosphere antigens have been used in the development of effective vaccines for the prevention of cysticercosis caused by Taenia ovis, Taenia saginata, Taenia solium and hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus. These vaccines were developed utilizing information gathered from numerous researchers over some 60 years which had established many of the principals concerning immunity to taeniid cestodes in their intermediate hosts. Australian scientists, or scientists with close Australian connections, made seminal early contributions to the understanding of cestode immunology that provided the foundations for more recent application of recombinant DNA methods and the development of practical vaccines. Here, some particular contributions to the field are highlighted from Drs. Michael Gemmell, Michael Rickard, David Heath and Graham Mitchell together with a pr{\'e}cis of the recent progress in vaccine development, particularly for prevention of cysticercosis due to T. solium.}, keywords = {20th Century, 21st Century, Animals, Cysticercosis, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, History, Humans, Taenia, Vaccines}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.005}, author = {Lightowlers, Marshall W.} } @article {16312, title = {{Vancomycin- and erythromycin-resistant enterococci in a pig farm and its environment}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, month = {apr}, pages = {667{\textendash}674}, abstract = {A high prevalence of vancomycin- and erythromycin-resistant enterococci (VRE and ERE respectively) in a pig farm and its environment was observed. A similar structure and composition of enterococcal populations was detected between urban sewage and those associated with the pig environment. Enterococcus faecium was the most predominant species among VRE isolates from both animal and human origin. The high population similarity index (Sp) obtained comparing VRE and ERE isolates from urban sewage and pig slurry suggests that there are certain strains circulating through the food chain from farms to humans. Erythromycin resistance was present in a wider variety of clones and species of enterococci in both pigs and humans than vancomycin resistance.}, issn = {1462-2912}, doi = {10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00945.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16584478 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00945.x}, author = {Manero, Albert and Vilanova, Xavier and Cerda-Cuellar, Marta and Blanch, Anicet R.} } @article {10719, title = {{Vibrio cholerae O1 in a fish aquarium}}, journal = {Epidemiologie, Mikrobiologie, Imunologie: Casopis Spolecnosti pro Epidemiologii a Mikrobiologii Ceske Lekarske Spolecnosti JE Purkyne}, volume = {55}, year = {2006}, pages = {30{\textendash}31}, author = {Plesnik, V and Prochazkova, E} } @article {14592, title = {Virtual surveillance of communicable diseases: a 20-year experience in {France}}, journal = {Stat Methods Med Res}, volume = {15}, year = {2006}, month = {oct}, pages = {413{\textendash}21}, abstract = {Inserm has developed, since 1984, an information system based on a computer network of physicians in France. It allows for constitution of large databases on diseases, with individual description of cases, and to explore some aspects of the mathematical theory of communicable diseases. We developed user-friendly interfaces for remote data entry and GIS tools providing real-time atlas of the epidemiologic situation in any location. The continuous and ongoing surveillance network is constituted of about 1200 sentinel voluntary and unpaid investigators. We studied their motivation, reasons for either withdrawal or compliance using survival analyses. We implemented early warning systems for outbreak detection and for time-space forecasting. We conducted epidemiological surveys for investigating outbreaks. Large available time and space series allowed us to calibrate and explore synchronism of influenza epidemics, to test the assumption of panmixing in susceptibles-infectious-removed type models and to study the role of closing school in influenza morbidity and mortality in elderly. More than 250 000 cases of influenza, 150 000 cases of acute diarrheas, 35,000 patients for whom HIV tests have been prescribed by general practitioners and 25,000 cases of chickenpox have been collected. Detection of regional influenza or acute diarrhea outbreaks and forecasting of epidemic trends three weeks ahead are currently broadcasted to the French media and published on Sentiweb on a weekly basis. Age-cohort-period models assessed field effectiveness of mass immunization strategies against measles and influenza in the country. Case-control studies with more than 1200 sets of cases of acute diarrheas and their matched controls showed the role of calicivirus and rotavirus as probable major causes of gastroenteritis during recurrent widespread outbreaks in winter in France. An age-specific model for chickenpox showed the probable role of children in disease transmission to their susceptible parents or grandparents. High level of synchronism between influenza epidemics has been demonstrated, either at a regional level (in France) or between France and the USA. The designation of our lab as a WHO collaborating center for electronic disease surveillance stimulates the development of global monitoring of diseases. We developed operational systems that are now available for the global monitoring of influenza (FluNet), and human and animal rabies (RABNET). Extension of electronic syndromic surveillance is needed in the world for improving surveillance capacities and real-time response against emerging diseases.}, keywords = {*Sentinel Surveillance, Case-Control Studies, Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology, Epidemiologic Measurements, France/epidemiology, Humans, Information Systems, Internet, Public Health Informatics, Space-Time Clustering, User-Computer Interface}, issn = {0962-2802 (Print) 0962-2802 (Linking)}, author = {Flahault, A. and Blanchon, T. and Dorleans, Y. and Toubiana, L. and Vibert, J. F. and Valleron, A. J.} } @article {10849, title = {Virus removal performance and mechanism of a submerged membrane bioreactor}, journal = {Process Biochemistry}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {299{\textendash}304}, author = {Lv, Wenzhou and Zheng, Xiang and Yang, Min and Zhang, Yu and Liu, Ying and Liu, Junxin} } @article {3252, title = {{Virus removal performance and mechanism of a submerged membrane bioreactor}}, journal = {Process Biochemistry}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {299{\textendash}304}, abstract = {Responding to the worldwide outbreak of SARS in 2003, virus removal performance and mechanism of a SMBR were investigated by employing phage T4 as a model virus. Two membrane modules were compared in continuous operation for about 75 days. During stable operation, SMBR achieved almost complete phage removal for both membrane modules. For the 0.22 $μ$m module, the cake layer, the gel layer and the membrane contributed 6.3 log, 3.1 log and 1.7 log, respectively to phage removal, confirming the importance of the cake/gel layer formed on the surface of membrane. The damage of the cake/gel layer resulted in the decrease of phage removal. As for the 0.1 $μ$m one, the membrane alone played a major role in phage removal. Inactivation by activated sludge and adsorption by cake/gel layer contributed about 3.6 log to phage removal everyday so that there was no phage accumulation in bulk solution. The results demonstrated that SMBR was an efficient system and recommended for treatment of virus-bearing wastewater. {\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Phage removal, Phage T4, Removal mechanism, Submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR), Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {1359-5113}, issn = {13595113}, doi = {10.1016/j.procbio.2005.06.005}, author = {Lv, Wenzhou and Zheng, Xiang and Yang, Min and Zhang, Yu and Liu, Ying and Liu, Junxin} } @article {6073, title = {Virus transport in saturated and unsaturated sand columns}, journal = {Vadose Zone Journal}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {877{\textendash}885}, author = {Torkzaban, S and Hassanizadeh, SM and Schijven, JF and De Bruin, HAM and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {11328, title = {Visual diagnosis of Taenia saginata cysticercosis during meat inspection: is it unequivocal?}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, pages = {405-409}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0932-0113}, author = {Abuseir, S and Epe, C and Schnieder, T and Klein, G and K{\"u}hne, M} } @booklet {5254, title = {{Volume II of the Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater: Wastewater use in agriculture}}, year = {2006}, pages = {196}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {France}, keywords = {1.2 reuse} } @inbook {8804, title = {{Waste Chlorination and Stabilization}}, booktitle = {Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Processes}, year = {2006}, pages = {403{\textendash}440}, publisher = {Humana Press}, organization = {Humana Press}, address = {Totowa, NJ}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-59745-029-4_12}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-59745-029-4{\_}12}, author = {Wang, Lawrence K.} } @book {15247, title = {Wastewater quality and the risk of hookworm infection in {Pakistani} and {Indian} sewage farmers}, year = {2006}, publisher = {London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine}, organization = {London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine}, address = {London}, keywords = {ascaris, E.coli, Helminth egg, hookworm, India, Modified Bailenger method, Pakistan, Tricuris, wastewater, Wastewater treatment}, author = {Ensink, Jeroen H J} } @book {13665, title = {{Wastewater quality and the risk of hookworm infection in Pakistani and Indian sewage farmers}}, year = {2006}, pages = {1{\textendash}152}, publisher = {London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine}, organization = {London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine}, type = {PhD Thesis}, address = {London}, keywords = {ascaris, E.coli, Helminth egg, hookworm, India, Modified Bailenger method, Pakistan, Tricuris, wastewater, Wastewater treatment}, author = {Ensink, Jeroen H J} } @article {14436, title = {Wastewater reuse for agriculture: regional health perspective}, journal = {East Mediterr Health J}, volume = {12}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {446{\textendash}58}, abstract = {The Eastern Mediterranean Region of the WHO is the poorest region in the world in water resources as a Region and per capita. This paper summarizes existing practices and constraints regarding wastewater treatment and reuse in the Region and describes the health impact of inappropriate practices. Appropriate treatment for agricultural use from the health point of view, and the health regulations and guidelines for wastewater reuse in the Region are outlined. The work of the WHO Regional Office to assist countries face the challenges of water scarcity and wastewater reuse are described. Finally, key suggestions that could enhance the use of reclaimed wastewater while at the same time safeguarding human health are presented.}, keywords = {Agriculture/*methods/standards/statistics \& numerical data, Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/statistics \& numerical data, Desert Climate, Fluid/*methods/standards/statistics \& numerical data, Guidelines as Topic, Health Services Needs and Demand, Helminthiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/prevention \& control, Humans, Mediterranean Region/epidemiology, Population Growth, Public Health Practice, Rain, Regional Health Planning/*organization \& administration, Waste Disposal, Waste Management/*methods/standards/statistics \& numerical data, Water Microbiology, Water/parasitology, World Health Organization}, issn = {1020-3397 (Print) 1020-3397 (Linking)}, author = {Al Salem, S. S. and Abouzaid, H.} } @article {14853, title = {Wastewater reuse for agriculture: regional health perspective}, journal = {East Mediterr Health J}, volume = {12}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {446{\textendash}58}, abstract = {The Eastern Mediterranean Region of the WHO is the poorest region in the world in water resources as a Region and per capita. This paper summarizes existing practices and constraints regarding wastewater treatment and reuse in the Region and describes the health impact of inappropriate practices. Appropriate treatment for agricultural use from the health point of view, and the health regulations and guidelines for wastewater reuse in the Region are outlined. The work of the WHO Regional Office to assist countries face the challenges of water scarcity and wastewater reuse are described. Finally, key suggestions that could enhance the use of reclaimed wastewater while at the same time safeguarding human health are presented.}, keywords = {Agriculture/*methods/standards/statistics \& numerical data, Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/statistics \& numerical data, Desert Climate, Fluid/*methods/standards/statistics \& numerical data, Guidelines as Topic, Health Services Needs and Demand, Helminthiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/prevention \& control, Humans, Mediterranean Region/epidemiology, Population Growth, Public Health Practice, Rain, Regional Health Planning/*organization \& administration, Waste Disposal, Waste Management/*methods/standards/statistics \& numerical data, Water Microbiology, Water/parasitology, World Health Organization}, issn = {1020-3397 (Print) 1020-3397 (Linking)}, author = {Al Salem, S. S. and Abouzaid, H.} } @book {15200, title = {Wastewater treatment for pollution control and reuse}, year = {2006}, publisher = {Tata McGraw-Hill Education}, organization = {Tata McGraw-Hill Education}, edition = {3rd}, author = {Arceivala, Sol J and Asolekar, Shyam R} } @booklet {271, title = {Water Framework Directive: UK Environmental Quality Standards and conditions (Phase 1)}, year = {2006}, publisher = {UK Technical Advisory Group}, author = {UKTAG} } @booklet {15758, title = {Water quality: Isolation and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from water}, journal = {Technical Committee: ISO/TC 147/SC4 Microbiological methods}, year = {2006}, author = {ISO} } @mastersthesis {6774, title = {Water supply and road in the context of institutional development}, year = {2006}, note = {3227234}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Infrastructure plays an important role in building the health of a country{\textquoteright}s economy. Indonesia, a country of seventeen thousand islands, relies on infrastructure largely unimproved since built centuries ago. The Dutch ruled Indonesia for almost 350 years and most of the infrastructure systems in Indonesia were built during the Dutch occupation. When Indonesia regained its independence in 1945, the road and water supply systems remained the same as when they were first built. Despite many efforts initiated to improve Indonesia{\textquoteright}s road and water supply systems, their quality has never met the standards and demands driven by the population{\textquoteright}s growth. Regardless of the abundance of money allocated to financing infrastructure development, the systems have never been established as expected. Only one-third of the total population enjoy good road and water supply systems. Institutional development is the most critical issue in Indonesia{\textquoteright}s infrastructure development. The central government{\textquoteright}s excessive power has eradicated all efforts to build adequate infrastructure systems. The strong centralized system is not congruous with the nature of Indonesia as an archipelagic state and as a multiethnic nation.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0554:Sanitation, 0617:Public administration, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Applied sciences, Area planning \& development, Civil engineering, Indonesia, Infrastructure, Institutional development, Public administration, Road, sanitation, Social sciences, Urban planning, Water Supply}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305322934?accountid=14270}, author = {Alim, Yusmin Yuliadi} } @article {7242, title = {Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene promotion}, year = {2006}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11755}, author = {Cairncross, Sandy and Valdmanis, Vivian} } @article {10610, title = {{Waterborne infectious diseases {\textendash} could they be consigned to history?}}, journal = {Science}, volume = {313}, year = {2006}, pages = {1077{\textendash}1081}, author = {Fenwick, A} } @article {6247, title = {Waterborne microbial risk assessment : a population-based dose-response function for {Giardia} spp. ({E}.{MI}.{R}.{A} study)}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, month = {dec}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-6-122}, url = {http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-6-122}, author = {Zmirou-Navier, D and Gofti-Laroche, L and Hartemann, Ph} } @article {6488, title = {Waterborne outbreaks reported in the {United} {States}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {19}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.016}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2006.016}, author = {Craun, Gunther F. and Craun, Michael F. and Calderon, Rebecca L. and Beach, Michael J.} } @article {217, title = {Waterborne outbreaks reported in the United States}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, pages = {19}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.016}, author = {Craun, Gunther F. and Craun, Michael F. and Calderon, Rebecca L. and Beach, Michael J.} } @book {504, title = {Waterborne Pathogens}, series = {Adenoviruses}, volume = {2nd edition}, year = {2006}, publisher = {American Water Works Association}, organization = {American Water Works Association}, type = {Book}, address = {Denver Colorado} } @book {4440, title = {Waterborne {Pathogens}}, series = {Adenoviruses}, volume = {2nd edition}, year = {2006}, publisher = {American Water Works Association}, organization = {American Water Works Association}, address = {Denver Colorado}, author = {American Water Works Association} } @article {8432, title = {{Waterborne toxoplasmosis, Brazil, from field to gene}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {326{\textendash}329}, author = {de Moura, L and Bahia-Oliveira, LMG and Wada, MY and Jones, JL and Tuboi, SH and Carmo, EH and Ramalho, WM and Camargo, NJ and Trevisan, R and Graca, RMT and da Silva, AJ and Moura, I and Dubey, JP and Garrett, DO} } @article {10815, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2005}, volume = {81}, number = {31}, year = {2006}, pages = {297{\textendash}308} } @article {15636, title = {What is Cryptosporidium? Reappraising its biology and phylogenetic affinities}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {22}, number = {10}, year = {2006}, month = {Oct}, pages = {463-8}, edition = {2006/08/15}, keywords = {*Phylogeny, Animals, Apicomplexa/classification/genetics/physiology, Coccidia/classification/genetics/physiology, Cryptosporidiosis/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium/*classification/genetics/*physiology, DNA, Protozoan/analysis, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans}, isbn = {1471-4922 (Print)
1471-4922}, author = {Barta, J. R. and Thompson, R. C.} } @article {11451, title = {Where are the tapeworms}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {55 Suppl}, year = {2006}, pages = {S117-120}, author = {Flisser, A} } @booklet {3418, title = {The WHO Child Growth Standards}, year = {2006}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO} } @article {3977, title = {WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, Weight-for-age, Weight-for-length, Weight-for-height and Body Mass Index-for-age - Methods and Development}, year = {2006}, publisher = {World Health Organization, Geneva} } @article {3068, title = {{WHO} classification of alveolar echinococcosis: principles and application}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {55 Suppl}, year = {2006}, pages = {S283{\textendash}287}, abstract = {{Alveolar echinococcosis is caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm (Echinococcus multilocularis) and is frequently diagnosed as a space occupying lesion in the liver. The growth pattern resembles that of a malignant tumor with infiltration throughout the liver, spreading into neighbouring organs and metastases formation in distant organs. Thus, one of the prevailing differential diagnoses is liver cancer. Guided by the Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) system of liver cancer, the European Network for Concerted Surveillance of Alveolar Echinococcosis and the WHO Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis proposed a clinical classification for alveolar echinococcosis. It was designated as PNM system (P = parasitic mass in the liver}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Foxes, Hepatic, Humans, Liver, World Health Organization}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.041}, author = {Kern, Peter and Wen, Hao and Sato, Naoki and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Gruener, Beate and Shao, Yinmei and Delabrousse, Eric and Kratzer, Wolfgang and Bresson-Hadni, Solange} } @booklet {1918, title = {WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater.}, volume = {4}, year = {2006}, publisher = {WHO (http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1004). Last Accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {WHO} } @article {7429, title = {Workshop summary: estimating waterborne disease risks in the {United} {States}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {241}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.025}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/004/jwh004s241.htm}, author = {Craun, Gunther F. and Calderon, Rebecca L.} } @article {7183, title = {Workshop summary: estimating waterborne disease risks in the {United} {States}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {04}, number = {Suppl 2}, year = {2006}, month = {jul}, pages = {241}, issn = {14778920}, doi = {10.2166/wh.2006.025}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/cgi/doi/10.2166/wh.2006.025}, author = {Craun, Gunther F. and Calderon, Rebecca L.} } @inbook {1447, title = {9510 C. Virus concentration from large sample volumes by adsorption to and elution from microporous filters}, booktitle = {Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st edition}, year = {2005}, pages = {9-141 - 9-145}, publisher = {American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Publication}, organization = {American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Publication}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Washington D. C.}, isbn = {978-0875530475}, author = {American Public Health Association}, editor = {Eaton, A. D. and Clesceri, L. S. and Rice, E. W. and Greenberg, A. E.} } @article {5987, title = {{Acute hepatitis E of a man who consumed wild boar meat prior to the onset of illness in Nagasaki, Japan}}, journal = {Hepatology Research}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {178{\textendash}183}, author = {Masuda, J and Yano, K and Tamada, Y and Takii, Y and Ito, M and Omagari, K and Kohno, S} } @inbook {1244, title = {Adenovirus detection in shellfish and urban sewage in Morocco (Casablanca region) by the polymerase chain reaction}, booktitle = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {126}, year = {2005}, note = {Karamoko, Y Ibenyassine, K Aitmhand, R Idaomar, M Ennaji, M M Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Journal of virological methods S0166-0934(05)00047-9 [pii] J Virol Methods. 2005 Jun;126(1-2):135-7.}, pages = {135-7}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {Human enteric viruses are largely excreted in faeces. These resistance of these viruses in the environment makes their faecal-oral transmission easier. Filter feeder organisms such as the mussels are bio-accumulators of viruses contaminating their aquatic environment. Thus, undercooked shellfish consumption involves sanitary risks. Thirty samples of mussels (Mytilus sp.), were tested, half were from an aquaculture origin, the others were from an area more exposed to faecal pollution. Fifteen sewage samples from this last area were also examined. Viruses were extracted from the digestive tissue by direct elution method in a glycine/NaCl pH 9.5 buffer followed by PEG 8000 precipitation. The PEG pellets were used for DNA extraction by proteinase K and phenol/chloroform. The molecular characterization, by PCR using specific adenovirus primers revealed that shellfish growing on Mohammedia (a town in the Casablanca outskirts) littoral are contaminated whereas those chosen from aquaculture and bought in the central market were not contaminated.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ isolation \& purification Animals Bivalvia/ virology DNA, Viral/analysis/isolation \& purification Morocco Polymerase Chain Reaction/ methods Sewage/ virology Shellfish/ virology}, isbn = {0166-0934 (Print) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.003}, author = {Karamoko, Y. and Ibenyassine, K. and Aitmhand, R. and Idaomar, M. and Ennaji, M. M.} } @article {4515, title = {Adenovirus detection in shellfish and urban sewage in Morocco (Casablanca region) by the polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {126}, year = {2005}, pages = {135{\textendash}7}, isbn = {0166-0934 (Print) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, author = {Karamoko, Y. and Ibenyassine, K. and Aitmhand, R. and Idaomar, M. and Ennaji, M. M.} } @inbook {4537, title = {Adenoviruses}, booktitle = {Pediatrics in Review}, volume = {26}, year = {2005}, pages = {244{\textendash}9}, address = {United States }, isbn = {1526-3347 (Electronic) 0191-9601 (Linking)}, author = {Langley, J. M.} } @article {1563, title = {Adhesion-aggregation and inactivation of poliovirus 1 in groundwater stored in a hydrophobic container}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, note = {Gassilloud, Benoit Gantzer, Christophe eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2005/02/05 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Feb;71(2):912-20.}, pages = {912-20}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Viral inactivation and adhesion-aggregation in water are often studied as separate phenomena. When the focus is placed on viral adhesion-aggregation, inactivation is neglected because the phenomena under investigation occur over a short period measured in days. When viral inactivation is studied, adhesion-aggregation phenomena are considered to be negligible because viral survival is traced over several days or months. In the present work, we took a global approach, examining the relative contributions of each of these processes in a complex system composed of groundwater, Poliovirus 1, and a hydrophobic container (polypropylene) maintained in a dark environment at 20 degrees C. We demonstrated that infectious viral load fell off 2.8 log(10) during the first 20 days. During this time, adhesion was far from negligible because it accounted for most of the decline, 1.5 log(10). Adhesion was undoubtedly favored by the presence of divalent ions in the groundwater. After 20 days, aggregation may also have been the cause of 0.66 to 0.92 log(10) of viral loss. Finally, viral inactivation was quantitatively the lowest phenomena because it only explained 0.38 to 0.64 log(10) of the viral loss. This study thus clearly demonstrated that estimates of viral survival in a given system must always take into account adhesion-aggregation phenomena which may be responsible for the majority of viral loss in the aqueous phase. Adhesion and aggregation are reversible processes which may lead to an underestimation of viral load in certain studies.}, keywords = {Animals Cell Adhesion Cell Line Fresh Water/*virology Humans Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions Poliovirus/*growth \& development/isolation \& purification/*physiology Polypropylenes Surface Properties *Virus Inactivation}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.2.912-920.2005}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15691948}, author = {Gassilloud, B. and Gantzer, C.} } @article {14609, title = {Adhesion-aggregation and inactivation of poliovirus 1 in groundwater stored in a hydrophobic container}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, month = {feb}, pages = {912{\textendash}20}, abstract = {Viral inactivation and adhesion-aggregation in water are often studied as separate phenomena. When the focus is placed on viral adhesion-aggregation, inactivation is neglected because the phenomena under investigation occur over a short period measured in days. When viral inactivation is studied, adhesion-aggregation phenomena are considered to be negligible because viral survival is traced over several days or months. In the present work, we took a global approach, examining the relative contributions of each of these processes in a complex system composed of groundwater, Poliovirus 1, and a hydrophobic container (polypropylene) maintained in a dark environment at 20 degrees C. We demonstrated that infectious viral load fell off 2.8 log(10) during the first 20 days. During this time, adhesion was far from negligible because it accounted for most of the decline, 1.5 log(10). Adhesion was undoubtedly favored by the presence of divalent ions in the groundwater. After 20 days, aggregation may also have been the cause of 0.66 to 0.92 log(10) of viral loss. Finally, viral inactivation was quantitatively the lowest phenomena because it only explained 0.38 to 0.64 log(10) of the viral loss. This study thus clearly demonstrated that estimates of viral survival in a given system must always take into account adhesion-aggregation phenomena which may be responsible for the majority of viral loss in the aqueous phase. Adhesion and aggregation are reversible processes which may lead to an underestimation of viral load in certain studies.}, keywords = {*Virus Inactivation, Animals, Cell Adhesion, Cell Line, Fresh Water/*virology, Humans, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Poliovirus/*growth \& development/isolation \& purification/*physiology, Polypropylenes, Surface Properties}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.2.912-920.2005}, author = {Gassilloud, B. and Gantzer, C.} } @inbook {13322, title = {Aeromonadales ord. nov. }, booktitle = {Bergey{\textquoteright}s Manual of Systematic of Archaea and Bacteria}, year = {2005}, pages = {556 - 587 }, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons}, address = {New York, USA}, author = {Martin-Carnahan, A and S W Joseph} } @inbook {13215, title = {Aeromonadales ord. nov Bergey{\textquoteright}s Manual of Systematic of Archaea and Bacteria}, year = {2005}, pages = {556-587}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons}, address = {New York, NY, USA }, doi = {10.1007/0-387-28022-7_12}, author = {Martin-Carnahan, A. and Joseph, S. W.} } @article {11370, title = {Ag-ELISA and PCR for monitoring the vaccination of cattle against Taenia saginata cysticercosis using an oncospheral adhesion protein (HP6) with surface and secreted localization}, journal = {Tropical animal health and production}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {103-120}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0049-4747}, author = {Harrison, LJS and Garate, T and Bryce, DM and Gonzalez, LM and Foster-Cuevas, M and Wamae, LW and Onyango-Abuje, JA and Parkhouse, RME} } @mastersthesis {6907, title = {Air movements in a hospital operating theatre - an experimental study using {PIV} and flow visualisation}, year = {2005}, note = {U196171}, school = {The University of Manchester (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The work was carried out in small-scale fluid flow models representing an operating room with different flow patterns, with special emphasis being placed on the "exponential laminar airflow" system. The experimental work started with a detailed investigation of the scaling rules and their consequences in a one-tenth scale model using both water and air flow. This analysis was followed by a series of experiments in which both isothermal and buoyancy driven flow conditions were simulated. The detailed flow structure was examined using laser sheet visualisation and particle image velocimetry. The key finding of the study was that dividing the operating room into three cleanliness zones offers greater flexibility over the working space within the operating room in comparison with a two-zone ventilation system. However, it must also be mentioned that the efficiency of the three-zone system depends crucially on the velocity ratio at the inlet. Another finding was that the existence of stationary isothermal flow obstructions within the room does not affect the undirectionality of the flow in the central working area, although, these obstructions cause unsymmetrical recirculation of the flow in the room. The buoyancy-influenced experiments revealed that, as observed in full size models, the behaviour of the flow pattern in the scaled-down airflow model depends on both the value of the Richardson number and the location of the heat sources within the room. Finally, the study found that the ventilation method with low-level exhaust vents gave the most stable flow patterns relative to both the high-level and combined high/low level exhaust vents. It is worth mentioning that this result was obtained by using the same inlet diffuser at the centre of the ceiling for all the three ventilation systems.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU196171, 0571:Pathology, Bibliographies, Health and environmental sciences, Pathology, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301642824?accountid=14270}, author = {Mukhaiber, H} } @article {9146, title = {Alkaline pH homeostasis in bacteria: New insights}, journal = {Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) {\textendash} Biomembranes}, volume = {1717}, year = {2005}, pages = {67-88}, author = {Padnan, E and Bibi, E and Ito, M and Krulwich, TA} } @article {17352, title = {Alkaline pH homeostasis in bacteria: New insights}, journal = {Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - BiomembranesBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes}, volume = {1717}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, month = {2005/11/30/}, pages = {67-88}, keywords = {Alkaline pH homeostasis, MdfA, Mrp, Na(K)/H antiporters, NhaA, pH homeostasis, Tet(L)}, isbn = {0005-2736}, author = {Padan, Etana and Bibi, Eitan and Ito, Masahiro and Krulwich, Terry A.} } @mastersthesis {7004, title = {Amphibian and avian species composition of forested depressional wetlands and circumjacent habitat: {The} influence of land use type and intensity}, year = {2005}, note = {3192478}, school = {University of Florida}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Wetlands provide wildlife habitat; however, circumjacent anthropogenic land uses influence abiotic and biotic aspects of wildlife habitat and in turn possibly which species will persist in a landscape. The main objective of this study was to record the amphibian and avian species composition of depressional forested wetlands embedded in landscapes of varying human land use intensity and relate compositional differences to wetland and landscape characteristics. Presence/absence surveys for amphibian and avian species were conducted at 111 small ({\textless}2.5 ha) forested depressional wetlands throughout Florida within four common land use types, natural or reference, silviculture, agriculture, and urban/residential. Despite a modest relationship between land use and species richness, the results of nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordinations and multi-response permutation procedures indicated a strong association with amphibian and avian species composition and land use. Indicator species, species sensitive and tolerant of human land uses, were identified. The relevance of these results may broaden with the finding that not only were there species-specific responses, but also predominate life history traits of the avian and amphibian community varied with land use context. For example, amphibians that were obligatory ephemeral pond breeders decreased with increasing land use intensity. Within the avian community, insectivores, bark gleaners, canopy gleaners, territorial species, ground nesters, and cavity nesters decreased, while omnivores, herbivores, ground gleaners, canopy nesters, and exotic species increased, with increasing land use intensity. The Landscape Development Intensity index was a remotely measured predictor of amphibian and avian species assemblages. Amphibian species composition was also significantly associated with the Florida Wetland Condition Index (FWCI), distance to the nearest wetland, maximum wetland water depth, wetland water pH, wetland water specific conductivity, and geographical location of the study sites. Avian species composition was also significantly associated with the proportion of agricultural land within 200 meters, FWCI, proportion of retention ponds/canals within 200 meters, and geographical location of the study sites. The results of this study suggest that merely preserving wetland habitat in developed landscapes will not be enough to support a wildlife community indicative of natural settings. However, wetlands embedded in even the most intensive land uses provide valuable wildlife habitat.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0478:Forestry, 0768:Environmental science, 0775:Environmental engineering, Amphibian, Applied sciences, Avian, Biological sciences, Ecology, Environmental engineering, Environmental science, Forested, Forestry, Health and environmental sciences, Land use, Species composition, wetlands}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304996861?accountid=14270}, author = {Surdick, Jr, James A} } @article {14162, title = {Antimicrobial resistance of {Shiga} toxin (verotoxin)-producing {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 and non-{O}157 strains isolated from humans, cattle, sheep and food in {Spain}.}, journal = {Research in microbiology}, volume = {156}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, month = {aug}, pages = {793{\textendash}806}, abstract = {A total of 722 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates recovered from humans, cattle, ovines and food during the period from 1992 to 1999 in Spain were examined to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles and their association with serotypes, phage types and virulence genes. Fifty-eight (41\%) out of 141 STEC O157:H7 strains and 240 (41\%) out of 581 non-O157 STEC strains showed resistance to at least one of the 26 antimicrobial agents tested. STEC O157:H7 showed a higher percentage of resistant strains recovered from bovine (53\%) and beef meat (57\%) than from human (23\%) and ovine (20\%) sources, whereas the highest prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in non-O157 STEC was found among isolates recovered from beef meat (55\%) and human patients (47\%). Sulfisoxazole (36\%) had the most common antimicrobial resistance, followed by tetracycline (32\%), streptomycin (29\%), ampicillin (10\%), trimethoprim (8\%), cotrimoxazole (8\%), chloramphenicol (7\%), kanamycin (7\%), piperacillin (6\%), and neomycin (5\%). The multiple resistance pattern most often observed was that of streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Ten (7\%) STEC O157:H7 and 71 (12\%) non-O157 strains were resistant to five or more antimicrobial agents. Most strains showing resistance to five or more antimicrobial agents belonged to serotypes O4:H4 (4 strains), O8:H21 (3 strains), O20:H19 (6 strains), O26:H11 (8 strains eae-beta1), O111:H- (3 strains eae-gamma2), O118:H- (2 strains eae-beta1), O118:H16 (5 strains eae-beta1), O128:H- (2 strains), O145:H8 or O145:H- (2 strains eae-gamma1), O157:H7 (10 strains eae-gamma1), O171:H25 (3 strains), O177:H11 (5 strains eae-beta1), ONT:H- (3 strains/1 eae-beta1) and ONT:H21 (2 strains). Interestingly, most of these serotypes, i.e., those indicated in bold) were found among human STEC strains isolated from patients with hemolytic uremic-syndrome (HUS) reported in previous studies. We also detected, among non-O157 strains, an association between a higher level of multiple resistance to antibiotics and the presence of the virulence genes eae and stx(1). Moreover, STEC O157:H7, showed an association between certain phage types, PT21/28 (90\%), PT23 (75\%), PT34 (75\%), and PT2 (54\%), with a higher number of resistant strains. We conclude that the high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance detected in our study is a source of concern, and cautious use of antibiotics in animals is highly recommended.}, keywords = {Adhesins, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents: pharmacology, Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Bacteriophage Typing, Cattle, Cattle: microbiology, Drug Resistance, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: drug effects, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Food Microbiology, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Multiple, Serotyping, Sheep, Sheep: microbiology, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: genetics, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: analysis, Spain, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics}, issn = {0923-2508}, doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2005.03.006}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15921895}, author = {Mora, Azucena and Blanco, Jes{\'u}s E and Blanco, Miguel and Pilar M Alonso and Dhabi, Ghizlane and Echeita, Aurora and Gonz{\'a}lez, Enrique A and Isabel M Bern{\'a}rdez and Blanco, Jorge} } @article {8097, title = {{Antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin (verotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 strains isolated from humans, cattle, sheep and food in Spain.}}, journal = {Research in Μicrobiology}, volume = {156}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, month = {aug}, pages = {793{\textendash}806}, abstract = {

A total of 722 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates recovered from humans, cattle, ovines and food during the period from 1992 to 1999 in Spain were examined to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles and their association with serotypes, phage types and virulence genes. Fifty-eight (41{\%}) out of 141 STEC O157:H7 strains and 240 (41{\%}) out of 581 non-O157 STEC strains showed resistance to at least one of the 26 antimicrobial agents tested. STEC O157:H7 showed a higher percentage of resistant strains recovered from bovine (53{\%}) and beef meat (57{\%}) than from human (23{\%}) and ovine (20{\%}) sources, whereas the highest prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in non-O157 STEC was found among isolates recovered from beef meat (55{\%}) and human patients (47{\%}). Sulfisoxazole (36{\%}) had the most common antimicrobial resistance, followed by tetracycline (32{\%}), streptomycin (29{\%}), ampicillin (10{\%}), trimethoprim (8{\%}), cotrimoxazole (8{\%}), chloramphenicol (7{\%}), kanamycin (7{\%}), piperacillin (6{\%}), and neomycin (5{\%}). The multiple resistance pattern most often observed was that of streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Ten (7{\%}) STEC O157:H7 and 71 (12{\%}) non-O157 strains were resistant to five or more antimicrobial agents. Most strains showing resistance to five or more antimicrobial agents belonged to serotypes O4:H4 (4 strains), O8:H21 (3 strains), O20:H19 (6 strains), O26:H11 (8 strains eae-beta1), O111:H- (3 strains eae-gamma2), O118:H- (2 strains eae-beta1), O118:H16 (5 strains eae-beta1), O128:H- (2 strains), O145:H8 or O145:H- (2 strains eae-gamma1), O157:H7 (10 strains eae-gamma1), O171:H25 (3 strains), O177:H11 (5 strains eae-beta1), ONT:H- (3 strains/1 eae-beta1) and ONT:H21 (2 strains). Interestingly, most of these serotypes, i.e., those indicated in bold) were found among human STEC strains isolated from patients with hemolytic uremic-syndrome (HUS) reported in previous studies. We also detected, among non-O157 strains, an association between a higher level of multiple resistance to antibiotics and the presence of the virulence genes eae and stx(1). Moreover, STEC O157:H7, showed an association between certain phage types, PT21/28 (90{\%}), PT23 (75{\%}), PT34 (75{\%}), and PT2 (54{\%}), with a higher number of resistant strains. We conclude that the high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance detected in our study is a source of concern, and cautious use of antibiotics in animals is highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Adhesins, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents: pharmacology, Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Bacteriophage Typing, Cattle, Cattle: microbiology, Drug Resistance, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: drug effects, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Food Microbiology, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Multiple, Serotyping, Sheep, Sheep: microbiology, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: genetics, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: analysis, Spain, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics}, issn = {0923-2508}, doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2005.03.006}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15921895}, author = {Mora, Azucena and Blanco, Jes{\'u}s E and Blanco, Miguel and Pilar M Alonso and Dhabi, Ghizlane and Echeita, Aurora and Gonz{\'a}lez, Enrique A and Isabel M Bern{\'a}rdez and Blanco, Jorge} } @article {2357, title = {{Antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin (verotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 strains isolated from humans, cattle, sheep and food in Spain.}}, journal = {Research in microbiology}, volume = {156}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, month = {aug}, pages = {793{\textendash}806}, abstract = {A total of 722 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates recovered from humans, cattle, ovines and food during the period from 1992 to 1999 in Spain were examined to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles and their association with serotypes, phage types and virulence genes. Fifty-eight (41\%) out of 141 STEC O157:H7 strains and 240 (41\%) out of 581 non-O157 STEC strains showed resistance to at least one of the 26 antimicrobial agents tested. STEC O157:H7 showed a higher percentage of resistant strains recovered from bovine (53\%) and beef meat (57\%) than from human (23\%) and ovine (20\%) sources, whereas the highest prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in non-O157 STEC was found among isolates recovered from beef meat (55\%) and human patients (47\%). Sulfisoxazole (36\%) had the most common antimicrobial resistance, followed by tetracycline (32\%), streptomycin (29\%), ampicillin (10\%), trimethoprim (8\%), cotrimoxazole (8\%), chloramphenicol (7\%), kanamycin (7\%), piperacillin (6\%), and neomycin (5\%). The multiple resistance pattern most often observed was that of streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Ten (7\%) STEC O157:H7 and 71 (12\%) non-O157 strains were resistant to five or more antimicrobial agents. Most strains showing resistance to five or more antimicrobial agents belonged to serotypes O4:H4 (4 strains), O8:H21 (3 strains), O20:H19 (6 strains), O26:H11 (8 strains eae-beta1), O111:H- (3 strains eae-gamma2), O118:H- (2 strains eae-beta1), O118:H16 (5 strains eae-beta1), O128:H- (2 strains), O145:H8 or O145:H- (2 strains eae-gamma1), O157:H7 (10 strains eae-gamma1), O171:H25 (3 strains), O177:H11 (5 strains eae-beta1), ONT:H- (3 strains/1 eae-beta1) and ONT:H21 (2 strains). Interestingly, most of these serotypes, i.e., those indicated in bold) were found among human STEC strains isolated from patients with hemolytic uremic-syndrome (HUS) reported in previous studies. We also detected, among non-O157 strains, an association between a higher level of multiple resistance to antibiotics and the presence of the virulence genes eae and stx(1). Moreover, STEC O157:H7, showed an association between certain phage types, PT21/28 (90\%), PT23 (75\%), PT34 (75\%), and PT2 (54\%), with a higher number of resistant strains. We conclude that the high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance detected in our study is a source of concern, and cautious use of antibiotics in animals is highly recommended.}, keywords = {Adhesins, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents: pharmacology, Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Bacteriophage Typing, Cattle, Cattle: microbiology, Drug Resistance, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: drug effects, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Food Microbiology, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Multiple, Serotyping, Sheep, Sheep: microbiology, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: genetics, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: analysis, Spain, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics}, issn = {0923-2508}, doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2005.03.006}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15921895}, author = {Mora, Azucena and Blanco, Jes{\'u}s E and Blanco, Miguel and Pilar M Alonso and Dhabi, Ghizlane and Echeita, Aurora and Gonz{\'a}lez, Enrique A and Isabel M Bern{\'a}rdez and Blanco, Jorge} } @article {13079, title = {Applicability of a septic tank/engineered wetland coupled system in the treatment and recycling of wastewater from a small community}, journal = {Environmental Management}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {99{\textendash}108}, author = {Mbuligwe, Stephen E} } @article {13752, title = {Application of cation-coated filter method to detection of noroviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and torque teno viruses in the {Tamagawa} {River} in {Japan}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, abstract = {The occurrence of human enteric viruses in surface water in the Tamagawa River, Japan, was surveyed for 1 year, from April 2003 to March 2004. Sixty-four samples were collected from six sites along the river, and 500 ml of the sample was concentrated using the cation-coated filter method, which was developed in our previous study. This method showed recovery yields of 56\% {\textpm} 32\% (n = 37) for surface water samples inoculated with polioviruses. More than one kind of tested virus was detected in 43 (67\%) of 64 samples by TaqMan PCR. Noroviruses and adenoviruses were detected in a high positive ratio; 34 (53\%), 28 (44\%), and 29 (45\%) of 64 samples were positive for norovirus genotype 1 and genotype 2 and adenoviruses, respectively. The mean concentrations of norovirus genotype 1 or genotype 2 determined by real-time PCR were 0.087 and 0.61 genome/ml, respectively, showing much higher values in winter (0.21 genome/ml for genotype 1 and 2.3 genomes/ml for genotype 2). Enteroviruses were detected by both direct PCR (6 of 64 samples; 9\%) and cell culture PCR (2 of 64 samples; 3\%). Torque teno viruses, emerging hepatitis viruses, were also isolated in three samples (5\%). The concentration of total coliforms and the presence of F-specific phages showed a high correlation with the presence of viruses, which suggested that the simultaneous use of total coliforms and F-specific phages as indicators of surface water may work to monitor viral contamination. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.5.2403-2411.2005}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Oguma, K. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {4251, title = {{Application of cation-coated filter method to detection of noroviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and torque teno viruses in the Tamagawa River in Japan.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, month = {may}, pages = {2403{\textendash}11}, abstract = {

The occurrence of human enteric viruses in surface water in the Tamagawa River, Japan, was surveyed for 1 year, from April 2003 to March 2004. Sixty-four samples were collected from six sites along the river, and 500 ml of the sample was concentrated using the cation-coated filter method, which was developed in our previous study. This method showed recovery yields of 56{\%} +/- 32{\%} (n = 37) for surface water samples inoculated with polioviruses. More than one kind of tested virus was detected in 43 (67{\%}) of 64 samples by TaqMan PCR. Noroviruses and adenoviruses were detected in a high positive ratio; 34 (53{\%}), 28 (44{\%}), and 29 (45{\%}) of 64 samples were positive for norovirus genotype 1 and genotype 2 and adenoviruses, respectively. The mean concentrations of norovirus genotype 1 or genotype 2 determined by real-time PCR were 0.087 and 0.61 genome/ml, respectively, showing much higher values in winter (0.21 genome/ml for genotype 1 and 2.3 genomes/ml for genotype 2). Enteroviruses were detected by both direct PCR (6 of 64 samples; 9{\%}) and cell culture PCR (2 of 64 samples; 3{\%}). Torque teno viruses, emerging hepatitis viruses, were also isolated in three samples (5{\%}). The concentration of total coliforms and the presence of F-specific phages showed a high correlation with the presence of viruses, which suggested that the simultaneous use of total coliforms and F-specific phages as indicators of surface water may work to monitor viral contamination.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae, Adenoviridae: isolation {\&} purification, Cations, enterovirus, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Filtration, Norovirus, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Rivers, Rivers: microbiology, Torque teno virus, Torque teno virus: isolation {\&} purification, Water Supply, Water Supply: standards}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.5.2403-2411.2005}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1087541{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Haramoto, Eiji and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Oguma, Kumiko and Ohgaki, Shinichiro} } @article {7552, title = {{Application of cation-coated filter method to detection of noroviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and torque teno viruses in the Tamagawa River in Japan}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {2403-2411}, abstract = {

The occurrence of human enteric viruses in surface water in the Tamagawa River, Japan, was surveyed for 1 year, from April 2003 to March 2004. Sixty-four samples were collected from six sites along the river, and 500 ml of the sample was concentrated using the cation-coated filter method, which was developed in our previous study. This method showed recovery yields of 56{\%} {\textpm} 32{\%} (n = 37) for surface water samples inoculated with polioviruses. More than one kind of tested virus was detected in 43 (67{\%}) of 64 samples by TaqMan PCR. Noroviruses and adenoviruses were detected in a high positive ratio; 34 (53{\%}), 28 (44{\%}), and 29 (45{\%}) of 64 samples were positive for norovirus genotype 1 and genotype 2 and adenoviruses, respectively. The mean concentrations of norovirus genotype 1 or genotype 2 determined by real-time PCR were 0.087 and 0.61 genome/ml, respectively, showing much higher values in winter (0.21 genome/ml for genotype 1 and 2.3 genomes/ml for genotype 2). Enteroviruses were detected by both direct PCR (6 of 64 samples; 9{\%}) and cell culture PCR (2 of 64 samples; 3{\%}). Torque teno viruses, emerging hepatitis viruses, were also isolated in three samples (5{\%}). The concentration of total coliforms and the presence of F-specific phages showed a high correlation with the presence of viruses, which suggested that the simultaneous use of total coliforms and F-specific phages as indicators of surface water may work to monitor viral contamination. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.5.2403-2411.2005}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Oguma, K. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {14652, title = {Application of cation-coated filter method to detection of noroviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and torque teno viruses in the {Tamagawa} {River} in {Japan}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, month = {may}, pages = {2403{\textendash}11}, abstract = {The occurrence of human enteric viruses in surface water in the Tamagawa River, Japan, was surveyed for 1 year, from April 2003 to March 2004. Sixty-four samples were collected from six sites along the river, and 500 ml of the sample was concentrated using the cation-coated filter method, which was developed in our previous study. This method showed recovery yields of 56\% +/- 32\% (n = 37) for surface water samples inoculated with polioviruses. More than one kind of tested virus was detected in 43 (67\%) of 64 samples by TaqMan PCR. Noroviruses and adenoviruses were detected in a high positive ratio; 34 (53\%), 28 (44\%), and 29 (45\%) of 64 samples were positive for norovirus genotype 1 and genotype 2 and adenoviruses, respectively. The mean concentrations of norovirus genotype 1 or genotype 2 determined by real-time PCR were 0.087 and 0.61 genome/ml, respectively, showing much higher values in winter (0.21 genome/ml for genotype 1 and 2.3 genomes/ml for genotype 2). Enteroviruses were detected by both direct PCR (6 of 64 samples; 9\%) and cell culture PCR (2 of 64 samples; 3\%). Torque teno viruses, emerging hepatitis viruses, were also isolated in three samples (5\%). The concentration of total coliforms and the presence of F-specific phages showed a high correlation with the presence of viruses, which suggested that the simultaneous use of total coliforms and F-specific phages as indicators of surface water may work to monitor viral contamination.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification, Cations, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Filtration, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Rivers/*microbiology, Torque teno virus/*isolation \& purification, Water Supply/*standards}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.5.2403-2411.2005}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Oguma, K. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {14379, title = {Arcobacter halophilus sp. nov., the first obligate halophile in the genus {Arcobacter}.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {55}, number = {Pt 3}, year = {2005}, month = {may}, pages = {1271{\textendash}1277}, author = {Donachie, Stuart P and Bowman, John P and On, Stephen L W and Alam, Maqsudul} } @article {5862, title = {{Arcobacter halophilus sp. nov., the first obligate halophile in the genus Arcobacter.}}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {55}, number = {Pt 3}, year = {2005}, month = {may}, pages = {1271{\textendash}1277}, author = {Donachie, Stuart P and Bowman, John P and On, Stephen L W and Alam, Maqsudul} } @article {8978, title = {An assessment of pasteurization treatment of water, media, and milk with respect to Bacillus spores}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection{\textregistered}}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {751-757}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0362-028X}, author = {Novak, John S. and Call, Jeffrey and Tomasula, Peggy and Luchansky, John B.} } @article {4285, title = {{Assessment of Sources and Diversity of Male-Specific Coliphages for Source Tracking}}, journal = {Environmental Engineering Science}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {may}, pages = {367{\textendash}377}, publisher = {Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2 Madison Avenue Larchmont, NY 10538 USA}, abstract = {Watershed managers and utilities responsible for source water protection are looking for ways to minimize risk from both human and nonhuman pathogen reservoirs. The ability to accurately identify microbial input source(s) would allow water managers to develop and apply effective, cost-efficient corrective measures. In this study, the potential role of F-specific coliphages with a special focus on the F+DNA coliphages as delineators of sources of surface water microbial pollution was investigated. A variety of source samples from across the United States were analyzed including wastewater and septic system samples, animal slurry lagoon samples, and freshly voided animal fecal samples. Samples were analyzed for fecal coliforms, F-specific coliphages, and somatic coliphages. F-specific phages were isolated and typed to determine whether they were F+RNA or F+DNA coliphages, and were subsequently serotyped and genotyped. F-specific coliphages were detected more often in wastewater samples and slurry lagoon sam...}, keywords = {assessment, male-specific coliphages, source tracking}, issn = {1092-8758}, doi = {10.1089/ees.2005.22.367}, url = {http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ees.2005.22.367}, author = {Long, Sharon C. and El-Khoury, Samar S. and Oudejans, Sjon J.G. and Sobsey, Mark D. and J Vinj{\'e}} } @article {5347, title = {Assessment of the ecological potential of mine-water treatment wetlands using a baseline survey of macroinvertebrate communities}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {138}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {412{\textendash}419}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Batty, LC and Atkin, L and Manning, DAC} } @article {16346, title = {Bacterial dynamics in spring water of two contrasting alpine karst aquifers indicate autochthounous microbial endokarst communities}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {1248-1259}, author = {Farnleitner, A. H. and Wilhartitz, I.C.} } @article {10850, title = {Bacteriophage MS-2 removal by submerged membrane bioreactor}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {17}, year = {2005}, pages = {4211{\textendash}4219}, author = {Shang, Chii and Hiu M Wong and Chen, Guanghao} } @article {11471, title = {Biofilm formation and phenotypic variation enhance predation-driven persistence of Vibrio cholerae}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {102}, year = {2005}, pages = {16819{\textendash}16824}, author = {Matz, Carsten and McDougald, Diane and Ana M Moreno and Pui Y Yung and Yildiz, Fitnat H and Kjelleberg, Staffan} } @book {16928, title = {Biological wastewater treatment in warm climate regions}, volume = {1}, year = {2005}, publisher = {IWA publishing}, organization = {IWA publishing}, author = {Von Sperling, Marcos and de Lemos Chernicharo, Carlos Augustos} } @book {12660, title = {Biological wastewater treatment in warm climate regions}, volume = {2}, year = {2005}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Von Sperling, Marcos and Chernicharo, C A L} } @book {5241, title = {{Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions}}, year = {2005}, pages = {835}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, address = {London, UK}, author = {von Sperling, M. and C AL Chernicharo} } @article {10630, title = {{Blood group, immunity, and risk of infection with Vibrio cholerae in an area of endemicity}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {73}, year = {2005}, pages = {7422{\textendash}7427}, author = {Harris, JB and Khan, AI and LaRocque, RC and Dorer, DJ and Chowdhury, F and Faruque, ASG and D A Sack and Ryan, ET and Qadri, F and Calderwood, SB} } @article {3184, title = {Brain metastasis of alveolar echinococcosis in a hyperendemic focus of {Echinococcus} multilocularis infection}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {99}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, month = {dec}, pages = {937{\textendash}941}, abstract = {An unusual female case, with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) disseminated from the primary hepatic lesion to the brain by metastasis formation, was retrospectively identified during a community survey in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, northwest China in 2003. Among possible metastases of hepatic AE, locations to the brain are rare and usually fatal; and they have especially been assigned to concomitant immune suppression. An enhancing role of pregnancy, which may be suspected in this case, the favourable outcome after surgery and chemotherapy, and also a mental disability in a child following long-term intrauterine exposure to mebendazole, make the report particularly unique.}, keywords = {Abnormalities, Anthelmintics, Brain Diseases, Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections, Drug-Induced, Echinococcosis, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Mebendazole, Newborn, Parasitic, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications}, issn = {0035-9203}, doi = {10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.04.020}, author = {Yang, Y. R. and Vuitton, D. A. and Jones, M. K. and Craig, P. S. and McManus, D. P.} } @article {6161, title = {Carbamazepine and its metabolites in wastewater and in biosolids in a municipal wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {39}, number = {19}, year = {2005}, pages = {7469-7475}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Xiu S Miao and Jian J Yang and Metcalfe, Chris D} } @article {13600, title = {Case report of successful treatment of triclabendazole resistant fascioliasis by nitazoxanide}, journal = {In Medicine and Health in the Tropics (XVIth International Congress for Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Marseille, France}, volume = {Abstract Book, P680}, year = {2005}, pages = {283}, author = {Gargala, G. and Abboud, P. and Borsa-Lebas, F. and Courchay, E. and Koning, E. and Favennec, L. and Caron, F.} } @article {8637, title = {{Cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients in Brazil: clinical features and predictors of treatment response in the HAART era}}, journal = {AIDS Patient Care STDS}, volume = {19}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {626{\textendash}634}, author = {Vidal, JE and Hernandez, AV and de Oliveira, AC and Dauar, RF and Barbosa, SP and Focaccia, R} } @article {8689, title = {{Changes at an activated sludge sewage treatment plant alter the numbers of airborne aerobic microorganisms}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, year = {2005}, pages = {4597{\textendash}4608}, abstract = {In 1976, the activated sludge sewage treatment plant in Edmonton, Canada, was surveyed to determine the numbers of culturable airborne microorganisms. Many changes have been made at the plant to reduce odors and improve treatment efficiency, so in 2004 another survey was done to determine if these changes had reduced the bioaerosols. Covering the grit tanks and primary settling tanks greatly reduced the numbers of airborne microbes. Changing the design and operation of indoor automated sampling taps and sinks also reduced bioaerosols. The secondary was expanded and converted from a conventional activated sludge process using coarse bubble aeration to a biological nutrient removal system using fine bubble aeration. Although the surface area of the secondary more than doubled, the average number of airborne microorganisms in this part of the plant in 2004 was about 1{\%} of that in 1976. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Aeration, Bioaerosol, Indoors, Outdoors, Sewage}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.08.010}, author = {Fernando, Nadeesha L. and Fedorak, Phillip M.} } @article {16184, title = {Changes in lipopolysaccharide O antigen distinguish acute versus chronic Leptospira interrogans infections.}, journal = {Infect Immun.Infect Immun.}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {3251-3260.}, author = {Nally, J. E. and Chow, E. and Fishbein, M. C. and Blanco, D. R. and Lovett, M. A.} } @article {7501, title = {Changes in {Serum} {Immunoglobulin} {G} {Levels} as a {Marker} for {Cryptosporidium} sp. {Infection} in {Peruvian} {Children}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {43}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, month = {oct}, pages = {5298{\textendash}5300}, issn = {0095-1137}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.43.10.5298-5300.2005}, url = {http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/JCM.43.10.5298-5300.2005}, author = {Priest, J. W. and Bern, C. and Roberts, J. M. and Kwon, J. P. and Lescano, A. G. and Checkley, W. and Cabrera, L. and Moss, D. M. and Arrowood, M. J. and Sterling, C. R. and Gilman, R. H. and Lammie, P. J.} } @article {16859, title = {Characterisation of the behaviour of particles in biofilters for pre-treatment of drinking water}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {39}, number = {16}, year = {2005}, pages = {3791{\textendash}3800}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Persson, Frank and L\aangmark, Jonas and Heinicke, Gerald and Hedberg, Torsten and Tobiason, John and Stenstr{\"o}m, Thor-Axel and Hermansson, Malte} } @article {5754, title = {{Characterization and Genetic Variability of Hepatitis A Virus Genotype IIIA}}, journal = {The Journal of General Virology}, volume = {86}, number = {Pt10}, year = {2005}, pages = {2739{\textendash}2745}, author = {Stene-Johansen, K and Jonassen, T{\O} and Skaug, K} } @article {8009, title = {{Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from aquatic environments.}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {246}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {55{\textendash}65}, abstract = {

This study reports the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of 144 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from urban sewage and animal wastewaters using a Shiga toxin 2 gene variant (stx(2))-specific DNA colony hybridization method. All the strains were classified as E. coli and belonged to 34 different serotypes, some of which had not been previously reported to carry the stx(2) genes (O8:H31, O89:H19, O166:H21 and O181:H20). Five stx(2) subtypes (stx(2), stx(2c), stx(2d), stx(2e) and stx(2g)) were detected. The stx(2), stx(2c), stx(2d) and stx(2e) subtypes were present in urban sewage and stx(2e) was the only stx(2) subtype found in pig wastewater samples. The stx(2c) and stx(2g) were more associated with cattle wastewater. One strain was positive for the intimin gene (eae) and five strains of serotypes were positive for the adhesin encoded by the saa gene. A total of 41 different seropathotypes were found. On the basis of occurrence of virulence genes, most non-O157 STEC strains are assumed to be low-virulence serotypes.

}, keywords = {Adhesins, Animals, Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Bacterial: genetics, Bacteriophage Typing, Cattle, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Fermentation, Glucuronidase, Glucuronidase: metabolism, Humans, O Antigens, O Antigens: analysis, Serotyping, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: biosynthesis, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Sorbitol, Sorbitol: metabolism, Spain, Swine, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1016/j.femsle.2005.03.038}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15869962}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a-Aljaro, C and Muniesa, M and Blanco, J E and Blanco, M and Blanco, J and Jofre, J and Blanch, A R} } @article {2249, title = {{Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from aquatic environments.}}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {246}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, month = {may}, pages = {55{\textendash}65}, abstract = {This study reports the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of 144 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from urban sewage and animal wastewaters using a Shiga toxin 2 gene variant (stx(2))-specific DNA colony hybridization method. All the strains were classified as E. coli and belonged to 34 different serotypes, some of which had not been previously reported to carry the stx(2) genes (O8:H31, O89:H19, O166:H21 and O181:H20). Five stx(2) subtypes (stx(2), stx(2c), stx(2d), stx(2e) and stx(2g)) were detected. The stx(2), stx(2c), stx(2d) and stx(2e) subtypes were present in urban sewage and stx(2e) was the only stx(2) subtype found in pig wastewater samples. The stx(2c) and stx(2g) were more associated with cattle wastewater. One strain was positive for the intimin gene (eae) and five strains of serotypes were positive for the adhesin encoded by the saa gene. A total of 41 different seropathotypes were found. On the basis of occurrence of virulence genes, most non-O157 STEC strains are assumed to be low-virulence serotypes.}, keywords = {Adhesins, Animals, Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Bacterial: genetics, Bacteriophage Typing, Cattle, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Fermentation, Glucuronidase, Glucuronidase: metabolism, Humans, O Antigens, O Antigens: analysis, Serotyping, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: biosynthesis, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Sorbitol, Sorbitol: metabolism, Spain, Swine, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1016/j.femsle.2005.03.038}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15869962}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a-Aljaro, C and Muniesa, M and Blanco, J E and Blanco, M and Blanco, J and Jofre, J and Blanch, A R} } @article {14029, title = {Characterization of {Shiga} toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli isolated from aquatic environments.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {246}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, month = {may}, pages = {55{\textendash}65}, abstract = {This study reports the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of 144 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from urban sewage and animal wastewaters using a Shiga toxin 2 gene variant (stx(2))-specific DNA colony hybridization method. All the strains were classified as E. coli and belonged to 34 different serotypes, some of which had not been previously reported to carry the stx(2) genes (O8:H31, O89:H19, O166:H21 and O181:H20). Five stx(2) subtypes (stx(2), stx(2c), stx(2d), stx(2e) and stx(2g)) were detected. The stx(2), stx(2c), stx(2d) and stx(2e) subtypes were present in urban sewage and stx(2e) was the only stx(2) subtype found in pig wastewater samples. The stx(2c) and stx(2g) were more associated with cattle wastewater. One strain was positive for the intimin gene (eae) and five strains of serotypes were positive for the adhesin encoded by the saa gene. A total of 41 different seropathotypes were found. On the basis of occurrence of virulence genes, most non-O157 STEC strains are assumed to be low-virulence serotypes.}, keywords = {Adhesins, Animals, Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Bacterial: genetics, Bacteriophage Typing, Cattle, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Proteins, Escherichia coli Proteins: genetics, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Fermentation, Glucuronidase, Glucuronidase: metabolism, Humans, O Antigens, O Antigens: analysis, Serotyping, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: biosynthesis, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Sorbitol, Sorbitol: metabolism, Spain, Swine, Virulence Factors, Virulence Factors: genetics, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1016/j.femsle.2005.03.038}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15869962}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a-Aljaro, C and Muniesa, M and Blanco, J E and Blanco, M and Blanco, J and Jofre, J and Blanch, A R} } @article {9525, title = {{Chlorine and ozone disinfection of Encephalitozoon intestinalis spores}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {11}, year = {2005}, pages = {2369{\textendash}2375}, author = {D E John and Haas, CN and Nwachuku, N and C P Gerba} } @article {4896, title = {Ciclosporosis: una parasitosis emergente (1) Aspectos cl{\'\i}nicos y epidemiologicos}}, journal = {Revista de Gastroenterolog{\'\i}a del Per{\'u}}, volume = {25}, year = {2005}, pages = {328{\textendash}335}, author = {Alva, SB} } @article {15811, title = {Clams (Corbicula fluminea) as bioindicators of fecal contamination with Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in freshwater ecosystems in California}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, month = {May}, pages = {673-84}, edition = {2005/05/03}, keywords = {*Water Pollution, Animals, Base Sequence, Biomarkers/analysis, Bivalvia/*parasitology, California, Cryptosporidium parvum/genetics/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, DNA, Protozoan/analysis, Ecosystem, Feces/*parasitology, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct/methods, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Immunomagnetic Separation/methods, Molecular Sequence Data, Oocysts/isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Risk Factors}, isbn = {0020-7519 (Print)
0020-7519}, author = {Miller, W. A. and Atwill, E. R. and Gardner, I. A. and Miller, M. A. and Fritz, H. M. and Hedrick, R. P. and Melli, A. C. and Barnes, N. M. and Conrad, P. A.} } @article {7823, title = {Climate variability and campylobacter infection: an international study}, journal = {International Journal of Biometeorology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, note = {ID: Sari Kovats2005}, pages = {207-214}, abstract = {

Campylobacter is among the most important agents of enteritis in developed countries. We have described the potential environmental determinants of the seasonal pattern of infection with campylobacter in Europe, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Specifically, we investigated the role of climate variability on laboratory-confirmed cases of campylobacter infection from 15 populations. Regression analysis was used to quantify the associations between timing of seasonal peaks in infection in space and time. The short-term association between weekly weather and cases was also investigated using Poisson regression adapted for time series data. All countries in our study showed a distinct seasonality in campylobacter transmission, with many, but not all, populations showing a peak in spring. Countries with milder winters have peaks of infection earlier in the year. The timing of the peak of infection is weakly associated with high temperatures 3\Â months previously. Weekly variation in campylobacter infection in one region of the UK appeared to be little affected by short-term changes in weather patterns. The geographical variation in the timing of the seasonal peak suggests that climate may be a contributing factor to campylobacter transmission. The main driver of seasonality of campylobacter remains elusive and underscores the need to identify the major serotypes and routes of transmission for this disease.

}, isbn = {1432-1254}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-004-0241-3}, author = {R Sari Kovats and Edwards,Sally J. and Charron,Dominique and Cowden,John and Rennie M. De Souza and Ebi,Kristie L. and Gauci,Charmaine and Gerner-Smidt,Peter and Hajat,Shakoor and Hales,Simon and Gloria H Pezzi and Kriz,Bohumir and Kutsar,Kuulo and McKeown,Paul and Mellou,Kassiani and Menne,Bettina and Sarah O{\textquoteright}Brien and van Pelt,Wilfrid and Schmid,Hans} } @article {13172, title = {Clinical relevance of Aeromonas sM503}, journal = {Reviews in Medical Microbiology}, volume = {16}, year = {2005}, pages = {145-153}, author = {Figueras, M. J.} } @article {4991, title = {{Clonorchiasis: a key foodborne zoonosis in China}}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious Diseases}, volume = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {31{\textendash}41}, author = {Lun, ZR and Gasser, RB and Lai, DH and Li, AX and Zhu, XQ and Yu, XB and Fang, YY} } @article {6048, title = {Colloid filtration theory and the Happel sphere-in-cell model revisited with direct numerical simulation of colloids}, journal = {Langmuir}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {2173{\textendash}2184}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Nelson, Kirk E and Ginn, Timothy R} } @article {14028, title = {Combined use of an immunomagnetic separation method and immunoblotting for the enumeration and isolation of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in wastewaters}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {589{\textendash}597}, abstract = {AIMS: The detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in environmental samples is a human concern. The high persistence of this serotype in the environment suggests that contaminated animal wastewater could act as a potential reservoir. Nevertheless, the high levels of background microflora and cell damage because of environmental stress hamper the isolation of this pathogen without using enrichment methods. This study develops a method for the detection of E. coli and investigates its prevalence in animal and human wastewaters. METHODS AND RESULTS: Incubation of the sample for 1 h 30 min at 37 degrees C in peptone water supplemented with vancomycin and cefsulodin, enhanced the recovery of bacteria whilst ensuring that no growth occurred. Subsequently, a combination of immunomagnetic separation, cefixime-tellurite-sorbitol MacConkey (CT-SMAC) plating and immunoblotting with specific O157 antibodies allowed the detection, enumeration and isolation of E. coli O157 strains in human, swine and cattle wastewaters, which presented values of 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0 log10 ml(-1) units, respectively. Some of the isolates carried genes coding for Shiga toxins, intimin and enterohemolysin. CONCLUSIONS: Escherichia coli O157 is commonly present in animal and human wastewaters. The developed method reduced the high rate of false positives reported for other technical approaches. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The confirmation of serotype by specific immunomethods is necessary to prevent false-positive detection and incorrect enumeration.}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, Animals, Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Cattle, Cluster Analysis, DNA Fingerprinting, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Genes, Humans, Immunoblotting, Immunoblotting: methods, Immunomagnetic Separation, Lipopolysaccharides, Sewage, Swine, Virulence, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02497.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15715861}, author = {Garcia-Aljaro, C. and Bonjoch, X. and Blanch, A.R.} } @article {2248, title = {{Combined use of an immunomagnetic separation method and immunoblotting for the enumeration and isolation of Escherichia coli O157 in wastewaters}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {589{\textendash}597}, abstract = {AIMS: The detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in environmental samples is a human concern. The high persistence of this serotype in the environment suggests that contaminated animal wastewater could act as a potential reservoir. Nevertheless, the high levels of background microflora and cell damage because of environmental stress hamper the isolation of this pathogen without using enrichment methods. This study develops a method for the detection of E. coli and investigates its prevalence in animal and human wastewaters. METHODS AND RESULTS: Incubation of the sample for 1 h 30 min at 37 degrees C in peptone water supplemented with vancomycin and cefsulodin, enhanced the recovery of bacteria whilst ensuring that no growth occurred. Subsequently, a combination of immunomagnetic separation, cefixime-tellurite-sorbitol MacConkey (CT-SMAC) plating and immunoblotting with specific O157 antibodies allowed the detection, enumeration and isolation of E. coli O157 strains in human, swine and cattle wastewaters, which presented values of 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0 log10 ml(-1) units, respectively. Some of the isolates carried genes coding for Shiga toxins, intimin and enterohemolysin. CONCLUSIONS: Escherichia coli O157 is commonly present in animal and human wastewaters. The developed method reduced the high rate of false positives reported for other technical approaches. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The confirmation of serotype by specific immunomethods is necessary to prevent false-positive detection and incorrect enumeration.}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, Animals, Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Cattle, Cluster Analysis, DNA Fingerprinting, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Genes, Humans, Immunoblotting, Immunoblotting: methods, Immunomagnetic Separation, Lipopolysaccharides, Sewage, Swine, Virulence, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02497.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15715861}, author = {Garcia-Aljaro, C. and Bonjoch, X. and Blanch, A.R.} } @article {8008, title = {{Combined use of an immunomagnetic separation method and immunoblotting for the enumeration and isolation of Escherichia coli O157 in wastewaters}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {589{\textendash}597}, abstract = {AIMS: The detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in environmental samples is a human concern. The high persistence of this serotype in the environment suggests that contaminated animal wastewater could act as a potential reservoir. Nevertheless, the high levels of background microflora and cell damage because of environmental stress hamper the isolation of this pathogen without using enrichment methods. This study develops a method for the detection of E. coli and investigates its prevalence in animal and human wastewaters. METHODS AND RESULTS: Incubation of the sample for 1 h 30 min at 37 degrees C in peptone water supplemented with vancomycin and cefsulodin, enhanced the recovery of bacteria whilst ensuring that no growth occurred. Subsequently, a combination of immunomagnetic separation, cefixime-tellurite-sorbitol MacConkey (CT-SMAC) plating and immunoblotting with specific O157 antibodies allowed the detection, enumeration and isolation of E. coli O157 strains in human, swine and cattle wastewaters, which presented values of 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0 log10 ml(-1) units, respectively. Some of the isolates carried genes coding for Shiga toxins, intimin and enterohemolysin. CONCLUSIONS: Escherichia coli O157 is commonly present in animal and human wastewaters. The developed method reduced the high rate of false positives reported for other technical approaches. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The confirmation of serotype by specific immunomethods is necessary to prevent false-positive detection and incorrect enumeration.}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, Animals, Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Cattle, Cluster Analysis, DNA Fingerprinting, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Genes, Humans, Immunoblotting, Immunoblotting: methods, Immunomagnetic Separation, Lipopolysaccharides, Sewage, Swine, Virulence, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02497.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15715861}, author = {Garcia-Aljaro, C. and Bonjoch, X. and Blanch, A.R.} } @book {7499, title = {Community-driven development for water and sanitation in urban areas: its contribution to meeting the {Millennium} {Development} {Goal} targets}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Iied}, organization = {Iied}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=lang_en\&id=5CDMmF2T_jsC\&oi=fnd\&pg=PA3\&dq=water+sanitation+hygiene+\%22willingness+to+pay\%22+OR+,+OR+finance,+OR+micro+OR+finance,+OR+public+OR+sector+OR+finance,+OR+private+OR+sector+OR+finance,+OR+financial+OR+model}, author = {Satterthwaite, David and MacGranahan, Gordon and Mitlin, Diana} } @article {5553, title = {{Comparative efficacy of hand hygiene agents in the reduction of bacteria and viruses}}, journal = {American Journal of Infection Control}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {67{\textendash}77}, abstract = {Background: Health care-associated infections most commonly result from person-to-person transmission via the hands of health care workers. Methods: We studied the efficacy of hand hygiene agents (n = 14) following 10-second applications to reduce the level of challenge organisms (Serratia marcescens and MS2 bacteriophage) from the hands of healthy volunteers using the ASTM-E-1174-94 test method. Results: The highest log10 reductions of S marcescens were achieved with agents containing chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), triclosan, benzethonium chloride, and the controls, tap water alone and nonantimicrobial soap and water (episode 1 of hand hygiene, 1.60-2.01; episode 10, 1.60-3.63). Handwipes but not alcohol-based handrubs were significantly inferior from these agents after a single episode of hand hygiene, but both groups were significantly inferior after 10 episodes. After a single episode of hand hygiene, alcohol/silver iodide, CHG, triclosan, and benzethonium chloride were similar to the controls in reduction of MS2, but, in general, handwipes and alcohol-based handrubs showed significantly lower efficacy. After 10 episodes, only benzethonium chloride (1.33) performed as well as the controls (1.59-1.89) in the reduction of MS2. Conclusions: Antimicrobial handwashing agents were the most efficacious in bacterial removal, whereas waterless agents showed variable efficacy. Alcohol-based handrubs compared with other products demonstrated better efficacy after a single episode of hand hygiene than after 10 episodes. Effective hand hygiene for high levels of viral contamination with a nonenveloped virus was best achieved by physical removal with a nonantimicrobial soap or tap water alone. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2005 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc.}, isbn = {0196-6553 (Print)}, issn = {01966553}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajic.2004.08.005}, author = {Sickbert-Bennett, Emily E. and Weber, David J. and Gergen-Teague, Maria F. and Sobsey, Mark D. and Samsa, Gregory P. and William A Rutala} } @article {3574, title = {Comparative evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of two dosages of an oral live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine.}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {481{\textendash}488}, abstract = {

Rotavirus is a major cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide and is estimated to be responsible for more than 500,000 physician visits, 50,000 hospitalizations and 20 deaths in the United States each year.

}, author = {Dennehy, Penelope H and Brady, Rebecca C and Halperin, Scott A and Ward, Richard L and Alvey, Justin C and Fischer, Francis H and Innis, Bruce L and Rathfon, Hal and Schuind, Anne and De Vos, B{\'e}atrice and Group, North American Human Rotavirus Vaccine Study} } @article {1339, title = {Comparative inactivation of adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, note = {Nwachuku, Nena Gerba, Charles P Oswald, Amy Mashadi, Faezeh D Comparative Study Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {5633-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The results of this study confirm that adenoviruses are the most resistant enteric viruses to inactivation by UV light and that adenovirus 40 appears to be the most resistant. The effect of freeze-thawing and storage in water may affect the sensitivity of some adenoviruses to inactivation by UV light.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/classification/ growth \& development/ radiation effects Cell Line Disinfection/ methods HeLa Cells Humans Serotyping Ultraviolet Rays}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Nwachuku, N. and Gerba, C. P. and Oswald, A. and Mashadi, F. D.} } @article {4568, title = {Comparative inactivation of adenovirus serotypes by {UV} light disinfection}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, pages = {5633{\textendash}6}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Nwachuku, N. and Gerba, C. P. and Oswald, A. and Mashadi, F. D.} } @article {1753, title = {Comparison of 2 ultrafiltration systems for the concentration of seeded viruses from environmental waters}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, note = {Olszewski, John Winona, Linda Oshima, Kevin H eng Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Canada 2005/06/28 09:00 Can J Microbiol. 2005 Apr;51(4):295-303.}, pages = {295-303}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The use of ultrafiltration as a concentration method to recover viruses from environmental waters was investigated. Two ultrafiltration systems (hollow fiber and tangential flow) in a large- (100 L) and small-scale (2 L) configuration were able to recover greater than 50\% of multiple viruses (bacteriophage PP7 and T1 and poliovirus type 2) from varying water turbidities (10-157 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)) simultaneously. Mean recoveries (n = 3) in ground and surface water by the large-scale hollow fiber ultrafiltration system (100 L) were comparable to recoveries observed in the small-scale system (2 L). Recovery of seeded viruses in highly turbid waters from small-scale tangential flow (2 L) (screen and open channel) and hollow fiber ultrafilters (2 L) (small pilot) were greater than 70\%. Clogging occurred in the hollow fiber pencil module and when particulate concentrations exceeded 1.6 g/L and 5.5 g/L (dry mass) in the screen and open channel filters, respectively. The small pilot module was able to filter all concentrates without clogging. The small pilot hollow fiber ultrafilter was used to test recovery of seeded viruses from surface waters from different geographical regions in 10-L volumes. Recoveries >70\% were observed from all locations.}, keywords = {Acrylic Resins *Coliphages Environmental Monitoring/*methods *Poliovirus Polymers Sulfones Ultrafiltration/*methods *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1139/w05-011}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15980891}, author = {Olszewski, J. and Winona, L. and Oshima, K. H.} } @article {10591, title = {{Comparison of a chromogenic medium with thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus}}, journal = {Journal of Food Science}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {M125{\textendash}M128}, author = {Duan, J and Y C Su} } @article {17444, title = {Comparison of bacteriophage and enteric virus removal in pilot scale activated sludge plants}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, year = {2005}, pages = {516-524}, author = {Arraj, A and Bohatier, J and Laveran, H and Traor{\'e}, O} } @article {10108, title = {{Comparison of Enterococcus measurements in freshwater at two recreational beaches by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and membrane filter culture analysis}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, year = {2005}, pages = {559{\textendash}568}, author = {Haugland, RA and Siefring, SC and Wymer, LJ and Brenner, KP and Dufour, AP} } @article {10848, title = {A comparison of membrane bioreactor and conventional-activated-sludge mixed liquor and biosolids characteristics}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {77}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {323{\textendash}330}, author = {Holbrook, RD and Massie, KA and Novak, JT} } @article {10572, title = {{Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the Sydney Watershed}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {5929{\textendash}5934}, author = {Cox, P and Griffith, M and Angles, M and Deere, D and Ferguson, C} } @article {9247, title = {{The contamination of various fruit and vegetable with Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris eggs, Entamoeba histolyca cysts and Giardia cysts}}, journal = {Food Control}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {559{\textendash}562}, author = {Erdogrul, O and Sener, H} } @inbook {8408, title = {{Contemporary perspectives on infectious disease agents in sewage sludge and manure}}, booktitle = {Concerns related to protozoan and helminth parasites in biosolids and animal wastes}, year = {2005}, publisher = {The JG Press, Inc}, organization = {The JG Press, Inc}, address = {Emmaus, PA}, author = {Bowman, DD and Fayer, R} } @mastersthesis {6434, title = {Control of silica scaling phenomena in reverse osmosis systems}, year = {2005}, note = {3181704}, school = {The University of Texas at Austin}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Industrial development in the Border region of Mexico and Texas depends on the availability and quality of water; several industries require high quality process water. Reverse osmosis systems achieve that quality, but high concentrations of silica in the local water supplies limit the recovery. Silica is problematic in membrane systems due to its complicated chemistry. Silica may induce both scaling and fouling, causing decline in the water production rate, reduced water product quality and permanent damage to membranes. The objective of this research was to develop pretreatment strategies for RO systems subject to silica fouling and scaling. To accomplish this objective required a thorough investigation of processes to remove silica prior to membrane treatment with softening and adsorption/precipitation. This investigation included chemical equilibrium modeling of possible treatment schemes, and subsequent bench-scale batch experiments of the most promising treatments identified by that modeling. A bench-scale RO system was then operated with and without pretreatment to test the efficacy and potential benefits of the best treatments identified in the batch experiments. Lime softening proved to be an effective method to reduce silica concentration. Results show that addition of magnesium chloride (35 mg/L of Mg+2 ) and 165-180 mg/L lime plus soda ash for calcium control (160-190 mg Na2 CO3 /L) dramatically decreased the silica concentration from 28 mg/L as Si to approximately 5 mg/L as Si. According to Mineql simulations, the precipitated compound is chrysotile (Mg3 Si2 O 5 (OH)4 ). RO experiments with both synthetic Rio Grande water (i.e ., water made to mimic the chemical composition) and Rio Grande water were performed with and without influent water pretreatments. Operational conditions were 1550 kPa, and cross-flow velocity of 3.6 cm/s at 25{\textdegree}C. Untreated Rio Grande water presented a specific flux decline of 53\%. Pretreated water presented a lower flux decline at the same conditions, 7\%. SEM and XPS analysis showed less amount of silica fouling over the membranes. Pretreatment of silica-bearing waters before entering an RO unit dramatically improved the flux behavior, which is the main parameter describing membrane system performance.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Environmental engineering, Fouling, Magnesium chloride, Reverse osmosis, Silica scaling, Water softening}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305385690?accountid=14270}, author = {Pacheco Rodriguez, Rocio Idalia} } @article {11411, title = {Control of Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: From research towards implementation}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {35}, number = {11-12}, year = {2005}, pages = {1221-1232}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T7F-4GYNXCR-3/2/b5ed4b9decf2b19fc38f3f0e1a7c7945}, author = {Pawlowski, Zbigniew and Allan, James and Sarti, Elsa} } @article {7373, title = {Creating demand for sanitation and hygiene through {Community} {Health} {Clubs}: {A} cost-effective intervention in two districts in {Zimbabwe}}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine}, volume = {61}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, pages = {1958{\textendash}1970}, keywords = {Community Health Planning, Consumer Participation, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Environmental health, Female, Health Behavior, Health Care Surveys, Health promotion, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Hygiene, Male, prevalence, Program Evaluation, rural health, sanitation, Self-Help Groups, Socioeconomic Factors, Zimbabwe}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953605001759}, author = {Waterkeyn, Juliet and Cairncross, Sandy} } @article {10645, title = {{Critical factors influencing the occurrence of Vibrio cholerae in the environment of Bangladesh}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, pages = {4645{\textendash}4654}, author = {Huq, A and Sack, RB and Nizam, A and Longini, IM and Nair, GB and Ali, AJ and Glenn Morris, G Jr J and Khan, MNH. and Siddique, AK and Yunus, M and Albert, MJ and D A Sack and Colwell, RR} } @booklet {17437, title = {Critical review on Methods for Bacteriophages (and viruses) to be monitored in EU in sludges, soils and treated biowastes}, year = {2005}, author = {Lucena, F and Blanch, A R and Jofre, J} } @proceedings {4930, title = {Cyclospora outbreak in Florida, 2005}, journal = {Food-borne Threats Health Policies Pract Surveill Prev. Outbreak Invest. Int. Coord. Workshop}, volume = {S15}, year = {2005}, address = {Washington DC}, author = {Hammond, R} } @article {4903, title = {{Cyclosporiasis outbreaks, Indonesia}}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {11}, year = {2005}, pages = {1453{\textendash}1455}, author = {Blans, MC and Ridwan, BU and Verweij, JJ and Rozenberg-Aroka, M and Verhoef, J} } @article {7082, title = {Decay of intestinal enterococci concentrations in high-energy estuarine and coastal waters: towards real-time {T}90 values for modelling faecal indicators in recreational waters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {feb}, pages = {655{\textendash}667}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2004.11.014}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135404005391}, author = {Kay, D. and Stapleton, C.M. and Wyer, M.D. and McDonald, A.T. and Crowther, J. and Paul, N. and Jones, K. and Francis, C. and Watkins, J. and Wilkinson, J. and Humphrey, N. and Lin, B. and Yang, L. and Falconer, R.A. and Gardner, S.} } @book {15269, title = {Decentralised wastewater management in {Vietnam}: a {Hanoi} case study}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Hanoi University of Civil Engineering}, organization = {Hanoi University of Civil Engineering}, address = {Hanoi}, abstract = {

In Hanoi, the Sewerage and Drainage Company (SADCO) is the centralised agency with officially responsibility for wastewater management, which focuses mainly on the provision and maintenance of drains and sewers. Approximately 60\% of the city\&$\#$39;s area is fully served by SADCO. The rest part is taken care by local authorities or under self- government by local people and it is in these areas that some innovative approaches to wastewater management are observed. These depict promising options for improved delivery of wastewater services.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nThe Hai Ba Trung case study highlights the potential role of local community stakeholders and actors in the provision and management of tertiary sewerage and drainage systems, whereas Hoang Mai case study typifies community-based wastewater reuse where the local community members participate in decision-making and a range of different wastewater management activities in their locality.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nBuilding on a long tradition of decentralised provision of public services, these arrangements highlight new possibilities for expanding decentralised approaches to wastewater management services in Hanoi and possibly other parts of Vietnam. The case studies demonstrate how decentralised initiatives can capitalise on the availability of local resources, which can compliment those offered by the centralised service provider. The experiences from Hanoi also demonstrate how these can form part of an overall strategy for service provision which bridges the gap in deficiencies in service delivery and bring about much need improvements in wastewater management.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nThis report draws from these case studies to discuss the institutional framework for the provision of services and infrastructure for wastewater management and discusses opportunities for decentralisation in Vietnam. These decentralised management approaches are potentially viable for many other urban areas of Vietnam when the capacity of the public service utilities is still limited. Cities in other countries in the Asia region are also facing and dealing with similar problems, but Vietnam provides interesting lessons related to the way that different levels of government and their agencies react, in collaboration with local communities, to the impacts of environmental degradation and their approach towards wastewater management.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nThese two examples of wastewater management illustrate aspects of decentralisation in decision-making processes and management arrangements at the local level. The case studies highlight the need to improve wastewater management, linked to a wider programme for public administration reform towards decentralisation and public participation. In particular, the role of the peoples\&$\#$39; committees (PC\&$\#$39;s) at various levels in service provision and their relationship with the agency directly responsible for provision of large-scale centralized services for the city are highlighted. The report describes how these relationships may be strengthened to improve the quality of service provision and promote greater sustainability, and explores opportunities and constraints to wider re- plication.

}, keywords = {DWMS, Hanoi, management, reuse, Vietnam, wastewater}, author = {Nguyen, VA and Parkinson, J} } @book {13687, title = {{Decentralised wastewater management in Vietnam: a Hanoi case study}}, year = {2005}, pages = {1{\textendash}35}, publisher = {Hanoi University of Civil Engineering}, organization = {Hanoi University of Civil Engineering}, address = {Hanoi}, abstract = {In Hanoi, the Sewerage and Drainage Company (SADCO) is the centralised agency with officially responsibility for wastewater management, which focuses mainly on the provision and maintenance of drains and sewers. Approximately 60{\%} of the city{\textquoteright}s area is fully served by SADCO. The rest part is taken care by local authorities or under self- government by local people and it is in these areas that some innovative approaches to wastewater management are observed. These depict promising options for improved delivery of wastewater services.$\backslash$nThe Hai Ba Trung case study highlights the potential role of local community stakeholders and actors in the provision and management of tertiary sewerage and drainage systems, whereas Hoang Mai case study typifies community-based wastewater reuse where the local community members participate in decision-making and a range of different wastewater management activities in their locality.$\backslash$nBuilding on a long tradition of decentralised provision of public services, these arrangements highlight new possibilities for expanding decentralised approaches to wastewater management services in Hanoi and possibly other parts of Vietnam. The case studies demonstrate how decentralised initiatives can capitalise on the availability of local resources, which can compliment those offered by the centralised service provider. The experiences from Hanoi also demonstrate how these can form part of an overall strategy for service provision which bridges the gap in deficiencies in service delivery and bring about much need improvements in wastewater management.$\backslash$nThis report draws from these case studies to discuss the institutional framework for the provision of services and infrastructure for wastewater management and discusses opportunities for decentralisation in Vietnam. These decentralised management approaches are potentially viable for many other urban areas of Vietnam when the capacity of the public service utilities is still limited. Cities in other countries in the Asia region are also facing and dealing with similar problems, but Vietnam provides interesting lessons related to the way that different levels of government and their agencies react, in collaboration with local communities, to the impacts of environmental degradation and their approach towards wastewater management.$\backslash$nThese two examples of wastewater management illustrate aspects of decentralisation in decision-making processes and management arrangements at the local level. The case studies highlight the need to improve wastewater management, linked to a wider programme for public administration reform towards decentralisation and public participation. In particular, the role of the peoples{\textquoteright} committees (PC{\textquoteright}s) at various levels in service provision and their relationship with the agency directly responsible for provision of large-scale centralized services for the city are highlighted. The report describes how these relationships may be strengthened to improve the quality of service provision and promote greater sustainability, and explores opportunities and constraints to wider re- plication.}, keywords = {DWMS, Hanoi, management, reuse, Vietnam, wastewater}, author = {Nguyen, Viet Anh and Parkinson, Jonathan} } @article {7718, title = {Decline of zoonotic agents in livestock waste and bedding heaps}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {99}, year = {2005}, pages = {354-362}, author = {Hutchison, ML and Walters, LD and Avery, SM and Moore, A} } @article {1773, title = {Decrease of enteric micro-organisms from rural sewage sludge during their composting in straw mixture}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {99}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, note = {Pourcher, A-M Morand, P Picard-Bonnaud, F Billaudel, S Monpoeho, S Federighi, M Ferre, V Moguedet, G England Journal of applied microbiology J Appl Microbiol. 2005;99(3):528-39.}, pages = {528-39}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {AIMS: To study the decrease of enteric micro-organisms including viable nematode eggs, enteroviruses, faecal indicators (Escherichia coli and enterococci) and pathogenic bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp. and Clostridium perfringens) of a rural sewage sludge when it is composted for 7 months in mixture with straw. METHODS AND RESULTS: Numbers of the test organisms and the physico-chemical parameters were measured on a monthly basis on the mixture, on the compost after being turned, and on the pile in three positions representing the part by which air is incoming, the bottom of the pile and the part through which air is outgoing. The lowest temperature in the pile was observed at the bottom, where it did not exceed 50 degrees C against 66 degrees C in the two other areas. There were no significant differences between the three areas in terms of micro-organism survival. Infectious enteroviruses were inactivated rapidly and were not found after the first turning whereas some genomes were detected until after the third turning. Escherichia coli and enterococci presented a similar survival rate and their number decreased by 4 log(10) whereas Salmonella decayed at a greater rate than L. monocytogenes. The numbers of C. perfringens decreased gradually to reach a final concentration in the mature compost of about 10(2) CFU g(-1) dry matter (d.m.), which was similar to that of the faecal indicators. CONCLUSIONS: The hygienic effect of sludge composting in mixture with straw results in a significant reduction of enteric micro-organisms, the concentration of the faecal indicators in the final product being < 64 most probable number g(-1) d.m. The concentrations of Salmonella, enteroviruses and viable nematode eggs in the final product were not detectable which is in accordance with the French legislation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results which pointed out the different behaviour of the test micro-organisms reflect the difficulty to propose a relevant indicator of hygienization. Otherwise, they show that composting is an efficient means for hygienization of sludge of rural wastewater treatment, where the straw is available close to their place of production.}, keywords = {Animals Bacteria/*isolation \& purification Carbon/analysis Clostridium perfringens/isolation \& purification Colony Count, Microbial/methods Enterococcus/isolation \& purification Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification Fermentation Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Listeria/isolation \& purification Nematoda/isolation \& purification Nitrogen/a}, issn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {JAM2642 [pii] 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02642.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16108794}, author = {Pourcher, A. M. and Morand, P. and Picard-Bonnaud, F. and Billaudel, S. and Monpoeho, S. and Federighi, M. and Ferre, V. and Moguedet, G.} } @article {17366, title = {Decrease of enteric micro-organisms from rural sewage sludge during their composting in straw mixture}, journal = {J Appl MicrobiolJ Appl Microbiol}, volume = {99}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {528-39}, keywords = {*Soil Microbiology, *Triticum, Animals, Bacteria/*isolation \& purification, Carbon/analysis, Clostridium perfringens/isolation \& purification, Colony Count, Microbial/methods, Enterococcus/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Fermentation, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Listeria/isolation \& purification, Nematoda/isolation \& purification, Nitrogen/analysis, rural health, Salmonella/isolation \& purification, Sewage/*microbiology, Temperature}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print)
1364-5072 (Linking)}, author = {Pourcher, A. M. and Morand, P. and Picard-Bonnaud, F. and Billaudel, S. and Monpoeho, S. and Federighi, M. and Ferre, V. and Moguedet, G.} } @article {3262, title = {{Decrease of enteric micro-organisms from rural sewage sludge during their composting in straw mixture}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {99}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {528{\textendash}539}, abstract = {AIMS: To study the decrease of enteric micro-organisms including viable nematode eggs, enteroviruses, faecal indicators (Escherichia coli and enterococci) and pathogenic bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp. and Clostridium perfringens) of a rural sewage sludge when it is composted for 7 months in mixture with straw.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS AND RESULTS: Numbers of the test organisms and the physico-chemical parameters were measured on a monthly basis on the mixture, on the compost after being turned, and on the pile in three positions representing the part by which air is incoming, the bottom of the pile and the part through which air is outgoing. The lowest temperature in the pile was observed at the bottom, where it did not exceed 50 degrees C against 66 degrees C in the two other areas. There were no significant differences between the three areas in terms of micro-organism survival. Infectious enteroviruses were inactivated rapidly and were not found after the first turning whereas some genomes were detected until after the third turning. Escherichia coli and enterococci presented a similar survival rate and their number decreased by 4 log(10) whereas Salmonella decayed at a greater rate than L. monocytogenes. The numbers of C. perfringens decreased gradually to reach a final concentration in the mature compost of about 10(2) CFU g(-1) dry matter (d.m.), which was similar to that of the faecal indicators.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSIONS: The hygienic effect of sludge composting in mixture with straw results in a significant reduction of enteric micro-organisms, the concentration of the faecal indicators in the final product being {\textless} 64 most probable number g(-1) d.m. The concentrations of Salmonella, enteroviruses and viable nematode eggs in the final product were not detectable which is in accordance with the French legislation.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nSIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results which pointed out the different behaviour of the test micro-organisms reflect the difficulty to propose a relevant indicator of hygienization. Otherwise, they show that composting is an efficient means for hygienization of sludge of rural wastewater treatment, where the straw is available close to their place of production.}, keywords = {Composting, Hygienization, Micro-organisms, Pathogens, Sludge}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print)$\backslash$n1364-5072 (Linking)}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02642.x}, author = {Anne M Pourcher and Morand, P. and Picard-Bonnaud, F. and Billaudel, S. and Monpoeho, S. and Federighi, M. and Ferr??, V. and Moguedet, G.} } @article {5663, title = {{Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis A Virus in Seawater via Real-Time RT-PCR}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {127}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {109{\textendash}118}, author = {Brooks, HA and Gersberg, RM and Dhar, AK} } @article {10184, title = {{Detection and quantification of the human-specific HF183 Bacteroides 16S rRNA genetic marker with real-time PCR for assessment of human faecal pollution in freshwater}}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {249{\textendash}259}, author = {Seurinck, S and Defoirdt, T and Verstraete, W and Siciliano, SD} } @article {10185, title = {{Detection and quantification of the human-specific HF183 Bacteroides 16S rRNA genetic marker with real-time PCR for assessment of human faecal pollution in freshwater}}, journal = {Environ Microbiol}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {249{\textendash}259}, author = {Seurinck, S and Defoirdt, T and Verstraete, W and Siciliano, SD} } @article {4620, title = {Detection and risk assessment of adenoviruses in swimming pool water}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {99}, year = {2005}, pages = {1256{\textendash}64}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, author = {Van Heerden, J. and Ehlers, M. M. and Grabow, W. O.} } @inbook {1268, title = {Detection of adenoviruses in shellfish by means of conventional-PCR, nested-PCR, and integrated cell culture PCR (ICC/PCR)}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {39}, year = {2005}, note = {Rigotto, C Sincero, T C M Simoes, C M O Barardi, C R M Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(04)00506-8 [pii] Water Res. 2005 Jan-Feb;39(2-3):297-304. Epub 2004 Dec 10.}, pages = {297-304}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {We tested three PCR based methodologies to detect adenoviruses associated with cultivated oysters. Conventional-PCR, nested-PCR, and integrated cell culture-PCR (ICC/PCR) were first optimized using oysters seeded with know amounts of Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5). The maximum sensitivity for Ad5 detection was determined for each method, and then used to detect natural adenovirus contamination in oysters from three aquiculture farms in Florianopolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, over a period of 6 months. The results showed that the nested-PCR was more sensitive (limit of detection: 1.2 PFU/g of tissue) than conventional-PCR and ICC-PCR (limit of detection for both: 1.2 x 10(2)PFU/g of tissue) for detection of Ad5 in oyster extracts. Nested-PCR was able to detect 90\% of Ad5 contamination in harvested oyster samples, while conventional-PCR was unable to detect Ad5 in any of the samples. The present work suggests that detection of human adenoviruses can be used as a tool to monitor the presence of human viruses in marine environments where shellfish grow, and that nested-PCR is the method of choice.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/growth \& development/ isolation \& purification Animals Brazil Cell Culture Techniques Electrophoresis, Agar Gel Environmental Monitoring/ standards Ostreidae/virology Polymerase Chain Reaction/ methods Shellfish/ virology Virus Cultivation}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2004.10.005}, author = {Rigotto, C. and Sincero, T. C. and Simoes, C. M. and Barardi, C. R.} } @article {7785, title = {Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in dairy farm environmental samples using SYBR green real-time polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {Foodborne Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, note = {Sum; Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in dairy farm environmental samples using SYBR green real-time polymerase chain reaction; ISI:000238251700006; ID: 347}, pages = {160-168}, isbn = {1535-3141}, author = {Nam,H. M. and Srinivasan,V. and Murinda,S. E. and Oliver,S. P.} } @article {4866, title = {{Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts in human fecal specimens by flow cytometry}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {43}, year = {2005}, pages = {2375{\textendash}2379}, author = {Dixon, BR and Bussey, JM and Parrington, LJ and Parenteau, M} } @article {3124, title = {Detection of {Echinococcus} multilocularis infection in a colony of cynomolgus monkeys ({Macaca} fascicularis) using serology and ultrasonography}, journal = {Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation: Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {183{\textendash}186}, abstract = {Five animals in a colony of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) died or were euthanatized because of alveolar echinococcosis, during a period of 5 years. The remainder of the colony was screened for possible infection with Echinococcus multilocularis, using serology and ultrasonography. A total of 46 animals out of a group of 55 were examined. The presence of anti-Em2 antibodies analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was demonstrated in 3 monkeys. In 2 of these 3 monkeys, multilocular structures compatible with metacestodal cysts in the liver were identified, using ultrasonography. The presence of alveolar echinococcosis was subsequently confirmed at postmortem examination in 1 animal. The other animals are still alive. Two other monkeys were negative in the serological examination but had cystic structures in the liver, which were identified as bile duct cysts at postmortem examination in 1 animal. The other monkey is still alive. These findings suggest that serology for antibodies against the Em2 antigen may represent a useful method in identifying animals that might be infected with E. multilocularis and are therefore at risk of developing fatal alveolar echinococcosis.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Helminth, Liver, Macaca fascicularis, Male, Monkey Diseases, Reproducibility of Results}, issn = {1040-6387}, author = {Rehmann, Patrick and Gr{\"o}ne, Andrea and Gottstein, Bruno and V{\"o}llm, J{\"u}rg and Sager, Heinz and Janovsky, Martin and Bacciarini, Luca N.} } @article {5738, title = {{Detection of Enteric Viruses and Bacterial Indicators in German Environmental Waters}}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {150}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {929{\textendash}947}, author = {Pusch, D and DY, Oh and Wolf, S and Dumke, R and Schr{\"o}ter-Bobsin, U and H{\"o}hne, M and R{\"o}ske, I and Schreier, E} } @article {3800, title = {Detection of enteric viruses and bacterial indicators in German environmental waters.}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {150}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {929{\textendash}947}, author = {Pusch, D and Oh, DY and Wolf, S and Dumke, R and Schr{\"o}ter-Bobsin, U and H{\"o}hne, M and R{\"o}ske, I and Schreier, E} } @article {1543, title = {Detection of enteroviruses in untreated and treated drinking water supplies in South Africa}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {39}, number = {11}, year = {2005}, note = {Ehlers, M M Grabow, W O K Pavlov, D N eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2005/05/28 09:00 Water Res. 2005 Jun;39(11):2253-8.}, pages = {2253-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Enteric viruses have been detected in many drinking water supplies all over the world. A meaningful number of these supplies were treated and disinfected according to internationally acceptable methods. In addition, counts of bacterial indicators (coliform bacteria and heterotrophic plate count organisms) in these water supplies were within limits generally recommended for treated drinking water and these findings have been supported by epidemiological data on infections associated with drinking water. The shortcomings of conventional treatment methods and indicator organisms to confirm the absence of enteric viruses from drinking water, was generally ascribed to the exceptional resistance of these viruses. In this study, the prevalence of enteroviruses detected from July 2000 to June 2002 in sewage, river-, borehole-, spring- and dam water as well as drinking water supplies treated and disinfected according to international specifications for the production of safe drinking water was analysed. A glass wool adsorption-elution technique was used to recover viruses from 10{\textendash}20 l of sewage as well as environmental water samples, in the case of drinking water from more than 100 l. Recovered enteroviruses were inoculated onto two cell culture types (BGM and PLC/PRF/5 cells) for amplification of viral RNA with nested-PCR being used to detect the amplified viral RNA. Results from the study demonstrated the presence of enteroviruses in 42.5\% of sewage and in 18.7\% of treated drinking water samples. Furthermore, enteroviruses were detected in 28.5\% of river water, in 26.7\% of dam/spring water and in 25.3\% of borehole water samples. The high prevalence of coxsackie B viruses found in this study suggested, that a potential health risk and a burden of disease constituted by these viruses might be meaningful. These findings indicated that strategies, other than end-point analysis of treated and disinfected drinking water supplies, may be required to ensure the production of drinking water that does not exceed acceptable health risks. More reliable approaches to ensure acceptable safety of drinking water supplies may be based on control by multiple-barrier principles from catchment to tap using hazard assessment and critical control point (HACCP) principles.}, keywords = {Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction South Africa Water Microbiology/*standards *Water Supply}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.014}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15919105}, author = {Ehlers, M. M. and Grabow, W. O. and Pavlov, D. N.} } @article {14575, title = {Detection of enteroviruses in untreated and treated drinking water supplies in {South} {Africa}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {39}, year = {2005}, month = {jun}, pages = {2253{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Enteric viruses have been detected in many drinking water supplies all over the world. A meaningful number of these supplies were treated and disinfected according to internationally acceptable methods. In addition, counts of bacterial indicators (coliform bacteria and heterotrophic plate count organisms) in these water supplies were within limits generally recommended for treated drinking water and these findings have been supported by epidemiological data on infections associated with drinking water. The shortcomings of conventional treatment methods and indicator organisms to confirm the absence of enteric viruses from drinking water, was generally ascribed to the exceptional resistance of these viruses. In this study, the prevalence of enteroviruses detected from July 2000 to June 2002 in sewage, river-, borehole-, spring- and dam water as well as drinking water supplies treated and disinfected according to international specifications for the production of safe drinking water was analysed. A glass wool adsorption-elution technique was used to recover viruses from 10{\textendash}20 l of sewage as well as environmental water samples, in the case of drinking water from more than 100 l. Recovered enteroviruses were inoculated onto two cell culture types (BGM and PLC/PRF/5 cells) for amplification of viral RNA with nested-PCR being used to detect the amplified viral RNA. Results from the study demonstrated the presence of enteroviruses in 42.5\% of sewage and in 18.7\% of treated drinking water samples. Furthermore, enteroviruses were detected in 28.5\% of river water, in 26.7\% of dam/spring water and in 25.3\% of borehole water samples. The high prevalence of coxsackie B viruses found in this study suggested, that a potential health risk and a burden of disease constituted by these viruses might be meaningful. These findings indicated that strategies, other than end-point analysis of treated and disinfected drinking water supplies, may be required to ensure the production of drinking water that does not exceed acceptable health risks. More reliable approaches to ensure acceptable safety of drinking water supplies may be based on control by multiple-barrier principles from catchment to tap using hazard assessment and critical control point (HACCP) principles.}, keywords = {*Water Supply, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, South Africa, Water Microbiology/*standards}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.014}, author = {Ehlers, M. M. and Grabow, W. O. and Pavlov, D. N.} } @article {4104, title = {Detection of Giardia cysts in sewage and estimations of giardiasis prevalence among inhabitants in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan}, journal = {Trop. Med. Health}, volume = {33}, year = {2005}, pages = {1{\textendash}5}, author = {Oda, T and Kawabata, M and Uga, S} } @article {13859, title = {Detection of {Helicobacter} pylori {DNA} in human faeces and water with different levels of faecal pollution in the north-east of {Spain}.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {889{\textendash}95}, abstract = {AIMS: To assess the role of water in the faecal transmission of Helicobacter pylori by detecting the DNA of this pathogen in human faecal samples and environmental water samples with a range of faecal pollution from the north-east of Spain. METHODS AND RESULTS: Semi-nested PCR was used to detect H. pylori in stools and water, both matrices with a complex biota. DNA was detected using highly specific primers of an ureA gene fragment. In addition, antigens were used to detect the bacteria in stools. Helicobacter pylori was detected in 33\% of 36 human faecal samples and in 66\% of wastewater samples, and 11\% of river samples, but in none of the spring waters samples. Faecal pollution of the aquatic environment was tested analysing the presence of microbial indicators. CONCLUSIONS: We report the presence of H. pylori DNA in stools and in aquatic environments with different levels of faecal pollution, from the north-east of Spain. In this study a higher number of positive results were obtained in the more faecally polluted waters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These data indicate that water may be a vector of H. pylori in its faecal-oral route.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Child, Colony Count, DNA, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Humans, Infant, Male, Microbial, Microbial: methods, PCR cultirability infection, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, Preschool, Rivers, Rivers: microbiology, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Spain, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02523.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752335}, author = {Queralt, N and Bartolom{\'e}, R and Araujo, R} } @article {8231, title = {{Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in human faeces and water with different levels of faecal pollution in the north-east of Spain.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {889{\textendash}95}, abstract = {

AIMS: To assess the role of water in the faecal transmission of Helicobacter pylori by detecting the DNA of this pathogen in human faecal samples and environmental water samples with a range of faecal pollution from the north-east of Spain. METHODS AND RESULTS: Semi-nested PCR was used to detect H. pylori in stools and water, both matrices with a complex biota. DNA was detected using highly specific primers of an ureA gene fragment. In addition, antigens were used to detect the bacteria in stools. Helicobacter pylori was detected in 33{\%} of 36 human faecal samples and in 66{\%} of wastewater samples, and 11{\%} of river samples, but in none of the spring waters samples. Faecal pollution of the aquatic environment was tested analysing the presence of microbial indicators. CONCLUSIONS: We report the presence of H. pylori DNA in stools and in aquatic environments with different levels of faecal pollution, from the north-east of Spain. In this study a higher number of positive results were obtained in the more faecally polluted waters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These data indicate that water may be a vector of H. pylori in its faecal-oral route.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Child, Colony Count, DNA, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: isolation {\&} purification, Humans, Infant, Male, Microbial, Microbial: methods, PCR cultirability infection, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, Preschool, Rivers, Rivers: microbiology, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Spain, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02523.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752335}, author = {Queralt, N and Bartolom{\'e}, R and Araujo, R} } @article {3740, title = {Detection of multiple enteric virus strains within a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis: an indication of the source of contamination.}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {133}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {41{\textendash}47}, author = {Gallimore, CI and Pipkin, C and Shrimpton, H and Green, AD and Pickford, Y and McCartney, C and Sutherland, G and Brown, DW and Gray, JJ} } @mastersthesis {6611, title = {Determinants of adoption of soil and water conservation techniques in {Burkina} {Faso}}, year = {2005}, note = {1431128}, school = {Oklahoma State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This study examines the determinants of soil and water conservation (SWC) practices adoption and use in three agro-ecological zones in Burkina Faso. Our study uses farm-level data that have been collected on 254 households in three agro-ecological zones in Burkina Faso over the period 1999-2003. Logit, Multinonomial logit, and Tobit models are used to examine the factors affecting adoption of Za{\"\i} structures (water and silt catchments), stone bunds and manure soil amendment. Across all three models, community prevalence or pressure to adopt conservation practices significantly affected the adoption of two or more of the techniques. This result suggests economies of scale in changing attitudes and prevalence of adoption of techniques through education and extension. Since both agricultural and non-agricultural income increases farmer{\textquoteright}s likelihood of investing in manure and za{\"\i} techniques, this suggests that there is a role for subsidization of SWC or expanding access to credit. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Commercial credit, Income, Polls \& surveys, Social sciences, Soil conservation, Studies, Subsidies, Water conservation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305390345?accountid=14270}, author = {Maiga, Eugenie Windkouni Haoua} } @article {13248, title = {Determination of the viability of Aeromonas hydrophila in different types of water by flow cytometry, and comparison with classical methods}, journal = {Applied Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, pages = {7948-7954}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.12.7948-7954.2005}, author = {Pianetti, A. and Falcioni, T. and Bruscolini, F. and Sabatini, L. and Sisti, E. and Papa, S.} } @article {14516, title = {Development and evaluation of a method to detect and quantify enteroviruses using {NASBA} and internal control {RNA} ({IC}-{NASBA})}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {124}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {149{\textendash}55}, abstract = {We have developed a rapid, sensitive, and specific assay for the detection and quantification of enteroviruses using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). The inclusion of an internal control (IC) increased the precision and accuracy of the method over a standard NASBA assay and provided a way to detect assay inhibition. The assay was sensitive to 10 viral particles with amplification and detection occurring in as little as 18 min. The assay detected a variety of different enteroviruses to the exclusion of non-target viruses. The standard NASBA method resulted in predictions of viral load to within an order of magnitude of the expected number, as compared with prediction to within less than a half order of magnitude using the IC-NASBA method. Rapid and sensitive detection of enteroviruses is important in both clinical samples to diagnose illness and in environmental samples to assess risk of wastewater contamination and potential health hazards.}, keywords = {Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*methods, RNA, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral/*analysis}, issn = {0166-0934 (Print) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.11.018}, author = {Casper, E. T. and Patterson, S. S. and Smith, M. C. and Paul, J. H.} } @article {14889, title = {Development and evaluation of a method to detect and quantify enteroviruses using {NASBA} and internal control {RNA} ({IC}-{NASBA})}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {124}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {149{\textendash}55}, abstract = {We have developed a rapid, sensitive, and specific assay for the detection and quantification of enteroviruses using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). The inclusion of an internal control (IC) increased the precision and accuracy of the method over a standard NASBA assay and provided a way to detect assay inhibition. The assay was sensitive to 10 viral particles with amplification and detection occurring in as little as 18 min. The assay detected a variety of different enteroviruses to the exclusion of non-target viruses. The standard NASBA method resulted in predictions of viral load to within an order of magnitude of the expected number, as compared with prediction to within less than a half order of magnitude using the IC-NASBA method. Rapid and sensitive detection of enteroviruses is important in both clinical samples to diagnose illness and in environmental samples to assess risk of wastewater contamination and potential health hazards.}, keywords = {Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*methods, RNA, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral/*analysis}, issn = {0166-0934 (Print) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.11.018}, author = {Casper, E. T. and Patterson, S. S. and Smith, M. C. and Paul, J. H.} } @article {1500, title = {Development and evaluation of a method to detect and quantify enteroviruses using NASBA and internal control RNA (IC-NASBA)}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {124}, number = {1-2}, year = {2005}, note = {Casper, Erica T Patterson, Stacey S Smith, Matthew C Paul, John H eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. Netherlands 2005/01/25 09:00 J Virol Methods. 2005 Mar;124(1-2):149-55. Epub 2004 Dec 24.}, pages = {149-55}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {We have developed a rapid, sensitive, and specific assay for the detection and quantification of enteroviruses using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). The inclusion of an internal control (IC) increased the precision and accuracy of the method over a standard NASBA assay and provided a way to detect assay inhibition. The assay was sensitive to 10 viral particles with amplification and detection occurring in as little as 18 min. The assay detected a variety of different enteroviruses to the exclusion of non-target viruses. The standard NASBA method resulted in predictions of viral load to within an order of magnitude of the expected number, as compared with prediction to within less than a half order of magnitude using the IC-NASBA method. Rapid and sensitive detection of enteroviruses is important in both clinical samples to diagnose illness and in environmental samples to assess risk of wastewater contamination and potential health hazards.}, keywords = {Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*methods RNA, Viral/*analysis Sensitivity and Specificity}, issn = {0166-0934 (Print) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.11.018}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15664063}, author = {Casper, E. T. and Patterson, S. S. and Smith, M. C. and Paul, J. H.} } @mastersthesis {6354, title = {Development and evaluation of an on-farm prototype conservation wash system}, year = {2005}, note = {MR00836}, school = {Dalhousie University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Dairy producers use large amounts of water, energy and chemicals to clean milking systems. Research is needed to reduce inputs and waste generated to better manage the water resources and adverse impacts on the environment. This research was specifically designed to develop and evaluate the performance of a prototype conservation wash system using three conservation wash strategies (reuse, recycle and rotational recycle), compared to the Ruminant Animal Center (RAC) standard wash system, by the following performance criteria: (i) water use, (ii) wash chemical use, (iii) energy use, (iv) sanitation, (v) environmental impact and (vi) a cost analysis. This study shows that this on-farm prototype conservation wash system developed can substantially reduce the volume of water by 56\%, chemical use by 49\%, energy use by 13.2\%, environmental loading by 17\% to 79\% and annual cost by 22\%, while not affecting milk quality and maintaining adequate sanitation levels in the milking system.}, keywords = {0539:Agricultural engineering, 0775:Environmental engineering, Agricultural engineering, Applied sciences, Environmental engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305376602?accountid=14270}, author = {Cudmore, Daniel M} } @article {2306, title = {{Development of a rapid immunochromatographic strip for detection of Escherichia coli O157}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {2140{\textendash}2143}, edition = {2005/10/26}, abstract = {We developed an immunochromatographic (IC) strip for the rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157 in enriched samples. Murine monoclonal antibody to E. coli O157:H7 lipopolysaccharide was conjugated with 40 nm of colloidal gold particles by the citrate method. The specificity of the IC strip was determined using 48 pure-cultured bacteria, including 32 E. coli strains and 16 non-E. coli strains. Regardless of H serotype, E. coli O157 strains produced a positive signal, whereas the others, representing 29 E. coli serotypes, did not. Among 16 non-E. coli strains, only Citrobacter amalonaticus yielded a positive signal. The sensitivity of the IC strip was determined using 10-fold diluted E. coli O157:H7, with a range of 1.8 X 10(7) to 1.8 CFU/ml in enriched raw beef. E. coli O157 could be detected at a minimum of 1.8 x 10(5) CFU/ml without enrichment and 1.8 CFU/ml after enrichment. Various samples were enriched to detect E. coli O157 using the IC strip and to isolate E. coli O157:H7 using traditional culture procedures. The IC strip test results exhibited 100\% agreement with traditional methods after selective enrichment, since E. coli O157:H7 was also isolated from all the samples with positive strip test results. However, the specificity of the strip was somewhat higher with pork (98.8\%) than with bovine feces (87.9\%) and swine feces (93.4\%). These results indicated that the IC strip exhibits high specificity and sensitivity in the detection of E. coli O157, and this assay is rapid, economical, and simple, without requirement of complicated equipment.}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Jung, B Y and Jung, S C and Kweon, C H} } @article {8051, title = {{Development of a rapid immunochromatographic strip for detection of Escherichia coli O157}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {2140{\textendash}2143}, edition = {2005/10/26}, abstract = {

We developed an immunochromatographic (IC) strip for the rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157 in enriched samples. Murine monoclonal antibody to E. coli O157:H7 lipopolysaccharide was conjugated with 40 nm of colloidal gold particles by the citrate method. The specificity of the IC strip was determined using 48 pure-cultured bacteria, including 32 E. coli strains and 16 non-E. coli strains. Regardless of H serotype, E. coli O157 strains produced a positive signal, whereas the others, representing 29 E. coli serotypes, did not. Among 16 non-E. coli strains, only Citrobacter amalonaticus yielded a positive signal. The sensitivity of the IC strip was determined using 10-fold diluted E. coli O157:H7, with a range of 1.8 X 10(7) to 1.8 CFU/ml in enriched raw beef. E. coli O157 could be detected at a minimum of 1.8 x 10(5) CFU/ml without enrichment and 1.8 CFU/ml after enrichment. Various samples were enriched to detect E. coli O157 using the IC strip and to isolate E. coli O157:H7 using traditional culture procedures. The IC strip test results exhibited 100{\%} agreement with traditional methods after selective enrichment, since E. coli O157:H7 was also isolated from all the samples with positive strip test results. However, the specificity of the strip was somewhat higher with pork (98.8{\%}) than with bovine feces (87.9{\%}) and swine feces (93.4{\%}). These results indicated that the IC strip exhibits high specificity and sensitivity in the detection of E. coli O157, and this assay is rapid, economical, and simple, without requirement of complicated equipment.

}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print)0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Jung, B Y and Jung, S C and Kweon, C H} } @article {14098, title = {Development of a rapid immunochromatographic strip for detection of {Escherichia} coli {O}157}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {2140{\textendash}2143}, abstract = {We developed an immunochromatographic (IC) strip for the rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157 in enriched samples. Murine monoclonal antibody to E. coli O157:H7 lipopolysaccharide was conjugated with 40 nm of colloidal gold particles by the citrate method. The specificity of the IC strip was determined using 48 pure-cultured bacteria, including 32 E. coli strains and 16 non-E. coli strains. Regardless of H serotype, E. coli O157 strains produced a positive signal, whereas the others, representing 29 E. coli serotypes, did not. Among 16 non-E. coli strains, only Citrobacter amalonaticus yielded a positive signal. The sensitivity of the IC strip was determined using 10-fold diluted E. coli O157:H7, with a range of 1.8 X 10(7) to 1.8 CFU/ml in enriched raw beef. E. coli O157 could be detected at a minimum of 1.8 x 10(5) CFU/ml without enrichment and 1.8 CFU/ml after enrichment. Various samples were enriched to detect E. coli O157 using the IC strip and to isolate E. coli O157:H7 using traditional culture procedures. The IC strip test results exhibited 100\% agreement with traditional methods after selective enrichment, since E. coli O157:H7 was also isolated from all the samples with positive strip test results. However, the specificity of the strip was somewhat higher with pork (98.8\%) than with bovine feces (87.9\%) and swine feces (93.4\%). These results indicated that the IC strip exhibits high specificity and sensitivity in the detection of E. coli O157, and this assay is rapid, economical, and simple, without requirement of complicated equipment.}, author = {Jung, B Y and Jung, S C and Kweon, C H} } @article {13758, title = {Development of a rapid method for simultaneous recovery of diverse microbes in drinking water by ultrafiltration with sodium polyphosphate and surfactants}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {11}, year = {2005}, abstract = {The ability to simultaneously concentrate diverse microbes is an important consideration for sample collection methods that are used for emergency response and environmental monitoring when drinking water may be contaminated with an array of unknown microbes. This study focused on developing a concentration method using ultrafilters and different combinations of a chemical dispersant (sodium polyphosphate [NaPP]) and surfactants. Tap water samples were seeded with bacteriophage MS2, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, 4.5-μm microspheres, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Bacillus globigii endospores, and echovirus 1. Ten-liter tap water samples were concentrated to \~{}250 ml in 12 to 42 min, depending on the experimental condition. Initial experiments indicated that pretreating filters with fetal bovine serum or NaPP resulted in an increase in microbe recovery. The addition of NaPP to the tap water samples resulted in significantly higher microbe and microsphere recovery efficiencies. Backflushing of the ultrafilter was found to significantly improve recovery efficiencies. The effectiveness of backflushing was improved further with the addition of Tween 80 to the backflush solution. The ultrafiltration method developed in this study, incorporating the use of NaPP pretreatment and surfactant solution backflushing, was found to recover MS2, C. parvum, microspheres, and several bacterial species with mean recovery efficiencies of 70 to 93\%. The mean recovery efficiency for echovirus 1 (49\%) was the lowest of the microbes studied for this method. This research demonstrates that ultrafiltration can be effective for recovering diverse microbes simultaneously in tap water and that chemical dispersants and surfactants can be beneficial for improving microbial recovery using this technique. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.11.6878-6884.2005}, author = {Hill, V.R. and Polaczyk, A.L. and Hahn, D. and Narayanan, J. and Cromeans, T.L. and Roberts, J.M. and Amburgey, J.E.} } @article {7558, title = {{Development of a rapid method for simultaneous recovery of diverse microbes in drinking water by ultrafiltration with sodium polyphosphate and surfactants}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {11}, year = {2005}, pages = {6878-6884}, abstract = {

The ability to simultaneously concentrate diverse microbes is an important consideration for sample collection methods that are used for emergency response and environmental monitoring when drinking water may be contaminated with an array of unknown microbes. This study focused on developing a concentration method using ultrafilters and different combinations of a chemical dispersant (sodium polyphosphate [NaPP]) and surfactants. Tap water samples were seeded with bacteriophage MS2, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, 4.5-$μ$m microspheres, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Bacillus globigii endospores, and echovirus 1. Ten-liter tap water samples were concentrated to \~{}250 ml in 12 to 42 min, depending on the experimental condition. Initial experiments indicated that pretreating filters with fetal bovine serum or NaPP resulted in an increase in microbe recovery. The addition of NaPP to the tap water samples resulted in significantly higher microbe and microsphere recovery efficiencies. Backflushing of the ultrafilter was found to significantly improve recovery efficiencies. The effectiveness of backflushing was improved further with the addition of Tween 80 to the backflush solution. The ultrafiltration method developed in this study, incorporating the use of NaPP pretreatment and surfactant solution backflushing, was found to recover MS2, C. parvum, microspheres, and several bacterial species with mean recovery efficiencies of 70 to 93{\%}. The mean recovery efficiency for echovirus 1 (49{\%}) was the lowest of the microbes studied for this method. This research demonstrates that ultrafiltration can be effective for recovering diverse microbes simultaneously in tap water and that chemical dispersants and surfactants can be beneficial for improving microbial recovery using this technique. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.11.6878-6884.2005}, author = {Hill, V.R. and Polaczyk, A.L. and Hahn, D. and Narayanan, J. and Cromeans, T.L. and Roberts, J.M. and Amburgey, J.E.} } @article {1616, title = {Development of a rapid method for simultaneous recovery of diverse microbes in drinking water by ultrafiltration with sodium polyphosphate and surfactants}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {11}, year = {2005}, note = {Hill, Vincent R Polaczyk, Amy L Hahn, Donghyun Narayanan, Jothikumar Cromeans, Theresa L Roberts, Jacquelin M Amburgey, James E eng Evaluation Studies 2005/11/05 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Nov;71(11):6878-84.}, pages = {6878-84}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The ability to simultaneously concentrate diverse microbes is an important consideration for sample collection methods that are used for emergency response and environmental monitoring when drinking water may be contaminated with an array of unknown microbes. This study focused on developing a concentration method using ultrafilters and different combinations of a chemical dispersant (sodium polyphosphate [NaPP]) and surfactants. Tap water samples were seeded with bacteriophage MS2, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, 4.5-microm microspheres, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Bacillus globigii endospores, and echovirus 1. Ten-liter tap water samples were concentrated to approximately 250 ml in 12 to 42 min, depending on the experimental condition. Initial experiments indicated that pretreating filters with fetal bovine serum or NaPP resulted in an increase in microbe recovery. The addition of NaPP to the tap water samples resulted in significantly higher microbe and microsphere recovery efficiencies. Backflushing of the ultrafilter was found to significantly improve recovery efficiencies. The effectiveness of backflushing was improved further with the addition of Tween 80 to the backflush solution. The ultrafiltration method developed in this study, incorporating the use of NaPP pretreatment and surfactant solution backflushing, was found to recover MS2, C. parvum, microspheres, and several bacterial species with mean recovery efficiencies of 70 to 93\%. The mean recovery efficiency for echovirus 1 (49\%) was the lowest of the microbes studied for this method. This research demonstrates that ultrafiltration can be effective for recovering diverse microbes simultaneously in tap water and that chemical dispersants and surfactants can be beneficial for improving microbial recovery using this technique.}, keywords = {Animals Bacteria/isolation \& purification Cryptosporidium parvum/isolation \& purification *Fresh Water/microbiology/parasitology/virology Polyphosphates/*chemistry Polysorbates/chemistry Surface-Active Agents/*chemistry Time Factors Ultrafiltration/method}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.11.6878-6884.2005}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16269722}, author = {Hill, V. R. and Polaczyk, A. L. and Hahn, D. and Narayanan, J. and Cromeans, T. L. and Roberts, J. M. and Amburgey, J. E.} } @article {14666, title = {Development of a rapid method for simultaneous recovery of diverse microbes in drinking water by ultrafiltration with sodium polyphosphate and surfactants}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, month = {nov}, pages = {6878{\textendash}84}, abstract = {The ability to simultaneously concentrate diverse microbes is an important consideration for sample collection methods that are used for emergency response and environmental monitoring when drinking water may be contaminated with an array of unknown microbes. This study focused on developing a concentration method using ultrafilters and different combinations of a chemical dispersant (sodium polyphosphate [NaPP]) and surfactants. Tap water samples were seeded with bacteriophage MS2, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, 4.5-microm microspheres, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Bacillus globigii endospores, and echovirus 1. Ten-liter tap water samples were concentrated to approximately 250 ml in 12 to 42 min, depending on the experimental condition. Initial experiments indicated that pretreating filters with fetal bovine serum or NaPP resulted in an increase in microbe recovery. The addition of NaPP to the tap water samples resulted in significantly higher microbe and microsphere recovery efficiencies. Backflushing of the ultrafilter was found to significantly improve recovery efficiencies. The effectiveness of backflushing was improved further with the addition of Tween 80 to the backflush solution. The ultrafiltration method developed in this study, incorporating the use of NaPP pretreatment and surfactant solution backflushing, was found to recover MS2, C. parvum, microspheres, and several bacterial species with mean recovery efficiencies of 70 to 93\%. The mean recovery efficiency for echovirus 1 (49\%) was the lowest of the microbes studied for this method. This research demonstrates that ultrafiltration can be effective for recovering diverse microbes simultaneously in tap water and that chemical dispersants and surfactants can be beneficial for improving microbial recovery using this technique.}, keywords = {*Fresh Water/microbiology/parasitology/virology, *Water Supply, Animals, Bacteria/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium parvum/isolation \& purification, Polyphosphates/*chemistry, Polysorbates/chemistry, Surface-Active Agents/*chemistry, Time Factors, Ultrafiltration/methods, Viruses/isolation \& purification, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.11.6878-6884.2005}, author = {Hill, V. R. and Polaczyk, A. L. and Hahn, D. and Narayanan, J. and Cromeans, T. L. and Roberts, J. M. and Amburgey, J. E.} } @article {10735, title = {{Development of a simple and rapid fluorogenic procedure for the identification of Vibrionaceae family members}}, journal = {Journal of Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, pages = {3524{\textendash}3527}, author = {G P Richards and Watson, MA and Parveen, S} } @article {7724, title = {Development of real-time PCR and hybridization methods for detection and identification of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in pig faecal samples}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, note = {Development of real-time PCR and hybridization methods for detection and identification of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in pig faecal samples; ISI:000230574600009; M3: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02616.x; ID: 775}, pages = {292-300}, abstract = {

Aims: To develop a real-time (rt) PCR for species differentiation of thermophilic Campylobacter and to develop a method for assessing co-colonization of pigs by Campylobacter spp. Methods and Results: The specificity of a developed 5\&$\#$39; nuclease rt-PCR for species-specific identification of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter lari, Campylobacter upsaliensis and of a hipO gene nucleotide probe for detection of C. jejuni by colony-blot hybridization were determined by testing a total of 75 reference strains of Campylobacter spp. and related organisms. The rt-PCR method allowed species-specific detection of Campylobacter spp. in naturally infected pig faecal samples after an enrichment step, whereas the hybridization approach enhanced the specific isolation of C. jejuni (present in minority to C. coli) from pigs. Conclusions: The rt-PCR was specific for Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, and C. upsaliensis and the colony-blot hybridization approach provided an effective tool for isolation of C. jejuni from pig faecal samples typically dominated by C. coli. Significance and Imapct of the Study: Species differentiation between thermophilic Campylobacter is difficult by phenotypic methods and the developed rt-PCR provides an easy and fast method for such differentiation. Detection of C. jejuni by colony hybridization may increase the isolation rate of this species from pig faeces.

}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Jensen,A. N. and Andersen,M. T. and Dalsgaard,A. and Baggesen,D. L. and Nielsen,E. M.} } @article {11776, title = {{Diphyllobothriasis, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {1598{\textendash}1560}, author = {Sampaio, J L M and de Andrade, V P and da Conceio Lucas, M and Fung, L and Gagliardi, S M B and Santos, S R P and Al, Et} } @article {11694, title = {{Diphyllobothrium: Neolithic parasite?}}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {91}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {aug}, pages = {957{\textendash}959}, abstract = {During paleoparasitological analyses on several Neolithic sites in Switzerland (Arbon-Bleiche 3) and southwestern Germany (Hornstaad-H{\"o}rnle I, Torwiesen II, and Seekirch-Stockwiesen), numerous eggs of Diphyllobothrium sp. were recovered. This is one of the earliest occurrences of this parasite during the prehistoric period in the Old World. The prevalence of this helminth in the samples studied raises the question as to how important parasitic diseases were during the Neolithic period and what their actual consequences were.}, issn = {0022-3395}, doi = {10.1645/GE-3456RN.1}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17089775}, author = {Le Bailly, Matthieu and Leuzinger, Urs and Schlichtherle, Helmut and Bouchet, Fran{\c c}oise} } @article {11871, title = {Diphyllobothrium: Neolithic parasite?}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {91}, year = {2005}, pages = {957-959}, author = {Le Bailly, M. and Leuzinger, U. and Schlichtherle, H. and Bouchet, F.} } @article {11607, title = {{Diphyllobothrium spp..: um parasita emergente em Sao Paulo, associado ao consumo de peixe cr-sushis e sashimis, Sao Paulo, Marco de 2005}}, journal = {Boletim Epidemiol{\'o}gico Paulista}, volume = {2}, number = {15}, year = {2005}, pages = {1{\textendash}5}, author = {Eduardo, M and Sampaio, J and Goncalves, E and Castilho, V and Randi, A and Thiago, C and Pimentel, E and Pavanelli, E and Colleone, R and Vigilato, M and Marsiglia, D and Atui, M and Torres, D} } @article {10622, title = {{Direct immunofluorescence assay for rapid environmental detection of Vibrio cholerae O1}}, journal = {Folia Microbiologica}, volume = {50}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {448{\textendash}452}, author = {Goel, AK and Tamrakar, AK and Kamboj, DV and Singh, L} } @article {17057, title = {Disinfectant efficacy of chlorite and chlorine dioxide in drinking water biofilms}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, pages = {1809{\textendash}1817}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Gagnon, GA and Rand, JL and O{\textquoteright}leary, KC and Rygel, AC and Chauret, C and Andrews, RC} } @article {3098, title = {Echinococcosis in {Tunisia}: a cost analysis}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {99}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {apr}, pages = {268{\textendash}278}, abstract = {Echinococcus granulosus infection is a preventable zoonosis of human and veterinary public health importance in Tunisia. We aimed to comprehensively quantify human and animal echinococcosis losses in Tunisia. Itemized cost menus were developed for the health of both domestic animals and humans, and for productivity monetary losses. The incidence and prevalence of the disease in all species were obtained from national and personal reports. The domestic animal and human costs of echinococcosis in Tunisia were estimated using age-stratified rates and losses, productivity losses (including those not formally employed) and Monte Carlo sampling to represent the uncertainty inherent in some epidemiological and economic values. Echinococcosis in Tunisia causes significant direct and indirect losses in both humans and animals of approximately US dollars 10-19 million annually. These estimates are based on numerous methodological improvements over previous studies and are of considerable consequence relative to Tunisia{\textquoteright}s US dollars 21.2 billion gross domestic product. A cost-benefit analysis of control programmes using the methodological advances presented here and regional comparison to other endemic diseases is warranted. These may provide information to assist policy decision-makers in prioritizing the allocation of scarce resources.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cost of Illness, Costs and Cost Analysis, Decision Trees, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Economic, Endemic Diseases, Equidae, Female, Goats, Humans, Incidence, Male, Models, Population Surveillance, prevalence, Sheep, Tunisia, Zoonoses}, issn = {0035-9203}, doi = {10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.06.011}, author = {Majorowski, Meghan M. and Carabin, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Kilani, Mohamed and Bensalah, Afif} } @article {3182, title = {Echinococcus shiquicus n. sp., a taeniid cestode from {Tibetan} fox and plateau pika in {China}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, month = {may}, pages = {693{\textendash}701}, abstract = {The taeniid cestode Echinococcus shiquicus n. sp. was found from the Tibetan fox Vulpes ferrilata and the plateau pika Ochotona curzoniae in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau region of China. In the adult stage, E. shiquicus from the foxes is morphologically similar to Echinococcus multilocularis. However, the new species is differentiated by its smaller rostellar hooks, fewer segments, distinct position of genital pore in the mature segment and fewer eggs in the gravid segment. Hydatid cysts of E. shiquicus found in the livers from the pikas were essentially unilocular but an oligovesicular cyst was also found. The data of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences proved E. shiquicus to be a valid taxon.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, China, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Foxes, Helminth, Larva, Mitochondrial, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny}, issn = {0020-7519}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.01.003}, author = {Xiao, Ning and Qiu, Jiamin and Nakao, Minoru and Li, Tiaoying and Yang, Wen and Chen, Xingwang and Schantz, Peter M. and Craig, Philip S. and Ito, Akira} } @mastersthesis {7045, title = {Ecological impacts of an exotic benthivorous fish in wetlands: {A} comparison between common carp ({Cyprinus} carpio {L}.) additions in large experimental wetlands and small mesocosms in {Delta} {Marsh}, {Manitoba}}, year = {2005}, note = {NR08770}, school = {University of Manitoba (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {I examined the impacts of an exotic benthivorous fish, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), in large (5-7 ha) experimental wetlands and in small (5 x 5 m) mesocosms located in Delta Marsh, Manitoba, Canada. In addition to following the impacts of common carp on water quality, sedimentation, and submerged macrophyte biomass, the impacts of common carp on phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, and forage fish populations in the small mesocosms were intensively studied. As carp are often the dominant fish species found in degraded aquatic systems, the interaction between nutrient loading and carp, and the resulting impacts on important biotic and abiotic components were investigated through the small mesocosm experiments. In both the large experimental wetland cells and the small mesocosms common carp significantly increased turbidity and suspended solid concentrations, sedimentation rates, chlorophyll a concentrations, and reduced submerged macrophyte biomass and light penetration. These results indicate that carp can significantly affect water quality and nutrient cycling in wetlands and lakes of Manitoba, even at relatively conservative densities. However, carp only induced a shift to the turbid state in the small mesocosm experiments. Failure to shift the large wetland cells to the phytoplankton dominated state was likely due to high DOC concentrations and submerged macrophyte biomass in these large ponds, which reduced the ability of the common carp to increase phytoplankton biomass. At high densities of common carp in the fertilized enclosures, phytoplankton biomass was greatly reduced relative to the no carp and low carp treatments. My results contradict the belief that carp interact synergistically with nutrient loading to enhance phytoplankton biomass, and imply that there is likely a threshold carp density above which phytoplankton biomass is reduced regardless of nutrient supply due to light limitation resulting from carp induced turbidity. Although phytoplankton biomass was reduced in fertilized enclosures at high carp biomass, the overall effect of carp was to increase phytoplankton biomass. Carp also altered the composition of the phytoplankton community. Additionally, carp significantly increased zooplankton density, reduced benthic invertebrate and forage fish populations, and dependent on the treatment altered the community structure of the zooplankton and benthic invertebrates. Scaling up my results from the large experimental wetland cells indicated that at 400 kg.ha, a density likely to in Delta Marsh, nutrient loading from carp would be equivalent to 66\% of internal phosphorus loading in the marsh. Furthermore, a common carp biomass of 200 kg.ha in Lake Manitoba, which is similar to the biomass found in other large shallow lakes, would contribute approximately the same amount of nitrogen, and double the amount of phosphorus to Lake Manitoba, relative to the combined loading from the major tributaries entering the lake.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0768:Environmental science, Benthivorous, Biological sciences, Cyprinus carpio, Delta Marsh, Ecology, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Manitoba, wetlands}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305398488?accountid=14270}, author = {Badiou, Pascal H J} } @article {6660, title = {Ecological {Sanitation}{\textemdash}a way to solve global sanitation problems?}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {433{\textendash}444}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041200400145X}, author = {Langergraber, G{\"u}nter and Muellegger, Elke} } @article {2969, title = {Economic effects of echinococcosis in a disease-endemic region of the {Tibetan} {Plateau}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, month = {jul}, pages = {2{\textendash}10}, abstract = {This report attempts to quantify the economic losses due to Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus in Shiqu County, Sichuan, People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China, as well as illustrate the cost effectiveness of dog anthelmintic prophylaxis combined with a sheep and goat vaccination program in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) saved. We evaluated human losses associated with treatment costs and loss of income due to morbidity and mortality, in addition to production losses in livestock due to E. granulosus infection. Annual combined human and animal losses (95\% confidence interval) is estimated to reach 218,676 U.S. dollars (189,850-247,871 U.S. dollars) if only liver-related losses in sheep, goats, and yaks are taken into account. This equates to approximately 3.47 U.S. dollars per person annually or 1.4\% of per capita gross domestic product. However, total annual losses can be nearly 1,000,000 U.S. dollars if additional livestock production losses are assumed. Eventual prevention of 65-95\% of annual losses due to cystic echinococcosis is suggested with proposed biannual dog anthelmintic prophylaxis and a sheep and goat vaccination program. Prevention of 9-50\% of human alveolar echinococcosis-associated losses is suggested based on stochastic models for the current epidemiologic situation. The median estimated cost of the program would be approximately 56,000 U.S. dollars per year, which is a fraction of the estimated combined livestock and human financial losses due to the disease. Overall cost for the proposed control program is within the World Health Organization second most cost-effective band of less than 150 U.S. dollars per DALY averted. However, cost per DALY averted would be less than 25 U.S. dollars dollars for the human health sector if cost sharing was implemented between the public health and agricultural sectors based on proportional benefit from control.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cost of Illness, Costs and Cost Analysis, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Humans, Income, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, Tibet}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Budke, Christine M. and Jiamin, Qiu and Qian, Wang and Torgerson, Paul R.} } @article {9984, title = {{Effect of Different Vaccination Schedules on Excretion of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Strains}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {192}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, month = {dec}, pages = {2092{\textendash}2098}, abstract = {Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is believed to induce significantly lower mucosal immunity than oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Most of the data supporting this were generated before enhanced IPV (eIPV) was introduced. Excretion of poliovirus by OPV recipients can be used to assess intestinal immunity. We studied polymerase chain reaction amplification of viral complementary DNA from the stool of children vaccinated with either OPV alone or eIPV. Of first-time OPV recipients, 92{\%} excreted virus after 1 week, and 81{\%} excreted virus after 3 weeks. Prior vaccination with OPV reduced the number to 22{\%} and shortened the duration of virus excretion (to 5{\%} after 3 weeks). Two doses of IPV reduced the number of poliovirus-positive 1-week samples (to 76{\%}), the duration of shedding (to 37{\%} at 3 weeks), and the quantity of excreted virus. This suggests that IPV-vaccinated communities are partially protected from the spread of poliovirus. Further enhancement of IPV potency may lead to even higher levels of mucosal immunity}, issn = {0022-1899}, doi = {10.1086/498172}, author = {Laassri, M. and Lottenbach, K. and Belshe, R. and Wolff, M. and Rennels, M. and Plotkin, S. and Chumakov, Konstantin} } @article {6242, title = {Effect of precipitation on seasonal variability in cryptosporidiosis recorded by the {North} {West} {England} surveillance system in 1990{\textendash}1999}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {185{\textendash}196}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/003/jwh0030185.htm}, author = {Naumova, E. and Christodouleas, John and Hunter, P. and Syed, Qutub} } @article {7288, title = {Effect of precipitation on seasonal variability in cryptosporidiosis recorded by the {North} {West} {England} surveillance system in 1990{\textendash}1999}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {185{\textendash}196}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/3/2/185.abstract}, author = {Naumova, Elena N. and Christodouleas, John and Hunter, Paul R. and Syed, Qutub} } @article {15818, title = {The effect of thermal treatments on the viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum on beef surfaces}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {618-23}, edition = {2005/02/18}, keywords = {*Food Parasitology, *Hot Temperature, *Meat, Abattoirs, Animals, Cattle, Cell Line, Cell Survival, Cryptosporidiosis/*prevention \& control, Cryptosporidium parvum/*growth \& development, Food Handling, Humans, Oocysts}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print)
1364-5072}, author = {Moriarty, E. M. and Duffy, G. and McEvoy, J. M. and Cacci{\`o}, S. and Sheridan, J. J. and McDowell, D. and Blair, I. S.} } @article {7002, title = {Effective water supply surveillance in urban areas of developing countries}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {31{\textendash}43}, author = {Howard, Guy and Bartram, Jamie} } @article {16653, title = {Effects of a semi-formal urban settlement on groundwater quality: {Epworth} ({Zimbabwe}): {Case} study and groundwater quality zoning}, journal = {Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, year = {2005}, pages = {680{\textendash}688}, author = {Zingoni, Emmanuel and Love, David and Magadza, Chris and Moyce, William and Musiwa, Kudzai} } @article {12907, title = {Effects of a semi-formal urban settlement on groundwater quality: Epworth (Zimbabwe): Case study and groundwater quality zoning}, journal = {Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, year = {2005}, pages = {680{\textendash}688}, author = {Zingoni, Emmanuel and Love, David and Magadza, Chris and Moyce, William and Musiwa, Kudzai} } @mastersthesis {6875, title = {The effects of irrigation on the regional hydro-climatology of southeastern {Turkey}}, year = {2005}, note = {3142388}, school = {Boston University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The government of Turkey is implementing a large water and agricultural development scheme known as the Southeastern Anatolia Project in the semi-arid upper Euphrates - Tigris Basin. As part of this development, 215,000 hectares have been irrigated over the last two decades. The project aims to provide an irrigation network serving 1.5 million hectares when fully completed in 2015. Transformation of this magnitude from dry agriculture to irrigation is known to affect the temperature and humidity profiles of the atmosphere, wind velocities, and local precipitation. What is less known is the influence of irrigation on hydrologic fluxes such as evapotranspiration. To study these effects this research combines satellite remote sensing with analyses of long-term meteorological observations, evaporation models that account for changing soil moisture, and climate simulations. Analysis of remote sensing and local meteorological data indicate that both the irrigated areas and water usage by irrigation increased by over 2000 percent between 1980 and 2001. The results also indicate that high temporal frequency remotely sensed observations are useful in local land use studies for the purpose of selecting appropriately timed high resolution observations. The transformation of the Harran Plain to irrigated agriculture provides an ideal experiment for testing the Complementary Relationship between potential and actual evapotranspiration. As predicted by the Complementary Relationship, potential evapotranspiration has decreased. However, decreases in wind speed, as opposed to a large increase in humidity, are the main cause of this decline. The relationship between actual and potential evapotranspiration compares well with estimates based on water balance and simulations. Wind speed and humidity data are consistent between model and observations after performing Monin-Obukhov scaling of observation heights. This research demonstrates the existence and quantifies the magnitude of scale-dependence in the relationship between irrigated area and the amount of water required per unit area. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be similar to the Harran Plain, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 50 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of future irrigation projects will lead to significant water savings and improve sustainability of water resources.}, keywords = {0368:Geography, 0388:Hydrology, Earth sciences, Euphrates-Tigris basin, Geography, Hydroclimatology, Hydrology, Irrigation, Precipitation, Turkey}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305028497?accountid=14270}, author = {Ozdogan, Mutlu} } @article {11222, title = {{Effects of temperature and humidity on the development of eggs of Toxocara canis under laboratory conditions}}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {79}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {327{\textendash}331}, doi = {10.1079/joh2005287}, author = {Gamboa, M I} } @article {8958, title = {Efficiency in the disinfection of water for human consumption in rural communities using solar radiation}, journal = {Solar Energy}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {31-40}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0038-092X}, author = {Mart{\'\i}n-Dom{\'\i}nguez, Alejandra and Alarc{\'o}n-Herrera, Ma Teresa and Mart{\'\i}n-Dom{\'\i}nguez, Ignacio R. and Gonz{\'a}lez-Herrera, Arturo} } @mastersthesis {6226, title = {Electrical and optical properties of silica based nanostructures and their applications}, year = {2005}, note = {3201666}, school = {The University of New Mexico}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Despite recent advances in the synthesis and characterization of nanocrystal (NC) arrays, numerous challenges remain limiting their practical applications. It is the aim of our work to further the understanding of both the synthesis and electrical \& optical properties of gold NC/silica arrays possessing both chemical and thermal stability. The gold NC/silica films are fabricated through self-assembly of water-soluble gold nanocrystal micelles and soluble silica by sol-gel processing. Metal-NC/oxide-semiconductor capacitor samples exhibit charge storage with discharge behavior dominated by electron transport within the gold NC arrays. Low temperature current-voltage measurements on metal-insulator-metal devices reveal electrical conduction with a thermal activation energy of \~{}90 meV. For temperatures less than 100 K, the I-V characteristics of the NC film exhibits a strong coulomb blockade effect, with a threshold voltage of \~{}0.5 V measured at 78 K. The observed scaling behavior of the I-V characteristics at low temperature is consistent with a 3-D NC film. These results on carrier transport are the 1st performed on highly ordered 3-D NC arrays. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was investigated for the gold NC/silica films using a prism coupler. The absorption spectra show a strong SPR absorption at \~{}520 nm. The angular excitation spectra show a steep dip in the reflectivity curve at \~{}65{\textdegree} depending on the thickness and refractive index of the gold NC/silica film. The corresponding angular spectra of films with different gold loading factors were also measured and compared with the modeling results. Collective optical behavior is observed for the 3-D ordered gold NC arrays, and resulted in a blue shift in the plasmon absorption peak with increasing gold loading. Gold nanoparticle composite materials are known to display large optical nonlinearities and rapid time response in SPR region. We evaluated the third order nonlinear optical susceptibility for these films using the z-scan method, and an absolute value, {\textbar}χ (3) {\textbar}, of \~{}1.1 {\texttimes} 10-7 esu was obtained as a result of enhanced local field near SPR frequency.}, keywords = {0544:Electrical engineering, 0794:Materials science, Applied sciences, Electrical engineering, Gold, Materials science, Nanocrystals, Silica films, Sol-gel}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305466155?accountid=14270}, author = {Yang, Kai} } @article {12762, title = {{Emerging foodborne trematodiasis}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {11}, year = {2005}, pages = {1504{\textendash}1507}, author = {Keiser, J and Utzinger, J} } @article {4985, title = {{Emerging foodborne trematodiasis}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {11}, year = {2005}, pages = {1507{\textendash}1514}, author = {Keiser, J and Utzinger, J} } @inbook {9378, title = {{Entamoeba histolytica (amebiasis)}}, booktitle = {Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett{\textquoteright}s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Churchill Livingstone}, organization = {Churchill Livingstone}, edition = {6th}, address = {Philadelphia, PA}, author = {Ravdin, JI and Stauffer, WM}, editor = {Mandell, GL and Bennett, JE and Dolin, R} } @article {9341, title = {{Entamoeba histolytica and/or Entamoeba dispar: Infection frequency in HIV+/AIDS patients in Mexico city}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {331{\textendash}334}, author = {Moran, P and Ramos, F and Ramiro, M and Curiel, O and Gonzalez, E and Valadez, A and Gomez, A and Garcia, G and Melendro, EI and Ximenez, C} } @article {9359, title = {{Entamoeba moshkovskii and Entamoeba dispar-associated infections in pondicherry, India}}, journal = {Journal of Health Population and Nutrition}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {292{\textendash}295}, author = {Parija, SC and Khairnair, K} } @article {8782, title = {{Enteric Virus Indicators: Reovirus Versus Poliovirus}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {131}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, month = {jul}, pages = {1010{\textendash}1013}, issn = {0733-9372}, doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2005)131:7(1010)}, url = {http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/{\%}28ASCE{\%}290733-9372{\%}282005{\%}29131{\%}3A7{\%}281010{\%}29}, author = {Brewster, Jamie and Oleszkiewicz, Jan A. and Coombs, Kevin M. and Nartey, Archie} } @article {7504, title = {Enteric {Viruses} of {Humans} and {Animals} in {Aquatic} {Environments}: {Health} {Risks}, {Detection}, and {Potential} {Water} {Quality} {Assessment} {Tools}}, journal = {Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, month = {jun}, pages = {357{\textendash}371}, issn = {1092-2172}, doi = {10.1128/MMBR.69.2.357-371.2005}, url = {http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/MMBR.69.2.357-371.2005}, author = {Fong, T.-T. and Lipp, E. K.} } @article {3696, title = {Enteric viruses of humans and animals in aquatic environments: health risks, detection, and potential water quality assessment tools}, journal = {Microbiol Mol Biol Rev}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {357{\textendash}371}, abstract = {Waterborne enteric viruses threaten both human and animal health. These pathogens are host specific and cause a wide range of diseases and symptoms in humans or other animals. While considerable research has documented the risk of enteric viruses to human health from contact with contaminated water, the current bacterial indicator-based methods for evaluation of water quality are often ineffectual proxies for pathogenic viruses. Additionally, relatively little work has specifically investigated the risk of waterborne viruses to animal health, and this risk currently is not addressed by routine water quality assessments. Nonetheless, because of their host specificity, enteric viruses can fulfill a unique role both for assessing health risks and as measures of contamination source in a watershed, yet the use of animal, as well as human, host-specific viruses in determining sources of fecal pollution has received little attention. With improved molecular detection assays, viruses from key host groups can be targeted directly using PCR amplification or hybridization with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. A multispecies viral analysis would provide needed information for controlling pollution by source, determining human health risks based on assessments of human virus loading and exposure, and determining potential risks to production animal health and could indicate the potential for the presence of other zoonotic pathogens. While there is a need to better understand the prevalence and environmental distribution of nonhuman enteric viruses, the development of improved methods for specific and sensitive detection will facilitate the use of these microbes for library-independent source tracking and water quality assessment tools.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/isolation \{\&\} purification/pat, Viral/analysis/genetics Enterovirus/genetics/isol, Viral/analysis/genetics Virus Diseases/etiology/*}, issn = {1092-2172 (Print) 1092-2172 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/MMBR.69.2.357-371.2005}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15944460}, author = {Fong, T T and Lipp, E K} } @article {3917, title = {Enteric viruses of humans and animals in aquatic environments: health risks, detection, and potential water quality assessment tools}, journal = {Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {357{\textendash}371}, abstract = {

Waterborne enteric viruses threaten both human and animal health. These pathogens are host specific and cause a wide range of diseases and symptoms in humans or other animals. While considerable research has documented the risk of enteric viruses to human health from contact with contaminated water, the current bacterial indicator-based methods for evaluation of water quality are often ineffectual proxies for pathogenic viruses. Additionally, relatively little work has specifically investigated the risk of waterborne viruses to animal health, and this risk currently is not addressed by routine water quality assessments. Nonetheless, because of their host specificity, enteric viruses can fulfill a unique role both for assessing health risks and as measures of contamination source in a watershed, yet the use of animal, as well as human, host-specific viruses in determining sources of fecal pollution has received little attention. With improved molecular detection assays, viruses from key host groups can be targeted directly using PCR amplification or hybridization with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. A multispecies viral analysis would provide needed information for controlling pollution by source, determining human health risks based on assessments of human virus loading and exposure, and determining potential risks to production animal health and could indicate the potential for the presence of other zoonotic pathogens. While there is a need to better understand the prevalence and environmental distribution of nonhuman enteric viruses, the development of improved methods for specific and sensitive detection will facilitate the use of these microbes for library-independent source tracking and water quality assessment tools.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/isolation \{\&\} purification/pat, Viral/analysis/genetics Enterovirus/genetics/isol, Viral/analysis/genetics Virus Diseases/etiology/*}, doi = {10.1128/MMBR.69.2.357-371.2005}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15944460}, author = {Fong, T T and Lipp, E K} } @article {2565, title = {Enteric viruses of humans and animals in aquatic environments: health risks, detection, and potential water quality assessment tools.}, journal = {Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : {MMBR}}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {357-371}, abstract = {Waterborne enteric viruses threaten both human and animal health. These pathogens are host specific and cause a wide range of diseases and symptoms in humans or other animals. While considerable research has documented the risk of enteric viruses to human health from contact with contaminated water, the current bacterial indicator-based methods for evaluation of water quality are often ineffectual proxies for pathogenic viruses. Additionally, relatively little work has specifically investigated the risk of waterborne viruses to animal health, and this risk currently is not addressed by routine water quality assessments. Nonetheless, because of their host specificity, enteric viruses can fulfill a unique role both for assessing health risks and as measures of contamination source in a watershed, yet the use of animal, as well as human, host-specific viruses in determining sources of fecal pollution has received little attention. With improved molecular detection assays, viruses from key host groups can be targeted directly using {PCR} amplification or hybridization with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. A multispecies viral analysis would provide needed information for controlling pollution by source, determining human health risks based on assessments of human virus loading and exposure, and determining potential risks to production animal health and could indicate the potential for the presence of other zoonotic pathogens. While there is a need to better understand the prevalence and environmental distribution of nonhuman enteric viruses, the development of improved methods for specific and sensitive detection will facilitate the use of these microbes for library-independent source tracking and water quality assessment tools.}, doi = {10.1128/MMBR.69.2.357-371.2005}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.69.2.357-371.2005}, author = {Fong, Theng-Theng T and Lipp, Erin K} } @article {219, title = {Enteric viruses of humans and animals in aquatic environments: health risks, detection, and potential water quality assessment tools}, journal = {Microbiol Mol Biol Rev}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, note = {Fong, Theng-Theng Lipp, Erin K Journal Article Review United States Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2005 Jun;69(2):357-71.}, pages = {357-71}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Waterborne enteric viruses threaten both human and animal health. These pathogens are host specific and cause a wide range of diseases and symptoms in humans or other animals. While considerable research has documented the risk of enteric viruses to human health from contact with contaminated water, the current bacterial indicator-based methods for evaluation of water quality are often ineffectual proxies for pathogenic viruses. Additionally, relatively little work has specifically investigated the risk of waterborne viruses to animal health, and this risk currently is not addressed by routine water quality assessments. Nonetheless, because of their host specificity, enteric viruses can fulfill a unique role both for assessing health risks and as measures of contamination source in a watershed, yet the use of animal, as well as human, host-specific viruses in determining sources of fecal pollution has received little attention. With improved molecular detection assays, viruses from key host groups can be targeted directly using PCR amplification or hybridization with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. A multispecies viral analysis would provide needed information for controlling pollution by source, determining human health risks based on assessments of human virus loading and exposure, and determining potential risks to production animal health and could indicate the potential for the presence of other zoonotic pathogens. While there is a need to better understand the prevalence and environmental distribution of nonhuman enteric viruses, the development of improved methods for specific and sensitive detection will facilitate the use of these microbes for library-independent source tracking and water quality assessment tools.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/isolation \&, control Water/*analysis/standards *Water Microbiology, purification/pathogenicity Animals DNA, purification/pathogenicity Environment Humans Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Quality Control RNA, Viral/analysis/genetics Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \&, Viral/analysis/genetics Virus Diseases/etiology/*prevention \&}, issn = {1092-2172 (Print) 1092-2172}, doi = {10.1128/mmbr.69.2.357-371.2005}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1197419/pdf/0031-04.pdf}, author = {Fong, T. T. and Lipp, E. K.} } @article {809, title = {Enteric viruses of humans and animals in aquatic environments: health risks, detection, and potential water quality assessment tools.}, journal = {Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : {MMBR}}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {357-371}, abstract = {Waterborne enteric viruses threaten both human and animal health. These pathogens are host specific and cause a wide range of diseases and symptoms in humans or other animals. While considerable research has documented the risk of enteric viruses to human health from contact with contaminated water, the current bacterial indicator-based methods for evaluation of water quality are often ineffectual proxies for pathogenic viruses. Additionally, relatively little work has specifically investigated the risk of waterborne viruses to animal health, and this risk currently is not addressed by routine water quality assessments. Nonetheless, because of their host specificity, enteric viruses can fulfill a unique role both for assessing health risks and as measures of contamination source in a watershed, yet the use of animal, as well as human, host-specific viruses in determining sources of fecal pollution has received little attention. With improved molecular detection assays, viruses from key host groups can be targeted directly using {PCR} amplification or hybridization with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. A multispecies viral analysis would provide needed information for controlling pollution by source, determining human health risks based on assessments of human virus loading and exposure, and determining potential risks to production animal health and could indicate the potential for the presence of other zoonotic pathogens. While there is a need to better understand the prevalence and environmental distribution of nonhuman enteric viruses, the development of improved methods for specific and sensitive detection will facilitate the use of these microbes for library-independent source tracking and water quality assessment tools.}, doi = {10.1128/MMBR.69.2.357-371.2005}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.69.2.357-371.2005}, author = {Fong, Theng-Theng T and Lipp, Erin K} } @article {1553, title = {Enteric viruses of humans and animals in aquatic environments: health risks, detection, and potential water quality assessment tools}, journal = {Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, note = {Fong, Theng-Theng Lipp, Erin K eng Review 2005/06/10 09:00 Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2005 Jun;69(2):357-71.}, pages = {357-71}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Waterborne enteric viruses threaten both human and animal health. These pathogens are host specific and cause a wide range of diseases and symptoms in humans or other animals. While considerable research has documented the risk of enteric viruses to human health from contact with contaminated water, the current bacterial indicator-based methods for evaluation of water quality are often ineffectual proxies for pathogenic viruses. Additionally, relatively little work has specifically investigated the risk of waterborne viruses to animal health, and this risk currently is not addressed by routine water quality assessments. Nonetheless, because of their host specificity, enteric viruses can fulfill a unique role both for assessing health risks and as measures of contamination source in a watershed, yet the use of animal, as well as human, host-specific viruses in determining sources of fecal pollution has received little attention. With improved molecular detection assays, viruses from key host groups can be targeted directly using PCR amplification or hybridization with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. A multispecies viral analysis would provide needed information for controlling pollution by source, determining human health risks based on assessments of human virus loading and exposure, and determining potential risks to production animal health and could indicate the potential for the presence of other zoonotic pathogens. While there is a need to better understand the prevalence and environmental distribution of nonhuman enteric viruses, the development of improved methods for specific and sensitive detection will facilitate the use of these microbes for library-independent source tracking and water quality assessment tools.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Animals DNA, Viral/analysis/genetics Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Environment Humans Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Quality Control RNA, Viral/analysis/genetics Virus Diseases/etiology/*prevention \& control Water/*analysis/standards *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1092-2172 (Print) 1092-2172 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/MMBR.69.2.357-371.2005}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15944460}, author = {Fong, T. T. and Lipp, E. K.} } @article {5051, title = {Enterically infecting viruses: pathogenicity, transmission and significance for food and waterborne infection}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {1354{\textendash}1380}, author = {Carter, MJ} } @article {14514, title = {Enterically infecting viruses: pathogenicity, transmission and significance for food and waterborne infection}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {98}, year = {2005}, pages = {1354{\textendash}80}, keywords = {*Food Microbiology, *Water Microbiology, Adenovirus Infections, Astroviridae Infections/diagnosis/transmission, Caliciviridae Infections/diagnosis/transmission, Gastroenteritis/diagnosis/virology, Hepatitis/diagnosis/virology, Human/diagnosis/transmission, Humans, Parvoviridae Infections/diagnosis/transmission, Picornaviridae Infections/diagnosis/transmission, Rotavirus Infections/diagnosis/transmission, Sewage/virology, Virus Diseases/diagnosis/*transmission}, issn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02635.x}, author = {Carter, M. J.} } @article {14888, title = {Enterically infecting viruses: pathogenicity, transmission and significance for food and waterborne infection}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {98}, year = {2005}, pages = {1354{\textendash}80}, keywords = {*Food Microbiology, *Water Microbiology, Adenovirus Infections, Astroviridae Infections/diagnosis/transmission, Caliciviridae Infections/diagnosis/transmission, Gastroenteritis/diagnosis/virology, Hepatitis/diagnosis/virology, Human/diagnosis/transmission, Humans, Parvoviridae Infections/diagnosis/transmission, Picornaviridae Infections/diagnosis/transmission, Rotavirus Infections/diagnosis/transmission, Sewage/virology, Virus Diseases/diagnosis/*transmission}, issn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02635.x}, author = {Carter, M. J.} } @article {2182, title = {{Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli: emerging issues on virulence and modes of transmission.}}, journal = {Veterinary Research}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {289{\textendash}311}, abstract = {

Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) constitute a subset of serotypes (E. coli O157 and some other serogroups) of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) firmly associated with severe human illnesses like bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Stx production is essential but not sufficient for EHEC virulence. Most strains are capable of colonising the intestinal mucosa of the host with the \"attaching and effacing\" mechanism, genetically governed by a large pathogenicity island (PAI) defined as the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement. Other virulence factors carried by mobile genetic elements like PAI and plasmids have been recently described, and their role in the pathogenic process has not been fully elucidated. EHEC are zoonotic pathogens. They rarely cause disease in animals, and ruminants are recognised as their main natural reservoir. Cattle are considered to be the most important source of human infections with EHEC O157, and the ecology of the organism in cattle farming has been extensively studied. The organism has also been reported in sheep, goats, water buffalos, and deer. Pigs and poultry are not considered to be a source of EHEC and the sporadic reports may derive from accidental exposure to ruminant dejections. The epidemiology of EHEC infections has remarkably changed during the past ten years and an increasing number of unusual food vehicles have been associated with human infections. New routes of transmission have emerged, like contact with animals during farm visits and a wide variety of environment-related exposures. As for other zoonotic agents, having animals and raw products that are free from EHEC is not possible in practice. However, their occurrence can be minimised by applying high standards of hygiene in all the steps of the food production chain.

}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Reservoirs, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Food Microbiology, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Gastrointestinal Diseases: microbiology, Humans, Virulence}, issn = {0928-4249}, doi = {10.1051/vetres:2005002}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15845227}, author = {Caprioli, Alfredo and Morabito, Stefano and Brug{\`e}re, Hubert and Oswald, Eric} } @article {13950, title = {Enterohaemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli: emerging issues on virulence and modes of transmission.}, journal = {Veterinary research}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {289{\textendash}311}, abstract = {Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) constitute a subset of serotypes (E. coli O157 and some other serogroups) of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) firmly associated with severe human illnesses like bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Stx production is essential but not sufficient for EHEC virulence. Most strains are capable of colonising the intestinal mucosa of the host with the "attaching and effacing" mechanism, genetically governed by a large pathogenicity island (PAI) defined as the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement. Other virulence factors carried by mobile genetic elements like PAI and plasmids have been recently described, and their role in the pathogenic process has not been fully elucidated. EHEC are zoonotic pathogens. They rarely cause disease in animals, and ruminants are recognised as their main natural reservoir. Cattle are considered to be the most important source of human infections with EHEC O157, and the ecology of the organism in cattle farming has been extensively studied. The organism has also been reported in sheep, goats, water buffalos, and deer. Pigs and poultry are not considered to be a source of EHEC and the sporadic reports may derive from accidental exposure to ruminant dejections. The epidemiology of EHEC infections has remarkably changed during the past ten years and an increasing number of unusual food vehicles have been associated with human infections. New routes of transmission have emerged, like contact with animals during farm visits and a wide variety of environment-related exposures. As for other zoonotic agents, having animals and raw products that are free from EHEC is not possible in practice. However, their occurrence can be minimised by applying high standards of hygiene in all the steps of the food production chain.}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Reservoirs, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Food Microbiology, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Gastrointestinal Diseases: microbiology, Humans, Virulence}, issn = {0928-4249}, doi = {10.1051/vetres:2005002}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15845227}, author = {Caprioli, Alfredo and Morabito, Stefano and Brug{\`e}re, Hubert and Oswald, Eric} } @article {14272, title = {Enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli ({EHEC})}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {37}, number = {6-7}, year = {2005}, month = {jul}, pages = {405{\textendash}416}, abstract = {Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli has since the last 2 decades been known to cause severe and bloody diarrhoea as well as haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemorrhagic uraemic syndrome (HUS) especially among children. The importance of screening for EHEC among children and older patients with severe symptoms is apparent. Production of the verocytotoxins VT1 and VT2 are the main features of EHEC, and the VT types and mode of action during human infection is described. There are, however, other features adding to the pathogenicity. In this review we deal with the importance of properties such as fimbriae and adhesins as well as systems to meet the bacterial need for iron during infection. These factors are probably important for the establishment of EHEC in the gut and add to the bacterial virulence. It has now become evident that VT producing E. coli, irrespective of serogroup, might be human pathogens. We conclude that knowledge of the different possible virulence factors adds to the possibility of separating more virulent from less virulent isolates.}, keywords = {Animals, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: metabolism, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Humans, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: biosynthesis, Shiga Toxin 2, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: biosynthesis, Virulence}, issn = {0036-5548}, doi = {10.1080/00365540510038523}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16011999}, author = {Welinder-Olsson, Christina and Kaijser, Bertil} } @article {2456, title = {{Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)}}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {37}, number = {6-7}, year = {2005}, month = {jul}, pages = {405{\textendash}416}, abstract = {Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli has since the last 2 decades been known to cause severe and bloody diarrhoea as well as haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemorrhagic uraemic syndrome (HUS) especially among children. The importance of screening for EHEC among children and older patients with severe symptoms is apparent. Production of the verocytotoxins VT1 and VT2 are the main features of EHEC, and the VT types and mode of action during human infection is described. There are, however, other features adding to the pathogenicity. In this review we deal with the importance of properties such as fimbriae and adhesins as well as systems to meet the bacterial need for iron during infection. These factors are probably important for the establishment of EHEC in the gut and add to the bacterial virulence. It has now become evident that VT producing E. coli, irrespective of serogroup, might be human pathogens. We conclude that knowledge of the different possible virulence factors adds to the possibility of separating more virulent from less virulent isolates.}, keywords = {Animals, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: metabolism, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Humans, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: biosynthesis, Shiga Toxin 2, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: biosynthesis, Virulence}, issn = {0036-5548}, doi = {10.1080/00365540510038523}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16011999}, author = {Welinder-Olsson, Christina and Kaijser, Bertil} } @article {16304, title = {{Enteroviruses and Bacteriophages in Bathing Waters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {11}, year = {2005}, month = {nov}, pages = {6838{\textendash}6844}, abstract = {A new procedure for detecting and counting enteroviruses based on the VIRADEN method applied to 10 liters of seawater was examined. It improved the efficiency of detection by taking into account both the number of positive isolations and numbers found with traditional methods. It was then used to quantify viruses in bathing waters. A number of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages were also tested. Cultivable enteroviruses were detected in 55{\%} of the samples, most of which complied with bacteriological criteria. In contrast, viral genomes were only detected in 20{\%} of the samples by reverse transcription-PCR. Somatic coliphages outnumbered all other indicators. F-specific RNA phages were detected in only 15{\%} of the samples, whereas phages infecting Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron were detected in 70{\%} of samples. A numerical relationship between the numbers of enteroviruses and the numbers of enterococci and somatic coliphages was observed. In situ inactivation experiments showed that viruses persisted significantly longer than the bacterial indicators. Only somatic coliphages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides persisted longer than the viruses. These results explain the numbers of enteroviruses and indicators in bathing waters attending the numbers usually found in sewage in the area. Somatic coliphages show a very good potential to predict the risk of viruses being present in bathing waters.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.11.6838-6844.2005}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16269717 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC1287676 http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.71.11.6838-6844.2005}, author = {Moce-Llivina, L. and Lucena, F. and Jofre, J.} } @article {4300, title = {Enteroviruses and bacteriophages in bathing waters.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {11}, year = {2005}, month = {nov}, pages = {6838{\textendash}44}, abstract = {

A new procedure for detecting and counting enteroviruses based on the VIRADEN method applied to 10 liters of seawater was examined. It improved the efficiency of detection by taking into account both the number of positive isolations and numbers found with traditional methods. It was then used to quantify viruses in bathing waters. A number of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages were also tested. Cultivable enteroviruses were detected in 55{\%} of the samples, most of which complied with bacteriological criteria. In contrast, viral genomes were only detected in 20{\%} of the samples by reverse transcription-PCR. Somatic coliphages outnumbered all other indicators. F-specific RNA phages were detected in only 15{\%} of the samples, whereas phages infecting Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron were detected in 70{\%} of samples. A numerical relationship between the numbers of enteroviruses and the numbers of enterococci and somatic coliphages was observed. In situ inactivation experiments showed that viruses persisted significantly longer than the bacterial indicators. Only somatic coliphages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides persisted longer than the viruses. These results explain the numbers of enteroviruses and indicators in bathing waters attending the numbers usually found in sewage in the area. Somatic coliphages show a very good potential to predict the risk of viruses being present in bathing waters.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation {\&} purification, enterovirus, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Recreation, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Seawater: virology, Spain, Virus Cultivation}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.11.6838-6844.2005}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1287676{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Moc{\'e}-Llivina, Laura and Lucena, Francisco and Jofre, Juan} } @article {1757, title = {Enteroviruses as agents of emerging infectious diseases}, journal = {J Neurovirol}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, note = {Palacios, G Oberste, M S eng Review 2005/11/17 09:00 J Neurovirol. 2005 Oct;11(5):424-33.}, pages = {424-33}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Although the enteroviruses as a group are ubiquitous and not normally considered as "emerging pathogens," the many different serotypes circulate at different frequencies in any given year and the prevalence of a given serotype may fluctuate wildly from year to year. As a result, several enterovirus serotypes have been associated with the emergence of specific diseases (for example, pandemic acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis) and specific serotypes have emerged to cause outbreaks of major public health concern. Enterovirus 71 is a recognized cause of epidemic severe central nervous system disease in Southeast Asia. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis was a newly described disease in the 1970s associated with emergence of enterovirus 70 and coxsackievirus A24 variant. In addition, the impending eradication of poliovirus and some of the challenges currently faced by the eradication program present the possibility that poliomyelitis could emerge in the posteradication era. These links between enterovirus infections and emerging diseases are reviewed.}, keywords = {Acute Hemorrhagic/epidemiology/virology *Disease Outbreaks Disease Reservoirs *Enterovirus/classification/genetics/isolation \& purification Enterovirus C, Animals Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology/virology Conjunctivitis, Human/isolation \& purification Enterovirus D, Human/isolation \& purification Enterovirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology Global Health Humans Molecular Epidemiology Poliomyelitis/epidemiology/virology Poliovirus/isolation \& purification RNA, Viral/genetics Species Specificity Swine Vesicular Disease/epidemiology/virology}, issn = {1355-0284 (Print) 1355-0284 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/13550280591002531}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16287683}, author = {Palacios, G. and Oberste, M. S.} } @article {4302, title = {{Enumeration of bacteriophages in water by different laboratories of the European Union in two interlaboratory comparison studies.}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {127}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, month = {jul}, pages = {60{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

As part of a European project on bacteriophages in bathing waters two interlaboratory comparison studies were carried out (May 1997 and March 1998). During these studies phage reference materials as well as naturally polluted standard samples were analysed in 16 European laboratories. Three groups of bacteriophages were tested using standardised methods: somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA-phages and phages of Bacteroides fragilis. Many of the participating laboratories applied one or more of the phage methods for the first time, after a one-week training session in a central laboratory. Nevertheless, the values of repeatability (r=1.35-1.38 calculated on log(10)-scale) and reproducibility (R=1.52-2.04 calculated on log(10)-scale) when analysing phage reference materials were close to the theoretical optimum for a Poisson distribution. When analysing the naturally polluted samples more variation in results within and between laboratories was found (r=1.63-2.34; R=3.10-5.72), in comparison with the results obtained with the pure phage reference materials.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis: virology, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: standards, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: virology, European Union, Laboratories, Laboratories: standards, Reproducibility of Results, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhimurium: virology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0166-0934}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.013}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893567}, author = {Mooijman, K A and Ghameshlou, Z and Bahar, M and Jofre, J and Havelaar, A H} } @mastersthesis {6450, title = {Environmental accounting and disclosure in {Saudi} {Arabia}}, year = {2005}, note = {U584001}, school = {Cardiff University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Interest in environmental issues has grown in the last three decades. This increase in interest has been attributed, at least in part, to global environmental problems (such as the thinning of the ozone layer global warming deforestation species extinction air, water, and land pollution and toxic waste) and industrial accidents (such as Bhopal in 1984 Chernobyl in 1986 and the Exxon Valdez in 1989). This rise in environmental awareness has resulted in an increase in research relating to the environment in many disciplines including accounting. However, the literature review indicated that research relating to environmental accounting and disclosure in developing countries is small, and the majority of research in this area is in the context of developed countries. Moreover, no research has been undertaken that analyses and evaluates environmental accounting and disclosure (EAD) practices in Saudi Arabia. This research therefore aims to fill the gap identified in the literature. The main aims of this thesis were to examine current and perceived EAD in Saudi Arabia. Two methods were utilised to collect data for this endeavour. A questionnaire survey was distributed to three groups of respondents (namely, financial managers in the Top 100 Saudi companies, auditors, and accounting academics), and semi-structured interviews were conducted with members of these three groups to investigate issues relating to EAD in more depth. The main research findings point to the lack of adoption of current EAD practices by Saudi companies and only a small number of companies among the Top 100 in Saudi Arabia currently have an environmental policy (EP). These findings suggest a lack of awareness of the significance of environmental issues among organisations{\textquoteright} management. In fact, lack of interest from organisations{\textquoteright} management was thought to be the main reason for not adopting environmental accounting followed by insufficient benefits generated from it. Environmental issues were thought to influence the profitability, survival, competitiveness, image, and decision-making process of Saudi organisations. Accounting for and disclosing information about items related to the environment included water energy waste disposal recycling remediation and product life-cycle assessment (LCA). Improvement of the organisation{\textquoteright}s image in the eyes of the public was considered to be the most influential reason for the disclosure of environmental information (EI) disclosure followed by adherence to local environmental laws. Most important reasons preventing EI disclosure included the non existence of mandatory requirements to do so and non-requirement by Saudi accounting standards. Due to lack of regulations in Saudi Arabia, disclosure of EI is currently voluntary. The preferred form is a mixture of qualitative, quantitative, and financial forms. Finally, the overwhelming majority of respondents agreed that Saudi companies should adopt EPs appropriate to their size and activities, and these should include all commitments that will lead to limiting organisations{\textquoteright} negative effects on the environment and enhancing positive effects. Environmental information systems (EISs) should be developed and implemented to facilitate EI production and disclosure. Measurement of all environmental impacts of an organisation should be carried out to facilitate decision-making both internally and externally. Governmental agencies and other non-governmental parties should play a major role in promoting environmental awareness to increase the adoption of EAD practices in Saudi Arabia.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU584001, 0272:Accounting, Accounting, Environmental accounting, Saudi Arabia, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1367803346?accountid=14270}, author = {Al-Khuwiter, Abdulrahman Mohammad} } @article {1619, title = {Environmental surveillance of wild poliovirus circulation in Egypt{\textendash}balancing between detection sensitivity and workload}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {126}, number = {1-2}, year = {2005}, note = {0166-0934 Journal Article}, pages = {127-34}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Examination of sewage specimens for poliovirus (environmental surveillance) was adopted as a supplementary tool in the surveillance of poliomyelitis in Egypt. Sewage samples were concentrated about 50-fold using a simple two-phase separation technique, and inoculated in cell cultures in two collaborating laboratories in parallel. All but 9 of the 293 (97\%) samples collected from January 2001 to December 2002 contained poliovirus and/or other enteroviruses, with polioviruses being detected in 84\% of the samples. The proportion of specimens containing type 1 wild poliovirus (PV1W, the North-East African (NEAF) genotype) was less in 2002 (16\%) than in 2001 (57\%), and further decreased in 2003. While the overall sensitivity to detect PV1W was similar in the two collaborating laboratories, the specimens scored positive were not identical. Parallel cultures inoculated with aliquots of a given specimen very frequently resulted in isolation of different viruses. Moreover, partial sequence analysis occasionally revealed representatives of different genetic lineages of PV1W in a given specimen. These results emphasize the need to use intensive laboratory analysis to optimise sample sensitivity in environmental poliovirus surveillance, and the difficulties in reproducing the isolation results by simple re-inoculation of samples containing a mixture of different viruses.}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=15847928}, author = {Hovi, T. and Blomqvist, S. and Nasr, E. and Burns, C. C. and Sarjakoski, T. and Ahmed, N. and Savolainen, C. and Roivainen, M. and Stenvik, M. and Laine, P. and Barakat, I. and Wahdan, M. H. and Kamel, F. A. and Asghar, H. and M A Pallansch and Kew, O. M. and H E Gary and deGourville, E. M. and El Bassioni, L.} } @article {14670, title = {Environmental surveillance of wild poliovirus circulation in {Egypt}{\textendash}balancing between detection sensitivity and workload}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {126}, year = {2005}, month = {jun}, pages = {127{\textendash}34}, abstract = {Examination of sewage specimens for poliovirus (environmental surveillance) was adopted as a supplementary tool in the surveillance of poliomyelitis in Egypt. Sewage samples were concentrated about 50-fold using a simple two-phase separation technique, and inoculated in cell cultures in two collaborating laboratories in parallel. All but 9 of the 293 (97\%) samples collected from January 2001 to December 2002 contained poliovirus and/or other enteroviruses, with polioviruses being detected in 84\% of the samples. The proportion of specimens containing type 1 wild poliovirus (PV1W, the North-East African (NEAF) genotype) was less in 2002 (16\%) than in 2001 (57\%), and further decreased in 2003. While the overall sensitivity to detect PV1W was similar in the two collaborating laboratories, the specimens scored positive were not identical. Parallel cultures inoculated with aliquots of a given specimen very frequently resulted in isolation of different viruses. Moreover, partial sequence analysis occasionally revealed representatives of different genetic lineages of PV1W in a given specimen. These results emphasize the need to use intensive laboratory analysis to optimise sample sensitivity in environmental poliovirus surveillance, and the difficulties in reproducing the isolation results by simple re-inoculation of samples containing a mixture of different viruses.}, author = {Hovi, T. and Blomqvist, S. and Nasr, E. and Burns, C. C. and Sarjakoski, T. and Ahmed, N. and Savolainen, C. and Roivainen, M. and Stenvik, M. and Laine, P. and Barakat, I. and Wahdan, M. H. and Kamel, F. A. and Asghar, H. and M A Pallansch and Kew, O. M. and Gary, H. E. and deGourville, E. M. and El Bassioni, L.} } @article {8707, title = {{Environmental Temperature Controls Cryptosporidium Oocyst Metabolic Rate and Associated Retention of Infectivity}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {3848{\textendash}3857}, abstract = {Oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum placed in artificial seawater at salinities of 10, 20, and 30 ppt at 10{\textdegree}C and at 10 ppt at 20{\textdegree}C were infectious after 12 weeks. Those placed in seawater at 20 ppt and 30 ppt at 20{\textdegree}C were infectious for 8 and 4 weeks, respectively. These findings suggested that oocysts could survive in estuarine waters long enough to be removed by filter feeders such as oysters. Thereafter, 30 Eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were collected with a dredge or with hand tongs at each of six sites within Maryland tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay in May and June and in August and September of 1997. Hemocytes and gill washings from all oysters were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts by immunofluorescence microscopy utilizing a commercially available kit containing fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. Giardia was not detected by this method from any of the 360 oysters examined. Presumptive identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts was made in either hemocytes or gill washings of oysters from all six sites both times that surveys were conducted. In addition, during August and September, for each of the six sites, hemocytes from the 30 oysters were pooled and gill washings from the oysters were pooled. Each pool was delivered by gastric intubation to a litter of neonatal mice to produce a bioassay for oocyst infectivity. Intestinal tissue from two of three mice that received gill washings from oysters collected at a site near a large cattle farm and shoreline homes with septic tanks was positive for developmental stages of C. parvum. These findings demonstrate for the first time that oysters in natural waters harbor infectious C. parvum oocysts and can serve as mechanical vectors of this pathogen.}, keywords = {Compound parabolic concentrator, Cryptosporidium parvum, Environmental factors, Factorial design, Mouse, Oocyst viability, Solar disinfection}, isbn = {0001-706X}, issn = {0001706X}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.7.3848-3857.2005}, author = {King, J.K. and Keegan, A.R. and Monis, P.T. and Saint, C.P.} } @article {15775, title = {Environmental temperature controls Cryptosporidium oocyst metabolic rate and associated retention of infectivity}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, month = {Jul}, pages = {3848-57}, edition = {2005/07/08}, keywords = {*Temperature, Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism, Animals, Cells, Cultured, Cryptosporidium parvum/*growth \& development/metabolism/pathogenicity, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Mice, Oocysts/growth \& development/*metabolism/*pathogenicity, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Taq Polymerase/metabolism}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {King, B. J. and Keegan, A. R. and Monis, P. T. and Saint, C. P.} } @inbook {11119, title = {Epazote {\textendash} Chenopodium ambrosioides for worm expeller in Latin America}, booktitle = {The healing power of rainforest herbs}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Square One Publishers}, organization = {Square One Publishers}, address = {Milan County, TX }, author = {Taylor, L.} } @article {14833, title = {Epidemiology of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 outbreaks, {United} {States}, 1982-2002.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {apr}, pages = {603{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes 73,000 illnesses in the United States annually. We reviewed E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to better understand the epidemiology of E. coli O157. E. coli O157 outbreaks ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreateror=2 cases of E. coli O157 infection with a common epidemiologic exposure) reported to CDC from 1982 to 2002 were reviewed. In that period, 49 states reported 350 outbreaks, representing 8,598 cases, 1,493 (17\%) hospitalizations, 354 (4\%) hemolytic uremic syndrome cases, and 40 (0.5\%) deaths. Transmission route for 183 (52\%) was foodborne, 74 (21\%) unknown, 50 (14\%) person-to-person, 31 (9\%) waterborne, 11 (3\%) animal contact, and 1 (0.3\%) laboratory-related. The food vehicle for 75 (41\%) foodborne outbreaks was ground beef, and for 38 (21\%) outbreaks, produce.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Reservoirs, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Food Microbiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Humans, Laboratory Infection, Laboratory Infection: epidemiology, Meat, Meat: microbiology, United States, United States: epidemiology, Vegetables, Vegetables: microbiology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1104.040739}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3320345\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Rangel, Josefa M and Sparling, Phyllis H and Crowe, Collen and Griffin, Patricia M and Swerdlow, David L} } @article {7058, title = {Epidemiology of {Escherichia} coli {O}157: {H}7 outbreaks, {United} {States}, 1982{\textendash}2002}, year = {2005}, url = {http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/publichealthresources/73/}, author = {Rangel, Josefa M. and Sparling, Phyllis H. and Crowe, Collen and Griffin, Patricia M. and Swerdlow, David L.} } @article {14192, title = {Epidemiology of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 outbreaks, {United} {States}, 1982-2002.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {apr}, pages = {603{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes 73,000 illnesses in the United States annually. We reviewed E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to better understand the epidemiology of E. coli O157. E. coli O157 outbreaks ({\textbackslash}textgreateror=2 cases of E. coli O157 infection with a common epidemiologic exposure) reported to CDC from 1982 to 2002 were reviewed. In that period, 49 states reported 350 outbreaks, representing 8,598 cases, 1,493 (17\%) hospitalizations, 354 (4\%) hemolytic uremic syndrome cases, and 40 (0.5\%) deaths. Transmission route for 183 (52\%) was foodborne, 74 (21\%) unknown, 50 (14\%) person-to-person, 31 (9\%) waterborne, 11 (3\%) animal contact, and 1 (0.3\%) laboratory-related. The food vehicle for 75 (41\%) foodborne outbreaks was ground beef, and for 38 (21\%) outbreaks, produce.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Reservoirs, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Food Microbiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Humans, Laboratory Infection, Laboratory Infection: epidemiology, Meat, Meat: microbiology, United States, United States: epidemiology, Vegetables, Vegetables: microbiology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1104.040739}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3320345\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Rangel, Josefa M and Sparling, Phyllis H and Crowe, Collen and Griffin, Patricia M and Swerdlow, David L} } @article {2382, title = {{Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks, United States, 1982-2002.}}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {apr}, pages = {603{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes 73,000 illnesses in the United States annually. We reviewed E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to better understand the epidemiology of E. coli O157. E. coli O157 outbreaks (>or=2 cases of E. coli O157 infection with a common epidemiologic exposure) reported to CDC from 1982 to 2002 were reviewed. In that period, 49 states reported 350 outbreaks, representing 8,598 cases, 1,493 (17\%) hospitalizations, 354 (4\%) hemolytic uremic syndrome cases, and 40 (0.5\%) deaths. Transmission route for 183 (52\%) was foodborne, 74 (21\%) unknown, 50 (14\%) person-to-person, 31 (9\%) waterborne, 11 (3\%) animal contact, and 1 (0.3\%) laboratory-related. The food vehicle for 75 (41\%) foodborne outbreaks was ground beef, and for 38 (21\%) outbreaks, produce.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Reservoirs, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Food Microbiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Humans, Laboratory Infection, Laboratory Infection: epidemiology, Meat, Meat: microbiology, United States, United States: epidemiology, Vegetables, Vegetables: microbiology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1104.040739}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3320345\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Rangel, Josefa M and Sparling, Phyllis H and Crowe, Collen and Griffin, Patricia M and Swerdlow, David L} } @article {8117, title = {{Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks, United States, 1982-2002.}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {apr}, pages = {603{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes 73,000 illnesses in the United States annually. We reviewed E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to better understand the epidemiology of E. coli O157. E. coli O157 outbreaks ({\textgreater}or=2 cases of E. coli O157 infection with a common epidemiologic exposure) reported to CDC from 1982 to 2002 were reviewed. In that period, 49 states reported 350 outbreaks, representing 8,598 cases, 1,493 (17{\%}) hospitalizations, 354 (4{\%}) hemolytic uremic syndrome cases, and 40 (0.5{\%}) deaths. Transmission route for 183 (52{\%}) was foodborne, 74 (21{\%}) unknown, 50 (14{\%}) person-to-person, 31 (9{\%}) waterborne, 11 (3{\%}) animal contact, and 1 (0.3{\%}) laboratory-related. The food vehicle for 75 (41{\%}) foodborne outbreaks was ground beef, and for 38 (21{\%}) outbreaks, produce.

}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Dairy Products, Dairy Products: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Reservoirs, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Food Microbiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Humans, Laboratory Infection, Laboratory Infection: epidemiology, Meat, Meat: microbiology, United States, United States: epidemiology, Vegetables, Vegetables: microbiology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1104.040739}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3320345{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Rangel, Josefa M and Sparling, Phyllis H and Crowe, Collen and Griffin, Patricia M and Swerdlow, David L} } @article {13552, title = {Epidemiology of fascioliasis in human endemic areas}, journal = {J Helminthol}, volume = {79}, year = {2005}, pages = {207-216}, author = {Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {9463, title = {The epidemiology of intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with HIV/AIDS in Lima, Peru}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {191}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {1658{\textendash}1664}, author = {Bern, C and Kawai, V and Vargas, D and Rabke-Verani, J and Williamson, J and Chavez-Valdez, R and Xiao, L and Sulaiman, I and Vivar, A and Ticona, E and Navincopa, M and Cama, V and Moura, H and Secor, WE and Visvesvara, G and Gilman, RH} } @article {9602, title = {Epidemiology of Tropical Cyclones: The Dynamics of Disaster, Disease, and Development}, journal = {Epidemiologic Reviews}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {21-35}, author = {Shultz, J and Russell, J and Espinel, Z} } @article {15050, title = {Epidemiology of {Tropical} {Cyclones}: {The} {Dynamics} of {Disaster}, {Disease}, and {Development}}, journal = {Epidemiologic Reviews}, volume = {27}, year = {2005}, pages = {21{\textendash}35}, author = {Shultz, J. and Russell, J. and Espinel, Z.} } @article {12273, title = {Error-prone DNA polymerase IV is regulated by the heat shock chaperone GroE in Escherichia coli}, journal = {Journal of Bacteriology}, volume = {187}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, note = {Layton, JC Foster, PL
Foster, Patricia/0000-0002-7236-4378
1098-5530}, month = {Jan}, pages = {449-457}, abstract = {

An insertion in the promoter of the operon that encodes the molecular chaperone GroE was isolated as an antimutator for stationary-phase or adaptive mutation. The groE operon consists of two genes, groES and groEL; point mutations in either gene conferred the same phenotype, reducing Lac(+) adaptive mutation 10- to 20-fold. groE mutant strains had 1/10 the amount of error-prone DNA polymerase IV (Pol IV). In recG(+) strains, the reduction in Pol IV was sufficient to account for their low rate of adaptive mutation, but in recG mutant strains, a deficiency of GroE had some additional effect on adaptive mutation. Pol IV is induced as part of the SOS response, but the effect of GroE on Pol W was independent of LexA. We were unable to show that GroE interacts directly with Pol IV, suggesting that GroE may act indirectly. Together with previous results, these findings indicate that Pol IV is a component of several cellular stress responses.

}, isbn = {0021-9193}, author = {Layton, J. C. and Foster, P. L.} } @article {7314, title = {Escherichia coli {O}157:{H}7 in drinking water from private water supplies in the {Netherlands}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {18}, year = {2005}, month = {nov}, pages = {4485{\textendash}4493}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.08.025}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135405004902}, author = {Schets, Franciska M. and During, Marcel and Italiaander, Ronald and Heijnen, Leo and Rutjes, Saskia A. and van der Zwaluw, Willem K. and Ana M. De Roda Husman} } @mastersthesis {6420, title = {Essays in applied microeconomics}, year = {2005}, note = {3186055}, school = {The University of Wisconsin - Madison}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The first essay measures the impact of an outbreak of pediatric leukemia on local housing values. A model of residential location choice is used to describe conditions under which the gradient of the hedonic price function with respect to health risk is equal to household marginal willingness to pay to avoid pediatric leukemia risk. This equalizing differential is estimated using property-level sales records from a county in Nevada where residents have recently experienced a severe increase in pediatric leukemia. Housing values are compared before and after the increase with a nearby county acting as a control group. The results indicate that housing values decreased 15.6\% during the period of maximum risk. Results are similar for alternative measures of risk and across houses of different sizes. With risk estimates derived using a Bayesian learning model the results imply a statistical value of pediatric leukemia of \$5.6 million. The results from the paper provide some of the first market-based estimates of the value of health for children. The second essay evaluates the cost-effectiveness of public incentives that encourage households to purchase high-efficiency durable goods. The demand for durable goods and the demand for energy and other inputs are modeled jointly as the solution to a household production problem. The empirical analysis focuses on the case of clothes washers. The production technology and utilization decision are estimated using household-level data from field trials in which participants received front-loading clothes washers free of charge. The estimation strategy exploits this quasi-random replacement of washers to derive robust estimates of the utilization decision. The results indicate a price elasticity, -.06, that is statistically different from zero across specifications. The parameters from the utilization decision are used to estimate the purchase decision using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1994-2002. Households consider optimal utilization levels, purchase prices, water rates, energy rates and other factors when deciding which clothes washer to purchase. The complete model is used to simulate the effects of rebate programs and other policies on adoption patterns of clothes washers and household demand for water and energy.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0791:Energy, Applied sciences, Buying, Decision making, Durable goods, economics, Energy, Energy demand, Energy efficiency, Environmental health risks, Essays, Housing prices, Incentives, Leukemia, Microeconomics, Pediatrics, Social sciences, Studies, Water demand}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305379499?accountid=14270}, author = {Davis, Lucas William} } @article {3901, title = {Estimating foodborne gastroenteritis, Australia}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, pages = {1257{\textendash}1264}, author = {Hall, G and Kirk, MD and Becker, N and Gregory, JE and Unicomb, L and Millard, G and Stafford, R and Lalor, K} } @article {13493, title = {Estimating the financial losses due to bovine fasciolosis in Switzerland}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {157}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {188-193}, author = {Schweizer, G. and Braun, U. and Deplazes, P. and Torgerson, P. R.} } @article {9370, title = {{Evaluation of an electro-disinfection technology as an alternative to chlorination of municipal wastewater effluents}}, year = {2005}, author = {Pulido, ME} } @article {12045, title = {Evaluation of environmental data for identification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) aquatic larval habitats in Kisumu and Malindi, Kenya}, journal = {J Med Entomol}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, note = {Jacob, Benjamin G
Arheart, Kristopher L
Griffith, Daniel A
Mbogo, Charles M
Githeko, Andrew K
Regens, James L
Githure, John I
Novak, Robert
Beier, John C
eng
U19 AI45511/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
P20 RR020770/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/
F06 TWO5588/TW/FIC NIH HHS/
P20 RR020770-02/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/
U19 AI045511/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Comparative Study
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
England
2005/12/22 09:00
J Med Entomol. 2005 Sep;42(5):751-5.}, month = {Sep}, pages = {751-5}, abstract = {This research evaluates the extent to which use of environmental data acquired from field and satellite surveys enhances predictions of urban mosquito counts. Mosquito larval habitats were sampled, and multispectral thermal imager (MTI) satellite data in the visible spectrum at 5-m resolution were acquired for Kisumu and Malindi, Kenya, during February and March 2001. All entomological parameters were collected from January to May 2001, June to August 2002, and June to August 2003. In a Poisson model specification, for Anopheles funestus Giles, shade was the best predictor, whereas substrate was the best predictor for Anopheles gambiae, and vegetation for Anopheles arabensis Patton. The top predictors found with a logistic regression model specification were habitat size for An. gambiae Giles, pollution for An. arabensis, and shade for An. funestus. All other coefficients for canopy, debris, habitat nature, permanency, emergent plants, algae, pollution, turbidity, organic materials, all MTI waveband frequencies, distance to the nearest house, distance to the nearest domestic animal, and all land use land cover changes were nonsignificant. MTI data at 5-m spatial resolution do not have an additional predictive value for mosquito counts when adjusted for field-based ecological data.}, keywords = {*Environment, Animals, Anopheles/*physiology, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Geography/*methods, Insect Control/methods, Insect Vectors/*physiology, Kenya, Larva/physiology, Logistic Models, Models, Statistical, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0022-2585 (Print)
0022-2585 (Linking)}, author = {Jacob, B. G. and Arheart, K. L. and Griffith, D. A. and Mbogo, C. M. and Githeko, A. K. and Regens, J. L. and Githure, J. I. and Novak, R. and Beier, J. C.} } @article {16537, title = {Evaluation of environmental data for identification of {Anopheles} ({Diptera}: {Culicidae}) aquatic larval habitats in {Kisumu} and {Malindi}, {Kenya}}, journal = {J Med Entomol}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, month = {sep}, pages = {751{\textendash}5}, abstract = {This research evaluates the extent to which use of environmental data acquired from field and satellite surveys enhances predictions of urban mosquito counts. Mosquito larval habitats were sampled, and multispectral thermal imager (MTI) satellite data in the visible spectrum at 5-m resolution were acquired for Kisumu and Malindi, Kenya, during February and March 2001. All entomological parameters were collected from January to May 2001, June to August 2002, and June to August 2003. In a Poisson model specification, for Anopheles funestus Giles, shade was the best predictor, whereas substrate was the best predictor for Anopheles gambiae, and vegetation for Anopheles arabensis Patton. The top predictors found with a logistic regression model specification were habitat size for An. gambiae Giles, pollution for An. arabensis, and shade for An. funestus. All other coefficients for canopy, debris, habitat nature, permanency, emergent plants, algae, pollution, turbidity, organic materials, all MTI waveband frequencies, distance to the nearest house, distance to the nearest domestic animal, and all land use land cover changes were nonsignificant. MTI data at 5-m spatial resolution do not have an additional predictive value for mosquito counts when adjusted for field-based ecological data.}, keywords = {*Environment, Animals, Anopheles/*physiology, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Geography/*methods, Insect Control/methods, Insect Vectors/*physiology, Kenya, Larva/physiology, Logistic Models, Models, Species Specificity, Statistical}, issn = {0022-2585 (Print) 0022-2585 (Linking)}, author = {Jacob, B. G. and Arheart, K. L. and Griffith, D. A. and Mbogo, C. M. and Githeko, A. K. and Regens, J. L. and Githure, J. I. and Novak, R. and Beier, J. C.} } @article {3913, title = {Evaluation of RIX4414, a live, attenuated rotavirus vaccine, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial involving 2464 Singaporean infants.}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {192 Suppl}, year = {2005}, pages = {S6{\textendash}SS16}, abstract = {

At present, no rotavirus vaccine is commercially available for use worldwide. Hence, a live, attenuated monovalent vaccine was developed with human strain \{\{\}RIX4414\{\}\} \{\{\}(G1P1A\{\}\} P[8] specificity). Vaccination trials involving infants are ongoing in developed and developing countries.

}, doi = {10.1086/431511}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/431511}, author = {Phua, Kong B and Quak, Seng H and Lee, Bee W and Emmanuel, Shanta C and Goh, Paul and Han, Htay H and De Vos, B{\'e}atrice and Bock, Hans L} } @article {3692, title = {Evaluation of safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of an attenuated rotavirus vaccine, RIX4414: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Latin American infants.}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, pages = {807{\textendash}816}, abstract = {

A live attenuated monovalent rotavirus vaccine \{\{\}RIX4414\{\}\} was developed with a human strain of \{\{\}G1P1A\{\}\} P[8] specificity to reduce the rotavirus burden in children.

}, author = {Salinas, Bel{\'e}n and Irene P{\'e}rez Schael and Linhares, Alexandre C and Guillermo M Ruiz Palacios and Guerrero, M L and Yarz{\'a}bal, Juan P and Cervantes, Yolanda and Costa Clemens, SueAnn and Damaso, Silvia and Hardt, Karin and De Vos, B{\'e}atrice} } @article {5444, title = {{Evaluation of septic tank and subsurface flow wetland for Jamaican public school sewage treatment}}, year = {2005}, author = {Stewart, E} } @article {9698, title = {Evaluation of the efficacy of emodepside+praziquantel topical solution against cestode (Dipylidium caninum, Taenia taeniaeformis, and Echinococcus multilocularis) infections in cats.}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {97 Supp 1}, year = {2005}, pages = {S33-40}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-005-1442-3}, author = {Charles, S.D and Altreuther, G and Reinemeyer, C.R and Buch, J. and Settje, T. and Cruthers, L and Kok, D.J. and Bowman, D.D and Kazacos, K.R and Jenkins, D.J and Schein, E} } @article {3060, title = {Evaluation of treatment and long-term follow-up in patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis}, journal = {The British Journal of Surgery}, volume = {92}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, month = {sep}, pages = {1110{\textendash}1116}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alveolar echinococcosis is a rare disorder, which makes a comparison of different treatment modalities within a clinical trial difficult to perform. Data prospectively recorded over a period of 25 years were used to evaluate three therapeutic strategies: benzimidazole therapy alone, complete {\textquoteright}curative{\textquoteright} resection followed by 2 years of adjuvant benzimidazole treatment, and partial debulking resection followed by continuous administration of a benzimidazole. METHODS: Details of 113 patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis treated between 1976 and 2003 were analysed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed and, using a Cox regression model, patient age, year of initial treatment and PNM stage were entered as co-variates in the analysis. RESULTS: Kaplan-Meier overall survival curves stratified for treatment strategy indicated an improved long-term survival in patients undergoing the debulking procedure (P = 0.061) or curative resection (P = 0.002) compared with benzimidazole therapy alone. However, when PNM stage, patient age and year of initial treatment were introduced into the analysis, there was a trend for survival advantage only with curative resection (P = 0.07 versus benzimidazole alone). Debulking resulted in a higher rate of progression of hepatic echinococcosis than curative surgery (P = 0.008). The incidence of parasite-related complications was similar for debulking resection and benzimidazole therapy alone (P = 0.706). CONCLUSION: Debulking hepatic resections do not appear to offer any advantage in the treatment of patients with alveolar echinococcosis.}, keywords = {Adjuvant, Adult, albendazole, Anthelmintics, Chemotherapy, Echinococcosis, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hepatic, Humans, Male, Mebendazole, Middle Aged, Survival Analysis, Treatment Outcome}, issn = {0007-1323}, doi = {10.1002/bjs.4998}, author = {Kadry, Z. and Renner, E. C. and Bachmann, L. M. and Attigah, N. and Renner, E. L. and Ammann, R. W. and Clavien, P.-A.} } @article {16318, title = {{Evidence of septic system failure determined by a bacterial biochemical fingerprinting method}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {apr}, pages = {910{\textendash}920}, abstract = {AIMS To provide evidence of septic system failure by comparing two faecal indicator bacteria, enterococci and Escherichia coli, from defective septic tanks and adjacent creeks. METHODS AND RESULTS A biochemical fingerprinting method was used to type and compare enterococci and E. coli strains from 39 septic tanks with creek water samples. Phenotypic diversity of enterococci (0.5 +/- 0.3) and E. coli (0.5 +/- 0.3) in septic tanks were significantly lower than those found in water samples (0.8 +/- 0.1, P {\textless} 0.0001 for enterococci and 0.9 +/- 0.1, P {\textless} 0.0001 for E. coli). Among 1072 enterococci isolates tested from septic tanks, 203 biochemical phenotypes (BPTs) were found of which 98 BPTs from 33 septic tanks were identical to several water samples. Similarly, among 621 E. coli isolates tested from septic tanks, 159 BPTs were found of which 53 BPTs from 26 septic tanks were also identical to water samples. The number of the latter bacteria was significantly (P = 0.01) higher in water samples collected from downstream compared with that of upstream in the study area. A high similarity between the populations of both indicator bacteria was also found between defective septic tanks and downstream water samples further indicating the contamination of both creeks by defective septic systems. CONCLUSIONS Biochemical fingerprinting of faecal indicator bacteria is a useful and rapid method to provide direct evidence for septic system failure. Combination of both faecal indicator bacteria (enterococci and E. coli) provides a better judgement of the performance of a septic system. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is the first to provide direct evidence of septic system failure by identifying the presence of specific bacterial types in septic tanks and surface waters. Based on our findings, we suggest that the performance evaluation of a septic system should be accompanied by direct analysis of faecal indicator bacteria.}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02522.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752338 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02522.x}, author = {Ahmed, W. and Neller, R. and Katouli, M.} } @article {4184, title = {Existence of multiple outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis among infants in a day care center in Japan}, journal = {Arch. Virol}, volume = {150}, year = {2005}, chapter = {2061-2075}, author = {Akihara, S and Phan, TG and Nguyen, TA and Hansman, G and Okitsu, S and Ushijima, H} } @article {4186, title = {Existence of multiple outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis among infants in a day care center in Japan}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {150}, year = {2005}, pages = {2061-2075}, author = {Akihara, S and Phan, T. G. and Nguyen, TA and Hansman, G and Okitsu, S and Ushijima, H} } @article {16260, title = {Expression and comparative analysis of genes encoding outer membrane proteins LipL21, LipL32 and OmpL1 in epidemic leptospires.}, journal = {Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai).Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai).}, volume = {37}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {649-656.}, author = {Zhang, X. Y. and Yu, Y. and He, P. and Zhang, Y. X. and Hu, B. Y. and Yang, Y. and Nie, Y. X. and Jiang, X. G. and Zhao, G. P. and Guo, X. K.} } @article {16580, title = {Extending the benefits of deworming for development}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {365}, number = {9470}, year = {2005}, month = {may}, pages = {1520{\textendash}1}, keywords = {*Health Promotion, *Public Health Practice, Child, Humans, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Schistosomiasis/complications/*drug therapy, Schistosomicides/therapeutic use}, issn = {1474-547X (Electronic) 0140-6736 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66433-1}, author = {Savioli, L. and Engels, D. and Endo, H.} } @article {12088, title = {Extending the benefits of deworming for development}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {365}, number = {9470}, year = {2005}, note = {Savioli, Lorenzo
Engels, Dirk
Endo, Hiroyoshi
eng
Comment
England
2005/05/04 09:00
Lancet. 2005 Apr 30-May 6;365(9470):1520-1.}, month = {Apr 30-May 6}, pages = {1520-1}, keywords = {*Health Promotion, *Public Health Practice, Child, Humans, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Schistosomiasis/complications/*drug therapy, Schistosomicides/therapeutic use}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Savioli, L. and Engels, D. and Endo, H.} } @article {17390, title = {Factors controlling pathogen destruction during anaerobic digestion of biowastes}, journal = {Waste ManagementWaste ManagementWaste Management}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {417-425}, keywords = {Salmonella spp.}, isbn = {0956-053x}, author = {Smith, S. R. and Lang, N. L. and Cheung, K. H. M. and Spanoudaki, K.} } @book {11514, title = {FAO/WHO/OIE Guidelines for the Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Taeniosis/cysticercosis}, year = {2005}, publisher = {World Organization for Animal Health}, organization = {World Organization for Animal Health}, address = {Paris}, author = {Kyvsgaard, NC and Murrell, KD} } @article {13564, title = {Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses}, journal = {Int J Parasitol}, volume = {35}, year = {2005}, pages = {1255-1278}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Bargues, M. D. and Valero, M. A.} } @article {15755, title = {Fate of Pathogens Present in Livestock Wastes Spread onto Fescue Plots}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {691-696}, author = {Hutchison, Mike L. and Walters, Lisa D. and Moore, Tony and Thomas, D. John I. and Avery, Sheryl M.} } @mastersthesis {6971, title = {Feminist political ecology in practice: {The} social impacts of the {Lesotho} highlands water project}, year = {2005}, note = {3167921}, school = {University of California, Irvine}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Over thirteen months of fieldwork funded by the National Science Foundation, U.S. Fulbright Student Fellowship, and University of California, Irvine, I conducted two waves of surveys and in-depth ethnographic interviewing involving two hundred sixty-three (263) households. My study builds a quantitative and qualitative model to understand how those impacted in various ways (land loss, loss of means of production), as well as resettlers and hosts, are affected over time. My research explicitly aims to address the ways in which the social impacts of {\textquoteright}development{\textquoteright} are gendered, and to render visible the ways in which gender and power are critically linked in the development context, and the ways in which development itself might (re)produce gendered social interests and reconfigure access to various natural resources in gendered ways. I find that there are significant gendered impacts that result from the implementation and presence of the project itself. I also analyze the effects of uncompensated losses on households in impacted areas, and examine how these are gendered in particular ways. Lastly, I argue that the impacted people subsidize this international dam-development project with their environmental resources, their land, their labor, sometimes their bodies and their nutritional status. In particular, women are disproportionately burdened with the effects of these subsidies. My research is significant in that it contributes a feminist political ecology perspective to the study of river basin development that is significant in its potential for illuminating the experiences of local actors as part of a contextually negotiated order in the development context.}, keywords = {0326:Cultural anthropology, 0453:Womens studies, 0626:Sociology, Cultural anthropology, Feminist, Highlands water project, Lesotho, Political ecology, Social sciences, Sociology, Womens studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305032687?accountid=14270}, author = {Braun, Yvonne Alexandra} } @article {6123, title = {Filtration and transport of Bacillus subtilis spores and the F-RNA phage MS2 in a coarse alluvial gravel aquifer: Implications in the estimation of setback distances}, journal = {Journal of Contaminant Hydrology}, volume = {77}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {165{\textendash}194}, author = {Pang, Liping and Close, Murray and Goltz, Mark and Noonan, Mike and Sinton, Lester} } @booklet {4153, title = {Final Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. Office of Water (4606-M) EPA 815-R-06-002 December 2005 www.epa.gov/safewater}, year = {2005}, url = {www.epa.gov/safewater/sdwa/pdfs/fs{\_}30ann{\_} monitoring{\_}web.pdf{\%}0D} } @article {11777, title = {{The first confirmed case of Diphyllobothrium latum in Brazil.}}, journal = {Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, R{\'\i}o de Janeiro}, volume = {100}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {585{\textendash}586}, author = {Santos, F and Faro, L} } @article {13180, title = {First record of the rare species Aeromonas culicicola from a drinking water supply}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, pages = {538-541}, author = {Figueras, M. J. and Suarez-Franquet, A. and Chacon, M. R. and Soler, L. and Navarro, M. and Alejandre, C. and Grasa, B. and A. J. Martinez-Murcia and Guarro, J.} } @article {11571, title = {{Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: status and issues}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {35}, number = {11-12}, year = {2005}, pages = {1233{\textendash}1254}, author = {Chai, J Y and Darwin Murrell, K and Lymbery, A J} } @article {4962, title = {{Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: status and issues}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {35}, year = {2005}, pages = {1233{\textendash}1254}, author = {Chai, JY and Murrell, KD and Lymbery, AJ} } @article {7788, title = {Fly Transmission of Campylobacter}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, note = {J1: Emerg Infect Dis}, month = {03}, pages = {361-364}, isbn = {1080-6040; 1080-6059}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3298251/}, author = {Nichols,Gordon L.} } @article {7463, title = {Focusing on improved water and sanitation for health}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {365}, number = {9461}, year = {2005}, pages = {810{\textendash}812}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673605179914/pdf?md5=89bc7fa49efb74da34beb1f51dbce68e\&pid=1-s2.0-S0140673605179914-main.pdf\&_valck=1}, author = {Bartram, Jamie and Lewis, Kristen and Lenton, Roberto and Wright, Albert} } @article {9235, title = {{Foodborne protozoan parasites}}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {207{\textendash}227}, author = {Dawson, D} } @article {4872, title = {{Foodborne protozoan parasites}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {103}, year = {2005}, pages = {207{\textendash}227}, author = {Dawson, D} } @article {3268, title = {{Genetic diversity of noroviruses in raw and treated sewage water}}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {156}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {532{\textendash}540}, abstract = {Human noroviruses cause gastroenteritis in humans, leading to high virus loads in sewage. Norovirus concentrations in raw and treated sewage samples from two sewage treatment plants (STP) were studied, along with virus removal and genetic diversity. Over one year, the average norovirus concentrations in raw sewage were approximately 105 pcr detectable units (pdu) per liter compared with 103 pdu/l of treated sewage. Similar sewage treatment processes at STP-A and STP-B led to 2.7 and 2.0log10-units of virus removal, respectively. In total, 11 different norovirus variants were detected in 49 out of 53 sewage samples, with up to four different norovirus strains in a single sewage sample. Along with GGI.6 Sindlesham and GGII.2 Melksham, the GGIIb variant was one of the most prevalent noroviruses in both raw and treated sewage. This strain emerged among populations in Europe in 2000 and 2001. Treated sewage containing 10 2-103 norovirus pdu is discharged into the surface water. The use of such fecally contaminated surface waters for shellfish culture, drinking water production and recreational purposes poses a potential health risk. We showed the presence of multiple norovirus strains in raw and treated sewage, confirming the need to clone before sequencing the RT-PCR products. Exposure to multiple norovirus strains in sewage contaminated food or water may lead to the occurrence of norovirus recombinants, which may be more virulent and pathogenic than the norovirus strains already circulating in the population. ?? 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Calicivirus, Norovirus, Sequence, Sewage, Treatment}, isbn = {0923-2508}, issn = {09232508}, doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2005.01.008}, author = {Van Den Berg, Harold and Lodder, Willemijn and Van Der Poel, Wim and Vennema, Harry and Ana M. De Roda Husman} } @article {4801, title = {{The genus Cyclospora: (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), with a description of Cyclospora schneideri n.sp. in the snake Anilius scytale (Anil{\"u}dae) from Amazonian Brazil {\textendash} a review}}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {100}, year = {2005}, pages = {103{\textendash}115}, author = {Lainson, R} } @inbook {2400, title = {{Genus Escherichia coli}}, booktitle = {Bergey{\textquoteright}s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 2, Part B.}, year = {2005}, pages = {607{\textendash}623.}, publisher = {Springer: New York, NY, USA}, organization = {Springer: New York, NY, USA}, edition = {2nd ed.}, author = {Scheutz, F and Strockbine, NA}, editor = {Brenner, D.J. and Krieg, N.R. and Staley, J.T.} } @inbook {8127, title = {{Genus Escherichia coli}}, booktitle = {Bergey{\textquoteright}s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology}, volume = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {607{\textendash}623}, publisher = {Springer: New York, NY, USA}, organization = {Springer: New York, NY, USA}, edition = {2nd ed.}, author = {Scheutz, F and Strockbine, NA}, editor = {Brenner, D.J. and Krieg, N.R. and Staley, J.T.} } @inbook {14210, title = {Genus {Escherichia} coli}, booktitle = {Bergey{\textquoteright}s {Manual} of {Systematic} {Bacteriology}, {Volume} 2, {Part} {B}.}, year = {2005}, pages = {607{\textendash}623.}, publisher = {Springer: New York, NY, USA}, organization = {Springer: New York, NY, USA}, edition = {2nd ed.}, author = {Scheutz, F and Strockbine, NA}, editor = {Brenner, D.J. and Krieg, N.R. and Staley, J.T.} } @article {16880, title = {Genus I. Escherichia, p 607{\textendash}624}, journal = {Bergey{\textquoteright}s manual of systematic bacteriology. Springer Publishing Company, New York, NY}, year = {2005}, author = {Scheutz, F and Strockbine, NA} } @inbook {14235, title = {Genus {Shigella}.}, booktitle = {Bergey{\textquoteright}s {Manual} of {Systematic} {Bacteriology}, {Volume} 2, {Part} {B}.}, year = {2005}, pages = {811{\textendash}823}, publisher = {Springer: New York, NY, USA}, organization = {Springer: New York, NY, USA}, edition = {2nd ed}, author = {Strockbine, NA and Maurelli, AT}, editor = {Brenner, DJ and Krieg, NR and Staley, JT} } @inbook {8143, title = {{Genus Shigella.}}, booktitle = {Bergey{\textquoteright}s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 2, Part B.}, year = {2005}, pages = {811{\textendash}823}, publisher = {Springer: New York, NY, USA}, organization = {Springer: New York, NY, USA}, edition = {2nd ed}, author = {Strockbine, NA and Maurelli, AT}, editor = {Brenner, DJ and Krieg, NR and Staley, JT} } @inbook {2423, title = {{Genus Shigella.}}, booktitle = {Bergey{\textquoteright}s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 2, Part B.}, year = {2005}, pages = {811{\textendash}823}, publisher = {Springer: New York, NY, USA}, organization = {Springer: New York, NY, USA}, edition = {2nd ed}, author = {Strockbine, NA and Maurelli, AT}, editor = {Brenner, DJ and Krieg, NR and Staley, JT} } @inbook {10602, title = {{Genus Vibrio}}, booktitle = {The Proteobacteria, Part B, Bergey{\textquoteright}s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology}, year = {2005}, pages = {494}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, organization = {Springer-Verlag}, edition = {2nd}, address = {New York, NY}, author = {Farmer, JJ III and Janda, JM and Hickman-Brenner, FW and Cameron, DN and Birkhead, KM}, editor = {Brenner, DJ and Krieg, JT and Staley, JT and Garritym, GM} } @book {16960, title = {The geographies of young people: the morally contested spaces of identity}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, author = {Aitken, Stuart C} } @article {15630, title = {Giardia and Cryptosporidium in mammalian wildlife--current status and future needs}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {21}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, month = {Aug}, pages = {370-6}, edition = {2005/06/29}, keywords = {Animals, Animals, Wild/*parasitology, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary, Cryptosporidium/*growth \& development, Feces/parasitology, Giardia/*growth \& development, Giardiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary, Mammals/*parasitology, Zoonoses/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission}, isbn = {1471-4922 (Print)
1471-4922}, author = {Appelbee, A. J. and Thompson, R. C. and Olson, M. E.} } @article {4050, title = {{Giardia in shellfish-farming areas: detection in mussels, river water and waste waters.}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {133}, year = {2005}, pages = {13{\textendash}18}, author = {G{\'o}mez-Couso, H and M{\'e}ndez-Hermida, F and J A Castro-Hermida and Ares-Maz{\'a}s, E} } @article {3716, title = {Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine.}, journal = {Reviews in medical virology}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {29{\textendash}56}, abstract = {A safe and effective rotavirus vaccine is urgently needed, particularly in developing countries. Critical to vaccine development and implementation is a knowledge base concerning the epidemiology of rotavirus G and P serotypes/genotypes throughout the world. The temporal and geographical distribution of human rotavirus G and P types was reviewed by analysing a total of 45571 strains collected globally from 124 studies reported from 52 countries on five continents published between 1989 and 2004. Four common G types \{\{\}(G1,\{\}\} G2, G3 and G4) in conjunction with P[8] or P[4] represented over 88\{\%\} of the strains analysed worldwide. In addition, serotype G9 viruses associated with P[8] or P[6] were shown to have emerged as the fourth globally important G type with the relative frequency of 4.1\{\%\}. When the global G and/or P type distributions were divided into five continents/subcontinents, several characteristic features emerged. For example, the \{\{\}P[8]G1\{\}\} represented over 70\{\%\} of rotavirus infections in North America, Europe and Australia, but only about 30\{\%\} of the infections in South America and Asia, and 23\{\%\} in Africa. In addition, in Africa (i) the relative frequency of G8 was as high as that of the globally common G3 or G4, (ii) P[6] represented almost one-third of all P types identified and (iii) 27\{\%\} of the infections were associated with rotavirus strains bearing unusual combinations such as \{\{\}P[6]G8\{\}\} or \{\{\}P[4]G8.\{\}\} Furthermore, in South America, uncommon G5 virus appeared to increase its epidemiological importance among children with diarrhea. Such findings have (i) confirmed the importance of continued active rotavirus strain surveillance in a variety of geographical settings and (ii) provided important considerations for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine (e.g. a geographical \{\{\}P-G\{\}\} type adjustment in the formulation of next generation multivalent vaccines).}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.448}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rmv.448}, author = {Santos, Norma and Hoshino, Yasutaka} } @article {9585, title = {Global health impacts of floods: epidemiologic evidence}, journal = {Epidemiologic Reviews}, volume = {27}, year = {2005}, pages = {36-46}, edition = {2005/06/17}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Vectors, Epidemiologic Studies, Humans, Mental health, Mortality, Natural Disasters/statistics \& numerical data, World Health, Wounds and Injuries}, isbn = {0193-936X (Print)}, author = {Ahern, M. and Kovats, R. S. and Wilkinson, P. and Few, R. and Matthies, F.} } @article {15033, title = {Global health impacts of floods: epidemiologic evidence}, journal = {Epidemiol Rev}, volume = {27}, year = {2005}, pages = {36{\textendash}46}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Vectors, Epidemiologic Studies, Humans, Mental health, Mortality, Natural Disasters/statistics \& numerical data, World Health, Wounds and Injuries}, issn = {0193-936X (Print)}, doi = {27/1/36 [pii] 10.1093/epirev/mxi004 [doi]}, author = {Ahern, M. and Kovats, R. S. and Wilkinson, P. and Few, R. and Matthies, F.} } @book {16680, title = {Guidelines for environmental management: dual pipe water recycling schemes - health and environmental risk management}, year = {2005}, note = {Published: �urlhttp://www.epa.vic.gov.au/ /media/Publications/1015 1.pdf} } @booklet {2463, title = {{Guidelines for the control of shigellosis including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1.}}, year = {2005} } @book {14279, title = {Guidelines for the control of shigellosis including epidemics due to {Shigella} dysenteriae type 1.}, year = {2005}, author = {WHO} } @article {9654, title = {Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1}, year = {2005}, author = {WHO} } @article {14500, title = {Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus?}, journal = {Trends Microbiol}, volume = {13}, year = {2005}, month = {jun}, pages = {278{\textendash}84}, abstract = {There are an estimated 10(31) viruses on Earth, most of which are phages that infect bacteria. Metagenomic analyses have shown that environmental viral communities are incredibly diverse. There are an estimated 5000 viral genotypes in 200 liters of seawater and possibly a million different viral genotypes in one kilogram of marine sediment. By contrast, some culturing and molecular studies have found that viruses move between different biomes. Together, these findings suggest that viral diversity could be high on a local scale but relatively limited globally. Also, by moving between environments, viruses can facilitate horizontal gene transfer.}, keywords = {*Biodiversity, *Genome, *Virus Physiological Phenomena, Bacteriophages/genetics/physiology, Gene Transfer, Genes, Horizontal, Viral, Viruses/*genetics}, issn = {0966-842X (Print) 0966-842X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2005.04.003}, author = {Breitbart, M. and Rohwer, F.} } @article {14884, title = {Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus?}, journal = {Trends Microbiol}, volume = {13}, year = {2005}, month = {jun}, pages = {278{\textendash}84}, abstract = {There are an estimated 10(31) viruses on Earth, most of which are phages that infect bacteria. Metagenomic analyses have shown that environmental viral communities are incredibly diverse. There are an estimated 5000 viral genotypes in 200 liters of seawater and possibly a million different viral genotypes in one kilogram of marine sediment. By contrast, some culturing and molecular studies have found that viruses move between different biomes. Together, these findings suggest that viral diversity could be high on a local scale but relatively limited globally. Also, by moving between environments, viruses can facilitate horizontal gene transfer.}, keywords = {*Biodiversity, *Genome, *Virus Physiological Phenomena, Bacteriophages/genetics/physiology, Gene Transfer, Genes, Horizontal, Viral, Viruses/*genetics}, issn = {0966-842X (Print) 0966-842X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2005.04.003}, author = {Breitbart, M. and Rohwer, F.} } @article {1492, title = {Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus?}, journal = {Trends Microbiol}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, note = {Breitbart, Mya Rohwer, Forest eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. Review England 2005/06/07 09:00 Trends Microbiol. 2005 Jun;13(6):278-84.}, pages = {278-84}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {There are an estimated 10(31) viruses on Earth, most of which are phages that infect bacteria. Metagenomic analyses have shown that environmental viral communities are incredibly diverse. There are an estimated 5000 viral genotypes in 200 liters of seawater and possibly a million different viral genotypes in one kilogram of marine sediment. By contrast, some culturing and molecular studies have found that viruses move between different biomes. Together, these findings suggest that viral diversity could be high on a local scale but relatively limited globally. Also, by moving between environments, viruses can facilitate horizontal gene transfer.}, keywords = {Bacteriophages/genetics/physiology *Biodiversity Gene Transfer, Horizontal Genes, Viral *Genome, Viral *Virus Physiological Phenomena Viruses/*genetics}, issn = {0966-842X (Print) 0966-842X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2005.04.003}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15936660}, author = {Breitbart, M. and Rohwer, F.} } @mastersthesis {6731, title = {History dependence and multiple equilibria in dynamic models}, year = {2005}, note = {3161697}, school = {New School University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation is divided into five parts: an introductory part, the following three essays and a conclusive part. In Essay I, the dynamic investment decision problem for a firm where adjustment costs have capital size effects is investigated. This setting possibly results in multiple steady states and a discontinuous policy function. I explore the global dynamic properties of the model both through analytically the HJB technique and numerical method for the detection of the thresholds. Additionally, the implications of this model on changes of aggregate output, interest rates, and taxes are explored. Essay II studies a mechanism which can lead to a bimodality, "Twin Peaks", of a distribution that shows up in both macro and micro data. The mechanism hinges on increasing returns in the cost of growth whereby the agents with greater resources can grow more easily. While many other models assume local increasing returns in the production side, I focus on the cost, side, on internal learning effects on cost reduction, which is empirically significant. I apply the theory to industry dynamics and to the emergence of twin peaks in the firm-size distribution. The model explains the stylized facts about the life cycle of an industry. Twin peaks in the firm-size distribution emerge whenever the initial distribution is sufficiently diffuse. Essay III considers an ecological management problem where agents{\textquoteright} activities interact with the dynamics of natural resources. We propose the example of a shallow lake that is subject to pollution due to phosphorus. Low-loading preserves the resilience of the ecosystem whereas high-loading may lead to the deterioration of the ecosystem. Welfare is calculated from benefits accrue to agricultural interests from the activities that result in phosphorous loading and costs, resulting from deterioration of water quality, accrue to enjoyers on the lake. The interaction of the dynamic decision problem, maximizing welfare and the dynamics of the ecosystem, admits multiple equilibria, thresholds, and complicated global dynamics. We consider the instruments of a regulatory agency that may help to maintain and to enhance resilience by enlarging the domain of attraction of the low pollution equilibrium or make it the sole attractor.}, keywords = {0511:Economic theory, Biomodal distribution, Economic theory, Global dynamics, History dependence, Increasing returns, Multiple equilibria, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305343973?accountid=14270}, author = {Kato, Mika} } @article {10081, title = {{Host distributions of uncultivated fecal Bacteroidales bacteria reveal genetic markers for fecal source identification}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, pages = {3184{\textendash}3191}, author = {Dick, LK and Bernhard, AE and Brodeur, TJ and JW Santo Domingo and Simpson, JM and Walters, SP and Field, KG} } @article {10082, title = {{Host distributions of uncultivated fecal Bacteroidales bacteria reveal genetic markers for fecal source identification}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {3184{\textendash}3191}, author = {Dick, LK and Bernhard, AE and Brodeur, TJ and JW Santo Domingo and Simpson, JM and Walters, SP and Field, KG} } @article {7241, title = {Household-based ceramic water filters for the prevention of diarrhea: a randomized, controlled trial of a pilot program in {Colombia}}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {73}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {790{\textendash}795}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/content/73/4/790.short}, author = {Clasen, Thomas and PARRA, GLORIA GARCIA and Boisson, Sophie and COLLIN, SIMON} } @article {2036, title = {Human balantidiasis in Iran: an unresolved enigma?}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {2005/04}, pages = {160-161}, isbn = {1471-4922}, author = {Solaymani-Mohammadi, S and Rezaian, M and Anwar, MA} } @article {1987, title = {Human balantidiasis in Iran: are camels reservoir hosts?}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, month = {2005/12}, pages = {553}, isbn = {1471-4922}, author = {Cox, FEG} } @article {11804, title = {{Human diphyllobothriasis: reports from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {85{\textendash}87}, author = {Tavares, LER and Luque, JL and Do Bomfim, TCB} } @inbook {14493, title = {Human {Pathogenic} {Viruses} in the {Marine} {Environment}}, booktitle = {Oceans and {Health}: {Pathogens} in the {Marine} {Environment}}, year = {2005}, pages = {109{\textendash}131}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {New York}, author = {Bosch, A. and Abad, F. X. and Pinto, R. M.}, editor = {Belkin, S. and Colwel, R. R.} } @inbook {5046, title = {Human {Pathogenic} {Viruses} in the {Marine} {Environment}}, booktitle = {Oceans and Health: Pathogens in the Marine Environment}, year = {2005}, pages = {109{\textendash}131}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {New York, NY, USA }, author = {Bosch, A and Abad, FX and Pinto, RM}, editor = {Belkin, S and Colwel, RR} } @article {14715, title = {Human {Pharmaceuticals} in {Wastewater} {Treatment}}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, year = {2005}, pages = {401{\textendash}427}, abstract = {The presence of human pharmaceutical compounds in surface waters is an emerging issue in environmental science. In this study the occurrence and behavior of human pharmaceuticals in a variety of wastewater treatment processes is reviewed. Although some groups are not affected by sewage treatment processes others are amenable to degradation, albeit incomplete. While water purification techniques such as granular activated carbon could potentially remove these pollutants from wastewater streams, the high cost involved suggests that more attention should be given to the potential for the optimization of current treatment processes, and reduction at source in order to reduce environmental contamination.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1080/10643380590956966}, author = {Jones, O. A. H. and Voulvoulis, N. and Lester, J. n} } @article {1645, title = {Human Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater Treatment}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {401-427}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The presence of human pharmaceutical compounds in surface waters is an emerging issue in environmental science. In this study the occurrence and behavior of human pharmaceuticals in a variety of wastewater treatment processes is reviewed. Although some groups are not affected by sewage treatment processes others are amenable to degradation, albeit incomplete. While water purification techniques such as granular activated carbon could potentially remove these pollutants from wastewater streams, the high cost involved suggests that more attention should be given to the potential for the optimization of current treatment processes, and reduction at source in order to reduce environmental contamination.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1080/10643380590956966}, url = {Processeshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380590956966}, author = {Jones , O. A. H. and Voulvoulis, N. and Lester, J. n.} } @article {5119, title = {Human pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment processes}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, year = {2005}, pages = {401{\textendash}427}, author = {H. Jones, OA and Voulvoulis, N and Lester, JN} } @article {3024, title = {Hydatid disease: vaccinology and development of the {EG}95 recombinant vaccine}, journal = {Expert Review of Vaccines}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, month = {feb}, pages = {103{\textendash}112}, abstract = {Hydatid disease is a zoonotic parasitic disease that is distributed widely around the world and causes substantial human morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Reduction of human hydatid disease using anthelmintics, together with changes in human lifestyle and animal management practices, have been unsuccessful in some developing countries where the disease still persists. Substantial progress has been made towards developing a practical, recombinant vaccine in sheep, to interrupt the lifecycle of Echinococcus granulosus and to prevent subsequent transmission from dogs to humans. This review focuses on the scientific advances in the development of a recombinant vaccine for hydatid disease and the remaining challenges facing the widespread use of the vaccine for control of hydatid disease in endemic areas.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Helminth, Helminth Proteins, Humans, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, Synthetic, Vaccination, Vaccines, Zoonoses}, issn = {1744-8395}, doi = {10.1586/14760584.4.1.103}, author = {Gauci, Charles and Heath, David and Chow, Conan and Lightowlers, Marshall W.} } @article {13843, title = {Immunity {Markers} in {Patients} with {Helicobacter} pylori {Infection}: {Effect} of {Eradication}}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {391{\textendash}397}, author = {Dore, M. P., Fastame, L., Tocco, A., Negrini, R., Delitala, G. and Realdi, G.} } @article {8215, title = {{Immunity Markers in Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection: Effect of Eradication}}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {391{\textendash}397}, author = {M P Dore and G Realdi and L Fastame and A Tocco and R Negrini and G Delitala} } @article {8467, title = {{Immunomagnetic separation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts using a monoclonal antibody directed against the oocyst wall}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {209{\textendash}217}, author = {Dum{\`e}tre, A and Dard{\'e}, ML} } @article {3782, title = {Implications for physical design: the effect of depth on the performance of waste stabilization ponds}, journal = {Water Science \{\&\} Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {69{\textendash}74}, abstract = {Studies on experimental primary facultative ponds showed that varying the depth from 1.25 m to 2.3 m had no effect on the rates of BOD removal. In contrast k values for FC removal rates were higher in the shallower (1.25 m) facultative ponds. The risk of odour release via H2S production was higher in the 2.2 m ponds than the 1.25 m ponds and NH3 removal was much better in the 1.25 m facultative ponds. A comparison of the efficiency of shallow 5-pond series (1.0 m and 0.61 m deep) with a 2.2 m deep series showed that the shallow systems were more efficient at FC removal, but the deeper series actually saved land area for the same FC final effluent quality under tropical conditions. However, efficient nutrient removal (N and P) only occurred in the shallow series and effluent standards for nutrient concentrations are unlikely to be met by 2.2 m deep 5-pond series in contrast to the norms for pathogen removal.}, author = {Pearson, H and Athayde, S and Athayde, G and Silva, S} } @article {3817, title = {Implications for physical design: the effect of depth on the performance of waste stabilization ponds}, journal = {Water Science \& Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {69{\textendash}74}, abstract = {Studies on experimental primary facultative ponds showed that varying the depth from 1.25 m to 2.3 m had no effect on the rates of BOD removal. In contrast k values for FC removal rates were higher in the shallower (1.25 m) facultative ponds. The risk of odour release via H2S production was higher in the 2.2 m ponds than the 1.25 m ponds and NH3 removal was much better in the 1.25 m facultative ponds. A comparison of the efficiency of shallow 5-pond series (1.0 m and 0.61 m deep) with a 2.2 m deep series showed that the shallow systems were more efficient at FC removal, but the deeper series actually saved land area for the same FC final effluent quality under tropical conditions. However, efficient nutrient removal (N and P) only occurred in the shallow series and effluent standards for nutrient concentrations are unlikely to be met by 2.2 m deep 5-pond series in contrast to the norms for pathogen removal.}, author = {Pearson, H and Athayde, S and Athayde, G and Silva, S} } @article {899, title = {Implications for physical design: the effect of depth on the performance of waste stabilization ponds}, journal = {Water Science \& Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {69-74}, author = {Pearson, H and Athayde, S and Athayde, G and Silva, S} } @article {2658, title = {Implications for physical design: the effect of depth on the performance of waste stabilization ponds}, journal = {Water Science \& Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {69-74}, author = {Pearson, H and Athayde, S and Athayde, G and Silva, S} } @mastersthesis {6480, title = {Improved design and durability of aluminum die casting horizontal shot sleeves}, year = {2005}, note = {3188909}, school = {Case Western Reserve University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The design and performance of shot sleeves is critical in meeting the engineering requirements of aluminum die cast parts. Improvement in shot sleeve materials have a major impact on dimensional stability, reproducibility and quality of the product. This investigation was undertaken in order to improve the life of aluminum die casting horizontal shot sleeves. Preliminary pin tests were run to evaluate the soldering, wash-out and thermal fatigue behavior of commercially available materials and coatings. An experimental rig was designed and constructed for shot sleeve configuration evaluation. Fabrication and testing of experimental shot sleeves was based upon preliminary results and manufacturing costs. Three shot sleeve designs and materials were compared to a reference nitrided H13 sleeve. Nitrided H13 is the preferred material for aluminum die casting shot sleeves because of wear resistance, strength and relative good soldering and wash-out resistance. The study was directed towards damage evaluation on the area under the pouring hole. This area is the most susceptible to damage because of high temperatures and impingement of molten aluminum. The results of this study showed that tungsten and molybdenum had the least amount of soldering and wash-out damage, and the best thermal fatigue resistance. Low solubility in molten aluminum and stability of intermetallic layers are main factors that determine the soldering and wash-out behavior. Thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient directly influence thermal fatigue behavior. TiAlN nanolayered coating was chosen as the material with the best damage resistance among several commercial PVD coatings, because of relatively large thickness and simple deposition conditions. The results show that molybdenum thermal sprayed coating provided the best protection against damage under the pouring hole. Improved bonding is however required for life extension of the coating. TiAlN PVD coating applied on H13 nitrided substrate performed very well as long as the coating was maintained. Nitrided H13 sleeve showed extensive damage that occurred as early as 200 cycles. The nitrided layer only slowed down the diffusion process and dissolution took place at a higher rate as soon as the layer wore off. Stellite 6 sleeve also showed considerable wear under the action of molten aluminum.}, keywords = {0743:Metallurgy, 0794:Materials science, Aluminum, Applied sciences, Die casting, Materials science, Metallurgy, Shot sleeves}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305007354?accountid=14270}, author = {Birceanu, Sebastian} } @article {8895, title = {Improving chlorine disinfection of wastewater by ultrasound application}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {52}, number = {10-11}, year = {2005}, pages = {139-144}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {://WOS:000234617700015}, author = {Blume, T. and Neis, U.} } @article {8885, title = {Inactivation of Ascaris suum and poliovirus in biosolids under thermophilic anaerobic digestion conditions}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {39}, number = {15}, year = {2005}, pages = {5804-5809}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0013-936X}, author = {Aitken, Michael D. and Sobsey, Mark D. and Blauth, Kimberly E. and Shehee, Mina and Crunk, Phillip L. and Walters, Glenn W.} } @article {10258, title = {Inactivation of Ascaris suum and poliovirus in biosolids under thermophilic anaerobic digestion conditions}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {39}, number = {15}, year = {2005}, pages = {5804{\textendash}5809}, author = {Aitken, Michael D and Sobsey, Mark D and Blauth, Kimberly E and Shehee, Mina and Crunk, Phillip L and Walters, Glenn W} } @article {8807, title = {{Inactivation of Ascaris suum Eggs by Ammonia}}, journal = {Environmental Science {\&} Technology}, volume = {39}, year = {2005}, pages = {7909{\textendash}7914}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, abstract = {Uncharged ammonia is known to cause inactivation of a number of wastewater pathogens, but its effect on Ascaris eggs has never been isolated or quantified. The objectives of this research were to determine the conditions under which ammonia inactivates eggs of the swine Ascaris species, Ascaris suum, and to quantify the impact of ammonia on the U.S. EPA{\textquoteright}s requirements for alkaline treatment to produce Class A sludge. Eggs were incubated in controlled, laboratory solutions such that the effects of ammonia concentration and speciation, pH, and temperature could be separated. With a 24-h incubation, the inactivation at all pH levels (range 7-11) was not statistically different in the absence of ammonia. The presence of ammonia (0-1000 ppm as N) significantly increased Ascaris egg inactivation at pH 9 and 11, and the ovicidal effect was directly related to the concentration of the uncharged NH3 species. Increasing temperatures (32-52 {\textdegree}C) caused increased inactivation at all pH levels and ammonia concentration...}, doi = {10.1021/ES050659A}, author = {Pecson, Brian M. and Nelson, Kara L.} } @article {5197, title = {{Inactivation of Ascaris suum eggs by ammonia}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {39}, number = {20}, year = {2005}, month = {aug}, pages = {7909{\textendash}7914}, keywords = {Sludge}, issn = {1520-5851}, author = {Nelson, Kara L and Pecson, Brian M} } @article {11003, title = {Inactivation of {Ascaris} suum {Eggs} by {Ammonia}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {39}, number = {20}, year = {2005}, pages = {7909{\textendash}7914}, abstract = {

Uncharged ammonia is known to cause inactivation of a number of wastewater pathogens, but its effect on Ascaris eggs has never been isolated or quantified. The objectives of this research were to determine the conditions under which ammonia inactivates eggs of the swine Ascaris species, Ascaris suum, and to quantify the impact of ammonia on the U.S. EPA\&$\#$39;s requirements for alkaline treatment to produce Class A sludge. Eggs were incubated in controlled, laboratory solutions such that the effects of ammonia concentration and speciation, pH, and temperature could be separated. With a 24-h incubation, the inactivation at all pH levels (range 7\−11) was not statistically different in the absence of ammonia. The presence of ammonia (0\−1000 ppm as N) significantly increased Ascaris egg inactivation at pH 9 and 11, and the ovicidal effect was directly related to the concentration of the uncharged NH3 species. Increasing temperatures (32\−52 \°C) caused increased inactivation at all pH levels and ammonia concentrations. The current EPA treatment requirements to produce Class A biosolids by alkaline treatment have temperature, pH, and time requirements, but do not account for the effect of differences in ammonia concentration on inactivation. To illustrate the potential savings in temperature and pH that could be achieved when accounting for ammonia inactivation, the combinations of ammonia concentration, temperature, and pH needed to achieve 99\% inactivation after 72 h were determined. The presence of ammonia at concentrations encountered in sludges and feces (up to 8000 ppm as N) allowed for 99\% egg inactivation to be achieved at temperatures up to 14 \°C lower than ammonia-free controls. Thus, environmentally relevant concentrations of ammonia may significantly increase the rate of Ascaris egg inactivation during alkaline stabilization.

}, issn = {0013-936X}, doi = {10.1021/es050659a}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es050659a}, author = {Pecson, Brian M. and Nelson, Kara L.} } @article {9127, title = {{Inactivation of Enteric Adenovirus and Feline Calicivirus by Chlorine Dioxide Inactivation of Enteric Adenovirus and Feline Calicivirus by Chlorine Dioxide}}, journal = {Appl. Envir. Microbiol.}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {3100{\textendash}3105}, abstract = {Chlorine dioxide (ClO2 ) inactivation experiments were conducted with adenovirus type 40 (AD40) and feline calicivirus (FCV). Experiments were carried out in buffered, disinfectant demand-free water under high- and low-pH and -temperature conditions. Ct values (the concentration of ClO2 multiplied by contact time with the virus) were calculated directly from bench-scale experiments and from application of the efficiency factor Hom (EFH) model. AD40 Ct ranges for 4-log inactivation (Ct99.99{\{}{\%}{\}} ) at 5{\textdegree}C were {\{}{\textgreater}{\}}0.77 to {\{}{\textless}{\}}1.53 mg/liter ? min and {\{}{\textgreater}{\}}0.80 to {\{}{\textless}{\}}1.59 mg/liter ? min for pH 6 and 8, respectively. For 15{\textdegree}C AD40 experiments, {\{}{\textgreater}{\}}0.49 to {\{}{\textless}{\}}0.74 mg/liter ? min and {\{}{\textless}{\}}0.12 mg/liter ? min Ct99.99{\{}{\%}{\}} ranges were observed for pH 6 and 8, respectively. FCV Ct99.99{\{}{\%}{\}} ranges for 5{\textdegree}C experiments were {\{}{\textgreater}{\}}20.20 to {\{}{\textless}{\}}30.30 mg/liter ? min and {\{}{\textgreater}{\}}0.68 mg/liter ? min for pH 6 and 8, respectively. For 15{\textdegree}C FCV experiments, Ct99.99{\{}{\%}{\}} ranges were {\{}{\textgreater}{\}}4.20 to {\{}{\textless}{\}}6.72 and {\{}{\textless}{\}}0.18 mg/liter ? min for pH 6 and 8, respectively. Viral inactivation was higher at pH 8 than at pH 6 and at 15{\textdegree}C than at 5{\textdegree}C. Comparison of Ct values and inactivation curves demonstrated that the EFH model described bench-scale experiment data very well. Observed bench-scale Ct99.99{\{}{\%}{\}} ranges and EFH model Ct99.99{\{}{\%}{\}} values demonstrated that FCV is more resistant to ClO2 than AD40 for the conditions studied. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidance manual Ct99.99{\{}{\%}{\}} values are higher than Ct99.99{\{}{\%}{\}} values calculated from bench-scale experi- ments and from EFH model application. According}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.6.3100}, author = {Thurston-enriquez, Jeanette a and Haas, Charles N and Gerba, Charles P and Jacangelo, Joseph} } @article {6582, title = {Inactivation of {Enteric} {Adenovirus} and {Feline} {Calicivirus} by {Chlorine} {Dioxide}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, month = {jun}, pages = {3100{\textendash}3105}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.6.3100-3105.2005}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.71.6.3100-3105.2005}, author = {Thurston-Enriquez, J. A. and Haas, C. N. and Jacangelo, J. and Gerba, C. P.} } @inbook {1345, title = {Inactivation of enteric adenovirus and feline calicivirus by ozone}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {39}, year = {2005}, note = {Thurston-Enriquez, Jeanette A Haas, Charles N Jacangelo, Joseph Gerba, Charles P Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(05)00329-5 [pii] Water Res. 2005 Sep;39(15):3650-6.}, pages = {3650-6}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {Little information is available regarding the effectiveness of ozone on the inactivation of caliciviruses and enteric adenoviruses. Inactivation experiments were conducted with feline calicivirus (FCV), closely related to the human caliciviruses based on nucleic acid organization and capsid architecture, and adenovirus type 40 (AD40). Experiments were carried out in buffered disinfectant demand free water at pH 7 and 5 degrees C. Ct values; concentration of ozone multiplied by contact time with virus; were determined from application of the efficiency factor hom (EFH) model. Ct values for 4-log (99.99\%) ozone inactivation at 5 degrees C and pH 7 ranged from 0.07 to 0.60 mg/l min for AD40 and <0.01 to 0.03 mg/l min for FCV. Ct values listed in the US environmental protection agency "Guidance Manual for Compliance with Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources" were higher than Ct values generated by this study. Very low ozone residuals (<0.01(mg/l) substantially inactivated FCV and AD40 under the studied conditions.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Feline/ drug effects/pathogenicity Cats Disinfection/ methods Ozone/ pharmacology United States United States Environmental Protection Agency/standards Virus Inactivation/ drug effects Water Pollutants Water Purification/methods, Human/ drug effects/pathogenicity Animals Calicivirus}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.06.006}, author = {Thurston-Enriquez, J. A. and Haas, C. N. and Jacangelo, J. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {4614, title = {Inactivation of enteric adenovirus and feline calicivirus by ozone}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {15}, year = {2005}, pages = {3650{\textendash}6}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.06.006}, author = {Thurston-Enriquez, J. A. and Haas, C. N. and Jacangelo, J. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {7746, title = {Inactivation of enteric microorganisms with chemical disinfectants, UV irradiation and combined chemical/UV treatments}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, note = {Apr; Inactivation of enteric microorganisms with chemical disinfectants, UV irradiation and combined chemical/UV treatments; ISI:000229351700010; M3: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.01.021; ID: 427}, pages = {1519-1526}, abstract = {

The relative disinfection efficiencies of peracetic acid (PAA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enteritidis and coliphage MS2 virus were studied in laboratory-scale experiments. This study also evaluated the efficiency of combined PAA/ultraviolct irradiation (UV) and H2O2/UV treatments to determine if the microbial inactivation was synergistic. Microbial cultures were added into a synthetic wastewater-like test medium and treated by chemical disinfectants with a 10 min contact time, UV irradiation or the combination of chemical and UV treatments. A peracetic acid dose of 3 mg/l resulted in approximately 2-3 log enteric bacterial reductions, whereas 7-15 mg/l PAA was needed to achieve 1-1.5 log coliphage MS2 reductions. Doses of 3-150 mg/l hydrogen peroxide achieved below 0.2 log microbial reductions. Sodium hypochlorite treatments caused 0.3-1 log microbial reductions at an 18 mg/l chlorine dose, while 2.6 log reductions of E faecalis were achieved at a 12 mg/l chlorine dose. The results indicate that PAA could represent a good alternative to chlorine compounds in disinfection procedures, especially in wastewaters containing easily oxidizable organic matter. Hydrogen peroxide is not an efficient disinfectant against enteric microorganisms in wastewaters. The combined PAA/ UV disinfection showed increased disinfection efficiency and synergistic benefits with all the enteric bacteria tested but lower synergies for the coliphage MS2. This suggests that this method could improve the efficiency and reliability of disinfection in wastewater treatment plants. The combined H2O2/UV disinfection only slightly influenced the microbial reductions compared to UV treatments and showed some antagonism and no synergies. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Koivunen,J. and Heinonen-Tanski,H.} } @article {6876, title = {Infectious disease outbreaks related to drinking water in {Canada}, 1974-2001}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Sante{\textquoteright}e Publique}, year = {2005}, pages = {254{\textendash}258}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/41995866}, author = {Schuster, Corinne J. and Ellis, Andrea G. and Robertson, William J. and Charron, Dominique F. and Aramini, Jeff J. and Marshall, Barbara J. and Medeiros, Diane T.} } @article {5446, title = {{Influence of biofilm on removal of surrogate faecal microbes in a constructed wetland and maturation pond}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, year = {2005}, pages = {315{\textendash}322}, author = {Stott, R. and Tanner, C} } @article {6059, title = {Influence of fluid shear and microbubbles on bacterial detachment from a surface}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {3668{\textendash}3673}, author = {Sharma, Prashant K and Gibcus, Marjon J and van der Mei, Henny C and Busscher, Henk J} } @article {8725, title = {{Influence of seasons and sampling strategy on assessment of bioaerosols in sewage treatment plants in Switzerland}}, journal = {Annals of Occupational Hygiene}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {393{\textendash}400}, abstract = {An assessment of sewage workers{\textquoteright} exposure to airborne cultivable bacteria, fungi and inhaled endotoxins was performed at 11 sewage treatment plants. We sampled the enclosed and unenclosed treatment areas in each plant and evaluated the influence of seasons (summer and winter) on bioaerosol levels. We also measured personal exposure to endotoxins of workers during special operation where a higher risk of bioaerosol inhalation was assumed. Results show that only fungi are present in significantly higher concentrations in summer than in winter (2331 +/- 858 versus 329 +/- 95 CFU m(-3)). We also found that there are significantly more bacteria in the enclosed area, near the particle grids for incoming water, than in the unenclosed area near the aeration basins (9455 +/- 2661 versus 2435 +/- 985 CFU m(-3) in summer and 11 081 +/- 2299 versus 2002 +/- 839 CFU m(-3) in winter). All bioaerosols were frequently above the recommended values of occupational exposure. Workers carrying out special tasks such as cleaning tanks were exposed to very high levels of endotoxins (up to 500 EU m(-3)) compared to routine work. The species composition and concentration of airborne Gram-negative bacteria were also studied. A broad spectrum of different species within the Pseudomonadaceae and the Enterobacteriaceae families were predominant in nearly all plants investigated.}, keywords = {Airborne bacteria, Airborne fungi, Endotoxin, Occupational health, wastewater}, isbn = {0003-4878}, issn = {00034878}, doi = {10.1093/annhyg/meh108}, author = {Oppliger, Anne and Hilfiker, Silvia and Trinh V Duc} } @booklet {1450, title = {Inspectierichtlijn Analyse microbiologische veiligheid drinkwater}, year = {2005}, publisher = {VROM-Inspectie, http://www.vrom.nl/docs/publicaties/vrom5318.pdf.}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {Annon} } @article {14445, title = {Inspectierichtlijn {Analyse} microbiologische veiligheid drinkwater}, year = {2005}, author = {Annon} } @article {15570, title = {The interaction of Schistosoma haematobium and S. guineensis in Cameroon}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {Sep}, pages = {193-7}, abstract = {

Interactions between schistosomes are complex with some different species being able to mate and hybridize. The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in specific areas of South West Cameroon has evolved remarkably over 30 years as a result of hybridization between Schistosoma guineensis and S. haematobium. Morphological and biological data suggest that S. haematobium replaced S. guineensis in areas of Cameroon through introgressive hybridization. Data are reported on the use of single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the nuclear ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of individual schistosomes from hybrid zones of Cameroon. The data show that since 1990 S. haematobium has completely replaced S. guineensis in Loum, with S. haematobium and the recombinants still present in 2000. This study illustrates the complexities of the dynamics between S. haematobium and S. guineensis in South West Cameroon.

}, keywords = {Animals, Cameroon/epidemiology, DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics, Female, Humans, Male, Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational, Schistosoma haematobium/genetics, Schistosoma/ genetics, Schistosomiasis haematobia/epidemiology/genetics/parasitology, Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/genetics/ parasitology}, isbn = {0022-149X (Print)
0022-149X (Linking)}, author = {Webster, B. L. and Tchuem Tchuent{\'e}, L. A. and Jourdane, J. and Southgate, V. R.} } @article {4237, title = {{International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and the 3,142 unassigned species.}}, journal = {Virology Journal}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {64}, publisher = {BioMed Central}, abstract = {

In 2005, ICTV (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses), the official body of the Virology Division of the International Union of Microbiological Societies responsible for naming and classifying viruses, will publish its latest report, the state of the art in virus nomenclature and taxonomy. The book lists more than 6,000 viruses classified in 1,950 species and in more than 391 different higher taxa. However, GenBank contains a staggering additional 3,142 \"species\" unaccounted for by the ICTV report. This paper reviews the reasons for such a situation and suggests what might be done in the near future to remedy this problem, particularly in light of the potential for a ten-fold increase in virus sequencing in the coming years that would generate many unclassified viruses. A number of changes could be made both at ICTV and GenBank to better handle virus taxonomy and classification in the future.

}, keywords = {Advisory Committees, Databases, Genetic, Nucleic Acid, Phylogeny, Sequence Analysis, Sequence Analysis: trends, Software, Viruses, Viruses: classification}, isbn = {10.1186/1743-422X-2-64}, issn = {1743-422X}, doi = {10.1186/1743-422X-2-64}, url = {http://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-2-64}, author = {Fauquet, C M and Fargette, D} } @article {10520, title = {{Intracellular survival and replication of Vibrio cholerae O139 in aquatic free-living amoebae}}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {1003{\textendash}1008}, author = {Abd, H and Weintraub, A and Sandstr{\"o}m, G} } @article {11608, title = {{Investigacao epidemiologica do surto de difilobotriase, Sao paulo, maio de 2005}}, journal = {Boletim Epidemiol{\'o}gico Paulista}, volume = {17}, number = {17}, year = {2005}, pages = {1{\textendash}12}, author = {Eduardo, M and Sampaio, J and Susuki, E and C{\'e}sar, M and Goncalves, E and Castilho, V and Albuquerque, S and Pavanello, E and Vgilato, M and Lirio, V and Mantesso, I and Zenebon, O and Marsiglia, D and Atui, M and Rodrigues, RS and Rodrigues, RM and Torres, D and Latorre, W and Fortaleza, C} } @article {10315, title = {Investigating helminth eggs and Salmonella sp. in stabilization ponds treating septage}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {239{\textendash}247}, author = {Sanguinetti, GS and Tortul, C and Garcia, MC and Ferrer, V and Montangero, A and Strauss, M} } @article {13068, title = {An Investigation into the Performance of Subsoils and Stratified Sand Filters for the Treatment of Wastewater from On-site Systems (2001-MS-15-M1)}, year = {2005}, author = {Gill, Laurence and S{\'u}illeabh{\'a}in, CO and Johnston, Paul and Misstear, Bruce} } @article {13103, title = {The Iowa Policy Project}, year = {2005}, author = {Brandt, Ryan} } @book {15919, title = {Irrigation water as source of foodborne pathogens on fruit and vegetables. Journal of Food Protection, 67(12), 2839-2849}, volume = {67}, year = {2005}, pages = {2839-49}, author = {Steele, Marina and Odumeru, Joseph} } @article {14168, title = {[{Isolation} of enteroaggregative escherichia coli ({EAggEC}) from patients with diarrheal disease in an outbreak case of overseas tour].}, journal = {Kansenshogaku zasshi. The Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases}, volume = {79}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, month = {may}, pages = {314{\textendash}21}, abstract = {Twenty four patients out of 78 Cambodia tourists (31\%) suffered from diarrhea and/or abdominal pain. Though the stools of 20 patients were examined in some local health centers and institutes, well-known pathogens were detected in only a low level and the cause of the outbreak remained unclear. We suspected the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAggEC) as a cause of this outbreak. We examined E. coli strains isolated from stools of 8 patients (Okayama:7, Aichi:1) at first by the PCR method targeted both the aggR and the astA genes related to the virulence factors of EAggEC. As a result, the E. coli strains with positive aggR and/or astA genes were isolated from 8 patients. And the E. coli strains with positive both aggR gene and clump formation isolated from 3 patients adhered aggregatively to HEp-2 cells and accordingly identified as EAggEC. The plasmid profiles, PFGE patterns and drug resistance patterns of these EAggECs agreed completely. From these results, we concluded that at least 3 patients were infected with EAggEC of the same origin. Though we could not examine all samples from 20 patients, it is possible that the still uncommon EAggEC might be a cause of the outbreak. The E. coli strains with positive aggR gene did not always aggregatively adhered to HEp-2 cells. So we recommend to perform stepwise EAggEC screening tests by the PCR and the clump formation, and final confirmation test by the aggregative adhesion to HEp-2 cells.}, issn = {0387-5911}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15977571}, author = {Nakajima, Hiroshi and Yamazaki, Mitsugu and Kariya, Hideaki and Ohata, Ritsuko} } @article {8102, title = {{[Isolation of enteroaggregative escherichia coli (EAggEC) from patients with diarrheal disease in an outbreak case of overseas tour].}}, journal = {Kansenshōgaku zasshi. The Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases}, volume = {79}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, month = {may}, pages = {314{\textendash}21}, abstract = {Twenty four patients out of 78 Cambodia tourists (31{\%}) suffered from diarrhea and/or abdominal pain. Though the stools of 20 patients were examined in some local health centers and institutes, well-known pathogens were detected in only a low level and the cause of the outbreak remained unclear. We suspected the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAggEC) as a cause of this outbreak. We examined E. coli strains isolated from stools of 8 patients (Okayama:7, Aichi:1) at first by the PCR method targeted both the aggR and the astA genes related to the virulence factors of EAggEC. As a result, the E. coli strains with positive aggR and/or astA genes were isolated from 8 patients. And the E. coli strains with positive both aggR gene and clump formation isolated from 3 patients adhered aggregatively to HEp-2 cells and accordingly identified as EAggEC. The plasmid profiles, PFGE patterns and drug resistance patterns of these EAggECs agreed completely. From these results, we concluded that at least 3 patients were infected with EAggEC of the same origin. Though we could not examine all samples from 20 patients, it is possible that the still uncommon EAggEC might be a cause of the outbreak. The E. coli strains with positive aggR gene did not always aggregatively adhered to HEp-2 cells. So we recommend to perform stepwise EAggEC screening tests by the PCR and the clump formation, and final confirmation test by the aggregative adhesion to HEp-2 cells.}, issn = {0387-5911}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15977571}, author = {Nakajima, Hiroshi and Yamazaki, Mitsugu and Kariya, Hideaki and Ohata, Ritsuko} } @article {4008, title = {{An Italian study on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater, fresh water and treated water}}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {104}, year = {2005}, pages = {445{\textendash}447}, author = {Briancesco, R and Bonadonna, L} } @article {14434, title = {Laboratory evaluation of thermophilic-anaerobic digestion to produce {Class} {A} biosolids. 2. {Inactivation} of pathogens and indicator organisms in a continuous-flow reactor followed by batch treatment}, journal = {Water Environ Res}, volume = {77}, year = {2005}, month = {dec}, pages = {3028{\textendash}36}, abstract = {Thermophilic-anaerobic digestion in a single-stage, mixed, continuous-flow reactor is not approved in the United States as a process capable of producing Class A biosolids for land application. This study was designed to evaluate the inactivation of pathogens and indicator organisms in such a reactor followed by batch treatment in a smaller reactor. The combined process was evaluated at 53 degrees C with sludges from three different sources and at 51 and 55 degrees C with sludge from one of the sources. Feed sludge to the continuous-flow reactor was spiked with the pathogen surrogates Ascaris suum and vaccine-strain poliovirus. Feed and effluent were analyzed for these organisms and for indigenous Salmonella spp., fecal coliforms, Clostridium perfringens spores, and somatic and male-specific coliphages. No viable Ascaris eggs were observed in the effluent from the continuous reactor at 53 or 55 degrees C, with greater than 2-log removals across the digester in all cases. Approximately 2-log removal was observed at 51 degrees C, but all samples of effluent biosolids contained at least one viable Ascaris egg at 51 degrees C. No viable poliovirus was found in the digester effluent at any of the operating conditions, and viable Salmonella spp. were measured in the digester effluent in only one sample throughout the study. The ability of the continuous reactor to remove fecal coliforms to below the Class A monitoring limit depended on the concentration in the feed sludge. There was no significant removal of Clostridium perfringens across the continuous reactor under any condition, and there also was limited removal of somatic coliphages. The removal of male-specific coliphages across the continuous reactor appeared to be related to temperature. Overall, at least one of the Class A pathogen criteria or the fecal coliform limit was exceeded in at least one sample in the continuous-reactor effluent at each temperature. Over the range of temperatures evaluated, the maximum time required to meet the Class A criteria by batch treatment of the continuous-reactor effluent was 1 hour for Ascaris suum and Salmonella spp. and 2 hours for fecal coliforms.}, keywords = {*Anaerobiosis, *Bioreactors, *Microbiology}, issn = {1061-4303 (Print) 1061-4303 (Linking)}, author = {Aitken, M. D. and Sobsey, M. D. and Shehee, M. and Blauth, K. E. and Hill, V. R. and Farrell, J. B. and Nappier, S. P. and Walters, G. W. and Crunk, P. L. and Van Abel, N.} } @booklet {5200, title = {{Lagunas de Estabilizaci{\'o}n en Honduras: Manual de Dise{\~n}o, Construcci{\'o}n, Operaci{\'o}n y Mantenimiento, Monitoreo y Sostenibilidad}}, year = {2005}, publisher = {USAID, University of California, Chico}, address = {Chico, California}, keywords = {2.5 removal, 2.7 performance}, author = {Oakley, S M} } @mastersthesis {6339, title = {Lake ecosystem variation across landscape position and human development gradients in {Vilas} {County}, {Wisconsin}}, year = {2005}, note = {3199993}, school = {The University of Wisconsin - Madison}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Vilas County, Wisconsin{\textquoteright}s human population has greatly increased over the last century. For my dissertation research, I studied the anthropogenic impacts on lake ecosystems in Vilas County and how the response of lakes varies with their position on the landscape. I assessed the spatial variation in aquatic macrophyte community composition along gradients of landscape position and human development. I used multivariate techniques to assess the relationships among the macrophyte communities and to find out which environmental variables best account for the differences between communities. I also examined the changes in macrophyte percent cover versus an index of human development. Macrophyte communities in lakes high in the landscape are dominated by isoetids while lakes low in the landscape are dominated by elodeids due to the difference in bicarbonate concentrations. The presence of the human-introduced crayfish Orconectes rusticus correlates with the absence of macrophytes. An increase in human development correlates with a decrease in macrophyte abundance. I investigated a technique to examine the temporal variation in zooplankton community size structure over time using surface sediments from 58 lakes that range in both landscape position and human development. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination and simple correlation analyses to assess the capabilities of Bosmina mucro and antennule measurements to describe the zooplankton community size structure. This broad spatial-scale calibration study supports the use of Bosmina mucro and antennule lengths as a proxy for zooplankton community size structure. We used paleolimnological techniques to examine the changes since European settlement in riparian and upland vegetation, zooplankton communities, organic carbon inputs and water chemistry in four highly developed Vilas County, Wisconsin lakes that vary in landscape position. The four lakes had similarities in their response to shoreline development, but differences in the magnitude of the changes in aquatic chemistry and in the zooplankton community response. The two lakes low in the landscape showed greater change in inferred zooplankton community size structure. Variation in aquatic chemistry and taxa present between lakes of different landscape position prior to European settlement could be an explanation behind the differing lake ecosystem responses to human development.}, keywords = {0426:Paleoecology, 0768:Environmental science, 0793:Freshwater ecology, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Environmental science, Freshwater ecology, Health and environmental sciences, Human development, Lake, Landscape, Paleoecology, Wisconsin}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305385072?accountid=14270}, author = {Alexander, Mara L} } @article {12942, title = {Land application of treated sewage sludge: quantifying pathogen risks from consumption of crops}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {380{\textendash}396}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Gale, P} } @mastersthesis {6690, title = {Landscape influences on lake chemistry and {Ostracod} community structure in small southern {Wisconsin} dimictic lakes}, year = {2005}, note = {3200116}, school = {The University of Wisconsin - Madison}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The natural land cover patterns that characterize the southern part of Wisconsin are legacies of a glaciated past. Land cover pattern and geomorphology control the hydrologic connections between water resources and the land by which ecosystems, including lakes are organized. Landscapes are the combined result of natural forces and human action. Anthropogenic disturbance, dominated by agricultural production, changes land patterns and modifies natural landscape functions (e.g. the flow of nutrients), and induces chemical changes in lakes that directly and indirectly affect aquatic community structure and function. I studied 12 small dimictic lakes over a three year period, assessed land cover patterns at multiple spatial scales and used correlation analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination techniques to (1) evaluate concentrations of atrazine in study lakes, (2) explore the relationships between water chemistry and landscape attributes at riparian, catchment and watershed scales, and (3) explore the relationship between lake chemistry and ostracod community structure. Dramatic links between land attributes (composition and pattern metrics) and water chemistry were found. Atrazine was found in ecologically relevant concentrations in water (0.70 μg/L) and sediment (130 μg/L), which warrants further investigation. Landscape attributes associated with reduced water quality were correlated with agriculture, whereas improved water quality was correlated with forests and wetlands. Ostracod richness and abundance was unimodally related to lake depth and productivity. Pelagic and littoral productivity may be related to regional agricultural land use. Ostracod community composition provided information about macrophyte richness, and local and regional land use. Biodiversity was monotonically related to total dissolved solids. Thus, in southeastern Wisconsin, lakes and their biota were found to integrate the effects of geomorphology and land use on water chemistry and hydrobiology.}, keywords = {0425:Biogeochemistry, 0768:Environmental science, 0793:Freshwater ecology, 0996:Geochemistry, Biogeochemistry, Biological sciences, Community structure, Dimictic, Earth sciences, Environmental science, Freshwater ecology, Geochemistry, Health and environmental sciences, Lakes, Landscape, Ostracod, Wisconsin}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305379029?accountid=14270}, author = {Allen, Paula E} } @article {7753, title = {A large outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with a municipal water supply in Finland}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {133}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, note = {Aug; A large outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with a municipal water supply in Finland; ISI:000231202000003; ID: 245}, pages = {593-601}, abstract = {

In August 1998, an outbreak of campylobacteriosis occurred in one municipality in northern Finland. A 10\% random sample of residents (population 15 000) was selected through the National Population Registry for a survey conducted by using postal questionnaires. Cases were defined as residents of the municipality with onset of acute gastroenteritis from I to 20 August 1998. Of 1167 respondents (response rate 78\%), 218 (18.7\%) met the case definition. Drinking non-chlorinated municipal tap water was strongly associated with illness (OR 34.4). The estimated total number of ill persons was 2700. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from stool samples of 45 (61\%) out of 74 patients tested. All five isolates tested had indistinguishable PFGE patterns. Water samples were negative for campylobacter and coliforms. Epidemiological and environmental evidence suggested mains repair as the source of contamination. Non-chlorinated ground-water systems may be susceptible to contamination and can cause large outbreaks.

}, keywords = {Community, ENTERITIS, EPIDEMIC, FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS, Gastroenteritis, infection, JEJUNI, Norway, RISK-FACTORS, SPP}, author = {Kuusi,M. and Nuorti,J. P. and Hanninen,M. L. and Koskela,M. and Jussila,V. and Kela,E. and Miettinen,I. and Ruutu,P.} } @inbook {2997, title = {Le contr{\^o}le des rongeurs non commensaux: impasse du tout chimique et perspectives de lutte int{\'e}gr{\'e}e.}, booktitle = {Enjeux phytosanitaires pour l{\textquoteright}agriculture et l{\textquoteright}environnement : pesticides et biopesticides, agriculture durable.}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Regnault-Roger, C., Fabre, G., Philog{\`e}ne, B.}, organization = {Regnault-Roger, C., Fabre, G., Philog{\`e}ne, B.}, edition = {Tec. et Doc.}, address = {Cachan, France}, author = {Delattre, P and Giraudoux, P} } @inbook {8314, title = {Livelihoods and Gender}, booktitle = {Sanitation, Hygiene and water services among the urban poor}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Intermediate Technology, Environment and Sanitation Unit }, organization = {Intermediate Technology, Environment and Sanitation Unit }, chapter = {Livelihoods and Gender}, address = {Nairobi, Kenya} } @article {4479, title = {Low pressure ultraviolet inactivation of pathogenic enteric viruses and bacteriophages}, journal = {Journal of environmental engineering and science}, volume = {4}, number = {S1}, year = {2005}, pages = {S7{\textendash}S11}, author = {G-A, Shin and KG, Linden and MD, Sobsey} } @article {4655, title = { Low pressure ultraviolet inactivation of pathogenic enteric viruses and bacteriophages}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science}, volume = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {S7-S11}, author = {Shin, GA and Linden, KG and Sobsey, MD} } @article {1318, title = {Low pressure ultraviolet inactivation of pathogenic enteric viruses and bacteriophages}, journal = {Journal of environmental engineering and science}, volume = {4}, number = {S1}, year = {2005}, pages = {S7-S11}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {G-A, Shin and KG, Linden and MD, Sobsey} } @article {15286, title = {Managing wastewater agriculture to improve livelihoods and environmental quality in poor countries}, journal = {Irrigation and Drainage}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {11-22}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1002/ird.182}, author = {Raschid-Sally, L. and Carr, R. M. and Buechler, S.} } @article {1760, title = {Membrane adsorption with direct cell culture combined with reverse transcription-PCR as a fast method for identifying enteroviruses from sewage}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, note = {Papaventsis, D Siafakas, N Markoulatos, P Papageorgiou, G T Kourtis, C Chatzichristou, E Economou, C Levidiotou, S eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2005/01/11 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jan;71(1):72-9.}, pages = {72-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {We present a new approach for the detection and identification of enteroviruses concentrated and isolated from sewage. Samples were collected from two study sites located at Nicosia and Limassol sewage treatment plants in Cyprus. Viruses were adsorbed to cellulose nitrate membrane filters, cultured directly from the membrane filters by using the VIRADEN method, and identified by reverse transcription-PCR, followed by 5{\textquoteright} untranslated region (5{\textquoteright}-UTR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and partial sequencing of the VP1 protein coding region. Initial subgrouping based on the HpaII restriction profile showed that all of the isolates except one belonged to the same genetic subcluster. Partial VP1 sequencing revealed that most isolates belonged to serotypes coxsackie B4 (42.5\%) and coxsackie Alpha9 (30\%), whereas coxsackie B2 (17.5\%) and coxsackie B1 (3\%) isolates were less frequently observed. One poliovirus type 2 isolate (2.5\%) of vaccine origin was also found. The HpaII digests predicted the genetic subcluster for all isolates. They also accurately differentiated the isolates as nonpolio or polio isolates. This approach seems to be very promising for environmental surveillance of enterovirus circulation and epidemiology, with all of the significant effects that this entails for public health. Partial VP1 sequencing is efficient for molecular serotyping of enteroviruses, while 5{\textquoteright}-UTR RFLP analysis with HpaII can also be considered an asset for the initial subclassification of enterovirus isolates.}, keywords = {5{\textquoteright} Untranslated Regions/genetics *Adsorption Cell Line Collodion DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics Enterovirus/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/methods Humans *Micropore Filters Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Plant, DNA Sewage/*virology Time Factors Trans-Activators Transcription Factors/genetics Virology/methods *Virus Cultivation, Restriction Fragment Length *Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Sequence Analysis}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.1.72-79.2005}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15640172}, author = {Papaventsis, D. and Siafakas, N. and Markoulatos, P. and Papageorgiou, G. T. and Kourtis, C. and Chatzichristou, E. and Economou, C. and Levidiotou, S.} } @article {16927, title = {Membrane damage and microbial inactivation by chlorine in the absence and presence of a chlorine-demanding substrate}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, pages = {5022{\textendash}5028}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Virto, R and Manas, P and Alvarez, I and Condon, S and Raso, J} } @article {15935, title = {Method 1623: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water by filtration/IMS/FA}, volume = {EPA 815-R-05-002}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Office of Research and Development, Government Printing Office}, address = {Washington, DC} } @inbook {16854, title = {Method for isolation of Bacteroides bacteriophage host strains suitable for tracking sources of fecal pollution in water}, booktitle = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, pages = {5659{\textendash}5662}, author = {Pay{\'a}n, Andrey and Ebdon, James and Taylor, Huw and Gantzer, Christophe and Ottoson, Jakob and Papageorgiou, Georgos T and Blanch, Anicet R and Lucena, Francisco and Jofre, Juan and Muniesa, Maite} } @article {4317, title = {{Method for isolation of Bacteroides bacteriophage host strains suitable for tracking sources of fecal pollution in water.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, month = {sep}, pages = {5659{\textendash}62}, abstract = {

Bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides are potentially a good tool for fecal source tracking, but different Bacteroides host strains are needed for different geographic areas. A feasible method for isolating Bacteroides host strains for phages present in human fecal material is described. Useful strains were identified for application in Spain and the United Kingdom. One strain, GA-17, identified as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, was tested in several locations in Europe with excellent performance in Southern Europe.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophage Typing, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteriophages: physiology, Bacteroides, Bacteroides: classification, Bacteroides: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides: virology, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Europe, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Humans, Species Specificity, Water Pollution}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.9.5659-5662.2005}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1214671{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Pay{\'a}n, Andrey and Ebdon, James and Taylor, Huw and Gantzer, Christophe and Ottoson, Jakob and Papageorgiou, Georgos T and Blanch, Anicet R and Lucena, Francisco and Jofre, Juan and Muniesa, Maite} } @article {2975, title = {Methods for assessing the burden of parasitic zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, month = {jul}, pages = {327{\textendash}333}, abstract = {Cysticercosis and echinococcosis cause illness and productivity losses in human and agricultural animal populations. Recent studies suggest that these diseases have large societal impacts on endemic areas. Estimates of burden provide essential, evidence-based data for conducting cost-benefit and cost-utility analyses that will secure political will, and financial and technical resources. To evaluate the burden, the monetary and non-monetary impacts of these zoonoses on human health, agriculture and society must be considered comprehensively. In this article, we review the framework used to assess the burden of cysticercosis and echinococcosis, and the data needed to estimate the extent of the problem for societies.}, keywords = {Animals, Costs and Cost Analysis, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Humans, Taenia solium, Taeniasis, Zoonoses}, issn = {1471-4922}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2005.05.009}, author = {Carabin, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Budke, Christine M. and Cowan, Linda D. and Willingham, A. Lee and Torgerson, Paul R.} } @article {16322, title = {{Microbial Characterization and Population Changes in Nonpotable Reclaimed Water Distribution Systems}}, journal = {Environmental science {\&} Technology}, volume = {39}, number = {22}, year = {2005}, pages = {8600{\textendash}5}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, abstract = {

Changes in the microbial quality of nonpotable reclaimed water distribution systems in seven metropolitan areas of the southwestern United States were investigated by performing pathogen monitoring and bacterial growth. Water samples were collected from tertiary-treated effluents at point of entry and point of use in the distribution systems. The samples were analyzed for Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, enteroviruses, microbial indicators, and assimilable organic carbon (AOC). Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 16{\%} (12/77) and 43{\%} (33/77) of nonpotable reclaimed water samples, whereas no infectious Cryptosporidium parvum were detected in any of the samples. No infectious enteroviruses were detected in any sample (0/27). At point of entry total coliform and fecal coliforms ranged from 0.7 to 280 and from 0 to 1.9 colony-forming units (cfu)/100 mL, respectively. Increases in the number of coliforms were observed as water passed through the reclaimed water distribution systems. However, no ...

}, doi = {10.1021/ES050607L}, url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es050607l}, author = {Ryu, H and Alum, A and Abbaszadegan, Morteza} } @article {16908, title = {Microbial indicators of faecal contamination in water: a current perspective}, journal = {Water, air, and soil pollution}, volume = {166}, number = {1-4}, year = {2005}, pages = {139{\textendash}166}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Tallon, Pam and Magajna, Brenda and Lofranco, Cassandra and Leung, Kam Tin} } @article {16987, title = {Microbial indicators of fecal contamination: application to microbial source tracking}, journal = {Report submitted to the Florida Stormwater Association}, volume = {719}, year = {2005}, pages = {4{\textendash}6}, author = {Bitton, Gabriel} } @booklet {10228, title = {{Microbial Inhabitants of Humans: Their Ecology and Role in Health and Disease}}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, author = {Wilson, M} } @article {5153, title = {{Microbial partitioning to settleable particles in stormwater.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, month = {may}, pages = {1773{\textendash}82}, abstract = {The degree to which microbes in the water column associate with settleable particles has important implications for microbial transport in receiving waters, as well as for microbial removal via sedimentation (i.e. detention basins). The partitioning behavior of several bacterial, protozoan and viral indicator organisms is explored in three urban streams under both storm and dry weather conditions. The fraction of organisms associated with settleable particles in stormwater is estimated through use of a centrifugation technique which is calibrated using suspensions of standard particles (e.g., glass, latex). The fraction of organisms associated with settleable particles varies by type of microbe, and the partitioning behavior of each organism generally changes between dry weather and storm conditions. Bacterial indicator organisms (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci) exhibited relatively consistent behavior, with an average of 20-35{\%} of organisms associated with these particles in background samples and 30-55{\%} in storm samples. Clostridium perfringens spores exhibited the highest average level of particle association, with storm values varying from 50{\%} to 70{\%}. Results related to total coliphage partitioning were more variable, with 20-60{\%} associated with particles during storms. These estimates should be valuable in surface water quality modeling efforts, many of which currently assume that all microbes exist as free (unattached) organisms.}, keywords = {Bacterial Adhesion, Centrifugation, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium perfringens: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Colony Count, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter aerogenes: isolation {\&} purification, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Microbial, Norwalk virus, Norwalk virus: isolation {\&} purification, Particle Size, Rain, Rivers, Rivers: microbiology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.03.004}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15899275}, author = {Characklis, Gregory W and Dilts, Mackenzie J and Simmons, Otto D and Christina A Likirdopulos and Leigh AH Krometis and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {5353, title = {Microbial partitioning to settleable particles in stormwater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, pages = {1773{\textendash}1782}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Characklis, Gregory W and Dilts, Mackenzie J and Simmons, Otto D and Christina A Likirdopulos and Leigh AH Krometis and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {5379, title = {{Microbial partitioning to settleable particles in stormwater}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {39}, year = {2005}, pages = {1773{\textendash}1782}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.03.004}, author = {Characklis, GW and Dilts, MJ and Simmons, OD and Likirdopulos, CA and Krometis, LAH and Sobsey, MD} } @booklet {4354, title = {{Microbial source tracking. EPA/ORD Source Tracking Group}}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development}, address = {Cincinnati}, author = {U.S. EPA} } @article {6636, title = {Microbiological assessment of ambient waters and proposed water sources for restoration of a {Florida} wetland}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {89{\textendash}100}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/3/2/89.abstract}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {14475, title = {Microbiological assessment of ambient waters and proposed water sources for restoration of a {Florida} wetland}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {jun}, pages = {89{\textendash}100}, abstract = {This study evaluated the microbial quality of reclaimed and storm water as proposed sources for restoration of a Florida wetland. Bacterial indicators, bacteriophages and waterborne pathogenic microorganisms (Cryptosporidium, Giardia and infectious enteric viruses) were analysed during a 1-year period in order to determine potential public health risks associated with exposure to the proposed water sources for restoration. Ambient waters within the wetland (four active water wells and four major lakes) were included in the study in order to determine the microbial water quality before restoration. Storm water and lakes had the highest level of microbial contamination. Much lower levels of microbial indicators and waterborne pathogens were found in reclaimed water and groundwater. Pathogen occurrence in groundwater was intermittent. Owing to the small percentage of source waters (3.3\%) migrating to the water wells, ambient concentration of microbial constituents in surface and groundwater could dominate microbial risk. The results of this study indicate that, in the light of the uncertainties involved in computing average Cryptosporidium concentrations, additional characterization of the current ambient water quality should be ongoing prior to restoration.}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, *Water Microbiology, Animals, Bacteriophages/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/isolation \& purification, Environmental monitoring, Florida, Giardia/isolation \& purification, Public health}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {5451, title = {{Microbiological investigations for sanitary assessment of wastewater treated in constructed wetlands}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, year = {2005}, pages = {4849{\textendash}4858}, author = {Ulrich, H and Klaus, D and Irmgard, F and Annette, H and Juan, LP and Regine, S} } @article {9569, title = {{Microbiological investigations for sanitary assessment of wastewater treated in constructed wetlands}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {39}, number = {20}, year = {2005}, pages = {4849{\textendash}4858}, author = {Ulrich, H and Klaus, D and Irmgard, F and Annette, H and Juan, LP and Regine, S} } @article {13197, title = {Microbiological quality of carbonated and non-carbonated mineral water stored at different temperatures}, journal = {Polish Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {54}, year = {2005}, pages = {27-33}, author = {Korzeniewska, E. and Filipkowska, Z. and Domeradzka, S. and Wlodkowski, K.} } @article {5307, title = {Microbiological studies of an anaerobic baffled reactor: microbial community characterisation and deactivation of health-related indicator bacteria}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {155{\textendash}162}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Lalbahadur, T and Pillay, S and Rodda, N and Smith, M and Buckley, C and Holder, F and Bux, F and Foxon, K} } @article {9483, title = {{Microsporidiosis: an emerging and opportunistic infection in humans and animals}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {61{\textendash}76}, author = {Didier, ES} } @article {9576, title = {{Microsporidiosis in travel-associated chronic diarrhea in immune-competent patients}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {285{\textendash}287}, author = {Wichro, E and Hoelzl, D and Krause, R and Bertha, G and Reinthaler, F and Wenisch, C} } @mastersthesis {6885, title = {The middle class and debt financing of municipal trading: {A} case study in 19th century {Glasgow} and {Birmingham}}, year = {2005}, note = {3169977}, school = {City University of New York}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Municipal sanitary improvement in nineteenth century Britain was largely the result of the urban middle class political elite who used local government to implement needed reforms. It has been generally recognized that the middle class became politically dominant in British cities; however the role of debt financing as a factor in that process has been neglected. Further, more attention has been given to conditions in England versus Scotland, yet Glasgow was the second most populous city in Britain from 1860 to 1890. The role of central government boards and agencies have been emphasized, yet much initiative remained with local governments for most of the century. Although it has been argued that it was the middle class which paid for the urban improvements in sanitation that became increasingly accepted as necessary after the 1840{\textquoteright}s, almost no evidence has been provided to show where the money actually came from. This dissertation offers that evidence by focusing on the financing of municipal trading in water and gas primarily in Glasgow between 1855 and 1869, and then turns to Birmingham in the mid-1870{\textquoteright}s to examine how the process evolved. This work offers explanations regarding the growth of civic consciousness and the increasing willingness of the middle class political elite to move beyond laissez-faire policies and to begin the process of urban reform. It examines why debt funding became central to municipal improvement projects, and how the middle class often split over competing visions concerning the proper role of local government. It also explains how Parliamentary ambivalence increased the cost of financing, especially in Scotland, and how a variety of Parliamentary obstacles were overcome. A study of Glasgow{\textquoteright}s municipal records provides a statistical account of water and gas financing over a twenty-year period. This work explains the general financial conditions in mid-century that affected investment decisions of both institutions and individuals and how municipal investments fit into the portfolios of a number of local investors. Finally, Birmingham{\textquoteright}s financial turn to London in the mid 1870{\textquoteright}s is explored.}, keywords = {0335:European history, Birmingham, Debt financing, England, European history, Glasgow, Middle class, Municipal trading, Nineteenth century, Scotland, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305005355?accountid=14270}, author = {Saltzman, Steven H} } @article {2968, title = {Modeling the transmission of {Echinococcus} granulosus and {Echinococcus} multilocularis in dogs for a high endemic region of the {Tibetan} plateau}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, month = {feb}, pages = {163{\textendash}170}, abstract = {Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis abundance and prevalence data, for domestic dogs of Shiqu County, Sichuan Province, People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China, were fitted to mathematical models to evaluate transmission parameters. Abundance models, assuming the presence and absence of immunity, were fit for both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis using Bayesian priors, maximum likelihood, and Monte Carlo sampling techniques. When the models were compared, using the likelihood ratio test for nested models, the model assuming the presence of immunity was the best fit for E. granulosus infection, with a purgation based prevalence of 8\% (true prevalence interval of 8-19\% based on the sensitivity of purgation) and a mean abundance of 80 parasites per dog, with an average infection pressure of 560 parasites per year. In contrast, the model assuming the absence of immunity was the best fit for E. multilocularis infection, with a purgation based prevalence of 12\% (true prevalence interval of 13-33\% based on the sensitivity of purgation) and a mean abundance of 131 parasites per dog, with an average infection pressure of 334 or 533 parasites per year assuming a 5 or 3 month parasite life expectancy, respectively. The prevalence data for both parasites was then fit to a set of differential equations modeling the transition between infection states in order to determine number of infectious insults per year. Infection pressure was 0.21, with a 95\% credibility interval of 0.12 to 0.41, infections per year for E. granulosus and 0.52, with a 95\% credibility interval of 0.29-0.77, infections per year for E. multilocularis assuming a 5 month parasite lifespan or 0.85, with a 95\% credibility interval of 0.47-1.25 infections per year, assuming a 3 month E. multilocularis lifespan in dogs.}, keywords = {Animals, Bayes Theorem, China, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Endemic Diseases, Immunity, Likelihood Functions, Models, Monte Carlo Method, prevalence, Statistical}, issn = {0020-7519}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.10.026}, author = {Budke, Christine M. and Jiamin, Qiu and Craig, Philip S. and Torgerson, Paul R.} } @article {2450, title = {Modelling of coliform removal in 186 facultative and maturation ponds around the world.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {20}, year = {2005}, month = {dec}, pages = {5261{\textendash}73}, abstract = {

The paper presents a very extensive evaluation of the coliform decay in facultative and maturation ponds, based on data from 186 different ponds in the world. The ponds encompass a very wide diversity in terms of physical and operating conditions, covering most situations encountered in practice. The median values for the coliform removal efficiencies were 1.8 log units (98\% removal) for primary facultative ponds, 1.0 log units for secondary facultative ponds (90\% removal) and 1.2 log units (94\% removal) for each maturation pond in the series. Two equations to be used for design purposes were derived for estimating the die-off coefficient K(b) (dispersed flow, 20 degrees C) in facultative and maturation ponds. The first equation led to a slightly better fitting with the observed logarithm of the effluent coliform concentrations (R2 = 0.874), and related K(b) with the pond detention time t and depth H (K(b) = 0.682 H(-1.286) t(-0.103)). The other equation also led to a satisfactory fitting (R2 = 0.845), but was slightly simpler, depending only on the pond depth (K(b) = 0.549 H(-1.456)).

}, keywords = {Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Models, Theoretical, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.016}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310239}, author = {von Sperling, M} } @article {14264, title = {Modelling of coliform removal in 186 facultative and maturation ponds around the world.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {39}, number = {20}, year = {2005}, month = {dec}, pages = {5261{\textendash}73}, abstract = {The paper presents a very extensive evaluation of the coliform decay in facultative and maturation ponds, based on data from 186 different ponds in the world. The ponds encompass a very wide diversity in terms of physical and operating conditions, covering most situations encountered in practice. The median values for the coliform removal efficiencies were 1.8 log units (98\% removal) for primary facultative ponds, 1.0 log units for secondary facultative ponds (90\% removal) and 1.2 log units (94\% removal) for each maturation pond in the series. Two equations to be used for design purposes were derived for estimating the die-off coefficient K(b) (dispersed flow, 20 degrees C) in facultative and maturation ponds. The first equation led to a slightly better fitting with the observed logarithm of the effluent coliform concentrations (R2 = 0.874), and related K(b) with the pond detention time t and depth H (K(b) = 0.682 H(-1.286) t(-0.103)). The other equation also led to a satisfactory fitting (R2 = 0.845), but was slightly simpler, depending only on the pond depth (K(b) = 0.549 H(-1.456)).}, keywords = {Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Models, Theoretical, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.016}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310239}, author = {Von Sperling, Marcos} } @article {8160, title = {{Modelling of coliform removal in 186 facultative and maturation ponds around the world.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {20}, year = {2005}, month = {dec}, pages = {5261{\textendash}73}, abstract = {

The paper presents a very extensive evaluation of the coliform decay in facultative and maturation ponds, based on data from 186 different ponds in the world. The ponds encompass a very wide diversity in terms of physical and operating conditions, covering most situations encountered in practice. The median values for the coliform removal efficiencies were 1.8 log units (98{\%} removal) for primary facultative ponds, 1.0 log units for secondary facultative ponds (90{\%} removal) and 1.2 log units (94{\%} removal) for each maturation pond in the series. Two equations to be used for design purposes were derived for estimating the die-off coefficient K(b) (dispersed flow, 20 degrees C) in facultative and maturation ponds. The first equation led to a slightly better fitting with the observed logarithm of the effluent coliform concentrations (R2 = 0.874), and related K(b) with the pond detention time t and depth H (K(b) = 0.682 H(-1.286) t(-0.103)). The other equation also led to a satisfactory fitting (R2 = 0.845), but was slightly simpler, depending only on the pond depth (K(b) = 0.549 H(-1.456)).

}, keywords = {Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Models, Theoretical, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.016}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310239}, author = {Von Sperling, Marcos} } @article {7550, title = {{Molecular assays for targeting human and bovine enteric viruses in coastal waters and their application for library-independent source tracking}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {2070-2078}, abstract = {

Rapid population growth and urban development along waterways and coastal areas have led to decreasing water quality. To examine the effects of upstream anthropogenic activities on microbiological water quality, methods for source-specific testing are required. In this study, molecular assays targeting human enteroviruses (HEV), bovine enteroviruses (BEV), and human adenoviruses (HAdV) were developed and used to identify major sources of fecal contamination in the lower Altamaha River, Georgia. Two-liter grab samples were collected monthly from five tidally influenced stations between July and December 2002. Samples were analyzed by reverse transcription- and nested-PCR. PCR results were confirmed by dot blot hybridization. Eleven and 17 of the 30 surface water samples tested positive for HAdV and HEV, respectively. Two-thirds of the samples tested positive for either HEV or HAdV, and the viruses occurred simultaneously in 26{\%} of samples. BEV were detected in 11 of 30 surface water samples. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of both human and bovine enteric viruses was not significantly related to either fecal coliform or total coliform levels. The presence of these viruses was directly related to dissolved oxygen and streamflow but inversely related to water temperature, rainfall in the 30 days preceding sampling, and chlorophyll-$\alpha$ concentrations. The stringent host specificity of enteric viruses makes them good library-independent indicators for identification of water pollution sources. Viral pathogen detection by PCR is a highly sensitive and easy-to-use tool for rapid assessment of water quality and fecal contamination when public health risk characterization is not necessary. Copyright \© 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.4.2070-2078.2005}, author = {Fong, T. T. and Griffin, D.W. and Lipp, E.K.} } @article {13750, title = {Molecular assays for targeting human and bovine enteric viruses in coastal waters and their application for library-independent source tracking}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Rapid population growth and urban development along waterways and coastal areas have led to decreasing water quality. To examine the effects of upstream anthropogenic activities on microbiological water quality, methods for source-specific testing are required. In this study, molecular assays targeting human enteroviruses (HEV), bovine enteroviruses (BEV), and human adenoviruses (HAdV) were developed and used to identify major sources of fecal contamination in the lower Altamaha River, Georgia. Two-liter grab samples were collected monthly from five tidally influenced stations between July and December 2002. Samples were analyzed by reverse transcription- and nested-PCR. PCR results were confirmed by dot blot hybridization. Eleven and 17 of the 30 surface water samples tested positive for HAdV and HEV, respectively. Two-thirds of the samples tested positive for either HEV or HAdV, and the viruses occurred simultaneously in 26\% of samples. BEV were detected in 11 of 30 surface water samples. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of both human and bovine enteric viruses was not significantly related to either fecal coliform or total coliform levels. The presence of these viruses was directly related to dissolved oxygen and streamflow but inversely related to water temperature, rainfall in the 30 days preceding sampling, and chlorophyll-α concentrations. The stringent host specificity of enteric viruses makes them good library-independent indicators for identification of water pollution sources. Viral pathogen detection by PCR is a highly sensitive and easy-to-use tool for rapid assessment of water quality and fecal contamination when public health risk characterization is not necessary. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.4.2070-2078.2005}, author = {Fong, T.-T. and Griffin, D.W. and Lipp, E.K.} } @article {1315, title = {Molecular assays for targeting human and bovine enteric viruses in coastal waters and their application for library-independent source tracking}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, note = {Fong, Theng-Theng Griffin, Dale W Lipp, Erin K Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {2070-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Rapid population growth and urban development along waterways and coastal areas have led to decreasing water quality. To examine the effects of upstream anthropogenic activities on microbiological water quality, methods for source-specific testing are required. In this study, molecular assays targeting human enteroviruses (HEV), bovine enteroviruses (BEV), and human adenoviruses (HAdV) were developed and used to identify major sources of fecal contamination in the lower Altamaha River, Georgia. Two-liter grab samples were collected monthly from five tidally influenced stations between July and December 2002. Samples were analyzed by reverse transcription- and nested-PCR. PCR results were confirmed by dot blot hybridization. Eleven and 17 of the 30 surface water samples tested positive for HAdV and HEV, respectively. Two-thirds of the samples tested positive for either HEV or HAdV, and the viruses occurred simultaneously in 26\% of samples. BEV were detected in 11 of 30 surface water samples. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of both human and bovine enteric viruses was not significantly related to either fecal coliform or total coliform levels. The presence of these viruses was directly related to dissolved oxygen and streamflow but inversely related to water temperature, rainfall in the 30 days preceding sampling, and chlorophyll-a concentrations. The stringent host specificity of enteric viruses makes them good library-independent indicators for identification of water pollution sources. Viral pathogen detection by PCR is a highly sensitive and easy-to-use tool for rapid assessment of water quality and fecal contamination when public health risk characterization is not necessary.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Bovine/classification/genetics/ isolation \& purification Feces/virology Gene Library Georgia Humans Polymerase Chain Reaction/ methods RNA, Human/classification/genetics/ isolation \& purification Animals Cattle DNA, Viral/analysis Enterovirus/classification/genetics/ isolation \& purification Enterovirus, Viral/analysis Rivers/ virology Sensitivity and Specificity Water Pollution}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Fong, T. T. and Griffin, D. W. and Lipp, E. K.} } @article {1552, title = {Molecular assays for targeting human and bovine enteric viruses in coastal waters and their application for library-independent source tracking}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, note = {Fong, Theng-Theng Griffin, Dale W Lipp, Erin K Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States Applied and environmental microbiology Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Apr;71(4):2070-8.}, pages = {2070-2078}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Rapid population growth and urban development along waterways and coastal areas have led to decreasing water quality. To examine the effects of upstream anthropogenic activities on microbiological water quality, methods for source-specific testing are required. In this study, molecular assays targeting human enteroviruses (HEV), bovine enteroviruses (BEV), and human adenoviruses (HAdV) were developed and used to identify major sources of fecal contamination in the lower Altamaha River, Georgia. Two-liter grab samples were collected monthly from five tidally influenced stations between July and December 2002. Samples were analyzed by reverse transcription- and nested-PCR. PCR results were confirmed by dot blot hybridization. Eleven and 17 of the 30 surface water samples tested positive for HAdV and HEV, respectively. Two-thirds of the samples tested positive for either HEV or HAdV, and the viruses occurred simultaneously in 26\% of samples. BEV were detected in 11 of 30 surface water samples. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of both human and bovine enteric viruses was not significantly related to either fecal coliform or total coliform levels. The presence of these viruses was directly related to dissolved oxygen and streamflow but inversely related to water temperature, rainfall in the 30 days preceding sampling, and chlorophyll-a concentrations. The stringent host specificity of enteric viruses makes them good library-independent indicators for identification of water pollution sources. Viral pathogen detection by PCR is a highly sensitive and easy-to-use tool for rapid assessment of water quality and fecal contamination when public health risk characterization is not necessary.

}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Bovine/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Feces/virology Gene Library Georgia Humans Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods RNA, Human/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Animals Cattle DNA, Viral/analysis Enterovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus, Viral/analysis Rivers/*virology Sensitivity and Specificity *Water Pollution}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {71/4/2070 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.71.4.2070-2078.2005}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15812040}, author = {Fong, T. T. and Griffin, D. W. and Lipp, E. K.} } @article {14595, title = {Molecular assays for targeting human and bovine enteric viruses in coastal waters and their application for library-independent source tracking}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, month = {apr}, pages = {2070{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Rapid population growth and urban development along waterways and coastal areas have led to decreasing water quality. To examine the effects of upstream anthropogenic activities on microbiological water quality, methods for source-specific testing are required. In this study, molecular assays targeting human enteroviruses (HEV), bovine enteroviruses (BEV), and human adenoviruses (HAdV) were developed and used to identify major sources of fecal contamination in the lower Altamaha River, Georgia. Two-liter grab samples were collected monthly from five tidally influenced stations between July and December 2002. Samples were analyzed by reverse transcription- and nested-PCR. PCR results were confirmed by dot blot hybridization. Eleven and 17 of the 30 surface water samples tested positive for HAdV and HEV, respectively. Two-thirds of the samples tested positive for either HEV or HAdV, and the viruses occurred simultaneously in 26\% of samples. BEV were detected in 11 of 30 surface water samples. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of both human and bovine enteric viruses was not significantly related to either fecal coliform or total coliform levels. The presence of these viruses was directly related to dissolved oxygen and streamflow but inversely related to water temperature, rainfall in the 30 days preceding sampling, and chlorophyll-a concentrations. The stringent host specificity of enteric viruses makes them good library-independent indicators for identification of water pollution sources. Viral pathogen detection by PCR is a highly sensitive and easy-to-use tool for rapid assessment of water quality and fecal contamination when public health risk characterization is not necessary.}, keywords = {*Water Pollution, Adenoviruses, Animals, Bovine/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Cattle, DNA, enterovirus, Enterovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Feces/virology, Gene Library, Georgia, Human/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Rivers/*virology, RNA, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral/analysis}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {71/4/2070 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.71.4.2070-2078.2005}, author = {Fong, T. T. and Griffin, D. W. and Lipp, E. K.} } @article {14940, title = {Molecular assays for targeting human and bovine enteric viruses in coastal waters and their application for library-independent source tracking}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, month = {apr}, pages = {2070{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Rapid population growth and urban development along waterways and coastal areas have led to decreasing water quality. To examine the effects of upstream anthropogenic activities on microbiological water quality, methods for source-specific testing are required. In this study, molecular assays targeting human enteroviruses (HEV), bovine enteroviruses (BEV), and human adenoviruses (HAdV) were developed and used to identify major sources of fecal contamination in the lower Altamaha River, Georgia. Two-liter grab samples were collected monthly from five tidally influenced stations between July and December 2002. Samples were analyzed by reverse transcription- and nested-PCR. PCR results were confirmed by dot blot hybridization. Eleven and 17 of the 30 surface water samples tested positive for HAdV and HEV, respectively. Two-thirds of the samples tested positive for either HEV or HAdV, and the viruses occurred simultaneously in 26\% of samples. BEV were detected in 11 of 30 surface water samples. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of both human and bovine enteric viruses was not significantly related to either fecal coliform or total coliform levels. The presence of these viruses was directly related to dissolved oxygen and streamflow but inversely related to water temperature, rainfall in the 30 days preceding sampling, and chlorophyll-a concentrations. The stringent host specificity of enteric viruses makes them good library-independent indicators for identification of water pollution sources. Viral pathogen detection by PCR is a highly sensitive and easy-to-use tool for rapid assessment of water quality and fecal contamination when public health risk characterization is not necessary.}, keywords = {*Water Pollution, Adenoviruses, Animals, Bovine/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Cattle, DNA, enterovirus, Enterovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Feces/virology, Gene Library, Georgia, Human/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Rivers/*virology, RNA, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral/analysis}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {71/4/2070 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.71.4.2070-2078.2005}, author = {Fong, T. T. and Griffin, D. W. and Lipp, E. K.} } @mastersthesis {7351, title = {A molecular dynamics study of alkane polymers: {In} polymer melts and at an alkane-water interface}, year = {2005}, note = {3183640}, school = {Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Theoretical treatment of polymer entanglements is complicated because a precise molecular definition of entanglements is not available. Entanglements can be thought of as topological constraints which act as temporary crosslinks between long polymer chains and thus have direct effect on their rheological properties. Given current simulation methods and limited computational resources molecular simulations of long chain polymers to study entanglements is a very daunting task. Here, we introduce a new methodology that self-consistently maps correlations observed from molecular simulations of oligomers to coarse-grained potential interactions for the simulation of polymeric species and accurately reproduces local chain correlations. We show that the coarse-grained simulations provide a reasonable description of the polyethylene melt structure. We also present an algorithm to translate from a coarse-grained polymer system back to atomistic detail. We use the polymeric structures generated using these methods to study polymer entanglements. We reproduce scaling behaviour of polymer viscosity using a novel polymer chain pulling technique and discuss the implications of our results for entanglements between long chain polymers. The crossover region from unentangled to entangled chains as a function of chain length is identified using this method and in good agreement with experiments. In addition, this method allows us to look at entangled polymer chains at a molecular level to observe the nature of entanglements. Oil/water interfaces play an important role in biological systems and industrial aspects such as drug delivery, food processing and detergents. We present results from atomically detailed molecular dynamics simulation of an octane-water liquid-liquid interface. We specifically focus on water structure, orientation, coordination numbers, and hydrogen bonding at the interface. In addition, we probe the interface through insertions of different nonpolar solutes at various locations in the system. We also study the interfacial activity of additives such as salts and surfactants. We use information theory for bulk systems and entend it to interfacial systems. Interfacial systems also provide excellent model systems to study heat transfer at nanoscopic length scale. A systematic study of thermal transport hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic interfaces is performed.}, keywords = {0494:Chemistry, 0495:Polymers, 0542:Chemical engineering, Alkane polymers, Applied sciences, Chemical engineering, Chemistry, Molecular dynamics, Polymer melts, Polymers, Pure sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305426545?accountid=14270}, author = {Patel, Harshit A} } @mastersthesis {6754, title = {Molecular ecology of marine protistan assemblages}, year = {2005}, note = {3220099}, school = {University of Southern California}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Protistan assemblages are mixtures of single-celled eukaryotes, e.g. algae and protozoa, whose members perform vital functions in the marine environment. Protistan diversity revealed by molecular techniques may rival that of bacterial and archaeal assemblages. However, molecular surveys of protistan diversity remain relatively scarce. This dissertation investigated the breadth and meaning of marine protistan diversity through comparative ecological analyses. More than 5,000 18S rDNA sequences were generated, revealing substantial protistan diversity (hundreds of phylotypes) at several locations. These results confirmed the widespread distribution of recently discovered novel protistan lineages, and substantiated claims that many protists appear to be globally distributed. An incubation experiment indicated similar levels of protistan diversity across several time points, but also revealed substantial restructuring of community composition. Quantitative PCR analysis of an ecologically important alga, Ostreococcus sp., demonstrated its month-to-month variability in abundance within the upper euphotic zone. Cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling identified similarities between protistan assemblages from 5 m and the DCM in the eastern N. Pacific. However, these shallow water protistan assemblages were significantly different from assemblages recovered from the same depths but in different seasons. In addition, all 5 m and DCM assemblages were generally more diverse and composed of significantly different members compared to assemblages collected from 150 and 500 m at the same site. Molecular comparison of protistan assemblages from euphotic and bathypelagic zones in the western N. Atlantic also revealed higher diversity in shallow-water samples. Assemblages from the euphotic zone and the bathypelagic were largely composed of distinct protistan taxa; only 28 of the 324 taxa were found in surface waters and at depth (2500 m). Protistan assemblages from both euphotic and bathypelagic zones were the most diverse at a Gulf Stream station compared to assemblages from two stations in the Sargasso Sea. Molecular surveys are beginning to reveal the dynamic nature of protistan assemblages which my lead to better predictions of ecosystem function and response to environmental change.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0410:Microbiology, 0416:Oceanography, Biological sciences, Ecology, EighteenS rRNA, Marine, Microbial ecology, Microbiology, Oceanography, Protistan}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305425889?accountid=14270}, author = {Countway, Peter Dylan} } @article {15657, title = {Molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis}, journal = {Parassitologia}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, month = {Jun}, pages = {185-92}, edition = {2005/10/29}, keywords = {Animal Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/veterinary, Cryptosporidium parvum/genetics/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium/classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Diarrhea/epidemiology/parasitology, Disease Outbreaks, DNA, Protozoan/genetics, Food Parasitology, Global Health, Humans, Immunocompetence, Parasite Egg Count, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Species Specificity, Terminology as Topic, Water Pollution, Water/parasitology, Zoonoses}, isbn = {0048-2951 (Print)
0048-2951}, author = {Cacci{\`o}, S. M.} } @article {9834, title = {{Molecular phylogenies of Blastocystis isolates from different hosts: implications for genetic diversity, identification of species, and zoonosis}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {43}, year = {2005}, pages = {348{\textendash}355}, author = {No{\"e}l, C and Dufernez, F and Gerbod, D and Edgcomb, VP and Delgado-Viscogliosi, P and Ho, LC and Singh, M and Wintjens, R and Sogin, ML and Capron, M and Pierce, R and Zenner, L and Viscogliosi, E} } @mastersthesis {6889, title = {Monitoring boreal landscape freeze/thaw transitions with spaceborne microwave remote sensing}, year = {2005}, note = {U207713}, school = {University of Dundee (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The landmass of the boreal high latitudes encompasses almost 30 percent of the global land area. Within these regions, a major portion of Earth{\textquoteright}s carbon is stored in vegetation and in seasonally frozen and permafrost soils. The annual freeze/thaw cycle drives the length of the growing season in these landscapes, and is a major factor determining annual productivity and associated exchange of CO2 with the atmosphere. Accurate characterisation of these processes can improve regional assessment of seasonal carbon dynamics. Satellite microwave remote sensing is sensitive to landscape freeze/thaw state and is an effective tool for this purpose since large inaccessible areas can be monitored on a temporal basis without limitations imposed by weather or daylight conditions. Variations in freeze/thaw processes are spatially and temporally complex due to topography, snow cover, land cover, fire disturbance, or local climatic conditions. This work examines the spatial and temporal characteristics of the seasonal freeze/thaw transition using time series spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery from ERS (C-band, 100 m, VV-polarisation) and JERS (L-band, 100 m, HH-polarisation), and scatterometer backscatter from QuikSCAT (Ku-band, 25 km, HH and VV polarisation). The analysis is focused over study sites in Alaska and Canada. In areas of complex terrain, freeze/thaw dynamics related to elevation, slope aspect, and varying land cover area are explored. In fire disturbance regions, the timing of the freeze/thaw transition is explored as related to a recovering landscape relative to that of a nearby control site. In areas of complex landscape distribution, differences in the freeze/thaw transition are examined according to individual land cover classes. The presence and status of snow cover and vegetation strongly influences accurate detection and monitoring of freeze/thaw status using microwave sensors. Radiative transfer backscatter modelling is employed to interpret snow and vegetation effects on the radar backscatter signatures as well as the sensitivity of different radar wavelengths to landscape component freeze/thaw processes. In situ biophysical measurements are used to validate results. Landscape freeze/thaw state maps are produced from the time series radar imagery and based on a temporal change discriminator. A scaling assessment is performed to determine the sub-grid spatial variability in freeze/thaw between the low-resolution 25 km scatterometer and the high resolution 100 m SAR. Results show that all sensors examined are sensitive to landscape freeze/thaw state transitions. Sensitivity to the transitions varies with landscape component (e.g. vegetation, snow) and sensor frequency. The study regions analysed exhibit a high spatial variability in freeze/thaw transition timing related to microclimate variations that arise from slope aspect, elevation, surface water, and land cover composition. These variations are observable at the high resolution, 100 m scale. At the coarser 25 km scale, however, the ability to resolve these patterns is less certain, particularly for topographically complex landscapes where elevation and slope/aspect effects can be considerable. Whereas the low-resolution 25 km measurements provide for daily assessment of landscape freeze/thaw state at coarse spatial scales, misclassification errors associated with landscape complexity should be considered when such information is employed to assess seasonal hydrologic and ecological processes in cold land regions.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU207713, 0799:Remote sensing, Bibliographies, Earth sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Remote sensing, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301691364?accountid=14270}, author = {Podest, E V} } @article {10639, title = {{Mucosal immunity and vaccines}}, journal = {Nature Medicine}, volume = {11}, number = {Suppl. 4}, year = {2005}, pages = {S45{\textendash}S53}, author = {Holmgren, J and Czerkinsky, C} } @article {5664, title = {{A National Study on the Residential Impact of Biological Aerosols from the Land Application of Biosolids}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {310{\textendash}322}, author = {Brooks, JP and Tanner, BD and Josephson, KL and C P Gerba and Haas, CN and I L Pepper} } @article {2888, title = {The Nation{\textquoteright}s Largest Water Quality Problem}, journal = {US EPA, Washington DC}, year = {2005}, author = {Pollution, Nonpoint Source} } @article {15175, title = {The {Need} for {Wastewater} {Treatment} in {Latin} {America}: {A} {Case} {Study} of the {Use} of {Wastewater}}, journal = {Small Flows Quarterly}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {36{\textendash}51}, author = {Oakley, Stewart M} } @article {15220, title = {The need for wastewater treatment in {Latin} {America}: a case study of the use of wastewater stabilization ponds in {Honduras}}, journal = {Small Flows Quarterly}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {36{\textendash}51}, author = {Oakley, Stewart M} } @article {13625, title = {The Need for Wastewater Treatment in Latin America: A Case Study of the Use of Wastewater}, journal = {Small Flows Quarterly}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {36{\textendash}51}, author = {Oakley, Stewart M} } @article {2563, title = {Nested multiplex {PCR} assay for detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish and sewage.}, journal = {Journal of virological methods}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {111-118}, abstract = {Environmental samples and contaminated shellfish present frequently low concentrations of more than one viral species. For this reason, a nested multiplex {RT-PCR} was developed for the detection of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and hepatitis A viruses in different environmental samples such as urban sewage and shellfish. This assay will save time and cost for detection of these enteric viruses with a smaller sample volume, which otherwise can be a limiting factor in routine analysis. The limit of detection was approximately 1 copy for adenovirus and 10 copies for enterovirus and hepatitis A virus per {PCR} reaction using titrated cell-cultured viruses as template material. In shellfish and environmental samples, this multiplex {PCR} was optimized to detect all three viruses simultaneously when the concentration of each virus was equal or lower than 1000 copies per {PCR} reaction. This is the level found predominantly in the environment and in shellfish when the numbers of fecal bacterial and phage indicators are low. The detection of human adenoviruses by {PCR} has been suggested as a molecular index of fecal contamination of human origin in the environment and food and the multiplex assay developed may be a tool for evaluating the presence of viral contamination in shellfish and water and to expand microbiological control to include viral markers.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.009}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.009}, author = {Formiga-Cruz, Meritxell and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Clemente-Casares, Pilar and Albi{\~n}ana-Gimenez, Nestor and Allard, Annika and Girones, Rosina} } @article {3892, title = {Nested multiplex {PCR} assay for detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish and sewage.}, journal = {Journal of virological methods}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {111{\textendash}118}, abstract = {Environmental samples and contaminated shellfish present frequently low concentrations of more than one viral species. For this reason, a nested multiplex \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} was developed for the detection of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and hepatitis A viruses in different environmental samples such as urban sewage and shellfish. This assay will save time and cost for detection of these enteric viruses with a smaller sample volume, which otherwise can be a limiting factor in routine analysis. The limit of detection was approximately 1 copy for adenovirus and 10 copies for enterovirus and hepatitis A virus per \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} reaction using titrated cell-cultured viruses as template material. In shellfish and environmental samples, this multiplex \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} was optimized to detect all three viruses simultaneously when the concentration of each virus was equal or lower than 1000 copies per \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} reaction. This is the level found predominantly in the environment and in shellfish when the numbers of fecal bacterial and phage indicators are low. The detection of human adenoviruses by \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} has been suggested as a molecular index of fecal contamination of human origin in the environment and food and the multiplex assay developed may be a tool for evaluating the presence of viral contamination in shellfish and water and to expand microbiological control to include viral markers.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.009}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.009}, author = {Meritxell Formiga-Cruz and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Pilar Clemente-Casares and Nestor Albi{\~n}ana-Gimenez and Allard, Annika and Girones, Rosina} } @article {3907, title = {Nested multiplex \{\{\}{PCR}\{\}\} assay for detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish and sewage.}, journal = {Journal of virological methods}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {111{\textendash}118}, abstract = {Environmental samples and contaminated shellfish present frequently low concentrations of more than one viral species. For this reason, a nested multiplex \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} was developed for the detection of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and hepatitis A viruses in different environmental samples such as urban sewage and shellfish. This assay will save time and cost for detection of these enteric viruses with a smaller sample volume, which otherwise can be a limiting factor in routine analysis. The limit of detection was approximately 1 copy for adenovirus and 10 copies for enterovirus and hepatitis A virus per \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} reaction using titrated cell-cultured viruses as template material. In shellfish and environmental samples, this multiplex \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} was optimized to detect all three viruses simultaneously when the concentration of each virus was equal or lower than 1000 copies per \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} reaction. This is the level found predominantly in the environment and in shellfish when the numbers of fecal bacterial and phage indicators are low. The detection of human adenoviruses by \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} has been suggested as a molecular index of fecal contamination of human origin in the environment and food and the multiplex assay developed may be a tool for evaluating the presence of viral contamination in shellfish and water and to expand microbiological control to include viral markers.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.009}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.009}, author = {Meritxell Formiga-Cruz and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Pilar Clemente-Casares and Nestor Albi{\~n}ana-Gimenez and Allard, Annika and Girones, Rosina} } @article {808, title = {Nested multiplex {PCR} assay for detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish and sewage.}, journal = {Journal of virological methods}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {111-118}, abstract = {Environmental samples and contaminated shellfish present frequently low concentrations of more than one viral species. For this reason, a nested multiplex {RT-PCR} was developed for the detection of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and hepatitis A viruses in different environmental samples such as urban sewage and shellfish. This assay will save time and cost for detection of these enteric viruses with a smaller sample volume, which otherwise can be a limiting factor in routine analysis. The limit of detection was approximately 1 copy for adenovirus and 10 copies for enterovirus and hepatitis A virus per {PCR} reaction using titrated cell-cultured viruses as template material. In shellfish and environmental samples, this multiplex {PCR} was optimized to detect all three viruses simultaneously when the concentration of each virus was equal or lower than 1000 copies per {PCR} reaction. This is the level found predominantly in the environment and in shellfish when the numbers of fecal bacterial and phage indicators are low. The detection of human adenoviruses by {PCR} has been suggested as a molecular index of fecal contamination of human origin in the environment and food and the multiplex assay developed may be a tool for evaluating the presence of viral contamination in shellfish and water and to expand microbiological control to include viral markers.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.009}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.009}, author = {Formiga-Cruz, Meritxell and Hundesa, Ayalkibet and Clemente-Casares, Pilar and Albi{\~n}ana-Gimenez, Nestor and Allard, Annika and Girones, Rosina} } @article {12704, title = {{Neuroparasitic infections: cestodes, trematodes, and protozoans}}, journal = {Sem Neurol}, volume = {25}, year = {2005}, pages = {262{\textendash}277}, author = {Walker, MD and Zunt, JR} } @inbook {16886, title = {Nine-year study of the occurrence of culturable viruses in source water for two drinking water treatment plants and the influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (August 1994 through July 2003)}, booktitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {1042{\textendash}1050}, author = {Sedmak, Gerald and Bina, David and MacDonald, Jeffrey and Couillard, Lon} } @article {1342, title = {Nine-year study of the occurrence of culturable viruses in source water for two drinking water treatment plants and the influent and effluent of a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (August 1994 through July 2003)}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, note = {Sedmak, Gerald Bina, David Macdonald, Jeffrey Couillard, Lon United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {1042-50}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Reoviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses were quantified by culture for various ambient waters in the Milwaukee area. From August 1994 through July 2003, the influent and effluent of a local wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were tested monthly by a modified U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Information Collection Rule (ICR) organic flocculation cell culture procedure for the detection of culturable viruses. Modification of the ICR procedure included using Caco-2, RD, and HEp-2 cells in addition to BGM cells. Lake Michigan source water for two local drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) was also tested monthly for culturable viruses by passing 200 liters of source water through a filter and culturing a concentrate representing 100 liters of source water. Reoviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses were detected frequently (105 of 107 samples) and, at times, in high concentration in WWTP influent but were detected less frequently (32 of 107 samples) in plant effluent and at much lower concentrations. Eighteen of 204 samples (8.8\%) of source waters for the two DWTPs were positive for virus and exclusively positive for reoviruses at relatively low titers. Both enteroviruses and reoviruses were detected in WWTP influent, most frequently during the second half of the year.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/classification/isolation \& purification Caco-2 Cells Cell Line Drinking Enterovirus/classification/isolation \& purification Fresh Water/ virology Humans Reoviridae/classification/isolation \& purification Seasons Sewage/virology Virus Cultivat, Fluid/ methods Water Supply Wisconsin}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Sedmak, G. and Bina, D. and Macdonald, J. and Couillard, L.} } @article {1825, title = {Nine-year study of the occurrence of culturable viruses in source water for two drinking water treatment plants and the influent and effluent of a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (August 1994 through July 2003)}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, note = {Sedmak, Gerald Bina, David Macdonald, Jeffrey Couillard, Lon eng 2005/02/05 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Feb;71(2):1042-50.}, pages = {1042-50}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Reoviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses were quantified by culture for various ambient waters in the Milwaukee area. From August 1994 through July 2003, the influent and effluent of a local wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were tested monthly by a modified U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Information Collection Rule (ICR) organic flocculation cell culture procedure for the detection of culturable viruses. Modification of the ICR procedure included using Caco-2, RD, and HEp-2 cells in addition to BGM cells. Lake Michigan source water for two local drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) was also tested monthly for culturable viruses by passing 200 liters of source water through a filter and culturing a concentrate representing 100 liters of source water. Reoviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses were detected frequently (105 of 107 samples) and, at times, in high concentration in WWTP influent but were detected less frequently (32 of 107 samples) in plant effluent and at much lower concentrations. Eighteen of 204 samples (8.8\%) of source waters for the two DWTPs were positive for virus and exclusively positive for reoviruses at relatively low titers. Both enteroviruses and reoviruses were detected in WWTP influent, most frequently during the second half of the year.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/classification/isolation \& purification Caco-2 Cells Cell Line *Drinking Enterovirus/classification/isolation \& purification Fresh Water/*virology Humans Reoviridae/classification/isolation \& purification Seasons Sewage/virology Virus Cultiva, Fluid/*methods *Water Supply Wisconsin}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.2.1042-1050.2005}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15691964}, author = {Sedmak, G. and Bina, D. and Macdonald, J. and Couillard, L.} } @article {15717, title = {Nitazoxanide: a new thiazolide antiparasitic agent}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {40}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, month = {Apr 15}, pages = {1173-80}, edition = {2005/03/26}, keywords = {Antiparasitic Agents/*pharmacology, Humans, Molecular Structure, Parasitic Diseases/drug therapy, Thiazoles/chemistry/*pharmacology}, isbn = {1058-4838}, author = {Fox, L. M. and Saravolatz, L. D.} } @article {6271, title = {Norovirus outbreaks from drinking water}, journal = {Emerg. Infect. Dis}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, year = {2005}, pages = {1716{\textendash}1721}, url = {http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/11/05-0487_article}, author = {Maunula, Leena and Miettinen, Ilkka T. and Von Bonsdorff, Carl-Henrik and others} } @article {5598, title = {{Norovirus pathway in water environment estimated by genetic analysis of strains from patients of gastroenteritis, sewage, treated wastewater, river water and oysters}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {18}, year = {2005}, pages = {4271{\textendash}4280}, abstract = {In this study, Norovirus (NV) capsid gene was detected from patients of gastroenteritis, domestic sewage, treated wastewater, river water and cultivated oysters in geographically close areas where all of samples were collected. In order to improve recovery efficiency of NVs from oysters, a new method using a spallation apparatus was developed. As a result, 18 of 30 oysters (60{\%}) were positive for NV gene, while 7 of 30 (23{\%}) oysters from the same sampling point were positive with the conventional ultracentrifugal method between November 2003 and February 2004. These results indicate that our new method exhibits the higher efficiency of recovering NVs than the conventional ultracentrifugal method. Six of 8 samples (75{\%}) of river water were positive for NV gene between November 2003 and February 2004. Furthermore, 8 of 9 samples (89{\%}) of treated wastewater and all 9 samples of sewage were positive for NV gene in the same period. These results indicated that treated wastewater would be one of the main sources for NV pollution in this area. The phylogenetic analysis in isolated NV capsid genes was conducted, in which high identities of gene sequences between NVs from patients, domestic sewage, river water and cultivated oysters were observed. These results implied that there would be a geographically associated circulation of NVs between human and cultivated oysters via water environment. It would be important to quantitatively analyze the moving pathway of NVs, which directly link to the development of a new scheme for preventing water environment and cultivated oysters from NV contamination. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Capsid gene, Noroviruses (NVs), Oyster, Patients of gastroenteritis, Phylogenetic analysis, Water environment}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.06.035}, author = {Ueki, You and Sano, Daisuke and Watanabe, Toru and Akiyama, Kazuo and Omura, Tatsuo} } @article {3621, title = {Nucleotide correlation between {HAV} isolates from human patients and environmental samples.}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {8{\textendash}12}, author = {Divizia, M and Gabrieli, R and Macaluso, A and Bagnato, B and Palombi, L and Buonomo, E and Cenko, F and Leno, L and Bino, S and Basha, A and Pan{\`a}, A} } @article {5447, title = {{Nutrient removal by a constructed wetland treating subsurface drainage from a grazed dairy pasture}}, journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment}, volume = {105}, year = {2005}, pages = {145{\textendash}162}, author = {Tanner, CC and Nguyen, ML and Sukias, JPS} } @mastersthesis {6233, title = {Observational analyses of hydrologic scaling: {The} roles of heterogeneity and non-local interaction as inferred from soil moisture and precipitation data}, year = {2005}, note = {3193063}, school = {Boston University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The relationship between soil moisture and outflow (evapotranspiration, drainage, and runoff) is fundamental to many hydrologic applications (e.g. water balance monitoring and modeling). However, characterizing it at any level above a point scale becomes increasingly complex and uncertain due to various factors, including climate and surface heterogeneity, the presence of lateral transports, and the mismatches between the spatial resolutions of various measurements and models. Using sparsely and infrequently measured soil moisture data, and a technique using conditional averaging of precipitation to estimate outflow, we investigated the factors of heterogeneity and non-local interactions in scaling this relationship from points to larger areas. Methods were developed to characterize and account for surface parameter heterogeneity by non-dimensionalizing the dependent variable (soil moisture) using observed distribution properties. This was successful in reducing variations in outflow response for similar forcing. To investigate the presence of non-local interactions, locations are modeled as a set of independent columns and the moisture-outflow relationships are aggregated in such a way as to account for heterogeneity; this estimate is compared statistically to the largescale response estimated from aggregate data. Significant differences would suggest the system is not well represented by the independence assumption, i.e. local outflow is dependent on local moisture and also is independently influenced by large-scale moisture. We applied these methods to data from three systems - a hillslope, an intermediate-sized watershed, and the state of Illinois, and found that heterogeneity coupled with nonlinearity of the governing processes significantly affected scaling in all three. After accounting for these, significant differences remained between the aggregated point-scale estimates and the large-scale response. This difference is attributable to non-local influences on the local systems; in each area studied, the effect is to decrease (increase) local outflow during large-scale dry (wet) anomalies; evidence in Illinois points to a possible pathway through wind speed. The apparent effect of the interactions is to prolong small spatial anomalies of moisture, and at the same time to decrease the temporal variability of the large-scale system. The results here suggest possible common dynamic and scaling effects in water balance at various scales.}, keywords = {0368:Geography, 0388:Hydrology, Earth sciences, Geography, Heterogeneity, Hydrologic, Hydrology, Precipitation, Soil moisture}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305027575?accountid=14270}, author = {Arrigo, Jennifer Anne Saleem} } @article {4210, title = {{Occurrence and correlations between coliphages and anthropogenic viruses in the Massachusetts Bay using enrichment and ICC-nPCR.}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {59{\textendash}68}, abstract = {

We evaluated a two-step enrichment procedure to detect coliphages and an integrated cell culture-nested polymerase chain reaction (ICC-nPCR) to detect human astrovirus, enteroviruses, rotavirus and adenovirus type 40 and 41 in marine water samples collected by the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority (MWRA). MWRA has been monitoring its receiving waters for coliphages, anthropogenic viruses and indicator bacteria in order to evaluate the impact of Boston\&$\#$39;s Deer Island Sewage Treatment Plant discharge. Coliphages and enteric viruses were originally assayed using single agar overlay and most probable number cell culture (MPN) methods, respectively. Reanalysis of these samples for enteric viruses by ICC-nPCR demonstrated that 46{\%} were positive for at least one virus compared with 23{\%} with the MPN method. Use of the enrichment method showed a 47{\%} increase in the detection of male specific and somatic coliphages compared with the single agar overlay method. Correlations between the presence of coliphages, enteric viruses and indicator bacteria were based on proximity to the treatment plant discharge, seasonal variations and site levels. The presence of enteric viruses was significantly correlated to coliphages but not to indicator bacteria. Preliminary comparative results demonstrate that effective and efficient monitoring of anthropogenic contamination can be achieved using these more sensitive and specific techniques.

}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Colony Count, DNA Primers, Massachusetts, Microbial, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, prevalence, Viruses, Viruses: classification, Viruses: genetics, Viruses: isolation {\&} purification, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15952453}, author = {Ballester, Nicola A and Fontaine, Justin H and Margolin, Aaron B} } @article {16313, title = {{Occurrence and Relatedness of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Animals, Humans, and the Environment in Different European Regions}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, month = {sep}, pages = {5383{\textendash}5390}, abstract = {Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in Europe are thought to have emerged partly due to the use of the glycopeptide avoparcin in animal husbandry. We compared the occurrence of VRE in geographical regions of Europe in which until 1997 large amounts of avoparcin were used (Spain, United Kingdom, and Denmark) with the occurrence of VRE in Sweden, where avoparcin was banned in 1986. We also studied the relatedness between VRE strains from different regions and habitats. In total, 2,580 samples were collected from humans, animals, and the environment (soil, sewage, recipient water). VRE resistant to 20 microg/ml vancomycin were identified in 8.2{\%} of the samples and were found most frequently in raw and treated urban sewage samples (means, 71{\%} and 36{\%} of the samples, respectively), pig manure (17{\%}), and hospital sewage (16{\%}). The proportions of VRE-positive sewage samples were similar in Sweden, Spain, and the United Kingdom, whereas pig feces and manure were more often positive in Spain than in Sweden (30{\%} versus 1{\%}). Most VRE were Enterococcus faecium carrying vanA, and computerized biochemical phenotyping of the isolates of different ecological origins showed a high degree of polyclonality. In conclusion, it seems that animal-associated VRE probably reflect the former use of avoparcin in animal production, whereas VRE in human-associated samples may be a result of antibiotic use in hospitals. Since there seems to be a reservoir of the resistance genes in all countries studied, precautions must be taken to limit the use of antibiotics and antibiotic-like feed additives.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.9.5383-5390.2005}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151128 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC1214655 http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.71.9.5383-5390.2005}, author = {Kuhn, I. and Iversen, A. and Finn, M. and Greko, C. and Burman, L. G. and Blanch, A. R. and Vilanova, X. and Manero, A. and Taylor, H. and Caplin, J. and Dominguez, L. and Herrero, I. A. and Moreno, M. A. and Mollby, R.} } @article {15665, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in irrigation water and its impact on the fresh produce industry}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, month = {Oct}, pages = {339-45}, edition = {2006/01/19}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Crops, Agricultural/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Edible Grain/parasitology, Environmental monitoring, Food Parasitology, Fresh Water, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Mexico, Oocysts, Vegetables/parasitology, Water Pollutants/*isolation \& purification, Water Supply}, isbn = {0960-3123 (Print)
0960-3123}, author = {Ch{\'a}idez, C. and Soto, M. and Gortares, P. and Mena, K.} } @article {4020, title = {{Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in irrigation water and its impact on the fresh produce industry}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {15}, year = {2005}, pages = {339{\textendash}345}, author = {Chaidez, C and Soto, M and Gortares, P and Mena, K} } @article {10022, title = {{The occurrence of culturable viruses in source water for two drinking water treatment plants and the influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant in Milwaukee}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {1042{\textendash}1050}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.2.1042}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/71/2/1042.short}, author = {Sedmak, Gerald and Bina, David and MacDonald, Jeffrey and Couillard, Lon} } @booklet {2198, title = {{Occurrence of fecal-indicator bacteria and protocols for identification of fecal-contamination sources in selected reaches of the West Branch Brandywine Creek, Chester County, Pennsylvania. U.S. Geological - Google Search}}, journal = {Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5039, 91 p.}, year = {2005}, author = {Cinotto, PJ} } @book {13968, title = {Occurrence of fecal-indicator bacteria and protocols for identification of fecal-contamination sources in selected reaches of the {West} {Branch} {Brandywine} {Creek}, {Chester} {County}, {Pennsylvania}. {U}.{S}. {Geological} - {Google} {Search}}, year = {2005}, author = {Cinotto, PJ} } @article {4051, title = {{Occurrence of Giardia cysts in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) destined for human consumption}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {68}, year = {2005}, pages = {1702{\textendash}1705}, author = {G{\'o}mez-Couso, H and M{\'e}ndez-Hermida, F and J A Castro-Hermida and Ares-Maz{\'a}s, E} } @article {8246, title = {{Occurrence of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the coastal environment of southern Italy (Straits of Messina).}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {768{\textendash}74}, abstract = {

AIMS: The occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in the coastal zone of the Straits of Messina (Italy) as free-living and associated with plankton was studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: Monthly sampling of seawater and plankton was carried out from April 2002 to March, 2003. All environmental samples analysed by cultural method, did not show the presence of H. pylori. The DNA extracted from all environmental samples was tested by PCR by using primers for H. pylori 16S rRNA, ureA and cagA. 16S rRNA PCR yielded amplified products of 522-bp in 15 of 36 (41.7{\%}) of the environmental samples. By using the ureA primers to amplify the urea signal sequences, the predicted PCR products of 491-bp were obtained from eight (22.2{\%}) of 36 environmental samples. PCR with cagA primers yielded amplified products of 349-bp in DNA extracted of seven of 36 (19.4{\%}) of the environmental samples. When 16S rRNA, ureA and cagA amplified gene sequences were aligned with H. pylori 26695 and J99 genome sequences, we obtained a percentage of alignment over 90{\%}. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of H. pylori genes in marine samples allows us to consider the marine environment a possible reservoir for this pathogenic bacterium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The direct detection of H. pylori genes may be relevant in order to consider the marine environment as significant reservoir for this bacterium.

}, keywords = {16S, 16S: analysis, Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Bacterial: genetics, Base Sequence, Disease Reservoirs, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Genome, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Humans, Italy, Molecular Sequence Data, Plankton, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, presence, Ribosomal, RNA, Seawater, Sequence Alignment, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02517.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15715881}, author = {Carbone, M and Maugeri, T L and Gugliandolo, C and La Camera, E and Biondo, C and Fera, M T} } @article {13874, title = {Occurrence of {Helicobacter} pylori {DNA} in the coastal environment of southern {Italy} ({Straits} of {Messina}).}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {768{\textendash}74}, abstract = {AIMS: The occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in the coastal zone of the Straits of Messina (Italy) as free-living and associated with plankton was studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: Monthly sampling of seawater and plankton was carried out from April 2002 to March, 2003. All environmental samples analysed by cultural method, did not show the presence of H. pylori. The DNA extracted from all environmental samples was tested by PCR by using primers for H. pylori 16S rRNA, ureA and cagA. 16S rRNA PCR yielded amplified products of 522-bp in 15 of 36 (41.7\%) of the environmental samples. By using the ureA primers to amplify the urea signal sequences, the predicted PCR products of 491-bp were obtained from eight (22.2\%) of 36 environmental samples. PCR with cagA primers yielded amplified products of 349-bp in DNA extracted of seven of 36 (19.4\%) of the environmental samples. When 16S rRNA, ureA and cagA amplified gene sequences were aligned with H. pylori 26695 and J99 genome sequences, we obtained a percentage of alignment over 90\%. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of H. pylori genes in marine samples allows us to consider the marine environment a possible reservoir for this pathogenic bacterium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The direct detection of H. pylori genes may be relevant in order to consider the marine environment as significant reservoir for this bacterium.}, keywords = {16S, 16S: analysis, Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Bacterial: genetics, Base Sequence, Disease Reservoirs, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Genome, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Humans, Italy, Molecular Sequence Data, Plankton, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, presence, Ribosomal, RNA, Seawater, Sequence Alignment, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02517.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15715881}, author = {Carbone, M and Maugeri, T L and Gugliandolo, C and La Camera, E and Biondo, C and Fera, M T} } @article {10528, title = {{Occurrence of pathogenic vibrios in coastal areas of Golestan Province in Iran}}, journal = {Archives of Razi Institute}, volume = {60}, year = {2005}, pages = {33{\textendash}44}, author = {Amirmozafari, N and Forchesh, H and Halakoo, A} } @article {3234, title = {{One-year monthly monitoring of Torque teno virus (TTV) in wastewater treatment plants in Japan}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {2008{\textendash}2013}, abstract = {Torque teno virus (TTV) is a novel hepatitis virus which is considered to be transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Wastewater samples were collected monthly from eight wastewater treatment plants in Japan for 1 year, from July 2003 to June 2004, and tested for the presence of TTV by TaqMan PCR. TTV was detected in 97{\%} (93/96) of influent samples, implying that TTV is epidemic in Japan. TTV was also isolated in 18{\%} (17/96) of secondary effluent samples before chlorination and in 24{\%} (23/95) of final effluent samples after chlorination. There was no significant difference between the concentration of total coliform in TTV-positive final effluents and that in TTV-negative final effluents, which indicates that total coliform cannot be used as an indicator of TTV. No TTV was detected in 24 effluents for reuse from two wastewater treatment plants using sand filtration and ozonation. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {TaqMan PCR, Torque teno virus, Total coliform, Virus concentration, Wastewater treatment plant}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.03.034}, author = {Haramoto, Eiji and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Oguma, Kumiko and Yamashita, Hiromasa and Nakajima, Eiichiro and Ohgaki, Shinichiro} } @article {17083, title = {One-year monthly monitoring of Torque teno virus (TTV) in wastewater treatment plants in Japan}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {39}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {2008{\textendash}2013}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Haramoto, Eiji and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Oguma, Kumiko and Yamashita, Hiromasa and Nakajima, Eiichiro and Ohgaki, Shinichiro} } @article {5158, title = {{Optical characteristics of waste stabilization ponds: recommendations for monitoring.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {153{\textendash}61}, abstract = {

The optical character of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) is of concern for several reasons. Algal photosynthesis, which produces oxygen for waste oxidation in WSPs, is influenced by attenuation of sunlight in ponds. Disinfection in WSPs is influenced by optical characteristics because solar UV exposure usually dominates inactivation. The optical nature of WSPs effluent also affects assimilation by receiving waters. Despite the importance of light behaviour in WSPs, few studies have been made of their optical characteristics. We discuss simple optical measures suitable for routine monitoring of WSPs (including at sites remote from laboratories): optical density of filtrates - an index of dissolved coloured organic (humic) matter, visual clarity - to provide an estimate of the beam attenuation coefficient (a fundamental quantity needed for optical modelling) colour (hue) - as an indicator of general WSP \&$\#$39;condition\&$\#$39; and irradiance attenuation quantifying depth of light penetration. The value of optical characterisation of WSPs is illustrated with reference to optical data for WSPs in NZ (including high-rate algal ponds) treating dairy cattle wastewater versus domestic sewage. We encourage increased research on optical characteristics of WSPs and the incorporation of optical measures in monitoring and modelling of WSP performance.

}, keywords = {Bioreactors, Disinfection, Eukaryota, Eukaryota: growth {\&} development, Optics and Photonics, Oxygen, Oxygen: chemistry, Oxygen: metabolism, Sewage, Sewage: chemistry, Sewage: microbiology, Solar Energy, Ultraviolet Rays, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16114678}, author = {Davies-Colley, R J and Craggs, R J and Park, J and Nagels, J W} } @article {5385, title = {{Optical characteristics of waste stabilization ponds: recommendations for monitoring}}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {51}, year = {2005}, pages = {153{\textendash}161}, author = {Davies-Colley, RJ and Craggs, RJ and Park, J and Nagels, JW} } @article {8907, title = {Optical characteristics of waste stabilization ponds: recommendations for monitoring}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {153-161}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {://WOS:000231334500023}, author = {Davies-Colley, R. J. and Craggs, R. J. and Park, J. and Nagels, J. W.} } @article {12324, title = {Origin of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant QnrA}, journal = {Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, volume = {49}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, pages = {3523-3525}, isbn = {0066-4804}, author = {Poirel, Laurent and Rodriguez-Martinez, JM and Mammeri, Hedi and Liard, Alain and Nordmann, Patrice} } @article {3699, title = {An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by human group C rotavirus in a welfare institution in Okayama prefecture.}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {255{\textendash}257}, author = {Kuzuya, M and Hamano, M and Nishijima, M and Fujii, R and Ogura, H and Tanaka, M and Oda, A and Kusaka, S and Naitou, M} } @article {4470, title = {Outbreak of adenovirus type 30 in a neonatal intensive care unit}, journal = {The Journal of Pediatrics}, volume = {146}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {523{\textendash}7}, issn = {0022-3476 (Print) 0022-3476}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.11.032}, author = {Faden, H. and Wynn, R. J. and Campagna, L. and Ryan, R. M.} } @article {514, title = {Outbreak of adenovirus type 30 in a neonatal intensive care unit}, journal = {J Pediatr}, volume = {146}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, note = {Faden, Howard Wynn, Ralph J Campagna, Linda Ryan, Rita M Journal Article United States J Pediatr. 2005 Apr;146(4):523-7.}, pages = {523-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To describe an outbreak of adenovirus, type 30, in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective, observational study. RESULTS: An outbreak of adenovirus infection occurred in an NICU. It lasted 6 months and involved 21 of 333 (6.3\%) infants. The introduction of infection control measures controlled the outbreak; however, premature discontinuation of the measures resulted in a second wave of cases. The virus caused pneumonia in 7 infants, conjunctivitis in 7 infants, pneumonia and conjunctivitis in 1 infant, and upper respiratory tract illness in 1 infant. Infection was asymptomatic in 5 infants. Six infants died. Death was associated with the presence of pneumonia ( P = .0001), administration of steroids ( P = .003), and mechanical ventilation ( P = .02). Investigation into the origin of the outbreak suggested that the virus may have been introduced and spread during ophthalmologic procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Adenovirus type 30 can cause severe disease among premature infants in an NICU. Infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia requiring mechanical ventilation are more likely to have development of adenovirus pneumonia and die. Standard infection control measures are effective in controlling an outbreak. Ophthalmologic procedures continue to be a potential source of adenovirus outbreaks.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/*epidemiology/transmission Cross Infection/*epidemiology/transmission *Disease Outbreaks Female Humans Infant, Diseases/*epidemiology Infectious Disease Transmission, Neonatal Male Retrospective Studies, Newborn Infant, Premature, Professional-to-Patient Intensive Care Units}, issn = {0022-3476 (Print) 0022-3476}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.11.032}, author = {Faden, H. and Wynn, R. J. and Campagna, L. and Ryan, R. M.} } @article {4822, title = {{Outbreak of cyclosporiasis in British Columbia associated to imported Thai basil}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {133}, year = {2005}, pages = {23{\textendash}27}, author = {Hoang, LM and Fyfe, M and Ong, C and Harb, J and Champagne, S and Dixon, B and Isaac-Renton, JL} } @article {14105, title = {Outbreak of enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli {O}111 among high school participants in excursion to {Korea}.}, journal = {Japanese journal of infectious diseases}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, month = {oct}, pages = {332{\textendash}3}, issn = {1344-6304}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249637}, author = {Kato, Kazue and Shimoura, Ryoko and Nashimura, Kinuyo and Yoshifuzi, Kayo and Shiroshita, Ken and Sakurai, Noboru and Kodama, Hiroe and Kuramoto, Sanae} } @article {8055, title = {{Outbreak of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O111 among high school participants in excursion to Korea.}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, month = {oct}, pages = {332{\textendash}3}, issn = {1344-6304}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249637}, author = {Kato, Kazue and Shimoura, Ryoko and Nashimura, Kinuyo and Yoshifuzi, Kayo and Shiroshita, Ken and Sakurai, Noboru and Kodama, Hiroe and Kuramoto, Sanae} } @article {5768, title = {{An Outbreak of Hepatitis A Associated with Green Onions}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {353}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, pages = {890{\textendash}897}, author = {Wheeler, C and Vogt, TM and Armstrong, G. L. and Vaughan, G and Weltman, A and Nainan, OV and Dato, V and Xia, G. and Waller, K and Amon, J and Lee, TM and Highbaugh-Battle, A and Hembree, C and Evenson, S and Ruta, MA and I T Williams and A E Fiore and B P Bell} } @article {7927, title = {{Outbreak of Shigella sonnei in a rural hotel in La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain.}}, journal = {International Microbiology : the Official Journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, month = {jun}, pages = {133{\textendash}6}, abstract = {

Shigella sonnei is a significant cause of gastroenteritis in both developing and industrialized countries. Knowledge of the diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterium may be helpful in the management of both individual cases and outbreaks. This study was undertaken to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of diarrhea due to S. sonnei. The outbreak involved 14 of 28 (50{\%}) tourists in a small rural hotel in La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain. All of the S. sonnei isolates recovered had the same antimicrobial susceptibility and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, suggesting that the outbreak was produced by a single strain.

}, issn = {1139-6709}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16052462}, author = {Alcoba-Fl{\'o}rez, Julia and P{\'e}rz-Roth, Eduardo and Gonz{\'a}lez-Linares, Sandra and M{\'e}ndez-Alvarez, Sebasti{\'a}n} } @article {13906, title = {Outbreak of {Shigella} sonnei in a rural hotel in {La} {Gomera}, {Canary} {Islands}, {Spain}.}, journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, month = {jun}, pages = {133{\textendash}6}, abstract = {Shigella sonnei is a significant cause of gastroenteritis in both developing and industrialized countries. Knowledge of the diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterium may be helpful in the management of both individual cases and outbreaks. This study was undertaken to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of diarrhea due to S. sonnei. The outbreak involved 14 of 28 (50\%) tourists in a small rural hotel in La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain. All of the S. sonnei isolates recovered had the same antimicrobial susceptibility and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, suggesting that the outbreak was produced by a single strain.}, issn = {1139-6709}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16052462}, author = {Alcoba-Fl{\'o}rez, Julia and P{\'e}rz-Roth, Eduardo and Gonz{\'a}lez-Linares, Sandra and M{\'e}ndez-Alvarez, Sebasti{\'a}n} } @article {14153, title = {Outbreak of shigellosis in {Irish} holidaymakers associated with travel to {Egypt}.}, journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europ{\'e}en sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {E050630.4}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16783111}, author = {McKeown, Paul and O{\textquoteright}Connor, Maire and McDonnell, Gavin and Di Renzi, Massimiliano and Foley, Barbara and Garvey, Patricia and McNamara, Eleanor and Codd, Susan and Cosgove, Catherine and de la Harpe, Davida} } @article {8089, title = {{Outbreak of shigellosis in Irish holidaymakers associated with travel to Egypt.}}, journal = {Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Européen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {E050630.4}, issn = {1560-7917}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16783111}, author = {McKeown, Paul and O{\textquoteright}Connor, Maire and McDonnell, Gavin and Di Renzi, Massimiliano and Foley, Barbara and Garvey, Patricia and McNamara, Eleanor and Codd, Susan and Cosgove, Catherine and de la Harpe, Davida} } @article {7971, title = {{Outbreaks associated with recreational water in the United States}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {243{\textendash}262}, edition = {2005/09/24}, abstract = {

In this article, we review the causes of outbreaks associated with recreational water during 1971-2000. A bacterial or protozoan etiology was identified in three-quarters of the outbreaks; 23{\%} of the outbreaks were of undetermined etiology. The most frequently identified agents were Cryptosporidium (15{\%}), Pseudomonas (14{\%}), Shigella (13{\%}), Naegleria (11{\%}), Giardia (6{\%}), and toxigenic E. coli (6{\%}). Outbreaks attributed to Shigella, E. coli O157:H7, and Naegleria were primarily associated with swimming in fresh waters such as lakes, ponds, and rivers. In contrast, outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium and Giardia were primarily associated with treated water in swimming and wading pools. Important sources of contamination for both treated and untreated recreational waters were the bathers themselves. Contamination from sewage discharges and wild or domestic animals were also important sources for untreated waters. Contributing factors in swimming-pool outbreaks were inadequate attention to maintenance, operation, disinfection, and filtration. Although not all waterborne outbreaks are recognized nor reported, the national surveillance of these outbreaks has helped identify important sources of contamination of recreational waters and the etiologic agents. This information can affect prevention recommendations and research priorities that may lead to improved water quality guidelines.

}, isbn = {0960-3123 (Print)0960-3123 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/09603120500155716}, author = {Craun, G F and Calderon, R L and Craun, M F} } @article {13973, title = {Outbreaks associated with recreational water in the {United} {States}}, journal = {Int J Environ Health Res}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {243{\textendash}262}, abstract = {In this article, we review the causes of outbreaks associated with recreational water during 1971-2000. A bacterial or protozoan etiology was identified in three-quarters of the outbreaks; 23\% of the outbreaks were of undetermined etiology. The most frequently identified agents were Cryptosporidium (15\%), Pseudomonas (14\%), Shigella (13\%), Naegleria (11\%), Giardia (6\%), and toxigenic E. coli (6\%). Outbreaks attributed to Shigella, E. coli O157:H7, and Naegleria were primarily associated with swimming in fresh waters such as lakes, ponds, and rivers. In contrast, outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium and Giardia were primarily associated with treated water in swimming and wading pools. Important sources of contamination for both treated and untreated recreational waters were the bathers themselves. Contamination from sewage discharges and wild or domestic animals were also important sources for untreated waters. Contributing factors in swimming-pool outbreaks were inadequate attention to maintenance, operation, disinfection, and filtration. Although not all waterborne outbreaks are recognized nor reported, the national surveillance of these outbreaks has helped identify important sources of contamination of recreational waters and the etiologic agents. This information can affect prevention recommendations and research priorities that may lead to improved water quality guidelines.}, doi = {10.1080/09603120500155716}, author = {Craun, G F and Calderon, R L and Craun, M F} } @article {15687, title = {Outbreaks associated with recreational water in the United States}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {Aug}, pages = {243-62}, edition = {2005/09/24}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Recreation, *Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Animals, Animals, Domestic, Bacteria/pathogenicity, Eukaryota/pathogenicity, Humans, sanitation, Sewage, Swimming, Swimming Pools, United States/epidemiology}, isbn = {0960-3123 (Print)
0960-3123}, author = {Craun, G. F. and Calderon, R. L. and Craun, M. F.} } @article {2202, title = {{Outbreaks associated with recreational water in the United States}}, journal = {Int J Environ Health Res}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {243{\textendash}262}, edition = {2005/09/24}, abstract = {In this article, we review the causes of outbreaks associated with recreational water during 1971-2000. A bacterial or protozoan etiology was identified in three-quarters of the outbreaks; 23\% of the outbreaks were of undetermined etiology. The most frequently identified agents were Cryptosporidium (15\%), Pseudomonas (14\%), Shigella (13\%), Naegleria (11\%), Giardia (6\%), and toxigenic E. coli (6\%). Outbreaks attributed to Shigella, E. coli O157:H7, and Naegleria were primarily associated with swimming in fresh waters such as lakes, ponds, and rivers. In contrast, outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium and Giardia were primarily associated with treated water in swimming and wading pools. Important sources of contamination for both treated and untreated recreational waters were the bathers themselves. Contamination from sewage discharges and wild or domestic animals were also important sources for untreated waters. Contributing factors in swimming-pool outbreaks were inadequate attention to maintenance, operation, disinfection, and filtration. Although not all waterborne outbreaks are recognized nor reported, the national surveillance of these outbreaks has helped identify important sources of contamination of recreational waters and the etiologic agents. This information can affect prevention recommendations and research priorities that may lead to improved water quality guidelines.}, isbn = {0960-3123 (Print) 0960-3123 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/09603120500155716}, author = {Craun, G F and Calderon, R L and Craun, M F} } @article {2784, title = {The papillomavirus life cycle}, journal = {J. Clin. Virol}, volume = {32 Suppl 1}, year = {2005}, pages = {S7-15}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {AMPLIFICATION cancer Capsid CAPSID PROTEIN CAPSID PROTEINS Cell Proliferation CELLS DIFFERENTIATION DNA Environment Epithelial Cells EPITHELIAL-CELLS EXPRESSION GENE Gene Expression Regulation, Viral genetics GENOME genome, viral growth \& development HOST human humans INFECTION INFECTIONS infectious London Neoplasms Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections PRODUCT PRODUCTS PROLIFERATION PROTEIN PROTEINS Rabbits REPLICATION Research SITES Support SURFACE Vira}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15753007}, author = {Doorbar, J.} } @article {1156, title = {The papillomavirus life cycle}, journal = {J. Clin. Virol}, volume = {32 Suppl 1}, year = {2005}, pages = {S7-15}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {AMPLIFICATION cancer Capsid CAPSID PROTEIN CAPSID PROTEINS Cell Proliferation CELLS DIFFERENTIATION DNA Environment Epithelial Cells EPITHELIAL-CELLS EXPRESSION GENE Gene Expression Regulation, Viral genetics GENOME genome, viral growth \& development HOST human humans INFECTION INFECTIONS infectious London Neoplasms Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections PRODUCT PRODUCTS PROLIFERATION PROTEIN PROTEINS Rabbits REPLICATION Research SITES Support SURFACE Vira}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15753007}, author = {Doorbar, J.} } @article {12007, title = {Paradoxical helminthiasis and giardiasis in Cape Town, South Africa: epidemiology and control}, journal = {African Health Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, note = {Adams, Vera J
Markus, Miles B
Adams, Joanita F A
Jordaan, Esme
Curtis, Bronwyn
Dhansay, Muhammad A
Obihara, Charlie C
Fincham, John E
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Uganda
2005/07/12 09:00
Afr Health Sci. 2005 Jun;5(2):131-6.}, month = {Jun}, pages = {131-6}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: South Africa has endorsed a World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution calling for control of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). In Cape Town, services and housing that exist in old-established suburbs should minimise the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections, even when residents are poor. Where families live in shacks in densely-populated areas without effective sanitation, more than 90\% of children can be infected by STHs. The humoral immune response to worms theoretically favours infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV. OBJECTIVES: Obtain estimates of gender-, age-, school-related and overall prevalence of helminthiasis and giardiasis in a low-income but well-serviced community. Assess possible sources of infection. Alert health services to the need for control measures and the threat from protozoal pathogens. Warn that the immune response to intestinal parasites may favour tuberculosis (TB) and HIV/AIDS. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of helminthiasis and giardiasis was carried out in a large, non-selective sample of children attending nine schools. Gender, school and age effects were related to non-medical preventive services, sewage disposal practices and possible sources of infection. RESULTS: The overall STH infestation rate was 55.8\%. Prevalence was influenced by school and age but not by gender. Eggs and cysts were seen at the following prevalences: Ascaris 24.8\%; Trichuris 50.6\%; Hymenolepis nana 2.2\%; Enterobius 0.6\%; Giardia 17.3\%; hookworm 0.08\%; and Trichostrongylus 0.1\%. Approximately 60\% of sewage sludge is used in a form that will contain viable eggs and cysts. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence trends in this old community in Cape Town could indicate infection by swallowing eggs or cysts on food or in water, more than by exposure to polluted soil. Sewage sludge and effluent might be sources of infection. In adjacent, under-serviced, newer communities, promiscuous defaecation occurs. Probable vectors are discussed. The immune response to intestinal parasites might be a risk factor for HIV/AIDS and TB.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Giardiasis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Helminthiasis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Humans, Male, Poverty Areas, prevalence, Primary Prevention, Sex Factors, South Africa/epidemiology}, isbn = {1680-6905 (Print)
1680-6905 (Linking)}, author = {Adams, V. J. and Markus, M. B. and Adams, J. F. and Jordaan, E. and Curtis, B. and Dhansay, M. A. and Obihara, C. C. and Fincham, J. E.} } @article {16499, title = {Paradoxical helminthiasis and giardiasis in {Cape} {Town}, {South} {Africa}: epidemiology and control}, journal = {Afr Health Sci}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {131{\textendash}6}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: South Africa has endorsed a World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution calling for control of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). In Cape Town, services and housing that exist in old-established suburbs should minimise the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections, even when residents are poor. Where families live in shacks in densely-populated areas without effective sanitation, more than 90\% of children can be infected by STHs. The humoral immune response to worms theoretically favours infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV. OBJECTIVES: Obtain estimates of gender-, age-, school-related and overall prevalence of helminthiasis and giardiasis in a low-income but well-serviced community. Assess possible sources of infection. Alert health services to the need for control measures and the threat from protozoal pathogens. Warn that the immune response to intestinal parasites may favour tuberculosis (TB) and HIV/AIDS. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of helminthiasis and giardiasis was carried out in a large, non-selective sample of children attending nine schools. Gender, school and age effects were related to non-medical preventive services, sewage disposal practices and possible sources of infection. RESULTS: The overall STH infestation rate was 55.8\%. Prevalence was influenced by school and age but not by gender. Eggs and cysts were seen at the following prevalences: Ascaris 24.8\%; Trichuris 50.6\%; Hymenolepis nana 2.2\%; Enterobius 0.6\%; Giardia 17.3\%; hookworm 0.08\%; and Trichostrongylus 0.1\%. Approximately 60\% of sewage sludge is used in a form that will contain viable eggs and cysts. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence trends in this old community in Cape Town could indicate infection by swallowing eggs or cysts on food or in water, more than by exposure to polluted soil. Sewage sludge and effluent might be sources of infection. In adjacent, under-serviced, newer communities, promiscuous defaecation occurs. Probable vectors are discussed. The immune response to intestinal parasites might be a risk factor for HIV/AIDS and TB.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Giardiasis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Helminthiasis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Humans, Male, Poverty Areas, prevalence, Primary Prevention, Sex Factors, South Africa/epidemiology}, issn = {1680-6905 (Print) 1680-6905 (Linking)}, author = {Adams, V. J. and Markus, M. B. and Adams, J. F. and Jordaan, E. and Curtis, B. and Dhansay, M. A. and Obihara, C. C. and Fincham, J. E.} } @article {12797, title = {{Paragonimus skrjabini Chen, 1959 (Digenea: Paragonimidae) and related species in eastern Asia: a combined molecular and morphological approach to identification and taxonomy}}, journal = {Systematic Parasitology}, volume = {60}, year = {2005}, pages = {1{\textendash}21}, author = {Blair, D and Chang, Z and Chen, M and Cui, A and Wu, B and Agatsuma, T and Iwagami, M and Corlis, D and Fu, C and Zhan, X} } @article {12721, title = {{Parasitic zoonoses in Papua New Guinea}}, journal = {J Helminthol}, volume = {79}, year = {2005}, pages = {1{\textendash}14}, author = {Owen, IL} } @article {2024, title = {Parasitic zoonoses in Papua New Guinea}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, month = {2005/03/01}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, isbn = {0022-149X
1475-2697}, author = {Owen, I. L.} } @article {10673, title = {{Pathogen adaptation to seasonal forcing and climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London}}, journal = {Series B: Biological Sciences}, volume = {272}, year = {2005}, pages = {971{\textendash}977}, author = {Koelle, K and Pascual, M and Yunus, M} } @article {17336, title = {Pathogen survival during livestock manure storage and following land application}, journal = {Bioresource TechnologyBioresource Technology}, volume = {96}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {135-143}, keywords = {Land application, Livestock manures, Pathogens, Storage}, author = {Nicholson, Fiona A. and Groves, Simon J. and Chambers, Brian J.} } @article {7790, title = {Pathogen survival during livestock manure storage and following land application}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {96}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, month = {1}, pages = {135-143}, abstract = {

This paper reports the first year results of field experiments to determine the survival times of pathogens in livestock manures during storage and following land application, using viable count methods. E. coli O157, Salmonella and Campylobacter survived in stored slurries and dirty water for up to three months, with Listeria surviving for up to three months. In contrast, all these pathogens survived for less than one month in solid manure heaps where temperatures greater than 55 \°C were obtained. Following manure spreading to land, E. coli O157, Salmonella and Campylobacter generally survived in the soil for up to one month after application to both the sandy arable and clay loam grassland soils, whereas Listeria commonly survived for more than one month. These data are being used to develop guidelines on the management of manures to minimise the risks of pathogen transfer from animal manures to the human food chain.

}, keywords = {Land application, Livestock manures, Pathogens, Storage}, isbn = {0960-8524}, author = {Nicholson,Fiona A. and Groves,Simon J. and Chambers,Brian J.} } @article {1841, title = {Pathogenic viruses in drinking-water biofilms: a public health risk?}, journal = {Biofilms}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {105-117}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Biofilms in drinking-water distribution systems may accumulate human pathogenic viruses. Viruses that attach to biofilm are removed from the water phase improving the water quality. However, if released in slough, it may still present a risk of infection. This review describes the available data on the presence of pathogenic viruses in drinking-water biofilms. First, biofilms of distribution systems potentially contribute to viral contamination of tap water only if infectious viruses are present initially in the water, which has been shown in several recent studies. However, only one out of three field studies showed the presence of infectious enteroviruses in natural biofilms from drinking-water networks. The presence of pathogenic viruses in biofilms points to the ability of these viruses to attach to biofilms. This has also been shown in pilot-scale studies in which bacteriophages and vaccine poliovirus strains were spiked into water and could be eluted from artificial biofilms. Reported attachment rates vary greatly and may depend on many factors such as the biofilm characteristics, the virus strain and the efficiency of viral recovery from biofilms. One study reported biphasic viral inactivation in biofilms with rapid initial inactivation followed by slow inactivation, implying that some of the attached viruses are able to remain infectious for a longer time. In several laboratory experiments, virus attachment to biofilms has been reported under various conditions; however, although detachment of sloughs in distribution systems has been observed, the presence of viruses in these sloughs was not studied. Here, we discuss the possible presence of infectious pathogenic viruses in sloughs; the extent to which these will pose a health risk remains to be investigated.}, author = {Skraber, S. and Schijven, J. F. and Gantzer, C. and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {7786, title = {PCR identification of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni by partial sequencing of virulence genes}, journal = {Molecular and Cellular Probes}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, note = {Jun; PCR identification of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni by partial sequencing of virulence genes; ISI:000228515500006; M3: 10.1016/j.mcp.2004.11.005; ID: 776}, pages = {187-193}, abstract = {

The objective of this study was to utilize a multiplex PCR assay for concurrent detection of Campylobacter spp. and C. coli or C. jejuni, using probes derived from genes cadF and ceuE and an undefined virulence gene. A total of 97 Campylobacter strains, isolated from turkey litter (n = 74). chicken livers (n = 15) and clinical (n = 8) samples, were speciated using the PCR-based assay. PCR amplification of the isolates identified a 400-bp cadF gene, conserved in Campylobacter species, an 894-bp ceuE gene, specific for C. coli, and a 160-bp oxidoreductase gene. specific for C. jejuni. The similar to 35 kDa cadF adhesion proteins allow Campylobacter to bind to the intestinal epithelial cells and the 37 kDa ceuE lipoproteins are involved in siderophore transport. Sequencing of the 160-bp undefined gene yielded a 67\% protein identical match with a gene encoding an oxidoreductase subunit in C. jejuni. The specificity of the assay was validated on 36 non-Campylobacter strains (I I Gram-positive and 25 Gram-negative bacteria). The PCR assay identified 59\% of turkey and 47\% of chicken isolates as C. jejuni, and 41\% of turkey and 53\% of chicken isolates as C. coli. All human isolates were identified as C. jejuni. The specificity of this assay to detect C. coli or C. jejuni was 97\%.

}, isbn = {0890-8508}, author = {Nayak,R. and Stewart,T. M. and Nawaz,M. S.} } @mastersthesis {7222, title = {Pennsylvania community watershed organizations: {Form} and function}, year = {2005}, note = {3204876}, school = {The Pennsylvania State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Community watershed organizations (CWOs) in the United States are increasing in number. However, relatively little is known about CWO form and function. The National Watershed Forum identified CWOs as important for healthy watersheds; questions remain as to whether they can be effective change agents in the way communities relate to their watersheds. This research focused on Pennsylvania CWOs, which are voluntary, non-profit, non-governmental organizations, with or without paid staff, which work in a watershed at least partially in Pennsylvania with water related issues. This work explored relationships between resources mobilized and eight effectiveness indicators utilizing a mixed-methods research approach to collect data. Differences in resources mobilized and effectiveness indicators were explored in CWOs with and without paid staff and Internal Revenue Service{\textquoteright}s (IRS) 501 (c)(3) charitable tax status. Multiple contacts to all potential Pennsylvania CWOs yielded a useable response of 34 percent or 172 organizations. Results from eight ordinary least squares regression models of organizational effectiveness indicate CWOs should mobilize active members, core members, standing committees, board member hours, total organizational hours, government resources, external technical resources, part-time paid staff, and a variety of community partners. Significant differences existed between CWOs with paid staff and CWOs without for several resources mobilized and effectiveness indicators. Few significant differences existed for CWOs with an IRS 501 (c)(3) tax designation and those without the designation. Effectiveness indicators were not among the significant differences when it comes to charitable tax status.}, keywords = {0478:Forestry, 0700:Social structure, 0768:Environmental science, Biological sciences, Community watershed organizations, Environmental science, Forestry, Health and environmental sciences, Organizational effectiveness, Pennsylvania, Social sciences, Social structure, Watershed management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305421336?accountid=14270}, author = {Lee, Brian Denis} } @article {5282, title = {Performance of very shallow ponds treating effluents from UASB reactors}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, year = {2005}, pages = {83-90}, author = {von Sperling, M and Mascarenhas, LCAM} } @article {7354, title = {Persistence and {Differential} {Survival} of {Fecal} {Indicator} {Bacteria} in {Subtropical} {Waters} and {Sediments}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, month = {jun}, pages = {3041{\textendash}3048}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.6.3041-3048.2005}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.71.6.3041-3048.2005}, author = {Anderson, K. L. and Whitlock, J. E. and Harwood, V. J.} } @article {10054, title = {{Persistence and differential survival of fecal indicator bacteria in subtropical waters and sediments}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {3041{\textendash}3048}, author = {Anderson, KL and Whitlock, JE and Harwood, VJ} } @article {17183, title = {Persistence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in surface soil following application of liquid hog manure for production of pickling cucumbers}, journal = {J Food ProtJ Food Prot}, volume = {68}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, month = {May}, pages = {900-5}, keywords = {*Food Microbiology, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Cucumis sativus/*microbiology, Escherichia coli/*growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Food Contamination/analysis, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Manure/*microbiology, Rain, Salmonella/*growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Soil Microbiology, Temperature, Time Factors}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print)
0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Cote, C. and Quessy, S.} } @article {7258, title = {A pilot randomized, controlled trial of an in-home drinking water intervention among {HIV}+ persons}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {173{\textendash}184}, url = {http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/003/jwh0030173.htm}, author = {Colford, J. and Saha, S. and Wright, C. and Hubbard, A. and Eisenberg, J. and Wade, T. and Vu, M. and Charles, S. and Jensen, P. and Levy, D.} } @article {7433, title = {A pilot randomized, controlled trial of an in-home drinking water intervention among {HIV}+ persons}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {173{\textendash}184}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/3/2/173.abstract}, author = {Colford, John M. and Saha, Sona R. and Wright, Catherine C. and Hubbard, Alan and Eisenberg, Joseph NS and Wade, Timothy J. and Vu, Mai and Charles, Sandra and Jensen, Peter and Levy, Deborah A.} } @mastersthesis {6927, title = {{PIV} measurements of flow structure and turbulence in a rotor wake within a multi-stage turbomachine}, year = {2005}, note = {3172572}, school = {The Johns Hopkins University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Complex multi-stage turbomachines cause optical obstructions to PIV measurements. This problem is overcome by constructing a refractive-index-matched facility, composed of acrylic blade rows and a sodium iodide water solution as the working fluid. Flows generated by two blade geometries are investigated. Results obtained using the first geometry provide an overview of the flow complexity in a multi-stage turbomachine. For example, as an upstream wake is chopped by a rotor blade, the segments are advected at different velocity on the suction and pressure sides of the blade. The resulting phase shift persists downstream of the blade and shears the rotor wake, causing striking flow phenomena such as wake kinking and generation of turbulent "hot spots". Using the second geometry, where a rotor is operating behind a row of inlet guide vanes, the flow non-uniformities and turbulence of rotor near wake are studied in detail. Planar transformation of local coordinates that maximizes the local mean shear strain shows that except for the hot spot region the rotor wake consists of two parallel layers experiencing planar shear strain. One-dimensional spectral analysis and production-dissipation budget reveal that the turbulence near the trailing edge is anisotropic and highly dissipative. The turbulence becomes more isotropic with decreasing dissipation away from the trailing edge until reaching the hot spot region, where it becomes anisotropic again. The rotor near-wake data are also used for examining elements of the ensemble averaged and spatially filtered kinetic energy. These two averaging processes decompose the kinetic energy into four parts. Their evolution equations contain five energy flux terms among them. The results elucidate the fundamental difference between the filtered Reynolds production and the ensemble averaged subgrid scale (SGS) dissipation rates. They also highlight the key role played by the subgrid part of the mean-flow kinetic energy in highly non-uniform flow regions. A new method for determining the scaling parameters of rotor wake is introduced. The kinetic energy parts of mean flow scale with the modified velocity defect squared, whereas the parts of turbulence scale with other parameters with slower-decay rates.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Flow structure, Mechanical engineering, Particle image velocimetry, Rotor wake, Turbomachine, Turbulence}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304990445?accountid=14270}, author = {Chow, Yi-Chih} } @article {6786, title = {Population-based laboratory surveillance for {Giardia} sp. and {Cryptosporidium} sp. infections in a large {Canadian} health region}, journal = {BMC infectious diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {72}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/5/72/}, author = {Laupland, Kevin B. and Church, Deirdre L.} } @article {17430, title = {Potential regrowth and recolonization of salmonellae and indicators in biosolids and biosolid-amended soil}, journal = {Appl Environ MicrobiolAppl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, month = {Jul}, pages = {3701-8}, keywords = {*Soil Microbiology, Animals, Ascaris/*growth \& development, Enterobacteriaceae/*growth \& development, Enterovirus/*growth \& development, Environmental monitoring, Feces/microbiology, Rain, Salmonella/*growth \& development, Soil/analysis/parasitology, Temperature, Time Factors, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Zaleski, K. J. and Josephson, K. L. and Gerba, C. P. and Pepper, I. L.} } @article {17512, title = {{Potential Regrowth and Recolonization of Salmonellae and Indicators in Biosolids and Biosolid-Amended Soil {\textendash} Zaleski et al. 71 (7): 3701 {\textendash} Applied and Environmental Microbiology}}, volume = {71}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {3701{\textendash}3708}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.7.3701}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/71/7/3701}, author = {Zaleski, Kathleen J and Josephson, Karen L and Gerba, Charles P and Pepper, Ian L} } @article {11985, title = {Potential regrowth and recolonization of salmonellae and indicators in biosolids and biosolid-amended soil}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {3701-3708}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Zaleski, Kathleen J and Josephson, Karen L and Gerba, Charles P and Pepper, Ian L} } @article {10232, title = {{Potential Regrowth and Recolonization of Salmonellae and Indicators in Biosolids and Biosolid-Amended Soil}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {3701{\textendash}3708}, author = {Zaleski, KJ and Josephson, KL and C P Gerba and I L Pepper} } @article {10182, title = {{Potential use of a host associated molecular marker in Enterococcus faecium as an index of human fecal pollution}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {39}, year = {2005}, pages = {283{\textendash}287}, author = {Scott, TM and Jenkins, TM and Lukasik, J and J B Rose} } @article {10183, title = {{Potential use of a host associated molecular marker in Enterococcus faecium as an index of human fecal pollution}}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {283{\textendash}287}, author = {Scott, TM and Jenkins, TM and Lukasik, J and J B Rose} } @article {1704, title = {Predicted inactivation of viruses of relevance to biodefense by solar radiation}, journal = {J Virol}, volume = {79}, number = {22}, year = {2005}, note = {Lytle, C David Sagripanti, Jose-Luis eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2005/10/29 09:00 J Virol. 2005 Nov;79(22):14244-52.}, pages = {14244-52}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {UV radiation from the sun is the primary germicide in the environment. The goal of this study was to estimate inactivation of viruses by solar exposure. We reviewed published reports on 254-nm UV inactivation and tabulated the sensitivities of a wide variety of viruses, including those with double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or single-stranded RNA genomes. We calculated D(37) values (fluence producing on average one lethal hit per virion and reducing viable virus to 37\%) from all available data. We defined "size-normalized sensitivity" (SnS) by multiplying UV(254) sensitivities (D(37) values) by the genome size, and SnS values were relatively constant for viruses with similar genetic composition. In addition, SnS values were similar for complete virions and their defective particles, even when the corresponding D(37) values were significantly different. We used SnS to estimate the UV(254) sensitivities of viruses for which the genome composition and size were known but no UV inactivation data were available, including smallpox virus, Ebola, Marburg, Crimean-Congo, Junin, and other hemorrhagic viruses, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis and other encephalitis viruses. We compiled available data on virus inactivation as a function of wavelength and calculated a composite action spectrum that allowed extrapolation from the 254-nm data to solar UV. We combined our estimates of virus sensitivity with solar measurements at different geographical locations to predict virus inactivation. Our predictions agreed with the available experimental data. This work should be a useful step to understanding and eventually predicting the survival of viruses after their release in the environment.}, keywords = {Cosmic Radiation DNA Viruses/classification/*radiation effects Genome, Double-Stranded/radiation effects RNA, Viral Geography RNA Viruses/classification/*radiation effects RNA, Viral/radiation effects Solar Activity *Sunlight Ultraviolet Rays United States}, issn = {0022-538X (Print) 0022-538X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.79.22.14244-14252.2005}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16254359}, author = {Lytle, C. D. and Sagripanti, J. L.} } @article {16282, title = {Presence of noroviruses and other enteric viruses in sewage and surface waters in The Netherlands}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {Mar}, pages = {1453-1461}, keywords = {bathing areas, cell-culture, DRINKING-WATER, enteroviruses, Gastroenteritis, molecular-detection, norwalk-like viruses, OUTBREAK, reverse transcription-pcr, round-structured viruses}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Lodder, W. J. and Husman, A. M. D.} } @article {7070, title = {Presence of {Noroviruses} and {Other} {Enteric} {Viruses} in {Sewage} and {Surface} {Waters} in {The} {Netherlands}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {1453{\textendash}1461}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.3.1453-1461.2005}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.71.3.1453-1461.2005}, author = {Lodder, W. J. and A M De Roda Husman} } @inbook {17134, title = {Presence of noroviruses and other enteric viruses in sewage and surface waters in The Netherlands}, booktitle = {Applied and Environmental microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {1453{\textendash}1461}, author = {Lodder, Willemijn J and de Roda Husman, Ana Maria} } @article {17433, title = {Presence of Noroviruses and Other Enteric Viruses in Sewage and Surface Waters in The Netherlands Presence of Noroviruses and Other Enteric Viruses in Sewage and Surface Waters in The Netherlands}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, pages = {1453-1461}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.3.1453}, author = {Lodder, W. J. and de Roda Husman, A. M.} } @article {4284, title = {{Presence of noroviruses and other enteric viruses in sewage and surface waters in The Netherlands.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {1453{\textendash}61}, abstract = {

Since virus concentrations in drinking waters are generally below the detection limit, the infectious risk from drinking water consumption requires assessment from the virus concentrations in source waters and removal efficiency of treatment processes. In this study, we estimated from reverse transcription-PCR on 10-fold serially diluted RNA that noroviruses, the most prevalent waterborne gastroenteritis agents, were present at 4 (0.2 to 38) to 4,900 (303 to 4.6 x 10(4)) PCR-detectable units (PDU) per liter of river water (ranges are given in parentheses). These virus concentrations are still high compared with 896 to 7,499 PDU/liter of treated sewage and 5,111 to 850,000 PDU/liter in raw sewage. Sequencing analyses designated human norovirus GGII.4 Lordsdale as the most prevalent strain in the sampling period 1998 to 1999 in both sewage and surface waters. Other GGII strains were also very abundant, indicating that the majority of the virus contamination was derived from urban sewage, although very divergent strains and one animal strain were also detected in the surface and sewage waters. Rotaviruses were also detected in two large rivers (the Maas and the Waal) at 57 to 5,386 PDU/liter. The high virus concentrations determined by PCR may in part be explained by the detection of virus RNA instead of infectious particles. Indeed, reoviruses and enteroviruses that can be cultured were present at much lower levels, of 0.3 to 1 and 2 to 10 PFU/liter, respectively. Assuming 1{\%} of the noroviruses and rotaviruses to be infectious, a much higher disease burden than for other viruses can be expected, not only because of the higher levels but also because of these viruses\&$\#$39; higher infectivity and attack rates.

}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Caliciviridae Infections, Caliciviridae Infections: epidemiology, Caliciviridae Infections: virology, DNA, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: virology, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Gastroenteritis: virology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Netherlands, Netherlands: epidemiology, Norovirus, Norovirus: classification, Norovirus: genetics, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Norovirus: pathogenicity, Nucleic Acid, Phylogeny, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, rotavirus, Rotavirus: genetics, Rotavirus: isolation {\&} purification, Rotavirus: pathogenicity, Sequence Homology, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Viral, Viral: analysis, Viral: genetics, Water Supply}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.3.1453-1461.2005}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1065170{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Lodder, W J and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {11736, title = {{Pr{\'e}valence de l{\textasciiacute}nfestation par Diphyllobothrium latum, L., 1758 chez les perches (Perca fluviatilis) du Lac L{\'e}man}}, journal = {Parasite}, volume = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {362{\textendash}364}, author = {Nicolaud, J and Yera, H and Dupouy-Camet, J} } @article {7904, title = {Prevalence, enumeration and strain variation of Arcobacter species in the faeces of healthy cattle in Belgium}, journal = {Veterinary Microbiology}, volume = {105}, year = {2005}, pages = {149{\textendash}154}, author = {Van Driessche, Ellen and Houf, Kurt and Vangroenweghe, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and De Zutter, Lieven and van Hoof, Jan} } @book {7775, title = {Prevalence of Campylobacter in the Food and Water Supply: Incidence, Outbreaks, Isolation and Detection}, volume = {103}, year = {2005}, note = {Prevalence of Campylobacter in the Food and Water Supply: Incidence, Outbreaks, Isolation and Detection; ID: 777}, publisher = {Horizon Bioscience}, organization = {Horizon Bioscience}, address = {Norfolk, UK}, author = {Miller,W. G. and Mandrell,R. E.}, editor = {Konkel,M. E.} } @article {6695, title = {Prevalence of diarrhoea in the community in {Australia}, {Canada}, {Ireland}, and the {United} {States}}, journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {454{\textendash}460}, issn = {0300-5771, 1464-3685}, doi = {10.1093/ije/dyh413}, url = {http://www.ije.oupjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/ije/dyh413}, author = {Scallan, E.} } @article {16549, title = {Prevalence of helminth eggs on raw vegetables used for salads.}, journal = {Food Control}, volume = {16}, year = {2005}, pages = {239{\textendash}242}, author = {Kozan, E. and Gonenc, B. and Sarimehmetoglu, O. and Aycicek, H.} } @article {12057, title = {Prevalence of helminth eggs on raw vegetables used for salads. }, journal = {Food Control}, volume = {16}, year = {2005}, pages = {239-242}, author = {Kozan, E. and Gonenc, B. and Sarimehmetoglu, O. and Aycicek, H.} } @article {11862, title = {{Prevalence of Sparganosis mansoni in Yunnan province, China}}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Medicine}, volume = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {207{\textendash}208}, author = {Zhou, B J and Wang, W L and Lei, L} } @article {5038, title = {Prevalence of vaccine-derived polioviruses in sewage and river water in South Africa}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {14}, year = {2005}, pages = {3309-3319}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.05.027}, url = {://WOS:000231740900018}, author = {Pavlov, D. N. and Van Zyl, W. B. and Van Heerden, J. and W. O.K. Grabow and Ehlers, M. M.} } @article {14197, title = {Prevalence, risk factors, {O} serogroups, and virulence profiles of {Shiga} toxin-producing bacteria from cattle production environments.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {68}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, month = {aug}, pages = {1556{\textendash}65}, abstract = {Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing bacteria are important human pathogens that have been linked with cattle and associated food products. We recovered Stx-producing bacteria from 27.5\% of cattle, 6.8\% of water, and 2.3\% of wildlife samples from a cattle production area during an 11-month period. Positive samples were found during every month and on 98\% of sampling days. We recovered isolates from all cattle operations sampled, and prevalence within operations ranged from approximately 5 to 33\%. Cattle prevalence was associated with the presence of Stx-producing bacteria in water and the production group and environment of cattle, with an interaction between production group and environment. Odds of recovering isolates from cattle were highest for groups of adult cows and their unweaned calves in pasture environments. Overall, 49 O serogroups were identified from 527 isolates. Seventy of the isolates contained virulence genes that encoded intimin and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli hemolysin. These were serogroups O111, O157, O109, O103, O145, O172, O84, O26, O108, O117, O126, O159, O5, O69, O74, O98, and O-rough. Our results suggest that the prevalence of Stx-producing bacteria can be relatively high in cattle, and associated factors may not be entirely similar to those reported for serotype O157:H7. Although Stx-producing bacteria were frequently detected, the strains may not be equally pathogenic for humans given the wide variety of serogroups and virulence genes. However, focusing on O157:H7 in food safety and surveillance programs may allow other Stx-producing bacteria, which appear to be widespread in cattle, to go undetected.}, keywords = {Animals, Carrier State, Carrier State: veterinary, Cattle, Cattle: microbiology, Environmental Microbiology, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Contamination: prevention \& control, Food Microbiology, Humans, Manure, Manure: microbiology, prevalence, Public health, Risk Factors, Serotyping, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: biosynthesis, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: metabolism, Virulence, Water Microbiology, Wild, Wild: microbiology}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21132960}, author = {Renter, David G and Morris, J Glenn and Sargeant, Jan M and Hungerford, Laura L and Berezowski, John and Ngo, Thao and Williams, Karen and Acheson, David W K} } @article {2387, title = {{Prevalence, risk factors, O serogroups, and virulence profiles of Shiga toxin-producing bacteria from cattle production environments.}}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {68}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, month = {aug}, pages = {1556{\textendash}65}, abstract = {Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing bacteria are important human pathogens that have been linked with cattle and associated food products. We recovered Stx-producing bacteria from 27.5\% of cattle, 6.8\% of water, and 2.3\% of wildlife samples from a cattle production area during an 11-month period. Positive samples were found during every month and on 98\% of sampling days. We recovered isolates from all cattle operations sampled, and prevalence within operations ranged from approximately 5 to 33\%. Cattle prevalence was associated with the presence of Stx-producing bacteria in water and the production group and environment of cattle, with an interaction between production group and environment. Odds of recovering isolates from cattle were highest for groups of adult cows and their unweaned calves in pasture environments. Overall, 49 O serogroups were identified from 527 isolates. Seventy of the isolates contained virulence genes that encoded intimin and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli hemolysin. These were serogroups O111, O157, O109, O103, O145, O172, O84, O26, O108, O117, O126, O159, O5, O69, O74, O98, and O-rough. Our results suggest that the prevalence of Stx-producing bacteria can be relatively high in cattle, and associated factors may not be entirely similar to those reported for serotype O157:H7. Although Stx-producing bacteria were frequently detected, the strains may not be equally pathogenic for humans given the wide variety of serogroups and virulence genes. However, focusing on O157:H7 in food safety and surveillance programs may allow other Stx-producing bacteria, which appear to be widespread in cattle, to go undetected.}, keywords = {Animals, Carrier State, Carrier State: veterinary, Cattle, Cattle: microbiology, Environmental Microbiology, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Contamination: prevention \& control, Food Microbiology, Humans, Manure, Manure: microbiology, prevalence, Public health, Risk Factors, Serotyping, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: biosynthesis, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation \& puri, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: metabolism, Virulence, Water Microbiology, Wild, Wild: microbiology}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21132960}, author = {Renter, David G and Morris, J Glenn and Sargeant, Jan M and Hungerford, Laura L and Berezowski, John and Ngo, Thao and Williams, Karen and Acheson, David W K} } @article {8120, title = {{Prevalence, risk factors, O serogroups, and virulence profiles of Shiga toxin-producing bacteria from cattle production environments.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {68}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, month = {aug}, pages = {1556{\textendash}65}, abstract = {

Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing bacteria are important human pathogens that have been linked with cattle and associated food products. We recovered Stx-producing bacteria from 27.5{\%} of cattle, 6.8{\%} of water, and 2.3{\%} of wildlife samples from a cattle production area during an 11-month period. Positive samples were found during every month and on 98{\%} of sampling days. We recovered isolates from all cattle operations sampled, and prevalence within operations ranged from approximately 5 to 33{\%}. Cattle prevalence was associated with the presence of Stx-producing bacteria in water and the production group and environment of cattle, with an interaction between production group and environment. Odds of recovering isolates from cattle were highest for groups of adult cows and their unweaned calves in pasture environments. Overall, 49 O serogroups were identified from 527 isolates. Seventy of the isolates contained virulence genes that encoded intimin and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli hemolysin. These were serogroups O111, O157, O109, O103, O145, O172, O84, O26, O108, O117, O126, O159, O5, O69, O74, O98, and O-rough. Our results suggest that the prevalence of Stx-producing bacteria can be relatively high in cattle, and associated factors may not be entirely similar to those reported for serotype O157:H7. Although Stx-producing bacteria were frequently detected, the strains may not be equally pathogenic for humans given the wide variety of serogroups and virulence genes. However, focusing on O157:H7 in food safety and surveillance programs may allow other Stx-producing bacteria, which appear to be widespread in cattle, to go undetected.

}, keywords = {Animals, Carrier State, Carrier State: veterinary, Cattle, Cattle: microbiology, Environmental Microbiology, Food Contamination, Food Contamination: analysis, Food Contamination: prevention {\&} control, Food Microbiology, Humans, Manure, Manure: microbiology, prevalence, Public health, Risk Factors, Serotyping, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: biosynthesis, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} puri, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: metabolism, Virulence, Water Microbiology, Wild, Wild: microbiology}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21132960}, author = {Renter, David G and Morris, J Glenn and Sargeant, Jan M and Hungerford, Laura L and Berezowski, John and Ngo, Thao and Williams, Karen and Acheson, David W K} } @inbook {11383, title = {Prevention}, booktitle = {WHO/FAO/OIE Guidelines for the surveillance, prevention and control of taeniasis and cysticercosis}, year = {2005}, publisher = {OIE}, organization = {OIE}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Paris}, author = {Kyvsgaard, N.C. and Murrell, K.D}, editor = {Murrell, K. D.} } @article {6782, title = {Private-sector participation in the water and sanitation sector}, journal = {Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour.}, volume = {30}, year = {2005}, pages = {145{\textendash}183}, url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144635}, author = {Davis, Jennifer} } @article {14633, title = {Processes for managing pathogens}, journal = {J Environ Qual}, volume = {34}, year = {2005}, month = {feb}, pages = {105{\textendash}13}, abstract = {Wastewater contains human, animal, and plant pathogens capable of causing viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections. There are several routes whereby sewage pathogens may affect human health, including direct contact, contamination of food crops, zoonoses, and vectors. The range and numbers of pathogens in municipal wastewater vary with the level of endemic disease in the community, discharges from commercial activities, and seasonal factors. Regulations to control pathogen risk in the United States and Europe arising from land application of biosolids are based on the concept of multiple barriers to the prevention of transmission. The barriers are (i) treatment to reduce pathogen content and vector attraction, (ii) restrictions on crops grown on land to which biosolids have been applied, and (iii) minimum intervals following application and grazing or harvesting. Wastewater treatment reduces number of pathogens in the wastewater by concentrating them with the solids in the sludge. Although some treatment processes are designed specifically to inactivate pathogens, many are not, and the actual mechanisms of microbial inactivation are not fully understood for all processes. Vector attraction is reduced by stabilization (reduction of readily biodegradable material) and/or incorporation immediately following application. Concerns about health risks have renewed interest in the effects of treatment (on pathogens) and advanced treatment methods, and work performed in the United States suggests that Class A pathogen reduction can be achieved less expensively than previously thought. Effective pathogen risk management requires control to the complete chain of sludge treatment, biosolids handling and application, and post-application activities. This may be achieved by adherence to quality management systems based on hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) principles.}, keywords = {Agriculture, Animals, Bacteria/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, biodegradation, environment, Environmental, Environmental Pollution/prevention \& control, Fluid/*methods, Humans, Sewage/*microbiology, Viruses/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Zoonoses}, issn = {0047-2425 (Print) 0047-2425 (Linking)}, author = {Godfree, A. and Farrell, J.} } @article {14961, title = {Processes for managing pathogens}, journal = {J Environ Qual}, volume = {34}, year = {2005}, month = {feb}, pages = {105{\textendash}13}, abstract = {Wastewater contains human, animal, and plant pathogens capable of causing viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections. There are several routes whereby sewage pathogens may affect human health, including direct contact, contamination of food crops, zoonoses, and vectors. The range and numbers of pathogens in municipal wastewater vary with the level of endemic disease in the community, discharges from commercial activities, and seasonal factors. Regulations to control pathogen risk in the United States and Europe arising from land application of biosolids are based on the concept of multiple barriers to the prevention of transmission. The barriers are (i) treatment to reduce pathogen content and vector attraction, (ii) restrictions on crops grown on land to which biosolids have been applied, and (iii) minimum intervals following application and grazing or harvesting. Wastewater treatment reduces number of pathogens in the wastewater by concentrating them with the solids in the sludge. Although some treatment processes are designed specifically to inactivate pathogens, many are not, and the actual mechanisms of microbial inactivation are not fully understood for all processes. Vector attraction is reduced by stabilization (reduction of readily biodegradable material) and/or incorporation immediately following application. Concerns about health risks have renewed interest in the effects of treatment (on pathogens) and advanced treatment methods, and work performed in the United States suggests that Class A pathogen reduction can be achieved less expensively than previously thought. Effective pathogen risk management requires control to the complete chain of sludge treatment, biosolids handling and application, and post-application activities. This may be achieved by adherence to quality management systems based on hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) principles.}, keywords = {Agriculture, Animals, Bacteria/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, biodegradation, environment, Environmental, Environmental Pollution/prevention \& control, Fluid/*methods, Humans, Sewage/*microbiology, Viruses/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Zoonoses}, issn = {0047-2425 (Print) 0047-2425 (Linking)}, author = {Godfree, A. and Farrell, J.} } @article {9264, title = {{Processes for managing pathogens}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {105{\textendash}113}, author = {Godfree, A and Farrell, J} } @article {1586, title = {Processes for managing pathogens}, journal = {J Environ Qual}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, note = {Godfree, Alan Farrell, Joseph eng Review 2005/01/14 09:00 J Environ Qual. 2005 Jan-Feb;34(1):105-13.}, pages = {105-13}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Wastewater contains human, animal, and plant pathogens capable of causing viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections. There are several routes whereby sewage pathogens may affect human health, including direct contact, contamination of food crops, zoonoses, and vectors. The range and numbers of pathogens in municipal wastewater vary with the level of endemic disease in the community, discharges from commercial activities, and seasonal factors. Regulations to control pathogen risk in the United States and Europe arising from land application of biosolids are based on the concept of multiple barriers to the prevention of transmission. The barriers are (i) treatment to reduce pathogen content and vector attraction, (ii) restrictions on crops grown on land to which biosolids have been applied, and (iii) minimum intervals following application and grazing or harvesting. Wastewater treatment reduces number of pathogens in the wastewater by concentrating them with the solids in the sludge. Although some treatment processes are designed specifically to inactivate pathogens, many are not, and the actual mechanisms of microbial inactivation are not fully understood for all processes. Vector attraction is reduced by stabilization (reduction of readily biodegradable material) and/or incorporation immediately following application. Concerns about health risks have renewed interest in the effects of treatment (on pathogens) and advanced treatment methods, and work performed in the United States suggests that Class A pathogen reduction can be achieved less expensively than previously thought. Effective pathogen risk management requires control to the complete chain of sludge treatment, biosolids handling and application, and post-application activities. This may be achieved by adherence to quality management systems based on hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) principles.}, keywords = {Agriculture Animals Bacteria/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity Biodegradation, Environmental Environment Environmental Pollution/prevention \& control Humans Sewage/*microbiology Viruses/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods Water Microbiology Zoonoses}, issn = {0047-2425 (Print) 0047-2425 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15647539}, author = {Godfree, A. and Farrell, J.} } @article {11947, title = {Progression of primary pneumonic plague: a mouse model of infection, pathology, and bacterial transcriptional activity}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {102}, number = {49}, year = {2005}, pages = {17786-91}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0027-8424 (Print) 0027-8424}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.0506840102}, author = {Lathem, W. W. and Crosby, S. D. and Miller, V. L. and Goldman, W. E.} } @article {6408, title = {Pro-poor strategies for urban water supply and sanitation services delivery in {Africa}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology: A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {51}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, pages = {51{\textendash}57}, abstract = {Water utilities in Africa find it increasingly difficult to provide adequate services to the needy areas: their core business operations are often stagnant, compounded by a dramatic rise in peri-urban and poor settlements. To address these challenges, the Water and Sanitation Program Africa has designed a work program to disseminate the best practice in pro-poor service development and to help utilities and municipal authorities to develop roadmaps to the MDGs for their service areas. Activities will primarily be directed at: (i) helping utilities and municipal authorities to include pro-poor objectives in their reform; and, (ii) working jointly with local partners, CBOs and NGOs, and SSPs to develop strategies and actions specifically targeting informal settlements. WSP-AF will focus on utilities that are engaged in reform or planning to do so. This program builds on support developed for Water Utility Partnership (WUP\#5). Key entry points for pro-poor strategies: (i) pro-poor tariffs and financing mechanisms for service improvement, (ii) institutional arrangements to improve services to the urban poor, (iii) pro-poor transaction design (including regulation and monitoring), (iv) advocacy and communications regarding the urban poor, and (v) consumer voice and civil society engagement.}, keywords = {Africa, Fluid, Poverty, Program Development, sanitation, Waste Disposal, Water Supply}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {Cross, P. and Morel, A.} } @article {16058, title = {Protection against Leptospira interrogans sensu lato challenge by DNA immunization with the gene encoding hemolysin-associated protein 1.}, journal = {Infect Immun.Infect Immun.}, volume = {73}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {4062-4069.}, author = {Branger, C. and Chatrenet, B. and Gauvrit, A. and Aviat, F. and Aubert, A. and Bach, J. M. and Andre-Fontaine, G.} } @article {7644, title = {Protozoan Acanthamoeba polyphaga as a potential reservoir for Campylobacter jejuni}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, note = {Feb; Protozoan Acanthamoeba polyphaga as a potential reservoir for Campylobacter jejuni; ISI:000227043400050; M3: 10.1128/aem.71.2.987-992.2005; ID: 774}, pages = {987-992}, abstract = {We showed by a laboratory experiment that four different Campylobacter jejuni strains are able to infect the protozoan Acanthamoeba polyphaga. C. jejuni cells survived for longer periods when cocultured with amoebae than when grown in culture alone. The infecting C. jejuni cells aggregated in amoebic vacuoles, in which they were seen to be actively moving. Furthermore, a resuscitation of bacterial cultures that were previously negative in culturability tests was observed after reinoculation into fresh amoeba cultures. After spontaneous rupture of the amoebae, C. jejuni could be detected by microscopy and culturability tests. Our results indicate that amoebae may serve as a nonvertebrate reservoir for C. jejuni in the environment.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Axelsson-Olsson,D. and Waldenstrom,J. and Broman,T. and Olsen,B. and Holmberg,M.} } @mastersthesis {6304, title = {Public acceptability of the preferences for hydrogen buses and refuelling infrastructure}, year = {2005}, note = {U205383}, school = {University of London, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis addresses questions of public acceptability and preferences with regards to the first stages in the diffusion of hydrogen-based transport in London. Initial diffusion consists of: 1) the demonstration of three hydrogen fuel cell buses on various routes around central London (from January 2004), and 2) the development of a hydrogen refuelling station for these buses, within the London area (currently underway). Two separate surveys were carried out, to investigate: 1) public acceptability of and willingness to pay for hydrogen fuel cell buses prior to their introduction, and 2) public acceptability of the hydrogen refuelling infrastructure, and demand for more information, and, in the case of respondents who are opposed to local hydrogen storage, 3) willingness to pay to support protest efforts against H2 refuelling facilities in their local area. Economic values were estimated using three benefit estimation methods: the contingent valuation method, choice experiments and the contingent behaviour technique. Contingent valuation and choice experiments are often used to value environmental amenities, such as clean air or water, whereas contingent behaviour has rarely been used in environmental economics; hence its use in this thesis is intended to be largely exploratory. Overall, results from the hydrogen fuel cells buses survey indicate a significant lack of public awareness about hydrogen vehicles and fuel cells. Upon providing survey respondents with information about hydrogen, support levels for hydrogen vehicles increase significantly and willingness to pay for the air and noise pollution reductions associated with the introduction of hydrogen buses in London is found to be positive in every case. Analysis of the willingness to pay data using standard ordinary least squares regression indicates that independent variables have a generally weak influence on stated values. However, quantile regression analysis reveals that variables that were not significant in the OLS regression become significant at certain quantiles, particularly at the tails of the distribution of willingness to pay (for all three payment vehicles).}, keywords = {0501:Economics, Bibliographies, DXN093809, economics, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301712631?accountid=14270}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Garra, T} } @article {7555, title = {{Quantification of enterococci and human adenoviruses in environmental samples by real-time PCR}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Pathogenic bacteria and enteric viruses can be introduced into the environment via human waste discharge. Methods for rapid detection and quantification of human viruses and fecal indicator bacteria in water are urgently needed to prevent human exposure to pathogens through drinking and recreational waters. Here we describe the development of two real-time PCR methods to detect and quantify human adenoviruses and enterococci in environmental waters. For real-time quantification of enterococci, a set of primers and a probe targeting the 23S rRNA gene were used. The standard curve generated using Enterococcus faecalis genomic DNA was linear over a 7-log-dilution series. Serial dilutions of E. faecalis suspensions resulted in a lower limit of defection (LLD) of 5 CFU/reaction. To develop real-time PCR for adenoviruses, degenerate primers and a Taqman probe targeting a 163-bp region of the adenovirus hexon gene were designed to specifically amplify 14 different serotypes of human adenoviruses, including enteric adenovirus serotype 40 and 41. The standard curve generated was linear over a 5-log-dilution series, and the LLD was 100 PFU/reaction using serial dilutions of purified adenoviral particles of serotype 40. Both methods were optimized to be applicable to environmental samples. The real-time PCR methods showed a greater sensitivity in detection of adenoviruses in sewage samples than the viral plaque assay and in detection of enterococci in coastal waters than the bacterial culture method. However, enterococcus real-time PCR overestimated the number of bacteria in chlorinated sewage in comparison with the bacterial culture method. Overall, the ability via real-time PCR to detect enterococci and adenoviruses rapidly and quantitatively in the various environmental samples represents a considerable advancement and a great potential for environmental applications. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.5.2250-2255.2005}, author = {He, J.-W. and Jiang, S.} } @article {8702, title = {{Quantification of enterococci and human adenoviruses in environmental samples by real-time PCR}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {2250{\textendash}2255}, abstract = {

Pathogenic bacteria and enteric viruses can be introduced into the environment via human waste discharge. Methods for rapid detection and quantification of human viruses and fecal indicator bacteria in water are urgently needed to prevent human exposure to pathogens through drinking and recreational waters. Here we describe the development of two real-time PCR methods to detect and quantify human adenoviruses and enterococci in environmental waters. For real-time quantification of enterococci, a set of primers and a probe targeting the 23S rRNA gene were used. The standard curve generated using Enterococcus faecalis genomic DNA was linear over a 7-log-dilution series. Serial dilutions of E. faecalis suspensions resulted in a lower limit of detection (LLD) of 5 CFU/reaction. To develop real-time PCR for adenoviruses, degenerate primers and a Taqman probe targeting a 163-bp region of the adenovirus hexon gene were designed to specifically amplify 14 different serotypes of human adenoviruses, including enteric adenovirus serotype 40 and 41. The standard curve generated was linear over a 5-log-dilution series, and the LLD was 100 PFU/reaction using serial dilutions of purified adenoviral particles of serotype 40. Both methods were optimized to be applicable to environmental samples. The real-time PCR methods showed a greater sensitivity in detection of adenoviruses in sewage samples than the viral plaque assay and in detection of enterococci in coastal waters than the bacterial culture method. However, enterococcus real-time PCR overestimated the number of bacteria in chlorinated sewage in comparison with the bacterial culture method. Overall, the ability via real-time PCR to detect enterococci and adenoviruses rapidly and quantitatively in the various environmental samples represents a considerable advancement and a great potential for environmental applications.

}, isbn = {0099-2240-0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.5.2250-2255.2005}, author = {Jian W He and Jiang, Sunny} } @article {3235, title = {{Quantification of enterococci and human adenoviruses in environmental samples by real-time PCR}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {2250{\textendash}2255}, abstract = {Pathogenic bacteria and enteric viruses can be introduced into the environment via human waste discharge. Methods for rapid detection and quantification of human viruses and fecal indicator bacteria in water are urgently needed to prevent human exposure to pathogens through drinking and recreational waters. Here we describe the development of two real-time PCR methods to detect and quantify human adenoviruses and enterococci in environmental waters. For real-time quantification of enterococci, a set of primers and a probe targeting the 23S rRNA gene were used. The standard curve generated using Enterococcus faecalis genomic DNA was linear over a 7-log-dilution series. Serial dilutions of E. faecalis suspensions resulted in a lower limit of detection (LLD) of 5 CFU/reaction. To develop real-time PCR for adenoviruses, degenerate primers and a Taqman probe targeting a 163-bp region of the adenovirus hexon gene were designed to specifically amplify 14 different serotypes of human adenoviruses, including enteric adenovirus serotype 40 and 41. The standard curve generated was linear over a 5-log-dilution series, and the LLD was 100 PFU/reaction using serial dilutions of purified adenoviral particles of serotype 40. Both methods were optimized to be applicable to environmental samples. The real-time PCR methods showed a greater sensitivity in detection of adenoviruses in sewage samples than the viral plaque assay and in detection of enterococci in coastal waters than the bacterial culture method. However, enterococcus real-time PCR overestimated the number of bacteria in chlorinated sewage in comparison with the bacterial culture method. Overall, the ability via real-time PCR to detect enterococci and adenoviruses rapidly and quantitatively in the various environmental samples represents a considerable advancement and a great potential for environmental applications.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)$\backslash$r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.5.2250-2255.2005}, author = {Jian W He and Jiang, Sunny} } @article {13755, title = {Quantification of enterococci and human adenoviruses in environmental samples by real-time {PCR}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Pathogenic bacteria and enteric viruses can be introduced into the environment via human waste discharge. Methods for rapid detection and quantification of human viruses and fecal indicator bacteria in water are urgently needed to prevent human exposure to pathogens through drinking and recreational waters. Here we describe the development of two real-time PCR methods to detect and quantify human adenoviruses and enterococci in environmental waters. For real-time quantification of enterococci, a set of primers and a probe targeting the 23S rRNA gene were used. The standard curve generated using Enterococcus faecalis genomic DNA was linear over a 7-log-dilution series. Serial dilutions of E. faecalis suspensions resulted in a lower limit of defection (LLD) of 5 CFU/reaction. To develop real-time PCR for adenoviruses, degenerate primers and a Taqman probe targeting a 163-bp region of the adenovirus hexon gene were designed to specifically amplify 14 different serotypes of human adenoviruses, including enteric adenovirus serotype 40 and 41. The standard curve generated was linear over a 5-log-dilution series, and the LLD was 100 PFU/reaction using serial dilutions of purified adenoviral particles of serotype 40. Both methods were optimized to be applicable to environmental samples. The real-time PCR methods showed a greater sensitivity in detection of adenoviruses in sewage samples than the viral plaque assay and in detection of enterococci in coastal waters than the bacterial culture method. However, enterococcus real-time PCR overestimated the number of bacteria in chlorinated sewage in comparison with the bacterial culture method. Overall, the ability via real-time PCR to detect enterococci and adenoviruses rapidly and quantitatively in the various environmental samples represents a considerable advancement and a great potential for environmental applications. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.5.2250-2255.2005}, author = {He, J.-W. and Jiang, S.} } @article {17098, title = {Quantification of enterococci and human adenoviruses in environmental samples by real-time PCR}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {2250{\textendash}2255}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {He, Jian-Wen and Jiang, Sunny} } @article {1086, title = {Quantitative detection of enteroviruses in activated sludge by cell culture and real-time {RT-PCR} using paramagnetic capturing}, year = {2005}, author = {Pusch, D and Ihle, S and Graeber, I and L{\'o}pez-Pila, J} } @booklet {4322, title = {{Queensland Water Recycling Guidelines.}}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Queensland Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Brisbane. Australia} } @article {10724, title = {{Randomized, controlled study of the safety and immunogenicity of Peru-15, a live attenuated oral vaccine candidate for cholera, in adult volunteers in Bangladesh}}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {192}, year = {2005}, pages = {573{\textendash}579}, author = {Qadri, F and Chowdhury, MI and Faruque, SM and A-Salam, M and Ahmed, T and Begum, YA and Saha, A and Alam, MS and Zaman, K and Seidlein, LV and Park, E and Killeen, KP and Mekalanos, JJ and J D Clemens and D A Sack and Group, the Peru-15 Study} } @article {7301, title = {A {Randomized}, {Controlled} {Trial} of {In}-{Home} {Drinking} {Water} {Intervention} to {Reduce} {Gastrointestinal} {Illness}}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {161}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {472{\textendash}482}, issn = {0002-9262, 1476-6256}, doi = {10.1093/aje/kwi067}, url = {http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/aje/kwi067}, author = {Colford, J. M. and Wade, T. J. and Sandhu, S. K. and Wright, C. C. and Lee, S. and Shaw, S. and Fox, K. and Burns, S. and Benker, A. and Brookhart, M. A. and van der Laan, M. and Levy, D. A.} } @article {5748, title = {{Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Hepatitis A Virus from Green Onion and Strawberry Rinses by Use of Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, pages = {5624{\textendash}5626}, author = {Shan, XC and Wolffs, P and Griffiths, MW} } @article {7634, title = {Rapid detection and differentiation of pathogenic Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by real-time PCR}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {156}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, note = {Jan-Feb; Rapid detection and differentiation of pathogenic Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by real-time PCR; ISI:000226425300014; ID: 348}, pages = {107-114}, isbn = {0923-2508}, author = {Abu-Halaweh,M. and Bates,J. and Patel,B. K. C.} } @article {1558, title = {Rapid detection of enteroviruses in small volumes of natural waters by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, note = {Fuhrman, Jed A Liang, Xiaolin Noble, Rachel T eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2005/08/09 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Aug;71(8):4523-30.}, pages = {4523-30}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {{Despite viral contamination of recreational waters, only bacterial, not viral, indicators are monitored routinely, due to a lack of rapid and cost-effective assays. We used negatively charged filters to capture enteroviruses from seawater and freshwater. Viral RNA was extracted using a commercial kit, and the viruses were quantified by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). Poliovirus (6.6 to 330,000 virus particles/ml) was added to samples from watersheds in Los Angeles, California, and analysis showed that with 50-ml samples, a cellulose acetate/nitrate (HA) filter yielded final recovery of 51\% (r2= 0.99) in fresh water and 23\% (r2= 0.90) in seawater. However, for additions of low levels of virus (more likely to represent field samples; <10(4) enterovirus particles/ml), the recovery was lower and more variable, with HA being best in freshwater (17\%}, keywords = {Cellulose/analogs \& derivatives Collodion Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Filtration/methods Fresh Water/*virology Glass Poliovirus/isolation \& purification RNA, Viral/analysis/isolation \& purification Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Seawater/*virology Time Factors Virology/methods}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.8.4523-4530.2005}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16085845}, author = {Fuhrman, J. A. and Liang, X. and Noble, R. T.} } @article {3648, title = {Rapid detection of infectious adenoviruses by \{\{\}{mRNA}\{\}\} real-time \{\{\}{RT}-{PCR}.\{\}\}}, journal = {Journal of virological methods}, volume = {127}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {148{\textendash}153}, abstract = {Adenoviruses are among the most persistent and ubiquitous viruses in water and wastewater, but some of them are difficult to detect due to non-cytopathogenicity and slow growth in cell cultures. A \{\{\}TaqMan\{\}\} real-time \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} method in conjunction with cell culture infectivity was developed to rapidly detect \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} produced by infectious adenoviruses in water samples. Only infectious adenoviruses were detected by this method, based on their ability to produce \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} during replication in cell culture. The \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} of Ad41 was detected as soon as 3 days after infection at levels as low as 5 infectious units \{\{\}(IU)\{\}\} per cell culture. In order to confirm that our methods detected only infectious viruses, 1-ml volumes of \{\{\}10(4)IU\{\}\} of Ad41 were exposed to different free chlorine doses. No \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} was detected in cells inoculated with Ad41 treated with the highest free chlorine dose of 100 mg min/l. However, \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} of adenovirus was detected in cells inoculated with virus that was untreated or exposed to a lower free chlorine dose of 1 mg min/l. These results suggest that \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} detection by real-time \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} is a sensitive and specific method to detect low levels of infectious adenoviruses in water and other environmental media within 1-3 days.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.017}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.017}, author = {G Ko and Jothikumar, Narayanan and Hill, Vincent R and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {813, title = {Rapid detection of infectious adenoviruses by {mRNA} real-time {RT-PCR.}}, journal = {Journal of virological methods}, volume = {127}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {148-153}, abstract = {Adenoviruses are among the most persistent and ubiquitous viruses in water and wastewater, but some of them are difficult to detect due to non-cytopathogenicity and slow growth in cell cultures. A {TaqMan} real-time {RT-PCR} method in conjunction with cell culture infectivity was developed to rapidly detect {mRNA} produced by infectious adenoviruses in water samples. Only infectious adenoviruses were detected by this method, based on their ability to produce {mRNA} during replication in cell culture. The {mRNA} of Ad41 was detected as soon as 3 days after infection at levels as low as 5 infectious units {(IU)} per cell culture. In order to confirm that our methods detected only infectious viruses, 1-ml volumes of {10(4)IU} of Ad41 were exposed to different free chlorine doses. No {mRNA} was detected in cells inoculated with Ad41 treated with the highest free chlorine dose of 100 mg min/l. However, {mRNA} of adenovirus was detected in cells inoculated with virus that was untreated or exposed to a lower free chlorine dose of 1 mg min/l. These results suggest that {mRNA} detection by real-time {RT-PCR} is a sensitive and specific method to detect low levels of infectious adenoviruses in water and other environmental media within 1-3 days.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.017}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.017}, author = {G Ko and Jothikumar, Narayanan and Hill, Vincent R and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {2568, title = {Rapid detection of infectious adenoviruses by {mRNA} real-time {RT-PCR.}}, journal = {Journal of virological methods}, volume = {127}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {148-153}, abstract = {Adenoviruses are among the most persistent and ubiquitous viruses in water and wastewater, but some of them are difficult to detect due to non-cytopathogenicity and slow growth in cell cultures. A {TaqMan} real-time {RT-PCR} method in conjunction with cell culture infectivity was developed to rapidly detect {mRNA} produced by infectious adenoviruses in water samples. Only infectious adenoviruses were detected by this method, based on their ability to produce {mRNA} during replication in cell culture. The {mRNA} of Ad41 was detected as soon as 3 days after infection at levels as low as 5 infectious units {(IU)} per cell culture. In order to confirm that our methods detected only infectious viruses, 1-ml volumes of {10(4)IU} of Ad41 were exposed to different free chlorine doses. No {mRNA} was detected in cells inoculated with Ad41 treated with the highest free chlorine dose of 100 mg min/l. However, {mRNA} of adenovirus was detected in cells inoculated with virus that was untreated or exposed to a lower free chlorine dose of 1 mg min/l. These results suggest that {mRNA} detection by real-time {RT-PCR} is a sensitive and specific method to detect low levels of infectious adenoviruses in water and other environmental media within 1-3 days.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.017}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.017}, author = {G Ko and Jothikumar, Narayanan and Hill, Vincent R and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {5648, title = {{Real-Time Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification Assay for Detection of Hepatitis A Virus}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {11}, year = {2005}, pages = {7113{\textendash}7116}, author = {K H Abd El-Galil and M A El-Sokkary and S M Kheira and A M Salazar and M V Yates and Chen, W and Mulchandani, A} } @article {14232, title = {Real-time {PCR} for the detection of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in dairy and cattle wastewater}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {164{\textendash}171}, abstract = {AIMS: Developing and evaluating a rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle and dairy wastewater samples produced from mozzarella cheese factories, without pre-enrichment step before DNA extraction. METHODS AND RESULTS: Wastewater samples were collected from a dairy farm producing mozzarella cheese and located in Puglia (south of Italy). Plate count and other microbial assays were performed 1 h after sampling. Wastewater samples were artificially inoculated with 10(4), 10(7) and 10(8) cells ml(-1) of E. coli O157:H7, strain EDL933. PCR protocols for stx1, stx2 and eae genes were first tested on pure DNA extracted from type strains, in order to optimize the amplification conditions and reagent concentration before real-time PCR experiments. Three specific fragments of ca 106, 150 and 200 bp corresponding to genes eae, stx1 and stx2, respectively, were obtained. Real-time PCR experiments were performed with DNA extracted from dairy and manure wastewater samples inoculated with 10(4), 10(7) and 10(8) colony-forming units (CFU) ml(-1) of E. coli O157:H7 strain EDL 933. The sensitivity limit of the assay was 10(-1) pg microl(-1) for eae, stx2 and 16SrRNA, and 1 pg microl(-1) for stx1 gene respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A real-time PCR protocol has been developed and used in order to identify potential pathogens in dairy wastewater, in which previous methods (including standard PCR) failed to work. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Cattle and dairy wastewater samples produced from mozzarella cheese factories may harbour verocytotoxin-producing E. coli. The availability of rapid and sensitive molecular methods may be useful to monitor the persistence of verocytotoxin-producing E. coli in general and to assess the effectiveness of wastewater treatments.}, doi = {LAM1634 [pii] 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2004.01634.x}, author = {Spano, G and Beneduce, L and Terzi, V and Stanca, A M and Massa, S} } @article {2420, title = {{Real-time PCR for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy and cattle wastewater}}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {164{\textendash}171}, edition = {2005/02/18}, abstract = {AIMS: Developing and evaluating a rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle and dairy wastewater samples produced from mozzarella cheese factories, without pre-enrichment step before DNA extraction. METHODS AND RESULTS: Wastewater samples were collected from a dairy farm producing mozzarella cheese and located in Puglia (south of Italy). Plate count and other microbial assays were performed 1 h after sampling. Wastewater samples were artificially inoculated with 10(4), 10(7) and 10(8) cells ml(-1) of E. coli O157:H7, strain EDL933. PCR protocols for stx1, stx2 and eae genes were first tested on pure DNA extracted from type strains, in order to optimize the amplification conditions and reagent concentration before real-time PCR experiments. Three specific fragments of ca 106, 150 and 200 bp corresponding to genes eae, stx1 and stx2, respectively, were obtained. Real-time PCR experiments were performed with DNA extracted from dairy and manure wastewater samples inoculated with 10(4), 10(7) and 10(8) colony-forming units (CFU) ml(-1) of E. coli O157:H7 strain EDL 933. The sensitivity limit of the assay was 10(-1) pg microl(-1) for eae, stx2 and 16SrRNA, and 1 pg microl(-1) for stx1 gene respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A real-time PCR protocol has been developed and used in order to identify potential pathogens in dairy wastewater, in which previous methods (including standard PCR) failed to work. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Cattle and dairy wastewater samples produced from mozzarella cheese factories may harbour verocytotoxin-producing E. coli. The availability of rapid and sensitive molecular methods may be useful to monitor the persistence of verocytotoxin-producing E. coli in general and to assess the effectiveness of wastewater treatments.}, isbn = {0266-8254 (Print) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, doi = {LAM1634 [pii] 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2004.01634.x}, author = {Spano, G and Beneduce, L and Terzi, V and Stanca, A M and Massa, S} } @article {9387, title = {{Real-time-PCR assay for diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infection}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {43}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {2168{\textendash}2172}, author = {Roy, S and Kabir, M and Mondal, D and Ali, IK and Petri, WA Jr and Haque, R} } @article {15454, title = {Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {365}, number = {9470}, year = {2005}, note = {King, Charles H
Dickman, Katherine
Tisch, Daniel J
eng
AI 45473/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
R01 TW001543/TW/FIC NIH HHS/
Meta-Analysis
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
England
London, England
2005/05/04 09:00
Lancet. 2005 Apr 30-May 6;365(9470):1561-9.}, month = {Apr 30-May 6}, pages = {1561-9}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is one of the world{\textquoteright}s most prevalent infections, yet its effect on the global burden of disease is controversial. Published disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) estimates suggest that the average effect of schistosome infection is quite small, although this is disputed. To develop an evidenced-based reassessment of schistosomiasis-related disability, we did a systematic review of data on disability-associated outcomes for all forms of schistosomiasis. METHODS: We did structured searches using EMBASE, PUBMED, and Cochrane electronic databases. Published bibliographies were manually searched, and unpublished studies were obtained by contacting research groups. Reports were reviewed and abstracted independently by two trained readers. All randomised and observational studies of schistosomiasis morbidity were eligible for inclusion. We calculated pooled estimates of reported disability-related effects using weighted odds ratios for categorical outcomes and standardised mean differences for continuous data. FINDINGS: 482 published or unpublished reports (March, 1921, to July, 2002) were screened. Of 135 selected for inclusion, 51 provided data for performance-related symptoms, whereas 109 reported observed measures of disability-linked morbidities. Schistosomiasis was significantly associated with anaemia, chronic pain, diarrhoea, exercise intolerance, and undernutrition. INTERPRETATION: By contrast with WHO estimates of 0.5\% disability weight assigned to schistosomiasis, 2-15\% disability seems evident in different functional domains of a person with schistosomiasis. This raised estimate, if confirmed in formal patient-preference studies, indicates a need to reassess our priorities for treating this silent pandemic of schistosomiasis.}, keywords = {*Cost of Illness, *Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Anemia/etiology, Chronic Disease, Diarrhea/etiology, Disability Evaluation, Educational Status, Endemic Diseases/economics, Humans, Malnutrition/etiology, Physical Fitness, Schistosomiasis/complications/drug therapy/*economics/epidemiology}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {King, C. H. and Dickman, K. and Tisch, D. J.} } @article {14828, title = {Recombinant {Shiga} {Toxin} {B}-{Subunit}-{Keyhole} {Limpet} {Hemocyanin} {Conjugate} {Vaccine} {Protects} {Mice} from {Shigatoxemia}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {73}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, month = {sep}, pages = {6523{\textendash}6529}, abstract = {Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis in humans and, in a subgroup of infected subjects, a more serious condition called hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). These conditions arise because EHEC produces two antigenically distinct forms of Shiga toxin (Stx), called Stx1 and Stx2. Despite this, the production of Stx2 by virtually all EHEC serotypes and the documented role this toxin plays in HUS make it an attractive vaccine candidate. Previously, we assessed the potential of a purified recombinant Stx2 B-subunit preparation to prevent Shigatoxemia in rabbits. This study revealed that effective immunization could be achieved only if endotoxin was included with the vaccine antigen. Since the presence of endotoxin would be unacceptable in a human vaccine, the object of the studies described herein was to investigate ways to safely augment, in mice, the immunogenicity of the recombinant Stx2 B subunit containing {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless1 endotoxin unit per ml. The study revealed that sera from mice immunized with such a preparation, conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and administered with the Ribi adjuvant system, displayed the highest Shiga toxin 2 B-subunit-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers and cytotoxicity-neutralizing activities in Ramos B cells. As well, 100\% of the mice vaccinated with this preparation were subsequently protected from a lethal dose of Stx2 holotoxin. These results support further evaluation of a Stx2 B-subunit-based human EHEC vaccine.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Vaccines, Conjugate, Conjugate: immunology, Endotoxemia, Endotoxemia: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli Vaccines, Escherichia coli Vaccines: immunology, Female, Hemocyanin, Hemocyanin: immunology, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin G: blood, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Protein Subunits, Protein Subunits: immunology, Protein Subunits: therapeutic use, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: antagonists \& inhibitors, Shiga Toxin 2: immunology, Shiga Toxin 2: therapeutic use, Vaccines}, issn = {0019-9567}, doi = {10.1128/IAI.73.10.6523-6529.2005}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1230940\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Marcato, P. and Griener, T. P. and Mulvey, G. L. and Armstrong, G. D.} } @article {14144, title = {Recombinant {Shiga} {Toxin} {B}-{Subunit}-{Keyhole} {Limpet} {Hemocyanin} {Conjugate} {Vaccine} {Protects} {Mice} from {Shigatoxemia}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {73}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, month = {sep}, pages = {6523{\textendash}6529}, abstract = {Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis in humans and, in a subgroup of infected subjects, a more serious condition called hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). These conditions arise because EHEC produces two antigenically distinct forms of Shiga toxin (Stx), called Stx1 and Stx2. Despite this, the production of Stx2 by virtually all EHEC serotypes and the documented role this toxin plays in HUS make it an attractive vaccine candidate. Previously, we assessed the potential of a purified recombinant Stx2 B-subunit preparation to prevent Shigatoxemia in rabbits. This study revealed that effective immunization could be achieved only if endotoxin was included with the vaccine antigen. Since the presence of endotoxin would be unacceptable in a human vaccine, the object of the studies described herein was to investigate ways to safely augment, in mice, the immunogenicity of the recombinant Stx2 B subunit containing {\textbackslash}textless1 endotoxin unit per ml. The study revealed that sera from mice immunized with such a preparation, conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and administered with the Ribi adjuvant system, displayed the highest Shiga toxin 2 B-subunit-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers and cytotoxicity-neutralizing activities in Ramos B cells. As well, 100\% of the mice vaccinated with this preparation were subsequently protected from a lethal dose of Stx2 holotoxin. These results support further evaluation of a Stx2 B-subunit-based human EHEC vaccine.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Vaccines, Conjugate, Conjugate: immunology, Endotoxemia, Endotoxemia: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli Vaccines, Escherichia coli Vaccines: immunology, Female, Hemocyanin, Hemocyanin: immunology, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin G: blood, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Protein Subunits, Protein Subunits: immunology, Protein Subunits: therapeutic use, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: antagonists \& inhibitors, Shiga Toxin 2: immunology, Shiga Toxin 2: therapeutic use, Vaccines}, issn = {0019-9567}, doi = {10.1128/IAI.73.10.6523-6529.2005}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1230940\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Marcato, P. and Griener, T. P. and Mulvey, G. L. and Armstrong, G. D.} } @article {2342, title = {{Recombinant Shiga Toxin B-Subunit-Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin Conjugate Vaccine Protects Mice from Shigatoxemia}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {73}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, month = {sep}, pages = {6523{\textendash}6529}, abstract = {Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis in humans and, in a subgroup of infected subjects, a more serious condition called hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). These conditions arise because EHEC produces two antigenically distinct forms of Shiga toxin (Stx), called Stx1 and Stx2. Despite this, the production of Stx2 by virtually all EHEC serotypes and the documented role this toxin plays in HUS make it an attractive vaccine candidate. Previously, we assessed the potential of a purified recombinant Stx2 B-subunit preparation to prevent Shigatoxemia in rabbits. This study revealed that effective immunization could be achieved only if endotoxin was included with the vaccine antigen. Since the presence of endotoxin would be unacceptable in a human vaccine, the object of the studies described herein was to investigate ways to safely augment, in mice, the immunogenicity of the recombinant Stx2 B subunit containing <1 endotoxin unit per ml. The study revealed that sera from mice immunized with such a preparation, conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and administered with the Ribi adjuvant system, displayed the highest Shiga toxin 2 B-subunit-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers and cytotoxicity-neutralizing activities in Ramos B cells. As well, 100\% of the mice vaccinated with this preparation were subsequently protected from a lethal dose of Stx2 holotoxin. These results support further evaluation of a Stx2 B-subunit-based human EHEC vaccine.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Vaccines, Conjugate, Conjugate: immunology, Endotoxemia, Endotoxemia: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli Vaccines, Escherichia coli Vaccines: immunology, Female, Hemocyanin, Hemocyanin: immunology, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin G: blood, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Protein Subunits, Protein Subunits: immunology, Protein Subunits: therapeutic use, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: antagonists \& inhibitors, Shiga Toxin 2: immunology, Shiga Toxin 2: therapeutic use, Vaccines}, issn = {0019-9567}, doi = {10.1128/IAI.73.10.6523-6529.2005}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1230940\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Marcato, P. and Griener, T. P. and Mulvey, G. L. and Armstrong, G. D.} } @article {8082, title = {{Recombinant Shiga Toxin B-Subunit-Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin Conjugate Vaccine Protects Mice from Shigatoxemia}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {73}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, month = {sep}, pages = {6523{\textendash}6529}, abstract = {Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis in humans and, in a subgroup of infected subjects, a more serious condition called hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). These conditions arise because EHEC produces two antigenically distinct forms of Shiga toxin (Stx), called Stx1 and Stx2. Despite this, the production of Stx2 by virtually all EHEC serotypes and the documented role this toxin plays in HUS make it an attractive vaccine candidate. Previously, we assessed the potential of a purified recombinant Stx2 B-subunit preparation to prevent Shigatoxemia in rabbits. This study revealed that effective immunization could be achieved only if endotoxin was included with the vaccine antigen. Since the presence of endotoxin would be unacceptable in a human vaccine, the object of the studies described herein was to investigate ways to safely augment, in mice, the immunogenicity of the recombinant Stx2 B subunit containing {\textless}1 endotoxin unit per ml. The study revealed that sera from mice immunized with such a preparation, conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and administered with the Ribi adjuvant system, displayed the highest Shiga toxin 2 B-subunit-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers and cytotoxicity-neutralizing activities in Ramos B cells. As well, 100{\%} of the mice vaccinated with this preparation were subsequently protected from a lethal dose of Stx2 holotoxin. These results support further evaluation of a Stx2 B-subunit-based human EHEC vaccine.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Vaccines, Conjugate, Conjugate: immunology, Endotoxemia, Endotoxemia: prevention {\&} control, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention {\&} control, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli Vaccines, Escherichia coli Vaccines: immunology, Female, Hemocyanin, Hemocyanin: immunology, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin G: blood, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Protein Subunits, Protein Subunits: immunology, Protein Subunits: therapeutic use, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: antagonists {\&} inhibitors, Shiga Toxin 2: immunology, Shiga Toxin 2: therapeutic use, Vaccines}, issn = {0019-9567}, doi = {10.1128/IAI.73.10.6523-6529.2005}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1230940{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Marcato, P. and Griener, T. P. and Mulvey, G. L. and Armstrong, G. D.} } @article {7466, title = {A reconsideration of the {Campylobacter} dose{\textendash}response relation}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {133}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {583{\textendash}592}, issn = {0950-2688, 1469-4409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268805003912}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268805003912}, author = {Teunis, P. and Van Den Brandhof, W. and Nauta, M. and Wagenaar, J. and Van Den Kerkhof, H. and Van Pelt, W.} } @article {7636, title = {Recovery of thermophilic campylobacters from pond water and sediment and the problem of interference by background bacteria in enrichment culture}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {13}, year = {2005}, note = {Aug; Recovery of thermophilic campylobacters from pond water and sediment and the problem of interference by background bacteria in enrichment culture; ISI:000231335500010; ID: 384}, pages = {2877-2882}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Abulreesh,H. H. and Paget,T. A. and Goulder,R.} } @article {4569, title = {Reducing bioaerosol dispersion from wastewater treatment and its land application: a review and analysis}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {24{\textendash}9}, issn = {0022-0892 (Print) 0022-0892 (Linking)}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Hara, R. E. and Rubin, R.} } @article {1386, title = {Reducing microorganism concentrations in wastewater with submerged aerationas a primary treatment method.}, journal = {Journal of environmental health}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {25-28}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Hara, RE and Rubin, R} } @article {10674, title = {{Refractory periods and climate forcing in cholera dynamics}}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {436}, year = {2005}, pages = {696{\textendash}700}, author = {Koelle, K and Rod{\'o}, X and Pascual, M and Yunus, M and Mostafa, G} } @booklet {10494, title = {{Regulations for the Environmental Management Act (Water Quality Standards)}}, year = {2005} } @article {7349, title = {The relationship between participation and project outcomes: {Evidence} from rural water supply projects in {India}}, journal = {World development}, volume = {33}, number = {11}, year = {2005}, pages = {1801{\textendash}1819}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X05001440}, author = {Prokopy, Linda Stalker} } @article {7057, title = {Relative survival of {Escherichia} coli and {Salmonella} typhimurium in a tropical estuary}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, month = {apr}, pages = {1397{\textendash}1403}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.01.010}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004313540500031X}, author = {Chandran, Abirosh and Mohamed Hatha, A.A.} } @article {9055, title = {{Relative survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in a tropical estuary}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {1397{\textendash}1403}, abstract = {Microcosm studies have been carried out to find out the relative survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in a tropical estuary. Survival has been assessed in relation to the important self-purifying parameters such as biotic factors contained in the estuarine water, toxicity due to the dissolved organic and antibiotic substances in the water and the sunlight. The results revealed that sunlight is the most important inactivating factor on the survival of E. coli and S. typhimurium in the estuarine water. While the biological factors contained in the estuarine water such as protozoans and bacteriophages also exerted considerable inactivation of these organisms, the composition of the water with all its dissolved organic and inorganic substances was not damaging to the test organisms. Results also indicated better survival capacity of E. coli cells under all test conditions when compared to S. typhimurium. {\{}{\textcopyright}{\}} 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Competition, Escherichia coli, Estuary, Salmonella typhimurium, Sunlight inactivation, Survival}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.01.010}, author = {Chandran, Abirosh and Hatha, A A Mohamed} } @article {13928, title = {Reliability of {O}157:{H}7 {ID} agar ({O}157 {H}7 {ID}-{F}) for the detection and isolation of verocytotoxigenic strains of {Escherichia} coli belonging to serogroup {O}157}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {408{\textendash}410}, abstract = {AIMS: The reliability of the O157:H7 ID agar (O157 H7 ID-F) to detect verocytotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli (VTEC) of serogroup O157 was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: This medium, designed to detect strains belonging to the clone of VTEC O157:H7/H-, contains carbohydrates and two chromogenic substrates to detect beta-d-galactosidase and beta-d-glucuronidase and sodium desoxycholate to increase selectivity for Gram-negative rods. A total of 347 strains of E. coli including a variety of serotypes, verocytotoxigenicity of human and animal sources were tested. The green VTEC O157 colonies were easy to detect among the other dark purple to black E. coli colonies. Of 63 O157:H7/H- strains, 59 (93.7\%) gave the characteristic green colour. Three of the failed four strains of O157:H- were not verocytotoxigenic, missing only one VTEC O157. Three non-O157 strains gave the characteristic green colour on the medium and were VTEC OR:H- (2) and Ont:H- (1), possibly being degraded variants of the O157 enterohaemorrhagic E. coli clone. CONCLUSIONS: The O157:H7 ID agar (O157 H7 ID-F) was largely successful in isolating VTEC belonging to the O157:H7/H- clone. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A medium, suitable for isolating strains of VTEC O157 was successfully evaluated and should be useful for the isolation of these pathogens.}, doi = {JAM2603 [pii] 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02603.x}, author = {Bettelheim, K A} } @article {7946, title = {{Reliability of O157:H7 ID agar (O157 H7 ID-F) for the detection and isolation of verocytotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli belonging to serogroup O157}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {408{\textendash}410}, edition = {2005/07/22}, abstract = {AIMS: The reliability of the O157:H7 ID agar (O157 H7 ID-F) to detect verocytotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli (VTEC) of serogroup O157 was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: This medium, designed to detect strains belonging to the clone of VTEC O157:H7/H-, contains carbohydrates and two chromogenic substrates to detect beta-d-galactosidase and beta-d-glucuronidase and sodium desoxycholate to increase selectivity for Gram-negative rods. A total of 347 strains of E. coli including a variety of serotypes, verocytotoxigenicity of human and animal sources were tested. The green VTEC O157 colonies were easy to detect among the other dark purple to black E. coli colonies. Of 63 O157:H7/H- strains, 59 (93.7{\%}) gave the characteristic green colour. Three of the failed four strains of O157:H- were not verocytotoxigenic, missing only one VTEC O157. Three non-O157 strains gave the characteristic green colour on the medium and were VTEC OR:H- (2) and Ont:H- (1), possibly being degraded variants of the O157 enterohaemorrhagic E. coli clone. CONCLUSIONS: The O157:H7 ID agar (O157 H7 ID-F) was largely successful in isolating VTEC belonging to the O157:H7/H- clone. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A medium, suitable for isolating strains of VTEC O157 was successfully evaluated and should be useful for the isolation of these pathogens.}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {JAM2603 [pii] 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02603.x}, author = {Bettelheim, K A} } @article {2162, title = {{Reliability of O157:H7 ID agar (O157 H7 ID-F) for the detection and isolation of verocytotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli belonging to serogroup O157}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {408{\textendash}410}, edition = {2005/07/22}, abstract = {AIMS: The reliability of the O157:H7 ID agar (O157 H7 ID-F) to detect verocytotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli (VTEC) of serogroup O157 was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: This medium, designed to detect strains belonging to the clone of VTEC O157:H7/H-, contains carbohydrates and two chromogenic substrates to detect beta-d-galactosidase and beta-d-glucuronidase and sodium desoxycholate to increase selectivity for Gram-negative rods. A total of 347 strains of E. coli including a variety of serotypes, verocytotoxigenicity of human and animal sources were tested. The green VTEC O157 colonies were easy to detect among the other dark purple to black E. coli colonies. Of 63 O157:H7/H- strains, 59 (93.7\%) gave the characteristic green colour. Three of the failed four strains of O157:H- were not verocytotoxigenic, missing only one VTEC O157. Three non-O157 strains gave the characteristic green colour on the medium and were VTEC OR:H- (2) and Ont:H- (1), possibly being degraded variants of the O157 enterohaemorrhagic E. coli clone. CONCLUSIONS: The O157:H7 ID agar (O157 H7 ID-F) was largely successful in isolating VTEC belonging to the O157:H7/H- clone. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A medium, suitable for isolating strains of VTEC O157 was successfully evaluated and should be useful for the isolation of these pathogens.}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {JAM2603 [pii] 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02603.x}, author = {Bettelheim, K A} } @article {5242, title = {Removal of E. coli and helminth eggs in UASB: Polishing pond systems in Brazil}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {91{\textendash}7}, abstract = {

Ponds following anaerobic reactors, such as Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors, have been termed polishing ponds in the literature. The present paper analyses the removal of E. coli and helminth eggs in five UASB-polishing pond systems in Brazil. Since there were ponds in series, the total number of ponds was 10. The ponds had average retention times varying from 2 to 21 days, and depths ranging from 0.40 to 2.00 m. The shallow ponds in series, even with low retention times, were able to produce effluents complying with the coliform WHO guidelines for unrestricted irrigation ({\textless} or = 1000 MPN/100 ml). An equation for the coliform decay coefficient was proposed: Kb (dispersed flow) = 0.710H(-0955) (20 degrees C). The equation highlights the inverse relationship between the pond depth and the decay coefficient. All polishing pond systems were able to produce effluents with helminth eggs concentrations predominantly equal to zero, and satisfying the WHO guidelines for unrestricted and restricted irrigation ({\textless} or = 1 egg/L, arithmetic mean). The approximate range of helminth eggs removal efficiency was predicted satisfactorily.

}, keywords = {2.5 removal, 2.7 performance, Coliforms, e coli, Helminth eggs, polishing ponds, UASB, UASB reactors}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16114668}, author = {von Sperling, M and Bastos, R K X and Kato, M T} } @article {15231, title = {Removal of {E}. coli and helminth eggs in {UASB}: polishing pond systems in {Brazil}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {91{\textendash}97}, author = {von Sperling, M and Bastos, RKX and Kato, Mario T} } @article {5367, title = {Removal of enteric bacteria in constructed treatment wetlands with emergent macrophytes: A review}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health}, volume = {40}, year = {2005}, pages = {1355-1367}, author = {Vymazal, J} } @mastersthesis {7042, title = {Research on investor behavior based on investor sentiment}, year = {2005}, note = {H118137}, school = {Fudan University (People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The agent is rational and the market is efficient in The Modern Financial Theory (MFT). So the investor behavior has no influence on financial market, even if there are irrational investors, they will be wash out by the arbitrageurs. So it is not significance to research on investor behavior. But the Behavioral Finance Theory (BFT) relaxes the rational agent hypothesis and gives the explanation more close to the reality than MFT. The investor behavior has more influence on asset pricing and financial market in BFT. The thesis focuses on investor sentiment and the influence of investor sentiment on investor behavior and tries to find the mechanism of the investor behavior based on investor sentiment influencing the asset pricing and economy. The thesis tries to measure the investor sentiment with the empirical studies through the compares of closed-end fund discount index, consumer confidence index, the investor confidence index. The thesis tests the framework through the overconfidence belief in Chinese online trader. The thesis contains four main parts. First, the mechanism of investor sentiment to behavior is focus. The thesis research investor decision-making model through cognition structure, information processing and decision motives. The agent decision-making is constrained by intuition system and reasoning system. The monitor of reasoning system to intuition system is lax. So the agent makes the heuristic judgments. When the agent gets the information, he will reduce the complexion through simple, mental accounting, availability and ignorance. The information process makes systematic biases. The agent decision motives is not only the income or wealth maximization, the psychology satisfactions is one of the most important motives. The psychology satisfactions are avoiding cognitive dissonance and satisfying the control feeling. Second, through the model construction, a conclusion is got that the noise trader cannot be washed out by the arbitrager in the game between the noise trader and the arbitrager. In this situation the sentiment investment strategic may be the best strategic. More noise trader can create more noise trader risks, more volatility of asset price and less financial quantity. From macro control aspects, three measures should be taken to reduce the noise trade: open market operation; trade tax and short-term capital income tax. In the game between noise trader and the arbitrageur, the role of arbitrageur is not always stabling. When the arbitrageur expectation the behavioral model of noise trader and take positive feedback strategic to make the money, the action will increase the market volatility. At the second part conclusion that sentiment investment strategic may be the best strategic is got, the strategic requires to measure the investor sentiment accurately. Through comparing the closed-end fund discount index, consumer confidence index and investor confidence index, we get the conclusion that consumer confidence indexed is the best measure to investor sentiment. The closed-end fund discount index is not suitable because the validity will fall when the market situation changes or the fund-holder structure changes. The individual investor confidence index made by ShenZhen Security Information Company has the good validity, but the time-spread is short, so the future examination should be taken. To apply the analysis framework, we compare the history trade account of online trader and the non-online trader, and get the conclusion that the online trader is more overconfidence than the non-online trader, this situation makes the online trader overtrade, so get the low return. When the trader mode changes from non-online to online, the trade frequency will increase. The overtrading low the return. At the end of the thesis, the conclusion, the limitation and the future works of the thesis are giving.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIH118137, 0508:Finance, Finance, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1024724631?accountid=14270}, author = {Xue, Fei} } @article {15881, title = {The response of Cryptosporidium parvum to UV light}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, month = {Feb}, pages = {81-7}, edition = {2005/01/25}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, *Water Supply, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*prevention \& control, Cryptosporidium parvum/physiology/*radiation effects, DNA Damage/physiology, DNA Repair/physiology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Pyrimidine Dimers, Sequence Alignment, Water Purification/*methods, Water/parasitology}, isbn = {1471-4922 (Print)
1471-4922}, author = {Rochelle, P. A. and Upton, S. J. and Montelone, B. A. and Woods, K.} } @article {2037, title = {Response to Cox: Human balantidiasis in Iran: wild boars or not?}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, month = {2005/12}, pages = {554-555}, isbn = {1471-4922}, author = {Solaymani-Mohammadi, S and Rezaian, M and Anwar, MA} } @article {6764, title = {Review of {Factors} {Affecting} {Microbial} {Survival} in {Groundwater}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {39}, number = {19}, year = {2005}, month = {oct}, pages = {7345{\textendash}7356}, issn = {0013-936X, 1520-5851}, doi = {10.1021/es047995w}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es047995w}, author = {John, David E. and Rose, Joan B.} } @article {14712, title = {Review of factors affecting microbial survival in groundwater}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {39}, year = {2005}, month = {oct}, pages = {7345{\textendash}56}, abstract = {This review quantitatively examines a number of published studies that evaluated survival and inactivation of public-health-related microorganisms in groundwater. Information from reviewed literature is used to express microbial inactivation in terms of log10 decline per day for comparison to other studies and organisms. The geometric mean value for inactivation rates for coliphage, poliovirus, echovirus, coliform bacteria, enterococci, and Salmonella spp. were similar at approximately 0.07-0.1 log10 day(-1), while geometric mean inactivation rates for hepatitis A virus, coxsackievirus, and phage PRD-1 were somewhat less at 0.02-0.04 log10 day(-1). Viruses show a temperature dependency with greater inactivation at greater temperatures; however this occurs largely at temperatures greater than 20 degrees C. Coliform bacteria die off in groundwater does not show the temperature dependency that viruses show, likely indicating a complex interplay of inactivation and reproduction subject to influences from native groundwater organisms, temperature, and water chemistry. The presence of native microorganisms seems to negatively impact E. coli survival more so than viruses, but in most cases, nonsterile conditions led to a greater inactivation for viruses also. The effect of attachment to solid surfaces appears to be virus-type-dependent, with PRD-1 more rapidly inactivated as a result of attachment and hepatitis A and poliovirus survival prolonged when attached.}, keywords = {*Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, *Microbial Viability, *Virus Physiological Phenomena, *Water Microbiology, Fresh Water/*chemistry/microbiology/virology, Species Specificity, Temperature}, issn = {0013-936X (Print) 0013-936X (Linking)}, author = {John, D. E. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {3713, title = {Review of factors affecting microbial survival in groundwater.}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {1}, number = {39}, year = {2005}, pages = {7345{\textendash}7356}, author = {D E John and J B Rose} } @article {11842, title = {{A review of human sparganosis in Thailand}}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, year = {2005}, pages = {312{\textendash}316}, author = {Wiwanitkit, V} } @article {13944, title = {Risk factors for abundance of shiga toxin producing {Escherichia} coli in sewage water}, journal = {Gesundheitswesen}, volume = {67}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {858{\textendash}861}, abstract = {Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in sewage influent into surface water are a potential source of human infections with STEC. Eight sewage treatment plants in Bavaria, Germany, were sampled at regular intervals from 2003 to 2004 in order to estimate STEC load and quantify risk factors. 95 of 378 samples (25 \%) were tested positive for stx1and/or stx2 with PCR after enrichment culture. STEC elimination after treatment was 44 \%. The following risk factors were analysed with logistic regression: location of sewage plant (rural vs. urban), treatment plant technology (two stage vs. three stage treatment) and sampling location (sewage input vs. sewage output). Rural plants had odds-ratios of 1,7 (95 \% CI 1.03 - 2.69; p = 0.038) for a positive stx1 and/ or stx2 PCR result, sampling at sewage input of 2.1 (95 \%CI 1.28 - 3.36; p = 0.003) and three stage plants of 1.51 (95 \% CI 0.94 - 2.44; p = 0.087, not significant). Sampling after rain and after dry spells had no impact on STEC abundance (univariate Chi-square test = 0.01; df1; p = 0.920). Rural sewage plants had higher odds of STEC content. The influence of the sewage plant technology on the STEC load requires further clarification.}, doi = {10.1055/s-2005-858900}, author = {Burckhardt, F and Heissenhuber, A and Morlock, G and Busch, U and Schindler, P and Fruth, A and Ammon, A and Wildner, M} } @article {7957, title = {{Risk factors for abundance of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in sewage water}}, journal = {Gesundheitswesen}, volume = {67}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {858{\textendash}861}, edition = {2005/12/28}, abstract = {Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in sewage influent into surface water are a potential source of human infections with STEC. Eight sewage treatment plants in Bavaria, Germany, were sampled at regular intervals from 2003 to 2004 in order to estimate STEC load and quantify risk factors. 95 of 378 samples (25 {\%}) were tested positive for stx1and/or stx2 with PCR after enrichment culture. STEC elimination after treatment was 44 {\%}. The following risk factors were analysed with logistic regression: location of sewage plant (rural vs. urban), treatment plant technology (two stage vs. three stage treatment) and sampling location (sewage input vs. sewage output). Rural plants had odds-ratios of 1,7 (95 {\%} CI 1.03 - 2.69; p = 0.038) for a positive stx1 and/ or stx2 PCR result, sampling at sewage input of 2.1 (95 {\%}CI 1.28 - 3.36; p = 0.003) and three stage plants of 1.51 (95 {\%} CI 0.94 - 2.44; p = 0.087, not significant). Sampling after rain and after dry spells had no impact on STEC abundance (univariate Chi-square test = 0.01; df1; p = 0.920). Rural sewage plants had higher odds of STEC content. The influence of the sewage plant technology on the STEC load requires further clarification.}, isbn = {0941-3790 (Print) 0941-3790 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1055/s-2005-858900}, author = {Burckhardt, F and Heissenhuber, A and Morlock, G and Busch, U and Schindler, P and Fruth, A and Ammon, A and Wildner, M} } @article {2177, title = {{Risk factors for abundance of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in sewage water}}, journal = {Gesundheitswesen}, volume = {67}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {858{\textendash}861}, edition = {2005/12/28}, abstract = {Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in sewage influent into surface water are a potential source of human infections with STEC. Eight sewage treatment plants in Bavaria, Germany, were sampled at regular intervals from 2003 to 2004 in order to estimate STEC load and quantify risk factors. 95 of 378 samples (25 \%) were tested positive for stx1and/or stx2 with PCR after enrichment culture. STEC elimination after treatment was 44 \%. The following risk factors were analysed with logistic regression: location of sewage plant (rural vs. urban), treatment plant technology (two stage vs. three stage treatment) and sampling location (sewage input vs. sewage output). Rural plants had odds-ratios of 1,7 (95 \% CI 1.03 - 2.69; p = 0.038) for a positive stx1 and/ or stx2 PCR result, sampling at sewage input of 2.1 (95 \%CI 1.28 - 3.36; p = 0.003) and three stage plants of 1.51 (95 \% CI 0.94 - 2.44; p = 0.087, not significant). Sampling after rain and after dry spells had no impact on STEC abundance (univariate Chi-square test = 0.01; df1; p = 0.920). Rural sewage plants had higher odds of STEC content. The influence of the sewage plant technology on the STEC load requires further clarification.}, isbn = {0941-3790 (Print) 0941-3790 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1055/s-2005-858900}, author = {Burckhardt, F and Heissenhuber, A and Morlock, G and Busch, U and Schindler, P and Fruth, A and Ammon, A and Wildner, M} } @article {9200, title = {{Risk factors for infection by the Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar complex: an epidemiological study conducted in outpatient clinics in the city of Manaus, Amazon Region, Brazil}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {99}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {532{\textendash}540}, author = {Benetton, ML and Goncalves, AV and Meneghini, ME and Silva, EF and Carneiro, M} } @article {8555, title = {{Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in Armenia, Colombia}}, journal = {Revista Panamericana de Salud P{\'u}blica}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {180{\textendash}190}, author = {L{\'o}pez-Castillo, CA and D{\'\i}az-Ramirez, J and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, JE} } @article {15209, title = {The role of disease transmission and conferred immunity in outbreaks: analysis of the 1993 {Cryptosporidium} outbreak in {Milwaukee}, {Wisconsin}}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {161}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {62{\textendash}72}, author = {Eisenberg, Joseph NS and Lei, Xiudong and Hubbard, Alan H and Brookhart, M Alan and Colford Jr, John M} } @article {4854, title = {{Role of water in the transmission of cyclosporiasis in Sharkia Govemorate, Egypt}}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {35}, year = {2005}, pages = {953{\textendash}962}, author = {El-Karamany, EM and Zaher, TI and El-Bahnasawy, MM} } @mastersthesis {6215, title = {Russian rule in {Samarkand} 1868-1910. {A} comparison with {British} {India}}, year = {2005}, note = {U201767}, school = {University of Oxford (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdD.{Phil}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis examines Russian rule in Turkestan in the Tsarist period, with a particular focus on the city of Samarkand and the surrounding distinct. Throughout, comparisons are made with the methods used by the British in India when confronted with similar colonial dilemmas. Hitherto the Russian Empire has rarely been considered comparable to those of other European powers, and more generally the history of non-Russian areas before 1917 is very neglected. The thesis is based largely on primary sources from archives in Tashkent, Moscow and St. Petersburg, together with little-known published material. The introduction gives an overview of the historiography, and the reasons why new research is necessary, together with a brief overview of the chronology and the background of the Russian conquest. Subsequent chapters deal with Russian imperial ideologies and contemporary attitudes towards British India; the relationship with Islam; the earliest attempts to create a colonial administration in the region after 1868; the military bureaucracy and its personnel; the native administration; irrigation and the control of water and the islamic judiciary and its relationship with the colonial regime. The arguments of the {\textquoteright}Cambridge School{\textquoteright} of South Asian history have had a considerable influence on my approach. The broad conclusion is that despite military and technological superiority the Russians were far from all-powerful Turkestan, owing to lack of trained personnel, finance and, perhaps most importantly, knowledge. The administration was characterised by corruption, inefficiency and a failure to modernise and reform. Although clerical and aristocratic elites lost some of their power and significance, urban, mercantile and village elites exploited Russian power for their own purposes, and controlled important elements of the administration. However, compared with India the regime was not particularly violent, and taxed lightly. Turkestan???s peasants did not have to finance imperial defence like their counterparts in India. In short, Russian rule brought about a number of changes, but not always on the rulers{\textquoteright} terms.}, keywords = {0335:European history, Bibliographies, DN090195, European history, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301647379?accountid=14270}, author = {Morrison, A} } @mastersthesis {6508, title = {Russian rule in {Samarkand}, 1868{\textendash}1910: {A} comparison with {British} {India}}, year = {2005}, note = {3216818}, school = {University of Oxford (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdD.{Phil}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis examines Russian rule in Turkestan in the Tsarist period, with a particular focus on the city and province of Samarkand. Throughout, comparisons are made with the methods used by the British in India when confronted with similar colonial dilemmas. The thesis is based largely on primary sources from archives in Tashkent, Moscow and St. Petersburg, together with little-known published material. The introduction gives an overview of the historiography, and the reasons why new research is necessary, together with a brief overview of the chronology and background of the Russian conquest. Subsequent chapters deal with Russian imperial ideologies and contemporary attitudes towards British India; the relationship with Islam; the earliest attempts to create a colonial administration in the region after 1868; the military bureaucracy and its personnel; the native administration; irrigation and the control of water and the Islamic judiciary and its relationship with the colonial regime. The arguments of the {\textquoteright}Cambridge School{\textquoteright} of South Asian history have had a considerable influence on my approach. The broad conclusion is that despite military and technological superiority the Russians were far from all-powerful in Turkestan, owing to a lack of trained personnel, finance and, perhaps most importantly, knowledge, whether of languages, irrigation customs or the workings of the devolved revenue collection and judicial systems. The military regime was characterised by corruption, inefficiency and a failure to modernise and reform, leading officials to despair of ever bringing Turkestan closer to the heartlands of the Empire, whether in cultural or administrative terms. Although native clerical and aristocratic elites lost some of their power and significance, urban, mercantile and village elites exploited Russian power for their own purposes, and controlled important elements of the administration. However, compared with India the regime was not particularly violent, and taxed lightly. Turkestan{\textquoteright}s peasants did not have to finance imperial defence like their counterparts in India. Both imperial regimes acted as catalysts for social and intellectual change in the societies they ruled over, but in neither case was such change always intended, or always on the rulers{\textquoteright} terms.}, keywords = {0332:History, 0335:European history, 0582:History, British India, European history, History, Imperialism, India, Russian Empire, Samarkand, Social sciences, Turkestan}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305380479?accountid=14270}, author = {Morrison, Alexander Stephen} } @article {16259, title = {[Scale-up of the fermentation of Leptospira interrogans canicola canicola for the production of vax-SPIRAL vaccine].}, journal = {Rev Cubana Med Trop.Rev Cubana Med Trop.}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {71-72.}, author = {Zamora, J. D. and Enrique, K. F. and Bou{\'e}, R. G. and Torres, F. H. and Airado, J. L. and Hern{\'a}ndez, D. R.} } @inbook {15973, title = {{Scenario Development and Analysis for Forward-looking Ecosystem Assessments}}, booktitle = {Ecosystems and human well-being: a manual for assessment practitioners}, year = {2005}, pages = {151{\textendash}219}, abstract = {Forest ecosystems in the watersheds of the Yangtze river regulate water flow in the rivers. The value of water flow regulation by ecosystems is usually not realized in situ but may transfer spatially through rivers to another spot out of watersheds where conditions are suitable to realize it. To take into account the transfer of value of biological resources spatially, we developed a process-based simulation model to estimate the capacity of water flow regulation by terrestrial ecosystems, taking into account such major processes as canopy interception, litter absorption, and soil/ground water conservation.In this study we combined models and a GIS-embodied spatial database to assess the capacity and benefits of water flow regulation by ecosystems in Xingshan County, Hubei Province, China. The capacity of water flow regulation differs substantially among the 90 types of vegetationsoilslope complexes in the watersheds. The simulation model estimates that in a wet season the watershed can retain 868.07 106 m3 water, which may result in a decrease of water flow by 111.63 m3/s in the Yangtze River. The model also estimates that in a dry season the watershed can discharge 80.74 106 m3 water, resulting in an increase of water flow by 10.38 m3/s. As the result of water flow regulation, the Gezhouba hydroelectric power plant increases its electricity production by up to 40.37106 kWh in a year and generates an additional economic value of 5.05106 RMB/yr (1 US = 8.3 RMB, Chinese currency). This value is 0.42 times the annual income from forestry in the county in 1994 and may reach 2.2 times the annual income from forestry when Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Plant runs. We also proposed a model of economic compensation for the region.}, doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0925:AAOESW]2.0.CO;2}, author = {Henrichs, Thomas and Zurek, Monika and Eickhout, Bas and Kok, Kasper and Raudsepp-Hearne, Ciara and Ribeiro, Teresa and van Vuuren, Detlef and Volkery, Axel} } @article {15368, title = {Schistosomes: the road from host-parasite interactions to vaccines in clinical trials}, journal = {Trends Parasitol}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
England}, month = {Mar}, pages = {143-9}, abstract = {Insights over recent years into the interactions between helminths, including schistosomes, and the immune system have generated new concepts in immunology and significant advances in vaccine strategies. Here, we report recent advances that substantially increase our understanding of the nature of the host innate and adaptive responses to schistosomes and on strategies elaborated by the parasite to manipulate such responses. We also describe the long road that has allowed us to move from the identification of an anti-schistosome vaccine candidate, a 28kDa glutathione-S-transferase, to its recent evaluation in human clinical trials.}, keywords = {*Vaccines, Animals, Antibodies, Helminth/biosynthesis, Antigens, Helminth/immunology, Clinical Trials as Topic, Glutathione Transferase/chemistry/*immunology/metabolism, Host-Parasite Interactions/immunology/physiology, Humans, Schistosoma/enzymology/*immunology, Schistosomiasis/immunology/parasitology/*prevention \& control}, isbn = {1471-4922 (Print)
1471-4922 (Linking)}, author = {Capron, A. and Riveau, G. and Capron, M. and Trottein, F.} } @article {11518, title = {Secondary transmission in porcine cysticercosis: description and their potential implications for control sustainability}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {73}, year = {2005}, pages = {501-503}, author = {Gonzalez, AE and L{\'o}pez-Urbina, T and Tsang, BY and Gavidia, CM and Garcia, HH and Silva, ME and Ramos, DD and Manzanedo, R and S{\'a}nchez-Hidalgo, L and Gilman, RH and Tsang, VC} } @article {11453, title = {Sero-prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis and Taenia solium taeniasis in California, USA}, journal = {Acta Neurologica Scandinavica}, volume = {111}, year = {2005}, pages = {84-88}, author = {DeGiorgio, C and Pietsch-Escueta, S and Tsang, V and Corral-Leyva, G and Ng, L and Medina, MT and Astudillo, S and Padilla, N and Leyva, P and Martinez, L and Noh, J and Levine, M and del Villasenor, R and Sorvillo, F} } @article {7510, title = {Setting priorities for environmental sanitation interventions based on epidemiological criteria: a {Brazilian} study}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {sep}, pages = {271{\textendash}281}, abstract = {The present study addresses the use of analytical epidemiologic approaches to subsidize the establishment of priorities in environmental sanitation interventions. An epidemiological investigation was carried out in 1993 in the urban area of Betim, a southeast Brazilian City of 160,000 inhabitants. The case-control {\textquoteright}inclusive{\textquoteright} (or case-cohort) design, with a sample of 997 cases and 999 controls, was employed. Cases were defined as children of less than five years of age presenting diarrhoea episodes, while controls were randomly selected among children of the same age, living in the study area. After logistic regression adjustment, 11 of several exposure variables analysed were significantly associated with diarrhoea. Four different criteria, using as risk measures the relative risk, the attributable risk, the standardized coefficient of the logistic regression and the cost standardized coefficient, were used in order to define intervention priorities.}, keywords = {Brazil, Case-Control Studies, Child, Cohort Studies, Diarrhea, Environmental Exposure, Environmental health, Female, Financing, Government, Health Planning, Health Priorities, Humans, Male, Preschool, sanitation}, issn = {1477-8920}, author = {Heller, L{\'e}o and Colosimo, Enrico A. and Antunes, Carlos M. F.} } @article {2434, title = {{Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome.}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {365}, number = {9464}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {1073{\textendash}86}, abstract = {Most cases of diarrhoea-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) are caused by Shiga-toxin-producing bacteria; the pathophysiology differs from that of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Among Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), O157:H7 has the strongest association worldwide with HUS. Many different vehicles, in addition to the commonly suspected ground (minced) beef, can transmit this pathogen to people. Antibiotics, antimotility agents, narcotics, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should not be given to acutely infected patients, and we advise hospital admission and administration of intravenous fluids. Management of HUS remains supportive; there are no specific therapies to ameliorate the course. The vascular injury leading to HUS is likely to be well under way by the time infected patients seek medical attention for diarrhoea. The best way to prevent HUS is to prevent primary infection with Shiga-toxin-producing bacteria.}, keywords = {Diagnosis, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Differential, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: diagnosis, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: therapy, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: metabolism, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: diagnosis, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: therapy, Humans, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: metabolism}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71144-2}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15781103}, author = {Tarr, Phillip I and Gordon, Carrie A and Chandler, Wayne L} } @article {14246, title = {Shiga-toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {365}, number = {9464}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {1073{\textendash}86}, abstract = {Most cases of diarrhoea-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) are caused by Shiga-toxin-producing bacteria; the pathophysiology differs from that of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Among Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), O157:H7 has the strongest association worldwide with HUS. Many different vehicles, in addition to the commonly suspected ground (minced) beef, can transmit this pathogen to people. Antibiotics, antimotility agents, narcotics, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should not be given to acutely infected patients, and we advise hospital admission and administration of intravenous fluids. Management of HUS remains supportive; there are no specific therapies to ameliorate the course. The vascular injury leading to HUS is likely to be well under way by the time infected patients seek medical attention for diarrhoea. The best way to prevent HUS is to prevent primary infection with Shiga-toxin-producing bacteria.}, keywords = {Diagnosis, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Differential, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: diagnosis, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: therapy, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: metabolism, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: diagnosis, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: epidemiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: therapy, Humans, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: metabolism}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71144-2}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15781103}, author = {Tarr, Phillip I and Gordon, Carrie A and Chandler, Wayne L} } @article {14181, title = {Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive {Escherichia} coli pathogenicity factors.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {252}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, month = {dec}, pages = {11{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Bacteria of Shigella spp. (S. boydii, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri and S. sonnei) and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) are responsible for shigellosis in humans, a disease characterized by the destruction of the colonic mucosa that is induced upon bacterial invasion. Shigella spp. and EIEC strains contain a virulence plasmid of approximately 220 kb that encodes determinants for entry into epithelial cells and dissemination from cell to cell. This review presents the current model on mechanisms of invasion of the colonic epithelium by these bacteria and focuses on their pathogenicity factors, particularly the virulence plasmid-encoded type III secretion system.}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1016/j.femsle.2005.08.046}, author = {Parsot, Claude} } @article {2372, title = {{Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli pathogenicity factors.}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {252}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, month = {dec}, pages = {11{\textendash}8}, publisher = {The Oxford University Press}, abstract = {

Bacteria of Shigella spp. (S. boydii, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri and S. sonnei) and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) are responsible for shigellosis in humans, a disease characterized by the destruction of the colonic mucosa that is induced upon bacterial invasion. Shigella spp. and EIEC strains contain a virulence plasmid of approximately 220 kb that encodes determinants for entry into epithelial cells and dissemination from cell to cell. This review presents the current model on mechanisms of invasion of the colonic epithelium by these bacteria and focuses on their pathogenicity factors, particularly the virulence plasmid-encoded type III secretion system.

}, issn = {0378-1097}, doi = {10.1016/j.femsle.2005.08.046}, author = {Parsot, Claude} } @article {3133, title = {Short report: {Echinococcus} multilocularis confirmed on {Kunashiri} {Island}, 15 kilometers from the eastern part of {Hokkaido}, {Japan}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {284{\textendash}288}, abstract = {There are two foci of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis in Japan. The first focus is on Rebun Island where AE patients were found from 1937, and the second is in eastern Hokkaido where patients have been found since the 1960s. The origin of the second focus is unknown. To further investigate AE in eastern Hokkaido, wild rodents (Muridae) were captured and examined for infection on Kunashiri Island, which is located 15 km off the northeastern coast of Hokkaido. Metacestodes of E. multilocularis were isolated from two of 31 voles, all of which were identified to be Clethrionomys rufocanus. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing data of recovered cestodes showed total identity with the cestode reported from Hokkaido. These results suggest that E. multilocularis may have been introduced to Hokkaido from Kunashiri Island during or after 1965.}, keywords = {Animals, Arvicolinae, Base Sequence, DNA, Echinococcus multilocularis, Helminth, Japan, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid, Pacific Islands, Rodent Diseases, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Homology}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Satoh, Masao and Nakaya, Kazuhiro and Nakao, Minoru and Xiao, Ning and Yamasaki, Hiroshi and Sako, Yasuhito and Naitoh, Yukako and Kondo, Seiji and Kobayashi, Mari and Ohtaishi, Noriyuki and Ito, Akira} } @article {1688, title = {The simultaneous detection of both enteroviruses and adenoviruses in environmental water samples including tap water with an integrated cell culture-multiplex-nested PCR procedure}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, note = {Lee, S-H Lee, C Lee, K W Cho, H B Kim, S-J eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2005/04/20 09:00 J Appl Microbiol. 2005;98(5):1020-9.}, pages = {1020-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {AIMS: To evaluate an integrated cell culture (ICC)-multiplex-nested PCR using the buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cells for the simultaneous detection of both enteroviruses and adenoviruses in surface water and tap water samples and optimize the procedure for more sensitive detection of virus showing no apparent cytopathic effect (CPE). METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 69 surface water and 50 tap water samples were analysed by the ICC-multiplex-nested PCR. All the PCRs were performed five times with a cell lysate from each flask after at least 2 weeks incubation. Forty-six surface water samples (66.7\%) and 23 tap water samples (46.0\%) exhibited CPE by the cell culture method. By using an ICC-multiplex-nested PCR, 53 surface water samples (76.8\%) and 29 tap water samples (58.0\%) were determined as containing infectious enteric viral particles. CONCLUSIONS: An ICC-PCR method with a long incubation time using BGMK cells enables the simultaneous detection of enteroviruses and adenoviruses from environmental water samples, including tap water, even with low numbers of viruses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A method capable of detecting small numbers of viral particles is necessary.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics/*isolation \& purification Animals Cell Line DNA, Viral/*analysis Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Kidney/microbiology Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Rivers Time Factors *Water Microbiology Water Pollution Water Supply}, issn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02496.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15836470}, author = {Lee, S. H. and Lee, C. and Lee, K. W. and Cho, H. B. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {13337, title = {Skin and soft-tissue infections among tsunami survivors in southern Thailand}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, year = {2005}, pages = {e93-96}, author = {Hiransuthikul, N and Tantisiriwat, W and Lertutsahakul, K and Vibhagool, A and Boonma, P} } @article {9858, title = {{Social and cultural factors influencing Blastocystis hominis infection in two parishes of the Girardot Municipality in Aragua State. (August{\textendash}December 2001 to January-February 2002.)}}, journal = {Salus}, volume = {9}, year = {2005}, pages = {31{\textendash}47}, author = {Serna, R and Veliz, I and Guevara, M} } @article {9928, title = {Social and cultural factors influencing Blastocystis hominis infection in two parishes of the Girardot Municipality in Aragua State. (August{\textendash}December 2001 to January-February 2002.)}, journal = {Salus}, volume = {9}, year = {2005}, pages = {31-47}, author = {SERNA, R. and VELIZ, I. and GUEVARA, M.} } @article {6812, title = {Socio-economic and geographic differentials in costs and payment strategies for primary healthcare services in {Southeast} {Nigeria}}, journal = {Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {mar}, pages = {383{\textendash}397}, abstract = {The study explored socio-economic and geographic inequalities that exist in healthcare seeking, expenditures and methods of paying for healthcare. The study was conducted in two communities (one rural and urban) in Southeast Nigeria. A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to household heads or their representatives by trained interviewers. A socio-economic status (SES) index, together with urban-rural comparisons was used to examine the inequalities. The expenditures on healthcare and the proportions of respondents that used the different payment strategies were compared across SES quartiles and between the urban and rural areas. There were varying degrees of socio-economic and geographic inequalities in treatment expenditures, providers seen and payment modalities that were used. User fee without reimbursement was the commonest type of payment strategy, followed distantly by instalment payment. The two poorest quartiles were less likely to have used user fee and they mostly used instalment payment in the rural area. Logistic regression analysis showed that location was significantly and positively related to user fee but not to instalment payment. In conclusion, the poorest SES group and rural dwellers are the major sufferers of inequality and this could be mitigated through improved provision of primary healthcare services in rural areas and initiation of exemptions, vouchers and other pro-poor payment strategies for the poorest SES groups.}, keywords = {Adult, Community Health Centers, Cost of Illness, Family Characteristics, Female, Financing, Geography, Health Care Costs, Health Priorities, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Nigeria, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Personal, primary health care, Residence Characteristics, Rural Health Services, Socioeconomic Factors, Transportation, Urban Health Services}, issn = {0168-8510}, doi = {10.1016/j.healthpol.2004.06.006}, author = {Onwujekwe, Obinna and Uzochukwu, Benjamin} } @article {14621, title = {Sources of pathogenic microorganisms and their fate during land application of wastes}, journal = {J Environ Qual}, volume = {34}, year = {2005}, month = {feb}, pages = {42{\textendash}8}, abstract = {The hazards associated with pathogens in land-applied animal and human wastes have long been recognized. Management of these risks requires an understanding of sources, concentrations, and removal by processes that may be used to treat the wastes; survival in the environment; and exposure to sensitive populations. The major sources are animal feeding operations, municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents, biosolids, and on-site treatment systems. More than 150 known enteric pathogens may be present in the untreated wastes, and one new enteric pathogen has been discovered every year over the past decade. There has been increasing demand that risks associated with the land treatment and application be better defined. For risks to be quantified, more data are needed on the concentrations of pathogens in wastes, the effectiveness of treatment processes, standardization of detection methodology, and better quantification of exposure.}, keywords = {Agriculture, Animal Feed, Animals, Bacteria/*pathogenicity, Fertilizers, Fluid/*methods, Humans, Manure, Risk Assessment, Soil Microbiology, Viruses/*pathogenicity, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0047-2425 (Print) 0047-2425 (Linking)}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Smith, J. E.} } @article {14951, title = {Sources of pathogenic microorganisms and their fate during land application of wastes}, journal = {J Environ Qual}, volume = {34}, year = {2005}, month = {feb}, pages = {42{\textendash}8}, abstract = {The hazards associated with pathogens in land-applied animal and human wastes have long been recognized. Management of these risks requires an understanding of sources, concentrations, and removal by processes that may be used to treat the wastes; survival in the environment; and exposure to sensitive populations. The major sources are animal feeding operations, municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents, biosolids, and on-site treatment systems. More than 150 known enteric pathogens may be present in the untreated wastes, and one new enteric pathogen has been discovered every year over the past decade. There has been increasing demand that risks associated with the land treatment and application be better defined. For risks to be quantified, more data are needed on the concentrations of pathogens in wastes, the effectiveness of treatment processes, standardization of detection methodology, and better quantification of exposure.}, keywords = {Agriculture, Animal Feed, Animals, Bacteria/*pathogenicity, Fertilizers, Fluid/*methods, Humans, Manure, Risk Assessment, Soil Microbiology, Viruses/*pathogenicity, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0047-2425 (Print) 0047-2425 (Linking)}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Smith, J. E.} } @article {12943, title = {Sources of pathogenic microorganisms and their fate during land application of wastes}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {42{\textendash}48}, publisher = {American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society}, author = {Gerba, Charles P and Smith, James E} } @article {1576, title = {Sources of pathogenic microorganisms and their fate during land application of wastes}, journal = {J Environ Qual}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, note = {Gerba, Charles P Smith, James E Jr eng Review 2005/01/14 09:00 J Environ Qual. 2005 Jan-Feb;34(1):42-8.}, pages = {42-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The hazards associated with pathogens in land-applied animal and human wastes have long been recognized. Management of these risks requires an understanding of sources, concentrations, and removal by processes that may be used to treat the wastes; survival in the environment; and exposure to sensitive populations. The major sources are animal feeding operations, municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents, biosolids, and on-site treatment systems. More than 150 known enteric pathogens may be present in the untreated wastes, and one new enteric pathogen has been discovered every year over the past decade. There has been increasing demand that risks associated with the land treatment and application be better defined. For risks to be quantified, more data are needed on the concentrations of pathogens in wastes, the effectiveness of treatment processes, standardization of detection methodology, and better quantification of exposure.}, keywords = {Agriculture Animal Feed Animals Bacteria/*pathogenicity Fertilizers Humans Manure Risk Assessment Soil Microbiology Viruses/*pathogenicity Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods}, issn = {0047-2425 (Print) 0047-2425 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15647533}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Smith, J. E., Jr.} } @article {11828, title = {{Sparganosis in male breast}}, journal = {Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, month = {feb}, pages = {127{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Humans can acquire infection by sparganum or plerocercoid larva of the tapeworm from drinking water containing infected Cyclops species and by ingesting infected snakes, birds, or other mammals. Once infected, the plerocercoid larva migrate slowly in the tissues and present as a subcutaneous lesion, making the correct diagnosis difficult. A 38-year-old man visited our clinic due to a breast mass. Due to suspicion of gynecomastia or breast cancer, he underwent tumor excision. Unexpectedly, a long white worm was found in the breast tissue and the pathologic finding showed sparganosis. After the surgery, mebendazole was prescribed for 1 week. No recurrence of the sparganosis was found during 1-year follow-up.

}, issn = {0929-6646}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15765169}, author = {Tung, CC and Lin, JW and Chou, FF} } @article {6143, title = {Spatial distributions of Cryptosporidium oocysts in porous media: Evidence for dual mode deposition}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {39}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, pages = {3620{\textendash}3629}, author = {Tufenkji, Nathalie and Elimelech, Menachem} } @article {7768, title = {Speciation of Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni, C. helveticus, C. lari, C. sputorum, and C. upsaliensis by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, month = {October 01}, pages = {6292-6307}, abstract = {Multiple strains of Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni, C. helveticus, C. lari, C. sputorum, and C. upsaliensis isolated from animal, clinical, or food samples have been analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Whole bacterial cells were harvested from colonies or confluent growth on agar and transferred directly into solvent and then to a spot of dried 3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (matrix). Multiple ions in the 5,000- to 15,000-Da mass range were evident in spectra for each strain; one or two ions in the 9,500- to 11,000-Da range were consistently high intensity. {\textquotedblleft}Species-identifying{\textquotedblright} biomarker ions (SIBIs) were evident from analyses of multiple reference strains for each of the six species, including the genome strains C. jejuni NCTC 11168 and C. jejuni RM1221. Strains grown on nine different combinations of media and atmospheres yielded SIBI masses within {\textpm}5 Da with external instrument calibration. The highest-intensity C. jejuni SIBIs were cytosolic proteins, including GroES, HU/HCj, and RplL. Multiple intraspecies SIBIs, corresponding probably to nonsynonymous nucleotide polymorphisms, also provided some intraspecies strain differentiation. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of 75 additional Campylobacter strains isolated from humans, poultry, swine, dogs, and cats revealed (i) associations of SIBI type with source, (ii) strains previously speciated incorrectly, and (iii) {\textquotedblleft}strains{\textquotedblright} composed of more than one species. MALDI-TOF MS provides an accurate, sensitive, and rapid method for identification of multiple Campylobacter species relevant to public health and food safety.}, author = {Mandrell,Robert E. and Harden,Leslie A. and Bates,Anna and Miller,William G. and Haddon,William F. and Fagerquist,Clifton K.} } @article {9552, title = {{Spore shedding pattern of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in asymptomatic children}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {Pt 5}, year = {2005}, pages = {473{\textendash}476}, author = {Mungthin, M and Subrungruang, I and Naaglor, T and Aimpun, P and Areekul, W and Leelayoova, S} } @mastersthesis {7221, title = {A standardized performance assessment and evaluation model for community water systems}, year = {2005}, note = {3169699}, school = {University of Virginia}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The community water systems (CWS) sector is facing significant external forces for change from decreasing water resource availability, stricter water quality regulations, decreasing federal subsidies, increasing public scrutiny, decreasing financial health, increasing environmental impact, increasing social impact, and increasing infrastructure replacement costs. These forces necessitate greater accountability by CWS to their stakeholders. The goal of this study is to improve the accountability of CWS to their stakeholders. The thesis of this study is that increased accountability is achievable by means of a standardized method for performance assessment and evaluation (PAE) of CWS within a regional water system (RWS). Furthermore, the thesis postulates, that improved accountability achieved through this standardized PAE method permits greater efficiency in the allocation of limited financial resources to CWS that operate as a RWS. This research develops the model for such a standardized PAE method. The objectives of the model are to: (1) Provide a standardized method for performance assessment of CWS operating as a RWS. The standardized performance assessment method is built from the existing performance assessment methods that are used in the sector; (2) Provide a method for summative evaluation of performance that permits benchmarked comparison of CWS operating as a RWS; and (3) Increase the accountability of CWS to their stakeholders through a transparent and consistent method for assessing their performance and evaluating the assessment results. The objectives are achieved by adapting the pedagogies of systems analysis (SA) and multiobjective decision analysis (MODA) to the application of PAE for CWS. Thus SA techniques are modified to develop a universal goal and associated objectives for CWS. The MODA techniques are modified to elicit stakeholder preferences and consensus measures of performance for impact management in the form of strategic planning. The overall effects of these modifications are to balance individual CWSP resource allocations with the universal goal of the RWS. This combination of the SA and MODA techniques provide the foundation for a standardized PAE model to: (1) Close CWS financial resource gap by ensuring effective allocation policies are enacted; and (2) Enhance CWS accountability through uniform and consistent performance metrics and assessment methods that are understandable to all stakeholders. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0790:Systems design, Accountability, Applied sciences, Community water systems, Regional water systems, Systems design}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305380610?accountid=14270}, author = {Rogers, Jeffrey William} } @book {16982, title = {Straining, attachment, and detachment of Cryptosporidium oocysts in saturated porous media}, series = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {469{\textendash}478}, publisher = {American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science}, organization = {American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science}, author = {Bradford, SA and Bettahar, Mehdi} } @article {6088, title = {Straining, attachment, and detachment of oocysts in saturated porous media}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {469{\textendash}478}, author = {Bradford, SA and Bettahar, M} } @article {4810, title = {{Study on Cyclospora cayetanensis, associated with diarrheal disease in Nepal and Lao PDR}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {36}, year = {2005}, pages = {1371{\textendash}1376}, author = {Kimura, K and Rai, SK and Rai, G and Insisiengmay, S and Kawabata, M and Karanis, P and Uga, S} } @mastersthesis {6239, title = {Study on seawater desalination pre-treatment using nanofiltration technology}, year = {2005}, note = {H019850}, school = {Shanghai University (People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China)}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {As the sustained economic development of our country and the increasing improvement of people{\textquoteright}s living standard{\textquestiondown}the imbalance between supply and demand of water resource is conspicuous day by day{\textquestiondown}and people{\textquoteright}s requisition for domestic water is higher and higher- Desalinization{\textquestiondown}as an important technological means for solving the deficient of water resource{\textquestiondown}will make greater contribution for the development of our economic and social- But it has not been widely accepted over the world just because of its high energy and investment- New-type desalination technology FTC(flow-through capacitor) has the characteristics of low cost and low energy consumption{\textquestiondown}etc- which have already become the new light spots of desalinization technology-With systematic operation, the density of dirt ion on the electrode surface increases constantly, and finally causes insoluble salts, such as calcium carbonate, deposit in electrode surface, which influence the electric conductivity of the electrode, and then influence the desalination performance and service life of FTC- So in order to guarantee the electrode has long residual action, it is demanded that enter water does not include two prices and high price dirt ion basically- Nanofiltration Membrane softing is the newest of the water softing processes{\textquestiondown}Comparing with the traditional water softing processes{\textquestiondown}memnbrane softing has the advantanges of no environmental pollution{\textquestiondown}simplicity of the technology and operation-In this article, according to FTC desalination technology inlet requirement, through studying NF membrane{\textquestiondown}s separate performance and its influence factors, a kind of NF membrane as FTC application technology of pretreatment has been developed- 1-In this article{\textquestiondown}desalination experiments of six inorganic salt solutions (NaCl{\textquestiondown}KCl{\textquestiondown}Na2SO4{\textquestiondown}MgCl2{\textquestiondown}CaCl2and MgSO4) are carried out by using HL1812 -The effects of the type and the concentration of salt as well as the pressure on the separation performance and stability of nanofiltation membrane are investigated-Some salt removal rules with nanofiltation are gained-The experimental results showed that the rejections to inorganic electrolytes by the NF membranes increased with the pressure increasing and approached some certain values-Through trials on different univalent ion water show that the rejection effect of NF membrane is different{\textquestiondown}desalination performance of membrane to divalent ion is better than to univalent ion- The rejections to inorganic electrolytes by the NF membranes declined with increasing the electrolyte concentrations and approached some certain values under higher concentrations- 2-Systematic research on NF has been carried aimed at the demand of the desalinization pretreatment{\textquestiondown}which includes: NF fore treatment, membrane combination, operation condition and cleaning manner, corresponding optimum technique was put forward- The experimental results showed that the operating pressure has influence on water removal effect directly{\textquestiondown}the optimal operating pressure is 0-9{\textquestiondown}1-0MPa-Appropriate feed water temperature has also influence on water and removal effect{\textquestiondown}the optimal temperature is 5{\textquestiondown}20{\textquestiondown}-Through adjusting pH of seawater may prevent the scale of non-settleable salt on the membrane surface-Physical wash can recover membrane performance{\textquestiondown}acid wash may acquire favorable effect- 3- To different method of seawater desalination{\textquestiondown}corresponding NF technique was adopted to study desalinization pretreatment, brief analyse and evaluation were put up- The experimental results showed that favorable effect can be acquired utilizing NF as a pretreatment for the removal of hardness and TDS{\textquestiondown}rejection rate of hardness is 83\%{\textquestiondown}rejection rate of salt is 35\%{\textquestiondown}rejection rate of alkalinity is 73\%-The first permeate of nanofiltration can satisfy the feed water of Reverse Osmosis{\textquestiondown}For the FTC{\textquestiondown}the secondary permeate water can meet the feed water quality- Compared with traditional pretreatment technique{\textquestiondown}NF technique has better application prospect in desalinization pretreatment-}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIH019850, 0494:Physical chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Pure sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1027898007?accountid=14270}, author = {Jiang, Hua} } @article {12605, title = {Studying plasmid horizontal transfer in situ: a critical review}, journal = {Nature Reviews MicrobiologyNature Reviews Microbiology}, volume = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {09/01/online}, pages = {700}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, type = {Review Article}, author = {S{\o}rensen, S{\o}ren J. and Bailey, Mark and Hansen, Lars H. and Kroer, Niels and Wuertz, Stefan} } @article {7976, title = {{Subsurface flow reedbeds using alternative media for the treatment of domestic greywater in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {119{\textendash}28}, abstract = {

This paper describes the performance of reedbeds using plastic (PET) bottle segments as an alternative low-cost media for the treatment of domestic greywater in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America. Twelve reedbeds consisting of four sets of triplicates were monitored through wet and dry seasons in order to determine the effect of media type (PET versus crushed rock) and the effect of plants. In both seasons, performance of the planted reedbeds with PET media, for BOD and fecal coliform removal, was either comparable to, or better than, that of the crushed rock systems. The planted PET reedbeds achieved fecal coliform removal rates {\textgreater} 99.9{\%} in all cases equating to reductions of between 3 and nearly 5 log, with an average BOD outflow of 12.9 mg/L over both seasons. The hydraulic loading rate varied between 1.33 and 2.67 cm/day and hydraulic retention times (HRT) ranged from 3.5 to 7.5 days. The six reedbeds planted with Coix lacryma-jobi proved to be significantly more effective in pathogen removal and BOD reduction than the unplanted reedbeds. The planted PET reedbeds also increased their biomass by twice that of the planted crushed rock reedbeds during the study period. The majority of this increase was shown to be due to root growth. This paper discusses the implications of the above results for developing countries and identifies potential areas for further research.

}, keywords = {Biomass, Coix, Costa Rica, Developing Countries, Ecosystem, Filtration, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Seasons, Waste Disposal, Water Movements, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16104413}, author = {Dallas, S and Ho, G} } @article {2208, title = {{Subsurface flow reedbeds using alternative media for the treatment of domestic greywater in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America.}}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {51}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {119{\textendash}28}, abstract = {This paper describes the performance of reedbeds using plastic (PET) bottle segments as an alternative low-cost media for the treatment of domestic greywater in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America. Twelve reedbeds consisting of four sets of triplicates were monitored through wet and dry seasons in order to determine the effect of media type (PET versus crushed rock) and the effect of plants. In both seasons, performance of the planted reedbeds with PET media, for BOD and fecal coliform removal, was either comparable to, or better than, that of the crushed rock systems. The planted PET reedbeds achieved fecal coliform removal rates > 99.9\% in all cases equating to reductions of between 3 and nearly 5 log, with an average BOD outflow of 12.9 mg/L over both seasons. The hydraulic loading rate varied between 1.33 and 2.67 cm/day and hydraulic retention times (HRT) ranged from 3.5 to 7.5 days. The six reedbeds planted with Coix lacryma-jobi proved to be significantly more effective in pathogen removal and BOD reduction than the unplanted reedbeds. The planted PET reedbeds also increased their biomass by twice that of the planted crushed rock reedbeds during the study period. The majority of this increase was shown to be due to root growth. This paper discusses the implications of the above results for developing countries and identifies potential areas for further research.}, keywords = {Biomass, Coix, Costa Rica, Developing Countries, Ecosystem, Filtration, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Seasons, Waste Disposal, Water Movements, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16104413}, author = {Dallas, S and Ho, G} } @article {14804, title = {Subsurface flow reedbeds using alternative media for the treatment of domestic greywater in {Monteverde}, {Costa} {Rica}, {Central} {America}.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {51}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {119{\textendash}28}, abstract = {This paper describes the performance of reedbeds using plastic (PET) bottle segments as an alternative low-cost media for the treatment of domestic greywater in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America. Twelve reedbeds consisting of four sets of triplicates were monitored through wet and dry seasons in order to determine the effect of media type (PET versus crushed rock) and the effect of plants. In both seasons, performance of the planted reedbeds with PET media, for BOD and fecal coliform removal, was either comparable to, or better than, that of the crushed rock systems. The planted PET reedbeds achieved fecal coliform removal rates {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater 99.9\% in all cases equating to reductions of between 3 and nearly 5 log, with an average BOD outflow of 12.9 mg/L over both seasons. The hydraulic loading rate varied between 1.33 and 2.67 cm/day and hydraulic retention times (HRT) ranged from 3.5 to 7.5 days. The six reedbeds planted with Coix lacryma-jobi proved to be significantly more effective in pathogen removal and BOD reduction than the unplanted reedbeds. The planted PET reedbeds also increased their biomass by twice that of the planted crushed rock reedbeds during the study period. The majority of this increase was shown to be due to root growth. This paper discusses the implications of the above results for developing countries and identifies potential areas for further research.}, keywords = {Biomass, Coix, Costa Rica, Developing Countries, Ecosystem, Filtration, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Seasons, Waste Disposal, Water Movements, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16104413}, author = {Dallas, S and Ho, G} } @article {13980, title = {Subsurface flow reedbeds using alternative media for the treatment of domestic greywater in {Monteverde}, {Costa} {Rica}, {Central} {America}.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {51}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {119{\textendash}28}, abstract = {This paper describes the performance of reedbeds using plastic (PET) bottle segments as an alternative low-cost media for the treatment of domestic greywater in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America. Twelve reedbeds consisting of four sets of triplicates were monitored through wet and dry seasons in order to determine the effect of media type (PET versus crushed rock) and the effect of plants. In both seasons, performance of the planted reedbeds with PET media, for BOD and fecal coliform removal, was either comparable to, or better than, that of the crushed rock systems. The planted PET reedbeds achieved fecal coliform removal rates {\textbackslash}textgreater 99.9\% in all cases equating to reductions of between 3 and nearly 5 log, with an average BOD outflow of 12.9 mg/L over both seasons. The hydraulic loading rate varied between 1.33 and 2.67 cm/day and hydraulic retention times (HRT) ranged from 3.5 to 7.5 days. The six reedbeds planted with Coix lacryma-jobi proved to be significantly more effective in pathogen removal and BOD reduction than the unplanted reedbeds. The planted PET reedbeds also increased their biomass by twice that of the planted crushed rock reedbeds during the study period. The majority of this increase was shown to be due to root growth. This paper discusses the implications of the above results for developing countries and identifies potential areas for further research.}, keywords = {Biomass, Coix, Costa Rica, Developing Countries, Ecosystem, Filtration, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Seasons, Waste Disposal, Water Movements, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16104413}, author = {Dallas, S and Ho, G} } @article {16091, title = {Surfaceome of Leptospira spp}, journal = {Infect ImmunInfect ImmunInfect Immun}, volume = {73}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, month = {Aug}, pages = {4853-63}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism, Biotin, Cell Wall/metabolism, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Leptospira/*metabolism/ultrastructure, Lipoproteins/metabolism, Mass Spectrometry, Mice, Microscopy, Immunoelectron}, isbn = {0019-9567 (Print)
0019-9567 (Linking)}, author = {Cullen, P. A. and Xu, X. and Matsunaga, J. and Sanchez, Y. and Ko, A. I. and Haake, D. A. and Adler, B.} } @article {13766, title = {Survey of bovine enterovirus in biological and environmental samples by a highly sensitive real-time reverse transcription-{PCR}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Animal enteroviruses shed in the feces of infected animals are likely environmental contaminants and thus can be used as indicators of animal fecal pollution. Previous work has demonstrated that bovine enterovirus (BEV) present in bovine feces contaminates waters adjacent to cattle herds and that BEV-like sequences are also present in shellfish and in deer feces from the same geographical area. However, little information is available about the prevalence, molecular epidemiology, and genomic sequence variation of BEV field isolates. Here we describe an optimized highly sensitive real-time reverse transcription-PCR method to detect BEV RNA in biological and environmental samples. A combination of the amplification procedure with a previously described filtration step with electropositive filters allowed us to detect up to 12 BEV RNA molecules per ml of water. The feasibility of using the method to detect BEV in surface waters at a high risk of fecal pollution was confirmed after analysis of water samples obtained from different sources. The method was also used to study the prevalence of BEV in different cattle herds around Spain, and the results revealed that 78\% (78 of 100) of the fecal samples were BEV positive. BEV-like sequences were also detected in feces from sheep, goats, and horses. Nucleotide sequence analyses showed that BEV isolates are quite heterogeneous and suggested the presence of species-specific BEV-like variants. Detection of BEV-like sequences may help in the differentiation and characterization of animal sources of contamination. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.7.3536-3543.2005}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez-Clavero, M.A. and Escribano-Romero, E. and Mansilla, C. and G{\'o}mez, N. and C{\'o}rdoba, L. and Roblas, N. and Ponz, F. and Ley, V. and S{\'a}iz, J.-C.} } @article {7566, title = {{Survey of bovine enterovirus in biological and environmental samples by a highly sensitive real-time reverse transcription-PCR}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, pages = {3536-3543}, abstract = {

Animal enteroviruses shed in the feces of infected animals are likely environmental contaminants and thus can be used as indicators of animal fecal pollution. Previous work has demonstrated that bovine enterovirus (BEV) present in bovine feces contaminates waters adjacent to cattle herds and that BEV-like sequences are also present in shellfish and in deer feces from the same geographical area. However, little information is available about the prevalence, molecular epidemiology, and genomic sequence variation of BEV field isolates. Here we describe an optimized highly sensitive real-time reverse transcription-PCR method to detect BEV RNA in biological and environmental samples. A combination of the amplification procedure with a previously described filtration step with electropositive filters allowed us to detect up to 12 BEV RNA molecules per ml of water. The feasibility of using the method to detect BEV in surface waters at a high risk of fecal pollution was confirmed after analysis of water samples obtained from different sources. The method was also used to study the prevalence of BEV in different cattle herds around Spain, and the results revealed that 78{\%} (78 of 100) of the fecal samples were BEV positive. BEV-like sequences were also detected in feces from sheep, goats, and horses. Nucleotide sequence analyses showed that BEV isolates are quite heterogeneous and suggested the presence of species-specific BEV-like variants. Detection of BEV-like sequences may help in the differentiation and characterization of animal sources of contamination. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.7.3536-3543.2005}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez-Clavero, M.A. and Escribano-Romero, E. and Mansilla, C. and G{\'o}mez, N. and C{\'o}rdoba, L. and Roblas, N. and Ponz, F. and Ley, V. and S{\'a}iz, J.-C.} } @article {2045, title = {Survey of intestinal parasites in pigs from intensive farms in Guangdong Province, People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {127}, number = {3-4}, year = {2005}, month = {2005/02}, pages = {333-336}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Weng, YB and Hu, YJ and Li, Y and Li, BS and Lin, RQ and Xie, DH and Gasser, RB and Zhu, XQ} } @article {7833, title = {Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in waterborne protozoa}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {9}, year = {2005}, note = {Sep; Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in waterborne protozoa; ISI:000231897400078; ID: 293}, pages = {5560-5571}, author = {Snelling,W. J. and McKenna,J. P. and Lecky,D. M. and Dooley,J. S. G.} } @article {7505, title = {Survival of {E}. coli {O}157:{H}7 in organic wastes destined for land application}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {apr}, pages = {814{\textendash}822}, issn = {1364-5072, 1365-2672}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02524.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02524.x}, author = {Avery, L.M. and Killham, K. and Jones, D.L.} } @article {13918, title = {Survival of {E}. coli {O}157: {H}7 in organic wastes destined for land application}, journal = {Journal of Applied {\textbackslash}ldots}, year = {2005}, author = {Avery, LM and Killham, K and Jones, DL} } @article {14796, title = {Survival of {E}. coli {O}157: {H}7 in organic wastes destined for land application}, journal = {Journal of Applied {\textbackslash}textbackslashldots}, year = {2005}, author = {Avery, LM and Killham, K and Jones, DL} } @article {7937, title = {{Survival of E. coli O157: H7 in organic wastes destined for land application}}, journal = {Journal of Applied {\l}dots}, volume = {98}, year = {2005}, pages = {814-822}, author = {Avery, LM and Killham, K and Jones, DL} } @article {2153, title = {{Survival of E. coli O157: H7 in organic wastes destined for land application}}, journal = {Journal of Applied {\l}dots}, year = {2005}, author = {Avery, LM and Killham, K and Jones, DL} } @article {9044, title = {{Survival of E. coli O157:H7 in organic wastes destined for land application}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {814{\textendash}822}, abstract = {AIM: To determine the persistence of Escherichia coli O157 in contrasting organic wastes spread to land and to assess the potential environmental risk associated with the disposal of these wastes to land. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-seven organic wastes originating from slaughterhouses, wastewater treatment plants (raw and treated sewage), creameries and farms (bovine slurry), were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and incubated at 10 degrees C. Although pathogen numbers gradually declined in all the wastes, albeit at different rates even in the same waste type, E. coli O157:H7 was still viable in 77{\{}{\%}{\}} of organic wastes tested after 2 months. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term storage of organic wastes led to a significant and gradual decline in E. coli O157:H7 numbers. Consequently, storage may be a useful means of reducing the pathogen load of wastes destined for land application. However, in most cases, long-term storage cannot be expected to completely eliminate E. coli O157:H7 from waste. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our results indicate that current legislation may be insufficient to protect the environment from E. coli O157:H7 contamination from untreated wastes spread to land.}, keywords = {Abattoir waste, Cattle, Escherichia coli O157, Landspreading, Sewage sludge, Survival, wastewater}, isbn = {1364-5072}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02524.x}, author = {Avery, Lisa M and Killham, K and Jones, D L} } @article {13198, title = {Survival of Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila in non-carbonated mineral water}, journal = {Polish Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {54}, year = {2005}, pages = {35-40}, author = {Korzeniewska, E. and Filipkowska, Z. and Zarnoch, D. and Tworus, K.} } @inbook {14615, title = {Survival of {Viruses} in the {Marine} {Environment}}, booktitle = {Oceans and {Health}: {Pathogens} in the {Marine} {Environment}}, year = {2005}, pages = {133{\textendash}142}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {New York}, author = {Gerba, C. P.}, editor = {Belkin, S. and Colwel, R. R.} } @inbook {1568, title = {Survival of Viruses in the Marine Environment}, booktitle = {Oceans and Health: Pathogens in the Marine Environment}, year = {2005}, pages = {133-142}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, type = {Book Section}, address = {New York}, author = {Gerba, C. P.}, editor = {Belkin, S. and Colwel, R. R.} } @article {16677, title = {Survival of viruses on fresh produce, using {MS}2 as a surrogate for norovirus}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, year = {2005}, pages = {203{\textendash}209}, author = {Dawson, D.J. and Paish, A. and Staffell, L.M. and Seymour, I.J. and Appleton, H.} } @article {16491, title = {Survival of viruses on fresh produce, using MS2 as a surrogate for norovirus}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {98}, year = {2005}, pages = {203{\textendash}209}, author = {Dawson, D. J., A. Paish, L. M. Staffell, I. J. Seymour and H. Appleton} } @article {8419, title = {Synergistic role of micronemal proteins in Toxoplasma gondii virulence}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Medicine}, volume = {201}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {453{\textendash}463}, author = {C{\'e}r{\`e}de, O and Dubremetz, JF and So{\^e}te, M and Desl{\'e}e, D and Vial, H and Bout, D and Lebrun, M} } @article {2281, title = {{tir- and stx-positive Escherichia coli in stream waters in a metropolitan area}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {2511{\textendash}2519}, edition = {2005/05/05}, abstract = {Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, which may include the enteropathogenic E. coli and the enterohemorrhagic E. coli, are a significant cause of diarrheal disease among infants and children in both developing and developed areas. Disease outbreaks related to freshwater exposure have been documented, but the presence of these organisms in the urban aquatic environment is not well characterized. From April 2002 through April 2004 we conducted weekly surveys of streams in the metropolitan Baltimore, Md., area for the prevalence of potentially pathogenic E. coli by using PCR assays targeting the tir and stx(1) and stx(2) genes. Coliforms testing positive for the presence of the tir gene were cultured from 653 of 1,218 samples (53\%), with a greater prevalence associated with urban, polluted streams than in suburban and forested watershed streams. Polluted urban streams were also more likely to test positive for the presence of one of the stx genes. Sequence analysis of the tir amplicon, as well as the entire tir gene from three isolates, indicated that the pathogenic E. coli present in the stream waters has a high degree of sequence homology with the E. coli O157:H7 serotype. Our data indicate that pathogenic E. coli are continually deposited into a variety of stream habitats and suggest that this organism may be a permanent member of the gastrointestinal microflora of humans and animals in the metropolitan Baltimore area.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {71/5/2511 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2511-2519.2005}, author = {Higgins, J A and Belt, K T and Karns, J S and Russell-Anelli, J and Shelton, D R} } @article {8031, title = {{tir- and stx-positive Escherichia coli in stream waters in a metropolitan area}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {2511{\textendash}2519}, edition = {2005/05/05}, abstract = {Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, which may include the enteropathogenic E. coli and the enterohemorrhagic E. coli, are a significant cause of diarrheal disease among infants and children in both developing and developed areas. Disease outbreaks related to freshwater exposure have been documented, but the presence of these organisms in the urban aquatic environment is not well characterized. From April 2002 through April 2004 we conducted weekly surveys of streams in the metropolitan Baltimore, Md., area for the prevalence of potentially pathogenic E. coli by using PCR assays targeting the tir and stx(1) and stx(2) genes. Coliforms testing positive for the presence of the tir gene were cultured from 653 of 1,218 samples (53{\%}), with a greater prevalence associated with urban, polluted streams than in suburban and forested watershed streams. Polluted urban streams were also more likely to test positive for the presence of one of the stx genes. Sequence analysis of the tir amplicon, as well as the entire tir gene from three isolates, indicated that the pathogenic E. coli present in the stream waters has a high degree of sequence homology with the E. coli O157:H7 serotype. Our data indicate that pathogenic E. coli are continually deposited into a variety of stream habitats and suggest that this organism may be a permanent member of the gastrointestinal microflora of humans and animals in the metropolitan Baltimore area.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {71/5/2511 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2511-2519.2005}, author = {Higgins, J A and Belt, K T and Karns, J S and Russell-Anelli, J and Shelton, D R} } @article {14067, title = {tir- and stx-positive {Escherichia} coli in stream waters in a metropolitan area}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {2511{\textendash}2519}, abstract = {Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, which may include the enteropathogenic E. coli and the enterohemorrhagic E. coli, are a significant cause of diarrheal disease among infants and children in both developing and developed areas. Disease outbreaks related to freshwater exposure have been documented, but the presence of these organisms in the urban aquatic environment is not well characterized. From April 2002 through April 2004 we conducted weekly surveys of streams in the metropolitan Baltimore, Md., area for the prevalence of potentially pathogenic E. coli by using PCR assays targeting the tir and stx(1) and stx(2) genes. Coliforms testing positive for the presence of the tir gene were cultured from 653 of 1,218 samples (53\%), with a greater prevalence associated with urban, polluted streams than in suburban and forested watershed streams. Polluted urban streams were also more likely to test positive for the presence of one of the stx genes. Sequence analysis of the tir amplicon, as well as the entire tir gene from three isolates, indicated that the pathogenic E. coli present in the stream waters has a high degree of sequence homology with the E. coli O157:H7 serotype. Our data indicate that pathogenic E. coli are continually deposited into a variety of stream habitats and suggest that this organism may be a permanent member of the gastrointestinal microflora of humans and animals in the metropolitan Baltimore area.}, doi = {71/5/2511 [pii] 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2511-2519.2005}, author = {Higgins, J A and Belt, K T and Karns, J S and Russell-Anelli, J and Shelton, D R} } @article {8577, title = {{Toxoplasmosis prevention knowledge among pregnant women in Minnesota}}, journal = {Minnesota Medical Solutions}, volume = {88}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {32{\textendash}34}, author = {Ogunmodede, F and Scheftel, J and Jones, JL and Lynfield, R} } @article {15567, title = {Transmission of Schistosoma japonicum by humans and domestic animals in the Yangtze River valley, Anhui province, China}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {96}, number = {2-3}, year = {2005}, note = {0001-706X (Print)
Journal Article}, month = {Nov-Dec}, pages = {198-204}, abstract = {The aim of the present work was to assess the relative contribution to transmission of Schistosoma japonicum by humans and domestic animals in two villages in the Yangtze River valley in Anhui province, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and intensity of S. japonicum in humans, cattle, water buffaloes, horses, pigs, goats, dogs and cats. Additionally, for each host species the number of individuals and the mean faecal excretion per day was determined. Results showed that both prevalence and intensity of infection varied significantly between species and between the two villages and neither of the variables gave an adequate picture of the potential transmission. Total daily egg excretion was significantly higher in Chenqiao village compared with Guanghui village. Whereas humans were the main contributors to transmission of schistosomiasis in Guanghui village (80.4\%), water buffaloes accounted for nearly 90\% and goats for more than 5\% of the transmission in Chenqiao village. Hence, the present study suggests that schistosomiasis transmission might vary significantly within Chinese farm districts and successful control should rely on prior transmission index determinations on major potential contributors rather than routine data of prevalence and intensity of infection. Further studies should determine the value of adding other transmission variables like egg hatchability and faecal deposition habits.}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Animals, Animals, Domestic/*parasitology, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Feces/parasitology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oman, prevalence, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, reservoir, Schistosomiasis japonica/epidemiology/*transmission}, author = {Wang, T. P. and Vang Johansen, M. and Zhang, S. Q. and Wang, F. F. and Wu, W. D. and Zhang, G. H. and Pan, X. P. and Ju, Y. and Ornbjerg, N.} } @article {14089, title = {Transport and deposition of sediment-associated {Escherichia} coli in natural streams.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {39}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, month = {jul}, pages = {2665{\textendash}75}, abstract = {The association of microorganisms with sediment particles is one of the primary complicating factors in assessing microbial fate in aquatic systems. The literature indicates that the majority of enteric bacteria in aquatic systems are associated with sediments and that these associations influence their survival and transport characteristics. Yet, the nature of these associations has not been fully characterized. In this study, a combination of field experiments and mathematical modeling were used to better understand the processes which control the fate and transport of enteric bacteria in alluvial streams. An experimental procedure, involving the use of a tracer-bacteria, was developed to simulate the transport and deposition of bacteria-laden bed sediments in a small alluvial stream during steady flow conditions. The experimental data and mathematical model were used to determine dispersion coefficients, deposition rates, and partitioning coefficients for sediment-associated bacteria in two natural streams. The results provided evidence that bacterial adsorption can be modeled as an irreversible process in freshwater environments. Net settling velocities of fine sediments and associated bacteria were typically two orders of magnitude lower than those predicted from Stokes equation, due to re-entrainment of settled particles. The information presented in this study will further the development of representative microbial water quality models.}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.040}, author = {Jamieson, Rob and Joy, Doug M and Lee, Hung and Kostaschuk, Ray and Gordon, Robert} } @article {2299, title = {{Transport and deposition of sediment-associated Escherichia coli in natural streams.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, month = {jul}, pages = {2665{\textendash}75}, abstract = {

The association of microorganisms with sediment particles is one of the primary complicating factors in assessing microbial fate in aquatic systems. The literature indicates that the majority of enteric bacteria in aquatic systems are associated with sediments and that these associations influence their survival and transport characteristics. Yet, the nature of these associations has not been fully characterized. In this study, a combination of field experiments and mathematical modeling were used to better understand the processes which control the fate and transport of enteric bacteria in alluvial streams. An experimental procedure, involving the use of a tracer-bacteria, was developed to simulate the transport and deposition of bacteria-laden bed sediments in a small alluvial stream during steady flow conditions. The experimental data and mathematical model were used to determine dispersion coefficients, deposition rates, and partitioning coefficients for sediment-associated bacteria in two natural streams. The results provided evidence that bacterial adsorption can be modeled as an irreversible process in freshwater environments. Net settling velocities of fine sediments and associated bacteria were typically two orders of magnitude lower than those predicted from Stokes equation, due to re-entrainment of settled particles. The information presented in this study will further the development of representative microbial water quality models.

}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.040}, author = {Jamieson, Rob and Joy, Doug M and Lee, Hung and Kostaschuk, Ray and Gordon, Robert} } @article {6152, title = {Transport of chemical and microbial compounds from known wastewater discharges: potential for use as indicators of human faecal contamination}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {39}, number = {14}, year = {2005}, pages = {5157-5169}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Glassmeyer, Susan T and Furlong, Edward T and Kolpin, Dana W and Cahill, Jeffery D and Zaugg, Steven D and Werner, Stephen L and Meyer, Michael T and Kryak, David D} } @article {6788, title = {Transport of chemical and microbial compounds from known wastewater discharges: potential for use as indicators of human fecal contamination}, journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {39}, number = {14}, year = {2005}, pages = {5157{\textendash}5169}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es048120k}, author = {Glassmeyer, Susan T. and Furlong, Edward T. and Kolpin, Dana W. and Cahill, Jeffery D. and Zaugg, Steven D. and Werner, Stephen L. and Meyer, Michael T. and Kryak, David D.} } @article {15588, title = {Treatment of praziquantel wastewater using the integrated process of coagulation and gas membrane absorption}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {39}, number = {10}, year = {2005}, month = {May}, pages = {2189-95}, abstract = {Praziquantel is an anti-schistosoma drug, its wastewater contains numerous cyanide and other colloid pollutant. A novel integrated treatment process was proposed in this study, i.e., using coagulation to eliminate colloid pollutant and using gas membrane absorption (GMA) to remove cyanide. The optimization of coagulation condition, determination of cyanide removal rate, elimination of membrane fouling, and overall evaluation of the integrated process for the treatment of praziquantel wastewater were investigated in this study. Good results were achieved: turbidity reduced from 700 NTU to 10-40 NTU, 92\% COD was removed, cyanide concentration dropped from 3500 mg/L to below 0.5 mg/L, recovery rate of cyanide reached to 98\%, and operation cost could be entirely compensated from the gain of recovered cyanide. The results demonstrate that the novel integrated process offers a number of advantages over alkaline chlorination method in the treatment of praziquantel wastewater: cyanide can be reused rather than destroyed, no secondary pollutants are produced, the operation cost is low and the equipment etching is avoided.}, keywords = {Absorption, Chlorine/pharmacology, Colloids/chemistry, Cyanides/ isolation \& purification, Gases/chemistry, Kinetics, Membranes, Artificial, Praziquantel/ isolation \& purification, Sewage/chemistry/ microbiology, Waste Disposal, Fluid/economics/ methods}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Xu, Z. and Li, L. and Shen, Z.} } @article {5410, title = {{Treatment of septage in constructed wetlands in tropical climate: Lessons learnt from seven years of operation}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, year = {2005}, pages = {119{\textendash}126}, author = {Koottatep, T and Surinkul, N and Polprasert, C and Kamal, ASM and Kon{\'e}, D and Montangero, A and Heinss, U and Strauss, M} } @article {9812, title = {{The tree of eukaryotes}}, journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {20}, year = {2005}, pages = {670{\textendash}676}, author = {Keeling, PJ and Burger, G and Durnford, DG and Lang, BF and Lee, RW and Pearlman, RE and Roger, AJ and Gray, MW} } @article {12814, title = {Trichuriasis}, volume = {2017}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, publisher = {College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University}, address = {Ames, Iowa}, url = {http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/trichuriasis.pdf} } @article {12761, title = {{Triclabendazole for the treatment of fascioliasis and paragonimiasis}}, journal = {Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs}, volume = {14}, year = {2005}, pages = {1512{\textendash}1526}, author = {Keiser, J and Engels, D and B{\"u}scher, G and Utzinger, J} } @article {13592, title = {Triclabendazole: new skills to unravel an old-ish enigma}, journal = {J Helminthol}, volume = {79}, year = {2005}, pages = {227-234}, author = {Fairweather, I.} } @mastersthesis {6901, title = {Urban sprawl: {A} comparative study of the {Detroit}-{Windsor} region}, year = {2005}, note = {3196203}, school = {Wayne State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Many individual case studies have been conducted on sprawl in specific metropolitan regions within the United States and Canada, but very few comparative studies have looked at the issue. The Detroit-Windsor metropolitan region provides a laboratory to compare the policy decision-making of local officials on issues of urban growth. This comparative case study attempts to answer several research questions. What specific policy choices are available to municipalities to control urban sprawl? Which public policies have been most successful in controlling urban growth? Discussion focuses on state and province wide land use goals to control urban sprawl; however, the underlying foundation to manage urban growth depends on a local sense of community and opportunities to rationalize common interests. The analysis in this dissertation is based on a review of the current scholarly research centering on the problems associated with urban sprawl in the United States and Canada. Primary and secondary sources of information were reviewed. As well, interviews with public officials, developers and interested participants in the local land use development process were conducted in the Detroit-Windsor region throughout 2003. The analytical strategy of this research provides an overview of the policy issues related to urban sprawl with specific assessment of urban sprawl as it affects the Detroit-Windsor region. The fundamental observation with urban sprawl is that one person{\textquoteright}s sprawl is another person{\textquoteright}s economic development. The dream of both Americans and Canadians is a private estate home on a piece of the savannah. The key issues in sprawling suburbs are congested roadways and the need to provide water and sewer infrastructure. Developers are constantly promoting new projects to local townships hungry for tax revenues to fund community services. Core cities, such as Detroit and Windsor, struggle with school systems that are under funded and face a heavy tax burden to repair aging infrastructure. Urban policies should be focused on enhancing the quality of life for the whole metropolitan region. Older inner city communities cannot be left behind while tax dollars from senior levels of government pay for problems associate with urban sprawl such as traffic congestion or water and sewage expansion.}, keywords = {0615:Political science, 0617:Public administration, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Area planning \& development, Detroit-Windsor, Metropolitan regions, Michigan, Ontario, Political science, Public administration, Social sciences, Urban planning, Urban sprawl, Windsor}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305382676?accountid=14270}, author = {Heuton, Robert Alexander} } @mastersthesis {6500, title = {Use of water quality data for land management decisions: {A} case study in {San} {Juan} {County}, {Colorado}}, year = {2005}, note = {1427772}, school = {University of Colorado at Boulder}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {San Juan County, Colorado is similar to other gateway communities bordering scenic public lands in the western United States. As a result of rapid growth, many of these areas have experienced increased real estate values and property taxes, supplanted traditional industries with service-oriented ones, and in many cases modified the attributes that drew people to these communities in the first place. Local land-use planners need tools to help guide policy decisions, and are charged with balancing the often conflicting influences of local history and culture, politics, economic goals, and science. I used water quality data as an indicator of ecosystem health, and produced sensitivity maps to aid in the formulation of informed land-use decisions. This study builds on similar research conducted in neighboring San Miguel County. Extensive field surveys were undertaken in priority drainages throughout San Juan County to map spatial distribution and aerial extent of landscape types during the summers of 2003 and 2004. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0617:Public administration, 0768:Environmental science, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Public administration, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305012182?accountid=14270}, author = {Raby, Kim Scarlet} } @article {13382, title = {{User satisfaction in large-scale, urban dry sanitation programs in Mexico}}, journal = {Urban Water Journal}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {227{\textendash}243}, abstract = {Dry sanitation (DS) may be part of the solution to water scarcity, water quality deterioration and lack of resources to provide or maintain waterborne sewage systems. However, the worldwide paucity of large-scale, urban case studies makes assessment of DS as a potential urban water management strategy difficult. Urban DS viability depends in part on urban users{\textquoteright} satisfaction with dry toilets (DTs) and whether they would accept them as long-term sanitation options. We analyze user acceptance and satisfaction with DS in five Mexican cities. When toilets functioned well (four out of five sites), users were highly satisfied. Similar levels of satisfaction were found under conditions of different DT models, types of DS program and income-level of the population. User motivation, choice and adequate support services were positively associated with satisfaction. Incentives such as indoor, aesthetic DTs, maintenance and end-product collection services, as well as higher water supply pricing, would encourage people to accept DS as a long-term option. We discuss reasons for dissatisfaction at one of the study sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]$\backslash$nCopyright of Urban Water Journal is the property of Taylor {\&} Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder{\textquoteright}s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)}, keywords = {appropriate technology, composting toilets, dry toilets, dts, ecological, on-site sanitation, peri-urban, sanitation, water management in cities}, issn = {1573-062X}, doi = {10.1080/15730620500386503}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15730620500386503}, author = {Cordova, Ana and Knuth, Barbara A.} } @article {5406, title = {{Using a compact combined constructed wetland system to treat agricultural wastewater with high nitrogen}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, year = {2005}, pages = {47{\textendash}53}, author = {Kantawanichkul, S and Somprasert, S} } @inbook {1334, title = {UV inactivation of adenovirus type 41 measured by cell culture mRNA RT-PCR}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {39}, year = {2005}, note = {Ko, Gwangpyo Cromeans, Theresa L Sobsey, Mark D Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. Water research S0043-1354(05)00335-0 [pii] Water Res. 2005 Sep;39(15):3643-9.}, pages = {3643-9}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {Adenoviruses are among the most resistant waterborne pathogens to UV disinfection, yet of the 51 serologically distinct human adenoviruses, only a few have been evaluated for their sensitivities to UV irradiation. Human enteric adenoviruses (Ad40 and Ad41) are difficult to cultivate and reliably assay for infectivity, requiring weeks to obtain cytopathogenic effects (CPE). Inoculated cell cultures often deteriorate before the appearance of distinctive CPE making it difficult to obtain reliable and reproducible data regarding UV inactivation. Adenovirus is a double-stranded DNA virus and produces messenger RNA (mRNA) during replication in host cells. The presence of viral mRNA in host cells is definitive evidence of infection. We recently developed a rapid and reliable cell culture-mRNA RT-PCR assay to detect and quantify adenovirus infectivity. Viral mRNA recovered from cell cultures 5-7 days after infection was purified on oligo-dT latex, treated with DNase, and amplified by RT-PCR using the primers specific for a conserved region of the hexon late mRNA transcript. Treatment of approximately 10(4) Ad41 with different doses of 254 nm germicidal UV radiation resulted in a dose-dependent loss of infectivity. As UV doses were increased from 75 to 200 mJ/cm2, virus survival decreased and no virus infectivity (measured by detectable mRNA) was found at a dose of 225 mJ/cm2 or higher. Our results using the cell culture mRNA RT-PCR assay indicate that Ad41 is more resistant to UV radiation than in a previous study using a conventional cell culture infectivity assay. Results were more similar to those found for Ad 40 using CPE as a measure of infectivity in another previous study.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/genetics/pathogenicity/ radiation effects Cell Line Disinfection Environmental Monitoring/ methods Escherichia coli/virology Humans Levivirus/pathogenicity/radiation effects RNA, Messenger/analysis RNA, Viral/ analysis Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Ultraviolet Rays Virus Inactivation/ radiation effects Water Pollutants/radiation effects}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.06.013}, author = {Ko, G. and Cromeans, T. L. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {4525, title = {UV inactivation of adenovirus type 41 measured by cell culture mRNA RT-PCR}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {39}, number = {15}, year = {2005}, pages = {3643{\textendash}9}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2005.06.013}, author = {Ko, G. and Cromeans, T. L. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {11363, title = {Vaccination of pigs to control human neurocysticercosis}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {837}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Gonzalez, AE and Gauci, CG and Barber, D and Gilman, RH and Tsang, VCW and Garcia, HH and Verastegui, M and Lightowlers, MW} } @article {1660, title = {Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication}, journal = {Annual Review of Microbiology}, volume = {59}, year = {2005}, note = {Kew, Olen M Sutter, Roland W de Gourville, Esther M Dowdle, Walter R Pallansch, Mark A eng Review 2005/09/13 09:00 Annu Rev Microbiol. 2005;59:587-635.}, pages = {587-635}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

As the global eradication of wild poliovirus nears, the World Health Organization (WHO) is addressing challenges unprecedented in public health. The live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), used for more than four decades to interrupt poliovirus transmission, and the vaccine of choice for developing countries, is genetically unstable. Reversion of the small number of substitutions conferring the attenuated phenotype frequently occurs during OPV replication in humans and is the underlying cause of the rare cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) in OPV recipients and their close contacts. Whereas VAPP has long been recognized, two other adverse events have been identified more recently: (a) long-term excretion of highly evolved vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in persons with primary immunodeficiencies, and (b) polio outbreaks associated with circulating VDPVs in areas with low rates of OPV coverage. Developing a posteradication strategy to minimize the risks of VDPV emergence and spread has become an urgent WHO priority.

}, keywords = {Global Health Health Policy Humans Poliomyelitis/*prevention \& control/virology Poliovirus/genetics/*pathogenicity Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/*adverse effects Vaccination World Health Organization}, issn = {0066-4227 (Print) 0066-4227 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123625}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16153180}, author = {Kew, O. M. and Sutter, R. W. and de Gourville, E. M. and Dowdle, W. R. and M A Pallansch} } @article {14736, title = {Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication}, journal = {Annu Rev Microbiol}, volume = {59}, year = {2005}, pages = {587{\textendash}635}, abstract = {As the global eradication of wild poliovirus nears, the World Health Organization (WHO) is addressing challenges unprecedented in public health. The live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), used for more than four decades to interrupt poliovirus transmission, and the vaccine of choice for developing countries, is genetically unstable. Reversion of the small number of substitutions conferring the attenuated phenotype frequently occurs during OPV replication in humans and is the underlying cause of the rare cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) in OPV recipients and their close contacts. Whereas VAPP has long been recognized, two other adverse events have been identified more recently: (a) long-term excretion of highly evolved vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in persons with primary immunodeficiencies, and (b) polio outbreaks associated with circulating VDPVs in areas with low rates of OPV coverage. Developing a posteradication strategy to minimize the risks of VDPV emergence and spread has become an urgent WHO priority.}, keywords = {Global Health, Health Policy, Humans, Oral/*adverse effects, Poliomyelitis/*prevention \& control/virology, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/genetics/*pathogenicity, Vaccination, World Health Organization}, issn = {0066-4227 (Print) 0066-4227 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123625}, author = {Kew, O. M. and Sutter, R. W. and de Gourville, E. M. and Dowdle, W. R. and M A Pallansch} } @article {15008, title = {Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication}, journal = {Annu Rev Microbiol}, volume = {59}, year = {2005}, pages = {587{\textendash}635}, abstract = {As the global eradication of wild poliovirus nears, the World Health Organization (WHO) is addressing challenges unprecedented in public health. The live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), used for more than four decades to interrupt poliovirus transmission, and the vaccine of choice for developing countries, is genetically unstable. Reversion of the small number of substitutions conferring the attenuated phenotype frequently occurs during OPV replication in humans and is the underlying cause of the rare cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) in OPV recipients and their close contacts. Whereas VAPP has long been recognized, two other adverse events have been identified more recently: (a) long-term excretion of highly evolved vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in persons with primary immunodeficiencies, and (b) polio outbreaks associated with circulating VDPVs in areas with low rates of OPV coverage. Developing a posteradication strategy to minimize the risks of VDPV emergence and spread has become an urgent WHO priority.}, keywords = {Global Health, Health Policy, Humans, Oral/*adverse effects, Poliomyelitis/*prevention \& control/virology, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/genetics/*pathogenicity, Vaccination, World Health Organization}, issn = {0066-4227 (Print) 0066-4227 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123625}, author = {Kew, O. M. and Sutter, R. W. and de Gourville, E. M. and Dowdle, W. R. and M A Pallansch} } @article {4063, title = {Validity of the indicator organism paradigm for pathogen reduction in reclaimed water and public health protection}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, pages = {3163{\textendash}3170}, author = {Harwood, VJ and Levine, AD and Scott, TM and Chivukula, V and Lukasik, J and Farrah, SR and J B Rose} } @article {10106, title = {{Validity of the indicator organism paradigm for pathogen reduction in reclaimed water and public health protection}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {3163{\textendash}3170}, author = {Harwood, VJ and Levine, AD and Scott, TM and Chivukula, V and Lukasik, J and Farrah, SR and J B Rose} } @article {15745, title = {Validity of the indicator organism paradigm for pathogen reduction in reclaimed water and public health protection}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, month = {Jun}, pages = {3163-70}, edition = {2005/06/04}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Biomarkers/*analysis, Cell Line, Clostridium perfringens/isolation \& purification, Coliphages/isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Discriminant Analysis, Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification, Enterococcus/isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*methods/*standards, Humans, Logistic Models, Sewage, Viruses/isolation \& purification, Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods, Water Purification/*methods, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Harwood, V. J. and Levine, A. D. and Scott, T. M. and Chivukula, V. and Lukasik, J. and Farrah, S. R. and Rose, J. B.} } @inbook {17089, title = {Validity of the indicator organism paradigm for pathogen reduction in reclaimed water and public health protection}, booktitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, pages = {3163{\textendash}3170}, author = {Harwood, Valerie J and Levine, Audrey D and Scott, Troy M and Chivukula, Vasanta and Lukasik, Jerzy and Farrah, Samuel R and Rose, Joan B} } @article {9811, title = {{Viable Blastocystis cysts in Scottish and Malaysian sewage samples}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, pages = {5619{\textendash}5620}, author = {Suresh, K and Smith, H and Tan, TC} } @article {14177, title = {The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria}, journal = {J Microbiol}, volume = {43 Spec No}, year = {2005}, pages = {93{\textendash}100}, abstract = {It had long been assumed that a bacterial cell was dead when it was no longer able to grow on routine culture media. We now know that this assumption is simplistic, and that there are many situations where a cell loses culturability but remains viable and potentially able to regrow. This mini-review defines what the "viable but nonculturable" (VBNC) state is, and illustrates the methods that can be used to show that a bacterial cell is in this physiological state. The diverse environmental factors which induce this state, and the variety of bacteria which have been shown to enter into the VBNC state, are listed. In recent years, a great amount of research has revealed what occurs in cells as they enter and exist in this state, and these studies are also detailed. The ability of cells to resuscitate from the VBNC state and return to an actively metabolizing and culturable form is described, as well as the ability of these cells to retain virulence. Finally, the question of why cells become nonculturable is addressed. It is hoped that this mini-review will encourage researchers to consider this survival state in their studies as an alternative to the conclusion that a lack of culturability indicates the cells they are examining are dead.}, doi = {2134 [pii]}, author = {Oliver, J D} } @article {2369, title = {{The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria}}, journal = {J Microbiol}, volume = {43 Spec No}, year = {2005}, pages = {93{\textendash}100}, edition = {2005/03/15}, abstract = {It had long been assumed that a bacterial cell was dead when it was no longer able to grow on routine culture media. We now know that this assumption is simplistic, and that there are many situations where a cell loses culturability but remains viable and potentially able to regrow. This mini-review defines what the "viable but nonculturable" (VBNC) state is, and illustrates the methods that can be used to show that a bacterial cell is in this physiological state. The diverse environmental factors which induce this state, and the variety of bacteria which have been shown to enter into the VBNC state, are listed. In recent years, a great amount of research has revealed what occurs in cells as they enter and exist in this state, and these studies are also detailed. The ability of cells to resuscitate from the VBNC state and return to an actively metabolizing and culturable form is described, as well as the ability of these cells to retain virulence. Finally, the question of why cells become nonculturable is addressed. It is hoped that this mini-review will encourage researchers to consider this survival state in their studies as an alternative to the conclusion that a lack of culturability indicates the cells they are examining are dead.}, isbn = {1225-8873 (Print) 1225-8873 (Linking)}, doi = {2134 [pii]}, author = {Oliver, J D} } @article {7799, title = {The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria}, journal = {Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {43}, year = {2005}, note = {Feb; The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria; ISI:000228323900003; Sp. Iss. SI; ID: 772}, pages = {93-100}, abstract = {It had long been assumed that a bacterial cell was dead when it was no longer able to grow on routine culture media. We now know that this assumption is simplistic, and that there are many situations where a cell loses culturability but remains viable and potentially able to regrow. This mini-review defines what the "viable but nonculturable" (VBNC) state is, and illustrates the methods that can be used to show that a bacterial cell is in this physiological state. The diverse environmental factors which induce this state, and the variety of bacteria which have, been shown to enter into the VBNC state, are listed. In recent years, a great amount of research has revealed what occurs in cells as they enter and exist in this state, and these studies are also detailed. The ability of cells to resuscitate from the VBNC state and return to an actively metabolizing and culturable form is described, as well as the ability of these cells to retain virulence. Finally, the question of why cells become nonculturable is addressed. It is hoped that this. mini-review will encourage researchers to consider this survival state in their studies as an alternative to the conclusion that a lack of culturability indicates the cells they are examining are dead.}, isbn = {1225-8873}, author = {Oliver,J. D.} } @article {5159, title = {{Virus removal in a pilot-scale {\textquoteright}advanced{\textquoteright} pond system as indicated by somatic and F-RNA bacteriophages.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, month = {jan}, pages = {107{\textendash}10}, abstract = {

Advanced pond systems (APS), incorporating high-rate ponds, algal settling ponds, and maturation ponds, typically achieve better and more consistent disinfection as indicated by Escherichia coli than conventional waste stabilisation ponds. To see whether this superior disinfection extends also to enteric viruses, we studied the removal of somatic phages (\&$\#$39;model\&$\#$39; viruses) in a pilot-scale APS treating sewage. Measurements through the three aerobic stages of the APS showed fairly good removal of somatic phage in the summer months (2.2 log reduction), but much less effective removal in winter (0.45 log reduction), whereas E. coli was removed efficiently ({\textgreater} 4 logs) in both seasons. A very steep depth-gradient of sunlight inactivation of somatic phage in APS pond waters (confined in silica test tubes) is consistent with inactivation mainly by solar UVB wavelengths. Data for F-RNA phage suggests involvement of longer UV wavelengths. These findings imply that efficiency of virus removal in APS will vary seasonally with variation in solar UV radiation.

}, keywords = {Disinfection, Fluid, Fluid: methods, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, RNA Phages: radiation effects, Seasons, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Solar Energy, Ultraviolet Rays, Viruses, Viruses: isolation {\&} purification, Viruses: radiation effects, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16114671}, author = {Davies-Colley, R J and Craggs, R J and Park, J and Sukias, J P S and Nagels, J W and Stott, R} } @article {5386, title = {{Virus removal in a pilot-scale {\textquotedblleft}advanced{\textquotedblright} pond system as indicated by somatic and F-RNA bacteriophages}}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {51}, year = {2005}, pages = {107{\textendash}110}, author = {Davies-Colley, RJ and Craggs, RJ and Park, J and Sukias, JPS and Nagels, JW and Stott, R} } @article {17023, title = {Virus removal in a pilot-scale {\textquoteleft}advanced{\textquoteright}pond system as indicated by somatic and F-RNA bacteriophages}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {107{\textendash}110}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Davies-Colley, Robert J and Craggs, Rupert J and Park, J and Sukias, JPS and Nagels, JW and Stott, R} } @book {17047, title = {Virus taxonomy: VIIIth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, author = {Fauquet, Claude M and Mayo, M A? and Maniloff, Jack and Desselberger, Ulrich and Ball, Laurence Andrew} } @book {9205, title = {{Wastewater Microbiology}}, year = {2005}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc.}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc.}, edition = {Third}, address = {Hoboken, New Jersey}, author = {Bitton, G} } @article {10310, title = {Wastewater stabilisation ponds: sludge accumulation, technical and financial study on desludging and sludge disposal case studies in France}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2005}, pages = {227{\textendash}234}, author = {Picot, B and Sambuco, JP and Brouillet, JL and Riviere, Y} } @article {650, title = {Water for life: making it happen}, journal = {Water for life: making it happen}, year = {2005}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: World Health Organization 92-4-156293-5}, pages = {ii + 38 pp.}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This report, divided into two parts, provides an introduction of the International Decade for Action Water for Life proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly. Improved water and sanitation will speed the achievement of all eight Millenium Development Goals (MDGs), helping to: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; achieve universal primary education; promote gender equality and empower women; reduce child mortality; improve maternal health; combat human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), malaria and other diseases; ensure environmental sustainability; and develop a global partnership for development. The first part discusses the effect of limited supply of drinking water and sanitation on people{\textquoteright}s lives at different stages (childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age), highlighting the gender divide and threat posed by HIV/AIDS. Case studies conducted in various villages in Africa and Asia illustrate how actions by communities, governments, non-governmental organizations and the international community have transformed the lives of millions. Part two addresses a range of interventions that are being advocated and analyses their potential impact on progress towards the MDG drinking water and sanitation target. These interventions include: (i) meeting basic sanitation demand; (ii) significantly increasing access to safe drinking water; (iii) focusing on changing key hygiene behaviours; (iv) promoting household water treatment and safe storage; and (v) ensuring more health for the money. Also given is a list of web pages that provide background reference materials. A list of the main agencies that provide advocacy and technical support in the water, sanitation and hygiene sector, is also included. Annexes provide statistical tables showing the increase needed to achieve the MDG drinking water and sanitation target and drinking water and sanitation coverage estimates at regional and global level.}, url = {://CABI:20053187321} } @article {1707, title = {Water intended for human consumption - Part II: Treatment alternatives, monitoring issues and resulting costs.}, journal = {Desalination}, volume = {176}, year = {2005}, pages = {143-153}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Mancini, G. and Roccaro, P. and Vagliasindi, F. G. A.} } @booklet {7720, title = {Water quality. Detection and enumeration of thermotolerant Campylobacter species}, year = {2005}, note = {TY: GEN; Water quality. Detection and enumeration of thermotolerant Campylobacter species; ID: 262}, author = {ISO,17995} } @booklet {1771, title = {Water Recreation and Disease. Plausibility of associated Infections: Acute Effects, Sequelae and Mortality}, year = {2005}, publisher = {WHO Geneva, http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/bathing/recreadis/en/ last accessed July 2015.}, type = {Electronic Book}, author = {Pond, K.} } @article {7271, title = {Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis}, journal = {The Lancet infectious diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {42{\textendash}52}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309904012538}, author = {Fewtrell, Lorna and Kaufmann, Rachel B. and Kay, David and Enanoria, Wayne and Haller, Laurence and Colford, John M.} } @article {4041, title = {{Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis}}, journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases}, volume = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {42{\textendash}52}, author = {Fewtrell, L and Kaufmann, RB and Kay, D and Enanoria, W and Haller, L and Colford Jr, JM} } @article {12775, title = {{Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {42{\textendash}52}, author = {Fewtrell, L and Kaufmann, R and Kay, D and Enanoria, W and Haller, L and Colford, J} } @book {8821, title = {{Waterborne Pathogens: Review for the Drinking Water Industry}}, year = {2005}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Guillot, E. and Loret, J.F.} } @article {10814, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2004}, volume = {80}, number = {31}, year = {2005}, pages = {261{\textendash}268} } @mastersthesis {6708, title = {Wetland vegetation of the {Blue} {Mountains}, {Oregon}: {Classification}, synthesis, and bioassessment}, year = {2005}, note = {3218508}, school = {Utah State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The deep canyon and subalpine vegetation types of the Malheur, Umatilla, and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests were classified based on potential natural vegetation. A plant association is defined as an assemblage of native vegetation in equilibrium with the environment on a specific fluvial surface. The implication is that as the environment (water regime, soils, etc.) changes through time the vegetative potential shifts across that environment space. The classification was designed to overlap with an existing mid-montane northeastern Oregon riparian/wetland classification. Ninety-five vegetation types were classified across the three national forests, including some 45 vegetation types not previously classified for northeastern Oregon subalpine and deep canyon environments. The local (within plant community) and geo-physiognomic classification (GPC) (a cross-classification of geographic region and vegetation physiognomy) species pools of the deep canyon and subalpine riparian zones of northeastern Oregon (Chapter 2) were compared with local and GPC species pools from adjacent riparian classifications, including central and mid-montane northeastern Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, northeastern California, Montana, and Wyoming. Compositional dissimilarity was used as an objective measure of similarity among adjacent regions. Non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) was employed as a secondary means of comparison among classifications. The patterns of regional species pool similarities were strongly dependent on the interplay of large-scale geographic and climatic factors, and the development of similar groups of species over millennia. The reference condition approach to biological monitoring has received considerable attention over the last two decades as a means of detecting impairment in freshwater systems. In chapter 4, the reference condition approach to biological monitoring was applied to riparian zones and wetlands of northeastern Oregon. The reference condition models were associated with high misclassification error rates, suggesting low confidence in an assemblage of riparian vegetation being correctly predicted based on the environment. The poor misclassification rates were largely a factor of the unique character of riparian zones in fostering multiple vegetative potentials, and led to difficulties differentiating true impairment from alternative potential natural vegetation at a site.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0817:Botany, Bioassessment, Biological sciences, Blue Mountains, Botany, Ecology, Oregon, Riparian, Wetland vegetation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305400064?accountid=14270}, author = {Wells, Aaron F.} } @article {12095, title = {Why Trichuris suis should prove safe for use in inflammatory bowel diseases}, journal = {Inflammatory bowel disease}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, note = {Summers, Robert W
Elliott, David E
Weinstock, Joel V
eng
Comment
Comparative Study
Letter
2005/07/27 09:00
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005 Aug;11(8):783-4.}, month = {Aug}, pages = {783-4}, keywords = {*Trichuris, Animals, Complementary Therapies/*methods, Female, Humans, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/*therapy, Male, Pilot Projects, Prognosis, Risk Assessment, Severity of Illness Index, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {1078-0998 (Print)
1078-0998 (Linking)}, author = {Summers, R. W. and Elliott, D. E. and Weinstock, J. V.} } @article {16587, title = {Why {Trichuris} suis should prove safe for use in inflammatory bowel diseases}, journal = {Inflamm Bowel Dis}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, year = {2005}, month = {aug}, pages = {783{\textendash}4}, keywords = {*Trichuris, Animals, Complementary Therapies/*methods, Female, Humans, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis/*therapy, Male, Pilot Projects, Prognosis, Risk Assessment, Severity of Illness Index, Treatment Outcome}, issn = {1078-0998 (Print) 1078-0998 (Linking)}, author = {Summers, R. W. and Elliott, D. E. and Weinstock, J. V.} } @article {8308, title = {Women hail menstruating ruling}, journal = {BBC News}, year = {2005}, month = {15 September 200}, doi = {http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4250506.stm}, url = {http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4250506.stm}, author = {S. Sharma} } @article {16869, title = {Wood-based filter for nitrate removal in septic systems}, journal = {Transactions of the ASAE}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {121{\textendash}128}, publisher = {American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers}, author = {Robertson, WD and Ford, GI and Lombardo, PS} } @article {2464, title = {{World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. }}, year = {2005}, author = {WHO} } @article {14280, title = {World {Health} {Organization}. {Guidelines} for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to {Shigella} dysenteriae type 1.}, year = {2005}, author = {WHO} } @article {890, journal = {The Journal of pediatrics}, volume = {144}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {184-190}, abstract = {To investigate safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of live quadrivalent rotavirus vaccine {(QRV)} containing human-bovine {(WC3)} reassortant rotavirus serotypes G1, G2, G3, and P1a.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.10.054}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.10.054}, author = {Clark, HF and Bernstein, David I and Dennehy, Penelope H and Offit, Paul and Pichichero, Michael and Treanor, John and Ward, Richard L and Krah, David L and Shaw, Alan and Dallas, Michael J and Laura, Digilio and Eiden, Joseph J and Ivanoff, Nathalie and Kaplan, Karen M and Heaton, Penny} } @article {2649, journal = {The Journal of pediatrics}, volume = {144}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {184-190}, abstract = {To investigate safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of live quadrivalent rotavirus vaccine {(QRV)} containing human-bovine {(WC3)} reassortant rotavirus serotypes G1, G2, G3, and P1a.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.10.054}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.10.054}, author = {Clark, HF and Bernstein, David I and Dennehy, Penelope H and Offit, Paul and Pichichero, Michael and Treanor, John and Ward, Richard L and Krah, David L and Shaw, Alan and Dallas, Michael J and Laura, Digilio and Eiden, Joseph J and Ivanoff, Nathalie and Kaplan, Karen M and Heaton, Penny} } @inbook {570, title = {Adenoviruses as vaccine vectors}, booktitle = {Mol Ther}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, note = {Tatsis, Nia Ertl, Hildegund C J Review Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy S1525-0016(04)01342-5 [pii] Mol Ther. 2004 Oct;10(4):616-29.}, pages = {616-29}, type = {Book Section}, address = {United States}, abstract = {Adenoviruses have transitioned from tools for gene replacement therapy to bona fide vaccine delivery vehicles. They are attractive vaccine vectors as they induce both innate and adaptive immune responses in mammalian hosts. Currently, adenovirus vectors are being tested as subunit vaccine systems for numerous infectious agents ranging from malaria to HIV-1. Additionally, they are being explored as vaccines against a multitude of tumor-associated antigens. In this review we describe the molecular biology of adenoviruses as well as ways the adenovirus vectors can be manipulated to enhance their efficacy as vaccine carriers. We describe methods of evaluating immune responses to transgene products expressed by adenoviral vectors and discuss data on adenoviral vaccines to a selected number of pathogens. Last, we comment on the limitations of using human adenoviral vectors and provide alternatives to circumvent these problems. This field is growing at an exciting and rapid pace, thus we have limited our scope to the use of adenoviral vectors as vaccines against viral pathogens.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ genetics/ immunology Adenoviridae Infections/virology Genes, Viral Genetic Vectors/ genetics/ immunology Humans Peptides/genetics Viral Vaccines/ genetics/ immunology}, isbn = {1525-0016 (Print) 1525-0016 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.07.013}, author = {Tatsis, N. and Ertl, H. C.} } @article {4611, title = {Adenoviruses as vaccine vectors}, journal = {Molecular Therapy}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, pages = {616{\textendash}29}, isbn = {1525-0016 (Print) 1525-0016 (Linking)}, author = {Tatsis, N. and Ertl, H. C.} } @article {11397, title = {Aerobic thermophilic treatment of farm slurry and food wastes}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {95}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, pages = {245-254}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0960-8524}, author = {Mohaibes, Mohammed and Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi} } @article {13190, title = {Aeromonas popoffii urinary tract infection}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, year = {2004}, pages = {5427-5428}, author = {Hua, H. T. and Bollet, C. and Tercian, S. and Drancourt, M. and Raoult, D.} } @article {13271, title = {Aeromonas spp. associated with children{\textquoteright}s diarrhoea in Tehran: a case-control study}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Paediatrics}, volume = {24}, year = {2004}, pages = {45-51}, doi = {10.1179/027249304225013231}, author = {Soltan-Dallal, M. M. and Moezardalan, K.} } @article {15930, title = {Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for seven children with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome: a single center experience}, journal = {American Journal of Hematology}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, month = {May}, pages = {33-9}, edition = {2004/04/29}, keywords = {*Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, *Transplantation Conditioning, Adolescent, Adult, CD40 Ligand/blood, Child, Preschool, Follow-Up Studies, Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/blood/*therapy, Humans, Immunoglobulin M/*blood, Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/blood/genetics/*therapy, Male, Retrospective Studies, Transplantation, Homologous, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0361-8609 (Print)
0361-8609}, author = {Tomizawa, D. and Imai, K. and Ito, S. and Kajiwara, M. and Minegishi, Y. and Nagasawa, M. and Morio, T. and Nonoyama, S. and Mizutani, S.} } @article {3188, title = {Alveolar echinococcosis of the liver in an adult with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection}, journal = {Infection}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, month = {oct}, pages = {299{\textendash}302}, abstract = {We describe a patient with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) with a focus on two messages. Despite being severely immunocompromised over years the patient exhibited a long-term asymptomatic course of AE. This is in clear contrast to reports describing accelerated courses of AE in immunocompromised patients. The patient had therapeutic mebendazole drug levels with only 1/10 of the normal drug dose. He was co-treated with protease inhibitors for his HIV infection. These drugs are known as strong inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)-dependent metabolism. We speculate that benzimidazoles and protease inhibitors interfere at the CYP3A4-level. The first report of co-infection of HIV and accelerated AE was in a young girl with an extremely low CD4 cell count and an abrogated lymphoproliferative responsiveness to parasite antigen stimulation. Since the CD4 cell count in our patient remained in the range of 27-150 cells/microl, we speculate that there was a critical threshold of immunosupression for constraining AE. Initial treatment with albendazole for AE added to the current highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), and suppressive toxoplasmosis therapy became complicated by pancytopenia. After full recovery of the bone marrow, mebendazole was introduced with a new HAART and the previously prescribed toxoplasmosis maintenance therapy. Surprisingly, efficient mebendazole levels were achieved with an uncommonly low dose. These observations suggest that the benzimidazoles, albendazole and mebendazole, may interact with protease inhibitors, which are known for their strong inhibition of the CYP3A4.}, keywords = {Adult, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, albendazole, Anthelmintics, Antiretroviral Therapy, Echinococcosis, Hepatic, Highly Active, HIV-1, Humans, Male, Mebendazole}, issn = {0300-8126}, author = {Zingg, W. and Renner-Schneiter, E. C. and Pauli-Magnus, C. and Renner, E. L. and van Overbeck, J. and Schl{\"a}pfer, E. and Weber, M. and Weber, R. and Opravil, M. and Gottstein, B. and Speck, R. F. and Swiss HIV Cohort Study} } @article {2033, title = {Amebae and ciliated protozoa as causal agents of waterborne zoonotic disease}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {126}, number = {1-2}, year = {2004}, month = {2004/12}, pages = {91-120}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Schuster, FL and Visvesvara, GS} } @article {12592, title = {Amplification and attenuation of tetracycline resistance in soil bacteria: aquifer column experiments}, journal = {Water ResearchWater research}, volume = {38}, number = {17}, year = {2004}, pages = {3705-3712}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Rysz, Michal and Alvarez, Pedro JJ} } @article {12274, title = {Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses}, journal = {Nature Medicine}, volume = {10}, number = {12}, year = {2004}, note = {Levy, SB Marshall, B
S}, month = {Dec}, pages = {S122-S129}, abstract = {

The optimism of the early period of antimicrobial discovery has been tempered by the emergence of bacterial strains with resistance to these therapeutics. Today, clinically important bacteria are characterized not only by single drug resistance but also by multiple antibiotic resistance-the legacy of past decades of antimicrobial use and misuse. Drug resistance presents an ever-increasing global public health threat that involves all major microbial pathogens and antimicrobial drugs.

}, isbn = {1078-8956}, author = {Levy, S. B. and Marshall, B.} } @article {4729, title = {{Apicomplexan parasites: environmental contamination and transmission}}, journal = {Pol J Microbiol}, volume = {53}, year = {2004}, pages = {67{\textendash}73}, author = {Sinski, E and Behnke, JM} } @article {14314, title = {Arcobacter species in humans.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, year = {2004}, month = {oct}, pages = {1863{\textendash}1867}, author = {Vandenberg, Olivier and Dediste, Anne and Houf, Kurt and Ibekwem, Sandra and Souayah, Hichem and Cadranel, Sammy and Douat, Nicole and Zissis, G and Butzler, J-P and Vandamme, P} } @article {5797, title = {{Arcobacter species in humans.}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, year = {2004}, month = {oct}, pages = {1863{\textendash}1867}, author = {Vandenberg, Olivier and Dediste, Anne and Houf, Kurt and Ibekwem, Sandra and Souayah, Hichem and Cadranel, Sammy and Douat, Nicole and Zissis, G and Butzler, J-P and Vandamme, P} } @article {2974, title = {Assessing the burden of {Taenia} solium cysticercosis and echinococcosis}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {125}, number = {1-2}, year = {2004}, month = {oct}, pages = {183{\textendash}202}, abstract = {This collection of articles provides an account of the papers delivered at the 19th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP)(held in New Orleans, LA, USA, from 10 to 14 August 2003) in a symposium session on assessing the burden of Taenia solium cysticercosis and echinococcosis organised and chaired by A. Lee Willingham III from the WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Emerging and other Parasitic Zoonoses in Denmark and Peter M. Schantz from the Parasitic Diseases Division of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. The focus was on the persistence of the zoonotic parasitic diseases cysticercosis, caused by the pork tapeworm T. solium, and echinococcosis,caused by species of the tapeworm Echinococcus, and why these diseases are given very little attention on the national and international agendas in spite of the availability of tools to detect, treat,control and prevent them when it is quite clear in most instances that they are clearly associated with and help perpetuate poverty. A major reason for this is that in many endemic areas the presence and impact of these diseases are not known due to the lack of investigation and information thus policymakers are not aware of their burden and benefits of their control. Documentation is also needed to help increase awareness of the international community and hopefully result in financial and technical support being made available. Thus, burden assessments of cysticercosis and echinococcosis provide an essential evidence base for securing political will and financial and technical support as well as providing a basis for cost-benefit analysis of prevention and control efforts. In order to make an appropriate and full burden assessment one must consider the health, agricultural, social and other impacts of these parasitic zoonoses comprehensively. During the symposium presentations were given concerning current ongoing initiatives to assess the burden of cysticercosis and echinococcosis and examples of the impact of these diseases in both developing and developed countries were provided. In addition, cost factors related to vaccines for these cestode diseases were discussed and the possibilities for technical and financial support from multilateral agencies for assessments and interventions presented.}, keywords = {Animals, Cost of Illness, Cysticercosis, Echinococcosis, Ecuador, South Africa, Swine, Swine Diseases, Taenia solium}, issn = {1873-2550}, author = {Carabin, H. and Torgerson, P. R. and Budke, C. and Cowan, L. D. and Nash, T. and Willingham, A. L. and Krecek, R. C. and Michael, L. M. and Schantz, P. M. and Dorny, P. and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Hidalgo, R. and Benitez-Ortiz, W. and Geerts, S. and Geyson, D. and Ron-Rom{\'a}n, J. and Proa{\~n}o-P{\'e}rez, F. and Ch{\'a}vez-Larrea, M. A. and Barrionuevo-Samaniego, M. and Celi-Erazo, M. and Vizca{\'\i}no-Ord{\'o}{\~n}ez, L. and Brandt, J. and Jenkins, D. J. and Lightowlers, M. W. and Heath, D. D. and Eddi, C. and De Balogh, K. and Lubroth, J. and Amanfu, W. and Speedy, A. and Battaglia, D.} } @article {10077, title = {{Assessing the health implications of turbidity and suspended particles in protected catchments}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {205{\textendash}210}, author = {Cinque, K and Stevens, MA and Roser, DJ and Ashbolt, NJ and Leeming, R} } @article {1639, title = {Assessment and Management of Watershed Microbial Contaminants}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {109-139}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Numerous sources of infectious disease causing microorganisms exist in watersheds and can impact recreational and drinking water quality. Organisms of concern include bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The watershed manager is challenged to limit human contact with pathogens, limit the numbers of pathogens reaching surface or groundwaters, and limit the pathogens reaching crops eaten raw to levels below those needed to cause infection. Therefore, the goal of the National Risk Management Research Laboratory{\textquoteright}s (NRMRL) watershed pathogens research program is to develop optimum solutions for managing the complex problem of watershed microbial contamination and thus support watershed managers{\textquoteright} decision making. It supports the Agency{\textquoteright}s Strategy for Waterborne Microbial Disease Control by addressing contamination sources, named in the strategy as one of the highest priority approaches to water protection. This paper summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the sources and impacts of microbial pathogens in the watershed and discusses challenges to their successful management, research underway to resolve them, and research that is planned by the NRMRL.}, author = {James, E. and Joyce, M.} } @article {14704, title = {Assessment and {Management} of {Watershed} {Microbial} {Contaminants}}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {34}, year = {2004}, pages = {109{\textendash}139}, abstract = {Numerous sources of infectious disease causing microorganisms exist in watersheds and can impact recreational and drinking water quality. Organisms of concern include bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The watershed manager is challenged to limit human contact with pathogens, limit the numbers of pathogens reaching surface or groundwaters, and limit the pathogens reaching crops eaten raw to levels below those needed to cause infection. Therefore, the goal of the National Risk Management Research Laboratory{\textquoteright}s (NRMRL) watershed pathogens research program is to develop optimum solutions for managing the complex problem of watershed microbial contamination and thus support watershed managers{\textquoteright} decision making. It supports the Agency{\textquoteright}s Strategy for Waterborne Microbial Disease Control by addressing contamination sources, named in the strategy as one of the highest priority approaches to water protection. This paper summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the sources and impacts of microbial pathogens in the watershed and discusses challenges to their successful management, research underway to resolve them, and research that is planned by the NRMRL.}, author = {James, E. and Joyce, M.} } @article {4297, title = {{Assessment of drinking water quality using indicator bacteria and bacteriophages.}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {sep}, pages = {201{\textendash}14}, abstract = {

Bacterial indicators and bacteriophages suggested as potential indicators of water quality were determined by public laboratories in water from springs, household water wells, and rural and metropolitan water supplies in north-eastern Spain. Indicator bacteria were detected more frequently than bacteriophages in springs, household water wells and rural water supplies. In contrast, positive bacteriophage detections were more numerous than those of bacteria in metropolitan water supplies. Most of the metropolitan water supply samples containing indicators had concentrations of chlorine below 0.1 mg l(-1), their indicator loads resembling more closely those of rural water supplies than any other samples taken from metropolitan water supplies. The number of samples from metropolitan water supplies containing more than 0.1 mg l(-1) of chlorine that contained phages clearly outnumbered those containing indicator bacteria. Some association was observed between rainfall and the presence of indicators. Sediments from service reservoirs and water from dead ends in the distribution network of one of the metropolitan water supplies were also tested. Bacterial indicators and phages were detected in a higher percentage than in samples of tap water from the same network. Additionally, indicator bacteria were detected more frequently than bacteriophages in sediments of service reservoirs and water from dead end samples. We conclude that naturally occurring indicator bacteria and bacteriophages respond differently to chlorination and behave differently in drinking water distribution networks. Moreover, this study has shown that testing for the three groups of phages in routine laboratories is easy to implement and feasible without the requirement for additional material resources for the laboratories.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Chlorine, Chlorine: administration {\&} dosage, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Humans, Rain, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods, rural health, Spain, Urban Health, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis, Water Supply: standards}, issn = {1477-8920}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15497816}, author = {M{\'e}ndez, Javier and Audicana, Ana and Cancer, Mercedes and Isern, Anna and Llaneza, Julian and Moreno, Bel{\'e}n and Navarro, Mercedes and Taranc{\'o}n, M Lluisa and Valero, Fernando and Ribas, Ferran and Jofre, Juan and Lucena, Francisco} } @article {7821, title = {Bacterial pathogen incidences in sludge from Swedish sewage treatment plants}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {8}, year = {2004}, month = {4}, pages = {1989-1994}, abstract = {

This study surveyed the presence of bacterial pathogens in eight Swedish sewage treatment plants (STPs), with four different treatment methods, focusing on detection of zoonotic bacteria in raw and treated sludge. Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter coli and jejuni, Escherichia coli O157 and indicator bacteria were investigated. Samplings were performed from July 2000 to June 2002, resulting in 64 raw sludge samples and 69 treated sludge samples. The samples from raw sludge (67\%) and treated sludge (55\%) were positive for Salmonella; 49 different serotypes were detected. Restriction enzyme analysis and pulsed field gel electrophoresis of Salmonella serotypes indicated that Salmonella persists in STPs and that there is a continuous supply of new strains. There are differences in treatment methods concerning the reduction of pathogens and indicator bacteria. If spread on arable land, sludge increases the environmental load of pathogens; this increases the risk for spreading diseases to people and animals.

}, keywords = {Agriculture use, Indicator bacteria, PFGE, Salmonella, Sewage sludge}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Sahlstr{\"o}m,Leena and Aspan,Anna and Bagge,Elisabeth and Marie LD Tham and Albihn,Ann} } @article {17375, title = {Bacterial pathogen incidences in sludge from Swedish sewage treatment plants}, journal = {Water ResearchWater research}, volume = {38}, number = {8}, year = {2004}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1989-1994}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Sahlstrom, L. and Aspan, A. and Bagge, E. and Danielsson-Tham, M. L. and Albihn, A.} } @article {17213, title = {Bacterial pathogens in rural water supplies in Southern Alberta, Canada}, journal = {J Toxicol Environ Health AJ Toxicol Environ Health A}, volume = {67}, number = {20-22}, year = {2004}, month = {Oct 22-Nov 26}, pages = {1643-53}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Alberta, Escherichia coli O157/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/microbiology, Humans, rural health, Salmonella/*isolation \& purification, Seasons, Water Purification/standards}, isbn = {1528-7394 (Print)
0098-4108 (Linking)}, author = {Gannon, V. P. and Graham, T. A. and Read, S. and Ziebell, K. and Muckle, A. and Mori, J. and Thomas, J. and Selinger, B. and Townshend, I. and Byrne, J.} } @article {10764, title = {{Biodeversity of culturable heterotrophic bacteria in the southern Adriatic Sea Italian Coastal waters}}, journal = {Scientia Marina}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {31{\textendash}41}, author = {Stabili, L and Cavallo, RA} } @article {9691, title = {Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {17}, year = {2004}, pages = {107-135}, author = {Eckert, J and Deplazes, P} } @inbook {5395, title = {{Biology of wastewater treatment}}, booktitle = {Series in Environmental Science and Management}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Imperial College Press}, organization = {Imperial College Press}, edition = {2nd}, address = {London}, author = {Gray, NF} } @article {15659, title = {Biology, persistence and detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocyst}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {Feb}, pages = {818-62}, edition = {2004/02/11}, keywords = {*Public Health, *Water Supply, Animals, Cryptosporidium/genetics/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, DNA, Protozoan/*analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Fetal Viability, Oocysts/isolation \& purification/*physiology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Risk Factors, Safety, Sensitivity and Specificity}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)
0043-1354}, author = {Carey, C. M. and Lee, H. and Trevors, J. T.} } @article {9894, title = {{Blastocystis hominis infection in irritable bowel syndrome patients}}, journal = {The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {35}, year = {2004}, pages = {705{\textendash}710}, author = {Tungtrongchitr, A and Manatsathit, S and Kositchaiwat, C and Chaicumpa, W} } @article {7668, title = {Campylobacter, from obscurity to celebrity}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, year = {2004}, note = {Oct; Campylobacter, from obscurity to celebrity; ISI:000223954000002; English; ID: 346}, pages = {868-876}, abstract = {After its successful isolation from stools in the 1970s, Campylobacter jejuni has rapidly become the most commonly recognised cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in man. Reported cases of human campylobacteriosis represent only a small fraction of the actual number. In industrialised countries, the incidence of C. jejuni/Campylobacter coli infections peaks during infancy, and again in young adults aged 15-44 years. Acute self-limited gastrointestinal illness, characterised by diarrhoea, fever and abdominal cramps, is the most common presentation of C. jejuni/C. coli infection. The introduction of selective media has made the diagnosis of Campylobacter enteritis a simple procedure. In general, Campylobacter enteritis is a self-limiting disease which seldom requires antimicrobial therapy, although one in 1000 infections may lead to the Guillain-Barre syndrome. In industrialised countries, most infections are acquired through the handling and consumption of poultry meat. In developing countries, where the disease is confined to young children, inadequately treated water and contact with farm animals are the most important risk factors. Many infections are acquired during travel. Fluoroquinolone resistance has been reported in C. jejuni since the late 1980s in Europe and Asia, and since 1995 in the USA. The use of fluoroquinolones to treat animals used for food has accelerated this trend of resistance. In Australia, where fluoroquinolones have not been licensed for use in food production animals, C. jejuni remains susceptible to fluoroquinolones. The public health burden of Campylobacter spp. other than C. jejuni/C. coli remains unmeasured. Better diagnostic methods may reveal the true health burden of these organisms.}, isbn = {1198-743X}, author = {Butzler,J. P.} } @article {7470, title = {Campylobacter spp., {Giardia} spp., {Cryptosporidium} spp., {Noroviruses}, and {Indicator} {Organisms} in {Surface} {Water} in {Southwestern} {Finland}, 2000-2001}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, month = {jan}, pages = {87{\textendash}95}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.1.87-95.2004}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.70.1.87-95.2004}, author = {H{\"o}rman, A and Rimhanen-Finne, R and Maunula, L and von Bonsdorff, CH and Torvela, N and Heikinheimo, A and M L Hanninen} } @inbook {17106, title = {Campylobacter spp., Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., noroviruses, and indicator organisms in surface water in southwestern Finland, 2000-2001}, booktitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {87{\textendash}95}, author = {H{\"o}rman, Ari and Rimhanen-Finne, Ruska and Maunula, Leena and Von Bonsdorff, Carl-Henrik and Torvela, Niina and Heikinheimo, Annamari and H{\"a}nninen, Marja-Liisa} } @article {7774, title = {Campylobacteriosis, Eastern Townships, Qu{\~A}{\textcopyright}bec}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, year = {2004}, note = {J1: Emerg Infect Dis}, month = {10}, pages = {1844-1847}, abstract = {Independent risk factors for campylobacteriosis (eating raw, rare, or undercooked poultry; consuming raw milk or raw milk products; and eating chicken or turkey in a commercial establishment) account for <50\% of cases in Qu{\~A}{\textcopyright}bec. Substantial regional and seasonal variations in campylobacteriosis were not correlated with campylobacter in chickens and suggested environmental sources of infection, such as drinking water.}, isbn = {1080-6040; 1080-6059}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323265/}, author = {Michaud,Sophie and Menard,Suzanne and Arbeit,Robert D.} } @article {278, title = {Can climate change explain increases in DOC flux from upland peat catchments?}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {326}, number = {1-3}, year = {2004}, note = {824YL Times Cited:80 Cited References Count:40}, pages = {95-112}, abstract = {Long-term increases in DOC concentration in rivers draining areas of upland peat are a ubiquitous phenomenon in the UK. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain these increases, but one compelling explanation is the observed long-term increase in temperature in UK uplands causing increases in peat decomposition rates, and increasing the depth of oxidation as evaporation increases depth to the water table. The study constructed an empirical model for water table depth and decomposition rate calibrated against observations from the Environmental Change Network monitoring site at Moor House in the North Pennines, UK. The study shows: (i) Depth of the water table has not changed significantly over a 30-year period, reflecting the fact that blanket peat is well buffered against climate change. (ii) Increases in temperature are responsible for a 12\% increase in DOC production while an approximate 78\% increase in DOC production has been observed. (iii) Overall DOC production is predicted to rise by 6\% but observation suggests increases on the scale of 97\%. (iv) The model inadequately represents changes in production and supply of DOC during periods of severe drought. The study shows that temperature change alone is insufficient to explain observed increases in DOC production. Alternative explanations for large increases in DOC production could include changes in land management, but an enzymic latch mechanism, i.e. derepression of anaerobic degradation, causing increased decomposition rates in response to severe drought is preferred. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {peat doc climate change dissolved organic-carbon blanket peat northern england water soils uk records rivers export rainfall}, author = {Worrall, F. and Burt, T. and Adamson, J.} } @article {11832, title = {{Case of megaloblastic anemia caused by intestinal taeniasis.}}, journal = {Annals of hematology}, volume = {83}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, month = {jul}, pages = {487{\textendash}488}, abstract = {A 61-year-old eutrophic male was diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anemia. A modified Schilling test suggested intestinal malabsorption unrelated to intrinsic factor deficiency. Subsequent colonoscopy revealed the presence of a Taenia tapeworm. The anemia resolved within days under therapy with niclosamide and temporary vitamin B12 supplements. The present case suggests that, in addition to other well-known parasitic agents, e.g., Diphyllobothrium latum and Giardia lamblia, Taenia infestation can also be a cause of intestinal vitamin B12 malabsorption.}, issn = {0939-5555}, doi = {10.1007/s00277-003-0839-2}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14730392}, author = {Vuylsteke, Peter and Bertrand, Celine and Verhoef, Gregor E G and Vandenberghe, Peter} } @article {13531, title = {CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells regulate airway eosinophilic inflammation by modulating the Th2 cell phenotype}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {172}, year = {2004}, pages = {3842-3849}, author = {Jaffar, Z. and Sivakuru, T. and Roberts, K.} } @article {16237, title = {Cell aggregation: a mechanism of pathogenic Leptospira to survive in fresh water}, journal = {Int MicrobiolInt Microbiol}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {35-40}, keywords = {environment, interrogans, Leptospira}, author = {Trueba, G. and Zapata, S. and Madrid, K. and Cullen, P. and Haake, D.} } @article {14486, title = {Characterization of a highly evolved vaccine-derived poliovirus type 3 isolated from sewage in {Estonia}}, journal = {J Virol}, volume = {78}, year = {2004}, month = {may}, pages = {4876{\textendash}83}, abstract = {Two types of vaccine-derived polioviruses have been recently designated to emphasize the different origins of the evolved viruses: circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) associated with outbreaks of paralytic disease and strains isolated from chronically infected immunodeficient individuals (iVDPV). We describe here a type 3 VDPV (PV3/EST/02/E252; later E252) isolated from sewage collected in Tallinn, Estonia, in October 2002. Due to aberrant properties in subtyping, the virus was subjected to detailed characterization. Partial genomic sequencing suggested that the closest relative was the oral vaccine strain PV3/Sabin, but the two virus strains shared only 86.7\% of the 900 nucleotides (nt) coding for the capsid protein VP1. Phylogenetic analysis of the nearly complete genome [nt 19 to poly(A)] revealed multiple nucleotide substitutions throughout the genome and a possible Sabin 3/Sabin 1-recombination junction site in the 2C coding region. A calculation based on the estimated mutation frequency of the P1 region of polioviruses suggested that the E252 virus might have replicated in one or more individuals for approximately 10 years. No persons chronically excreting poliovirus are known in Estonia. Amino acid substitutions were seen in all known antigenic sites, which was consistent with the observed aberrant antigenic properties of the virus demonstrated by both monoclonal antibodies and human sera from vaccinated children. In spite of the apparent transmission potential, no evidence was obtained for circulation of the virus in the Estonian population.}, keywords = {*Evolution, *Poliovirus Vaccine, Amino Acid Sequence, Amino Acid Substitution, Antibodies, Antigens, Child, DNA, Estonia, Genome, Humans, Infant, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Neutralization Tests, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Oral/immunology, Poliovirus/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Preschool, Research Support, Sequence Analysis, Serotyping, Sewage/*virology, Vaccination, Viral, Viral/blood/immunology, Viral/immunology}, author = {Blomqvist, S. and Savolainen, C. and Laine, P. and Hirttio, P. and Lamminsalo, E. and Penttila, E. and Joks, S. and Roivainen, M. and Hovi, T.} } @article {14877, title = {Characterization of a highly evolved vaccine-derived poliovirus type 3 isolated from sewage in {Estonia}}, journal = {J Virol}, volume = {78}, year = {2004}, month = {may}, pages = {4876{\textendash}83}, abstract = {Two types of vaccine-derived polioviruses have been recently designated to emphasize the different origins of the evolved viruses: circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) associated with outbreaks of paralytic disease and strains isolated from chronically infected immunodeficient individuals (iVDPV). We describe here a type 3 VDPV (PV3/EST/02/E252; later E252) isolated from sewage collected in Tallinn, Estonia, in October 2002. Due to aberrant properties in subtyping, the virus was subjected to detailed characterization. Partial genomic sequencing suggested that the closest relative was the oral vaccine strain PV3/Sabin, but the two virus strains shared only 86.7\% of the 900 nucleotides (nt) coding for the capsid protein VP1. Phylogenetic analysis of the nearly complete genome [nt 19 to poly(A)] revealed multiple nucleotide substitutions throughout the genome and a possible Sabin 3/Sabin 1-recombination junction site in the 2C coding region. A calculation based on the estimated mutation frequency of the P1 region of polioviruses suggested that the E252 virus might have replicated in one or more individuals for approximately 10 years. No persons chronically excreting poliovirus are known in Estonia. Amino acid substitutions were seen in all known antigenic sites, which was consistent with the observed aberrant antigenic properties of the virus demonstrated by both monoclonal antibodies and human sera from vaccinated children. In spite of the apparent transmission potential, no evidence was obtained for circulation of the virus in the Estonian population.}, keywords = {*Evolution, *Poliovirus Vaccine, Amino Acid Sequence, Amino Acid Substitution, Antibodies, Antigens, Child, DNA, Estonia, Genome, Humans, Infant, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Neutralization Tests, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Oral/immunology, Poliovirus/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Preschool, Research Support, Sequence Analysis, Serotyping, Sewage/*virology, Vaccination, Viral, Viral/blood/immunology, Viral/immunology}, author = {Blomqvist, S. and Savolainen, C. and Laine, P. and Hirttio, P. and Lamminsalo, E. and Penttila, E. and Joks, S. and Roivainen, M. and Hovi, T.} } @article {1482, title = {Characterization of a highly evolved vaccine-derived poliovirus type 3 isolated from sewage in Estonia}, journal = {J Virol}, volume = {78}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, note = {0022-538x Journal Article}, pages = {4876-83}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Two types of vaccine-derived polioviruses have been recently designated to emphasize the different origins of the evolved viruses: circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) associated with outbreaks of paralytic disease and strains isolated from chronically infected immunodeficient individuals (iVDPV). We describe here a type 3 VDPV (PV3/EST/02/E252; later E252) isolated from sewage collected in Tallinn, Estonia, in October 2002. Due to aberrant properties in subtyping, the virus was subjected to detailed characterization. Partial genomic sequencing suggested that the closest relative was the oral vaccine strain PV3/Sabin, but the two virus strains shared only 86.7\% of the 900 nucleotides (nt) coding for the capsid protein VP1. Phylogenetic analysis of the nearly complete genome [nt 19 to poly(A)] revealed multiple nucleotide substitutions throughout the genome and a possible Sabin 3/Sabin 1-recombination junction site in the 2C coding region. A calculation based on the estimated mutation frequency of the P1 region of polioviruses suggested that the E252 virus might have replicated in one or more individuals for approximately 10 years. No persons chronically excreting poliovirus are known in Estonia. Amino acid substitutions were seen in all known antigenic sites, which was consistent with the observed aberrant antigenic properties of the virus demonstrated by both monoclonal antibodies and human sera from vaccinated children. In spite of the apparent transmission potential, no evidence was obtained for circulation of the virus in the Estonian population.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence Amino Acid Substitution Antibodies, DNA Serotyping Sewage/*virology Vaccination, Molecular Genome, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Sequence Analysis, Oral/immunology Research Support, Preschool Estonia *Evolution, Viral Humans Infant Molecular Sequence Data Neutralization Tests Poliovirus/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification *Poliovirus Vaccine, Viral/blood/immunology Antigens, Viral/immunology Child Child}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=15078968}, author = {Blomqvist, S. and Savolainen, C. and Laine, P. and Hirttio, P. and Lamminsalo, E. and Penttila, E. and Joks, S. and Roivainen, M. and Hovi, T.} } @article {539, title = {Characterizations of adenovirus type 41 isolates from children with acute gastroenteritis in Japan, Vietnam, and Korea}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {42}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, note = {Li, Lei Shimizu, Hideaki Doan, Lan Thi Phuong Tung, Phan Gia Okitsu, Shoko Nishio, Osamu Suzuki, Eiko Seo, Jeong Kee Kim, Kyo Sun Muller, Werner E G Ushijima, Hiroshi Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Journal of clinical microbiology}, pages = {4032-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Genetic and antigenic characterizations of 70 strains of adenovirus type 41 (Ad41), isolated between 1998 and 2001 from children in Japan, Vietnam, and Korea, were done by DNA restriction enzyme (RE) analysis, sequencing analysis, and monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eight genome types were observed in the present study, among which D25, D26, D27, and D28 were novel genome types. These eight genome types were divided into two genome-type clusters (GTCs) based on phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable regions (HVRs) of the hexon. GTC1 includes D1, D25, D26, D27, and D28, and the GTC2 contains D4, D12, and D22. The amino acid homologies among the members within a GTC were 97 to 100\%, whereas between the members of different GTCs the homologies were 92 to 94\%. The specificity of the GTC classification was confirmed by ELISA with MAb 1F, which was selected by the Ad41 prototype Tak strain. It was found that only the isolates of GTC1 but not of GTC2 reacted with MAb 1F. These results suggest that Ad41 isolates from the three countries should be classified into two subtypes. The accumulation of amino acid mutations located in HVRs of hexon are indicative for the classification of Ad41 subtype.}, keywords = {Acute Disease Adenoviruses, Amino Acid Vietnam, Human/classification/genetics/ isolation \& purification Amino Acid Sequence Base Sequence Child DNA Primers Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods Gastroenteritis/ virology Genome, Viral Humans Japan Korea Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Restriction Mapping Sequence Alignment Sequence Homology}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Li, L. and Shimizu, H. and Doan, L. T. and Tung, P. G. and Okitsu, S. and Nishio, O. and Suzuki, E. and Seo, J. K. and Kim, K. S. and Muller, W. E. and Ushijima, H.} } @article {4542, title = {Characterizations of adenovirus type 41 isolates from children with acute gastroenteritis in Japan, Vietnam, and Korea}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, pages = {4032{\textendash}9}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Li, L. and Shimizu, H. and Doan, L. T. and Tung, P. G. and Okitsu, S. and Nishio, O. and Suzuki, E. and Seo, J. K. and Kim, K. S. and Muller, W. E. and Ushijima, H.} } @article {10628, title = {{Chironomid egg masses as a natural reservoir of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 and non-O139 in freshwater habitats}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {47}, year = {2004}, pages = {341{\textendash}349}, author = {Halpern, M and Broza, YB and Mittler, S and Arakawa, E and Broza, M} } @article {10741, title = {{Cholera}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {363}, year = {2004}, pages = {223{\textendash}233}, author = {D A Sack and Sack, RB and Nair, GB and Siddique, AK} } @article {10529, title = {{Cholera in Mozambique, variant of Vibrio cholerae}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, pages = {2057{\textendash}2069}, author = {Ansaruzzaman, M and Bhuiyan, NA and Nair, BG and D A Sack and Lucas, M and Deen, JL and Ampuero, J and Chaignat, CL} } @article {7719, title = {Chronic shedding of Campylobacter species in beef cattle}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {97}, year = {2004}, pages = {410-420}, author = {Inglis, GD and Kalischuk, LD and Busz, HW} } @article {2779, title = {Classification of papillomaviruses}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {324}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {17-27}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {classification CRITERIA family GENE GENES genetics human Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus pathogens phylogeny SEQUENCE SEQUENCES SUBTYPE SUBTYPES taxonomy VARIANT VARIANTS VIRUSES}, doi = {doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033}, author = {de Villiers, E.M. and Fauquet, C. and Broker, T.R. and Bernard, H.U. and H. zur Hausen} } @article {10303, title = {Clearance of human-pathogenic viruses from sludge: study of four stabilization processes by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and cell culture}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, pages = {5434{\textendash}5440}, author = {Monpoeho, S and Maul, A and Bonnin, C and Patria, L and Ranarijaona, S and Billaudel, S and Ferr{\'e}, V} } @article {1728, title = {Clearance of human-pathogenic viruses from sludge: study of four stabilization processes by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and cell culture}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, note = {Monpoeho, S Maul, A Bonnin, C Patria, L Ranarijaona, S Billaudel, S Ferre, V eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2004/09/04 05:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Sep;70(9):5434-40.}, pages = {5434-40}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Sludges derived from wastewater treatment are foul-smelling, biologically unstable substances. As well as containing numerous pathogenic microorganisms, they also consist of organic matter that can be used as agricultural fertilizer. Legislation nevertheless requires sludges to be virologically tested prior to spreading by the counting of infectious enterovirus particles. This method, based on culture of enterovirus on BGM cells, is lengthy and not very sensitive. The aim of this study was to propose an alternative method of genome quantification for all enteroviruses that is applicable to verifying the elimination of viruses in complex samples such as sludges. Our complete protocol was compared to the official method, consisting of enterovirus enumeration with the most probable number of cythopathic unit (MPNCU) assay through the study of four stabilization procedures: liming, composting, heat treatment, and mesophile anaerobic digestion. Enterovirus quantities at the start of the stabilization procedures were between 37 and 288 MPNCU/g on the one scale and between 4 and 5 log genome copies/g on the other. It was shown that all procedures except mesophile anaerobic digestion were highly effective in the elimination of enterovirus particles and genomes in wastewater sludges. Reduction of viruses by mesophile anaerobic digestion was by only 1 log (infectious particles and genomes). In conclusion, stabilization processes can indeed be checked by virological quality control of sludges with gene amplification. However, the infectivity of genomes needs to be confirmed with cell culture or a correlation model if the virological risk inherent in the agricultural use of such sludges is to be fully addressed.}, keywords = {Anaerobiosis Base Sequence DNA Primers Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification RNA, Viral/genetics/isolation \& purification Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Seasons Sewage/*virology Viruses/genetics/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.9.5434-5440.2004}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15345430}, author = {Monpoeho, S. and Maul, A. and Bonnin, C. and Patria, L. and Ranarijaona, S. and Billaudel, S. and Ferre, V.} } @article {5581, title = {{Clearance of human-pathogenic viruses from sludge: Study of four stabilization processes by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and cell culture}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, pages = {5434{\textendash}5440}, abstract = {Sludges derived from wastewater treatment are foul-smelling, biologically unstable substances. As well as containing numerous pathogenic microorganisms, they also consist of organic matter that can be used as agricultural fertilizer. Legislation nevertheless requires sludges to be virologically tested prior to spreading by the counting of infectious enterovirus particles. This method, based on culture of enterovirus on BGM cells, is lengthy and not very sensitive. The aim of this study was to propose an alternative method of genome quantification for all enteroviruses that is applicable to verifying the elimination of viruses in complex samples such as sludges. Our complete protocol was compared to the official method, consisting of enterovirus enumeration with the most probable number of cythopathic unit (MPNCU) assay through the study of four stabilization procedures: liming, composting, heat treatment, and mesophile anaerobic digestion. Enterovirus quantities at the start of the stabilization procedures were between 37 and 288 MPNCU/g on the one scale and between 4 and 5 log genome copies/g on the other. It was shown that all procedures except mesophile anaerobic digestion were highly effective in the elimination of enterovirus particles and genomes in wastewater sludges. Reduction of viruses by mesophile anaerobic digestion was by only 1 log (infectious particles and genomes). In conclusion, stabilization processes can indeed be checked by virological quality control of sludges with gene amplification. However, the infectivity of genomes needs to be confirmed with cell culture or a correlation model if the virological risk inherent in the agricultural use of such sludges is to be fully addressed.}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.9.5434-5440.2004}, author = {Monpoeho, S. and Maul, A. and Bonnin, C. and Patria, L. and Ranarijaona, S. and Billaudel, S. and Fer{\'r}, V.} } @article {3595, title = {Cloning and sequence analysis of dsRNA segments 5, 6 and 7 of a novel non-group A, B, C adult rotavirus that caused an outbreak of gastroenteritis in China}, journal = {Virus Research}, volume = {106}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {15{\textendash}26}, author = {Yang, H and Makeyev, E V and Kang, Z and Ji, S and Bamford, D H} } @article {6745, title = {Closing the sanitation gap: the case for better public funding of sanitation and hygiene}, year = {2004}, url = {http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/42860/}, author = {Evans, B. E. and Haller, L. and Hutton, G.} } @article {15403, title = {Closing the sanitation gap: the case for better public funding of sanitation and hygiene}, year = {2004}, institution = {OECD}, address = {Paris}, author = {Evans, B.E. and Haller, L. and Hutton, G.} } @article {15872, title = {Comparative analysis of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and indicator bacteria during sewage sludge hygienization in various composting processes}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {301-5}, edition = {2004/06/25}, keywords = {Animals, Calcium Compounds/pharmacology, Clostridium perfringens/isolation \& purification, Colony Count, Microbial, Cryptosporidium/*growth \& development, Disinfectants/pharmacology, Enterococcus/isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Giardia/*growth \& development, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Oxides/pharmacology, Parasite Egg Count, Sewage/*microbiology/*parasitology, Soil Microbiology, Soil/parasitology, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {0266-8254 (Print)
0266-8254}, author = {Rimhanen-Finne, R. and Vuorinen, A. and Marmo, S. and Malmberg, S. and Hanninen, M. L.} } @article {4123, title = {{Comparative analysis of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and indicator bacteria during sewage sludge hygienization in various composting processes}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {38}, year = {2004}, pages = {301{\textendash}305}, author = {Rimhanen-Finne, R and Vuorinen, A and Marmo, S and Malmberg, S and H{\"a}nninen, ML} } @article {4748, title = {{Comparative analysis of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and indicator bacteria during sewage sludge hygienization in various composting processes}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {38}, year = {2004}, pages = {301{\textendash}305}, author = {Rimhanen-Finne, R and Vuorinen, A and Marmo, S and Malmberg, S and H{\"a}nninen, ML} } @article {4343, title = {{Comparison of coliforms and coliphages as tools for assessment of viral contamination in river water.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, month = {jun}, pages = {3644{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of pathogenic viruses in the Moselle River and to compare the usefulness of thermotolerant coliforms and somatic coliphages as tools for river water quality assessment in terms of viral contamination. Thermotolerant coliforms and somatic coliphages were enumerated by standardized methods in 170 samples of river water drawn from five sampling sites along the Moselle River (eastern France). BGM cell culture and integrated cell culture-reverse transcription-PCR DNA enzyme immunoassay were used to determine the presence of pathogenic viral genome (Enterovirus and Norovirus genogroup II [GGII]) and infectious Enterovirus spp. in 90 1-liter samples. No infectious Enterovirus spp. were isolated, but Enterovirus and Norovirus GGII genomes were detected in 38{\%} of the samples. Norovirus GGII genome was mostly detected in winter, whereas Enterovirus genome was mostly detected in summer and fall. Somatic coliphages appeared to be less sensitive to higher river water temperature than thermotolerant coliforms. Furthermore, the number of river water samples positive for pathogenic viral genome increased with increasing concentration of somatic coliphages, whereas coliform concentration was unrelated to viral genome contamination. Consequently somatic coliphages, which are less sensitive to environmental factors than thermotolerant coliforms in river water, would provide a promising tool for assessment of river water quality in terms of fecal and viral pollution.

}, keywords = {Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Colony Count, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: genetics, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, enterovirus, Enterovirus: genetics, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Enterovirus: pathogenicity, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Hot Temperature, Humans, Microbial, Norovirus, Norovirus: genetics, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Norovirus: pathogenicity, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rivers, Rivers: microbiology, Virus Cultivation, Water Pollution}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.6.3644-3649.2004}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=427742{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Skraber, S and Gassilloud, B and Gantzer, C} } @article {7170, title = {A comparison of the survival of {F}+ {RNA} and {F}+ {DNA} coliphages in lake water microcosms}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {15{\textendash}22}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/2/1/15.abstract}, author = {Long, Sharon C. and Sobsey, Mark D.} } @article {9099, title = {{A comparison of the survival of F+RNA and F+DNA coliphages in lake water microcosms}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {15{\textendash}22}, abstract = {The survival of seven F+RNA phages (MS2 Group I ATCC type strain, two Group I environmental isolates, a Group II environmental isolate, a Group III environmental isolate, and two Group IV environmental isolates) and six F+DNA phages (M13, fd, f1, and ZJ/2 ATCC type strains, and two environmental isolates) were examined in microcosms using a surface drinking water source. Phages were spiked into replicate aliquots of a source water at about 20,000 pfu/ml. Replicate spikes were incubated at 4 and 20 degrees C and monitored for 110 days. At 4 degrees C, Groups I and II F+ RNA phages were detectable through 110 days, with reductions of about 1 and 3 log10, respectively. The Group III F+RNA phage demonstrated 5 log10 reduction after 3 weeks, and the Group IV F+RNA phages were reduced to detection limits (5 log10 reduction) within 10 days. Of the F+DNA phages, all four type strains were detectable with about 2.5 log10 reduction after 110 days at 4 degrees C. The F+DNA environmental isolates were detectable with about a 4 log10 reduction after 110 days at 4 degrees C. All phages demonstrated faster decay at 20 degrees C. These results suggest that differences in F+ phage survival may influence their prevalence in environmental waters and the ability to attribute their prevalence to specific human and animal sources of faecal contamination.}, keywords = {coliphage, drinking water, Indicator, Survival}, issn = {14778920}, author = {Long, Sharon C and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {5755, title = {{Comparison of Two Methods for the Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Clam Samples (Tapes spp.) by Reverse Transcription-Nested PCR}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {147{\textendash}154}, author = {Su{\~n}{\'e}n, E and Casas, N and Moreno, B and Zigorraga, C} } @article {16311, title = {{The composition and persistence of faecal coliforms and enterococcal populations in sewage treatment plants.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {96}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {279{\textendash}88}, abstract = {AIMS The changes in structure and composition of faecal coliforms and enterococcal populations in sewage from different treatment plants, and the elimination of vancomycin- and erythromycin-resistant enterococci (VRE and ERE, respectively) in these treatment plants was analysed to determine any selective reduction. METHODS AND RESULTS Faecal coliforms, enterococci, VRE, ERE and spores of sulphite-reducing bacteria were enumerated using standard methods. Samples were enriched where necessary in order to isolate antibiotic resistant strains. The structure and composition of these bacterial populations were determined by biochemical fingerprinting and clustering analysis. High diversity and similarity indexes were detected among all the bacterial populations in raw and treated sewage, independently of their origin and the treatment processes employed. Antibiotic resistant strains were detected in all sewage tested and no selective reduction was observed. CONCLUSIONS The faecal coliforms and enterococci populations did not differ in the sewage samples studied. The vancomycin and erythromycin resistances of the enterococcal populations were similar in the sewage samples. Resistance to both antibiotics persisted after the treatment process independently of raw sewage flow, faecal origin or size of the human population contributing to sewage. However, sewage of mixed origin (human and animal) presented a lower similarity index for the two bacterial populations compared with that of the other human sewage analysed. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Although a significant reduction in bacterial populations was observed, the persistence of VRE and ERE strains in the same proportions in sewage suggests that there is no selective elimination of bacterial populations during the treatment processes. The ability of antibiotic resistance strains to survive sewage treatment systems should be considered in certain water reuse programmes.}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14723689}, author = {Vilanova, X and Manero, A and Cerda-Cuellar, M and Blanch, A R} } @article {14479, title = {[{The} concentration of viruses in water using the tangential flow ultrafiltration. {Recovery} effectiveness in experimental conditions]}, journal = {Ann Ig}, volume = {16}, year = {2004}, month = {apr}, pages = {281{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Poliovirus 1 concentration tests were carried out in artificially contaminated water by tangential flow ultrafiltration with Polisulfone filters 100000 MWCO. The tests were performed in 1 and in 20 liters of waters. The filters were conditioned and eluted respectively with Beef extract 3\% and with glicina 1\% at pH 7 and pH 9. The recovery mean using Beef extract resulted properly good, about the 83\% and comparable to percentages we obtained in previous works with filters in cellulose nitrate and Virosorb filters. The viral recovery was low using the glicina for conditioning and eluting the filters.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification, Ultrafiltration/*methods}, issn = {1120-9135 (Print) 1120-9135 (Linking)}, author = {Bigliardi, L. and Cesari, C. and Zoni, R. and Sansebastiano, G. E.} } @article {6075, title = {Correlation equation for predicting single-collector efficiency in physicochemical filtration in saturated porous media}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {529{\textendash}536}, author = {Tufenkji, Nathalie and Elimelech, Menachem} } @article {15706, title = {Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {126}, number = {1-2}, year = {2004}, month = {Dec 9}, pages = {37-56}, edition = {2004/11/30}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*parasitology/transmission, Cryptosporidium/classification/growth \& development/*physiology, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Water Supply, Water/*parasitology, Zoonoses/epidemiology/*parasitology/transmission}, isbn = {0304-4017 (Print)
0304-4017}, author = {Fayer, R.} } @article {15680, title = {Cryptosporidium occurrence in wastewaters and control using UV disinfection}, journal = {IUVA News}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, pages = {10-14}, author = {Clancy, J. L. and Linden, K.G. and McCuin, R.M.} } @article {4717, title = {{Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia recovered from flies on a cattle farm and in a landfill}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {70}, year = {2004}, pages = {3742{\textendash}3744}, author = {Szostakowska, B and Kruminis-Lozowska, W and Racewicz, M and Knight, R and Tamang, L and Myjak, P and Graczyk, TK} } @article {11604, title = {{Current situation of human diphyllobothriasis in Europe}}, journal = {Eurosurveillance}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {31{\textendash}35}, author = {Dupouy-Camet, J and Peduzzi, R} } @article {4786, title = {Cyclospora cayetanensis, a food- and waterborne coccidian parasite}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {126}, year = {2004}, pages = {73{\textendash}90}, author = {Mansfield, LS and Gajadhar, AA} } @article {4703, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis en pacientes con SIDA y diarrea cronica}}, journal = {Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam}, volume = {34}, year = {2004}, pages = {133{\textendash}137}, author = {Velasquez, JN and Carnevale, S and Cabrera, M and Kuo, L and Chertcoff, A and Mariano, M and Bozzini, JP and Etchart, C and Argento, R and di Rissio, C} } @article {4913, title = {{Cyclosporidiosis: clinical and diagnostic characteristics of an epidemic outbreak}}, journal = {Revista de Gastroenterolog{\'\i}a de M{\'e}xico}, volume = {69}, year = {2004}, pages = {226{\textendash}229}, author = {Ayala-Gaytan, JJ and Diaz-Olachea, C and Riojas-Montalvo, P and Palacios-Martinez, C} } @article {6133, title = {Density effects on salt tracer breakthrough curves from constructed wetland ponds.}, journal = {Nordic hydrology}, volume = {35}, year = {2004}, pages = {237{\textendash}250}, author = {Schmid, B and Hengl, M and Stephan, Ursula} } @article {15949, title = {Detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water by PCR-RFLP}, journal = {Methods in Molecular Biology}, volume = {268}, year = {2004}, pages = {163-76}, edition = {2004/05/25}, keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Cell Differentiation, Cryptosporidium/classification/cytology/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, DNA, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics/isolation \& purification, DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics/isolation \& purification, Humans, Immunomagnetic Separation/methods, Molecular Sequence Data, Oocysts/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, RNA, Protozoan/genetics/isolation \& purification, RNA, Ribosomal/genetics/isolation \& purification, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Water/parasitology}, isbn = {1064-3745 (Print)
1064-3745}, author = {Xiao, L. and Lal, A. A. and Jiang, J.} } @article {5890, title = {{Detection of Arcobacter spp. in the coastal environment of the Mediterranean Sea.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {mar}, pages = {1271{\textendash}1276}, author = {Fera, M T and Maugeri, T L and Gugliandolo, C and Beninati, C and Giannone, M and La Camera, E and Carbone, M} } @article {14407, title = {Detection of {Arcobacter} spp. in the coastal environment of the {Mediterranean} {Sea}.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {mar}, pages = {1271{\textendash}1276}, author = {Fera, M T and Maugeri, T L and Gugliandolo, C and Beninati, C and Giannone, M and La Camera, E and Carbone, M} } @article {13748, title = {Detection of {Bovine} and {Porcine} {Adenoviruses} for {Tracing} the {Source} of {Fecal} {Contamination}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, abstract = {In this study, a molecular procedure for the detection of adenoviruses of animal origin was developed to evaluate the level of excretion of these viruses by swine and cattle and to design a test to facilitate the tracing of specific sources of environmental viral contamination. Two sets of oligonucleotides were designed, one to detect porcine adenoviruses and the other to detect bovine and ovine adenoviruses. The specificity of the assays was assessed in 31 fecal samples and 12 sewage samples that were collected monthly during a 1-year period. The data also provided information on the environmental prevalence of animal adenoviruses. Porcine adenoviruses were detected in 17 of 24 (70\%) pools of swine samples studied, with most isolates being closely related to serotype 3. Bovine adenoviruses were present in 6 of 8 (75\%) pools studied, with strains belonging to the genera Mastadenovirus and Atadenovirus and being similar to bovine adenoviruses of types 2, 4, and 7. These sets of primers produced negative results in nested PCR assays when human adenovirus controls and urban-sewage samples were tested. Likewise, the sets of primers previously designed for detection of human adenovirus also produced negative results with animal adenoviruses. These results indicate the importance of further studies to evaluate the usefulness of these tests to trace the source of fecal contamination in water and food and for environmental studies.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.3.1448-1454.2004}, author = {De Motes, C.M. and Clemente-Casares, P. and Hundesa, A. and Mart{\'\i}n, M. and Girones, R.} } @article {7548, title = {Detection of Bovine and Porcine Adenoviruses for Tracing the Source of Fecal Contamination}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, pages = {1448-1454}, abstract = {

In this study, a molecular procedure for the detection of adenoviruses of animal origin was developed to evaluate the level of excretion of these viruses by swine and cattle and to design a test to facilitate the tracing of specific sources of environmental viral contamination. Two sets of oligonucleotides were designed, one to detect porcine adenoviruses and the other to detect bovine and ovine adenoviruses. The specificity of the assays was assessed in 31 fecal samples and 12 sewage samples that were collected monthly during a 1-year period. The data also provided information on the environmental prevalence of animal adenoviruses. Porcine adenoviruses were detected in 17 of 24 (70{\%}) pools of swine samples studied, with most isolates being closely related to serotype 3. Bovine adenoviruses were present in 6 of 8 (75{\%}) pools studied, with strains belonging to the genera Mastadenovirus and Atadenovirus and being similar to bovine adenoviruses of types 2, 4, and 7. These sets of primers produced negative results in nested PCR assays when human adenovirus controls and urban-sewage samples were tested. Likewise, the sets of primers previously designed for detection of human adenovirus also produced negative results with animal adenoviruses. These results indicate the importance of further studies to evaluate the usefulness of these tests to trace the source of fecal contamination in water and food and for environmental studies.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.3.1448-1454.2004}, author = {De Motes, C.M. and Clemente-Casares, P. and Hundesa, A. and Mart{\'\i}n, M. and Girones, R.} } @article {4879, title = {{Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in animal fecal isolates from Nepal using an FTA filter-base polymerase chain reaction method}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {71}, year = {2004}, pages = {373{\textendash}379}, author = {Chu, DM and Sherchand, JB and Cross, JH and Orlandi, PA} } @article {5043, title = {Detection of enteric viruses, {Giardia} and {Cryptosporidium} in two different types of drinking water treatment facilities.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {18}, year = {2004}, pages = {3931{\textendash}3939}, author = {Ali, MA and Al-Herrawy, AZ and El-Hawaary, SE} } @article {1909, title = {Detection of enteroviruses in treated drinking water}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {38}, number = {11}, year = {2004}, pages = {2699-2705}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This study deals with the routine monitoring of drinking water for the presence of enteroviruses, over a period of 1 year. A rapid and simple method was employed for the simultaneous detection and typing of enteroviruses in large-volume water samples. This included an integrated cell culture/nested PCR approach, followed by restriction enzyme analysis. The two drinking water supplies studied were derived from acceptable quality surface water sources using treatment processes, which conform to international specifications for the production of safe drinking water. Enteroviruses (predominantly coxsackie B viruses) were detected in 11\% and 16\% of the drinking water samples from two treatment plants, respectively. This study confirms that acceptable water quality indicators do not necessarily reflect the virus content of drinking water.}, author = {Vivier, J. C. and Ehlers, M. M. and W. O.K. Grabow} } @article {13883, title = {Detection of free and plankton-associated {Helicobacter} pylori in seawater.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, month = {jan}, pages = {285{\textendash}92}, abstract = {AIMS: To detect both free and plankton-associated Helicobacter pylori in seawater samples collected on the Italian coast of the Adriatic Sea using a nested-PCR. METHODS AND RESULTS: Dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity and chlorophyll {\textquoteright}a{\textquoteright} were the parameters recorded together with the characterization of zooplanktonic organisms. Plankton-associated H. pylori DNA was searched for in water samples filtered through 200 and 64 microm nylon nets whereas free bacteria were retained with the subsequent filtration through 0.22 microm pore-size membranes. Nested-PCR using primers for the glmM (ureC) gene was performed to reveal the presence of H. pylori. The DNA sequencing of amplified products confirmed the specificity of the assay. The sensitivity of the nested-PCR assay for H. pylori detection was 62 CFU per 100 ml in spiked water samples. Helicobacter pylori either free or bound to planktonic organisms was found in seven of 12 monthly samples. In particular, free bacteria were detected during the summer sampling and in November, December and March associated to planktonic cells. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of free and plankton-associated H. pylori in seawater suggests that it can be a significant reservoir and a potential route of transmission for the microorganism. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our study seems to provide a promising background to define new and effective strategies for surveillance of this human pathogen.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Base Sequence, DNA, DNA Primers, DNA Primers: genetics, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Microbial Sensitivity Tests: methods, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, Seasons, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Sequence Alignment, Water Microbiology, Zooplankton}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02307.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15239694}, author = {Cellini, L and Del Vecchio, A and Di Candia, M and Di Campli, E and Favaro, M and Donelli, G} } @article {8255, title = {{Detection of free and plankton-associated Helicobacter pylori in seawater.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, month = {jan}, pages = {285{\textendash}92}, abstract = {

AIMS: To detect both free and plankton-associated Helicobacter pylori in seawater samples collected on the Italian coast of the Adriatic Sea using a nested-PCR. METHODS AND RESULTS: Dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity and chlorophyll \&$\#$39;a\&$\#$39; were the parameters recorded together with the characterization of zooplanktonic organisms. Plankton-associated H. pylori DNA was searched for in water samples filtered through 200 and 64 microm nylon nets whereas free bacteria were retained with the subsequent filtration through 0.22 microm pore-size membranes. Nested-PCR using primers for the glmM (ureC) gene was performed to reveal the presence of H. pylori. The DNA sequencing of amplified products confirmed the specificity of the assay. The sensitivity of the nested-PCR assay for H. pylori detection was 62 CFU per 100 ml in spiked water samples. Helicobacter pylori either free or bound to planktonic organisms was found in seven of 12 monthly samples. In particular, free bacteria were detected during the summer sampling and in November, December and March associated to planktonic cells. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of free and plankton-associated H. pylori in seawater suggests that it can be a significant reservoir and a potential route of transmission for the microorganism. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our study seems to provide a promising background to define new and effective strategies for surveillance of this human pathogen.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Base Sequence, DNA, DNA Primers, DNA Primers: genetics, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: isolation {\&} purification, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Microbial Sensitivity Tests: methods, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, Seasons, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Sequence Alignment, Water Microbiology, Zooplankton}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02307.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15239694}, author = {Cellini, L and Del Vecchio, A and Di Candia, M and Di Campli, E and Favaro, M and Donelli, G} } @article {8218, title = {{Detection of Helicobacter pylori by PCR but not culture in water and biofilm samples from drinking water distribution systems in England}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {690{\textendash}698}, abstract = {AIMS: To investigate treated water distribution systems in England as a source of Helicobacter pylori. METHODS AND RESULTS: Water and biofilms were obtained from 11 domestic and seven educational properties and from hydrants, reservoirs and water meters supplied by three water utilities. Samples were cultured on nonselective and antibiotic containing media combined with immunomagnetic separation concentration. Viable helicobacters were not detected in any of the 151 samples but Helicobacter-specific PCR assays detected DNA in 26{\%} of samples from domestic properties, schools and hydrants with the highest frequency in biofilms (42{\%}). Direct sequencing of six selected amplicons confirmed {\textgreater}95{\%} sequence homology to H. pylori. CONCLUSIONS: While viable helicobacters were not isolated, evidence was obtained for the presence of Helicobacter DNA, including that of H. pylori. Biofilms on surfaces within water distribution systems may act either as sites for the passive accumulation of helicobacters or as potentially important reservoirs of infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our findings strengthen evidence that H. pylori may be transmitted through drinking water. However, there is currently no evidence that viable cells can survive the disinfection levels used in UK mains supplies and the health risk from this source remains unclear.}, keywords = {Biofilms, Distribution systems, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacters, PCR detection, water}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02360.x}, author = {Watson, C. L. and Owen, R. J. and Said, B. and Lai, S. and Lee, J. V. and Surman-Lee, S. and Nichols, G.} } @article {13846, title = {Detection of {Helicobacter} pylori by {PCR} but not culture in water and biofilm samples from drinking water distribution systems in {England}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {690{\textendash}698}, abstract = {AIMS: To investigate treated water distribution systems in England as a source of Helicobacter pylori. METHODS AND RESULTS: Water and biofilms were obtained from 11 domestic and seven educational properties and from hydrants, reservoirs and water meters supplied by three water utilities. Samples were cultured on nonselective and antibiotic containing media combined with immunomagnetic separation concentration. Viable helicobacters were not detected in any of the 151 samples but Helicobacter-specific PCR assays detected DNA in 26\% of samples from domestic properties, schools and hydrants with the highest frequency in biofilms (42\%). Direct sequencing of six selected amplicons confirmed {\textbackslash}textgreater95\% sequence homology to H. pylori. CONCLUSIONS: While viable helicobacters were not isolated, evidence was obtained for the presence of Helicobacter DNA, including that of H. pylori. Biofilms on surfaces within water distribution systems may act either as sites for the passive accumulation of helicobacters or as potentially important reservoirs of infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our findings strengthen evidence that H. pylori may be transmitted through drinking water. However, there is currently no evidence that viable cells can survive the disinfection levels used in UK mains supplies and the health risk from this source remains unclear.}, keywords = {Biofilms, Distribution systems, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacters, PCR detection, water}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02360.x}, author = {Watson, C. L. and Owen, R. J. and Said, B. and Lai, S. and Lee, J. V. and Surman-Lee, S. and Nichols, G.} } @article {14785, title = {Detection of {Helicobacter} pylori by {PCR} but not culture in water and biofilm samples from drinking water distribution systems in {England}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {97}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {690{\textendash}698}, abstract = {AIMS: To investigate treated water distribution systems in England as a source of Helicobacter pylori. METHODS AND RESULTS: Water and biofilms were obtained from 11 domestic and seven educational properties and from hydrants, reservoirs and water meters supplied by three water utilities. Samples were cultured on nonselective and antibiotic containing media combined with immunomagnetic separation concentration. Viable helicobacters were not detected in any of the 151 samples but Helicobacter-specific PCR assays detected DNA in 26\% of samples from domestic properties, schools and hydrants with the highest frequency in biofilms (42\%). Direct sequencing of six selected amplicons confirmed {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater95\% sequence homology to H. pylori. CONCLUSIONS: While viable helicobacters were not isolated, evidence was obtained for the presence of Helicobacter DNA, including that of H. pylori. Biofilms on surfaces within water distribution systems may act either as sites for the passive accumulation of helicobacters or as potentially important reservoirs of infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our findings strengthen evidence that H. pylori may be transmitted through drinking water. However, there is currently no evidence that viable cells can survive the disinfection levels used in UK mains supplies and the health risk from this source remains unclear.}, keywords = {Biofilms, Distribution systems, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacters, PCR detection, water}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02360.x}, author = {Watson, C. L. and Owen, R. J. and Said, B. and Lai, S. and Lee, J. V. and Surman-Lee, S. and Nichols, G.} } @article {5718, title = {{Detection of Hepatitis A Virus RNA in Saliva}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, pages = {4329{\textendash}4331}, author = {Mackiewicz, V and Dussaix, E and Le Petitcorps, MF and Roque-Afonso, AM} } @book {15618, title = {Detection of infectious Cryptosporidium in filtered drinking water}, volume = {96}, year = {2004}, pages = {88-98}, author = {Aboytes, Ramon and D. Di Giovanni, George and A. Abrams, Felicia and Rheinecker, Corey and McElroy, Wyndi and Shaw, Nancy and LeChevallier, Mark} } @article {15619, title = {Detection of infectious Cryptosporidium in filtered drinking water}, journal = {Journal American Water Works Association}, volume = {96}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, month = {Sep}, pages = {88-98}, keywords = {cell culture-pcr, Filtration, giardia-cysts, Oocysts, parvum, plant, SAMPLES, sequence-analysis, supplies, Surface}, isbn = {0003-150x}, author = {Aboytes, R. and Di Giovanni, G. D. and Abrams, F. A. and Rheinecker, C. and Mcelroy, W. and Shaw, N. and LeChevallier, M. W.} } @article {1601, title = {Detection of noroviruses in tap water in Japan by means of a new method for concentrating enteric viruses in large volumes of freshwater}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, note = {Haramoto, Eiji Katayama, Hiroyuki Ohgaki, Shinichiro eng 2004/04/07 05:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Apr;70(4):2154-60.}, pages = {2154-60}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A virus concentration method using a cation-coated filter was developed for large-volume freshwater applications. Poliovirus type 1 (LSc 2ab Sabin strain) inoculated into 40 ml of MilliQ (ultrapure) water was adsorbed effectively to a negatively charged filter (Millipore HA, 0.45- micro m pore size) coated with aluminum ions, 99\% (range, 81 to 114\%) of which were recovered by elution with 1.0 mM NaOH (pH 10.8) following an acid rinse with 0.5 mM H(2)SO(4) (pH 3.0). More than 80\% poliovirus recovery yields were obtained from 500-ml, 1,000-ml, and 10-liter MilliQ water samples and from tap water samples. This method, followed by TaqMan PCR detection, was applied to determine the presence of noroviruses in tap water in Tokyo, Japan. In a 14-month survey, 4 (4.1\%) and 7 (7.1\%) of 98 tap water samples (100 to 532 liters) contained a detectable amount of noroviruses of genotype 1 and genotype 2, respectively. This method was proved to be useful for surveying the occurrence of enteric viruses, including noroviruses, in large volumes of freshwater.}, keywords = {Adsorption Base Sequence Cations DNA Primers/genetics Fresh Water/*virology Humans Japan Micropore Filters Norovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Poliovirus/isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Viral/genetics/isolation \& purification Virology/*methods *Water Supply}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15066808}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {5627, title = {{Detection of Noroviruses in Tap Water in Japan by Means of a New Method for Concentrating Enteric Viruses in Large Volumes of Freshwater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {2154{\textendash}2160}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.4.2154}, author = {Haramoto, Eiji and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Ohgaki, Shinichiro} } @article {13751, title = {Detection of {Noroviruses} in {Tap} {Water} in {Japan} by {Means} of a {New} {Method} for {Concentrating} {Enteric} {Viruses} in {Large} {Volumes} of {Freshwater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, abstract = {A virus concentration method using a cation-coated filter was developed for large-volume freshwater applications. Poliovirus type 1 (LSc 2ab Sabin strain) inoculated into 40 ml of MilliQ (ultrapure) water was adsorbed effectively to a negatively charged filter (Millipore HA, 0.45-μm pore size) coated with aluminum ions, 99\% (range, 81 to 114\%) of which were recovered by elution with 1.0 mM NaOH (pH 10.8) following an acid rinse with 0.5 mM H 2SO4 (pH 3.0). More than 80\% poliovirus recovery yields were obtained from 500-ml, 1,000-ml, and 10-liter MilliQ water samples and from tap water samples. This method, followed by TaqMan PCR detection, was applied to determine the presence of noroviruses in tap water in Tokyo, Japan. In a 14-month survey, 4 (4.1\%) and 7 (7.1\%) of 98 tap water samples (100 to 532 liters) contained a detectable amount of noroviruses of genotype 1 and genotype 2, respectively. This method was proved to be useful for surveying the occurrence of enteric viruses, including noroviruses, in large volumes of freshwater.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.4.2154-2160.2004}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {7551, title = {{Detection of Noroviruses in Tap Water in Japan by Means of a New Method for Concentrating Enteric Viruses in Large Volumes of Freshwater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {2154-2160}, abstract = {

A virus concentration method using a cation-coated filter was developed for large-volume freshwater applications. Poliovirus type 1 (LSc 2ab Sabin strain) inoculated into 40 ml of MilliQ (ultrapure) water was adsorbed effectively to a negatively charged filter (Millipore HA, 0.45-$μ$m pore size) coated with aluminum ions, 99{\%} (range, 81 to 114{\%}) of which were recovered by elution with 1.0 mM NaOH (pH 10.8) following an acid rinse with 0.5 mM H 2SO4 (pH 3.0). More than 80{\%} poliovirus recovery yields were obtained from 500-ml, 1,000-ml, and 10-liter MilliQ water samples and from tap water samples. This method, followed by TaqMan PCR detection, was applied to determine the presence of noroviruses in tap water in Tokyo, Japan. In a 14-month survey, 4 (4.1{\%}) and 7 (7.1{\%}) of 98 tap water samples (100 to 532 liters) contained a detectable amount of noroviruses of genotype 1 and genotype 2, respectively. This method was proved to be useful for surveying the occurrence of enteric viruses, including noroviruses, in large volumes of freshwater.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.4.2154-2160.2004}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {14653, title = {Detection of noroviruses in tap water in {Japan} by means of a new method for concentrating enteric viruses in large volumes of freshwater}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {70}, year = {2004}, month = {apr}, pages = {2154{\textendash}60}, abstract = {A virus concentration method using a cation-coated filter was developed for large-volume freshwater applications. Poliovirus type 1 (LSc 2ab Sabin strain) inoculated into 40 ml of MilliQ (ultrapure) water was adsorbed effectively to a negatively charged filter (Millipore HA, 0.45- micro m pore size) coated with aluminum ions, 99\% (range, 81 to 114\%) of which were recovered by elution with 1.0 mM NaOH (pH 10.8) following an acid rinse with 0.5 mM H(2)SO(4) (pH 3.0). More than 80\% poliovirus recovery yields were obtained from 500-ml, 1,000-ml, and 10-liter MilliQ water samples and from tap water samples. This method, followed by TaqMan PCR detection, was applied to determine the presence of noroviruses in tap water in Tokyo, Japan. In a 14-month survey, 4 (4.1\%) and 7 (7.1\%) of 98 tap water samples (100 to 532 liters) contained a detectable amount of noroviruses of genotype 1 and genotype 2, respectively. This method was proved to be useful for surveying the occurrence of enteric viruses, including noroviruses, in large volumes of freshwater.}, keywords = {*Water Supply, Adsorption, Base Sequence, Cations, DNA Primers/genetics, Fresh Water/*virology, Humans, Japan, Micropore Filters, Norovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Poliovirus/isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Viral/genetics/isolation \& purification, Virology/*methods}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Haramoto, E. and Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {14843, title = {Detection of {Shigella} by a {PCR} {Assay} {Targeting} the {ipaH} {Gene} {Suggests} {Increased} {Prevalence} of {Shigellosis} in {Nha} {Trang}, {Vietnam}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {2031{\textendash}2035}, abstract = {Shigella spp. are exquisitely fastidious gram-negative organisms which frequently escape detection by traditional culture methods. To get a more complete understanding of the disease burden caused by Shigella in Nha Trang, Vietnam, real-time PCR was used to detect Shigella DNA. Randomly selected rectal swab specimens from 60 Shigella culture-positive patients and 500 Shigella culture-negative patients detected by population-based surveillance of patients seeking care for diarrhea were processed by real-time PCR. The target of the primer pair is the invasion plasmid antigen H gene sequence (ipaH), carried by all four Shigella species and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Shigella spp. could be isolated from the rectal swabs of 547 of 19,206 (3\%) patients with diarrhea. IpaH was detected in 55 of 60 (93\%) Shigella culture-positive specimens, whereas it was detected in 87 of 245 (36\%) culture-negative patients free of dysentery (P {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 0.001). The number of PCR cycles required to detect a PCR product was highest for culture-negative, nonbloody diarrheal specimens (mean number of cycles to detection, 36.6) and was lowest for children with culture-positive, bloody diarrheal specimens (mean number of cycles, 25.3) (P {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 0.001). The data from real-time PCR amplification indicate that the culture-proven prevalence of Shigella among patients with diarrhea may underestimate the prevalence of Shigella infections. The clinical presentation of shigellosis may be directly related to the bacterial load.}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.42.5.2031-2035.2004}, author = {Vu D Thiem and Sethabutr, Orntipa and von Seidlein, Lorenz and Van Tung, Tran and Do G Canh and Bui T Chien and Le H Tho and Lee, Hyejon and Huo S Houng and Hale, Thomas L and Clemens, John D and Mason, Carl and Dang D Trach} } @article {2437, title = {{Detection of Shigella by a PCR Assay Targeting the ipaH Gene Suggests Increased Prevalence of Shigellosis in Nha Trang, Vietnam}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {2031{\textendash}2035}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, abstract = {Shigella spp. are exquisitely fastidious gram-negative organisms which frequently escape detection by traditional culture methods. To get a more complete understanding of the disease burden caused by Shigella in Nha Trang, Vietnam, real-time PCR was used to detect Shigella DNA. Randomly selected rectal swab specimens from 60 Shigella culture-positive patients and 500 Shigella culture-negative patients detected by population-based surveillance of patients seeking care for diarrhea were processed by real-time PCR. The target of the primer pair is the invasion plasmid antigen H gene sequence (ipaH), carried by all four Shigella species and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Shigella spp. could be isolated from the rectal swabs of 547 of 19,206 (3\%) patients with diarrhea. IpaH was detected in 55 of 60 (93\%) Shigella culture-positive specimens, whereas it was detected in 87 of 245 (36\%) culture-negative patients free of dysentery (P < 0.001). The number of PCR cycles required to detect a PCR product was highest for culture-negative, nonbloody diarrheal specimens (mean number of cycles to detection, 36.6) and was lowest for children with culture-positive, bloody diarrheal specimens (mean number of cycles, 25.3) (P < 0.001). The data from real-time PCR amplification indicate that the culture-proven prevalence of Shigella among patients with diarrhea may underestimate the prevalence of Shigella infections. The clinical presentation of shigellosis may be directly related to the bacterial load.}, isbn = {0095-1137 1098-660X}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.42.5.2031-2035.2004}, author = {Vu D Thiem and Sethabutr, Orntipa and von Seidlein, Lorenz and Van Tung, Tran and Do G Canh and Bui T Chien and Le H Tho and Lee, Hyejon and Huo S Houng and Hale, Thomas L and Clemens, John D and Mason, Carl and Dang D Trach} } @article {8152, title = {{Detection of Shigella by a PCR Assay Targeting the ipaH Gene Suggests Increased Prevalence of Shigellosis in Nha Trang, Vietnam}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {2031{\textendash}2035}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, abstract = {Shigella spp. are exquisitely fastidious gram-negative organisms which frequently escape detection by traditional culture methods. To get a more complete understanding of the disease burden caused by Shigella in Nha Trang, Vietnam, real-time PCR was used to detect Shigella DNA. Randomly selected rectal swab specimens from 60 Shigella culture-positive patients and 500 Shigella culture-negative patients detected by population-based surveillance of patients seeking care for diarrhea were processed by real-time PCR. The target of the primer pair is the invasion plasmid antigen H gene sequence (ipaH), carried by all four Shigella species and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Shigella spp. could be isolated from the rectal swabs of 547 of 19,206 (3{\%}) patients with diarrhea. IpaH was detected in 55 of 60 (93{\%}) Shigella culture-positive specimens, whereas it was detected in 87 of 245 (36{\%}) culture-negative patients free of dysentery (P {\textless} 0.001). The number of PCR cycles required to detect a PCR product was highest for culture-negative, nonbloody diarrheal specimens (mean number of cycles to detection, 36.6) and was lowest for children with culture-positive, bloody diarrheal specimens (mean number of cycles, 25.3) (P {\textless} 0.001). The data from real-time PCR amplification indicate that the culture-proven prevalence of Shigella among patients with diarrhea may underestimate the prevalence of Shigella infections. The clinical presentation of shigellosis may be directly related to the bacterial load.}, isbn = {0095-1137 1098-660X}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.42.5.2031-2035.2004}, author = {Vu D Thiem and Sethabutr, Orntipa and von Seidlein, Lorenz and Van Tung, Tran and Do G Canh and Bui T Chien and Le H Tho and Lee, Hyejon and Huo S Houng and Hale, Thomas L and Clemens, John D and Mason, Carl and Dang D Trach} } @article {14250, title = {Detection of {Shigella} by a {PCR} {Assay} {Targeting} the {ipaH} {Gene} {Suggests} {Increased} {Prevalence} of {Shigellosis} in {Nha} {Trang}, {Vietnam}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {2031{\textendash}2035}, abstract = {Shigella spp. are exquisitely fastidious gram-negative organisms which frequently escape detection by traditional culture methods. To get a more complete understanding of the disease burden caused by Shigella in Nha Trang, Vietnam, real-time PCR was used to detect Shigella DNA. Randomly selected rectal swab specimens from 60 Shigella culture-positive patients and 500 Shigella culture-negative patients detected by population-based surveillance of patients seeking care for diarrhea were processed by real-time PCR. The target of the primer pair is the invasion plasmid antigen H gene sequence (ipaH), carried by all four Shigella species and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Shigella spp. could be isolated from the rectal swabs of 547 of 19,206 (3\%) patients with diarrhea. IpaH was detected in 55 of 60 (93\%) Shigella culture-positive specimens, whereas it was detected in 87 of 245 (36\%) culture-negative patients free of dysentery (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.001). The number of PCR cycles required to detect a PCR product was highest for culture-negative, nonbloody diarrheal specimens (mean number of cycles to detection, 36.6) and was lowest for children with culture-positive, bloody diarrheal specimens (mean number of cycles, 25.3) (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.001). The data from real-time PCR amplification indicate that the culture-proven prevalence of Shigella among patients with diarrhea may underestimate the prevalence of Shigella infections. The clinical presentation of shigellosis may be directly related to the bacterial load.}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.42.5.2031-2035.2004}, author = {Vu D Thiem and Sethabutr, Orntipa and von Seidlein, Lorenz and Van Tung, Tran and Do G Canh and Bui T Chien and Le H Tho and Lee, Hyejon and Huo S Houng and Hale, Thomas L and Clemens, John D and Mason, Carl and Dang D Trach} } @article {9367, title = {{Determination of the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and E-dispar in the Pernambuco state of northeastern Brazil by a polymerase chain reaction}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {221{\textendash}224}, author = {Pinheiro, SMB and Carneiro, RM and Aca, IS and Irmao, JI and Morais, MA and Coimbra, MRM and Carvalho, LB} } @mastersthesis {7099, title = {Developing biological indicators for isolated forested wetlands in {Florida}}, year = {2004}, note = {3136993}, school = {University of Florida}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The Wetland Condition Index (WCI) provided a quantitative measure of the biological integrity of isolated forested wetlands in Florida. Environmental parameters and community composition of the diatom, macrophyte, and macroinvertebrate assemblages were sampled in 118 isolated forested wetlands throughout Florida to answer the overall question: can changes in the biotic components of pondcypress wetlands (such as the community composition of the diatom, macrophyte, and macroinvertebrate assemblages) be related to changes in development intensity in the landscape immediately adjacent to and surrounding them. While richness, evenness, and diversity measures were not sensitive to changes in landscape development intensity, biological indicators along with physical and chemical parameters were useful in defining biological integrity. Differences in diatom, macrophyte, and macroinvertebrate community composition were explored in nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordinations. Water-column pH was correlated with the community composition of all 3 assemblages. Each assemblage was used to construct the WCI for isolated forested wetlands in Florida, which included 19 total metrics (7 diatom metrics, 6 macrophyte metrics, and 6 macroinvertebrate metrics). All metrics were significantly correlated (Spearman{\textquoteright}s correlation coefficient, p {\textless} 0.05) with the Landscape Development Intensity (LDI) index, a measure of the use of nonrenewable energy in the surrounding landscape. While the WCI suggested low biological integrity of both agricultural and urban wetlands, these wetlands provide services and do work in the environment. Therefore, the quantitative score of biological integrity established through the WCI should not be used as a surrogate for wetland value, but rather as an objective, quantitative means of comparing changes in community composition along gradients of landscape development intensity. In the future, an integrative multi-metric multi-assemblage WCI could be constructed for wetlands throughout the state, with lists of indicator species and metric scores dependent on Florida ecoregions and specific to wetland type.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, Biological indicators, Biological sciences, Ecology, Florida, Forested, wetlands}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305180730?accountid=14270}, author = {Reiss, Kelly Chinners} } @article {8540, title = {{Development of a sensitive polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {287{\textendash}291}, author = {Kourenti, C and Karanis, P} } @article {6537, title = {Development of a toolbox to assess microbial contamination risks in small water systems}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {217{\textendash}232}, url = {http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/2/4/217.abstract}, author = {Butterfield, Phillip W. and Camper, Anne K.} } @article {13830, title = {Development of two {PCR}-based techniques for detecting helical and coccoid forms of {Helicobacter} pylori}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {8}, year = {2004}, pages = {3613{\textendash}3619}, abstract = {The primary mode of transmission of Helicobacter pylori, a human pathogen carried by more than half the population worldwide, is still unresolved. Some epidemiological data suggest water as a possible transmission route. H. pylori in the environment transforms into a nonculturable, coccoid form, which frequently results in the failure to detect this bacterium in environmental samples by conventional culture techniques. To overcome limitations associated with culturing, molecular approaches based on DNA amplification by PCR have been developed and used for the detection of H. pylori in clinical and environmental samples. Our results showed the glmM gene as the most promising target for detection of H. pylori by PCR amplification. Under optimal amplification conditions, glmM-specific primers generated PCR-amplified products that were specific for H. pylori and some other Helicobacter species. Genome sequence analysis revealed the existence of a conserved region linked to a hypervariable region upstream of the 16S rRNA gene of H. pylori. Selective PCR primer sets targeting this sequence were evaluated for the specific detection of H. pylori. One primer set, Cluster2 and B1J99, were shown to be highly specific for H. pylori strains and did not produce any PCR products when other Helicobacter species and other bacterial species were analyzed. In tests with 32 strains of H. pylori, 6 strains of other Helicobacter species, 8 strains of Campylobacter jejuni, and 21 strains belonging to different genera, the primers for glmM were selective for the Helicobacter genus and the primers containing the region flanking the 16S rRNA gene were selective for H. pylori species only. The combination of two sensitive PCR-based methods, one targeting the glmM gene and the other targeting a hypervariable flanking region upstream of the 16S rRNA gene, are complementary to each other. Whereas the glmM-specific primers provide a rapid, sensitive presumptive assay for the presence of H. pylori and closely related Helicobacter spp., the primers for sequences flanking the 16S rRNA gene can confirm the presence of H. pylori and locate the potential source of this bacterium.}, issn = {00951137}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.42.8.3613-3619.2004}, author = {Shahamat, M. and Alavi, M. and Watts, J. E M and Gonzalez, J. M. and Sowers, K. R. and Maeder, D. W. and Robb, F. T.} } @article {8201, title = {{Development of two PCR-based techniques for detecting helical and coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {8}, year = {2004}, pages = {3613{\textendash}3619}, abstract = {The primary mode of transmission of Helicobacter pylori, a human pathogen carried by more than half the population worldwide, is still unresolved. Some epidemiological data suggest water as a possible transmission route. H. pylori in the environment transforms into a nonculturable, coccoid form, which frequently results in the failure to detect this bacterium in environmental samples by conventional culture techniques. To overcome limitations associated with culturing, molecular approaches based on DNA amplification by PCR have been developed and used for the detection of H. pylori in clinical and environmental samples. Our results showed the glmM gene as the most promising target for detection of H. pylori by PCR amplification. Under optimal amplification conditions, glmM-specific primers generated PCR-amplified products that were specific for H. pylori and some other Helicobacter species. Genome sequence analysis revealed the existence of a conserved region linked to a hypervariable region upstream of the 16S rRNA gene of H. pylori. Selective PCR primer sets targeting this sequence were evaluated for the specific detection of H. pylori. One primer set, Cluster2 and B1J99, were shown to be highly specific for H. pylori strains and did not produce any PCR products when other Helicobacter species and other bacterial species were analyzed. In tests with 32 strains of H. pylori, 6 strains of other Helicobacter species, 8 strains of Campylobacter jejuni, and 21 strains belonging to different genera, the primers for glmM were selective for the Helicobacter genus and the primers containing the region flanking the 16S rRNA gene were selective for H. pylori species only. The combination of two sensitive PCR-based methods, one targeting the glmM gene and the other targeting a hypervariable flanking region upstream of the 16S rRNA gene, are complementary to each other. Whereas the glmM-specific primers provide a rapid, sensitive presumptive assay for the presence of H. pylori and closely related Helicobacter spp., the primers for sequences flanking the 16S rRNA gene can confirm the presence of H. pylori and locate the potential source of this bacterium.}, isbn = {0095-1137}, issn = {00951137}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.42.8.3613-3619.2004}, author = {Shahamat, M. and Alavi, M. and Watts, J. E M and Gonzalez, J. M. and Sowers, K. R. and Maeder, D. W. and Robb, F. T.} } @article {17309, title = {Diagnostic real-time PCR for detection of Salmonella in food}, journal = {Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.}, volume = {70}, number = {12}, year = {2004}, pages = {7046-7052}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Malorny, Burkhard and Paccassoni, Elisa and Fach, Patrick and Bunge, Cornelia and Martin, Annett and Helmuth, Reiner} } @inbook {13927, title = {Diarrhoeal {Diseases}}, booktitle = {The {Global} {Epidemiology} of {Infectious} {Diseases}}, year = {2004}, pages = {1{\textendash}27}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva. Switzerland}, author = {Bern, C}, editor = {Murray, C.J.L.; Lopez, A.D.; Mathers, C.D} } @inbook {2161, title = {{Diarrhoeal Diseases}}, booktitle = {The Global Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases}, year = {2004}, pages = {1{\textendash}27}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland }, author = {Bern, C and Lopez, A.D and Mathers, C.D}, editor = {Murray, C.J.L.} } @article {3237, title = {{Die-off of enteric bacterial pathogens during mesophilic anaerobic digestion}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {1113{\textendash}1120}, abstract = {Conventionally treated sewage sludge may contain high concentrations of potentially pathogenic microorganisms and additional treatment is required to minimise the risks to health if it is to be recycled to agricultural land. Mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) is the most widely used process in the UK for stabilising sludge prior to agricultural recycling, but little is known about the fate of a number of enteric pathogens as the sludge passes through the treatment processes. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of MAD in removing the bacterial enteric pathogens, Salmonella senftenberg, Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter jejuni which were added as a spike to the digester feedstock, together with the die-off of indigenous Escherichia coli already present in the sludge. The primary sludge digestion stage of MAD was found to achieve a log removal of 1.66 for E. coli, 2.23 for L. monocytogenes and 2.23 for S. senftenberg. However, the extent of die-off was a function of the numbers of pathogens in the feed and as these increased the log removal also increased. The numbers of C. jejuni were not affected by primary sludge digestion. Additional die-off was provided by secondary sludge digestion with log removals of 1.70 for E. coli, 2.10 for S. senftenberg and 0.36 for C. jejuni. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Campylobacter, E. coli, Listeria, Mesophilic anaerobic digestion, Salmonella, Sludge}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2003.12.004}, author = {Horan, N. J. and Fletcher, L. and Betmal, S. M. and Wilks, S. A. and Keevil, C. W.} } @article {7716, title = {Die-off of enteric bacterial pathogens during mesophilic anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, year = {2004}, pages = {1113-1120}, author = {Horan, NJ and Fletcher, L and Betmal, SM and Wilks, SA and Keevil, CW} } @article {10286, title = {Die-off of enteric bacterial pathogens during mesophilic anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {1113{\textendash}1120}, author = {Horan, NJ and Fletcher, La and Betmal, SM and Wilks, SA and Keevil, CW} } @article {17237, title = {Die-off of enteric bacterial pathogens during mesophilic anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Water ResearchWater researchWater Res}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, month = {Mar}, pages = {1113-1120}, keywords = {Campylobacter, E. coli, Listeria, Mesophilic anaerobic digestion, Salmonella, Sludge, Slurry, Storage}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Horan, N. J. and Fletcher, L. and Betmal, S. M. and Wilks, S. A. and Keevil, C. W.} } @article {9250, title = {{Digestive parasitism in Sousse area. Results of a 16 years retrospective study}}, journal = {La Tunisie M{\'e}dicale}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {335{\textendash}343}, author = {Fathallah, A and Saghrouni, F and Madani, B and Ben Rejeb, N and Ben Said, M} } @article {11381, title = {Disinfection of sludge using lime stabilisation and pasteurisation in a small wastewater treatment plant}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {13-17}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {Keller, R and Passamani-Franca, RF and Cassini, ST and Goncalves, FR} } @article {8789, title = {{Disinfection of wastewater with peracetic acid: A review}}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {47{\textendash}55}, abstract = {Peracetic acid is a strong disinfectant with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Due to its bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal effectiveness as demonstrated in various industries, the use of peracetic acid as a disinfectant for wastewater effluents has been drawing more attention in recent years. The desirable attributes of peracetic acid for wastewater disinfection are the ease of implementing treatment (without the need for expensive capital investment), broad spectrum of activity even in the presence of heterogeneous organic matter, absence of persistent toxic or mutagenic residuals or by-products, no quenching requirement (i.e., no dechlorination), small dependence on pH, short contact time, and effectiveness for primary and secondary effluents.Major disadvantages associated with peracetic acid disinfection are the increases of organic content in the effluent due to acetic acid (AA) and thus in the potential microbial regrowth (acetic acid is already present in the mixture and is also formed after peracetic acid decomposition). Another drawback to the use of peracetic acid is its high cost, which is partly due to limited production capacity worldwide. However, if the demand for peracetic acid increases, especially from the wastewater industry, the future mass production capacity might also be increased, thus lowering the cost. In such a case, in addition to having environmental advantages, peracetic acid may also become cost-competitive with chlorine. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Disinfection, Disinfection by-products, Peracetic acid, wastewater}, isbn = {0160-4120}, issn = {01604120}, doi = {10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00147-8}, author = {Kitis, Mehmet} } @article {4149, title = {{Distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes and subgenotypes in raw urban wastewater in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, year = {2004}, pages = {3776{\textendash}3780}, author = {Sulaiman, IM and Jiang, J and Singh, A and Xiao, L} } @article {5884, title = {{Distribution of potentially pathogenic bacteria as free living and plankton associated in a marine coastal zone.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {354{\textendash}361}, author = {Maugeri, T L and Carbone, M and Fera, M T and Irrera, G P and Gugliandolo, C} } @article {14401, title = {Distribution of potentially pathogenic bacteria as free living and plankton associated in a marine coastal zone.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {354{\textendash}361}, author = {Maugeri, T L and Carbone, M and Fera, M T and Irrera, G P and Gugliandolo, C} } @article {14564, title = {Diversity of enterovirus sequences detected in oysters by {RT}-heminested {PCR}}, journal = {Int J Food Microbiol}, volume = {92}, year = {2004}, month = {apr}, pages = {35{\textendash}43}, abstract = {Oysters harvested in western France, from five sites associated with outbreaks of food-borne norovirus gastroenteritis between February 2000 and March 2001, were assayed for enterovirus RNA by reverse transcriptase-heminested polymerase chain reaction (RT-heminested PCR). Forty percent (21/52) of shellfish samples (pool of seven oysters) were contaminated by enteroviruses. Infectious coxsackieviruses serotype A21 were isolated from three of these positive samples. Amplicons corresponding to 65 base sequences in the 5{\textquoteright} untranslated region of the enteroviral genome were analyzed by direct sequencing. Interpretable results were obtained from 18 amplicons, but mixtures of sequences confused the results from 3 samples. Sequences isolated from samples from the different sites were different but similarities were observed between sequences detected in shellfish from two sites at different dates. Sequences were also compared to sequences of human, bovine and porcine enteroviruses. Both human and animal origins of enterovirus contamination of shellfish seemed likely.}, keywords = {*Food Contamination, Animals, Base Sequence, Cattle, Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification, Food Microbiology, France, Genome, Humans, Nucleic Acid, Ostreidae/*virology, Phylogeny, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Homology, Shellfish/microbiology, Swine, Viral, Viral/*analysis}, issn = {0168-1605 (Print) 0168-1605 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.06.001}, author = {Dubois, E. and Merle, G. and Roquier, C. and Trompette, A. L. and Le Guyader, F. and Cruciere, C. and Chomel, J. J.} } @article {14925, title = {Diversity of enterovirus sequences detected in oysters by {RT}-heminested {PCR}}, journal = {Int J Food Microbiol}, volume = {92}, year = {2004}, month = {apr}, pages = {35{\textendash}43}, abstract = {Oysters harvested in western France, from five sites associated with outbreaks of food-borne norovirus gastroenteritis between February 2000 and March 2001, were assayed for enterovirus RNA by reverse transcriptase-heminested polymerase chain reaction (RT-heminested PCR). Forty percent (21/52) of shellfish samples (pool of seven oysters) were contaminated by enteroviruses. Infectious coxsackieviruses serotype A21 were isolated from three of these positive samples. Amplicons corresponding to 65 base sequences in the 5{\textquoteright} untranslated region of the enteroviral genome were analyzed by direct sequencing. Interpretable results were obtained from 18 amplicons, but mixtures of sequences confused the results from 3 samples. Sequences isolated from samples from the different sites were different but similarities were observed between sequences detected in shellfish from two sites at different dates. Sequences were also compared to sequences of human, bovine and porcine enteroviruses. Both human and animal origins of enterovirus contamination of shellfish seemed likely.}, keywords = {*Food Contamination, Animals, Base Sequence, Cattle, Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification, Food Microbiology, France, Genome, Humans, Nucleic Acid, Ostreidae/*virology, Phylogeny, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Homology, Shellfish/microbiology, Swine, Viral, Viral/*analysis}, issn = {0168-1605 (Print) 0168-1605 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.06.001}, author = {Dubois, E. and Merle, G. and Roquier, C. and Trompette, A. L. and Le Guyader, F. and Cruciere, C. and Chomel, J. J.} } @article {1536, title = {Diversity of enterovirus sequences detected in oysters by RT-heminested PCR}, journal = {Int J Food Microbiol}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, note = {Dubois, Eric Merle, Ghislaine Roquier, Catherine Trompette, Aure Lien Le Guyader, Francoise Cruciere, Catherine Chomel, Jean-Jacques eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Netherlands 2004/03/23 05:00 Int J Food Microbiol. 2004 Apr 1;92(1):35-43.}, pages = {35-43}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Oysters harvested in western France, from five sites associated with outbreaks of food-borne norovirus gastroenteritis between February 2000 and March 2001, were assayed for enterovirus RNA by reverse transcriptase-heminested polymerase chain reaction (RT-heminested PCR). Forty percent (21/52) of shellfish samples (pool of seven oysters) were contaminated by enteroviruses. Infectious coxsackieviruses serotype A21 were isolated from three of these positive samples. Amplicons corresponding to 65 base sequences in the 5{\textquoteright} untranslated region of the enteroviral genome were analyzed by direct sequencing. Interpretable results were obtained from 18 amplicons, but mixtures of sequences confused the results from 3 samples. Sequences isolated from samples from the different sites were different but similarities were observed between sequences detected in shellfish from two sites at different dates. Sequences were also compared to sequences of human, bovine and porcine enteroviruses. Both human and animal origins of enterovirus contamination of shellfish seemed likely.}, keywords = {Animals Base Sequence Cattle Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification *Food Contamination Food Microbiology France Genome, Nucleic Acid Shellfish/microbiology Swine, Viral Humans Ostreidae/*virology Phylogeny RNA, Viral/*analysis Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Alignment Sequence Homology}, issn = {0168-1605 (Print) 0168-1605 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.06.001}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15033266}, author = {Dubois, E. and Merle, G. and Roquier, C. and Trompette, A. L. and Le Guyader, F. and Cruciere, C. and Chomel, J. J.} } @article {9710, title = {Diversity of stx2 converting bacteriophages induced from Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from cattle}, journal = {Microbiology}, volume = {150}, year = {2004}, pages = {2959-2971}, author = {Muniesa, M and Blanco, JE and de Simon, M and Serra-Moreno, R and Blanch, AR and Jofre, J} } @book {13677, title = {{Domestic wastewater treatment in developping countries}}, year = {2004}, pages = {310}, publisher = {Earthscan}, organization = {Earthscan}, address = {Sterling, VA}, abstract = {The primary emphasis of the book is on low-cost, high-performance, sustainable domestic wastewater treatment systems. Most of the systems described are {\textquoteleft}natural{\textquoteright} systems {\textendash} so called because they do not require any electromechanical power input. The secondary emphasis is on wastewater re-use in agriculture and aquaculture {\textendash} after all, it is better to use the treated wastewater productively and therefore profitably, rather than simply discharge it into a river and thus waste its water and its nutrients. The human health aspects of wastewater use are obviously important and these are covered in detail, including an introduction to quantitative microbial risk analysis.}, keywords = {Developing Countries, LMIC, purification, Sewage, wastewater, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {1844070190}, author = {Mara, Duncan} } @book {15259, title = {Domestic wastewater treatment in developping countries}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Earthscan}, organization = {Earthscan}, address = {Sterling, VA}, abstract = {The primary emphasis of the book is on low-cost, high-performance, sustainable domestic wastewater treatment systems. Most of the systems described are {\textquoteleft}natural{\textquoteright} systems {\textendash} so called because they do not require any electromechanical power input. The secondary emphasis is on wastewater re-use in agriculture and aquaculture {\textendash} after all, it is better to use the treated wastewater productively and therefore profitably, rather than simply discharge it into a river and thus waste its water and its nutrients. The human health aspects of wastewater use are obviously important and these are covered in detail, including an introduction to quantitative microbial risk analysis.}, keywords = {Developing Countries, LMIC, purification, Sewage, wastewater, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {1-84407-019-0}, author = {Mara, Duncan} } @article {14474, title = {Drinking water treatment processes for removal of {Cryptosporidium} and {Giardia}}, journal = {Vet Parasitol}, volume = {126}, year = {2004}, month = {dec}, pages = {219{\textendash}34}, abstract = {Major waterborne cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis outbreaks associated with contaminated drinking water have been linked to evidence of suboptimal treatment. Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are particularly more resistant than Giardia lamblia cysts to removal and inactivation by conventional water treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorine disinfection); therefore, extensive research has been focused on the optimization of treatment processes and application of new technologies to reduce concentrations of viable/infectious oocysts to a level that prevents disease. The majority of the data on the performance of treatment processes to remove cysts and oocysts from drinking water have been obtained from pilot-tests, with a few studies performed in full-scale conventional water treatment plants. These studies have demonstrated that protozoan cyst removal throughout all stages of the conventional treatment is largely influenced by the effectiveness of coagulation pretreatment, which along with clarification constitutes the first treatment barrier against protozoan breakthrough. Physical removal of waterborne Crytosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts is ultimately achieved by properly functioning conventional filters, providing that effective pretreatment of the water is applied. Disinfection by chemical or physical methods is finally required to inactivate/remove the infectious life stages of these organisms. The effectiveness of conventional (chlorination) and alternative (chlorine dioxide, ozonation and ultra violet [UV] irradiation) disinfection procedures for inactivation of Cryptosporidium has been the focus of much research due to the recalcitrant nature of waterborne oocysts to disinfectants. This paper provides technical information on conventional and alternative drinking water treatment technologies for removal and inactivation of the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia.}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/prevention \& control, Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification, Disinfection, Environmental monitoring, Filtration, Flocculation, Giardia lamblia/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/prevention \& control, Humans, Oocysts/growth \& development, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Water Purification/*methods, Water Supply/*standards, Water/*parasitology, Zoonoses/*parasitology}, issn = {0304-4017 (Print) 0304-4017 (Linking)}, doi = {S0304-4017(04)00404-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.002}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {15645, title = {Drinking water treatment processes for removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {126}, number = {1-2}, year = {2004}, month = {Dec 9}, pages = {219-34}, edition = {2004/11/30}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/prevention \& control, Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification, Disinfection, Environmental monitoring, Filtration, Flocculation, Giardia lamblia/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/prevention \& control, Humans, Oocysts/growth \& development, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Water Purification/*methods, Water Supply/*standards, Water/*parasitology, Zoonoses/*parasitology}, isbn = {0304-4017 (Print)
0304-4017}, author = {Betancourt, W. Q. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {4005, title = {{Drinking water treatment processes for removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia}}, journal = {Vet. Parasitol}, volume = {126}, year = {2004}, pages = {219{\textendash}234}, author = {Betancourt, WQ and J B Rose} } @article {9734, title = { Dysentery caused by Balantidium coli in a patient with non-Hodgkin{\textquoteright}s lymphoma from Turkey}, journal = {World Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, pages = {458-459}, author = {Yazar, S and F. Altuntas and I. Sahin and M. Atambay} } @article {3041, title = {Ecological epidemiology: landscape metrics and human alveolar echinococossis}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {91}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {aug}, pages = {267{\textendash}278}, abstract = {The larval form of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis can cause a potentially fatal liver infection in human hosts. Globally rare, the disease has a high prevalence focus in western China. Recent research has linked landscape to the presence and prevalence of the disease. This paper discusses the epidemiology of E. multilocularis in terms of landscape and disease transmission ecology. Landscape form was defined using satellite imagery to create a land cover classification for a study site in Zhang County (Gansu Province, China). Following the analysis of many landscape metrics, mean shape index was found to be related to the prevalence of infection for 31 villages in 1975 and 1997, at two spatial intervals, suggesting that habitat form is a correlate of disease. A temporal difference shows that the landscape is no longer suitable for transmission. These results indicate the possibility of identifying future hotspots which could aid the management of the disease.}, keywords = {China, Disease Transmission, Echinococcosis, Ecology, Geographic Information Systems, Hepatic, Humans, Infectious, prevalence, Space-Time Clustering}, issn = {0001-706X}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.05.005}, author = {Graham, A. J. and Danson, F. M. and Giraudoux, P. and Craig, P. S.} } @book {11086, title = {Ecological sanitation: {Revised} and enlarged edition.}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Stockholm Environmental Institute}, organization = {Stockholm Environmental Institute}, address = {Stockholm}, author = {Uno, W. and Simpson-Hebert, M.} } @inbook {11957, title = {Ecology and Evolution of Waterborne Pathogens and Indicator Organisms}, booktitle = {Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens}, year = {2004}, publisher = {The National Academies Press}, organization = {The National Academies Press}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Washington, DC} } @article {4369, title = {{Ecology of prokaryotic viruses.}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, month = {may}, pages = {127{\textendash}81}, abstract = {

The finding that total viral abundance is higher than total prokaryotic abundance and that a significant fraction of the prokaryotic community is infected with phages in aquatic systems has stimulated research on the ecology of prokaryotic viruses and their role in ecosystems. This review treats the ecology of prokaryotic viruses (\&$\#$39;phages\&$\#$39;) in marine, freshwater and soil systems from a \&$\#$39;virus point of view\&$\#$39;. The abundance of viruses varies strongly in different environments and is related to bacterial abundance or activity suggesting that the majority of the viruses found in the environment are typically phages. Data on phage diversity are sparse but indicate that phages are extremely diverse in natural systems. Lytic phages are predators of prokaryotes, whereas lysogenic and chronic infections represent a parasitic interaction. Some forms of lysogeny might be described best as mutualism. The little existing ecological data on phage populations indicate a large variety of environmental niches and survival strategies. The host cell is the main resource for phages and the resource quality, i.e., the metabolic state of the host cell, is a critical factor in all steps of the phage life cycle. Virus-induced mortality of prokaryotes varies strongly on a temporal and spatial scale and shows that phages can be important predators of bacterioplankton. This mortality and the release of cell lysis products into the environment can strongly influence microbial food web processes and biogeochemical cycles. Phages can also affect host diversity, e.g., by \&$\#$39;killing the winner\&$\#$39; and keeping in check competitively dominant species or populations. Moreover, they mediate gene transfer between prokaryotes, but this remains largely unknown in the environment. Genomics or proteomics are providing us now with powerful tools in phage ecology, but final testing will have to be performed in the environment.

}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: virology, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: physiology, Ecology, Prokaryotic Cells, Prokaryotic Cells: virology}, issn = {0168-6445}, doi = {10.1016/j.femsre.2003.08.001}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15109783}, author = {Weinbauer, Markus G} } @mastersthesis {6717, title = {Economic representation of agricultural activities in water resources systems engineering}, year = {2004}, note = {3126627}, school = {University of California, Davis}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Water demands reflect water users{\textquoteright} decisions in uncertain and often complex water systems, yet the driving forces behind these decisions are frequently neglected in water management engineering models. Traditional engineering modeling approaches represent economic water demands as fixed targets with pre-defined priorities and are often limited in capturing the behaviour of water users when affected by water management plans and operations. Despite the variety of solutions proposed in the fields of water resources engineering and resource economics, the understanding and simulation of economic water demands is still limited given the multiple decisions faced by water users and the uncertainty in water supplies. This dissertation presents modeling approaches for water management that borrow concepts and methods from resource economics combined with stochastic, linear, and quadratic optimization for simulating agricultural water decision and demands. The first approach is implemented with a two-stage stochastic quadratic programming model to simulate water, irrigation technology and conjunctive use decisions calibrated to real operations and marginal conditions. The model maximizes the net expected benefit of permanent and annual crop production with probabilistic water availability, and results demonstrate users{\textquoteright} willingness to pay for increased water supply reliability and improved water management with conjunctive use operations. A second approach employs water demand functions to drive water decisions in a regional water system modeled with network flow programming and variable groundwater costs. Results demonstrate how users{\textquoteright} decisions on supply sources and local management (conjunctive use) are influenced by water availability and price. The two-stage quadratic model is developed in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) and solved with MINOS. The network flow system model is developed in MODSIM.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0775:Environmental engineering, 0790:Systems design, 0796:Operations research, Agricultural activities, Agriculture, Applied sciences, Economic representation, economics, Environmental engineering, Operations research, Social sciences, Studies, Systems design, Water resources}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305215153?accountid=14270}, author = {Marques, Guilherme Fernandes} } @article {5006, title = {{. Effects of copper sulfate toxicity on cercariae and metacercariae of Echinostoma caproni and Echinostoma trivolvis and on the survival of Biomphalaria glabrata snails}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {90}, year = {2004}, pages = {1332{\textendash}1337}, author = {Reddy, A and Ponder, EL and Fried, B} } @article {4997, title = {{The effects of endosulfan on the great ramshorn snail Planorbarius corneus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata): a histopathological study}}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {56}, year = {2004}, pages = {707{\textendash}716}, author = {Otludil, B and Cengiz, EI and Yildirim, MZ and Unver, O and Unl{\"u}, E} } @article {5308, title = {The effects of extracellular polymeric substances on the formation and stability of biogranules}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {143{\textendash}148}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Yong Q Liu and Liu, Yu and Joo H Tay} } @conference {12905, title = {Effects of mining and urban expansion on groundwater quality in Francistown, Botswana}, booktitle = {Water Resources of Arid Areas: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water Resources of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of Africa, Gaborone, Botswana, 3-6 August 2004}, year = {2004}, pages = {168}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, author = {Mafa, Benjamin and Vogel, Horst} } @conference {16651, title = {Effects of mining and urban expansion on groundwater quality in {Francistown}, {Botswana}}, booktitle = {Water {Resources} of {Arid} {Areas}: {Proceedings} of the {International} {Conference} on {Water} {Resources} of {Arid} and {Semi}-{Arid} {Regions} of {Africa}, {Gaborone}, {Botswana}, 3-6 {August} 2004}, year = {2004}, pages = {168}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, organization = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Mafa, Benjamin and Vogel, Horst} } @article {4742, title = {{Effects of pesticides on sporulation of Cyclospora cayetanensis and viability of Cryptosporidium parvum}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {67}, year = {2004}, pages = {1044{\textendash}1049}, author = {Sathyanarayanan, L and Ortega, Y} } @article {11421, title = {Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni in a community of western C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {98}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {18-27}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0035-9203}, author = {Raso, Giovanna and N{\textquoteright}Goran, Eli{\'e}zer K and Toty, Abale and Luginb{\"u}hl, Anne and Adjoua, Cynthia A and Tian-Bi, Norbert T and Bogoch, Isaac I and Vounatsou, Penelope and Tanner, Marcel and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg} } @article {3891, title = {Efficacy of {RIX}4414 live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in {Finnish} infants.}, journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {23}, number = {10}, year = {2004}, pages = {937{\textendash}943}, author = {Vesikari, T and Karvonen, A and Puustinen, L and Zeng, SQ and Szakal, ED and Delem, A and De Vos, B} } @article {14664, title = {Elimination of viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts by slow sand filtration}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {50}, year = {2004}, pages = {147{\textendash}54}, abstract = {The decimal elimination capacity (DEC) of slow sand filters (SSF) for viruses, bacteria and oocysts of Cryptosporidium has been assessed from full-scale data and pilot plant and laboratory experiments. DEC for viruses calculated from experimental data with MS2-bacteriophages in the pilot plant filters was 1.5-2 log10. E. coli and thermotolerant coliforms (Coli44) were removed at full-scale and in the pilot plant with 2-3 log10. At full-scale, Campylobacter bacteria removal was 1 log10 more than removal of Coli44, which indicated that Coli44 was a conservative surrogate for these pathogenic bacteria. Laboratory experiments with sand columns showed 2-3 and {\textgreater}5-6 log10 removal of spiked spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SSRC; C. perfringens) and oocysts of Cryptosporidium respectively. Consequently, SSRC was not a good surrogate to quantify oocyst removal by SSF. Removal of indigenous SSRC by full-scale filters was less efficient than observed in the laboratory columns, probably due to continuous loading of these filter beds with spores, accumulation and retarded transport. It remains to be investigated if this also applies to oocyst removal by SSF. The results additionally showed that the schmutzdecke and accumulation of (in)organic charged compounds in the sand increased the elimination of microorganisms. Removal of the schmutzdecke reduced DEC for bacteria by +/-2 log10, but did not affect removal of phages. This clearly indicated that, besides biological activity, both straining and adsorption were important removal mechanisms in the filter bed for microorganisms larger than viruses.}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/*isolation \& purification, Filtration, Oocysts, Silicon Dioxide, Viruses/*isolation \& purification, Water Movements, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Hijnen, W. A. and Schijven, J. F. and Bonne, P. and Visser, A. and Medema, G. J.} } @article {14980, title = {Elimination of viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts by slow sand filtration}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {50}, year = {2004}, pages = {147{\textendash}54}, abstract = {The decimal elimination capacity (DEC) of slow sand filters (SSF) for viruses, bacteria and oocysts of Cryptosporidium has been assessed from full-scale data and pilot plant and laboratory experiments. DEC for viruses calculated from experimental data with MS2-bacteriophages in the pilot plant filters was 1.5-2 log10. E. coli and thermotolerant coliforms (Coli44) were removed at full-scale and in the pilot plant with 2-3 log10. At full-scale, Campylobacter bacteria removal was 1 log10 more than removal of Coli44, which indicated that Coli44 was a conservative surrogate for these pathogenic bacteria. Laboratory experiments with sand columns showed 2-3 and {\textbackslash}textgreater5-6 log10 removal of spiked spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SSRC; C. perfringens) and oocysts of Cryptosporidium respectively. Consequently, SSRC was not a good surrogate to quantify oocyst removal by SSF. Removal of indigenous SSRC by full-scale filters was less efficient than observed in the laboratory columns, probably due to continuous loading of these filter beds with spores, accumulation and retarded transport. It remains to be investigated if this also applies to oocyst removal by SSF. The results additionally showed that the schmutzdecke and accumulation of (in)organic charged compounds in the sand increased the elimination of microorganisms. Removal of the schmutzdecke reduced DEC for bacteria by +/-2 log10, but did not affect removal of phages. This clearly indicated that, besides biological activity, both straining and adsorption were important removal mechanisms in the filter bed for microorganisms larger than viruses.}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/*isolation \& purification, Filtration, Oocysts, Silicon Dioxide, Viruses/*isolation \& purification, Water Movements, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Hijnen, W. A. and Schijven, J. F. and Bonne, P. and Visser, A. and Medema, G. J.} } @article {7711, title = {Elimination of viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts by slow sand filtration}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, note = {Elimination of viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts by slow sand filtration; ISI:000223258800025; ID: 847}, pages = {147-154}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Hijnen,W. A. M. and Schijven,J. F. and Bonne,P. and Visser,A. and Medema,G. J.} } @article {6040, title = {Elimination of viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts by slow sand filtration}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {147{\textendash}154}, author = {Hijnen, WAM and Schijven, JF and Bonne, P and Visser, A and Gerriet J Medema} } @article {7728, title = {Enrichment followed by quantitative PCR both for rapid detection and as a tool for quantitative risk assessment of food-borne thermotolerant campylobacters}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, note = {Jun; Enrichment followed by quantitative PCR both for rapid detection and as a tool for quantitative risk assessment of food-borne thermotolerant campylobacters; ISI:000221981100051; ID: 264}, pages = {3588-3592}, author = {Josefsen,M. H. and Jacobsen,N. R. and Hoorfar,J.} } @article {14117, title = {Enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli {O}157, {Kinshasa}.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, month = {may}, pages = {968{\textendash}9}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1005.031034}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15216857 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3323201}, author = {Koyange, Louis and Ollivier, Gaelle and Jean J Muyembe and Kebela, Benoit and Gouali, Malika and Germani, Yves} } @article {8065, title = {{Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157, Kinshasa.}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, month = {may}, pages = {968{\textendash}9}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid1005.031034}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15216857 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3323201}, author = {Koyange, Louis and Ollivier, Gaelle and Jean J Muyembe and Kebela, Benoit and Gouali, Malika and Germani, Yves} } @article {5068, title = {Enterovirus 68 is associated with respiratory illness and shares biological features with both the enteroviruses and the rhinoviruses}, journal = {J Gen Virol}, volume = {85}, number = {Pt 9}, year = {2004}, pages = {2577{\textendash}2584}, author = {Oberste, MS and Maher, K and Schnurr, D and Flemister, MR and Lovchik, JC and Peters, H and Sessions, W and Kirk, C and Chatterjee, N and Fuller, S and Hanauer, JM and Pallansch, MA} } @article {14808, title = {Enumeration of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in cattle faeces using most probable number technique and automated immunomagnetic separation}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {56{\textendash}59}, abstract = {AIMS: To determine the numbers of Escherichia coli O157 present in the faeces of naturally infected cattle. METHODS AND RESULTS: A combination of the most probable number (MPN) technique and automated immunomagnetic separation (AIMS) was used to enumerate E. coli O157 in cattle faeces from both pasture-fed and grain-fed animals. A total of 22 E. coli O157 positive faecal samples were enumerated for E. coli O157 (10 from pasture-fed and 12 from grain-fed animals). The numbers of E. coli O157 in cattle faeces varied from undetectable ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless3 MPN g-1 of faeces) to 2.4 x 104 MPN g-1. There was no significant difference (P = 0.06) between the numbers of E. coli O157 in pasture-fed or grain-fed cattle faeces, although the geometric mean (antilog of the mean of log10 transformed MPN values) was higher in grain-fed (130 MPN g-1) than in pasture-fed (13 MPN g-1). CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of samples tested is small, the results indicate that E. coli O157 make up a small proportion of the total E. coli population present in cattle faeces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Information on the numbers of E. coli O157 present in cattle will assist in developing more robust quantitative risk assessments and formulating intervention strategies.}, doi = {1439 [pii]}, author = {Fegan, N and Higgs, G and Vanderlinde, P and Desmarchelier, P} } @article {14014, title = {Enumeration of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in cattle faeces using most probable number technique and automated immunomagnetic separation}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {56{\textendash}59}, abstract = {AIMS: To determine the numbers of Escherichia coli O157 present in the faeces of naturally infected cattle. METHODS AND RESULTS: A combination of the most probable number (MPN) technique and automated immunomagnetic separation (AIMS) was used to enumerate E. coli O157 in cattle faeces from both pasture-fed and grain-fed animals. A total of 22 E. coli O157 positive faecal samples were enumerated for E. coli O157 (10 from pasture-fed and 12 from grain-fed animals). The numbers of E. coli O157 in cattle faeces varied from undetectable ({\textbackslash}textless3 MPN g-1 of faeces) to 2.4 x 104 MPN g-1. There was no significant difference (P = 0.06) between the numbers of E. coli O157 in pasture-fed or grain-fed cattle faeces, although the geometric mean (antilog of the mean of log10 transformed MPN values) was higher in grain-fed (130 MPN g-1) than in pasture-fed (13 MPN g-1). CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of samples tested is small, the results indicate that E. coli O157 make up a small proportion of the total E. coli population present in cattle faeces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Information on the numbers of E. coli O157 present in cattle will assist in developing more robust quantitative risk assessments and formulating intervention strategies.}, doi = {1439 [pii]}, author = {Fegan, N and Higgs, G and Vanderlinde, P and Desmarchelier, P} } @article {8001, title = {{Enumeration of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle faeces using most probable number technique and automated immunomagnetic separation}}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {56{\textendash}59}, edition = {2003/12/23}, abstract = {AIMS: To determine the numbers of Escherichia coli O157 present in the faeces of naturally infected cattle. METHODS AND RESULTS: A combination of the most probable number (MPN) technique and automated immunomagnetic separation (AIMS) was used to enumerate E. coli O157 in cattle faeces from both pasture-fed and grain-fed animals. A total of 22 E. coli O157 positive faecal samples were enumerated for E. coli O157 (10 from pasture-fed and 12 from grain-fed animals). The numbers of E. coli O157 in cattle faeces varied from undetectable ({\textless}3 MPN g-1 of faeces) to 2.4 x 104 MPN g-1. There was no significant difference (P = 0.06) between the numbers of E. coli O157 in pasture-fed or grain-fed cattle faeces, although the geometric mean (antilog of the mean of log10 transformed MPN values) was higher in grain-fed (130 MPN g-1) than in pasture-fed (13 MPN g-1). CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of samples tested is small, the results indicate that E. coli O157 make up a small proportion of the total E. coli population present in cattle faeces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Information on the numbers of E. coli O157 present in cattle will assist in developing more robust quantitative risk assessments and formulating intervention strategies.}, isbn = {0266-8254 (Print) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, doi = {1439 [pii]}, author = {Fegan, N and Higgs, G and Vanderlinde, P and Desmarchelier, P} } @article {2236, title = {{Enumeration of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle faeces using most probable number technique and automated immunomagnetic separation}}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {56{\textendash}59}, edition = {2003/12/23}, abstract = {AIMS: To determine the numbers of Escherichia coli O157 present in the faeces of naturally infected cattle. METHODS AND RESULTS: A combination of the most probable number (MPN) technique and automated immunomagnetic separation (AIMS) was used to enumerate E. coli O157 in cattle faeces from both pasture-fed and grain-fed animals. A total of 22 E. coli O157 positive faecal samples were enumerated for E. coli O157 (10 from pasture-fed and 12 from grain-fed animals). The numbers of E. coli O157 in cattle faeces varied from undetectable (<3 MPN g-1 of faeces) to 2.4 x 104 MPN g-1. There was no significant difference (P = 0.06) between the numbers of E. coli O157 in pasture-fed or grain-fed cattle faeces, although the geometric mean (antilog of the mean of log10 transformed MPN values) was higher in grain-fed (130 MPN g-1) than in pasture-fed (13 MPN g-1). CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of samples tested is small, the results indicate that E. coli O157 make up a small proportion of the total E. coli population present in cattle faeces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Information on the numbers of E. coli O157 present in cattle will assist in developing more robust quantitative risk assessments and formulating intervention strategies.}, isbn = {0266-8254 (Print) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, doi = {1439 [pii]}, author = {Fegan, N and Higgs, G and Vanderlinde, P and Desmarchelier, P} } @mastersthesis {6252, title = {Environmentalism in the {Middle} {East}: {Attitudes} toward preservation, conservation, and grass roots ecosystem management in {Bahrain}, {Jordan}, and {Saudi} {Arabia}}, year = {2004}, note = {3133940}, school = {Mississippi State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The goal of this study was to examine attitudes toward the environment in the Middle East. The current study assessed the relationship between severity of environmental problems and attitudes toward the environment in Bahrain, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. It studied the extent to which environmental attitudes fit Inglehart{\textquoteright}s (1995) {\textquoteright}challenge-response model{\textquoteright} in which people reveal higher levels of concern about the environment because of serious objective environmental problems like air and water pollution. Attitudes toward the environment in the Middle East were examined based on respondents{\textquoteright} levels of support for preservation, conservation, and grass roots ecosystem management (GREM). Country, gender, social class, family income, father{\textquoteright}s education, environmental efforts, willingness to pay higher prices, higher taxes, and accept a cut in living standards to protect the environment were identified as explanatory factors of the level of support for the environment. Data for this study were obtained from the Unit for Community and Environmental Studies (UCES) in the Social Science Research Center at Mississippi State University. The data set, consisting of 1,104 respondents, was derived from an environmental attitude survey conducted at the University of Bahrain 1999, King Saud University in Saudi Arabia 1999, and Mu{\textquoteright}tah University in Jordan 2001. To achieve the objectives of this dissertation, descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression analysis were used. Findings revealed the importance of country, gender, socioeconomic status, and personal environmental efficacy as explanatory factors of attitudes toward the environment in the Middle East. Significant differences were found in attitudes toward preservation, conservation, and GREM according to respondents{\textquoteright} country, gender, social class, family income, father{\textquoteright}s education, and personal environmental efficacy. The empirical findings indicated that levels of support for the environment in the Middle East were in line with Inglehart{\textquoteright}s (1995) thesis of environmentalism in which severity of environmental problems creates trends of public support for environmental protection in rapid developing countries.}, keywords = {0700:Social structure, 0768:Environmental science, Bahrain, Conservation, Ecosystem management, Environmental science, Environmentalism, Grassroots ecosystem management, Health and environmental sciences, Jordan, Middle East, Preservation, Saudi Arabia, Social sciences, Social structure}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305158530?accountid=14270}, author = {Alibeli, Madalla A} } @article {6017, title = {{Epidemiology of hepatitis A and hepatitis E infection and their determinants in adult Chinese community in Hong Kong}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {72}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {538{\textendash}544}, author = {Wong, KH and Liu, YM} } @article {11918, title = {Epidemiology of microsporidiosis: sources and modes of transmission}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {126}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {145-166}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-4017}, author = {Didier, ES and Stovall, ME and Green, LC and Brindley, PJ and Sestak, K and Didier, PJ} } @article {9485, title = {Epidemiology of microsporidiosis: sources and modes of transmission}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {126}, number = {1-2}, year = {2004}, pages = {145{\textendash}166}, author = {Didier, ES and Stovall, ME and Green, LC and Brindley, PJ and Sestak, K and Didier, PJ} } @article {9486, title = {Epidemiology of microsporidiosis: sources and modes of transmission}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {126}, number = {Pt 4}, year = {2004}, pages = {145-166}, author = {Didier, ES and Stovall, ME and Green, LC and Brindley, PJ and Sestak, K and Didier, PJ} } @article {12781, title = {{Epidemiology, pathology and treatment of paragonimiasis in Vietnam}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {35}, year = {2004}, pages = {331{\textendash}336}, author = {De, NV} } @mastersthesis {6523, title = {Essays on agricultural externalities and benefit transfer of recreational fishing value}, year = {2004}, note = {3148175}, school = {The Ohio State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation explores the physical and economic aspects of agricultural externalities and the economic value of marine and stream recreational fishing. The first essay, Empirical Investigation of Agricultural Externalities. Effects of Pesticide Use and Tillage System on Surface Water Quality and Treatment Costs , focuses on the off-farm water quality and water treatment cost effects of upstream and nearby agricultural practices (pesticide use and tillage system), specifically on the pesticide contamination in finished public surface water and water treatment costs in the Maumee River Basin, a major tributary to Lake Erie, located in northwestern Ohio, northeastern Indiana, and southeastern Michigan. Pesticide contamination level in treated surface water and average chemical cost of treating surface water are related to farming practices and other environmental variables. Findings indicate significant relationships between farming practices and both surface water quality and treatment costs. Average chemical cost per million gallons of water decreases by 1.95\% for a 1\% reduction in pesticide application, while pesticide contamination level decreases by 4.32\% for a 1\% more adoption of conservation tillage in a typical watershed area in the Maumee River Basin. The second essay, The Economic Value of Marine Recreational Fishing: Applying Benefit Transfer to Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey (MRFSS ), conducts a comprehensive survey of benefit transfer techniques including historical background, methodologies, and procedures. Then, benefit transfer technique is applied to the estimation of access value to fishing sites and willingness to pay for better fishing experience in a marine recreational fishing environment of the coastal states in the Northeast and Southeast U.S. Using 1994 Northeast and 1997 Southeast MRFSS data, benefit transfer estimates are compared with original value estimates to empirically examine the validity of benefit transfer. Although benefit transfer error could go up to over 400\% of original estimates for some cases, the magnitude of benefit transfer error is less than 100\% of original estimates for most cases. Since two data sets used for benefit transfer exercise are from different regions and years, whether regional or temporal variation is more responsible for benefit transfer error can not be determined with current data. The third essay, Recreational Fishing Value Estimation of Water Quality Improvements in Western Ohio Using Benefit Transfer , presents methods for estimating the value of recreational fishing trips and water quality improvements in two watersheds supporting a warm freshwater recreational fishery, the Stillwater River Watershed and Maumee River Basin, in western Ohio using benefit transfer. These two watersheds are further disaggregated into several local stream segments within the watersheds to provide regional results for larger watersheds and to help local policy makers target their efforts more efficiently and effectively. Findings are that annual recreational fishing benefits of water quality improvements are \$2,255,616 (\$2,759,225 or \$3,966,716) and \$6,236,853 (\$5,395,609 or \$7,171,617) with about \$44 (\$54 or \$77) and \$58 (\$50 or \$66) of annual per angler benefits using average value transfer (two function transfer) estimates in the Stillwater River Watershed and Maumee River Basin respectively. These estimates along with disaggregated results in terms of local stream segments and angler types could serve as an initial set of approximated recreational benefits of any local environmental policy involving water quality improvement in inland streams and rivers, at least in terms of recreational fishing. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, 0768:Environmental science, 0792:Aquaculture, 0792:Fish production, 0814:Recreation, Agricultural economics, Agricultural externalities, Aquaculture, Benefit transfer, Biological sciences, Environmental science, Fish production, Fishing, Health and environmental sciences, Ohio, Recreation, Recreational fishing, Social sciences, Value}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305139274?accountid=14270}, author = {Jeong, Hyojin} } @article {9135, title = {{Estimation of parameters of the Gompertz distribution using the least squares method}}, journal = {Applied Mathematics and Computation}, volume = {158}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, month = {oct}, pages = {133{\textendash}147}, abstract = {The Gompertz distribution has been used to describe human mortality and establish actuarial tables. Recently, this distribution has been again studied by some authors. The maximum likelihood estimates for the parameters of the Gompertz distribution has been discussed by Garg et al. [J. R. Statist. Soc. C 19 (1970) 152]. The purpose of this paper is to propose unweighted and weighted least squares estimates for parameters of the Gompertz distribution under the complete data and the first failure-censored data (series systems; see [J. Statist. Comput. Simulat. 52 (1995) 337]). A simulation study is carried out to compare the proposed estimators and the maximum likelihood estimators. Results of the simulation studies show that the performance of the weighted least squares estimators is acceptable.}, issn = {0096-3003}, doi = {10.1016/j.amc.2003.08.086}, author = {Jong W Wu and Wen L Hung and Chih H Tsai} } @article {13084, title = {Estimation of septic tank setback distances based on transport of E. coli and F-RNA phages}, journal = {Environment International}, volume = {29}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, pages = {907{\textendash}921}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Pang, Liping and Close, Murray and Goltz, Mark and Sinton, Lester and Davies, Helen and Hall, Carollyn and Stanton, Greg} } @booklet {275, title = {ETX2.0. A program to calculate hazardous concentrations and fraction affected, based on normally distributed toxicity data.}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)}, author = {Van Vlaardingen, P.L.A. and Traas, T.P. and Wintersen, A.M. and Aldenberg, T.} } @article {8639, title = {{Evaluation of a strategy for Toxoplasma gondii oocyst detection in water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, pages = {4035{\textendash}4039}, author = {Villena, I and Aubert, D and Gomis, P and Ferte, H and Inglard, JC and Denis-Bisiaux, H and Dondon, JM and Pisano, E and Ortis, N and Pinon, JM} } @article {17238, title = {Evaluation of microbiological and physicochemical indicators for wastewater treatment}, journal = {Environ ToxicolEnviron ToxicolEnviron Toxicol}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {Jun}, pages = {241-9}, edition = {2004/04/22}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology/standards, Bacteria/growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Biological Assay/methods, Colony Count, Microbial, Electric Conductivity, Escherichia coli/growth \& development, Fats/analysis/standards, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Linear Models, Nitrogen/analysis/standards, Oxygen/standards, Phosphorus/analysis/standards, Proteins/analysis/standards, Quality Control, Sewage/analysis/*chemistry/*microbiology, Spain, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet/statistics \& numerical data, Toxicity Tests, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*standards/statistics \& numerical data, Water/analysis/chemistry/*standards}, isbn = {1520-4081 (Print)
1520-4081}, author = {Howard, I. and Espigares, E. and Lardelli, P. and Martin, J. L. and Espigares, M.} } @article {2150, title = {{Evaluation of multiplex PCRs for diagnosis of infection with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {42}, number = {12}, year = {2004}, pages = {5849{\textendash}5853}, edition = {2004/12/08}, abstract = {We have developed two multiplex PCR assays that detect typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolates, enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) isolates, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) isolates, enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) isolates, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) isolates, and Shigella spp. The targets selected for each group were eae and bfpA for EPEC isolates, the target of probe CVD432 for EAEC isolates, the genes encoding heat-labile and heat-stable toxins for ETEC isolates, stx(1) and stx(2) for STEC isolates, and ipaH for EIEC isolates and Shigella spp. These PCRs were specific and sensitive for rapid detection of target isolates in stools. Among 150 stool specimens from the acute diarrhea tested, 9 samples (6\%) had atypical EPEC, 9 (6\%) had typical EPEC, 7 (4.7\%) had EAEC, 3 (2\%) had EIEC, 3 (2\%) had Shigella spp., and 1 (0.7\%) had an O26 STEC strain; we also detected mixed infections, 2 (1.3\%) with EAEC and Shigella spp., 1 (0.7\%) with atypical and typical EPEC strains, and another with atypical EPEC and EAEC strains. One of the multiplex PCRs directly applied to 36 stool specimens correctly identified 100\% of EPEC and EAEC isolates.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {42/12/5849 [pii] 10.1128/JCM.42.12.5849-5853.2004}, author = {Aranda, K R and Fagundes-Neto, U and Scaletsky, I C} } @article {13913, title = {Evaluation of multiplex {PCRs} for diagnosis of infection with diarrheagenic {Escherichia} coli and {Shigella} spp}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {42}, number = {12}, year = {2004}, pages = {5849{\textendash}5853}, abstract = {We have developed two multiplex PCR assays that detect typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolates, enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) isolates, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) isolates, enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) isolates, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) isolates, and Shigella spp. The targets selected for each group were eae and bfpA for EPEC isolates, the target of probe CVD432 for EAEC isolates, the genes encoding heat-labile and heat-stable toxins for ETEC isolates, stx(1) and stx(2) for STEC isolates, and ipaH for EIEC isolates and Shigella spp. These PCRs were specific and sensitive for rapid detection of target isolates in stools. Among 150 stool specimens from the acute diarrhea tested, 9 samples (6\%) had atypical EPEC, 9 (6\%) had typical EPEC, 7 (4.7\%) had EAEC, 3 (2\%) had EIEC, 3 (2\%) had Shigella spp., and 1 (0.7\%) had an O26 STEC strain; we also detected mixed infections, 2 (1.3\%) with EAEC and Shigella spp., 1 (0.7\%) with atypical and typical EPEC strains, and another with atypical EPEC and EAEC strains. One of the multiplex PCRs directly applied to 36 stool specimens correctly identified 100\% of EPEC and EAEC isolates.}, doi = {42/12/5849 [pii] 10.1128/JCM.42.12.5849-5853.2004}, author = {Aranda, K R and Fagundes-Neto, U and Scaletsky, I C} } @article {7933, title = {{Evaluation of multiplex PCRs for diagnosis of infection with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {42}, number = {12}, year = {2004}, pages = {5849{\textendash}5853}, edition = {2004/12/08}, abstract = {We have developed two multiplex PCR assays that detect typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolates, enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) isolates, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) isolates, enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) isolates, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) isolates, and Shigella spp. The targets selected for each group were eae and bfpA for EPEC isolates, the target of probe CVD432 for EAEC isolates, the genes encoding heat-labile and heat-stable toxins for ETEC isolates, stx(1) and stx(2) for STEC isolates, and ipaH for EIEC isolates and Shigella spp. These PCRs were specific and sensitive for rapid detection of target isolates in stools. Among 150 stool specimens from the acute diarrhea tested, 9 samples (6{\%}) had atypical EPEC, 9 (6{\%}) had typical EPEC, 7 (4.7{\%}) had EAEC, 3 (2{\%}) had EIEC, 3 (2{\%}) had Shigella spp., and 1 (0.7{\%}) had an O26 STEC strain; we also detected mixed infections, 2 (1.3{\%}) with EAEC and Shigella spp., 1 (0.7{\%}) with atypical and typical EPEC strains, and another with atypical EPEC and EAEC strains. One of the multiplex PCRs directly applied to 36 stool specimens correctly identified 100{\%} of EPEC and EAEC isolates.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, doi = {42/12/5849 [pii] 10.1128/JCM.42.12.5849-5853.2004}, author = {Aranda, K R and Fagundes-Neto, U and Scaletsky, I C} } @article {8015, title = {{Evaluation of performance and potential clinical impact of ProSpecT Shiga toxin Escherichia coli microplate assay for detection of Shiga Toxin-producing E. coli in stool samples}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {1652{\textendash}1656}, edition = {2004/04/09}, abstract = {Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli bacteria (STEC) are emerging pathogens capable of producing sporadic and epidemic diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and potentially life-threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Although the presence of E. coli O157 can be readily detected in stool by sorbitol-MacConkey agar culture (SMAC), STEC non-O157 serotypes cannot. In contrast to culture, testing for the presence of Shiga toxins 1 and 2 in stool detects both O157 and non-O157 STEC serotypes capable of causing disease. Over two consecutive summers, we evaluated the performance of the ProSpecT Shiga toxin E. coli Microplate assay (Alexon-Trend, Ramsey, Minn.), an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Shiga toxins 1 and 2, on all stools submitted for culture of enteric pathogens, and the potential clinical impact of Shiga toxin detection. Twenty-nine stool specimens were STEC positive by ProSpecT assay. Twenty-seven of 29 STEC-positive isolates were confirmed by SMAC and serotyping or by a second enzyme immunoassay and PCR (positive predictive value, 93{\%}). Thirteen of 27 confirmed Shiga toxin-producing strains were serotype O157. The remaining 14 strains represented 8 other serotypes. The ProSpecT assay was 100{\%} sensitive and specific for detection of E. coli O157 in stool (7 of 7) compared to SMAC. In addition, the ProSpecT assay detected twice as many STEC as SMAC. Fifty-two percent of confirmed STEC-positive stools were nonbloody. Thus, in our population, screening strategies that test only visibly bloody stools for STEC would miss a majority of cases. Eleven (41{\%}) STEC-positive patients were hospitalized, and eight (30{\%}) developed severe disease (two developed hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and six developed hemorrhagic colitis). Prior to detection of STEC infection, seven (26{\%}) and eight patients (30{\%}) underwent unnecessary diagnostic procedures or received potentially deleterious empirical treatment, respectively. We propose that establishing a specific diagnosis of STEC may have prevented these potentially harmful interventions. We conclude that the ProSpecT assay is sensitive and specific for the detection of Shiga toxins 1 and 2 in stool and has potentially significant clinical impact for the individual patient and public health. Shiga toxin assays should be considered for routine use in settings where prevalence of STEC disease warrants testing.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Gavin, P J and Peterson, L R and Pasquariello, A C and Blackburn, J and Hamming, M G and Kuo, K J and Thomson Jr., R B} } @article {14038, title = {Evaluation of performance and potential clinical impact of {ProSpecT} {Shiga} toxin {Escherichia} coli microplate assay for detection of {Shiga} {Toxin}-producing {E}. coli in stool samples}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {1652{\textendash}1656}, abstract = {Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli bacteria (STEC) are emerging pathogens capable of producing sporadic and epidemic diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and potentially life-threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Although the presence of E. coli O157 can be readily detected in stool by sorbitol-MacConkey agar culture (SMAC), STEC non-O157 serotypes cannot. In contrast to culture, testing for the presence of Shiga toxins 1 and 2 in stool detects both O157 and non-O157 STEC serotypes capable of causing disease. Over two consecutive summers, we evaluated the performance of the ProSpecT Shiga toxin E. coli Microplate assay (Alexon-Trend, Ramsey, Minn.), an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Shiga toxins 1 and 2, on all stools submitted for culture of enteric pathogens, and the potential clinical impact of Shiga toxin detection. Twenty-nine stool specimens were STEC positive by ProSpecT assay. Twenty-seven of 29 STEC-positive isolates were confirmed by SMAC and serotyping or by a second enzyme immunoassay and PCR (positive predictive value, 93\%). Thirteen of 27 confirmed Shiga toxin-producing strains were serotype O157. The remaining 14 strains represented 8 other serotypes. The ProSpecT assay was 100\% sensitive and specific for detection of E. coli O157 in stool (7 of 7) compared to SMAC. In addition, the ProSpecT assay detected twice as many STEC as SMAC. Fifty-two percent of confirmed STEC-positive stools were nonbloody. Thus, in our population, screening strategies that test only visibly bloody stools for STEC would miss a majority of cases. Eleven (41\%) STEC-positive patients were hospitalized, and eight (30\%) developed severe disease (two developed hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and six developed hemorrhagic colitis). Prior to detection of STEC infection, seven (26\%) and eight patients (30\%) underwent unnecessary diagnostic procedures or received potentially deleterious empirical treatment, respectively. We propose that establishing a specific diagnosis of STEC may have prevented these potentially harmful interventions. We conclude that the ProSpecT assay is sensitive and specific for the detection of Shiga toxins 1 and 2 in stool and has potentially significant clinical impact for the individual patient and public health. Shiga toxin assays should be considered for routine use in settings where prevalence of STEC disease warrants testing.}, author = {Gavin, P J and Peterson, L R and Pasquariello, A C and Blackburn, J and Hamming, M G and Kuo, K J and Thomson Jr., R B} } @article {2257, title = {{Evaluation of performance and potential clinical impact of ProSpecT Shiga toxin Escherichia coli microplate assay for detection of Shiga Toxin-producing E. coli in stool samples}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {1652{\textendash}1656}, edition = {2004/04/09}, abstract = {Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli bacteria (STEC) are emerging pathogens capable of producing sporadic and epidemic diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and potentially life-threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Although the presence of E. coli O157 can be readily detected in stool by sorbitol-MacConkey agar culture (SMAC), STEC non-O157 serotypes cannot. In contrast to culture, testing for the presence of Shiga toxins 1 and 2 in stool detects both O157 and non-O157 STEC serotypes capable of causing disease. Over two consecutive summers, we evaluated the performance of the ProSpecT Shiga toxin E. coli Microplate assay (Alexon-Trend, Ramsey, Minn.), an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Shiga toxins 1 and 2, on all stools submitted for culture of enteric pathogens, and the potential clinical impact of Shiga toxin detection. Twenty-nine stool specimens were STEC positive by ProSpecT assay. Twenty-seven of 29 STEC-positive isolates were confirmed by SMAC and serotyping or by a second enzyme immunoassay and PCR (positive predictive value, 93\%). Thirteen of 27 confirmed Shiga toxin-producing strains were serotype O157. The remaining 14 strains represented 8 other serotypes. The ProSpecT assay was 100\% sensitive and specific for detection of E. coli O157 in stool (7 of 7) compared to SMAC. In addition, the ProSpecT assay detected twice as many STEC as SMAC. Fifty-two percent of confirmed STEC-positive stools were nonbloody. Thus, in our population, screening strategies that test only visibly bloody stools for STEC would miss a majority of cases. Eleven (41\%) STEC-positive patients were hospitalized, and eight (30\%) developed severe disease (two developed hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and six developed hemorrhagic colitis). Prior to detection of STEC infection, seven (26\%) and eight patients (30\%) underwent unnecessary diagnostic procedures or received potentially deleterious empirical treatment, respectively. We propose that establishing a specific diagnosis of STEC may have prevented these potentially harmful interventions. We conclude that the ProSpecT assay is sensitive and specific for the detection of Shiga toxins 1 and 2 in stool and has potentially significant clinical impact for the individual patient and public health. Shiga toxin assays should be considered for routine use in settings where prevalence of STEC disease warrants testing.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Gavin, P J and Peterson, L R and Pasquariello, A C and Blackburn, J and Hamming, M G and Kuo, K J and Thomson Jr., R B} } @booklet {8364, title = {{Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level}}, year = {2004}, publisher = {World Health Organization (WHO)}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, url = {http://www.who.int/water{\_}sanitation{\_}health/wsh0404.pdf}, author = {Hutton, G. and Haller, L.} } @article {2286, title = {{Evaluation of the purification capacity of nine portable, small-scale water purification devices.}}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, month = {jan}, pages = {179{\textendash}83}, abstract = {A test was performed to evaluate the microbial and chemical purification capacity of nine portable, small-scale water purification filter devices with production capacity less than 100 L/h. The devices were tested for simultaneous removal capacity of bacteria (cultured Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae), enteric protozoans (formalin-stored Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts), viral markers (F-RNA bacteriophages) and microcystins produced by toxic cyanobacterial cultures. In general, the devices tested were able to remove bacterial contaminants by 3.6-6.9 log10 units from raw water. Those devices based only on filtration through pores 0.2-0.4 microm or larger failed in viral and chemical purification. Only one device, based on reverse osmosis, was capable of removing F-RNA phages at concentrations under the detection limit and microcystins by 2.5 log10. The present study emphasised the need for evaluation tests of water purification devices from the public safety and HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) points of view. Simultaneous testing for various pathogenic/indicator microbes and microcystins was shown to be a useful and practical way to obtain essential data on actual purification capacity of commercial small-scale drinking-water filters.}, keywords = {Animals, bacteria, Bacteria: isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium: isolation \& purification, Oocysts, Osmosis, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: isolation \& purification, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: instrumentation}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15318506}, author = {H{\"o}rman, A and Rimhanen-Finne, R and Maunula, L and von Bonsdorff, C H and Rapala, J and Lahti, K and H{\"a}nninen, M L} } @article {14073, title = {Evaluation of the purification capacity of nine portable, small-scale water purification devices.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, month = {jan}, pages = {179{\textendash}83}, abstract = {A test was performed to evaluate the microbial and chemical purification capacity of nine portable, small-scale water purification filter devices with production capacity less than 100 L/h. The devices were tested for simultaneous removal capacity of bacteria (cultured Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae), enteric protozoans (formalin-stored Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts), viral markers (F-RNA bacteriophages) and microcystins produced by toxic cyanobacterial cultures. In general, the devices tested were able to remove bacterial contaminants by 3.6-6.9 log10 units from raw water. Those devices based only on filtration through pores 0.2-0.4 microm or larger failed in viral and chemical purification. Only one device, based on reverse osmosis, was capable of removing F-RNA phages at concentrations under the detection limit and microcystins by 2.5 log10. The present study emphasised the need for evaluation tests of water purification devices from the public safety and HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) points of view. Simultaneous testing for various pathogenic/indicator microbes and microcystins was shown to be a useful and practical way to obtain essential data on actual purification capacity of commercial small-scale drinking-water filters.}, keywords = {Animals, bacteria, Bacteria: isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium: isolation \& purification, Oocysts, Osmosis, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: isolation \& purification, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: instrumentation}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15318506}, author = {H{\"o}rman, A and Rimhanen-Finne, R and Maunula, L and von Bonsdorff, C H and Rapala, J and Lahti, K and H{\"a}nninen, M L} } @article {8035, title = {{Evaluation of the purification capacity of nine portable, small-scale water purification devices.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, month = {jan}, pages = {179{\textendash}83}, abstract = {

A test was performed to evaluate the microbial and chemical purification capacity of nine portable, small-scale water purification filter devices with production capacity less than 100 L/h. The devices were tested for simultaneous removal capacity of bacteria (cultured Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae), enteric protozoans (formalin-stored Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts), viral markers (F-RNA bacteriophages) and microcystins produced by toxic cyanobacterial cultures. In general, the devices tested were able to remove bacterial contaminants by 3.6-6.9 log10 units from raw water. Those devices based only on filtration through pores 0.2-0.4 microm or larger failed in viral and chemical purification. Only one device, based on reverse osmosis, was capable of removing F-RNA phages at concentrations under the detection limit and microcystins by 2.5 log10. The present study emphasised the need for evaluation tests of water purification devices from the public safety and HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) points of view. Simultaneous testing for various pathogenic/indicator microbes and microcystins was shown to be a useful and practical way to obtain essential data on actual purification capacity of commercial small-scale drinking-water filters.

}, keywords = {Animals, bacteria, Bacteria: isolation {\&} purification, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium: isolation {\&} purification, Oocysts, Osmosis, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: instrumentation}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15318506}, author = {H{\"o}rman, A and Rimhanen-Finne, R and Maunula, L and von Bonsdorff, C H and Rapala, J and Lahti, K and H{\"a}nninen, M L} } @article {9820, title = {{Evidence of waterborne transmission of Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {70}, year = {2004}, pages = {658{\textendash}662}, author = {Leelayoova, S and Rangsin, R and Taamasri, P and Naaglor, T and Thathaisong, U and Mungthin, M} } @article {13425, title = {Evidence suggesting that Fasciola gigantica might be the most prevalent causal agent of fascioliasis in northern Iran}, journal = {Iran J Publ Health}, volume = {33}, year = {2004}, pages = {31-37}, author = {Ashrafi, K. and Massoud, J. and Holakouie, K. and Mahmoodi, M. and Joafshani, M. A. and Valero, M. A. and Fuentes, M. V. and Khoubbane, M. and Artigas, P. and Bargues, M. D. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {9798, title = {{Factors contributing to the public health and economic importance of waterborne zoonotic parasites}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {126}, year = {2004}, pages = {3{\textendash}14}, author = {Gajadhar, AA and Allen, JR} } @article {13249, title = {Faecal contamination indicators, Salmonella, Vibrio, and Aeromonas in water used for the irrigation of agricultural products}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {132}, year = {2004}, pages = {231-238}, doi = {10.1017/S095026880300181X}, author = {Pianietti, A. and Sabatini, L. and Bruscolini, F. and Chiaverini, F. and Cecchetti, G.} } @article {8077, title = {{A family outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemorrhagic colitis caused by verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 from unpasteurised cow{\textquoteright}s milk in Slovakia.}}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect.}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, pages = {576{\textendash}578}, author = {Liptakova, A. and Siegfried, L. and Rosocha, J. and Podracka, L. and Bogyiova, E. and Kotulova, D.} } @article {14138, title = {A family outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemorrhagic colitis caused by verocytotoxigenic {Escherichia} coli {O}157 from unpasteurised cow{\textquoteright}s milk in {Slovakia}.}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect.}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, pages = {576{\textendash}578}, author = {Liptakova, A. and Siegfried, L. and Rosocha, J. and Podracka, L. and Bogyiova, E. and Kotulova, D.} } @article {13439, title = {Fasciolosis humana y compromiso gastrointestinal: estudio de 277 pacientes en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. 1970-2002}, journal = {Rev Gastroenterol Peru.}, volume = {24}, year = {2004}, pages = {143-157}, author = {Blancas, G. and Terashima, A. and Maguina, C. and Lujan, L. and Alvarez, H. and Casanova, R. T.} } @article {13502, title = {Fasciolosis importada y autoctona.}, journal = {Enferm. Emerg.}, volume = {6}, number = {119}, year = {2004}, pages = {188}, author = {Turrientes, M. C. and Saenz de Sta. Maria, A., Ceballos, E., Diaz, M., Bareno, M., Muro, A., Pardo, J. and Lopez-Velez, R.} } @article {9478, title = {{Fatal myositis due to the microsporidian Brachiola algerae, a mosquito pathogen}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {351}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {42{\textendash}47}, author = {Coyle, CM and Weiss, LM and Rhodes, LV 3rd and Cali, A and Takvorian, PM and Brown, DF and Visvesvara, GS and Xiao, L and Naktin, J and Young, E and Gareca, M and Colasante, G and Wittner, M} } @booklet {8811, title = {{Fate and persistence of pathogens subjected to ultraviolet light and chlorine disinfection}}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Water Environmnet Research Foundation}, address = {London}, author = {Linden, K.G. and Oliver, J.D. and Sobsey, M.D. and Shin, G.A.} } @article {10304, title = {Fate of E. coli across mechanical dewatering processes}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {25}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, pages = {825{\textendash}831}, author = {Monteleone, MC and Furness, D and Jefferson, B and Cartmell, E} } @article {17245, title = {Fate of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on carrots and radishes grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water}, journal = {Appl Environ MicrobiolAppl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {70}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {Apr}, pages = {2497-502}, edition = {2004/04/07}, keywords = {*Soil Microbiology, Agriculture, Animals, Cattle, Daucus carota/*microbiology, Manure/*microbiology, Poultry, Raphanus/*microbiology, Salmonella typhimurium/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Islam, M. and Morgan, J. and Doyle, M. P. and Phatak, S. C. and Millner, P. and Jiang, X.} } @article {6922, title = {The feasibility of community-based health insurance in {Burkina} {Faso}}, journal = {Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, month = {jul}, pages = {45{\textendash}53}, abstract = {To ensure the acceptability of community-based insurance (CBI) by the community and its sustainability, a feasibility study of CBI was conducted in Burkina Faso, including preference for benefit package of CBI, costing of health services, costing of the benefit package and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the package. Qualitative methods were used to collect information about preferences for the benefit package. Cost per unit health services, health demand obtained from household survey and physician-judged health needs were used to estimate the cost of the benefit package. The bidding game method was used to elicit household head{\textquoteright}s WTP for the package. We found that there were strong preferences for inclusion of high-cost healthservices such as operation, essential drugs and consultation fees in the benefit package. It is estimated that the cost of the package per capita was 1673 CFA (demand-based) and 9630 CFA (need-based), including 58\% government subsidies (euro 1 = 655 CFA). The average household head with eight household members agreed to pay from 7500 (median) to 9769 CFA (mean) to join the CBI for his/her household. The WTP results were influenced by household characteristics, such as location, household size and age composition. Under certain assumptions (household as the enrolment unit, median household head{\textquoteright}s WTP as premium for the average household, 50\% enrolment rate), it would be feasible to run CBI in Nouna, Burkina Faso if enrolees{\textquoteright} health demand did not increase by more than 28\% or if the underwriting of the initial losses was covered by extra funds.}, keywords = {Age Factors, Attitude to Health, Burkina Faso, Community Health Services, Consumer behavior, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Developing Countries, Feasibility Studies, Fees and Charges, Female, Financing, Health, Health Services Research, Humans, Insurance, Insurance Benefits, Male, Personal, Pilot Projects, Socioeconomic Factors}, issn = {0168-8510}, author = {Dong, Hengjin and Mugisha, Frederick and Gbangou, Adjima and Kouyate, Bocar and Sauerborn, Rainer} } @article {3171, title = {Fenced pasture: a possible risk factor for human alveolar echinococcosis in {Tibetan} pastoralist communities of {Sichuan}, {China}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {may}, pages = {285{\textendash}293}, abstract = {Alveolar echinococcosis, infection caused by the parasitic helminth Echinococcus multilocularis, is a zoonosis strongly linked to climatic and ecological factors. Cross-sectional survey data were used to test a hypothesis that partial fencing of pastures could promote alveolar echinococcosis transmission in semi-nomadic pastoral communities of the Tibetan plateau, PR China. Using multiple stepwise logistic regression with consideration of factors of age and gender, it was shown that partial fencing around the settlements in winter pasture was significantly and independently associated with the risk of human alveolar echinococcosis in the surveyed villages (P = 0.021). The underlying reason may lie in overgrazing, an assumed cause of population outbreaks of small mammal intermediate hosts of the parasite on the Tibetan plateau. Overgrazing may have been exacerbated by the reduction of communal pastures nearby the settlements due to introduction of partial fencing around group tenure pastures acquired by Tibetan pastoralist families.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animal Husbandry, Animals, Child, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disease Reservoirs, Domestic, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Risk Factors}, issn = {0001-706X}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.02.004}, author = {Wang, Qian and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Qiu, Jiamin and Giraudoux, Patrick and Xiao, Yongfu and Schantz, Peter M. and Raoul, Francis and Li, Tiaoying and Yang, Wen and Craig, Philip S.} } @mastersthesis {6612, title = {Fish community dynamics in off-channel habitats of the {Mississippi} {River}, {Pool} 25: {Patterns} across space, time, and hydrologic gradients}, year = {2004}, note = {3163043}, school = {Southern Illinois University at Carbondale}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Few data exist evaluating the response of fish to water-level management (WLM) in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR). From 1999 to 2001, I studied the fish response to WLM in UMR Pool 25 by examining fish use of recently flooded vegetation during fall. Paired study plots, one vegetated and one experimentally devegetated prior to reflood, were established at four sites in lower Pool 25. Four species had higher ( p {\textless} 0.05) or marginally higher (p {\textless} 0.10) abundance in vegetated plots (spotfin shiner, common carp, bullhead minnow, and western mosquitofish). Significantly more individuals of spotfin shiner, channel shiner, and western mosquitofish {\textless}20 mm were collected in vegetated plots in 1999. Higher, stable water levels in the summer of 2000 resulted in a dramatic (9-fold) increase in the abundance of young-of-year orangespotted sunfish and bluegill. In 2001, sunfish abundance remained high and vegetation provided nursery habitat for late season spawning fishes. The data suggest the fish response to WLM will vary depending on vegetation characteristics, summer hydrology, and location. Effective management and restoration of fish nursery habitats in the UMR is hindered by a general lack of understanding of the nursery habitat requirements of many riverine species. I sampled young-of-year fishes by shoreline seining during late spring/early summer of 2000, 2001, and 2002 at 14 off-channel sites in Pool 25 that represented three habitat types: backwaters, island borders, island sloughs. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and multi-response permutation procedures identified significant structuring ( p {\textless} 0.05) of young fish communities along a gradient from backwaters to island fringes. Community patterns generally corresponded with spawning characteristics of adults, where backwater sites and island fringes primarily provided nursery habitat for species that spawn in lentic and lotic areas, respectively, and island slough were intermediate. Young blue suckers, rarely collected in previous studies, were relatively abundant in island fringe and island slough habitats during early spring sampling. Blue suckers utilized shorelines in proximity to the main channel as feeding areas prior to development into rheophilic juveniles. These data demonstrate the value of conserving or creating heterogeneity (e.g., island construction) within off-channel areas to provide nursery habitat for a diversity of riverine species.}, keywords = {0472:Zoology, 0792:Aquaculture, 0792:Fish production, Aquaculture, Biological sciences, Cycleptus elongatus, Fish community, Fish production, Hydrologic gradients, Mississippi River, Nursery habitat, Off-channel habitats, Zoology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305121552?accountid=14270}, author = {Adams, Steven Reid} } @mastersthesis {7020, title = {A floristic description of a neotropical coastal savanna in {Belize}}, year = {2004}, note = {1421086}, school = {Miami University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The diverse graminoid-dominated savannas of Central America remain poorly described. I used percent cover and frequency along line transects and in quadrats to assess the flora, community structure, and environment of a hyperseasonal coastal savanna near Sapodilla Lagoon in Stann Creek District, Belize. The flora consisted of 193 angiosperms, 2 gymnosperms, and 6 pteridophytes, and was dominated by graminoids. Species with the highest importance values were Mesosetum filifolium, Paspalum pulchellum, Rhynchospora plumosa , and Rhynchospora barbata . Woody species were scattered in dense clusters throughout the savanna, and were divided into a tall tree layer, dominated by Pinus caribaea , and a tree-palm-shrub layer, dominated by Acoelorraphe wrightii and Byrsonima crassifolia . Several large A. wrightii -dominated vernal pools were scattered about the landscape marking locations where water breaks through the impenetrable sub-surface. Variation in species composition within the savanna, explored with Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), correlated strongly with particular species ( A. wrightii and P. pulchellum ), topography, cation exchange capacity, and copper concentration. Quantitative comparisons with two other savannas studied in Belize show distinct differences in flora, structure, and dominance in spite of previously being classified as similar.}, keywords = {0309:Botany, 0329:Ecology, Biological sciences, Botany, Ecology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305178048?accountid=14270}, author = {Farruggia, Frank Thomas} } @article {12791, title = {{Food-borne parasitic infections}}, journal = {Journal of the Korean Medical Association}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, pages = {496{\textendash}507}, author = {Chai, JY} } @article {807, title = {Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {23-41}, abstract = {Several groups of viruses may infect persons after ingestion and then are shed via stool. Of these, the norovirus {(NoV)} and hepatitis A virus {(HAV)} are currently recognised as the most important human foodborne pathogens with regard to the number of outbreaks and people affected in the Western world. {NoV} and {HAV} are highly infectious and may lead to widespread outbreaks. The clinical manifestation of {NoV} infection, however, is relatively mild. Asymptomatic infections are common and may contribute to the spread of the infection. Introduction of {NoV} in a community or population (a seeding event) may be followed by additional spread because of the highly infectious nature of {NoV,} resulting in a great number of secondary infections (50\% of contacts). Hepatitis A is an increasing problem because of the decrease in immunity of populations in countries with high standards of hygiene. Molecular-based methods can detect viruses in shellfish but are not yet available for other foods. The applicability of the methods currently available for monitoring foods for viral contamination is unknown. No consistent correlation has been found between the presence of indicator microorganisms (i.e. bacteriophages, E. coli) and viruses. {NoV} and {HAV} are highly infectious and exhibit variable levels of resistance to heat and disinfection agents. However, they are both inactivated at 100 degrees C. No validated model virus or model system is available for studies of inactivation of {NoV,} although investigations could make use of structurally similar viruses (i.e. canine and feline caliciviruses). In the absence of a model virus or model system, food safety guidelines need to be based on studies that have been performed with the most resistant enteric {RNA} viruses (i.e. {HAV,} for which a model system does exist) and also with bacteriophages (for water). Most documented foodborne viral outbreaks can be traced to food that has been manually handled by an infected foodhandler, rather than to industrially processed foods. The viral contamination of food can occur anywhere in the process from farm to fork, but most foodborne viral infections can be traced back to infected persons who handle food that is not heated or otherwise treated afterwards. Therefore, emphasis should be on stringent personal hygiene during preparation. If viruses are present in food preprocessing, residual viral infectivity may be present after some industrial processes. Therefore, it is key that sufficient attention be given to good agriculture practice {(GAP)} and good manufacturing practice {(GMP)} to avoid introduction of viruses onto the raw material and into the food-manufacturing environment, and to {HACCP} to assure adequate management of (control over) viruses present during the manufacturing process. If viruses are present in foods after processing, they remain infectious in most circumstances and in most foods for several days or weeks, especially if kept cooled (at 4 degrees C). Therefore, emphasis should be on stringent personal hygiene during preparation. For the control of foodborne viral infections, it is necessary to: Heighten awareness about the presence and spread of these viruses by foodhandlers; Optimise and standardise methods for the detection of foodborne viruses; Develop laboratory-based surveillance to detect large, common-source outbreaks at an early stage; and Emphasise consideration of viruses in setting up food safety quality control and management systems {(GHP,} {GMP,} {HACCP).}}, author = {Koopmans, Marion and Duizer, Erwin} } @article {3788, title = {Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {23{\textendash}41}, abstract = {Several groups of viruses may infect persons after ingestion and then are shed via stool. Of these, the norovirus \{\{\}(NoV)\{\}\} and hepatitis A virus \{\{\}(HAV)\{\}\} are currently recognised as the most important human foodborne pathogens with regard to the number of outbreaks and people affected in the Western world. \{\{\}NoV\{\}\} and \{\{\}HAV\{\}\} are highly infectious and may lead to widespread outbreaks. The clinical manifestation of \{\{\}NoV\{\}\} infection, however, is relatively mild. Asymptomatic infections are common and may contribute to the spread of the infection. Introduction of \{\{\}NoV\{\}\} in a community or population (a seeding event) may be followed by additional spread because of the highly infectious nature of \{\{\}NoV,\{\}\} resulting in a great number of secondary infections (50\{\%\} of contacts). Hepatitis A is an increasing problem because of the decrease in immunity of populations in countries with high standards of hygiene. Molecular-based methods can detect viruses in shellfish but are not yet available for other foods. The applicability of the methods currently available for monitoring foods for viral contamination is unknown. No consistent correlation has been found between the presence of indicator microorganisms (i.e. bacteriophages, E. coli) and viruses. \{\{\}NoV\{\}\} and \{\{\}HAV\{\}\} are highly infectious and exhibit variable levels of resistance to heat and disinfection agents. However, they are both inactivated at 100 degrees C. No validated model virus or model system is available for studies of inactivation of \{\{\}NoV,\{\}\} although investigations could make use of structurally similar viruses (i.e. canine and feline caliciviruses). In the absence of a model virus or model system, food safety guidelines need to be based on studies that have been performed with the most resistant enteric \{\{\}RNA\{\}\} viruses (i.e. \{\{\}HAV,\{\}\} for which a model system does exist) and also with bacteriophages (for water). Most documented foodborne viral outbreaks can be traced to food that has been manually handled by an infected foodhandler, rather than to industrially processed foods. The viral contamination of food can occur anywhere in the process from farm to fork, but most foodborne viral infections can be traced back to infected persons who handle food that is not heated or otherwise treated afterwards. Therefore, emphasis should be on stringent personal hygiene during preparation. If viruses are present in food preprocessing, residual viral infectivity may be present after some industrial processes. Therefore, it is key that sufficient attention be given to good agriculture practice \{\{\}(GAP)\{\}\} and good manufacturing practice \{\{\}(GMP)\{\}\} to avoid introduction of viruses onto the raw material and into the food-manufacturing environment, and to \{\{\}HACCP\{\}\} to assure adequate management of (control over) viruses present during the manufacturing process. If viruses are present in foods after processing, they remain infectious in most circumstances and in most foods for several days or weeks, especially if kept cooled (at 4 degrees C). Therefore, emphasis should be on stringent personal hygiene during preparation. For the control of foodborne viral infections, it is necessary to: Heighten awareness about the presence and spread of these viruses by foodhandlers; Optimise and standardise methods for the detection of foodborne viruses; Develop laboratory-based surveillance to detect large, common-source outbreaks at an early stage; and Emphasise consideration of viruses in setting up food safety quality control and management systems \{\{\}(GHP,\{\}\} \{\{\}GMP,\{\}\} \{\{\}HACCP).\{\}\}}, author = {Koopmans, Marion and Duizer, Erwin} } @article {2562, title = {Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem.}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {23-41}, abstract = {Several groups of viruses may infect persons after ingestion and then are shed via stool. Of these, the norovirus {(NoV)} and hepatitis A virus {(HAV)} are currently recognised as the most important human foodborne pathogens with regard to the number of outbreaks and people affected in the Western world. {NoV} and {HAV} are highly infectious and may lead to widespread outbreaks. The clinical manifestation of {NoV} infection, however, is relatively mild. Asymptomatic infections are common and may contribute to the spread of the infection. Introduction of {NoV} in a community or population (a seeding event) may be followed by additional spread because of the highly infectious nature of {NoV,} resulting in a great number of secondary infections (50\% of contacts). Hepatitis A is an increasing problem because of the decrease in immunity of populations in countries with high standards of hygiene. Molecular-based methods can detect viruses in shellfish but are not yet available for other foods. The applicability of the methods currently available for monitoring foods for viral contamination is unknown. No consistent correlation has been found between the presence of indicator microorganisms (i.e. bacteriophages, E. coli) and viruses. {NoV} and {HAV} are highly infectious and exhibit variable levels of resistance to heat and disinfection agents. However, they are both inactivated at 100 degrees C. No validated model virus or model system is available for studies of inactivation of {NoV,} although investigations could make use of structurally similar viruses (i.e. canine and feline caliciviruses). In the absence of a model virus or model system, food safety guidelines need to be based on studies that have been performed with the most resistant enteric {RNA} viruses (i.e. {HAV,} for which a model system does exist) and also with bacteriophages (for water). Most documented foodborne viral outbreaks can be traced to food that has been manually handled by an infected foodhandler, rather than to industrially processed foods. The viral contamination of food can occur anywhere in the process from farm to fork, but most foodborne viral infections can be traced back to infected persons who handle food that is not heated or otherwise treated afterwards. Therefore, emphasis should be on stringent personal hygiene during preparation. If viruses are present in food preprocessing, residual viral infectivity may be present after some industrial processes. Therefore, it is key that sufficient attention be given to good agriculture practice {(GAP)} and good manufacturing practice {(GMP)} to avoid introduction of viruses onto the raw material and into the food-manufacturing environment, and to {HACCP} to assure adequate management of (control over) viruses present during the manufacturing process. If viruses are present in foods after processing, they remain infectious in most circumstances and in most foods for several days or weeks, especially if kept cooled (at 4 degrees C). Therefore, emphasis should be on stringent personal hygiene during preparation. For the control of foodborne viral infections, it is necessary to: Heighten awareness about the presence and spread of these viruses by foodhandlers; Optimise and standardise methods for the detection of foodborne viruses; Develop laboratory-based surveillance to detect large, common-source outbreaks at an early stage; and Emphasise consideration of viruses in setting up food safety quality control and management systems {(GHP,} {GMP,} {HACCP).}}, author = {Koopmans, Marion and Duizer, Erwin} } @inbook {9718, title = {Fouling in nanofiltration }, booktitle = {Nanofiltration-Principles and Applications}, year = {2004}, pages = {169-329}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, author = {Schafer, A and Andritsos, N and Karabelas, AJ and Hoek, EMV and Scheider, R and Nystrom, M and Schafer, A and Write, D and Fane, A} } @booklet {272, title = {Framework for inorganic metals risk assessment}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Environmental Protection Agency}, author = {US.EPA} } @article {7664, title = {Frequency and spatial distribution of environmental Campylobacter spp}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {11}, year = {2004}, note = {Frequency and spatial distribution of environmental Campylobacter spp; 183; J English Article Brown, PE, Univ Lancaster, Dept Math \& Stat, Lancaster LA1 4YF, England p.e.brown@lancaster.ac.uk 3 AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY WASHINGTON 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOL NOV Discipline: Biotechnology \& Applied Microbiology; Microbiology 870RR NOT IN FILE 0099-2240 Univ Lancaster, Dept Math \& Stat, Lancaster LA1 4YF, England. Univ Liverpool, Dept Vet Clin Sci, DEFRA Epidemiol Fellowship Unit, Liverpool, Merseyside, England. Univ Aarhus, Datalogisk Inst, Aarhus, Denmark.; ID: 31}, pages = {6501-6511}, abstract = {Humans are exposed to Campylobacter spp. in a range of sources via both food and environmental pathways. For this study, we explored the frequency and distribution of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in a 10- by 10-km square rural area of Cheshire, United Kingdom. The area contains approximately 70, mainly dairy, farms and is used extensively for outdoor recreational activities. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from a range of environmental samples by use of a systematic sampling grid. Livestock (mainly cattle) and wildlife feces and environmental water and soil samples were cultured, and isolates were presumptively identified by standard techniques. These isolates were further characterized by PCR. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species in all animal samples, ranging from 11\% in samples from nonavian wildlife to 36\% in cattle feces, and was isolated from 15\% of water samples. Campylobacter coli was commonly found in water (17\%) and sheep (21\%) samples, but rarely in other samples. Campylobacter lari was recovered from all sample types, with the exception of sheep feces, and was found in moderate numbers in birds (7\%) and water (5\%). Campylobacter hyointestinalis was only recovered from cattle (7\%) and birds (1\%). The spatial distribution and determinants of C. jejuni in cattle feces were examined by the use of model-based spatial statistics. The distribution was consistent with very localized within-farm or within-field transmission and showed little evidence of any larger-scale spatial dependence. We concluded that there is a potentially high risk of human exposure to Campylobacter spp., particularly C. jejuni, in the environment of our study area. The prevalence and likely risk posed by C. jejuni-positive cattle feces in the environment diminished as the fecal material aged. After we took into account the age of the fecal material, the absence or presence of rain, and the presence of bird feces, there was evidence of significant variation in the prevalence of C. jejuni-positive cattle feces between grazing fields but no evidence of spatial clustering beyond this resolution. The spatial pattern of C. jejuni is therefore consistent with that for an organism that is ubiquitous in areas contaminated with cattle feces, with a short-scale variation in infection intensity that cannot be explained solely by variations in the age of the fecal material. The observed pattern is not consistent with large-scale transmission attributable to watercourses, wildlife territories, or other geographical features that transcend field and farm boundaries}, keywords = {AREAS, CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI, Cattle, COLI, Disease, England, environment, ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES, IDENTIFICATION, infection, JEJUNI, JEJUNI INFECTION, Microbiology, NOV, OUTBREAKS, PCR, SAMPLES, THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTERS, WALES, water}, author = {Brown,P. E. and Christensen,O. F. and Clough,H. E. and Diggle,P. J. and Hart,C. A. and Hazel,S. and Kemp,R. and Leatherbarrow,A. J. H. and Moore,A. and Sutherst,J. and Turner,J. and Williams,N. J. and Wright,E. J. and French,N. P.} } @article {11410, title = {Full scale validation of helminth ova (Ascaris suum) inactivation by different sludge treatment processes}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {49}, number = {10}, year = {2004}, pages = {139-146}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {Paulsrud, B and Gjerde, B and Lundar, A} } @mastersthesis {6288, title = {Global capitalism: {The} case of the {Dominican} {Republic} from 1960 through 2002}, year = {2004}, note = {3162041}, school = {Howard University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the changing nature of the economy, state and global financial policies and popular movements of resistance to global capitalism, and their impact on the quality of life of the Dominican people from 1960 through 2002. There were two research questions guiding this study. They are as follows: (1) what are the changing nature of the economy, state and global financial institutions and popular movements of resistance in the Dominican Republic from 1960 through 1980s and from 1990 through 2002, (2) how have the changing nature of the economy, state, and global financial institutions and popular movements of resistance impacted the quality of life of the Dominican people, from 1960 through 1980s and from 1990s through 2002? The analysis begins with a brief historical background of the Dominican Republic from the period of colonization in 1492 until the consolidation of neocolonialism in the 1950s. The finding focuses on the period of transition to globalization and neoliberalism from 1960 to the 1980s. Finally, they explore the consolidation of global capitalism and neoliberalism from 1990 through 2002. When possible the researcher made use of available data beyond 2002. The findings suggest that as global capitalism developed and expanded in the Dominican Republic corresponding shifts in the nature of the economy, state and global financial policies and popular movements of resistance took place that directly impacted the quality of life of the Dominican people. Between 1960 and the 1980s, the country{\textquoteright}s economy shifted from mostly agricultural production with a small manufacturing sector of the economy to a service economy, including free trade zone and tourism. Following the shift in the productive process, migration from rural communities to urban centers took place. Once removed from the land, poor and working class Dominicans were forced to sell their labor in the tourist industries and free trade zone. Neoliberal policies at the level of the state (the Dominican Republic), and global policies such as the Caribbean Basin Initiative and structural adjustments programs have created the space for global capital to more fully incorporate the Dominican Republic into the global production and distribution market. Low wages, unemployment, precarious health and educational conditions, soaring inflation, the polarization of income and increasing poverty, and the growing external debt to the international financial Institutions have resulted in wide spread social unrest, strikes, and protests. Movements of resistance developed during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, primarily to contest class oppression and exploitation and political and military repression. During the 1990s and 2000s new popular movements of resistance to global capitalism have emerged. Although the development of these movements have not impeded the expansion of capitalist economic and political hegemony in the country or the implementation of structural adjustment policies and programs, a few gain has been made. These include slowing down the pace of the deterioration of the quality of life by forcing the government to continue providing limited subsidies for some of the basic necessities of life{\textendash}food, water, education and health. In addition, working class Dominicans have a more sophisticated analysis of the root causes affecting their lives and have linked their local and national struggle to the poor and working class hemispheric and global movement for economic, social and political equality. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0320:Religious history, 0336:Latin American history, 0626:Sociology, Capitalism, Dominican Republic, Globalization, Latin American history, Neoliberalism, Philosophy, religion and theology, Religious history, Social sciences, Sociology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305197970?accountid=14270}, author = {Encarnacion, Tomas Enrique} } @article {5306, title = {Gravity settling characteristics of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in aqueous suspension using in situ static light scattering}, journal = {Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, volume = {233}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {1{\textendash}10}, author = {Kulkarni, Pramod and Dutari, Gabriel and Biswas, Pratim and Haught, Roy} } @article {15079, title = {Gravity settling characteristics of {Cryptosporidium} parvum oocysts in aqueous suspension using in situ static light scattering}, journal = {Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, volume = {233}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {1{\textendash}10}, author = {Kulkarni, Pramod and Dutari, Gabriel and Biswas, Pratim and Haught, Roy} } @article {15633, title = {Groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater: health and regulatory considerations}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {8}, year = {2004}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1941-51}, edition = {2004/04/17}, keywords = {California, Cities, Conservation of Natural Resources, Drinking, Health, Humans, Organic Chemicals/analysis, Waste Products/adverse effects, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis, Water Purification/legislation \& jurisprudence/methods/standards, Water Supply/legislation \& jurisprudence/*standards, World Health Organization}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)
0043-1354}, author = {Asano, T. and Cotruvo, J. A.} } @book {16599, title = {Guidelines for drinking-water quality}, year = {2004}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, edition = {3rd}, address = {Geneva}, keywords = {Drinking water Standards Handbooks, etc., manuals, Water Pollution prevention \& control., Water quality Handbooks, Water Supply standards.}, isbn = {9241546387 (v. 1)}, author = {World Health Organization (WHO)} } @book {12107, title = {Guidelines for drinking-water quality}, year = {2004}, note = {2005424154
ill. ; 28 cm.
Also available on the Internet via the WHO website. Viewed: 12/06/2004.
v. 1. Recommendations.
Includes bibliographical references and index.}, pages = {v. <1 >}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, edition = {3rd}, address = {Geneva}, keywords = {Drinking water Standards Handbooks, manuals, etc., Water Pollution prevention \& control., Water quality Handbooks, manuals, etc., Water Supply standards.}, isbn = {9241546387 (v. 1)}, author = {World Health Organization.,} } @book {12151, title = {Guidelines for drinking-water quality}, year = {2004}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, edition = {3rd}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {World Health Organization (WHO)} } @book {16947, title = {Guidelines for drinking-water quality}, volume = {1}, year = {2004}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, author = {World Health Organization} } @booklet {13405, title = {{Guidelines for the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems}}, year = {2004}, publisher = {EcoSan Res}, address = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, author = {Sch{\"o}nning, C and Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m} } @booklet {14214, title = {Guidelines on the {Safe} {Use} of {Urine} and {Faeces} in {Ecological} {Sanitation} {Systems}}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Environment Institute}, address = {Stockholm. Sweden}, url = {http://www.sei-international.org/publications?pid=16}, author = {Schoenning, C. and Stenstroem, T.A.} } @conference {11104, title = {Guidelines on the safe use of urine and faeces in ecological sanitation systems}, booktitle = {EcoSanRes Programme}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, publisher = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, organization = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, author = {Sch{\"o}nning, C. and T A Stenstr{\"o}m} } @booklet {2403, title = {Guidelines on the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Environment Institute}, address = {Stockholm. Sweden}, url = {http://www.sei-international.org/publications?pid=16}, author = {Sch{\"o}nning, C. and T A Stenstr{\"o}m} } @article {17381, title = {Guidelines on the safe use of urine and faeces in ecological sanitation systems}, year = {2004}, pages = {38}, institution = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, address = {Stockholm}, isbn = {91-88714-93-4}, author = {Sch{\"o}nning, Caroline and Stenstr{\"o}m, Thor Axel}, editor = {Stockholm Environment Institute, and EcoSanRes Programme} } @book {13034, title = {Guidelines on the safe use of urine and faeces in ecological sanitation systems}, series = {EcoSanRes Programme}, year = {2004}, author = {Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m} } @article {7497, title = {Hand washing and adolescents. {A} study from seven schools in {Konya}, {Turkey}}, journal = {International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {dec}, pages = {371{\textendash}376}, abstract = {The aim of the study was to evaluate how and when adolescent students washed their hands and to detect the conditions that affect hand washing in schools. Seven schools were selected in Konya, Turkey. A questionnaire assessing the answers of {\textquoteright}how long{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteright}when{\textquoteright} (frequency of hand-washing in six conditions with a Likert scale; after toilet, before eating, after eating, entering the home, cleaning a room, when sneezed or coughed), {\textquoteright}how{\textquoteright} (hand-washing techniques) and {\textquoteright}why{\textquoteright} was given to students. According to self report, person who washed his hands more than or equal to 20 sec and had adequate washing techniques (with soap and water) and had washing frequency score more than 20 was defined as having {\textquoteright}proper basic handwash{\textquoteright}. Of a total of 1074 students, 1021 responded. According to self reported behaviours and attitudes, soap and water were used in 99.2\% of hand washes, and an alcohol preparation was used in 0.2\% of cases and wet paper was used in the remaining 0.6\% in the schools. The average duration of soap and water washes was 41.8 +/- 39.1 sec. Overall, 42.4\% of adolescents had a proper basic handwash. In multivariate analysis female sex, living at home, high knowledge level and urban school were associated with high proper basic handwash. In addition to this, the presence of some complaints about toilets in school affected proper basic hand wash in univariate analysis. Contrary to what had been expected, a factor such as type of school (health trade school) was not found to be associated with high proper basic handwash in both multivariate and univariate analysis. As a result, adolescents have limited knowledge about indications of hand-washing and some problems adversely influenced hand-washing. To increase compliance, problems should be solved and lessons about hand-washing and communicable disease should be given.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Attitudes, Community-Acquired Infections, Female, Hand Disinfection, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Humans, Hygiene, Male, Practice, Psychology, Schools, Students, Surveys and Questionnaires, Turkey}, issn = {0334-0139}, author = {Yal{\c c}in, S. Song{\"u}l and Yal{\c c}in, Suzan and Altin, Saliha} } @article {7387, title = {Health financing to promote access in low income settings-how much do we know?}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {364}, number = {9442}, year = {2004}, month = {oct}, pages = {1365{\textendash}1370}, abstract = {In this article we outline research since 1995 on the impact of various financing strategies on access to health services or health outcomes in low income countries. The limited evidence available suggests, in general, that user fees deterred utilisation. Prepayment or insurance schemes offered potential for improving access, but are very limited in scope. Conditional cash payments showed promise for improving uptake of interventions, but could also create a perverse incentive. The largely African origin of the reports of user fees, and the evidence from Latin America on conditional cash transfers, demonstrate the importance of the context in which studies are done. There is a need for improved quality of research in this area. Larger scale, upfront funding for evaluation of health financing initiatives is necessary to ensure an evidence base that corresponds to the importance of this issue for achieving development goals.}, keywords = {Africa, Developing Countries, Fees and Charges, Financing, Government, Health, Health Expenditures, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Insurance, International Cooperation, Latin America}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17195-X}, author = {Palmer, Natasha and Mueller, Dirk H. and Gilson, Lucy and Mills, Anne and Haines, Andy} } @article {15752, title = {Health sequelae of human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {Aug 15}, pages = {504-10}, edition = {2004/09/10}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Arthralgia/epidemiology, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/*complications/*immunology, Cryptosporidium parvum/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium/genetics/*immunology/*isolation \& purification, Follow-Up Studies, genotype, Humans, Immunocompromised Host/*physiology, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Surveys and Questionnaires}, isbn = {1058-4838}, author = {Hunter, P. R. and Hughes, S. and Woodhouse, S. and Raj, N. and Syed, Q. and Chalmers, R. M. and Verlander, N. Q. and Goodacre, J.} } @article {6390, title = {{HEAVY} {RAINFALL} {AND} {WATERBORNE} {DISEASE} {OUTBREAKS}: {THE} {WALKERTON} {EXAMPLE}}, journal = {Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A}, volume = {67}, number = {20-22}, year = {2004}, month = {oct}, pages = {1879{\textendash}1887}, issn = {1528-7394, 1087-2620}, doi = {10.1080/15287390490493475}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15287390490493475}, author = {Auld, Heather and MacIver, D. and Klaassen, J.} } @article {13916, title = {Heavy rainfall and waterborne disease outbreaks: the {Walkerton} example}, journal = {J Toxicol Environ Health A}, volume = {67}, number = {20-22}, year = {2004}, pages = {1879{\textendash}1887}, abstract = {Recent research indicates that excessive rainfall has been a significant contributor to historical waterborne disease outbreaks. The Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, provided an analysis and testimony to the Walkerton Inquiry on the excessive rainfall events, including an assessment of the historical significance and expected return periods of the rainfall amounts. While the onset of the majority of the Walkerton, Ontario, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter outbreak occurred several days after a heavy rainfall on May 12, the accumulated 5-d rainfall amounts from 8-12 May were particularly significant. These 5-d accumulations could, on average, only be expected once every 60 yr or more in Walkerton and once every 100 yr or so in the heaviest rainfall area to the south of Walkerton. The significant link between excess rainfall and waterborne disease outbreaks, in conjunction with other multiple risk factors, indicates that meteorological and climatological conditions need to be considered by water managers, public health officials, and private citizens as a significant risk factor for water contamination. A system to identify and project the impacts of such challenging or extreme weather conditions on water supply systems could be developed using a combination of weather/climate monitoring information and weather prediction or quantitative precipitation forecast information. The use of weather monitoring and forecast information or a "wellhead alert system" could alert water system and water supply managers on the potential response of their systems to challenging weather conditions and additional requirements to protect health. Similar approaches have recently been used by beach managers in parts of the United States to predict day-to-day water quality for beach advisories.}, doi = {10.1080/15287390490493475 LQQL5UKQEC87M224 [pii]}, author = {Auld, H and MacIver, D and Klaassen, J} } @article {2151, title = {{Heavy rainfall and waterborne disease outbreaks: the Walkerton example}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A}, volume = {67}, number = {20-22}, year = {2004}, pages = {1879{\textendash}1887}, edition = {2004/09/17}, abstract = {

Recent research indicates that excessive rainfall has been a significant contributor to historical waterborne disease outbreaks. The Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, provided an analysis and testimony to the Walkerton Inquiry on the excessive rainfall events, including an assessment of the historical significance and expected return periods of the rainfall amounts. While the onset of the majority of the Walkerton, Ontario, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter outbreak occurred several days after a heavy rainfall on May 12, the accumulated 5-d rainfall amounts from 8-12 May were particularly significant. These 5-d accumulations could, on average, only be expected once every 60 yr or more in Walkerton and once every 100 yr or so in the heaviest rainfall area to the south of Walkerton. The significant link between excess rainfall and waterborne disease outbreaks, in conjunction with other multiple risk factors, indicates that meteorological and climatological conditions need to be considered by water managers, public health officials, and private citizens as a significant risk factor for water contamination. A system to identify and project the impacts of such challenging or extreme weather conditions on water supply systems could be developed using a combination of weather/climate monitoring information and weather prediction or quantitative precipitation forecast information. The use of weather monitoring and forecast information or a \"wellhead alert system\" could alert water system and water supply managers on the potential response of their systems to challenging weather conditions and additional requirements to protect health. Similar approaches have recently been used by beach managers in parts of the United States to predict day-to-day water quality for beach advisories.

}, isbn = {1528-7394 (Print)0098-4108 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/15287390490493475LQQL5UKQEC87M224 [pii]}, author = {Auld, H and MacIver, D and Klaassen, J} } @article {14787, title = {Helicobacter pylori in {Japanese} river water and its prevalence in {Japanese} children.}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, month = {jan}, pages = {517{\textendash}21}, abstract = {AIMS: The major transmission route of Helicobacter pylori remains unclear. In this study, we examined H. pylori in the environmental waters in Japan. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 24 water samples were collected from the upper, middle and downstream reaches of four Japanese rivers. Helicobacter pylori-specific DNA was examined using nested PCR. In addition, 224 children who lived near one river were studied by the stool antigen test for H. pylori prevalence. Helicobacter pylori DNA was detected in the water from the middle and downstream reaches of all four rivers, but not in the upper reaches. Helicobacter pylori was not found in cultured water samples with positive PCR results. Helicobacter pylori prevalence in the children examined was 9.8\% for those living near the middle reaches and 23.8\% nearby downstream, both of which were higher than the value in an area distant from the river (0\%) (both, P {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Difference in H. pylori prevalence in the children may be related to the presence of H. pylori in the river. The results of this study showed that H. pylori DNA is frequently present in river water from the middle and downstream reaches in which the human biosphere is embedded. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It is suggested that river water in the natural environment could be a risk factor for H. pylori transmission.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Child, DNA, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: epidemiology, Helicobacter Infections: transmission, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Humans, Infant, Japan, Newborn, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Preschool, prevalence, Risk Factors, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0266-8254}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2004.01529.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15130149}, author = {Fujimura, S and Kato, S and Kawamura, T} } @article {8233, title = {{Helicobacter pylori in Japanese river water and its prevalence in Japanese children.}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, month = {jan}, pages = {517{\textendash}21}, abstract = {

AIMS: The major transmission route of Helicobacter pylori remains unclear. In this study, we examined H. pylori in the environmental waters in Japan. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 24 water samples were collected from the upper, middle and downstream reaches of four Japanese rivers. Helicobacter pylori-specific DNA was examined using nested PCR. In addition, 224 children who lived near one river were studied by the stool antigen test for H. pylori prevalence. Helicobacter pylori DNA was detected in the water from the middle and downstream reaches of all four rivers, but not in the upper reaches. Helicobacter pylori was not found in cultured water samples with positive PCR results. Helicobacter pylori prevalence in the children examined was 9.8{\%} for those living near the middle reaches and 23.8{\%} nearby downstream, both of which were higher than the value in an area distant from the river (0{\%}) (both, P {\textless} 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Difference in H. pylori prevalence in the children may be related to the presence of H. pylori in the river. The results of this study showed that H. pylori DNA is frequently present in river water from the middle and downstream reaches in which the human biosphere is embedded. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It is suggested that river water in the natural environment could be a risk factor for H. pylori transmission.

}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Child, DNA, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: epidemiology, Helicobacter Infections: transmission, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: isolation {\&} purification, Humans, Infant, Japan, Newborn, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Preschool, prevalence, Risk Factors, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0266-8254}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2004.01529.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15130149}, author = {Fujimura, S and Kato, S and Kawamura, T} } @article {13861, title = {Helicobacter pylori in {Japanese} river water and its prevalence in {Japanese} children.}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, month = {jan}, pages = {517{\textendash}21}, abstract = {AIMS: The major transmission route of Helicobacter pylori remains unclear. In this study, we examined H. pylori in the environmental waters in Japan. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 24 water samples were collected from the upper, middle and downstream reaches of four Japanese rivers. Helicobacter pylori-specific DNA was examined using nested PCR. In addition, 224 children who lived near one river were studied by the stool antigen test for H. pylori prevalence. Helicobacter pylori DNA was detected in the water from the middle and downstream reaches of all four rivers, but not in the upper reaches. Helicobacter pylori was not found in cultured water samples with positive PCR results. Helicobacter pylori prevalence in the children examined was 9.8\% for those living near the middle reaches and 23.8\% nearby downstream, both of which were higher than the value in an area distant from the river (0\%) (both, P {\textbackslash}textless 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Difference in H. pylori prevalence in the children may be related to the presence of H. pylori in the river. The results of this study showed that H. pylori DNA is frequently present in river water from the middle and downstream reaches in which the human biosphere is embedded. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It is suggested that river water in the natural environment could be a risk factor for H. pylori transmission.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Child, DNA, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: epidemiology, Helicobacter Infections: transmission, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Humans, Infant, Japan, Newborn, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Preschool, prevalence, Risk Factors, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0266-8254}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2004.01529.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15130149}, author = {Fujimura, S and Kato, S and Kawamura, T} } @article {5982, title = {{Hepatitis E in pregnancy}}, journal = {International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics}, volume = {85}, year = {2004}, pages = {240{\textendash}244}, author = {Kumar, A and Beniwal, M and Kar, P and Sharma, JB and Murthy, NS} } @article {6001, title = {{Hepatitis E superinfection produces severe decompensation in patients with chronic liver disease}}, journal = {Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {134{\textendash}138}, author = {Ramachandran, J1 and Eapen, CE and Kang, G and Abraham, P and Hubert, DD and Kurian, G and Hephzibah, J and Mukhopadhya, A and Chandy, GM} } @article {12185, title = {Heterotrophic plate count measurement in drinking water safety management - Report of an Expert Meeting Geneva, 24-25 April 2002}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, note = {Times Cited: 22
Bartram, Jamie/0000-0002-6542-6315
1
23}, month = {May 1}, pages = {241-247}, isbn = {0168-1605}, author = {Bartram, J. and Cotruvo, J. and Exner, M. and Fricker, C. and Glasmacher, A.} } @article {15854, title = {[Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy and opportunistic protozoan infections]}, journal = {Parassitologia}, volume = {46}, number = {1-2}, year = {2004}, month = {Jun}, pages = {89-93}, edition = {2004/08/13}, keywords = {*Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Adult, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology/*parasitology/prevention \&, Animals, Anti-HIV Agents/administration \& dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Child, Control, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Female, HIV Protease Inhibitors/administration \& dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Immunocompromised Host, Isosporiasis/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Male, Microsporidiosis/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy/epidemiology/parasitology, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Toxoplasma/drug effects, Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/epidemiology/prevention \& control}, isbn = {0048-2951 (Print)
0048-2951}, author = {Pozio, E.} } @article {13547, title = {Hiperendemicidad de fasciolosis humana en el Valle del Mantaro: Factores de riesgo de la infeccion por Fasciola hepatica}, journal = {Rev Gastroenterol Peru}, volume = {24}, year = {2004}, pages = {158-164}, author = {Marcos, L. A. and Maco, V. and Terashima, A. and Samalvides, F. and Espinoza, J. R. and Gotuzzo, E.} } @article {13482, title = {Hiperendemicidad de Fasciolosis humana en el Valle del Mantaro, Peru: factores de riesgo de la infeccion por Fasciola hepatica.}, journal = {Rev Gastroenterol Peru}, volume = {24}, year = {2004}, pages = {158-164}, author = {Raymundo, L. A. and Maco Flores, V., Terashima, A., Samalvides, F., Miranda, E., Tantalean, M., Espinoza, J.R. and Gotuzzo, E.} } @article {13462, title = {Human and animal fascioliasis in Mazandaran province, northern Iran}, journal = {Parasitol Res}, volume = {94}, year = {2004}, pages = {61-69}, author = {Moghaddam, A. S. and Massoud, J. and Mahmoodi, M. and Mahvi, A. H. and Periago, M. V. and Artigas, P. and Fuentes, M. V. and Bargues, M. D. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {4918, title = {{Human challenge pilot study with Cyclospora cayetanensis}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, pages = {726{\textendash}728}, author = {Alfano-Sobsey, EM and Eberhard, ML and Seed, JR and Weber, DJ and Won, KY and Nace, EK and Moe, CL} } @inbook {13550, title = {Human fascioliasis}, booktitle = {World Health Organization (WHO), Waterborne Zoonoses: Identification, Causes and Control.}, year = {2004}, note = {Chapter 19}, pages = {305-322}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, address = {London, UK}, author = {Mas-Coma, S.}, editor = {Cotruvo, J.A., Dufour, A., Rees, G., Bartram, J., Carr, R., Cliver, D.O., Craun, G.F., Fayer, R. and Gannon, V.P.J.} } @article {13521, title = {Human fasciolosis in Van province, Turkey}, journal = {Acta Tro}, volume = {92}, year = {2004}, pages = {161-162}, author = {Yilmaz, H. and Godekmerdan, A.} } @article {12594, title = {Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes}, journal = {Trends in microbiologyTrends in Microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, pages = {412-416}, isbn = {0966-842X}, author = {Salyers, Abigail A and Gupta, Anamika and Wang, Yanping} } @article {9508, title = {{Human waterborne parasites in zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha) from the Shannon River drainage area, Ireland}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {93}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {385{\textendash}391}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Conn, DB and Lucy, F and Minchin, D and Tamang, L and Moura, LN and Dasilva, AJ} } @article {15730, title = {Human waterborne parasites in zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha) from the Shannon River drainage area, Ireland}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {93}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, month = {Aug}, pages = {385-91}, edition = {2004/06/29}, keywords = {Animals, Bivalvia/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium parvum/isolation \& purification, Encephalitozoon/isolation \& purification, Enterocytozoon/isolation \& purification, Eukaryota/*isolation \& purification, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct, Fresh Water/parasitology, Giardia lamblia/isolation \& purification, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Ireland, Parasite Egg Count, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rivers}, isbn = {0932-0113 (Print)
0932-0113}, author = {Graczyk, T. K. and Conn, D. B. and Lucy, F. and Minchin, D. and Tamang, L. and Moura, L. N. and DaSilva, A. J.} } @mastersthesis {6634, title = {Hydrodynamics of hyporheic exchange for complex natural streambed topography, channel geometry, and sediment structure}, year = {2004}, note = {3132596}, school = {Northwestern University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Laboratory flume experiments were conducted to examine solute exchange with flat gravel beds and gravel beds covered by dune-shaped bedforms. Advective pumping exchange with bedforms was found to be enhanced by inertial effects, including non Darcy flow and turbulent diffusion. Exchange with flat gravel beds also occurred by a combination of advective pore water flow and turbulent diffusion near the streamsubsurface interface. Scaling arguments showed that exchange scaled with the square of the stream Reynolds number in all cases, and the exchange rate was proportional to the square of the characteristic bed sediment size for a wide range of bed sediments. Salt and dye injection experiments were performed in a laboratory flume with a heterogeneous sediment bed designed as a correlated random hydraulic conductivity field. A new process-based numerical model was developed to simulate the induced pore water flows in the heterogeneous bed and to assess the resulting hyporheic exchange with explicit representation of the bed sediment structure. The model did an excellent job of predicting the complex hyporheic flow pathways in the heterogeneous bed and the net hyporheic exchange. Heterogeneity of bed sediments produced a greater average interfacial water flux, greater spatial variability in the local flux, and a smaller solute penetration depth with a shorter mean hyporheic residence time. Solute injection experiments were conducted in a large laboratory flume to observe exchange with naturally formed alternate bar and meandering channel morphologies. The observed exchange with alternate bars was found to be consistent with two-dimensional advective pumping process only for deeper stream depths, while the stream and pore water flows became increasingly three-dimensional with shallower stream depths. A new scaling relationship was developed for the experiments with meanders, which showed that the observed exchange was consistent with lateral advective hyporheic exchange induced by the head variation over meander bends. A semi-coupled approach to modeling hyporheic exchange with arbitrary channel geometries is presented, in which a computational fluid dynamics model is used to solve stream flow over streambeds, which is then coupled to the pore water flow using a process-based numerical exchange model to predict advective hyporheic exchange. Application of this approach to two-dimensional bedforms generally gave good results. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0388:Hydrology, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Channel, Earth sciences, Environmental engineering, Hydrodynamics, Hydrology, Hyporheic exchange, sediment, Streambed}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305137082?accountid=14270}, author = {Salehin, Mashfiqus} } @article {11824, title = {{Identification of the copepod intermediate host of the introduced broad fish tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium latum, in southern Chile}}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {90}, year = {2004}, pages = {1190{\textendash}1193}, author = {Torres, P and Villalobos, L and Woelfl, S and Puga, S} } @article {10655, title = {{Identifiying potential prey of the pelagic larvae of the spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii using signature lipids}}, journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, volume = {137}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {487{\textendash}507}, author = {Jeffs, AG and Nichols, PD and Mooney, BD and Philips, KL and Phleger, CF} } @article {1931, title = {Impact of Leaky Sewers on Groundwater Quality}, journal = {Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica}, volume = {32}, number = {4-5}, year = {2004}, pages = {361-373}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Wolf, L. and Held, I. and Eiswirth, M. and H{\"o}tzl, H.} } @article {16913, title = {The implications of groundwater velocity variations on microbial transport and wellhead protection{\textendash}review of field evidence}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {17{\textendash}26}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, UK}, author = {Taylor, Richard and Cronin, Aidan and Pedley, Steve and Barker, John and Atkinson, Tim} } @mastersthesis {7164, title = {The incidence of development impact fees}, year = {2004}, note = {3138749}, school = {Georgia State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Development impact fees have been increasingly used over the past 30 years by local governments, in part because of their appeal to local voters. The fees are typically one-time fees paid by developers to local governments intended to cover the cost of extending public services to new developments. Revenue from these fees is used to pay for sewer and water lines, police and fire protection, libraries, schools, roads, and parks, as well as other local public goods. While some research has been conducted about the incidence of these fees on new and existing housing prices, as well as on the price of land, past efforts have suffered from a paucity of data as well as insufficient methodological rigor. This dissertation examines the incidence of development impact fees on both land and housing prices. The area of focus for this dissertation is the Orlando, Florida metropolitan area, which consists of six counties and approximately 70 townships. Data for this dissertation were gathered primarily from local governments, including Property Assessor{\textquoteright}s Offices (housing and land sale data), Planning Departments and Engineering Offices (impact fees), and from state government (property tax millage rates). The study covered a 5-year time period, from 1997 though 2001, and examined approximately 279,000 sales of new and existing houses and 45,000 land parcel sales. The methodological approach employed is that of hedonic modeling. The sale price of each house and land parcel in question is regressed on available descriptive data as well as dummy variables indicating location of the unit in question. Regressions were carried out at the township, county, and metropolitan-area-level. A White{\textquoteright}s Correction was used to correct for heteroskedasticity, and spatial autoregression was tested for using an approach introduced by James LaSage. The results generated are generally in line with other studies of this nature. While the regression results at the township level vary widely, the metropolitan level results are much more believable, and indicate that a \$1 increase in development impact fees increases new housing prices by around \$1.60, existing housing prices by \$1, and tends lower land prices as well, although the land price results are not unanimous in this conclusion. Correcting for spatial autoregression, in an effort to minimize the estimated over-shifting and under-shifting of impact fees onto housing prices found in previous research, is somewhat successful. Those results indicate controlling for a dependant spatial relationship among housing prices reduces over- and under-shifting of impact fees about half the time. This dissertation concludes that development impact fees are responsible for a slight increase in both new and existing housing prices.}, keywords = {0508:Finance, Finance, Florida, Impact fees, Social sciences, Tax incidence}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305188161?accountid=14270}, author = {Campbell, Douglas Adam} } @book {1741, title = {Indicators for waterborne pathogens}, year = {2004}, publisher = {National Academies Press}, organization = {National Academies Press}, type = {Electronic Book} } @article {16997, title = {Indigenous soil bacteria and low moisture may limit but allow faecal bacteria to multiply and become a minor population in tropical soils}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {27{\textendash}32}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Byappanahalli, M and Fujioka, Rl} } @article {1496, title = {Infections related to the ingestion of seafood Part I: Viral and bacterial infections}, journal = {Lancet Infect Dis}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, note = {Butt, Adeel A Aldridge, Kenneth E Sanders, Charles V eng Review 2004/03/31 05:00 Lancet Infect Dis. 2004 Apr;4(4):201-12.}, pages = {201-12}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Foodborne diseases cause an estimated 76 million illnesses in the USA each year. Seafood is implicated in 10-19\% of these illnesses. A causative agent can be traced in about 44\% of seafood-related outbreaks, viruses accounting for around half of these illnesses. Although viruses are the most common cause of seafood-related infections, most hospitalisations and deaths are due to bacterial agents. A wide variety of viruses, bacteria, and parasites have been implicated in seafood-related outbreaks, which are reported worldwide. The factor most commonly associated with infection is consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. People with underlying disorders, particularly liver disease, are more susceptible to infection. The first part of this two-part review summarises the general incidence of seafood-related infections and discusses the common viral and bacterial causes of these infections. For each agent, the microbiology, epidemiology, mode of transmission, and treatment are discussed. In the May issue of the journal we will discuss parasites associated with seafood consumption, the safety of seafood, and the measures put in place in the USA to increase its safety.}, keywords = {Animals *Bacterial Infections/epidemiology/etiology/mortality Cooking *Disease Outbreaks Food Microbiology *Gastroenteritis/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology Humans Incidence *Seafood/microbiology/parasitology/virology Shellfish/*microbiology/virology}, issn = {1473-3099 (Print) 1473-3099 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00969-7}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15050937}, author = {Butt, A. A. and Aldridge, K. E. and Sanders, C. V.} } @article {14506, title = {Infections related to the ingestion of seafood {Part} {I}: {Viral} and bacterial infections}, journal = {Lancet Infect Dis}, volume = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {apr}, pages = {201{\textendash}12}, abstract = {Foodborne diseases cause an estimated 76 million illnesses in the USA each year. Seafood is implicated in 10-19\% of these illnesses. A causative agent can be traced in about 44\% of seafood-related outbreaks, viruses accounting for around half of these illnesses. Although viruses are the most common cause of seafood-related infections, most hospitalisations and deaths are due to bacterial agents. A wide variety of viruses, bacteria, and parasites have been implicated in seafood-related outbreaks, which are reported worldwide. The factor most commonly associated with infection is consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. People with underlying disorders, particularly liver disease, are more susceptible to infection. The first part of this two-part review summarises the general incidence of seafood-related infections and discusses the common viral and bacterial causes of these infections. For each agent, the microbiology, epidemiology, mode of transmission, and treatment are discussed. In the May issue of the journal we will discuss parasites associated with seafood consumption, the safety of seafood, and the measures put in place in the USA to increase its safety.}, keywords = {*Bacterial Infections/epidemiology/etiology/mortality, *Disease Outbreaks, *Gastroenteritis/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology, *Seafood/microbiology/parasitology/virology, Animals, Cooking, Food Microbiology, Humans, Incidence, Shellfish/*microbiology/virology, United States/epidemiology, Virus Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology}, issn = {1473-3099 (Print) 1473-3099 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00969-7}, author = {Butt, A. A. and Aldridge, K. E. and Sanders, C. V.} } @article {14505, title = {Infections related to the ingestion of seafood. {Part} {II}: parasitic infections and food safety}, journal = {Lancet Infect Dis}, volume = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {may}, pages = {294{\textendash}300}, abstract = {Parasites are responsible for a substantial number of seafood-associated infections. The factor most commonly associated with infection is consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. People with underlying disorders, particularly liver disease, are more susceptible to infection. In the first part of this review, published last month, we discussed the viral and bacterial agents associated with consumption of seafood. In part II, we discuss the parasites commonly associated with seafood consumption. Parasites readily identifiable from both consumable seafood and infected human beings include nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, and protozoa. The salient features associated with seafood-related parasite infestations are discussed. To provide a safe product for consumers, the seafood industry and the government in the USA have undertaken specific measures, which include good manufacturing practices and hazards analysis and critical control points implemented by the government and regulatory agencies. Consumers should take common precautions including obtaining seafood from reputable sources especially if the seafood is to be consumed uncooked. Adequate cooking of seafood is the safest way of preventing related infections.}, keywords = {*Food Microbiology, Cooking/standards, Food Handling/*standards, Gastroenteritis/*prevention \& control, Humans, Seafood/microbiology/*parasitology}, issn = {1473-3099 (Print) 1473-3099 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01005-9}, author = {Butt, A. A. and Aldridge, K. E. and Sanders, C. V.} } @article {9494, title = {{Infectivity of microsporidia spores stored in seawater at environmental temperatures}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, pages = {654{\textendash}657}, author = {Fayer, R} } @article {4819, title = {{Ingestion of Cryptosporidium oocysts by Caenorhabditis elegans}}, journal = {J Parasitol}, volume = {90}, year = {2004}, pages = {1176{\textendash}1178}, author = {Huamanchay, O and Genzlinger, L and Iglesias, M and Ortega, YR} } @article {1785, title = {Integrated cell culture/PCR for detection of enteric viruses in environmental samples}, journal = {Methods in Molecular Biology}, volume = {268}, year = {2004}, note = {Reynolds, Kelly A eng 2004/05/25 05:00 Methods Mol Biol. 2004;268:69-78.}, pages = {69-78}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Recently, an integrated cell culture/polymerase chain reaction (ICC/PCR) technique has been developed for the detection of viruses in environmental samples providing a reliable method for practical analysis and direct monitoring of environmental samples for viral pathogens. CC/PCR allows for detection of infectious viruses in hours to days compared with the days or weeks necessary with cell culture alone. Bacterial indicator organisms are commonly used to evaluate environmental samples with respect to fecal contamination and potential public health impacts. These organisms do not correlate well with the presence of viruses, but a rapid, reliable method was not previously available for direct virus testing. Using ICC/PCR, environmental samples may be directly surveyed for pathogenic viruses, in a timely manner. Direct virus analysis will lead to better assessment of the presence and risk of human enteric viruses in the environment, so that control measures may be developed with true virus occurrence data. The ICC/PCR approach combines two previously applied virus detection methods, conventional cell culture and PCR amplification, utilizing the major advantages and overcoming the major limitations of each methodology when used alone. Cell culture assay is the standard method for the detection of viable human viruses (i.e., poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus, reovirus, and rotavirus) in environmental samples, serving as the method against which all newer technologies are evaluated. Although cell culture is theoretically capable of detecting a single viable virus in relatively large volumes of sample, the time required for confirmed results with conventional cell culture makes it an impractical method for routine monitoring of environmental samples. Furthermore, cell culture does not detect noncytopathogenic viruses (viruses that are viable, infecting cells, and continually spreading to neighboring cells but that do not cause a visible cytopathogenic effect [CPE] on the cell monolayer). Rotavirus and most wild-type hepatitis A viruses (HAV) are infectious to cell cultures but do not produce a clear CPE.

}, keywords = {Animals Base Sequence Cell Culture Techniques/methods DNA Primers Enterovirus/genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification Humans Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Virology/methods}, issn = {1064-3745 (Print) 1064-3745 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1385/1-59259-766-1:069}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15156019}, author = {Reynolds, K. A.} } @booklet {16938, title = {Integrated guide to: Sanitary Parasitology}, year = {2004}, publisher = {World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean}, author = {World Health Organization and others} } @article {10519, title = {{Interaction between Vibrio cholerae and Acanthamoeba castellanii}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease}, volume = {16}, year = {2004}, pages = {51{\textendash}57}, author = {Abd, H and Weintraub, A and Sandstr{\"o}m, G} } @article {15542, title = {Interactions between schistosomiasis and human immunodeficiency virus in Western Kenya}, journal = {Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {99}, number = {5 Suppl 1}, year = {2004}, note = {Secor, W Evan
Karanja, Diana M S
Colley, Daniel G
eng
Brazil
2004/10/16 09:00
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2004;99(5 Suppl 1):93-5. Epub 2004 Oct 13.}, pages = {93-5}, abstract = {For the past ten years, we have been exploring the relationship between schistosomiasis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and how coinfection with both agents may affect the pathology and progression of each infection. To date, given the systems we have examined, the effects of HIV-1 on schistosomiasis have been more profound than the effects of schistosomiasis on HIV-1 progression. Additional key questions with important public health implications remain unanswered, but hopefully not unanswerable.}, keywords = {*HIV-1/immunology, Animals, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Disease Progression, HIV Infections/*complications/immunology/parasitology, Humans, Kenya, Mice, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*complications/immunology}, isbn = {0074-0276 (Print)
0074-0276 (Linking)}, author = {Secor, W. E. and Karanja, D. M. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {5246, title = {{Interactions of viruses with the cellular DNA repair machinery}}, journal = {DNA Repair}, volume = {3}, number = {8-9}, year = {2004}, pages = {1165{\textendash}1173}, abstract = {

Mammalian cells are equipped with complex machinery to monitor and repair damaged DNA. In addition to responding to breaks in cellular DNA, recent studies have revealed that the DNA repair machinery also recognizes viral genetic material. We review some examples that highlight the different strategies that viruses have developed to interact with the host DNA repair apparatus. While adenovirus (Ad) inactivates the host machinery to prevent signaling and concatemerization of the viral genome, other viruses may utilize DNA repair to their own advantage. Viral interactions with the repair machinery can also have detrimental consequences for the host cells and their ability to maintain the integrity of the host genome. Exploring the interactions between viruses and the host DNA repair machinery has revealed novel host responses to virus infections and has provided new tools to study the DNA damage response. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Adenovirus, DNA damage response, MRN complex, Parvovirus}, isbn = {1858453410}, issn = {15687864}, doi = {10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.03.018}, author = {Weitzman, Matthew D. and Carson, Christian T. and Schwartz, Rachel a. and Lilley, Caroline E.} } @article {7430, title = {International efforts to improve access to water and sanitation in the developing world: a good start, but more is needed}, journal = {Water Policy}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {67}, url = {http://files.ali-cle.org/thumbs/datastorage/skoobesruoc/pdf/Ck046-ch22_thumb.pdf}, author = {Hecht, Alan D.} } @article {9271, title = {{Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS and HIV seronegative individuals in a teaching hospital, Ethiopia}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {41{\textendash}43}, author = {Hailemariam, G and Kassu, A and Abebe, G and Abate, E and Damte, D and Mekonnen, E and Ota, F} } @article {2038, title = {Intestinal Protozoa in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in Western Iran}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {2004/10}, pages = {801-803}, isbn = {0090-3558}, author = {Solaymani-Mohammadi, S and Rezaian, M and Hooshyar, H and Mowlavi, GR and Babaei, Z and Anwar, MA} } @article {11812, title = {{Introduced and native fishes as infection foci of Diphyllobothrium spp. and humans and dogs from two localities at Lake Panguipulli in southern Chile}}, journal = {Comparative Parasitology}, volume = {71}, year = {2004}, pages = {111{\textendash}117}, author = {Torres, P and Cuevas, C and Tang, M and Barra, M and Franjola, R and Navarrete, N and Montefusco, A and Otth, L and Wilson, G and Puga, S and Figueroa, L and Cerda, O} } @article {4811, title = {{Irreversible membrane fouling during ultrafiltration of surface water}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, year = {2004}, pages = {3431{\textendash}3441}, author = {Kimura, K and Hane, Y and Watanabe, Y and Amy, G and Ohkuma, N} } @article {14233, title = {Irrigation water as source of foodborne pathogens on fruit and vegetables}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {67}, number = {12}, year = {2004}, pages = {2839{\textendash}2849}, abstract = {Awareness is growing that fresh or minimally processed fruit and vegetables can be sources of disease-causing bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Irrigation with poor-quality water is one way that fruit and vegetables can become contaminated with foodborne pathogens. Groundwater, surface water, and human wastewater are commonly used for irrigation. The risk of disease transmission from pathogenic microorganisms present in irrigation water is influenced by the level of contamination; the persistence of pathogens in water, in soil, and on crops; and the route of exposure. Groundwater is generally of good microbial quality, unless it is contaminated with surface runoff; human wastewater is usually of very poor microbial quality and requires extensive treatment before it can be used safely to irrigate crops; surface water is of variable microbial quality. Bacteria and protozoa tend to show the poorest survival outside a human host, whereas viruses and helminths can remain infective for months to years. Guidelines governing irrigation water quality and strategies to reduce the risk of disease transmission by foodborne pathogens in irrigation are discussed.}, author = {Steele, M and Odumeru, J} } @article {8142, title = {{Irrigation water as source of foodborne pathogens on fruit and vegetables}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {67}, number = {12}, year = {2004}, pages = {2839{\textendash}2849}, edition = {2005/01/07}, abstract = {Awareness is growing that fresh or minimally processed fruit and vegetables can be sources of disease-causing bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Irrigation with poor-quality water is one way that fruit and vegetables can become contaminated with foodborne pathogens. Groundwater, surface water, and human wastewater are commonly used for irrigation. The risk of disease transmission from pathogenic microorganisms present in irrigation water is influenced by the level of contamination; the persistence of pathogens in water, in soil, and on crops; and the route of exposure. Groundwater is generally of good microbial quality, unless it is contaminated with surface runoff; human wastewater is usually of very poor microbial quality and requires extensive treatment before it can be used safely to irrigate crops; surface water is of variable microbial quality. Bacteria and protozoa tend to show the poorest survival outside a human host, whereas viruses and helminths can remain infective for months to years. Guidelines governing irrigation water quality and strategies to reduce the risk of disease transmission by foodborne pathogens in irrigation are discussed.}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Steele, M and Odumeru, J} } @article {3798, title = {Irrigation water as source of foodborne pathogens on fruit and vegetables.}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {67}, number = {12}, year = {2004}, pages = {2839{\textendash}2849}, author = {Steele, M and Odumeru, J} } @article {9902, title = {{Irritable bowel syndrome: in search of an etiology: role of Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {70}, year = {2004}, pages = {383{\textendash}385}, author = {Yakoob, JJW and Jafri, N and Khan, R and Islam, M and Asim-Beg, M and Zaman, V} } @article {14313, title = {Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of arcobacter spp. in ground chicken meat and environmental water in {Japan} and {Thailand}.}, journal = {Microbiology and immunology}, volume = {48}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, pages = {527{\textendash}533}, author = {Morita, Yukio and Maruyama, Soichi and Kabeya, Hidenori and Boonmar, Sumalee and Nimsuphan, Burin and Nagai, Akira and Kozawa, Kunihisa and Nakajima, Takashi and Mikami, Takeshi and Kimura, Hirokazu} } @article {5796, title = {{Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of arcobacter spp. in ground chicken meat and environmental water in Japan and Thailand.}}, journal = {Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {48}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, pages = {527{\textendash}533}, author = {Morita, Yukio and Maruyama, Soichi and Kabeya, Hidenori and Boonmar, Sumalee and Nimsuphan, Burin and Nagai, Akira and Kozawa, Kunihisa and Nakajima, Takashi and Mikami, Takeshi and Kimura, Hirokazu} } @article {11984, title = {Isolation of Arcobacter skirrowii from a Patient with Chronic Diarrhea}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {1851-1852}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.42.4.1851-1852.2004}, url = {http://jcm.asm.org/content/42/4/1851.short}, author = {Wybo, Ingrid and Breynaert, Johan and Lauwers, Sabine and Lindenburg, Flordeliz and Houf, Kurt} } @article {14044, title = {[{Isolation} of {Shiga}-toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli strains during a gastrointestinal outbreak at a day care center in {Mar} del {Plata} {City}].}, journal = {Revista Argentina de microbiolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {176{\textendash}83}, abstract = {From October 15 to November 8, 2003, a gastrointestinal outbreak occurred at a day care center in a Hospital in Mar del Plata City. Fourteen out of 80 (17.5\%) children, mean age 23.6 +/- 13.9 months, and the mother of one of them had diarrhea. One case developed hemolytic uremic syndrome. No conclusive evidence of the origin of the outbreak was found, but the epidemic curve suggested person-to-person spread. The usual practices at the place where infant milk formula was prepared at the day care center, together with the inadequate infrastructure conditions and hygiene practices at the kitchen of the hospital, were considered risk factors. One case had Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O103:H2 infection and other STEC O26:H11. The duration of shedding for the child with O26:H11 infection was 37 days. In the other symptomatic children, the pathogen was not recovered from fecal samples collected 6 or more days after the onset of the illness. This emphasizes that the collection of early samples is necessary to recover STEC strains. In order to prevent and control enteric diseases in day care facilities the following measures are necessary: optimal hygiene standards, early case reporting, and exclusion of those who remain culture-positive.}, issn = {0325-7541}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16502636}, author = {Gomez, D and Miliwebsky, E and Silva, A and Deza, N and Zotta, C and Cotella, O and Mart{\'\i}nez Espinosa, E and Chinen, I and Fern{\'a}ndez Pascua, C and Rivas, M} } @article {8018, title = {{Isolation of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains during a gastrointestinal outbreak at a day care center in Mar del Plata City}}, journal = {Revista Argentina de Microbiología}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {176{\textendash}83}, abstract = {

From October 15 to November 8, 2003, a gastrointestinal outbreak occurred at a day care center in a Hospital in Mar del Plata City. Fourteen out of 80 (17.5{\%}) children, mean age 23.6 +/- 13.9 months, and the mother of one of them had diarrhea. One case developed hemolytic uremic syndrome. No conclusive evidence of the origin of the outbreak was found, but the epidemic curve suggested person-to-person spread. The usual practices at the place where infant milk formula was prepared at the day care center, together with the inadequate infrastructure conditions and hygiene practices at the kitchen of the hospital, were considered risk factors. One case had Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O103:H2 infection and other STEC O26:H11. The duration of shedding for the child with O26:H11 infection was 37 days. In the other symptomatic children, the pathogen was not recovered from fecal samples collected 6 or more days after the onset of the illness. This emphasizes that the collection of early samples is necessary to recover STEC strains. In order to prevent and control enteric diseases in day care facilities the following measures are necessary: optimal hygiene standards, early case reporting, and exclusion of those who remain culture-positive.

}, issn = {0325-7541}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16502636}, author = {Gomez, D and Miliwebsky, E and Silva, A and Deza, N and Zotta, C and Cotella, O and Mart{\'\i}nez Espinosa, E and Chinen, I and Fern{\'a}ndez Pascua, C and Rivas, M} } @article {16153, title = {Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like proteins elicit protective immunity.}, journal = {VaccineVaccine}, volume = {22}, number = {11-12}, year = {2004}, pages = {1545-1552.}, author = {Koizumi, N. and Watanabe, H.} } @article {17243, title = {Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures}, journal = {Letters in Applied MicrobiologyLetters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {207-214}, author = {Hutchison, M.L. and Walters, L.D. and Avery, S.M. and Synge, B.A. and Moore, A.} } @mastersthesis {6493, title = {Linking climate change and community dynamics: {Pinyon} pine stability and sensitivity in a heterogeneous landscape}, year = {2004}, note = {3189078}, school = {Northern Arizona University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The advent of anthropogenic climate change makes understanding the relationships between climate and communities of critical importance. Yet, little has been done to model the response of communities to climate. Here I show that the links between these variables are tractable within the pinyon-juniper woodlands of the southwest. First, I establish the relationship between topography and the relative drought risk for pinyons. Analyses of sites which experienced high rates of pinyon mortality during the 1996 drought shows regions with steep slopes, southwestern aspects, and mid-to-high elevations are at greatest risk for pinyon mortality. Because each of these variables demonstrated a strong relationship with spatial patterns of tree death, I was able to use these parameters in a geographic information system to build a model of the expected spatial patterns of high pinyon mortality across a topographically heterogeneous landscape. The model correctly intersects areas of observed high mortality with a 75\% accuracy level. Second, I examine the relationship between the level of water stress experienced by pinyon pine, and the associated canopy arthropod community. Parametric analyses show that both mean per-tree abundance and richness, across herbivores, predators, and parasites is reduced on trees growing under high stress. I also show that although species richness and abundance are reduced on high stress trees, this community is not simply a subset of the low stress community, but represents a different community composition. Finally, I show that the parametric analyses used in the previous section are inadequate for scaling efforts, and propose a new method based on integrating Species Accumulation Function (SAF), termed the Integrated Accumulation Function (IAF). Community analysis by this method suggests three major patterns; first, that landscape level patterns of maximum species richness are provided by large landscapes in which most of the landscape is experiencing high stress. Second, that large landscapes are resilient to changes in arthropod species richness across broad ranges of landscape stress. And finally, although this system shows resilience, at the extremes of stress (either low or high), the community experiences threshold events beyond which arthropod species are lost at extreme rates.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0478:Forestry, Biological sciences, Climate change, Ecology, Forestry, Heterogeneous landscape, Pinus edulis, Pinyon pine}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305100561?accountid=14270}, author = {Trotter, III, Robert Talbot} } @mastersthesis {6914, title = {Linking plant communities and environmental variables in {Southwestern} {Michigan} wetlands}, year = {2004}, note = {3146117}, school = {Michigan State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Plant communities often vary as a function of their abiotic environments; this is especially true in wetlands, where hydrology is of paramount importance. Wetland hydrology remains an elusive concept to measure and relate quantitatively to the composition of plant communities. In an effort to elucidate these relationships I surveyed plant communities across a diverse set of 24 wetlands in southwestern Michigan. I also quantified wetland hydrology at these sites in terms of water sources, seasonal water level variation, and hydrochemical composition. Using major solutes as tracers of water sources, I estimated the relative importance of precipitation and groundwater inputs (i.e., "fraction groundwater"). I monitored water levels, collected soil water from the root zone for hydrochemical analyses, and collected organic soils for soil nutrient analysis. Nutrient accumulation on ion exchange resin was used to estimate nutrient supply to each wetland. Cluster analysis and indicator species analysis revealed seven different groups of wetland plant communities, which I have distinguished for the purposes of discussion: leatherleaf bogs, bogs, a poor fen, fens, sedge meadow fens, wet swamps, and dry swamps. Ordination using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) reduced the plant community data down to two synthetic axes (NMS Axes 1 and 2) that explained 64\% of the variation. pH, as well as fraction groundwater, soil nutrients, and hydrochemical variables that covaried with pH, and canopy, an estimate of shade cast by tall woody species, were the environmental variables most strongly related to the ordination; water levels were of secondary importance; nutrient supply was of less importance. Fens and sedge meadow fens exhibited higher water levels and lower canopy values (i.e., less shade) than wet and dry swamps. Evaluation of fraction groundwater estimates for these seven groups suggested that fens and swamps, while generally groundwater-fed, are not all strongly groundwater-fed; bogs were all strongly precipitation-fed; the poor fen was intermediate between bogs and fens. A partial least squares composite variable model was used to test these ordination results and evaluate the relationship between landscape variables and wetland environmental variables. Landscape variables were good predictors of wetland water source (R2 = 0.60), while water sources and water levels were moderately good predictors of nutrient supply (R2 = 0.51). (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0388:Hydrology, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Ecology, Hydrology, Landscape, Michigan, Plant communities, wetlands}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305155037?accountid=14270}, author = {Thobaben, Eric Thomas} } @article {15453, title = {Low heritable component of risk for infection intensity and infection-associated disease in urinary schistosomiasis among Wadigo village populations in Coast Province, Kenya}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, note = {AI-45473/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
MH59490/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
TW/ES01543/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
United States}, month = {Jan}, pages = {57-62}, abstract = {To estimate their heritable component of risk for Schistosoma haematobium infection intensity and disease, we performed a community-based family study among an endemic population in coastal Kenya. Demography and family linkages were defined by house-to-house interviews, and infection prevalence and disease severity were assessed by standard parasitologic testing and by ultrasound. The total population was 4,408 among 912 households, with 241 identified pedigree-household groups. Although age- and sex-adjusted risk for greater infection intensity was clustered within households (odds ratio = 2.7), analysis of extended pedigree-household groups indicated a relatively low heritability score for this trait (h2 = 0.199), particularly after adjustment for common household exposure effects (adjusted h2 = 0.086). Statistical evidence was slightly stronger (h2 = 0.353) for familial clustering of bladder morbidity, with an adjusted h2 = 0.142 after accounting for household exposure factors. We conclude that among long-established populations of coastal Kenya, heritable variation in host susceptibility is low, and likely plays a minimal role in determining individual risk for infection or disease.}, keywords = {*Endemic Diseases, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Kenya, Male, Middle Aged, Parasite Egg Count, prevalence, Schistosoma haematobium/*growth \& development, Schistosomiasis haematobia/*genetics/parasitology, Urinary Tract Infections/*genetics/parasitology, Urine/parasitology}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {King, C. H. and Blanton, R. E. and Muchiri, E. M. and Ouma, J. H. and Kariuki, H. C. and Mungai, P. and Magak, P. and Kadzo, H. and Ireri, E. and Koech, D. K.} } @article {6363, title = {Magnitude and distribution of acute, self-reported gastrointestinal illness in a {Canadian} community}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {132}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {jun}, pages = {607{\textendash}617}, issn = {0950-2688, 1469-4409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268804002353}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268804002353}, author = {Majowicz, S. E. and Dor, K. and Flint, J. A. and Edge, V. L. and Read, S. and Buffett, M. C. and McEWEN, S. and McNAB, W. B. and Stacey, D. and Sockett, P. and Wilson, J. B.} } @article {13212, title = {Maintenance of pathogenicity during entry into and resuscitation from viable but nonculturable state in Aeromonas hydrophila exposed to natural seawater at low temperature}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {97}, year = {2004}, pages = {557-565}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02336.x}, author = {Maalej, S. and Gdoura, R. and Dukan, S. and Hammami, A. and Bouain, A.} } @article {12026, title = {Mapping rice field anopheline breeding habitats in Mali, West Africa, using Landsat ETM+ sensor data}, journal = {Int J Remote Sens}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, month = {Jan}, pages = {359-376}, edition = {2007/12/18}, isbn = {0143-1161 (Print)
0143-1161 (Linking)}, author = {Diuk-Wasser, M. A. and Bagayoko, M. and Sogoba, N. and Dolo, G. and Toure, M. B. and Traore, S. F. and Taylor, C. E.} } @article {16518, title = {Mapping rice field anopheline breeding habitats in {Mali}, {West} {Africa}, using {Landsat} {ETM}+ sensor data}, journal = {Int J Remote Sens}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, month = {jan}, pages = {359{\textendash}376}, issn = {0143-1161 (Print) 0143-1161 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/01431160310001598944}, author = {Diuk-Wasser, M. A. and Bagayoko, M. and Sogoba, N. and Dolo, G. and Toure, M. B. and Traore, S. F. and Taylor, C. E.} } @article {4836, title = {{Mechanical transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by flies}}, journal = {Wiad Parazytol}, volume = {50}, year = {2004}, pages = {243{\textendash}247}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Grimes, BH and Knight, R and Szostakowska, B and Kruminis-Lozowska, W and Racewicz, M and Tamang, L and Dasilva, AJ and Myjak, P} } @article {9992, title = {{Mechanisms of inactivation of hepatitis A virus in water by chlorine dioxide.}}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, month = {mar}, pages = {1514{\textendash}9}, abstract = {In this study, to elucidate the mechanisms of inactivation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) by chlorine dioxide, cell culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and long-overlapping RT-PCR were used to detect the infectivity, antigenicity, and entire genome of HAV before and after disinfection. The results revealed the complete inactivation of infectivity after a 10-min exposure to 7.5mg of chlorine dioxide per liter; and the highest level of sensitivity in the 5{\textquoteright}non-translated regions (5{\textquoteright}NTR) (the sequence from bp 1 to 671), inactivation of which took as much time as the inactivation of infectivity of HAV by chlorine dioxide; the complete destruction of antigenicity after a 10-min exposure to 7.5mg of chlorine dioxide per liter. It is suggested that the inactivation mechanism of HAV by chlorine dioxide was due to the loss of the 5{\textquoteright}NTR and/or destruction of the antigenicity, which is not similar to that of chlorine (Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 4951).}, keywords = {Chlorine Compounds, Chlorine Compounds: pharmacology, Dental Disinfectants, Dental Disinfectants: pharmacology, DNA, DNA Damage, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Hepatitis A virus, Human, Human: pathogenicity, Oxides, Oxides: pharmacology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Viral, Viral: analysis, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2003.12.021}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016528}, author = {Li, Jun Wen and Xin, Zhong Tao and Wang, Xin Wei and Zheng, Jin Lai and Chao, Fu Huan} } @article {8938, title = {Mechanisms of microwave irradiation involved in the destruction of fecal coliforms from biosolids}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, pages = {1615-1625}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, url = {http://ac.els-cdn.com/S004313540300681X/1-s2.0-S004313540300681X-main.pdf?_tid=00548c26-994f-11e6-9143-00000aacb360\&acdnat=1477247707_27ed638dbdb4bdd475d9df4cc0818a21}, author = {Hong, Seung M. and Park, Jae K. and Lee, Y. O.} } @article {12545, title = {Membrane (RO-UF) filtration for antibiotic wastewater treatment and recovery of antibiotics}, journal = {Separation and purification technologySeparation and purification technology}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {109-114}, isbn = {1383-5866}, author = {Li, Shi-zhong and Li, Xiao-yan and Wang, Dian-zuo} } @article {1849, title = {Mesophilic and thermophilic temperature co-phase anaerobic digestion compared with single-stage mesophilic- and thermophilic digestion of sewage sludge}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, note = {Song, Young-Chae Kwon, Sang-Jo Woo, Jung-Hui eng Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2004/03/18 05:00 Water Res. 2004 Apr;38(7):1653-62.}, pages = {1653-62}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The performance of thermophilic and mesophilic temperature co-phase anaerobic digestions for sewage sludge, using the exchange process of the digesting sludge between spatially separated mesophilic and thermophilic digesters, was examined, and compared to single-stage mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestions. The reduction of volatile solids from the temperature co-phase anaerobic digestion system was dependent on the sludge exchange rate, but was 50.7-58.8\%, which was much higher than 46.8\% of single-stage thermophilic digestion, as well as 43.5\% of the mesophilic digestion. The specific methane yield was 424-468 mL CH(4) per gram volatile solids removed, which was as good as that of single-stage mesophilic anaerobic digestion. The process stability and the effluent quality in terms of volatile fatty acids and soluble chemical oxygen demand of the temperature co-phase anaerobic digestion system were considerably better than those of the single-stage mesophilic anaerobic processes. The destruction of total coliform in the temperature co-phase system was 98.5-99.6\%, which was similar to the single-stage thermophilic digestion. The higher performances on the volatile solid and pathogen reduction, and stable operation of the temperature co-phase anaerobic system might be attributable to the well-functioned thermophilic digester, sharing nutrients and intermediates for anaerobic microorganisms, and selection of higher substrate affinity anaerobic microorganisms in the co-phase system, as a result of the sludge exchange between the mesophilic and thermophilic digesters.}, keywords = {Anaerobic/*physiology *Bioreactors Enterobacteriaceae Micronutrients/metabolism Sewage/*chemistry Temperature Waste Disposal, bacteria, Fluid/*methods Water Microbiology Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2003.12.019}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15026219}, author = {Song, Y. C. and Kwon, S. J. and Woo, J. H.} } @article {1793, title = {Metagenomics: genomic analysis of microbial communities}, journal = {Annu Rev Genet}, volume = {38}, year = {2004}, note = {Riesenfeld, Christian S Schloss, Patrick D Handelsman, Jo eng Review 2004/12/01 09:00 Annu Rev Genet. 2004;38:525-52.}, pages = {525-52}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Uncultured microorganisms comprise the majority of the planet{\textquoteright}s biological diversity. Microorganisms represent two of the three domains of life and contain vast diversity that is the product of an estimated 3.8 billion years of evolution. In many environments, as many as 99\% of the microorganisms cannot be cultured by standard techniques, and the uncultured fraction includes diverse organisms that are only distantly related to the cultured ones. Therefore, culture-independent methods are essential to understand the genetic diversity, population structure, and ecological roles of the majority of microorganisms. Metagenomics, or the culture-independent genomic analysis of an assemblage of microorganisms, has potential to answer fundamental questions in microbial ecology. This review describes progress toward understanding the biology of uncultured Bacteria, Archaea, and viruses through metagenomic analyses.}, keywords = {Archaea/*genetics Bacteria/*genetics Bacteriophages/*genetics Biodiversity *Environmental Microbiology Gene Library Genome, Archaeal *Genome, Bacterial Genomic Library Microscopy Phylogeny Rhodopsin/genetics Sequence Analysis}, issn = {0066-4197 (Print) 0066-4197 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.091216}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15568985}, author = {Riesenfeld, C. S. and Schloss, P. D. and Handelsman, J.} } @book {11724, title = {{Metazoan parasites of salmonid fishes of Europe}}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Academia}, organization = {Academia}, address = {Praha, Czech Republic}, author = {Moravec, F} } @mastersthesis {6465, title = {Methodological, theoretical and empirical considerations in the analysis of the determinants of aggregate health care expenditures in {OECD} countries, 1960-1997}, year = {2004}, note = {U206266}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Health care now accounts for just under 10\% of national income in most developed OECD countries. Yet, despite its importance in the overall economy, the factors that drive health care expenditure remain only imperfectly understood. This thesis shows that the determinants of health care expenditures are simply too diverse amongst different countries to be brought within a common denominator such as GDP, as it has been argued for decades. It also shows that the assumption that health care is a homogeneous good across countries is over-simplistic and arbitrary, and finds ample evidence showing that health care is not a luxury good, as widely suggested. The contribution of the thesis is on methodological, theoretical and empirical grounds. In terms of methodology, the thesis shows that there are significant flaws in several areas that influence our thinking concerning the determinants of health care expenditures and offers alternative ways of analysis and appraisal. Flaws were shown in: the relationship between health expenditure and GDP; the importance of factors such as ageing; the macroeconomic context and the burden of disease; the measurement of key variables used in empirical analysis such as health spending, national income, technology, and health prices; the method of analysis that has been pursued; and the conversion factors used to translate prices and monetary variables across countries into a single and comparable denominator. The thesis makes a theoretical contribution of the analysis of health care expenditures, assuming that health care is a least a quasi-public good. The proposed conceptual framework explicitly links the determinants of health care expenditures to the theory of public finance and allows flexible adjustments by decision-makers to account for changes in technology, prices, and the macroeconomic environment. The impact of the macro economy on health spending is assessed by evaluating whether the rate of growth of income has any influence on the demand for health and whether the fiscal deficit impacts on health spending and to what extent. The proposed framework incorporates technology and this is an advance from the published literature, which has almost invariably considered technology to be a residual factor. Finally, the thesis recognises that the lag structure of the model, the availability of data, and knowledge of the relationship between disease and need for services are not sufficient to test for the impact of lifestyle and disease factors on health spending. The empirical investigation provides conclusive evidence of the non-importance of GDP in explaining health care spending trends over time. Consumption is shown to be a predictor of health expenditures; technology is an important cost-push factor across countries; the macro economy exerts, in general, significant pressure on health care expenditure; however, the impact of health care reforms does not show any significant impact on health care expenditures; and the number of doctors per capita has little or no association with health care expenditures.}, keywords = {0630:Public policy, Bibliographies, DXN092299, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public policy, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301660995?accountid=14270}, author = {Kanavos, P G} } @article {692, title = {Micro assay for malondialdehyde in human serum by extraction-spectrophotometry using an internal standard}, journal = {Microchimica Acta}, volume = {148}, number = {3-4}, year = {2004}, note = {Munoz, AHS Puga, MP Wrobel, K Sevilla, MEG}, pages = {285-291}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a widely accepted biomarker of lipid peroxidation. Thus, the measurement of MDA in clinical samples is useful in the evaluation of oxidative stress. In this study, a micro-extraction-spectrophotometric c assay was developed, based on the formation of MDA-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) adduct. To enhance the analytical performance, Erioglaucine A was used as an internal standard (IS), and the first derivative spectra were obtained. The volume of serum sample was 20 muL and the total volume of aqueous phase 420 muL (200 muL of 0.6\% TBA in acetic acid, pH 2.5 and 200 muL of 6.25-10(-4)\% IS). The extraction of adduct and IS was carried out with 300 muL of aliquat 336 (0.06\%) in ethyl acetate. The analytical signal S was defined as the ratio between the first derivative absorbances measured at 543.1 nm (adduct) and 644.4 ran (IS). In the calibration range up to 10 mumol L-1 MDA, the linear regression coefficient was 0.9998. The quantification limit was 0.19 mumol L-1 and the CV values for 2 mumol L-1 and 5 mumol L-1 MDA, respectively, were 0.8\% and 0.7\%. The procedure was applied to the analysis of diabetic sera and the results compared with those obtained by HPLC (derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine). Lower HPLC results (about 15\%) indicated that interferences from other TBA reactive substances had not been completely eliminated by the extraction procedure and derivatization of spectral data. On the other hand, the micro-procedure presents important advantages: it is simple, precise and environmentally friendly (small amounts of reagents), which makes it readily adaptable to the analysis of large sample series. The feasibility of micro-assay in the evaluation of lipid peroxidation status was demonstrated in the analysis of 156 serum samples from diabetic patients divided into three groups according to the stage of development of typical complications.}, issn = {1436-5073}, doi = {10.1007/s00604-004-0276-5}, url = {://WOS:000226002000022}, author = {Munoz, A. H. S. and Puga, M. P. and Wrobel, K. and Sevilla, M. E. G.} } @article {6116, title = {Microbial and chemical tracer movement through granular, ultic, and recent soils}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {557{\textendash}563}, author = {McLeod, M and Aislabie, J and Ryburn, J and McGill, A} } @article {210, title = {Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions}, journal = {Toxicology}, volume = {198}, number = {1-3}, year = {2004}, note = {Ashbolt, Nicholas John Journal Article Review Ireland Toxicology. 2004 May 20;198(1-3):229-38.}, pages = {229-38}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Drinking water is a major source of microbial pathogens in developing regions, although poor sanitation and food sources are integral to enteric pathogen exposure. Gastrointestinal disease outcomes are also more severe, due to under-nutrition and lack of intervention strategies in these regions. Poor water quality, sanitation and hygiene account for some 1.7 million deaths a year world-wide (3.1\% of all deaths and 3.7\% of all DALY{\textquoteright}s), mainly through infectious diarrhoea. Nine out of 10 such deaths are in children and virtually all of the deaths are in developing countries. Major enteric pathogens in these children include: rotavirus, Campylobacter jejuni, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp. and Vibrio cholerae O1, and possibly enteropathogenic E. coli, Aeromonas spp. V. cholerae O139, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium difficile and Cryptosporidium parvum. All except the latter are easily control by chlorination of water, but recontamination of treated water is a huge problem. Emerging environmental pathogens, such as Helicobacter pylori and Burkholderia pseudomallei, may well be of significance in some regions. In adults, much less is understood of various sequellae such as myocarditis, diabetes, reactive arthritis and cancers some months-years after initial infections. So in addition to the traditional pathogens (helminths, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia hepatitis A and E) various enteroviruses, C. jejuni and H. pylori are emerging issues in adults.}, keywords = {Adult Animals Bacteria/isolation \&, purification/*pathogenicity *Water Microbiology *Water Supply, purification/*pathogenicity Child Cholera/epidemiology *Developing Countries *Disease Outbreaks *Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology/mortality Humans *Sanitation Typhoid Fever/epidemiology Viruses/isolation \&}, issn = {0300-483X (Print) 0300-483x}, doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2004.01.030}, url = {http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0300483X04000952/1-s2.0-S0300483X04000952-main.pdf?_tid=3d637a08-84a4-11e4-be44-00000aacb35e\&acdnat=1418680346_efddd3d96ecb2823fb56720f5d5a211c}, author = {Ashbolt, N. J.} } @article {16971, title = {Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions}, journal = {Toxicology}, volume = {198}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {229{\textendash}238}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Ashbolt, Nicholas John} } @article {14452, title = {Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions}, journal = {Toxicology}, volume = {198}, year = {2004}, month = {may}, pages = {229{\textendash}38}, abstract = {Drinking water is a major source of microbial pathogens in developing regions, although poor sanitation and food sources are integral to enteric pathogen exposure. Gastrointestinal disease outcomes are also more severe, due to under-nutrition and lack of intervention strategies in these regions. Poor water quality, sanitation and hygiene account for some 1.7 million deaths a year world-wide (3.1\% of all deaths and 3.7\% of all DALY{\textquoteright}s), mainly through infectious diarrhoea. Nine out of 10 such deaths are in children and virtually all of the deaths are in developing countries. Major enteric pathogens in these children include: rotavirus, Campylobacter jejuni, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp. and Vibrio cholerae O1, and possibly enteropathogenic E. coli, Aeromonas spp. V. cholerae O139, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium difficile and Cryptosporidium parvum. All except the latter are easily control by chlorination of water, but recontamination of treated water is a huge problem. Emerging environmental pathogens, such as Helicobacter pylori and Burkholderia pseudomallei, may well be of significance in some regions. In adults, much less is understood of various sequellae such as myocarditis, diabetes, reactive arthritis and cancers some months-years after initial infections. So in addition to the traditional pathogens (helminths, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia hepatitis A and E) various enteroviruses, C. jejuni and H. pylori are emerging issues in adults.}, keywords = {*Developing Countries, *Disease Outbreaks, *Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology/mortality, *Sanitation, *Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Adult, Animals, Bacteria/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Child, Cholera/epidemiology, Humans, Typhoid Fever/epidemiology, Viruses/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity}, issn = {0300-483X (Print) 0300-483X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2004.01.030}, author = {Ashbolt, N. J.} } @article {2684, title = {Microbial risk assessment and its implications for risk management in urban water systems}, year = {2004}, author = {Westrell, T} } @article {6530, title = {Microbial risk assessment: don{\textquoteright}t forget the children}, journal = {Current Opinion in Microbiology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {jun}, pages = {206{\textendash}209}, issn = {13695274}, doi = {10.1016/j.mib.2004.04.011}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369527404000499}, author = {Nwachuku, N and Gerba, C} } @book {4109, title = {{Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases}}, series = {Elsevier Academic Press}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Elsevier Academic Press}, organization = {Elsevier Academic Press}, edition = {1st editio}, address = {California}, author = {Percival, S and Chalmers, R and Embrey, M and Hunter, P and Sellwood, J and Wyn-Jones, P} } @article {14050, title = {Microorganisms {Resistant} to {Free}-{Living} {Amoebae}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, month = {apr}, pages = {413{\textendash}433}, abstract = {Free-living amoebae feed on bacteria, fungi, and algae. However, some microorganisms have evolved to become resistant to these protists. These amoeba-resistant microorganisms include established pathogens, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Legionella spp., Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycobacterium avium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Francisella tularensis, and emerging pathogens, such as Bosea spp., Simkania negevensis, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, and Legionella-like amoebal pathogens. Some of these amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB) are lytic for their amoebal host, while others are considered endosymbionts, since a stable host-parasite ratio is maintained. Free-living amoebae represent an important reservoir of ARB and may, while encysted, protect the internalized bacteria from chlorine and other biocides. Free-living amoebae may act as a Trojan horse, bringing hidden ARB within the human "Troy," and may produce vesicles filled with ARB, increasing their transmission potential. Free-living amoebae may also play a role in the selection of virulence traits and in adaptation to survival in macrophages. Thus, intra-amoebal growth was found to enhance virulence, and similar mechanisms seem to be implicated in the survival of ARB in response to both amoebae and macrophages. Moreover, free-living amoebae represent a useful tool for the culture of some intracellular bacteria and new bacterial species that might be potential emerging pathogens.}, issn = {0893-8512}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.17.2.413-433.2004}, author = {Greub, G. and Raoult, D.} } @article {2265, title = {{Microorganisms Resistant to Free-Living Amoebae}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, month = {apr}, pages = {413{\textendash}433}, abstract = {Free-living amoebae feed on bacteria, fungi, and algae. However, some microorganisms have evolved to become resistant to these protists. These amoeba-resistant microorganisms include established pathogens, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Legionella spp., Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycobacterium avium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Francisella tularensis, and emerging pathogens, such as Bosea spp., Simkania negevensis, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, and Legionella-like amoebal pathogens. Some of these amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB) are lytic for their amoebal host, while others are considered endosymbionts, since a stable host-parasite ratio is maintained. Free-living amoebae represent an important reservoir of ARB and may, while encysted, protect the internalized bacteria from chlorine and other biocides. Free-living amoebae may act as a Trojan horse, bringing hidden ARB within the human "Troy," and may produce vesicles filled with ARB, increasing their transmission potential. Free-living amoebae may also play a role in the selection of virulence traits and in adaptation to survival in macrophages. Thus, intra-amoebal growth was found to enhance virulence, and similar mechanisms seem to be implicated in the survival of ARB in response to both amoebae and macrophages. Moreover, free-living amoebae represent a useful tool for the culture of some intracellular bacteria and new bacterial species that might be potential emerging pathogens.}, issn = {0893-8512}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.17.2.413-433.2004}, author = {Greub, G. and Raoult, D.} } @article {11927, title = {Microorganisms resistant to free-living amoebae}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {413-433}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0893-8512}, author = {Greub, Gilbert and Raoult, Didier} } @book {6909, title = {The {Millennium} {Development} {Goals} for health: rising to the challenges}, year = {2004}, publisher = {World Bank Publications}, organization = {World Bank Publications}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=lang_en\&id=Hb-4POnK5a0C\&oi=fnd\&pg=PR9\&dq=water+sanitation+hygiene+\%22willingness+to+pay\%22+OR+,+OR+finance,+OR+micro+OR+finance,+OR+public+OR+sector+OR+finance,+OR+private+OR+sector+OR+finance,+OR+financial+OR+model}, author = {Wagstaff, Adam} } @article {7341, title = {The {MiUennium} {Development} {Goals} for {Water}: {Crucial} {Objectives}, {Inadequate} {Commitments}}, journal = {The World{\textquoteright}s Water 2004-2005: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources}, volume = {200405}, year = {2004}, pages = {1}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=lang_en\&id=-nGQNbj2MjwC\&oi=fnd\&pg=PA1\&dq=water+sanitation+hygiene+\%22willingness+to+pay\%22+OR+,+OR+finance,+OR+micro+OR+finance,+OR+public+OR+sector+OR+finance,+OR+private+OR+sector+OR+finance,+OR+financial+OR+model}, author = {Gleick, Peter H.} } @mastersthesis {7043, title = {Modeling and observations of seasonal land-surface heat and water exchanges at local and catchment scales over {Europe}}, year = {2004}, note = {C818822}, school = {Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule Zuerich (Switzerland)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The land surface plays an important role in the global climate system, because it interacts dynamically with the atmosphere through manifold feedback mechanisms on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. While on the one hand, weather and climate are known to influence vegetation phenology and its geographical distribution, soil and vegetation actively control land surface heat, water, momentum and carbon exchanges, thus influencing boundary layer development and convection. Evapotranspiration and runoff, in particular, which are balanced by precipitation, constitute the land portion of the water cycle, which is known to be a main contributor to climate variability. Knowledge about these processes and the ability to realistically model them is therefore of central importance in climate research. Simulated climate (and variability) are indeed sensitive to land surface parameterizations. There is, however, a gap between the local scale, at which land surface models and parameters are usually developed and evaluated, and the larger scales at which they are applied. This scale-gap needs to be bridged so that the high spatial and temporal dynamics of the land surface water cycle becomes part of modeled climate. In order to help narrow the uncertainties in the modeling of seasonal-scale land-surface heat and water exchanges, local and catchment scale modeling experiments are performed in this study. Concurrently, different parameterizations are tested regarding their applicability in climate modeling, by exercising them on a wide range of climatic environments. All considered model formulations are embedded in a framework which includes ground and satellite remote sensing measurements, serving as an integration tool for the assessment of land surface processes. Satellite remote sensing is initially used to monitor vegetation state variables over Europe with a high temporal resolution, so that vegetation dynamics in land surface models can be prescribed with observed quantities. In a second stage local-scale measurements from FLUXNET are used for a process-based analysis of model results. Land surface models are applied at local scale using un-tuned large-scale and satellite-derived parameter sets. It is shown that soil storage processes play an important role in the seasonal heat and water fluxes and that vegetation biochemistry is a key component controlling the seasonal land surface water cycle. Finally, the Rhone-AGG initiative provides hydrological measurements on the catchment-scale, allowing for the exploration of scaling issues in the simulated water cycle. Catchment-scale simulations including lateral water fluxes, show that soil moisture drives runoff on the monthly time-scale and is largely controlled by evapotranspiration. While evapotranspiration was not found to be overly sensitive to runoff processes, the use of subgrid-scale topography-driven runoff provides a good simulation of the timing and magnitude of runoff at the daily to seasonal scale. In summary, this study shows how satellite remote sensing, observations of boundary layer fluxes and ecosystem measurements can assist in developing models of the land surface water cycle which bridge the scale gaps between the processes involved; above-ground biophysics, relevant aspects of biochemistry and soil hydrology should be equally well represented in climate modeling applications.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrology, 0425:Biogeochemistry, 0768:Environmental science, Biogeochemistry, Catchment, Earth sciences, Environmental science, Europe, Health and environmental sciences, Heat exchange, Hydrology, Land-surface, Seasonal, Water cycle}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305085280?accountid=14270}, author = {Stockli, Reto} } @book {2880, title = {Molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases}, year = {2004}, publisher = {American Society of Microbiology}, organization = {American Society of Microbiology}, author = {Riley, Lee W} } @article {7455, title = {Monetary incentives in primary health care and effects on use and coverage of preventive health care interventions in rural {Honduras}: cluster randomised trial}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {364}, number = {9450}, year = {2004}, month = {dec}, pages = {2030{\textendash}2037}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Scaling-up of effective preventive interventions in child and maternal health is constrained in many developing countries by lack of demand. In Latin America, some governments have been trying to increase demand for health interventions by making direct payments to poor households contingent on them keeping up-to-date with preventive health services. We undertook a public health programme effectiveness trial in Honduras to assess this approach, contrasting it with a direct transfer of resources to local health teams. METHODS: 70 municipalities were selected because they had the country{\textquoteright}s highest prevalence of malnutrition. They were allocated at random to four groups: money to households; resources to local health teams combined with a community-based nutrition intervention; both packages; and neither. Evaluation surveys of about 5600 households were undertaken at baseline and roughly 2 years later. Pregnant women and mothers of children younger than 3 years old were asked about use of health services (primary outcome) and coverage of interventions such as immunisation and growth monitoring (secondary outcome). Reports were supplemented with data from children{\textquoteright}s health cards and government service utilisation data. Analysis was by mixed effects regression, accounting for the municipality-level randomisation. FINDINGS: The household-level intervention had a large impact (15-20 percentage points; p{\textless}0.01) on the reported coverage of antenatal care and well-child check-ups. Childhood immunisation series could thus be started more opportunely, and the coverage of growth monitoring was markedly increased (15-21 percentage points; p{\textless}0.01. Measles and tetanus toxoid immunisation were not affected. The transfer of resources to local health teams could not be implemented properly because of legal complications. INTERPRETATION: Conditional payments to households increase the use and coverage of preventive health care interventions.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child Health Services, Child Nutrition Disorders, Developing Countries, Female, Honduras, Humans, Infant, Maternal-Child Health Centers, Middle Aged, Motivation, Poverty Areas, Pregnancy, Prenatal Care, Preschool, Preventive Health Services, primary health care, Rural Population}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17515-6}, author = {Morris, Saul S. and Flores, Rafael and Olinto, Pedro and Medina, Juan Manuel} } @conference {5201, title = {{Monitoring of wastewater stabilization ponds in Honduras}}, booktitle = {Congreso Interamericano de Ingenieria Sanitaria y Ambiental, 29; San Juan, 22-27 Ago. 2004.}, year = {2004}, pages = {1{\textendash}8}, keywords = {2.5 removal, 2.7 performance, Helminths, Pathogens, Sludge, wastewater stabilization ponds}, url = {http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsAIDIS/PuertoRico29/oakley.pdf}, author = {Oakley, S M} } @article {5705, title = {{Multiplex Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification for Simultaneous Detection of Several Enteric Viruses in Model Ready-to-eat Foods}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {11}, year = {2004}, pages = {6603{\textendash}6610}, author = {Jean, J and D{\textquoteright}Souza, DH and Jaykus, LA} } @article {10070, title = {{Multiplex PCR with 16S rRNA gene-targeted primers of bifidobacterium spp. to identify sources of fecal pollution}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, year = {2004}, pages = {3171{\textendash}3175}, author = {Bonjoch, X and Balleste, E and Blanch, AR} } @article {10071, title = {{Multiplex PCR with 16S rRNA gene-targeted primers of bifidobacterium spp. to identify sources of fecal pollution}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {70}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {3171{\textendash}3175}, author = {Bonjoch, X and Balleste, E and Blanch, AR} } @conference {13529, title = {Myocastor coypusan imported rodent changes the fundamentals of transmission of Fasciola hepatica. In:II K.E. Mott Symposium on schistosomiasis and distomatoses. Multidisciplinarity for parasites, vectors and parasitic diseases (Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Est}, year = {2004}, pages = {265-266}, author = {Houin, R. and Moquet, C. and Czeher, C. and Vallois, J. P.} } @article {10101, title = {{New real-time quantitative PCR procedure for quantification of bifidobacteria in human fecal samples}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, pages = {4165{\textendash}4169}, author = {Gueimonde, M and T{\"o}lkk{\"o}, S and Korpim{\"a}ki, T and Salminen, S} } @article {14357, title = {Occurrence and strain diversity of {Arcobacter} species isolated from healthy {Belgian} pigs.}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {155}, number = {8}, year = {2004}, month = {oct}, pages = {662{\textendash}666}, author = {Van Driessche, Ellen and Houf, Kurt and Vangroenweghe, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Nollet, Nathalie and De Zutter, Lieven and Vandamme, Peter and van Hoof, Jan} } @article {5840, title = {{Occurrence and strain diversity of Arcobacter species isolated from healthy Belgian pigs.}}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {155}, number = {8}, year = {2004}, month = {oct}, pages = {662{\textendash}666}, author = {Van Driessche, Ellen and Houf, Kurt and Vangroenweghe, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Nollet, Nathalie and De Zutter, Lieven and Vandamme, Peter and van Hoof, Jan} } @article {5825, title = {{The occurrence of campylobacters in water sources in South Africa.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {10}, year = {2004}, month = {may}, pages = {2589{\textendash}2595}, author = {Diergaardt, S M and Venter, S N and Spreeth, A and Theron, J and Br{\"o}zel, V S} } @article {14342, title = {The occurrence of campylobacters in water sources in {South} {Africa}.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {38}, number = {10}, year = {2004}, month = {may}, pages = {2589{\textendash}2595}, author = {Diergaardt, S M and Venter, S N and Spreeth, A and Theron, J and Br{\"o}zel, V S} } @article {7683, title = {The occurrence of campylobacters in water sources in South Africa}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {10}, year = {2004}, note = {PT: J; TC: 30; UT: WOS:000222001800013}, month = {MAY 2004}, pages = {2589-2595}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Diergaardt,S. M. and Venter,S. N. and Spreeth,A. and Theron,J. and Brozel,V. S.} } @article {10541, title = {{Occurrence of conjugated polyenoic fatty acids in seaweeds from the Indian Ocean}}, journal = {Abstract, Verlag der Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Naturforschung}, volume = {59}, number = {5-6}, year = {2004}, pages = {310{\textendash}314}, author = {Bhaskar, N and Kinami, T and Park, SB and Endo, Y and Fujimoto, K.} } @article {13964, title = {Occurrence of genes associated with enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli in agricultural waste lagoons}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {356{\textendash}362}, abstract = {The prevalence among all Escherichia coli bacteria of the LTIIa toxin gene and STII toxin gene, both associated with enterotoxigenic E. coli, and of three genes (stxI, stxII, and eaeA) associated with enterohemorrhagic E. coli was determined in farm waste disposal systems seasonally for 1 year. Single- and nested-PCR results for the number of E. coli isolates carrying each toxin gene trait were compared with a five-replicate most-probable-number (MPN) method. The STII and LTIIa toxin genes were present continuously at all farms and downstream waters that were tested. Nested-MPN-PCR manifested sensitivity increased over that of single-MPN-PCR by a factor of 32 for LTIIa, 10 for STII, and 2 for the stxI, stxII, and eaeA genes. The geometric mean prevalence of each toxin gene within the E. coli community in waste disposal site waters after nested MPN-PCR was 1:8.5 E. coli isolates (1:8.5 E. coli) for the LTIIa toxin gene and 1:4 E. coli for the STII toxin gene. The geometric mean prevalence for the simultaneous occurrence of toxin genes stxI, stxII, and eaeA, was 1:182 E. coli. These findings based on total population analysis suggest that prevalence rates for these genes are higher than previously reported in studies based on surveys of single isolates. With a population-based approach, the frequency of each toxin gene at the corresponding disposal sites and the endemic nature of diseases on farms can be easily assessed, allowing farmers and public health officials to evaluate the risk of infection to animals or humans.}, author = {Chern, E C and Tsai, Y L and Olson, B H} } @article {2195, title = {{Occurrence of genes associated with enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in agricultural waste lagoons}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {356{\textendash}362}, edition = {2004/01/09}, abstract = {The prevalence among all Escherichia coli bacteria of the LTIIa toxin gene and STII toxin gene, both associated with enterotoxigenic E. coli, and of three genes (stxI, stxII, and eaeA) associated with enterohemorrhagic E. coli was determined in farm waste disposal systems seasonally for 1 year. Single- and nested-PCR results for the number of E. coli isolates carrying each toxin gene trait were compared with a five-replicate most-probable-number (MPN) method. The STII and LTIIa toxin genes were present continuously at all farms and downstream waters that were tested. Nested-MPN-PCR manifested sensitivity increased over that of single-MPN-PCR by a factor of 32 for LTIIa, 10 for STII, and 2 for the stxI, stxII, and eaeA genes. The geometric mean prevalence of each toxin gene within the E. coli community in waste disposal site waters after nested MPN-PCR was 1:8.5 E. coli isolates (1:8.5 E. coli) for the LTIIa toxin gene and 1:4 E. coli for the STII toxin gene. The geometric mean prevalence for the simultaneous occurrence of toxin genes stxI, stxII, and eaeA, was 1:182 E. coli. These findings based on total population analysis suggest that prevalence rates for these genes are higher than previously reported in studies based on surveys of single isolates. With a population-based approach, the frequency of each toxin gene at the corresponding disposal sites and the endemic nature of diseases on farms can be easily assessed, allowing farmers and public health officials to evaluate the risk of infection to animals or humans.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Chern, E C and Tsai, Y L and Olson, B H} } @article {4134, title = {{Occurrence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in activated sludge samples in Campinas, SP, Brazil}}, journal = {Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S{\~a}o Paulo}, volume = {46}, year = {2004}, pages = {309{\textendash}313}, author = {Santos, LU and Bonatti, TR and Cantusio Neto, R and Franco, RMB} } @article {17133, title = {Occurrence of microbial indicators and Clostridium perfringens in wastewater, water column samples, sediments, drinking water, and Weddell seal feces collected at McMurdo Station, Antarctica}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {12}, year = {2004}, pages = {7269{\textendash}7276}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Lisle, John T and Smith, James J and Edwards, Diane D and McFeters, Gordon A} } @article {11305, title = {Ocular toxocariasis in schoolchildren}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {39}, year = {2004}, pages = {173-178}, author = {Good, B and Holland, CV and Taylor, MR and Larragy, J and Moriarty, P and O{\textquoteright}Regan, M} } @article {3849, title = {One-year survey of astrovirus infection in children with gastroenteritis in a large hospital in {Hungary}: occurrence and genetic analysis of astroviruses.}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {71{\textendash}77}, author = {Jakab, F and Meleg, E and B{\'a}nyai, K and Melegh, B and T{\'\i}m{\'a}r, L and P{\'e}terfai, J and Szucs, G} } @article {5029, title = {{Opisthorchiasis from imported raw fish}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, pages = {2122{\textendash}2126}, author = {Yossepowitch, O and Gotesman, T and Assous, M and Marva, E and Zimlichman, R and Dan, M} } @article {9395, title = {{Opportunistic amoebae: challenges in prophylaxis and treatment}}, journal = {Drug Resistance Updates}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {41{\textendash}51}, author = {Schuster, FL and Visvesvara, GS} } @mastersthesis {6606, title = {Optimizing tilapia ({Oreochromis} sp.) marketing in {Honduras}}, year = {2004}, note = {EP25751}, school = {University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Honduran production of tilapia has increased in recent years. However, lack of thorough understanding of domestic markets and coordinated production efforts has hampered the development of a domestic market. The objectives of the present document were first to quantify domestic marketing costs for tilapia produced in Honduras, and second, to develop a mathematical model that represents the Honduran tilapia market indicating the most profitable marketing alternatives for small- and medium-scale farmers. To facilitate the analysis, Honduras was divided into five production regions, based on geographic location, production and marketing conditions. Within these regions, two farm-size scenarios were considered; (1) small-scale farms, operating less than 1 ha of ponds and (2) medium-scale farms with 1 to 22 ha of water surface area, employing semi-intensive production systems. Maximum supply volumes were determined from total cultivated areas, and estimated production yield. Quantities demanded were estimated for 14 potential market cities. Information relative to volume, prices, product form, and preferences for tilapia in open-air markets, supermarkets and restaurants were compiled from previous surveys conducted in Honduras and from secondary data. The marketing cost analysis was based on direct and indirect marketing costs derived from marketing related activities such as transportation, volume of shipments, labor, packaging, ice, promotion, and financing for every potential supplying farm scenario to all prospective market cities and outlets. Major marketing costs in the tilapia industry are transport, sales expenses, and packaging. A profit-maximizing mathematical programming model was developed to identify optimal marketing opportunities. The mixed integer transshipment program emulates conditions of the Honduran domestic tilapia market. It maximizes profit by delivering to higher priced markets giving varying marketing costs. The decision variables utilized by the model included the amount produced, sold and number of deliveries. Decision variables are subject to resource and technical constraints. Resource limits included the available supply of tilapia, and technical constraints included demand, price, truck capacity, and number of deliveries, the latter an integer variable. The program accounts for transport costs and the best transport alternative based on production level, loading capacity, and destination. The farm level regional models considered provided recommendations for farmers on which cities and outlets to target. The national sector model scenario allows for interaction of all regional supplies and all markets. Results from the model suggested targeting primarily outlets with higher sales prices such as restaurants with supplemental production delivered to local supermarkets. The model chooses cities with restaurant demand capable of absorbing the farm{\textquoteright}s production. Farms with high production levels can take advantage of the reduced transport cost of larger trucks. Excess product is sold to alternative outlets. The pattern of satisfying restaurant demand first and delivering to less profitable markets later in order to coordinate production with sales is common to all the scenarios considered in the model.}, keywords = {0792:Aquaculture, 0792:Fish production, Aquaculture, Biological sciences, Fish production}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305046334?accountid=14270}, author = {Carias, Carlos Miguel Leyva} } @article {13277, title = {Outbreak of Aeromonas hydrophila wound infections associated with mud football}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {38}, year = {2004}, pages = {1084-1089}, doi = {10.1086/382876}, author = {Vally, H. and Whittle, A. and Cameron, S. and Dowse, G. K. and Watson, T.} } @article {4685, title = {Outbreak of cyclosporiasis associated with snow peas - Pennsylvania, 2004}, volume = {53}, year = {2004}, pages = {876{\textendash}878} } @article {10395, title = {Particle size distribution as a useful tool for microbial detection}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {179{\textendash}186}, author = {Ch{\'a}vez, A and Jim{\'e}nez, B and Maya, C} } @article {15070, title = {Particle size distribution as a useful tool for microbial detection}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {179{\textendash}186}, author = {Ch{\'a}vez, A and Jim{\'e}nez, B and Maya, C} } @article {5304, title = {Pathogen removal efficiency from UASB+ BF effluent using conventional and UV post-treatment systems}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Keller, R and Passamani-Franca, RF and Passamani, F and Vaz, L and Cassini, ST and Sherrer, N and Rubim, K and Sant{\textquoteright}Ana, TD and Goncalves, RF} } @article {14100, title = {Pathogenic {Escherichia} coli.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, month = {feb}, pages = {123{\textendash}40}, abstract = {Few microorganisms are as versatile as Escherichia coli. An important member of the normal intestinal microflora of humans and other mammals, E. coli has also been widely exploited as a cloning host in recombinant DNA technology. But E. coli is more than just a laboratory workhorse or harmless intestinal inhabitant; it can also be a highly versatile, and frequently deadly, pathogen. Several different E. coli strains cause diverse intestinal and extraintestinal diseases by means of virulence factors that affect a wide range of cellular processes.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Bacterial Adhesion, Bacterial: etiology, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: etiology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Meningitis, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: toxicity, Urinary Tract Infections, Urinary Tract Infections: etiology, Virulence Factors}, issn = {1740-1526}, doi = {10.1038/nrmicro818}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15040260}, author = {Kaper, James B and Nataro, James P and Mobley, Harry L} } @article {2308, title = {{Pathogenic Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, month = {feb}, pages = {123{\textendash}40}, abstract = {Few microorganisms are as versatile as Escherichia coli. An important member of the normal intestinal microflora of humans and other mammals, E. coli has also been widely exploited as a cloning host in recombinant DNA technology. But E. coli is more than just a laboratory workhorse or harmless intestinal inhabitant; it can also be a highly versatile, and frequently deadly, pathogen. Several different E. coli strains cause diverse intestinal and extraintestinal diseases by means of virulence factors that affect a wide range of cellular processes.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Bacterial Adhesion, Bacterial: etiology, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: etiology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Meningitis, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: toxicity, Urinary Tract Infections, Urinary Tract Infections: etiology, Virulence Factors}, issn = {1740-1526}, doi = {10.1038/nrmicro818}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15040260}, author = {Kaper, James B and Nataro, James P and Mobley, Harry L} } @article {9906, title = {{PCR-based identification of zoonotic isolates of Blastocystis from mammals and birds}}, journal = {Microbiology}, volume = {150}, year = {2004}, pages = {1147{\textendash}1151}, doi = {10.1099/mic.0.26899-0}, author = {Yoshikawa, H and Abe, N and Wu, Z} } @article {5407, title = {{The persistence and removal of enteric pathogens in constructed wetlands}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, year = {2004}, pages = {1831{\textendash}1837}, author = {Karim, MR and Manshadi, FD and Karpiscak, MM and C P Gerba} } @article {9091, title = {{The persistence and removal of enteric pathogens in constructed wetlands}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, pages = {1831{\textendash}1837}, abstract = {Sedimentation is thought to be one of the mechanisms of microbial reduction from wetlands used for wastewater treatment. This study compared the occurrence and survival of enteric indicator microorganisms and pathogens in the water column and sediments of two constructed surface flow wetlands in Arizona. On a volume/wet weight basis the concentration of fecal coliforms and coliphage in the water column and sediment was similar. However, on a volume/ dry weight basis the numbers were one to two orders of magnitude higher in the sediment. Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst concentrations were one to three orders of magnitude greater in the sediment compared to the water column. The die-off rates of all the bacteria and coliphage were greater in the water column than the sediment. The die-off rates of fecal coliforms in the water and sediment were 0.256log10day-1 and 0.151log 10day-1, respectively. The die-off rates of Salmonella typhimurium in the water and sediment were 0.345log10day -1 and 0.312log10day-1, respectively. The die-off rates of naturally occurring coliphage in water column and sediment were 0.397log10day-1 and 0.107log10day -1, respectively, and the die-off rates of and PRD-1 in water and sediment were 0.198log10day-1 and 0.054log 10day-1, respectively. In contrast Giardia die-off in the sediment was greater compared to the water column. The die-off rates of Giardia in water and sediment were 0.029log10day-1 and 0.37log10day-1, respectively. Coliphage survived the longest of any group of organisms in the sediment and the least in the water column. In contrast Giardia survived best in the water column and least in the sediment. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Constructed wetland, Cryptosporidium, Fecal coliforms, Giardia, PRD-1, S. typhimurium}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2003.12.029}, author = {Karim, Mohammad R and Manshadi, Faezeh D and Karpiscak, Martin M and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {7188, title = {The persistence and removal of enteric pathogens in constructed wetlands}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, month = {apr}, pages = {1831{\textendash}1837}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2003.12.029}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004313540300719X}, author = {Karim, Mohammad R. and Manshadi, Faezeh D. and Karpiscak, Martin M. and Charles P Gerba} } @article {14815, title = {Persistence of enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in soil and on leaf lettuce and parsley grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, pages = {1365{\textendash}1370}, abstract = {Outbreaks of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with lettuce and other leaf crops have occurred with increasing frequency in recent years. Contaminated manure and polluted irrigation water are probable vehicles for the pathogen in many outbreaks. In this study, the occurrence and persistence of E. coli O157:H7 in soil fertilized with contaminated poultry or bovine manure composts or treated with contaminated irrigation water and on lettuce and parsley grown on these soils under natural environmental conditions was determined. Twenty-five plots, each 1.8 by 4.6 m, were used for each crop, with five treatments (one without compost, three with each of the three composts, and one without compost but treated with contaminated water) and five replication plots for each treatment. Three different types of compost, PM-5 (poultry manure compost), 338 (dairy manure compost), and NVIRO-4 (alkaline-stabilized dairy manure compost), and irrigation water were inoculated with an avirulent strain of E. coli O157:H7. Pathogen concentrations were 10(7) CFU/g of compost and 10(5) CFU/ml of water. Contaminated compost was applied to soil in the field as a strip at 4.5 metric tons per hectare on the day before lettuce and parsley seedlings were transplanted in late October 2002. Contaminated irrigation water was applied only once on the plants as a treatment in five plots for each crop at the rate of 2 liters per plot 3 weeks after the seedlings were transplanted. E. coli O157:H7 persisted for 154 to 217 days in soils amended with contaminated composts and was detected on lettuce and parsley for up to 77 and 177 days, respectively, after seedlings were planted. Very little difference was observed in E. coli O157:H7 persistence based on compost type alone. E. coli O157:H7 persisted longer (by {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater 60 days) in soil covered with parsley plants than in soil from lettuce plots, which were bare after lettuce was harvested. In all cases, E. coli O157:H7 in soil, regardless of source or crop type, persisted for {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater 5 months after application of contaminated compost or irrigation water.}, author = {Islam, M and Doyle, M P and Phatak, S C and Millner, P and Jiang, X} } @article {14085, title = {Persistence of enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in soil and on leaf lettuce and parsley grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, pages = {1365{\textendash}1370}, abstract = {Outbreaks of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with lettuce and other leaf crops have occurred with increasing frequency in recent years. Contaminated manure and polluted irrigation water are probable vehicles for the pathogen in many outbreaks. In this study, the occurrence and persistence of E. coli O157:H7 in soil fertilized with contaminated poultry or bovine manure composts or treated with contaminated irrigation water and on lettuce and parsley grown on these soils under natural environmental conditions was determined. Twenty-five plots, each 1.8 by 4.6 m, were used for each crop, with five treatments (one without compost, three with each of the three composts, and one without compost but treated with contaminated water) and five replication plots for each treatment. Three different types of compost, PM-5 (poultry manure compost), 338 (dairy manure compost), and NVIRO-4 (alkaline-stabilized dairy manure compost), and irrigation water were inoculated with an avirulent strain of E. coli O157:H7. Pathogen concentrations were 10(7) CFU/g of compost and 10(5) CFU/ml of water. Contaminated compost was applied to soil in the field as a strip at 4.5 metric tons per hectare on the day before lettuce and parsley seedlings were transplanted in late October 2002. Contaminated irrigation water was applied only once on the plants as a treatment in five plots for each crop at the rate of 2 liters per plot 3 weeks after the seedlings were transplanted. E. coli O157:H7 persisted for 154 to 217 days in soils amended with contaminated composts and was detected on lettuce and parsley for up to 77 and 177 days, respectively, after seedlings were planted. Very little difference was observed in E. coli O157:H7 persistence based on compost type alone. E. coli O157:H7 persisted longer (by {\textbackslash}textgreater 60 days) in soil covered with parsley plants than in soil from lettuce plots, which were bare after lettuce was harvested. In all cases, E. coli O157:H7 in soil, regardless of source or crop type, persisted for {\textbackslash}textgreater 5 months after application of contaminated compost or irrigation water.}, author = {Islam, M and Doyle, M P and Phatak, S C and Millner, P and Jiang, X} } @article {8044, title = {{Persistence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and on leaf lettuce and parsley grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, pages = {1365{\textendash}1370}, edition = {2004/07/24}, abstract = {Outbreaks of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with lettuce and other leaf crops have occurred with increasing frequency in recent years. Contaminated manure and polluted irrigation water are probable vehicles for the pathogen in many outbreaks. In this study, the occurrence and persistence of E. coli O157:H7 in soil fertilized with contaminated poultry or bovine manure composts or treated with contaminated irrigation water and on lettuce and parsley grown on these soils under natural environmental conditions was determined. Twenty-five plots, each 1.8 by 4.6 m, were used for each crop, with five treatments (one without compost, three with each of the three composts, and one without compost but treated with contaminated water) and five replication plots for each treatment. Three different types of compost, PM-5 (poultry manure compost), 338 (dairy manure compost), and NVIRO-4 (alkaline-stabilized dairy manure compost), and irrigation water were inoculated with an avirulent strain of E. coli O157:H7. Pathogen concentrations were 10(7) CFU/g of compost and 10(5) CFU/ml of water. Contaminated compost was applied to soil in the field as a strip at 4.5 metric tons per hectare on the day before lettuce and parsley seedlings were transplanted in late October 2002. Contaminated irrigation water was applied only once on the plants as a treatment in five plots for each crop at the rate of 2 liters per plot 3 weeks after the seedlings were transplanted. E. coli O157:H7 persisted for 154 to 217 days in soils amended with contaminated composts and was detected on lettuce and parsley for up to 77 and 177 days, respectively, after seedlings were planted. Very little difference was observed in E. coli O157:H7 persistence based on compost type alone. E. coli O157:H7 persisted longer (by {\textgreater} 60 days) in soil covered with parsley plants than in soil from lettuce plots, which were bare after lettuce was harvested. In all cases, E. coli O157:H7 in soil, regardless of source or crop type, persisted for {\textgreater} 5 months after application of contaminated compost or irrigation water.}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Islam, M and Doyle, M P and Phatak, S C and Millner, P and Jiang, X} } @article {2296, title = {{Persistence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and on leaf lettuce and parsley grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, pages = {1365{\textendash}1370}, edition = {2004/07/24}, abstract = {Outbreaks of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with lettuce and other leaf crops have occurred with increasing frequency in recent years. Contaminated manure and polluted irrigation water are probable vehicles for the pathogen in many outbreaks. In this study, the occurrence and persistence of E. coli O157:H7 in soil fertilized with contaminated poultry or bovine manure composts or treated with contaminated irrigation water and on lettuce and parsley grown on these soils under natural environmental conditions was determined. Twenty-five plots, each 1.8 by 4.6 m, were used for each crop, with five treatments (one without compost, three with each of the three composts, and one without compost but treated with contaminated water) and five replication plots for each treatment. Three different types of compost, PM-5 (poultry manure compost), 338 (dairy manure compost), and NVIRO-4 (alkaline-stabilized dairy manure compost), and irrigation water were inoculated with an avirulent strain of E. coli O157:H7. Pathogen concentrations were 10(7) CFU/g of compost and 10(5) CFU/ml of water. Contaminated compost was applied to soil in the field as a strip at 4.5 metric tons per hectare on the day before lettuce and parsley seedlings were transplanted in late October 2002. Contaminated irrigation water was applied only once on the plants as a treatment in five plots for each crop at the rate of 2 liters per plot 3 weeks after the seedlings were transplanted. E. coli O157:H7 persisted for 154 to 217 days in soils amended with contaminated composts and was detected on lettuce and parsley for up to 77 and 177 days, respectively, after seedlings were planted. Very little difference was observed in E. coli O157:H7 persistence based on compost type alone. E. coli O157:H7 persisted longer (by > 60 days) in soil covered with parsley plants than in soil from lettuce plots, which were bare after lettuce was harvested. In all cases, E. coli O157:H7 in soil, regardless of source or crop type, persisted for > 5 months after application of contaminated compost or irrigation water.}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Islam, M and Doyle, M P and Phatak, S C and Millner, P and Jiang, X} } @article {13686, title = {{Persistent organochlorine residues in human breast milk from Hanoi and Hochiminh City, Vietnam: contamination, accumulation kinetics and risk assessment for infants.}}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {129}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {jun}, pages = {431{\textendash}441}, abstract = {Despite the ban on persistent organochlorines (OCs) in most of the developed nations, their usage continued until recently in many Asian developing countries including Vietnam, for agricultural purposes and vector-borne disease eradication programs. In this study, we collected human breast milk samples from the two big cities in Vietnam: Hanoi (n=42) and Hochiminh (n=44) and determined the concentrations of persistent OCs such as PCBs, DDT and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordane compounds (CHLs) and tris-4-chlorophenyl-methane (TCPMe). The contamination pattern of OCs was in the order of DDTs {\textgreater} PCBs {\textgreater} HCHs {\textgreater} CHLs approximately HCB approximately TCPMe. Compilation of available data indicated that DDT residue levels in human breast milk from Vietnam were among the highest values reported for Asian developing countries as well as developed nations. This result suggests recent usage of DDTs in both north and south Vietnam. Interestingly, in both cities, the p,p{\textquoteright}-DDT portion was higher in multiparas than those in primiparas. Considering the fact that the interval between the first and the second child of a mother in Vietnam is usually short, this result probably indicates continuous intake of DDTs in the population. Analysis of infant exposure to DDTs via breast milk suggested that the daily intake rates for number of individuals are close to or above the threshold for adverse effects which may raise concern on children health.}, keywords = {Age Factors, Breast Milk, Chlordan, Chlordan: analysis, Chlordan: pharmacokinetics, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: pharmacokinetics, Developing Countries, Developmental Disabilities, Developmental Disabilities: chemically induced, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Insecticides, Insecticides: analysis, Insecticides: pharmacokinetics, Lindane, Lindane: analysis, Lindane: pharmacokinetics, Milk, Organochlorine, Parity, Pesticide Residues, Pesticide Residues: analysis, Pesticide Residues: pharmacokinetics, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods, Vietnam}, author = {Minh, Nguyen Hung and Someya, Masayuki and Minh, Tu Binh and Kunisue, Tatsuya and Iwata, Hisato and Watanabe, Mafumi and Tanabe, Shinsuke and Viet, Pham Hung and Tuyen, Bui Cach} } @article {15268, title = {Persistent organochlorine residues in human breast milk from {Hanoi} and {Hochiminh} {City}, {Vietnam}: contamination, accumulation kinetics and risk assessment for infants.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {129}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {jun}, pages = {431{\textendash}441}, abstract = {Despite the ban on persistent organochlorines (OCs) in most of the developed nations, their usage continued until recently in many Asian developing countries including Vietnam, for agricultural purposes and vector-borne disease eradication programs. In this study, we collected human breast milk samples from the two big cities in Vietnam: Hanoi (n=42) and Hochiminh (n=44) and determined the concentrations of persistent OCs such as PCBs, DDT and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordane compounds (CHLs) and tris-4-chlorophenyl-methane (TCPMe). The contamination pattern of OCs was in the order of DDTs {\textbackslash}textgreater PCBs {\textbackslash}textgreater HCHs {\textbackslash}textgreater CHLs approximately HCB approximately TCPMe. Compilation of available data indicated that DDT residue levels in human breast milk from Vietnam were among the highest values reported for Asian developing countries as well as developed nations. This result suggests recent usage of DDTs in both north and south Vietnam. Interestingly, in both cities, the p,p{\textquoteright}-DDT portion was higher in multiparas than those in primiparas. Considering the fact that the interval between the first and the second child of a mother in Vietnam is usually short, this result probably indicates continuous intake of DDTs in the population. Analysis of infant exposure to DDTs via breast milk suggested that the daily intake rates for number of individuals are close to or above the threshold for adverse effects which may raise concern on children health.}, keywords = {Age Factors, Breast Milk, Chlordan, Chlordan: analysis, Chlordan: pharmacokinetics, DDT, DDT: analysis, DDT: pharmacokinetics, Developing Countries, Developmental Disabilities, Developmental Disabilities: chemically induced, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Female, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Human, Human: chemistry, Humans, Infant, Insecticides, Insecticides: analysis, Insecticides: pharmacokinetics, Lindane, Lindane: analysis, Lindane: pharmacokinetics, Milk, Organochlorine, Parity, Pesticide Residues, Pesticide Residues: analysis, Pesticide Residues: pharmacokinetics, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: analysis, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: pharmacokinetics, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods, Vietnam}, author = {Minh, Nguyen Hung and Someya, Masayuki and Minh, Tu Binh and Kunisue, Tatsuya and Iwata, Hisato and Watanabe, Mafumi and Tanabe, Shinsuke and Viet, Pham Hung and Tuyen, Bui Cach} } @article {7730, title = {Phylogenetic Analysis and PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Identification of Campylobacter Species Based on Partial groEL Gene Sequences}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {12}, year = {2004}, note = {J1: J Clin Microbiol}, month = {08/30}, pages = {5731-5738}, abstract = {

The phylogeny of 12 Campylobacter species and reference strains of Arcobacter butzleri and Helicobacter pylori was studied based on partial 593-bp groEL gene sequences. The topology of the phylogenetic neighbor-joining tree based on the groEL gene was similar to that of the tree based on the 16S rRNA gene. However, groEL was found to provide a better resolution for Campylobacter species, with lower interspecies sequence similarities (range, 65 to 94\%) compared with those for the 16S rRNA gene (range, 90 to 99\%) and high intraspecies sequence similarities (range, 95 to 100\%; average, 99\%). A new universal reverse primer that amplifies a 517-bp fragment of the groEL gene was developed and used for PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of 68 strains representing 11 Campylobacter species as well as reference strains of A. butzlerii and H. pylori. Digestion with the AluI enzyme discriminated all Campylobacter species included in the study but showed more intraspecies diversity than digestion with the ApoI enzyme. A hippurate-negative variant of Campylobacter jejuni with a high level of groEL sequence similarity to both C. jejuni (96\%) and C. coli (94\%) gave a unique AluI profile and an ApoI profile identical to those of other C. jejuni strains. In conclusion, groEL gene sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis are recommended as valuable tools for the identification of Campylobacter species.

}, isbn = {0095-1137; 1098-660X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535295/}, author = {K{\"a}renlampi,R.I. and Tolvanen,T. P. and M L H{\"a}nninen} } @article {3950, title = {Phylogenetic analysis of a human group {B} rotavirus {WH}-1 detected in {China} in 2002.}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {662{\textendash}667}, author = {Yang, JH and Kobayashi, N and Wang, YH and Zhou, X and Li, Y and Zhou, DJ and Hu, ZH and Ishino, M and Alam, MM and Naik, TN and Ahmed, MU} } @mastersthesis {6329, title = {Planning rural water supply systems in developing countries: {The} case of {Rwanda}}, year = {2004}, note = {3156156}, school = {The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In the past decade, international donors and governments have generally required water supply systems to be financially self-sufficient, with stakeholder participation in their planning and operation so as to ensure sustainability. This research presents a new approach for planning rural water supply in developing countries that addresses many of the most common and vexing problems facing planners: where to locate point sources, how many sources to build, what prices to charge, and how to estimate the number of users. The models developed herein are based on two well-established methodologies: (1) contingent valuation (CV) surveys for assessing household willingness to pay, and (2) planning models built around the results from the CV survey. The results of a CV study conducted in Rwanda in 2000 are used to show how the findings can be embedded in optimization models to address key planning questions. Nonetheless, these models are deterministic and unrealistically assume certainty about input parameters. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to address the effects of parameter uncertainty. The cumulative distribution functions of model outputs can be used to address key water-supply planning decisions. Analysis of normalized squared values of rank correlation coefficients by model inputs on planning decisions shows that uncertainty in willingness to pay is not as important in determining where to locate improved sources as uncertainty in water-carrying distances. In addition to the primary objective of minimizing distances between households and improved water sources, there may exist a range of secondary objectives that are implicit or otherwise not included in the model formulation that result in uncertainty in the planning objectives. This source of uncertainty is addressed by identifying sets of maximally different solutions that are near to the solution of the original deterministic model, using the Modeling to Generate Alternatives methodology. The models can be used to (1) screen out grossly inferior solutions and (2) provide essentially equivalent alternatives to the stakeholders that can be evaluated against the secondary planning criteria. This approach provides stakeholders an opportunity to make choices based on their intimate knowledge of local conditions.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0543:Civil engineering, 0796:Operations research, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Developing Countries, economics, Operations research, Rural, Rwanda, Social sciences, Water Supply}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305170059?accountid=14270}, author = {Hopkins, Omar Snowden} } @article {4751, title = {{Point prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Isospora infections in patients being evaluated for diarrhea}}, journal = {American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {122}, year = {2004}, pages = {28{\textendash}32}, author = {Ribes, JA and Seabolt, JP and Overman, SB} } @booklet {1917, title = {Polio Laboratory Manual 4th edition, 2004. WHO/IVB/04.10}, year = {2004}, publisher = {WHO}, type = {Online Database}, doi = {WHO/IVB/04.10}, author = {WHO} } @article {11457, title = {Portrait of human tapeworms}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {90}, year = {2004}, pages = {914-916}, author = {Flisser, A and Viniegra, AE and Aguilar-Vega, L and Garza-Rodriguez, A and Maravilla, P and Avila, G} } @article {7608, title = {{Presence, infectivity, and stability of enteric viruses in seawater: Relationship to marine water quality in the Florida Keys}}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {48}, number = {7-8}, year = {2004}, pages = {698-704}, abstract = {

Concerns about the presence of enteric viruses in the surface waters of the Florida Keys prompted analyses of virus stability and persistence in these waters. In an in vitro study we evaluated the survival of poliovirus and stability of viral RNA in filtered natural seawater (FSW), unfiltered natural seawater (USW), artificial seawater (ASW) and DI water. This study compared cell culture infectivity with direct reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Attenuated poliovirus was seeded in the above water types and incubated in the dark at 22 and 30{\textdegree}C for 60 days. At 22{\textdegree}C, enhanced poliovirus survival and enhanced detection of viral RNA was observed in the seeded DI water control, artificial seawater and FSW samples. Detection of viruses in unfiltered seawater decreased rapidly at both temperatures by both methods of detection, suggesting that in the natural environment detection of enteroviral RNA may indicate a recent contamination event. In addition, in situ sampling in the Florida Keys during the late winter of 2000 revealed the presence of infectious enteroviruses at two sites and no sites exceeded recommended levels of microbial water quality indicators (enterococci or fecal coliform bacteria). {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.09.008}, author = {Wetz, J.J. and Lipp, E.K. and Griffin, D.W. and Lukasik, J. and Wait, D. and Sobsey, M.D. and Scott, T.M. and Rose, J.B.} } @article {1916, title = {Presence, infectivity, and stability of enteric viruses in seawater: relationship to marine water quality in the Florida Keys}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulliten}, volume = {48}, number = {11/12}, year = {2004}, pages = {698-704}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Concerns about the presence of enteric viruses in the surface waters of the Florida Keys prompted analyses of virus stability and persistence in these waters. In an in vitro study we evaluated the survival of poliovirus and stability of viral RNA in filtered natural seawater (FSW), unfiltered natural seawater (USW), artificial seawater (ASW) and DI water. This study compared cell culture infectivity with direct reverse transcription{\textendash}polymerase chain reaction analysis. Attenuated poliovirus was seeded in the above water types and incubated in the dark at 22 and 30 {\textdegree}C for 60 days. At 22 {\textdegree}C, enhanced poliovirus survival and enhanced detection of viral RNA was observed in the seeded DI water control, artificial seawater and FSW samples. Detection of viruses in unfiltered seawater decreased rapidly at both temperatures by both methods of detection, suggesting that in the natural environment detection of enteroviral RNA may indicate a recent contamination event. In addition, in situ sampling in the Florida Keys during the late winter of 2000 revealed the presence of infectious enteroviruses at two sites and no sites exceeded recommended levels of microbial water quality indicators (enterococci or fecal coliform bacteria).}, author = {Wetz, J. J. and Lipp, E. K. and Griffin, D. W. and Lukasik, J. and Wait, D. and Sobsey, M. D. and Scott, T. M. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {13805, title = {Presence, infectivity, and stability of enteric viruses in seawater: {Relationship} to marine water quality in the {Florida} {Keys}}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {48}, number = {7-8}, year = {2004}, abstract = {Concerns about the presence of enteric viruses in the surface waters of the Florida Keys prompted analyses of virus stability and persistence in these waters. In an in vitro study we evaluated the survival of poliovirus and stability of viral RNA in filtered natural seawater (FSW), unfiltered natural seawater (USW), artificial seawater (ASW) and DI water. This study compared cell culture infectivity with direct reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Attenuated poliovirus was seeded in the above water types and incubated in the dark at 22 and 30{\textdegree}C for 60 days. At 22{\textdegree}C, enhanced poliovirus survival and enhanced detection of viral RNA was observed in the seeded DI water control, artificial seawater and FSW samples. Detection of viruses in unfiltered seawater decreased rapidly at both temperatures by both methods of detection, suggesting that in the natural environment detection of enteroviral RNA may indicate a recent contamination event. In addition, in situ sampling in the Florida Keys during the late winter of 2000 revealed the presence of infectious enteroviruses at two sites and no sites exceeded recommended levels of microbial water quality indicators (enterococci or fecal coliform bacteria). {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.09.008}, author = {Wetz, J.J. and Lipp, E.K. and Griffin, D.W. and Lukasik, J. and Wait, D. and Sobsey, M.D. and Scott, T.M. and Rose, J.B.} } @article {15895, title = {Prevalence and age-related variation of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in dairy calves}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {122}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, month = {Jun 21}, pages = {103-17}, edition = {2004/06/05}, keywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Animals, Suckling, Base Sequence, Cattle, Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary, Cryptosporidium/genetics/growth \& development/*physiology, DNA, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics, Feces/parasitology, Female, Microscopy, Fluorescence/veterinary, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary, prevalence, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/chemistry/genetics, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis, DNA, United States/epidemiology}, isbn = {0304-4017 (Print)
0304-4017}, author = {Santin, M. and Trout, J. M. and Xiao, L. and Zhou, L. and Greiner, E. and Fayer, R.} } @article {2443, title = {{Prevalence and antibiotic resistant Shigellae among primary school children in urban Calabar, Nigeria}}, journal = {Asia Pac J Public Health}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {41{\textendash}44}, edition = {2008/10/09}, abstract = {In a recent study, involving the examination of 593 stool samples obtained from randomly selected children from three primary schools in Calabar, Shigella spp. were isolated from 123 (20.7\%) of the samples. The infection rate was highest among the younger children with (64.2\%) 79/123 of the isolates coming from children under 10 years of age. Infection rate was comparable among boys and girls (p = 0.1). Only two species of Shigella were isolated viz: Shigella flexneri 12.0\% (71/593) and Shigella sonnei 8.8\% (52/593), in this study. The infection rate was highest in the Government Public Primary school, which also had the highest ratio of pupils per toilet. In all, 24 (19.5\%) of the isolates were sensitive to all of the nine antimicrobial agents tested while 67 (54.5\%) were resistant to two or more antibiotics. The data generated from this study show that there is a high infection rate of shigellosis among primary school children in this study area and calls for better health education, improved and sustainable sanitation and provision of more functional toilets with running water in the primary schools.}, isbn = {1010-5395 (Print) 1010-5395 (Linking)}, author = {Udo, S M and Eja, M E} } @article {14257, title = {Prevalence and antibiotic resistant {Shigellae} among primary school children in urban {Calabar}, {Nigeria}}, journal = {Asia Pac J Public Health}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {41{\textendash}44}, abstract = {In a recent study, involving the examination of 593 stool samples obtained from randomly selected children from three primary schools in Calabar, Shigella spp. were isolated from 123 (20.7\%) of the samples. The infection rate was highest among the younger children with (64.2\%) 79/123 of the isolates coming from children under 10 years of age. Infection rate was comparable among boys and girls (p = 0.1). Only two species of Shigella were isolated viz: Shigella flexneri 12.0\% (71/593) and Shigella sonnei 8.8\% (52/593), in this study. The infection rate was highest in the Government Public Primary school, which also had the highest ratio of pupils per toilet. In all, 24 (19.5\%) of the isolates were sensitive to all of the nine antimicrobial agents tested while 67 (54.5\%) were resistant to two or more antibiotics. The data generated from this study show that there is a high infection rate of shigellosis among primary school children in this study area and calls for better health education, improved and sustainable sanitation and provision of more functional toilets with running water in the primary schools.}, author = {Udo, S M and Eja, M E} } @article {8157, title = {{Prevalence and antibiotic resistant Shigellae among primary school children in urban Calabar, Nigeria}}, journal = {Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {41{\textendash}44}, edition = {2008/10/09}, abstract = {

In a recent study, involving the examination of 593 stool samples obtained from randomly selected children from three primary schools in Calabar, Shigella spp. were isolated from 123 (20.7{\%}) of the samples. The infection rate was highest among the younger children with (64.2{\%}) 79/123 of the isolates coming from children under 10 years of age. Infection rate was comparable among boys and girls (p = 0.1). Only two species of Shigella were isolated viz: Shigella flexneri 12.0{\%} (71/593) and Shigella sonnei 8.8{\%} (52/593), in this study. The infection rate was highest in the Government Public Primary school, which also had the highest ratio of pupils per toilet. In all, 24 (19.5{\%}) of the isolates were sensitive to all of the nine antimicrobial agents tested while 67 (54.5{\%}) were resistant to two or more antibiotics. The data generated from this study show that there is a high infection rate of shigellosis among primary school children in this study area and calls for better health education, improved and sustainable sanitation and provision of more functional toilets with running water in the primary schools.

}, isbn = {1010-5395 (Print)1010-5395 (Linking)}, author = {Udo, S M and Eja, M E} } @article {3937, title = {Prevalence and genetic diversity of human astroviruses in {Mexican} children with symptomatic and asymptomatic infections.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {151{\textendash}157}, author = {M{\'e}ndez-Toss, M and Griffin, DD and Calva, J and Contreras, JF and Puerto, FI and Mota, F and Guiscafr{\'e}, H and Cedillo, R and Mu{\~n}oz, O and Herrera, I and L{\'o}pez, S and Arias, CF} } @article {10008, title = {{Prevalence and patterns of polyomavirus urinary excretion in immunocompetent adults and children}}, journal = {European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, pages = {640{\textendash}644}, abstract = {A B S T R A C T BK and JC polyomavirus infections are acquired commonly during childhood, mainly asymptomat-ically. These viruses are thought to remain latent in renal tissue after the primary infection and to reactivate under certain conditions. This reactivation leads to urinary excretion of virus particles, which can be detected by a range of methods. However, while this reactivation has been studied in depth in immunocompromised patients, little information is available about healthy individuals. The present study used PCR-based methods to examine urine samples from healthy individuals (51 adults and 15 children), and found that 62.7{\%} of adults and 13.2{\%} of children excreted polyomaviruses in the urine, mostly JC virus (41.2{\%}). JC virus excretion was continuous, while BK virus excretion was mostly occasional.}, keywords = {Excretion, Polyomavirus, Urinary excretion}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00882.x}, url = {http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1198743X14628925/1-s2.0-S1198743X14628925-main.pdf?{\_}tid=3dee7e96-51b6-11e7-abef-00000aacb35f{\&}acdnat=1497523062{\_}afcc5620a20391e2704df7332e134c16}, author = {Polo, C and P{\'e}rez, J L and Mielnichuck, A and Fedele, C G and Niub{\`o}, J and Tenorio, A} } @article {988, title = {{Prevalence and patterns of polyomavirus urinary excretion in immunocompetent adults and children}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, pages = {640{\textendash}644}, abstract = {BK and JC polyomavirus infections are acquired commonly during childhood, mainly asymptomatically. These viruses are thought to remain latent in renal tissue after the primary infection and to reactivate under certain conditions. This reactivation leads to urinary excretion of virus particles, which can be detected by a range of methods. However, while this reactivation has been studied in depth in immunocompromised patients, little information is available about healthy individuals. The present study used PCR-based methods to examine urine samples from healthy individuals (51 adults and 15 children), and found that 62.7\% of adults and 13.2\% of children excreted polyomaviruses in the urine, mostly JC virus (41.2\%). JC virus excretion was continuous, while BK virus excretion was mostly occasional.}, keywords = {Excretion, Polymavirus, Urinary excretion}, isbn = {1198-743X (Print)$\backslash$n1198-743X (Linking)}, issn = {1198743X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00882.x}, author = {Polo, C. and P{\'e}rez, J. L. and Mielnichuck, A. and Fedele, C. G. and Niub{\'o}, J. and Tenorio, A.} } @article {9467, title = {{Prevalence of Cyclospora sp., Cryptosporidium sp, microsporidia and fecal coliform determination in fresh fruit and vegetables consumed in Costa Rica}}, journal = {Arch Latinoam Nutr}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {428{\textendash}432}, author = {Calvo, M and Carazo, M and Arias, ML and Chaves, C and Monge, R and Chinchilla, M} } @article {9400, title = {{Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation in schoolchildren in the northeastern part of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, pages = {501{\textendash}505}, author = {Sharma, BK and Rai, SK and Rai, DR and Choudhury, DR} } @article {8010, title = {{Prevalence of the stx2 gene in coliform populations from aquatic environments}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, month = {jun}, pages = {3535{\textendash}40}, abstract = {Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains are human pathogens linked to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The major virulence factors of these strains are Shiga toxins Stx1 and Stx2. The majority of the genes coding for these toxins are borne by bacteriophages. Free Stx2-encoding bacteriophages have been found in aquatic environments, but there is limited information about the lysogenic strains and bacteria present in the environment that are susceptible to phage infection. The aim of this work was to study the prevalence and the distribution of the stx(2) gene in coliform bacteria in sewage samples of different origins. The presence of the stx(2) gene was monitored every 2 weeks over a 1-year period in a municipal sewage treatment plant. A mean value of 10(2) genes/ml was observed without significant variation during the study period. This concentration was of the same order of magnitude in raw municipal sewage of various origins and in animal wastewater from several slaughterhouses. A total of 138 strains carrying the stx(2) gene were isolated by colony hybridization. This procedure detected approximately 1 gene-carrying colony per 1,000 fecal coliform colonies in municipal sewage and around 1 gene-carrying colony per 100 fecal coliform colonies in animal wastewaters. Most of the isolates belonged to E. coli serotypes other than E. coli O157, suggesting a low prevalence of strains of this serotype carrying the stx(2) gene in the wastewater studied.}, keywords = {Abattoirs, Animals, Cattle, DNA, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli: metabolism, Fluid, Humans, Phenotype, Polymerase Chain Reaction, prevalence, Seasons, Sequence Analysis, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: genetics, Shiga Toxin 1: metabolism, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Shiga Toxin 2: metabolism, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.6.3535-3540.2004}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=427775{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a-Aljaro, C and Muniesa, M and Jofre, J and Blanch, A.R} } @article {8011, title = {{Prevalence of the stx2 gene in coliform populations from aquatic environments}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, month = {jun}, pages = {3535{\textendash}3540}, edition = {2004/06/09}, abstract = {Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains are human pathogens linked to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The major virulence factors of these strains are Shiga toxins Stx1 and Stx2. The majority of the genes coding for these toxins are borne by bacteriophages. Free Stx2-encoding bacteriophages have been found in aquatic environments, but there is limited information about the lysogenic strains and bacteria present in the environment that are susceptible to phage infection. The aim of this work was to study the prevalence and the distribution of the stx(2) gene in coliform bacteria in sewage samples of different origins. The presence of the stx(2) gene was monitored every 2 weeks over a 1-year period in a municipal sewage treatment plant. A mean value of 10(2) genes/ml was observed without significant variation during the study period. This concentration was of the same order of magnitude in raw municipal sewage of various origins and in animal wastewater from several slaughterhouses. A total of 138 strains carrying the stx(2) gene were isolated by colony hybridization. This procedure detected approximately 1 gene-carrying colony per 1,000 fecal coliform colonies in municipal sewage and around 1 gene-carrying colony per 100 fecal coliform colonies in animal wastewaters. Most of the isolates belonged to E. coli serotypes other than E. coli O157, suggesting a low prevalence of strains of this serotype carrying the stx(2) gene in the wastewater studied}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.6.3535-3540.2004}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a-Aljaro, C and Muniesa, M and Jofre, J and Blanch, AR} } @article {14030, title = {Prevalence of the stx2 gene in coliform populations from aquatic environments}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, month = {jun}, pages = {3535{\textendash}40}, abstract = {Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains are human pathogens linked to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The major virulence factors of these strains are Shiga toxins Stx1 and Stx2. The majority of the genes coding for these toxins are borne by bacteriophages. Free Stx2-encoding bacteriophages have been found in aquatic environments, but there is limited information about the lysogenic strains and bacteria present in the environment that are susceptible to phage infection. The aim of this work was to study the prevalence and the distribution of the stx(2) gene in coliform bacteria in sewage samples of different origins. The presence of the stx(2) gene was monitored every 2 weeks over a 1-year period in a municipal sewage treatment plant. A mean value of 10(2) genes/ml was observed without significant variation during the study period. This concentration was of the same order of magnitude in raw municipal sewage of various origins and in animal wastewater from several slaughterhouses. A total of 138 strains carrying the stx(2) gene were isolated by colony hybridization. This procedure detected approximately 1 gene-carrying colony per 1,000 fecal coliform colonies in municipal sewage and around 1 gene-carrying colony per 100 fecal coliform colonies in animal wastewaters. Most of the isolates belonged to E. coli serotypes other than E. coli O157, suggesting a low prevalence of strains of this serotype carrying the stx(2) gene in the wastewater studied.}, keywords = {Abattoirs, Animals, Cattle, DNA, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: metabolism, Fluid, Humans, Phenotype, Polymerase Chain Reaction, prevalence, Seasons, Sequence Analysis, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: genetics, Shiga Toxin 1: metabolism, Shiga Toxin 2, Shiga Toxin 2: genetics, Shiga Toxin 2: metabolism, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.6.3535-3540.2004}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=427775\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a-Aljaro, C and Muniesa, M and Jofre, J and Blanch, A.R} } @article {14031, title = {Prevalence of the stx2 gene in coliform populations from aquatic environments}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, month = {jun}, pages = {3535{\textendash}3540}, abstract = {Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains are human pathogens linked to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The major virulence factors of these strains are Shiga toxins Stx1 and Stx2. The majority of the genes coding for these toxins are borne by bacteriophages. Free Stx2-encoding bacteriophages have been found in aquatic environments, but there is limited information about the lysogenic strains and bacteria present in the environment that are susceptible to phage infection. The aim of this work was to study the prevalence and the distribution of the stx(2) gene in coliform bacteria in sewage samples of different origins. The presence of the stx(2) gene was monitored every 2 weeks over a 1-year period in a municipal sewage treatment plant. A mean value of 10(2) genes/ml was observed without significant variation during the study period. This concentration was of the same order of magnitude in raw municipal sewage of various origins and in animal wastewater from several slaughterhouses. A total of 138 strains carrying the stx(2) gene were isolated by colony hybridization. This procedure detected approximately 1 gene-carrying colony per 1,000 fecal coliform colonies in municipal sewage and around 1 gene-carrying colony per 100 fecal coliform colonies in animal wastewaters. Most of the isolates belonged to E. coli serotypes other than E. coli O157, suggesting a low prevalence of strains of this serotype carrying the stx(2) gene in the wastewater studied}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.6.3535-3540.2004}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a-Aljaro, C and Muniesa, M and Jofre, J and Blanch, AR} } @article {2251, title = {Prevalence of the stx2 gene in coliform populations from aquatic environments}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, month = {jun}, pages = {3535{\textendash}3540}, edition = {2004/06/09}, abstract = {

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains are human pathogens linked to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The major virulence factors of these strains are Shiga toxins Stx1 and Stx2. The majority of the genes coding for these toxins are borne by bacteriophages. Free Stx2-encoding bacteriophages have been found in aquatic environments, but there is limited information about the lysogenic strains and bacteria present in the environment that are susceptible to phage infection. The aim of this work was to study the prevalence and the distribution of the stx(2) gene in coliform bacteria in sewage samples of different origins. The presence of the stx(2) gene was monitored every 2 weeks over a 1-year period in a municipal sewage treatment plant. A mean value of 10(2) genes/ml was observed without significant variation during the study period. This concentration was of the same order of magnitude in raw municipal sewage of various origins and in animal wastewater from several slaughterhouses. A total of 138 strains carrying the stx(2) gene were isolated by colony hybridization. This procedure detected approximately 1 gene-carrying colony per 1,000 fecal coliform colonies in municipal sewage and around 1 gene-carrying colony per 100 fecal coliform colonies in animal wastewaters. Most of the isolates belonged to E. coli serotypes other than E. coli O157, suggesting a low prevalence of strains of this serotype carrying the stx(2) gene in the wastewater studied.

}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.6.3535-3540.200470/6/3535 [pii]}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a-Aljaro, Cristina and Muniesa, Maite and Jofre, Juan and Blanch, Anicet R and Garc{\'\i}a-Aljaro, C and Muniesa, Maite and Jofre, Juan and Blanch, Anicet R} } @article {4893, title = {{Prevalencia de Cyclospora sp., Cryptosporidium sp.,microsporidios y determinacion de coliformes fecales en frutas y vegetales frescos de consumo crudo en Costa Rica}}, journal = {Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrici{\'o}n}, volume = {54}, year = {2004}, pages = {428{\textendash}432}, author = {Calvo, M and Carazo, M and Arias, ML and Chaves, C and Monges, R and Chinchilla, M} } @article {6996, title = {The prominence of health in donor policy for water supply and sanitation: a review}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {sep}, pages = {157{\textendash}169}, abstract = {Improved water supply, sanitation and hygiene used in combination are effective at achieving better health for poor people in developing countries. However, donor policy has been dominated by interventions in water supply, at the expense of achieving the potential health benefits of improved sanitation and hygiene. Commitments recently made by the international community require greater emphasis on improved sanitation and hygiene and their impacts on health. This review assesses whether such a shift in emphasis is apparent in donor policy. It examines the prominence given to achieving better health in water supply and sanitation policies of three donors: the World Bank, the European Union and the Department for International Development of the British Government. It finds that health benefits are explicit and integral in recently updated policy documentation concerning water supply and sanitation. This has taken place in an environment focused on poverty reduction and demand-led, financially sustainable interventions. Mechanisms that have enabled donors to prioritise the health impacts in this environment are discussed, including adoption of an asset-based conceptualisation of poverty and a cross-sectoral approach.}, keywords = {Communicable Disease Control, Developing Countries, European Union, Financing, Health Priorities, Humans, Organizational Objectives, Organized, Poverty, Public health, sanitation, United Nations, Water Supply}, issn = {1477-8920}, author = {Clark, Rebecca and Gundry, Stephen W.} } @article {15188, title = {{QMRA} (quantitative microbial risk assessment) and {HACCP} (hazard analysis and critical control points) for management of pathogens in wastewater and sewage sludge treatment and reuse}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {23{\textendash}30}, author = {Westrell, Therese and Sch{\"o}nning, C and Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m and Ashbolt, NJ} } @article {15240, title = {{QMRA} (quantitative microbial risk assessment) and {HACCP} (hazard analysis and critical control points) for management of pathogens in wastewater and sewage sludge treatment and reuse.}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {23{\textendash}30}, abstract = {Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) was applied for identifying and controlling exposure to pathogenic microorganisms encountered during normal sludge and wastewater handling at a 12,500 m3/d treatment plant utilising tertiary wastewater treatment and mesophilic sludge digestion. The hazardous scenarios considered were human exposure during treatment, handling, soil application and crop consumption, and exposure via water at the wetland-area and recreational swimming. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), including rotavirus, adenovirus, haemorrhagic E. coli, Salmonella, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, was performed in order to prioritise pathogen hazards for control purposes. Human exposures were treated as individual risks but also related to the endemic situation in the general population. The highest individual health risk from a single exposure was via aerosols for workers at the belt press for sludge dewatering (virus infection risk = 1). The largest impact on the community would arise if children ingested sludge at the unprotected storage site, although in the worst-case situation the largest number of infections would arise through vegetables fertilised with sludge and eaten raw (not allowed in Sweden). Acceptable risk for various hazardous scenarios, treatment and/or reuse strategies could be tested in the model.}, keywords = {Adenovirus, Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium: isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium: pathogenicity, E. coli, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Feacal sludge, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Giardia, Giardia lamblia, Giardia: isolation \& purification, Giardia: pathogenicity, HACCP, Humans, Proportional Hazards Models, Public health, QMRA, Risk Assessment, rotavirus, Rotavirus: isolation \& purification, Rotavirus: pathogenicity, Salmonella, Salmonella: isolation \& purification, Salmonella: pathogenicity, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Waste Disposal, wastewater, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, author = {Westrell, T and Sch{\"o}nning, C and Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m and Ashbolt, N J} } @article {3763, title = {{QMRA} (quantitative microbial risk assessment) and {HACCP} (hazard analysis and critical control points) for management of pathogens in wastewater and sewage sludge treatment and reuse.}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {23{\textendash}30}, author = {Westrell, T and Sch{\"o}nning, C and Stenstr{\"o}m, TA and Ashbolt, NJ} } @article {13658, title = {{QMRA (quantitative microbial risk assessment) and HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control points) for management of pathogens in wastewater and sewage sludge treatment and reuse.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {23{\textendash}30}, abstract = {Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) was applied for identifying and controlling exposure to pathogenic microorganisms encountered during normal sludge and wastewater handling at a 12,500 m3/d treatment plant utilising tertiary wastewater treatment and mesophilic sludge digestion. The hazardous scenarios considered were human exposure during treatment, handling, soil application and crop consumption, and exposure via water at the wetland-area and recreational swimming. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), including rotavirus, adenovirus, haemorrhagic E. coli, Salmonella, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, was performed in order to prioritise pathogen hazards for control purposes. Human exposures were treated as individual risks but also related to the endemic situation in the general population. The highest individual health risk from a single exposure was via aerosols for workers at the belt press for sludge dewatering (virus infection risk = 1). The largest impact on the community would arise if children ingested sludge at the unprotected storage site, although in the worst-case situation the largest number of infections would arise through vegetables fertilised with sludge and eaten raw (not allowed in Sweden). Acceptable risk for various hazardous scenarios, treatment and/or reuse strategies could be tested in the model.}, keywords = {Adenovirus, Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium: isolation {\&} purification, Cryptosporidium: pathogenicity, E. coli, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Feacal sludge, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Giardia, Giardia lamblia, Giardia: isolation {\&} purification, Giardia: pathogenicity, HACCP, Humans, Proportional Hazards Models, Public health, QMRA, Risk Assessment, rotavirus, Rotavirus: isolation {\&} purification, Rotavirus: pathogenicity, Salmonella, Salmonella: isolation {\&} purification, Salmonella: pathogenicity, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Waste Disposal, wastewater, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, author = {Westrell, T and Sch{\"o}nning, C and Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m and Ashbolt, N J} } @article {10331, title = {QMRA (quantitative microbial risk assessment) and HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control points) for management of pathogens in wastewater and sewage sludge treatment and reuse}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {23{\textendash}30}, author = {Westrell, Therese and Sch{\"o}nning, C and Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m and Ashbolt, NJ} } @article {9986, title = {{Quantification of human astroviruses in sewage using real-time RT-PCR}}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {155}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {11{\textendash}15}, abstract = {Human astroviruses constitute a significant cause of acute diarrhea in children. Viral transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route, predominantly person-to-person, but the consumption of fecally contaminated water and shellfish has also been implicated. Viral pathogen detection in water, especially, in wastewater, is difficult and PCR is widely used to detect these viruses. Despite the recent development of real-time quantitative PCR, quantification of astroviruses in sewage had not been available up to now. We have developed a method to quantify astroviruses in sewage. For this purpose, we designed a set of primers and a fluorogenic probe located at the 3'-end of the genome of human astroviruses. The amplified region was cloned and the plasmid was transcribed to generate calibration standards for quantification. After validation of the standards, the method was evaluated in artificially contaminated samples. To validate the method on naturally contaminated samples, raw and treated wastewater samples were collected monthly for one year in a sewage treatment plant. Astrovirus genomes were detected in all samples collected at the entrance to the sewage treatment plant, with a mean value of 4.1{\texttimes}106 astrovirus genomes for 100 ml. Effluents were less strongly contaminated, with a mean value of 1.01{\texttimes}104 astrovirus genomes. The high prevalence of astroviruses in sewage treatment plant effluents indicates that these plants are not efficiently eliminating the virus. This is a major public health concern and new techniques of depuration are needed. Our method could be effectively used in evaluating new treatment processes to reduce the viral load in the effluent of treatment plants. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Human astroviruses, Real-time PCR, RT-PCR, Sewage}, isbn = {0923-2508 (Print){\$}\backslash{\$}r0923-2508 (Linking)}, issn = {09232508}, doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2003.09.013}, author = {Le Cann, P. and Ranarijaona, S. and Monpoeho, S. and Le Guyader, F. and Ferre, V.} } @article {3248, title = {Quantification of human astroviruses in sewage using real-time RT-PCR}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {155}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {11{\textendash}15}, abstract = {

Human astroviruses constitute a significant cause of acute diarrhea in children. Viral transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route, predominantly person-to-person, but the consumption of fecally contaminated water and shellfish has also been implicated. Viral pathogen detection in water, especially, in wastewater, is difficult and PCR is widely used to detect these viruses. Despite the recent development of real-time quantitative PCR, quantification of astroviruses in sewage had not been available up to now. We have developed a method to quantify astroviruses in sewage. For this purpose, we designed a set of primers and a fluorogenic probe located at the 3'-end of the genome of human astroviruses. The amplified region was cloned and the plasmid was transcribed to generate calibration standards for quantification. After validation of the standards, the method was evaluated in artificially contaminated samples. To validate the method on naturally contaminated samples, raw and treated wastewater samples were collected monthly for one year in a sewage treatment plant. Astrovirus genomes were detected in all samples collected at the entrance to the sewage treatment plant, with a mean value of 4.1{\texttimes}106 astrovirus genomes for 100 ml. Effluents were less strongly contaminated, with a mean value of 1.01{\texttimes}104 astrovirus genomes. The high prevalence of astroviruses in sewage treatment plant effluents indicates that these plants are not efficiently eliminating the virus. This is a major public health concern and new techniques of depuration are needed. Our method could be effectively used in evaluating new treatment processes to reduce the viral load in the effluent of treatment plants. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Human astroviruses, Real-time PCR, RT-PCR, Sewage}, isbn = {0923-2508 (Print)$\backslash$r0923-2508 (Linking)}, issn = {09232508}, doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2003.09.013}, author = {Le Cann, Pierre and Ranarijaona, Sandrine and Monpoeho, Serge and Le Guyader, Fran{\c c}oise and Ferr{\'e}, Virginie} } @article {3247, title = {{Quantitative RT-PCR for the enumeration of noroviruses (Norwalk-like viruses) in water and sewage}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {127{\textendash}136}, abstract = {AIMS: Aims of investigation: (i) develop a quantitative RT-PCR for noroviruses and (ii) evaluate it on environmental samples. METHODS AND RESULTS: Noroviruses in environmental water samples were concentrated by adsorption/elution/flocculation. Sewage was processed by clarification and protein flocculation. Norovirus-specific cDNA produced by primer-directed reverse transcription of extracted RNA was amplified by LightCycler and accumulation of product monitored by observation of fluorescence induced by the incorporation of SYBR Green. Absolute quantitation of product was achieved by construction of standard curves using quantitative standards produced by cloning a modified sequence of the 3{\textquoteright}-region of the forward norovirus primer. Reaction specificity was confirmed by analysis of product melting curves. CONCLUSIONS: Sewage was found to contain up to 1.8 x 10(6) norovirus cDNA copies per 100 ml and effluent contained up to 1.7 x 10(6) copies per 10 l. Marine bathing water and recreational river waters also contained noroviruses. Sample inhibition was detected to varying degrees in most sample types. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study will enable quantitative comparisons be made of samples from different locations and treatment processes, and inform the debate on the revision of the EU Bathing Water Directive; it will have important implications for the analysis of samples derived from different aquatic matrices, and from foods.}, keywords = {effluent, Enteric viruses, Gastroenteritis, Quantitative PCR, Water Pollution, Waterborne disease}, isbn = {0266-8254}, issn = {02668254}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2004.01534.x}, author = {Laverick, M. A. and Wyn-Jones, A. P. and Carter, M. J.} } @article {17125, title = {Quantitative RT-PCR for the enumeration of noroviruses (Norwalk-like viruses) in water and sewage}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {127{\textendash}136}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Laverick, MA and Wyn-Jones, AP and Carter, MJ} } @article {3134, title = {Radiographic, ultrasonographic, and computed tomographic appearance of alveolar echinococcosis in dogs}, journal = {Veterinary Radiology \& Ultrasound: The Official Journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association}, volume = {45}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, month = {oct}, pages = {411{\textendash}418}, abstract = {Alveolar echinococcosis is a rare metacestodal infection of humans and domestic animals with Echinococcus multilocularis and predominantly affects the liver. In humans, diagnosis is based on serology, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), techniques that have not yet been validated for the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis in dogs. Therefore, the purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the radiographic, ultrasonographic, and CT appearance of canine alveolar echinococcosis. Eleven dogs with confirmed alveolar echinococcosis (PCR or histology from biopsy material of metacestode tissue) diagnosed between 1995 and 2003 were included in the study. The age of the dogs at initial presentation ranged from 7 months to 10.5 years. Abdominal radiographs were made in nine animals, abdominal ultrasonography was performed in 10 dogs, and two CT studies in one dog, respectively. The history, clinical presentation, and laboratory findings for the 11 dogs were unspecific, the most frequent clinical finding being nonpainful progressive abdominal distention. All radiographed dogs had large liver masses; they contained small mineralizations in five. The most frequent ultrasonographic finding was multiple large cavitary masses with or without wall mineralizations. Seven animals received surgical and subsequent medical therapy with albendazole (10mg/kg) and all went into clinical remission. This study reviewed for the first time imaging findings associated with alveolar echinococcosis. The disease has to be included in the list of differential diagnoses in dogs with large, cavitary liver masses, particularly when mineralization is noted.}, keywords = {Animals, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Female, Hepatic, Male, Records as Topic, Retrospective Studies, Switzerland}, issn = {1058-8183}, author = {Scharf, Gernot and Deplazes, Peter and Kaser-Hotz, Barbara and Borer, Luc and Hasler, Andreas and Haller, Markus and Fl{\"u}ckiger, Mark} } @article {13499, title = {Randomized trial of a single, double and triple dose of 10 mg/kg of a human formulation of triclabendazole in patients with fascioliasis}, journal = {Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol}, volume = {31}, year = {2004}, pages = {777-782}, author = {Talaie, H. and Emami, H. and Yadegarinia, D. and Nava-Ocampo, A. A. and Massoud, J. and Azmoudeh, M. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {10083, title = {{Rapid estimation of numbers of fecal Bacteroidetes by use of a quantitative PCR assay for 16S rRNA genes}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, pages = {5695{\textendash}5697}, author = {Dick, LK and Field, KG} } @article {11426, title = {Recovery of putative taeniid eggs from silt in water associated with an outbreak of bovine cysticercosis}, journal = {The Canadian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {45}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, pages = {758}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Scandrett, WB and Gajadhar, AA} } @article {10405, title = {Reduction of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages infecting faecal bacteria in primary and secondary wastewater treatments}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {97}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {1069{\textendash}1076}, author = {Lucena, F and Duran, AE and Mor{\'o}n, A and Calder{\'o}n, E and Campos, C and Gantzer, C and Skraber, S and Jofre, J} } @article {15080, title = {Reduction of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages infecting faecal bacteria in primary and secondary wastewater treatments}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {97}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {1069{\textendash}1076}, author = {Lucena, F and Duran, AE and Mor{\'o}n, A and Calder{\'o}n, E and Campos, C and Gantzer, C and Skraber, S and Jofre, J} } @article {4288, title = {{Reduction of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages infecting faecal bacteria in primary and secondary wastewater treatments.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {97}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, month = {jan}, pages = {1069{\textendash}76}, abstract = {

AIMS: To compare the suitability of various bacterial and viral indicators to assess the removal of faecal micro-organisms by primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The numbers of several bacterial indicators [faecal coliforms (FC), enterococci (ENT) and sulphite-reducing clostridia (SRC)] and bacteriophages (somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA phages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis strain RYC2056) were determined in incoming raw sewage and effluents from various primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes in several geographical areas. Reductions in the numbers of indicators were calculated as log10 reductions. Processes based on removal and mild disinfection, showed no significant differences in the elimination of any of the indicators tested or between geographical areas. In contrast, treatment processes that include strong microbial inactivation, such as lime-aided flocculation and lagooning, showed significant differences between the log10 reductions of the various micro-organisms studied, FC showing the highest reduction and spores of SRC and phages infecting B. fragilis the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: The microbial elimination performance of treatment processes based principally on removal and mild disinfection can be evaluated with a single indicator. In contrast, processes with additional disinfecting capabilities require more than one indicator for accurate evaluation of the treatment; bacteriophages are good candidates for use as second indicators. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Bacteriophages provide additional information for the evaluation of microbial elimination in some treatment plants. The easy, fast and cheap methods available for phage determination are feasible both in industrialized and developing countries.

}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Flocculation, Humans, Quality Control, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02397.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15479424}, author = {Lucena, F and Dur{\'a}n, A E and Mor{\'o}n, A and Calder{\'o}n, E and Campos, C and Gantzer, C and Skraber, S and Jofre, J} } @article {17204, title = {Reduction of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in chicken manure by larvae of the black soldier fly}, journal = {Journal of Food ProtectionJournal of food protection}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {Apr}, pages = {685-690}, keywords = {bacteria, bovine manure, destruction, Diptera, maggots, Slurry, stratiomyidae, Survival, temperatures, typhimurium}, isbn = {0362-028x}, author = {Erickson, M. C. and Islam, M. and Sheppard, C. and Liao, J. and Doyle, M. P.} } @article {15904, title = {Reduction of pathogens, indicator bacteria, and alternative indicators by wastewater treatment and reclamation processes}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {247-252}, author = {Scott, Troy and R. McLaughlin, M. and Harwood, Valerie and Chivukula, Vasanta and Levine, Audrey and Gennaccaro, A. and Lukasik, J. and Farrah, Samuel and Rose, Joan} } @article {4331, title = {{Reduction of pathogens, indicator bacteria, and alternative indicators by wastewater treatment and reclamation processes}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology: Water Supply}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Water Environmental Research Foundation (WERF), Final Report No. 00-PUM-2T.}, issn = {1607-0798}, author = {Rose, J.B. and SR Farrah and Harwood, V.J. and Levine, A. and Lukasik, J. and Menendez, P and Scott, T.M.} } @article {15223, title = {Reduction of pathogens, indicator bacteria, and alternative indicators by wastewater treatment and reclamation processes. Final Report}, year = {2004}, institution = {Water Environment Research Foundation}, address = {Alexandria, Virginia, USA}, author = {J B Rose and SR Farrah and Harwood, VJ and Levine, AD and Lukasik, J and Menendez, P and Scott, TM} } @booklet {1807, title = {Reductions of Pathogens, Indicator Bacteria, and Alternative Indicators by Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation Processes}, volume = {Report 00-PUM-2T}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Water Environment Research Foundation; https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=2\&ved=0CCEQFjABahUKEwjQqoOA_-jGAhVBVhQKHRBZAwE\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fthewatchers.us\%2FEPA\%2F13\%2F2004-Rose-reclaimed-water.pdf\&ei=KomsVdDtLsGsUZCyjQg\&usg=AFQ}, type = {Electronic Article}, abstract = {Traditionally, regulators, dischargers, and even water suppliers believed that wastewater discharge meeting thelevels of 200 cfu/100 mL of fecal coliforms in wastewater effluent was sufficient to protect against downstreammicrobial effects. However, these beliefs are now being challenged by emerging pathogens that are resistant tostandard water and wastewater treatment processes, exhibit extended survival periods in the environment, canadversely affect sensitive subpopulations, and require extremely low doses for human infection. Based on thisnew information, it is estimated that discharges of emerging pathogens from conventional wastewater treatmentplants as far as 160 km upstream and cumulative amounts of wastewater discharge ranging from 2 to 20 ML/dhave the potential to reach a water supply intake in a viable state at significant concentrations that could exceedregulatory limits for drinking water supplies, increase endemic risk from drinking water, and/or require additionaldrinking water treatment. Wastewater dischargers may be able mitigate this potential effect and achieveupwards of 6 log combined removal and inactivation of emerging pathogens to mitigate drinking water effects byusing alternative treatment processes, such as filtration or UV light disinfection, or optimizing these processesbased on site-specific conditions.}, author = {Rose, J. B. and Farrah, S. R. and Harwood, V. J. and Levine, A. D. and Lukasik, J. and Menendez, P. and Scott, T. M.} } @article {7186, title = {Reforming health care financing in {Bulgaria}: the population perspective}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {feb}, pages = {753{\textendash}765}, abstract = {Health financing reform in Bulgaria has been characterised by lack of political consensus on reform direction, economic shocks, and, since 1998, steps towards social insurance. As in other eastern European countries, the reform has been driven by an imperative to embrace new ideas modelled on systems elsewhere, but with little attention to whether these reflect popular values. This study explores underlying values, such as views on the role of the state and solidarity, attitudes to, and understanding of compulsory and voluntary insurance, and co-payments. The study identifies general principles (equity, transparency) considered important by the population and practical aspects of implementation of reform. Data were obtained from a representative survey (n=1547) and from 58 in-depth interviews and 6 focus groups with users and health professionals, conducted in 1997 before the actual reform of the health financing system in Bulgaria. A majority supports significant state involvement in health care financing, ranging from providing safety net for the poor, through co-subsidising or regulating the social insurance system, to providing state-financed universal free care (half of all respondents). Collectivist values in Bulgaria remain strong, with support for free access to services regardless of income, age, or health status and progressive funding. There is strong support (especially among the well off) for a social insurance system based on the principle of solidarity and accountability rather than the former tax-based model. The preferred health insurance fund was autonomous, state regulated, financing only health care, and offering optional membership. Voluntary insurance and, less so, co-payments were acceptable if limited to selected services and better off groups. In conclusion, a health financing system under public control that fits well with values and population preferences is likely to improve compliance and be more sustainable. Universal health insurance appears to attract most support, but a broader public debate involving less empowered people is needed to resolve misunderstandings and create realistic expectations.}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Attitude to Health, Bulgaria, Female, Financing, Health, Health Care Reform, Humans, Insurance, Interviews as Topic, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, National Health Programs, Personal, Privatization, Social Values, Socioeconomic Factors, Taxes}, issn = {0277-9536}, author = {Balabanova, Dina and Mckee, Martin} } @conference {5397, title = {{Removal of ammonia-N from landfill leachate by vertical flow wetland: a pilot study}}, booktitle = {In Proceedings of 9th International Conference Wetland systems for water pollution control}, year = {2004}, pages = {143{\textendash}150}, publisher = {ASTEE}, organization = {ASTEE}, address = {Lyon, France}, author = {Headley, TR and Davidson, L and Yeomans, A.} } @article {3221, title = {{Removal of coliphages in secondary effluent by microfiltration - Mechanisms of removal and impact of operating parameters}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, pages = {585{\textendash}592}, abstract = {The efficacy of a microfiltration (MF) pilot plant in removing somatic coliphages (referred hereafter as coliphages) present in the secondary effluent was evaluated during this study. The impact of operating parameters such as feed coliphage concentrations, permeate flux and membrane fouling on the removal of coliphages by the MF plant was investigated. The study showed that membrane fouling was beneficial for removing coliphages by MF. It was also shown that the removal of coliphages by MF was initially governed by adsorption on membrane surface or in membrane pores. As the membrane fouled, however, the removal of coliphages was primarily governed by direct interception on the cake layer formed on the surface of the membrane. Increases in feed coliphage concentrations resulted in the passage of larger numbers of coliphages when the MF was clean but had little impact on the passage of coliphages when the membrane became fouled. Increasing permeate flux lowered log-removal values (LRVs) for the clean membrane but resulted in an initial increase in LRVs for the fouled membrane followed by a drop in LRVs with further increases in permeate flux. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Advanced treatment, Bacteriophages, Coliphage removal, Fouling, Microfiltration, Permeate flux}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.018}, author = {Farahbakhsh, K. and Smith, D. W.} } @article {17044, title = {Removal of coliphages in secondary effluent by microfiltration{\textemdash}mechanisms of removal and impact of operating parameters}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, pages = {585{\textendash}592}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Farahbakhsh, K and Smith, DW} } @article {11469, title = {Retention and removal of pathogenic bacteria in wastewater percolating through porous media: a review}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, year = {2004}, pages = {1355{\textendash}1367}, author = {Stevik, TK and Aa, Kari and Ausland, Geir and Hanssen, JF} } @article {14451, title = {Risk analysis of drinking water microbial contamination versus disinfection by-products ({DBPs})}, journal = {Toxicology}, volume = {198}, year = {2004}, month = {may}, pages = {255{\textendash}62}, abstract = {Managing the provision of safe drinking water has a renewed focus in light of the new World Health Organization (WHO) water safety plans. Risk analysis is a necessary component to assist in selecting priority hazards and identifying hazardous scenarios, be they qualitative to quantitative assessments. For any approach, acute diarrhoeal pathogens are often the higher risk issue for municipal water supplies, no matter how health burden is assessed. Furthermore, potential sequellae (myocarditis, diabetes, reactive arthritis and cancers) only further increase the potential health burden of pathogens; despite the enormous uncertainties in determining pathogen exposures and chemical dose-responses within respective microbial and chemical analyses. These interpretations are currently being improved by Bayesian and bootstrapping approaches to estimate parameters for stochastic assessments. A case example, covering the health benefits of ozonation for Cryptosporidium inactivation versus potential cancers from bromate exposures, illustrated the higher risks from a pathogen than one of the most likely disinfection by-products (DBPs). Such analyses help justify the industries long-held view of the benefits of multiple barriers to hazards and that microbial contamination of water supplies pose a clear public health risk when treatment is inadequate. Therefore, efforts to reduce potential health risks from DBP must not compromise pathogen control, despite socio-political issues.}, keywords = {*Carcinogens, *Risk Assessment, *Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Chlorinated/*adverse effects, Disinfection/*methods, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*chemically induced}, issn = {0300-483X (Print) 0300-483X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2004.01.034}, author = {Ashbolt, N. J.} } @article {14862, title = {Risk analysis of drinking water microbial contamination versus disinfection by-products ({DBPs})}, journal = {Toxicology}, volume = {198}, year = {2004}, month = {may}, pages = {255{\textendash}62}, abstract = {Managing the provision of safe drinking water has a renewed focus in light of the new World Health Organization (WHO) water safety plans. Risk analysis is a necessary component to assist in selecting priority hazards and identifying hazardous scenarios, be they qualitative to quantitative assessments. For any approach, acute diarrhoeal pathogens are often the higher risk issue for municipal water supplies, no matter how health burden is assessed. Furthermore, potential sequellae (myocarditis, diabetes, reactive arthritis and cancers) only further increase the potential health burden of pathogens; despite the enormous uncertainties in determining pathogen exposures and chemical dose-responses within respective microbial and chemical analyses. These interpretations are currently being improved by Bayesian and bootstrapping approaches to estimate parameters for stochastic assessments. A case example, covering the health benefits of ozonation for Cryptosporidium inactivation versus potential cancers from bromate exposures, illustrated the higher risks from a pathogen than one of the most likely disinfection by-products (DBPs). Such analyses help justify the industries long-held view of the benefits of multiple barriers to hazards and that microbial contamination of water supplies pose a clear public health risk when treatment is inadequate. Therefore, efforts to reduce potential health risks from DBP must not compromise pathogen control, despite socio-political issues.}, keywords = {*Carcinogens, *Risk Assessment, *Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Chlorinated/*adverse effects, Disinfection/*methods, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*chemically induced}, issn = {0300-483X (Print) 0300-483X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2004.01.034}, author = {Ashbolt, N. J.} } @article {16336, title = {Risk factors for leptospirosis in metropolitan France: results of a national case-control study, 1999-2000}, journal = {Clin Infect Dis}, volume = {39}, year = {2004}, pages = {751-3}, author = {Nardone, A. and Capek, I. and Baranton, G. and Campese, C. and Postic, D. and Vaillant, V. and Lienard, M. and Desenclos, J.C.} } @article {11404, title = {Risk factors for the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu District, Tanzania}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {120}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {275-283}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TD7-4BWYRT6-1/2/881b0da14aca91951ccf90a9534139e8}, author = {Ngowi, HA and Kassuku, AA and Maeda, GEM and Boa, ME and Carabin, H and Willingham, AL} } @article {12935, title = {Role of irrigation and wastewater reuse: comparison of subsurface irrigation and furrow irrigation}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {61{\textendash}68}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Choi, Christopher and Song, Inhong and Stine, Scott and Pimentel, Jose and Gerba, Charles} } @article {11589, title = {{Role of the tegument and gut in nutrient uptake by parasitic Platyhelminths}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {82}, year = {2004}, pages = {211{\textendash}232}, abstract = {

The ease of procuring nutrient is probably the main selection pressure that drives and maintains the host-parasite relationship. The feeding activities of the ectoparasitic monogeneans exhibit similarities with the predatory turbellarians, with certain ...

}, author = {Dalton, J P and Skelly, P and Halton, D W} } @article {3570, title = {Rotavirus infection in adults.}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious Diseases}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {91{\textendash}99}, abstract = {

Rotavirus has been recognised for 30 years as the most common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in infants and young children. By contrast, the role of rotavirus as a pathogen in adults has long been underappreciated. Spread by faecal-oral transmission, rotavirus infection in adults typically manifests with nausea, malaise, headache, abdominal cramping, diarrhoea, and fever. Infection can also be symptomless. Rotavirus infection in immunocompromised adults can have a variable course from symptomless to severe and sustained infection. Common epidemiological settings for rotavirus infection among adults include endemic disease, epidemic outbreak, travel-related infection, and disease resulting from child-to-adult transmission. Limited diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives are available for adults with suspected rotavirus infection. Because symptoms are generally self-limiting, supportive care is the rule. Clinicians caring for adults with gastroenteritis should consider rotavirus in the differential diagnosis. In this review we intend to familiarise clinicians who primarily provide care for adult patients with the salient features of rotavirus pathophysiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention.

}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00928-4}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00928-4}, author = {Anderson, Evan J and Weber, Stephen G} } @article {3711, title = {Rotavirus infections.}, year = {2004}, author = {Steele, A D and Geyer, A and Gerdes, G H} } @article {2518, title = {Rotavirus infections. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds), Infectious diseases of Livestock}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Steele, DA and Geyer, A and Gerdes, HG} } @article {6936, title = {Rotavirus {Virus}-{Like} {Particles} as {Surrogates} in {Environmental} {Persistence} and {Inactivation} {Studies}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, month = {jul}, pages = {3904{\textendash}3909}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.7.3904-3909.2004}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.70.7.3904-3909.2004}, author = {Caballero, S. and Abad, F. X. and Loisy, F. and Le Guyader, F. S. and Cohen, J. and Pinto, R. M. and Bosch, A.} } @article {9052, title = {{Rotavirus virus-like particles as surrogates in environmental persistence and inactivation studies}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, pages = {3904{\textendash}3909}, abstract = {Virus-like particles (VLPs) with the full-length VP2 and VP6 rotavirus capsid proteins, produced in the baculovirus expression system, have been evaluated as surrogates of human rotavirus in different environmental scenarios. Green fluorescent protein-labeled VLPs (GFP-VLPs) and particles enclosing a heterologous RNA (pseudoviruses), whose stability may be monitored by flow cytometry and antigen capture reverse transcription-PCR, respectively, were used. After 1 month in seawater at 20 degrees C, no significant differences were observed between the behaviors of GFP-VLPs and of infectious rotavirus, whereas pseudovirus particles showed a higher decay rate. In the presence of 1 mg of free chlorine (FC)/liter both tracers persisted longer in freshwater at 20 degrees C than infectious viruses, whereas in the presence of 0.2 mg of FC/liter no differences were observed between tracers and infectious rotavirus at short contact times. However, from 30 min of contact with FC onward, the decay of infectious rotavirus was higher than that of recombinant particles. The predicted Ct value for a 90{\{}{\%}{\}} reduction of GFP-VLPs or pseudoviruses induces a 99.99{\{}{\%}{\}} inactivation of infectious rotavirus. Both tracers were more resistant to UV light irradiation than infectious rotavirus in fresh and marine water. The effect of UV exposure was more pronounced on pseudovirus than in GFP-VLPs. In all types of water, the UV dose to induce a 90{\{}{\%}{\}} reduction of pseudovirus ensures a 99.99{\{}{\%}{\}} inactivation of infectious rotavirus. Recombinant virus surrogates open new possibilities for the systematic validation of virus removal practices in actual field situations where pathogenic agents cannot be introduced.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print){\$}\backslash{\$}r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.7.3904-3909.2004}, author = {Caballero, Santiago and Abad, F Xavier and Loisy, Fabienne and Le Guyader, Fran{\c c}oise S and Cohen, Jean and Pint{\'o}, Rosa M and Bosch, Albert} } @article {5971, title = {{Routes of transmission of swine hepatitis E virus in pigs}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, year = {2004}, pages = {5047{\textendash}5052}, author = {Kasorndorkbua, C and Guenette, DK and Huang, FF and Thomas, PJ and X J Meng and P G Halbur} } @article {3741, title = {Safety and immunogenicity of RIX4414 live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in adults, toddlers and previously uninfected infants.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {22}, number = {21-22}, year = {2004}, pages = {2836{\textendash}2842}, abstract = {

A live attenuated human rotavirus \{\{\}(HRV)\{\}\} vaccine, strain \{\{\}RIX4414,\{\}\} was tested sequentially in adults, previously infected toddlers, and previously uninfected infants. A single dose was given to adults and toddlers and found well tolerated. Next, a dose ranging (three different viral concentrations) safety and immunogenicity study was conducted in rotavirus \{\{\.I}gA\{\}\} antibody negative infants \{\{\}(N=\{\}\} 192), who received two doses of \{\{\}RIX4414\{\}\} vaccine or placebo at 2 and 4 months of age. No side effects were seen after vaccination. Specifically, administration of \{\{\}RIX4414\{\}\} vaccine was not temporally associated with fever, diarrhea, or increase in liver transaminases. Rotavirus \{\{\.I}gA\{\}\} seroconversion ranged from 50 to 88\{\%\} after one dose and from 73 to 96\{\%\} after two doses, depending on vaccine titer. After the first dose, on days 7-9 post vaccination, between 38 and 60\{\%\} of the infants shed the vaccine virus, whereas after the second dose only 0 to 13\{\%\} of the vaccinees shed the vaccine virus. It is concluded that \{\{\}RIX4414\{\}\} strain \{\{\}HRV\{\}\} vaccine is virtually non-reactogenic and, at high titer, highly immunogenic in susceptible infants.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.044}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.044}, author = {Vesikari, T and Karvonen, A and Korhonen, T and Espo, M and Lebacq, E and Forster, J and Zepp, F and Delem, A and De Vos, B} } @article {3680, title = {Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of a live, quadrivalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirusvaccine in healthy infants.}, journal = {Journal of Pediatrics}, volume = {144}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {558}, author = {Clark, HF and Bernstein, DI and Dennehy, PH and Offit, P and Pichichero, M and Treanor, J and Ward, RL and Krah, DL and Shaw, A and Dallas, MJ and Laura, D and Eiden, JJ and Ivanoff, N and Kaplan, KM and Heaton, P} } @mastersthesis {6536, title = {Scales and structures in bubbly flows: {Experimental} analysis of the flow in bubble columns and in bubbling fluidized beds}, year = {2004}, note = {C818392}, school = {Technische Universiteit Delft (The Netherlands)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In this project a detailed experimental analysis was performed of the dynamic flow field in bubbly flows, with the purpose of determining local hydrodynamics and scale effects. Measurements were done in gas-liquid systems (air-water bubble columns) and in gas-solid systems (air-sand bubbling fluidized beds) of different size. Amongst others with the help of lasers and glass fibres the behaviour was studied of single bubbles, bubble swarms and the continuous phase. These techniques were combined with advanced signal processing such as correlation analysis. A striking new phenomenon was the anisotropy or orientation dependence of experimental results. A detailed experimental study into the applicability of laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) in bubble columns showed that virtually only the liquid phase is recorded with LDA. The measurements show a pronouncedly turbulent flow field, but it is striking that this complex view can be characterized by a small number of fixed parameters. These parameters can also be used quite well for describing several physical phenomena and for scaling up these reactors.}, keywords = {0542:Chemical engineering, Applied sciences, Bubble columns, Chemical engineering, Fluidized beds}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305054207?accountid=14270}, author = {Groen, Johann Sebastian} } @article {2600, title = {Sequencing and sequence analysis of VP7 and NSP5 genes reveal emergence of a new genotype of bovine group B rotaviruses in India.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, pages = {2816-2818}, abstract = {

Three bovine group B rotavirus strains were detected from diarrheic calves during a surveillance study of rotaviral diarrhea in West Bengal, India. The sequence analysis of {VP7} and {NSP5} genes of these strains demonstrates a high degree of sequence variation from other group B rotavirus strains, indicating the emergence of a new genotype.

}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.42.6.2816-2818.2004}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.6.2816-2818.2004}, author = {Barman, P and Ghosh, S and Das, S and Varghese, V and Chaudhuri, S and Sarkar, S and Krishnan, T and Bhattacharya, SK and Chakrabarti, A and Kobayashi, N and Naik, TN} } @article {1654, title = {Series of surveys for enteric viruses and indicator organisms in Tokyo Bay after an event of combined sewer overflow}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, note = {Katayama, H Okuma, K Furumai, H Ohgaki, S eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2004/08/21 05:00 Water Sci Technol. 2004;50(1):259-62.}, pages = {259-62}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) have been recognised as one of the serious sources of pollution to the water environment during rain events, although field surveys to investigate the effect of their magnitude and duration on receiving waters have been very limited. The fates of enteric viruses (norovirus G1, G2, enteroviruses) and coliforms were determined in the wastewater treatment plant on a fine day and on a rainy day. Not all microorganisms were reduced in the primary treatment, but were reduced in the secondary treatment. Occurrences of enteric viruses and levels of coliforms were surveyed in the receiving coastal area after a CSO event, with the profiles of the enteric viruses in the coastal seawater being almost at the same positive ratio for 4 d after the CSO event.}, keywords = {Data Collection Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring Japan Norovirus/*isolation \& purification Sewage/*microbiology Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants/analysis}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15318519}, author = {Katayama, H. and Okuma, K. and Furumai, H. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {14729, title = {Series of surveys for enteric viruses and indicator organisms in {Tokyo} {Bay} after an event of combined sewer overflow}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {50}, year = {2004}, pages = {259{\textendash}62}, abstract = {Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) have been recognised as one of the serious sources of pollution to the water environment during rain events, although field surveys to investigate the effect of their magnitude and duration on receiving waters have been very limited. The fates of enteric viruses (norovirus G1, G2, enteroviruses) and coliforms were determined in the wastewater treatment plant on a fine day and on a rainy day. Not all microorganisms were reduced in the primary treatment, but were reduced in the secondary treatment. Occurrences of enteric viruses and levels of coliforms were surveyed in the receiving coastal area after a CSO event, with the profiles of the enteric viruses in the coastal seawater being almost at the same positive ratio for 4 d after the CSO event.}, keywords = {Data Collection, Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Environmental monitoring, Fluid, Japan, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Sewage/*microbiology, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants/analysis}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Katayama, H. and Okuma, K. and Furumai, H. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {15005, title = {Series of surveys for enteric viruses and indicator organisms in {Tokyo} {Bay} after an event of combined sewer overflow}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {50}, year = {2004}, pages = {259{\textendash}62}, abstract = {Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) have been recognised as one of the serious sources of pollution to the water environment during rain events, although field surveys to investigate the effect of their magnitude and duration on receiving waters have been very limited. The fates of enteric viruses (norovirus G1, G2, enteroviruses) and coliforms were determined in the wastewater treatment plant on a fine day and on a rainy day. Not all microorganisms were reduced in the primary treatment, but were reduced in the secondary treatment. Occurrences of enteric viruses and levels of coliforms were surveyed in the receiving coastal area after a CSO event, with the profiles of the enteric viruses in the coastal seawater being almost at the same positive ratio for 4 d after the CSO event.}, keywords = {Data Collection, Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Environmental monitoring, Fluid, Japan, Norovirus/*isolation \& purification, Sewage/*microbiology, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants/analysis}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Katayama, H. and Okuma, K. and Furumai, H. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {8386, title = {{Serological survey of acquired toxoplasmosis in women of child-bearing age in Yopougon (Abidjan, C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire)}}, journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} de Pathologie Exotique}, volume = {97}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {345{\textendash}348}, author = {Adou-Bryn, KD and Ouhon, J and Nemer, J and Yapo, CG and Assoumou, A} } @article {1994, title = {Severe peritonitis due to Balantidium coli acquired in France}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, month = {2004/05/01}, pages = {393-395}, isbn = {0934-9723
1435-4373}, author = {Ferry, T and Bouhour, D and De Monbrison, F and Laurent, F and Dumouchel-Champagne, H and Picot, S and Piens, MA and Granier, P} } @article {1770, title = {Sewage impact on shellfish microbial contamination}, journal = {Water Sci Technol.}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {117-124}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Coastal areas are frequently contaminated by microorganisms of human origin, due to high population density and low seawater renewal. To evaluate the impact of wastewater input on shellfish quality, a study was conducted in Brittany (France) over a period of 20 months. A hydrodynamic model was used to simulate wastewater impact on microbial water quality. To validate the model, wastewater from the three main sewage treatment plants and shellfish from three sites were sampled monthly. Bacterial indicators (E. coli), F-RNA phages were searched for by culture and noroviruses by RT-PCR and hybridisation. These microorganisms were detected in the three effluents and clams, with no marked seasonal variation. The microbial concentrations in the two oyster beds, distant from the effluent outfall, were low, and only three of the samples were positive for norovirus. For simulation, the winter wastewater inputs of E. coli and phages were calculated and an estimation for norovirus flux was made from the epidemic situation in the population. The microbial behaviour was included in the model by a decay-rate factor. Results from the model calculations were found to be very similar to E. coli and phage concentrations observed in shellfish. For noroviruses, the model indicated that shellfish distant from the wastewater input were under the detection limit of the RT-PCR method. This study demonstrated the use of modelisation to interpret norovirus contamination in various areas.}, author = {Pommepuy, M. and Dumas, F. and Caprais, M. P. and Camus, P. and Le Mennec, C. and Parnaudeau, S. and Haugarreau, L. and Sarrette, B. and Vilagines, P. and Pothier, P. and Kholi, E. and Le Guyader, F.} } @article {15485, title = {Sexual biology of schistosomes}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {57}, year = {2004}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
England}, pages = {89-189}, abstract = {

Schistosomes are unusual, together with some of the didymozoidae, in that they are dioecious instead of being hermaphrodite. This gonochorism is accompanied with morphological, ecological, behavioural and molecular differences between the male and the female parasites all through their life cycle. This review is an overview of the sexual biology of schistosomes and aims to provide the most recent information that may help to build future control strategies against these parasites. It proposes a new view of the life cycle of schistosomes, taking into account the sexual status of each developmental stage. It presents the relevant information available on the genetic and phenotypic sexual dimorphisms of these parasites; it proposes a comparison between the host-male parasite and the host-female parasite interactions in both the molluscan intermediate and the mammalian definitive hosts; it exposes the male-female parasite interactions that exist in both the mollusc and the mammalian hosts at the parasite individual and populational levels. This review highlights the domains of research that are still unexplored but that would be of great interest for a better knowledge of the sexual way of life of the parasites which are still responsible for one of the most important human parasitic diseases in the world.

}, keywords = {*Sexual Behavior, Animal, Animals, Disorders of Sex Development, Female, Host-Parasite Interactions, Life Cycle Stages, Male, Mollusca/*parasitology, Reproduction, Schistosoma/genetics/*physiology}, isbn = {0065-308X (Print)
0065-308X (Linking)}, author = {Mon{\'e}, H. and Boissier, J.} } @article {8144, title = {{Shigellosis : challenges and management issues}}, journal = {The Indian Journal of Medical Research}, volume = {120}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {454{\textendash}462}, edition = {2004/12/14}, abstract = {

Infectious diseases kill about 11 million children each year while acute diarrhoeal diseases account for 3.1 million deaths in children under 5 yr of age, of which 6,00,000 deaths annually are contributed by shigellosis alone. Shigellosis, also known as acute bacillary dysentery, is characterized by the passage of loose stools mixed with blood and mucus and accompanied by fever, abdominal cramps and tenesmus. It may be associated with a number of complications of which haemolytic uraemic syndrome is the most serious. Shigellosis is caused by Shigella spp. which can be subdivided into four serogroups namely S.sonnei, S.boydii, S.flexneri and S.dysenteriae. Organisms as low as 10-100 in number can cause the disease. Shigellosis can occur in sporadic, epidemic and pandemic forms. Epidemics have been reported from Central American countries, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and from the Indian subcontinent, Vellore, eastern India and Andaman and Nicobar islands. Plasmid profile of shigellae in Kolkata has shown a correlation between presence of smaller plasmids and shigellae serotypes- indicating epidemiological changes of the species. Diagnosis of shigellosis is essentially clinical. Laboratory diagnosis includes stool culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Treatment includes use of an effective antibiotic, rehydration therapy (if there is dehydration) and appropriate feeding during and after an episode of shigellosis. Hand-washing is the single most important strategy for prevention of transmission of shigellosis from person to person. A safe and effective vaccine should be developed against the more important circulating strains i.e., S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri 2a.

}, isbn = {0971-5916 (Print) 0971-5916 (Linking)}, author = {Sur, D and Ramamurthy, T and Deen, J and Bhattacharya, S K} } @article {2426, title = {{Shigellosis : challenges \& management issues}}, journal = {Indian J Med Res}, volume = {120}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {454{\textendash}462}, edition = {2004/12/14}, abstract = {Infectious diseases kill about 11 million children each year while acute diarrhoeal diseases account for 3.1 million deaths in children under 5 yr of age, of which 6,00,000 deaths annually are contributed by shigellosis alone. Shigellosis, also known as acute bacillary dysentery, is characterized by the passage of loose stools mixed with blood and mucus and accompanied by fever, abdominal cramps and tenesmus. It may be associated with a number of complications of which haemolytic uraemic syndrome is the most serious. Shigellosis is caused by Shigella spp. which can be subdivided into four serogroups namely S.sonnei, S.boydii, S.flexneri and S.dysenteriae. Organisms as low as 10-100 in number can cause the disease. Shigellosis can occur in sporadic, epidemic and pandemic forms. Epidemics have been reported from Central American countries, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and from the Indian subcontinent, Vellore, eastern India and Andaman and Nicobar islands. Plasmid profile of shigellae in Kolkata has shown a correlation between presence of smaller plasmids and shigellae serotypes- indicating epidemiological changes of the species. Diagnosis of shigellosis is essentially clinical. Laboratory diagnosis includes stool culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Treatment includes use of an effective antibiotic, rehydration therapy (if there is dehydration) and appropriate feeding during and after an episode of shigellosis. Hand-washing is the single most important strategy for prevention of transmission of shigellosis from person to person. A safe and effective vaccine should be developed against the more important circulating strains i.e., S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri 2a.}, isbn = {0971-5916 (Print) 0971-5916 (Linking)}, author = {Sur, D and Ramamurthy, T and Deen, J and Bhattacharya, S K} } @article {14238, title = {Shigellosis : challenges \& management issues}, journal = {Indian J Med Res}, volume = {120}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {454{\textendash}462}, abstract = {Infectious diseases kill about 11 million children each year while acute diarrhoeal diseases account for 3.1 million deaths in children under 5 yr of age, of which 6,00,000 deaths annually are contributed by shigellosis alone. Shigellosis, also known as acute bacillary dysentery, is characterized by the passage of loose stools mixed with blood and mucus and accompanied by fever, abdominal cramps and tenesmus. It may be associated with a number of complications of which haemolytic uraemic syndrome is the most serious. Shigellosis is caused by Shigella spp. which can be subdivided into four serogroups namely S.sonnei, S.boydii, S.flexneri and S.dysenteriae. Organisms as low as 10-100 in number can cause the disease. Shigellosis can occur in sporadic, epidemic and pandemic forms. Epidemics have been reported from Central American countries, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and from the Indian subcontinent, Vellore, eastern India and Andaman and Nicobar islands. Plasmid profile of shigellae in Kolkata has shown a correlation between presence of smaller plasmids and shigellae serotypes- indicating epidemiological changes of the species. Diagnosis of shigellosis is essentially clinical. Laboratory diagnosis includes stool culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Treatment includes use of an effective antibiotic, rehydration therapy (if there is dehydration) and appropriate feeding during and after an episode of shigellosis. Hand-washing is the single most important strategy for prevention of transmission of shigellosis from person to person. A safe and effective vaccine should be developed against the more important circulating strains i.e., S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri 2a.}, author = {Sur, D and Ramamurthy, T and Deen, J and Bhattacharya, S K} } @article {2932, title = {Short report: the use of a polymerase chain reaction to detect {Echinococcus} granulosus ({G}1 strain) eggs in soil samples}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {71}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {oct}, pages = {441{\textendash}443}, abstract = {Cystic echinococcosis is a re-emerging disease in central Asia. A total of 120 soil samples taken from 30 gardens of rural homesteads in southern Kazakhstan were analyzed for the presence of taeniid eggs using a concentration technique. Of these, 21 (17.5\%) were shown to be contaminated with taeniid eggs. These isolated taeniid eggs were further analyzed using a polymerase chain reaction specific for the G1 (sheep) strain of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, and five samples were shown to be positive. This study demonstrates the widespread contamination of the environment with E. granulosus eggs in an Echinococcus-endemic area and thus the potential for indirect transmission of E. granulosus to humans from such sources.}, keywords = {Animals, DNA, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, Helminth, Humans, Kazakhstan, Parasite Egg Count, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Soil}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Shaikenov, B. S. and Rysmukhambetova, A. T. and Massenov, B. and Deplazes, P. and Mathis, A. and Torgerson, P. R.} } @article {8264, title = {{The significance of Helicobacter pylori in water, food and environmental samples}}, journal = {Food Control}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, month = {jul}, pages = {397{\textendash}403}, abstract = {Infection by Helicobacter pylori is recognized as the major cause of gastric disease and its prevalence is elevated worldwide. It is hypothesised that the transmission of H. pylori involves multiple pathways: iatrogenic, oral{\textendash}oral and faecal{\textendash}oral. Food and water are suspects of serving as vehicles in the faecal{\textendash}oral route of H. pylori infection. However, the difficult cultivation of H. pylori from samples with high loads of accompanying microflora and its conversion to viable but nonculturable state (VNC) impair the elucidation of the real role of waterborne and foodborne infections by this pathogen. In this sense, it is crucial the development of methods for isolation of H. pylori from environmental samples. In this work, an overview of the present knowledge on epidemiology and transmission of H. pylori is presented, attempting to the possible role of water and foods in the spread of the infection.}, keywords = {foodborne infections, Gastric diseases, helicobacter pylori, Viable but nonculturable}, issn = {09567135}, doi = {10.1016/S0956-7135(03)00106-3}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956713503001063}, author = {Gomes, B.C. and De Martinis, E.C.P.} } @article {13892, title = {The significance of {Helicobacter} pylori in water, food and environmental samples}, journal = {Food Control}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, month = {jul}, pages = {397{\textendash}403}, abstract = {Infection by Helicobacter pylori is recognized as the major cause of gastric disease and its prevalence is elevated worldwide. It is hypothesised that the transmission of H. pylori involves multiple pathways: iatrogenic, oral{\textendash}oral and faecal{\textendash}oral. Food and water are suspects of serving as vehicles in the faecal{\textendash}oral route of H. pylori infection. However, the difficult cultivation of H. pylori from samples with high loads of accompanying microflora and its conversion to viable but nonculturable state (VNC) impair the elucidation of the real role of waterborne and foodborne infections by this pathogen. In this sense, it is crucial the development of methods for isolation of H. pylori from environmental samples. In this work, an overview of the present knowledge on epidemiology and transmission of H. pylori is presented, attempting to the possible role of water and foods in the spread of the infection.}, keywords = {foodborne infections, Gastric diseases, helicobacter pylori, Viable but nonculturable}, issn = {09567135}, doi = {10.1016/S0956-7135(03)00106-3}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956713503001063}, author = {Gomes, B.C. and De Martinis, E.C.P.} } @article {10627, title = {{Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment in a full-scale system with constructed wetlands}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {334{\textendash}343}, author = {Guti{\'e}rrez-Sarabia, A and Fernandez-Villag{\'o}mez, G and Martinez-Pereda, P and Rinderknecht-SeiJas, N and Poggi-Varaldo, HM} } @article {5196, title = {{Sludge accumulation, characteristics, and pathogen inactivation in four primary waste stabilization ponds in central Mexico.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, month = {jan}, pages = {111{\textendash}27}, abstract = {To support the development of safe and feasible sludge management strategies, the accumulation rates of sludge and its characteristics were studied in four primary wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) in central Mexico (three facultative and one anaerobic). The accumulation rates and distribution of sludge were determined by measuring the thickness of the sludge layer at 8-40 locations throughout each pond. The average, per capita sludge accumulation rates ranged from 0.021 to 0.036m(3)/person/yr. In the anaerobic pond the sludge distribution was uniform throughout the pond, whereas in the three facultative ponds most of the sludge accumulated directly in front of the inlet. To measure the horizontal and vertical variation in the sludge characteristics, sludge cores were collected from 3 to 7 locations in three of the ponds. Each core was divided into 4 sub-samples in which various physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters were measured. In addition, the inactivation of several pathogen indicator organisms was studied in a batch of sludge for 7 months. Based on the microbiological results, it is concluded that reasonable estimates of the inactivation of fecal coliform bacteria, fecal enterococci, F+ coliphage, somatic coliphage, and Ascaris eggs in WSP sludge in central Mexico can be made using first-order rate constants of 0.1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.001d(-1), respectively. From the observed changes in the concentrations of total solids and the volatile to fixed solids ratio, empirical equations were developed to describe anaerobic degradation and compression, which are the two most important processes affecting the volume of sludge after its deposition.}, keywords = {Biosolids, Pathogens, Sludge, Sludge accumulation rate, Sludge distribution, Waste stabilization pond, wastewater stabilization pond}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2003.09.013}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14630109}, author = {Nelson, K L and Jim{\'e}nez, B and Tchobanoglous, G and Darby, J L} } @mastersthesis {6225, title = {The small-scale structure of passive scalar mixing in turbulent boundary layers}, year = {2004}, note = {3199291}, school = {Georgia Institute of Technology}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The objective is to contribute to several issues regarding the traditional view of the local structure of passive scalar fields: (1) probability density function (PDF) of the scalar concentration and scalar gradient, (2) the scalar power spectrum, (3) the structure functions, and (4) correlation functions and multi-point correlators. In addition, the research provides a geometric description of two-dimensional transects of the passive scalar iso-surfaces using the tools of fractal geometry. The local structure is analyzed as a function of large-scale anisotropy, intermittency factor, Reynolds number, and initial condition of the scalar injection. Experiments were performed in the bed boundary layer produced by a uniform depth open channel flow of water in a tilting flume for Re λ = 63, 94, and 120. A small nozzle iso-kinetically delivers a passive scalar of high Schmidt number (Sc [approximate] 1000) at mid-depth to generate the turbulent scalar field. Three nozzle diameters are used to study the effects of the injection length scale. High-resolution planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique is used to measure the scalar field. The local structure far from isotropic and is influenced even at the smallest scales by large-scale anisotropy, initial injection length scale and the Reynolds number of the flow. The PDF of the scalar fluctuations is non-Gaussian and dependent on large-scale anisotropy. The PDF of scalar gradients show the influence of large-scale anisotropy on the structure at the smallest scales. The spectrum of the scalar field deviates from the k -5/3 in the inertial convection regime and is dependent on large-scale anisotropy, external intermittency, and low Reynolds number. There is no evidence of Batchelor{\textquoteright}s k-1 scaling law. The scaling exponents of the even-ordered structure functions appear to be inversely correlated with the kurtosis of the scalar fluctuations. The fractal geometry of the two dimensional transects of passive scalar iso-surfaces is scale dependent. The fractal dimension is 1.0 at the smallest length scale and increases in a universal manner in the viscous-convective regime. The coverage length underestimate reflects this universal behavior with practical significance. The lacunarity function shows that the instantaneous scalar field is most in-homogenous around the Kolmogorov scale.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0759:Fluid dynamics, 0759:Gases, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Fluid dynamics, Gases, Pure sciences, Scalar mixing, Turbulent boundary layers}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305190935?accountid=14270}, author = {Dasi, Lakshmi Prasad} } @article {14276, title = {Solar and temporal effects on {Escherichia} coli concentration at a {Lake} {Michigan} swimming beach}, journal = {Applied and {\textbackslash}ldots}, year = {2004}, author = {Whitman, RL and Nevers, MB} } @article {2460, title = {{Solar and temporal effects on Escherichia coli concentration at a Lake Michigan swimming beach}}, journal = {Applied and {\l}dots}, year = {2004}, author = {Whitman, RL and Nevers, MB} } @article {8168, title = {{Solar and temporal effects on Escherichia coli concentration at a Lake Michigan swimming beach}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, year = {2004}, pages = {4276-4285}, author = {Whitman, RL and Nevers, MB} } @article {14846, title = {Solar and temporal effects on {Escherichia} coli concentration at a {Lake} {Michigan} swimming beach}, journal = {Applied and {\textbackslash}textbackslashldots}, year = {2004}, author = {Whitman, RL and Nevers, MB} } @article {12168, title = {An SOS response induced by high pressure in Escherichia coli}, journal = {Journal of Bacteriology}, volume = {186}, number = {18}, year = {2004}, note = {Aertsen, A Van Houdt, R Vanoirbeek, K Michiels, CW
Van Houdt, Rob/B-8599-2011; Michiels, Chris/I-6847-2013
Van Houdt, Rob/0000-0002-7459-496X; Michiels, Chris/0000-0002-7710-6802; Aertsen, Abram/0000-0002-1897-2305
1098-5530}, month = {Sep}, pages = {6133-6141}, abstract = {

Although pressure is an important environmental parameter in microbial niches such as the deep sea and is furthermore used in food preservation to inactivate microorganisms, the fundamental understanding of its effects on bacteria remains fragmentary. Our group recently initiated differential fluorescence induction screening to search for pressure-induced Escherichia coli promoters and has already reported induction of the heat shock regulon. Here the screening was continued, and we report for the first time that pressure induces a bona fide SOS response in E. coli, characterized by the RecA and LexA-dependent expression of uvrA, recA, and suL4. Moreover, it was shown that pressure is capable of triggering lambda prophage induction in E. coli lysogens. The remnant lambdoid e14 element, however, could not be induced by pressure, as opposed to UV irradiation, indicating subtle differences between the pressure-induced and the classical SOS response. Furthermore, the pressure-induced SOS response seems not to be initiated by DNA damage, since DeltarecA and lex41 (Ind(-)) mutants, which are intrinsically hypersensitive to DNA damage, were not sensitized or were only very slightly sensitized for pressure-mediated killing and since pressure treatment was not found to be mutagenic. In light of these findings, the current knowledge of pressure-mediated effects on bacteria is discussed.

}, isbn = {0021-9193}, author = {Aertsen, A. and Van Houdt, R. and Vanoirbeek, K. and Michiels, C. W.} } @article {12186, title = {SOS response promotes horizontal dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {427}, number = {6969}, year = {2004}, note = {Beaber, JW Hochhut, B Waldor, MK}, month = {Jan}, pages = {72-74}, abstract = {

Mobile genetic elements have a crucial role in spreading antibiotic resistance genes among bacterial populations. Environmental and genetic factors that regulate conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial populations are largely unknown(1). Integrating conjugative elements (ICEs) are a diverse group of mobile elements that are transferred by means of cell-cell contact and integrate into the chromosome of the new host(2). SXT is a similar to100-kilobase ICE derived from Vibrio cholerae that encodes genes that confer resistance to chloramphenicol, sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim and streptomycin(3). SXT-related elements were not detected in V. cholerae before 1993 but are now present in almost all clinical V. cholerae isolates from Asia(4). ICEs related to SXT are also present in several other bacterial species and encode a variety of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes(4-7). Here we show that SetR, an SXT encoded repressor, represses the expression of activators of SXT transfer. The \&$\#$39;SOS response\&$\#$39; to DNA damage alleviates this repression, increasing the expression of genes necessary for SXT transfer and hence the frequency of transfer. SOS is induced by a variety of environmental factors and antibiotics, for example ciprofloxacin, and we show that ciprofloxacin induces SXT transfer as well. Thus, we present a mechanism by which therapeutic agents can promote the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.

}, isbn = {0028-0836}, author = {Beaber, J. W. and Hochhut, B. and Waldor, M. K.} } @article {10148, title = {{Source tracking fecal bacteria in water: a critical review of current methods}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {71{\textendash}79}, author = {Meays, CL and Broersma, K and Nordin, R and Mazumder, A} } @article {14782, title = {Specific immunoglobulin {A} antibodies in maternal milk and delayed {Helicobacter} pylori colonization in {Gambian} infants.}, journal = {Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America}, volume = {39}, number = {8}, year = {2004}, pages = {1155{\textendash}60}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in maternal milk may protect Gambian infants from early Helicobacter pylori colonization. This study sought evidence that this protection could be due to specific IgA antibodies. METHODS: Sixty-five infants were screened from 12 weeks of age with [13C]-urea breath tests. Antibodies in maternal milk were measured to determine total IgA content and to detect specific IgA antibodies against crude whole-cell and recombinant H. pylori urease antigen preparations. RESULTS: Ten children (15\%) had no evidence of early H. pylori colonization, 10 (15\%) had early H. pylori colonization, and 43 (66\%) had mixed results. Levels of maternal circulating specific immunoglobulin G, total milk IgA, and IgA directed against crude whole-cell H. pylori antigen preparation were not significantly associated with the rate of infant H. pylori colonization. However, mothers of infants with no evidence of early colonization produced significantly higher levels of anti-recombinant urease IgA antibodies in milk than did control mothers, particularly at 8, 16, and 20 weeks postpartum (P{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless.01). CONCLUSIONS: These observations support the hypothesis that antibodies in mother{\textquoteright}s milk directed against H. pylori urease can protect against colonization in human infancy.}, keywords = {Carrier State, Diseases, Diseases: immunology, Diseases: microbiology, Diseases: prevention \& control, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Gambia, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: immunology, Human, Human: immunology, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin A: analysis, Immunoglobulin A: immunology, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin G: blood, Infant, Milk, Newborn, Time Factors}, issn = {1537-6591}, doi = {10.1086/424514}, author = {Thomas, Julian E and Bunn, James E G and Kleanthous, Harry and Monath, Thomas P and Harding, Marilyn and W A Coward and Weaver, Lawrence T} } @article {13827, title = {Specific immunoglobulin {A} antibodies in maternal milk and delayed {Helicobacter} pylori colonization in {Gambian} infants.}, journal = {Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America}, volume = {39}, number = {8}, year = {2004}, pages = {1155{\textendash}60}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in maternal milk may protect Gambian infants from early Helicobacter pylori colonization. This study sought evidence that this protection could be due to specific IgA antibodies. METHODS: Sixty-five infants were screened from 12 weeks of age with [13C]-urea breath tests. Antibodies in maternal milk were measured to determine total IgA content and to detect specific IgA antibodies against crude whole-cell and recombinant H. pylori urease antigen preparations. RESULTS: Ten children (15\%) had no evidence of early H. pylori colonization, 10 (15\%) had early H. pylori colonization, and 43 (66\%) had mixed results. Levels of maternal circulating specific immunoglobulin G, total milk IgA, and IgA directed against crude whole-cell H. pylori antigen preparation were not significantly associated with the rate of infant H. pylori colonization. However, mothers of infants with no evidence of early colonization produced significantly higher levels of anti-recombinant urease IgA antibodies in milk than did control mothers, particularly at 8, 16, and 20 weeks postpartum (P{\textbackslash}textless.01). CONCLUSIONS: These observations support the hypothesis that antibodies in mother{\textquoteright}s milk directed against H. pylori urease can protect against colonization in human infancy.}, keywords = {Carrier State, Diseases, Diseases: immunology, Diseases: microbiology, Diseases: prevention \& control, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Gambia, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: immunology, Human, Human: immunology, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin A: analysis, Immunoglobulin A: immunology, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin G: blood, Infant, Milk, Newborn, Time Factors}, issn = {1537-6591}, doi = {10.1086/424514}, author = {Thomas, Julian E and Bunn, James E G and Kleanthous, Harry and Monath, Thomas P and Harding, Marilyn and W A Coward and Weaver, Lawrence T} } @article {8198, title = {{Specific immunoglobulin A antibodies in maternal milk and delayed Helicobacter pylori colonization in Gambian infants.}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America}, volume = {39}, number = {8}, year = {2004}, pages = {1155{\textendash}60}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in maternal milk may protect Gambian infants from early Helicobacter pylori colonization. This study sought evidence that this protection could be due to specific IgA antibodies. METHODS: Sixty-five infants were screened from 12 weeks of age with [13C]-urea breath tests. Antibodies in maternal milk were measured to determine total IgA content and to detect specific IgA antibodies against crude whole-cell and recombinant H. pylori urease antigen preparations. RESULTS: Ten children (15{\%}) had no evidence of early H. pylori colonization, 10 (15{\%}) had early H. pylori colonization, and 43 (66{\%}) had mixed results. Levels of maternal circulating specific immunoglobulin G, total milk IgA, and IgA directed against crude whole-cell H. pylori antigen preparation were not significantly associated with the rate of infant H. pylori colonization. However, mothers of infants with no evidence of early colonization produced significantly higher levels of anti-recombinant urease IgA antibodies in milk than did control mothers, particularly at 8, 16, and 20 weeks postpartum (P{\textless}.01). CONCLUSIONS: These observations support the hypothesis that antibodies in mother\&$\#$39;s milk directed against H. pylori urease can protect against colonization in human infancy.

}, keywords = {Carrier State, Diseases, Diseases: immunology, Diseases: microbiology, Diseases: prevention {\&} control, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Gambia, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: immunology, Human, Human: immunology, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin A: analysis, Immunoglobulin A: immunology, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin G: blood, Infant, Milk, Newborn, Time Factors}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)$\backslash$n1058-4838 (Linking)}, issn = {1537-6591}, doi = {10.1086/424514}, author = {Thomas, Julian E and Bunn, James E G and Kleanthous, Harry and Monath, Thomas P and Harding, Marilyn and W A Coward and Weaver, Lawrence T} } @article {4298, title = {{Standardised evaluation of the performance of a simple membrane filtration-elution method to concentrate bacteriophages from drinking water.}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {117}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, month = {apr}, pages = {19{\textendash}25}, abstract = {

The bacteriophage elution procedure described further after adsorption to acetate-nitrate cellulose membrane filters allows better recovery of phages concentrated from 1l of water than elution procedures used previously. The improvement is due to the combined effect of the eluent (3{\%} (w/v) beef extract, 3{\%} (v/v) Tween 80, 0.5M NaCl, pH 9.0) and the application of ultrasound instead of agitation or swirling. Average recovery of somatic coliphages, 82 +/- 7{\%}, was the greatest, and that of phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis, 56 +/- 8{\%}, the lowest, with intermediate values for F-specific and F-specific RNA bacteriophages. Thus, the method allowed recovery of over 56{\%} for all the phages suggested as surrogate indicators. The method was then validated according to an International Standardisation Organisation validation standard procedure and implemented in routine laboratories, which obtained reproducible results.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: classification, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Indicators and Reagents, Solutions, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {0166-0934}, doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.11.013}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15019256}, author = {M{\'e}ndez, Javier and Audicana, Ana and Isern, Ana and Llaneza, Julian and Moreno, Bel{\'e}n and Taranc{\'o}n, Mar{\'\i}a Luisa and Jofre, Juan and Lucena, Francisco} } @article {2877, title = {Standardization and related activities-General Vocabulary. ISO/IEC GUIDE 2:2004}, journal = {Standardization and related activities{\textendash}General vocabulary}, year = {2004}, author = {Guide, ISO} } @inbook {16300, title = {{The Stockholm framework for guidelines for microbial contaminants in water}}, booktitle = {Waterborne Zoonosess: Identification, causes and control}, year = {2004}, pages = {452-459}, publisher = {World Health Organization, IWA Publishing}, organization = {World Health Organization, IWA Publishing}, address = {Geneva}, author = {Carr, R. and Bartram, J.}, editor = {Cotruvo, J.A. and Dufour, A. and Rees, G. and Bartram, J. and Carr. R. and Cliver, D.O. and Craun, G.F. and Feyer, R. and Gannon, V.P.J.} } @article {14790, title = {Stool antigen test for the diagnosis of {Helicobacter} pylori infection: a systematic review.}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {aug}, pages = {347{\textendash}68}, abstract = {Our aim was to review systematically the diagnostic accuracy of the Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test. Bibliographical searches were performed in several electronic databases and abstracts from congresses up to May 2003. Eighty-nine studies (10,858 patients) evaluated the stool antigen test in untreated patients. Mean sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 91\%, 93\%, 92\% and 87\%, respectively. Analysis of the eight studies (1399 patients) in which pretreatment evaluation of the monoclonal stool antigen test was performed showed better (p {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless .001) results (96\%, 97\%, 96\% and 97\%, respectively), with a clearer distinction between positive and negative results. Thirty-nine studies (3147 patients) evaluated the stool antigen test for the confirmation of H. pylori eradication 4-8 weeks after therapy, with accuracies of 86\%, 92\%, 76\% and 93\% for mean sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, respectively. Results were similar when a gold standard based on at least two methods was used. Relatively low accuracy was reported in some posttreatment studies with the polyclonal stool antigen test. However, excellent results (p {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless .001) were achieved in all the six studies evaluating the monoclonal stool antigen test 4-8 weeks posttreatment. Results evaluating the stool antigen test {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 4 weeks posttreatment are contradictory. Proton-pump inhibitors seem to affect the accuracy of the stool antigen test. Sensitivity and/or specificity in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding may be suboptimal. The stool antigen test performs well in children. Finally, the stool antigen test seems to be a cost-effective method.}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Bacterial: immunology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: diagnosis, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: immunology, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Humans, Immunologic Tests, Immunologic Tests: methods, Predictive Value of Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity}, issn = {1083-4389}, doi = {10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00235.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15270750}, author = {Gisbert, Javier P and Pajares, Jos{\'e} Mar{\'\i}a} } @article {8263, title = {{Stool antigen test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review.}}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {aug}, pages = {347{\textendash}68}, abstract = {Our aim was to review systematically the diagnostic accuracy of the Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test. Bibliographical searches were performed in several electronic databases and abstracts from congresses up to May 2003. Eighty-nine studies (10,858 patients) evaluated the stool antigen test in untreated patients. Mean sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 91{\%}, 93{\%}, 92{\%} and 87{\%}, respectively. Analysis of the eight studies (1399 patients) in which pretreatment evaluation of the monoclonal stool antigen test was performed showed better (p {\textless} .001) results (96{\%}, 97{\%}, 96{\%} and 97{\%}, respectively), with a clearer distinction between positive and negative results. Thirty-nine studies (3147 patients) evaluated the stool antigen test for the confirmation of H. pylori eradication 4-8 weeks after therapy, with accuracies of 86{\%}, 92{\%}, 76{\%} and 93{\%} for mean sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, respectively. Results were similar when a gold standard based on at least two methods was used. Relatively low accuracy was reported in some posttreatment studies with the polyclonal stool antigen test. However, excellent results (p {\textless} .001) were achieved in all the six studies evaluating the monoclonal stool antigen test 4-8 weeks posttreatment. Results evaluating the stool antigen test {\textless} 4 weeks posttreatment are contradictory. Proton-pump inhibitors seem to affect the accuracy of the stool antigen test. Sensitivity and/or specificity in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding may be suboptimal. The stool antigen test performs well in children. Finally, the stool antigen test seems to be a cost-effective method.}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Bacterial: immunology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: diagnosis, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: immunology, Helicobacter pylori: isolation {\&} purification, Humans, Immunologic Tests, Immunologic Tests: methods, Predictive Value of Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity}, issn = {1083-4389}, doi = {10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00235.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15270750}, author = {Gisbert, Javier P and Pajares, Jos{\'e} Mar{\'\i}a} } @article {13891, title = {Stool antigen test for the diagnosis of {Helicobacter} pylori infection: a systematic review.}, journal = {Helicobacter}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, month = {aug}, pages = {347{\textendash}68}, abstract = {Our aim was to review systematically the diagnostic accuracy of the Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test. Bibliographical searches were performed in several electronic databases and abstracts from congresses up to May 2003. Eighty-nine studies (10,858 patients) evaluated the stool antigen test in untreated patients. Mean sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 91\%, 93\%, 92\% and 87\%, respectively. Analysis of the eight studies (1399 patients) in which pretreatment evaluation of the monoclonal stool antigen test was performed showed better (p {\textbackslash}textless .001) results (96\%, 97\%, 96\% and 97\%, respectively), with a clearer distinction between positive and negative results. Thirty-nine studies (3147 patients) evaluated the stool antigen test for the confirmation of H. pylori eradication 4-8 weeks after therapy, with accuracies of 86\%, 92\%, 76\% and 93\% for mean sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, respectively. Results were similar when a gold standard based on at least two methods was used. Relatively low accuracy was reported in some posttreatment studies with the polyclonal stool antigen test. However, excellent results (p {\textbackslash}textless .001) were achieved in all the six studies evaluating the monoclonal stool antigen test 4-8 weeks posttreatment. Results evaluating the stool antigen test {\textbackslash}textless 4 weeks posttreatment are contradictory. Proton-pump inhibitors seem to affect the accuracy of the stool antigen test. Sensitivity and/or specificity in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding may be suboptimal. The stool antigen test performs well in children. Finally, the stool antigen test seems to be a cost-effective method.}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Bacterial: immunology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: diagnosis, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: immunology, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Humans, Immunologic Tests, Immunologic Tests: methods, Predictive Value of Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity}, issn = {1083-4389}, doi = {10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00235.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15270750}, author = {Gisbert, Javier P and Pajares, Jos{\'e} Mar{\'\i}a} } @article {9317, title = {{The stool examination reports amoeba cysts: should you treat in the face of over diagnosis and lack of specificity of light microscopy?}}, journal = {Tropical Doctor}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {28{\textendash}30}, author = {Lawson, LL and Bailey, JW and Beeching, NJ and Gurgel, RG and Cuevas, LE} } @article {3880, title = {Structural requirements of astrovirus virus-like particles assembled in insect cells}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {78}, number = {23}, year = {2004}, pages = {13285{\textendash}13292}, author = {Caballero, S and Guix, S and Ribes, E and Bosch, A and Pinto, RM} } @article {12599, title = {Suboptimal chlorine treatment of drinking water leads to selection of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safetyEcotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {277-283}, isbn = {0147-6513}, author = {Shrivastava, Richa and Upreti, RK and Jain, SR and Prasad, KN and Seth, PK and Chaturvedi, UC} } @article {17364, title = {Supplement 2002 (no. 46) to the Kauffmann-White scheme}, journal = {Res MicrobiolRes Microbiol}, volume = {155}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, month = {Sep}, pages = {568-70}, edition = {2004/08/18}, keywords = {*Serotyping, Antigens, Bacterial/analysis, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Classification/methods, Salmonella/*classification/immunology}, isbn = {0923-2508 (Print)
0923-2508 (Linking)}, author = {Popoff, M. Y. and Bockemuhl, J. and Gheesling, L. L.} } @article {5883, title = {{Survival and injury of Arcobacter after artificial inoculation into drinking water}}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {155}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, month = {nov}, pages = {726{\textendash}730}, author = {Moreno, Yolanda and Jos{\'e} L Alonso and Botella, Salut and M Α Ferr{\'u}s and Hern{\'a}ndez, Javier} } @article {14400, title = {Survival and injury of {Arcobacter} after artificial inoculation into drinking water.}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {155}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, month = {nov}, pages = {726{\textendash}730}, author = {Moreno, Yolanda and Jos{\'e} L Alonso and Botella, Salut and M Α Ferr{\'u}s and Hern{\'a}ndez, Javier} } @article {17491, title = {{Survival and viability of Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum in ensiled swine faeces}}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {137{\textendash}142}, abstract = {The survival and viability of eggs from Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum and of infective larvae (L3) from O. dentatum were determined in the ensiled solid fraction of swine faeces after 0, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of ensiling. The experiment had two treatments, un-ensiled and ensiled manure, in a split-plot design. Each of 50 containers was inoculated with 40,000 eggs of both A. suum and O. dentatum, and another 50 containers were inoculated with 32,747 L3 of O. dentatum each. A. suum eggs were not destroyed by the ensiling process, although their viability was diminished. O. dentatum eggs and larvae were destroyed during the first 7-14 days of the ensiling process. {\textcopyright} 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Ascaris suum, Ensiling process, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Survival, swine manure, viability}, issn = {09608524}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2003.12.008}, author = {Caballero-Hern{\'a}ndez, A. I. and Castrej{\'o}n-Pineda, F. and Mart{\'\i}nez-Gamba, R. and Angeles-Campos, S. and P{\'e}rez-Rojas, M. and Buntinx, S. E.} } @article {7731, title = {Survival of Campylobacter jejuni on various fresh produce}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {97}, year = {2004}, pages = {187-195}, author = {K{\"a}renlampi, R and M L H{\"a}nninen} } @article {12939, title = {The survival of Escherichia coli, faecal coliforms and enterobacteriaceae in general in soil treated with sludge from wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {93}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {191{\textendash}198}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Estrada, IB and Aller, A and Aller, F and Gomez, X and Moran, A} } @article {5516, title = {{Survival of human enteric viruses in the environment and food}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {441{\textendash}453}, abstract = {Human enteric pathogenic viruses can enter the environment through discharge of waste materials from infected persons, and be transmitted back to susceptible persons to continue the cycle of disease. Contamination of food with viruses may also promote disease outbreaks. A number of studies have investigated the survival characteristics of several enteric viruses in various environments and foodstuffs, to help explain the transmissibility of these pathogens. This review deals with published work on enteric virus survival on fomites, and in waters, soil, and foods; the results of these studies have illustrated the robust survival of viruses in these environments. Much information is lacking, however, especially for foodstuffs and soils, and no detailed information is available concerning the survival of noroviruses, the most significant foodborne type. Crown Copyright ?? 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {environment, Food, Survival, Transmission, Viruses}, isbn = {0168-6445}, issn = {01686445}, doi = {10.1016/j.femsre.2004.02.001}, author = {Rzezutka, Artur and Cook, Nigel} } @inbook {1271, title = {Survival of human enteric viruses in the environment and food}, booktitle = {FEMS Microbiol Rev}, volume = {28}, year = {2004}, note = {Rzezutka, Artur Cook, Nigel Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review FEMS microbiology reviews S0168644504000154 [pii] FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2004 Oct;28(4):441-53.}, pages = {441-53}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {Human enteric pathogenic viruses can enter the environment through discharge of waste materials from infected persons, and be transmitted back to susceptible persons to continue the cycle of disease. Contamination of food with viruses may also promote disease outbreaks. A number of studies have investigated the survival characteristics of several enteric viruses in various environments and foodstuffs, to help explain the transmissibility of these pathogens. This review deals with published work on enteric virus survival on fomites, and in waters, soil, and foods; the results of these studies have illustrated the robust survival of viruses in these environments. Much information is lacking, however, especially for foodstuffs and soils, and no detailed information is available concerning the survival of noroviruses, the most significant foodborne type.}, keywords = {Dairy Products/virology Disease Transmission, Infectious Environmental Microbiology Food/ virology Fresh Water/virology Plants/virology Seawater/virology Soil Soil Microbiology Virus Physiological Phenomena}, isbn = {0168-6445 (Print) 0168-6445 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.femsre.2004.02.001}, author = {Rzezutka, A. and Cook, N.} } @article {1814, title = {Survival of human enteric viruses in the environment and food}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, note = {Rzezutka, Artur Cook, Nigel Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review Netherlands FEMS microbiology reviews FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2004 Oct;28(4):441-53.}, pages = {441-53}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Human enteric pathogenic viruses can enter the environment through discharge of waste materials from infected persons, and be transmitted back to susceptible persons to continue the cycle of disease. Contamination of food with viruses may also promote disease outbreaks. A number of studies have investigated the survival characteristics of several enteric viruses in various environments and foodstuffs, to help explain the transmissibility of these pathogens. This review deals with published work on enteric virus survival on fomites, and in waters, soil, and foods; the results of these studies have illustrated the robust survival of viruses in these environments. Much information is lacking, however, especially for foodstuffs and soils, and no detailed information is available concerning the survival of noroviruses, the most significant foodborne type.

}, keywords = {Dairy Products/virology *Disease Transmission, Infectious *Environmental Microbiology Food/*virology Fresh Water/virology Plants/virology Seawater/virology Soil Soil Microbiology *Virus Physiological Phenomena}, issn = {0168-6445 (Print) 0168-6445 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.femsre.2004.02.001 S0168644504000154 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15374660}, author = {Rzezutka, A. and Cook, N.} } @article {7494, title = {Survival of infectious {Poliovirus}-1 in river water compared to the persistence of somatic coliphages, thermotolerant coliforms and {Poliovirus}-1 genome}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, year = {2004}, month = {jul}, pages = {2927{\textendash}2933}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.041}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135404001903}, author = {Skraber, S and Gassilloud, B and Schwartzbrod, L and Gantzer, C} } @article {1839, title = {Survival of infectious Poliovirus-1 in river water compared to the persistence of somatic coliphages, thermotolerant coliforms and Poliovirus-1 genome}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, year = {2004}, note = {Skraber, S Gassilloud, B Schwartzbrod, L Gantzer, C Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Water research Water Res. 2004 Jul;38(12):2927-33.}, pages = {2927-33}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The microbiological quality of water is currently assessed by search for fecal bacteria indicators. There is, however, a body of knowledge demonstrating that bacterial indicators are less resistant to environmental factors than human pathogenic viruses and therefore underestimate the viral risk. As river water is often used as a resource for drinking water production, it is particularly important to obtain a valid estimation of the health hazard, including specific viral risk. This work was conducted to compare the survival of infectious Poliovirus-1 used as a pathogenic virus model to the persistence of, on the one hand, thermotolerant coliforms commonly used as indicators and on the other hand, to somatic coliphages and Poliovirus-1 genome considered as potential indicators. We studied the behavior of infectious Poliovirus-1 and the three (potential) indicators of viral contamination in river water at three different temperatures (4 degrees C,18 degrees C and 25 degrees C). This experiment was performed twice with river water sampled at two different periods, once in winter and once in summer. Our results showed that the survival of thermotolerant coliforms can be 1.5-fold lower than infectious Poliovirus-1. In contrast, under all our experimental conditions, somatic coliphages and Poliovirus-1 genome persisted longer than infectious Poliovirus-1, surviving, respectively, 2-6-fold and about 2-fold longer than infectious Poliovirus-1. According to our results exclusively based on survival capacity, somatic coliphages and viral genome, unlike thermotolerant coliforms appear to be better indicators of viral contamination in river water. Moreover, the disappearance of viral genome is well-correlated to that one of infectious virus irrespective of the conditions tested.}, keywords = {Adaptation, Physiological Coliphages/*pathogenicity DNA, Viral/*analysis Environmental Monitoring/methods Poliovirus/*genetics/*pathogenicity Risk Assessment Rivers Survival Analysis Temperature Water Microbiology Water Supply/standards}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.041 S0043-1354(04)00190-3 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15223287}, author = {Skraber, S. and Gassilloud, B. and Schwartzbrod, L. and Gantzer, C.} } @article {8551, title = {{Survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica)}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {90}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {1054{\textendash}1057}, author = {Lindsay, DS and Collins, MV and Mitchell, SM and Wetch, CN and Rosypal, AC and Flick, GJ and Zajac, AM and Lindquist, A and Dubey, JR} } @article {10714, title = {{Survival of Vibrio cholerae in industrially polluted water, with particular reference to iron concentrations}}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {65{\textendash}70}, author = {Patel, M and Isaacson, M and Koornhof, HJ} } @article {7826, title = {Swimming and Campylobacter infections}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, year = {2004}, note = {Aug; Swimming and Campylobacter infections; ISI:000223153200020; ID: 303}, pages = {1474-1477}, author = {Schonberg-Norio,D. and Takkinen,J. and Hanninen,M. L. and Katila,M. L. and Kaukoranta,S. S. and Mattila,L. and Rautelin,H.} } @article {6775, title = {Syndromic surveillance of gastrointestinal illness using pharmacy over-the-counter sales: a retrospective study of waterborne outbreaks in {Saskatchewan} and {Ontario}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Sante{\textquoteright}e Publique}, year = {2004}, pages = {446{\textendash}450}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/41994427}, author = {Edge, Victoria L. and Pollari, Frank and Lim, Gillian and Aramini, Jeff and Sockett, Paul and Martin, S. Wayne and Wilson, Jeff and Ellis, Andrea} } @article {13211, title = {Temperature and growth-phase effects on Aeromonas hydrophila survival in natural seawater microcosms: role of protein synthesis and nucleic acid content on viable but temporarily nonculturable response}, journal = {Microbiology.}, volume = {150}, year = {2004}, pages = {181-187}, doi = {10.1099/mic.0.26639-0}, author = {Maalej, S. and Denis, M. and Dukan, S.} } @book {15058, title = {The {\textbackslash}{LaTeX} {Companion}}, series = {Addison-{Wesley} {Series} on {Tools} and {Techniques} for {Computer} {Typesetting}}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, organization = {Addison-Wesley}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Boston, MA, USA}, author = {Mittelbach, Frank and Goossens, Michel and Braams, Johannes and David Carlisle and Rowley, Chris} } @mastersthesis {6341, title = {Towards sustainable malaria control services in {Kenya}: insecticide treated nets}, year = {2004}, note = {U180907}, school = {The University of Liverpool (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Both Employer-based and Community-based approaches have been used to promote the use and re-treatment of nets in Kenya, but re-treatment rates have remained disappointingly low. To investigate reasons for low re-treatment, the scope of ITN use and re-treatment coverage in different population groups was assessed; different options of improving people{\textquoteright}s acceptance of re-treatment services was reviewed; the acceptance of conventional and alternative methods of payment for re-treatment services was analysed; the suitability of guidelines for use by employers in ITN programmes was tested and options for introducing ITNs with high wash resistance were assessed. The study applied both qualitative (focus group discussions and in depth interviews) and quantitative (formal household interview survey) methods for data collection. It was found that net coverage was higher in employer-based sites in comparison to community-based sites (54.3\%Vs 35\%; p{\textless}0.001). Re-treatment rates were highly influenced by education, economic ability and the availability of nets and insecticides. Price reductions motivated people to re-treat nets. It was concluded that methods used for the re-treatment of nets should be acceptable to communities and available at different times and outlets; information on re-treatment should be provided continuously through different media; distribution and supply systems should link suppliers to the local systems through organised community groups (OCGs) and cooperative societies, in addition to shopkeepers. Methods of payment for re-treatment provided through OCGs should be tailored to suit community preferences. Interestingly, it was observed the widespread untargeted delivery of subsidised nets by a large international NGO negatively affected sales by organised community groups and commercial companies marketing nets. Finally, it became clear that long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) were widely accepted as crucial for the future of malaria vector control but uptake will depend on their affordability. These findings have led to the formulation of recommendations for implementing measures to increase net usage and re-treatment in Kenya and in Africa, generally.}, keywords = {0353:Organismal biology, Bibliographies, Biological sciences, DXN076617, Organismal biology, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301662671?accountid=14270}, author = {Wacira, D G} } @article {8573, title = {{Toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {363}, number = {9425}, year = {2004}, pages = {1965{\textendash}1976}, author = {Montoya, JG and Liesenfeld, O} } @article {6128, title = {Tracer tests for the investigation of heterogeneous porous media and stochastic modelling of flow and transport{\textemdash}a review of some recent developments}, journal = {Journal of Hydrology}, volume = {294}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {122{\textendash}163}, author = {Ptak, Thomas and Piepenbrink, Matthias and Martac, Eugeniu} } @article {16989, title = {Tracking the origin of faecal pollution in surface water: an ongoing project within the European Union research programme}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {249{\textendash}260}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Blanch, Anicet R and Belanche-Mu{\~n}oz, Luis and Bonjoch, Xavier and Ebdon, James and Gantzer, Christophe and Lucena, Francisco and Ottoson, Jakob and Kourtis, Christos and Iversen, Aina and K{\"u}hn, Inger and others} } @article {11911, title = {Transmission and Infectious Dose of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Swine}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {9}, year = {2004}, pages = {5331-5335}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.9.5331-5335.2004}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/70/9/5331.abstract}, author = {Cornick, N. A. and Helgerson, A. F.} } @article {6062, title = {Transport of bacteria from manure and protection of water resources}, journal = {Applied Soil Ecology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {1{\textendash}18}, author = {Unc, Adrian and Goss, Michael J} } @article {17495, title = {{Treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature in a two-anaerobic step system followed by a trickling filter}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {11-12}, year = {2004}, pages = {199{\textendash}206}, abstract = {The treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature was studied in a two-anaerobic-step system followed by an aerobic step, consisting of an anaerobic filter (AF) + an anaerobic hybrid (AH) + polyurethane-foam trickling filter (PTF). The AF+AH system was operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3+6 h at a controlled temperature of 13{\textdegree}C, while the PTF was operated without wastewater recirculation at different hydraulic loading rates (HLR) of 41, 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d at ambient temperature (ca. 15-18{\textdegree}C). The AF reactor removed the major part of the total and suspended COD, viz. 46 and 58{\%} respectively. The AH reactor with granular sludge was efficient in the removal and conversion of the anaerobically biodegradable COD. The AF+AH system removed 63{\%} of total COD and converted 46{\%} of the influent total COD to methane. At a HLR of 41 m3/m2/d, the COD removal was limited in the PTF, while at HLR of 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d, a high total COD removal of 54-57{\%} was achieved without a significant difference between the two HLRs. The PTF was mainly efficient in the removal of particles (suspended and colloidal COD removal were 75-90{\%} and 75-83{\%} respectively), which were not removed in the anaerobic two-step. The overall total COD removal in the AF+AH+PTF system was 85{\%}. Decreasing the HLR from 15.4 to 2.6 m3/m2/d, only increased the nitrification rate efficiency in the PTF from 22{\%} to 60{\%}. Also, at HLR of 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d, PTF showed a similar removal for E. coli by about 2 log. Therefore, the effluent of AF+AH+PTF system can be utilised for restricted irrigation in order to close water and nutrients cycles. Moreover, such a system represents a high-load and a low-cost technology, which is a suitable solution for developing countries.}, keywords = {Anaerobic treatment, Domestic sewage, Low temperature, Post treatment, Trickling filter, wastewater}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.2004.0840}, author = {Elmitwalli, T. A. and Van Lier, J. and Zeeman, G. and Lettinga, G.} } @article {3220, title = {{Treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature in a two-anaerobic step system followed by a trickling filter}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {11-12}, year = {2004}, pages = {199{\textendash}206}, abstract = {The treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature was studied in a two-anaerobic-step system followed by an aerobic step, consisting of an anaerobic filter (AF) + an anaerobic hybrid (AH) + polyurethane-foam trickling filter (PTF). The AF+AH system was operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3+6 h at a controlled temperature of 13 degrees C, while the PTF was operated without wastewater recirculation at different hydraulic loading rates (HLR) of 41, 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d at ambient temperature (ca. 15-18 degrees C). The AF reactor removed the major part of the total and suspended COD, viz. 46 and 58{\%} respectively. The AH reactor with granular sludge was efficient in the removal and conversion of the anaerobically biodegradable COD. The AF+AH system removed 63{\%} of total COD and converted 46{\%} of the influent total COD to methane. At a HLR of 41 m3/m2/d, the COD removal was limited in the PTF, while at HLR of 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d, a high total COD removal of 54-57{\%} was achieved without a significant difference between the two HLRs. The PTF was mainly efficient in the removal of particles (suspended and colloidal COD removal were 75-90{\%} and 75-83{\%} respectively), which were not removed in the anaerobic two-step. The overall total COD removal in the AF+AH+PTF system was 85{\%}. Decreasing the HLR from 15.4 to 2.6 m3/m2/d, only increased the nitrification rate efficiency in the PTF from 22{\%} to 60{\%}. Also, at HLR of 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d, PTF showed a similar removal for E. coli by about 2 log. Therefore, the effluent of AF+AH+PTF system can be utilised for restricted irrigation in order to close water and nutrients cycles. Moreover, such a system represents a high-load and a low-cost technology, which is a suitable solution for developing countries.}, keywords = {Anaerobic treatment, Domestic sewage, Low temperature, Post treatment, Trickling filter, wastewater}, isbn = {0273-1223}, issn = {02731223}, author = {Elmitwalli, T. A. and Van Lier, J. and Zeeman, G. and Lettinga, G.} } @article {13889, title = {Treatment of {Helicobacter} pylori in {Pediatrics}}, journal = {Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {407{\textendash}412}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is among the most common bacterial infections in humans. In 1982, H. pylori was discovered by Marshal and Warren, demonstrating an association between H. pylori and ulcer disease. H. pylori is a gram-negative, S-shaped rod that produces enzymes like urease, catalase and oxidase. The mechanism of acquisition and transmission of H. pylori is unclear, although the most likely mode of transmission is fecaloral and oral-oral. The mode of transmission is supported by studies that demonstrate viable H. pylori organisms can be cultured from the stool or vomitus of infected patients. Risk factors such as minimal education and low socio-economic status during childhood affect the prevalence. Children infected with H. pylori develop histologic chronic active gastritis despite the fact that they are generally asymptomatic. A small percentage of these children will go on to develop peptic ulcer disease, and even gastric cancer. In contrast, the association of abdominal pain and H. pylori infection remains controversial. In the year 2000, the North American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology guidelines on H. pylori reported that there is no evidence demonstrating a link between H. pyloriassociated gastritis and abdominal pain, except in rare cases in which gastric or duodenal ulcer disease is present. Currently, treatment with a combination of two antimicrobial agents in conjunction with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) continues to be recommended for the treatment of H. pylori associated peptic ulcer disease.}, issn = {1534-309X}, doi = {10.1007/s11938-004-0053-x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11938-004-0053-x}, author = {Blanchard, Samra S and Bauman, Lara and Czinn, Steven J} } @article {8261, title = {{Treatment of Helicobacter pylori in Pediatrics}}, journal = {Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2004}, pages = {407{\textendash}412}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is among the most common bacterial infections in humans. In 1982, H. pylori was discovered by Marshal and Warren, demonstrating an association between H. pylori and ulcer disease. H. pylori is a gram-negative, S-shaped rod that produces enzymes like urease, catalase and oxidase. The mechanism of acquisition and transmission of H. pylori is unclear, although the most likely mode of transmission is fecaloral and oral-oral. The mode of transmission is supported by studies that demonstrate viable H. pylori organisms can be cultured from the stool or vomitus of infected patients. Risk factors such as minimal education and low socio-economic status during childhood affect the prevalence. Children infected with H. pylori develop histologic chronic active gastritis despite the fact that they are generally asymptomatic. A small percentage of these children will go on to develop peptic ulcer disease, and even gastric cancer. In contrast, the association of abdominal pain and H. pylori infection remains controversial. In the year 2000, the North American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology guidelines on H. pylori reported that there is no evidence demonstrating a link between H. pyloriassociated gastritis and abdominal pain, except in rare cases in which gastric or duodenal ulcer disease is present. Currently, treatment with a combination of two antimicrobial agents in conjunction with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) continues to be recommended for the treatment of H. pylori associated peptic ulcer disease.}, issn = {1534-309X}, doi = {10.1007/s11938-004-0053-x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11938-004-0053-x}, author = {Blanchard, Samra S and Bauman, Lara and Czinn, Steven J} } @book {9263, title = {{Tropical Medicine}}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Wiley Blackwell}, organization = {Wiley Blackwell}, edition = {6th}, address = {Oxford, UK}, author = {Gill, G and Beeding, N} } @article {4544, title = {A two decade survey of respiratory adenovirus in Taiwan: the reemergence of adenovirus types 7 and 4}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {274{\textendash}9}, issn = {0146-6615 (Print) 0146-6615}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.20087}, author = {Lin, K. H. and Lin, Y. C. and Chen, H. L. and Ke, G. M. and Chiang, C. J. and Hwang, K. P. and Chu, P. Y. and Lin, J. H. and Liu, D. P. and Chen, H. Y.} } @article {540, title = {A two decade survey of respiratory adenovirus in Taiwan: the reemergence of adenovirus types 7 and 4}, journal = {J Med Virol}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, note = {Lin, Kuei-Hsiang Lin, Yung-Cheng Chen, Hsiu-Lin Ke, Guan-Ming Chiang, Chi-Jung Hwang, Kao-Pin Chu, Pei-Yu Lin, Jih-Hui Liu, Ding-Ping Chen, Hour-Young Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States J Med Virol. 2004 Jun;73(2):274-9.}, pages = {274-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {From November 1999 to December 2001, three outbreaks of adenovirus (Ad) respiratory infection occurred in southern Taiwan. To determine the circulating serotypes and molecular epidemiology, a total of 524 virus strains were randomly selected from 1,064 strains isolated from 1981 to 2001, and were studied using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-RFLP. The major subgenus found was subgenus B (45\%), followed by subgenus E (29\%) and subgenus C (25\%). Ad3 and Ad7 were the major types found during the 1st outbreak, which occurred from November 1999 to March 2000, while Ad4 was found mainly during the 2nd and 3rd outbreaks in October 2000 and September 2001, respectively. Both Ad7 and Ad4 were reemerged serotypes, whereas Ad3 was consistently isolated during the survey, although it declined drastically from 36 to 2\% in 2001. Genotype analysis in this study showed that the only strain of Ad7 found in 1983 was Ad7a, but all randomly selected strains of Ad7 isolated during 1999-2000 were Ad7b. The clinical features of 217 patients were analyzed during the 1999-2000 outbreaks. About 79\% of the total cases were less than 7 years old. The ratio of male to female was 2:1. Severe infections, such as pneumonia and acute bronchitis, accounted for nearly half of the cases (43\%). These results show the reemergence and changing of serotypes, the clinical association of respiratory adenovirus infections, and the molecular epidemiology of Ad7 genotypes in Taiwan during the past two decades.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Human/*epidemiology/*virology Adenoviruses, Human/classification/*genetics/growth \& development/isolation \& purification Adolescent Cell Line Child Child, Preschool DNA Fingerprinting DNA, Restriction Fragment Length Respiratory Tract Infections/*epidemiology/*virology Taiwan/epidemiology Virus Cultivation, Viral/analysis/isolation \& purification Disease Outbreaks Female Genotype Humans Male Molecular Epidemiology Pharynx/virology Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymorphism}, issn = {0146-6615 (Print) 0146-6615}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.20087}, author = {Lin, K. H. and Lin, Y. C. and Chen, H. L. and Ke, G. M. and Chiang, C. J. and Hwang, K. P. and Chu, P. Y. and Lin, J. H. and Liu, D. P. and Chen, H. Y.} } @article {11797, title = {{Ultrastructural studies on the cellular organisation of the coracidium of the cestode Bothriocephalus clavibothrium Ariola, 1899 (Pseudophyllidea, Bothriocephalidae)}}, journal = {Acta Parasitologica}, volume = {49}, year = {2004}, pages = {116{\textendash}139}, author = {Swiderski, Z and Mackiewicz, J S} } @article {16907, title = {Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation for microorganism inactivation}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {18}, year = {2004}, pages = {3940{\textendash}3948}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Taghipour, Fariborz} } @article {9002, title = {Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation for microorganism inactivation}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {38}, number = {18}, year = {2004}, pages = {3940-3948}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.016}, url = {://WOS:000224503800012 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135404003434/1-s2.0-S0043135404003434-main.pdf?_tid=58dec53a-535b-11e6-9679-00000aacb35f\&acdnat=1469556428_525cb3805510635bcc441faf118d22b7}, author = {Taghipour, F.} } @article {8965, title = {Ultraviolet Disinfection: Guidelines for Drinking Water and Water Reuse, Second Edition}, journal = {American Water Works Association. Journal}, volume = {96}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {122}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0003-150X}, url = {http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LS8NAEB58XLTiu6hVWDybNM2z8SJiW6UntUrsqWx2N1LQVPP4_-5sNkEs9OAhEAgsA1m{\textendash}Xb2m28AHNu0jD-YEMtfLVgYOFSg4Vois7oruTNTT8xVpeCxP34Kx1N3Uo897eq2bbMGSYXcfMGwaN61bSQrvu_dfH0bOEUKb1v1SI112LTlqR5HO}, author = {Miner, Gary} } @inbook {1870, title = {Ultraviolet disinfection of particle-associated viruses}, booktitle = {Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment}, year = {2004}, pages = {109-116}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Padstow, Cornwall, UK}, author = {Templeton, M. and Hofmann, R. and Andrews, R. C.}, editor = {Hahn, H. and Hoffman, E. and Odegaard, H} } @article {4851, title = {{Un risque parasitaire pour le touriste en Republique Dominicaine: la cyclosporose}}, journal = {Journal of Medicine in the Tropics}, volume = {64}, year = {2004}, pages = {98{\textendash}99}, author = {Estran, C and Chaillou, S and Marty, P} } @article {8570, title = {{An unusual genotype of Toxoplasma gondii is common in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and is a cause of mortality}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, pages = {275{\textendash}284}, author = {Miller, MA and Grigg, ME and Kreuder, C and James, ER and Melli, AC and Crosbie, PR and Jessup, DA and Boothroyd, JC and Brownstein, D and Conrad, PA} } @book {13062, title = {Urban Drainage}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Spon Press, London, UK}, organization = {Spon Press, London, UK}, edition = {2nd}, author = {Butler, David and Davies, John W.} } @article {1711, title = {Urban wet-weather flows: sources of fecal contamination impacting on recreational waters and threatening drinking-water sources}, journal = {J Toxicol Environ Health A}, volume = {67}, number = {20-22}, year = {2004}, note = {Marsalek, Jiri Rochfort, Quintin eng Review England 2004/09/17 05:00 J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2004 Oct 22-Nov 26;67(20-22):1765-77.}, pages = {1765-77}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Discharges of urban stormwater and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) contribute to fecal contamination of urban waters and need to be considered in planning the protection of recreational waters and sources of drinking water. Stormwater characterization indicates that Escherichia coli counts in stormwater typically range from 103 to 104 units per 100 ml. Higher counts (10(5) units/100 ml) suggest the presence of cross-connections with sanitary sewers, and such connections should be identified and corrected. Fecal contamination of stormwater may be attenuated prior to discharge into surface waters by stormwater management measures, which typically remove suspended solids and attached bacteria. Exceptionally, stormwater discharges in the vicinity of swimming beaches are disinfected. The levels of indicator bacteria in CSOs can be as high as 10(6) E. coli per 100 ml. Consequently, the abatement of fecal contamination of CSOs is now considered in the design of CSO control and treatment, as for example stipulated in the Ontario Procedure F-5-5. CSO abatement options comprise combin ations of storage and treatment, in which the CSO treatment generally includes disinfection by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Finally, indicator bacteria data from Sarnia (Ontario) were used to demonstrate some fecal contamination impacts of wet-weather flows. In wet weather, the microbiological quality of riverine water worsened as a result of CSO and stormwater discharges, and the recreational water guidelines for indicator organisms were exceeded most of the time. Local improvements in water quality were feasible by source controls and diversion of polluted water.}, keywords = {Environmental Monitoring/methods Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification/*physiology Feces/*microbiology Fresh Water/*microbiology Humans Rain Recreation *Sewage Urban Health *Water Microbiology Water Movements *Water Supply}, issn = {1528-7394 (Print) 0098-4108 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/15287390490492430}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15371215}, author = {Marsalek, J. and Rochfort, Q.} } @article {1687, title = {Use of cell culture-PCR assay based on combination of A549 and BGMK cell lines and molecular identification as a tool to monitor infectious adenoviruses and enteroviruses in river water}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {70}, number = {11}, year = {2004}, note = {Lee, Cheonghoon Lee, Seung-Hoon Han, Euiri Kim, Sang-Jong eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2004/11/06 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Nov;70(11):6695-705.}, pages = {6695-705}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Viral contamination in environmental samples can be underestimated because a single cell line might reproduce only some enteric viruses and some enteric viruses do not exhibit apparent cytopathic effects in cell culture. To overcome this problem, we evaluated a cell culture-PCR assay based on a combination of A549 and Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cell lines as a tool to monitor infectious adenoviruses and enteroviruses in river water. Water samples were collected 10 times at each of four rivers located in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, and then cultured on group 1 cells (BGMK cells alone) and group 2 cells (BGMK and A549 cells). Reverse transcription and multiplex PCR were performed, followed by phylogenetic analysis of the amplicons. Thirty (75.0\%) of the 40 samples were positive for viruses based on cell culture, and the frequency of positive samples grown on group 2 cells (65.0\%) was higher than the frequency of positive samples grown on group 1 cells (50.0\%). The number of samples positive for adenoviruses was higher with A549 cells (13 samples) than with BGMK cells (one sample); the numbers of samples positive for enteroviruses were similar with both types of cells. By using phylogenetic analysis, adenoviral amplicons were grouped into subgenera A, C, D, and F, and enteroviral amplicons were grouped into coxsackieviruses B3 and B4 and echoviruses 6, 7, and 30, indicating that A549 and BGMK cells were suitable for recovering a wide range of adenoviral and enteroviral types. The cell culture-PCR assay with a combination of A549 and BGMK cells and molecular identification could be a useful tool for monitoring infectious adenoviruses and enteroviruses in aquatic environments.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, DNA Virus Cultivation, Human/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Animals Cell Line Enterovirus/classification/genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/*methods Humans Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Polymerase Chain React}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.11.6695-6705.2004}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528536}, author = {Lee, C. and Lee, S. H. and Han, E. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {2970, title = {Use of disability adjusted life years in the estimation of the disease burden of echinococcosis for a high endemic region of the {Tibetan} plateau}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, month = {jul}, pages = {56{\textendash}64}, abstract = {Shiqu County, located on the Tibetan plateau of western China, has an extremely high prevalence of both human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), and cystic echinococcosis (CE). The short form 12 version 2 quality of life survey, which was used to evaluate the extent to which morbidity associated with echinococcosis should be accounted, verified that there was a significant reduction in the mean health scores in all categories for individuals diagnosed with abdominal echinococcosis compared with an age and sex cross-matched population. Results of a larger ultrasound survey, which screened 3135 subjects, demonstrated that the prevalence rates of AE and CE were both approximately 6\% with a combined prevalence rate of 11.4\%. Prevalence rates adjusted for the age and sex structure of Shiqu County were 4.6\% for AE and 4.9\% for CE with an estimated overall adjusted prevalence rate of 9.5\%. The burden of disease associated with echinococcosis was calculated using disability adjusted life years (DALYs) based on these estimated prevalence rates. Monte-Carlo techniques were used to model the uncertainty in the prevalence estimates and the disability weights. Using these methods, we estimated that the total numbers of DALYs lost due echinococcosis was 50,933 (95\% confidence interval [CI] = 41,995-61,026). The DALYs lost consisted of approximately 32,978 (95\% CI = 25,019-42,422) due to AE and 17,955 (95\% CI = 14,268-22,128) due to CE and suggests an average of approximately 0.81 DALY lost per person. This study has clearly shown that the impact of DALYs lost due to echinococcosis, in terms of medical treatment costs, lost income, and physical and social suffering, is likely to be substantial in this highly endemic region of China.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Antibodies, Child, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Female, Health Care Surveys, Health Status, Helminth, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Preschool, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tibet}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Budke, Christine M. and Jiamin, Qiu and Zinsstag, Jakob and Qian, Wang and Torgerson, Paul R.} } @article {6039, title = {Use of PRD1 bacteriophage in groundwater viral transport, inactivation, and attachment studies}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {3{\textendash}16}, author = {Harvey, Ronald W and Ryan, Joseph N} } @article {17088, title = {Use of PRD1 bacteriophage in groundwater viral transport, inactivation, and attachment studies}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {3{\textendash}16}, publisher = {The Oxford University Press}, author = {Harvey, Ronald W and Ryan, Joseph N} } @article {8989, title = {Use of reflectors to enhance the synergistic effects of solar heating and solar wavelengths to disinfect drinking water sources}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {11-12}, year = {2004}, pages = {481-488}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/48/11-12/481.abstract}, author = {Rijal, G. K. and Fujioka, R. S.} } @article {4291, title = {{Usefulness of monitoring tropical streams for male-specific RNA coliphages.}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {sep}, pages = {171{\textendash}81}, abstract = {

The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of monitoring streams in Hawaii for FRNA coliphages as a reliable indicator of sewage contamination. This study was undertaken as a result of our previous findings that monitoring streams in Hawaii for traditional faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliform, Escherichia coli, enterococci) was not useful in determining when streams are contaminated with sewage, because environmental (soil) sources rather than sewage accounted for the high concentrations of faecal bacteria in streams. Two perennial streams, sewage and soil samples were monitored for traditional faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliform, E. coli, enterococci) and FRNA coliphages. The results showed that sewage treatment processes and disinfection drastically reduced the concentrations of traditional faecal indicator bacteria but FRNA coliphages were still present in significant concentrations in the treated sewage effluents. These results indicate that monitoring sewage effluents and environmental waters for only traditional faecal indicator bacteria may not be adequately protective of human health effects. Ambient concentrations of traditional faecal indicator bacteria in soil and streams of Hawaii were consistently high but consistently low for FRNA coliphages, indicating that monitoring streams of Hawaii for FRNA coliphages can be used to determine when streams are contaminated with sewage.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli: virology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Hawaii, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Rivers, Rivers: microbiology, RNA Viruses, RNA Viruses: genetics, Sewage, Sewage: analysis, Sewage: microbiology, Tropical Climate, United States, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution, Water Pollution: analysis, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {1477-8920}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15497813}, author = {Luther, Kartini and Fujioka, Roger} } @article {7426, title = {Validation of a {PCR}-{Based} {Method} for {Detection} of {Food}-{Borne} {Thermotolerant} {Campylobacters} in a {Multicenter} {Collaborative} {Trial}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {7}, year = {2004}, month = {jul}, pages = {4379{\textendash}4383}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.7.4379-4383.2004}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.70.7.4379-4383.2004}, author = {Josefsen, M. H. and Cook, N. and D{\textquoteright}Agostino, M. and Hansen, F. and Wagner, M. and Demnerova, K. and Heuvelink, A. E. and Tassios, P. T. and Lindmark, H. and Kmet, V. and Barbanera, M. and Fach, P. and Loncarevic, S. and Hoorfar, J.} } @mastersthesis {6569, title = {Valuing our water resources and modeling water markets}, year = {2004}, note = {3156680}, school = {The University of New Mexico}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation examines one river basin and a collection of U.S. water utilities in three essays to estimate the economic values for three types of water uses: (1) surface water for irrigation use, (2) groundwater for storage by water utilities, and (3) groundwater for residential or urban consumption. The river basin examined in this study is the Rio Grande in New Mexico, which is located in the and southwestern United States. The first essay develops an optimal cropping pattern model for the San Luis Valley agrarian community with a fixed water constraint. By optimizing crop allocations in the short run, the total agricultural benefits and thus returns to irrigated water use are maximized. Once a willingness-to-pay for irrigated water is estimated, a market for irrigation surface water can be modeled using the rules of prior appropriation to determine the order in which irrigators receive their water. This research contributes to the literature by using a short run model with fixed water inputs to examine the effects of drought in the growing season. The purpose of the second essay is to apply the Hotelling Valuation Principle method of valuation to our groundwater reserves in the same way that it is now applied to oil and gas reserves. This essay will test whether groundwater behaves as an exhaustible resource whenever the rate of pumping exceeds the rate at which the resource is replenished. Data from water utilities across the United States is used to estimate the value of our "in-ground" water reserves using an asset valuation framework. It extends the literature by adding "water" to the list of resources valued by the Hotelling Valuation Principle. The third essay uses the hedonic method for valuing environmental dis-amenities. It estimates the housing value damages suffered by homeowners who live in close proximity to contaminated groundwater sites in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This research extends the literature by valuing the impact of resource policy, or lack thereof.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, economics, Environmental disamenities, Hotelling valuation, Irrigation, New Mexico, Social sciences, Water markets, Water resources}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305163515?accountid=14270}, author = {Ewers, Mary E} } @article {11206, title = {{Vertical transmission of Toxocara cati Schrank 1788 (Anisakidae) in the cat}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, pages = {142{\textendash}146}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-003-1019-y}, author = {Coati, N and Schnieder, T and Epe, C} } @article {8537, title = {{Vertical transmission of toxoplasmosis from a chronically infected immunocompetent woman}}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal.}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, pages = {272{\textendash}274}, author = {Kodjikian, L and Hoigne, I and Adam, O and Jacquier, P and Aebi-Ochsner, C and Aebi, C and Garweg, JG} } @article {8733, title = {{Virus-Binding Proteins Recovered from Bacterial Culture Derived from Activated Sludge by Affinity Chromatography Assay Using a Viral Capsid Peptide}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {6}, year = {2004}, pages = {3434{\textendash}3442}, abstract = {The contamination of water environments by pathogenic viruses has raised concerns about outbreaks of viral infectious diseases in our society. Because conventional water and wastewater treatment systems are not effective enough to inactivate or remove pathogenic viruses, a new technology for virus removal needs to be developed. In this study, the virus-binding proteins (VBPs) in a bacterial culture derived from activated sludge were successfully recovered. The recovery of VBPs was achieved by applying extracted crude proteins from a bacterial culture to an affinity column in which a custom-made peptide of capsid protein from the poliovirus type 1 (PV1) Mahoney strain (H 2 N-DNPASTTNKDKL-COOH) was immobilized as a ligand. VBPs exhibited the ability to adsorb infectious particles of PV1 Sabin 1 as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The evaluation of surface charges of VBPs with ion-exchange chromatography found that a majority of VBP molecules had a net negative charge under the conditions of affinity chromatography. On the other hand, a calculated isoelectric point implied that the viral peptide in the affinity column was also charged negatively. As a result, the adsorption of the VBPs to the viral peptide in the affinity column occurred with a strong attractive force that was able to overcome the electrostatic repulsive force. Two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed that the isolated VBPs include a number of proteins, and their molecular masses were widely distributed but smaller than 100 kDa. Amino acid sequences of N termini of five VBPs were determined. Homology searches for the N termini against all protein sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database showed that the isolated VBPs in this study were newly discovered proteins. These VBPs that originated with bacteria in activated sludge might be stable, because they are existing in the environment of wastewater treatments. Therefore, a virus removal technology utilizing VBPs as viral adsorbents can be developed, since it is possible to replicate VBPs by protein cloning techniques. Pollution of water with pathogens has been documented worldwide (13, 16, 17, 25, 37, 41). In particular, chlorine-resis-tant pathogens, such as pathogenic viruses (18), Cryptospo-ridium parvum, and so forth, have raised concerns about out-breaks of waterborne infectious diseases in our society. Actually, pathogenic viruses have been important agents in outbreaks of waterborne diseases (3, 19, 20). Although disin-fection processes using ozone and UV light in conventional water and wastewater treatment systems have contributed to inactivating pathogens, these processes do not always effec-tively inactivate pathogenic viruses because the inactivation efficiency depends on the virus species and turbidity level (8, 11, 36). In addition, membrane technologies, such as microfil-tration and ultrafiltration, are available to remove pathogens (14, 24), but the operation of the membrane separation process has some disadvantages, such as large energy consumption and the nuisance of maintenance. On the other hand, the activated sludge process in wastewa-ter treatment has been well known for removing viruses (9, 23), though the removal efficiency depends on the species and type of viruses (10). Many pathogenic viruses, especially enterovi-ruses, have been observed to be easily captured by sewage sludge (10) and difficult to be eluted (29). Microorganisms in activated sludge yield various polymeric substances including polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids (38), and these polymers play an important role in the virus adsorption. However, biopolymers in activated sludge contributing to the virus adsorption have not been elucidated. The objective of this study was to discover virus-binding biopolymers from the bacterial culture derived from activated sludge with affinity chromatography. Proteins among biopoly-mers in activated sludge were arbitrarily regarded as the most promising material in this study, because they have a high diversity of configuration. At first, activated sludge bacteria were cultivated in nonselective media, and crude proteins were extracted from bacterial cells harvested. Virus-binding proteins (VBPs) were isolated from the crude proteins by means of their affinity with a viral capsid peptide. The virus-binding ability of VBPs was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosor-bent assay (ELISA) and a cultural method using HeLa cells. Then, the isolated VBPs were characterized in terms of mo-lecular weight and net surface charges. Amino acid sequences of N termini of VBPs were analyzed, and homology searches for the amino acid sequences of VBPs were conducted.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.6.3434{\textendash}3442.2004}, author = {Sano, Daisuke and Matsuo, Takahiro and Omura, Tatsuo} } @article {6615, title = {Vulnerability of {Drinking}-{Water} {Wells} in {La} {Crosse}, {Wisconsin}, to {Enteric}-{Virus} {Contamination} from {Surface} {Water} {Contributions}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, year = {2004}, month = {oct}, pages = {5937{\textendash}5946}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.10.5937-5946.2004}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.70.10.5937-5946.2004}, author = {Borchardt, M. A. and Haas, N. L. and Hunt, R. J.} } @article {4214, title = {Vulnerability of drinking-water wells in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to enteric-virus contamination from surface water contributions.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {10}, year = {2004}, month = {oct}, pages = {5937{\textendash}46}, abstract = {

Human enteric viruses can contaminate municipal drinking-water wells, but few studies have examined the routes by which viruses enter these wells. In the present study, the objective was to monitor the municipal wells of La Crosse, Wisconsin, for enteric viruses and determine whether the amount of Mississippi River water infiltrating the wells was related to the frequency of virus detection. From March 2001 to February 2002, one river water site and four wells predicted by hydrogeological modeling to have variable degrees of surface water contributions were sampled monthly for enteric viruses, microbial indicators of sanitary quality, and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. (18)O/(16)O and (2)H/(1)H ratios were used to determine the level of surface water contributions. All samples were collected prior to chlorination at the wellhead. By reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), 24 of 48 municipal well water samples (50{\%}) were positive for enteric viruses, including enteroviruses, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and noroviruses. Of 12 river water samples, 10 (83{\%}) were virus positive by RT-PCR. Viable enteroviruses were not detected by cell culture in the well samples, although three well samples were positive for culturable HAV. Enteroviruses detected in the wells by RT-PCR were identified as several serotypes of echoviruses and group A and group B coxsackieviruses. None of the well water samples was positive for indicators of sanitary quality, namely male-specific and somatic coliphages, total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and fecal enterococci. Contrary to expectations, viruses were found in all wells regardless of the level of surface water contributions. This result suggests that there were other unidentified sources, in addition to surface water, responsible for the contamination.

}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Disasters, DNA, enterovirus, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus: genetics, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: virology, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis A virus: genetics, Hepatitis A virus: isolation {\&} purification, Human, Human: genetics, Human: isolation {\&} purification, Humans, Norovirus, Norovirus: genetics, Norovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Public health, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA Viruses, RNA Viruses: genetics, RNA Viruses: isolation {\&} purification, RNA Viruses: pathogenicity, rotavirus, Rotavirus: genetics, Rotavirus: isolation {\&} purification, Viral, Viral: genetics, Water Supply, Water Supply: standards, Wisconsin}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.70.10.5937-5946.2004}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=522136{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Borchardt, Mark A and Haas, Nathaniel L and Hunt, Randall J} } @article {1517, title = {Water reuse for irrigation from waste water treatment plants with seasonal varied operation modes}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, note = {Cornel, P Weber, B eng Review England 2004/09/04 05:00 Water Sci Technol. 2004;50(2):47-53.}, pages = {47-53}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Irrigation periods are usually limited to vegetation periods. The quality requirements for treated wastewater for disposal and for reuse are different. The reuse of water for irrigation allows partly the reuse of the wastewater{\textquoteright}s nutrients (N and P). Outside the irrigation period the water must be treated for disposal, thus nutrient removal is often required in order to avoid detrimental effects on the receiving surface water body. Only wastewater treatment plants with different operation modes for different seasons can realise these requirements. The nitrification is the most sensitive biological process in the aerobic wastewater treatment process. At low water temperatures the nitrifying bacteria need several weeks to re-start full nitrification after periods without NH4-removal. Therefore it is necessary to develop options for waste water treatment plants which allow a fast re-start of the nitrification process. Based on theoretical considerations and computer simulations of the activated sludge treatment process, one possibility for implementing a wastewater treatment plant with different seasonal operation modes is evaluated.}, keywords = {Agriculture Bacteria/growth \& development *Conservation of Natural Resources *Models, Fluid/*methods *Water Supply, Theoretical Nitrogen/*metabolism Seasons Temperature Waste Disposal}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15344772}, author = {Cornel, P. and Weber, B.} } @article {14540, title = {Water reuse for irrigation from waste water treatment plants with seasonal varied operation modes}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {50}, year = {2004}, pages = {47{\textendash}53}, abstract = {Irrigation periods are usually limited to vegetation periods. The quality requirements for treated wastewater for disposal and for reuse are different. The reuse of water for irrigation allows partly the reuse of the wastewater{\textquoteright}s nutrients (N and P). Outside the irrigation period the water must be treated for disposal, thus nutrient removal is often required in order to avoid detrimental effects on the receiving surface water body. Only wastewater treatment plants with different operation modes for different seasons can realise these requirements. The nitrification is the most sensitive biological process in the aerobic wastewater treatment process. At low water temperatures the nitrifying bacteria need several weeks to re-start full nitrification after periods without NH4-removal. Therefore it is necessary to develop options for waste water treatment plants which allow a fast re-start of the nitrification process. Based on theoretical considerations and computer simulations of the activated sludge treatment process, one possibility for implementing a wastewater treatment plant with different seasonal operation modes is evaluated.}, keywords = {*Conservation of Natural Resources, *Models, *Water Supply, Agriculture, Bacteria/growth \& development, Fluid/*methods, Nitrogen/*metabolism, Seasons, Temperature, Theoretical, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Cornel, P. and Weber, B.} } @article {14908, title = {Water reuse for irrigation from waste water treatment plants with seasonal varied operation modes}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {50}, year = {2004}, pages = {47{\textendash}53}, abstract = {Irrigation periods are usually limited to vegetation periods. The quality requirements for treated wastewater for disposal and for reuse are different. The reuse of water for irrigation allows partly the reuse of the wastewater{\textquoteright}s nutrients (N and P). Outside the irrigation period the water must be treated for disposal, thus nutrient removal is often required in order to avoid detrimental effects on the receiving surface water body. Only wastewater treatment plants with different operation modes for different seasons can realise these requirements. The nitrification is the most sensitive biological process in the aerobic wastewater treatment process. At low water temperatures the nitrifying bacteria need several weeks to re-start full nitrification after periods without NH4-removal. Therefore it is necessary to develop options for waste water treatment plants which allow a fast re-start of the nitrification process. Based on theoretical considerations and computer simulations of the activated sludge treatment process, one possibility for implementing a wastewater treatment plant with different seasonal operation modes is evaluated.}, keywords = {*Conservation of Natural Resources, *Models, *Water Supply, Agriculture, Bacteria/growth \& development, Fluid/*methods, Nitrogen/*metabolism, Seasons, Temperature, Theoretical, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Cornel, P. and Weber, B.} } @article {6977, title = {Water, sanitation and hygiene: interventions and diarrhoea}, year = {2004}, url = {https://www.openknowledge.worldbank.com/handle/10986/13742}, author = {Fewtrell, Lorna and Colford Jr, John M.} } @booklet {1686, title = {Water treatment and pathogen control: Process efficiency in achieving safe drinking water}, year = {2004}, pages = {112}, publisher = {WHO. IWA http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/9241562552/en/ Last accessed July 2015.}, type = {Electronic Book}, author = {LeChevallier, M. W. and Au, K-K.} } @article {2712, title = {Waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak in Albania}, year = {2004}, author = {Divizia, M and Gabrieli, R and Donia, D} } @book {16936, title = {Waterborne zoonoses}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Iwa Publishing}, organization = {Iwa Publishing}, author = {Cotruvo, Joseph A and Dufour, Alfred and Rees, Gareth and Bartram, Jamie and Carr, Richard and Cliver, Dean O and Craun, Gunther F and Fayer, Ronald and Gannon, Victor PJ} } @article {11737, title = {{Waternorne zoonotic helminthiases}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {126}, number = {1-2}, year = {2004}, pages = {167{\textendash}193}, author = {Nithiuthai, S and Anantaphruti, M T and Waikagul, J and Gajadhar, A} } @article {10813, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2003}, volume = {79}, number = {31}, year = {2004}, pages = {281{\textendash}288} } @inbook {11953, title = {What are the criteria for determining whether a disease is zoonotic and water related?}, booktitle = {World Health Organization (WHO). Waterborne Zoonoses: Identification, Causes and Control}, year = {2004}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, type = {Book Section}, address = {London, UK}, author = {Moe, C.L.}, editor = {Cotruvo, J.A. and Dufour, A. and Rees, G. and Bartram, J. and Carr, R. and Cliver, D.O. and Craun, G.F. and Fayer, R. and Gannon, V.P.J.} } @article {14822, title = {{WHO} {\textbackslash}textbar {Water} treatment and pathogen control: {Process} efficiency in achieving safe drinking water. {WHO} drinking water quality. {World} {Health} {Organization}, {London}, {UK}.}, year = {2004}, author = {LeChevallier, M and Kwok-Keung, A} } @booklet {14823, title = {{WHO} {\textbackslash}textbar {Water} treatment and pathogen control: {Process} efficiency in achieving safe drinking water. {WHO} drinking water quality.}, year = {2004}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {London, UK}, url = {http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/9241562552/en/}, author = {LeChevallier, MW and Kwok-Keung, Au} } @article {14128, title = {{WHO} {\textbar} {Water} treatment and pathogen control: {Process} efficiency in achieving safe drinking water. {WHO} drinking water quality. {World} {Health} {Organization}, {London}, {UK}.}, year = {2004}, author = {LeChevallier, M and Kwok-Keung, A} } @booklet {14129, title = {{WHO} {\textbar} {Water} treatment and pathogen control: {Process} efficiency in achieving safe drinking water. {WHO} drinking water quality.}, year = {2004}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {London, UK}, url = {http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/9241562552/en/}, author = {LeChevallier, MW and Kwok-Keung, Au} } @booklet {8071, title = {{WHO | Water treatment and pathogen control: Process efficiency in achieving safe drinking water. WHO drinking water quality.}}, year = {2004}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {London, UK}, isbn = {/entity/water{\_}sanitation{\_}health/dwq/9241562552/en/index.html}, url = {http://www.who.int/water{\_}sanitation{\_}health/dwq/9241562552/en/}, author = {LeChevallier, MW and Kwok-Keung, Au} } @article {2331, title = {{WHO | Water treatment and pathogen control: Process efficiency in achieving safe drinking water. WHO drinking water quality. World Health Organization, London, UK.}}, year = {2004}, author = {LeChevallier, M and Kwok-Keung, A} } @booklet {2332, title = {{WHO | Water treatment and pathogen control: Process efficiency in achieving safe drinking water. WHO drinking water quality.}}, year = {2004}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {London, UK}, isbn = {/entity/water\_sanitation\_health/dwq/9241562552/en/index.html}, url = {http://www.who.int/water\_sanitation\_health/dwq/9241562552/en/}, author = {LeChevallier, MW and Kwok-Keung, Au} } @article {3002, title = {Wilderness in the city: the urbanization of {Echinococcus} multilocularis}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, month = {feb}, pages = {77{\textendash}84}, abstract = {A distinct increase in fox populations, particularly in urban areas, has been observed in Europe. This is of particular concern in endemic regions of the small fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, the aetiological agent of human alveolar echinococcosis. Novel tools have facilitated the investigation of the ecology of urban foxes and have demonstrated the urban wildlife cycle of E. multilocularis. Such studies are essential for estimating the risk of transmission to humans and to determine the basics for the development of control strategies.}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Reservoirs, Domestic, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Female, Foxes, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Rodentia, Urban Health, Zoonoses}, issn = {1471-4922}, author = {Deplazes, Peter and Hegglin, Daniel and Gloor, Sandra and Romig, Thomas} } @article {15568, title = {Women, water management and health}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, year = {2004}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, month = {Nov}, pages = {2025-6}, keywords = {*Water Supply, *Women, Conservation of Natural Resources, Egypt, Female, Humans, Hygiene, Social Change, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {1080-6040 (Print)
1080-6040 (Linking)}, author = {Watts, S.} } @article {2648, year = {2003}, doi = {10.1097/00006454-200310000-00012}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200310000-00012}, author = {Clark, HF and Burke, CJ and Volkin, DB and Offit, P} } @booklet {11981, year = {2003}, type = {Generic} } @article {889, year = {2003}, doi = {10.1097/00006454-200310000-00012}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200310000-00012}, author = {Clark, HF and Burke, CJ and Volkin, DB and Offit, P} } @article {10742, title = {{A 4-year study of the epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae in four rural areas of Bangladesh}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {187}, year = {2003}, pages = {96{\textendash}101}, author = {Sack, RB and Siddique, AK and Longini, IM Jr and Nizam, A and Yunus, M and Islam, MS and Morris, JG Jr and Ali, A and Huq, A and Nair, GB and Qadri, F and Faruque, SM and D A Sack and Colwell, RR} } @book {13563, title = {Adaptation capacities of Fasciola hepatica and their relationships with human fascioliasis: from below sea level up to the very high altitude}, volume = {2}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Taxonomy, Ecology and Evolution of Metazoan Parasites edit.), Presses Universitaires de Perpignan, Perpignan, pp. 81-123}, organization = {Taxonomy, Ecology and Evolution of Metazoan Parasites edit.), Presses Universitaires de Perpignan, Perpignan, pp. 81-123}, address = {In}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Bargues, M. D. and Valero, M. A. and Fuentes, M. V.}, editor = {C. Combes and J. Jourdane} } @article {9322, title = {{Advanced treatment for municipal wastewater reuse in agriculture. UV disinfection: parasite removal and by-product formation}}, journal = {Desalination}, volume = {152}, number = {1-3}, year = {2003}, pages = {315{\textendash}324}, author = {Liberti, L and Notarnicola, M and Petruzzelli, D} } @article {13146, title = {Aeromonas isolates from human diarrheic stool and groundwater compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {224-228}, author = {Borchardt, M. A. and Stemper, M. E. and Standridge, J. H.} } @article {13283, title = {Aeromonas spp. and traveler{\textquoteright}s diarrhea: clinical features and antimicrobial resistance}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {552-555}, doi = {10.3201/eid0905.020451}, author = {Vila, J. and Ruiz, J. and Gallardo, F. and Vargas, M. and Soler, L. and Figueras, M. J. and Gascon, J.} } @article {15572, title = {Age-dependent survival and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {127}, number = {Pt 1}, year = {2003}, note = {0031-1820 (Print)
Journal Article}, month = {Jul}, pages = {29-35}, abstract = {The age dependency of the mortality, spontaneous de-tailing and infectivity of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni has been determined at 25 degrees C. Infectivity was assessed with respect to stratum corneum-like differentiated human keratinocyte cultures (validated by comparison with fresh human skin samples) and displayed a complex age-dependent pattern. From 1 to 9 h post-emergence cercariae showed a plateau of maximal infectivity (around 90\% attachment). Thereafter, infectivity declined. Immediately after release, infectivity at around 60\% was significantly lower than the plateau values and this could be an adaptation for spatial dispersal of cercariae. Age-dependent patterns of cercarial mortality and spontaneous de-tailing closely mirrored the infectivity pattern except in relation to the low initial infectivity value. These findings suggest that, at a population level, the age-dependent decline in cercarial infectivity towards human skin is essentially driven by cercarial mortality. The recently described phenomenon of delayed tail loss (DTL) in S. mansoni cercariae infecting human skin is confirmed in the present study. For cercariae aged up to 13.5 h post-emergence, 90\% or more of invading cercariae took their tails with them into the keratinocyte culture. The infection dynamics described in this study suggest that diurnally shed S. mansoni cercariae, with peak emergence around mid-day, will have near maximal infectivity towards humans in contact with water through all remaining daylight hours in the tropics.}, keywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Biomphalaria/parasitology, cercaria, Host-Parasite Relations, Humans, Keratinocytes/parasitology, Life Cycle Stages, life traits, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Schistosoma mansoni/growth \& development/metabolism/*pathogenicity, Schistosomiasis mansoni/metabolism/*parasitology/transmission, Survival Analysis, Temperature, Time Factors}, author = {Whitfield, P. J. and Bartlett, A. and Khammo, N. and Clothier, R. H.} } @article {3049, title = {Albendazole for the treatment of echinococcosis}, journal = {Fundamental \& Clinical Pharmacology}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {apr}, pages = {205{\textendash}212}, abstract = {Twenty years after the first cases of echinococcal disease were treated with albendazole, it has become an important component in the overall management of both cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. This paper reviews some of the key steps and issues facing those who work in clinical research and who deal on a day-to-day basis with echinococcal disease. In many situations, chemotherapy alone is sufficient, but it is also used as an adjunct to surgery and to minimally invasive approaches to cyst management. While treatment may not be as effective as hoped, attempts to provide new regimens are progressing to increase cure rates further. There is now a greater understanding of the limitations of all approaches, and treatment guidelines as developed by the World Health Organization are now widely followed. As diagnostic tools are ever more widely available, the question as to who should be treated in endemic communities has to be answered.}, keywords = {albendazole, Animals, Anthelmintics, Clinical Trials as Topic, Echinococcosis, Humans}, issn = {0767-3981}, author = {Horton, John} } @article {3079, title = {Alveolar echinococcosis: {MR} findings in the liver}, journal = {Radiology}, volume = {228}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, month = {jul}, pages = {172{\textendash}177}, abstract = {PURPOSE: To clarify the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of alveolar echinococcosis in the liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients with 50 lesions histologically proven to be alveolar echinococcosis were evaluated with MR imaging. Lesions were assessed with regard to the distribution pattern of solid and cystic components and pattern of contrast material enhancement. RESULTS: Cystic components exhibited two patterns at T2-weighted MR imaging: small round cysts and large and/or irregular cysts. Forty-eight lesions (96\%) contained small round cysts. Twenty-six lesions (52\%) had large and/or irregular cysts. Forty-five lesions (90\%) were associated with a solid component. MR imaging characteristics were categorized into five types: multiple small round cysts without a solid component (two lesions [4\%], type 1), multiple small round cysts with a solid component (20 lesions [40\%], type 2), a solid component surrounding large and/or irregular cysts with multiple small rounds cysts (23 lesions [46\%], type 3), a solid component without cysts (two lesions [4\%], type 4), and a large cyst without a solid component (three lesions [6\%], type 5). In most cases (97\%), contrast enhancement was weak. CONCLUSION: The MR findings of alveolar echinococcosis in the liver are multiple small round cysts with a weakly enhanced solid component. The cystic component can be a large and/or irregular lesion, and such lesions are depicted clearly at T2-weighted MR imaging.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Contrast Media, Echinococcosis, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Radiographic Image Enhancement}, issn = {0033-8419}, doi = {10.1148/radiol.2281020323}, author = {Kodama, Yoshihisa and Fujita, Nobuyuki and Shimizu, Tadashi and Endo, Hideho and Nambu, Toshikazu and Sato, Naoki and Todo, Satoru and Miyasaka, Kazuo} } @article {2940, title = {The ambiguous role of immunity in echinococcosis: protection of the host or of the parasite?}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {85}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {feb}, pages = {119{\textendash}132}, abstract = {In Echinococcus infection, at the metacestode stage, studies of the immune responses in the experimental murine model as well as in humans have shown that (1) cellular immunity induced by a Th1-type cytokine secretion was able to successfully kill the metacestode at the initial stages of development; (2) antigenic proteins and carbohydrates (and perhaps non-antigenic, mitogenic components) of the oncosphere/metacestode were able to interfere with antigen presentation and cell activation so that host lymphocytes and other immune cells could produce cytokines (especially IL-10) and other mediators able to inhibit the effector phase of cellular immune reaction; and (3) immunogenetic characteristics of the host were essential to this parasite-induced deviation of the immune response. In E. multilocularis infection, a combined Th1 and Th2 cytokine profile appears crucial for prolonged metacestode growth and survival. It may be hypothesized that Th1 cytokines promote the initial cell recruitment around the metacestode and are involved in the chronicity of the cell infiltrate leading to a fully organized periparasitic granuloma and its consequences, fibrosis and necrosis. The Th2 cytokines, on the other hand, could be responsible for the inhibition of a successful parasite killing especially because of the {\textquoteright}anti-inflammatory{\textquoteright} potency of IL-10. This combination of various arms of the immune response results in a partial protection of both Echinococcus metacestode and host. However, it may also be considered responsible for several complications of the disease. The Th2-related IgE synthesis and mast cell activation, well known to be responsible for anaphylactic reactions in cystic echinococcosis, are more rarely involved in {\textquoteright}allergic{\textquoteright} complications in alveolar echinococcosis (AE). However, the partial but chronic effects of the efficient Th1-related cellular immune response are responsible for cytotoxic events which both help metacestode growth and dissemination and lead to the central necrosis of the lesions and clinical complications of AE. Moreover, the Th-1 response is responsible for the major and irreversible fibrosis which leads to bile duct and vessel obstruction. In addition, the peri-parasitic fibrosis may be one of the reasons for the relative lack of efficacy of antiparasitic drugs. Modulation of the host immune response, by using Interferon alpha for instance, may be a new tool to generate an effective immune response against the parasite and to prevent AE and its complications.}, keywords = {Animal, Animals, Cellular, Cytokines, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Immunity, Inbred Strains, Innate, Interferon-gamma, Mice, Models, Th1 Cells, Th2 Cells}, issn = {0001-706X}, author = {Vuitton, Dominique Ang{\`e}le} } @article {9278, title = {{Amebiasis}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {348}, number = {16}, year = {2003}, pages = {1565{\textendash}1573}, author = {Haque, R and Huston, CD and Hughes, M and Houpt, E and Petri, WA Jr} } @article {9406, title = {{Amoebiasis}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {361}, number = {9362}, year = {2003}, pages = {1025{\textendash}1034}, author = {Stanley, SL Jr} } @article {12746, title = {{Analysis of parasite-specific antibody positive patients for Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermani, cysticercus and sparganum using ELISA}}, journal = {The Korean Journal of Laboratory Medicine}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {126{\textendash}131}, author = {Lee, SH and M N Kim and Back, BY and Chai, JY and Kim, TH and Hwang, YS} } @article {17327, title = {And z values of Salmonella, Listeria innocua, and Listeria monocytogenes in fully cooked poultry products}, journal = {Journal of Food ScienceJ Food Sci}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, month = {May}, pages = {1443-1447}, keywords = {chicken breast meat, d and z values, ground-beef, heat-resistance, inactivation d-value, lethality, listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, pasteurization, ready-to-eat poultry, Salmonella, spp., thermal inactivation, Turkey, UNITED-STATES}, isbn = {0022-1147}, author = {Murphy, R. Y. and Duncan, L. K. and Beard, B. L. and Driscoll, K. H.} } @article {5194, title = {{Antagonism between Bacteria and Fungi on Decomposing Aquatic Plant Litter}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {173{\textendash}182}, issn = {0095-3628}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-002-2030-z}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00248-002-2030-z}, author = {Mille-Lindblom, C. and Tranvik, L.J.} } @article {7864, title = {Application of real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry, milk and environmental water}, journal = {FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, note = {Oct; Application of real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry, milk and environmental water; ISI:000186032500010; ID: 265}, pages = {265-271}, author = {Yang,C. B. and Jiang,Y. and Huang,K. H. and Zhu,C. Q. and Yin,Y. L.} } @article {3096, title = {Application of ultrasound in diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, public health and control of {Echinococcus} granulosus and {E}. multilocularis}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {127 Suppl}, year = {2003}, pages = {S21{\textendash}35}, abstract = {The last 30 years have seen an impressive use of ultrasonography (US) in many fields of veterinary and clinical medicine and the technique is being increasingly applied to a wide variety of parasitic infections including the cestode zoonoses Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis. US provides real-time results which are permanently recordable with a high resolution and diagnostic accuracy. These properties, coupled with the clinical value of the images obtained and the non-invasive nature of the test which is safe, require no special patient preparation time; it is easy to operate and this has resulted in the establishment of US as the diagnostic technique of choice for cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcosis. The lack of ionizing radiation and side-effects mean that examination times are not restricted. The hand-held probes facilitate what amounts to a rapid, bloodless non-invasive laparotomy, enabling a search from an infinite number of angles for lesions producing information on their number, size and type of cysts, their location and clinical implications. Such clinical information has facilitated the development of treatment protocols for different cyst types. Less invasive surgical techniques, such as US guidance for PAIR (Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Re-aspiration), PAIRD (PAIR plus Drainage) or PPDC (Percutaneous Puncture with Drainage and Curettage) are also possible. Longitudinal US studies have facilitated monitoring the effects of the outcome of treatment and chemotherapy. Portable ultrasound scanners which today weigh as little as a few pounds, powered by battery or generators have facilitated the use of the technique in mass community-based screening studies. The majority of these studies have been conducted in remote, low socio-economic areas where there were few, if any, hospitals, veterinary facilities, schools or trained personnel. The surveys led to the discovery of unexpectedly high prevalences of CE and AE in asymptomatic individuals of endemic areas and especially amongst transhumant or nomadic pastoralists living in various parts of the world. Screening for CE and AE is justified as an early diagnosis leads to a better prognosis following treatment. The application of US in field and clinical settings has led to a better understanding of the natural history of CE and AE and to the development of a WHO standardized classification of cyst types for CE. This classification can be used in helping define the treatment options for the different cysts found during the surveys, which in turn can also be used to calculate the public health cost of treating the disease in an endemic community. The case mix revealed can also influence the specificity (particularly proportions of cyst types CE4 and CE5 and cystic lesions{\textendash}CL) of US as a diagnostic test in a particular setting. Community based US surveys have provided new insights into the public health importance of CE and AE in different endemic settings. By screening whole populations they disclose the true extent of the disease and reveal particular age and sex risk factors. Through the treatment and follow-up of all infected cases found during the mass screening surveys a drastic reduction in the public health impact of the disease in endemic communities can be achieved. Educational impacts of such surveys at the national, community and individual levels for both professional and lay people are beginning to be appreciated. The translation of the information gained into active control programmes remains to be realized. In areas where intermediate hosts, such as sheep and goats, are not slaughtered in large numbers mass US screening surveys to determine the prevalence of CE in livestock has proved possible. Longitudinal studies in such intermediate hosts would reveal changes in prevalence over time, which has been used as a marker for control success in other programmes. Mass US screening surveys in an ongoing control programme in Argentina has demonstrated the early impact of control in the human population and identified breakthroughs in that control programme. Mass US screening surveys must adhere to the highest ethical standards and the outcome of surveys should result in the application of appropriate WHO recommended treatment options for different cyst types. Follow-up strategies have to be in place prior to the implementation of such surveys for all infected individuals who do not require treatment and for all suspected, but not confirmed, cases found during the surveys. The use of US in community screening surveys has revealed the complexity of ethical issues (informed consent, confidentiality, follow-up, detection of lesions that are not the focus of the study etc) and also provided real solutions to providing the most ethical guidelines for the early detection and treatment of CE and AE.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Preschool, prevalence, Public health, Sensitivity and Specificity}, issn = {0031-1820}, author = {Macpherson, C. N. L. and Bartholomot, B. and Frider, B.} } @article {3725, title = {Are waterborne astrovirus implicated in acute digestive morbidity ({E}.{MI}.{R}.{A}. study).}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {74{\textendash}82}, author = {Gofti-Laroche, L and Gratacap-Cavallier, B and Demanse, D and Genoulaz, O and Seigneurin, JM and Zmirou, D} } @article {1824, title = {Assessment of an enterovirus sewage surveillance system by comparison of clinical isolates with sewage isolates from milwaukee, wisconsin, collected august 1994 to december 2002}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, note = {Sedmak, Gerald Bina, David MacDonald, Jeffrey eng Comparative Study Evaluation Studies 2003/12/09 05:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Dec;69(12):7181-7.}, pages = {7181-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The quantity and serotypes of enteroviruses (EVs) in the influent of a local sewage treatment plant were compared to local clinical EV cases to determine if testing of sewage is adequate for an EV surveillance system. The study was carried out from August 1994 to December 2002. Monthly influent specimens were processed by organic flocculation, and dilutions of concentrate were inoculated onto a number of different cell types for virus isolation. EVs were detected in 88 of 100 monthly influent samples. Sewage EV titers were calculated by using software provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for most-probable-number determination. All 1,068 sewage EV isolates were further grouped (echovirus, coxsackievirus B, coxsackievirus A, or poliovirus) by cell culture host range analysis (growth pattern of isolates on passage to seven cell lines), and 39.0\% of the 1,022 EV isolates categorized as non-poliovirus EVs were specifically serotyped. For clinical cases, primary virus isolation tests were performed on specimens submitted by local hospitals and EV isolates submitted by hospitals were serotyped. Clinical EVs were documented for 81 of the 100 months studied. In all, 694 EV isolates from clinical cases were serotyped. Annually, between 4 and 11 different serotypes of non-poliovirus EVs were identified in sewage and from 9 to 19 different non-poliovirus EV serotypes were identified from clinical specimens. Usually, the most commonly detected sewage EV serotypes were similar to the most commonly detected clinical serotypes; e.g., for 1997, echovirus 6 accounted for 53.1\% of the typed sewage isolates and 39.4\% of the clinical infections, while in 1998, echovirus 30 accounted for 50.0 and 46.1\%, respectively. In 1999, 60.3\% of the EVs from clinical cases and 79.7\% of the sewage isolates were echovirus 11; in 2000, 33.3\% of the EVs from clinical cases and 40.7\% of the sewage isolates were coxsackievirus B5; and in 2001, 44.1\% of the EVs from clinical cases and 36.2\% of the sewage isolates were echovirus 13. Annual peaks of both sewage EV titers and clinical cases occurred in late summer or early fall. In some years, early spring sewage EVs portended some of the EVs that would predominate clinically during the following summer.}, keywords = {Animals Cell Line Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus Infections/*epidemiology/*microbiology Humans Population Surveillance/*methods Seasons Serotyping Sewage/*microbiology Virus Cultivation}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14660364}, author = {Sedmak, G. and Bina, D. and Macdonald, J.} } @article {15860, title = {Assessment of methods for detection of infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in reclaimed effluents}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, month = {Sep}, pages = {5380-8}, edition = {2003/09/06}, keywords = {*Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods, Animals, Automation, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Female, Filtration/instrumentation/methods/standards, Giardia/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Oocysts/*isolation \& purification, Spores, Protozoan/isolation \& purification, Water Purification/instrumentation/*methods/standards}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Quintero-Betancourt, W. and Gennaccaro, A. L. and Scott, T. M. and Rose, J. B.} } @booklet {1625, title = {Assessment of Risk}, year = {2003}, pages = {79-110}, publisher = {OECD Publishing}, type = {Electronic Book Section}, author = {Hunter, P. R. and Payment, P and Ashbolt, N. and Bartram, J.} } @inbook {14678, title = {Assessment of {Risk}}, booktitle = {Assessing {Microbial} {Safety} of {Drinking} {Water} {Improving} {Approaches} and {Methods}: {Improving} {Approaches} and {Methods}}, year = {2003}, pages = {79{\textendash}110}, publisher = {OECD Publishing}, organization = {OECD Publishing}, author = {Hunter, P. R. and Payment, P. and Ashbolt, N. and Bartram, J.}, editor = {OECD and WHO} } @inbook {14679, title = {Assessment of {Risk}}, booktitle = {Assessing {Microbial} {Safety} of {Drinking} {Water}: {Improving} {Approaches} and {Methods}}, year = {2003}, pages = {79{\textendash}110}, publisher = {OECD Publishing}, organization = {OECD Publishing}, address = {Paris}, author = {Hunter, P. R. and Payment, P. and Ashbolt, N. and Bartram, J.}, editor = {OECD/WHO} } @article {9397, title = {{Assessment of the effectiveness of the aerated lagoons system in sewage treatment with reference to the removal of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs}}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {40}, year = {2003}, pages = {203{\textendash}224}, author = {Shalaby, IMI and Dewedar, A and Bahgat, MMM and Fahmi, MF and Salem, MAM} } @article {14818, title = {Association of genomic {O} island 122 of {Escherichia} coli {EDL} 933 with verocytotoxin-producing {Escherichia} coli seropathotypes that are linked to epidemic and/or serious disease.}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, year = {2003}, month = {nov}, pages = {4930{\textendash}40}, abstract = {The distribution of EDL 933 O island 122 (OI-122) was investigated in 70 strains of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) of multiple serotypes that were classified into five "seropathotypes" (A through E) based on the reported occurrence of serotypes in human disease, in outbreaks, and/or in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Seropathotype A comprised 10 serotype O157:H7 and 3 serotype O157:NM strains. Seropathotype B (associated with outbreaks and HUS but less commonly than serotype O157:H7) comprised three strains each of serotypes O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:NM, O121:H19, and O145:NM. Seropathotype C comprised four strains each of serotypes O91:H21 and O113:H21 and eight strains of other serotypes that have been associated with sporadic HUS but not typically with outbreaks. Seropathotype D comprised 14 strains of serotypes that have been associated with diarrhea but not with outbreaks or HUS, and seropathotype E comprised animal VTEC strains of serotypes not implicated in human disease. All strains were tested for four EDL 933 OI-122 virulence genes (Z4321, Z4326, Z4332, and Z4333) by PCR. Negative PCRs were confirmed by Southern hybridization. Overall, 28 (40\%) strains contained OI-122 (positive for all four virulence genes), 27 (38.6\%) contained an "incomplete" OI-122 (positive for one to three genes), and 15 (21.4\%) strains did not contain OI-122. The seropathotype distribution of complete OI-122 was as follows: 100\% for seropathotype A, 60\% for B, 36\% for C, 15\% for D, and 0\% for E. The differences in the frequency of OI-122 between seropathotypes A, B, and C (associated with HUS) and seropathotypes D and E (not associated with HUS) and between seropathotypes A and B (associated with epidemic disease) and seropathotypes C, D, and E (not associated with epidemic disease) were highly significant (P {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 0.0001).}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Blotting, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Genome, Humans, Incidence, Polymerase Chain Reaction, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: genetics, Southern, Virulence, Virulence: genetics}, issn = {0095-1137}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=262514\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Karmali, Mohamed A and Mascarenhas, Mariola and Shen, Songhai and Ziebell, Kim and Johnson, Shelley and Reid-Smith, Richard and Isaac-Renton, Judith and Clark, Clifford and Rahn, Kris and Kaper, James B} } @article {2312, title = {{Association of genomic O island 122 of Escherichia coli EDL 933 with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli seropathotypes that are linked to epidemic and/or serious disease.}}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, year = {2003}, month = {nov}, pages = {4930{\textendash}40}, abstract = {The distribution of EDL 933 O island 122 (OI-122) was investigated in 70 strains of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) of multiple serotypes that were classified into five "seropathotypes" (A through E) based on the reported occurrence of serotypes in human disease, in outbreaks, and/or in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Seropathotype A comprised 10 serotype O157:H7 and 3 serotype O157:NM strains. Seropathotype B (associated with outbreaks and HUS but less commonly than serotype O157:H7) comprised three strains each of serotypes O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:NM, O121:H19, and O145:NM. Seropathotype C comprised four strains each of serotypes O91:H21 and O113:H21 and eight strains of other serotypes that have been associated with sporadic HUS but not typically with outbreaks. Seropathotype D comprised 14 strains of serotypes that have been associated with diarrhea but not with outbreaks or HUS, and seropathotype E comprised animal VTEC strains of serotypes not implicated in human disease. All strains were tested for four EDL 933 OI-122 virulence genes (Z4321, Z4326, Z4332, and Z4333) by PCR. Negative PCRs were confirmed by Southern hybridization. Overall, 28 (40\%) strains contained OI-122 (positive for all four virulence genes), 27 (38.6\%) contained an "incomplete" OI-122 (positive for one to three genes), and 15 (21.4\%) strains did not contain OI-122. The seropathotype distribution of complete OI-122 was as follows: 100\% for seropathotype A, 60\% for B, 36\% for C, 15\% for D, and 0\% for E. The differences in the frequency of OI-122 between seropathotypes A, B, and C (associated with HUS) and seropathotypes D and E (not associated with HUS) and between seropathotypes A and B (associated with epidemic disease) and seropathotypes C, D, and E (not associated with epidemic disease) were highly significant (P < 0.0001).}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Blotting, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Genome, Humans, Incidence, Polymerase Chain Reaction, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: genetics, Southern, Virulence, Virulence: genetics}, issn = {0095-1137}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=262514\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Karmali, Mohamed A and Mascarenhas, Mariola and Shen, Songhai and Ziebell, Kim and Johnson, Shelley and Reid-Smith, Richard and Isaac-Renton, Judith and Clark, Clifford and Rahn, Kris and Kaper, James B} } @article {8054, title = {{Association of genomic O island 122 of Escherichia coli EDL 933 with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli seropathotypes that are linked to epidemic and/or serious disease.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, year = {2003}, month = {nov}, pages = {4930{\textendash}40}, abstract = {

The distribution of EDL 933 O island 122 (OI-122) was investigated in 70 strains of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) of multiple serotypes that were classified into five \"seropathotypes\" (A through E) based on the reported occurrence of serotypes in human disease, in outbreaks, and/or in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Seropathotype A comprised 10 serotype O157:H7 and 3 serotype O157:NM strains. Seropathotype B (associated with outbreaks and HUS but less commonly than serotype O157:H7) comprised three strains each of serotypes O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:NM, O121:H19, and O145:NM. Seropathotype C comprised four strains each of serotypes O91:H21 and O113:H21 and eight strains of other serotypes that have been associated with sporadic HUS but not typically with outbreaks. Seropathotype D comprised 14 strains of serotypes that have been associated with diarrhea but not with outbreaks or HUS, and seropathotype E comprised animal VTEC strains of serotypes not implicated in human disease. All strains were tested for four EDL 933 OI-122 virulence genes (Z4321, Z4326, Z4332, and Z4333) by PCR. Negative PCRs were confirmed by Southern hybridization. Overall, 28 (40{\%}) strains contained OI-122 (positive for all four virulence genes), 27 (38.6{\%}) contained an \"incomplete\" OI-122 (positive for one to three genes), and 15 (21.4{\%}) strains did not contain OI-122. The seropathotype distribution of complete OI-122 was as follows: 100{\%} for seropathotype A, 60{\%} for B, 36{\%} for C, 15{\%} for D, and 0{\%} for E. The differences in the frequency of OI-122 between seropathotypes A, B, and C (associated with HUS) and seropathotypes D and E (not associated with HUS) and between seropathotypes A and B (associated with epidemic disease) and seropathotypes C, D, and E (not associated with epidemic disease) were highly significant (P {\textless} 0.0001).

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Blotting, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Genome, Humans, Incidence, Polymerase Chain Reaction, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: genetics, Southern, Virulence, Virulence: genetics}, issn = {0095-1137}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=262514{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Karmali, Mohamed A and Mascarenhas, Mariola and Shen, Songhai and Ziebell, Kim and Johnson, Shelley and Reid-Smith, Richard and Isaac-Renton, Judith and Clark, Clifford and Rahn, Kris and Kaper, James B} } @article {14104, title = {Association of genomic {O} island 122 of {Escherichia} coli {EDL} 933 with verocytotoxin-producing {Escherichia} coli seropathotypes that are linked to epidemic and/or serious disease.}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, year = {2003}, month = {nov}, pages = {4930{\textendash}40}, abstract = {The distribution of EDL 933 O island 122 (OI-122) was investigated in 70 strains of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) of multiple serotypes that were classified into five "seropathotypes" (A through E) based on the reported occurrence of serotypes in human disease, in outbreaks, and/or in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Seropathotype A comprised 10 serotype O157:H7 and 3 serotype O157:NM strains. Seropathotype B (associated with outbreaks and HUS but less commonly than serotype O157:H7) comprised three strains each of serotypes O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:NM, O121:H19, and O145:NM. Seropathotype C comprised four strains each of serotypes O91:H21 and O113:H21 and eight strains of other serotypes that have been associated with sporadic HUS but not typically with outbreaks. Seropathotype D comprised 14 strains of serotypes that have been associated with diarrhea but not with outbreaks or HUS, and seropathotype E comprised animal VTEC strains of serotypes not implicated in human disease. All strains were tested for four EDL 933 OI-122 virulence genes (Z4321, Z4326, Z4332, and Z4333) by PCR. Negative PCRs were confirmed by Southern hybridization. Overall, 28 (40\%) strains contained OI-122 (positive for all four virulence genes), 27 (38.6\%) contained an "incomplete" OI-122 (positive for one to three genes), and 15 (21.4\%) strains did not contain OI-122. The seropathotype distribution of complete OI-122 was as follows: 100\% for seropathotype A, 60\% for B, 36\% for C, 15\% for D, and 0\% for E. The differences in the frequency of OI-122 between seropathotypes A, B, and C (associated with HUS) and seropathotypes D and E (not associated with HUS) and between seropathotypes A and B (associated with epidemic disease) and seropathotypes C, D, and E (not associated with epidemic disease) were highly significant (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.0001).}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Blotting, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, Genome, Humans, Incidence, Polymerase Chain Reaction, shiga toxins, Shiga Toxins: genetics, Southern, Virulence, Virulence: genetics}, issn = {0095-1137}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=262514\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Karmali, Mohamed A and Mascarenhas, Mariola and Shen, Songhai and Ziebell, Kim and Johnson, Shelley and Reid-Smith, Richard and Isaac-Renton, Judith and Clark, Clifford and Rahn, Kris and Kaper, James B} } @article {3664, title = {Astrovirus infection in children.}, journal = {Current Opinion in Infectious Disease}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {247{\textendash}253}, author = {JE, Walter and Mitchell, DK} } @mastersthesis {16659, title = {Attitudes and {Practices} {Among} {Small} {Urban} {Communities} in {Relation} to {Water} {Services} in an {Area}-{Beyond}-{Network}: {Case} of {Epworth}}, year = {2003}, school = {University of Zimbabwe}, type = {masters}, author = {Gandidzanwa, P} } @mastersthesis {12913, title = {Attitudes and Practices Among Small Urban Communities in Relation to Water Services in an Area-Beyond-Network: Case of Epworth}, year = {2003}, school = {University of Zimbabwe}, type = {masters}, author = {Gandidzanwa, P} } @article {8550, title = {{Autofluorescence of Toxoplasma gondii and related coccidian oocysts}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {89}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {865{\textendash}867}, author = {Lindquist, HD and Bennett, JW and Hester, JD and Ware, MW and Dubey, JP and Everson, WV} } @article {4307, title = {{Bacterial host strains that support replication of somatic coliphages.}}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {83}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {305{\textendash}315}, publisher = {Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.}, abstract = {Somatic coliphages detected by Escherichia coli strain WG5 have been proposed as potential indicators of water quality. Their potential replication in the water environment is considered a drawback for their use as indicators. However, the contribution of replication outside the gut to the total numbers has never been quantified. It has not been determined either the fraction of bacterial strains that might support replication of phages detected by strain WG5 in the water environment. We examined the sensitivity of 291 host strains to 25 phages by streaking slants of the presumptive host strain onto an agar layer that contains bacteriophages, which gives a total of 7275 combinations (sensitivity tests). Only a 3.02{\%} of the tests showed sensitivity. Additionally, six environmental strains were used as hosts to count phages in sewage and seawater. Phages isolated on these strains were used to infect strain WG5. The environmental strains detected 1 log10 fewer phages than strain WG5 in sewage and seawater. The fraction of phages that were detected by the six strains and that also infected strain WG5 ranged from {\textless} 0.07{\%} to {\textless} 2.0{\%} of the total amount of bacteriophages detected by strain WG5 in the same samples. Our results confirm that less than 3{\%} of naturally occurring hosts support replication of phages infecting E. coli. We conclude that the contribution of replication to the number of somatic coliphages detected in the aquatic environment is negligible.}, issn = {0003-6072}, author = {Muniesa, Maite and Moc{\'e}-Llivina, Laura and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Jofre, Juan} } @article {15207, title = {Bacterial pathogen removal in wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {The Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology}, year = {2003}, pages = {477{\textendash}490}, author = {Curtis, Tom} } @article {6068, title = {Bacteriophages and clostridium spores as indicator organisms for removal of pathogens by passage through saturated dune sand}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {2186{\textendash}2194}, author = {Schijven, JF and De Bruin, HAM and Hassanizadeh, SM and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {8924, title = {Bacteriophages as viral indicators for radiation processing of water: a chemical approach}, journal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes}, volume = {58}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {651-656}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0969-8043}, doi = {10.1016/S0969-8043(03)00089-7}, url = {http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1LbxMxEB5BKxAC8SivpSD5wAEOmzj2rh_caESFKioBBYmeVn6tCIImyqbi7-PxehOgrUBw9UvyeDTzjT3zGYCzES1_swlMt4Zp6pWoraWV554FI4TjrQ9cOSxOfv9WHbzTB8fVUS6NyUmW2RP0Fj7Z7twyzrIdL2az8VGE4lohgRVHt6blZdhG9a}, author = {Gehringer, Peter and Eschweiler, Helmut and Leth, Hermann and Pribil, Walter and Pfleger, Silvia and Cabaj, Alexander and Haider, Thomas and Sommer, Regina} } @article {8726, title = {{Bioaerosol Emissions From Wastewater Treatment Plants}}, journal = {Aerobiologia}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, pages = {261{\textendash}270}, keywords = {Bioaerosols, Coliforms, Enterococci, Faecal, Fungi, heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms, Wastewater treatment plants}, author = {Pascual, Leonor and Perez-Luz, Sara and Adela M Yanez and Santamaria, A. and Gibert, K. and Salgot, M. and Apraiz, D. and Catalan, V.} } @mastersthesis {6512, title = {Biological indicators of wetland condition for isolated depressional herbaceous wetlands in {Florida}}, year = {2003}, note = {3105632}, school = {University of Florida}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In order to develop tools to assess the biotic integrity of isolated herbaceous depressional wetlands of peninsular Florida, 75 small (\~{}1 ha) wetlands along a gradient of human disturbance were studied, and algae (diatoms), macrophytes, and macroinvertebrates collected and analyzed. Physio-chemical constituents of the water and soil were also collected and analyzed. Three indices of wetland integrity were developed based on measurable attributes (metrics) of the assemblages sampled: the Diatom Index of Wetland Condition (DIWC, 14 metrics), Vegetative Index of Wetland Condition (VIWC, 5 metrics), and the Macroinvertebrate Index of Wetland Condition (NIIWC, 5 metrics). Each index was significantly correlated (Spearman{\textquoteright}s r >= 10.751, p {\textless} 0.0001) with an independent geographic information systems-based measure of human landscape modification, the Landscape Development Intensity index. A secondary goal of this research was to elucidate the various landscape and soil/water physio-chemical constituents responsible for determining the community composition of the sampled wetlands, as understanding the driving forces may aid in managing wetland resources. The dimensionality of each dataset was reduced using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), and correlations of site scores in ordination space made with measured physio-chemical constituents, LDI score, and latitude/longitude. Four variables acting on various spatial scales were correlated (Pearson{\textquoteright}s r2 {\textgreater} 0.30) with all three assemblages: soil pH, water column specific conductivity, water column total phosphorous (TP), and LDI score. In addition, water color (macroinvertebrates) and latitude (macrophytes) were also correlated with the ordination site scores. The indices of biotic integrity developed from this research may be used to provide quantitative and objective measurement of the aquatic resources of peninsular Florida and may form the scientific basis for an objective and quantifiable rapid assessment procedure. In addition, results from this study suggested that efforts to restore community composition and associated processes and functions should focus on amending inflows and fluxes of water, materials, and energy that affect soil pH, specific conductivity, and water TP, as well as decreasing the abundance of human-developed lands within 100m of wetlands.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, Biological indicators, Biological sciences, Ecology, Florida, Herbaceous, wetlands}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305324361?accountid=14270}, author = {Lane, Charles Raymond} } @article {9891, title = {{Blastocystis isolates from a pig and a horse are closely related to Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, pages = {967{\textendash}975}, author = {Thathaisong, U and Worapong, J and Mungthin, M and Tan-Ariya, P and Viputtigul, K and Sudatis, A and Noonai, A and S, Leelayoova} } @article {5509, title = {{Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, month = {apr}, pages = {1548{\textendash}1557}, abstract = {

We have developed an assay for the detection of Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) based on reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) that is highly sensitive to a broad range of NLVs. We isolated virus from 71 NLV-positive stool specimens from 37 outbreaks of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis and sequenced the open reading frame 1 (ORF1)-ORF2 junction region, the most conserved region of the NLV genome. The data were subjected to multiple-sequence alignment analysis and similarity plot analysis. We used the most conserved sequences that react with diverse NLVs to design primers and TaqMan probes for the respective genogroups of NLV, GI and GII, for use in a real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay. Our method detected NLV in 99{\%} (80 of 81) of the stool specimens that were positive by electron microscopy, a better detection rate than with the two available RT-PCR methods. Furthermore, our new method also detected NLV in 20 of 28 stool specimens from the same NLV-related outbreaks that were negative for virus by electron microscopy. Our new assay is free from carryover DNA contamination and detects low copy numbers of NLV RNA. It can be used as a routine assay for diagnosis as well as for elucidation of the epidemiology of NLV infections.

}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Caliciviridae Infections, classification, Disease Outbreaks, DNA, DNA Primers, epidemiology, Gastroenteritis, genetics, Humans, isolation {\&} purification, Molecular Sequence Data, Norovirus, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sequence Analysis, Virology}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print)}, author = {Kageyama, Tsutomu and Kojima, Shigeyuki and Shinohara, Michiyo and Uchida, Kazue and Fukushi, Shuetsu and Hoshino, Fuminori B and Takeda, Naokazu and Katayama, Kazuhiko} } @article {5967, title = {{Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {1548{\textendash}1557}, author = {Kageyama, T and Kojima, S} } @article {9115, title = {{Calculation of the Non-Isothermal Inactivation Patterns of Microbes Having Sigmoidal Isothermal Semi-Logarithmic Survival Curves}}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition}, volume = {43}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, month = {oct}, pages = {645{\textendash}658}, publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis}, issn = {1040-8398}, doi = {10.1080/10408690390251156}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408690390251156}, author = {Peleg, Micha} } @article {5132, title = {Capsid functions of inactivated human picornaviruses and feline calicivirus}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, year = {2003}, pages = {350{\textendash}357}, author = {Nuanualsuwan, Suphachai and Cliver, Dean O} } @article {7787, title = {A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Sporadic Campylobacter Infections in Denmark}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {130}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {353-366}, abstract = {

A case control study comprising 282 cases and 319 matched controls was conducted in Denmark during 1996-7. Two estimates of the odds ratio (OR) were determined for each risk factor with and without \&$\#$39;protective factors\&$\#$39; fitted into the final model. Consumption of undercooked poultry (OR 4\·5; 8\·2), consumption of red meat at a barbecue (OR 2\·3; 4\·1), consumption of grapes (OR 1\·6; 2\·8) and drinking unpasteurized milk (OR 2\·3; 11\·8) were identified as risk factors in both models. Frequent consumption of pork chops (OR 4\·4) and daily contact with domestic animals and pets were identified as risk factors in one of the two models only. Finally, foreign travel was found to be a significant risk factor (OR 2\·5). Seasonal and regional interaction was observed for several risk factors and the time elapsed from interviewing of cases to interviewing of controls seemed to influence the effect of certain seasonal dependent risk factors.

}, isbn = {09502688, 14694409}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3865452}, author = {Neimann,J. and Engberg,J. and M{\o}bak,K. and Wegener,H. C.} } @book {16368, title = {Catchment characterisation and source water quality}, series = {Assessing microbial safety of drinking water}, year = {2003}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, address = {London}, author = {Medema, G. J. and Shaw, S. and al et} } @inbook {7128, title = {Catchment characteristics and source water quality}, booktitle = {Assessing {Microbial} {Safety} of {Drinking} {Water}. {Improving} {Approaches} and {Method}}, year = {2003}, pages = {111{\textendash}158}, publisher = {WHO \& OECD, IWA Publishing}, organization = {WHO \& OECD, IWA Publishing}, address = {London, UK}, author = {Medema, G. J. and et al.} } @article {9325, title = {{The cell cycle of Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry}, volume = {253}, number = {1-2}, year = {2003}, pages = {217{\textendash}222}, author = {Lohia, A} } @article {1856, title = {Characterization of microbial communities from coastal waters using microarrays}, journal = {Environ Monit Assess}, volume = {81}, number = {1-3}, year = {2003}, note = {Stin, O Colin Carnahan, Amy Singh, Ruby Powell, Jan Furuno, Jon P Dorsey, Alicia Silbergeld, Ellen Williams, Henry N Morris, J Glenn eng Netherlands 2003/03/07 04:00 Environ Monit Assess. 2003 Jan-Feb;81(1-3):327-36.}, pages = {327-36}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Molecular methods, including DNA probes, were used to identify and enumerate pathogenic Vibrio species in the Chesapeake Bay; our data indicated that Vibrio vulnificus exhibits seasonal fluctuations in number. Our work included a characterization of total microbial communities from the Bay; development of microarrays that identify and quantify the diversity of those communities; and observation of temporal changes in those communities. To identify members of the microbial community, we amplified the 16S rDNA gene from community DNA isolated from a biofilm sample collected from the Chesapeake Bay in February, 2000. The resultant 75 sequences were 95\% or more similar to 7 species including two recently described Shewanella species, baltica and frigidimarina, that have not been previously isolated from the Chesapeake. When the genera of bacteria from biofilm after culturing are compared to those detected by subcloning amplified 16S fragments from community DNA, the cultured sample exhibited a strong bias. In oysters collected in February, the most common bacteria were previously unknown. Based on our 16S findings, we are developing microarrays to detect these and other microbial species in these estuarine communities. The microarrays will detect each species using four distinct loci, with the multiple loci serving as an internal control. The accuracy of the microarray will be measured using sentinel species such as Aeromonas species, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio vulnificus. Using microarrays, it should be possible to determine the annual fluctuations of bacterial species (culturable and non-culturable, pathogenic and non-pathogenic). The data may be applied to understanding patterns of environmental change; assessing the "health" of the Bay; and evaluating the risk of human illness associated with exposure to and ingestion of water and shellfish.}, keywords = {16S/*genetics Risk Assessment Shellfish Vibrio/*genetics Virginia Water Microbiology, Animals DNA, Bacterial/*genetics Environmental Monitoring/methods Humans Maryland *Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis Ostreidae/microbiology Population Dynamics Public Health RNA, Ribosomal}, issn = {0167-6369 (Print) 0167-6369 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12620025}, author = {Stin, O. C. and Carnahan, A. and Singh, R. and Powell, J. and Furuno, J. P. and Dorsey, A. and Silbergeld, E. and Williams, H. N. and Morris, J. G.} } @article {7671, title = {Characterization of waterborne outbreak-associated Campylobacter jejuni, Walkerton, Ontario}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, year = {2003}, note = {Characterization, of waterborne outbreak-associated Campylobacter jejuni, Walkerton, Ontario; 187; J English Article Clark, CG, Canadian Sci Ctr Human \& Anim Hlth, 1015 Arlington St, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada 5 CENTER DISEASE CONTROL ATLANTA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA EMERG INFECT DIS OCT Discipline: Immunology; Infectious Diseases 730NC NOT IN FILE 1080-6040 Hlth Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Ontario Minist Hlth, Toronto, ON M5W 1R5, Canada. Hlth Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.; ID: 41}, pages = {1232-1241}, abstract = {The Walkerton, Canada, waterborne outbreak of 2000 resulted from entry of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter spp. from neighboring farms into the town water supply. Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli obtained from outbreak investigations were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods, including heat-stable and heat-labile serotyping, phage typing, biotyping, fla-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Two main outbreak strains were identified on the basis of heat-stable serotyping and fla-RFLP, typing. These strains produced a limited number of types when tested by other methods. Isolates with types indistinguishable from, or similar to, the outbreak types were found only on one farm near the town of Walkerton, whereas cattle from other farms carried a variety of Campylobacter strains with different type characteristics. Results of these analyses confirmed results from epidemiologic studies and the utility of using several different typing and subtyping methods for completely characterizing bacterial populations}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI, Cattle, COLI, Contamination, Disease, England, Escherichia coli, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS, GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS, GENE, IDENTIFICATION, infection, JEJUNI, LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS, methods, OUTBREAK, Poultry, STRAINS, water, WATERBORNE OUTBREAK}, author = {Clark,C. G. and Price,L. and Ahmed,R. and Woodward,D. L. and Melito,P. L. and Rodgers,F. G. and Jamieson,F. and Ciebin,B. and Li,A. M. and Ellis,A.} } @article {5759, title = {{Chlorination of Indicator Bacteria and Viruses in Primary Sewage Effluent}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {2038{\textendash}2043}, author = {Tree, JA and Adams, MR and Lees, DN} } @article {16917, title = {Chlorination of indicator bacteria and viruses in primary sewage effluent}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {2038{\textendash}2043}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Tree, Julia A and Adams, Martin R and Lees, David N} } @article {4613, title = {Chlorine inactivation of adenovirus type 40 and feline calicivirus}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, pages = {3979{\textendash}85}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Thurston-Enriquez, J. A. and Haas, C. N. and Jacangelo, J. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {9527, title = {{Chlorine inactivation of spores of Encephalitozoon spp}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {1325{\textendash}1326}, author = {Johnson, CH and Marshall, MM and DeMaria, LA and Moffet, JM and Korich, DG} } @article {12783, title = {{Chronic cerebral paragonimiasis combined with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {69}, year = {2003}, pages = {466{\textendash}469}, author = {Choo, JD and Suh, BS and H S Lee and Lee, JS and Song, CJ and Shin, DW and Lee, YH} } @book {11042, title = {Co-{Composting} {Reduces} {Helminth} {Eggs} in {Fecal} {Sludge}}, year = {2003}, month = {dec}, author = {Gallizzi, Katharina} } @article {11099, title = {Co-composting of faecal sludge and municipal organ waste: A literature and state-of-knowledge review}, year = {2003}, pages = {44} } @article {15937, title = {Cohort study of Guinean children: incidence, pathogenicity, conferred protection, and attributable risk for enteropathogens during the first 2 years of life}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, month = {Sep}, pages = {4238-45}, edition = {2003/09/06}, keywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Breast Feeding, Cohort Studies, Diarrhea, Infantile/epidemiology/*etiology/prevention \& control, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Feces/microbiology/parasitology/virology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Recurrence, Rotavirus/isolation \& purification, Sex Factors, Shiga Toxin 2/toxicity}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print)
0095-1137}, author = {Valentiner-Branth, P. and Steinsland, H. and Fischer, T. K. and Perch, M. and Scheutz, F. and Dias, F. and Aaby, P. and Molbak, K. and Sommerfelt, H.} } @article {2429, title = {{A colony blot immune assay to identify enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella in stool samples}}, journal = {Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {165{\textendash}171}, edition = {2003/03/29}, abstract = {Using an IpaC protein-specific monoclonal antibody a colony blot immune assay was developed for the identification of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and Shigella in fecal specimens, and was evaluated in a field study. By screening the entire culture plates the colony blot assay was significantly more sensitive than the investigation of 16 randomly selected colonies from artificially contaminated fecal specimens. Among the 165 stool samples from 121 patients with diarrhea the immune assay detected IpaC expressing colonies in 16 out of the 17 specimens positive with a Shigella-, and EIEC-specific polymerase chain reaction targeting the ipaH gene. Guided by the colony blots, Shigella was isolated from 12, while EIEC from four of the samples. The IpaC-specific colony blot immune assay is a simple screening method to detect EIEC in stool samples for laboratories not equipped with molecular techniques.}, isbn = {0732-8893 (Print) 0732-8893 (Linking)}, doi = {S0732889302005126 [pii]}, author = {Szakal, D D and Schneider, G and Pal, T} } @article {14241, title = {A colony blot immune assay to identify enteroinvasive {Escherichia} coli and {Shigella} in stool samples}, journal = {Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {165{\textendash}171}, abstract = {Using an IpaC protein-specific monoclonal antibody a colony blot immune assay was developed for the identification of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and Shigella in fecal specimens, and was evaluated in a field study. By screening the entire culture plates the colony blot assay was significantly more sensitive than the investigation of 16 randomly selected colonies from artificially contaminated fecal specimens. Among the 165 stool samples from 121 patients with diarrhea the immune assay detected IpaC expressing colonies in 16 out of the 17 specimens positive with a Shigella-, and EIEC-specific polymerase chain reaction targeting the ipaH gene. Guided by the colony blots, Shigella was isolated from 12, while EIEC from four of the samples. The IpaC-specific colony blot immune assay is a simple screening method to detect EIEC in stool samples for laboratories not equipped with molecular techniques.}, doi = {S0732889302005126 [pii]}, author = {Szakal, D D and Schneider, G and Pal, T} } @article {12981, title = {Comment on Evidence for the Absence of Staphylococcus aureus in the Land Applied Biosolids}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {37}, number = {24}, year = {2003}, pages = {5835{\textendash}5835}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Lewis, David L and Gattie, David K} } @article {16477, title = {Common water and sanitation-related diseases [Online]: http://www.unicef.org/ wash/index_wes_related.html [Accessed 07 November 2015]}, year = {2003}, url = {http://www.unicef.org/ wash/index_wes_related.html} } @article {3848, title = {Community-designed, built and managed toilet blocks in {Indian} cities.}, journal = {Environment \& Urbanization}, volume = {15}, year = {2003}, pages = {11{\textendash}32}, doi = {10.1177/095624780301500202.}, author = {Burra, T and Patel, S and Kerr, T} } @article {3468, title = {{Community-designed, built and managed toilet blocks in Indian cities.}}, journal = {Environment {\&} Urbanization}, volume = {15}, year = {2003}, pages = {11{\textendash}32}, doi = {10.1177/095624780301500202.}, author = {Burra, T and Patel, S and Kerr, T} } @article {16314, title = {{Comparison of enterococcal populations related to urban and hospital wastewater in various climatic and geographic European regions.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {994{\textendash}1002}, abstract = {AIMS Scarce knowledge about the distribution of enterococci species in wastewaters limits any statement on their reliability as faecal indicators or the implications of antibiotic resistance transmission by these organisms through the water cycle. Enterococci have been involved in nosocomial infections and the spreading of antibiotic resistance through the food chain. The species distribution of enterococci and the presence of resistant strains to vancomycin and erythromycin were analysed in more than 400 raw and treated urban wastewaters, surface waters receiving these treated wastewaters and hospital wastewaters from three European countries. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 9296 strains were isolated and biochemically phenotyped. The species identification was based on the comparison of biochemical profiles with those of more than 20000 enterococci isolates from an international study. The prevalence of enterococcal isolates resistant to erythromycin (ERE) and vancomycin (VRE) was also analysed. ERE strains were present in a high proportion in all the studied samples. VRE strains were also isolated in all studied countries despite the time elapsed since the use of antimicrobial glycopeptides in animal production was banned in the European Union. CONCLUSIONS Enterococcus faecalis and Ent. faecium were the most abundant species in all the studied wastewaters. All the studied wastewaters demonstrated high diversity and similar population structure and composition. ERE and VRE isolates were detected in most of the wastewaters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Urban and hospital wastewaters are useful targets for the evaluation of the prevalence of ERE and VRE isolates in the environment. It appears that these bacteria could pass through wastewater treatment plants and be transferred to surface waters.}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12752807}, author = {Blanch, A R and Caplin, J L and Iversen, A and Kuhn, I and Manero, A and Taylor, H D and Vilanova, X} } @article {16988, title = {Comparison of enterococcal populations related to urban and hospital wastewater in various climatic and geographic European regions}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {994{\textendash}1002}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Blanch, AR and Caplin, JL and Iversen, A and Kuhn, I and Manero, A and Taylor, HD and Vilanova, X} } @article {15787, title = {Comparison of method 1623 and cell culture-PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in source waters}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {Feb}, pages = {971-9}, edition = {2003/02/07}, keywords = {*Water Supply, Animals, Cells, Cultured, Cryptosporidium/genetics/*growth \& development/*isolation \&, DNA, Protozoan/analysis/genetics, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Humans, Oocysts/growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, purification/pathogenicity, Risk Assessment, Seasons, Sequence Analysis, DNA}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {LeChevallier, M. W. and Di Giovanni, G. D. and Clancy, J. L. and Bukhari, Z. and Bukhari, S. and Rosen, J. S. and Sobrinho, J. and Frey, M. M.} } @article {4299, title = {{Comparison of polyvinylidene fluoride and polyether sulfone membranes in filtering viral suspensions.}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {109}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, month = {apr}, pages = {99{\textendash}101}, abstract = {

Low-protein-binding membranes with a pore size of 0.22 microm are used to filter aqueous solutions containing viruses. Virus adsorption to the membranes is avoided if they are made of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or if they are made of cellulose esters saturated with beef extract. Recently, a new kind of membrane filter made of polyether sulfone (PES) has become available commercially. The manufacturers claim that such membranes allow the filtration of greater volumes of sample than those made of PVDF. We compared the filtration rate and volume that could be filtered before clogging for these two membranes. The bacteriophage and enterovirus counts were then compared in sewage after filtration through the two membranes. There were no differences in virus recovery after filtration, but PES membranes allowed a higher filtration rate and clogged more slowly. The use of PES membranes is recommended.

}, keywords = {Artificial, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, enterovirus, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Filtration, Filtration: methods, Membranes, Micropore Filters, Polymers, Polyvinyls, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Sulfones, Virology, Virology: methods}, issn = {0166-0934}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12668275}, author = {Moc{\'e}-Llivina, L and Jofre, J and Muniesa, M} } @article {13269, title = {Comparison of three molecular methods for typing Aeromonas popoffii isolates}, journal = {Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {83}, year = {2003}, pages = {341-349}, doi = {10.1023/A:1023312415276}, author = {Soler, L. and Figueras, M. J. and Chacon, M. R. and Guarro, J. and Martinez-Murcia, A. J.} } @article {14178, title = {Concentration and prevalence of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in cattle feces at slaughter}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {2444{\textendash}2447}, abstract = {The concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feces at the time of slaughter was studied over a 9-week period from May to July 2002. Fecal samples (n = 589) were collected from the rectums of slaughtered cattle, and the animal-level prevalence rate was estimated to be 7.5\% (95\% confidence interval [CI], 5.4 to 9.6\%) while the group prevalence was 40.4\% (95\% CI, 27.7 to 53.2\%). Of the 44 infected animals detected, 9\% were high shedders that contained E. coli O157 at concentrations of {\textbackslash}textgreater10(4) CFU g(-1). These 9\% represented {\textbackslash}textgreater96\% of the total E. coli O157 produced by all animals tested. All isolates possessed the vt(2) gene, 39 had the eaeA gene, and a further five had the vt(1) gene also. The presence of high-shedding animals at the abattoir increases the potential risk of meat contamination during the slaughtering process and stresses the need for correctly implemented hazard analysis and critical control point procedures.}, author = {Omisakin, F and MacRae, M and Ogden, I D and Strachan, N J} } @article {14830, title = {Concentration and prevalence of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in cattle feces at slaughter}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {2444{\textendash}2447}, abstract = {The concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feces at the time of slaughter was studied over a 9-week period from May to July 2002. Fecal samples (n = 589) were collected from the rectums of slaughtered cattle, and the animal-level prevalence rate was estimated to be 7.5\% (95\% confidence interval [CI], 5.4 to 9.6\%) while the group prevalence was 40.4\% (95\% CI, 27.7 to 53.2\%). Of the 44 infected animals detected, 9\% were high shedders that contained E. coli O157 at concentrations of {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater10(4) CFU g(-1). These 9\% represented {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater96\% of the total E. coli O157 produced by all animals tested. All isolates possessed the vt(2) gene, 39 had the eaeA gene, and a further five had the vt(1) gene also. The presence of high-shedding animals at the abattoir increases the potential risk of meat contamination during the slaughtering process and stresses the need for correctly implemented hazard analysis and critical control point procedures.}, author = {Omisakin, F and MacRae, M and Ogden, I D and Strachan, N J} } @article {8109, title = {{Concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feces at slaughter}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {2444{\textendash}2447}, edition = {2003/05/07}, abstract = {The concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feces at the time of slaughter was studied over a 9-week period from May to July 2002. Fecal samples (n = 589) were collected from the rectums of slaughtered cattle, and the animal-level prevalence rate was estimated to be 7.5{\%} (95{\%} confidence interval [CI], 5.4 to 9.6{\%}) while the group prevalence was 40.4{\%} (95{\%} CI, 27.7 to 53.2{\%}). Of the 44 infected animals detected, 9{\%} were high shedders that contained E. coli O157 at concentrations of {\textgreater}10(4) CFU g(-1). These 9{\%} represented {\textgreater}96{\%} of the total E. coli O157 produced by all animals tested. All isolates possessed the vt(2) gene, 39 had the eaeA gene, and a further five had the vt(1) gene also. The presence of high-shedding animals at the abattoir increases the potential risk of meat contamination during the slaughtering process and stresses the need for correctly implemented hazard analysis and critical control point procedures.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Omisakin, F and MacRae, M and Ogden, I D and Strachan, N J} } @article {2370, title = {{Concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feces at slaughter}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {2444{\textendash}2447}, edition = {2003/05/07}, abstract = {The concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feces at the time of slaughter was studied over a 9-week period from May to July 2002. Fecal samples (n = 589) were collected from the rectums of slaughtered cattle, and the animal-level prevalence rate was estimated to be 7.5\% (95\% confidence interval [CI], 5.4 to 9.6\%) while the group prevalence was 40.4\% (95\% CI, 27.7 to 53.2\%). Of the 44 infected animals detected, 9\% were high shedders that contained E. coli O157 at concentrations of >10(4) CFU g(-1). These 9\% represented >96\% of the total E. coli O157 produced by all animals tested. All isolates possessed the vt(2) gene, 39 had the eaeA gene, and a further five had the vt(1) gene also. The presence of high-shedding animals at the abattoir increases the potential risk of meat contamination during the slaughtering process and stresses the need for correctly implemented hazard analysis and critical control point procedures.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Omisakin, F and MacRae, M and Ogden, I D and Strachan, N J} } @article {5195, title = {{Concentrations and inactivation of Ascaris eggs and pathogen indicator organisms in wastewater stabilization pond sludge.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {89{\textendash}95}, abstract = {

During treatment in wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) many pathogens, in particular helminth eggs, are concentrated in the sludge layer. Because periodic removal of the sludge is often required, information is needed on the concentrations and inactivation of pathogens in the sludge layer to evaluate the public health risk they pose upon removal of the sludge. In this paper, previous reports on the sludge concentrations of various pathogen indicator organisms and helminth eggs are reviewed and results from our own recent experiments are reported. The advantages and disadvantages of several methods for studying inactivation in the sludge layer are discussed, as well as implications for the management of WSP sludge. In our recent experiments, which were conducted at three WSPs in central Mexico, sludge cores, dialysis chambers, and batch experiments were used to measure the inactivation rates of fecal coliform bacteria, fecal enterococci, F+ coliphage, somatic coliphage, and Ascaris eggs. The first-order inactivation rate constants were found to be approximately 0.1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.001 d(-1), respectively. The concentrations of all the organisms were found to vary both vertically and horizontally in the sludge layer; therefore, to determine the maximum and average concentration of organisms in the sludge layer of a WSP, complete sludge cores must be collected from representative locations throughout the pond.

}, keywords = {Ascaris eggs, pathogen inactivation, Sludge, wastewater stabilization pond}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14510198}, author = {Nelson, K L} } @article {8268, title = {{Concordance of Helicobacter pylori Strains within Families}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, month = {dec}, pages = {5604{\textendash}5608}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori infection is typically acquired in early childhood, and a predominantly intrafamilial transmission has been postulated. To what extent family members share the same strains is poorly documented. Our aim was to explore patterns of shared strains within families by using molecular typing. Family members of H. pylori-infected 10- to 12-year-old index children identified in a school survey were invited to undergo gastroscopy. Bacterial isolates were typed with random amplified polymorphic DNA and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the genes ureA-B, glmM, or flaA. The presence or absence of the cag pathogenicity island, a bacterial virulence factor, was determined by PCR. GelCompar II software, supplemented with visual inspection, was used in the cluster analysis. In 39 families, 104 individuals contributed 208 bacterial isolates from the antrum and corpus. A large proportion, 29 of 36 (81{\%}) of the offspring in a sibship, harbored the same strain as at least one sibling. Mother-offspring strain concordance was detected in 10 of 18 (56{\%}) of the families. Of 17 investigated father-offspring relations in eight families, none were strain concordant. Spouses were infected with the same strains in 5 of 23 (22{\%}) of the couples. Different strains in the antrum and corpus were found in 8 of 104 (8{\%}) of the subjects. Our family-based fingerprinting study demonstrates a high proportion of shared strains among siblings. Transmission between spouses seems to be appreciable. The data support mother-child and sib-sib transmission as the primary transmission pathways of H. pylori.}, keywords = {especilamente madre hijo pero otro tb.}, issn = {0095-1137}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.41.12.5604-5608.2003}, url = {http://jcm.asm.org/content/41/12/5604.abstract}, author = {Kivi, M. and Tindberg, Y. and Sorberg, M. and Casswall, T. H. and Befrits, R. and Hellstrom, P. M. and Bengtsson, C. and Engstrand, L. and Granstrom, M.} } @article {13896, title = {Concordance of {Helicobacter} pylori {Strains} within {Families}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, month = {dec}, pages = {5604{\textendash}5608}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori infection is typically acquired in early childhood, and a predominantly intrafamilial transmission has been postulated. To what extent family members share the same strains is poorly documented. Our aim was to explore patterns of shared strains within families by using molecular typing. Family members of H. pylori-infected 10- to 12-year-old index children identified in a school survey were invited to undergo gastroscopy. Bacterial isolates were typed with random amplified polymorphic DNA and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the genes ureA-B, glmM, or flaA. The presence or absence of the cag pathogenicity island, a bacterial virulence factor, was determined by PCR. GelCompar II software, supplemented with visual inspection, was used in the cluster analysis. In 39 families, 104 individuals contributed 208 bacterial isolates from the antrum and corpus. A large proportion, 29 of 36 (81\%) of the offspring in a sibship, harbored the same strain as at least one sibling. Mother-offspring strain concordance was detected in 10 of 18 (56\%) of the families. Of 17 investigated father-offspring relations in eight families, none were strain concordant. Spouses were infected with the same strains in 5 of 23 (22\%) of the couples. Different strains in the antrum and corpus were found in 8 of 104 (8\%) of the subjects. Our family-based fingerprinting study demonstrates a high proportion of shared strains among siblings. Transmission between spouses seems to be appreciable. The data support mother-child and sib-sib transmission as the primary transmission pathways of H. pylori.}, keywords = {especilamente madre hijo pero otro tb.}, issn = {0095-1137}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.41.12.5604-5608.2003}, url = {http://jcm.asm.org/content/41/12/5604.abstract}, author = {Kivi, M. and Tindberg, Y. and Sorberg, M. and Casswall, T. H. and Befrits, R. and Hellstrom, P. M. and Bengtsson, C. and Engstrand, L. and Granstrom, M.} } @article {4863, title = {{Confirmed detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis, Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum in water used for drinking}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {117{\textendash}123}, author = {Dowd, SE and John, D and Eliopolus, J and C P Gerba and Naranjo, J and Klein, R and Lopez, B and de Mejia, M and Mendoza, CE and I L Pepper} } @article {9492, title = {{Confirmed detection of Cyclospora cayetanesis, Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum in water used for drinking}}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {117{\textendash}123}, author = {Dowd, SE and John, D and Eliopolus, J and C P Gerba and Naranjo, J and Klein, R and Lopez, B and de Mejia, M and Mendoza, CE and I L Pepper} } @article {15713, title = {Contamination of Atlantic coast commercial shellfish with Cryptosporidium}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {Jan}, pages = {141-5}, edition = {2002/12/19}, keywords = {*Fisheries, Animals, Atlantic Ocean, Base Sequence, Cattle, Cryptosporidiosis/parasitology, Cryptosporidium/genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Food Microbiology, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Shellfish/*parasitology}, isbn = {0932-0113 (Print)
0932-0113}, author = {Fayer, R. and Trout, J. M. and Lewis, E. J. and Santin, M. and Zhou, L. and Lal, A. A. and Xiao, L.} } @article {15729, title = {Contamination of bivalve molluscs by Cryptosporidium oocysts: the need for new quality control standards}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {87}, number = {1-2}, year = {2003}, month = {Oct 15}, pages = {97-105}, edition = {2003/08/21}, keywords = {*Food Contamination, Animals, Consumer Product Safety, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification/physiology, European Union, Food Parasitology, Mollusca/*parasitology, Oocysts/growth \& development, Quality Control, Seasons, Shellfish/*parasitology/*standards, Spain}, isbn = {0168-1605 (Print)
0168-1605}, author = {Gomez-Couso, H. and Freire-Santos, F. and Martinez-Urtaza, J. and Garcia-Martin, O. and Ares-Mazas, M. E.} } @article {3055, title = {Control of echinococcosis and cysticercosis: a public health challenge to international cooperation in {China}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {86}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, month = {apr}, pages = {3{\textendash}17}, abstract = {Echinococcosis, both cystic and alveolar, and Taenia solium cysticercosis are the most serious zoonotic cestodoses worldwide. Because of the emerging importance of these diseases in China, several international workshops and meetings were held in this country from 1998 to 2001. Based on round table discussions in Chengdu 2000, the proposal of a strategy to control echinococcosis and cysticercosis has been prepared in China. It includes a comprehensive approach based on a careful analysis of the local situations (particularly concerning the particularities of the cycle, ecology, and ethology of the animal hosts, and behavioral characteristics of the population at risk), the use of newly developed tools both in animals and human (immunology, molecular biology, and imaging), and the association of the traditional control measures (control of slaughtering, antiparasitic treatment and control of the definitive hosts, and health education) with more recent developments such as vaccination of the intermediate hosts. Plans on for the control of echinococcosis and cysticercosis in China are summarized.}, keywords = {Animals, China, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Humans, Public health, Taenia solium, Taeniasis}, issn = {0001-706X}, author = {Ito, Akira and Urbani, Carlo and Jiamin, Qiu and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Dongchuan, Qiu and Heath, David D. and Craig, Philip S. and Zheng, Feng and Schantz, Peter M.} } @article {11463, title = {{The control of human (neuro)cysticercosis: which way forward?}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {177{\textendash}182}, author = {Engels, D and Urbani, C and Belotto, A and Meslin, F and Savioli, L} } @article {11111, title = {Control of pathogens and vector attraction in sewage sludge}, number = {EPA 815-R-06002 revised edition}, year = {2003}, institution = {USEPA} } @article {7234, title = {Coping with hygiene in {South} {Africa}, a water scarce country}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {13 Suppl 1}, year = {2003}, month = {jun}, pages = {S95{\textendash}105}, abstract = {The burden of infectious diseases may be reduced by adopting effective infection control measures. Some of these are dependent on the provision of adequate and safe water supplies for maintenance of basic standards of personal, domestic and healthcare hygiene. Consequences of scarce, and sometimes unsafe, waters supplies in South Africa are highlighted with reference to healthcare-associated infections, community acquired infectious intestinal diseases and domestic practices as infection sources. Availability of water in more than 67\% of South African municipal hospitals and primary health care facilities (delivered by water tanker in 12.5\% of satellite clinics, 5\% from river or dam sources, 12.4\% relying on rainwater) does not necessarily guarantee that it{\textquoteright}s quality is safe for utilisation. In the Northern Province and Mpumalanga, water needs to be purified prior to usage in 14.4 and 33\% of satellite clinics respectively. Simple, low maintenance and low-cost interventions to maximise use and safety of limited water resources may be implemented: micro-organism (S. dysenteriae) inactivation by direct UV-exposure in sunlight abundant environments, water purification by filtration mechanisms and making use of iron pots in the community for pasteurisation, decontamination and boiling procedures. Education is paramount in promoting healthy domestic food handling practices, changing cultural perceptions of hygiene, hand-washing technique and mechanisms of domestic environmental decontamination. Water provision cannot be separated from other inter-related factors such as sanitation. Although the present government has taken initiatives to reduce the number of people not having access to water by 50\% in 2002, provision of sanitation has been slower ({\textgreater}38\% inadequate sanitation in 2002). Adoption of integrated environmental management approaches in conjunction with community participation (WASH Campaign{\textendash}2002), by the government, aims to address the sanitation problems.}, keywords = {Communicable Disease Control, Food Contamination, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Hygiene, Morbidity, Sanitary Engineering, South Africa, Water Supply}, issn = {0960-3123}, doi = {10.1080/0960312031000102859}, author = {Duse, A. G. and da Silva, M. P. and Zietsman, I.} } @mastersthesis {7089, title = {Cost estimates and policy implications of water pollution abatement: {A} case study of {Indian} pulp and paper industry}, year = {2003}, note = {0824343}, school = {Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (India)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Industrial pollution is the main factor causing degradation of the environment, affecting the water, the air and the soil. But of these, water pollution is arguably the most serious threat to human welfare. Many laws and regulations have been framed from time to time to control environmental pollution, but the situation is far away from satisfaction. Thus a strong need arises to scrutinize the pollution abatement methods in the lime light of cost analysis. It is also important to assess the fiscal instruments of controlling pollution and to examine which regulatory system is more cost effective for India. Need also arises of an empirical study of role of informal regulation and community pressure in monitoring and implementation of pollution prevention measure. And, it is also important to examine the effect of pollution control on the productive efficiency of firm. Very few studies have been carried out so far to analyse the pollution abatement process with different aspect for Indian pulp and paper industry. The present work is a modest attempt to bridge this gap. The result reveals that the variable elasticity models do not explain observed behaviour better than constant elasticity specification. Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) varies across different plant levels, pollutants and abatement rates. And there exists strong scale economies. The tax rate is determined by taking the most inefficient firm as the representative firm for the whole industry. It is also observed that a full emission charge system is comparatively more cost-effective than the prevalent regulatory system. Community variable found as the significant determinant of pollution discharge behaviour of the firm along with the formal regulation. Further it is also found that estimates of technical efficiency, scale economies and the shadow prices of bad output are sensitive to environmental regulation. It is observed that MAC rises as, more and more of the pollutants are removed. Thus the chosen environmental standard does not yield efficient solution. Introduction of tax may be an efficient solution. As the MAC of small plant at each case is higher than large plant, the opening of common effluent treatment plant is suggested. However, the policy should not be implemented with a revenue maximising goal.}, keywords = {0439:Environmental Law, 0470:Environmental Health, Abatement, And current regulatory system, Environmental health, Environmental Law, Full emission charge system, Health and environmental sciences, India, Mac, Paper industry, Productive efficiency, Social sciences, Water Pollution}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1000451805?accountid=14270}, author = {Mishra, Trupti} } @article {7236, title = {Cost of community gastroenteritis}, journal = {Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {322{\textendash}328}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.02959.x/full}, author = {Hellard, Margaret E. and Sinclair, Marthai and Harris, Anthony H. and Kirk, Martyn and Fairley, Christopher K.} } @article {15684, title = {Cost of illness in the 1993 waterborne Cryptosporidium outbreak, Milwaukee, Wisconsin}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, month = {Apr}, pages = {426-31}, edition = {2003/04/19}, keywords = {*Cost of Illness, Cryptosporidiosis/classification/*economics/epidemiology, Data Collection, Disease Outbreaks/*economics, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Wisconsin/epidemiology}, isbn = {1080-6040 (Print)
1080-6040}, author = {Corso, P. S. and Kramer, M. H. and Blair, K. A. and Addiss, D. G. and Davis, J. P. and Haddix, A. C.} } @mastersthesis {6211, title = {Cost recovery for sanitation services: the case of poor urban areas in {Zimbabwe}. ({BL}: {DXN}064828)}, year = {2003}, note = {U163895}, school = {University of Southampton (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Poor cost recovery has long since been identified as one of the major causes of failure of sanitation programmes. Therefore, current approaches such as the strategic sanitation approach emphasise full cost recovery in urban areas. However, poor sanitation is both a symptom and cause of poverty. There is need therefore, to cushion the urban poor from potential negative effects of full cost recovery policies. Ways through which cost and willingness to pay information could be used to set tariffs which improve cost recovery, without denying the urban poor access to basic sanitation services, are investigated in this thesis. Full cost accounting and the contingent valuation method are used to determine the cost of sanitation services and the willingness of households to pay for these services. The thesis differs from other willingness to pay studies by focusing on those who are unwilling or unable to pay for services. Low tariffs, and restrictive institutional and regulatory frameworks are identified as major causes of poor sanitation in urban areas of Zimbabwe. The urban poor are willing to pay amounts which are substantially higher than the prevailing tariffs. However, it is found that the urban poor are not a homogeneous group and not all residents can afford to pay for the full capital cost of constructing sanitation facilities or for the recurrent cost of operating services. There is a real danger therefore, that pursuing full cost recovery and basing investment in sanitation solely on willingness to pay may exclude the very poor urban residents. Information on cost and household willingness to pay is used to illustrate the various classes of poor urban residents. Appropriate cost recovery policies are then suggested for each group. It is recommended that instead of doing nothing or deferring investment in situations where willingness to pay is low, which is what most willingness to pay studies recommend, cost and willingness to pay information should be used to design alternative financing mechanisms which ensure that the very poor have access to basic sanitation services. Such mechanisms include community finance, loan and credit facilities, and subsidies.}, keywords = {0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, DXN064828, Environmental engineering, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301639173?accountid=14270}, author = {Manase, G} } @mastersthesis {6815, title = {Cost recovery for sanitation services: {The} case of poor urban areas in {Zimbabwe}}, year = {2003}, note = {C814447}, school = {University of Southampton (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Almost half of the world{\textquoteright}s population is living in urban areas and between 40 and 60 percent of them live in informal settlements with inadequate or no sanitation facilities. With rapid urbanisation, sanitation problems in cities of developing countries are expected to be critical. Poor cost recovery has long since been identified as one of the major causes of failure of sanitation programmes. Therefore, current approaches such as the strategic sanitation approach emphasise full cost recovery in urban areas. However, poor sanitation is both a symptom and cause of poverty. There is need therefore, to cushion the urban poor from potential negative effects of full cost recovery policies. Ways through which cost and willingness to pay information could be used to set tariffs which improve cost recovery, without denying the urban poor access to basic sanitation services, are investigated in this thesis. Full cost accounting and the contingent valuation method are used to determine the cost of sanitation services and the willingness of households to pay for these services. The thesis differs from other willingness to pay studies by focusing on those who are unwilling or unable to pay for services. Low tariffs, and restrictive institutional and regulatory frameworks are identified as major causes of poor sanitation in urban areas of Zimbabwe. The urban poor are willing to pay amounts which are substantially higher than the prevailing tariffs. However, it is found that the urban poor are not a homogeneous group and not all residents can afford to pay for the full capital cost of constructing sanitation facilities or for the recurrent cost of operating services. There is a real danger therefore, that pursuing full cost recovery and basing investment in sanitation solely on willingness to pay may exclude the very poor urban residents. Information on cost and household willingness to pay is used to illustrate the various classes of poor urban residents. Appropriate cost recovery policies are then suggested for each group. It is recommended that instead of doing nothing or deferring investment in situations where willingness to pay is low, which is what most willingness to pay studies recommend, cost and willingness to pay information should be used to design alternative financing mechanisms which ensure that the very poor have access to basic sanitation services. Such mechanisms include community finance, loan and credit facilities, and subsidies.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Cost recovery, Poor urban areas, Sanitation services, Zimbabwe}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305229918?accountid=14270}, author = {Manase, Gift} } @mastersthesis {6837, title = {Costs of major depression}, year = {2003}, note = {U185750}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This research is a Cost-of-Illness (COI) study that aims to assess the economic burden of major depression in Italy. COI analysis represented the earliest form of economic evaluation in health care. Teh total costs of a disease were considered as a measure of benefits derived from preventing that illness. However, the usefulness of COI estimates was questioned by welfare economists who argued that economic benefits only derive from individuals{\textquoteright} willingness to pay and have nothing to do with averted costs. Nevertheless, COI studies continued to proliferate and the literature is full of such studies. Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders and a great awareness of the social costs of depression has been growing in many industrialised countries. COI studies of depression have been conducted in the last decades but lacked of clarity and precision in the: (i) definition of cases, (ii) resources consumption pattern, (iii) costing data, and (iv) explanation of cost trends. The present research reveals areas of improvements compared to the previous attempts. First, the study allows for more accuracy in defining the illness and determining the resources consumption patterns since data were gathered with a bottom-up approach. Secondly, the economic evaluation of resources consumption was grounded into economic theory. The full cost of services was estimated by designing a model which benefited from the more recent developments in cost accounting. Thirdly, the observed variability in cost outcomes was explained by using analytic statistics such as the analysis of variance and multi-variate regression models. And finally, the results are given the suitable form to truly serve the policy and management decision making processes. In order to reach these goals, the traditional framework of COI analysis has been reshaped in order to respond to the modern needs of society. Therefore, a prospective observational multi-centre study was designed.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, Bibliographies, DXN077387, economics, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301578818?accountid=14270}, author = {Tarricone, R} } @article {7080, title = {Is {Crohn}{\textquoteright}s disease caused by a mycobacterium? {Comparisons} with leprosy, tuberculosis, and {Johne}{\textquoteright}s disease}, journal = {The Lancet infectious diseases}, volume = {3}, number = {8}, year = {2003}, pages = {507{\textendash}514}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309903007242}, author = {Greenstein, Robert J.} } @inbook {15809, title = {Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurrence in ICR drinking water sources: Statistical analysis of ICR data.}, booktitle = {Information Collection Rule Data Analysis}, year = {2003}, pages = {463-481}, publisher = {AWWA Research Foundation and the AMerican Water Works Association}, organization = {AWWA Research Foundation and the AMerican Water Works Association}, address = {Denver, CO}, author = {Messner, M.J. and Wolpert, R.L.}, editor = {M.J McGuire and J.L. McLain and A. Obolensky} } @article {4734, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review of an emerging parasitic coccidian}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {33}, year = {2003}, pages = {371{\textendash}391}, author = {Shields, JM and Olson, BH} } @article {4777, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis and other intestinal parasites associated with diarrhea in rural area of Jordan}}, journal = {International Microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {131{\textendash}135}, author = {Nimri, LF} } @article {4921, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis in stools submitted in hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Infection}, volume = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {731{\textendash}733}, author = {Alakpa, GE and Clarke, SC and Fagbenro-Beyioku, AF} } @article {4782, title = {Cyclospora cayetanensis presence in aquatic surroundings in Hanoi (Vietnam). Environmental study (well water, lakes and rivers)}, journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} de Pathologie Exotique}, volume = {96}, year = {2003}, pages = {149{\textendash}152}, author = {Miegeville, M and Koubi, V and Dan, LC and Barbier, JP and Cam, PD} } @article {6558, title = {Daily variations in effluent water turbidity and diarrhoeal illness in a {Russian} city}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, month = {mar}, pages = {81{\textendash}94}, issn = {0960-3123, 1369-1619}, doi = {10.1080/0960312021000071567}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0960312021000071567}, author = {Egorov, Andrey and Naumova, Elena and Tereschenko, Andrey and Kislitsin, Victor and Ford, Timothy} } @article {12952, title = {Decay of Escherichia coli in soil following the application of biosolids to agricultural land}, journal = {Water and Environment Journal}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {23{\textendash}28}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Lang, NL and S R Smith and Bellett-Travers, DM and Pike, EB and Rowlands, CL} } @article {17167, title = {Decontamination of pork carcasses during scalding and the prevention of Salmonella cross-contamination}, journal = {Journal of Applied MicrobiologyJournal of applied microbiologyJ Appl Microbiol}, volume = {94}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {1036-1042}, keywords = {beef, critical scalding temperatures, d -values, enteritidis pt4, ENUMERATION, Heat, listeria-monocytogenes, pork slaughter, preventing cross-contamination, RISK-FACTORS, Salmonella, slaughter, Survival, thermal inactivation, typhimurium}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Bolton, D. J. and Pearce, R. and Sheridan, J. J. and McDowell, D. A. and Blair, I. S.} } @mastersthesis {7315, title = {Design of a two-dimensional model and investigation of {DNAPL} recovery by water and co-solvent flooding}, year = {2003}, note = {1413473}, school = {Tulane University, School of Engineering}, type = {phdM.{S}.{E}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A two-dimensional laboratory simulator was designed and assembled to investigate removal of dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) contaminants from ground water by water flooding and neutral buoyant co-solvent flooding. Preliminary experiments indicated that optimum DNAPL removal was achieved during water flooding for viscous-to-capillary scaling ratios between 0.00075 and 0.001. The simulator was used to investigate effects of the direction of gradient flow on DNAPL removal efficiency by neutral buoyant co-solvent flooding. Results indicated that approximately 90 percent DNAPL was removed when injection was performed either in the direction of gradient flow or against it. However, injection in the direction of gradient flow was more efficient in terms of time and total co-solvent needed. Nevertheless, during injection in the direction of the flow more contamination occurred downstream due to dispersion. Results also indicated that size of the plume does not play an important role in the recovery efficiency of this system.}, keywords = {0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Environmental engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/250198591?accountid=14270}, author = {Husserl, Johana} } @mastersthesis {6596, title = {Designing optimal water supply systems for developing countries}, year = {2003}, note = {3093706}, school = {The Ohio State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The water supply and sanitation situation in the developing world is still very inadequate. In Africa, for example, more than 47 percent of urban households are without access to safe water. The condition is even worse in rural areas. This study reports a meta-analysis of more than 20 studies estimating household willingness to pay (WTP) for various improvements in water services in low-income countries using the contingent valuation method. Meta analysis is a statistical technique that combines findings from separate but similar studies to estimate a relationship between, in this case, household WTP and variables describing local conditions and research treatments. Point estimates of discounted monthly household WTP for private connection charges range from \$3.47 to \$5.55, depending on income, compared to \$1.74 to \$3.14 for public standpipes. WTP for sewer connections was \$1.10 to \$1.41. After a search of secondary literature, life-cycle cost estimates were constructed from raw data provided by expert informants for construction and maintenance of groundwater schemes for public standpipes, private connections, and sanitation facilities for 3 model rural villages in Nigeria. Cost estimates and household WTP estimates are used to determine what proportion of households would sign-up for each service level at various prices, given household income. Because WTP for sewer connections was very low relative to costs, sewer connections were eliminated at this point in the analysis. Rather than the one-size-fits-all water systems often provided by donor agencies and governments in developing countries, we show that providing a menu of service levels can be welfare-improving. Balanced-budget project feasibility and proportion of households served depend on the pricing scheme, as well as WTP and costs. It was found that 100 per cent of households are served only when some form of price discrimination (e.g., uniform price with targeted rebates) is used. The results are sensitive to the spatial dispersion of income classes in the model villages. With neighbor stratification by income, it becomes more likely that poor neighborhoods would not be served (in the absence of subsidies); with income classes scattered, it is more likely that whole villages may fail the balanced-budget test.}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Developing Countries, Developing countries{\textendash}LDCs, Households, Nigeria, sanitation, Social sciences, Studies, Water Supply, Willingness to pay}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305319028?accountid=14270}, author = {Ukoli-Onodipe, Grace O} } @article {11108, title = {Desk study on European standard for the enumeration of viable helminth ova in sludge, soil and solid waste. Draft Report on Helminth ova}, year = {2003}, pages = {13}, author = {Simonart, T. and Roussel, S. and Gireaudot-Liepman, M.F.} } @article {6648, title = {Detection and {Typing} of {Campylobacter} jejuni and {Campylobacter} coli and {Analysis} of {Indicator} {Organisms} in {Three} {Waterborne} {Outbreaks} in {Finland}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {mar}, pages = {1391{\textendash}1396}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.3.1391-1396.2003}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.69.3.1391-1396.2003}, author = {M L Hanninen and Haajanen, H. and Pummi, T. and Wermundsen, K. and Katila, M.-L. and Sarkkinen, H. and Miettinen, I. and Rautelin, H.} } @article {7707, title = {Detection and typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and analysis of indicator organisms in three waterborne outbreaks in Finland}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, note = {Detection and typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and analysis of indicator organisms in three waterborne outbreaks in Finland; 192; J English Article Hanninen, ML, Univ Helsinki, Dept Food \& Environm Hyg, POB 57, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland 11 AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY WASHINGTON 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOL MAR Discipline: Biotechnology \& Applied Microbiology; Microbiology 653LA NOT IN FILE 0099-2240 Univ Helsinki, Dept Food \& Environm Hyg, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Food \& Environm Lab, Varkaus, Finland. Lahti Res Lab, Lahti, Finland. Dept Environm Hlth, Vihti, Finland. Kuopio Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, SF-70210 Kuopio, Finland. Cent Hosp Paijat Hame, Dept Clin Microbiol, Lahti, Finland. Natl Publ Hlth Lab, Kuopio, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Dept Bacteriol \& Immunol, Haartman Inst, Helsinki, Finland. HUCH Lab Diagnost, Helsinki, Finland.; ID: 83}, pages = {1391-1396}, abstract = {Waterborne outbreaks associated with contamination of drinking water by Campylobacter jejuni are rather common in the Nordic countries Sweden, Norway, and Finland, where in sparsely populated districts groundwater is commonly used without disinfection. Campylobacters, Escherichia coli, or other coliforms have rarely been detected in potential sources. We studied three waterborne outbreaks in Finland caused by C. jejuni and used sample volumes of 4,000 to 20,000 ml for analysis of campylobacters; and sample volumes of 1 to 5,000 ml for analysis of coliforms and E. coli, depending on the sampling site. Multiple samples obtained from possible sources (water distribution systems and environmental water sources) and the use of large sample volumes (several liters) increased the chance of detecting the pathogen C. jejuni in water. Filtration of a large volume (1,000 to 2,000 ml) also increased the rate of detection of coliforms and E. coli. To confirm the association between drinking water contamination and illness, a combination of Penner serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (digestion with SmaI and KpnI) was found to be useful. This combination reliably verified similarity or dissimilarity of C. jejuni isolates from patient samples, from drinking water, and from other environmental sources, thus confirming the likely reservoir of an outbreak}, keywords = {Campylobacter jejuni, CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI, CAMPYLOBACTERS, COLI, coliform, Coliforms, Contamination, COUNTRIES, Detection, Diseases, Disinfection, distribution system, DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEMS, Drinking, drinking water, DRINKING-WATER, Escherichia coli, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS, Filtration, FINLAND, GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS, GENOTYPES, Indicator, infections, JEJUNI, Microbiology, Norway, OUTBREAK, OUTBREAKS, SAMPLES, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, water, WATERBORNE OUTBREAK}, author = {Hanninen,M. L. and Haajanen,H. and Pummi,T. and Wermundsen,K. and Katila,M. L. and Sarkkinen,H. and Miettinen,I. and Rautelin,H.} } @article {9932, title = {Detection, enumeration and isolation of strains carrying the stx2 gene from urban sewage}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, year = {2003}, pages = {109-116}, author = {Blanch, AR and Garc{\'\i}a-Aljaro, C and Muniesa, M and Jofre, J} } @article {7659, title = {Detection, isolation, and molecular subtyping of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Campylobacter jejuni associated with a large waterborne outbreak}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, note = {Detection, isolation, and molecular subtyping of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Campylobacter jejuni associated with a large waterborne outbreak; 193; J English Article Limberger, RJ, New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, David Axelrod Inst Publ Hlth, POB 22002,120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12201 USA 12 AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY WASHINGTON 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA J CLIN MICROBIOL JAN Discipline: Microbiology 635NY NOT IN FILE 0095-1137 New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, David Axelrod Inst Publ Hlth, Albany, NY 12201 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Ctr Community Hlth, Albany, NY 12201 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Ctr Environm Hlth, Albany, NY 12201 USA. Ctr Dis Control \& Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA.; ID: 22}, pages = {174-180}, abstract = {

The largest reported outbreak of waterborne Escherichia coli O157:117 in the United States occurred in upstate New York following a county fair in August 1999. Culture methods were used to isolate E. coli O157:H7 from specimens from 128 of 775 patients with suspected infections. Campylobacter jejuni was also isolated from stools of 44 persons who developed diarrheal illness after attending this fair. There was one case of a confirmed coinfection with E. coli O157:H7 and C. jejuni. Molecular detection of stx(1) and stx(2) Shiga toxin genes, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), and selective culture enrichment were utilized to detect and isolate E. coli O157:H7 from an unchlorinated well and its distribution points, a dry well, and a nearby septic tank. PCR for stx(1) and stx(2) was shown to provide a useful screen for toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7, and IMS subculture improved recovery. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to compare patient and environmental E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Among patient isolates, 117 of 128 (91.5\%) were type 1 or 1a (three or fewer bands different). Among the water distribution system isolates, 13 of 19 (68\%) were type 1 or 1a. Additionally, PFGE of C jejuni isolates revealed that 29 of 35 (83\%) had indistinguishable PFGE patterns. The PFGE results implicated the water distribution system as the main source of the E. coli O157:H7 outbreak. This investigation demonstrates the potential for outbreaks involving more than one pathogen and the importance of analyzing isolates from multiple patients and environmental samples to develop a better understanding of bacterial transmission during an outbreak

}, keywords = {APPLE CIDER, Bacterial, Campylobacter jejuni, CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI, CLONAL TURNOVER, COLI, Culture, Detection, distribution system, Environmental water, ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES, Escherichia coli, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS, FOOD SAMPLES, GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS, GENE, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Immunomagnetic Separation, infection, infections, JEJUNI, methods, Microbiology, MULTIPLEX PCR, OUTBREAK, OUTBREAKS, PCR, POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION, SAMPLES, SYSTEM, TOXIN, UNITED-STATES, water, WATERBORNE OUTBREAK, WELL}, author = {Bopp,D. J. and Sauders,B. D. and Waring,A. L. and Ackelsberg,J. and Dumas,N. and Braun-Howland,E. and Dziewulski,D. and Wallace,B. J. and Kelly,M. and Halse,T. and Musser,K. A. and Smith,P. F. and Morse,D. L. and Limberger,R. J.} } @article {7951, title = {{Detection, isolation, and molecular subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni associated with a large waterborne outbreak.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {174{\textendash}80}, abstract = {

The largest reported outbreak of waterborne Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the United States occurred in upstate New York following a county fair in August 1999. Culture methods were used to isolate E. coli O157:H7 from specimens from 128 of 775 patients with suspected infections. Campylobacter jejuni was also isolated from stools of 44 persons who developed diarrheal illness after attending this fair. There was one case of a confirmed coinfection with E. coli O157:H7 and C. jejuni. Molecular detection of stx(1) and stx(2) Shiga toxin genes, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), and selective culture enrichment were utilized to detect and isolate E. coli O157:H7 from an unchlorinated well and its distribution points, a dry well, and a nearby septic tank. PCR for stx(1) and stx(2) was shown to provide a useful screen for toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7, and IMS subculture improved recovery. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to compare patient and environmental E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Among patient isolates, 117 of 128 (91.5{\%}) were type 1 or 1a (three or fewer bands different). Among the water distribution system isolates, 13 of 19 (68{\%}) were type 1 or 1a. Additionally, PFGE of C. jejuni isolates revealed that 29 of 35 (83{\%}) had indistinguishable PFGE patterns. The PFGE results implicated the water distribution system as the main source of the E. coli O157:H7 outbreak. This investigation demonstrates the potential for outbreaks involving more than one pathogen and the importance of analyzing isolates from multiple patients and environmental samples to develop a better understanding of bacterial transmission during an outbreak.

}, issn = {0095-1137}, author = {Bopp, Dianna J and Sauders, Brian D and Waring, Alfred L and Ackelsberg, Joel and Dumas, Nellie and Braun-Howland, Ellen and Dziewulski, David and Wallace, Barbara J and Kelly, Molly and Halse, Tanya and Musser, Kimberlee Aruda and Smith, Perry F and Morse, Dale L and Limberger, Ronald J} } @article {13936, title = {Detection, isolation, and molecular subtyping of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 and {Campylobacter} jejuni associated with a large waterborne outbreak.}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {174{\textendash}80}, abstract = {The largest reported outbreak of waterborne Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the United States occurred in upstate New York following a county fair in August 1999. Culture methods were used to isolate E. coli O157:H7 from specimens from 128 of 775 patients with suspected infections. Campylobacter jejuni was also isolated from stools of 44 persons who developed diarrheal illness after attending this fair. There was one case of a confirmed coinfection with E. coli O157:H7 and C. jejuni. Molecular detection of stx(1) and stx(2) Shiga toxin genes, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), and selective culture enrichment were utilized to detect and isolate E. coli O157:H7 from an unchlorinated well and its distribution points, a dry well, and a nearby septic tank. PCR for stx(1) and stx(2) was shown to provide a useful screen for toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7, and IMS subculture improved recovery. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to compare patient and environmental E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Among patient isolates, 117 of 128 (91.5\%) were type 1 or 1a (three or fewer bands different). Among the water distribution system isolates, 13 of 19 (68\%) were type 1 or 1a. Additionally, PFGE of C. jejuni isolates revealed that 29 of 35 (83\%) had indistinguishable PFGE patterns. The PFGE results implicated the water distribution system as the main source of the E. coli O157:H7 outbreak. This investigation demonstrates the potential for outbreaks involving more than one pathogen and the importance of analyzing isolates from multiple patients and environmental samples to develop a better understanding of bacterial transmission during an outbreak.}, issn = {0095-1137}, author = {Bopp, Dianna J and Sauders, Brian D and Waring, Alfred L and Ackelsberg, Joel and Dumas, Nellie and Braun-Howland, Ellen and Dziewulski, David and Wallace, Barbara J and Kelly, Molly and Halse, Tanya and Musser, Kimberlee Aruda and Smith, Perry F and Morse, Dale L and Limberger, Ronald J} } @article {2169, title = {{Detection, isolation, and molecular subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni associated with a large waterborne outbreak.}}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {174{\textendash}80}, abstract = {The largest reported outbreak of waterborne Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the United States occurred in upstate New York following a county fair in August 1999. Culture methods were used to isolate E. coli O157:H7 from specimens from 128 of 775 patients with suspected infections. Campylobacter jejuni was also isolated from stools of 44 persons who developed diarrheal illness after attending this fair. There was one case of a confirmed coinfection with E. coli O157:H7 and C. jejuni. Molecular detection of stx(1) and stx(2) Shiga toxin genes, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), and selective culture enrichment were utilized to detect and isolate E. coli O157:H7 from an unchlorinated well and its distribution points, a dry well, and a nearby septic tank. PCR for stx(1) and stx(2) was shown to provide a useful screen for toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7, and IMS subculture improved recovery. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to compare patient and environmental E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Among patient isolates, 117 of 128 (91.5\%) were type 1 or 1a (three or fewer bands different). Among the water distribution system isolates, 13 of 19 (68\%) were type 1 or 1a. Additionally, PFGE of C. jejuni isolates revealed that 29 of 35 (83\%) had indistinguishable PFGE patterns. The PFGE results implicated the water distribution system as the main source of the E. coli O157:H7 outbreak. This investigation demonstrates the potential for outbreaks involving more than one pathogen and the importance of analyzing isolates from multiple patients and environmental samples to develop a better understanding of bacterial transmission during an outbreak.}, issn = {0095-1137}, author = {Bopp, Dianna J and Sauders, Brian D and Waring, Alfred L and Ackelsberg, Joel and Dumas, Nellie and Braun-Howland, Ellen and Dziewulski, David and Wallace, Barbara J and Kelly, Molly and Halse, Tanya and Musser, Kimberlee Aruda and Smith, Perry F and Morse, Dale L and Limberger, Ronald J} } @article {4919, title = {{Detection of Cryptoporidium amongst diarrhoeic and asymptomatic children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {97}, year = {2003}, pages = {505{\textendash}510}, author = {Al-Braiken, FA and Amin, A and Beeching, NJ and Hommel, M and Hart, CA} } @article {4704, title = {Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis using a quantitative real-time PCR assay}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {53}, year = {2003}, pages = {27{\textendash}36}, author = {Varma, M and Hester, JD and Schaefer, FW III and Ware, MW and Lindquist, HD} } @article {3829, title = {Detection of infectious adenovirus in cell culture by {mRNA} reverse transcription-{PCR}.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, pages = {7377{\textendash}7384}, author = {G Ko and Cromeans, Theresa L and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {4524, title = {Detection of infectious adenovirus in cell culture by {mRNA} reverse transcription-{PCR}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, pages = {7377{\textendash}84}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Ko, G. and Cromeans, T. L. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {2567, title = {Detection of infectious adenovirus in cell culture by mRNA reverse transcription-PCR.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, pages = {7377-7384}, abstract = {

We have developed and evaluated the reverse transcription {(RT)-PCR} detection of {mRNA} in cell culture to assay infectious adenoviruses {(Ads)} by using Ad type 2 {(Ad2)} and Ad41 as models. Only infectious Ads are detected because they are the only ones able to produce {mRNA} during replication in cell culture. Three primer sets for {RT-PCR} amplification of {mRNA} were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity: a conserved region of late {mRNA} transcript encoding a virion structural hexon protein and detecting a wide range of human Ads and two primer sets targeting a region of an early {mRNA} transcript that specifically detects either Ad2 and Ad5 or Ad40 and Ad41. The {mRNAs} of infected A549 and Graham 293 cells were recovered from cell lysates with {oligo(dT)} at different time periods after infection and treated with {RNase-free} {DNase} to remove residual contaminating {DNA,} and then Ad {mRNA} was detected by {RT-PCR} assay. The {mRNA} of Ad2 was detected as early as 6 h after infection at 10(6) infectious units {(IU)} per cell culture and after longer incubation times at levels as low as 1 to 2 {IU} per cell culture. The {mRNA} of Ad41 was detected as soon as 24 h after infection at 10(6) {IU} per cell culture and at levels as low as 5 {IU} per cell culture after longer incubation times. To confirm the detection of only infectious viruses, it was shown that no {mRNA} was detected from Ad2 and Ad41 inactivated by free chlorine or high doses of collimated, monochromatic (254-nm) {UV} radiation. Detection of Ad2 {mRNA} exactly coincided with the presence of virus infectivity detected by cytopathogenic effects in cell cultures, but {mRNA} detection occurred sooner. These results suggest that {mRNA} detection by {RT-PCR} assay in inoculated cell cultures is a very sensitive, specific, and rapid method by which to detect infectious Ads in water and other environmental samples.

}, author = {G Ko and Cromeans, Theresa L and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {3596, title = {Detection of infectious adenovirus in cell culture by {mRNA} reverse transcription-{PCR}.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, pages = {7377{\textendash}7384}, abstract = {We have developed and evaluated the reverse transcription \{\{\}(RT)-PCR\{\}\} detection of \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} in cell culture to assay infectious adenoviruses \{\{\}(Ads)\{\}\} by using Ad type 2 \{\{\}(Ad2)\{\}\} and Ad41 as models. Only infectious Ads are detected because they are the only ones able to produce \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} during replication in cell culture. Three primer sets for \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} amplification of \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity: a conserved region of late \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} transcript encoding a virion structural hexon protein and detecting a wide range of human Ads and two primer sets targeting a region of an early \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} transcript that specifically detects either Ad2 and Ad5 or Ad40 and Ad41. The \{\{\}mRNAs\{\}\} of infected A549 and Graham 293 cells were recovered from cell lysates with \{\{\}oligo(dT)\{\}\} at different time periods after infection and treated with \{\{\}RNase-free\{\}\} \{\{\}DNase\{\}\} to remove residual contaminating \{\{\}DNA,\{\}\} and then Ad \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} was detected by \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} assay. The \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} of Ad2 was detected as early as 6 h after infection at 10(6) infectious units \{\{\}(IU)\{\}\} per cell culture and after longer incubation times at levels as low as 1 to 2 \{\{\.I}U\{\}\} per cell culture. The \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} of Ad41 was detected as soon as 24 h after infection at 10(6) \{\{\.I}U\{\}\} per cell culture and at levels as low as 5 \{\{\.I}U\{\}\} per cell culture after longer incubation times. To confirm the detection of only infectious viruses, it was shown that no \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} was detected from Ad2 and Ad41 inactivated by free chlorine or high doses of collimated, monochromatic (254-nm) \{\{\}UV\{\}\} radiation. Detection of Ad2 \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} exactly coincided with the presence of virus infectivity detected by cytopathogenic effects in cell cultures, but \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} detection occurred sooner. These results suggest that \{\{\}mRNA\{\}\} detection by \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} assay in inoculated cell cultures is a very sensitive, specific, and rapid method by which to detect infectious Ads in water and other environmental samples.}, author = {G Ko and Cromeans, Theresa L and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {812, title = {Detection of infectious adenovirus in cell culture by {mRNA} reverse {transcription-PCR.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, pages = {7377-7384}, abstract = {We have developed and evaluated the reverse transcription {(RT)-PCR} detection of {mRNA} in cell culture to assay infectious adenoviruses {(Ads)} by using Ad type 2 {(Ad2)} and Ad41 as models. Only infectious Ads are detected because they are the only ones able to produce {mRNA} during replication in cell culture. Three primer sets for {RT-PCR} amplification of {mRNA} were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity: a conserved region of late {mRNA} transcript encoding a virion structural hexon protein and detecting a wide range of human Ads and two primer sets targeting a region of an early {mRNA} transcript that specifically detects either Ad2 and Ad5 or Ad40 and Ad41. The {mRNAs} of infected A549 and Graham 293 cells were recovered from cell lysates with {oligo(dT)} at different time periods after infection and treated with {RNase-free} {DNase} to remove residual contaminating {DNA,} and then Ad {mRNA} was detected by {RT-PCR} assay. The {mRNA} of Ad2 was detected as early as 6 h after infection at 10(6) infectious units {(IU)} per cell culture and after longer incubation times at levels as low as 1 to 2 {IU} per cell culture. The {mRNA} of Ad41 was detected as soon as 24 h after infection at 10(6) {IU} per cell culture and at levels as low as 5 {IU} per cell culture after longer incubation times. To confirm the detection of only infectious viruses, it was shown that no {mRNA} was detected from Ad2 and Ad41 inactivated by free chlorine or high doses of collimated, monochromatic (254-nm) {UV} radiation. Detection of Ad2 {mRNA} exactly coincided with the presence of virus infectivity detected by cytopathogenic effects in cell cultures, but {mRNA} detection occurred sooner. These results suggest that {mRNA} detection by {RT-PCR} assay in inoculated cell cultures is a very sensitive, specific, and rapid method by which to detect infectious Ads in water and other environmental samples.}, author = {G Ko and Cromeans, Theresa L and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {1279, title = {Detection of infectious human adenoviruses in tertiary-treated and ultraviolet-disinfected wastewater}, journal = {Water Environ Res}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, note = {Thompson, Shawn S Jackson, James L Suva-Castillo, Mila Yanko, William A El Jack, Ziad Kuo, Jeff Chen, Ching-Lin Williams, Fred P Schnurr, David P United States Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation Water Environ Res. 2003 Mar-Apr;75(2):163-70.}, pages = {163-70}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A pilot-scale study investigating the use of low-pressure, high-intensity UV radiation for disinfection of urban wastewater was conducted. The inactivation of coliform bacteria, wastewater-indigenous enteric viruses, seeded poliovirus, and seeded F-specific coliphage was studied. During the course of the pilot study, infectious human adenoviruses were isolated from 15 of 16 large-volume samples of UV-disinfected secondary- and tertiary-treated wastewater. Half of the tertiary-treated, UV-disinfected effluent samples from which the adenoviruses were isolated had total coliform concentrations that complied with California{\textquoteright}s Water Recycling Criteria. To determine the relative UV resistance of the adenovirus isolates, purified viruses were seeded into tertiary-treated waste-water and exposed to low-pressure, high-intensity, collimated UV radiation. A dose of approximately 170 mW-s/cm2 was required to achieve 99.99\% inactivation. These findings suggest that UV doses effective at meeting certain wastewater regulations for total coliform bacteria may not provide suitable inactivation of the UV-resistant human adenoviruses.}, issn = {1061-4303 (Print) 1061-4303 (Linking)}, author = {Thompson, S. S. and Jackson, J. L. and Suva-Castillo, M. and Yanko, W. A. and El Jack, Z. and Kuo, J. and Chen, C. L. and Williams, F. P. and D P Schnurr} } @article {4612, title = {Detection of infectious human adenoviruses in tertiary-treated and ultraviolet-disinfected wastewater}, journal = {Water Environmental Research}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {163{\textendash}70}, issn = {1061-4303 (Print) 1061-4303 (Linking)}, author = {Thompson, S. S. and Jackson, J. L. and Suva-Castillo, M. and Yanko, W. A. and El Jack, Z. and Kuo, J. and Chen, C. L. and Williams, F. P. and D P Schnurr} } @article {3926, title = {Detection of somatic phages, infectious enteroviruses and enterovirus genomes as indicators of human enteric viral pollution in surface water.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {19}, year = {2003}, pages = {4703{\textendash}4710}, author = {Hot, D and Legeay, O and Jacques, J and Gantzer, C and Caudrelier, Y and Guyard, K and Lange, M and Andr{\'e}oletti, L} } @article {4262, title = {{Detection of somatic phages, infectious enteroviruses and enterovirus genomes as indicators of human enteric viral pollution in surface water.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {19}, year = {2003}, month = {nov}, pages = {4703{\textendash}10}, abstract = {

In the present study, we aimed to determine whether the concentrations of somatic coliphages, infectious enteroviruses or the detection of enterovirus genomes were associated with the detection of human pathogenic viruses in surface water. Four French rivers were sampled monthly or semimonthly for the quantitative detection of somatic coliphages, infectious enteroviruses and the qualitative RT-PCR detection of enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, Norwalk I viruses, Norwalk II viruses, astrovirus and rotavirus genomes over 12 months. All the 68 water samples tested were positive for the quantitative detection of somatic coliphages (range of concentrations: 4 x 10(2) to 1.6 x10(5) FUl(-1)). Infectious enteroviruses were isolated by a cell culture system in only two (3{\%}) of the 68 concentrated water samples tested, whereas enterovirus genomes were detectable in 60 (88{\%}) of the same samples. A positive RT-PCR detection of the genome of hepatitis A virus, Norwalk-like virus genogroup II, astrovirus, rotavirus and Norwalk-like virus genogroup I was demonstrated, respectively, in 1.5{\%} (1/68), 1.5{\%} (1/68), 3{\%} (2/68), 0{\%} and 0{\%} of the 68 concentrated water samples tested. All of these four water samples were positive for the detection of enterovirus genomes, whereas only one of them was positive for the isolation of enteroviruses on cell culture. Moreover, the genomic detection of human pathogenic viruses appeared not to be statistically associated with the concentration levels of somatic coliphages in the 68 concentrated water samples tested (Wilcoxon rank test; P=0.14). Taken together, our findings indicate that the quantitative detection of somatic coliphages and the isolation of enteroviruses on cell culture are not suitable parameters for the control of the viral contamination in surface water, whereas the detection of enterovirus genomes may be useful for predicting the presence of waterborne viruses.

}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: analysis, Cell Culture Techniques, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, DNA, enterovirus, Enterovirus: genetics, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Enterovirus: pathogenicity, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Forecasting, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00439-1}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14568057}, author = {Hot, D and Legeay, O and Jacques, J and Gantzer, C and Caudrelier, Y and Guyard, K and Lange, M and Andr{\'e}oletti, L} } @article {10590, title = {{Detection of viable toxigenic Vibrio cholerae and virulent Shigella spp. in environmental waters by pit-stop seminested polymerase chain reaction assays}}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {177{\textendash}182}, author = {M du Preez and Venter, SN and Theron, J} } @article {8539, title = {{Development and application of different methods for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {102{\textendash}106}, author = {Kourenti, C and Heckeroth, A and Tenter, A and Karanis, P} } @article {9526, title = {{Development and optimization of a quantitative cell culture infectivity assay for the microsporidium Encephalitozoon intestinalis and application to ultraviolet light inactivation}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {183{\textendash}196}, author = {D E John and Nwachuku, N and I L Pepper and C P Gerba} } @proceedings {11106, title = {Development and survival of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs under the high-rainfall and humid conditions prevailing in Meghalaya, India}, journal = {Proceedings of Zoological Society of Calcutta}, volume = {56}, year = {2003}, pages = {109-112}, publisher = {Zoological Society of Calcutta}, address = {Calcutta, India}, author = {Yadav, A.K.} } @article {5226, title = {{Development of guidelines for improved hydraulic design of waste stabilisation ponds.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {173{\textendash}80}, abstract = {

Pond hydraulic behaviour is influenced by the inlet/outlet configuration, baffles and wind, but design information relating to these factors is still very limited. This paper reviews the development of \"Guidelines for the Improved Hydraulic Design of Waste Stabilisation Ponds\" and summarises some of the key findings and recommendations. This work was based on review of previous research, laboratory experimentation, field studies and mathematical modelling using computational fluid dynamics. The inlet design can have a significant influence on the flow regime in a pond. Poorly considered positioning of the inlet and the outlet can create hydraulic short-circuiting problems. As an example of the nature of the work undertaken in this project, the use of a small horizontal inlet pipe was compared against a vertical inlet design. A practical method of assessing the relative significance of wind versus inlet power input was presented. The application of this analysis may allow engineers to size inlet pipes to help control the flow patterns in ponds for efficient performance. Extensive testing has been undertaken on a wide range of baffle configurations. An example of this research showed how short stub baffles could provide similar improvements to longer \"traditional\" baffle designs, potentially offering significant savings in construction costs. For traditional baffle designs a minimum of two baffles is recommended. For the pond modelled in this work, it was found that any more than four baffles gave only marginal improvements.

}, keywords = {Bioreactors, Engineering, Facility Design and Construction, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Guidelines as Topic, Waste Disposal, Water Movements, Wind}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14510208}, author = {Shilton, A. and Harrison, J.} } @article {7495, title = {De-worming school children and hygiene intervention}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {13}, number = {S1}, year = {2003}, pages = {S153{\textendash}S159}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0960312031000102912}, author = {Luong, T. V.} } @article {11764, title = {{Diagnosing ancient diphyllobothriasis from Chinchorro mummies}}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {98}, year = {2003}, pages = {191{\textendash}193}, author = {Reinhard, K J and Urban, O} } @article {15353, title = {Differential production in vitro of antigen specific IgG1, IgG3 and IgA: a study in Schistosoma haematobium infected individuals}, journal = {Parasite Immunology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, note = {Journal Article
England}, month = {Jan}, pages = {39-44}, abstract = {

This study has evaluated the individual control of isotype production and the influence of external signals that can be experimentally provided in vitro, in antibody responses to two different recombinant Schistosoma antigens (Sh28GST and TPx-1). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells or enriched B cell fractions obtained from S. haematobium infected Senegalese adults were induced to terminal differentiation in vitro. The production of antibody to either antigen was donor-dependent and for each donor it was antigen-dependent. Differentiation to IgG1 and IgG3 production, and possibly IgA, specific to these conserved parasite antigens could be regulated differentially in vitro. Exogenous IL-2 and IL-10 or IL-10 and TGF-beta led to the production of specific IgG3 or IgG1 and/or IgA, respectively. This is the first report on such experimentally induced differential regulation of antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG3. This may have implications in designing protocols for protein based-vaccinations aiming at eliciting antibody responses of certain protective-type isotypes.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Animals, Antibodies, Helminth/*biosynthesis/blood/immunology, Antigens, Helminth/*immunology/metabolism, B-Lymphocytes/drug effects/immunology, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin A/*biosynthesis/blood/immunology, Immunoglobulin G/*biosynthesis/blood/immunology, Interleukin-10/pharmacology, Interleukin-2/pharmacology, Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects/immunology, Male, Middle Aged, Parasite Egg Count, Schistosoma haematobium/growth \& development/*immunology, Schistosomiasis haematobia/epidemiology/*immunology, Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology}, isbn = {0141-9838 (Print)
0141-9838 (Linking)}, author = {Beniguel, L. and Diallo, T. O. and Remoue, F. and Williams, D. L. and Cognasse, F. and Charrier-Mze, N. and N{\textquoteright}Diaye, A. A. and Perraut, R. and Capron, M. and Riveau, G. and Garraud, O.} } @article {10683, title = {{Direct detection of Vibrio cholerae and ctxA in Peruvian coastal water and plankton by PCR}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {3676{\textendash}3680}, author = {Lipp, EK and Rivera, ING and Gil, A and Espeland, EM and Choopun, N and Louis, VR and Russek-Cohen, E and Huq, A and Colwell, RR} } @article {17034, title = {Disinfection efficacy of organic chloramines}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, pages = {1557{\textendash}1570}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Donnermair, Martina M and Blatchley III, Ernest R} } @article {8923, title = {Disinfection efficiency of peracetic acid, UV and ozone after enhanced primary treatment of municipal wastewater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {19}, year = {2003}, pages = {4573-4586}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00394-4}, url = {://WOS:000186247200003 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135403003944/1-s2.0-S0043135403003944-main.pdf?_tid=3fd85208-884f-11e6-9aac-00000aab0f6c\&acdnat=1475378643_243282bbeaa85634634297a430682ade}, author = {Gehr, R. and Wagner, M. and Veerasubramanian, P. and Payment, P.} } @inbook {13070, title = {Disinfection of septic tank and cesspool wastewater with peracetic acid}, booktitle = {AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment}, volume = {32}, year = {2003}, pages = {358{\textendash}361}, author = {Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi and Savolainen, Ritva} } @article {16978, title = {Distinct MADS-box gene expression patterns in the reproductive cones of the gymnosperm Gnetum gnemon}, journal = {Development genes and evolution}, volume = {213}, number = {11}, year = {2003}, pages = {567{\textendash}572}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Becker, Annette and Saedler, Heinz and Theissen, G{\"u}nter} } @book {5187, title = {{Domestic wastewater treatment in developing countries}}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Earthscan/James and James}, organization = {Earthscan/James and James}, edition = {1st ed.}, address = {London, UK}, abstract = {

This book is primarily written for final year undergraduate civil engineering students in developing country universities, for post-graduate masters students in environmental, public health and sanitary engineering, and for practising engineers working in developing countries or working on wastewater treatment projects in these countries. The primary emphasis of the book is on low-cost, high-performance, sustainable domestic wastewater treatment systems. Most of the systems described are \‘natural\&$\#$39; systems \– so called because they do not require any electromechanical power input. The secondary emphasis is on wastewater re-use in agriculture and aquaculture \– after all, it is better to use the treated wastewater productively and therefore profitably, rather than simply discharge it into a river and thus waste its water and its nutrients. The human health aspects of wastewater use are obviously important and these are covered in detail, including an introduction to quantitative microbial risk analysis.

}, keywords = {2.1 systems}, isbn = {1844070190}, author = {Mara, D D} } @article {13595, title = {Double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide in the treatment of fascioliasis in adults and children from northern Peru}, journal = {Alim Pharmacol Therap}, volume = {17}, year = {2003}, pages = {265-270}, author = {Favennec, L. and Jave Ortiz, J. , Gargala and G. , Lopez Chegne N. and Ayoub, A.} } @article {14079, title = {Drinking water and diarrhoeal disease due to {Escherichia} coli.}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {jun}, pages = {65{\textendash}72}, abstract = {Escherichia coli has had a central place in water microbiology for decades as an indicator of faecal pollution. It is only relatively recently that the role of E. coli as pathogen, rather than indicator, in drinking water has begun to be stressed. Interest in the role of E. coli as a cause of diarrhoeal disease has increased because of the emergence of E. coli O157:H7 and other enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, due to the severity of the related disease. There are enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enterohaemorrhagic, enteroinvasive, enteroaggregative and diffusely adherent strains of E. coli. Each type of E. coli causes diarrhoeal disease through different mechanisms and each causes a different clinical presentation. Several of the types cause diarrhoea by the elaboration of one or more toxins, others by some other form of direct damage to epithelial cells. This paper discusses each of these types in turn and also describes their epidemiology, with particular reference to whether they are waterborne or not.}, keywords = {Child, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Global Health, Humans, Risk Factors, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382735}, author = {Hunter, Paul R} } @article {2291, title = {{Drinking water and diarrhoeal disease due to Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Journal of water and health}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {jun}, pages = {65{\textendash}72}, abstract = {Escherichia coli has had a central place in water microbiology for decades as an indicator of faecal pollution. It is only relatively recently that the role of E. coli as pathogen, rather than indicator, in drinking water has begun to be stressed. Interest in the role of E. coli as a cause of diarrhoeal disease has increased because of the emergence of E. coli O157:H7 and other enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, due to the severity of the related disease. There are enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enterohaemorrhagic, enteroinvasive, enteroaggregative and diffusely adherent strains of E. coli. Each type of E. coli causes diarrhoeal disease through different mechanisms and each causes a different clinical presentation. Several of the types cause diarrhoea by the elaboration of one or more toxins, others by some other form of direct damage to epithelial cells. This paper discusses each of these types in turn and also describes their epidemiology, with particular reference to whether they are waterborne or not.}, keywords = {Child, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Global Health, Humans, Risk Factors, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382735}, author = {Hunter, Paul R} } @article {8039, title = {{Drinking water and diarrhoeal disease due to Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {jun}, pages = {65{\textendash}72}, abstract = {

Escherichia coli has had a central place in water microbiology for decades as an indicator of faecal pollution. It is only relatively recently that the role of E. coli as pathogen, rather than indicator, in drinking water has begun to be stressed. Interest in the role of E. coli as a cause of diarrhoeal disease has increased because of the emergence of E. coli O157:H7 and other enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, due to the severity of the related disease. There are enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enterohaemorrhagic, enteroinvasive, enteroaggregative and diffusely adherent strains of E. coli. Each type of E. coli causes diarrhoeal disease through different mechanisms and each causes a different clinical presentation. Several of the types cause diarrhoea by the elaboration of one or more toxins, others by some other form of direct damage to epithelial cells. This paper discusses each of these types in turn and also describes their epidemiology, with particular reference to whether they are waterborne or not.

}, keywords = {Child, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Global Health, Humans, Risk Factors, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1477-8920}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382735}, author = {Hunter, Paul R} } @article {1449, title = {Drinking Water Chlorination A Review of Disinfection Practices and Issues}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Water Quality and Health Council}, type = {Electronic Article}, url = {http://www.waterandhealth.org/drinkingwater/wp.html Last accessed July 2015} } @article {7461, title = {Drinking water contamination in {Walkerton}, {Ontario}: positive resolutions from a tragic event}, journal = {Health-related Water Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.693.2602\&rep=rep1\&type=pdf}, author = {Holme, R.} } @article {8034, title = {{Drinking water contamination in Walkerton, Ontario: positive resolutions from a tragic event.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, abstract = {

In May 2000, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni contaminated the drinking water supply in Walkerton, Ontario. Seven people died and over 2,000 were ill as a result. The Ontario Provincial Government set up a judicial Inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the outbreak and also moved quickly to introduce a new Drinking Water Regulation that incorporated some significant requirements for drinking water providers. The Inquiry itself was in three parts: (a) part 1 related to the events that occurred in Walkerton and why the water contamination occurred; (b) part 1A related specifically to the role of the Provincial Government in the event; and (c) part 2 related to the future of drinking water safety in Ontario with potential to influence regulation on a wider basis. A number of other actions were taken after Walkerton. In August 2000, the Ontario Government, through the Regulatory body, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) (a) re-issued and revised the Ontario Drinking Water Objectives (ODWO) as the Ontario Drinking Water Standards (ODWS) and (b) introduced new regulations governing drinking water in Ontario\–the Ontario Drinking Water Protection Regulation. One of the key features of the Drinking Water Protection Regulation was the requirement to produce an independent Engineers\&$\#$39; Report on all water systems. This paper provides a unique perspective on the Walkerton tragedy and its aftermath. The author was active in many aspects of the resulting activity (Chair of the Ontario Water Works Association\&$\#$39;s (a section of the AWWA) Special Committee involved in Part 2 of the Walkerton Inquiry; author of several of the Engineers\&$\#$39; Reports mandated by Regulation; reviewer on behalf of the Regulator of Engineers\&$\#$39; Reports submitted by others). The Engineers\&$\#$39; Reports were of interest because (1) the drinking water providers (mostly municipalities) were mandated by regulation to complete the Reports by specific dates and are paying for the Reports, (2) the work had to be done by a registered professional engineer who is not an employee of the owner or the operator if a different entity and (3) the engineer had to sign a declaration that the Regulator could rely on the accuracy of the Report. In other words, the Municipality retained the Engineer and paid them to produce the Report\–the Engineer essentially carried the liability while the Regulator had the final say in the acceptability of the Report, a sort of eternal triangle of responsibilities. The paper will outline how the drinking water profession in North America worked together to provide the Walkerton Inquiry with the benefit of its experience and knowledge of best practices to the benefit of consumers and the drinking water providers. It will also outline the procedures adopted to produce the independent Engineers\&$\#$39; Reports and how the findings are being applied to further improve drinking water safety in Ontario, across Canada and in similar situations around the world.

}, keywords = {Campylobacter Infections, Campylobacter Infections: etiology, Campylobacter Infections: mortality, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter jejuni: isolation {\&} purification, Campylobacter jejuni: pathogenicity, Disease Outbreaks, Engineering, environment, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Escherichia coli Infections: mortality, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Humans, Interprofessional Relations, Ontario, Quality Control, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12638997}, author = {Holme, R} } @article {2285, title = {{Drinking water contamination in Walkerton, Ontario: positive resolutions from a tragic event.}}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, abstract = {In May 2000, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni contaminated the drinking water supply in Walkerton, Ontario. Seven people died and over 2,000 were ill as a result. The Ontario Provincial Government set up a judicial Inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the outbreak and also moved quickly to introduce a new Drinking Water Regulation that incorporated some significant requirements for drinking water providers. The Inquiry itself was in three parts: (a) part 1 related to the events that occurred in Walkerton and why the water contamination occurred; (b) part 1A related specifically to the role of the Provincial Government in the event; and (c) part 2 related to the future of drinking water safety in Ontario with potential to influence regulation on a wider basis. A number of other actions were taken after Walkerton. In August 2000, the Ontario Government, through the Regulatory body, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) (a) re-issued and revised the Ontario Drinking Water Objectives (ODWO) as the Ontario Drinking Water Standards (ODWS) and (b) introduced new regulations governing drinking water in Ontario{\textendash}the Ontario Drinking Water Protection Regulation. One of the key features of the Drinking Water Protection Regulation was the requirement to produce an independent Engineers{\textquoteright} Report on all water systems. This paper provides a unique perspective on the Walkerton tragedy and its aftermath. The author was active in many aspects of the resulting activity (Chair of the Ontario Water Works Association{\textquoteright}s (a section of the AWWA) Special Committee involved in Part 2 of the Walkerton Inquiry; author of several of the Engineers{\textquoteright} Reports mandated by Regulation; reviewer on behalf of the Regulator of Engineers{\textquoteright} Reports submitted by others). The Engineers{\textquoteright} Reports were of interest because (1) the drinking water providers (mostly municipalities) were mandated by regulation to complete the Reports by specific dates and are paying for the Reports, (2) the work had to be done by a registered professional engineer who is not an employee of the owner or the operator if a different entity and (3) the engineer had to sign a declaration that the Regulator could rely on the accuracy of the Report. In other words, the Municipality retained the Engineer and paid them to produce the Report{\textendash}the Engineer essentially carried the liability while the Regulator had the final say in the acceptability of the Report, a sort of eternal triangle of responsibilities. The paper will outline how the drinking water profession in North America worked together to provide the Walkerton Inquiry with the benefit of its experience and knowledge of best practices to the benefit of consumers and the drinking water providers. It will also outline the procedures adopted to produce the independent Engineers{\textquoteright} Reports and how the findings are being applied to further improve drinking water safety in Ontario, across Canada and in similar situations around the world.}, keywords = {Campylobacter Infections, Campylobacter Infections: etiology, Campylobacter Infections: mortality, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter jejuni: isolation \& purification, Campylobacter jejuni: pathogenicity, Disease Outbreaks, Engineering, environment, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Escherichia coli Infections: mortality, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Humans, Interprofessional Relations, Ontario, Quality Control, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12638997}, author = {Holme, R} } @article {14072, title = {Drinking water contamination in {Walkerton}, {Ontario}: positive resolutions from a tragic event.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, abstract = {In May 2000, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni contaminated the drinking water supply in Walkerton, Ontario. Seven people died and over 2,000 were ill as a result. The Ontario Provincial Government set up a judicial Inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the outbreak and also moved quickly to introduce a new Drinking Water Regulation that incorporated some significant requirements for drinking water providers. The Inquiry itself was in three parts: (a) part 1 related to the events that occurred in Walkerton and why the water contamination occurred; (b) part 1A related specifically to the role of the Provincial Government in the event; and (c) part 2 related to the future of drinking water safety in Ontario with potential to influence regulation on a wider basis. A number of other actions were taken after Walkerton. In August 2000, the Ontario Government, through the Regulatory body, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) (a) re-issued and revised the Ontario Drinking Water Objectives (ODWO) as the Ontario Drinking Water Standards (ODWS) and (b) introduced new regulations governing drinking water in Ontario{\textendash}the Ontario Drinking Water Protection Regulation. One of the key features of the Drinking Water Protection Regulation was the requirement to produce an independent Engineers{\textquoteright} Report on all water systems. This paper provides a unique perspective on the Walkerton tragedy and its aftermath. The author was active in many aspects of the resulting activity (Chair of the Ontario Water Works Association{\textquoteright}s (a section of the AWWA) Special Committee involved in Part 2 of the Walkerton Inquiry; author of several of the Engineers{\textquoteright} Reports mandated by Regulation; reviewer on behalf of the Regulator of Engineers{\textquoteright} Reports submitted by others). The Engineers{\textquoteright} Reports were of interest because (1) the drinking water providers (mostly municipalities) were mandated by regulation to complete the Reports by specific dates and are paying for the Reports, (2) the work had to be done by a registered professional engineer who is not an employee of the owner or the operator if a different entity and (3) the engineer had to sign a declaration that the Regulator could rely on the accuracy of the Report. In other words, the Municipality retained the Engineer and paid them to produce the Report{\textendash}the Engineer essentially carried the liability while the Regulator had the final say in the acceptability of the Report, a sort of eternal triangle of responsibilities. The paper will outline how the drinking water profession in North America worked together to provide the Walkerton Inquiry with the benefit of its experience and knowledge of best practices to the benefit of consumers and the drinking water providers. It will also outline the procedures adopted to produce the independent Engineers{\textquoteright} Reports and how the findings are being applied to further improve drinking water safety in Ontario, across Canada and in similar situations around the world.}, keywords = {Campylobacter Infections, Campylobacter Infections: etiology, Campylobacter Infections: mortality, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter jejuni: isolation \& purification, Campylobacter jejuni: pathogenicity, Disease Outbreaks, Engineering, environment, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Escherichia coli Infections: mortality, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Humans, Interprofessional Relations, Ontario, Quality Control, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12638997}, author = {Holme, R} } @article {6100, title = {Dyes as tracers for vadose zone hydrology}, journal = {Reviews of Geophysics}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2001RG000109}, author = {Flury, Markus and N. N. Wai} } @article {3122, title = {Echinococcus multilocularis: secondary poisoning of fox population during a vole outbreak reduces environmental contamination in a high endemicity area}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {33}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, month = {aug}, pages = {945{\textendash}954}, abstract = {This paper describes the role of fox population level on Echinococcus multilocularis infection in foxes in a highly endemic area in eastern France. Fox population level was monitored by spotlight survey at Le Souillot from 1989 to 2000, and from 1992 to 2000 at Chemin, a control site located in a low endemic area. The infection level of the fox population was estimated at Le Souillot from winter 1995 to winter 1999 using a coproantigen ELISA performed on faeces collected in the field. Population biomass of intermediate hosts (Microtus arvalis and Arvicola terrestris) was monitored using index methods from 1995 to 1999. At Le Souillot, a significant decline in the fox population level was recorded after spring 1997 (P{\textless}0.001), and the population level remained low until 2000. The decline occurred when 31\% of the grassland area was treated with bromadiolone, an anticoagulant used at a large scale for the control of A. terrestris population outbreaks. No decline of population was recorded at Chemin, where bromadiolone was not used for rodent control. Significant differences among ELISA OD distributions in fox faeces were recorded for the five winters under study at Le Souillot (P=0.0004). The median of ELISA OD distribution was 0.209 and 0.207 before the population decline (winter 1995 and 1996, respectively), significantly increased to 0.306 just after the decline (winter 1997), and then significantly decreased to 0.099 and 0.104 afterwards (winter 1998 and 1999, respectively). Therefore, the decrease in infection level occurred during winter 1998, 1 year after the population decline, when the intermediate host biomass in the field was at its highest. These results suggest a complex dependence between the fox population level and E. multilocularis infection in a high endemicity area. Alternative ways to control fox population as a way to reduce E. multilocularis transmission in a given area are discussed.}, keywords = {4-Hydroxycoumarins, Animals, Arvicolinae, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Endemic Diseases, Environmental Exposure, Foxes, France, Pest Control, Population Density, Rodenticides}, issn = {0020-7519}, author = {Raoul, F. and Michelat, D. and Ordinaire, M. and D{\'e}cot{\'e}, Y. and Aubert, M. and Delattre, P. and Deplazes, P. and Giraudoux, P.} } @book {13436, title = {Economic assessment of livestock diseases in Great Britain}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Final Report to the Department for Environment}, organization = {Final Report to the Department for Environment}, address = {Food and Rural Affairs. University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK}, author = {Bennett, R. and Jpelaar, J.} } @mastersthesis {6671, title = {Economic evaluation of complex, multidimensional health services: the case of palliative day care}, year = {2003}, note = {U184202}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A study was undertaken using the EQ-5D instrument before and after a new palliative day care service was built and 140 subjects participated. Findings showed that the EQ-5D outcome instrument did not indicate any difference in outcome, supporting the hypothesis that no difference would be detected using this method. A choice experiment study was also undertaken in four PDC centres. This method can deconstruct a service into the constituent parts that are valued by users. It can measure the relative value of these attributes and may indicate willingness-to-pay if a price is also added. However, there were strong objections to this approach on theoretical as well as practical grounds. The attributes chosen for this study were: opening hours, access, specialist therapies; medical support; hairdressing and bathing. 79 patients took part in the study. No difficulties were reported in collecting data, despite their family and age. The results showed that specialist therapies were relatively more valued, and that hairdressing and bathing were not important in decision-making. Access to medical care was not as important as access to specialist therapies, and younger patients had higher preferences for services than older patients. The thesis critiques the use of health gain approaches for services that have a range of goals and aim to meet individuals{\textquoteright} specific needs. The choice experiment has provided insights into how services are valued cannot be derived from health gain approaches. It is not a complete picture since absolute values could not be estimated for comparison. But the data that has been produced a positive step along this road. For complex services, research will have to be more complex also. Research methods that can capture this complexity contribute understanding where none (or very little) may have previously existed.}, keywords = {0573:Public health, Bibliographies, DXN079008, Health and environmental sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public health, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301579029?accountid=14270}, author = {Douglas, H R} } @article {7218, title = {Editorial: {Water} supply and sanitation: some misconceptions}, journal = {Tropical Medicine \& International Health}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {193{\textendash}195}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01027.x/pdf}, author = {Cairncross, Sandy} } @article {10982, title = {Effect of aerobic and anaerobic digestion on the viability of {Cryptosporidium} parvum oocysts and {Ascaris} suum eggs}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {jun}, pages = {169{\textendash}179}, abstract = {The viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Ascaris suum eggs inoculated into aerobic and anaerobic digesters was measured. The digesters were maintained at 37{\textdegree}C, 47{\textdegree}C, and 55{\textdegree}C, with 10-day detention times. Eggs and oocysts were added to each digester in a single spike or in chambers placed in the digesters for varying periods. Oocysts were inactivated very rapidly in all systems as determined by a dye permeability assay, {\textgreater} 99\% inactivated after 10 days at 37{\textdegree}C, 4 days at 47{\textdegree}C, and 2 days at 55{\textdegree}C. Eggs were more rapidly inactivated in anaerobic digesters than in aerobic digesters. At 55{\textdegree}C, eggs in both anaerobic and aerobic digesters were {\textgreater} 99\% inactivated within 1 h. At 47{\textdegree}C, anaerobic digestion inactivated around 95\% eggs in 2 days, but around 25\% of the eggs were still viable after 10 days in aerobic digesters. At 37{\textdegree}C, anaerobic digestion inactivated more than 75\% of the eggs after 10 days, but in the aerobic digester at 37{\textdegree}C, 10 days of treatment had no effect on viability. The oocysts and eggs added in chambers appeared to behave similarly to these pathogens added directly to the biosolids within the digesters.}, issn = {0960-3123}, doi = {10.1080/0960312031000098071}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0960312031000098071}, author = {Kato, Satomi and Fogarty, Elizabeth and Bowman, Dwight} } @article {12949, title = {Effect of aerobic and anaerobic digestion on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Ascaris suum eggs}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {169{\textendash}179}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Kato, Satomi and Fogarty, Elizabeth and Bowman, Dwight} } @article {14059, title = {Effect of {Filtration} {Conditions} on removal of emerging waterborne pathogens}, journal = {American Water Works Association}, volume = {95}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, pages = {95{\textendash}104}, author = {Harrington, GW and Xagoraraki, I and Assavasilavasukul, P Standridge, JW} } @article {2274, title = {{Effect of Filtration Conditions on removal of emerging waterborne pathogens}}, journal = {American Water Works Association}, volume = {95}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, pages = {95{\textendash}104}, author = {Harrington, GW and Xagoraraki, I and Assavasilavasukul, P Standridge, JW} } @mastersthesis {6785, title = {Effect of hyporheic exchange on conservative and reactive solute transport in streams. {Model} assessments based on tracer tests}, year = {2003}, note = {C815070}, school = {Uppsala Universitet (Sweden)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Understanding of the processes affecting solute transport in flowing water is important for the possibility to predict the evolution with time of polluted stream systems. This thesis presents tracer experiment methodology and model developments for solute transport in streams, with special focus on retention processes and their effect on solute stream transport. Results are presented from a tracer experiment in the S{\"a}va Stream, Uppland County, Sweden, where both a conservative ( 3 H as tritiated water) and a reactive ( 51 Cr as trivalent chromium ion) tracer were injected simultaneously. The time and length scales of the experiment were prolonged compared to previous studies, which allowed for new critical tests of different model concepts. It was found that the hyporheic exchange greatly affected the solute transport of both tracers. However, the retention of chromium was significantly more pronounced. About 76\% of the injected chromium was lost from the stream water phase directly after the passage of the pulse 30 km downstream of the injection point. The inventory of chromium in the sediments indicated that the main part was retrieved in the hyporheic zone. Both a diffusive and an advective hyporheic exchange model were developed and evaluated versus independent observations in the stream water and hyporheic zone. Analytical expressions for the central temporal moments of the breakthrough curve and semi-analytical solutions for the solute concentration in the Laplace domain were derived. Both models were found useful in representing the observations. For the transport of the reactive solute, it was found essential to consider a kinetic sorption on to particulate matter in the hyporheic zone. The time needed for a wash-out of 75\% of the maximum uptake in the hyporheic zone was found to be \~{}85 times longer for the reactive solute, compared to the conservative solute. Neglecting the sorption kinetics in the transport model yielded significant errors in the central temporal moments, which implied an incorrect description of the wash-out process from the hyporheic zone. Independent observations in the stream water and hyporheic zone as well as choice of evaluation method are essential for a correct interpretation of the processes. A first attempt was also made to link model parameters such as the residence time in the hyporheic zone with measurable parameters of the stream. Such a relationship offers the possibility to generalize results for other streams and stream conditions. A generic study of the transport of an inert solute in the Lule River, Sweden, using this kind of relationship, indicated that the hyporheic exchange can have a large practical implication.}, keywords = {0768:Environmental science, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Hyporheic exchange, Reactive solute transport, Solute transport, Streams, Tracer tests}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305245605?accountid=14270}, author = {Jonsson, Karin Margareta} } @article {4058, title = {{Effect of initial microbial density on inactivation of Giardia muris by ozone}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, year = {2003}, pages = {2980{\textendash}2988}, author = {Haas, CN and Kaymak, B} } @article {13584, title = {The effect of potassium permanganate and sodium dichloroisocyanurate on metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica}, journal = {J Egypt Soc Parasitol.}, volume = {33}, year = {2003}, pages = {305-314}, author = {El-Zawawy, L. A. and Ali, S. M. and Allam, S. R.} } @article {6706, title = {The elderly and waterborne {Cryptosporidium} infection: gastroenteritis hospitalizations before and during the 1993 {Milwaukee} outbreak}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {418}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957964/}, author = {Naumova, Elena N. and Egorov, Andrey I. and Morris, Robert D. and Griffiths, Jeffrey K.} } @article {7001, title = {The elderly and waterborne {Cryptosporidium} infection: gastroenteritis hospitalizations before and during the 1993 {Milwaukee} outbreak}, journal = {The Elderly}, year = {2003}, url = {http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/4/02-0260.htm}, author = {Naumova, Elena N. and Egorov, Andrey I. and Morris, Robert D. and Griffiths, Jeffrey K.} } @article {8708, title = {{Elimination of enteric bacteria in biological-chemical wastewater treatment and tertiary filtration units}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, year = {2003}, pages = {690{\textendash}698}, abstract = {The occurrence and removal of salmonellae and faecal indicators in four conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTP) were investigated. In addition, we tested the efficiency of a semi-technical scale biological nutrient removal process and three pilot-scale tertiary filtration units in microbial removal. All influent samples collected from MWTPs contained salmonellae from 93 to 11000MPN/100ml and indicator bacteria from about 107 to 108CFU/100ml. The reductions in salmonella numbers achieved in full-scale biological-chemical wastewater treatment and semi-technical scale biological nutrient removal processes were usually between 94{\%} and virtually 100{\%} (99.9{\%}) and indicator bacteria reductions between 2 and 3 log units. Microbial numbers in MWTP effluents could be modelled as a function of effluent residual organic matter, suspended solids and total phosphorus concentrations. Pilot-scale tertiary treatment by rapid sand contact filter, chemical contact filter and biological-chemical contact filter reduced salmonella numbers below the detection limit and faecal coliform numbers on average by 99{\%}, 39{\%} and 71{\%}, respectively. A total of 32 Salmonella serovars were identified among 197 Salmonella isolates from municipal wastewaters. Of the isolates, 32{\%} were resistant to nalidixic acid, indicating reduced sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, the drug of choice in the treatment of salmonellosis. In addition, 18{\%} of the isolates were multiresistant. Our results, especially antibiotic resistant Salmonella strains, indicate that conventional municipal wastewater treatment without efficient tertiary treatment, like filtration or disinfection, may constitute a risk for public health. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Coagulant, Filtration, Indicator bacteria, Microorganism removal, Salmonella, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00305-6}, author = {Koivunen, Jari and Siitonen, Anja and Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi} } @article {3244, title = {{Elimination of enteric bacteria in biological-chemical wastewater treatment and tertiary filtration units}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {690{\textendash}698}, abstract = {The occurrence and removal of salmonellae and faecal indicators in four conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTP) were investigated. In addition, we tested the efficiency of a semi-technical scale biological nutrient removal process and three pilot-scale tertiary filtration units in microbial removal. All influent samples collected from MWTPs contained salmonellae from 93 to 11000MPN/100ml and indicator bacteria from about 107 to 108CFU/100ml. The reductions in salmonella numbers achieved in full-scale biological-chemical wastewater treatment and semi-technical scale biological nutrient removal processes were usually between 94{\%} and virtually 100{\%} (99.9{\%}) and indicator bacteria reductions between 2 and 3 log units. Microbial numbers in MWTP effluents could be modelled as a function of effluent residual organic matter, suspended solids and total phosphorus concentrations. Pilot-scale tertiary treatment by rapid sand contact filter, chemical contact filter and biological-chemical contact filter reduced salmonella numbers below the detection limit and faecal coliform numbers on average by 99{\%}, 39{\%} and 71{\%}, respectively. A total of 32 Salmonella serovars were identified among 197 Salmonella isolates from municipal wastewaters. Of the isolates, 32{\%} were resistant to nalidixic acid, indicating reduced sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, the drug of choice in the treatment of salmonellosis. In addition, 18{\%} of the isolates were multiresistant. Our results, especially antibiotic resistant Salmonella strains, indicate that conventional municipal wastewater treatment without efficient tertiary treatment, like filtration or disinfection, may constitute a risk for public health. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Coagulant, Filtration, Indicator bacteria, Microorganism removal, Salmonella, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00305-6}, author = {Koivunen, Jari and Siitonen, Anja and Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi} } @booklet {10800, title = {{Emerging Issues in Water and Infectious Disease}}, year = {2003}, publisher = {World Health Organization} } @article {12127, title = {Emerging Issues in Water and Infectious Disease}, year = {2003}, institution = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @article {7105, title = {Endemic cryptosporidiosis and exposure to municipal tap water in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ({AIDS}): a case-control study}, journal = {BMC public Health}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {2}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/3/2/}, author = {Arag{\'o}n, Tom{\'a}s J. and Novotny, Suzanne and Enanoria, Wayne and Vugia, Duc J. and Khalakdina, Asheena and Katz, Mitchell H.} } @article {7318, title = {Endemic cryptosporidiosis and exposure to municipal tap water in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ({AIDS}): a case-control study}, journal = {BMC public Health}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {1}, url = {http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-3-2}, author = {Arag{\'o}n, Tom{\'a}s J. and Novotny, Suzanne and Enanoria, Wayne and Vugia, Duc J. and Khalakdina, Asheena and Katz, Mitchell H.} } @article {9410, title = {{Entamoeba histolytica: an update}}, journal = {Curr Opin Infect Dis}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {479{\textendash}485}, author = {Stauffer, W and Ravdin, JI} } @article {9177, title = {{Entamoeba moshkovskii infections in children in Bangladesh}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {580{\textendash}584}, author = {Ali, IKM and Hossain, MB and Roy, S and Ayeh-Kumi, PF and Petri, WA and Haque, R and Clark, CG} } @article {9394, title = {{Enteric pathogens and soil: a short review}}, journal = {International Microbiology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {5{\textendash}9}, author = {Santamaria, J and Toranzos, GA} } @article {2396, title = {{Enteric pathogens and soil: a short review}}, journal = {International Microbiology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {5{\textendash}9}, edition = {2003/05/06}, abstract = {

It is known that soil is a recipient of solid wastes able to contain enteric pathogens in high concentrations. Although the role of soil as a reservoir of certain bacterial pathogens is not in question, recent findings show that soil may have a larger role in the transmission of enteric diseases than previously thought. Many of the diseases caused by agents from soil have been well characterized, although enteric diseases and their link to soil have not been so well studied. Gastrointestinal infections are the most common diseases caused by enteric bacteria. Some examples are salmonellosis ( Salmonella sp.), cholera ( Vibrio cholerae), dysentery ( Shigella sp.) and other infections caused by Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia sp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 and many other strains. Viruses are the most hazardous and have some of the lowest infectious doses of any of the enteric pathogens. Hepatitis A, hepatitis E, enteric adenoviruses, poliovirus types 1 and 2, multiple strains of echoviruses and coxsackievirus are enteric viruses associated with human wastewater. Among the most commonly detected protozoa in sewage are Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum. This article reviews the existing literature of more than two decades on waste disposal practices that favor the entry of enteric pathogens to soil and the possible consequent role of the soil as a vector and reservoir of enteric pathogens.

}, isbn = {1139-6709 (Print)1139-6709 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s10123-003-0096-1}, author = {Santamaria, J and Toranzos, G A} } @article {14206, title = {Enteric pathogens and soil: a short review}, journal = {Int Microbiol}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {5{\textendash}9}, abstract = {It is known that soil is a recipient of solid wastes able to contain enteric pathogens in high concentrations. Although the role of soil as a reservoir of certain bacterial pathogens is not in question, recent findings show that soil may have a larger role in the transmission of enteric diseases than previously thought. Many of the diseases caused by agents from soil have been well characterized, although enteric diseases and their link to soil have not been so well studied. Gastrointestinal infections are the most common diseases caused by enteric bacteria. Some examples are salmonellosis ( Salmonella sp.), cholera ( Vibrio cholerae), dysentery ( Shigella sp.) and other infections caused by Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia sp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 and many other strains. Viruses are the most hazardous and have some of the lowest infectious doses of any of the enteric pathogens. Hepatitis A, hepatitis E, enteric adenoviruses, poliovirus types 1 and 2, multiple strains of echoviruses and coxsackievirus are enteric viruses associated with human wastewater. Among the most commonly detected protozoa in sewage are Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum. This article reviews the existing literature of more than two decades on waste disposal practices that favor the entry of enteric pathogens to soil and the possible consequent role of the soil as a vector and reservoir of enteric pathogens.}, doi = {10.1007/s10123-003-0096-1}, author = {Santamaria, J and Toranzos, G A} } @article {1272, title = {Enteric pathogens and soil: a short review}, journal = {Int Microbiol}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, note = {Santamaria, Johanna Toranzos, Gary A Review Spain International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology Int Microbiol. 2003 Mar;6(1):5-9. Epub 2003 Mar 6.}, pages = {5-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {It is known that soil is a recipient of solid wastes able to contain enteric pathogens in high concentrations. Although the role of soil as a reservoir of certain bacterial pathogens is not in question, recent findings show that soil may have a larger role in the transmission of enteric diseases than previously thought. Many of the diseases caused by agents from soil have been well characterized, although enteric diseases and their link to soil have not been so well studied. Gastrointestinal infections are the most common diseases caused by enteric bacteria. Some examples are salmonellosis ( Salmonella sp.), cholera ( Vibrio cholerae), dysentery ( Shigella sp.) and other infections caused by Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia sp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 and many other strains. Viruses are the most hazardous and have some of the lowest infectious doses of any of the enteric pathogens. Hepatitis A, hepatitis E, enteric adenoviruses, poliovirus types 1 and 2, multiple strains of echoviruses and coxsackievirus are enteric viruses associated with human wastewater. Among the most commonly detected protozoa in sewage are Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum. This article reviews the existing literature of more than two decades on waste disposal practices that favor the entry of enteric pathogens to soil and the possible consequent role of the soil as a vector and reservoir of enteric pathogens.}, keywords = {Animals Diarrhea/epidemiology/etiology Disease Outbreaks Humans Intestinal Diseases/ microbiology/ parasitology/virology Refuse Disposal/standards Soil Microbiology Water Microbiology}, issn = {1139-6709 (Print) 1139-6709 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/s10123-003-0096-1}, author = {Santamaria, J. and Toranzos, G. A.} } @article {7178, title = {Enterovirus infections are associated with the induction of β-cell autoimmunity in a prospective birth cohort study: {Enterovirus} {Infections} and {Diabetes}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {91{\textendash}98}, issn = {01466615}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.10260}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jmv.10260}, author = {Salminen, Kimmo and Sadeharju, Karita and L{\"o}nnrot, Maria and V{\"a}h{\"a}salo, Paula and Kupila, Antti and Korhonen, Sari and Ilonen, Jorma and Simell, Olli and Knip, Mikael and Hy{\"o}ty, Heikki} } @article {9010, title = {Environmental Regulations and Technology Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge}, number = {EPA/625/R-92/013}, year = {2003}, publisher = {USEPA Office of Research Development}, type = {Journal Article} } @article {1528, title = {Environmental surveillance system to track wild poliovirus transmission}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, note = {Deshpande, Jagadish M Shetty, Sushmitha J Siddiqui, Zaeem A Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 May;69(5):2919-27.}, pages = {2919-27}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Eradication of poliomyelitis from large metropolis cities in India has been difficult due to high population density and the presence of large urban slums. Three paralytic poliomyelitis cases were reported in Mumbai, India, in 1999 and 2000 in spite of high immunization coverage and good-quality supplementary immunization activities. We therefore established a systematic environmental surveillance study by weekly screening of sewage samples from three high-risk slum areas to detect the silent transmission of wild poliovirus. In 2001, from among the 137 sewage samples tested, wild poliovirus type 1 was isolated from 35 and wild poliovirus type 3 was isolated from 1. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance indicated one case of paralytic poliomyelitis from the city. Phylogenetic analysis with complete VP1 sequences revealed that the isolates from environmental samples belonged to four lineages of wild polioviruses recently isolated from poliomyelitis cases in Uttar Pradesh and not to those previously isolated from AFP cases in Mumbai. Wild poliovirus thus introduced caused one case of paralytic poliomyelitis. The virus was detected in environmental samples 3 months before. It was found that wild polioviruses introduced several times during the year circulated in Mumbai for a limited period before being eliminated. Environmental surveillance was found to be sensitive for the detection of wild poliovirus silent transmission. Nucleotide sequence analysis helped identify wild poliovirus reservoir areas.}, keywords = {Base Sequence Capsid Proteins/genetics Environmental Microbiology Genome, Oral/genetics Population Surveillance/*methods Poverty Areas RNA, Viral Humans India Molecular Sequence Data Poliomyelitis/prevention \& control/*transmission Poliovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Poliovirus Vaccine, Viral/genetics Sensitivity and Specificity Sewage/virology Urban Health}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12732567}, author = {Deshpande, J. M. and Shetty, S. J. and Siddiqui, Z. A.} } @article {14553, title = {Environmental surveillance system to track wild poliovirus transmission}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, year = {2003}, month = {may}, pages = {2919{\textendash}27}, abstract = {Eradication of poliomyelitis from large metropolis cities in India has been difficult due to high population density and the presence of large urban slums. Three paralytic poliomyelitis cases were reported in Mumbai, India, in 1999 and 2000 in spite of high immunization coverage and good-quality supplementary immunization activities. We therefore established a systematic environmental surveillance study by weekly screening of sewage samples from three high-risk slum areas to detect the silent transmission of wild poliovirus. In 2001, from among the 137 sewage samples tested, wild poliovirus type 1 was isolated from 35 and wild poliovirus type 3 was isolated from 1. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance indicated one case of paralytic poliomyelitis from the city. Phylogenetic analysis with complete VP1 sequences revealed that the isolates from environmental samples belonged to four lineages of wild polioviruses recently isolated from poliomyelitis cases in Uttar Pradesh and not to those previously isolated from AFP cases in Mumbai. Wild poliovirus thus introduced caused one case of paralytic poliomyelitis. The virus was detected in environmental samples 3 months before. It was found that wild polioviruses introduced several times during the year circulated in Mumbai for a limited period before being eliminated. Environmental surveillance was found to be sensitive for the detection of wild poliovirus silent transmission. Nucleotide sequence analysis helped identify wild poliovirus reservoir areas.}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Capsid Proteins/genetics, Environmental Microbiology, Genome, Humans, India, Molecular Sequence Data, Oral/genetics, Poliomyelitis/prevention \& control/*transmission, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Population Surveillance/*methods, Poverty Areas, RNA, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sewage/virology, Urban Health, Viral, Viral/genetics}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Deshpande, J. M. and Shetty, S. J. and Siddiqui, Z. A.} } @article {14915, title = {Environmental surveillance system to track wild poliovirus transmission}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, year = {2003}, month = {may}, pages = {2919{\textendash}27}, abstract = {Eradication of poliomyelitis from large metropolis cities in India has been difficult due to high population density and the presence of large urban slums. Three paralytic poliomyelitis cases were reported in Mumbai, India, in 1999 and 2000 in spite of high immunization coverage and good-quality supplementary immunization activities. We therefore established a systematic environmental surveillance study by weekly screening of sewage samples from three high-risk slum areas to detect the silent transmission of wild poliovirus. In 2001, from among the 137 sewage samples tested, wild poliovirus type 1 was isolated from 35 and wild poliovirus type 3 was isolated from 1. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance indicated one case of paralytic poliomyelitis from the city. Phylogenetic analysis with complete VP1 sequences revealed that the isolates from environmental samples belonged to four lineages of wild polioviruses recently isolated from poliomyelitis cases in Uttar Pradesh and not to those previously isolated from AFP cases in Mumbai. Wild poliovirus thus introduced caused one case of paralytic poliomyelitis. The virus was detected in environmental samples 3 months before. It was found that wild polioviruses introduced several times during the year circulated in Mumbai for a limited period before being eliminated. Environmental surveillance was found to be sensitive for the detection of wild poliovirus silent transmission. Nucleotide sequence analysis helped identify wild poliovirus reservoir areas.}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Capsid Proteins/genetics, Environmental Microbiology, Genome, Humans, India, Molecular Sequence Data, Oral/genetics, Poliomyelitis/prevention \& control/*transmission, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Population Surveillance/*methods, Poverty Areas, RNA, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sewage/virology, Urban Health, Viral, Viral/genetics}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Deshpande, J. M. and Shetty, S. J. and Siddiqui, Z. A.} } @article {13545, title = {Epidemie de fasciolose dans la Region Nord-Pas-de-Calais, printemps 2002}, journal = {BEH, Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Ministere de la Sante, de la Famille et des Personnes Handicapees.}, volume = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {49-50}, author = {Mailles, A. and Vaillant, V. and Schepens, C. and Aajana, F. and Capek, I. and Ilef, D. and Fillebeen, C. and Lefort, M. and Therouanne, M. and Volant, P. and Flavigny, M. C. and De Valk, H.} } @article {4827, title = {{Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of acute diarrhea with emphasis on Entamoeba histolytica infections in preschool children in an urban slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {69}, year = {2003}, pages = {398{\textendash}405}, author = {Haque, R and Mondal, D and Kirkpatrick, BD and Akther, S and Farr, BM and Bradley Sack, R and Petri Jr, WA} } @article {9214, title = {{Epidemiological, clinical and parasitological data concerning intestinal amebiasis in northern Tunisia}}, journal = {La Tunisie M{\'e}dicale}, volume = {81}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {318{\textendash}322}, author = {Bouratbine, A and Maamouri, N and Ben Abdallah, RR and Aoun, K and Haouet, S and Boubaker, J and Ben Jilani, S and Ghorbel, AJ and Najjar, T and Ben Ammar, A} } @article {4867, title = {{Epidemiology and control of intestinal parasites with nitazoxanide in children in Mexico}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {68}, year = {2003}, pages = {384{\textendash}385}, author = {Diaz, E and Mondragon, J and Ramirez, E and Bernal, R} } @article {11754, title = {{Epidemiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis of zoonotic cestode infections: an update}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {91}, year = {2003}, pages = {412{\textendash}438}, author = {Raether, W and Hanel, H} } @article {2936, title = {Epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis with particular reference to {China} and {Europe}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {127 Suppl}, year = {2003}, pages = {S87{\textendash}107}, abstract = {Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the metacestode of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, is the most pathogenic zoonosis in temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Prospective collection of human cases in some areas and mass screenings using ultrasound imaging and confirmation with serological techniques have markedly improved our knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease in humans during the past two decades. Transmission occurs when eggs of the tapeworm, excreted by the final hosts (usually foxes but also dogs, wolves and cats), are ingested accidentally by humans or during normal feeding by a variety of rodents and small lagomorphs. However, the species of host animals differ according to regional changes in mammalian fauna. This review mostly focuses on epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in those parts of the world where new and more accurate epidemiological data are now available, i.e. China and Europe, as well as on new epidemiological trends that can be suspected from recent case reports and/or from recent changes in animal epidemiology of E. multilocularis infection. The People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China (PRC) is a newly recognized focus on AE in Asia. Human AE cases were firstly recognized in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Qinghai Provinces at the end of 1950s and infected animals were first reported from Ningxia in central China and northeast of Inner Mongolia in the 1980s. E. multilocularis (and human cases of AE) appears to occur in three areas: (1) Northeastern China (northeast focus): including Inner Mongolia Autonomous region and Heliongjiang Province (2) Central China (central focus): including Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, Qinghai Province and Tibet Autonomous Region and (3) Northwestern China: including Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, bordered with Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The highest prevalence of the disease, up to 15 per cent of the population in some villages, is reached in China. In Europe, data from the European Echinococcosis Registry (EurEchinoReg: 1982-2000) show 53 autochthonous cases of AE in Austria, 3 in Belgium, 235 in France, 126 in Germany, 1 in Greece, and 112 in Switzerland, and 15 {\textquoteright}imported{\textquoteright} cases, especially from central Asia; 14 cases were collected in Poland, a country not previously considered endemic for AE. Improved diagnostic technology, as well as a real increase in the infection rate and an extension to new areas, can explain that more than 500 cases have been reported for these 2 decades while less than 900 cases were published for the previous 7 decades. New epidemiological trends are related to an unprecedented increase in the fox population in Europe, to the unexpected development of urban foxes in Japan and in Europe, and to changes in the environmental situation in many countries worldwide due to climatic or anthropic factors which might influence the host-predator relationship in the animal reservoir and/or the behavioural characteristics of the populations in the endemic areas.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, China, Disease Reservoirs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, prevalence, Public health}, issn = {0031-1820}, author = {Vuitton, D. A. and Zhou, H. and Bresson-Hadni, S. and Wang, Q. and Piarroux, M. and Raoul, F. and Giraudoux, P.} } @article {4789, title = {{Epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis and other intestinal parasites in a community in Haiti}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, pages = {2047{\textendash}2054}, author = {Lopez, AS and Bendik, JM and Alliance, JY and Roberts, JM and da Silva, AJ and Moura, IN and Arrowood, MI and Eberhard, ML and Herwaldt, BL} } @article {5014, title = {{Epidemiology of Opisthorchis viverrini}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {88}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {187{\textendash}194}, author = {Sithithaworn, P and Haswell-Elkins, M} } @inbook {510, title = {Esterification of cidofovir with alkoxyalkanols increases oral bioavailability and diminishes drug accumulation in kidney Safe adoptive transfer of virus-specific T-cell immunity for the treatment of systemic adenovirus infection after allogeneic stem cel}, booktitle = {Antiviral Res}, volume = {59}, year = {2003}, note = {Nihms247549 S0042-6822(10)00667-7 [pii] Virology. 2011 Jan 20;409(2):141-7. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.020. Epub 2010 Nov 5. Ciesla, Stephanie L Trahan, Julissa Wan, W Brad Beadle, James R Aldern, Kathy A Painter, George R Hostetler, Karl Y AI29164/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States EY11834/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S. Antiviral research S0166354203001104 [pii] Antiviral Res. 2003 Aug;59(3):163-71. Feuchtinger, Tobias Matthes-Martin, Susanne Richard, Celine Lion, Thomas Fuhrer, Monika Hamprecht, Klaus Handgretinger, Rupert Peters, Christina Schuster, Friedhelm R Beck, Robert Schumm, Michael Lotfi, Ramin Jahn, Gerhard Lang, Peter Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t British journal of haematology BJH6108 [pii] Br J Haematol. 2006 Jul;134(1):64-76. Danthinne, X Imperiale, M J GM34902/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States HL64762/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States Review Gene therapy Gene Ther. 2000 Oct;7(20):1707-14.}, pages = {163-71}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Netherlands England}, abstract = {Smallpox was eradicated by vaccination in the 1970s. However, concerns have arisen about the potential use of variola virus as a biological weapon. Most of the world{\textquoteright}s population has little residual immunity because systematic vaccination against smallpox ceased in the early 1970s. Vaccination of key elements of the population against smallpox is again being considered. However, there are now large numbers of persons who cannot be safely vaccinated with the current vaccine because of AIDS, immunosuppressive drugs, and certain common skin disorders. It would be useful to have a potent orally active drug as an alternative for these persons in case of an outbreak of smallpox. Alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir (CDV) have been shown to be highly active and selective against poxviruses in vitro with activities several logs greater than the activity of unmodified CDV. This is due in large part to increased cellular penetration and conversion to CDV-diphosphate, the active antiviral. In this paper, the oral pharmacokinetics of 14C-labeled hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofir (HDP-CDV), octadecyloxyethyl-cidofir (ODP-CDV), and oleyloxypropyl-cidofir (OLP-CDV) are examined and oral bioavailability and tissue distribution assessed and compared with parenteral CDV. The alkoxyalkyl CDVs are highly orally bioavailable and do not concentrate in kidney, the site of the dose-limiting toxicity of CDV. Plasma and tissue drug levels are many times greater than the in vitro EC(50s) for variola, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses. Thus, the compounds are good candidates for further development for prevention and treatment of smallpox infection and the complications of vaccination. During periods of immunosuppression, such as postallogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT), patients are at significant risk for severe viral infections. Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection is a serious complication post-SCT, especially in children. Virus-specific T cells are essential for the clearance of HAdV, as antiviral chemotherapy has revealed limited success. We present feasibility data for a new treatment option using virus-specific donor T cells for adoptive transfer of immunity to patients with HAdV-infection/reactivation. Virus-specific donor T cells were isolated and infused into nine children with systemic HAdV infection after SCT. Isolation was based on gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion after short in vitro stimulation with viral antigen, resulting in a combination of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. 1.2-50 x 10(3)/kg T cells were infused for adoptive transfer. Isolated cells showed high specificity and markedly reduced alloreactivity in vitro. Adoptive transfer of HAdV-specific immunity was successful in five of six evaluable patients, documented by a dose-independent and sustained in vivo expansion of HAdV-specific T cells, associated with a durable clearance/decrease of viral copies. T-cell infusion was well tolerated in all nine patients, except one case with graft-versus-host disease II of the skin. In conclusion, induction of a specific T-cell response through adoptive transfer was feasible and effective. When performed early in the course of infection, adoptive T-cell transfer may protect from HAdV-related complications. In the past decade, adenovirus vectors have generated tremendous interest, especially in gene therapy applications. In the so-called {\textquoteright}first generation{\textquoteright} adenovirus vectors, the transgenes are inserted in place of the E1 region, or less often the E3 region. Although second-generation and helper-dependent adenovirus vectors will probably prevail in the future in applications that require long-term gene expression, first generation adenovirus vectors will remain very useful in other settings, such as cancer and vaccination, or simply to transfect cell lines that are refractory to other transfection methods. Until a few years ago, the construction of first generation adenovirus vectors was a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. More than 20 methods have appeared that facilitate their construction and are reviewed below.}, keywords = {Administration, Genetic Transfection/methods, Homologous Treatment Outcome Adenoviridae/ genetics Gene Transfer Techniques Genetic Therapy/methods Genetic Vectors Recombination, Human/ immunology Adoptive Transfer/ methods CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/virology CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/virology Cell Proliferation Cell Separation/methods Child Child, Human/immunology/ therapy Adenoviruses, Oral Animals Antiviral Agents/administration \& dosage/ chemistry/ pharmacokinetics Biological Availability Carbon Radioisotopes/pharmacokinetics Cytosine/administration \& dosage/ analogs \& derivatives/ chemistry/ pharmacokinetics Esterification Esters/ch, Preschool Feasibility Studies Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/ adverse effects Humans Infant T-Lymphocytes/immunology/ virology Transplantation}, isbn = {0166-3542 (Print) 0166-3542 (Linking) 0007-1048 (Print) 0007-1048 (Linking) 0969-7128 (Print) 0969-7128 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.020 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06108.x 10.1038/sj.gt.3301301}, author = {Ciesla, S. L. and Trahan, J. and Wan, W. B. and Beadle, J. R. and Aldern, K. A. and Painter, G. R. and Hostetler, K. Y. and Feuchtinger, T. and Matthes-Martin, S. and Richard, C. and Lion, T. and Fuhrer, M. and Hamprecht, K. and Handgretinger, R. and Peters, C. and Schuster, F. R. and Beck, R. and Schumm, M. and Lotfi, R. and Jahn, G. and Lang, P. and Danthinne, X. and Imperiale, M. J.} } @article {9106, title = {{Estimating regression models with unknown break-points.}}, journal = {Statistics in Medicine}, volume = {22}, number = {19}, year = {2003}, month = {oct}, pages = {3055{\textendash}71}, abstract = {

This paper deals with fitting piecewise terms in regression models where one or more break-points are true parameters of the model. For estimation, a simple linearization technique is called for, taking advantage of the linear formulation of the problem. As a result, the method is suitable for any regression model with linear predictor and so current software can be used; threshold modelling as function of explanatory variables is also allowed. Differences between the other procedures available are shown and relative merits discussed. Simulations and two examples are presented to illustrate the method.

}, keywords = {Bronchitis, Bronchitis: etiology, Chronic Disease, Dust, Heart Transplantation, Heart Transplantation: mortality, Humans, Models, Regression Analysis, Statistical, Survival Analysis}, issn = {0277-6715}, doi = {10.1002/sim.1545}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12973787}, author = {Muggeo, Vito M R} } @article {1833, title = {Estimating the global burden of thalassogenic diseases: human infectious diseases caused by wastewater pollution of the marine environment}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, note = {Shuval, Hillel eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review England 2004/09/24 05:00 J Water Health. 2003 Jun;1(2):53-64.}, pages = {53-64}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This paper presents a preliminary attempt at obtaining an order-of-magnitude estimate of the global burden of disease (GBD) of human infectious diseases associated with swimming/bathing in coastal waters polluted by wastewater, and eating raw or lightly steamed filter-feeding shellfish harvested from such waters. Such diseases will be termed thalassogenic{\textendash}caused by the sea. Until recently these human health effects have been viewed primarily as local phenomena, not generally included in the world agenda of marine scientists dealing with global marine pollution problems. The massive global scale of the problem can be visualized when one considers that the wastewater and human body wastes of a significant portion of the world{\textquoteright}s population who reside along the coastline or in the vicinity of the sea are discharged daily, directly or indirectly, into the marine coastal waters, much of it with little or no treatment. Every cubic metre of raw domestic wastewater discharged into the sea can carry millions of infectious doses of pathogenic microorganisms. It is estimated that globally, foreign and local tourists together spend some 2 billion man-days annually at coastal recreational resorts and many are often exposed there to coastal waters polluted by wastewater. Annually some 800 million meals of potentially contaminated filter-feeding shellfish/bivalves and other sea foods, harvested in polluted waters are consumed, much of it raw or lightly steamed. A number of scientific studies have shown that swimmers swallow significant amounts of polluted seawater and can become ill with gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases from the pathogens they ingest. Based on risk assessments from the World Health Organization (WHO) and academic research sources the present study has made an estimate that globally, each year, there are in excess of 120 million cases of gastrointestinal disease and in excess of 50 million cases of more severe respiratory diseases caused by swimming and bathing in wastewater-polluted coastal waters. Filter-feeding shellfish/bivalves, which are often harvested from wastewater-polluted areas of the sea, can effectively filter out and concentrate the microbial pathogens in the seawater. It can be roughly estimated that annually there are some 4 million cases of infectious hepatitis A and E (HAV/HEV), with some 40 thousand deaths and 40 thousand cases of long-term disability, mainly chronic liver damage, from consuming raw or lightly steamed filter-feeding shellfish/molluscs harvested globally from polluted coastal waters. The total global health impact of the thalassogenic diseases{\textendash}human infectious diseases associated with pathogenic microorganisms from land-based wastewater pollution of the seas{\textendash}is estimated to be about 3 million {\textquoteright}disability-adjusted life years{\textquoteright} (DALY)/year, with an estimated economic loss of some 12 billion dollars per year. Due to the preliminary nature of the estimates in this study it is appropriate to assume that all of the above figures are no more than first approximations and that the true figures may be 50\% higher or lower. Nevertheless, it is the author{\textquoteright}s belief that this study indicates that wastewater pollution of the sea results in a multi-billion dollar per year health burden and that preventing wastewater pollution of the sea is worthy of inclusion on the global agenda of marine pollution prevention and control.}, keywords = {Bacterial Infections/epidemiology/transmission Bathing Beaches/*standards Food Handling Global Health Humans Infection/*epidemiology/*transmission Parasitic Diseases/epidemiology/transmission Risk Factors Seawater/*adverse effects Shellfish/*adverse effec, Chemical/adverse effects}, issn = {1477-8920 (Print) 1477-8920 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382734}, author = {Shuval, H.} } @article {15910, title = {Estimating the global burden of thalassogenic diseases: Human infectious diseases caused by wastewater pollution of the marine environment}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {53-64}, type = {Article}, author = {Shuval, H.} } @article {13110, title = {Estimation of septic tank setback distances based on transport of E. coli and F-RNA phages}, journal = {Environment International}, year = {2003}, pages = {907-921}, author = {Pang, L and Close, M and Goltz, M and Sinton, L and Davies, H and Hall, C and Stanton, G} } @article {2923, title = {European echinococcosis registry: human alveolar echinococcosis, {Europe}, 1982-2000}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {mar}, pages = {343{\textendash}349}, abstract = {Surveillance for alveolar echinococcosis in central Europe was initiated in 1998. On a voluntary basis, 559 patients were reported to the registry. Most cases originated from rural communities in regions from eastern France to western Austria; single cases were reported far away from the disease-"endemic" zone throughout central Europe. Of 210 patients, 61.4\% were involved in vocational or part-time farming, gardening, forestry, or hunting. Patients were diagnosed at a mean age of 52.5 years; 78\% had symptoms. Alveolar echinococcosis primarily manifested as a liver disease. Of the 559 patients, 190 (34\%) were already affected by spread of the parasitic larval tissue. Of 408 (73\%) patients alive in 2000, 4.9\% were cured. The increasing prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes in rural and urban areas of central Europe and the occurrence of cases outside the alveolar echinococcosis-endemic regions suggest that this disease deserves increased attention.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Europe, Female, Foxes, Hepatic, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupations, Preschool, prevalence, Registries}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid0903.020341}, author = {Kern, Petra and Bardonnet, Karine and Renner, Elisabeth and Auer, Herbert and Pawlowski, Zbigniew and Ammann, Rudolf W. and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Kern, Peter and European Echinococcosis Registry} } @article {15230, title = {Evaluation and modelling of helminth eggs removal in baffled and unbaffled ponds treating anaerobic effluent}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {113{\textendash}120}, author = {von Sperling, M and C Chernicharo and Am{\'e}rica M Soares and Adriana M Zerbini} } @article {5243, title = {{Evaluation and modelling of helminth eggs removal in baffled and unbaffled ponds treating anaerobic effluent}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {113{\textendash}120}, keywords = {Helminth eggs, maturation ponds, polishing ponds, sewage treatment, Sludge, UASB reactors}, author = {von Sperling, M and Chernicharo, C A L and Soares, A M E and Zerbini, A M} } @article {6384, title = {Evaluation of a water, sanitation, and hygiene education intervention on diarrhoea in northern {Pakistan}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {160{\textendash}165}, url = {http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S0042-96862003000300005}, author = {Nanan, D. and White, F. and Azam, I. and Afsar, H. and Hozhabri, S.} } @article {17014, title = {Evaluation of F+ RNA and DNA coliphages as source-specific indicators of fecal contamination in surface waters}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {11}, year = {2003}, pages = {6507{\textendash}6514}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Cole, Dana and Long, Sharon C and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {4222, title = {{Evaluation of F+ RNA and DNA coliphages as source-specific indicators of fecal contamination in surface waters.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {11}, year = {2003}, month = {nov}, pages = {6507{\textendash}14}, abstract = {

Male-specific (F+) coliphages have been investigated as viral indicators of fecal contamination that may provide source-specific information for impacted environmental waters. This study examined the presence and proportions of the different subgroups of F+ coliphages in a variety of fecal wastes and surface waters with well-defined potential waste impacts. Municipal wastewater samples had high proportions of F+ DNA and group II and III F+ RNA coliphages. Bovine wastewaters also contained a high proportion of F+ DNA coliphages, but group I and IV F+ RNA coliphages predominated. Swine wastewaters contained approximately equal proportions of F+ DNA and RNA coliphages, and group I and III F+ RNA coliphages were most common. Waterfowl (gull and goose) feces contained almost exclusively F+ RNA coliphages of groups I and IV. No F+ coliphages were isolated from the feces of the other species examined. F+ coliphage recovery from surface waters was influenced by precipitation events and animal or human land use. There were no significant differences in coliphage density among land use categories. Significant seasonal variation was observed in the proportions of F+ DNA and RNA coliphages. Group I F+ RNA coliphages were the vast majority (90{\%}) of those recovered from surface waters. The percentage of group I F+ RNA coliphages detected was greatest at background sites, and the percentage of group II F+ RNA coliphages was highest at human-impacted sites. Monitoring of F+ coliphage groups can indicate the presence and major sources of microbial inputs to surface waters, but environmental effects on the relative occurrence of different groups need to be considered.

}, keywords = {Animals, Birds, Cattle, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, F Factor, F Factor: genetics, Feces, Feces: virology, Fluid, Geese, Humans, Inoviridae, Inoviridae: genetics, Inoviridae: isolation {\&} purification, Leviviridae, Leviviridae: genetics, Leviviridae: isolation {\&} purification, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: genetics, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, Seasons, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution, Water Pollution: analysis}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=262259{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Cole, Dana and Long, Sharon C and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {10098, title = {{Evaluation of microbial source tracking methods using mixed fecal sources in aqueous test samples}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {141{\textendash}151}, author = {Griffith, JF and Weisberg, SB and McGee, CD} } @article {10099, title = {{Evaluation of microbial source tracking methods using mixed fecal sources in aqueous test samples}}, journal = {J Water Health}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {141{\textendash}151}, author = {Griffith, JF and Weisberg, SB and McGee, CD} } @article {2371, title = {{Evaluation of the duopath verotoxin test for detection of shiga toxins in cultures of human stools}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {2650{\textendash}2653}, edition = {2003/06/07}, abstract = {The Duopath Verotoxin test (Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany) is a newly developed immunochromatographic test for the confirmation of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains from food products. This test detects both Stx 1 (Stx1)-positive and Stx2-positive samples individually with the same device. By modification of the original protocol, the present study evaluated its performance and feasibility for clinical application with human stool samples, consisting of 41 frozen samples known to contain STEC isolates (O157:H7 and non-O157 serotypes) and 250 fresh specimens. The test specimens were polymyxin B extracts of colony sweeps taken from overnight sorbitol-MacConkey agar cultures of stools containing STEC isolates and other bacteria. All 41 frozen STEC-positive stool samples were positive by the Duopath Verotoxin test, as were 2 fresh stool samples with culture-confirmed STEC O157 infection. Thus, 100\% sensitivity and no false-positive results were obtained when the Premier EHEC assay (Meridian Bioscience, Cincinnati, Ohio) was used as the "gold standard." The Duopath Verotoxin test is simple to perform and easy to interpret, providing a turnaround time of 24 h. Despite its original intended use, the Duopath Verotoxin test has a great potential for clinical application.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Park, C H and Kim, H J and Hixon, D L and Bubert, A} } @article {8111, title = {{Evaluation of the duopath verotoxin test for detection of shiga toxins in cultures of human stools}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {2650{\textendash}2653}, edition = {2003/06/07}, abstract = {The Duopath Verotoxin test (Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany) is a newly developed immunochromatographic test for the confirmation of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains from food products. This test detects both Stx 1 (Stx1)-positive and Stx2-positive samples individually with the same device. By modification of the original protocol, the present study evaluated its performance and feasibility for clinical application with human stool samples, consisting of 41 frozen samples known to contain STEC isolates (O157:H7 and non-O157 serotypes) and 250 fresh specimens. The test specimens were polymyxin B extracts of colony sweeps taken from overnight sorbitol-MacConkey agar cultures of stools containing STEC isolates and other bacteria. All 41 frozen STEC-positive stool samples were positive by the Duopath Verotoxin test, as were 2 fresh stool samples with culture-confirmed STEC O157 infection. Thus, 100{\%} sensitivity and no false-positive results were obtained when the Premier EHEC assay (Meridian Bioscience, Cincinnati, Ohio) was used as the "gold standard." The Duopath Verotoxin test is simple to perform and easy to interpret, providing a turnaround time of 24 h. Despite its original intended use, the Duopath Verotoxin test has a great potential for clinical application.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Park, C H and Kim, H J and Hixon, D L and Bubert, A} } @article {14180, title = {Evaluation of the duopath verotoxin test for detection of shiga toxins in cultures of human stools}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {2650{\textendash}2653}, abstract = {The Duopath Verotoxin test (Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany) is a newly developed immunochromatographic test for the confirmation of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains from food products. This test detects both Stx 1 (Stx1)-positive and Stx2-positive samples individually with the same device. By modification of the original protocol, the present study evaluated its performance and feasibility for clinical application with human stool samples, consisting of 41 frozen samples known to contain STEC isolates (O157:H7 and non-O157 serotypes) and 250 fresh specimens. The test specimens were polymyxin B extracts of colony sweeps taken from overnight sorbitol-MacConkey agar cultures of stools containing STEC isolates and other bacteria. All 41 frozen STEC-positive stool samples were positive by the Duopath Verotoxin test, as were 2 fresh stool samples with culture-confirmed STEC O157 infection. Thus, 100\% sensitivity and no false-positive results were obtained when the Premier EHEC assay (Meridian Bioscience, Cincinnati, Ohio) was used as the "gold standard." The Duopath Verotoxin test is simple to perform and easy to interpret, providing a turnaround time of 24 h. Despite its original intended use, the Duopath Verotoxin test has a great potential for clinical application.}, author = {Park, C H and Kim, H J and Hixon, D L and Bubert, A} } @article {15734, title = {Evaluation of waterless sanitation for hot arid climates}, journal = {Waterlines}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {22-25}, publisher = {Practical Action Publishing}, isbn = {02628104, 17563488}, author = {Graham, JR and Redlinger, T and Corella-Barud, V} } @article {2924, title = {Experience of liver transplantation for incurable alveolar echinococcosis: a 45-case {European} collaborative report}, journal = {Transplantation}, volume = {75}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, month = {mar}, pages = {856{\textendash}863}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) of the liver is a rare and severe parasitic disease. It behaves like a slow-growing liver cancer, and liver transplantation (LT) has been proposed in advanced cases since 1985. The aim of this retrospective study was to collect all AE transplant cases in Europe, analyze the results, and specify the usefulness of LT for this unusual indication. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 83 LT centers from July 1996 to December 1999. RESULTS: Sixty-five centers responded: 45 AE patients (mean age, 45.8 years) underwent an LT procedure at 16 LT centers. The mean interval between diagnosis and LT was 5 years. One patient died during the hepatectomy phase. Five-year survival was 71\%. Five-year survival without recurrence was 58\%. The nine early deaths were mostly related to bacterial or fungal infections, or both, in patients in bad condition when LT was performed. Six patients had a graft AE reinfection. Five late deaths were related directly to ongoing AE. In the other cases, benzimidazole (BZM) therapy seemed to stabilize AE residues. CONCLUSIONS: This unique experience indicates that LT is feasible for life-threatening AE. Specific management is needed to optimize the results: earlier decision for LT in incurable symptomatic biliary AE, pre- and post-LT BZM therapy, meticulous pre-LT evaluation to identify extrahepatic extension, and an immunosuppressive regimen kept to a minimum.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anthelmintics, Benzimidazoles, Cause of Death, Child, Cooperative Behavior, Echinococcosis, Europe, Female, Graft Rejection, Hepatic, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Liver Transplantation, Male, Middle Aged, Postoperative Complications, Preschool, Recurrence, Retrospective Studies, Survival Analysis}, issn = {0041-1337}, doi = {10.1097/01.TP.0000054230.63568.79}, author = {Koch, St{\'e}phane and Bresson-Hadni, Solange and Miguet, Jean-Philippe and Crumbach, Jean-Pierre and Gillet, Michel and Mantion, George-Andr{\'e} and Heyd, Bruno and Vuitton, Dominique-Ang{\`e}le and Minello, Anne and Kurtz, Sabine and European Collaborating Clinicians} } @article {5972, title = {{Experimental infection of pregnant gilts with swine hepatitis E virus}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {67}, year = {2003}, pages = {303{\textendash}306}, author = {Kasorndorkbua, C and B J Thacker and P G Halbur and Guenette, DK and Buitenwerf, RM and Royer, RL and X J Meng} } @mastersthesis {6862, title = {Experimental modeling of local scour in cohesive soils}, year = {2003}, note = {3098694}, school = {University of South Carolina}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Safe and economic design for bridge foundation requires an accurate prediction of the scour depth and pattern around the piers. Scour depends on the flow field and the type and properties of the erodible bed. No general formula is presently available to estimate pier scour in cohesive soils due to complex erosion process, lack of a general erosion model, and difficulty of scaling the properties of cohesive soil in scour experiments. Most of the previous experimental studies have yielded inconsistent results since the scale effects on erosion resistance were not properly taken into account. The present study focuses on the erosion resistance of cohesive soils and how it is modeled in scour experiments. Based on surface erodibility tests on natural cohesive soil samples from different locations, an erosion resistance model is presented to describe the variation of erosion resistance with soil properties (moisture bulk density and water content). Cohesive soil can be modeled in pier scour experiments by scaling down its erosion resistance to be appropriate to the scaled down geometry and flow. A model soil (mixture of silica powder and kaolin clay) with low erosion resistance is used as erodible media. Scour around two prototype circular piers are modeled with laboratory experiments of different scales and satisfactory agreement is found for scour pattern and bottom shear stress from comparison of scaled-up experimental data at the prototype scale. Satisfactory agreement is found between the scaled-up experimental results and the field scour data for prototype piers with different shapes (rectangular and irregular). Erosion resistance is found to influence scour depth and pattern. Cohesive soil is successfully modeled in pier scour experiments by modeling the erosion resistance instead of modeling I the individual properties of the soil, which is difficult and perhaps impossible.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Bridges, Civil engineering, Erosion, Piers, Scour, Soils}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305313242?accountid=14270}, author = {Mostafa, Tarek Mohamad Salaheldin Mohamad} } @article {13018, title = {Experimental studies of sewer exfiltration}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {61{\textendash}67}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {John B Ellis and D M Revitt and Lister, P and Willgress, C and Buckley, A} } @article {15136, title = {Experimental studies of sewer exfiltration}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {61{\textendash}67}, author = {John B Ellis and D M Revitt and Lister, P and Willgress, C and Buckley, A} } @article {7729, title = {Factors associated with increased and decreased risk of Campylobacter infection: A prospective case-control study in Norway}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {158}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, note = {Aug; Factors associated with increased and decreased risk of Campylobacter infection: A prospective case-control study in Norway; ISI:000184523100006; ID: 363}, pages = {234-242}, isbn = {0002-9262}, author = {Kapperud,G. and Espeland,G. and Wahl,E. and Walde,A. and Herikstad,H. and Gustavsen,S. and Tveit,I. and Natas,O. and Bevanger,L. and Digranes,A.} } @article {13626, title = {Faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {645{\textendash}655}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Ottoson, Jakob and Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m} } @article {13646, title = {Faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {645-655}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Ottoson, J. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A.} } @article {15176, title = {Faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {645{\textendash}655}, author = {Ottoson, Jakob and Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m} } @article {16702, title = {Faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, year = {2003}, pages = {645{\textendash}655}, author = {Ottoson, J. and Stenstr?m, T. A.} } @article {8037, title = {{A fatal waterborne disease epidemic in Walkerton, Ontario: comparison with other waterborne outbreaks in the developed world.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {7{\textendash}14}, abstract = {

An estimated 2,300 people became seriously ill and seven died from exposure to microbially contaminated drinking water in the town of Walkerton, Ontario, Canada in May 2000. The severity of this drinking water disaster resulted in the Government of Ontario calling a public inquiry by Mr. Justice Dennis O\&$\#$39;Connor to address the cause of the outbreak, the role (if any) of government policies in contributing to this outbreak and, ultimately, the implications of this experience on the safety of drinking water across the Province of Ontario. The circumstances surrounding the Walkerton tragedy are an important reference source for those concerned with providing safe drinking water. Although some circumstances are obviously specific to this epidemic, others are uncomfortably reminiscent of waterborne outbreaks that have occurred elsewhere. These recurring themes suggested the need for attention to broad issues of drinking water security and they present the challenge for how drinking water safety can be managed to prevent such tragedies in the future.

}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12638998}, author = {Hrudey, S E and Payment, P and Huck, P M and Gillham, R W and Hrudey, E J} } @article {14075, title = {A fatal waterborne disease epidemic in {Walkerton}, {Ontario}: comparison with other waterborne outbreaks in the developed world.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {7{\textendash}14}, abstract = {An estimated 2,300 people became seriously ill and seven died from exposure to microbially contaminated drinking water in the town of Walkerton, Ontario, Canada in May 2000. The severity of this drinking water disaster resulted in the Government of Ontario calling a public inquiry by Mr. Justice Dennis O{\textquoteright}Connor to address the cause of the outbreak, the role (if any) of government policies in contributing to this outbreak and, ultimately, the implications of this experience on the safety of drinking water across the Province of Ontario. The circumstances surrounding the Walkerton tragedy are an important reference source for those concerned with providing safe drinking water. Although some circumstances are obviously specific to this epidemic, others are uncomfortably reminiscent of waterborne outbreaks that have occurred elsewhere. These recurring themes suggested the need for attention to broad issues of drinking water security and they present the challenge for how drinking water safety can be managed to prevent such tragedies in the future.}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12638998}, author = {Hrudey, S E and Payment, P and Huck, P M and Gillham, R W and Hrudey, E J} } @article {1550, title = {Fate and Transport of Surface Water Pathogens in Watersheds}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {299-361}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Pathogens present in animal fecal deposits excreted to land undergo a poorly defined process of dispersion, transport or attenuation, and inactivation. The transport of pathogens overland in surface runoff is clearly responsible for event-related increases in the concentrations of in-stream waterborne pathogens in many watersheds. However, there are significant knowledge gaps concerning the precise mechanisms of pathogen transport. This article reviews the fate and transport of pathogens in watersheds supplying drinking water, from their deposition in feces and septic seepages on land to their dispersion in major tributaries. Pathogens considered representative of those associated with waterborne disease included enteric viruses derived from human fecal contamination, bacterial pathogens represented by Escherichia coli O157:H7, and the protozoan pathogens Cryptosporidium and Giardia. References to suitable model and index organisms for these pathogens are described. The key processes determining the fate and transport of pathogens within watersheds are discussed in the context of changing agricultural practices, climate, and scale factors. A generic conceptual model for watershed processes is described in light of the knowledge gaps identified from this review. Future areas for fundamental research were identified and included: (1) inactivation kinetics of pathogens in soil and fecal matrices; (2) characterization of the particle sizes with which pathogens are transported; (3) characterization of pathogen properties and watershed-specific features that affect terrestrial transport and attenuation; and (4) the inactivation and sedimentation of pathogens during their initial introduction to the aquatic environment. Such information is critical to advance the assessment of pathogen total maximum daily loads (TMDL), determining management priorities and appropriate control points, as well as integrating pathogens within the broader watershed hydrologic models.}, author = {Ferguson, C. and de Roda Husman, A-M. and Altavilla, N. and Deere, D. and Ashbolt, N.} } @article {14589, title = {Fate and {Transport} of {Surface} {Water} {Pathogens} in {Watersheds}}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {33}, year = {2003}, pages = {299{\textendash}361}, abstract = {Pathogens present in animal fecal deposits excreted to land undergo a poorly defined process of dispersion, transport or attenuation, and inactivation. The transport of pathogens overland in surface runoff is clearly responsible for event-related increases in the concentrations of in-stream waterborne pathogens in many watersheds. However, there are significant knowledge gaps concerning the precise mechanisms of pathogen transport. This article reviews the fate and transport of pathogens in watersheds supplying drinking water, from their deposition in feces and septic seepages on land to their dispersion in major tributaries. Pathogens considered representative of those associated with waterborne disease included enteric viruses derived from human fecal contamination, bacterial pathogens represented by Escherichia coli O157:H7, and the protozoan pathogens Cryptosporidium and Giardia. References to suitable model and index organisms for these pathogens are described. The key processes determining the fate and transport of pathogens within watersheds are discussed in the context of changing agricultural practices, climate, and scale factors. A generic conceptual model for watershed processes is described in light of the knowledge gaps identified from this review. Future areas for fundamental research were identified and included: (1) inactivation kinetics of pathogens in soil and fecal matrices; (2) characterization of the particle sizes with which pathogens are transported; (3) characterization of pathogen properties and watershed-specific features that affect terrestrial transport and attenuation; and (4) the inactivation and sedimentation of pathogens during their initial introduction to the aquatic environment. Such information is critical to advance the assessment of pathogen total maximum daily loads (TMDL), determining management priorities and appropriate control points, as well as integrating pathogens within the broader watershed hydrologic models.}, author = {Ferguson, C. and de Roda Husman, A.-M. and Altavilla, N. and Deere, D. and Ashbolt, N.} } @article {14811, title = {Fate of physical, chemical, and microbial contaminants in domestic wastewater following treatment by small constructed wetlands}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, month = {feb}, pages = {921{\textendash}927}, abstract = {In order to evaluate the efficacy of constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic wastewater for small communities located in rural areas, small-scale wetland mesocosms (400L each) containing two treatment designs (a mixture of Typha, Scirpus, and Juncus species; control without vegetation) were planted into two depths (45 or 60cm) with pea gravel. Each mesocosm received 19L/day of primary-treated domestic sewage. Mesocosms were monitored (inflow and outflow samples) on a monthly basis over a 2-year period for pH, total suspended solids (TSS), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), dissolved oxygen (DO), and conductivity. Microbiological analyses included enumeration of fecal coliforms, enterococci, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and coliphage. Significant differences between influent and effluent water quality for the vegetated wetlands (p{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless0.05) were observed in TSS, BOD5, and TKN. Increased DO and reduction in fecal coliform, enterococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and coliphage populations also were observed in vegetated wetlands. Greatest microbial reductions were observed in the planted mesocosms compared to those lacking vegetation. Despite marked reduction of several contaminants, wetland-treated effluents did not consistently meet final discharge limits for receiving bodies of water. Removal efficiencies for bacteria and several chemical parameters were more apparent during the initial year compared to the second year of operation, suggesting concern for long-term efficiency and stability of such wetlands.}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00377-9}, author = {Hench, Keith R. and Bissonnette, Gary K. and Sexstone, Alan J. and Coleman, Jerry G. and Garbutt, Keith and Skousen, Jeffrey G.} } @article {14065, title = {Fate of physical, chemical, and microbial contaminants in domestic wastewater following treatment by small constructed wetlands}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, month = {feb}, pages = {921{\textendash}927}, abstract = {In order to evaluate the efficacy of constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic wastewater for small communities located in rural areas, small-scale wetland mesocosms (400L each) containing two treatment designs (a mixture of Typha, Scirpus, and Juncus species; control without vegetation) were planted into two depths (45 or 60cm) with pea gravel. Each mesocosm received 19L/day of primary-treated domestic sewage. Mesocosms were monitored (inflow and outflow samples) on a monthly basis over a 2-year period for pH, total suspended solids (TSS), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), dissolved oxygen (DO), and conductivity. Microbiological analyses included enumeration of fecal coliforms, enterococci, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and coliphage. Significant differences between influent and effluent water quality for the vegetated wetlands (p{\textbackslash}textless0.05) were observed in TSS, BOD5, and TKN. Increased DO and reduction in fecal coliform, enterococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and coliphage populations also were observed in vegetated wetlands. Greatest microbial reductions were observed in the planted mesocosms compared to those lacking vegetation. Despite marked reduction of several contaminants, wetland-treated effluents did not consistently meet final discharge limits for receiving bodies of water. Removal efficiencies for bacteria and several chemical parameters were more apparent during the initial year compared to the second year of operation, suggesting concern for long-term efficiency and stability of such wetlands.}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00377-9}, author = {Hench, Keith R. and Bissonnette, Gary K. and Sexstone, Alan J. and Coleman, Jerry G. and Garbutt, Keith and Skousen, Jeffrey G.} } @article {2279, title = {{Fate of physical, chemical, and microbial contaminants in domestic wastewater following treatment by small constructed wetlands}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, month = {feb}, pages = {921{\textendash}927}, abstract = {In order to evaluate the efficacy of constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic wastewater for small communities located in rural areas, small-scale wetland mesocosms (400L each) containing two treatment designs (a mixture of Typha, Scirpus, and Juncus species; control without vegetation) were planted into two depths (45 or 60cm) with pea gravel. Each mesocosm received 19L/day of primary-treated domestic sewage. Mesocosms were monitored (inflow and outflow samples) on a monthly basis over a 2-year period for pH, total suspended solids (TSS), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), dissolved oxygen (DO), and conductivity. Microbiological analyses included enumeration of fecal coliforms, enterococci, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and coliphage. Significant differences between influent and effluent water quality for the vegetated wetlands (p<0.05) were observed in TSS, BOD5, and TKN. Increased DO and reduction in fecal coliform, enterococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and coliphage populations also were observed in vegetated wetlands. Greatest microbial reductions were observed in the planted mesocosms compared to those lacking vegetation. Despite marked reduction of several contaminants, wetland-treated effluents did not consistently meet final discharge limits for receiving bodies of water. Removal efficiencies for bacteria and several chemical parameters were more apparent during the initial year compared to the second year of operation, suggesting concern for long-term efficiency and stability of such wetlands.}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00377-9}, author = {Hench, Keith R. and Bissonnette, Gary K. and Sexstone, Alan J. and Coleman, Jerry G. and Garbutt, Keith and Skousen, Jeffrey G.} } @article {5398, title = {{Fate of physical, chemical and microbial contaminants in domestic wastewater following treatment by small constructed wetlands}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, year = {2003}, pages = {921{\textendash}927}, author = {Hench, KR and Bissonnette, GK and Sextone, AJ and Coleman, JG and Garbutt, K and Skousen, JG} } @article {8029, title = {{Fate of physical, chemical, and microbial contaminants in domestic wastewater following treatment by small constructed wetlands}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, month = {feb}, pages = {921{\textendash}927}, abstract = {In order to evaluate the efficacy of constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic wastewater for small communities located in rural areas, small-scale wetland mesocosms (400L each) containing two treatment designs (a mixture of Typha, Scirpus, and Juncus species; control without vegetation) were planted into two depths (45 or 60cm) with pea gravel. Each mesocosm received 19L/day of primary-treated domestic sewage. Mesocosms were monitored (inflow and outflow samples) on a monthly basis over a 2-year period for pH, total suspended solids (TSS), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), dissolved oxygen (DO), and conductivity. Microbiological analyses included enumeration of fecal coliforms, enterococci, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and coliphage. Significant differences between influent and effluent water quality for the vegetated wetlands (p{\textless}0.05) were observed in TSS, BOD5, and TKN. Increased DO and reduction in fecal coliform, enterococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and coliphage populations also were observed in vegetated wetlands. Greatest microbial reductions were observed in the planted mesocosms compared to those lacking vegetation. Despite marked reduction of several contaminants, wetland-treated effluents did not consistently meet final discharge limits for receiving bodies of water. Removal efficiencies for bacteria and several chemical parameters were more apparent during the initial year compared to the second year of operation, suggesting concern for long-term efficiency and stability of such wetlands.}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00377-9}, author = {Hench, Keith R. and Bissonnette, Gary K. and Sexstone, Alan J. and Coleman, Jerry G. and Garbutt, Keith and Skousen, Jeffrey G.} } @book {16840, title = {Fecal Coliform as an Indicator Organism. Environmental fact sheet. WD-WEB-18}, year = {2003}, publisher = {INTECH Open Access Publisher London}, organization = {INTECH Open Access Publisher London}, author = {New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services} } @article {7609, title = {{Fecal indicator bacteria are abundant in wet sand at freshwater beaches}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {16}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Potential fecal contamination of sand in the wave-washed zone of public bathing beaches is overlooked in beach monitoring programs. Activity in this zone can bring pathogens to the sand surface or into the water, presenting a health risk to sensitive populations. On a unit weight basis (colony forming units per 100g), the mean summer abundance of the fecal indicator bacteria enterococci and Escherichia coli was 3-38 times higher in the top 20cm of wet-sand cores than in the water column at six freshwater bathing beaches. E. coli were 4 times more abundant than enterococci in water but counts were similar in the sand. A correlation (r=0.60) existed between E. coli counts in the water and in the top 5cm of sand only, whereas no relationship existed between enterococci abundance in water and sand. In general, enterococci were most numerous in the 5-10cm sand stratum and E. coli in the 0-5cm stratum. These preliminary data show that wet freshwater beach sand is a reservoir of fecal indicator bacteria. Enteric pathogens may also be present in beach sand. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00301-4}, author = {Alm, E.W. and Burke, J. and Spain, A.} } @article {2459, title = {{Fecal indicator bacteria are abundant in wet sand at freshwater beaches}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {16}, year = {2003}, pages = {3978{\textendash}3982}, abstract = {

Potential fecal contamination of sand in the wave-washed zone of public bathing beaches is overlooked in beach monitoring programs. Activity in this zone can bring pathogens to the sand surface or into the water, presenting a health risk to sensitive populations. On a unit weight basis (colony forming units per 100g), the mean summer abundance of the fecal indicator bacteria enterococci and Escherichia coli was 3-38 times higher in the top 20 cm of wet-sand cores than in the water column at six freshwater bathing beaches. E. coli were 4 times more abundant than enterococci in water but counts were similar in the sand. A correlation (r=0.60) existed between E. coli counts in the water and in the top 5 cm of sand only, whereas no relationship existed between enterococci abundance in water and sand. In general, enterococci were most numerous in the 5-10 cm sand stratum and E. coli in the 0-5 cm stratum. These preliminary data show that wet freshwater beach sand is a reservoir of fecal indicator bacteria. Enteric pathogens may also be present in beach sand.

}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Wheeler, A.E. and Burke, J and Spain, A} } @article {13806, title = {Fecal indicator bacteria are abundant in wet sand at freshwater beaches}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {16}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Potential fecal contamination of sand in the wave-washed zone of public bathing beaches is overlooked in beach monitoring programs. Activity in this zone can bring pathogens to the sand surface or into the water, presenting a health risk to sensitive populations. On a unit weight basis (colony forming units per 100g), the mean summer abundance of the fecal indicator bacteria enterococci and Escherichia coli was 3-38 times higher in the top 20cm of wet-sand cores than in the water column at six freshwater bathing beaches. E. coli were 4 times more abundant than enterococci in water but counts were similar in the sand. A correlation (r=0.60) existed between E. coli counts in the water and in the top 5cm of sand only, whereas no relationship existed between enterococci abundance in water and sand. In general, enterococci were most numerous in the 5-10cm sand stratum and E. coli in the 0-5cm stratum. These preliminary data show that wet freshwater beach sand is a reservoir of fecal indicator bacteria. Enteric pathogens may also be present in beach sand. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00301-4}, author = {Alm, E.W. and Burke, J. and Spain, A.} } @article {14275, title = {Fecal indicator bacteria are abundant in wet sand at freshwater beaches}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {37}, number = {16}, year = {2003}, pages = {3978{\textendash}3982}, abstract = {Potential fecal contamination of sand in the wave-washed zone of public bathing beaches is overlooked in beach monitoring programs. Activity in this zone can bring pathogens to the sand surface or into the water, presenting a health risk to sensitive populations. On a unit weight basis (colony forming units per 100g), the mean summer abundance of the fecal indicator bacteria enterococci and Escherichia coli was 3-38 times higher in the top 20 cm of wet-sand cores than in the water column at six freshwater bathing beaches. E. coli were 4 times more abundant than enterococci in water but counts were similar in the sand. A correlation (r=0.60) existed between E. coli counts in the water and in the top 5 cm of sand only, whereas no relationship existed between enterococci abundance in water and sand. In general, enterococci were most numerous in the 5-10 cm sand stratum and E. coli in the 0-5 cm stratum. These preliminary data show that wet freshwater beach sand is a reservoir of fecal indicator bacteria. Enteric pathogens may also be present in beach sand.}, author = {Wheeler, A.E. and Burke, J and Spain, A} } @article {10579, title = {{Filamentous phages linked to virulence of Vibrio cholerae}}, journal = {Current Opinion in Microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {35{\textendash}42}, author = {Davis, BM and Waldor, MK} } @article {15493, title = {First report of a natural hybrid between Schistosoma mansoni and S. rodhaini}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {Apr}, pages = {416-8}, abstract = {Experimental crosses between Schistosoma mansoni and S. rodhaini have shown that hybrid offspring are viable, yet, until now, no naturally occurring hybrid has been identified. A collection of freshwater snails from Nyamlebi-Ngoma, Ukerewe Island, Lake Victoria, Tanzania, yielded a mixed infection within a single Biomphalaria sudanica of S. mansoni females and S. mansoni-S. rodhaini hybrid males. The hybrids were identified using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences. Mitochondrial DNA 16S and 12S sequences of the hybrids match those of S. mansoni, whereas their nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS1 and ITS2 sequences match those of S. rodhaini. The identification of hybrids in Tanzania highlights the possibility that the genetic identity of either parasite species might be modified by introgression.}, keywords = {Animals, Biomphalaria/parasitology, Crosses, Genetic, DNA Primers, DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry, DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry, Female, Fresh Water, Hybrid Vigor, Hybridization, Genetic/physiology, Male, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics, RNA, Ribosomal/genetics, Schistosoma mansoni/ genetics, Schistosoma/ genetics, Sequence Alignment, Tanzania}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395 (Linking)}, author = {Morgan, J. A. and DeJong, R. J. and Lwambo, N. J. and Mungai, B. N. and Mkoji, G. M. and Loker, E. S.} } @article {13578, title = {The food-borne trematode zoonoses of Vietnam. . 34 (Suppl. 1)}, journal = {Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Health}, volume = {34}, number = {Supplement 1}, year = {2003}, pages = {12-34}, author = {De, N. V. and Murrell, K. D. and Cong, L. D. and Cam, P. D. and Chau, L. V. and Toan, N. D. and A Dalsgaard} } @article {4969, title = {{The food-borne trematode zoonoses of Vietnam. Southeast J Trop Med Pub Health}}, journal = {Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health}, volume = {34}, number = {S1}, year = {2003}, pages = {12{\textendash}34}, author = {De, NV and Murrell, KD and Cong, LD and Cam, P and Chau, LV and Toan, N and Dalsgaard, A} } @article {15750, title = {Foot and mouth disease and cryptosporidiosis: possible interaction between two emerging infectious diseases}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, month = {Jan}, pages = {109-12}, edition = {2003/01/21}, keywords = {Animals, Animals, Domestic, Cattle, Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology/parasitology/virology, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/parasitology, Cryptosporidium parvum, Foot-and-Mouth Disease/*epidemiology/virology, Humans, Incidence, United Kingdom}, isbn = {1080-6040 (Print)
1080-6040}, author = {Hunter, P. R. and Chalmers, R. M. and Syed, Q. and Hughes, L. S. and Woodhouse, S. and Swift, L.} } @article {9907, title = {{Freeze fracture and cytochemical studies on the in vitro cyst form of reptilian Blastocystis pythoni}}, journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology}, volume = {50}, year = {2003}, pages = {70{\textendash}75}, author = {Yoshikawa, H and Nagashima, M and Morimoto, K and Yamanouti, Y and Yap, EH and Singh, M} } @article {5673, title = {{Genetic Variability of Hepatitis A Virus}}, journal = {The Journal of General Virology}, volume = {84}, number = {Pt12}, year = {2003}, pages = {3191{\textendash}3201}, author = {Costa-Mattioli, M and Di Napoli, A and Ferr{\'e}, V and Billaudel, S and Perez-Bercoff, R and Cristina, J} } @article {13121, title = {The genus Aeromonas: biochemical characteristics, atypical reactions, and phenotypic identification schemes}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, pages = {2348-2357}, author = {Abbott, S. and Cheung, W.K. and Janda, J.M.} } @article {13177, title = {The genus Aeromonas: biochemical characteristics, atypical reactions, and phenotypic identification schemes.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology.}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, pages = {2348-2357}, author = {Figueras, S. L. and Cheung, W. K. and Janda, J. M.} } @book {2164, title = {{The genus Escherichia coli. In the Prokaryotes: An evolving electronic resource for microbiological community, electronic release 3.14 3rd ed.}}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA.}, organization = {Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA.}, author = {Bettelheim, K.A}, editor = {Dworkin, M. and Falkow, S. and Rosenberg, E.} } @book {13930, title = {The genus {Escherichia} coli. {In} the {Prokaryotes}: {An} evolving electronic resource for microbiological community, electronic release 3.14 3rd ed.}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA.}, organization = {Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA.}, author = {Bettelheim, K.A}, editor = {Dworkin, M. and Falkow, S. and Rosenberg, E.} } @book {14041, title = {The genus {Shigella}. {In} the prokaryotes : {An} {Evolving} {Electronic} resource for the microbiological community, electronic release 3.14 3rd ed}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA.}, organization = {Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA.}, author = {Germani, Y and Sansonetti, PJ}, editor = {Dworkin, M and Falkow, S and Rosenberg, E} } @book {2259, title = {{The genus Shigella. In the prokaryotes : An Evolving Electronic resource for the microbiological community, electronic release 3.14 3rd ed}}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA.}, organization = {Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA.}, author = {Germani, Y and Sansonetti, PJ}, editor = {Dworkin, M and Falkow, S and Rosenberg, E} } @article {8679, title = {{Giardia Cysts in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Italy}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {3393{\textendash}3398}, abstract = {Reductions in annual rainfall in some regions and increased human consumption have caused a shortage of water resources at the global level. The recycling of treated wastewaters has been suggested for certain domestic, industrial, and agricultural activities. The importance of microbiological and parasitological criteria for recycled water has been repeatedly emphasized. Among water-borne pathogens, protozoa of the genera Giardia and Cryptosporidium are known to be highly resistant to water treatment procedures and to cause outbreaks through contaminated raw or treated water. We conducted an investigation in four wastewater treatment plants in Italy by sampling wastewater at each stage of the treatment process over the course of 1 year. The presence of the parasites was assessed by immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. While Cryptosporidium oocysts were rarely observed, Giardia cysts were detected in all samples throughout the year, with peaks observed in autumn and winter. The overall removal efficiency of cysts in the treatment plants ranged from 87.0 to 98.4{\%}. The removal efficiency in the number of cysts was significantly higher when the secondary treatment consisted of active oxidation with O 2 and sedimentation instead of activated sludge and sedimentation (94.5{\%} versus 72.1 to 88.0{\%}; P ‫؍‬ 0.05, analysis of variance). To characterize the cysts at the molecular level, the NL-giardin gene was PCR amplified, and the products were sequenced or analyzed by restriction. Cysts were typed as assemblage A or B, both of which are human pathogens, stressing the potential risk associated with the reuse of wastewater. At the global level, there has been a growing shortage of freshwater reserves, mainly those of good quality, as a result of increasing human consumption and, in some regions, de-creases in the annual rainfall or annual rainfall consisting mostly of heavy rain, which is poorly absorbed by the soil (19, 20, 21). To address this problem, dual water networks in which treated wastewater can be used for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes, for which the use of water with a low level of chemical or microbiological contaminants would not represent a threat to human health have been proposed (18). The importance of microbiological and parasitological cri-teria for controlling the contamination of recycled water has been repeatedly emphasized. In industrialized countries, the most common human parasitic protozoa transmitted by water belong to the genera Giardia and Cryptosporidium (34). Giar-diasis and cryptosporidiosis are also common infections of domestic and wild animals, which shed a large number of cysts and oocysts in the environment. These cysts are insensitive to disinfectants at the concentration commonly used in water treatment plants to reduce bacterial contamination, although it has been shown that at higher concentrations of chlorine and ozone, Giardia cysts are less resistant than Cryptosporidium oocysts (35). Moreover, Giardia cysts have been shown to sur-vive in water for up to 2 months at temperatures as low as 8{\textdegree}C (26), and Cryptosporidium oocysts can survive for up to 1 year at 4{\textdegree}C in artificial seawater (36). Furthermore, the infectious dose has been estimated to be as low as 10 cysts for Giardia (1) and 30 oocysts for Cryptosporidium (12). Numerous water-borne outbreaks of giardiasis and crypto-sporidiosis have been documented in the past several decades, mainly in the United States, Europe, and Australia (33, 34). This has led the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate the level of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oo-cysts allowed in drinking water (40). To detect oocysts, many methods have been developed based on the filtration of large volumes of water, followed by centrifugation, clarification (ei-ther by density gradients or immunomagnetic separation), and microscopic screening of the sample after staining with mono-clonal antibodies (28). Although these methods have proven to be very useful for determining whether or not waters are con-taminated with parasites, they cannot distinguish among the different species or genotypes. To this end, PCR assays have been developed (33), yet the efficiency of amplification tech-niques is often reduced by the presence of inhibitory sub-stances in water samples, such as humic and fulvic acids (37, 42). In Italy, there are few published data on the prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in wastewaters. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the prevalence of these parasites in four wastewater treatment plants, to estimate the efficiency of treatment plants in removing these parasites, to develop a reliable method for DNA extraction from concen-trated water samples, and to determine the species and geno-type of these parasites by means of a molecular assay.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.6.3393{\textendash}3398.2003}, author = {Cacci{\`o}, Simone M and De Giacomo, Marzia and Aulicino, Francesca A and Pozio, Edoardo} } @article {4010, title = {Giardia cysts in wastewater treatment plants in Italy}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, year = {2003}, pages = {3393{\textendash}3398}, author = {Cacci{\`o}, S M and De Giacomo, M and Aulicino, FA and Pozio, E} } @article {5471, title = {{Giardia cysts in wastewater treatment plants in Italy}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {3393{\textendash}3398}, author = {Cacci{\`o}, S. M. and De Giacomo, M. and Aulicino, F. A. and Pozio, E.} } @article {2573, title = {Group A rotavirus in sewage samples from Barcelona and Cairo: emergence of unusual genotypes.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, pages = {3919-3923}, abstract = {

The presence of rotavirus strains in sewage samples from Cairo, Egypt {(November} 1998 to October 1999), and Barcelona, Spain {(November} 1998 to December 2002), was investigated by using a generic molecular detection method based on amplification of a {VP6} gene fragment. Overall, 85.7 and 66.9\% of the sewage samples from Cairo and Barcelona, respectively, were positive. Positive samples were characterized further, and {VP7} and {VP4} genotypes were determined. Although 30\% of the positive samples from Cairo were G untypeable, the distribution of G types in the positive samples was 69.6\% G1, 13\% G3, 8.7\% G4, and 8.7\% G9. The percentage of untypeable samples was much higher for the Barcelona samples (56.5\%), and the distribution in the positive samples was 56.4\% G1, 31.5\% G3, 6\% G9, 4\% G2, and 2\% G5. When the P types were examined, 26.7\% of the positive samples from Cairo were untypeable, and the distribution of types in the positive samples was 53.3\% P[8], 30\% P[6], and 16.6\% P[4]. In Barcelona, 27.2\% of the samples were P untypeable, and the frequencies of the types detected were 49.7\% P[8], 37.2\% P[4], 8.8\% P[6], and 4.2\% P[9]. The distribution for strains from Cairo was 38.5\% {P[8]G1,} 27\% {P[6]G1,} 11.5\% {P[4]G1,} 11.5\% {P[8]G3,} 7.7\% {P[6]G4,} and 3.8\% {P[8]G9.} Strikingly, equivalent frequencies of common and uncommon strains were observed for Barcelona samples, and the distribution was 38.8\% {P[8]G1,} 30.6\% {P[4]G1,} 11.6\% {P[8]G3,} 6.6\% {P[4]G3,} 5.8\% {P[6]G1,} 1.6\% {P[6]G3,} 1.6\% {P[9]G1,} 0.8\% {P[4]G2,} 0.8\% {P[6]G9,} 0.8\% {P[8]G9,} and 0.8\% {P[8]G5.} Additionally, two {P[-]G5} strains were isolated in Barcelona, and the porcine or human origin of these strains was unclear. Rotavirus variability exhibited not only a geographic pattern but also a temporal pattern.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.7.3919-3923.2003}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.7.3919-3923.2003}, author = {Villena, Cristina and El-Senousy, Waled M and Abad, FX and Pint{\'o}, Rosa M and Bosch, Albert} } @article {3746, title = {Group {A} rotavirus in sewage samples from {Barcelona} and {Cairo}: emergence of unusual genotypes.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, pages = {3919{\textendash}3923}, abstract = {

The presence of rotavirus strains in sewage samples from Cairo, Egypt \{\{\}(November\{\}\} 1998 to October 1999), and Barcelona, Spain \{\{\}(November\{\}\} 1998 to December 2002), was investigated by using a generic molecular detection method based on amplification of a \{\{\}VP6\{\}\} gene fragment. Overall, 85.7 and 66.9\{\%\} of the sewage samples from Cairo and Barcelona, respectively, were positive. Positive samples were characterized further, and \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} and \{\{\}VP4\{\}\} genotypes were determined. Although 30\{\%\} of the positive samples from Cairo were G untypeable, the distribution of G types in the positive samples was 69.6\{\%\} G1, 13\{\%\} G3, 8.7\{\%\} G4, and 8.7\{\%\} G9. The percentage of untypeable samples was much higher for the Barcelona samples (56.5\{\%\}), and the distribution in the positive samples was 56.4\{\%\} G1, 31.5\{\%\} G3, 6\{\%\} G9, 4\{\%\} G2, and 2\{\%\} G5. When the P types were examined, 26.7\{\%\} of the positive samples from Cairo were untypeable, and the distribution of types in the positive samples was 53.3\{\%\} P[8], 30\{\%\} P[6], and 16.6\{\%\} P[4]. In Barcelona, 27.2\{\%\} of the samples were P untypeable, and the frequencies of the types detected were 49.7\{\%\} P[8], 37.2\{\%\} P[4], 8.8\{\%\} P[6], and 4.2\{\%\} P[9]. The distribution for strains from Cairo was 38.5\{\%\} \{\{\}P[8]G1,\{\}\} 27\{\%\} \{\{\}P[6]G1,\{\}\} 11.5\{\%\} \{\{\}P[4]G1,\{\}\} 11.5\{\%\} \{\{\}P[8]G3,\{\}\} 7.7\{\%\} \{\{\}P[6]G4,\{\}\} and 3.8\{\%\} \{\{\}P[8]G9.\{\}\} Strikingly, equivalent frequencies of common and uncommon strains were observed for Barcelona samples, and the distribution was 38.8\{\%\} \{\{\}P[8]G1,\{\}\} 30.6\{\%\} \{\{\}P[4]G1,\{\}\} 11.6\{\%\} \{\{\}P[8]G3,\{\}\} 6.6\{\%\} \{\{\}P[4]G3,\{\}\} 5.8\{\%\} \{\{\}P[6]G1,\{\}\} 1.6\{\%\} \{\{\}P[6]G3,\{\}\} 1.6\{\%\} \{\{\}P[9]G1,\{\}\} 0.8\{\%\} \{\{\}P[4]G2,\{\}\} 0.8\{\%\} \{\{\}P[6]G9,\{\}\} 0.8\{\%\} \{\{\}P[8]G9,\{\}\} and 0.8\{\%\} \{\{\}P[8]G5.\{\}\} Additionally, two \{\{\}P[-]G5\{\}\} strains were isolated in Barcelona, and the porcine or human origin of these strains was unclear. Rotavirus variability exhibited not only a geographic pattern but also a temporal pattern.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.7.3919-3923.2003}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.7.3919-3923.2003}, author = {Villena, Cristina and El-Senousy, Waled M and Abad, F X and Pint{\'o}, Rosa M and Bosch, Albert} } @article {2179, title = {{Growth and survival of Escherichia coli and enterococci populations in the macro-alga Cladophora (Chlorophyta).}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {nov}, pages = {203{\textendash}11}, publisher = {The Oxford University Press}, abstract = {

The macro-alga Cladophora glomerata is found in streams and lakes worldwide. High concentrations of Escherichia coli and enterococci have been reported in Cladophora along the Lake Michigan shore. The objective of this study was to determine if Cladophora supported growth of these indicator bacteria. Algal leachate readily supported in vitro multiplication of E. coli and enterococci, suggesting that leachates contain necessary growth-promoting substances. Growth was directly related to the concentration of algal leachate. E. coli survived for over 6 months in dried Cladophora stored at 4 degrees C; residual E. coli grew after mat rehydration, reaching a carrying capacity of 8 log CFU g(-1) in 48 h. Results of this study also show that the E. coli strains associated with Cladophora are highly related; in most instances they are genetically different from each other, suggesting that the relationship between E. coli and Cladophora may be casual. These findings indicate that Cladophora provides a suitable environment for indicator bacteria to persist for extended periods and to grow under natural conditions.

}, issn = {1574-6941}, doi = {10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00214-9}, author = {Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N and Shively, Dawn A and Nevers, Meredith B and Sadowsky, Michael J and Whitman, Richard L} } @article {13947, title = {Growth and survival of {Escherichia} coli and enterococci populations in the macro-alga {Cladophora} ({Chlorophyta}).}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {nov}, pages = {203{\textendash}11}, abstract = {The macro-alga Cladophora glomerata is found in streams and lakes worldwide. High concentrations of Escherichia coli and enterococci have been reported in Cladophora along the Lake Michigan shore. The objective of this study was to determine if Cladophora supported growth of these indicator bacteria. Algal leachate readily supported in vitro multiplication of E. coli and enterococci, suggesting that leachates contain necessary growth-promoting substances. Growth was directly related to the concentration of algal leachate. E. coli survived for over 6 months in dried Cladophora stored at 4 degrees C; residual E. coli grew after mat rehydration, reaching a carrying capacity of 8 log CFU g(-1) in 48 h. Results of this study also show that the E. coli strains associated with Cladophora are highly related; in most instances they are genetically different from each other, suggesting that the relationship between E. coli and Cladophora may be casual. These findings indicate that Cladophora provides a suitable environment for indicator bacteria to persist for extended periods and to grow under natural conditions.}, issn = {1574-6941}, doi = {10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00214-9}, author = {Byappanahalli, Muruleedhara N and Shively, Dawn A and Nevers, Meredith B and Sadowsky, Michael J and Whitman, Richard L} } @book {16681, title = {Guidelines for environmental management: use of reclaimed water}, year = {2003}, note = {Published: �urlhttp://www.epa.vic.gov.au/ /media/Publications/464 2.pdf} } @book {5225, title = {{Guidelines for the Hydraulic Design of Waste Stabilisation Ponds}}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Massey University}, organization = {Massey University}, address = {New Zealand}, isbn = {0473087359}, author = {Shilton, A. and Harrison, J.} } @article {10100, title = {{Gut flora in health and disease}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {361}, number = {9356}, year = {2003}, pages = {512{\textendash}519}, author = {Guarner, F and Malagelada, JR} } @article {15400, title = {Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology}, journal = {Academic Press}, year = {2003}, pages = {832 p}, author = {Duncan, M. and Horan, N.J.} } @article {6842, title = {Health and social benefits from improving community hygiene and sanitation: an {Indian} experience}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {13 Suppl 1}, year = {2003}, month = {jun}, pages = {S133{\textendash}140}, abstract = {India is a country where Atomic Age and near Stone Age people co-exist. On one hand India has achieved development in many areas, but on the other hand there is still the practice of open defecation and manual cleaning of human excreta from bucket privies by scavengers. National sanitation coverage is only about 34\% meaning that 66\% of the population practises open defecation. Such unhygienic conditions lead to infections and high mortality and morbidity in the community. Low sanitation coverage could be due to lack of affordable sanitation technology and awareness or motivation. Although the sewerage system was introduced in India long ago, high operational and maintenance costs have prohibited it from being implemented in most towns and cities. Similarly, the cost of a septic tank is beyond most people, and disposal of undigested sludge from septic tanks remains a problem. In contrast, the pour-flush two-pit toilet (known as Sulabh Shauchalaya) is a low cost, socially acceptable and appropriate technology that does not require scavengers to clean the pits. Sulabh has converted and constructed over 1.2 million such toilets throughout India, making 240 towns scavenger-free. Liberated scavengers are thereby available to take up vocational training in various market-oriented trades enabling self-employment. The on-site/ decentralised systems of waste management has improved community health and hygiene, particularly in socially deprived groups, and reduced the financial burden of local government.}, keywords = {Defecation, Feces, Financing, Government, Humans, Hygiene, India, Poverty, Public health, sanitation, Social Conditions, Toilet Facilities, Urban Population}, issn = {0960-3123}, doi = {10.1080/0960312031000102895}, author = {Jha, P. K.} } @book {11565, title = {{Helmintos intestinales en el Per{\'u}: an{\'a}lisis de la prevalencia (1981-2001)}}, year = {2003}, pages = {113}, publisher = {Oficina de Epidemiologia, MInisterio de Salud, Gobierno del Per{\'u}}, organization = {Oficina de Epidemiologia, MInisterio de Salud, Gobierno del Per{\'u}}, address = {Lima, Per{\'u}}, author = {Cabrera, Rufino} } @article {9390, title = {{Hepatic amebiasis}}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {96{\textendash}110}, author = {Salles, JM and Moraes, LA and Salles, MC} } @article {5947, title = {{Hepatitis E virus}}, journal = {Reviews in Medical Virology}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {145{\textendash}154}, author = {S U Emerson and R H Purcell} } @article {5940, title = {{Hepatitis E virus epidemiology in industrialized countries}}, journal = {Emerging Infection Diseases}, volume = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {448{\textendash}454}, author = {Clemente-Casares, P and Pina, S and Buti, M and Jardi, R and Mart{\'\i}n, M and Bofill-Mas, S and Girones, R} } @article {8397, title = {{Highly endemic, waterborne toxoplasmosis in north Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {55{\textendash}62}, author = {Bahia-Oliveira, LMG and Jones, JL and Azevedo-Silva, J and Alves, CCF and Orefice, F and Addiss, DG} } @article {4323, title = {{Homogeneity of the morphological groups of bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis strain HSP40 and strain RYC2056.}}, journal = {Current Microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {mar}, pages = {163{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis strains RYC2056 and HSP40 have been proposed as indicators of water quality. To accomplish this function, homogeneity of the group of phages detected by these strains is necessary to ensure that the final results are not due to the different kinetics of inactivation of the phages. To evaluate homogeneity, we observed by electron microscopy bacteriophages isolated from sewage with two Bacteroides fragilis strains (HSP40 and RYC2056). A predominant group of phages was observed, Siphoviridae with slightly curved tails. Detection of other minority groups, which could be present in the sample, was done with neutralization experiments by using antiserum against the majority group and with host mutants resistant to infection with the predominant phage. Although two other minority groups were observed, results showed that bacteriophages infecting B. fragilis strain HSP40 and strain RYC2056 form a homogeneous group, Siphoviridae with slightly curved tails being the most predominant in sewage.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: classification, Bacteriophages: genetics, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteriophages: ultrastructure, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis: genetics, Bacteroides fragilis: virology, DNA, Electron, Feces, Feces: virology, Microscopy, Mutation, Neutralization Tests, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Siphoviridae, Siphoviridae: genetics, Siphoviridae: isolation {\&} purification, Siphoviridae: ultrastructure, Viral, Viral: analysis}, issn = {0343-8651}, doi = {10.1007/s00284-002-3813-7}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12567237}, author = {Queralt, Nuria and Jofre, Joan and Araujo, Rosa and Muniesa, Maite} } @article {8466, title = {{How to detect Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples?}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {651{\textendash}661}, author = {Dum{\`e}tre, A and Dard{\'e}, ML} } @article {3156, title = {Human cystic echinococcosis in {Kyrgystan}: an epidemiological study}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {51{\textendash}61}, abstract = {Human cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is an emerging disease in central Asia. This study examined official data on the incidence of CE between 1991 and 2000 and studied routine hospital records in the main surgical hospitals in Bishkek, Kyrgystan, between 1990 and 2000. In addition, a cross-sectional ultrasound study of a rural population was undertaken in northern Kyrgystan. The results of this study have indicated that the annual incidence of CE over the whole of Kyrgystan has increased from 5.4 cases per 100,000 in 1991 to 18 cases per 100,000 in 2000. Likewise, hospital admissions in Bishkek, due to CE, have increased from an estimated 21 cases in 1990 to approximately 127 and 124 in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Similarly, paediatric cases have increased from 2 in 1990 to 82 in 2000. There was no obvious association with occupation of affected adults although a disproportionate number of hospital cases were registered as unemployed compared to the general population. Whilst there was no gender difference in hospital admissions amongst children, men were more likely to undergo hospital treatment than women. Fifty percent of cysts were recorded as hepatic cysts with forty seven percent recorded as pulmonary cysts. Analysis of the data suggests that the likelihood of an affected patient having a hepatic cyst decreased with age. The results of the cross-sectional study indicated that 20 of 1486 subjects (1.35\%) examined by ultrasound had an abdominal hydatid cyst. By extrapolating the ratio of pulmonary to hepatic cysts recorded in the hospital population and adjusting for age it is possible that as much as 3.4\% of the rural population may have sub-clinical CE. Analysis of the possible risk factors in the cross-sectional study revealed that subjects who had CE were less likely to use well water as their water supply than non-infected subjects.}, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Child, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Female, Hospital Records, Humans, Kyrgyzstan, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Sex Factors, Sheep}, issn = {0001-706X}, author = {Torgerson, P. R. and Karaeva, R. R. and Corkeri, N. and Abdyjaparov, T. A. and Kuttubaev, O. T. and Shaikenov, B. S.} } @article {3809, title = {Human group B rotavirus infections cause severe diarrhea in children and adults in Bangladesh}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {2187{\textendash}2190}, author = {Sanekata, T and Ahmed, MU and Kader, A and Taniguchi, K and Kobayashi, N} } @article {3627, title = {Human group C rotaviruses identified in Kenya.}, journal = {East African Medical Journal}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {73{\textendash}76}, author = {J M Mwenda and Peenze, I and Omollo, E and Galo, M and A D Steele} } @article {4779, title = {{Human pathogenic protozoa in bivalves collected from local markets in Alexandria}}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {33}, year = {2003}, pages = {991{\textendash}998}, author = {Negm, AY} } @article {16785, title = {Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection}, journal = {Nature Medicine}, volume = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {548-553}, author = {Lindesmith, L. and Moe, C. and Marionneau, S. and Ruvoen, N. and Jiang, X. and Lindblad, L. and Stewart, P. and LePendu, J and Baric, R.} } @article {11296, title = {{Human toxocariasis and direct contact with dogs}}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {152}, number = {14}, year = {2003}, pages = {419{\textendash}422}, doi = {10.1136/vr.152.14.419}, author = {Wolfe, A and Wright, I P} } @article {5552, title = {{Humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses to oral Norwalk virus-like particles in volunteers}}, journal = {Clinical Immunology}, volume = {108}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {241{\textendash}247}, abstract = {Norwalk virus-like particles (VLPs), made from recombinant capsid protein, are a promising vaccine. Thirty-six healthy adult volunteers received 250 ??g (n = 10), 500 ??g (n = 10), or 2000 ??g (n = 10) of orally administered VLP or placebo (n = 6). All vaccinees developed significant rises in IgA anti-VLP antibody-secreting cells. Ninety percent who received 250 ??g developed rises in serum anti-VLP IgG; neither the rates of seroconversion nor geometric mean titers increased at the higher doses. About 30-40{\%} of volunteers developed mucosal anti-VLP IgA. Lymphoproliferative responses and IFN-?? production were observed transiently among those who received 250 ??g or 500 ??g but not 2000 ??g of VLP. Studies to increase immunogenicity using a mucosal adjuvant are planned. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Human volunteers, Norovirus, Norwalk virus, Vaccine, Viruslike particles}, isbn = {1521-6616 (Print)$\backslash$r1521-6616 (Linking)}, issn = {15216616}, doi = {10.1016/S1521-6616(03)00120-7}, author = {Tacket, Carol O. and Sztein, Marcelo B. and Genevieve A Losonsky and Wasserman, Steven S. and Estes, Mary K.} } @article {6810, title = {Hygiene hypothesis: {Fact} or fiction?}, journal = {Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology}, volume = {111}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {mar}, pages = {471{\textendash}478}, issn = {00916749}, doi = {10.1067/mai.2003.172}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091674902914910}, author = {Liu, Andrew H. and Murphy, James R.} } @article {13591, title = {Hyperendemic fascioliasis associated with schistosomiasis in villages of the Nile Delta, Egypt}, journal = {Am J Trop. Med Hyg}, volume = {69}, year = {2003}, pages = {429-437}, author = {Esteban, J. G. and Gonzalez, C. and Curtale, F. and Munoz-Antoli, C. and Valero, M. A. and Bargues, M. D. and El Sayed, M. and El Wakeel, A. and Abdel-Wahab, Y. and Montresor, A. and Engels, D. and Savioli, L. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {2042, title = {Balantidium coli pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {2003/01}, pages = {144-146}, isbn = {0036-5548
1651-1980}, author = {Vasilakopoulou, A and Dimarongona, K and Samakovli, A and Papadimitris, K and Avlami, A} } @article {15740, title = {An immunomagnetic separation-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (IMS-RT-PCR) test for sensitive and rapid detection of viable waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {5}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, month = {Jul}, pages = {592-8}, edition = {2003/06/26}, keywords = {*Immunomagnetic Separation, *Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Animals, Cryptosporidium parvum/genetics/*growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Deoxyribonucleases/metabolism, Disinfectants/pharmacology, DNA, Protozoan/analysis/genetics, Freezing, Hot Temperature, HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics, Oocysts/isolation \& purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Protozoan Proteins/genetics, Ribonucleases/metabolism, RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics/isolation \& purification, RNA, Protozoan/analysis/genetics/isolation \& purification, Sensitivity and Specificity, Water Supply, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {1462-2912 (Print)
1462-2912}, author = {Hallier-Soulier, S. and Guillot, E.} } @article {15985, title = {{Impact of drainage and sewerage on diarrhoea in poor urban areas in Salvador, Brazil}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {97}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {mar}, pages = {153{\textendash}158}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, abstract = {A longitudinal prospective study of the effect of drainage and sewerage systems on diarrhoea in children aged {\textless} 5 years was conducted in 9 poor urban areas of the city of Salvador (population 2.44 million) in north-east Brazil in 1989-90. Due to complex political and administrative reasons, 3 areas had benefited from drainage improvements, 3 from both drainage and sewerage improvements, and 3 from neither. An extensive questionnaire was applied to collect information on each child and on the conditions of the household, and mothers recorded diarrhoea episodes in their children aged {\textless} 5 years daily for 1 year, using calendars. Fortnightly home visits were made to collect the data. The incidence of diarrhoea in children in neighbourhoods with drainage was less than two-thirds, and in neighbourhoods with drainage and sewerage less than one-third, of the incidence in neighbourhoods with neither. After controlling for potential confounders, the proportion of children with {\textquoteright}frequent diarrhoea{\textquoteright} showed the same significant trend across the study groups. Though the groups were not exactly comparable, more than one child was monitored per household, and it was not possible to rotate fieldworkers between study groups, the study provides evidence that community sanitation can have an impact on diarrhoeal disease, even without measures to promote hygiene behaviour.}, keywords = {Brazil, children, diarrhoea, Drainage, Incidence, Risk Factors, sanitation}, isbn = {0035-9203}, issn = {00359203}, doi = {10.1016/S0035-9203(03)90104-0}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-lookup/doi/10.1016/S0035-9203(03)90104-0}, author = {Moraes, L. R.S. and Cancio, Jacira Azevedo and Cairncross, Sandy and Huttly, Sharon} } @article {1565, title = {Impact of raw water turbidity fluctuations on drinking water quality in a distribution system}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {281-291}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Turbidity is a widely used parameter around the world for describing drinking water quality. Sometimes, turbidity at water treatment plant outlets may reach high values during short periods of time, and this is acceptable according to some current drinking water regulations. In this study, the quantity and nature (chemical and microbiological) of suspended matter, which may travel throughout a distribution system (DS) during turbid events {\textemdash} affecting both raw water and water treatment {\textemdash} were evaluated. Treated water included filtration with no coagulant addition. During turbid events, the concentration of suspended particles increased in treated water, and a similar increase (quantity and nature) was observed throughout the DS. Bacterial indicators of contamination (total and fecal coliforms, enteroccocci, spores of Clostridium perfringens) were not found in either treated water nor in the DS during turbid events. Nevertheless, a higher bacterial aerobic spore concentration was associated with turbid events for raw, treated, and distributed water, therefore suggesting the potential passage of pathogens, if present in raw waters. Cultivable bacteria concentrations remained low in treated and distributed water regardless of the turbidity. These results emphasize the need to carefully monitor raw and treated water quality for utilities using {\textquotedblleft}high quality{\textquotedblright} water resources with limited treatment barriers, especially when such water resources are affected by even slight turbidity variations.}, author = {Gauthier, V. and Barbeau, B. and Tremblay, G. and Millette, R. and Bernier, A-M.} } @article {14611, title = {Impact of raw water turbidity fluctuations on drinking water quality in a distribution system}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science}, volume = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {281{\textendash}291}, abstract = {Turbidity is a widely used parameter around the world for describing drinking water quality. Sometimes, turbidity at water treatment plant outlets may reach high values during short periods of time, and this is acceptable according to some current drinking water regulations. In this study, the quantity and nature (chemical and microbiological) of suspended matter, which may travel throughout a distribution system (DS) during turbid events {\textemdash} affecting both raw water and water treatment {\textemdash} were evaluated. Treated water included filtration with no coagulant addition. During turbid events, the concentration of suspended particles increased in treated water, and a similar increase (quantity and nature) was observed throughout the DS. Bacterial indicators of contamination (total and fecal coliforms, enteroccocci, spores of Clostridium perfringens) were not found in either treated water nor in the DS during turbid events. Nevertheless, a higher bacterial aerobic spore concentration was associated with turbid events for raw, treated, and distributed water, therefore suggesting the potential passage of pathogens, if present in raw waters. Cultivable bacteria concentrations remained low in treated and distributed water regardless of the turbidity. These results emphasize the need to carefully monitor raw and treated water quality for utilities using {\textquotedblleft}high quality{\textquotedblright} water resources with limited treatment barriers, especially when such water resources are affected by even slight turbidity variations.}, author = {Gauthier, V. and Barbeau, B. and Tremblay, G. and Millette, R. and Bernier, A.-M.} } @article {1158, title = {Improved detection of cutaneous human papillomavirus DNA by single tube nested {\textquoteright}hanging droplet{\textquoteright} PCR}, journal = {J. Virol. Methods}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {129-136}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {analysis assay AUSTRALIA biopsy Carcinoma Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell detection DIAGNOSIS DNA dna, viral evaluation studies FRESH genetics Hospital human humans INFECTION INFECTIONS instrumentation isolation \& purification Keratosis methods microbiology Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections PCR polymerase chain reaction Research SAM}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12798239}, author = {Forslund, O. and Ly, H. and Higgins, G.} } @article {2786, title = {Improved detection of cutaneous human papillomavirus DNA by single tube nested {\textquoteright}hanging droplet{\textquoteright} PCR}, journal = {J. Virol. Methods}, volume = {110}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {129-136}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {analysis assay AUSTRALIA biopsy Carcinoma Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell detection DIAGNOSIS DNA dna, viral evaluation studies FRESH genetics Hospital human humans INFECTION INFECTIONS instrumentation isolation \& purification Keratosis methods microbiology Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections PCR polymerase chain reaction Research SAM}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12798239}, author = {Forslund, O. and Ly, H. and Higgins, G.} } @article {1750, title = {Improved molecular identification of enteroviruses by RT-PCR and amplicon sequencing}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, note = {Oberste, M Steven Nix, William A Maher, Kaija Pallansch, Mark A eng Comparative Study Netherlands 2003/03/15 04:00 J Clin Virol. 2003 Apr;26(3):375-7.}, pages = {375-7}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Capsid Proteins/genetics Cells, Cultured/virology Enterovirus/*classification/genetics/immunology Gene Amplification Poliovirus/classification/genetics/immunology RNA, Viral/*genetics Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Serotyping}, issn = {1386-6532 (Print) 1386-6532 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637088}, author = {Oberste, M. S. and Nix, W. A. and Maher, K. and M A Pallansch} } @article {10948, title = {Inactivation of {Ascaris} suum eggs in digested and dewatered biosolids with lime and fly ash at bench scale and full scale}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering}, volume = {2}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {395{\textendash}400}, issn = {1496-256X}, doi = {10.1139/s03-041}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1139/s03-041}, author = {Brewster, J and Oleszkiewicz, J and Bujoczek, G and Reimers, R S and Abu-Orf, M and Bowman, D and Fogarty, E} } @article {15112, title = {Inactivation of {Ascaris} suum eggs in digested and dewatered biosolids with lime and fly ash at bench scale and full scale}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science. 2(5)}, volume = {2}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {395{\textendash}400}, author = {Brewster, J. and Oleszkiewicz, J. and Bujoczek, G. and Reimers, R. S. and Abu-Orf, M. and Bowman, D. and Fogarty, E.} } @article {4615, title = {Inactivation of feline calicivirus and adenovirus type 40 by UV radiation}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {577{\textendash}82}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Thurston-Enriquez, J. A. and Haas, C. N. and Jacangelo, J. and Riley, K. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {8945, title = {Inactivation of Salmonella spp. from secondary and tertiary effluents by UV irradiation}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {147-150}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {://WOS:000181785000025}, author = {Keller, R. and Passamani, F. and Vaz, L. and Cassini, S. T. and Goncalves, R. F.} } @inbook {1348, title = {Incidence of adenoviruses in raw and treated water}, booktitle = {Water Res}, volume = {37}, year = {2003}, note = {Van Heerden, Juanita Ehlers, Marthie M Van Zyl, Walda B Grabow, Wilhelm O K Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(03)00245-8 [pii] Water Res. 2003 Sep;37(15):3704-8.}, pages = {3704-8}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {Adenoviruses are of major public health importance and are associated with a variety of clinical manifestations, i.e. gastroenteritis, eye infections and respiratory infections. The importance of water in the epidemiology of adenoviruses and the potential health risks constituted by adenoviruses in water sources and supplies are widely recognised. This study was conducted to assess the incidence of human adenoviruses in raw and treated water systems. Various raw and treated water were routinely monitored for the presence of adenoviruses, over a 1-year period (July 2000-June 2001). The supplies were derived from acceptable quality surface water sources using treatment processes, which conform to international standards for the production of safe drinking water. Adenoviruses were detected by firstly amplifying the viruses in cell cultures and then amplifying the extracted nucleic acids of these viruses using molecular techniques (nested PCR). The results indicated human adenoviruses present in 13 (12.75\%) of the raw and 9 (4.41\%) of the treated water samples tested. The combination of cell culture and nested PCR has proved to be a quick and reliable method for the detection of adenoviruses in water environments.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ isolation \& purification Cell Culture Techniques DNA, Viral/analysis Environmental Monitoring Polymerase Chain Reaction Public Health Risk Assessment Sensitivity and Specificity Water Microbiology Water Supply}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/s0043-1354(03)00245-8}, author = {Van Heerden, J. and Ehlers, M. M. and Van Zyl, W. B. and Grabow, W. O.} } @article {4621, title = {Incidence of adenoviruses in raw and treated water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {15}, year = {2003}, pages = {3704{\textendash}8}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/s0043-1354(03)00245-8}, author = {Van Heerden, J. and Ehlers, M. M. and Van Zyl, W. B. and Grabow, W. O.} } @article {14489, title = {Incidence of enteric viruses in groundwater from household wells in {Wisconsin}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, year = {2003}, month = {feb}, pages = {1172{\textendash}80}, abstract = {Recent studies on the contamination of groundwater with human enteric viruses have focused on public water systems, whereas little is known about the occurrence of viruses in private household wells. The objective of the present study was to estimate the incidence of viruses in Wisconsin household wells located near septage land application sites or in rural subdivisions served by septic systems. Fifty wells in seven hydrogeologic districts were sampled four times over a year, once each season. Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), followed by Southern hybridization, was used to detect enteroviruses, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs). In addition, cell culture was used to detect culturable enteroviruses. Companion water samples were collected for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal enterococci, F-specific RNA coliphages, nitrate, and chloride analyses. Among the 50 wells, four (8\%) were positive for viruses by RT-PCR. Three wells were positive for HAV, and the fourth well was positive for both rotavirus and NLV in one sample and an enterovirus in another sample. Contamination was transient, since none of the wells was virus positive for two sequential samples. Culturable enteroviruses were not detected in any of the wells. Water quality indicators were not statistically associated with virus occurrence, although some concordance was noted for chloride. The present study is the first in the United States to systematically monitor private household wells for virus contamination and, combined with data for public wells, provides further insight on the extent of groundwater contamination with human enteric viruses.}, keywords = {*Housing, *Water Pollution, *Water Supply, Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*virology, Hepatitis A virus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Humans, Incidence, Norwalk virus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, RNA Viruses/*isolation \& purification, Rotavirus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Viral/analysis/isolation \& purification, Virus Cultivation, Wisconsin}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Borchardt, M. A. and Bertz, P. D. and Spencer, S. K. and Battigelli, D. A.} } @article {14879, title = {Incidence of enteric viruses in groundwater from household wells in {Wisconsin}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, year = {2003}, month = {feb}, pages = {1172{\textendash}80}, abstract = {Recent studies on the contamination of groundwater with human enteric viruses have focused on public water systems, whereas little is known about the occurrence of viruses in private household wells. The objective of the present study was to estimate the incidence of viruses in Wisconsin household wells located near septage land application sites or in rural subdivisions served by septic systems. Fifty wells in seven hydrogeologic districts were sampled four times over a year, once each season. Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), followed by Southern hybridization, was used to detect enteroviruses, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs). In addition, cell culture was used to detect culturable enteroviruses. Companion water samples were collected for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal enterococci, F-specific RNA coliphages, nitrate, and chloride analyses. Among the 50 wells, four (8\%) were positive for viruses by RT-PCR. Three wells were positive for HAV, and the fourth well was positive for both rotavirus and NLV in one sample and an enterovirus in another sample. Contamination was transient, since none of the wells was virus positive for two sequential samples. Culturable enteroviruses were not detected in any of the wells. Water quality indicators were not statistically associated with virus occurrence, although some concordance was noted for chloride. The present study is the first in the United States to systematically monitor private household wells for virus contamination and, combined with data for public wells, provides further insight on the extent of groundwater contamination with human enteric viruses.}, keywords = {*Housing, *Water Pollution, *Water Supply, Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Fresh Water/*virology, Hepatitis A virus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Humans, Incidence, Norwalk virus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, RNA Viruses/*isolation \& purification, Rotavirus/genetics/isolation \& purification, Viral/analysis/isolation \& purification, Virus Cultivation, Wisconsin}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Borchardt, M. A. and Bertz, P. D. and Spencer, S. K. and Battigelli, D. A.} } @article {6316, title = {Incidence of {Enteric} {Viruses} in {Groundwater} from {Household} {Wells} in {Wisconsin}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {feb}, pages = {1172{\textendash}1180}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.2.1172-1180.2003}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.69.2.1172-1180.2003}, author = {Borchardt, M. A. and Bertz, P. D. and Spencer, S. K. and Battigelli, D. A.} } @article {1484, title = {Incidence of enteric viruses in groundwater from household wells in Wisconsin}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, note = {Borchardt, Mark A Bertz, Phil D Spencer, Susan K Battigelli, David A eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2003/02/07 04:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Feb;69(2):1172-80.}, pages = {1172-80}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Recent studies on the contamination of groundwater with human enteric viruses have focused on public water systems, whereas little is known about the occurrence of viruses in private household wells. The objective of the present study was to estimate the incidence of viruses in Wisconsin household wells located near septage land application sites or in rural subdivisions served by septic systems. Fifty wells in seven hydrogeologic districts were sampled four times over a year, once each season. Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), followed by Southern hybridization, was used to detect enteroviruses, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs). In addition, cell culture was used to detect culturable enteroviruses. Companion water samples were collected for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal enterococci, F-specific RNA coliphages, nitrate, and chloride analyses. Among the 50 wells, four (8\%) were positive for viruses by RT-PCR. Three wells were positive for HAV, and the fourth well was positive for both rotavirus and NLV in one sample and an enterovirus in another sample. Contamination was transient, since none of the wells was virus positive for two sequential samples. Culturable enteroviruses were not detected in any of the wells. Water quality indicators were not statistically associated with virus occurrence, although some concordance was noted for chloride. The present study is the first in the United States to systematically monitor private household wells for virus contamination and, combined with data for public wells, provides further insight on the extent of groundwater contamination with human enteric viruses.}, keywords = {Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification Fresh Water/*virology Hepatitis A virus/genetics/isolation \& purification *Housing Humans Incidence Norwalk virus/genetics/isolation \& purification RNA Viruses/*isolation \& purification RNA, Viral/analysis/isolation \& purification Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Rotavirus/genetics/isolation \& purification Virus Cultivation *Water Pollution *Water Supply Wisconsin}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12571044}, author = {Borchardt, M. A. and Bertz, P. D. and Spencer, S. K. and Battigelli, D. A.} } @article {7146, title = {The incidence of type 1 diabetes among children in {Finland}{\textemdash}rural{\textendash}urban difference}, journal = {Health \& Place}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, month = {dec}, pages = {315{\textendash}325}, issn = {13538292}, doi = {10.1016/S1353-8292(02)00064-3}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1353829202000643}, author = {Rytk{\"o}nen, M. and Moltchanova, E. and Ranta, J. and Taskinen, O. and Tuomilehto, J. and Karvonen, M.} } @article {1762, title = {Incorporating susceptible subpopulations in microbial risk assessment: pediatric exposures to enteroviruses in river water}, journal = {Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, note = {Parkin, Rebecca T Soller, Jeffrey A Olivieri, Adam W eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2003/04/08 05:00 J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2003 Mar;13(2):161-8.}, pages = {161-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

The City of Stockton, California operates a wastewater treatment facility that discharges treated effluent to the San Joaquin River. During a recent discharge permit renewal, the question was raised whether pathogenic microorganisms in the effluent may cause an unacceptably high health risk for body contact recreation in the vicinity of the discharge. An investigation was initiated to characterize the risk to public health via body contact recreation in the San Joaquin River under various flow and treatment scenarios. In this investigation, a disease transmission model was applied to quantitatively characterize the relative risk associated with various treatment and flow scenarios for the City of Stockton\&$\#$39;s wastewater treatment facility. An important component of the investigation was to assess the feasibility of quantitatively characterizing the risk to highly susceptible subpopulations for effluent-related exposures to enteroviruses. This paper presents the methods used to conduct the feasibility assessment, the conclusions drawn for this project, and our recommendations to improve exposure assessments of susceptible subpopulations\&$\#$39; contact with microbial pathogens in recreational water.

}, keywords = {California Child Child Welfare Enterovirus/*pathogenicity *Environmental Exposure Humans *Recreation Risk Assessment Waste Disposal, Fluid *Water Microbiology *Water Supply}, issn = {1053-4245 (Print) 1053-4245 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1038/sj.jea.7500265}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12679796}, author = {Parkin, R. T. and Soller, J. A. and Olivieri, A. W.} } @article {4916, title = {{Infecciones parasitarias intestinales en pacientes positivos para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias, Colombia}}, journal = {Revista de la Asociaci{\'o}n Colombiana de Infectolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {7}, year = {2003}, pages = {58{\textendash}63}, author = {Arzuza, OS and Arroyo, BJ and Villegas, S and Rocha, A and Diaz, H} } @article {15723, title = {Infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in final reclaimed effluent}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {8}, year = {2003}, month = {Aug}, pages = {4983-4}, edition = {2003/08/07}, keywords = {*Water Purification, Animals, Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification, Oocysts/*isolation \& purification, Sewage/*parasitology, Water Supply}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Gennaccaro, A. L. and McLaughlin, M. R. and Quintero-Betancourt, W. and Huffman, D. E. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {16324, title = {{Infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in final reclaimed effluent.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {8}, year = {2003}, month = {aug}, pages = {4983{\textendash}4}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology (ASM)}, abstract = {Water samples collected throughout several reclamation facilities were analyzed for the presence of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum by the focus detection method-most-probable-number cell culture technique. Results revealed the presence of infectious C. parvum oocysts in 40{\%} of the final disinfected effluent samples. Sampled effluent contained on average seven infectious oocysts per 100 liters. Thus, reclaimed water is not pathogen free but contains infectious C. parvum.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.8.4983-4984.2003}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12902296 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC169138}, author = {Gennaccaro, Angela L and McLaughlin, Molly R and Quintero-Betancourt, Walter and Huffman, Debra E and Rose, Joan B} } @article {9537, title = {{Infectivity of microsporidia spores stored in water at environmental temperatures}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {185{\textendash}188}, author = {Li, X and Palmer, R and Trout, JM and Fayer, R} } @article {1747, title = {Infectivity of RNA from inactivated poliovirus}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, note = {Nuanualsuwan, Suphachai Cliver, Dean O United States Applied and environmental microbiology Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Mar;69(3):1629-32.}, pages = {1629-32}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {During inactivation of poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) by exposure to UV, hypochlorite, and heat (72 degrees C), the infectivity of the virus was compared with that of its RNA. DEAE-dextran (1-mg/ml concentration in Dulbecco{\textquoteright}s modified Eagle medium buffered with 0.05 M Tris, pH 7.4) was used to facilitate transfecting PV-1 RNA into FRhK-4 host cells. After interaction of PV-1 RNA with cell monolayer at room temperature (21 to 22 degrees C) for 20 min, the monolayers were washed with 5 ml of Hanks balanced salt solution. The remainder of the procedure was the same as that for the conventional plaque technique, which was also used for quantifying the PV-1 whole-particle infectivity. Plaque formation by extracted RNA was approximately 100,000-fold less efficient than that by whole virions. The slopes of best-fit regression lines of inactivation curves for virion infectivity and RNA infectivity were compared to determine the target of inactivation. For UV and hypochlorite inactivation the slopes of inactivation curves of virion infectivity and RNA infectivity were not statistically different. However, the difference of slopes of inactivation curves of virion infectivity and RNA infectivity was statistically significant for thermal inactivation. The results of these experiments indicate that viral RNA is a primary target of UV and hypochlorite inactivations but that the sole target of thermal inactivation is the viral capsid.}, keywords = {Animals Cell Line Hot Temperature Humans Hypochlorous Acid/pharmacology Poliovirus/drug effects/genetics/*pathogenicity RNA, Viral/*metabolism Ultraviolet Rays Viral Plaque Assay Virion/pathogenicity *Virus Inactivation}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12620852}, author = {Nuanualsuwan, S. and Cliver, D. O.} } @article {1587, title = {Influence of groundwater characteristics on the survival of enteric viruses}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {95}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, note = {Gordon, C Toze, S eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2003/08/13 05:00 J Appl Microbiol. 2003;95(3):536-44.}, pages = {536-44}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {AIMS: This study was undertaken to further understand the processes affecting the persistence of enteric viruses in groundwater. METHODS AND RESULTS: Varying temperature, oxygen and nutrient levels were tested in the presence and absence of groundwater micro-organisms to determine which of the factors tested had dominant influence on the decay of Escherichia coli, the bacteriophage MS2, poliovirus and coxsackievirus. The results indicated that the most influential factor affecting the decay of the viruses and E. coli was the presence of groundwater micro-organisms. The results also implied that temperature, the presence of oxygen and nutrient levels indirectly influence viruses and E. coli decay by influencing the activity of the groundwater micro-organisms. CONCLUSIONS: E. coli and the viruses displayed maximum decay under aerobic conditions, at 28 degrees C without the addition of nutrients in the presence of groundwater micro-organisms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results suggest that if the mode of action of the groundwater micro-organisms could be determined then the decay of viral pathogens in recharged waters may be more easily predicted.}, keywords = {Antibiosis Enterovirus/drug effects/*growth \& development Enterovirus B, Human/growth \& development Escherichia coli/growth \& development Glucose/pharmacology Levivirus/growth \& development Oxygen/pharmacology Peptones/pharmacology Poliovirus/growth \& development RNA, Viral/analysis Temperature *Water Microbiology *Water Supply}, issn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12911702}, author = {Gordon, C. and Toze, S.} } @article {14636, title = {Influence of groundwater characteristics on the survival of enteric viruses}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {95}, year = {2003}, pages = {536{\textendash}44}, abstract = {AIMS: This study was undertaken to further understand the processes affecting the persistence of enteric viruses in groundwater. METHODS AND RESULTS: Varying temperature, oxygen and nutrient levels were tested in the presence and absence of groundwater micro-organisms to determine which of the factors tested had dominant influence on the decay of Escherichia coli, the bacteriophage MS2, poliovirus and coxsackievirus. The results indicated that the most influential factor affecting the decay of the viruses and E. coli was the presence of groundwater micro-organisms. The results also implied that temperature, the presence of oxygen and nutrient levels indirectly influence viruses and E. coli decay by influencing the activity of the groundwater micro-organisms. CONCLUSIONS: E. coli and the viruses displayed maximum decay under aerobic conditions, at 28 degrees C without the addition of nutrients in the presence of groundwater micro-organisms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results suggest that if the mode of action of the groundwater micro-organisms could be determined then the decay of viral pathogens in recharged waters may be more easily predicted.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Antibiosis, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/drug effects/*growth \& development, Escherichia coli/growth \& development, Glucose/pharmacology, Human/growth \& development, Levivirus/growth \& development, Oxygen/pharmacology, Peptones/pharmacology, Poliovirus/growth \& development, RNA, Temperature, Viral/analysis}, issn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, author = {Gordon, C. and Toze, S.} } @article {14963, title = {Influence of groundwater characteristics on the survival of enteric viruses}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {95}, year = {2003}, pages = {536{\textendash}44}, abstract = {AIMS: This study was undertaken to further understand the processes affecting the persistence of enteric viruses in groundwater. METHODS AND RESULTS: Varying temperature, oxygen and nutrient levels were tested in the presence and absence of groundwater micro-organisms to determine which of the factors tested had dominant influence on the decay of Escherichia coli, the bacteriophage MS2, poliovirus and coxsackievirus. The results indicated that the most influential factor affecting the decay of the viruses and E. coli was the presence of groundwater micro-organisms. The results also implied that temperature, the presence of oxygen and nutrient levels indirectly influence viruses and E. coli decay by influencing the activity of the groundwater micro-organisms. CONCLUSIONS: E. coli and the viruses displayed maximum decay under aerobic conditions, at 28 degrees C without the addition of nutrients in the presence of groundwater micro-organisms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results suggest that if the mode of action of the groundwater micro-organisms could be determined then the decay of viral pathogens in recharged waters may be more easily predicted.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Antibiosis, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/drug effects/*growth \& development, Escherichia coli/growth \& development, Glucose/pharmacology, Human/growth \& development, Levivirus/growth \& development, Oxygen/pharmacology, Peptones/pharmacology, Poliovirus/growth \& development, RNA, Temperature, Viral/analysis}, issn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, author = {Gordon, C. and Toze, S.} } @article {9078, title = {{Influence of groundwater characteristics on the survival of enteric viruses}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {95}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {536{\textendash}544}, abstract = {Aims: This study was undertaken to further understand the processes affecting the persistence of enteric viruses in groundwater. Methods and Results: Varying temperature, oxygen and nutrient levels were tested in the presence and absence of groundwater micro-organisms to determine which of the factors tested had dominant influence on the decay of Escherichia coli, the bacteriophage MS2, poliovirus and coxsackievirus. The results indicated that the most influential factor affecting the decay of the viruses and E. coli was the presence of groundwater micro-organisms. The results also implied that temperature, the presence of oxygen and nutrient levels indirectly influence viruses and E. coli decay by influencing the activity of the groundwater micro-organisms. Conclusions: E. coli and the viruses displayed maximum decay under aerobic conditions, at 28?C without the addition of nutrients in the presence of groundwater micro-organisms. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results suggest that if the mode of action of the groundwater micro- organisms could be determined then the decay of viral pathogens in recharged waters may be more easily predicted.}, keywords = {Decay, Enteric virus, Groundwater, nutrients, Oxygen, Temperature}, isbn = {1364-5072}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02010.x}, author = {Gordon, C and Toze, S} } @article {6620, title = {Influence of groundwater characteristics on the survival of enteric viruses}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {95}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {sep}, pages = {536{\textendash}544}, issn = {1364-5072, 1365-2672}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02010.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02010.x}, author = {Gordon, C. and Toze, S.} } @mastersthesis {6572, title = {Infrastructure, property values, and housing choice: {An} application of property value models in the developing country context}, year = {2003}, note = {3112039}, school = {The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation uses hedonic and random utility models to study the value of water infrastructure in Panama City, Quito, and Guayaquil. The study contributes a conceptual model of how water infrastructure affects property values, and how property values, water tariffs, and demand for services enter into housing choice decisions. The empirical results provide more detailed information about the value of water infrastructure in developing countries than has been produced in previous property value studies, but the study highlights the many difficulties involved in using these models to study infrastructure. The first of three empirical analyses in the dissertation uses hedonic analysis to examine implicit prices (market premiums) for different levels of water infrastructure (access to the water network but no connection, a yard tap, an in-house tap, connection to a utility-run versus community-run water service). The results show (1) that property markets can and do recognize differences in water service levels, (2) that having access to the water network (and thus the potential to connect to that network) can increase the market value of homes, and (3) that the implicit price of living in a home with a water connection is greater than the average monthly water bill. Komives finds evidence, however, to suggest that the hedonic price schedule may be overestimating the value of water infrastructure. The second study in the dissertation looks at how bundles of infrastructure services (water, electricity, toilet, telephone) affect the hedonic price schedule for housing in the three cities. The results show that in some cases the value of combinations of infrastructure connections is greater than the sum of the value of individual connections. The final empirical analysis estimates willingness to pay for water connections in Guayaquil using a random utility model and examines how willingness to pay varies with income. The model suggests that households at all income levels are willing to dedicate more than 10 percent of their monthly consumption to live in a home with water service. Weaknesses in the model, however, raise doubts about the reliability of the results.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Area planning \& development, Developing countries{\textendash}LDCs, developing country, economics, Housing, Infrastructure, Property values, Social sciences, Studies, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305312263?accountid=14270}, author = {Komives, Kristin} } @article {13430, title = {Insights into the relationships of Palaearctic and Nearctic lymnaeids (Mollusca: Gastropoda) by rDNA ITS-2 sequencing and phylogeny of stagnicoline intermediate host species of Fasciola hepatica.}, journal = {Parasite.}, volume = {10}, year = {2003}, pages = {243-255}, author = {Bargues, M. D. and Horak, P. and Patzner, R. A. and Pointier, J. P. and Jackiewicz, M. and Meier-Brook, C. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {3178, title = {International classification of ultrasound images in cystic echinococcosis for application in clinical and field epidemiological settings}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {85}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {253{\textendash}261}, abstract = {

The increased knowledge of the natural history of cystic echinococcosis (CE) by the recent expansion in the use of ultrasound (US) in field and clinical studies has necessitated the development of a new WHO standardised classification of US images. Use of such a classification will enable clinicians to examine recommended clinical procedures for the different cyst types. It will also allow scientists to compare data on the occurrence of cyst types in different parts of the world providing evidence to examine strain differences in the causative organism Echinococcus granulosus. The classification proposed follows that of the first classification developed by Gharbi et al. [Radiology 139 (1981) 459] which has been widely used, but in modified forms, since its publication. The classification presented here is intended for use in field epidemiological studies as well as for clinical investigators. The classification is intended to follow the natural history of CE and starts with undifferentiated simple cysts, as presumably hydatid cysts evolve from these structures. These simple cysts, however, may be due to a number of different aetiologies (parasitic lesions, congenital disorders, biliary cysts or neoplasms) and, therefore, require further diagnostic tests to reveal their identity. As their origin is uncertain they are not given the designation of a CE type lesion, and, in the proposed classification, should be recorded as cystic lesions (CL). The first clinical group starts with cyst types CE 1 and 2 and such cysts are active, usually fertile cysts containing viable protoscoleces. CE Type 3 are cysts entering a transitional stage where the integrity of the cyst has been compromised either by the host or by chemotherapy and this transitional stage is assigned to the second clinical group. The third clinical group comprises CE Types 4 and 5 which are inactive cysts which have normally lost their fertility and are degenerative. The use of the standardised US classification will facilitate the application of uniform standards and principles of treatment currently recommended for each cyst type.

}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Epidemiologic Studies, Hospitals, Humans, World Health Organization}, issn = {0001-706X} } @article {9377, title = {{Intestinal antilectin immunoglobulin A antibody response and immunity to Entamoeba dispar infection following cure of amebic liver abscess}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {6899{\textendash}6905}, author = {Ravdin, JI and Abd-Alla, MD and Welles, SL and Reddy, S and Jackson, TF} } @article {4775, title = {{Intestinal coccidia in Cuban pediatric patients with diarrhea}}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {98}, year = {2003}, pages = {539{\textendash}542}, author = {Nu{\~n}ez, FA and Gonzalez, OM and Gonzalez, I and Escobedo, AA and Cordovi, RA} } @article {9190, title = {{Investigation of waterborne parasites in drinking water sources of Ankara, Turkey}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {148{\textendash}151}, author = {Bakir, B and Tanyuksel, M and Saylam, F and Tanriverdi, S and Araz, RE and Hacim, AK and Hasde, M} } @mastersthesis {6517, title = {Irrigation management transfer from the irrigation authority {SAED} to farmers at {Kassack} {North} in {Senegal}}, year = {2003}, note = {3113591}, school = {The University of Wisconsin - Madison}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Guinea, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal have conducted several efforts to develop the resources of the shared Senegal River basin. Because of poverty in the region, the development of the river basin{\textquoteright}s resources remains a major concern of authorities of the four countries, their populations, and the international communities. A joint project of IUCN/OMVS/GEF/World Bank on people{\textquoteright}s participation in water and environmental resources management in the Senegal River basin has started in 2000. This research on the process of Irrigation Management Transfer from the irrigation authority to farmers at Kassack North in Senegal was conducted as a specific aspect of the joint project. The goals of the research were to investigate views and practices of farmers regarding Irrigation Management Transfer from the State through the irrigation{\textquoteright}s authority to farmers at Kassack North in Senegal and suggest policy change, which could improve Irrigation Management Transfer with possible application to similar situations in the river basin and the region. A qualitative research methodology was used to conduct key informants interviews, using the case study of the irrigation schemes A, E and F at Kassack North in Senegal. Irrigation Management Transfer was completed using standard procedures with little recognition of the specific resources or needs of the farmers at Kassack North. As a result, farmers were poorly prepared to manage and maintain the irrigation schemes. The current organizational system does not appear to ensure efficient management. Financial management is not transparent. Farmers have failed to meet contractual agreements and large debts have accumulated making further financing difficult. In order for Kassack North to effectively manage the irrigation scheme, an organization structure must be installed which ensures proper training of the farm community and hold the leaders of the irrigation scheme responsible for its actions. One approach to achieving improved education and management is for the Kassack to combine improved follow up by the irrigation authority with the contribution of trained managers employed by farmers.}, keywords = {0285:Agronomy, Agronomy, Biological sciences, Farmers, Irrigation, River basins, SAED, Senegal}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305282340?accountid=14270}, author = {Gnoumou, Yazon} } @article {14335, title = {Isolation of {Arcobacter} species from animal feces.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {229}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {dec}, pages = {243{\textendash}248}, author = {Van Driessche, Ellen and Houf, Kurt and van Hoof, Jan and De Zutter, Lieven and Vandamme, Peter} } @article {5818, title = {{Isolation of Arcobacter species from animal feces.}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {229}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {dec}, pages = {243{\textendash}248}, author = {Van Driessche, Ellen and Houf, Kurt and van Hoof, Jan and De Zutter, Lieven and Vandamme, Peter} } @article {17362, title = {Isolation of Salmonella strains from the aquatic environment and comparison with those of animal origin in Tan Phu Thanh Village, Mekong Delta, Vietnam}, journal = {Jarq-Japan Agricultural Research QuarterlyJarq-Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, month = {Oct}, pages = {237-241}, isbn = {0021-3551}, author = {Phan, T. P. and Khai, L. T. L. and Loc, C. B. and Hayashidani, H. and Sameshima, T. and Watanabe, T. and Taniguchi, T. and Kobayashi, H. and Ito, H. and Akiba, M.} } @article {3549, title = {Laboratory testing protocol to identify critical factors in bacterial compliance monitoring.}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {131{\textendash}136}, author = {Abbaszadegan, M and Ghatpande, P and Brereton, J and Alum, A and Narasimhan, R} } @article {3583, title = {A large infantile gastroenteritis outbreak in Albania caused by multiple emerging rotavirus genotypes.}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {131}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {1105{\textendash}1110}, abstract = {

By the end of December 2000, the epidemiological system \{\{\}\{\{\}\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textquoteright\{\}\}Alert\{\{\}\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textquoteright\{\}\}\{\}\} of the Public Health Institute in Tirane reported an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. The outbreak involved children in Tirane and in the rural area. In total, 2722 children were seen in Tirane Hospital and 982 (56.4\{\%\}) were treated for acute gastroenteritis. The age group with the highest morbidity was 0-5 years (89.7\{\%\}), followed by the 6-9 (6.2\{\%\}) and 10-15 years age groups (4.1\{\%\}). The distribution of acute gastroenteritis cases, which occurred along the same water distribution system, suggests a waterborne origin. The nucleic acid amplification confirmed the co-circulation of different genotypes of rotavirus, mainly \{\{\}P[8]G9\{\}\} and \{\{\}P[8]G3,\{\}\} responsible for the outbreak. Other enteric viruses such as astrovirus serotype 1, adenovirus and Norovirus, genogroups I and \{\{\.I}I\{\}\} were detected. Co-infections with different rotavirus genotypes and even with different enteric viruses were detected in several samples.

}, author = {Villena, C and Gabrieli, R and Pinto, R M and Guix, S and Donia, D and Buonomo, E and Palombi, L and Cenko, F and Bino, S and Bosch, A and Divizia, M} } @article {16054, title = {Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance}, journal = {Lancet Infect DisLancet Infect DisLancet Infect Dis}, volume = {3}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, month = {Dec}, pages = {757-71}, keywords = {*Disease Reservoirs, Animals, Genome, Bacterial, Global Health, Humans, Leptospira/classification/*genetics, Leptospirosis/*epidemiology/etiology/pathology/*prevention \& control/transmission, Zoonoses}, isbn = {1473-3099 (Print)
1473-3099 (Linking)}, author = {Bharti, A. R. and Nally, J. E. and Ricaldi, J. N. and Matthias, M. A. and Diaz, M. M. and Lovett, M. A. and Levett, P. N. and Gilman, R. H. and Willig, M. R. and Gotuzzo, E. and Vinetz, J. M. and Peru-United States Leptospirosis, Consortium} } @article {16218, title = {Leptospirosis in "Eco-Challenge" athletes, Malaysian Borneo, 2000}, journal = {Emerg Infect DisEmerg Infect DisEmerg Infect Dis}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, month = {Jun}, pages = {702-7}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Travel, Adult, DNA, Bacterial/analysis, Female, Fever/epidemiology/microbiology, Fresh Water/microbiology, Humans, Leptospira/genetics/isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Malaysia/epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sports, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {1080-6040 (Print)
1080-6040 (Linking)}, author = {Sejvar, J. and Bancroft, E. and Winthrop, K. and Bettinger, J. and Bajani, M. and Bragg, S. and Shutt, K. and Kaiser, R. and Marano, N. and Popovic, T. and Tappero, J. and Ashford, D. and Mascola, L. and Vugia, D. and Perkins, B. and Rosenstein, N. and Eco-Challenge Investigation, Team} } @mastersthesis {6897, title = {Local resolution for watershed management: {The} case of water and land allocation of {Cotachi}, {Ecuador}}, year = {2003}, note = {3124388}, school = {The Ohio State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Various environmental trade-offs arise in the Cotacachi watershed, located in the Andes Mountains north of Quito, Ecuador. Of particular concern to the local population are the declining quality and diminished reliability of water supplies for household and agricultural uses resulting from deforestation, poor pasture management, and related problems in the upper reaches of the drainage basin. The purpose of this study is to determine what, if anything, local people are willing to pay for the sort of watershed management that would make water supplies cleaner and less subject to interruption, and to estimate the shadow price of irrigation water for the efficient allocation of resources. Estimates of willingness-to-pay (WTP) were obtained using contingent valuation (CV), and estimates of the shadow price were obtained using a Linear Programming model (LP). Eighty households were interviewed in September 2002. Half these households are in communities below 3,200 meters elevation, which have irrigation, and the other half in communities above this elevation level, where agriculture is rain-fed. Along with questions relating to economic activities and income sources, which yielded data for the development of the LP model, the survey instrument contained referendum-style CV questions. Using the responses to CV questions, I estimated an econometric model in which WTP for water quantity and quality improvements was the dependent variable and right-hand side variables included household earnings and the portion of income derived from off-farm employment. The LP model yielded the shadow price of water: \$0.27 per cubic meter of water in low-altitude communities and \$0.26 per cubic meter of water in high-altitude settings. Econometric revealed that the majority of households, in low-altitude communities as well as high-altitude settings, are willing to pay between \$1 to \$3 per month (avg. 1.94) to make water supplies cleaner and more reliable{\textendash}through improved watershed management, for example. This is a sizable payment relative to existing tariffs for potable and irrigation water. This study suggests that the costs of watershed management could be covered, at least in part, by capturing the local benefits of same. This has significant implications for the decentralization of water resource development in Ecuador.}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, 0768:Environmental science, Agricultural economics, Cotachi, Ecuador, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Land allocation, Social sciences, Watershed management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305321396?accountid=14270}, author = {Rodriguez, Fabian Francisco} } @proceedings {12075, title = {Longitudinal study of double vault urine diverting toilets and solar toilets in El Salvador}, journal = {2nd International Symposium on Ecological Sanitation}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH}, address = {L{\"u}beck, Germany}, isbn = {3-00-012791-7}, author = {Moe, C. and Izurieta, R.} } @conference {16567, title = {Longitudinal study of double vault urine diverting toilets and solar toilets in {El} {Salvador}}, booktitle = {Ecosan - closing the loop}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH}, organization = {Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH}, address = {Hofheim-Wallau, Germany}, isbn = {3-00-012791-7}, author = {Moe, C. ; and Izurieta, R.}, editor = {Werner C, Avenda{\~n}o V.} } @article {8505, title = {{LX Edward Jackson memorial lecture - Ocular toxoplasmosis: A global reassessment. Part 1: Epidemiology and course of disease}}, journal = {American Journal of Ophthalmology}, volume = {136}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {973{\textendash}988}, author = {Holland, GN} } @book {16510, title = {Manson{\textquoteright}s tropical diseases}, year = {2003}, publisher = {W. B. Saunders}, organization = {W. B. Saunders}, edition = {21st}, address = {London}, keywords = {Tropical Medicine.}, isbn = {0-7020-2640-9}, author = {Cook, Gordon and Zumla, Alimuddin} } @book {12018, title = {Manson{\textquoteright}s tropical diseases}, year = {2003}, note = {Gordon Cook and Alimuddin Zumla.
ill. ; 29 cm.
Previous ed.: 1995.}, pages = {xiii, 1847 p.}, publisher = {W. B. Saunders}, organization = {W. B. Saunders}, edition = {21st}, address = {London}, keywords = {Tropical Medicine.}, isbn = {0702026409}, author = {Cook, Gordon and Zumla, Alimuddin} } @booklet {9222, title = {{Manure management: Treatment strategies for sustainable agriculture, Editions Quae}}, year = {2003}, author = {Burton, CH and Turner, C} } @article {7543, title = {{Metagenomic analyses of an uncultured viral community from human feces}}, journal = {Journal of Bacteriology}, volume = {185}, number = {20}, year = {2003}, pages = {6220-6223}, abstract = {

Here we present the first metagenomic analyses of an uncultured viral community from human feces, using partial shotgun sequencing. Most of the sequences were unrelated to anything previously reported. The recognizable viruses were mostly siphophages, and the community contained an estimated 1,200 viral genotypes.

}, doi = {10.1128/JB.185.20.6220-6223.2003}, author = {Breitbart, M. and Hewson, I. and Felts, B. and Mahaffy, J.M. and Nulton, J. and Salamon, P. and Rohwer, F.} } @article {13743, title = {Metagenomic analyses of an uncultured viral community from human feces}, journal = {Journal of Bacteriology}, volume = {185}, number = {20}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Here we present the first metagenomic analyses of an uncultured viral community from human feces, using partial shotgun sequencing. Most of the sequences were unrelated to anything previously reported. The recognizable viruses were mostly siphophages, and the community contained an estimated 1,200 viral genotypes.}, doi = {10.1128/JB.185.20.6220-6223.2003}, author = {Breitbart, M. and Hewson, I. and Felts, B. and Mahaffy, J.M. and Nulton, J. and Salamon, P. and Rohwer, F.} } @article {13823, title = {A {Method} {To} {Detect} {Viable} {Helicobacter} pylori {Bacteria} in {Groundwater}}, journal = {Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, month = {jul}, pages = {45{\textendash}48}, issn = {03234320}, doi = {10.1002/aheh.200390015}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/aheh.200390015}, author = {Flanigan, Debbie and Rodgers, Mark} } @article {8194, title = {{A Method To Detect Viable Helicobacter pylori Bacteria in Groundwater}}, journal = {Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, month = {jul}, pages = {45{\textendash}48}, issn = {03234320}, doi = {10.1002/aheh.200390015}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/aheh.200390015}, author = {Flanigan, Debbie and Rodgers, Mark} } @article {6632, title = {Methods for studying private sector supply of public health products in developing countries: a conceptual framework and review}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, volume = {57}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, month = {oct}, pages = {1147{\textendash}1161}, abstract = {The private sector is an important supplier of public health products (PHPs) in developing countries. Although there are concerns about the quality and affordability of these products, private providers also offer possibilities for expanding access to key commodities. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for understanding the public health implications of private sales of PHPs. It reviews methods for studying these sales, together with their advantages and shortcomings. Ten methods are identified which can be used for studying the behaviour of providers and consumers. The effects of seasonal variation are discussed, together with the challenges of creating a sampling frame and studying illicit behaviour. We conclude that relatively little is known about the sales of PHPs, that more is known about contraceptives and drugs than about the newer products, and that the demand side of the market has been studied in greater depth than the behaviour of suppliers. The existing toolbox is biased towards formal providers, and thus, probably towards understanding the provision of PHPs to those who are better off. Methods for studying the supply of PHPs in outlets used by poor people is a priority area for further methodological development.}, keywords = {Commerce, Communicable Disease Control, Contraceptive Devices, Developing Countries, Female, Health Care Sector, Health Services Research, Humans, Male, Marketing, Nonprofit, Organizations, Private Sector, Protective Devices, Public health}, issn = {0277-9536}, author = {Conteh, Lesong and Hanson, Kara} } @article {6117, title = {Microbial and chemical tracer movement through two Southland soils, New Zealand}, journal = {Soil Research}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {1163{\textendash}1169}, author = {McLeod, M and Aislabie, J and Ryburn, J and McGill, A and Taylor, M} } @article {1774, title = {Microbial contamination of two urban sandstone aquifers in the UK}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, note = {Powell, Karen L Taylor, Richard G Cronin, Aidan A Barrett, Mike H Pedley, Steve Sellwood, Jane Trowsdale, Sam A Lerner, David N eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2002/12/28 04:00 Water Res. 2003 Jan;37(2):339-52.}, pages = {339-52}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Development of urban groundwater has historically been constrained by concerns about its quality. Rising urban water tables and overabstraction from rural aquifers in the UK have led to a renewed interest in urban groundwater, particularly the possibility of finding water of acceptable quality at depth. This study assessed the microbial quality of groundwater collected from depth-specific intervals over a 15-month period within the Permo-Triassic Sherwood Sandstone aquifers underlying the cities of Nottingham and Birmingham. Sewage-derived bacteria (thermotolerant coliforms, faecal streptococci and sulphite-reducing clostridia) and viruses (enteroviruses, Norwalk-like viruses, coliphage) were regularly detected to depths of 60 m in the unconfined sandstone and to a depth of 91 m in the confined sandstone. Microbial concentrations varied temporally and spatially but increased frequency of contamination with depth coincided with geological heterogeneities such as fissures and mudstone bands. Significantly, detection of Norwalk-like viruses and Coxsackievirus B4 in groundwater corresponded with seasonal variations in virus discharge to the sewer system. The observation of low levels of sewage-derived microbial contaminants at depth in the Triassic Sandstone aquifer is explained by the movement of infinitesimal proportions of bulk (macroscopic) groundwater flow along preferential pathways (e.g., fissures, bedding planes). The existence of very high microbial populations at source (raw sewage) and their extremely low detection limits at the receptor (multilevel piezometer) enable these statistically extreme (microscopic) flows to be traced. Rapid penetration of microbial contaminants into sandstone aquifers, not previously reported, highlights the vulnerability of sandstone aquifers to microbial contamination.}, keywords = {Cities England Enterovirus/isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring Geological Phenomena Geology Norovirus/isolation \& purification Seasons Sewage *Water Microbiology *Water Supply}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12502063}, author = {Powell, K. L. and Taylor, R. G. and Cronin, A. A. and Barrett, M. H. and Pedley, S. and Sellwood, J. and Trowsdale, S. A. and Lerner, D. N.} } @article {10752, title = {{Microbial contamination of various water sources in Delhi}}, journal = {Curr Sci}, volume = {84}, number = {11}, year = {2003}, pages = {1398{\textendash}1399}, author = {Sharma, S and Singh, I and Virdi, JS} } @inbook {1732, title = {Microbial response to disinfectants}, booktitle = {Handbook of {\textquoteright}Water and Wastewater Microbiology}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Elsivier Academic Press}, organization = {Elsivier Academic Press}, type = {Book Section}, address = {California}, isbn = {0-12-470100-0}, author = {Morato, J. and Mir, J. and Codony, F. and Mas, J. and Ribas, F.}, editor = {Mara, D. and Horan, N. J.} } @article {5424, title = {{Microbial water quality improvement by small scale on-site subsurface wetland treatment}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health}, volume = {38}, year = {2003}, pages = {1849{\textendash}1855}, author = {Nokes, RL and C P Gerba and Karpiscak, MM} } @article {9472, title = {{Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in healthy individuals: a case series}}, journal = {Opthalmology}, volume = {110}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, pages = {1420{\textendash}1425}, author = {Chan, CM and Theng, JT and Li, L and Tan, DT} } @article {6222, title = {Modeling the {U}.{S}. national distribution of waterborne pathogen concentrations with application to \textit{{Cryptosporidium} parvum}: {MODELING} {PATHOGEN} {CONCENTRATIONS}}, journal = {Water Resources Research}, volume = {39}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a}, issn = {00431397}, doi = {10.1029/2002WR001664}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2002WR001664}, author = {Crainiceanu, Ciprian M. and Stedinger, Jery R. and Ruppert, David and Behr, Christopher T.} } @article {7103, title = {Modeling the {U}.{S}. national distribution of waterborne pathogen concentrations with application to \textit{{Cryptosporidium} parvum}: {MODELING} {PATHOGEN} {CONCENTRATIONS}}, journal = {Water Resources Research}, volume = {39}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, month = {sep}, pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a}, issn = {00431397}, doi = {10.1029/2002WR001664}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2002WR001664}, author = {Crainiceanu, Ciprian M. and Stedinger, Jery R. and Ruppert, David and Behr, Christopher T.} } @article {8394, title = {{Molecular and bioassay-based detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst uptake by mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {33}, number = {10}, year = {2003}, pages = {1087{\textendash}1097}, author = {Arkush, KD and Miller, MA and Leutenegger, CM and Gardner, IA and Packham, AE and Heckeroth, AR and Tenter, AM and Barr, BC and Conrad, PA} } @article {2503, title = {Molecular characterization of astroviruses by reverse transcriptase {PCR} and sequence analysis: comparison of clinical and environmental isolates from South Africa}, year = {2003}, author = {Nadan, S and Walter, JE and Grabow, WOK} } @article {3537, title = {Molecular characterization of astroviruses by reverse transcriptase {PCR} and sequence analysis: comparison of clinical and environmental isolates from {South} {Africa}}, year = {2003}, author = {Nadan, S and Walter, J E and Grabow, W O K} } @article {3573, title = {Molecular characterization of astroviruses by reverse transcriptase \{\{\}{PCR}\{\}\} and sequence analysis: comparison of clinical and environmental isolates from {South} {Africa}}, year = {2003}, author = {Nadan, S and Walter, J E and Grabow, W O K} } @article {315, title = {Molecular characterization of astroviruses by reverse transcriptase {PCR} and sequence analysis: comparison of clinical and environmental isolates from South Africa}, year = {2003}, author = {Nadan, S and Walter, JE and Grabow, WOK} } @article {9563, title = {{Molecular characterization of microsporidia indicates that wild mammals harbor host-adapted Enterocytozoon spp. as well as human-pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {8}, year = {2003}, pages = {4495{\textendash}4501}, author = {Sulaiman, IM and Fayer, R and Lal, AA and Trout, JM and Schaefer, FW 3rd and Xiao, L} } @article {5050, title = {Molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 strains and recent outbreaks in the {Asia}-{Pacific} region: comparative analysis of the {VP}1 and {VP}4 genes}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {461{\textendash}468}, author = {Cardosa, MJ and Perera, D and Brown, BA and Cheon, D and Chan, HM and Chan, KP and Cho, H and McMinn, P} } @article {14511, title = {Molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 strains and recent outbreaks in the {Asia}-{Pacific} region: comparative analysis of the {VP}1 and {VP}4 genes}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {9}, year = {2003}, month = {apr}, pages = {461{\textendash}8}, abstract = {This study provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) in the Asia-Pacific region from 1997 through 2002. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP4 and VP1 genes of recent HEV71 strains indicates that several genogroups of the virus have been circulating in the Asia-Pacific region since 1997. The first of these recent outbreaks, described in Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) in 1997, was caused by genogroup B3. This outbreak was followed by large outbreaks in Taiwan in 1998, caused by genogroup C2, and in Perth (Western Australia) in 1999, where viruses belonging to genogroups B3 and C2 cocirculated. Singapore, Taiwan, and Sarawak had HEV71 epidemics in 2000, caused predominantly by viruses belonging to genogroup B4; however, large numbers of fatalities were observed only in Taiwan. HEV71 was identified during an epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease in Korea; that epidemic was found to be due to viruses constituting a new genogroup, C3.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Phylogeny, Asia, Enterovirus Infections/*epidemiology, Enterovirus/*genetics/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, genotype, Humans, Molecular Epidemiology/*methods, Southeastern/epidemiology}, issn = {1080-6040 (Print) 1080-6040 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3201/eid0904.020395}, author = {Cardosa, M. J. and Perera, D. and Brown, B. A. and Cheon, D. and Chan, H. M. and Chan, K. P. and Cho, H. and McMinn, P.} } @article {14886, title = {Molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 strains and recent outbreaks in the {Asia}-{Pacific} region: comparative analysis of the {VP}1 and {VP}4 genes}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {9}, year = {2003}, month = {apr}, pages = {461{\textendash}8}, abstract = {This study provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) in the Asia-Pacific region from 1997 through 2002. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP4 and VP1 genes of recent HEV71 strains indicates that several genogroups of the virus have been circulating in the Asia-Pacific region since 1997. The first of these recent outbreaks, described in Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) in 1997, was caused by genogroup B3. This outbreak was followed by large outbreaks in Taiwan in 1998, caused by genogroup C2, and in Perth (Western Australia) in 1999, where viruses belonging to genogroups B3 and C2 cocirculated. Singapore, Taiwan, and Sarawak had HEV71 epidemics in 2000, caused predominantly by viruses belonging to genogroup B4; however, large numbers of fatalities were observed only in Taiwan. HEV71 was identified during an epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease in Korea; that epidemic was found to be due to viruses constituting a new genogroup, C3.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Phylogeny, Asia, Enterovirus Infections/*epidemiology, Enterovirus/*genetics/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, genotype, Humans, Molecular Epidemiology/*methods, Southeastern/epidemiology}, issn = {1080-6040 (Print) 1080-6040 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3201/eid0904.020395}, author = {Cardosa, M. J. and Perera, D. and Brown, B. A. and Cheon, D. and Chan, H. M. and Chan, K. P. and Cho, H. and McMinn, P.} } @article {17272, title = {Molecular methods for the assessment of bacterial viability}, journal = {J Microbiol MethodsJ Microbiol Methods}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {May}, pages = {175-83}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, Bacteria/genetics/*growth \& development/pathogenicity, DNA, Bacterial/*analysis/genetics, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Humans, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/*methods, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Bacterial/*analysis/genetics, Self-Sustained Sequence Replication, Sensitivity and Specificity}, isbn = {0167-7012 (Print)
0167-7012 (Linking)}, author = {Keer, J. T. and Birch, L.} } @article {15233, title = {Molecular surveillance of {Cryptosporidium} spp. in raw wastewater in {Milwaukee}: implications for understanding outbreak occurrence and transmission dynamics}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, year = {2003}, pages = {5254{\textendash}5257}, author = {Zhou, Ling and Singh, Ajaib and Jiang, Jianlin and Xiao, Lihua} } @mastersthesis {7488, title = {Money as water: {A} patron-client approach to mission dependency in {India}}, year = {2003}, note = {3087173}, school = {Trinity Evangelical Divinity School}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Financial partnerships between Western donors and Indian recipient organizations are sources of practical and theoretical tension. Writers beginning in the mid-nineteenth century and continuing to the present day argue that foreign money creates unhealthy forms of dependency for national ministries. These arguments do not recognize the culturally distinct economic patterns that Indians bring to the process of fund-raising. While three-self advocates continue to oppose foreign subsidy for Indian ministry, the funds are flowing into India at an unprecedented rate. Many used the metaphor of money as water to describe the process of attracting and directing the mysterious flow of Western money into Indian missions. Indian informants were all in favor of foreign funding, when used properly. Ethnographic interviews were conducted with sixty-eight leaders, most from Christian mission organizations in India. This leadership sample was chosen from top and middle levels of management and both from organizations that were mostly foreign funded and that were mostly locally funded. The theoretical framework chosen for the analysis of the data was that of a patron-client economic system. As the traditional economic system of rural India, patronage implies an asymmetrical redistribution relationship between partners who have unequal wealth and power. Analysis of the data revealed the patron-client model was useful for better understanding the dynamics of the mission funding process. In particular the hierarchical leadership patterns were seen to be consistent with patronage. Additionally the deferential patterns that characterize the behavior of fund-raisers toward Western donors and of constituents toward Indian fund-managers were consistent with clientage patterns. Findings suggested causative factors for the prevalence of financial abuse and harmful forms of dependency. The expectations of Indians toward Western donors revealed that the rules of patronage look to the dominant party in an asymmetric relationship of support as primarily responsible to prevent financial abuse. The history of social stratification and colonial oppression laid the groundwork for the eruption of financial abuse and unhealthy dependency as forms of resistance to perceptions of oppression. The patronage model suggests that intentional structures allowing for genuine reciprocity will alleviate much resistance.}, keywords = {0318:Religion, 0326:Cultural anthropology, 0508:Finance, Cultural anthropology, Finance, Funding, India, Mission dependency, Missionaries, Money, Patron-client, Philosophy, Religion, religion and theology, Social sciences, Studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305273328?accountid=14270}, author = {Fox, Frampton F} } @article {13503, title = {Morbidite et mortalite dues aux maladies infectieuses d{\textquoteright}origine alimentaire en France}, journal = {Rapport de l{\textquoteright}Institut National de Veille Sanitaire, Ministere de la Sante, de la Famille et des Personnes Handicapees}, year = {2003}, pages = {1-188}, author = {Vaillant, V. and De Valk, H. and Baron, E.} } @article {13097, title = {Movement of faecal bacteria through the vadose zone}, journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution}, volume = {149}, number = {1-4}, year = {2003}, pages = {327{\textendash}337}, author = {Unc, Adrian and Goss, Michael J} } @article {1554, title = {A multiplex reverse transcription-PCR method for detection of human enteric viruses in groundwater}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, note = {Fout, G Shay Martinson, Beth C Moyer, Michael W N Dahling, Daniel R eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 2003/06/06 05:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jun;69(6):3158-64.}, pages = {3158-64}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Untreated groundwater is responsible for about half of the waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Human enteric viruses are thought to be leading etiological agents of many of these outbreaks, but there is relatively little information on the types and levels of viruses found in groundwater. To address this problem, monthly samples from 29 groundwater sites were analyzed for 1 year for enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus, Norwalk virus, reoviruses, and rotaviruses by multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). A procedure with which to remove environmental RT-PCR inhibitors from groundwater samples was developed. The procedure allowed an average of 71 liters of the original groundwater to be assayed per RT-PCR, with an average virus recovery rate of 74\%, based on seeded samples. Human enteric viruses were detected in 16\% of the groundwater samples analyzed, with reoviruses being the most frequently detected virus group.}, keywords = {Animals Cell Line Enterovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification Fresh Water/*virology Hepatitis A virus/genetics/isolation \& purification Humans Norwalk virus/genetics/isolation \& purification Orthoreovirus/genetics/isolation \& purification RNA Viruses/ge}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12788711}, author = {Fout, G. S. and Martinson, B. C. and Moyer, M. W. and Dahling, D. R.} } @article {14622, title = {A mutation in the {ATP}7B copper transporter causes reduced dopamine beta-hydroxylase and norepinephrine in mouse adrenal}, journal = {Neurochem Res}, volume = {28}, year = {2003}, month = {jun}, pages = {867{\textendash}73}, abstract = {The copper-transporting ATPases Atp7A and Atp7B play a major role in controlling intracellular copper levels. In addition, they are believed to deliver copper to the copper-requiring proteins destined for the secretory vesicles. One cuproprotein, dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) functions in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine, neurohormones in endocrine and nervous tissue. To evaluate the consequences of loss of Atp7B on the function of DBH, the level of proteins in adrenal gland were compared between normal mice and mice containing a null mutation in the ATP7B gene. The levels of DBH, as well as another vesicular protein, chromogranin A, are reduced in the ATP7B -/- mice. In addition to the lower level of enzyme, the products of DBH catalytic activity, norepinephrine and epinephrine, are also decreased. Although these changes are a consequence of ATP7B gene function, Atp7B mRNA is not normally expressed in the adrenal gland. Instead, Atp7A mRNA is present. The levels of copper and DBH RNA within adrenals of the ATP7B -/- mice are not different from the wild type. The results of these experiments suggest that copper-requiring enzymes are affected by a loss of ATP7B even in tissue not normally expressing this protein. Therefore the multisystemic effects observed in Wilson disease, the human disorder characterized by mutation in ATP7B, may be a secondary consequence of the major accumulation of copper in liver.}, keywords = {Adenosine Triphosphatases/deficiency/*genetics/metabolism, Adrenal Glands/enzymology/*metabolism, Animals, Base Sequence, Cation Transport Proteins/deficiency/*genetics/metabolism, DNA Primers, Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase/*metabolism, Epinephrine/metabolism, genotype, Hepatolenticular Degeneration/genetics, Knockout, Mice, Norepinephrine/*metabolism, Reference Values, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction}, issn = {0364-3190 (Print) 0364-3190 (Linking)}, author = {Gerbasi, V. and Lutsenko, S. and Lewis, E. J.} } @article {14952, title = {A mutation in the {ATP}7B copper transporter causes reduced dopamine beta-hydroxylase and norepinephrine in mouse adrenal}, journal = {Neurochem Res}, volume = {28}, year = {2003}, month = {jun}, pages = {867{\textendash}73}, abstract = {The copper-transporting ATPases Atp7A and Atp7B play a major role in controlling intracellular copper levels. In addition, they are believed to deliver copper to the copper-requiring proteins destined for the secretory vesicles. One cuproprotein, dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) functions in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine, neurohormones in endocrine and nervous tissue. To evaluate the consequences of loss of Atp7B on the function of DBH, the level of proteins in adrenal gland were compared between normal mice and mice containing a null mutation in the ATP7B gene. The levels of DBH, as well as another vesicular protein, chromogranin A, are reduced in the ATP7B -/- mice. In addition to the lower level of enzyme, the products of DBH catalytic activity, norepinephrine and epinephrine, are also decreased. Although these changes are a consequence of ATP7B gene function, Atp7B mRNA is not normally expressed in the adrenal gland. Instead, Atp7A mRNA is present. The levels of copper and DBH RNA within adrenals of the ATP7B -/- mice are not different from the wild type. The results of these experiments suggest that copper-requiring enzymes are affected by a loss of ATP7B even in tissue not normally expressing this protein. Therefore the multisystemic effects observed in Wilson disease, the human disorder characterized by mutation in ATP7B, may be a secondary consequence of the major accumulation of copper in liver.}, keywords = {Adenosine Triphosphatases/deficiency/*genetics/metabolism, Adrenal Glands/enzymology/*metabolism, Animals, Base Sequence, Cation Transport Proteins/deficiency/*genetics/metabolism, DNA Primers, Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase/*metabolism, Epinephrine/metabolism, genotype, Hepatolenticular Degeneration/genetics, Knockout, Mice, Norepinephrine/*metabolism, Reference Values, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction}, issn = {0364-3190 (Print) 0364-3190 (Linking)}, author = {Gerbasi, V. and Lutsenko, S. and Lewis, E. J.} } @article {6697, title = {Myanmar experiences in sanitation and hygiene promotion: lessons learned and future directions}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {13}, number = {S1}, year = {2003}, pages = {S141{\textendash}S152}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0960312031000102903}, author = {Bajracharya, D.} } @article {2034, title = {Necrotizing lung infection caused by the protozoan Balantidium coli}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {14}, year = {2003}, pages = {163-166}, author = {Sharma, S. and Harding, G.} } @article {11354, title = {Neurocysticercosis: regional status, epidemiology, impact and control measures in the Americas}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {43-51}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0001-706X}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-706X(03)00054-8}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X03000548}, author = {Flisser, Ana and Sarti, Elsa and Lightowlers, Marshall and Schantz, Peter} } @mastersthesis {6542, title = {Nitrification of high-strength ammonium wastewater using fluidized-bed reactors}, year = {2003}, note = {3102563}, school = {The University of Nebraska - Lincoln}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Nitrogen contamination of surface waters can lead to adverse ecological and human health effects including depletion of the dissolved oxygen, eutrophication, toxicity to aquatic life, and reduction in the suitability of water for reuse. One of the severe problems facing most wastewater treatment plants is the handling of the high-strength ammonium-polluted wastewater, which is generally produced during anaerobic sludge digestion. The ammonium concentration of the sludge decant, estimated between 800 and 1000 mg N/L before mixing with dewatering wash-water, is about 50 times greater than that usually found in typical municipal wastewater. This high-strength ammonium wastewater, usually returned to the head of the treatment plant, creates a burden on the biological processes and can cause non-compliance with current regulations for ammonium effluent discharge. The use of biological nitrification to remove high ammonium concentrations has not been implemented. In this study, a novel type of fluidized-bed reactor was extensively investigated for nitrification of high-strength ammonium synthetic and actual sludge decants through operation of lab-scale and pilot-scale physical models. The relatively high oxygen demand required for the nitrification of such high ammonium concentration was supplied using an externally coupled tall aeration column. A mathematical model, which fitted the observations of the lab-scale setup quite well, was also developed to understand and optimize the process. The results demonstrated that the fluidized-bed reactor system is capable of handling exceptionally high ammonia concentrations (up to 500 mg NH 4+ -N/l) with high removal efficiency (more than 90\%). The specific removal rates in this system (up to 2.5 kg NH4 + -N/m3 {\textperiodcentered}d) are one order of magnitude higher than that for conventional systems. Such a high-performance system can reduce the supplementary reactor volumes required for nitrification to less than 10\% of that needed in conventional activated sludge systems. Complete nitrification can be achieved in the proposed system with a dissolved oxygen concentration as low as 1.0 mg/L. Most of the biomass was retained in the reactor as the volatile suspended solids in the effluent was relatively low (10-25 mg VSS/L). No sludge wasting was needed. Thus, the exclusion of the sedimentation step and solids recycling can lead to great savings. These results clearly point to the potential economic gains to be realized from implementation of this technology.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0554:Sanitation, 0775:Environmental engineering, Ammonium, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Environmental engineering, Fluidized-bed reactors, nitrification, sanitation, wastewater}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305310054?accountid=14270}, author = {Botrous, Akram Elia Farag} } @inbook {13388, title = {{Occurence and survival of viruses in composted human faeces Sustainable Urban Renewal and Wastewater Treatment Occurence and survival of viruses in composted human faeces}}, booktitle = {Sustainable Urban Renewal and Wastewater Treatment}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Danish Environmental Protection Agency}, organization = {Danish Environmental Protection Agency}, edition = {32}, author = {L Guardabassi and A Dalsgaard and M Sobsey} } @article {12743, title = {{Occurrence and densities of bacteriophages proposed as indicators and bacterial indicators in river waters from Europe and South America}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {94}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {808{\textendash}815}, author = {Lucena, F and M{\'e}ndez, X and Mor{\'o}n, A and Calder{\'o}n, E and Campos, C and Guerrero, A and C{\'a}rdenas, M and Gantzer, C and Shwartzbrood, L and Skraber, S and Jofre, J} } @article {4289, title = {Occurrence and densities of bacteriophages proposed as indicators and bacterial indicators in river waters from Europe and South America.}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {94}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {808{\textendash}15}, abstract = {

AIMS: To evaluate the feasibility of bacteriophages as a complementary tool for water quality assessment in surface waters from different parts of the globe. METHODS AND RESULTS: Faecal coliform bacteria, enterococci, spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia, somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis were determined by standardized methods in raw sewage and in 392 samples of river water from 22 sampling sites in 10 rivers in Argentina, Colombia, France and Spain, which represent very different climatic and socio-economic conditions. The results showed that the indicators studied maintained the same relative densities in the raw sewage from the different areas. Classifying the river water samples according to the content of faecal coliform bacteria, it can be observed that the relative densities of the different bacterial indicators and bacteriophages changed according to the concentration of faecal coliform bacteria. There was a relative increase in the densities of all groups of bacteriophages and sulphite-reducing clostridia with respect to faecal coliforms and enterococci in the samples with low counts of faecal coliform bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: The numbers of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages were similar in the different geographical areas studied. Once released in rivers, the persistence of the different micro-organisms differed significantly. Bacteriophages and spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia persisted longer than faecal coliforms and enterococci. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Bacteriophages in river water samples provide additional information to that provided by bacteria about the fate of faecal micro-organisms in river water. The easy, fast and cheap methods for phage determination are feasible both in industrialized and developing countries.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Colony Count, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Europe, Feasibility Studies, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Health Care, Microbial, Quality Assurance, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, South America, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12694445}, author = {Lucena, F and M{\'e}ndez, X and Mor{\'o}n, A and Calder{\'o}n, E and Campos, C and Guerrero, A and C{\'a}rdenas, M and Gantzer, C and Shwartzbrood, L and Skraber, S and Jofre, J} } @article {17136, title = {Occurrence and densities of bacteriophages proposed as indicators and bacterial indicators in river waters from Europe and South America}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {94}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {808{\textendash}815}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Lucena, F and M{\'e}ndez, X and Mor{\'o}n, A and Calder{\'o}n, E and Campos, C and Guerrero, A and C{\'a}rdenas, M and Gantzer, C and Shwartzbrood, L and Skraber, S and others} } @booklet {5057, title = {Occurrence and survival of viruses in composted human feces. {Sustainable} {Urban} {Renewal} and {Wastewater} {Treatment} {No} 32. {Denmark}}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Danish Ministry of the Environment}, url = {https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0ahUKEwiKg-D_m6XLAhWGpQ4KHbDgCUgQFggbMAA\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww2.mst.dk\%2Fudgiv\%2Fpublications\%2F2003\%2F87-7972-715-8\%2Fpdf\%2F87-7972-716-6.pdf\&usg=AFQjCNFGCGVWdSK7gr4_FVhuYlr6XpKjoA\&cad=}, author = {Guardabassi, L and Dalsgaard, A and Sobsey, M} } @book {15028, title = {Occurrence and survival of viruses in composted human feces. {Sustainable} {Urban} {Renewal} and {Wastewater} {Treatment} {No} 32. {Denmark}}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Danish Ministry of the Environment}, organization = {Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Danish Ministry of the Environment}, url = {https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0ahUKEwiKg-D_m6XLAhWGpQ4KHbDgCUgQFggbMAA\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww2.mst.dk\%2Fudgiv\%2Fpublications\%2F2003\%2F87-7972-715-8\%2Fpdf\%2F87-7972-716-6.pdf\&usg=AFQjCNFGCGVWdSK7gr4_FVhuYlr6XpKjoA\&cad=}, author = {Guardabassi, L and Dalsgaard, A and Sobsey, M} } @article {14847, title = {Occurrence of {Escherichia} coli and enterococci in {Cladophora} ({Chlorophyta}) in nearshore water and beach sand of {Lake} {Michigan}}, journal = {Applied and {\textbackslash}textbackslashldots}, year = {2003}, author = {Whitman, RL and Shively, DA} } @article {14277, title = {Occurrence of {Escherichia} coli and enterococci in {Cladophora} ({Chlorophyta}) in nearshore water and beach sand of {Lake} {Michigan}}, journal = {Applied and {\textbackslash}ldots}, year = {2003}, author = {Whitman, RL and Shively, DA} } @article {8169, title = {{Occurrence of Escherichia coli and enterococci in Cladophora (Chlorophyta) in nearshore water and beach sand of Lake Michigan}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, year = {2003}, pages = {4714-4719}, author = {Whitman, RL and Shively, DA} } @article {2461, title = {{Occurrence of Escherichia coli and enterococci in Cladophora (Chlorophyta) in nearshore water and beach sand of Lake Michigan}}, journal = {Applied and {\l}dots}, year = {2003}, author = {Whitman, RL and Shively, DA} } @article {3226, title = {{Occurrence of Listeria sp. and L. monocytogenes in sewage sludge used for land application: Effect of dewatering, liming and storage in tank on survival of Listeria species}}, journal = {FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {275{\textendash}283}, abstract = {The application of sewage sludge to agricultural land is widely used in France. To determine the impact of sludge treatments, concentrations of Listeria sp., Listeria monocytogenes and faecal indicators were monitored in five types of sludge from three sewage treatment plants in Angers (France) and its suburbs over a 1-year period. On the whole, bacteria were reduced in numbers through sludge treatments. Apart from liming, which leads to reduced levels of bacteria below detection limits, other sludge treatments did not eliminate Listeria sp. and faecal indicators. Listeria sp. and L. monocytogenes were found respectively in 87{\%} and 73{\%} of dewatered sludges and in 96{\%} and 80{\%} of sludges stored in tanks. Concentrations of L. monocytogenes, ranging from 0.15 to 20 MPN g-1 dry matter in dewatered sludge and from 1 to 240 MPN g-1 dry matter in sludge stored in tanks, did not show seasonal variations. Spreading of sanitised sludge onto agricultural land results in the addition of 106-108 L. monocytogenes per hectare per year, which may contribute to the increase in the dissemination of this pathogenic species in the environment. ?? 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Isolation, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria sp., purification, Sludge}, issn = {09288244}, doi = {10.1016/S0928-8244(02)00443-1}, author = {Garrec, N. and Picard-Bonnaud, F. and Pourcher, A. M.} } @article {8695, title = {{Occurrence of Listeria sp. and L. monocytogenes in sewage sludge used for land application: Effect of dewatering, liming and storage in tank on survival of Listeria species}}, journal = {FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology}, volume = {35}, year = {2003}, pages = {275{\textendash}283}, abstract = {The application of sewage sludge to agricultural land is widely used in France. To determine the impact of sludge treatments, concentrations of Listeria sp., Listeria monocytogenes and faecal indicators were monitored in five types of sludge from three sewage treatment plants in Angers (France) and its suburbs over a 1-year period. On the whole, bacteria were reduced in numbers through sludge treatments. Apart from liming, which leads to reduced levels of bacteria below detection limits, other sludge treatments did not eliminate Listeria sp. and faecal indicators. Listeria sp. and L. monocytogenes were found respectively in 87{\%} and 73{\%} of dewatered sludges and in 96{\%} and 80{\%} of sludges stored in tanks. Concentrations of L. monocytogenes, ranging from 0.15 to 20 MPN g-1 dry matter in dewatered sludge and from 1 to 240 MPN g-1 dry matter in sludge stored in tanks, did not show seasonal variations. Spreading of sanitised sludge onto agricultural land results in the addition of 106-108 L. monocytogenes per hectare per year, which may contribute to the increase in the dissemination of this pathogenic species in the environment. ?? 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Isolation, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria sp., purification, Sludge}, isbn = {0928-8244}, issn = {09288244}, doi = {10.1016/S0928-8244(02)00443-1}, author = {Garrec, N. and Picard-Bonnaud, F. and Pourcher, A. M.} } @article {7307, title = {Occurrence of viruses in {US} groundwaters}, journal = {Journal - American Water Works Association}, volume = {95}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {107{\textendash}120}, author = {Abbaszadegan, Morteza and LeChevallier, M. W. and Gerba, Charles} } @article {14432, title = {Occurrence of {Viruses} in {US} {Groundwaters}}, journal = {J. American Waterworks Association}, volume = {95}, year = {2003}, pages = {107{\textendash}120}, abstract = {In a study that may affect the upcoming Ground Water Rule, the authors of this article determined that because of the widespread occurrence of virus in groundwater, most well water supplies should be disinfected before distribution. Scientific data were needed to support the upcoming rule, and this study provides a snapshot of viral contamination of groundwater at the national level. This article looks at information regarding the occurrence of pathogens and microbial indicators in source waters and their relationships with different abiotic parameters such as water quality, geologic formation of groundwater sites, and other factors. Sites were selected based on their geological characteristics to match the national profile for groundwater sources. Two different microbial methods were used to detect viruses in groundwater sources, and during the study a new microbial detection methodology was field-tested. Results indicate that when a well tested positive once for any of the biological assays, it was likely to test positive in future samplings. This article also offers a strategy to predict the vulnerability of groundwater supplies to fecal contamination.}, author = {Abbaszadegan, M. and LeChevallier, M. and Gerba, C.} } @article {4198, title = {{Occurrence of Viruses in US Groundwaters (PDF)}}, journal = {Journal - American Water Works Association}, volume = {95}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, month = {sep}, pages = {107{\textendash}120}, publisher = {American Water Works Association}, keywords = {Contamination, Groundwater, Pathogens, Regulations, Viruses, Water quality, Well Water}, issn = {0003-150X}, url = {http://www.awwa.org/publications/journal-awwa/abstract/articleid/14889.aspx}, author = {Abbaszadegan, Morteza and LeChevallier, Mark and Gerba, Charles} } @mastersthesis {6377, title = {Oceanographic conditions around the {Galapagos} {Archipelago} and their influence on cetacean community structure}, year = {2003}, note = {3098435}, school = {Oregon State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The objectives of this dissertation were to describe the complex oceanographic conditions around the Gal{\'a}pagos Archipelago (eastern equatorial Pacific), their seasonal variability, and their effects on patterns of cetacean occurrence. The physical and ecological factors leading to a plume of high phytoplankton biomass in the wake of the Gal{\'a}pagos were investigated with principal component and regression analyses of water-column climatologies and satellite-derived ocean color. The results supported the notion that this "island-mass effect" is fueled by upwelling of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) combined with natural iron enrichment from the island platform. Seasonal variability in long-terra monthly fields of satellite-derived sea-surface temperature and ocean color was studied through harmonic analysis and empirical orthogonal function decomposition. Two annual cycles were identified in both variables. The intensification of the Equatorial Front and the South Equatorial Current in the second part of the year was the dominant signal in the data. A secondary cycle reaching its peak in the first part of the year was associated with the topographically induced upwelling of the EUC on the western side of the archipelago, and with advection of upwelled Panam{\'a} Bight water on the eastern side. The occurrence of nine cetacean species (including seven small and medium-sized delphinids, the sperm whale, and the Bryde{\textquoteright}s whale) in relation to environmental variability around the archipelago was described. Seasonally persistent sectors of the archipelago characterized by the presence of distinct species assemblages of stratified, upwelling, and nearshore environments were identified through cluster and indicator species analysis. The dominant pattern in species distribution, as extracted by a nonmetric multidimensional scaling procedure, was well correlated with the main environmental gradient (described by the degree of water-column stratification, chlorophyll- a concentration, and distance from the islands). The collective results of this study indicate that the ocean environment surrounding the Gal{\'a}pagos Archipelago is strongly influenced by equatorial flows. However, the archipelago also introduces a disturbance to these flows, creating localized and persistent conditions that favor the establishment of distinct biological communities around the islands.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0415:Oceanography, 0416:Oceanography, Biological sciences, Cetaceans, Earth sciences, Ecology, Equatorial Undercurrent, Galapagos Archipelago, Oceanography, Pacific Ocean, Phytoplankton}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305305149?accountid=14270}, author = {Palacios, Daniel Mauricio} } @article {11557, title = {{Ocular sparganosis: a case report}}, journal = {Journal of Travel Medicine}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {245{\textendash}246}, author = {Botterel, F and Bouree, P} } @article {10705, title = {{One-step immunochromatographic dipstick tests for rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in stool samples}}, journal = {Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {476{\textendash}478}, author = {Nato, F and Boutonnier, A and Rajerison, M and Grosjean, P and Dartevelle, S and Gu{\'e}nol{\'e}, A and Bhuiyan, NA and D A Sack and Nair, GB and Fournier, JM and Chanteau, S} } @article {4984, title = {{Opisthorchiasis control in Thailand}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {88}, year = {2003}, pages = {229{\textendash}232}, author = {Jongsuksuntigul, P and Imsomboon, T} } @mastersthesis {7122, title = {An optimization approach to hybrid power systems for remote area applications in {Egypt}}, year = {2003}, note = {0805129}, school = {Colorado School of Mines}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Egypt has embarked on an ambitious desert land reclamation program in order to increase total food production and increase food security. Energy planners for these desert agriculture locations have chosen diesel generation as the key stand-alone power supply technology for large-scale off-grid farms with the objective of minimization of the initial capital cost of a power supply systems. This heavy reliance on diesel generation has negative effects on the surrounding environment including soil, groundwater, and air pollution. Although good solar and wind resource prospects exist for the use of cleaner hybrid power systems in certain desert locations, little research has been done to investigate the economic potential of such systems in Egypt{\textquoteright}s desert agriculture sector. Using an optimization software, the economics of hybrid power systems versus the present diesel generation technology in a remote agricultural development area is assessed. The assessment includes derivation of a load demand profile for a 100 acres off-grid farm in East Owienat, and the design of a hybrid power system that aims at minimization of net present cost. New variables are taken into consideration for the design of an optimum hybrid system including wind resources, diesel fuel subsidy, load profile, and capital cost for renewable energy technologies. The carbon emission reduction advantages of using hybrid systems are also considered. Interestingly enough, optimization results show that hybrid systems offer less net present cost and levelized cost of energy than diesel generation from a net present cost perspective even with the high diesel fuel price subsidies. Operational advantages imbedded in hybrids contributed to its increased efficiency. Sensitivity analysis conducted on wind speed, diesel fuel price, water storage tank capacity, and market price of wind turbines all led to various policy recommendations. Lack of awareness among local energy planners regarding hybrids technology and economics are the key contributors to nonexistence of hybrids in desert agriculture in Egypt.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0539:Agricultural engineering, 0791:Energy, Agricultural engineering, Applied sciences, economics, Egypt, Energy, Hybrid power systems, Optimization, Power systems, Remote area, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305338791?accountid=14270}, author = {Kamel Mohamed, Sami Mostafa} } @article {13788, title = {Optimization of a reusable hollow-fiber ultrafilter for simultaneous concentration of enteric bacteria, protozoa, and viruses from water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, abstract = {The detection and identification of pathogens from water samples remain challenging due to variations in recovery rates and the cost of procedures. Ultrafiltration offers the possibility to concentrate viral, bacterial, and protozoan organisms in a single process by using size-exclusion-based filtration. In this study, two hollow-fiber ultrafilters with 50,000-molecular-weight cutoffs were evaluated to concentrate microorganisms from 2- and 10-liter water samples. When known quantities (105 to 106 CFU/liter) of two species of enteric bacteria were introduced and concentrated from 2 liters of sterile water, the addition of 0.1\% Tween 80 increased Escherichia coli strain K-12 recoveries from 70 to 84\% and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis recoveries from 36 to 72\%. An E. coli antibiotic-resistant strain, XL1-Blue, was recovered at a level (87\%) similar to that for strain K-12 (96\%) from 10 liters of sterile water. When E. coli XL1-Blue was introduced into 10 liters of nonsterile Rio Grande water with higher turbidity levels (23 to 29 nephelometric turbidity units) at two inoculum levels (9 {\texttimes} 105 and 2.4 {\texttimes} 103 per liter), the recovery efficiencies were 89 and 92\%, respectively. The simultaneous addition of E. coli XL1-Blue (9 {\texttimes} 105 CFU/liter), Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts (10 oocysts/liter), phage T1 (105 PFU/liter), and phage PP7 (105 PFU/liter) to 10 liters of Rio Grande surface water resulted in mean recoveries of 96, 54, 59, and 46\%, respectively. Using a variety of surface waters from around the United States, we obtained recovery efficiencies for bacteria and viruses that were similar to those observed with the Rio Grande samples, but recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts was decreased, averaging 32\% (the site of collection of these samples had previously been identified as problematic for oocyst recovery). Results indicate that the use of ultrafiltration for simultaneous recovery of bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens from variable surface waters is ready for field deployment.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.7.4098-4102.2003}, author = {Morales-Morales, H.A. and Vidal, G. and Olszewski, J. and Rock, C.M. and Dasgupta, D. and Oshima, K.H. and Smith, G.B.} } @article {7589, title = {{Optimization of a reusable hollow-fiber ultrafilter for simultaneous concentration of enteric bacteria, protozoa, and viruses from water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, pages = {4098-4102}, abstract = {

The detection and identification of pathogens from water samples remain challenging due to variations in recovery rates and the cost of procedures. Ultrafiltration offers the possibility to concentrate viral, bacterial, and protozoan organisms in a single process by using size-exclusion-based filtration. In this study, two hollow-fiber ultrafilters with 50,000-molecular-weight cutoffs were evaluated to concentrate microorganisms from 2- and 10-liter water samples. When known quantities (105 to 106 CFU/liter) of two species of enteric bacteria were introduced and concentrated from 2 liters of sterile water, the addition of 0.1{\%} Tween 80 increased Escherichia coli strain K-12 recoveries from 70 to 84{\%} and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis recoveries from 36 to 72{\%}. An E. coli antibiotic-resistant strain, XL1-Blue, was recovered at a level (87{\%}) similar to that for strain K-12 (96{\%}) from 10 liters of sterile water. When E. coli XL1-Blue was introduced into 10 liters of nonsterile Rio Grande water with higher turbidity levels (23 to 29 nephelometric turbidity units) at two inoculum levels (9 {\texttimes} 105 and 2.4 {\texttimes} 103 per liter), the recovery efficiencies were 89 and 92{\%}, respectively. The simultaneous addition of E. coli XL1-Blue (9 {\texttimes} 105 CFU/liter), Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts (10 oocysts/liter), phage T1 (105 PFU/liter), and phage PP7 (105 PFU/liter) to 10 liters of Rio Grande surface water resulted in mean recoveries of 96, 54, 59, and 46{\%}, respectively. Using a variety of surface waters from around the United States, we obtained recovery efficiencies for bacteria and viruses that were similar to those observed with the Rio Grande samples, but recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts was decreased, averaging 32{\%} (the site of collection of these samples had previously been identified as problematic for oocyst recovery). Results indicate that the use of ultrafiltration for simultaneous recovery of bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens from variable surface waters is ready for field deployment.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.7.4098-4102.2003}, author = {Morales-Morales, H.A. and Vidal, G. and Olszewski, J. and Rock, C.M. and Dasgupta, D. and Oshima, K.H. and Smith, G.B.} } @article {1730, title = {Optimization of a reusable hollow-fiber ultrafilter for simultaneous concentration of enteric bacteria, protozoa, and viruses from water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, note = {Morales-Morales, Hugo A Vidal, Guadalupe Olszewski, John Rock, Channah M Dasgupta, Debanjana Oshima, Kevin H Smith, Geoffrey B eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2003/07/04 05:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jul;69(7):4098-102.}, pages = {4098-102}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The detection and identification of pathogens from water samples remain challenging due to variations in recovery rates and the cost of procedures. Ultrafiltration offers the possibility to concentrate viral, bacterial, and protozoan organisms in a single process by using size-exclusion-based filtration. In this study, two hollow-fiber ultrafilters with 50,000-molecular-weight cutoffs were evaluated to concentrate microorganisms from 2- and 10-liter water samples. When known quantities (10(5) to 10(6) CFU/liter) of two species of enteric bacteria were introduced and concentrated from 2 liters of sterile water, the addition of 0.1\% Tween 80 increased Escherichia coli strain K-12 recoveries from 70 to 84\% and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis recoveries from 36 to 72\%. An E. coli antibiotic-resistant strain, XL1-Blue, was recovered at a level (87\%) similar to that for strain K-12 (96\%) from 10 liters of sterile water. When E. coli XL1-Blue was introduced into 10 liters of nonsterile Rio Grande water with higher turbidity levels (23 to 29 nephelometric turbidity units) at two inoculum levels (9 x 10(5) and 2.4 x 10(3) per liter), the recovery efficiencies were 89 and 92\%, respectively. The simultaneous addition of E. coli XL1-Blue (9 x 10(5) CFU/liter), Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts (10 oocysts/liter), phage T1 (10(5) PFU/liter), and phage PP7 (10(5) PFU/liter) to 10 liters of Rio Grande surface water resulted in mean recoveries of 96, 54, 59, and 46\%, respectively. Using a variety of surface waters from around the United States, we obtained recovery efficiencies for bacteria and viruses that were similar to those observed with the Rio Grande samples, but recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts was decreased, averaging 32\% (the site of collection of these samples had previously been identified as problematic for oocyst recovery). Results indicate that the use of ultrafiltration for simultaneous recovery of bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens from variable surface waters is ready for field deployment.}, keywords = {Animals Bacteriophages/*isolation \& purification Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification Escherichia coli/*isolation \& purification Fresh Water/*microbiology/*parasitology Micropore Filters Ultrafiltration/*instrumentation/methods Water Supply}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12839786}, author = {Morales-Morales, H. A. and Vidal, G. and Olszewski, J. and Rock, C. M. and Dasgupta, D. and Oshima, K. H. and Smith, G. B.} } @article {5666, title = {{An Outbreak of Hepatitis A Associated with Consumption of Raw Blueberries}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {131}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {745{\textendash}751}, author = {Calder, L and Simmons, G and Thornley, C and Taylor, P and Pritchard, K and Greening, G and Bishop, J} } @article {9306, title = {{Overdiagnosis of amoebiasis in the absence of Entamoeba histolytica among patients presenting with diarrhoea in Wonji and Akaki, Ethiopia}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {97}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {305{\textendash}307}, author = {Kebede, A and Verweij, J and Dorigo-Zetsma, W and Sanders, E and Messele, T and van Lieshout, L and Petros, B and Polderman, T} } @article {6061, title = {Overland flow transport of pathogens from agricultural land receiving faecal wastes}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {94}, number = {s1}, year = {2003}, pages = {87{\textendash}93}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Tyrrel, SF and Quinton, John N} } @article {4158, title = {{Ozonation of drinking water: part II. Disinfection and by-product formation in presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, year = {2003}, pages = {1469{\textendash}1487}, author = {von Gunten, U} } @article {11225, title = {{Parasite contamination (helminth eggs) in sludge treatment plants: Definition of a sampling strategy}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {206}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {117{\textendash}122}, doi = {10.1078/1438-4639-00197}, author = {Gaspard, Philippe G and Schwartzbrod, Janine} } @article {11274, title = {{Parasite contamination of liquid sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {155{\textendash}163}, author = {Schwartzbrod, J and Banas, S} } @article {5234, title = {{Parasite removal by natural wastewater treatment systems: performance of waste stabilisation ponds and constructed wetlands.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {97{\textendash}104}, abstract = {

Parasite removal and low cost systems for wastewater treatment have become increasingly important requirements in developed and developing countries to safeguard public health from wastewater-associated intestinal diseases. Pilot and field-scale ponds and wetlands in Brazil and Egypt have been investigated for the fate and removal of eggs of human intestinal parasites from domestic wastewater. In northeast Brazil, parasite removal was investigated for a series of five waste stabilisation ponds treating raw wastewater. In Egypt, parasite removal was studied for Gravel Bed Hydroponic constructed wetlands treating partially treated wastewater. Influents to ponds and wetlands contained a variety of parasite helminth eggs (e.g. Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris, and Hymenolepis spp.). The ponds consistently removed parasite eggs though rate of removal by individual ponds may have been related to influent egg numbers and extent of short-circuiting. Parasite eggs were reduced on average by 94{\%} and 99.9{\%} in the anaerobic and facultative ponds respectively. No eggs were found in effluent from the second maturation pond. In the wetland system, parasite removal varied with reedbed length. The majority of parasite eggs were retained within the first 25 m. Parasite eggs were reduced on average by 98{\%} after treatment in 50 m beds and completely removed after treatment in 100 m beds.

}, keywords = {2.5 removal, Animals, biodegradation, Brazil, Egypt, Environmental, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Helminths, Helminths: isolation {\&} purification, Helminths: pathogenicity, Ovum, Waste Disposal, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14510199}, author = {Stott, R and May, E and Mara, D D} } @article {1593, title = {Pathogenic human viruses in coastal waters}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, note = {Griffin, Dale W Donaldson, Kim A Paul, John H Rose, Joan B eng Review 2003/01/15 04:00 Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003 Jan;16(1):129-43.}, pages = {129-43}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This review addresses both historical and recent investigations into viral contamination of marine waters. With the relatively recent emergence of molecular biology-based assays, a number of investigations have shown that pathogenic viruses are prevalent in marine waters being impacted by sewage. Research has shown that this group of fecal-oral viral pathogens (enteroviruses, hepatitis A viruses, Norwalk viruses, reoviruses, adenoviruses, rotaviruses, etc.) can cause a broad range of asymptomatic to severe gastrointestinal, respiratory, and eye, nose, ear, and skin infections in people exposed through recreational use of the water. The viruses and the nucleic acid signature survive for an extended period in the marine environment. One of the primary concerns of public health officials is the relationship between the presence of pathogens and the recreational risk to human health in polluted marine environments. While a number of studies have attempted to address this issue, the relationship is still poorly understood. A contributing factor to our lack of progress in the field has been the lack of sensitive methods to detect the broad range of both bacterial and viral pathogens. The application of new and advanced molecular methods will continue to contribute to our current state of knowledge in this emerging and important field.}, keywords = {Humans Public Health *Recreation Virus Diseases/transmission Viruses/genetics/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity *Water Microbiology Water Pollutants/adverse effects}, issn = {0893-8512 (Print) 0893-8512 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12525429}, author = {Griffin, D. W. and Donaldson, K. A. and Paul, J. H. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {4733, title = {{PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in environmental waters without microscopic confirmation}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, year = {2003}, pages = {4662{\textendash}4669}, author = {Shields, JM and Olson, BH} } @article {17396, title = {Performance of temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD) system treating dairy cattle wastes}, journal = {Water ResearchWater researchWater Res}, volume = {37}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1628-1636}, keywords = {anaerobic, animal waste, batch reactor systems, biogas, Biosolids, class a, dairy cattle, digestion, hydraulic retention time, Manure, temperature phased, water}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Sung, S. W. and Santha, H.} } @article {10722, title = {{Persistence of adhesive properties in Vibrio cholerae after long term exposure to sea water}}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {850{\textendash}858}, author = {Pruzzo, C and Tarsi, R and Lle{\`o}, MM and Signoretto, C and Zampini, M and Pane, L and Colwell, RR and Canepari, P} } @article {17308, title = {Persistent efficacy of Vi conjugate vaccine against typhoid fever in young children}, journal = {N Engl J MedN Engl J Med}, volume = {349}, number = {14}, year = {2003}, month = {Oct 2}, pages = {1390-1}, edition = {2003/10/03}, keywords = {Antibodies, Bacterial/*blood, Child, Preschool, Humans, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Polysaccharides, Bacterial/*immunology, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Salmonella typhi/*immunology, Typhoid Fever/*immunology, Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/*immunology, Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology}, isbn = {1533-4406 (Electronic)
0028-4793 (Linking)}, author = {Mai, N. L. and Phan, V. B. and Vo, A. H. and Tran, C. T. and Lin, F. Y. and Bryla, D. A. and Chu, C. and Schiloach, J. and Robbins, J. B. and Schneerson, R. and Szu, S. C.} } @article {9951, title = {{Persistent gastroenteritis in children infected with astrovirus: Association with serotype-3 strains}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {245{\textendash}250}, abstract = {The relationship between cases of persistent diarrhoea and the levels and type of human astrovirus was investigated. The potential correlation between human astrovirus excretion levels and the occurrence of protracted gastroenteritis was elucidated after quantifying astroviruses in faecal samples by a competitive RT-PCR. This assay was developed employing an internal RNA standard constructed for this purpose and showed a threshold of positivity of 3.4 x 10(4) genomes per gram of faeces. By this procedure, the levels of astrovirus, belonging to serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8, in faecal samples could be ascertained to range from 3.4 x 10(8) to 1 x 10(13) per gram of faeces. The mean viral titre in the serotype 3-containing faeces was higher than in any of the other serotype-containing samples. In children with no background disease, persistent gastroenteritis cases were detected in 8.5{\%} of the astrovirus infections, and 37.5{\%} of those were associated with astrovirus type 3 infection. In addition, 42.9{\%} of astrovirus 3 isolates were implicated with persistent cases, some of them lasting for 3 months. Other type 3 isolates, detected in the faeces in very large numbers, caused severe gastroenteritis.}, keywords = {Competitive RT-PCR, epidemiology, Quantification, Stool}, isbn = {0146-6615 (Print)$\backslash$r0146-6615 (Linking)}, issn = {01466615}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.10476}, author = {Caballero, Santiago and Guix, Susana and Waled M El-Senousy and Calic{\'o}, Ignasi and Rosa M Pinto and Bosch, Albert} } @article {1533, title = {Polio eradication: the OPV paradox}, journal = {Rev Med Virol}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, note = {Dowdle, Walter R De Gourville, Esther Kew, Olen M Pallansch, Mark A Wood, David J Review England Reviews in medical virology Rev Med Virol. 2003 Sep-Oct;13(5):277-91.}, pages = {277-91}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Routine and mass administration of oral polio vaccine (OPV) since 1961 has prevented many millions of cases of paralytic poliomyelitis. The public health value of this inexpensive and easily administered product has been extraordinary. Progress of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has further defined the value of OPV as well as its risk through vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV). Although both are rare, once wild poliovirus transmission has been interrupted by OPV, the only poliomyelitis due to poliovirus will be caused by OPV. Poliovirus will be eradicated only when OPV use is discontinued. This paradox provides a major incentive for eventually stopping polio immunization or replacing OPV, but it also introduces complexity into the process of identifying safe and scientifically sound strategies for doing so. The core post eradication immunization issues include the risk/benefits of continued OPV use, the extent of OPV replacement with IPV, possible strategies for discontinuing OPV, and the potential for development and licensure of a safe and effective replacement for OPV. Formulation of an informed post eradication immunization policy requires careful evaluation of polio epidemiology, surveillance capability, vaccine availability, laboratory containment, and the risks posed by the very tool responsible for successful interruption of wild poliovirus transmission.}, keywords = {Health Policy Humans *Immunization Programs Poliomyelitis/*prevention \& control Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects/immunology Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects/immunology}, issn = {1052-9276 (Print) 1052-9276 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.401}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12931339}, author = {Dowdle, W. R. and de Gourville, E. and Kew, O. M. and M A Pallansch and Wood, D. J.} } @article {14561, title = {Polio eradication: the {OPV} paradox}, journal = {Rev Med Virol}, volume = {13}, year = {2003}, month = {oct}, pages = {277{\textendash}91}, abstract = {Routine and mass administration of oral polio vaccine (OPV) since 1961 has prevented many millions of cases of paralytic poliomyelitis. The public health value of this inexpensive and easily administered product has been extraordinary. Progress of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has further defined the value of OPV as well as its risk through vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV). Although both are rare, once wild poliovirus transmission has been interrupted by OPV, the only poliomyelitis due to poliovirus will be caused by OPV. Poliovirus will be eradicated only when OPV use is discontinued. This paradox provides a major incentive for eventually stopping polio immunization or replacing OPV, but it also introduces complexity into the process of identifying safe and scientifically sound strategies for doing so. The core post eradication immunization issues include the risk/benefits of continued OPV use, the extent of OPV replacement with IPV, possible strategies for discontinuing OPV, and the potential for development and licensure of a safe and effective replacement for OPV. Formulation of an informed post eradication immunization policy requires careful evaluation of polio epidemiology, surveillance capability, vaccine availability, laboratory containment, and the risks posed by the very tool responsible for successful interruption of wild poliovirus transmission.}, keywords = {*Immunization Programs, effects/immunology, Health Policy, Humans, Inactivated/*administration \& dosage/adverse, Oral/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects/immunology, Poliomyelitis/*prevention \& control, Poliovirus Vaccine}, issn = {1052-9276 (Print) 1052-9276 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.401}, author = {Dowdle, W. R. and de Gourville, E. and Kew, O. M. and M A Pallansch and Wood, D. J.} } @article {14923, title = {Polio eradication: the {OPV} paradox}, journal = {Rev Med Virol}, volume = {13}, year = {2003}, month = {oct}, pages = {277{\textendash}91}, abstract = {Routine and mass administration of oral polio vaccine (OPV) since 1961 has prevented many millions of cases of paralytic poliomyelitis. The public health value of this inexpensive and easily administered product has been extraordinary. Progress of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has further defined the value of OPV as well as its risk through vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV). Although both are rare, once wild poliovirus transmission has been interrupted by OPV, the only poliomyelitis due to poliovirus will be caused by OPV. Poliovirus will be eradicated only when OPV use is discontinued. This paradox provides a major incentive for eventually stopping polio immunization or replacing OPV, but it also introduces complexity into the process of identifying safe and scientifically sound strategies for doing so. The core post eradication immunization issues include the risk/benefits of continued OPV use, the extent of OPV replacement with IPV, possible strategies for discontinuing OPV, and the potential for development and licensure of a safe and effective replacement for OPV. Formulation of an informed post eradication immunization policy requires careful evaluation of polio epidemiology, surveillance capability, vaccine availability, laboratory containment, and the risks posed by the very tool responsible for successful interruption of wild poliovirus transmission.}, keywords = {*Immunization Programs, effects/immunology, Health Policy, Humans, Inactivated/*administration \& dosage/adverse, Oral/*administration \& dosage/adverse effects/immunology, Poliomyelitis/*prevention \& control, Poliovirus Vaccine}, issn = {1052-9276 (Print) 1052-9276 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.401}, author = {Dowdle, W. R. and de Gourville, E. and Kew, O. M. and M A Pallansch and Wood, D. J.} } @article {11429, title = {Porcine cysticercosis in village pigs of North-West Cameroon}, journal = {J Helminthol}, volume = {77}, year = {2003}, pages = {351-354}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0022-149X}, author = {Shey-Njila, O and Zoli, PA and Awah-Ndukum, J and Assana, E and Byambas, P and Dorny, Pierre and Brandt, J and Geerts, S} } @article {17416, title = {The potential for disinfection of separated faecal matter by urea and by peracetic acid for hygienic nutrient recycling}, journal = {Bioresource TechnologyBioresource Technology}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {Sep}, pages = {155-161}, keywords = {Agriculture, Ammonia, bacteria, Contamination, Disinfection, effluent, Faeces, human urine, Nutrient recycling, Peracetic acid, reuse, sanitation, Sewage, Urea, Virus Inactivation, waste-water}, isbn = {0960-8524}, author = {Vinneras, B. and Holmqvist, A. and Bagge, E. and Albihn, A. and Jonsson, H.} } @article {8776, title = {{The potential for disinfection of separated faecal matter by urea and by peracetic acid for hygienic nutrient recycling}}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {155{\textendash}161}, author = {Bj{\"o}rn Vinneraas and Holmqvist, A. and Bagge, E. and Albihn, Ann and Haakan J{\"o}nsson} } @article {8826, title = {The potential for disinfection of separated faecal matter by urea and by peracetic acid for hygienic nutrient recycling}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {89}, year = {2003}, pages = {155{\textendash}161}, author = {Vinneraas, B. and Holmqvist, A and Bagge, E and Albihn, A and J{\"o}nsson, H} } @mastersthesis {6345, title = {Power and control in {Imperial} {Valley}, {California}: {Nature}, agribusiness, labor and race relations, 1900{\textendash}1940}, year = {2003}, note = {3112351}, school = {The University of New Mexico}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation explores interrelationships of power in Imperial County, California, a desert agricultural community on the U.S.-Mexico border, from 1900 to 1940. It examines how power was used to engineer and exploit the environment, establish agribusiness, and shape and control a multiracial labor force and society. Promoters of the Colorado Desert selected the term "Imperial" to reflect a desire to tame, manipulate, and monitor desert "wilderness," river "wildwater," and racial "wildness." Homesteading of 450,000 acres began in 1900 when the Colorado River was diverted from Baja California, Mexico. Colonizers sought to dominate the environment to minimize floods, droughts, crop infestations and market fluctuations. White landowners believed that the government owed them assistance and subsidies for "conquering" the river and desert. The government built levees in Mexico, Imperial Dam, the All-American Canal, and provided research, marketing, and subsidies. Control over water and land formed the basis of commercial agriculture and allowed growers to use the state to procure inexpensive, plentiful, immigrant labor of color and to smash field strikes. Building on ideologies of racial and cultural supremacy, white middle-class leaders smothered social dissent and attempted to shape social and gender relations by establishing a society predicated on white supremacy, segregation, and middle-class morality. The Mexican Revolution, which sparked banditry and smuggling, radicalized Mexican immigrants, and reinforced employers{\textquoteright} desires for social control. Whites began patrolling the border, resisting field labor unionizing, and deporting radicals. People of color and white allies defied proscribed and prescribed codes of behavior by forming interracial workplace and social friendships, and engaging in sexual relations. Intermarriages in Imperial County rose from seventy-three (3 percent) from 1903 to 1919 to 608 (10 percent) from 1920 to 1939. Mexican-white couples were the overwhelming majority of intermarriages because Mexicans were racially "Caucasian," yet were deemed socially people of color. This dissertation, which is the only study that examines a California-Mexico border agricultural community over an extended period of time, demonstrates how power shaped the environment, built an agribusiness economy, and established a racialized, hierarchical labor and social structure.}, keywords = {0337:American history, Agribusiness, American history, California, Imperial Valley, Labor, Nature, Race relations, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305312112?accountid=14270}, author = {Andres, Jr, Benny Joseph} } @article {10947, title = {Precision and accuracy of an assay for detecting {Ascaris} eggs in various biosolid matrices}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, month = {may}, pages = {2063{\textendash}2072}, keywords = {Accuracy, Biosolids, Efficiency, Eggs, Ova, Precision, Sludge}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00597-3}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135402005973}, author = {Bowman, Dwight D and Little, M.Dale and Reimers, Robert S} } @article {15111, title = {Precision and accuracy of an assay for detecting {Ascaris} eggs in various biosolid matrices}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, year = {2003}, pages = {2063{\textendash}2072}, author = {Bowman, D. D. and Little, M. D. and Reimers, R. S.} } @article {15921, title = {Predation of Cryptosporidium oocysts by protozoa and rotifers: implications for water quality and public health}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {77-83}, edition = {2003/03/18}, keywords = {*Cryptosporidium, *Eukaryota, *Predatory Behavior, *Rotifera, *Water Microbiology, *Water Purification, *Water Supply, Animals, Ecosystem, Humans, Oocysts, Population Dynamics, Public health, Quality Control, Risk Assessment}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223}, author = {Stott, R. and May, E. and Ramirez, E. and Warren, a.} } @article {10684, title = {{Predictability of Vibrio cholerae in Chesapeake Bay}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {2773{\textendash}2785}, author = {Louis, VR and Russek-Cohen, E and Choopun, N and Rivera, IN and Gangle, B and Jiang, SC and Rubin, I and Patz, A and Huq, A and Colwell, RR} } @article {17310, title = {Predicting thermal inactivation in media of different pH of Salmonella grown at different temperatures}, journal = {International Journal of Food MicrobiologyInternational journal of food microbiologyInt J Food Microbiol}, volume = {87}, number = {1-2}, year = {2003}, month = {Oct 15}, pages = {45-53}, keywords = {acid, egg, enteritidis, escherichia-coli o157-h7, growth temperature, Heat inactivation, heat-resistance, incubation-temperature, Milk, pH, salmonellae, spores, typhimurium}, isbn = {0168-1605}, author = {Manas, P. and Pagan, R. and Raso, J. and Condon, S.} } @article {9087, title = {{Predictive thermal inactivation model for effects of temperature, sodium lactate, NaCl, and sodium pyrophosphate on Salmonella serotypes in ground beef}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {5138{\textendash}5156}, abstract = {Analyses of survival data of a mixture of Salmonella spp. at fixed temperatures between 55 degrees C (131 degrees F) and 71.1 degrees C (160 degrees F) in ground beef matrices containing concentrations of salt between 0 and 4.5{\%}, concentrations of sodium pyrophosphate (SPP) between 0 and 0.5{\%}, and concentrations of sodium lactate (NaL) between 0 and 4.5{\%} indicated that heat resistance of Salmonella increases with increasing levels of SPP and salt, except that, for salt, for larger lethalities close to 6.5, the effect of salt was evident only at low temperatures ({\textless}64 degrees C). NaL did not seem to affect the heat resistance of Salmonella as much as the effects induced by the other variables studied. An omnibus model for predicting the lethality for given times and temperatures for ground beef matrices within the range studied was developed that reflects the convex survival curves that were observed. However, the standard errors of the predicted lethalities from this models are large, so consequently, a model, specific for predicting the times needed to obtained a lethality of 6.5 log(10), was developed, using estimated results of times derived from the individual survival curves. For the latter model, the coefficient of variation (CV) of predicted times range from about 6 to 25{\%}. For example, at 60 degrees C, when increasing the concentration of salt from 0 to 4.5{\%}, and assuming that the concentration of SPP is 0{\%}, the time to reach a 6.5-log(10) relative reduction is predicted to increase from 20 min (CV = 11{\%}) to 48 min (CV = 15{\%}), a 2.4 factor (CV = 19{\%}). At 71.1 degrees C (160 degrees F) the model predicts that more than 0.5 min is needed to achieve a 6.5-log(10) relative reduction.}, author = {Juneja, Vijay K. and Marks, Harry M. and Mohr, Tim} } @article {3014, title = {Predictive values and quality control of techniques for the diagnosis of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in definitive hosts}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {85}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {feb}, pages = {157{\textendash}163}, abstract = {By the end of the 1980s the only reliable technique for diagnosing the intestinal Echinococcus multilocularis infection of definitive hosts was parasite detection at necropsy. Currently, several techniques for the post mortem and in vivo diagnosis are available, including classical and modern methods. The sedimentation and counting technique (SCT) is used for the exact determination of the worm burden in the intestine after necropsy. The SCT has high sensitivity and specificity values (both close to 100\%) and can be regarded as {\textquoteright}gold standard{\textquoteright}. The principle of the intestinal scraping technique (IST) is the stereomicroscopic examination of at least 15 intestinal thick smears. This technique has a sensitivity of 78\% and a specificity approximating 100\%. In recent years, the IST has been successfully used in large post mortem surveys of foxes for E. multilocularis. The newer techniques for detecting coproantigens by ELISA (CA-ELISA) exhibit rather high sensitivities between 84 and 95\%, combined with very high specificities of {\textbackslash}textgreater96\%, the latter regarding non-Echinococcus cestodes and other parasites. However, cross-reactivity may occur with E. granulosus. Copro-DNA detection by PCR is also highly sensitive (89-94\%) and specific (100\%). With the SCT, IST and Copro-PCR one person can only examine about 10-20 animals per day, whereas the CA-ELISA allows the examination of 200 samples. Therefore, the latter test is suited for mass-screening of definitive host populations. Both the CA-ELISA and the Copro-PCR allow the examination of materials from dead and living animals, including faecal samples collected in the field. Quite often diagnostic techniques have been used without adequate quality control and proper definition of their performance characteristics, including diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and some other parameters. Examples are presented with the aim to demonstrate the need and the value of calculating the predictive values for assays used to diagnose the E. multilocularis infection in individual animals and in definitive host populations.}, keywords = {Animals, Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Foxes, Host-Parasite Interactions, Intestines, Predictive Value of Tests, Quality Control}, issn = {0001-706X}, author = {Eckert, J.} } @article {10957, title = {Preliminary testing of a rapid coupled methodology for quantitation/viability determination of helminth eggs in raw and treated wastewater}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, month = {mar}, pages = {1278{\textendash}1287}, abstract = {The use of raw and treated wastewater for irrigation of crops is a common practice in Mexico. In force since January 1997, the Water Quality Norms for helminth ova refer only to the number of eggs that can be present in the irrigation water, and ignore the assessment of viability because the conventional techniques are not suitable for routine application. However, since viability is of prime importance in the epidemiology of parasitic infections, work was done for the development of a rapid and reliable method to detect a metabolic activity or a physiological characteristic related to viability. As a result, a vital staining procedure was developed and validated, and it was coupled with two rapid quantitative procedures previously assessed, therefore, permitting the determination of the total number of helminth eggs and, simultaneously, the viable and non-viable fraction. The average recovering efficiency of the rapid quantitative methods is 54\% for raw wastewater and 77\% for treated wastewater; the staining technique for viability is equally reliable (within the 95\% confidence limits) as the conventional in vitro procedure; the overall test takes from 4 to6h to be completed when processing up to four samples at the same time, and the cost per sample (for unrecoverable materials) ranges from US\$2.50 to \$4.00.}, keywords = {Helminth eggs, Irrigation waters, Quantitative analysis, viability, Vital staining}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00477-3}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135402004773}, author = {de Victorica, Jorge and Galv{\'a}n, Matilde} } @article {4887, title = {{Prevalence and pathogenic role of Cyclospora cayetanensis in a Venezuelan community}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {68}, year = {2003}, pages = {304{\textendash}306}, author = {Chacin-Bonilla, L and De, Mejia and Young, M and Estevez, J} } @article {14094, title = {Prevalence of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 and {Salmonella} spp. in surface waters of southern {Alberta} and its relation to manure sources}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {326{\textendash}335}, abstract = {The Oldman River watershed in southern Alberta, Canada, is an extensively irrigated region in which intensive agricultural practices have flourished. Concern over water quality in the basin has been expressed because of high levels of enteric disease indigenous to the region. To address these concerns, we conducted a 2-year study to estimate the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in surface water within the basin. This study is the first of its kind to identify E. coli O157:H7 repeatedly in surface water collected from a Canadian watershed. Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in water samples was 0.9\% (n = 1,483) and 6.2\% (n = 1,429), respectively. While data examined at a regional level show a relationship between high livestock density and high pathogen levels in southern Alberta, statistical analysis of point source data indicates that predicted manure output from bovine, swine, and poultry feeding operations was not directly associated with either Salmonella spp. or E. coli O157:H7 prevalence. However, geography and weather variables, which are likely to influence bacterial runoff, were not considered in this model. We also postulate that variations in time, amount, and frequency of manure application onto agricultural lands may have influenced levels of surface-water contamination with these bacterial pathogens.}, doi = {10.1139/w03-046 w03-046 [pii]}, author = {Johnson, J Y and Thomas, J E and Graham, T A and Townshend, I and Byrne, J and Selinger, L B and Gannon, V P} } @article {2303, title = {{Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in surface waters of southern Alberta and its relation to manure sources}}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {326{\textendash}335}, edition = {2003/08/05}, abstract = {The Oldman River watershed in southern Alberta, Canada, is an extensively irrigated region in which intensive agricultural practices have flourished. Concern over water quality in the basin has been expressed because of high levels of enteric disease indigenous to the region. To address these concerns, we conducted a 2-year study to estimate the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in surface water within the basin. This study is the first of its kind to identify E. coli O157:H7 repeatedly in surface water collected from a Canadian watershed. Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in water samples was 0.9\% (n = 1,483) and 6.2\% (n = 1,429), respectively. While data examined at a regional level show a relationship between high livestock density and high pathogen levels in southern Alberta, statistical analysis of point source data indicates that predicted manure output from bovine, swine, and poultry feeding operations was not directly associated with either Salmonella spp. or E. coli O157:H7 prevalence. However, geography and weather variables, which are likely to influence bacterial runoff, were not considered in this model. We also postulate that variations in time, amount, and frequency of manure application onto agricultural lands may have influenced levels of surface-water contamination with these bacterial pathogens.}, isbn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1139/w03-046 w03-046 [pii]}, author = {Johnson, J Y and Thomas, J E and Graham, T A and Townshend, I and Byrne, J and Selinger, L B and Gannon, V P} } @article {8049, title = {{Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in surface waters of southern Alberta and its relation to manure sources}}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {326{\textendash}335}, edition = {2003/08/05}, abstract = {The Oldman River watershed in southern Alberta, Canada, is an extensively irrigated region in which intensive agricultural practices have flourished. Concern over water quality in the basin has been expressed because of high levels of enteric disease indigenous to the region. To address these concerns, we conducted a 2-year study to estimate the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in surface water within the basin. This study is the first of its kind to identify E. coli O157:H7 repeatedly in surface water collected from a Canadian watershed. Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in water samples was 0.9{\%} (n = 1,483) and 6.2{\%} (n = 1,429), respectively. While data examined at a regional level show a relationship between high livestock density and high pathogen levels in southern Alberta, statistical analysis of point source data indicates that predicted manure output from bovine, swine, and poultry feeding operations was not directly associated with either Salmonella spp. or E. coli O157:H7 prevalence. However, geography and weather variables, which are likely to influence bacterial runoff, were not considered in this model. We also postulate that variations in time, amount, and frequency of manure application onto agricultural lands may have influenced levels of surface-water contamination with these bacterial pathogens.}, isbn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1139/w03-046 w03-046 [pii]}, author = {Johnson, J Y and Thomas, J E and Graham, T A and Townshend, I and Byrne, J and Selinger, L B and Gannon, V P} } @article {703, title = {Prevalence of IgG antibodies specific to Toxoplasma gondii among blood donors in Recife, Northeast Brazil}, journal = {Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S{\~a}o Paulo}, volume = {45}, year = {2003}, pages = {229{\textendash}231}, author = {Co{\^e}lho, Raquel AL and Kobayashi, Masashi and Carvalho Jr, Luiz B} } @article {9255, title = {{Prevalence of microsporidia and other intestinal parasites in patients with HIV infection, Bogota, 2001}}, journal = {Biomedica}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {274{\textendash}282}, author = {Florez, AC and Garcia, DA and Moncada, L and Beltran, M} } @article {13645, title = {Prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli in a swine breeding environment in Can Tho province, Vietnam}, journal = {Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {59-63}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0021-3551}, author = {Kobayashi, H and Khai, LTL and Phan, TT and Yamasaki, S and Taniguchi, T} } @article {7216, title = {Prevalence of \textit{{Escherichia} coli} {O}157:{H}7 and \textit{{Salmonella}} spp. in surface waters of southern {Alberta} and its relation to manure sources}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, month = {may}, pages = {326{\textendash}335}, issn = {0008-4166, 1480-3275}, doi = {10.1139/w03-046}, url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/w03-046}, author = {Johnson, J Ym and Thomas, J E and Graham, T A and Townshend, I and Byrne, J and Selinger, L B and Gannon, V Pj} } @article {11191, title = {Prevalence of Toxocara infection in schoolchildren from the Butant{\~a} region, S{\~a}o Paulo, Brazil}, journal = {Memοrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {98}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {593{\textendash}597}, doi = {10.1590/s0074-02762003000500002}, author = {Alderete, Jussara M S and Jacob, Cristina M A and Pastorino, Antonio C and Elefant, Guita R and Castro, Ana P M and Fomin, Angela B F and Chieffi, Pedro P} } @article {1544, title = {Prolonged detection of indigenous wild polioviruses in sewage from communities in Egypt}, journal = {Am J Epidemiol}, volume = {158}, number = {8}, year = {2003}, note = {0002-9262 Journal Article}, pages = {807-15}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Environmental surveillance for polioviruses has been implemented in Egypt. This paper reports on a study in which 130 sewage samples were collected between January 2001 and December 2001 from eight provinces of Egypt. Samples were analyzed by virus isolation in L20B and RD cell cultures, and wild polioviruses were characterized by sequencing of the VP1 protein coding region. Wild type 1 polioviruses were detected in 57\% of the sewage samples and 91\% of the study sites, only two of which reported paralytic poliomyelitis cases in 2001. Three genetic lineages of a single indigenous type 1 poliovirus genotype were detectable in sewage, and only one lineage was also detected through surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis. Wild polioviruses persisted in the environment despite implementation of oral poliovirus vaccine immunization campaigns. Continued analysis of sewage samples, critical evaluation of immunization coverage, and performance of surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis are proposed as follow-up activities.}, keywords = {Adolescent Child Egypt/epidemiology *Environmental Microbiology Humans Poliomyelitis/epidemiology Polioviruses/classification/*isolation \& purification Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sewage/*virology *Water Microbiology}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=14561671}, author = {El Bassioni, L. and Barakat, I. and Nasr, E. and de Gourville, E. M. and Hovi, T. and Blomqvist, S. and Burns, C. and Stenvik, M. and Gary, H. and Kew, O. M. and M A Pallansch and Wahdan, M. H.} } @article {14578, title = {Prolonged detection of indigenous wild polioviruses in sewage from communities in {Egypt}}, journal = {Am J Epidemiol}, volume = {158}, year = {2003}, month = {oct}, pages = {807{\textendash}15}, abstract = {Environmental surveillance for polioviruses has been implemented in Egypt. This paper reports on a study in which 130 sewage samples were collected between January 2001 and December 2001 from eight provinces of Egypt. Samples were analyzed by virus isolation in L20B and RD cell cultures, and wild polioviruses were characterized by sequencing of the VP1 protein coding region. Wild type 1 polioviruses were detected in 57\% of the sewage samples and 91\% of the study sites, only two of which reported paralytic poliomyelitis cases in 2001. Three genetic lineages of a single indigenous type 1 poliovirus genotype were detectable in sewage, and only one lineage was also detected through surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis. Wild polioviruses persisted in the environment despite implementation of oral poliovirus vaccine immunization campaigns. Continued analysis of sewage samples, critical evaluation of immunization coverage, and performance of surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis are proposed as follow-up activities.}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, *Water Microbiology, Adolescent, Child, Egypt/epidemiology, Humans, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Poliomyelitis/epidemiology, Polioviruses/classification/*isolation \& purification, Research Support, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage/*virology}, author = {El Bassioni, L. and Barakat, I. and Nasr, E. and de Gourville, E. M. and Hovi, T. and Blomqvist, S. and Burns, C. and Stenvik, M. and Gary, H. and Kew, O. M. and M A Pallansch and Wahdan, M. H.} } @article {14930, title = {Prolonged detection of indigenous wild polioviruses in sewage from communities in {Egypt}}, journal = {Am J Epidemiol}, volume = {158}, year = {2003}, month = {oct}, pages = {807{\textendash}15}, abstract = {Environmental surveillance for polioviruses has been implemented in Egypt. This paper reports on a study in which 130 sewage samples were collected between January 2001 and December 2001 from eight provinces of Egypt. Samples were analyzed by virus isolation in L20B and RD cell cultures, and wild polioviruses were characterized by sequencing of the VP1 protein coding region. Wild type 1 polioviruses were detected in 57\% of the sewage samples and 91\% of the study sites, only two of which reported paralytic poliomyelitis cases in 2001. Three genetic lineages of a single indigenous type 1 poliovirus genotype were detectable in sewage, and only one lineage was also detected through surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis. Wild polioviruses persisted in the environment despite implementation of oral poliovirus vaccine immunization campaigns. Continued analysis of sewage samples, critical evaluation of immunization coverage, and performance of surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis are proposed as follow-up activities.}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, *Water Microbiology, Adolescent, Child, Egypt/epidemiology, Humans, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Poliomyelitis/epidemiology, Polioviruses/classification/*isolation \& purification, Research Support, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage/*virology}, author = {El Bassioni, L. and Barakat, I. and Nasr, E. and de Gourville, E. M. and Hovi, T. and Blomqvist, S. and Burns, C. and Stenvik, M. and Gary, H. and Kew, O. M. and M A Pallansch and Wahdan, M. H.} } @article {1975, title = {Pulmonary Balantidium coli infection in a leukemic patient}, journal = {American Journal of Hematology}, volume = {73}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {2003/06/20}, pages = {180-183}, isbn = {0361-8609
1096-8652}, author = {Anargyrou, K and Petrikkos, GL and Suller, MTE and Skiada, A and Siakantaris, MP and Osuntoyinbo, RT and Pangalis, G and Vaiopoulos, G} } @article {1676, title = {Pyrimidine dimer formation and oxidative damage in M13 bacteriophage inactivation by ultraviolet C irradiation}, journal = {Photochemistry and Photobiology}, volume = {78}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, note = {Kurosaki, Yohei Abe, Hideki Morioka, Hiroshi Hirayama, Junichi Ikebuchi, Kenji Kamo, Naoki Nikaido, Osamu Azuma, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hisami eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2003/11/25 05:00 Photochem Photobiol. 2003 Oct;78(4):349-54.}, pages = {349-54}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The mechanism by which UV-C irradiation inactivates M13 bacteriophage was studied by analyzing the M13 genome using agarose gel electrophoresis and South-Western blotting for pyrimidine dimers. The involvement of singlet oxygen (1O2) was also investigated using azide and deuterium oxide and under deoxygenated conditions. With a decrease in M13 infectivity on irradiation, single-stranded circular genomic DNA (sc-DNA) was converted to Form I and Form II, which had an electrophoretic mobility between that of sc-DNA and linear-form DNA. However, the amount of sc-DNA remaining was not correlated with the survival of M13. The formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts ((6-4)PP) increased as a function of irradiation dose. The decrease in M13 infectivity was highly correlated with the increase in CPD and (6-4)PP, whereas no change was seen in M13 coat protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2{\textquoteright}-deoxyguanosine did not form in the M13 genome after UV-C irradiation. Inactivation of M13 was neither enhanced by deuterium oxide nor inhibited by azide. Deoxygenation of the M13 suspension did not affect the inactivation, indicating that 1O2 did not participate in the inactivation of M13 by UV-C irradiation under these conditions. These results indicated that UV-C irradiation induced not only CPD and (6-4)PP formation but also additional tertiary structural change in DNA inside the M13 virions, resulting in primary damage and a loss of infectivity. The indirect effect of UV-C irradiation such as 1O2 production followed by oxidative damage to nucleic acids and proteins might have contributed less, if at all, to the inactivation of M13 than the direct effect of UV-C.}, keywords = {Bacteriophage M13/genetics/*radiation effects *Oxidative Stress Pyrimidine Dimers/*biosynthesis *Ultraviolet Rays}, issn = {0031-8655 (Print) 0031-8655 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14626662}, author = {Kurosaki, Y. and Abe, H. and Morioka, H. and Hirayama, J. and Ikebuchi, K. and Kamo, N. and Nikaido, O. and Azuma, H. and Ikeda, H.} } @article {13614, title = {Quantifying public health risk in the WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality: a burden of disease approach}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM}, author = {A H Havelaar and Melse, JM} } @article {15164, title = {Quantifying public health risk in the {WHO} guidelines for drinking-water quality: a burden of disease approach}, year = {2003}, author = {A H Havelaar and Melse, JM} } @article {14773, title = {Rapid and quantitative detection of human adenovirus {DNA} by real-time {PCR}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Rapid diagnosis of human adenovirus (HAdV) infections was achieved by PCR in the recent years. However, conventional PCR has the risk of carry-over contamination due to open handling with its products, and results are only qualitative. Therefore, a quantitative "real-time" PCR with consensus primer and probe (dual fluorescence labelled, "TaqMan") sequences for a conserved region of the hexon gene was designed and evaluated. Real-time PCR detected all 51 HAdV prototypes. Sensitivity of the assay was <=15 copies/run and the linear range of quantitation 1.5 {\texttimes} 101 to 1.5 {\texttimes} 108 copies/run. TaqMan PCR gave identical results compared to an established conventional one-step PCR protocol in 218 (38 positive and 180 negative) of 234 clinical samples including blood, serum, eye swabs, and feces, and had divergent results in 16 samples (15 positive only in TaqMan PCR, all with low copy numbers, and one positive only in conventional PCR), indicating a higher sensitivity of TaqMan PCR. Adenovirus viremia was detected by TaqMan PCR in 4 of 27 (14.8\%)(14,8\%) paediatric and 8 of 93 (8.6\%) adult stem cell transplant recipients but only in 5 of 306 healthy controls (blood donors, 1.6\%). Virus loads of pediatric patients (median 1.7 {\texttimes} 105) were significantly higher than in adult patients (median 2.3 {\texttimes} 103) and than in controls (all samples <=1.7 {\texttimes} 103 copies/ml). A few immunosuppressed children had very high virus loads (up to 1.1 {\texttimes} 1010 copies/ml), which were associated with symptoms of disseminated disease. In conclusion, real-time PCR is a sensitive and quantitative procedure for the detection of adenovirus infections. {\textcopyright} 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.10382}, author = {Heim, A. and Ebnet, C. and Harste, G. and Pring-\textbackslashtextbackslashAAkerblom, P.} } @article {7556, title = {{Rapid and quantitative detection of human adenovirus DNA by real-time PCR}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {228-239}, abstract = {

Rapid diagnosis of human adenovirus (HAdV) infections was achieved by PCR in the recent years. However, conventional PCR has the risk of carry-over contamination due to open handling with its products, and results are only qualitative. Therefore, a quantitative \"real-time\" PCR with consensus primer and probe (dual fluorescence labelled, \"TaqMan\") sequences for a conserved region of the hexon gene was designed and evaluated. Real-time PCR detected all 51 HAdV prototypes. Sensitivity of the assay was \≤15 copies/run and the linear range of quantitation 1.5 \× 101 to 1.5 \× 108 copies/run. TaqMan PCR gave identical results compared to an established conventional one-step PCR protocol in 218 (38 positive and 180 negative) of 234 clinical samples including blood, serum, eye swabs, and feces, and had divergent results in 16 samples (15 positive only in TaqMan PCR, all with low copy numbers, and one positive only in conventional PCR), indicating a higher sensitivity of TaqMan PCR. Adenovirus viremia was detected by TaqMan PCR in 4 of 27 (14.8{\%})(14,8{\%}) paediatric and 8 of 93 (8.6{\%}) adult stem cell transplant recipients but only in 5 of 306 healthy controls (blood donors, 1.6{\%}). Virus loads of pediatric patients (median 1.7 \× 105) were significantly higher than in adult patients (median 2.3 \× 103) and than in controls (all samples \≤1.7 \× 103 copies/ml). A few immunosuppressed children had very high virus loads (up to 1.1 \× 1010 copies/ml), which were associated with symptoms of disseminated disease. In conclusion, real-time PCR is a sensitive and quantitative procedure for the detection of adenovirus infections. \© 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.10382}, author = {Heim, A. and Ebnet, C. and Harste, G. and Pring-Akerblom, P.} } @article {13756, title = {Rapid and quantitative detection of human adenovirus {DNA} by real-time {PCR}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Rapid diagnosis of human adenovirus (HAdV) infections was achieved by PCR in the recent years. However, conventional PCR has the risk of carry-over contamination due to open handling with its products, and results are only qualitative. Therefore, a quantitative "real-time" PCR with consensus primer and probe (dual fluorescence labelled, "TaqMan") sequences for a conserved region of the hexon gene was designed and evaluated. Real-time PCR detected all 51 HAdV prototypes. Sensitivity of the assay was <=15 copies/run and the linear range of quantitation 1.5 {\texttimes} 101 to 1.5 {\texttimes} 108 copies/run. TaqMan PCR gave identical results compared to an established conventional one-step PCR protocol in 218 (38 positive and 180 negative) of 234 clinical samples including blood, serum, eye swabs, and feces, and had divergent results in 16 samples (15 positive only in TaqMan PCR, all with low copy numbers, and one positive only in conventional PCR), indicating a higher sensitivity of TaqMan PCR. Adenovirus viremia was detected by TaqMan PCR in 4 of 27 (14.8\%)(14,8\%) paediatric and 8 of 93 (8.6\%) adult stem cell transplant recipients but only in 5 of 306 healthy controls (blood donors, 1.6\%). Virus loads of pediatric patients (median 1.7 {\texttimes} 105) were significantly higher than in adult patients (median 2.3 {\texttimes} 103) and than in controls (all samples <=1.7 {\texttimes} 103 copies/ml). A few immunosuppressed children had very high virus loads (up to 1.1 {\texttimes} 1010 copies/ml), which were associated with symptoms of disseminated disease. In conclusion, real-time PCR is a sensitive and quantitative procedure for the detection of adenovirus infections. {\textcopyright} 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.10382}, author = {Heim, A. and Ebnet, C. and Harste, G. and Pring-\textbackslashAAkerblom, P.} } @mastersthesis {6766, title = {Rapid solar-thermal decarbonization of methane}, year = {2003}, note = {3113080}, school = {University of Colorado at Boulder}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Due to the ever-increasing demand for energy and the concern over the environmental impact of continuing to produce energy using current methods, there is interest in developing a hydrogen economy. Hydrogen is a desirable energy source because it is abundant in nature and burns cleanly. One method for producing hydrogen is to utilize a renewable energy source to obtain high enough temperatures to decompose a fossil fuel into its elements. This thesis work is directed at developing a solar-thermal aerosol flow reactor to dissociate methane to carbon black and hydrogen. The technology is intended as a "bridge" between current hydrogen production methods, such as conventional steam-methane reformers, and future "zero emission" technology for producing hydrogen, such as dissociating water using a renewable heating source. A solar furnace is used to heat a reactor to temperatures in excess of 2000 K. The final reactor design studied consists of three concentric vertical tubes{\textendash}an outer quartz protection tube, a middle solid graphite heating tube, and an inner porous graphite reaction tube. A "fluid-wall" is created on the inside wall of the porous reaction tube in order to prevent deposition of the carbon black co-product on the reactor tube wall. The amorphous carbon black produced aids in heating the gas stream by absorbing radiation from the reactor wall. Conversions of 90\% are obtained at a reactor wall temperature of 2100 K and an average residence time of 0.01 s. Computer modeling is also performed to study the gas flow and temperature profiles in the reactor as well as the kinetics of the methane dissociation reaction. The simulations indicate that there is little flow of the fluid-wall gas through the porous wall in the hot zone region, but this can be remedied by increasing the inlet temperature of the fluid-wall gas and/or increasing the tube permeability only in the hot zone region of the wall. The following expression describes the kinetics of methane dissociation in a solar-thermal fluid-wall reactor: [Special characters omitted.] The experimental and theoretical work reported in this thesis is the groundwork that will be utilized in scaling up the reactor to produce hydrogen in distributed or centralized facilities.}, keywords = {0542:Chemical engineering, 0791:Energy, Alternative Energy, Applied sciences, Chemical engineering, Decarbonization, Energy, Hydrogen, Methane, Solar furnace}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305335051?accountid=14270}, author = {Dahl, Jaimee Kristen} } @mastersthesis {6707, title = {Rational bioenergy utilisation in energy systems and impacts on carbon dioxide emissions}, year = {2003}, note = {C815639}, school = {Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan (Sweden)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, in particular CO2 , is changing the Earth{\textquoteright}s climate. According to the Kyoto protocol, where the international community agreed on binding emission targets, developed countries are committed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The increased use of biomass in energy systems is an important strategy to reduce CO 2 emissions. The purpose of this thesis has been to analyse the opportunities for Sweden to further reduce CO2 emissions in the energy system, by rationally utilising woody biomass energy. The characteristics of current commercially operating biofuel-based CHP plants in Sweden are surveyed and systematically presented. A consistent and transparent comprehensive reference base for system comparisons is given. Furthermore, the fuel effectiveness and contribution to CO 2 reduction is calculated. The governmental subsidies of the CHP plants{\textquoteright} investment, expressed as cost of specific CO2 reduction, appears to be low. The competitiveness of biomass-fuelled energy production in relation to fossil-based production with carbon capture is analysed, showing that the biomass-fuelled systems provide a competitive option, in terms of cost of electricity and efficiencies. The remaining Swedish woody biofuel potential of at least 100 PJ/yr is principally available in regions with a biomass surplus. Transportation is therefore required to enable its utilisation in a further national and international market. Refining the biofuel feedstock to pellets, or even further refining to motor fuels (DME, methanol or ethanol) or power, could facilitate this transport. Different options for fuel refining are studied and compared. The entire fuel chain, from fuel feedstock to end users, is considered and CO 2 emissions are quantified. Substituting fuel pellets for coal appears to be the most cost-effective alternative and shows the largest CO2 reduction per energy unit biofuel. Motor fuels appear more costly and give about half the CO2 reduction. Transportation of the upgraded biofuel pellets is highly feasible from CO2 emissions point of view and does not constitute a hindrance for further utilisation, i.e. the pellets can be transported over long distances efficiently with only limited emissions of CO2 . Bioenergy utilisation has additional features for environmental improvement, apart from the CO2 aspect. Waste heat from biofuel-based CHP can be cost-effectively used in conjunction with sewage treatment. The incoming sewage water to the nitrification process can be preheated with the waste heat, and thereby substantially enhance the nitrification and the reduction of ammonium nitrogen during the winter season.}, keywords = {0768:Environmental science, 0775:Environmental engineering, 0791:Energy, Applied sciences, Bioenergy, Carbon dioxide, Energy, Energy systems, Environmental engineering, Environmental science, Ethanol, Health and environmental sciences, Heat and power plants}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305229807?accountid=14270}, author = {Wahlund, Bertil} } @article {7822, title = {A Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Foods after Enrichment Culture}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, note = {A Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Foods after Enrichment Culture; 100; NOT IN FILE; ID: 184}, pages = {1383-1390}, abstract = {A real-time PCR assay was developed for the quantitative detection of Campylobacter jejuni in foods after enrichment culture. The specificity of the assay for C. jejuni was demonstrated with a diverse range of Campylobacter species, related organisms, and unrelated genera. The assay had a linear range of quantification over six orders of magnitude, and the limit of detection was approximately 12 genome equivalents. The assay was used to detect C. jejuni in both naturally and artificially contaminated food samples. Ninety-seven foods, including raw poultry meat, offal, raw shellfish, and milk samples, were enriched in blood-free Campylobacter enrichment broth at 37{degrees}C for 24 h, followed by 42{degrees}C for 24 h. Enrichment cultures were subcultured to Campylobacter charcoal-cefoperazone-deoxycholate blood-free selective agar, and presumptive Campylobacter isolates were identified with phenotypic methods. DNA was extracted from enrichment cultures with a rapid lysis method and used as the template in the real-time PCR assay. A total of 66 samples were positive for C. jejuni by either method, with 57 samples positive for C. jejuni by subculture to selective agar medium and 63 samples positive in the real-time PCR assay. The results of both methods were concordant for 84 of the samples. The total time taken for detection from enrichment broth samples was approximately 3 h for the real-time PCR assay, with the results being available immediately at the end of PCR cycling, compared to 48 h for subculture to selective agar. This assay significantly reduces the total time taken for the detection of C. jejuni in foods and is an important model for other food-borne pathogens}, keywords = {CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI, Culture, LYSIS, MODEL, Pathogens}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/69/3/1383 file://N:\YMB\TarjaP\Viitteet\Sails2003.pdf}, author = {Sails,Andrew D. and Fox,Andrew J. and Bolton,Frederick J. and Wareing,David R. A. and Greenway,David L. A.} } @inbook {15509, title = {Reconnaissance de deux esp{\`e}ces jumelles au sein du taxon Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934, agent de la schistosomose humaine rectale en Afrique. Description de Schistosoma guineensis n. sp}, booktitle = {Taxonomie, {\'e}cologie et {\'e}volution des m{\'e}tazoaires parasites. Taxonomy, ecology and evolution of metazoan parasites. (Livre hommage {\`a} Louis Euzet). Tome 2}, volume = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {139-146}, publisher = {PUP}, organization = {PUP}, address = {Perpignan}, author = {Pag{\`e}s, J.R. and Jourdane, J. and Southgate, V.R. and Tchuem Tchuent{\'e}, L.A.}, editor = {Combes, C. and Jourdane, J.} } @article {7010, title = {Reduction of {Norwalk} {Virus}, {Poliovirus} 1, and {Bacteriophage} {MS}2 by {Ozone} {Disinfection} of {Water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, month = {jul}, pages = {3975{\textendash}3978}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.7.3975-3978.2003}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.69.7.3975-3978.2003}, author = {Shin, G.-A. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {1826, title = {Reduction of Norwalk virus, poliovirus 1, and bacteriophage MS2 by ozone disinfection of water}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, note = {Shin, Gwy-Am Sobsey, Mark D eng Comparative Study Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2003/07/04 05:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jul;69(7):3975-8.}, pages = {3975-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Norwalk virus and other human caliciviruses (noroviruses) are major agents of gastroenteritis, and water is a major route of their transmission. In an effort to control Norwalk virus in drinking water, Norwalk virus reduction by bench-scale ozone disinfection was determined using quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for virus assays. Two other enteric viruses, poliovirus 1 and coliphage MS2, were included for comparison, and their reductions were assayed by infectivity assays as well as by RT-PCR. Virus reductions by ozone were determined using a dose of 0.37 mg of ozone/liter at pH 7 and 5 degrees C for up to 5 min. Based on two RT-PCR assays, the reductions of Norwalk virus were >3 log(10) within a contact time of 10 s, and these were similar to the reductions of the other two viruses determined by the same assay methods. Also, the virus reductions detected by RT-PCR assays were similar to those detected by infectivity assays, indicating that the RT-PCR assay is a reliable surrogate assay for both culturable and nonculturable viruses disinfected with ozone. Overall, the results of this study indicate that Norwalk virus as well as other enteric viruses can be reduced rapidly and extensively by ozone disinfection and that RT-PCR is a useful surrogate assay for both culturable and nonculturable viruses disinfected with ozone.}, keywords = {Cell Line Disinfection/*methods Humans Levivirus/*drug effects/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Norwalk virus/*drug effects/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Ozone/*pharmacology Poliovirus/*drug effects/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Re}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12839770}, author = {Shin, G. A. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {5577, title = {{Reduction of Norwalk virus, poliovirus 1, and bacteriophage MS2 by ozone disinfection of water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, pages = {3975{\textendash}3978}, abstract = {Norwalk virus and other human caliciviruses (noroviruses) are major agents of gastroenteritis, and water is a major route of their transmission. In an effort to control Norwalk virus in drinking water, Norwalk virus reduction by bench-scale ozone disinfection was determined using quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for virus assays. Two other enteric viruses, poliovirus 1 and coliphage MS2, were included for comparison, and their reductions were assayed by infectivity assays as well as by RT-PCR. Virus reductions by ozone were determined using a dose of 0.37 mg of ozone/liter at pH 7 and 5 degrees C for up to 5 min. Based on two RT-PCR assays, the reductions of Norwalk virus were {\textgreater}3 log(10) within a contact time of 10 s, and these were similar to the reductions of the other two viruses determined by the same assay methods. Also, the virus reductions detected by RT-PCR assays were similar to those detected by infectivity assays, indicating that the RT-PCR assay is a reliable surrogate assay for both culturable and nonculturable viruses disinfected with ozone. Overall, the results of this study indicate that Norwalk virus as well as other enteric viruses can be reduced rapidly and extensively by ozone disinfection and that RT-PCR is a useful surrogate assay for both culturable and nonculturable viruses disinfected with ozone.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.7.3975-3978.2003}, author = {Gwy A Shin and Sobsey, Mark D.} } @article {10490, title = {{Reduction of Pathogens, Indicator Bacteria and Alternative Indicators by Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation Processes}}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {247{\textendash}252}, author = {Scott, TM and McLaughlin, MR and Harwood, VJ and Chivukula, V and Levine, A and Gennaccaro, A and Lukasik, J and Farrah, SR and J B Rose} } @article {6845, title = {The regionality of campylobacteriosis seasonality in {New} {Zealand}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, month = {dec}, pages = {337{\textendash}348}, issn = {0960-3123, 1369-1619}, doi = {10.1080/09603120310001616128}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09603120310001616128}, author = {Hearnden*, Mark and Skelly{\textdagger}, Chris and Eyles, Rebekah and Weinstein, Philip} } @article {9505, title = {{Removal of Encephalitozoon intestinalis, calicivirus, and coliphages by conventional drinking water treatment}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, pages = {1259{\textendash}1268}, author = {Gerba, CP and Riley, KR and Nwachuku, N and Ryu, H and Abbaszadegan, M} } @article {8941, title = {Removal of enteric viruses and selected microbial indicators by UV irradiation of secondary effluent}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {193-198}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {://WOS:000183838800028}, author = {Jacangelo, J. G. and Loughran, P. and Petrik, B. and Simpson, D. and McIlroy, C.} } @article {4508, title = {Removal of enteric viruses and selected microbial indicators by {UV} irradiation of secondary effluent}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {193{\textendash}8}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Jacangelo, J. G. and Loughran, P. and Petrik, B. and Simpson, D. and McIlroy, C.} } @article {1329, title = {Removal of enteric viruses and selected microbial indicators by UV irradiation of secondary effluent}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {47}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, note = {Jacangelo, J G Loughran, P Petrik, B Simpson, D McIlroy, C England Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research Water Sci Technol. 2003;47(9):193-8.}, pages = {193-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The Watercare Mangere Wastewater Treatment Facility, which treats wastewater from the greater Auckland New Zealand region, is undergoing a major expansion/upgrading to add advanced treatment and disinfection prior to discharge into a harbor. One important goal of this project is to protect the receiving water from microbial contamination. Since sufficient information on the fate of various microorganisms through wastewater treatment plants in New Zealand was not readily available, extensive pilot- and bench-scale studies were undertaken to develop specific design criteria for the treatment and disinfection systems. The specific objective of this study was to evaluate the removal and inactivation of enteric pathogens and other microbial indicators through treatment processes that employs UV irradiation as a final disinfection process. The removal of indicator organisms through secondary treatment was typically between 2.5-log (99.7\% removal) and 2.8-log (99.8\% removal) for fecal coliforms and enterococci, respectively. Indigenous F-specific bacteriophage exhibited a mean removal of 1.6-log (i.e. 97.7\% removal) and Clostridium perfringens spores showed a mean removal of 1.3-log (i.e. 95\% removal). The UV dose required to achieve a one log reduction in the concentration of indigenous F-specific bacteriophage was found to be approximately 20 mWs/cm2 per log removal. The concentration of enterovirus and adenovirus were consistently reduced to the limit of detection (1 TCID50/100L) at UV doses of 35 to 40 mWs/cm2 and 40 to 45 mWs/cm2, respectively. Clostridium perfringens spores were the most resistant indicator organisms, being reduced to less than 200 MPN/100 mL at a UV dose of 75 mWs/cm2.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Animals Clostridium perfringens/ isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Enterobacteriaceae/ isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Enterovirus/ isolation \& purification/pathogenicity New Zealand Ultravi}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Jacangelo, J. G. and Loughran, P. and Petrik, B. and Simpson, D. and McIlroy, C.} } @article {14701, title = {Removal of enteric viruses and selected microbial indicators by {UV} irradiation of secondary effluent}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {47}, year = {2003}, pages = {193{\textendash}8}, abstract = {The Watercare Mangere Wastewater Treatment Facility, which treats wastewater from the greater Auckland New Zealand region, is undergoing a major expansion/upgrading to add advanced treatment and disinfection prior to discharge into a harbor. One important goal of this project is to protect the receiving water from microbial contamination. Since sufficient information on the fate of various microorganisms through wastewater treatment plants in New Zealand was not readily available, extensive pilot- and bench-scale studies were undertaken to develop specific design criteria for the treatment and disinfection systems. The specific objective of this study was to evaluate the removal and inactivation of enteric pathogens and other microbial indicators through treatment processes that employs UV irradiation as a final disinfection process. The removal of indicator organisms through secondary treatment was typically between 2.5-log (99.7\% removal) and 2.8-log (99.8\% removal) for fecal coliforms and enterococci, respectively. Indigenous F-specific bacteriophage exhibited a mean removal of 1.6-log (i.e. 97.7\% removal) and Clostridium perfringens spores showed a mean removal of 1.3-log (i.e. 95\% removal). The UV dose required to achieve a one log reduction in the concentration of indigenous F-specific bacteriophage was found to be approximately 20 mWs/cm2 per log removal. The concentration of enterovirus and adenovirus were consistently reduced to the limit of detection (1 TCID50/100L) at UV doses of 35 to 40 mWs/cm2 and 40 to 45 mWs/cm2, respectively. Clostridium perfringens spores were the most resistant indicator organisms, being reduced to less than 200 MPN/100 mL at a UV dose of 75 mWs/cm2.}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, *Water Microbiology, Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Animals, Clostridium perfringens/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, New Zealand, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Jacangelo, J. G. and Loughran, P. and Petrik, B. and Simpson, D. and McIlroy, C.} } @article {4202, title = {{Removal of fecal coliforms, somatic coliphages and F-specific bacteriophages in a stabilization pond and reservoir system in arid regions}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology: Water Supply}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, month = {aug}, pages = {177{\textendash}184}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, issn = {1607-0798}, url = {http://ws.iwaponline.com/content/3/4/177.abstract}, author = {Alcalde, L. and Oron, G. and Gillerman, L. and Salgot, M. and Manor, Y.} } @article {3202, title = {{Removal of fecal coliforms, somatic coliphages and F-specific bacteriophages in a stabilization pond and reservoir system in arid regions}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {177{\textendash}184}, abstract = {The contents of FC, somatic coliphages and F-specific bacteriophages were measured in the stabilization pond and stabilization reservoir system of the City of Arad (Israel) in order to determine the efficiency of the treatment process regarding the microorganisms removal. Monitoring was conducted close to one year. Physical and chemical parameters (temperature, pH, BOD5, COD, SS) were also analyzed with the aim of finding factors that affect the microorganisms removal. The field results prove a very good performance of this treatment system. FC, somatic coliphages and F-specific bacteriophages were removed between 4.16 and 5.76 log units, during winter and in between 6.02 and 6.47 log units during summer. The microbial quality of the final effluent complies with the WHO guidelines for unrestricted irrigation. The results also indicate that retention time and temperature seem to be the most important factors for microorganisms removal. F-specific bacteriophages were removed at higher rates than FC and somatic coliphages. Consequently, it is suggested that F-specific bacteriophages might be less adequate viral indicators for this treatment system.}, keywords = {F-specific bacteriophages, FC, Reservoirs, Rock filter, Somatic coliphages, Stabilization ponds}, isbn = {184339457X}, issn = {16069749}, author = {Alcaide, L. and Oron, G. and Gillerman, L. and Salgot, M. and Manor, Y.} } @article {5348, title = {Removal of indicator bacteria from municipal wastewater in an experimental two-stage vertical flow constructed wetland system}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {35{\textendash}41}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Arias, CA and Cabello, A and Brix, Hans and Johansen, N-H} } @article {5374, title = {{Removal of indicator bacteria from municipal wastewater in an experimental two-stage vertical flow constructed wetland system}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, year = {2003}, pages = {35{\textendash}41}, author = {Brix, H and Arias, CA and Cabello, A and Johansen, NH} } @booklet {4361, title = {{Results of the Interlaboratory Validation of EPA Method 1601 for Presence/Absence of Male specific (F+) and Somatic Coliphages in Water by Two-Step Enrichment. EPA 821-R-03-015.}}, year = {2003}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water}, address = {Washington D.C.}, author = {U.S. EPA} } @booklet {4356, title = {{Results of the Interlaboratory Validation of EPA Method 1602 for Enumeration of Male specific (F+) and Somatic Coliphage in Water by Single Agar Layer (SAL). EPA 821-R-03-016.}}, year = {2003}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water}, address = {Washington D.C.}, author = {U.S. EPA} } @article {10733, title = {{Resuscitation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli from the viable but nonculturable state by heat-stable enterobacterial autoinducer}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, year = {2003}, pages = {4788}, author = {Reissbrodt, R and Rienaecker, I and Romanova, JM and Freestone, PPE and Haigh, RD and Lyte, M and Tschaepe, H and PH, Williams} } @article {16838, title = {Review of coliforms as microbial indicators of drinking water quality}, journal = {NHMRC, Biotext Pty Ltd, Canberra}, volume = {43}, year = {2003}, author = {Stevens, M and Ashbolt, Nicholas and Cunliffe, David} } @booklet {16864, title = {Review of coliforms as microbial indicators of drinking water quality. National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia}, year = {2003}, author = {Stevens, M and Ashbolt, N and Cunliffe, D} } @article {10313, title = {A review of survival of pathogenic bacteria in organic waste used in biogas plants}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {87}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {161{\textendash}166}, author = {Sahlstr{\"o}m, Leena} } @article {11422, title = {A review of the effects of sewer leakage on groundwater quality}, journal = {Water and Environment Journal}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {34-39}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1747-6593}, author = {Reynolds, JH and Barrett, MH} } @article {13032, title = {A review of the effects of sewer leakage on groundwater quality}, journal = {Water and Environment Journal}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {34{\textendash}39}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Reynolds, JH and Barrett, MH} } @article {15148, title = {A review of the effects of sewer leakage on groundwater quality}, journal = {Water and Environment Journal}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {34{\textendash}39}, author = {Reynolds, JH and Barrett, MH} } @booklet {1929, title = {A Review of Wastewater Treatment by Reverse Osmosis}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Williams Engineering Services Company, Inc., http://www.wescinc.com ; https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CB0QFjAAahUKEwjXzuSHmpbHAhWSj9sKHXu5BQU\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.wescinc.com\%2Ffiles\%2FRO_Apps.pdf\&ei=Vz3EVZfHAZKf7gb7}, type = {Electronic Article}, abstract = {Since the development of the first practical cellulose acetate membranes in the early 1960{\textquoteright}s and the subsequent development of thin-film, composite membranes, the uses of reverse osmosis have expanded to include not only the traditional desalination process but also a wide variety of wastewater treatment applications. Several advantages of the RO process that make it particularly attractive for dilute aqueous wastewater treatment include: (1) RO systems are simple to design and operate, have low maintenance requirements, and are modular in nature, making expansion of the systems easy; (2) both inorganic and organic pollutants can be removed simultaneously by RO membrane processes; (3) RO systems allow recovery/recycle of waste process streams with no effect on the material being recovered; (4) RO membrane systems often require less energy and offer lower capital and operating costs than many conventional treatment systems; and (5) RO processes can considerably reduce the volume of waste streams so that these can be treated more efficiently and cost effectively by other processes such as incineration (Cartwright, 1985; Sinisgalli and McNutt, 1986; Cartwright, 1990; McCray et al., 1990; Cartwright, 1991; Williams et al., 1992). In addition, RO systems can replace or be used in conjunction with others treatment processes such as oxidation, adsorption, stripping, or biological treatment (as well as many others) to produce a high quality product water that can be reused or discharged. Applications that have been reported for RO processes include the treatment of organic containing wastewater, wastewater from electroplating and metal finishing, pulp and paper, mining and petrochemical, textile, and food processing industries, radioactive wastewater, municipal wastewater, and contaminated groundwater (Slater et al., 1983a; Cartwright, 1985; Ghabris et al, 1989; Williams et al., 1992). Table 1 lists RO and nanofiltration applications along with selected references. A review of RO and nanofiltration wastewater treatment follows; a thorough discussion of the application of RO membranes to seawater and brackish water desalination can be found in Williams et al. (1992). RO Separation of Organic Pollutants}, author = {Williams, M. E.} } @proceedings {11105, title = {Risk assessment of local handling of human faeces with focus on pathogens and pharmaceuticals}, journal = {Ecosan: Closing the loop. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Ecological Sanitation incorporating the 1st IWA specialist group conference on sustainable sanitation}, year = {2003}, pages = {365-373}, address = {Germany}, author = {Ambjerg-Nielsen, K. and Hansen, I. and Kjalholt, J. and Stuer-Lauridesen, F. and Hasting, A.B. and T A Stenstr{\"o}m and Sch{\"o}nning, C. and T Westrell and Carlsen, A. and Halling-Serensen, B.} } @article {1720, title = {Risk assessment of waterborne coxsackievirus}, journal = {J Am Water Works Assoc}, volume = {95}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, pages = {122-131}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Mena, K. D. and Gerba, C. P. and Haas, C. N. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {13507, title = {Risk of gallstone disease in advanced chronic phase of fascioliasis: an experimental study in a rat model}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {188}, year = {2003}, pages = {787-793}, author = {Valero, M. A. and Santana, M. and Morales, M. and Hernandez, J. L. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {10940, title = {The role of health education and sanitation in the control of helminth infections}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {86}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {283{\textendash}294}, abstract = {Health education and sanitation are two important components of primary health care system introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a basis for the prevention and control of communicable diseases. However, the roles of health education and sanitation in disease control have been controversial, especially in the wake of recent advances in safe and effective oral drugs. This article has reviewed the various health education and sanitation interventions around the world to determine what roles they have played in the past relative to other intervention strategies and the role they have to play in future control efforts. It appears clear-cut from the review, that while chemotherapy has been and will remain the best option for morbidity control, sanitation has an important role to play not only to sustain the benefits of chemotherapy but also to protect the uninfected. Health education that is effective, simple and low-cost remains the only tool for creating the enabling environment for both chemotherapy and sanitation to thrive.}, keywords = {Chemotherapy, Disease control, Health Education, Helminth infections, sanitation, Water Supply}, issn = {0001-706X}, doi = {10.1016/S0001-706X(03)00060-3}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X03000603}, author = {Asaolu, S.O and Ofoezie, I.E} } @article {15101, title = {The role of health education and sanitation in the control of helminth infections}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {86}, year = {2003}, pages = {283{\textendash}294}, author = {Asaolu, S. O. and Ofoezie, I. E.} } @article {5392, title = {{Role of hydraulic retention time and granular medium in microbial removal in tertiary treatment reed beds}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, year = {2003}, pages = {2645{\textendash}2653}, author = {Garcia, J and Vivar, J and Aromir, M and Mujeriego, R} } @article {16943, title = {Role of nonhost environments in the lifestyles of Salmonella and Escherichia coli}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, pages = {3687{\textendash}3694}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Winfield, Mollie D and Groisman, Eduardo A} } @article {17422, title = {Role of nonhost environments in the lifestyles of Salmonella and Escherichia coli}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {2003}, month = {Jul}, pages = {3687-94}, keywords = {*Environment, Animals, Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism, Ecosystem, Environmental Microbiology, Escherichia coli/genetics/*growth \& development, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Humans, Salmonella/genetics/*growth \& development}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Winfield, M. D. and Groisman, E. A.} } @article {695, title = {Rotavirus strains circulating in Africa during 1996{\textendash}1999: emergence of G9 strains and P [6] strains}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {21}, year = {2003}, pages = {361{\textendash}367}, author = {A D Steele and Ivanoff, B and Network, African Rotavirus} } @article {3889, title = {Safety, immunogenicity and efficacy in healthy infants of {G}1 and {G}2 human reassortant rotavirus vaccine in a new stabilizer/buffer liquid formulation.}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {22}, number = {10}, year = {2003}, pages = {914{\textendash}920}, author = {Clark, HF and Burke, CJ and Volkin, DB and Offit, P and Ward, RL and Bresee, JS and Dennehy, P and Gooch, WM and Malacaman, E and Matson, D and Walter, E and Watson, B and Krah, DL and Dallas, MJ and Sch{\"o}del, F and Kaplan, KM and Heaton, P} } @booklet {8363, title = {Safety in Numbers: Pointers for a Global Safety Culture at Work}, year = {2003}, publisher = {ILO}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, url = {http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/{\textendash}-ed{\_}protect/{\textendash}-protrav/{\textendash}-safework/documents/publication/wcms{\_}142840.pdf} } @booklet {11084, title = {Sanitation: {Controlling} problems at source}, year = {2003}, pages = {15}, publisher = {WHO}, address = {Geneva}, author = {Smith, R. S.} } @article {7449, title = {Sanitation in the developing world: current status and future solutions}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {13 Suppl 1}, year = {2003}, month = {jun}, pages = {S123{\textendash}131}, abstract = {More than a third of the world{\textquoteright}s population (2.4 billion people) lacks access to adequate excreta disposal. Four in five of these unserved people are in Asia, with approximately one in five in both India and China, respectively. Even in large Asian cities, less than half of those served are using sewerage systems; the others use on-site systems, from pit latrines to septic tanks. Most have been installed by householders or builders employed by them, rather than by government or municipal agencies. Governments, international agencies and municipalities can never hope to meet the immense gap in provision unless they promote sanitation with a marketing approach. A latrine is a consumer durable which must be sold. It is often considered that the constraint to increasing sanitation coverage is a lack of demand, but there is often a lack of supply of appropriate products, and latrine designs are often too expensive for the poor, requiring subsidies which are captured by the better-off. More market research is needed to define the right product and how best to stimulate demand. Where subsidies are used, the promotion, not the production of the latrines must be subsidised to prevent middle-class capture of the subsidy. Promotion is probably best performed by different agencies from those that build latrines. The expertise and marketing capacity of the private sector needs to be brought into play, and public bodies must learn to assist it effectively in bringing sanitation to all.}, keywords = {Communicable Disease Control, Developing Countries, Feces, Female, Health promotion, Humans, Male, Poverty, Private Sector, sanitation, Sewage, Sex Factors, Toilet Facilities}, issn = {0960-3123}, doi = {10.1080/0960312031000102886}, author = {Cairncross, S.} } @article {15132, title = {Septic system density and infectious diarrhea in a defined population of children.}, journal = {Environmental health perspectives}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {742}, author = {Borchardt, Mark A and Po H Chyou and DeVries, Edna O and Belongia, Edward A} } @article {6524, title = {Septic {System} {Density} and {Infectious} {Diarrhea} in a {Defined} {Population} of {Children}}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {742{\textendash}748}, issn = {0091-6765}, doi = {10.1289/ehp.5914}, url = {http://www.ehponline.org/ambra-doi-resolver/10.1289/ehp.5914}, author = {Borchardt, Mark A. and Po H Chyou and DeVries, Edna O. and Belongia, Edward A.} } @article {6983, title = {Septic system density and infectious diarrhea in a defined population of children}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {742{\textendash}748}, author = {Borchardt, M. A. and Po H Chyou and DeVries, Edna O. and Belongie, Edward A.} } @article {13015, title = {Septic system density and infectious diarrhea in a defined population of children.}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {111}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, pages = {742}, author = {Borchardt, Mark A and Po H Chyou and DeVries, Edna O and Belongia, Edward A} } @article {9664, title = {Shiga toxin 2-converting bacteriophages associated with clonal variability in Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains of human origin isolated from a single outbreak}, journal = {Infect Immun}, volume = {71}, year = {2003}, pages = {4554-4562}, author = {Muniesa, M and de Simon, M and Prats, G and Ferrer, D and Pa{\~n}ella, H and Jofre, J} } @article {9426, title = {{Short communication: Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in northern Ghana}}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and International Health}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, pages = {1153{\textendash}1156}, author = {Verweij, JJ and Oostvogel, F and Brienen, EAT and Nang-Beifubah, A and Ziem, J and Polderman, AM} } @article {11916, title = {Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {19}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, pages = {547-551}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1471-4922}, author = {De Silva, Nilanthi R and Brooker, Simon and Hotez, Peter J and Montresor, Antonio and Engels, Dirk and SAVIOLI, LORENZO} } @article {13143, title = {Solar inactivation of mesophilic Aeromonas by exogenous photooxidation in high-rate algal pond treating waste water}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {94}, year = {2003}, pages = {531-538}, author = {Benchokroun, S. and Imziln, B. and Hassani, L.} } @article {5469, title = {{Solar inactivation of mesophilic Aeromonas by exogenous photooxidation in high-rate algal pond treating waste water}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {94}, year = {2003}, pages = {531{\textendash}538}, author = {Benchokroun, S. and Imziln, B. and Hassani, L.} } @article {9559, title = {{Sorel N1, Guillot E, Thellier M, Accoceberry I, Datry A, Mesnard-Rouiller L, Mi{\'e}geville M}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {273{\textendash}279}, author = {Sorel, N and Guillot, E and Thellier, M and Accoceberry, I and Datry, A and Mesnard-Rouiller, L and Miegeville, M} } @mastersthesis {6297, title = {Spatial and temporal scales of distribution and demography in breeding songbirds: {Implications} of habitat fragmentation and restoration}, year = {2003}, note = {3085904}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Tallgrass prairie has declined throughout the midwestern United States during the past two centuries, and migratory birds breeding in these habitats have also experienced precipitous population declines. One conservation strategy used to mitigate the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation is habitat restoration. I studied how both habitat fragmentation and restoration affect songbird populations breeding in grassland and wetland habitats in northern Iowa, 1999-2002. Most grassland birds tended to be less abundant near edges, yet birds avoided woodland edges more so than other types of edges. Edge avoidance could not be explained by changes in habitat structure. For Bobolinks ( Dolichonyx oryzivorus ), edge avoidance also increased near corners of sites, where multiple edges converged. These local patterns of edge avoidance were consistent with observed patterns of area sensitivity when scaling patterns up to fragmented landscapes using simulation modeling in neutral (randomized) landscapes. Moreover, regression modeling at landscape scales suggested that edge density metrics were better than landscape compositional metrics at explaining bird density within patches. Habitat restoration provided breeding habitat for many bird species, in which birds tended to occur at high densities in restored patches relative to other land cover types in the landscape. However, demographic data revealed a more complex pattern. In restored wetlands, reproduction was tied closely to interannual climate variation. In particular, nest predation was negatively correlated with water depth in wetlands. In restored grasslands, nest success tended to be relatively low for most species. Population projection models suggested that for Dickcissels ( Spiza americana ) and, to a lesser extent, Bobolinks, population growth rates were not high enough to be sustainable without immigration into the area (λ {\textless} 1). In addition, population growth was most sensitive to adult survival. Sensitivity to nest predation was moderate and dependent on estimates of survival, while growth was less sensitive to brood parasitism and juvenile survival. Results from this study have improved our understanding of the role of edge effects in generating spatial distributions in landscapes, how restoration ultimately affects avian populations in the Midwest, and it provides a framework for understanding songbird dynamics in fragmented landscapes.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0472:Zoology, 0478:Forestry, Biological sciences, Birds, Breeding songbirds, Ecology, Forestry, Habitat fragmentation, Restoration, Zoology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305336660?accountid=14270}, author = {Fletcher, Jr, Robert J} } @article {14359, title = {Specific detection of {Arcobacter} and {Campylobacter} strains in water and sewage by {PCR} and fluorescent in situ hybridization.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {feb}, pages = {1181{\textendash}1186}, author = {Moreno, Yolanda and Botella, Salut and Jos{\'e} L Alonso and Ferr{\'u}s, Mar{\'\i}a A and Hern{\'a}ndez, Manuel and Hern{\'a}ndez, Javier} } @article {5842, title = {{Specific detection of Arcobacter and Campylobacter strains in water and sewage by PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {feb}, pages = {1181{\textendash}1186}, author = {Moreno, Yolanda and Botella, Salut and Jos{\'e} L Alonso and Ferr{\'u}s, Mar{\'\i}a A and Hern{\'a}ndez, Manuel and Hern{\'a}ndez, Javier} } @article {7779, title = {Specific Detection of Arcobacter and Campylobacter Strains in Water and Sewage by PCR and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, note = {Specific Detection of Arcobacter and Campylobacter Strains in Water and Sewage by PCR and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization; 6; NOT IN FILE; ID: 144}, pages = {1181-1186}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques for detecting Arcobacter and Campylobacter strains in river water and wastewater samples. Both 16S and 23S rRNA sequence data were used to design specific primers and oligonucleotide probes for PCR and FISH analyses, respectively. In order to assess the suitability of the methods, the assays were performed on naturally and artificially contaminated samples and compared with the isolation of cells on selective media. The detection range of PCR and FISH assays varied between 1 cell/ml (after enrichment) to 103 cells/ml (without enrichment). According to our results, both rRNA-based techniques have the potential to be used as quick and sensitive methods for detection of campylobacters in environmental samples}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/69/2/1181 file://N:\YMB\TarjaP\Viitteet\Moreno.pdf}, author = {Moreno,Yolanda and Botella,Salut and Alonso,Jose L. and Ferrus,Maria A. and Hernandez,Manuel and Hernandez,Javier} } @article {9147, title = {Standardization of methods for fluence (UV dose) determination in bench-scale UV experiments}, journal = {ASCE: Journal of Environmental Engineering }, volume = {129}, year = {2003}, pages = {209-15}, author = {Bolton, J. R. and Linden, KG} } @mastersthesis {6376, title = {Statistics, scaling and structures in fluid turbulence: {Case} studies for thermal convection and pipe flow}, year = {2003}, note = {3104899}, school = {The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation is an experimental study of turbulence using statistical methods. It contains four parts. First, we investigate the statistical properties of the local velocity and temperature fields in turbulent Rayleigh-B{\'e}nard convection in water. In the buoyancy subrange (the scales between the Bolgiano scale f B and the integral scale f0 ), two scaling regions of the velocity frequency power spectra, separated by the peak frequency fp of the dissipation spectra, are found. For fp {\textless} f {\textless} fB , we observe a power law with the Bolgiano-Obukhov scaling exponent -11/5. For f0 {\textless} f {\textless} fp , an unexpected scaling with an exponent -1.35 is observed. We also found that the velocity power spectra are universal functions with respect to the characteristic scale fp and fB . Second, we measure the velocity and temperature signals simultaneously at the same spatial point in convection cell. We find that heat flux is transferred mainly through the sidewall of the cell and that the release of the power to the convecting fluid is highly intermittent both in space and in time, despite the fact that the input heating power is constant and uniform across the conducting surface of the convection cell. The experiment reveals clearly that the heat transport in turbulent convection is determined primarily by the dynamics of thermal plumes in the system. Third, we study high Prandtl number turbulent thermal convection using alcohol-type organic liquids. We find that Reynolds number based on the oscillation frequency of the large-scale flow is found as Reo (Ra,Pr) = 1.1Ra0.43 Pr-0.76 and based on the rms velocity Rerms (Ra,Pr) = 0.84Ra0.40 Pr -0.86 . Both the Ra- and the Pr-exponent of ReVm (Ra,Pr) based on the maximum velocity of the circulating wind appear to vary across the range of Pr covered, changing from 0.5 to 0.68 and -0.88 to -0.95 respectively, as Pr is increased from 3 to 1207. Finally, we investigate the mean flow and statistical moments of turbulent velocity fluctuations in a fully developed turbulent pipe flow for Reynolds numbers Re = 3800, 4800, 7100, 9600, 13500, 16300, 18300. The lower-order statistics (mean velocity and root-mean-square (rms) velocity as well as turbulence intensities) and the higher-order statistics (skewness and flatness factors and Reynolds shear stress as well as viscous shear stress distribution) are obtained. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0759:Fluid dynamics, 0759:Gases, Fluid dynamics, Gases, Heat flux, Pipe flow, Pure sciences, Thermal convection, Turbulence}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305252666?accountid=14270}, author = {Shang, Xiaodong} } @article {6860, title = {The study of infectious intestinal disease in {England}: socio-economic impact}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {130}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, month = {feb}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, issn = {09502688, 14694409}, doi = {10.1017/S0950268802007690}, url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268802007690}, author = {Roberts, J. A. and Cumberland, P. and Sockett, P. N. and Wheeler, J. and Rodrigues, L. C. and Sethi, D. and Roderick, P. J. and IID Study Executive, on behalf of the} } @article {14018, title = {Survey of domestic fresh produce, {FY} 2000/2001 field assignment}, journal = {Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ProducePlantProducts/ucm118306.htm}, volume = {Accessed 1}, year = {2003}, author = {Food and administration, drug} } @article {2240, title = {{Survey of domestic fresh produce, FY 2000/2001 field assignment}}, year = {2003}, url = {Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ProducePlantProducts/ucm118306.htm} } @inbook {1488, title = {Survival and transport of enteric viruses in the environment.}, booktitle = {Viruses in Food}, series = {Food Microbiology and Food Safety}, volume = {1956}, year = {2003}, pages = {151 {\textendash} 187}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Bosch, A. and Pinto, R. M. and Abad, F. X.} } @inbook {14495, title = {Survival and transport of enteric viruses in the environment.}, booktitle = {Viruses in {Food}}, series = {Food {Microbiology} and {Food} {Safety}}, volume = {1956}, year = {2003}, pages = {151 {\textendash} 187}, author = {Bosch, A. and Pinto, R. M. and Abad, F. X.} } @article {17282, title = {Survival kinetics of Salmonella enterica serotype senftenberg (S-senftenberg) after heat and acid stress}, journal = {World Journal of Microbiology \& BiotechnologyWorld Journal of Microbiology \& BiotechnologyWorld Journal of Microbiology \& Biotechnology}, volume = {19}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, month = {Dec}, pages = {985-987}, keywords = {acid stress, heat stress, nosocomial infection, OUTBREAK, salmonella senftenberg, Salmonellosis, shock, thermal inactivation, tolerance, typhimurium}, isbn = {0959-3993}, author = {Kumar, A. and Kumar, S.} } @article {3257, title = {{Survival of bacterial indicator species and bacteriophages after thermal treatment of sludge and sewage}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {1452{\textendash}1456}, abstract = {The inactivation of naturally occurring bacterial indicators and bacteriophages by thermal treatment of a dewatered sludge and raw sewage was studied. The sludge was heated at 80 degrees C, and the sewage was heated at 60 degrees C. In both cases phages were significantly more resistant to thermal inactivation than bacterial indicators, with the exception of spores of sulfite-reducing clostridia. Somatic coliphages and phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis were significantly more resistant than F-specific RNA phages. Similar trends were observed in sludge and sewage. The effects of thermal treatment on various phages belonging to the three groups mentioned above and on various enteroviruses added to sewage were also studied. The results revealed that the variability in the resistance of phages agreed with the data obtained with the naturally occurring populations and that the phages that were studied were more resistant to heat treatment than the enteroviruses that were studied. The phages survived significantly better than Salmonella choleraesuis, and the extents of inactivation indicated that naturally occurring bacteriophages can be used to monitor the inactivation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.3.1452-1456.2003}, author = {Moc{\'e}-Llivina, Laura and Muniesa, Maite and Pimenta-Vale, Hugo and Lucena, Francisco and Jofre, Juan} } @article {8967, title = {Survival of bacterial indicator species and bacteriophages after thermal treatment of sludge and sewage}, journal = {Applied and Environmental microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {1452-1456}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150051/pdf/1073.pdf}, author = {Moc{\'e}-Llivina, Laura and Muniesa, Maite and Pimenta-Vale, Hugo and Lucena, Francisco and Jofre, Juan} } @article {10302, title = {Survival of bacterial indicator species and bacteriophages after thermal treatment of sludge and sewage}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {1452{\textendash}1456}, author = {Moc{\'e}-Llivina, Laura and Muniesa, Maite and Pimenta-Vale, Hugo and Lucena, Francisco and Jofre, Juan} } @article {7675, title = {Survival of Campylobacter jejuni strains of different origin in drinking water}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {94 (5)}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, note = {Aug; Development of a real-time NASBA assay for the detection of Campylobacter jejuni cells; ISI:000238963000013; ID: 292}, pages = {886-892}, author = {Cools,I. and Uyttendaele,M. and Caro,C. and D{\textquoteright}Haese,E. and Nelis,H. J. and Debevere,J.} } @article {8269, title = {{Survival of Helicobacter pylori in a Natural Freshwater Environment}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, month = {dec}, pages = {7462{\textendash}7466}, abstract = {The mode by which Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of most gastric ulcers, is transmitted remains undetermined. Epidemiological evidence suggests these organisms are waterborne; however, H. pylori has rarely been grown from potential water sources. This may be due to the ability of this organism to rapidly enter the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Our investigation examines the entrance of H. pylori into this state in laboratory cultures and a natural freshwater environment as well as the relationship between morphology and culturability. To this end, membrane diffusion chambers were utilized to expose the cells to the natural fluctuations of a freshwater stream. In both the laboratory and environment, samples were assayed for culturability using plate counts and stained using a LIVE/DEAD BacLight assay for viability and morphological determinations. Additionally, water samples were collected, six environmental parameters were measured, and resuscitation conditions were examined. H. pylori was observed to lose culturability in the laboratory and stream, although viability was maintained. While the results of our study agree with those of previous studies which suggested that there is a transition in morphology from rods to cocci as culturability is lost, the morphological distribution of cells did not change as culturability was lost in the environment. The majority of cells in the VBNC state in the laboratory are cocci; however, all morphological forms were present in the environment. The results of these studies suggest that H. pylori persists in laboratory cultures and the environment in the VBNC state and that cells in this state represent a public health hazard.}, keywords = {Bacteriological Techniques, Colony Count, Culture Media, environment, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: growth {\&} development, Humans, Microbial, Seasons, Temperature}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.12.7462-7466.2003}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/69/12/7462.abstract}, author = {Adams, B. L. and Bates, T. C. and Oliver, J. D.} } @article {13897, title = {Survival of {Helicobacter} pylori in a {Natural} {Freshwater} {Environment}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {12}, year = {2003}, month = {dec}, pages = {7462{\textendash}7466}, abstract = {The mode by which Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of most gastric ulcers, is transmitted remains undetermined. Epidemiological evidence suggests these organisms are waterborne; however, H. pylori has rarely been grown from potential water sources. This may be due to the ability of this organism to rapidly enter the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Our investigation examines the entrance of H. pylori into this state in laboratory cultures and a natural freshwater environment as well as the relationship between morphology and culturability. To this end, membrane diffusion chambers were utilized to expose the cells to the natural fluctuations of a freshwater stream. In both the laboratory and environment, samples were assayed for culturability using plate counts and stained using a LIVE/DEAD BacLight assay for viability and morphological determinations. Additionally, water samples were collected, six environmental parameters were measured, and resuscitation conditions were examined. H. pylori was observed to lose culturability in the laboratory and stream, although viability was maintained. While the results of our study agree with those of previous studies which suggested that there is a transition in morphology from rods to cocci as culturability is lost, the morphological distribution of cells did not change as culturability was lost in the environment. The majority of cells in the VBNC state in the laboratory are cocci; however, all morphological forms were present in the environment. The results of these studies suggest that H. pylori persists in laboratory cultures and the environment in the VBNC state and that cells in this state represent a public health hazard.}, keywords = {Bacteriological Techniques, Colony Count, Culture Media, environment, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: growth \& development, Humans, Microbial, Seasons, Temperature}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.12.7462-7466.2003}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/69/12/7462.abstract}, author = {Adams, B. L. and Bates, T. C. and Oliver, J. D.} } @article {17402, title = {Survival of human and plant pathogens during anaerobic mesophilic digestion of vegetable, fruit, and garden waste}, journal = {European Journal of Soil BiologyEuropean Journal of Soil BiologyEuropean Journal of Soil Biology}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {Jul-Sep}, pages = {165-171}, keywords = {bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, fusarium oxysporum f.sp asparagi, Germination, plasmodiophora brassicae, ralstonia solanacearum, Salmonella typhimurium, salmonellas, sclerotium cepivorum, sclerotium-cepivorum, Slurry, Soil}, isbn = {1164-5563}, author = {Termorshuizen, A. J. and Volker, D. and Blok, W. J. and ten Brummeler, E. and Hartog, B. J. and Janse, J. D. and Knol, W. and Wenneker, M.} } @book {17353, title = {The survival of selected fecal bacteria in peat soil amended with slurry}, volume = {6}, year = {2003}, author = {Paluszak, Zbigniew and Ligocka, Anna and Breza-Boruta, Barbara and Olszewska, Halina} } @article {5989, title = {{Swine hepatitis E virus: cross-species infection and risk in xenotransplantation}}, journal = {Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {278}, year = {2003}, pages = {185{\textendash}216}, author = {X J Meng} } @article {11357, title = {Taenia solium cysticercosis}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {362}, number = {9383}, year = {2003}, pages = {547-556}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Garcia, HH and Gonzalez, AE and Evans, CAW and Gilman, RH} } @article {11419, title = {Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis in Asia: epidemiology, impact and issues}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {53-60}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Rajshekhar, V and Joshi, DD and Doanh, NQ and Van De, N and Xiaonong, Z} } @booklet {5401, title = {{Technical and Regulatory Guidance for Constructed Treatment Wetlands. WTLND-1}}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Interstate Technology Regulatory Council Wetlands Team, USA}, address = {Washington, DC}, url = {www.itrcweb.org/guidancedocument.asp?TID=24} } @article {10326, title = {Technology: Control of pathogens and vector attraction in sewage sludge}, journal = {USEPA, Off{\i}ce of Research and Development}, year = {2003}, author = {Regulations, Environmental} } @article {13765, title = {Teschoviruses as {Indicators} of {Porcine} {Fecal} {Contamination} of {Surface} {Water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {10}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Teschoviruses specifically infect pigs and are shed in pig feces. Hence, their presence in water should indicate contamination with pig fecal residues. To assess this hypothesis, we have developed a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) method that allows the quantitative detection of pig teschovirus (PTV) RNA. The method is able to detect 92 fg of PTV RNA per mi of sample. Using this method, we have detected the presence of PTV RNA in water and fecal samples from all pig farms examined (n = 5). Feces from other animal species (cattle, sheep, and goats) were negative in this test. To compare the PTV RNA detection method with conventional chemical determinations currently in use for evaluation of water contamination, we analyzed water samples collected downstream from a pig slurry spillage site. We have found a positive correlation within both types of determinations. The sensitivity of the PTV detection assay was similar to that achieved by unspecific organic matter determination and superior to all other conventional chemical analyses performed. Furthermore, the new method is highly specific, revealing the porcine origin of the contamination, a feature that is lacking in currently available methods for the assessment of water contamination.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.10.6311-6315.2003}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez-Clavero, M.A. and Fern{\'a}ndez, C. and Ortiz, J.A. and Pro, J. and Carbonell, G. and Tarazona, J.V. and Roblas, N. and Ley, V.} } @article {7565, title = {{Teschoviruses as Indicators of Porcine Fecal Contamination of Surface Water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, number = {10}, year = {2003}, pages = {6311-6315}, abstract = {

Teschoviruses specifically infect pigs and are shed in pig feces. Hence, their presence in water should indicate contamination with pig fecal residues. To assess this hypothesis, we have developed a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) method that allows the quantitative detection of pig teschovirus (PTV) RNA. The method is able to detect 92 fg of PTV RNA per mi of sample. Using this method, we have detected the presence of PTV RNA in water and fecal samples from all pig farms examined (n = 5). Feces from other animal species (cattle, sheep, and goats) were negative in this test. To compare the PTV RNA detection method with conventional chemical determinations currently in use for evaluation of water contamination, we analyzed water samples collected downstream from a pig slurry spillage site. We have found a positive correlation within both types of determinations. The sensitivity of the PTV detection assay was similar to that achieved by unspecific organic matter determination and superior to all other conventional chemical analyses performed. Furthermore, the new method is highly specific, revealing the porcine origin of the contamination, a feature that is lacking in currently available methods for the assessment of water contamination.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.69.10.6311-6315.2003}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez-Clavero, M.A. and Fern{\'a}ndez, C. and Ortiz, J.A. and Pro, J. and Carbonell, G. and Tarazona, J.V. and Roblas, N. and Ley, V.} } @article {6182, title = {A theoretical approach to assess microbial risks due to failures in drinking water systems}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {181{\textendash}197}, issn = {0960-3123, 1369-1619}, doi = {10.1080/0960312031000098080}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0960312031000098080}, author = {Westrell, T and Bergstedt, O and Stenstr{\"o}m, TA and Ashbolt, NJ} } @article {6819, title = {A theoretical approach to assess microbial risks due to failures in drinking water systems}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {jun}, pages = {181{\textendash}197}, issn = {0960-3123, 1369-1619}, doi = {10.1080/0960312031000098080}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0960312031000098080}, author = {Westrell, T and Bergstedt, O and Stenstr{\"o}m, TA and Ashbolt, NJ} } @article {11444, title = {Thermal composting of faecal matter as treatment and possible disinfection method{\textendash}{\textendash}laboratory-scale and pilot-scale studies}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {47-54}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0960-8524}, author = {Vinner{\r a}s, Bj{\"o}rn and Bj{\"o}rklund, Anders and J{\"o}nsson, H{\r a}kan} } @article {1483, title = {Tiered approach for identification of a human fecal pollution source at a recreational beach: case study at Avalon Bay, Catalina Island, California.}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {673-680}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Recreational marine beaches in California are posted as unfit for swimming when the concentration of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) exceeds any of seven concentration standards. Finding and mitigating sources of shoreline FIB is complicated by the many potential human and nonhuman sources of these organisms and the complex fate and transport processes that control their concentrations. In this study, a three-tiered approach is used to identify human and nonhuman sources of FIB in Avalon Bay, a popular resort community on Catalina Island in southern California. The first and second tiers utilize standard FIB tests to spatially isolate the FIB signal, to characterize the variability of FIB over a range of temporal scales, and to measure FIB concentrations in potential sources of these organisms. In the third tier, water samples from FIB \"hot spots\" and sources are tested for human-specific bacteria Bacteroides/Prevotella and enterovirus to determine whether the FIB are from human sewage or from nonhuman sources such as bird feces. FIB in Avalon Bay appear to be from multiple, primarily land-based, sources including bird droppings, contaminated subsurface water, leaking drains, and runoff from street wash-down actvities. Multiple shoreline samples and two subsurface water samples tested positive for human-specific bacteria and enterovirus, suggesting that at least a portion of the FIB contamination is from human sewage.

}, author = {Boehm, AB and Fuhrman, JA and Mrse, RD and Grant, SB} } @article {13224, title = {Tolerance and starvation induced cross-protection against different stresses in Aeromonas hydrophila}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {87}, year = {2003}, pages = {121-130}, doi = {10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00061-8}, author = {Mary, P. and Sautour, M. and Chihib, N. E. and Tierny, Y. and Hornez, J. P.} } @article {12099, title = {Towards a risk map of malaria for Sri Lanka: the importance of house location relative to vector breeding sites}, journal = {Int J Epidemiol}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {Apr}, pages = {280-5}, type = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, edition = {2003/04/26}, keywords = {Animals, Housing, Humans, Insect Vectors, Malaria/*epidemiology, Mosquito Control, Odds Ratio, Residence Characteristics, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Sri Lanka/epidemiology, Topography, Medical}, isbn = {0300-5771 (Print)
0300-5771 (Linking)}, author = {Van Der Hoek, W. and Konradsen, F. and Amerasinghe, P. H. and Perera, D. and Piyaratne, M. K. and Amerasinghe, F. P.} } @article {16591, title = {Towards a risk map of malaria for {Sri} {Lanka}: the importance of house location relative to vector breeding sites}, journal = {Int J Epidemiol}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, month = {apr}, pages = {280{\textendash}5}, keywords = {Animals, Housing, Humans, Insect Vectors, Malaria/*epidemiology, Medical, Mosquito Control, Odds Ratio, Residence Characteristics, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Sri Lanka/epidemiology, Topography}, issn = {0300-5771 (Print) 0300-5771 (Linking)}, author = {Van Der Hoek, W. and Konradsen, F. and Amerasinghe, P. H. and Perera, D. and Piyaratne, M. K. and Amerasinghe, F. P.} } @article {11220, title = {{Toxocara cati: An underestimated zoonotic agent}}, journal = {Trends in Parasitology}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {167{\textendash}170}, doi = {10.1016/s1471-4922(03)00027-8}, author = {Fisher, Maggie} } @article {11210, title = {{Toxocariasis: Clinical Aspects, Epidemiology, Medical Ecology, and Molecular Aspects}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {265{\textendash}272}, doi = {10.1128/cmr.16.2.265-272.2003}, author = {Despommier, D} } @article {8525, title = {{Toxoplasmosis-related knowledge and practices among pregnant women in the United States}}, journal = {Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, pages = {139{\textendash}145}, author = {Jones, JL and Ogunmodede, F and Scheftel, J and Kirkland, E and Lopez, A and Schulkin, J and Lynfield, R} } @article {16922, title = {Transport and survival of bacterial and viral tracers through submerged-flow constructed wetland and sand-filter system}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {49{\textendash}56}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Vega, Everardo and Lesikar, Bruce and Pillai, Suresh D} } @article {16902, title = {Treatment efficiency}, journal = {Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water}, year = {2003}, pages = {159}, author = {Stanfield, G and LeChevallier, M and Snozzi, M} } @article {2229, title = {{Treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature in a two-anaerobic step system followed by a trickling filter.}}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {48}, number = {11-12}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {199{\textendash}206}, abstract = {The treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature was studied in a two-anaerobic-step system followed by an aerobic step, consisting of an anaerobic filter (AF) + an anaerobic hybrid (AH) + polyurethane-foam trickling filter (PTF). The AF+AH system was operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3+6 h at a controlled temperature of 13 degrees C, while the PTF was operated without wastewater recirculation at different hydraulic loading rates (HLR) of 41, 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d at ambient temperature (ca. 15-18 degrees C). The AF reactor removed the major part of the total and suspended COD, viz. 46 and 58\% respectively. The AH reactor with granular sludge was efficient in the removal and conversion of the anaerobically biodegradable COD. The AF+AH system removed 63\% of total COD and converted 46\% of the influent total COD to methane. At a HLR of 41 m3/m2/d, the COD removal was limited in the PTF, while at HLR of 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d, a high total COD removal of 54-57\% was achieved without a significant difference between the two HLRs. The PTF was mainly efficient in the removal of particles (suspended and colloidal COD removal were 75-90\% and 75-83\% respectively), which were not removed in the anaerobic two-step. The overall total COD removal in the AF+AH+PTF system was 85\%. Decreasing the HLR from 15.4 to 2.6 m3/m2/d, only increased the nitrification rate efficiency in the PTF from 22\% to 60\%. Also, at HLR of 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d, PTF showed a similar removal for E. coli by about 2 log. Therefore, the effluent of AF+AH+PTF system can be utilised for restricted irrigation in order to close water and nutrients cycles. Moreover, such a system represents a high-load and a low-cost technology, which is a suitable solution for developing countries.}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {Elmitwalli, T A and van Lier, J and Zeeman, G and Lettinga, G} } @article {7994, title = {{Treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature in a two-anaerobic step system followed by a trickling filter.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {48}, number = {11-12}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {199{\textendash}206}, abstract = {

The treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature was studied in a two-anaerobic-step system followed by an aerobic step, consisting of an anaerobic filter (AF) + an anaerobic hybrid (AH) + polyurethane-foam trickling filter (PTF). The AF+AH system was operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3+6 h at a controlled temperature of 13 degrees C, while the PTF was operated without wastewater recirculation at different hydraulic loading rates (HLR) of 41, 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d at ambient temperature (ca. 15-18 degrees C). The AF reactor removed the major part of the total and suspended COD, viz. 46 and 58{\%} respectively. The AH reactor with granular sludge was efficient in the removal and conversion of the anaerobically biodegradable COD. The AF+AH system removed 63{\%} of total COD and converted 46{\%} of the influent total COD to methane. At a HLR of 41 m3/m2/d, the COD removal was limited in the PTF, while at HLR of 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d, a high total COD removal of 54-57{\%} was achieved without a significant difference between the two HLRs. The PTF was mainly efficient in the removal of particles (suspended and colloidal COD removal were 75-90{\%} and 75-83{\%} respectively), which were not removed in the anaerobic two-step. The overall total COD removal in the AF+AH+PTF system was 85{\%}. Decreasing the HLR from 15.4 to 2.6 m3/m2/d, only increased the nitrification rate efficiency in the PTF from 22{\%} to 60{\%}. Also, at HLR of 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d, PTF showed a similar removal for E. coli by about 2 log. Therefore, the effluent of AF+AH+PTF system can be utilised for restricted irrigation in order to close water and nutrients cycles. Moreover, such a system represents a high-load and a low-cost technology, which is a suitable solution for developing countries.

}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {Elmitwalli, T A and van Lier, J and Zeeman, G and Lettinga, G} } @article {14006, title = {Treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature in a two-anaerobic step system followed by a trickling filter.}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {48}, number = {11-12}, year = {2003}, month = {jan}, pages = {199{\textendash}206}, abstract = {The treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature was studied in a two-anaerobic-step system followed by an aerobic step, consisting of an anaerobic filter (AF) + an anaerobic hybrid (AH) + polyurethane-foam trickling filter (PTF). The AF+AH system was operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3+6 h at a controlled temperature of 13 degrees C, while the PTF was operated without wastewater recirculation at different hydraulic loading rates (HLR) of 41, 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d at ambient temperature (ca. 15-18 degrees C). The AF reactor removed the major part of the total and suspended COD, viz. 46 and 58\% respectively. The AH reactor with granular sludge was efficient in the removal and conversion of the anaerobically biodegradable COD. The AF+AH system removed 63\% of total COD and converted 46\% of the influent total COD to methane. At a HLR of 41 m3/m2/d, the COD removal was limited in the PTF, while at HLR of 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d, a high total COD removal of 54-57\% was achieved without a significant difference between the two HLRs. The PTF was mainly efficient in the removal of particles (suspended and colloidal COD removal were 75-90\% and 75-83\% respectively), which were not removed in the anaerobic two-step. The overall total COD removal in the AF+AH+PTF system was 85\%. Decreasing the HLR from 15.4 to 2.6 m3/m2/d, only increased the nitrification rate efficiency in the PTF from 22\% to 60\%. Also, at HLR of 15.4 and 2.6 m3/m2/d, PTF showed a similar removal for E. coli by about 2 log. Therefore, the effluent of AF+AH+PTF system can be utilised for restricted irrigation in order to close water and nutrients cycles. Moreover, such a system represents a high-load and a low-cost technology, which is a suitable solution for developing countries.}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {Elmitwalli, T A and van Lier, J and Zeeman, G and Lettinga, G} } @article {9516, title = {{Treatment of microsporidiosis including albendazole}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {90 Supp 1}, year = {2003}, pages = {S14{\textendash}18}, author = {Gross, U} } @article {12772, title = {{Triclabendazole in the treatment of paragonimiasis skrjabini}}, journal = {Chinese Medical Journal}, volume = {116}, year = {2003}, pages = {1683{\textendash}1686}, author = {Gao, J and Liu, Y and Wang, X and Hu, P} } @article {8975, title = {Ultrasonic disinfection of wastewater effluents for high-quality reuse}, journal = {Water Recycling in the Mediterranean Region}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {261-267}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1606-9749}, url = {://WOS:000185639500031}, author = {Nels, U. and Blume, T.} } @booklet {10785, title = {{Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidance Manual, draft}}, year = {2003}, publisher = {EPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)}, address = {Washington, DC} } @article {8894, title = {Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidelines for Drinking Water and Water Reuse}, journal = {NWRI/AWWARF, Fountain Valley, CA}, year = {2003}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Blatchely, E. R. and Emerick, R. W. and Hargy, T. and Hoyer, T. and Hultquist, R. H. and Sakaji, R. H. and Scheible, O. K. and Schmelling, D. C. and Soroushian, F. and Tchobanoglous, G.} } @article {13850, title = {Use of fluorescent in situ hybridization to evidence the presence of {Helicobacter} pylori in water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {2251{\textendash}2256}, abstract = {We have evaluated the use of a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique for the detection of Helicobacter pylori in water (river and wastewater) samples. The assay was compared with PCR detection and isolation of cells on selective media. 16S rRNA and UreA + B sequence data were used as oligonucleotide probe and specific primers for FISH and PCR, respectively. Using FISH technique, H. pylori was detected in two river water and one wastewater samples, while PCR yielded only one positive result. H. pylori culture was not possible from any sample. According to these results, FISH technique has the potential to be used as a quick and sensitive method for detection of H. pylori in. environmental samples. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Activated sludge, Biofilms, Campylobacter, children, Detection, Diagnosis, Fish, gastric biopsy specimens, Genes, Helicobacter, IDENTIFICATION, infection, PCR, Transmission, water}, doi = {Doi 10.1016/S0043-1354902)00624-3}, url = {\textlessGo to ISI\textgreater://000182421600032}, author = {Moreno, Y and Ferr{\'u}s, M A and Alonso, J L and Jimenez, A and Hernandez, J} } @article {8222, title = {{Use of fluorescent in situ hybridization to evidence the presence of Helicobacter pylori in water}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {37}, number = {9}, year = {2003}, pages = {2251{\textendash}2256}, abstract = {We have evaluated the use of a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique for the detection of Helicobacter pylori in water (river and wastewater) samples. The assay was compared with PCR detection and isolation of cells on selective media. 16S rRNA and UreA + B sequence data were used as oligonucleotide probe and specific primers for FISH and PCR, respectively. Using FISH technique, H. pylori was detected in two river water and one wastewater samples, while PCR yielded only one positive result. H. pylori culture was not possible from any sample. According to these results, FISH technique has the potential to be used as a quick and sensitive method for detection of H. pylori in. environmental samples. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Activated sludge, Biofilms, Campylobacter, children, Detection, Diagnosis, Fish, gastric biopsy specimens, Genes, Helicobacter, IDENTIFICATION, infection, PCR, Transmission, water}, isbn = {0043-1354}, doi = {Doi 10.1016/S0043-1354902)00624-3}, url = {{\textless}Go to ISI{\textgreater}://000182421600032}, author = {Moreno, Y and Ferr{\'u}s, M A and Alonso, J L and Jimenez, A and Hernandez, J} } @article {8061, title = {{Use of lignite fly ash as an additive in alkaline stabilisation and pasteurisation of wastewater sludge.}}, journal = {Waste Management and Research : the Journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, month = {oct}, pages = {448{\textendash}58}, abstract = {

In this study, the possibility of using lignite fly ash in low doses for reducing the pathogen levels in wastewater sludge was investigated. The results showed that using fly ash alone in doses of 40{\%}, 80{\%} and 120{\%} (on a dry weight basis), did not produce an alkaline environment for an efficient removal of pathogens. However, using fly ash in conjunction with the minimum amount of quicklime may act as an effective way of fecal coliform removal in both alkaline stabilisation and pasteurisation processes. It was shown that using fly ash in doses of 80{\%} and 120{\%} in alkaline stabilisation and pasteurisation processes prevented the pH decays and regrowth of pathogens during 60 days of storage period. The results of the study confirmed that alkaline pasteurisation process produces a product which is more resistant to pH decays and regrowth of fecal coliforms compared to that of alkaline stabilisation. Consequently, the overall results of this study indicated that the minimum lime and fly ash dosages required to generate a Class B biosolid were 10-15{\%} and 80{\%}, respectively. On the other hand, heating sludge to 50 degrees C prior to the addition of 10-15{\%} quicklime and 80{\%} fly ash followed by further heating to 70 degrees C and then sustaining at this temperature for 30 minutes were sufficient to generate a Class A biosolid.

}, keywords = {Carbon, Carbon: chemistry, Coal, Coal Ash, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Incineration, Industrial Waste, Particulate Matter, Temperature, Waste Disposal, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {0734-242X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14661892}, author = {Fatma O Kocaer and Alkan, Ufuk and H{\"u}seyin S Baskaya} } @article {14112, title = {Use of lignite fly ash as an additive in alkaline stabilisation and pasteurisation of wastewater sludge.}, journal = {Waste management \& research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, month = {oct}, pages = {448{\textendash}58}, abstract = {In this study, the possibility of using lignite fly ash in low doses for reducing the pathogen levels in wastewater sludge was investigated. The results showed that using fly ash alone in doses of 40\%, 80\% and 120\% (on a dry weight basis), did not produce an alkaline environment for an efficient removal of pathogens. However, using fly ash in conjunction with the minimum amount of quicklime may act as an effective way of fecal coliform removal in both alkaline stabilisation and pasteurisation processes. It was shown that using fly ash in doses of 80\% and 120\% in alkaline stabilisation and pasteurisation processes prevented the pH decays and regrowth of pathogens during 60 days of storage period. The results of the study confirmed that alkaline pasteurisation process produces a product which is more resistant to pH decays and regrowth of fecal coliforms compared to that of alkaline stabilisation. Consequently, the overall results of this study indicated that the minimum lime and fly ash dosages required to generate a Class B biosolid were 10-15\% and 80\%, respectively. On the other hand, heating sludge to 50 degrees C prior to the addition of 10-15\% quicklime and 80\% fly ash followed by further heating to 70 degrees C and then sustaining at this temperature for 30 minutes were sufficient to generate a Class A biosolid.}, keywords = {Carbon, Carbon: chemistry, Coal, Coal Ash, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Incineration, Industrial Waste, Particulate Matter, Temperature, Waste Disposal, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {0734-242X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14661892}, author = {Fatma O Kocaer and Alkan, Ufuk and H{\"u}seyin S Baskaya} } @article {2317, title = {{Use of lignite fly ash as an additive in alkaline stabilisation and pasteurisation of wastewater sludge.}}, journal = {Waste management \& research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, month = {oct}, pages = {448{\textendash}58}, abstract = {In this study, the possibility of using lignite fly ash in low doses for reducing the pathogen levels in wastewater sludge was investigated. The results showed that using fly ash alone in doses of 40\%, 80\% and 120\% (on a dry weight basis), did not produce an alkaline environment for an efficient removal of pathogens. However, using fly ash in conjunction with the minimum amount of quicklime may act as an effective way of fecal coliform removal in both alkaline stabilisation and pasteurisation processes. It was shown that using fly ash in doses of 80\% and 120\% in alkaline stabilisation and pasteurisation processes prevented the pH decays and regrowth of pathogens during 60 days of storage period. The results of the study confirmed that alkaline pasteurisation process produces a product which is more resistant to pH decays and regrowth of fecal coliforms compared to that of alkaline stabilisation. Consequently, the overall results of this study indicated that the minimum lime and fly ash dosages required to generate a Class B biosolid were 10-15\% and 80\%, respectively. On the other hand, heating sludge to 50 degrees C prior to the addition of 10-15\% quicklime and 80\% fly ash followed by further heating to 70 degrees C and then sustaining at this temperature for 30 minutes were sufficient to generate a Class A biosolid.}, keywords = {Carbon, Carbon: chemistry, Coal, Coal Ash, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Incineration, Industrial Waste, Particulate Matter, Temperature, Waste Disposal, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {0734-242X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14661892}, author = {Fatma O Kocaer and Alkan, Ufuk and H{\"u}seyin S Baskaya} } @article {1515, title = {The use of NASBA for the detection of microbial pathogens in food and environmental samples}, journal = {J Microbiol Methods}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, note = {Cook, Nigel eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review Netherlands 2003/03/26 05:00 J Microbiol Methods. 2003 May;53(2):165-74.}, pages = {165-74}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The isothermal amplification method nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), which amplifies RNA, has been reported as useful for the detection of microbial pathogens in food and environmental samples. Methods have been published for Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis in various foods and for Cryptosporidium parvum in water. Both 16S rRNA and various mRNAs have been used as target molecules for detection; the latter may have advantages in allowing specific detection of viable cells. Most of the methods to detect pathogens in foods have employed enrichment in nutrient medium prior to NASBA, as this can ensure sensitivity of detection and encourage the detection of only viable target cells. Although a relatively recent method, NASBA has the potential for adoption as a diagnostic tool for environmental pathogens.}, keywords = {16S/analysis Rotavirus/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Self-Sustained Sequence Replication/*methods, Animals Bacteria/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification DNA, Messenger/analysis RNA, Ribosomal, Ribosomal/analysis *Environmental Microbiology *Food Microbiology Hepatitis A virus/*isolation \& purification Humans RNA}, issn = {0167-7012 (Print) 0167-7012 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12654488}, author = {Cook, N.} } @article {14539, title = {The use of {NASBA} for the detection of microbial pathogens in food and environmental samples}, journal = {J Microbiol Methods}, volume = {53}, year = {2003}, month = {may}, pages = {165{\textendash}74}, abstract = {The isothermal amplification method nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), which amplifies RNA, has been reported as useful for the detection of microbial pathogens in food and environmental samples. Methods have been published for Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis in various foods and for Cryptosporidium parvum in water. Both 16S rRNA and various mRNAs have been used as target molecules for detection; the latter may have advantages in allowing specific detection of viable cells. Most of the methods to detect pathogens in foods have employed enrichment in nutrient medium prior to NASBA, as this can ensure sensitivity of detection and encourage the detection of only viable target cells. Although a relatively recent method, NASBA has the potential for adoption as a diagnostic tool for environmental pathogens.}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, *Food Microbiology, 16S/analysis, Animals, Bacteria/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification, DNA, Hepatitis A virus/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Messenger/analysis, Ribosomal, Ribosomal/analysis, RNA, Rotavirus/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Self-Sustained Sequence Replication/*methods}, issn = {0167-7012 (Print) 0167-7012 (Linking)}, author = {Cook, N.} } @article {14907, title = {The use of {NASBA} for the detection of microbial pathogens in food and environmental samples}, journal = {J Microbiol Methods}, volume = {53}, year = {2003}, month = {may}, pages = {165{\textendash}74}, abstract = {The isothermal amplification method nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), which amplifies RNA, has been reported as useful for the detection of microbial pathogens in food and environmental samples. Methods have been published for Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis in various foods and for Cryptosporidium parvum in water. Both 16S rRNA and various mRNAs have been used as target molecules for detection; the latter may have advantages in allowing specific detection of viable cells. Most of the methods to detect pathogens in foods have employed enrichment in nutrient medium prior to NASBA, as this can ensure sensitivity of detection and encourage the detection of only viable target cells. Although a relatively recent method, NASBA has the potential for adoption as a diagnostic tool for environmental pathogens.}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, *Food Microbiology, 16S/analysis, Animals, Bacteria/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification, DNA, Hepatitis A virus/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Messenger/analysis, Ribosomal, Ribosomal/analysis, RNA, Rotavirus/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity, Self-Sustained Sequence Replication/*methods}, issn = {0167-7012 (Print) 0167-7012 (Linking)}, author = {Cook, N.} } @article {13789, title = {Use of viral pathogens and indicators to differentiate between human and non-human fecal contamination in a microbial source tracking comparison study}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Assays for the detection and typing of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and F+ specific coliphages were performed on samples created as part of a national microbial source tracking methods comparison study. The samples were created blind to the researchers, and were inoculated with a variety of types of fecal contamination source (human, sewage, dog, seagull and cow) and mixtures of sources. Viral tracer and pathogen assays demonstrated a general ability to discriminate human from non-human fecal contamination. For example, samples inoculated with sewage were correctly identified as containing human fecal contamination because they contained human adenovirus or human enterovirus. In samples containing fecal material from individual humans, human pathogen analysis yielded negative results probably because the stool samples were taken from healthy individuals. False positive rates for the virus-based methods (0-8\%) were among the lowest observed during the methods comparison study. It is suggested that virus-based source tracking methods are useful for identification of sewage contamination, and that these methods may also be useful as an indication of the public health risk associated with viral pathogens. Overall, virus-based source tracking methods are an important approach to include in the microbial source tracking {\textquoteright}toolbox{\textquoteright}. {\textcopyright} IWA Publishing 2003.}, author = {Noble, R.T. and Allen, S.M. and Blackwood, A.D. and Chu, W. and Jiang, S.C. and Lovelace, G.L. and Sobsey, M.D. and Stewart, J.R. and Wait, D.A.} } @article {7590, title = {{Use of viral pathogens and indicators to differentiate between human and non-human fecal contamination in a microbial source tracking comparison study}}, journal = {Journal of Water and Health}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {195-207}, abstract = {

Assays for the detection and typing of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and F+ specific coliphages were performed on samples created as part of a national microbial source tracking methods comparison study. The samples were created blind to the researchers, and were inoculated with a variety of types of fecal contamination source (human, sewage, dog, seagull and cow) and mixtures of sources. Viral tracer and pathogen assays demonstrated a general ability to discriminate human from non-human fecal contamination. For example, samples inoculated with sewage were correctly identified as containing human fecal contamination because they contained human adenovirus or human enterovirus. In samples containing fecal material from individual humans, human pathogen analysis yielded negative results probably because the stool samples were taken from healthy individuals. False positive rates for the virus-based methods (0-8{\%}) were among the lowest observed during the methods comparison study. It is suggested that virus-based source tracking methods are useful for identification of sewage contamination, and that these methods may also be useful as an indication of the public health risk associated with viral pathogens. Overall, virus-based source tracking methods are an important approach to include in the microbial source tracking {\textquoteright}toolbox{\textquoteright}. {\textcopyright} IWA Publishing 2003.

}, author = {Noble, R.T. and Allen, S.M. and Blackwood, A.D. and Chu, W. and Jiang, S.C. and Lovelace, G.L. and Sobsey, M.D. and Stewart, J.R. and Wait, D.A.} } @article {2221, title = {{Usefulness of different groups of bacteriophages as model micro-organisms for evaluating chlorination}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {95}, year = {2003}, pages = {29{\textendash}37}, abstract = {AIMS: To assess the usefulness of bacterial and viral indicators in chlorination processes and to collect quantitative information necessary for risk assessment analysis in water disinfection processes based on chlorination. METHODS AND RESULTS: Naturally occurring bacterial indicators, bacteriophages and enteroviruses were determined to evaluate the effect of chlorination in groundwater and secondary sewage effluents. Additionally, the effect of chlorinating on selected bacteriophages, enteroviruses and Escherichia coli was also tested in spiked samples of bottled water and sewage effluents. Results indicate that chlorination inactivates more efficiently bacteria than phages and enteroviruses. Among the human viruses, phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis and selected somatic coliphages belonging to the Siphoviridae family were the most persistent to chlorination. CONCLUSIONS: The three groups of bacteriophages studied were all more resistant to chlorination than bacteria and some of the phages were more resistant than enteroviruses. Results presented here indicate that it is very risky to generalize from information obtained with inactivation experiments done with single isolates of any phage or virus. If possible, inactivation studies should be done with naturally occurring populations. Phages offer a good opportunity for studying naturally occurring populations. Thus, the bacteriophages offer a range of resistance to chlorination that may represent most of the viruses that can be found in water. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Data reported in this study support the inclusion of bacteriophages as additional indicators of the efficiency of water chlorination processes and water quality.}, isbn = {1364-5072, 1364-5072}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.t01-1-01948.x}, author = {A E. Dur{\'a}n and Muniesa, M. and Moce-Llivina, L. and Campos, C. and Jofre, J. and Lucena, F.} } @article {17036, title = {Usefulness of different groups of bacteriophages as model micro-organisms for evaluating chlorination}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {95}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {29{\textendash}37}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Duran, AE and Muniesa, M and Moc{\'e}-Llivina, L and Campos, C and Jofre, J and Lucena, F} } @article {13997, title = {Usefulness of different groups of bacteriophages as model micro-organisms for evaluating chlorination}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {95}, year = {2003}, pages = {29{\textendash}37}, abstract = {AIMS: To assess the usefulness of bacterial and viral indicators in chlorination processes and to collect quantitative information necessary for risk assessment analysis in water disinfection processes based on chlorination. METHODS AND RESULTS: Naturally occurring bacterial indicators, bacteriophages and enteroviruses were determined to evaluate the effect of chlorination in groundwater and secondary sewage effluents. Additionally, the effect of chlorinating on selected bacteriophages, enteroviruses and Escherichia coli was also tested in spiked samples of bottled water and sewage effluents. Results indicate that chlorination inactivates more efficiently bacteria than phages and enteroviruses. Among the human viruses, phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis and selected somatic coliphages belonging to the Siphoviridae family were the most persistent to chlorination. CONCLUSIONS: The three groups of bacteriophages studied were all more resistant to chlorination than bacteria and some of the phages were more resistant than enteroviruses. Results presented here indicate that it is very risky to generalize from information obtained with inactivation experiments done with single isolates of any phage or virus. If possible, inactivation studies should be done with naturally occurring populations. Phages offer a good opportunity for studying naturally occurring populations. Thus, the bacteriophages offer a range of resistance to chlorination that may represent most of the viruses that can be found in water. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Data reported in this study support the inclusion of bacteriophages as additional indicators of the efficiency of water chlorination processes and water quality.}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.t01-1-01948.x}, author = {A E. Dur{\'a}n and Muniesa, M. and Moce-Llivina, L. and Campos, C. and Jofre, J. and Lucena, F.} } @article {8794, title = {{Utilization of carbonate and ammonia-based treatments to eliminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 from cattle manure}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {94}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, month = {apr}, pages = {675{\textendash}685}, publisher = {Blackwell Science Ltd}, keywords = {Enterohaemorrhagic, food-borne pathogens, manure treatment, pre-harvest control}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01899.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01899.x}, author = {Park, G.W. and Diez-Gonzalez, F.} } @article {3749, title = {Vaccinia virus recombinant expressing an 87-kilodalton polyprotein that is sufficient to form astrovirus-like particles.}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {77}, number = {16}, year = {2003}, pages = {9094{\textendash}9098}, author = {Dalton, RM and Pastrana, EP and Sanchez-Fauquier, A} } @inbook {10601, title = {{Vibrio}}, booktitle = {Manual of Clinical Microbiology}, year = {2003}, pages = {706}, publisher = {ASM Press}, organization = {ASM Press}, edition = {8th}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Farmer, JJ III and Janda, JM and Birkhead, K}, editor = {Murray, PR and Baron, EJ and Jorgensen, JH and Pfaller, MA and Yolken, RH} } @article {11147, title = {{Vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin/protease degrades chironomid egg masses}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {69}, year = {2003}, pages = {4200{\textendash}4204}, author = {Halpern, M and Gancz, H and Broza, M and Kashi, Y} } @article {13894, title = {Virulence of water-induced coccoid {Helicobacter} pylori and its experimental infection in mice}, journal = {World Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {mar}, pages = {516{\textendash}520}, abstract = {AIM: To explore the virulence and the infectivity of coccoid Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) transformed from spiral form by exposure to sterile tap water. METHODS: Three strains of H. pylori, isolated from gastric biopsy specimens of confirmed peptic ulcer, were converted from spiral into coccoid form by exposure to sterile tap water. Both spiral and coccoid forms of H. pylori were tested for the urease activity, and the adherence to Hep-2 cells. The presence of flagella was examined under electron microscopy. In the experimental animal infection, the spiral and coccoid forms of H. pylori originated from the same strain F49 were inoculated intragastrically into BALB/c mice respectively four times at a 3-day interval. Half of the mice from each group were sacrificed at Day 21 and Day 28 after the last inoculation. Histology and H.pylori colonization were detected by urease test of gastric mucosa, cultures of H.pylori, and electron microscopy and so on. RESULTS: The urease activity and the ability of adherence to Hep-2 cells were found to be lower in coccoid H.pylori than that in its spiral form. For example, the transformation in strain F 44 led to a significant decrease of the adherence rate and adherence index from 70.0{\textpm}5.3 \% to 30.2{\textpm}3.5 \% (P{\textbackslash}textless0.01), and from 2.6{\textpm}0.4 to 0.86{\textpm}0.3 (P{\textbackslash}textless0.01), respectively. The flagella of coccoid H. pylori were observed under electron microscope. In the experimental infection in mice, the positive rate of gastric mucosa urease test was 93.8 \% (15/16) in the group infected by spiral H.pylori and 50 \% (8/16) in the group infected by coccoid H.pylori, and the estimated coccoid H.pylori colony number was 1.75 vs 0.56. The positive rates of H.pylori culture were 87.5 \% (14/16) in spiral H. pylori group and 68.8 \% (11/16) in coccoid H. pylori group. There was no significant difference in either urease test or bacterial culture rate between the groups examined at Day 21 and Day 28 after inoculation. Electron microscopic examination of the samples taken from both groups showed the adherence of H.pylori in spiral, bacillary and coccoid shapes to the epithelial cells of gastric wall. Histological examination showed the occurrence of gastric mucosal injury as indicated by various degrees of erosion, ulcer, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Mucosal injury was slighter in the mice infected by coccoid H.pylori. No positive result was obtained in the control group that received intragastrical administration of sterile tap water. CONCLUSION: Although the virulence of coccoid H.pylori induced by water decrease, coccoid H.pylori still remains a considerable urease activity and the adhering ability to epithelial cells. Furthermore, the flagella, an important component responsible for bacterial movement and infection, were still observed as a cellular structure of coccoid H.pylori under electron microscope. The coccoid H.pylori induced by water is capable of colonizing in gastric mucosa and causing gastrititis in mice. She FF, Lin JY, Liu JY, Huang C, Su DH. Virulence of water-induced coccoid Helicobacter pylori and its experimental infection in mice.}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Adhesion, Electron, Female, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, Helicobacter Infections: pathology, Helicobacter Infections: physiopathology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: pathogenicity, Helicobacter pylori: physiology, Helicobacter pylori: ultrastructure, In Vitro Techniques, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Microscopy, Urease, Urease: metabolism, water}, issn = {10079327}, doi = {10.3748/wjg.v9.i3.516}, url = {http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4621573/?report=abstract}, author = {She, Fei Fei and Jian Yin, Lin and Jun Yan, Liu and Cheng, Huang and Dong Hui, Su} } @article {8266, title = {{Virulence of water-induced coccoid Helicobacter pylori and its experimental infection in mice}}, journal = {World Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {mar}, pages = {516{\textendash}520}, publisher = {Baishideng Publishing Group Inc}, abstract = {AIM: To explore the virulence and the infectivity of coccoid Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) transformed from spiral form by exposure to sterile tap water. METHODS: Three strains of H. pylori, isolated from gastric biopsy specimens of confirmed peptic ulcer, were converted from spiral into coccoid form by exposure to sterile tap water. Both spiral and coccoid forms of H. pylori were tested for the urease activity, and the adherence to Hep-2 cells. The presence of flagella was examined under electron microscopy. In the experimental animal infection, the spiral and coccoid forms of H. pylori originated from the same strain F49 were inoculated intragastrically into BALB/c mice respectively four times at a 3-day interval. Half of the mice from each group were sacrificed at Day 21 and Day 28 after the last inoculation. Histology and H.pylori colonization were detected by urease test of gastric mucosa, cultures of H.pylori, and electron microscopy and so on. RESULTS: The urease activity and the ability of adherence to Hep-2 cells were found to be lower in coccoid H.pylori than that in its spiral form. For example, the transformation in strain F 44 led to a significant decrease of the adherence rate and adherence index from 70.0{\textpm}5.3 {\%} to 30.2{\textpm}3.5 {\%} (P{\textless}0.01), and from 2.6{\textpm}0.4 to 0.86{\textpm}0.3 (P{\textless}0.01), respectively. The flagella of coccoid H. pylori were observed under electron microscope. In the experimental infection in mice, the positive rate of gastric mucosa urease test was 93.8 {\%} (15/16) in the group infected by spiral H.pylori and 50 {\%} (8/16) in the group infected by coccoid H.pylori, and the estimated coccoid H.pylori colony number was 1.75 vs 0.56. The positive rates of H.pylori culture were 87.5 {\%} (14/16) in spiral H. pylori group and 68.8 {\%} (11/16) in coccoid H. pylori group. There was no significant difference in either urease test or bacterial culture rate between the groups examined at Day 21 and Day 28 after inoculation. Electron microscopic examination of the samples taken from both groups showed the adherence of H.pylori in spiral, bacillary and coccoid shapes to the epithelial cells of gastric wall. Histological examination showed the occurrence of gastric mucosal injury as indicated by various degrees of erosion, ulcer, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Mucosal injury was slighter in the mice infected by coccoid H.pylori. No positive result was obtained in the control group that received intragastrical administration of sterile tap water. CONCLUSION: Although the virulence of coccoid H.pylori induced by water decrease, coccoid H.pylori still remains a considerable urease activity and the adhering ability to epithelial cells. Furthermore, the flagella, an important component responsible for bacterial movement and infection, were still observed as a cellular structure of coccoid H.pylori under electron microscope. The coccoid H.pylori induced by water is capable of colonizing in gastric mucosa and causing gastrititis in mice. She FF, Lin JY, Liu JY, Huang C, Su DH. Virulence of water-induced coccoid Helicobacter pylori and its experimental infection in mice.}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Adhesion, Electron, Female, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, Helicobacter Infections: pathology, Helicobacter Infections: physiopathology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: pathogenicity, Helicobacter pylori: physiology, Helicobacter pylori: ultrastructure, In Vitro Techniques, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Microscopy, Urease, Urease: metabolism, water}, issn = {10079327}, doi = {10.3748/wjg.v9.i3.516}, url = {http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4621573/?report=abstract}, author = {She, Fei Fei and Jian Yin, Lin and Jun Yan, Liu and Cheng, Huang and Dong Hui, Su} } @article {14791, title = {Virulence of water-induced coccoid {Helicobacter} pylori and its experimental infection in mice}, journal = {World Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2003}, month = {mar}, pages = {516{\textendash}520}, abstract = {AIM: To explore the virulence and the infectivity of coccoid Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) transformed from spiral form by exposure to sterile tap water. METHODS: Three strains of H. pylori, isolated from gastric biopsy specimens of confirmed peptic ulcer, were converted from spiral into coccoid form by exposure to sterile tap water. Both spiral and coccoid forms of H. pylori were tested for the urease activity, and the adherence to Hep-2 cells. The presence of flagella was examined under electron microscopy. In the experimental animal infection, the spiral and coccoid forms of H. pylori originated from the same strain F49 were inoculated intragastrically into BALB/c mice respectively four times at a 3-day interval. Half of the mice from each group were sacrificed at Day 21 and Day 28 after the last inoculation. Histology and H.pylori colonization were detected by urease test of gastric mucosa, cultures of H.pylori, and electron microscopy and so on. RESULTS: The urease activity and the ability of adherence to Hep-2 cells were found to be lower in coccoid H.pylori than that in its spiral form. For example, the transformation in strain F 44 led to a significant decrease of the adherence rate and adherence index from 70.0{\textpm}5.3 \% to 30.2{\textpm}3.5 \% (P{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless0.01), and from 2.6{\textpm}0.4 to 0.86{\textpm}0.3 (P{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless0.01), respectively. The flagella of coccoid H. pylori were observed under electron microscope. In the experimental infection in mice, the positive rate of gastric mucosa urease test was 93.8 \% (15/16) in the group infected by spiral H.pylori and 50 \% (8/16) in the group infected by coccoid H.pylori, and the estimated coccoid H.pylori colony number was 1.75 vs 0.56. The positive rates of H.pylori culture were 87.5 \% (14/16) in spiral H. pylori group and 68.8 \% (11/16) in coccoid H. pylori group. There was no significant difference in either urease test or bacterial culture rate between the groups examined at Day 21 and Day 28 after inoculation. Electron microscopic examination of the samples taken from both groups showed the adherence of H.pylori in spiral, bacillary and coccoid shapes to the epithelial cells of gastric wall. Histological examination showed the occurrence of gastric mucosal injury as indicated by various degrees of erosion, ulcer, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Mucosal injury was slighter in the mice infected by coccoid H.pylori. No positive result was obtained in the control group that received intragastrical administration of sterile tap water. CONCLUSION: Although the virulence of coccoid H.pylori induced by water decrease, coccoid H.pylori still remains a considerable urease activity and the adhering ability to epithelial cells. Furthermore, the flagella, an important component responsible for bacterial movement and infection, were still observed as a cellular structure of coccoid H.pylori under electron microscope. The coccoid H.pylori induced by water is capable of colonizing in gastric mucosa and causing gastrititis in mice. She FF, Lin JY, Liu JY, Huang C, Su DH. Virulence of water-induced coccoid Helicobacter pylori and its experimental infection in mice.}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Adhesion, Electron, Female, Helicobacter Infections, Helicobacter Infections: microbiology, Helicobacter Infections: pathology, Helicobacter Infections: physiopathology, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: pathogenicity, Helicobacter pylori: physiology, Helicobacter pylori: ultrastructure, In Vitro Techniques, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Microscopy, Urease, Urease: metabolism, water}, issn = {10079327}, doi = {10.3748/wjg.v9.i3.516}, url = {http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4621573/?report=abstract}, author = {She, Fei Fei and Jian Yin, Lin and Jun Yan, Liu and Cheng, Huang and Dong Hui, Su} } @booklet {1846, title = {Virus Survival In The Environment With Special Attention To Survival In Sewage Droplets And Other Environmental Media Of Fecal Or Respiratory Origin - Draft {\textendash} August 21, 2003}, year = {2003}, publisher = {http://www.unc.edu/courses/2008spring/envr/421/001/WHO_VirusSurvivalReport_21Aug2003.pdf Last accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {Sobsey, M. D. and Meschke, J. S.} } @mastersthesis {6101, title = {Virus transport and attenuation in perialpine gravel aquifers}, year = {2003}, school = {Universit{\'e} de Neuch{\^a}tel}, type = {phd}, author = {Raymond M Flynn} } @article {3677, title = {Viruses causing gastroenteritis.}, journal = {Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {2003}, pages = {247{\textendash}262}, abstract = {Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases in humans worldwide. Viruses are recognized as important causes of this disease, particularly in children. Since the Norwalk virus was identified as a cause of gastroenteritis, the number of viral agents associated with diarrheal disease in humans has steadily increased. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 years of age. Astrovirus, calicivirus and enteric adenovirus are also important etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis. Other viruses, such as toroviruses, coronaviruses, picobirnaviruses and pestiviruses, are increasingly being identified as causative agents of diarrhea. In recent years, the availability of diagnostic tests, mainly immunoassays or molecular biology techniques, has increased our understanding of this group of viruses. The future development of a safe and highly effective vaccine against rotavirus could prevent, at least, cases of severe diarrhea and reduce mortality from this disease.}, author = {Wilhelmi, I and Roman, E and Sanchez-Fauquier, A} } @book {12562, title = {Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse}, year = {2003}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill Education}, organization = {McGraw-Hill Education}, isbn = {9780070418783}, author = {Inc. Metcalf Eddy} } @article {10418, title = {Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet. Screening and Grit Removal}, number = {EPA 832-F-03-011}, year = {2003} } @booklet {3883, title = {Water and {Sanitation} in the {World}{\textquoteright}s {Cities}: {Local} {Action} for {Global} {Goals}.}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Earthscan}, address = {London}, author = {UN-Habitat} } @booklet {3453, title = {{Water and Sanitation in the World{\textquoteright}s Cities: Local Action for Global Goals.}}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Earthscan}, address = {London}, author = {UN-Habitat} } @article {6647, title = {Water, sanitation, and hygiene at {Kyoto}: {Handwashing} and sanitation need to be marketed as if they were consumer products}, journal = {BMJ: British Medical Journal}, volume = {327}, number = {7405}, year = {2003}, pages = {3}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1126368/}, author = {Curtis, Val and Cairncross, Sandy} } @article {7108, title = {Water, sanitation and hygiene for the health of developing nations}, journal = {Public Health}, volume = {117}, number = {6}, year = {2003}, pages = {452{\textendash}456}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350603001434}, author = {Mara, D.D.} } @article {6472, title = {Water, sanitation and hygiene in {Bangladeshi} slums: an evaluation of the {WaterAid}{\textendash}{Bangladesh} urban programme}, journal = {Environment and Urbanization}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {43{\textendash}56}, url = {http://eau.sagepub.com/content/15/2/43.short}, author = {Hanchett, Suzanne and Akhter, Shireen and Khan, Mohidul Hoque and Mezulianik, Stephen and Blagbrough, Vicky} } @article {7012, title = {Water, sanitation and urban children: the need to go beyond {\textquotedblleft}improved{\textquotedblright} provision}, journal = {Environment and Urbanization}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {57{\textendash}70}, url = {http://eau.sagepub.com/content/15/2/57.short}, author = {Bartlett, Sheridan} } @article {3427, title = {{Water, sanitation and urban children: The need to go beyond {\textquotedblleft}improved{\textquotedblright} provision.}}, journal = {Environment {\&} Urbanization}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {57{\textendash}70}, doi = {10.1177/095624780301500220.}, author = {Bartlett, S} } @article {3512, title = {Water, sanitation and urban children: {The} need to go beyond {\textquotedblleft}improved{\textquotedblright} provision.}, journal = {Environment \& Urbanization}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {57{\textendash}70}, doi = {10.1177/095624780301500220.}, author = {Bartlett, S} } @article {10812, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera, 2002}, volume = {78}, number = {31}, year = {2003}, pages = {269{\textendash}276} } @article {6550, title = {Willingness-to-pay for community-based insurance in {Burkina} {Faso}}, journal = {Health Economics}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, year = {2003}, month = {oct}, pages = {849{\textendash}862}, abstract = {PURPOSE: To study the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a proposed community-based health insurance (CBI) scheme in order to provide information about the relationship between the premium that is required to cover the costs of the scheme and expected insurance enrollment levels. In addition, factors that influence WTP were to be identified. METHODS: Data were collected from a household survey using a two-stage cluster sampling approach, with each household having the same probability of being selected. Interviews were conducted with 2414 individuals and 705 household heads. The take-it-or-leave-it (TIOLI) and the bidding game were used to elicit WTP. RESULTS: The average individual was willing to pay 2384 (elicited by the TIOLI) or 3191 (elicited by the bidding game) CFA (3.17 US dollars or 4.25 US dollars) to join CBI for him/herself. The head of household agreed to pay from 6448 (elicited by the TIOLI) or 9769 (elicited by the bidding game) CFA (8.6 US dollars or 13.03 US dollars) to join the health insurance scheme for his/her household. These results were influenced by household and individual ability-to-pay, household and individual characteristics, such as age, sex and education. The two methods yielded similar patterns of estimated WTP, in that higher WTP was obtained for higher income level, higher previous medical expenditure, higher education, younger people and males. A starting point bias was found in the case of the bidding game. CONCLUSIONS: Both TIOLI and bidding game methods can elicit a value of WTP for CBI. The value elicited by the bidding game is higher than by the TIOLI, but the two approaches yielded similar patterns of estimated WTP. WTP information can be used for setting insurance premium. When setting the premiums, it is important to consider differences between the real market and the theoretical one, and between the WTP and the cost of benefits package. The beneficiaries of CBI should be enrolled at the level of households or villages in order to protect vulnerable groups such as women, elders and the poor.}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Attitude to Health, Burkina Faso, Catchment Area (Health), Decision making, Developing Countries, Family Characteristics, Fees and Charges, Female, Financing, Health, Humans, Insurance, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Personal, Regression Analysis, Rural Health Services, Value of Life}, issn = {1057-9230}, doi = {10.1002/hec.771}, author = {Dong, Hengjin and Kouyate, Bocar and Cairns, John and Mugisha, Frederick and Sauerborn, Rainer} } @book {11533, title = {Zoonosis y enfermedades transmisibles comunes al hombre y a los animales}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Organizaci{\'o}n Panamericana de la Salud}, organization = {Organizaci{\'o}n Panamericana de la Salud}, edition = {3a edition}, address = {Washington: Organizaci{\'o}n Panamericana de la Salud}, author = {Acha, PN and Szifres, B} } @article {6010, title = {{Zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus from deer to human beings}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {362}, number = {9381}, year = {2003}, pages = {371{\textendash}373}, author = {Tei, S and Kitajima, N} } @article {9261, title = {{Amebic infections due to the Entamoeba histolytica-Entamoeba dispar complex: a study of the incidence in a remote rural area of Ecuador}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {123{\textendash}127}, author = {Gatti, S and Swierczynski, G and Robinson, F and Anselmi, M and Corrales, J and Moreira, J and Montalvo, G and Bruno, A and Maserati, R and Bisoffi, Z and Scaglia, M} } @article {13336, title = {An analysis of human pathogens found in horse/mule manure along the John Muir Trail in Kings Canyon and Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks}, journal = {Wilderness and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {13}, year = {2002}, pages = {113-118}, author = {R W Derlet and J R Carlson} } @mastersthesis {6212, title = {Applying contingent valuation to the {Saint} {John} {Harbour}}, year = {2002}, note = {MQ82529}, school = {The University of New Brunswick (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In the City of Saint John, New Brunswick, approximately half of the collected wastewater is released directly into the harbour and surrounding waterways without being treated. Atlantic Coastal Action Program in Saint John, wanted to determine the approximate value local residents would assign to the cleanliness of the harbour. Computing their willingness to pay for clean water in the harbour did this. Using results from a telephone survey and contingent valuation, this amount was calculated. It was concluded that the local residents would be willing to contribute approximately \$2,000,000 annually towards the wastewater treatment efforts. In order to actually generate these funds, a viable mechanism of collection would have to be established. Until such time as a collection mechanism is put into place, progress will continue at the existing pace, and wastewater will continue to be released, untreated, into the environment.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0768:Environmental science, economics, Environmental science, Harbors, Health and environmental sciences, New Brunswick, Social sciences, Studies, Valuation, water treatment}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305490197?accountid=14270}, author = {Foster, Robyn} } @unpublished {12876, title = {Assessing risk to groundwater from on-site sanitation : scientific review and case studies}, year = {2002}, note = {This item has been internally reviewed but not externally peer-reviewed}, publisher = {British Geological Survey}, address = {Nottingham, UK}, keywords = {Groundwater, Groundwater protection, GroundwaterBGS, Point source pollution}, url = {http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/20713/}, author = {BGS} } @unpublished {16628, title = {Assessing risk to groundwater from on-site sanitation : scientific review and case studies}, year = {2002}, address = {Nottingham, UK}, keywords = {Groundwater, Groundwater protection, GroundwaterBGS, Point source pollution}, url = {http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/20713/} } @article {1910, title = {Assessment of the risk of infection associated with Coxsackie B viruses in drinking wate}, journal = {Water Supply}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {1-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The risk of infection constituted by enteroviruses detected in drinking water supplies analysed in this study were assessed. Coxsackie B viruses (CBV) were used as a model in these assessments. A high proportion of Coxsackie B virus infections are asymptomatic. However, clinical manifestations may range from mild, undifferentiated febrile illness or upper respiratory tract infection to a severe, systemic and sometimes fatal disease of sensitive populations. Dose-response studies suggested that an exponential model best describes infectivity of CBV. The analysis of 172 samples of treated drinking water supplies described in this study revealed the presence of CBVs in 11\% (water treatment unit A) and 16\% (water treatment unit B) of the samples. This incidence of CBV was used as a basis for risk assessment. The results indicated that the drinking water supplies concerned constitute a risk of CBV infection of 3.91 10-3 (unit A) and 7.4 10-3 (unit B) per year. The estimated risk of infection are about an order of magnitude higher than the yearly acceptable risk of one infection per 10,000 consumers proposed for drinking water supplies.}, author = {Vivier, J. C. and Ehlers, M. M. and W. O.K. Grabow and Havelaar, A. H.} } @article {14260, title = {Associations between indicators of livestock farming intensity and incidence of human {Shiga} toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli infection}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {252{\textendash}257}, abstract = {The impact of livestock farming on the incidence of human Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection was assessed by using several livestock density indicators (LDI) that were generated in a systematic approach. A total of 80 LDI were considered suitable proxy measures for livestock density. Multivariate Poisson regression identified several LDI as having a significant spatial association with the incidence of human STEC infection. The strongest associations with human STEC infection were the ratio of beef cattle number to human population and the application of manure to the surface of agricultural land by a solid spreader and by a liquid spreader. This study demonstrates the value of using a systematic approach in identifying LDI and other spatial predictors of disease.}, doi = {10.3201/eid0803.010159}, author = {Valcour, J E and Michel, P and McEwen, S A and Wilson, J B} } @article {2446, title = {{Associations between indicators of livestock farming intensity and incidence of human Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection}}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {252{\textendash}257}, edition = {2002/04/03}, abstract = {The impact of livestock farming on the incidence of human Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection was assessed by using several livestock density indicators (LDI) that were generated in a systematic approach. A total of 80 LDI were considered suitable proxy measures for livestock density. Multivariate Poisson regression identified several LDI as having a significant spatial association with the incidence of human STEC infection. The strongest associations with human STEC infection were the ratio of beef cattle number to human population and the application of manure to the surface of agricultural land by a solid spreader and by a liquid spreader. This study demonstrates the value of using a systematic approach in identifying LDI and other spatial predictors of disease.}, isbn = {1080-6040 (Print) 1080-6040 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3201/eid0803.010159}, author = {Valcour, J E and Michel, P and McEwen, S A and Wilson, J B} } @article {7113, title = {Associations between water-treatment methods and diarrhoea in {HIV}-positive individuals}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {129}, number = {02}, year = {2002}, pages = {315{\textendash}323}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268802007422}, author = {Eisenberg, J. N. S. and Wade, T. J. and Hubbard, A. and Abrams, D. I. and Leiser, R. J. and Charles, S. and Vu, M. and Saha, S. and Wright, C. C. and Levy, D. A. and others} } @article {3920, title = {Astrovirus acute gastroenteritis among children in {Madrid}, {Spain}}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {21}, number = {11}, year = {2002}, pages = {1038{\textendash}1041}, author = {Dalton, RM and Roman, ER and Negredo, AA and Wilhelmi, ID and R I Glass and Sanchez-Fauquier, A} } @article {3919, title = {Astrovirus gastroenteritis.}, journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {21}, number = {11}, year = {2002}, pages = {1067{\textendash}1069}, author = {Mitchell, DK} } @article {3867, title = {Astrovirus-associated diarrhea in {South} {African} adults.}, journal = {Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America}, volume = {35}, number = {11}, year = {2002}, pages = {1452{\textendash}1453}, author = {Pager, CT and A D Steele} } @article {5823, title = {{Attachment of Arcobacter butzleri, a new waterborne pathogen, to water distribution pipe surfaces.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, month = {aug}, pages = {1240{\textendash}1247}, author = {Mafu A Assanta and Roy, Denis and M J Lemay and Montpetit, Diane} } @article {14340, title = {Attachment of {Arcobacter} butzleri, a new waterborne pathogen, to water distribution pipe surfaces.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, month = {aug}, pages = {1240{\textendash}1247}, author = {Mafu A Assanta and Roy, Denis and M J Lemay and Montpetit, Diane} } @article {8677, title = {{Bacteria and fungi in aerosols generated by two different types of wastewater treatment plants}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {16}, year = {2002}, pages = {3965{\textendash}3970}, abstract = {Raw wastewater is a potential carrier of pathogenic microorganisms and may pose a health risk when pathogenic microorganisms become aerosolized during aeration. Two different types of wastewater treatment plants were investigated, and the amounts of cultivable bacteria and fungi were measured in the emitted aerosols. Average concentrations of 17000CFUm-3 of mesophilic, 2100CFUm-3 of TSA-SB bacteria (bacteria associated with certain waterborne virulence factors), 1700CFUm-3 of mesophilic and 45CFUm-3 of thermotolerant fungi, were found in the aerosol emitted by the aeration tank of the activated sludge plant. In the aerosol of the fixed-film reactor 3000CFUm-3 mesophilic and 730CFUm-3 TSA-SB bacteria, and 180CFUm-3 mesophilic and 14CFUm-3 thermotolerant fungi were measured. The specific emissions per population equivalent between the two types of treatment plants differed by two orders of magnitude. The microbial flux based on the open water surface area of the two treatment plants was similar. The aerosolization ratios of cultivable bacteria (expressed as CFUm-3aerosol/m-3 wastewater) ranged between 8.4??10-11 and 4.9??10-9. The aerosolization ratio of fungi was one to three orders of magnitude higher and a significant difference between the two types of treatment plants could be observed. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Activated sludge treatment plant, Aerosol, Emission, Fixed-film reactor, Fungi, Mesophilic bacteria}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00121-5}, author = {Bauer, H. and Fuerhacker, M. and Zibuschka, F. and Schmid, H. and Puxbaum, H.} } @article {13236, title = {Bacterial enteropathogens and factors associated with seasonal episodes of gastroenteritis in Nsukka, Nigeria}, journal = {British Journal of Biomedical Science}, volume = {59}, year = {2002}, pages = {76-79}, doi = {10.1080/09674845.2002.11783638}, author = {Nzeako, B. and Okafor, N.} } @article {4241, title = {{Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli bacteriophages in human faeces.}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {205}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, month = {may}, pages = {325{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Some bacteriophages found in human faeces are being evaluated as possible indicators of viral contamination of water. These bacteriophages include somatic coliphages and Bacteroides fragilis phages. The aims of this study were to determine the occurrence and concentrations of somatic coliphages and Bacteroides fragilis phages in the stools of a human population residing in eastern France (n = 193). Somatic coliphages were detected in 68{\%} of the stools at a mean concentration of 4.3 x 10(3) PFU.g-1 and Bacteroides fragilis phages were detected in 11{\%} of the stools at a mean concentration of 7 x 10(1) PFU.g-1. Statistical analysis showed no correlation between the phage concentration and the age or sex of the human subject.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides, Bacteroides: virology, Child, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: virology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, France, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool}, issn = {1438-4639}, doi = {10.1078/1438-4639-00152}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12068752}, author = {Gantzer, Christophe and Henny, Joseph and Schwartzbrod, Louis} } @mastersthesis {6878, title = {Benefits and costs of environmental regulation of the poultry industry}, year = {2002}, note = {3043176}, school = {Mississippi State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The geographical concentration of poultry production has given rise to waste management problems including buildup of on site nutrients, which creates potential for leaching into groundwater and for contamination of surface waters. Environmental problems associated with geographically concentrated livestock production and possible regulatory solutions provide the motivation for this research. A typical broiler house will produce 125 to 150 tons of litter material annually. Litter is a combination of poultry feed, manure, and bedding materials. The standard method for disposal of poultry litter is land application as fertilizer to permanent pastures close to the source site. Due to the cost of transporting litter, overfertilization of land can occur in areas of concentrated poultry production. This may contribute to excess nutrient and chemical runoff into local waterbodies and ground water supplies. Eutrophication is the contamination of waterways with runoff nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous that causes algae and other microorganisms to proliferate, which leads to unsightly and harmful algae blooms that lower the level of dissolved oxygen and cause fish and aquatic organisms to die. It can also be a threat to the health of people in contact with affected waters due to the microbes (bacteria, protozoa, viruses) in animal waste that can cause disease. This research concentrates on three aspects of the waste management problem in poultry production. First, a Pigouvian tax is estimated that, if charged to producers, would ensure environmental goals are met. Second, the effect of higher poultry prices on consumers due to regulation is measured in terms of economic equity. Finally, the potential for ecolabeling of poultry products is explored.}, keywords = {0338:Marketing, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Benefit cost analysis, Environmental regulation, Environmental regulations, Green marketing, Marketing, Pigouvian tax, Poultry, Poultry industry, Social sciences, Studies, Waste Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305518968?accountid=14270}, author = {Renck, Ashley Wood} } @book {1740, title = {Biosolids Applied To Land: Advancing Standards And Practices}, year = {2002}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, type = {Book}, address = {Washington D.C.}, author = {National Research Council} } @book {10305, title = {Biosolids applied to land: advancing standards and practices}, year = {2002}, publisher = {National Academies Press}, organization = {National Academies Press} } @book {15029, title = {Bitton {G}. {Encyclopedia} of environmental microbiology}, year = {2002}, address = {New York}, author = {M V Yates} } @inbook {5061, title = {Bitton {G}. {Encyclopedia} of environmental microbiology}, year = {2002}, pages = {3268{\textendash}3276}, address = {New York, NY, USA }, author = {M V Yates} } @article {13775, title = {Bovine enteroviruses as indicators of fecal contamination}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {7}, year = {2002}, abstract = {Surface waters frequently have been contaminated with human enteric viruses, and it is likely that animal enteric viruses have contaminated surface waters also. Bovine enteroviruses (BEV), found in cattle worldwide, usually cause asymptomatic infections and are excreted in the feces of infected animals in large numbers. In this study, the prevalence and genotype of BEV in a closed herd of cattle were evaluated and compared with BEV found in animals in the immediate environment and in environmental specimens. BEV was found in feces from 76\% of cattle, 38\% of white-tailed deer, and one of three Canada geese sharing the same pastures, as well as the water obtained from animal watering tanks, from the pasture, from streams running from the pasture to an adjacent river, and from the river, which emptied into the Chesapeake Bay. Furthermore, BEV was found in oysters collected from that river downstream from the farm. These findings suggest that BEV could be used as an indicator of fecal pollution originating from animals (cattle and/or deer). Partial sequence analysis of the viral genomes indicates that different viral variants coexist in the same area. The possibility of identifying the viral strains found in the animals and in the contaminated areas by sequencing the RNA genome, could provide a tool to find the origin of the contamination and should be useful for epidemiological and viral molecular evolution studies.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.7.3455-3461.2002}, author = {Ley, V. and Higgins, J. and Fayer, R.} } @article {7575, title = {{Bovine enteroviruses as indicators of fecal contamination}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {7}, year = {2002}, pages = {3455-3461}, abstract = {

Surface waters frequently have been contaminated with human enteric viruses, and it is likely that animal enteric viruses have contaminated surface waters also. Bovine enteroviruses (BEV), found in cattle worldwide, usually cause asymptomatic infections and are excreted in the feces of infected animals in large numbers. In this study, the prevalence and genotype of BEV in a closed herd of cattle were evaluated and compared with BEV found in animals in the immediate environment and in environmental specimens. BEV was found in feces from 76{\%} of cattle, 38{\%} of white-tailed deer, and one of three Canada geese sharing the same pastures, as well as the water obtained from animal watering tanks, from the pasture, from streams running from the pasture to an adjacent river, and from the river, which emptied into the Chesapeake Bay. Furthermore, BEV was found in oysters collected from that river downstream from the farm. These findings suggest that BEV could be used as an indicator of fecal pollution originating from animals (cattle and/or deer). Partial sequence analysis of the viral genomes indicates that different viral variants coexist in the same area. The possibility of identifying the viral strains found in the animals and in the contaminated areas by sequencing the RNA genome, could provide a tool to find the origin of the contamination and should be useful for epidemiological and viral molecular evolution studies.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.7.3455-3461.2002}, author = {Ley, V. and Higgins, J. and Fayer, R.} } @article {7970, title = {{Brote causado por Escherichia coli en Chalco, M{\'e}xico.}}, journal = {Salud P{\'u}blica de M{\'e}xico}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {297{\textendash}302}, author = {Cort{\'e}s-Ortiz, I. A. and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Angeles, G. and Moreno-Escobar, E. A. and Tenorio-Lara, J. M. and Torres-Mazadiego, B. P. and Montiel-V{\'a}zquez, E.} } @article {13972, title = {Brote causado por {Escherichia} coli en {Chalco}, {M{\'e}xico}.}, journal = {salud p{\'u}blica de m{\'e}xico,}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {297{\textendash}302.}, author = {Cort{\'e}s-Ortiz, I. A. and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Angeles, G. and Moreno-Escobar, E. A. and Tenorio-Lara, J. M. and Torres-Mazadiego, B. P. and Montiel-V{\'a}zquez, E.} } @article {7708, title = {Campylobacter-triggered reactive arthritis: a population-based study.}, journal = {Rheumatology (Oxford)}, volume = {41}, year = {2002}, pages = {312-318}, author = {Hannu,T. and Mattila,L. and Rautelin,H. and Pelkonen,P. and Lahdenne,P. and Siitonen,A. and Leirisalo-Repo,M.} } @article {14562, title = {Can post-eradication laboratory containment of wild polioviruses be achieved?}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {80}, year = {2002}, abstract = {The purpose of containment is to prevent reintroduction of wild polioviruses from laboratories into polio-free communities. In order to achieve global commitment to laboratory containment the rationale should be clear and compelling; the biosafety levels should be justified by the risks; and the objectives should be realistic. Absolute containment can never be assured. Questions of intentional or unintentional non-compliance can never be wholly eliminated. Effective laboratory containment is, however, a realistic goal. Prevention of virus transmission through contaminated laboratory materials is addressed by WHO standards for biosafety. The principal challenge is to prevent transmission through unrecognized infectious laboratory workers. Such transmission is possible only if the following conditions occur: infectious and potentially infectious materials carrying wild poliovirus are present in the laboratory concerned; a laboratory operation exposes a worker to poliovirus; a worker is susceptible to an infection that results in the shedding of poliovirus; and the community is susceptible to poliovirus infections. At present it is difficult to envisage the elimination of any of these conditions. However, the risks of the first three can be greatly reduced so as to create a formidable barrier against poliovirus transmission to the community. Final biosafety recommendations must await post-eradication immunization policies adopted by the international community.}, author = {Dowdle, W. R. and Gary, H. E. and Sanders, R. and van Loon, A. M.} } @article {1534, title = {Can post-eradication laboratory containment of wild polioviruses be achieved?}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {80}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The purpose of containment is to prevent reintroduction of wild polioviruses from laboratories into polio-free communities. In order to achieve global commitment to laboratory containment the rationale should be clear and compelling; the biosafety levels should be justified by the risks; and the objectives should be realistic. Absolute containment can never be assured. Questions of intentional or unintentional non-compliance can never be wholly eliminated. Effective laboratory containment is, however, a realistic goal. Prevention of virus transmission through contaminated laboratory materials is addressed by WHO standards for biosafety. The principal challenge is to prevent transmission through unrecognized infectious laboratory workers. Such transmission is possible only if the following conditions occur: infectious and potentially infectious materials carrying wild poliovirus are present in the laboratory concerned; a laboratory operation exposes a worker to poliovirus; a worker is susceptible to an infection that results in the shedding of poliovirus; and the community is susceptible to poliovirus infections. At present it is difficult to envisage the elimination of any of these conditions. However, the risks of the first three can be greatly reduced so as to create a formidable barrier against poliovirus transmission to the community. Final biosafety recommendations must await post-eradication immunization policies adopted by the international community.}, author = {Dowdle, W. R. and Gary, H. E. and Sanders, R. and van Loon, A. M.} } @article {13026, title = {The challenge of faecal sludge management in urban areas-strategies, regulations and treatment options}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {285{\textendash}294}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Ingallinella, AM and Sanguinetti, G and Koottatep, T and Montangero, A and Strauss, M} } @article {15143, title = {The challenge of faecal sludge management in urban areas-strategies, regulations and treatment options}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {285{\textendash}294}, author = {Ingallinella, AM and Sanguinetti, G and Koottatep, T and Montangero, A and Strauss, M} } @article {16338, title = {Changing epidemiology of human leptospirosis in New Zealand}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {128}, year = {2002}, pages = {29-36}, author = {Thornley, C.N. and Baker, M.G. and Weinstein, P. and Maas, E.W.} } @mastersthesis {6562, title = {Characterizing hillslope-riparian-stream interactions: {A} scaling perspective, {Maimai}, {New} {Zealand}}, year = {2002}, note = {3047405}, school = {State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Historically, much small catchment hydrology has focused on hillslopes and related flow processes. Concurrently, much riparian research has focused on nutrient transformation. Little research has attempted to integrate hillslope and riparian investigative approaches with catchment runoff in order to estimate their relative roles in stormflow and baseflow generation, the partitioning of old and new water, impact on stream water residence time, and subsequent control of stream chemistry. Furthermore, little is understood about landscape controls on streamflow generation and composition. To address this, we discretized the Maimai catchments into their main landscape components (hillslopes and riparian zones). Isolation and classification of the response characteristics of each landscape unit was possible through instrumentation of each landscape unit from a trenched and gauged hillslope to riparian zones at successively larger catchment scales. This landscape discretization approaches was tested with a continuity-based hydrometric model, as well as isotopic/solute mass-balance hydrograph separation techniques, to assess the spatial and temporal sources of catchment runoff. We quantified the sequencing of landscape unit contributions to catchment runoff. We used this landscape discretization approach to elucidate controls on DOC export dynamics. Results suggest that the relative timing of riparian and hillslope source contributions, connections and disconnections of dominant runoff contributing areas, as well as the internal dynamics of these zones, are a first approximation of catchment controls on catchment runoff DOC concentrations and mass export. We present a simple method for quantifying the local contributions of hillslope area and riparian area along a stream network based on gridded digital elevation data. The method enables us to compute characteristics of a catchment such as the distribution of inputs to the stream network and the riparian to hillslope area ratios along the stream network. For the entire catchment the ratio between riparian and hillslope area was 0.14. We calculated this {\textquoteright}buffer-capacity{\textquoteright} along the stream network, and found the values were below 0.14 for 75\% of the stream length and below 0.06 for 50\% of the stream length. The combination of plot scale investigative approaches, landscape discretization, and a new method for landscape analysis provided insight into the first-order controls on runoff and solute dynamics and served as a framework for investigating the role of catchment scale and landscape organization in runoff generation.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrology, 0768:Environmental science, Catchment, Earth sciences, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Hillslope-riparian-stream, Hydrology, New Zealand, Riparian, Stream flow}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/276445953?accountid=14270}, author = {McGlynn, Brian Leonard} } @article {12577, title = {Chromosome-encoded Ambler class A β-lactamase of Kluyvera georgiana, a probable progenitor of a subgroup of CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases}, journal = {Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapyAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy}, volume = {46}, number = {12}, year = {2002}, pages = {4038-4040}, isbn = {0066-4804}, author = {Poirel, Laurent and K{\"a}mpfer, Peter and Nordmann, Patrice} } @article {14015, title = {A cluster of {Escherichia} coli {O}157: nonmotile infections associated with recreational exposure to lake water}, journal = {Public Health Rep}, volume = {117}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {380{\textendash}385}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To identify cases and determine risk factors for an outbreak of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157: nonmotile (NM) infections in children attending a summer day care program in California. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study; the cohort comprised first and second graders who attended the day care program during the last week in August 1999. Shiga toxin testing and molecular subtyping using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were performed on isolates. Lake water, lake bottom sediment samples, and waterfowl feces from the lake environs were cultured for E. coli O157. RESULTS: Three cases of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157: NM infections with matching pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and four probable cases were found. Children who swallowed more than a mouthful of water had a higher attack rate than those who swallowed less than a mouthful or none at all (43\% vs. 10\%, relative risk = 4.43, 95\% confidence interval 1.12, 17.50). CONCLUSIONS: E. coli O157: NM infections were associated with swallowing water from a freshwater lake. Potential sources of contamination include feces from humans, cattle, or deer. This outbreak illustrates the value in screening patients with diarrhea for E. coli O157, submitting isolates to public health laboratories, and using molecular techniques to identify related cases. Outbreaks associated with contaminated freshwater could be averted by prevention and early detection of contamination.}, author = {Feldman, K A and Mohle-Boetani, J C and Ward, J and Furst, K and Abbott, S L and Ferrero, D V and Olsen, A and Werner, S B} } @article {8002, title = {{A cluster of Escherichia coli O157: nonmotile infections associated with recreational exposure to lake water}}, journal = {Public Health Reports}, volume = {117}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {380{\textendash}385}, edition = {2002/12/13}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: To identify cases and determine risk factors for an outbreak of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157: nonmotile (NM) infections in children attending a summer day care program in California. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study; the cohort comprised first and second graders who attended the day care program during the last week in August 1999. Shiga toxin testing and molecular subtyping using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were performed on isolates. Lake water, lake bottom sediment samples, and waterfowl feces from the lake environs were cultured for E. coli O157. RESULTS: Three cases of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157: NM infections with matching pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and four probable cases were found. Children who swallowed more than a mouthful of water had a higher attack rate than those who swallowed less than a mouthful or none at all (43{\%} vs. 10{\%}, relative risk = 4.43, 95{\%} confidence interval 1.12, 17.50). CONCLUSIONS: E. coli O157: NM infections were associated with swallowing water from a freshwater lake. Potential sources of contamination include feces from humans, cattle, or deer. This outbreak illustrates the value in screening patients with diarrhea for E. coli O157, submitting isolates to public health laboratories, and using molecular techniques to identify related cases. Outbreaks associated with contaminated freshwater could be averted by prevention and early detection of contamination.

}, isbn = {0033-3549 (Print)0033-3549 (Linking)}, author = {Feldman, K A and Mohle-Boetani, J C and Ward, J and Furst, K and Abbott, S L and Ferrero, D V and Olsen, A and Werner, S B} } @article {2237, title = {{A cluster of Escherichia coli O157: nonmotile infections associated with recreational exposure to lake water}}, journal = {Public Health Rep}, volume = {117}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {380{\textendash}385}, edition = {2002/12/13}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To identify cases and determine risk factors for an outbreak of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157: nonmotile (NM) infections in children attending a summer day care program in California. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study; the cohort comprised first and second graders who attended the day care program during the last week in August 1999. Shiga toxin testing and molecular subtyping using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were performed on isolates. Lake water, lake bottom sediment samples, and waterfowl feces from the lake environs were cultured for E. coli O157. RESULTS: Three cases of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157: NM infections with matching pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and four probable cases were found. Children who swallowed more than a mouthful of water had a higher attack rate than those who swallowed less than a mouthful or none at all (43\% vs. 10\%, relative risk = 4.43, 95\% confidence interval 1.12, 17.50). CONCLUSIONS: E. coli O157: NM infections were associated with swallowing water from a freshwater lake. Potential sources of contamination include feces from humans, cattle, or deer. This outbreak illustrates the value in screening patients with diarrhea for E. coli O157, submitting isolates to public health laboratories, and using molecular techniques to identify related cases. Outbreaks associated with contaminated freshwater could be averted by prevention and early detection of contamination.}, isbn = {0033-3549 (Print) 0033-3549 (Linking)}, author = {Feldman, K A and Mohle-Boetani, J C and Ward, J and Furst, K and Abbott, S L and Ferrero, D V and Olsen, A and Werner, S B} } @article {5244, title = {{Coliform and helminth eggs removal in a combined UASB reactor-baffled pond system in Brazil: performance evaluation and mathematical modelling.}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, month = {jan}, pages = {237{\textendash}42}, abstract = {

The paper presents the monitoring results of a pilot UASB reactor followed by a baffled polishing pond treating domestic sewage in Brazil. Longitudinal profiles of E coli and helminth eggs along the baffled pond have been undertaken. The experimental results have been compared with von Sperling\&$\#$39;s model for coliform removal and Ayres\&$\#$39; model for helminth eggs removal, and the fitting was considered satisfactory in both cases. The distribution of the helminth species along the system is also presented.

}, keywords = {2.5 removal, 2.7 performance, Coliforms, Domestic sewage, Helminth eggs, polishing ponds, UASB, UASB reactors}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12188551}, author = {von Sperling, M and Chernicharo, C A L and Soares, A M E and Zerbini, A M} } @article {11445, title = {Coliform and helminth eggs removal in a combined UASB reactor{\textendash}baffled pond system in Brazil: performance evaluation and mathematical modelling}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {237-242}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {von Sperling, M and C Chernicharo and Soares, AME and Adriana M Zerbini} } @article {622, title = {A combined transfer-function noise model to predict the dynamic behavior of a full-scale primary sedimentation tank}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {15}, year = {2002}, pages = {3747 - 3764}, abstract = {Studying how and to what extent effluent \{TSS\} and \{COD\} are related to influent TSS, COD, and flow in a primary sedimentation process is the objective of this paper. The analysis is based on data collected hourly over two periods of sampling, each lasted 1 week at an Edmonton, Alberta sewage treatment plant. In order to establish a dynamic model for the system, the methodology of Box and Jenkins (Time series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, Holden-Day, Oakland, CA, 1976) was utilized. With this approach, stochastic and transfer-function components can be combined to form a dynamic model and the relative importance of these two components can be quantitatively assessed. The models were able to explain the data very well. Using the models as parts of a real-time control scheme was also discussed.}, keywords = {Real-time control}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00089-1}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135402000891}, author = {Ahmed Gamal El-Din and Daniel W Smith} } @article {2912, title = {Combined ultrasound and serologic screening for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in central {China}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, month = {jan}, pages = {23{\textendash}29}, abstract = {Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, is a zoonotic helminthic disease that can mimic malignancy. In the 1970s, foci of the disease were found in central China. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of AE in humans in 2 districts of south Gansu Province, China, by use of ultrasound and Echinococcus serology. After answering an epidemiological questionnaire, 2,482 volunteers from 28 villages underwent ultrasound. Serology via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody activity was performed on whole blood collected on filter paper in all subjects; on serum from subjects with an abnormal ultrasound image; and on randomly chosen subjects that either had no lesions or had atypical lesions. At least one (25.3\%) abnormal ultrasound image was observed in 630 of the subjects screened. A typical lesion of progressive AE was found in 84 subjects (3.4\%). Serologies were positive in 77 (96\%) of 80 of patients who had lesions typical of progressive AE. Ultrasound is useful for screening for AE in endemic regions.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Antibodies, Child, China, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Helminth, Hepatic, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Bartholomot, Gitte and Vuitton, Dominique A. and Harraga, Said and Shi, Da Zhong and Giraudoux, Patrick and Barnish, Guy and Wang, Yun Hai and MacPherson, Calum N. L. and Craig, Philip S.} } @article {4814, title = {{Comparacion epidemiologica entre apicomplexa intestinales en poblacion hospitalaria en Honduras}}, journal = {Revista m{\'e}dica hondure{\~n}a}, volume = {70}, year = {2002}, pages = {164{\textendash}172}, author = {Kaminsky, RG} } @article {4484, title = {Comparative inactivation of enteroviruses and adenovirus 2 by UV light}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {5167{\textendash}9}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Gramos, D. M. and Nwachuku, N.} } @article {1321, title = {Comparative inactivation of enteroviruses and adenovirus 2 by UV light}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, note = {Gerba, Charles P Gramos, Dawn M Nwachuku, Nena Comparative Study Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {5167-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The doses of UV irradiation necessary to inactivate selected enteric viruses on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Contaminant Candidate List were determined. Three-log reductions of echovirus 1, echovirus 11, coxsackievirus B3, coxsackievirus B5, poliovirus 1, and human adenovirus type 2 were effected by doses of 25, 20.5, 24.5, 27, 23, and 119 mW/cm(2), respectively. Human adenovirus type 2 is the most UV light-resistant enteric virus reported to date.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/growth \& development/ radiation effects Disinfection/methods Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation Enterovirus/growth \& development/ radiation effects Ultraviolet Rays Virulence}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Gramos, D. M. and Nwachuku, N.} } @inbook {17063, title = {Comparative inactivation of enteroviruses and adenovirus 2 by UV light}, booktitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {5167{\textendash}5169}, author = {Gerba, Charles P and Gramos, Dawn M and Nwachuku, Nena} } @article {7340, title = {Comparative {Inactivation} of {Enteroviruses} and {Adenovirus} 2 by {UV} {Light}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, month = {oct}, pages = {5167{\textendash}5169}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.10.5167-5169.2002}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.68.10.5167-5169.2002}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Gramos, D. M. and Nwachuku, N.} } @article {14745, title = {Comparative process stability and efficiency of anaerobic digestion; mesophilic vs. thermophilic}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {36}, year = {2002}, month = {oct}, pages = {4369{\textendash}85}, abstract = {The comparative process stability and efficiency of mesophilic (35 degrees C) and thermophilic anaerobic digestion (55 degrees C) has been evaluated for four different reactor configurations, which are: daily batch-fed single-stage continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), continuously fed single-stage CSTR, daily batch-fed two-phase CSTR, and daily batch-fed non-mixed single-stage reactor. The results are discussed for three periods: (1) start-up, (2) steady state, and (3) organic loading rate (OLR) increase until reactor failure (pH below 5.5). During the start-up, the single-stage CSTRs at both temperatures showed the least stability, while the non-mixed single-stage reactors reached steady state in the shortest time with relatively stable pH and low volatile fatty acid (VFA). In the case of the thermophilic non-mixed reactor, efficient removal of propionate occurred but supplementation of nutrients (Ca, Fe, Ni, and Co) was required when VFA increased. The results imply the importance of inorganic nutrients bioavailability. The comparative results of the reactor performance at steady state clearly showed the superior performance of the thermophilic non-mixed reactor with respect to lower VFA, higher gas production and volatile solids removal implying that microbial consortia proximity can alleviate the problem of poor effluent quality in thermophilic system. During the OLR increase until reactor failure, all thermophilic reactors except the thermophilic non-mixed reactor showed increases in propionate concentrations as the OLR increased, while all mesophilic reactors except the mesophilic two-phase system showed little increase in VFA concentrations. When all reactors had the same conditions with OLR increase, the continuously fed reactors showed the lowest gas production, while the non-mixed reactors showed the highest gas production at both temperatures. It is hypothesized that the non-mixing reactor configuration has closer microbial consortia proximity than others. Therefore, the results in this study indicated the importance of microbial consortia proximity. A proposed model for the effect of the distance between two syntrophic bacteria reasonably matched the data in this study.}, keywords = {Acetates/metabolism, Anaerobic/*classification/*metabolism, bacteria, Biomass, Bioreactors/*microbiology, Butyrates/metabolism, Fatty Acids, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Hydrogen/metabolism, Kinetics, Propionates/metabolism, Temperature, Time Factors, Volatile/metabolism, Water Purification}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {S0043-1354(02)00147-1 [pii]}, author = {Kim, M. and Ahn, Y. H. and Speece, R. E.} } @article {15015, title = {Comparative process stability and efficiency of anaerobic digestion; mesophilic vs. thermophilic}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {36}, year = {2002}, month = {oct}, pages = {4369{\textendash}85}, abstract = {The comparative process stability and efficiency of mesophilic (35 degrees C) and thermophilic anaerobic digestion (55 degrees C) has been evaluated for four different reactor configurations, which are: daily batch-fed single-stage continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), continuously fed single-stage CSTR, daily batch-fed two-phase CSTR, and daily batch-fed non-mixed single-stage reactor. The results are discussed for three periods: (1) start-up, (2) steady state, and (3) organic loading rate (OLR) increase until reactor failure (pH below 5.5). During the start-up, the single-stage CSTRs at both temperatures showed the least stability, while the non-mixed single-stage reactors reached steady state in the shortest time with relatively stable pH and low volatile fatty acid (VFA). In the case of the thermophilic non-mixed reactor, efficient removal of propionate occurred but supplementation of nutrients (Ca, Fe, Ni, and Co) was required when VFA increased. The results imply the importance of inorganic nutrients bioavailability. The comparative results of the reactor performance at steady state clearly showed the superior performance of the thermophilic non-mixed reactor with respect to lower VFA, higher gas production and volatile solids removal implying that microbial consortia proximity can alleviate the problem of poor effluent quality in thermophilic system. During the OLR increase until reactor failure, all thermophilic reactors except the thermophilic non-mixed reactor showed increases in propionate concentrations as the OLR increased, while all mesophilic reactors except the mesophilic two-phase system showed little increase in VFA concentrations. When all reactors had the same conditions with OLR increase, the continuously fed reactors showed the lowest gas production, while the non-mixed reactors showed the highest gas production at both temperatures. It is hypothesized that the non-mixing reactor configuration has closer microbial consortia proximity than others. Therefore, the results in this study indicated the importance of microbial consortia proximity. A proposed model for the effect of the distance between two syntrophic bacteria reasonably matched the data in this study.}, keywords = {Acetates/metabolism, Anaerobic/*classification/*metabolism, bacteria, Biomass, Bioreactors/*microbiology, Butyrates/metabolism, Fatty Acids, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Hydrogen/metabolism, Kinetics, Propionates/metabolism, Temperature, Time Factors, Volatile/metabolism, Water Purification}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {S0043-1354(02)00147-1 [pii]}, author = {Kim, M. and Ahn, Y. H. and Speece, R. E.} } @article {1665, title = {Comparative process stability and efficiency of anaerobic digestion; mesophilic vs. thermophilic}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {36}, number = {17}, year = {2002}, note = {Kim, Moonil Ahn, Young-Ho Speece, R E England Water research Water Res. 2002 Oct;36(17):4369-85.}, pages = {4369-85}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The comparative process stability and efficiency of mesophilic (35 degrees C) and thermophilic anaerobic digestion (55 degrees C) has been evaluated for four different reactor configurations, which are: daily batch-fed single-stage continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), continuously fed single-stage CSTR, daily batch-fed two-phase CSTR, and daily batch-fed non-mixed single-stage reactor. The results are discussed for three periods: (1) start-up, (2) steady state, and (3) organic loading rate (OLR) increase until reactor failure (pH below 5.5). During the start-up, the single-stage CSTRs at both temperatures showed the least stability, while the non-mixed single-stage reactors reached steady state in the shortest time with relatively stable pH and low volatile fatty acid (VFA). In the case of the thermophilic non-mixed reactor, efficient removal of propionate occurred but supplementation of nutrients (Ca, Fe, Ni, and Co) was required when VFA increased. The results imply the importance of inorganic nutrients bioavailability. The comparative results of the reactor performance at steady state clearly showed the superior performance of the thermophilic non-mixed reactor with respect to lower VFA, higher gas production and volatile solids removal implying that microbial consortia proximity can alleviate the problem of poor effluent quality in thermophilic system. During the OLR increase until reactor failure, all thermophilic reactors except the thermophilic non-mixed reactor showed increases in propionate concentrations as the OLR increased, while all mesophilic reactors except the mesophilic two-phase system showed little increase in VFA concentrations. When all reactors had the same conditions with OLR increase, the continuously fed reactors showed the lowest gas production, while the non-mixed reactors showed the highest gas production at both temperatures. It is hypothesized that the non-mixing reactor configuration has closer microbial consortia proximity than others. Therefore, the results in this study indicated the importance of microbial consortia proximity. A proposed model for the effect of the distance between two syntrophic bacteria reasonably matched the data in this study.}, keywords = {Acetates/metabolism Bacteria, Anaerobic/*classification/*metabolism Biomass Bioreactors/*microbiology Butyrates/metabolism Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism Hydrogen/metabolism Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Kinetics Propionates/metabolism Temperature Time Factors Water Purification}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, doi = {S0043-1354(02)00147-1 [pii]}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12420941}, author = {Kim, M. and Ahn, Y. H. and Speece, R. E.} } @article {4334, title = {{Comparative resistance of phage isolates of four genotypes of f-specific RNA bacteriophages to various inactivation processes.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, month = {aug}, pages = {3702{\textendash}7}, abstract = {

The effect of natural inactivation in freshwater, chlorination, ammonia, extreme pHs, temperature, and salt content on phage inactivation was evaluated on mixtures of F-specific RNA bacteriophage isolates belonging to genotypes I, II, III, and IV. The bacteriophages studied were previously but recently isolated from natural samples, characterized as F-specific RNA bacteriophages and genotyped by plaque hybridization with genotype-specific probes. Natural inactivation in river water was modeled by in situ incubation of bacteriophages inside submerged dialysis tubes. After several days bacteriophages of genotype I showed the highest persistence, which was significantly different from that of bacteriophages of genotype II, IV, or III. The pattern of resistance of phages belonging to the various genotypes to extreme pHs, ammonia, temperature, salt concentration, and chlorination was similar. In all cases, phages of genotype I showed the highest persistence, followed by the phages of genotypes II, III, and IV. The phages of genotypes III and IV were the least resistant to all treatments, and resistance of genotypes III and IV to the treatments was similar. Bacteriophages of genotype II showed intermediate resistance to some of the treatments. The resistance of four phages of genotype I to natural inactivation and chlorination did not differ significantly. These results indicate that genotypes III and IV are much more sensitive to environmental stresses and to treatments than the other genotypes, especially than genotype I. This should be taken into consideration in future studies aimed at using genotypes of F-specific RNA bacteriophages to fingerprint the origin of fecal pollution.

}, keywords = {Ammonia, Ammonia: pharmacology, Chlorine, Chlorine: pharmacology, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, F Factor, F Factor: genetics, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: virology, genotype, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: classification, RNA Phages: genetics, RNA Phages: growth {\&} development, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Chloride: pharmacology, Temperature, Water Pollution}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=124048{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Schaper, M and Dur{\'a}n, A E and Jofre, J} } @article {10402, title = {Comparison of the quantity and quality of the microbiological content of sludge in countries with low and high content of pathogens}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {17{\textendash}24}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Jim{\'\i}nez, B and Maya, C and Sanchez, E and Romero, A and Lira, L and Barrios, JA} } @article {15076, title = {Comparison of the quantity and quality of the microbiological content of sludge in countries with low and high content of pathogens}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {17{\textendash}24}, author = {Jim{\'\i}nez, B and Maya, C and Sanchez, E and Romero, A and Lira, L and Barrios, JA} } @article {17254, title = {Comparison of the quantity and quality of the microbiological content of sludge in countries with low and high content of pathogens}, journal = {Water Science and TechnologyWater Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {17-24}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Jimenez, B. and Maya, C. and Sanchez, E. and Romero, A. and Lira, L. and Barrios, J. A.} } @article {15911, title = {Comparison of tissue culture and animal models for assessment of Cryptospridium parvum infection}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {101}, number = {2-3}, year = {2002}, month = {Jun-Jul}, pages = {97-106}, edition = {2002/11/13}, keywords = {*Disease Models, Animal, Adenocarcinoma, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cryptosporidiosis/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium parvum/*physiology, Humans, Ileal Neoplasms, Ileocecal Valve, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Regression Analysis, Tumor Cells, Cultured}, isbn = {0014-4894 (Print)
0014-4894}, author = {Slifko, T. R. and Huffman, D. E. and Dussert, B. and Owens, J. H. and Jakubowski, W. and Haas, C. N. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {9464, title = {{Concentration of Cryptosporidium, microsporidia and other water-borne pathogens by continuous separation channel centrifugation}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {92}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {649{\textendash}656}, author = {Borchardt, MA and Spencer, SK} } @article {13689, title = {{Conditional dose-response relationships for microorganisms: development and application}}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {jun}, pages = {455{\textendash}463}, keywords = {dose-response, QMRA}, issn = {0272-4332}, doi = {10.1111/0272-4332.00035}, author = {Haas, Charles N.} } @article {15271, title = {Conditional dose-response relationships for microorganisms: development and application}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {jun}, pages = {455{\textendash}463}, keywords = {dose-response, QMRA}, issn = {0272-4332}, doi = {10.1111/0272-4332.00035}, author = {Haas, Charles N.} } @article {4296, title = {{Conservation of phage reference materials and water samples containing bacteriophages of enteric bacteria.}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {106}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, month = {dec}, pages = {215{\textendash}24}, abstract = {

The survival was determined in different conservation conditions of: somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages and phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis proposed as model micro-organisms for water quality control. Titres of phages of all groups either in pure culture phage suspensions or in naturally occurring phage suspensions were stable at (-70+/-10) degrees C and at (-20+/-5) degrees C when protected with glycerol. Moreover, phage analysis of stored suspensions demonstrated that their numbers were homogeneous, both between vials and within vials, and consequently they can be used as reference materials. Furthermore, changes in the storage temperature of the vials cause unpredictable changes in the numbers of bacteriophages. Consequently, phage reference materials and samples containing a quantitative number of phages must be maintained and dispatched at a constant temperature. Consequently, the results indicate that bacteriophages should be packed in dry ice during transport and storage. Finally, the number of phages in water samples stored at (5+/-3) degrees C in the dark does not decrease significantly during the first 72 h of storage. In addition, phage concentrates from natural samples obtained by adsorption-elution to cellulose nitrate filters and mixed with 10{\%} glycerol were stable at least for 2 months at (-70+/-10) degrees C and at (-20+/-5) degrees C.

}, keywords = {Bacillus Phages, Bacillus Phages: growth {\&} development, Coliphages, Coliphages: growth {\&} development, Fresh Water, Reference Standards, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: growth {\&} development, Seawater, Sewage, Temperature, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0166-0934}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12393152}, author = {M{\'e}ndez, J and Jofre, J and Lucena, F and Contreras, N and Mooijman, K and Araujo, R} } @article {4029, title = {{Contamination of water supplies with Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia and diarrheal illness in selected Russian cities}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {205}, year = {2002}, pages = {281{\textendash}289}, author = {Egorov, A and Paulauskis, J and Petrova, L and Tereschenko, A and Drizhd, N and Ford, T} } @article {12982, title = {Contribution of microbial activity to virus reduction in saturated soil}, journal = {Water Research}, year = {2002}, author = {Nasser, AM and Tweto, E and Nitzan, Y} } @article {14844, title = {Cross-contamination of lettuce with {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {465{\textendash}470}, abstract = {Contamination of produce by bacterial pathogens is an increasingly recognized problem. In March 1999, 72 patrons of a Nebraska restaurant were infected with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7, and shredded iceberg lettuce was implicated as the food source. We simulated the restaurant{\textquoteright}s lettuce preparation procedure to determine the extent of possible EHEC cross-contamination and growth during handling. EHEC inoculation experiments were conducted to simulate the restaurant{\textquoteright}s cutting procedure and the subsequent storage of shredded lettuce in water in the refrigerator. All lettuce pieces were contaminated after 24 h of storage in inoculated water (2 x 10(9) CFU of EHEC per 3 liters of water) at room temperature or at 4 degrees C; EHEC levels associated with lettuce increased by {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater 1.5 logs on the second day of storage at 4 degrees C. All lettuce pieces were contaminated after 24 h of storage in water containing one inoculated lettuce piece (approximately 10(5) CFU of EHEC per lettuce piece) at both temperatures. The mixing of one inoculated dry lettuce piece with a large volume of dry lettuce, followed by storage at 4 degrees C or 25 degrees C for 20 h resulted in 100\% contamination of the leaves tested. Microcolonies were observed on lettuce stored at 25 degrees C, while only single cells were seen on leaves stored at 4 degrees C, suggesting that bacterial growth had occurred at room temperature. Three water washes did not significantly decrease the number of contaminated leaves. Washing with 2,000 mg of calcium hypochlorite per liter significantly reduced the number of contaminated pieces but did not eliminate contamination on large numbers of leaves. Temperature abuse during storage at 25 degrees C for 20 h decreased the effectiveness of the calcium hypochlorite treatment, most likely because of bacterial growth during the storage period. These data indicate that storage of cut lettuce in water is not advisable and that strict attention must be paid to temperature control during the storage of cut lettuce.}, author = {Wachtel, M R and Charkowski, A O} } @article {14265, title = {Cross-contamination of lettuce with {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {465{\textendash}470}, abstract = {Contamination of produce by bacterial pathogens is an increasingly recognized problem. In March 1999, 72 patrons of a Nebraska restaurant were infected with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7, and shredded iceberg lettuce was implicated as the food source. We simulated the restaurant{\textquoteright}s lettuce preparation procedure to determine the extent of possible EHEC cross-contamination and growth during handling. EHEC inoculation experiments were conducted to simulate the restaurant{\textquoteright}s cutting procedure and the subsequent storage of shredded lettuce in water in the refrigerator. All lettuce pieces were contaminated after 24 h of storage in inoculated water (2 x 10(9) CFU of EHEC per 3 liters of water) at room temperature or at 4 degrees C; EHEC levels associated with lettuce increased by {\textbackslash}textgreater 1.5 logs on the second day of storage at 4 degrees C. All lettuce pieces were contaminated after 24 h of storage in water containing one inoculated lettuce piece (approximately 10(5) CFU of EHEC per lettuce piece) at both temperatures. The mixing of one inoculated dry lettuce piece with a large volume of dry lettuce, followed by storage at 4 degrees C or 25 degrees C for 20 h resulted in 100\% contamination of the leaves tested. Microcolonies were observed on lettuce stored at 25 degrees C, while only single cells were seen on leaves stored at 4 degrees C, suggesting that bacterial growth had occurred at room temperature. Three water washes did not significantly decrease the number of contaminated leaves. Washing with 2,000 mg of calcium hypochlorite per liter significantly reduced the number of contaminated pieces but did not eliminate contamination on large numbers of leaves. Temperature abuse during storage at 25 degrees C for 20 h decreased the effectiveness of the calcium hypochlorite treatment, most likely because of bacterial growth during the storage period. These data indicate that storage of cut lettuce in water is not advisable and that strict attention must be paid to temperature control during the storage of cut lettuce.}, author = {Wachtel, M R and Charkowski, A O} } @article {8161, title = {{Cross-contamination of lettuce with Escherichia coli O157:H7}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {465{\textendash}470}, edition = {2002/03/20}, abstract = {Contamination of produce by bacterial pathogens is an increasingly recognized problem. In March 1999, 72 patrons of a Nebraska restaurant were infected with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7, and shredded iceberg lettuce was implicated as the food source. We simulated the restaurant{\textquoteright}s lettuce preparation procedure to determine the extent of possible EHEC cross-contamination and growth during handling. EHEC inoculation experiments were conducted to simulate the restaurant{\textquoteright}s cutting procedure and the subsequent storage of shredded lettuce in water in the refrigerator. All lettuce pieces were contaminated after 24 h of storage in inoculated water (2 x 10(9) CFU of EHEC per 3 liters of water) at room temperature or at 4 degrees C; EHEC levels associated with lettuce increased by {\textgreater} 1.5 logs on the second day of storage at 4 degrees C. All lettuce pieces were contaminated after 24 h of storage in water containing one inoculated lettuce piece (approximately 10(5) CFU of EHEC per lettuce piece) at both temperatures. The mixing of one inoculated dry lettuce piece with a large volume of dry lettuce, followed by storage at 4 degrees C or 25 degrees C for 20 h resulted in 100{\%} contamination of the leaves tested. Microcolonies were observed on lettuce stored at 25 degrees C, while only single cells were seen on leaves stored at 4 degrees C, suggesting that bacterial growth had occurred at room temperature. Three water washes did not significantly decrease the number of contaminated leaves. Washing with 2,000 mg of calcium hypochlorite per liter significantly reduced the number of contaminated pieces but did not eliminate contamination on large numbers of leaves. Temperature abuse during storage at 25 degrees C for 20 h decreased the effectiveness of the calcium hypochlorite treatment, most likely because of bacterial growth during the storage period. These data indicate that storage of cut lettuce in water is not advisable and that strict attention must be paid to temperature control during the storage of cut lettuce.}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Wachtel, M R and Charkowski, A O} } @article {2451, title = {{Cross-contamination of lettuce with Escherichia coli O157:H7}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {465{\textendash}470}, edition = {2002/03/20}, abstract = {Contamination of produce by bacterial pathogens is an increasingly recognized problem. In March 1999, 72 patrons of a Nebraska restaurant were infected with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7, and shredded iceberg lettuce was implicated as the food source. We simulated the restaurant{\textquoteright}s lettuce preparation procedure to determine the extent of possible EHEC cross-contamination and growth during handling. EHEC inoculation experiments were conducted to simulate the restaurant{\textquoteright}s cutting procedure and the subsequent storage of shredded lettuce in water in the refrigerator. All lettuce pieces were contaminated after 24 h of storage in inoculated water (2 x 10(9) CFU of EHEC per 3 liters of water) at room temperature or at 4 degrees C; EHEC levels associated with lettuce increased by > 1.5 logs on the second day of storage at 4 degrees C. All lettuce pieces were contaminated after 24 h of storage in water containing one inoculated lettuce piece (approximately 10(5) CFU of EHEC per lettuce piece) at both temperatures. The mixing of one inoculated dry lettuce piece with a large volume of dry lettuce, followed by storage at 4 degrees C or 25 degrees C for 20 h resulted in 100\% contamination of the leaves tested. Microcolonies were observed on lettuce stored at 25 degrees C, while only single cells were seen on leaves stored at 4 degrees C, suggesting that bacterial growth had occurred at room temperature. Three water washes did not significantly decrease the number of contaminated leaves. Washing with 2,000 mg of calcium hypochlorite per liter significantly reduced the number of contaminated pieces but did not eliminate contamination on large numbers of leaves. Temperature abuse during storage at 25 degrees C for 20 h decreased the effectiveness of the calcium hypochlorite treatment, most likely because of bacterial growth during the storage period. These data indicate that storage of cut lettuce in water is not advisable and that strict attention must be paid to temperature control during the storage of cut lettuce.}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Wachtel, M R and Charkowski, A O} } @article {9898, title = {{A cross-sectional study of intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Nan Province, Northern Thailand}}, journal = {The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {33}, year = {2002}, pages = {218{\textendash}223}, author = {Waikagul, J and Krudsood, S and Radomyos, P and Radomyos, B and Chalemrut, K and Jonsuksuntigul, P and Kojima, S and Looareesuwan, S and Thaineau, W} } @article {15861, title = {Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review of laboratory methods for detection of these waterborne parasites}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {May}, pages = {209-24}, edition = {2002/03/01}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antibodies, Protozoan, Cells, Cultured, Cryptosporidium parvum/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Cyclospora/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Filtration, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sewage/microbiology, Species Specificity, Water Purification, Water Supply/*standards}, isbn = {0167-7012 (Print)
0167-7012}, author = {Quintero-Betancourt, W. and Peele, E. R. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {4890, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis: descripcion del primer caso en el Hospital San Rafael de Alajuela.}}, journal = {Acta M{\'e}dica Costarricense}, volume = {44}, year = {2002}, pages = {79{\textendash}81}, author = {Cede{\~n}o, TC} } @article {4698, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis in Anhui China}}, journal = {World Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {1144{\textendash}1148}, author = {Wang, KX and Li, CP and Wang, J and Tian, Y} } @article {4864, title = {{Cyclosporiasis outbreak in Germany associated with the consumption of salad}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {922{\textendash}994}, author = {Doller, PC and Dietrich, K and Filipp, N and Brockmann, S and Dreweck, C and Vonthein, R and Wagner-Wiening, C and Wiedermann, A} } @article {3811, title = {Detection and characterisation of human astroviruses in children with acute gastroenteritis in {Blantyre}, {Malawi}.}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {563{\textendash}566}, author = {Cunliffe, NA and Dove, W and Gondwe, JS and Thindwa, BD and Greensill, J and Holmes, JL and Bresee, JS and Monroe, SS and R I Glass and Broadhead, RL and Molyneux, ME and Hart, CA} } @article {7546, title = {{Detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis a virus and rotaviruses in sewage by means of an immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-PCR assay}}, journal = {Microbiological Research}, volume = {157}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {169-175}, abstract = {

An immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-PCR (IMC-RT-PCR) assay was evaluated to recover and detect enteric viruses in sewage and to remove PCR inhibitors. The procedure was applied along with a simple sample processing consisting of an initial separation of solids followed by polyethylen glycol precipitation and solvent extraction. This procedure reduced sample volumes by about 65-fold without eliminating RT-PCR inhibitors. Paramagnetic beads coupled to pooled human immunoglobulins were used to simultaneously capture poliovirus 1 (PV-1) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) from seeded sewage concentrates. The IMC was efficient in removing PCR inhibitors and in further reducing sample volumes by approximately 10-fold allowing the analysis of 6-7 ml of sewage sample per RT-PCR reaction. The detection limits of IMC-RT-PCR from seeded concentrates were 0.1-1 PFU for PV-1 and 1 MPNCU for HAV. The described procedure could be applied successfully for the detection of enteroviruses, HAV and rotaviruses in field sewage samples.

}, author = {Casas, N. and Sunen, E.} } @article {13746, title = {Detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis a virus and rotaviruses in sewage by means of an immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-{PCR} assay}, journal = {Microbiological Research}, volume = {157}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, abstract = {An immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-PCR (IMC-RT-PCR) assay was evaluated to recover and detect enteric viruses in sewage and to remove PCR inhibitors. The procedure was applied along with a simple sample processing consisting of an initial separation of solids followed by polyethylen glycol precipitation and solvent extraction. This procedure reduced sample volumes by about 65-fold without eliminating RT-PCR inhibitors. Paramagnetic beads coupled to pooled human immunoglobulins were used to simultaneously capture poliovirus 1 (PV-1) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) from seeded sewage concentrates. The IMC was efficient in removing PCR inhibitors and in further reducing sample volumes by approximately 10-fold allowing the analysis of 6-7 ml of sewage sample per RT-PCR reaction. The detection limits of IMC-RT-PCR from seeded concentrates were 0.1-1 PFU for PV-1 and 1 MPNCU for HAV. The described procedure could be applied successfully for the detection of enteroviruses, HAV and rotaviruses in field sewage samples.}, author = {Casas, N. and Sunen, E.} } @article {13900, title = {Detection of {Helicobacter} pylori {DNA} in drinking water biofilms: implications for transmission in early life}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, year = {2002}, month = {jun}, pages = {450{\textendash}454}, keywords = {Hp probably in pots}, issn = {0266-8254}, doi = {10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01122.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01122.x/full}, author = {Bunn, J.E.G. and MacKay, W.G. and Thomas, J.E. and Reid, D.C. and Weaver, L.T.} } @article {8272, title = {{Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in drinking water biofilms: implications for transmission in early life}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, year = {2002}, month = {jun}, pages = {450{\textendash}454}, publisher = {Blackwell Science Ltd}, keywords = {Hp probably in pots}, issn = {0266-8254}, doi = {10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01122.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01122.x/full}, author = {Bunn, J.E.G. and MacKay, W.G. and Thomas, J.E. and Reid, D.C. and Weaver, L.T.} } @article {4540, title = {Detection of infectious enteroviruses and adenoviruses in tap water in urban areas in Korea}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, year = {2002}, pages = {248{\textendash}56}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Lee, S. H. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {1295, title = {Detection of infectious enteroviruses and adenoviruses in tap water in urban areas in Korea}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {36}, year = {2002}, note = {Lee, Seung-Hoon Kim, Sang-Jong Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Water research S0043-1354(01)00199-3 [pii] Water Res. 2002 Jan;36(1):248-56.}, pages = {248-56}, type = {Book Section}, address = {England}, abstract = {We investigated the viral contamination of tap water at 11 urban sites in Korea between 1997 and 1998 over a period of 11 months. A total of 23 tap water samples were examined for infectious enteroviruses and adenoviruses by a cell culture technique followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. To identify the recovered viruses, sequence analysis of PCR products was performed. Infectious enteroviruses and adenoviruses were detected in 11 (47.8\%) and 9 (39.1\%) of the samples, respectively. Both enteroviruses and adenoviruses were detected in five samples (21.7\%). The level of viral contamination was quite high, ranging from 2 x 10(-3) to 2.9 x 10(-2) Most Probable Number of Infectious Unit L(-1), far above the recommended virus level in drinking water set by the US EPA. Poliovirus type I derived from vaccine was frequently detected and the remainder comprised coxsackievirus B type or echovirus type 6, which were causative agents of aseptic meningitis in Korea in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Several types of adenovirus were detected in tap water samples and some water samples were found to contain adenoviruses which were closely related to enteric adenovirus types 40 and 41.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Cities DNA, Viral/analysis Enterovirus/ isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Humans Korea Meningitis/etiology Polymerase Chain Reaction Public Health Quality Control Water Microbiology Water Supply}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Lee, S. H. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {9498, title = {{Detection of Microsporidia, cryptosporidia and Giardia in swimming pools: a one-year prospective study}}, journal = {FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {209{\textendash}213}, author = {Fournier, S and Dubrou, S and Liguory, O and Gaussin, F and Santillana-Hayat, M and Sarfati, C and Molina, JM and Derouin, F} } @article {15929, title = {Detection of Protozoan Parasites and Microsporidia in Irrigation Waters Used for Crop Production}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {378-382}, author = {Jeanette A. Thurston-Enriquez and Pamela Watt and Scot E. Dowd and Ricardo Enriquez and Ian L. Pepper and Charles P. Gerba} } @article {4151, title = {{Detection of protozoan parasites and microsporidia in irrigation waters used for crop production}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {65}, year = {2002}, pages = {378{\textendash}382}, author = {Thurston-Enriquez, JA and Watt, P and Dowd, SE and Enriquez, R and I L Pepper and C P Gerba} } @article {9567, title = {{Detection of protozoan parasites and microsporidia in irrigation waters used for crop production}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {378{\textendash}382}, author = {Thurston-Enriquez, JA and Watt, P and Dowd, SE and Enriquez, R and I L Pepper and C P Gerba} } @article {1530, title = {Detection, quantitation and identification of enteroviruses from surface waters and sponge tissue from the Florida Keys using real-time RT-PCR}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {36}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, note = {Donaldson, K A Griffin, D W Paul, J H eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. England 2002/08/03 10:00 Water Res. 2002 May;36(10):2505-14.}, pages = {2505-14}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A method was developed for the quantitative detection of pathogenic human enteroviruses from surface waters in the Florida Keys using Taqman (R) one-step Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with the Model 7700 ABI Prism (R) Sequence Detection System. Viruses were directly extracted from unconcentrated grab samples of seawater, from seawater concentrated by vortex flow filtration using a 100 kD filter and from sponge tissue. Total RNA was extracted from the samples, purified and concentrated using spin-column chromatography. A 192-196 base pair portion of the 5{\textquoteright} untranscribed region was amplified from these extracts. Enterovirus concentrations were estimated using real-time RT-PCR technology. Nine of 15 sample sites or 60\% were positive for the presence of pathogenic human enteroviruses. Considering only near-shore sites, 69\% were positive with viral concentrations ranging from 9.3 viruses/ml to 83 viruses/g of sponge tissue (uncorrected for extraction efficiency). Certain amplicons were selected for cloning and sequencing for identification. Three strains of waterborne enteroviruses were identified as Coxsackievirus A9, Coxsackievirus A16, and Poliovirus Sabin type 1. Time and cost efficiency of this one-step real-time RT-PCR methodology makes this an ideal technique to detect, quantitate and identify pathogenic enteroviruses in recreational waters.}, keywords = {Animals DNA, Viral/*genetics Enterovirus/*genetics/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Environmental Monitoring Filtration Florida Porifera/*virology Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Water Pollutants/*analysis}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12153016}, author = {Donaldson, K. A. and Griffin, D. W. and Paul, J. H.} } @article {6893, title = {Deterioration of drinking water quality in the distribution system and gastrointestinal morbidity in a {Russian} city}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {sep}, pages = {221{\textendash}233}, issn = {0960-3123, 1369-1619}, doi = {10.1080/09603/202/000000989}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09603/202/000000989}, author = {Egorov, Andrey and Ford, Timothy and Tereschenko, Andrey and Drizhd, Nina and Segedevich, Irena and Fourman, Vladislav} } @article {10996, title = {Determination of the {Inactivation} {Rate} of {Ascaris} {Eggs} in {Wastewater} {Stabilization} {Pond} {Sludge} {Using} {Dialysis} {Chambers} and {Sludge} {Cores}}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {362{\textendash}369}, abstract = {The inactivation rate of Ascaris eggs was studied in the sludge layer of a primary, facultative wastewater stabilization pond located in Mexico City. Two independent methods, sludge cores and dialysis chambers, were used to determine the inactivation rates through which a comprehensive picture of the inactivation was gained. The dialysis chambers provided a detailed picture of the initial inactivation (14 months) at one location in the pond, whereas the sludge cores provided less precise information about the inactivation rate at several locations and over the entire lifetime of the pond (10 years). The inactivation curve was characterized by an initial lag phase, a period of roughly first-order inactivation, and a tailing region. During the first year, 50 to 60\% of the eggs were inactivated, after which the rate decreased. Although the observed, initial first-order rate constant was greater than 0.002 \$\{{\textbackslash}rm d\}{\textasciicircum}\{-1\}\$, the average, long-term rate constant was closer to 0.001 \$\{{\textbackslash}rm d\}{\textasciicircum}\{-1\}\$.}, issn = {10614303, 15547531}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25045619}, author = {Nelson, Kara L. and Darby, Jeannie L.} } @article {1556, title = {Development and evaluation of nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) for diagnosis of enterovirus infections using the NucliSens Basic Kit}, journal = {J Clin Virol}, volume = {24}, number = {1-2}, year = {2002}, note = {Fox, Julie D Han, Song Samuelson, Agneta Zhang, Yadan Neale, M Lynne Westmoreland, Diana eng Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Netherlands 2001/12/18 10:00 J Clin Virol. 2002 Feb;24(1-2):117-30.}, pages = {117-30}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Molecular methods based on RNA amplification are needed for sensitive detection of enteroviruses in clinical samples. Many {\textquoteright}in house{\textquoteright} methods based on reverse-transcribed PCR (RT-PCR) could be difficult to use in the routine diagnostic laboratory since they tend to be time-consuming, use reagents from many different suppliers and include non-routine procedures. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate methods based on nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) for detection of enterovirus sequences. STUDY DESIGN: {\textquoteright}In house{\textquoteright} prepared and commercially available reagents were utilised to develop enterovirus-specific NASBA assays. Optimised methods were evaluated using clinical samples (cerebrospinal fluid, respiratory and stool samples), titred virus controls and in vitro produced synthetic RNA. Results for NASBA were compared with RT-PCR and virus culture. RESULTS: Kit-based reagents gave an equivalent sensitivity to the more laborious {\textquoteright}in house{\textquoteright} molecular assays (NASBA and RT-PCR) on clinical material and controls. All molecular methods picked up enterovirus positive clinical samples that were not identified by culture. End point detection sensitivity for the NASBA assay based on the NucliSens Basic Kit was 0001-706X (Linking)}, author = {Ahmed, A. A. and Babiker, A. and Eltash, L. A. and Shiff, C.} } @article {14730, title = {Development of a virus concentration method and its application to detection of enterovirus and norwalk virus from coastal seawater}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {68}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {1033{\textendash}9}, abstract = {We developed a new procedure for concentration of enteric viruses from water using a negatively charged membrane. Rinsing the membrane with 0.5 mM H(2)SO(4) (pH 3.0) in order to elute cations prior to viral elution with 1 mM NaOH (pH 10.5) promoted poliovirus recovery yields from 33 to 95\% when applied to pure water and 38 to 89\% when applied to natural seawater from Tokyo Bay, Japan, respectively. This method showed average recovery yields of spiked poliovirus of 62\% (n = 8) from 1 liter of artificial seawater. This method showed higher recovery yields ({\textgreater}61\%) than that of the conventional method using positively charged membrane (6\%) when applied to seawater. This method is also free from beef extract elution, which has an inhibitory effect in the subsequent viral genome detection by reverse transcription-PCR. Naturally occurring Norwalk viruses from 2 liters of Tokyo Bay water in winter and infectious enteroviruses from 2 liters of recreational coastal seawater in summer were detected by using this viral concentration method.}, keywords = {*Seawater, *Water Microbiology, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Norwalk virus/*isolation \& purification, Virology/methods}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Katayama, H. and Shimasaki, A. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {14774, title = {Development of a virus concentration method and its application to detection of enterovirus and {Norwalk} virus from coastal seawater}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, abstract = {We developed a new procedure for concentration of enteric viruses from water using a negatively charged membrane. Rinsing the membrane with 0.5 mM H2SO4 (pH 3.0) in order to elute cations prior to viral elution with 1 mM NaOH (pH 10.5) promoted poliovirus recovery yields from 33 to 95\% when applied to pure water and 38 to 89\% when applied to natural seawater from Tokyo Bay, Japan, respectively. This method showed average recovery yields of spiked poliovirus of 62\% (n = 8) from 1 liter of artificial seawater. This method showed higher recovery yields ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater61\%) than that of the conventional method using positively charged membrane (6\%) when applied to seawater. This method is also free from beef extract elution, which has an inhibitory effect in the subsequent viral genome detection by reverse transcription-PCR. Naturally occurring Norwalk viruses from 2 liters of Tokyo Bay water in winter and infectious enteroviruses from 2 liters of recreational coastal seawater in summer were detected by using this viral concentration method.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.3.1033-1039.2002}, author = {Katayama, H. and Shimasaki, A. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {15006, title = {Development of a virus concentration method and its application to detection of enterovirus and norwalk virus from coastal seawater}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {68}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {1033{\textendash}9}, abstract = {We developed a new procedure for concentration of enteric viruses from water using a negatively charged membrane. Rinsing the membrane with 0.5 mM H(2)SO(4) (pH 3.0) in order to elute cations prior to viral elution with 1 mM NaOH (pH 10.5) promoted poliovirus recovery yields from 33 to 95\% when applied to pure water and 38 to 89\% when applied to natural seawater from Tokyo Bay, Japan, respectively. This method showed average recovery yields of spiked poliovirus of 62\% (n = 8) from 1 liter of artificial seawater. This method showed higher recovery yields ({\textbackslash}textgreater61\%) than that of the conventional method using positively charged membrane (6\%) when applied to seawater. This method is also free from beef extract elution, which has an inhibitory effect in the subsequent viral genome detection by reverse transcription-PCR. Naturally occurring Norwalk viruses from 2 liters of Tokyo Bay water in winter and infectious enteroviruses from 2 liters of recreational coastal seawater in summer were detected by using this viral concentration method.}, keywords = {*Seawater, *Water Microbiology, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Norwalk virus/*isolation \& purification, Virology/methods}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Katayama, H. and Shimasaki, A. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {7567, title = {{Development of a virus concentration method and its application to detection of enterovirus and Norwalk virus from coastal seawater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {1033-1039}, abstract = {

We developed a new procedure for concentration of enteric viruses from water using a negatively charged membrane. Rinsing the membrane with 0.5 mM H2SO4 (pH 3.0) in order to elute cations prior to viral elution with 1 mM NaOH (pH 10.5) promoted poliovirus recovery yields from 33 to 95{\%} when applied to pure water and 38 to 89{\%} when applied to natural seawater from Tokyo Bay, Japan, respectively. This method showed average recovery yields of spiked poliovirus of 62{\%} (n = 8) from 1 liter of artificial seawater. This method showed higher recovery yields ({\textgreater}61{\%}) than that of the conventional method using positively charged membrane (6{\%}) when applied to seawater. This method is also free from beef extract elution, which has an inhibitory effect in the subsequent viral genome detection by reverse transcription-PCR. Naturally occurring Norwalk viruses from 2 liters of Tokyo Bay water in winter and infectious enteroviruses from 2 liters of recreational coastal seawater in summer were detected by using this viral concentration method.

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.3.1033-1039.2002}, author = {Katayama, H. and Shimasaki, A. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {13767, title = {Development of a virus concentration method and its application to detection of enterovirus and {Norwalk} virus from coastal seawater}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, abstract = {We developed a new procedure for concentration of enteric viruses from water using a negatively charged membrane. Rinsing the membrane with 0.5 mM H2SO4 (pH 3.0) in order to elute cations prior to viral elution with 1 mM NaOH (pH 10.5) promoted poliovirus recovery yields from 33 to 95\% when applied to pure water and 38 to 89\% when applied to natural seawater from Tokyo Bay, Japan, respectively. This method showed average recovery yields of spiked poliovirus of 62\% (n = 8) from 1 liter of artificial seawater. This method showed higher recovery yields ({\textbackslash}textgreater61\%) than that of the conventional method using positively charged membrane (6\%) when applied to seawater. This method is also free from beef extract elution, which has an inhibitory effect in the subsequent viral genome detection by reverse transcription-PCR. Naturally occurring Norwalk viruses from 2 liters of Tokyo Bay water in winter and infectious enteroviruses from 2 liters of recreational coastal seawater in summer were detected by using this viral concentration method.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.3.1033-1039.2002}, author = {Katayama, H. and Shimasaki, A. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {1655, title = {Development of a virus concentration method and its application to detection of enterovirus and norwalk virus from coastal seawater}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, note = {Katayama, Hiroyuki Shimasaki, Akihiro Ohgaki, Shinichiro eng Evaluation Studies 2002/03/02 10:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Mar;68(3):1033-9.}, pages = {1033-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {We developed a new procedure for concentration of enteric viruses from water using a negatively charged membrane. Rinsing the membrane with 0.5 mM H(2)SO(4) (pH 3.0) in order to elute cations prior to viral elution with 1 mM NaOH (pH 10.5) promoted poliovirus recovery yields from 33 to 95\% when applied to pure water and 38 to 89\% when applied to natural seawater from Tokyo Bay, Japan, respectively. This method showed average recovery yields of spiked poliovirus of 62\% (n = 8) from 1 liter of artificial seawater. This method showed higher recovery yields (>61\%) than that of the conventional method using positively charged membrane (6\%) when applied to seawater. This method is also free from beef extract elution, which has an inhibitory effect in the subsequent viral genome detection by reverse transcription-PCR. Naturally occurring Norwalk viruses from 2 liters of Tokyo Bay water in winter and infectious enteroviruses from 2 liters of recreational coastal seawater in summer were detected by using this viral concentration method.}, keywords = {Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Norwalk virus/*isolation \& purification *Seawater Virology/methods *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11872447}, author = {Katayama, H. and Shimasaki, A. and Ohgaki, S.} } @article {5408, title = {{Development of a virus concentration method and its application to detection of enterovirus and Norwalk virus from coastal seawater}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {68}, year = {2002}, pages = {1033{\textendash}1039}, author = {Katayama, H and Shimasaki, A and Ohgaki, S} } @mastersthesis {7483, title = {Development of two-phase {PIV} and its applications to sedimentation within a particle-laden turbulent channel flow}, year = {2002}, note = {3055607}, school = {University of Maryland College Park}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis presents a fundamental study of two-way coupling particle/wall turbulence interaction in a horizontal turbulent channel. The experiments were carried out by particle image velocimetry (PIV) for single-phase water flow, as well as particle-laden two-phase flow. A two-phase PIV technique, which based on phase separation during image processing, has been developed for dilute solid-liquid flows to provide detailed quantitative measurement for both carrier and discrete phases, and particle/fluid statistics. The objective of the work is to advance the understanding of the physics and dynamics underlying particle/wall turbulence interaction, which can he used to aid the development of two-fluid closure models. The results show that particles significantly modified wall turbulence not only in the wall region, but also in the outer region. The presence of particles changes the mean streamwise velocity of the carrier phase, suppressed turbulent intensity close to the wall, while enhanced it further away from the wall in both streamwise and cross-stream locations. Particles also modified the Reynolds stress profiles by shifting the profile further from the wall when plotted using an inner scaling. Particles were entrained by turbulence wall structure. Particle velocities exhibit a lag in the streamwise direction, while the local streamwise slip velocity is very small. A strong particle preferential concentration was observed, with large numbers of particles occupying the low-speed streaks region. The particle mean concentration profile is in a good agreement with a power law of the form, [Special characters omitted.] The study provides quantitative instantaneous information about particle/wall turbulence interaction, as well as particle/fluid statistics. The significant effects of particles on the turbulence modification and particle dispersion by turbulence in both wall and outer region indicate a strong particle/wall interaction, which must be accounted in closure terms in numerical modeling.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Mechanical engineering, Particle image velocimetry, Particle-laden, Sedimentation, Turbulent channel flow}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305574099?accountid=14270}, author = {Pan, Chunhui} } @article {16082, title = {Diagnosis and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in California sea lions from coastal California.}, journal = {J Wildl Dis.J Wildl Dis.}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {7-17.}, author = {Colagross-Schouten, A. M. and Mazet, J. A. and Gulland, F. M. and Miller, M. A. and Hietala, S.} } @article {7142, title = {Diarrhoea and effects of different water sources, sanitation and hygiene behaviour in {East} {Africa}}, journal = {Tropical Medicine \& International Health}, volume = {7}, number = {9}, year = {2002}, pages = {750{\textendash}756}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00927.x/full}, author = {Tumwine, James K. and Thompson, John and Katua-Katua, Munguti and Mujwajuzi, Mark and Johnstone, Nick and Wood, Elizabeth and Porras, Ina} } @article {11630, title = {{Diphyllobothrium pacificum en ni{\~n}os del Per{\'u}}}, journal = {Diagnostico}, volume = {41}, year = {2002}, pages = {161{\textendash}164}, author = {Flores, J M and Vidaurre, M T and Rivera, M L and Rosales, M C} } @article {11717, title = {{Diphyllobothrium pacificum en ni{\~n}os del Per{\'u}}}, journal = {Diagnostico}, volume = {41}, year = {2002}, pages = {161{\textendash}164}, author = {Medina, J P and Tantalean, M and Cano, M} } @article {8890, title = {Disinfection of wastewater from a Riyadh Wastewater Treatment Plant with ionizing radiation}, journal = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry}, volume = {65}, number = {4{\textendash}5}, year = {2002}, pages = {527-532}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0969-806X}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-806X(02)00346-8}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969806X02003468}, author = {Basfar, A. A. and Abdel Rehim, F.} } @mastersthesis {6809, title = {Disparities in empirical welfare measures: {The} effects of time and information}, year = {2002}, note = {3061822}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In a static setting, willingness to pay (WTP) for an increase in quantity or quality is simply equal to the compensating variation, a Hicksian welfare measure. Likewise, willingness to accept compensation in exchange (WTA) for a decrease in quantity or quality is equal to the equivalent variation. However, in a dynamic setting characterized by uncertainty, limited delay or reversal, and the potential for learning, these stated preference measures may also contain option values. Zhao and Kling (Economics Letters , 2001) use real options theory to explain the relationship between learning, irreversibility, and value formulation in a dynamic setting. In this dissertation, I discuss the design and results of two empirical tests of whether stated preference value measures are affected by dynamic aspects of the market environment, and whether those effects, if they exist, are consistent with Zhao and Kling{\textquoteright}s predictions. The first test incorporates the dynamic nature of the value formulation process into a contingent valuation study designed to measure the value local residents place on a north-central Iowa lake. My results show that WTP is highly sensitive to the potential for future learning. Respondents offered the opportunity to delay their purchasing decisions until more information became available were willing to pay significantly less for improved water quality than those facing a now-or-never decision. These results suggest that welfare analysts should take care to accurately represent the potential for future learning. The second test also deals with the effects of learning and irreversibility on stated preference measures, but this time in an experimental economic setting. I test whether part of the disparity observed between WTA and WTP in the experimental economic literature can be explained by the presence of real options. To do this, I have performed a series of experimental treatments designed to analyze the effect subjects{\textquoteright} perceptions regarding the relative difficulty of reversal and delay have on their valuation of a private good. While I find some evidence that subjects do take into account dynamic considerations, I cannot show that WTA and WTP are affected in a manner consistent with Zhao and Kling{\textquoteright}s theory.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, Contingent valuation, Economic theory, economics, Information, Real options, Social sciences, Time, Welfare economics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305513128?accountid=14270}, author = {Corrigan, Jay Roger} } @article {9675, title = {Distribution and prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in wild predators in Nebraska, Kansas, and Wyoming.}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {88}, year = {2002}, pages = {420-422}, doi = {10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0420:DAPOEM]2.0.CO;2}, author = {Storandt, S.T. and Virchow, D.R. and Dryden, M.W. and Hygnstrom, S.E and Kazacos, K.R.} } @article {4336, title = {{Distribution of genotypes of F-specific RNA bacteriophages in human and non-human sources of faecal pollution in South Africa and Spain.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {92}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, month = {jan}, pages = {657{\textendash}67}, abstract = {

AIMS: To assess whether the distribution of genotypes of F-specific RNA bacteriophages reflects faecal pollution of human and animal origin in water environments. METHODS AND RESULTS: Stool samples, animal feedlot waste slurries and a wide variety of faecally polluted waters were studied in South Africa and Spain. Genotyping was performed by plaque and spot hybridization with genotype-specific probes. Only genotypes II and III were detected in human stool. Animal faeces contained predominantly, but not exclusively, genotypes I and IV. Raw hospital and municipal sewage contained mostly genotypes II and III, whereas genotypes I and II prevailed in settled sewage, secondary treated sewage and non-point diffuse effluents from developing communities. Abattoir wastewaters contained mostly genotypes I and IV. No differences were observed between the distribution of genotypes in Spain and South Africa. CONCLUSIONS: Although the association of genotypes II and III with human excreta and I and IV with animal excreta was statistically significant, the results suggest that the association cannot be used for absolute distinction between faecal pollution of human and animal origin. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study contributes greatly to understanding the usefulness of genotypes of F-specific RNA bacteriophages in source tracking of faecal wastes.

}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, F Factor, F Factor: genetics, Feces, Feces: virology, genotype, Humans, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Nucleic Acid Hybridization: methods, Poultry, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: genetics, Sewage, South Africa, Spain, Swine, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11966906}, author = {Schaper, M and Jofre, J and Uys, M and Grabow, W O K} } @article {14596, title = {Distribution of human virus contamination in shellfish from different growing areas in {Greece}, {Spain}, {Sweden}, and the {United} {Kingdom}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {68}, year = {2002}, month = {dec}, pages = {5990{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Viral pollution in shellfish has been analyzed simultaneously across a wide range of geographical regions, with emphasis on the concomitant variations in physicochemical characteristics and social features. The methods for sample treatment and for the detection of human enteric viruses were optimized by the participating laboratories. The second part of this study involves the selection of a protocol for virus detection, which was validated by analyzing the distribution and concentration of human viral pathogens under diverse conditions during an 18-month period in four European countries. Shellfish-growing areas from diverse countries in the north and south of Europe were defined and studied, and the microbiological quality of the shellfish was analyzed. Human adenovirus, Norwalk-like virus, and enterovirus were identified as contaminants of shellfish in all the participating countries. Hepatitis A virus was also isolated in all areas except Sweden. The seasonal distribution of viral contamination was also described. Norwalk-like virus appeared to be the only group of viruses that demonstrated seasonal variation, with lower concentrations occurring during warm months. The depuration treatments currently applied were shown to be adequate for reducing Escherichia coli levels but ineffective for the elimination of viral particles. The human adenoviruses detected by PCR correlate with the presence of other human viruses and could be useful as a molecular index of viral contamination in shellfish.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Animals, Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification, False Negative Reactions, Great Britain, Greece, Hepatitis A virus/*isolation \& purification, Human/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Norwalk virus/classification/*isolation \& purification, Phylogeny, Shellfish/*microbiology, Spain, Sweden}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Formiga-Cruz, M. and Tofino-Quesada, G. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Lees, D. N. and Henshilwood, K. and Allard, A. K. and Conden-Hansson, A. C. and Hernroth, B. E. and Vantarakis, A. and Tsibouxi, A. and Papapetropoulou, M. and Furones, M. D. and Girones, R.} } @article {14941, title = {Distribution of human virus contamination in shellfish from different growing areas in {Greece}, {Spain}, {Sweden}, and the {United} {Kingdom}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {68}, year = {2002}, month = {dec}, pages = {5990{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Viral pollution in shellfish has been analyzed simultaneously across a wide range of geographical regions, with emphasis on the concomitant variations in physicochemical characteristics and social features. The methods for sample treatment and for the detection of human enteric viruses were optimized by the participating laboratories. The second part of this study involves the selection of a protocol for virus detection, which was validated by analyzing the distribution and concentration of human viral pathogens under diverse conditions during an 18-month period in four European countries. Shellfish-growing areas from diverse countries in the north and south of Europe were defined and studied, and the microbiological quality of the shellfish was analyzed. Human adenovirus, Norwalk-like virus, and enterovirus were identified as contaminants of shellfish in all the participating countries. Hepatitis A virus was also isolated in all areas except Sweden. The seasonal distribution of viral contamination was also described. Norwalk-like virus appeared to be the only group of viruses that demonstrated seasonal variation, with lower concentrations occurring during warm months. The depuration treatments currently applied were shown to be adequate for reducing Escherichia coli levels but ineffective for the elimination of viral particles. The human adenoviruses detected by PCR correlate with the presence of other human viruses and could be useful as a molecular index of viral contamination in shellfish.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Animals, Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification, False Negative Reactions, Great Britain, Greece, Hepatitis A virus/*isolation \& purification, Human/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Norwalk virus/classification/*isolation \& purification, Phylogeny, Shellfish/*microbiology, Spain, Sweden}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Formiga-Cruz, M. and Tofino-Quesada, G. and Bofill-Mas, S. and Lees, D. N. and Henshilwood, K. and Allard, A. K. and Conden-Hansson, A. C. and Hernroth, B. E. and Vantarakis, A. and Tsibouxi, A. and Papapetropoulou, M. and Furones, M. D. and Girones, R.} } @article {13158, title = {A DNA probe specific for Aeromonas colonies}, journal = {Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {44}, year = {2002}, pages = {221-225}, doi = {10.1016/S0732-8893(02)00455-8}, author = {M. R. Chacon and Castro-Escarpulli, G. and Soler, L. and Guarro, J. and Figueras, M. J.} } @article {11160, title = {Domestic cholera in Germany associated with fresh fish imported from Nigeria.}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {21}, year = {2002}, pages = {827-828}, author = {Sch{\"u}rmann, D and Ebert, N and Kampf, N and Baumann, B and Frei, U and Suttorp, N} } @article {15227, title = {Domestic wastewater treatment in waste stabilization ponds for irrigation in {Mendoza}, {Argentina}: policies and challenges}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {127{\textendash}132}, author = {V{\'e}lez, OR and Fasciolo, GE and Bertranou, AV} } @article {8283, title = {Effect of oxidizing disinfectants (chlorine, monochloramine, and ozone) on Helicobacter pylori}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, year = {2002}, pages = {981{\textendash}984}, author = {Baker, Katherine H and Hegarty, John P and Redmond, Brady and Reed, Nathan A and Herson, Diane S} } @article {4013, title = {{The effect of UV irradiation on human-derived Giardia lamblia cysts}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, year = {2002}, pages = {963{\textendash}969}, author = {Campbell, AT and Wallis, P} } @article {12923, title = {Effect of water supply and sanitation on the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides among pre-school-age children in Ajebandele and Ifewara, Osun State, Nigeria}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, year = {2002}, pages = {600{\textendash}604}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Asaolu, SO and Ofoezie, IE and Odumuyiwa, PA and Sowemimo, OA and Ogunniyi, TAB} } @article {12960, title = {Effect of water supply and sanitation on the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides among pre-school-age children in Ajebandele and Ifewara, Osun State, Nigeria}, journal = {Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {96}, year = {2002}, pages = {600-4}, author = {Asaolu, SO and Ofoezie, IE and Odumuyiwa, PA and Sowemimo, OA and Ogunniyi, TA} } @article {16669, title = {Effect of water supply and sanitation on the prevalence and intensity of {Ascaris} lumbricoides among pre-school-age children in {Ajebandele} and {Ifewara}, {Osun} {State}, {Nigeria}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, year = {2002}, pages = {600{\textendash}604}, author = {Asaolu, SO and Ofoezie, IE and Odumuyiwa, PA and Sowemimo, OA and Ogunniyi, TAB} } @article {10941, title = {Effect of water supply and sanitation on the prevalence and intensity of {Ascaris} lumbricoides among pre-school-age children in {Ajebandele} and {Ifewara}, {Osun} {State}, {Nigeria}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, year = {2002}, pages = {600{\textendash}604}, abstract = {The relationship between Ascaris lumbricoides infection and provisions for safe water supply and excreta disposal was investigated in Ajebandele and Ifewara, 2 peri-urban communities near Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, from September 1998 to December 1999. Although there were more facilities for safe water supply (pipe-borne and shallow wells) and sanitation (flush toilets and pit latrines) in Ajebandele than in Ifewara, they were not evenly distributed and only a few families, mainly in Ajebandele, were well provided for. Our results indicated that the prevalence of A. lumbricoides was significantly higher in Ifewara (21{\textperiodcentered}2\%) than in Ajebandele (13{\textperiodcentered}1\%), and within villages was much lower in houses with tap water and flush toilets. However, the mean intensity of infection was unexpectedly higher in Ajebandele (166{\textperiodcentered}5 {\textpm} 692{\textperiodcentered}0) than in Ifewara (153{\textperiodcentered}1 {\textpm} 485{\textperiodcentered}8) suggesting that the present level of investment in Ajebandele is probably not sufficient to reduce morbidity. These findings confirm suggestions that there is a threshold level of investment below which interventions on water supply and sanitation may not significantly improve human health. Sustainable ascariasis control in the study communities will require significant improvements to existing water supplies and sanitation facilities and any future interventions should incorporate a programme of health education to ensure that the facilities provided are properly used and hygienically maintained.}, keywords = {ascariasis, children, Nigeria, sanitation, Water Supply}, issn = {0035-9203}, doi = {10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90323-8}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0035920302903238}, author = {Asaolu, S.O. and Ofoezie, I.E. and Odumuyiwa, P.A. and Sowemimo, O.A. and Ogunniyi, T.A.B.} } @article {15102, title = {Effect of water supply and sanitation on the prevalence and intensity of {Ascaris} lumbricoides among pre-school aged children in {Ajebandele} and {Ifewara} communities, {Osun} {State}, {Nigeria}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London}, volume = {96}, year = {2002}, pages = {600{\textendash}604}, author = {Asaolu, S. O. and Ofoezie, I. E. and Odumuyiwa, P. A. and Sowemimo, O. A. and Ogunniyi, T. A. B.} } @article {6822, title = {Effective water and sanitation policy reform implementation: need for systemic approach and stakeholder participation}, journal = {Water Policy}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {367{\textendash}388}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1366701702000363}, author = {Sepp{\"a}l{\"a}, Osmo T.} } @article {10296, title = {Effectiveness of secondary digesters as a pathogen controller in winter}, journal = {Water and Environment Journal}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {292{\textendash}295}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Le, MS and Mayhew, ME and Back, PA} } @article {17187, title = {Effects of aerobic and anaerobic digestion systems on pathogen and pathogen indicator reduction in municipal sludge}, journal = {Water Sci TechnolWater Sci Technol}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {181-7}, edition = {2002/12/14}, keywords = {*Bioreactors, Bacteria, Aerobic/physiology, Bacteria, Anaerobic/physiology, Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification, Salmonella/isolation \& purification, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223}, author = {Dahab, M. F. and Surampalli, R. Y.} } @article {3216, title = {{Effects of aerobic and anaerobic digestion systems on pathogen and pathogen indicator reduction in municipal sludge}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {181{\textendash}187}, abstract = {In this study, the effectiveness of anaerobic treatment systems in reducing pathogenic density levels was evaluated under the US EPA municipal sludge rule (40 CFR Part 503 Rule). Wastewater and sludge samples were analyzed for both pathogens and pathogenic indicator organisms from six different existing wastewater treatment systems. The results indicate that Class B sludge requirements under the US 503 Rule are reasonable and can be achievable by the existing treatment systems while Class A sludge requirements under the same rule may not be easily achieved by the existing treatment systems. The effects of volatile solids loading rates on anaerobic digester performance were investigated. Under anaerobic digestion conditions, it appears that the log reductions in fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus appeared to be dependent on VSS loading rates. On the other hand, Salmonella sp. density reductions did not appear to be dependent on VSS loading rates.}, keywords = {Biosolids, Pathogenic indicators, Pathogens, Sludge treatment, Wastewater treatment}, issn = {02731223}, author = {Dahab, M. F. and Surampalli, R. Y.} } @mastersthesis {7260, title = {The effects of homeownership on communities}, year = {2002}, note = {3067422}, school = {Harvard University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This work examines positive social externalities coming from homeownership. Homeownership is tax-favored in the United States and other countries because policymakers and the general public believe that homeownership provides large social benefits. These benefits have been said to range from lower crime, to better educational outcomes, cleaner neighborhoods, and more community involvement. Chapter 1 studies the Federal Housing Administration and its effect on homeownership. Using microdata from the 1970, 1980, and 1990 Censuses of Population and Housing, I find that during those years the Federal Housing Administration increased homeownership by at least 0.6 percentage points, and more for certain demographic groups, such as Blacks and married couples with children. Chapter 2 studies the effects of homeownership on high school dropout and teenage childbearing rates using the 1970, 1980, and 1990 Censuses of Population and Housing. I use variables derived from Federal Housing Administration underwriting criteria and developed in Chapter 1 as instruments for homeownership. I find that fifteen to seventeen year-old children of homeowners are 4.66 percentage points less likely to drop out of high school than equivalent children of renters, but that female children of homeowners are not less likely to have children as teenagers as children of renters. Chapter 3 studies the effects of homeownership on local government behavior. Economic theory suggests that renter-dominated jurisdictions will be less efficient, will prefer more income redistribution, and will spend less on long-term goods than homeowner-dominated jurisdictions. These theories are tested using the instruments derived from FHA underwriting criteria in Chapter I and municipal- and school district-level data from the 1980 and 1990 Censuses of Population and Housing and the 1982 and 1992 Censuses of Governments. I find that municipalities with higher homeownership rates devote a larger share of their spending on long-term public goods such as education, police protection, and fire protection while spending less on long-term physical infrastructure such as parks, roads, and sewers. Also, municipalities with higher homeownership rates pay higher average wages in services comparable to the private sector such as hospitals, transit, sewers, electric utilities, and water utilities.}, keywords = {0366:Geography, 0501:Economics, 0533:Secondary education, 0615:Political science, Adolescent parents, Communities, Dropout, economics, Education, Geography, Home ownership, Homeownership, Local governments, Political science, Secondary education, Social impact, Social sciences, Studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305533517?accountid=14270}, author = {Monroe, IV, Albert Barnett} } @article {3568, title = {Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study.}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {359}, year = {2002}, pages = {564{\textendash}571}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07744-9.}, author = {Berkman, DS and Lescano, AG and et al. Gilman, RH} } @article {7394, title = {Efficacy of {UV} {Irradiation} in {Inactivating} {Cryptosporidiumparvum} {Oocysts}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {11}, year = {2002}, month = {nov}, pages = {5387{\textendash}5393}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.11.5387-5393.2002}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.68.11.5387-5393.2002}, author = {Morita, S. and Namikoshi, A. and Hirata, T. and Oguma, K. and Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S. and Motoyama, N. and Fujiwara, M.} } @article {1874, title = {Emerging waterborne infections: contributing factors, agents, and detection tools}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, note = {Theron, J Cloete, T E Review United States Critical reviews in microbiology Crit Rev Microbiol. 2002;28(1):1-26.}, pages = {1-26}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Because microorganisms are easily dispersed, display physiological diversity, and tolerate extreme conditions, they are ubiquitous and may contaminate and grow in water. The presence of waterborne enteric pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and protozoa) in domestic water supplies represents a potentially significant human health risk. Even though major outbreaks of waterborne disease are comparatively rare, there is substantial evidence that human enteric pathogens that are frequently present in domestic water supplies are responsible for low-level incidence of waterborne microbial disease. Although these diseases are rarely debilitating to healthy adults for more than a few hours to a few days, enteric pathogens can cause severe illness, even death, for young children, the elderly, or those with compromised immune systems. As the epidemiology of waterborne diseases is changing, there is a growing global public health concern about new and reemerging infectious diseases that are occurring through a complex interaction of social, economic, evolutionary, and ecological factors. New microbial pathogens have emerged, and some have spread worldwide. Alternative testing strategies for waterborne diseases should significantly improve the ability to detect and control the causative pathogenic agents. In this article, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of waterborne microbial pathogens, their detection, and the future of new methods in controlling these infectious agents.

}, keywords = {Adaptation, Physiological Animals Bacteria/*isolation \& purification Eukaryota/*isolation \& purification Humans Infection/diagnosis/*etiology Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods Public Health Viruses/*isolation \& purification Water/*parasitology *Water Microbiology}, issn = {1040-841X (Print) 1040-841X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/1040-840291046669}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12003038}, author = {Theron, J. and Cloete, T. E.} } @book {555, title = {Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology}, series = {Protozoa in activated sludge}, year = {2002}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {Wiley}, type = {Book}, address = {New York}, author = {P, Madoni} } @article {9568, title = {{Enterocytozoon bieneusi among children with diarrhea attending Mulago Hospital in Uganda}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {299{\textendash}303}, author = {Tumwine, JK and Kekitiinwa, A and Nabukeera, N and Akiyoshi, DE and Buckholt, MA and Tzipori, S} } @mastersthesis {6476, title = {Environment and appropriate technologies for investment decision making in rural sanitation projects in developing countries}, year = {2002}, note = {3067380}, school = {Harvard University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {More than 2 billion people in developing countries are still without access to hygienic sanitation. The lack of hygienic sanitation takes a large toll on developing countries{\textquoteright} economic progress and individual{\textquoteright}s well-being through poor-health conditions among people. Many government and development agencies tried to install toilets in poor communities during the 1980s and 1990s. Most projects failed. Several billions of dollars were wasted; communities did not use the installed toilets; and disease prevalence did not decrease. Frustrated agencies soon cut funding for projects. The thesis analyses reasons for past project failures and includes findings in a decision support model, which identifies a suite of toilets that imposes low costs on the agency while meeting societal requirements and environmental integrity. The model explicitly accounts for materials, skill and O\&M availability in the community, prevalent hydrogeological and climatic conditions in the region, and people{\textquoteright}s preferences and willingness-to-pay for sanitation services. The environmental performance indicator, effective number of polluting households , formulated in this thesis adequately mimics the true environmental impact of sanitation projects. When past project policies are imposed through constraints, the model illustrates high agency costs and high environmental impacts. Agency costs and environmental impact are greatly reduced when different income groups are allowed to install different types of toilets, community expectations and preferences are included through their willingness-to-pay cash and contribute labor and materials, and the sanitation project is preceded by an education outreach program. Costs and environmental impacts presented here are for a small pilot community of 80 households; still savings to agency and beneficial impact on community are significant. If this approach were used in a real and full-scale sanitation project, savings to project implementing agency would be very large. Investigations made using the model allows the agency to determine where it could potentially be on the cost-pollution space when different amounts of money are available, and how best it should allocate funds for the primary spending areas. These approaches conform to the framework conceived in the VISION 21 by the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC, 2000). The thesis and model formulation show means of implementing the recommendations, and methods for investigating the relative merits of different project-related policies.}, keywords = {0573:Public health, 0630:Welfare, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Decision making, Developing Countries, Developing countries{\textendash}LDCs, environment, Environmental engineering, Health and environmental sciences, Investment, Public health, Rural, sanitation, Social sciences, Technology, Welfare}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305578424?accountid=14270}, author = {deSilva, Radhika Neelakshi} } @inbook {1718, title = {Environmental exposure to viruses: a human health risk assessment methodology}, booktitle = {The Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology}, year = {2002}, pages = {2741- 2752}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc}, type = {Book Section}, address = {New York}, author = {Mena, K. D.}, editor = {Bitton, G.} } @booklet {15055, title = {Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: {A} practical guide}, year = {2002}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {WHO} } @article {9607, title = {Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: A practical guide}, year = {2002}, institution = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @booklet {1893, title = {Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Parts 9, 141, and 142 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule [WH{\textendash}FRL{\textendash}7124{\textendash}2] RIN 2040{\textendash}AD18}, volume = {67}, number = {9}, year = {2002}, pages = {1812-1844}, publisher = {US Fedeeral Register www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2002-01-14/pdf/02-409.pdf Last accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {USEPA} } @article {4905, title = {{Epidemiologic differences between cyclosporiasis and cryptosporidiosis in Peruvian children}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {581{\textendash}585}, author = {Bern, C and Ortega, YR and Checkley, W and Roberts, JM and Lescano, AG and Cabrera, L and Verastegui, M and Black, RE and Sterling, C and Gilman, RH} } @article {15753, title = {Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, month = {Jan}, pages = {145-54}, edition = {2002/01/10}, keywords = {*Immunocompromised Host, Adult, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/*epidemiology/parasitology/physiopathology, Animals, Child, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/parasitology/*physiopathology, Cryptosporidium/immunology/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, HIV Infections/complications, Humans}, isbn = {0893-8512 (Print)
0893-8512}, author = {Hunter, P. R. and Nichols, G.} } @article {11933, title = {Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Cryptosporidium Infection in Immunocompromised Patients}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {145-154}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.15.1.145-154.2002}, url = {http://cmr.asm.org/content/15/1/145.abstract}, author = {Hunter, Paul R. and Nichols, Gordon} } @article {9209, title = {{Epidemiology of amebiasis in a region of high incidence of amebic liver abscess in central Vietnam}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {66}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, pages = {578{\textendash}583}, author = {Blessmann, J and Van, LP and Nu, PAT and Thi, HD and Muller-Myhsok, B and Buss, H and Tannich, E} } @article {6926, title = {Estimating the burden of disease from water, sanitation, and hygiene at a global level}, journal = {Environmental health perspectives}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, pages = {537{\textendash}542}, url = {http://www.who.int/entity/quantifying_ehimpacts/global/en/ArticleEHP052002.pdf}, author = {Pr{\"u}ss, Annette and Kay, David and Fewtrell, Lorna and Bartram, Jamie and others} } @article {3256, title = {{Evaluation of bacteriophages during the treatment of sludge}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {189{\textendash}194}, abstract = {The aim of this work was to determine the effect of liming and composting on the fate of three bacteriophages (somatic coliphages, F-RNA phages, Bacteroides fragilis phages) considered as potential indicators of viral contamination. It was shown that the three bacteriophages studied exhibited variable densities in sludge. Somatic coliphages were most abundant (10(4) to 10(5) x 10 g(-1) DM) then F-RNA bacteriophages (10(2) to 10(4) x 10 g(-1) DM) and Bacteroides fragilis phages (10(1) to 10(2) x 10 g(-1) DM). The efficacy of liming was found to be pH dependent but also sludge dependent. The pH allowing 99{\%} elimination of somatic coliphage is close to 9 for solid sludges and close to 13.5 for liquid sludges. For composting, our findings clearly demonstrated that phage inactivation is very clearly temperature-dependent. For temperatures reaching 70 degrees, there is a 5 log reduction in somatic coliphages while for temperature in the 50-55 degrees C range, the drop off is only 2 log. Considering the efficacy of the treatment methods, it is clear that the well-established industrial procedures that reach temperatures in the 60-70 degrees C range totally inactivate all 3 phages tested and present in sludge before composting.}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Composting, Liming, Sludge}, isbn = {0273-1223}, issn = {02731223}, author = {Mignotte-Cadiergues, B. and Gantzer, C. and Schwartzbrod, L.} } @article {14640, title = {Evaluation of integrated cell culture-{PCR} ({C}-{PCR}) for virological analysis of environmental samples}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {93}, year = {2002}, pages = {745{\textendash}50}, abstract = {AIMS: The aims of this study were to establish an integrated culture-polymerase chain reaction (C-PCR) method for detection of enteric viruses in environmental samples, and to evaluate it for sensitivity, speed and provision of virus infectivity data. METHODS AND RESULTS: C-PCR, direct reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, PCR and plaque assay methods were used to detect enteroviruses and adenoviruses in seeded and naturally contaminated environmental samples. Using C-PCR, infectious enterovirus presence was confirmed in 3 d and adenovirus presence in 5 d, compared with up to 10 d required by conventional cell culture methods. CONCLUSIONS: C-PCR was the preferred method for detection of enteric viruses in environmental samples containing high viral concentrations. It was less successful for samples with low viral concentrations or containing toxic materials or inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: C-PCR provides sensitive, specific results within 2-5 d and is useful as a rapid screen for environmental samples of low toxicity.}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification/metabolism/pathogenicity, Cell Culture Techniques, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification/metabolism/pathogenicity, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sewage/analysis/microbiology/virology, Viral Plaque Assay/methods, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, author = {Greening, G. E. and Hewitt, J. and Lewis, G. D.} } @article {12009, title = {Evaluation of the efficacy of pyrantel-oxantel for the treatment of soil-transmitted nematode infections}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, year = {2002}, note = {Albonico, Marco
Bickle, Quentin
Haji, Hamad J
Ramsan, Mahdi
Khatib, Khatib J
Montresor, Antonio
Savioli, Lorenzo
Taylor, Martin
eng
Clinical Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2003/03/11 04:00
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002 Nov-Dec;96(6):685-90.}, month = {Nov-Dec}, pages = {685-90}, abstract = {

A randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of pyrantel-oxantel (10 mg/kg) with mebendazole (500 mg) was performed on 1329 schoolchildren aged 6-9 years on Pemba Island in September-October 2000 to evaluate alternative single-dose drugs for regular treatment of intestinal nematode infections. Both mebendazole and pyrantel-oxantel were very effective in eliminating Ascaris lumbricoides infection, inducing cure rates of more than 96\% and reducing the mean egg counts by more than 95\%. Both drugs had a moderate efficacy against Trichuris trichiura infection, but pyrantel-oxantel had a higher cure rate (31.5\% vs. 23.3\%, P \< 0.01), though the reductions in egg counts did not differ significantly and were more than 80\%. Pyrantel-oxantel and mebendazole had a similar, poor efficacy in curing hookworm infections and had a moderate effect in reducing the egg counts by 67\% and 68\%, respectively. Pyrantel-oxantel (10 mg/kg) offers a valuable alternative to mebendazole as a single-dose treatment for the control of intestinal nematode infections in children in endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa, due to its comparable efficacy, its low cost and its suitability for use in young children.

}, keywords = {Antinematodal Agents/*therapeutic use, Ascariasis/drug therapy, Child, Hookworm Infections/drug therapy, Humans, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/*drug therapy, Nematode Infections/*drug therapy, Pyrantel/*analogs \& derivatives/*therapeutic use, Soil/*parasitology, Treatment Outcome, Trichuriasis/drug therapy}, isbn = {0035-9203 (Print)
0035-9203 (Linking)}, author = {Albonico, M. and Bickle, Q. and Haji, H. J. and Ramsan, M. and Khatib, K. J. and Montresor, A. and Savioli, L. and Taylor, M.} } @article {16501, title = {Evaluation of the efficacy of pyrantel-oxantel for the treatment of soil-transmitted nematode infections}, journal = {Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, year = {2002}, pages = {685{\textendash}90}, abstract = {A randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of pyrantel-oxantel (10 mg/kg) with mebendazole (500 mg) was performed on 1329 schoolchildren aged 6-9 years on Pemba Island in September-October 2000 to evaluate alternative single-dose drugs for regular treatment of intestinal nematode infections. Both mebendazole and pyrantel-oxantel were very effective in eliminating Ascaris lumbricoides infection, inducing cure rates of more than 96\% and reducing the mean egg counts by more than 95\%. Both drugs had a moderate efficacy against Trichuris trichiura infection, but pyrantel-oxantel had a higher cure rate (31.5\% vs. 23.3\%, P {\textless} 0.01), though the reductions in egg counts did not differ significantly and were more than 80\%. Pyrantel-oxantel and mebendazole had a similar, poor efficacy in curing hookworm infections and had a moderate effect in reducing the egg counts by 67\% and 68\%, respectively. Pyrantel-oxantel (10 mg/kg) offers a valuable alternative to mebendazole as a single-dose treatment for the control of intestinal nematode infections in children in endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa, due to its comparable efficacy, its low cost and its suitability for use in young children.}, keywords = {Antinematodal Agents/*therapeutic use, Ascariasis/drug therapy, Child, Hookworm Infections/drug therapy, Humans, Intestinal Diseases, Nematode Infections/*drug therapy, Parasitic/*drug therapy, Pyrantel/*analogs \& derivatives/*therapeutic use, Soil/*parasitology, Treatment Outcome, Trichuriasis/drug therapy}, issn = {0035-9203 (Print) 0035-9203 (Linking)}, author = {Albonico, M. and Bickle, Q. and Haji, H. J. and Ramsan, M. and Khatib, K. J. and Montresor, A. and Savioli, L. and Taylor, M.} } @article {10180, title = {{Faecal contamination of source-separated human urine based on the content of faecal sterols}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {1965{\textendash}1972}, author = {Sch{\"o}nning, C and Leeming, R and Stenstr{\"o}m, TA} } @article {16640, title = {Faecal {Sludge} {Management}{\textendash}{Review} of practices, problems and initiatives}, journal = {Eawag/Sandec}, year = {2002}, author = {Strauss, Martin and Montangero, Agnes} } @article {12889, title = {Faecal Sludge Management{\textendash}Review of practices, problems and initiatives}, journal = {Eawag/Sandec}, year = {2002}, publisher = {Citeseer}, author = {Strauss, Martin and Montangero, Agnes} } @booklet {11070, title = {Faecal sludge treatment}, year = {2002}, type = {Lecture notes}, address = {IHE Delft}, author = {Montangero, A. and Strauss, M.} } @article {6043, title = {Fate and transport of viruses in porous media}, journal = {Advances in Agronomy}, volume = {77}, year = {2002}, pages = {39{\textendash}102}, author = {Jin, Yan and Flury, Markus} } @article {8745, title = {{Fate of coliphage in a wastewater treatment process}}, journal = {Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {172{\textendash}174}, abstract = {The fate of coliphage in a wastewater treatment plant in the central part of Japan was investigated from March to December 2001. A relative abundance of coliphage, 1000-10, 000 PFU/ml determined with three different Escherichia coli strains, was detected in the influent. But, no remarkable seasonal change in the phage concentration in the influent was observed during the tenmonth test period. Almost ten times higher coliphage concentration was detected by the F+ E. coli strain than by the other two F- strains. The RNA phage was more stable than the DNA phage against aerobic treatment using activated sludge. Most of the phages in the influent and primary settling tank were detected as suspended forms. Anaerobic-aerobic treatment enhanced adsorption of the phage by the solid particles. Almost no phage was detected in the effluent. Aerobic treatment using activated sludge and/or the addition of flocculants such as PAC was effective for the removal of coliphage, an index of enteric viral pollution.}, keywords = {Activated sludge, coliphage, Domestic wastewater, Escherichia coli, Wastewater treatment process}, isbn = {1389-1723 (Print)$\backslash$r1347-4421 (Linking)}, issn = {13891723}, doi = {10.1016/S1389-1723(02)80139-6}, author = {Yasunori, Tanji and Katsunori, Mizoguchi and Masatoshi, Yoichi and Masatomo, Morita and Katsutoshi, Hori and Hajime, Unno} } @article {10409, title = {Fate of coliphage in a wastewater treatment process}, journal = {Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {172{\textendash}174}, author = {Yasunori, Tanji and Katsunori, Mizoguchi and Masatoshi, Yoichi and Masatomo, Morita and Katsutoshi, Hori and Hajime, Unno} } @article {15086, title = {Fate of coliphage in a wastewater treatment process}, journal = {Journal of bioscience and bioengineering}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {172{\textendash}174}, author = {Yasunori, Tanji and Katsunori, Mizoguchi and Masatoshi, Yoichi and Masatomo, Morita and Katsutoshi, Hori and Hajime, Unno} } @article {4342, title = {{Fates of bacteriophages and bacterial indicators in the Moselle river (France).}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {14}, year = {2002}, month = {aug}, pages = {3629{\textendash}37}, abstract = {

It has been suggested that bacteriophages can provide useful information about the pathogenic microorganisms, particularly enteric viruses, present in water. This information is complementary to that obtained from bacterial indicators of faecal contamination, which would be of great value for evaluating the risks associated with the use of certain types of water. Before bacteriophages can be used as indicators of faecal contamination, we need to confirm that bacteriophages give a different response to that given by the well-known bacteria indicators and to determine what happens to bacteriophages in river water. Indeed, drinking water is often produced from river water, either by natural filtration through the soil or after undergoing various treatments. We collected 96 river water samples from six different sites between February and November 2000. The samples were analysed for three faecal indicator bacteria (thermotolerant coliforms, enterococci and spores of sulphite-reducing anaerobes) and three types of bacteriophages (somatic coliphages, F-specific phages and Bacteroides fragilis phages). The densities of thermotolerant coliforms and enterococci depended mainly on physical factors such as flow rate and water temperature. High temperature and low flow rate led to a decrease in the density of these microorganisms, especially in the absence of a major input of faecal pollution. Conversely, the densities of somatic coliphages, F-specific phages and spores of sulphite-reducing anaerobes remained constant regardless of the flow rate and temperature. The density of Bacteroides fragilis phages was too low for unambiguous determination of their fate in river water.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Feces, Feces: microbiology, France, Temperature, Water Microbiology, Water Movements, Water Supply, Water Supply: standards}, issn = {0043-1354}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12230209}, author = {Skraber, S and Gantzer, C and Maul, A and Schwartzbrod, L} } @article {15073, title = {Fecal coliform removal in wastewater treatment plants studied by plate counts and enzymatic methods}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {2607{\textendash}2617}, author = {George, Isabelle and Crop, Philippe and Servais, Pierre} } @article {8696, title = {{Fecal coliform removal in wastewater treatment plants studied by plate counts and enzymatic methods}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, year = {2002}, pages = {2607{\textendash}2617}, abstract = {Twelve wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were sampled in France and Belgium in 1999 and 2000 in order to estimate the fecal coliform (FC) removal efficiency of various types of treatment. Only one of these WWTPs was equipped with a specific step to eliminate microorganisms (UV disinfection preceded by sand filtration). FC abundance was measured in raw and treated sewage by plate counts on selective medium and rapid ??-D-glucuronidase (GLUase)-based assays. Removal of culturable FC was the most efficient in treatments with high retention time (activated sludge process with nitrification and denitrification, lagooning), in biofiltration and in the treatment with a tertiary disinfection step. GLUase activity measurements showed the same removal pattern as plate counts except for UV disinfection, where no reduction of GLUase activity was measured. Specific loads of culturable FC and GLUase activity, i.e. daily amounts of culturable FC or GLUase activity in sewage per inhabitant-equivalent, were calculated in raw and treated wastewater for the different WWTPs. Copyright ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.}, keywords = {??-D-glucuronidase activity, Fecal coliforms, Removal efficiency, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00475-4}, author = {George, Isabelle and Crop, Philippe and Servais, Pierre} } @article {10398, title = {Fecal coliform removal in wastewater treatment plants studied by plate counts and enzymatic methods}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {2607{\textendash}2617}, author = {George, Isabelle and Crop, Philippe and Servais, Pierre} } @article {3227, title = {{Fecal coliform removal in wastewater treatment plants studied by plate counts and enzymatic methods}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {2607{\textendash}2617}, abstract = {Twelve wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were sampled in France and Belgium in 1999 and 2000 in order to estimate the fecal coliform (FC) removal efficiency of various types of treatment. Only one of these WWTPs was equipped with a specific step to eliminate microorganisms (UV disinfection preceded by sand filtration). FC abundance was measured in raw and treated sewage by plate counts on selective medium and rapid ??-D-glucuronidase (GLUase)-based assays. Removal of culturable FC was the most efficient in treatments with high retention time (activated sludge process with nitrification and denitrification, lagooning), in biofiltration and in the treatment with a tertiary disinfection step. GLUase activity measurements showed the same removal pattern as plate counts except for UV disinfection, where no reduction of GLUase activity was measured. Specific loads of culturable FC and GLUase activity, i.e. daily amounts of culturable FC or GLUase activity in sewage per inhabitant-equivalent, were calculated in raw and treated wastewater for the different WWTPs. Copyright ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.}, keywords = {??-D-glucuronidase activity, Fecal coliforms, Removal efficiency, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)$\backslash$r0043-1354 (Linking)}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00475-4}, author = {George, Isabelle and Crop, Philippe and Servais, Pierre} } @article {16642, title = {Fecal sludge management in developing countries: {A} planning manual}, journal = {Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology Department for Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Switzerland}, year = {2002}, author = {Klingel, Florian and Montangero, Agnes and Kone, Doulaye and Strauss, Martin} } @article {12893, title = {Fecal sludge management in developing countries: A planning manual}, journal = {Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology Department for Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Switzerland}, year = {2002}, author = {Klingel, Florian and Montangero, Agnes and Kone, Doulaye and Strauss, Martin} } @book {11559, title = {{Feline Clinical Parasitology}}, year = {2002}, pages = {469}, publisher = {Iowa State University Press}, organization = {Iowa State University Press}, edition = {First Edit}, address = {Iowa, USA}, author = {Bowman, DD and MH Charles and SL David and Barr, SC} } @article {9210, title = {{Fiche AFSSA Entamoeba histolytica/dispar}}, year = {2002}, author = {Bonnin, A and Dei Cas, E} } @article {4215, title = {{F-specific RNA coliphages: occurrence, types, and survival in natural waters.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {9}, year = {2002}, month = {may}, pages = {2419{\textendash}25}, abstract = {

A small, well-defined watershed was investigated over a 2-year period to determine the prevalence of F-specific RNA coliphage (F + RNA) serotypes as indicators of animal fecal contamination. Sampling sites collected runoff from areas of urban and agricultural land use patterns. F-specific coliphages were concentrated from 2-L freshwater samples by polyethylene glycol precipitation, isolated using the double agar layer (DAL) method, confirmed as F + RNA by RNAse suppression, and serotyped. A subset of serotyped F + RNA were confirmed by genotyping. To determine relative survival, 10 confirmed F + RNA field isolates and 5 prototypic F + RNA were spiked into surface water and incubated at 25 degrees C for 36 days. F-specific coliphage isolation was strongly associated with rainfall events and was infrequent from primarily animal impacted surface waters. Field isolates were predoffiinantly Type I F + RNA (81{\%}) and raw sewage isolates were predominantly Type III F + RNA (57{\%}). Genotyping from either the watershed or raw sewage samples never positively identified Type IV F + RNA. Results from laboratory studies showed that F + RNA differ in their survival in water and that Type IV strains were the least persistent. Type III F + RNA were found to be reliably related to the release of uncontrolled human fecal material in the watershed, but the results of this study suggest that further study is required before utilizing for fecal source identification in natural waters.

}, keywords = {Agriculture, Cities, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages: physiology, Environmental monitoring, Feces, Feces: microbiology, prevalence, Rain, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, RNA Phages: physiology, Survival, Water Microbiology, Water Movements, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: analysis}, issn = {0043-1354}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12108735}, author = {Brion, G M and Meschke, J S and Sobsey, M D} } @article {16994, title = {F-specific RNA coliphages: occurrence, types, and survival in natural waters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {9}, year = {2002}, pages = {2419{\textendash}2425}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Brion, Gail M and Meschke, John Scott and Sobsey, MD} } @article {9550, title = {{Fumagillin treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {346}, number = {25}, year = {2002}, pages = {1963{\textendash}1969}, author = {Molina, JM and Tourneur, M and Sarfati, C and Chevret, S and de Gouvello, A and Gobert, JG and Balkan, S and Derouin, F; and Group, Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA 090 Study} } @article {8309, title = {Gender perspectives on ecological sanitation}, journal = {Stockholm, Ecosanres}, year = {2002}, author = {Hannan, Carolyn and Andersson, Ingvar} } @article {233, title = {Generic protocols for (i) hospital-based surveillance to estimate the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children and (ii) a community-based survey on utilization of health care services for gastroenteritis in children}, number = {WHO_V\&B_02.15}, year = {2002}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {WHO} } @article {12105, title = {Genetic component to susceptibility to Trichuris trichiura: evidence from two Asian populations}, journal = {Genetic Epidemiology}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, note = {Williams-Blangero, Sarah
McGarvey, Stephen T
Subedi, Janardan
Wiest, Peter M
Upadhayay, Ram Prasad
Rai, Dev R
Jha, Bharat
Olds, G Richard
Guanling, Wu
Blangero, John
eng
R01 AI37091/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
R01 MH59490/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
2002/03/29 10:00
Genet Epidemiol. 2002 Mar;22(3):254-64.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {254-64}, abstract = {

Trichuris trichiura is an helminthic infection with potentially severe health consequences. The hypothesis that host genetic factors can account for the distribution of Trichuris was tested using familial data on egg counts available for two populations, the Jirels of Nepal and the population of Jishan Island in Jiangxi Province of the People\&$\#$39;s Republic of China. Whipworm is highly prevalent in the Jishan Island population (86\%), but occurs at a low rate in the Jirel population (14\%). A quantitative genetic analysis was performed on each data set, using a variance component approach. Approximately 28\% of the variation in Trichuris trichiura loads was attributable to genetic factors in both populations. Common household effects accounted for only 4\% of the variation in the Jirels and none of the variation in the Jishan Island population. These concordant results from two separate populations provide strong evidence of the important role of genetics in determining differential susceptibility to whipworm infection.

}, keywords = {China/epidemiology, Feces/parasitology, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Male, Nepal/epidemiology, Phenotype, Trichuriasis/epidemiology/*genetics}, isbn = {0741-0395 (Print)
0741-0395 (Linking)}, author = {Williams-Blangero, S. and McGarvey, S. T. and Subedi, J. and Wiest, P. M. and Upadhayay, R. P. and Rai, D. R. and Jha, B. and Olds, G. R. and Guanling, W. and Blangero, J.} } @article {16597, title = {Genetic component to susceptibility to {Trichuris} trichiura: evidence from two {Asian} populations}, journal = {Genet Epidemiol}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {254{\textendash}64}, abstract = {Trichuris trichiura is an helminthic infection with potentially severe health consequences. The hypothesis that host genetic factors can account for the distribution of Trichuris was tested using familial data on egg counts available for two populations, the Jirels of Nepal and the population of Jishan Island in Jiangxi Province of the People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China. Whipworm is highly prevalent in the Jishan Island population (86\%), but occurs at a low rate in the Jirel population (14\%). A quantitative genetic analysis was performed on each data set, using a variance component approach. Approximately 28\% of the variation in Trichuris trichiura loads was attributable to genetic factors in both populations. Common household effects accounted for only 4\% of the variation in the Jirels and none of the variation in the Jishan Island population. These concordant results from two separate populations provide strong evidence of the important role of genetics in determining differential susceptibility to whipworm infection.}, keywords = {China/epidemiology, Feces/parasitology, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Male, Nepal/epidemiology, Phenotype, Trichuriasis/epidemiology/*genetics}, issn = {0741-0395 (Print) 0741-0395 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1002/gepi.0187}, author = {Williams-Blangero, S. and McGarvey, S. T. and Subedi, J. and Wiest, P. M. and Upadhayay, R. P. and Rai, D. R. and Jha, B. and Olds, G. R. and Guanling, W. and Blangero, J.} } @article {13742, title = {Genomic analysis of uncultured marine viral communities}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {99}, number = {22}, year = {2002}, abstract = {Viruses are the most common biological entities in the oceans by an order of magnitude. However, very little is known about their diversity. Here we report a genomic analysis of two uncultured marine viral communities. Over 65\% of the sequences were not significantly similar to previously reported sequences, suggesting that much of the diversity is previously uncharacterized. The most common significant hits among the known sequences were to viruses. The viral hits included sequences from all of the major families of dsDNA tailed phages, as well as some algal viruses. Several independent mathematical models based on the observed number of contigs predicted that the most abundant viral genome comprised 2-3\% of the total population in both communities, which was estimated to contain between 374 and 7,114 viral types. Overall, diversity of the viral communities was extremely high. The results also showed that it would be possible to sequence the entire genome of an uncultured marine viral community.}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.202488399}, author = {Breitbart, M. and Salamon, P. and Andresen, B. and Mahaffy, J.M. and Segall, A.M. and Mead, D. and Azam, F. and Rohwer, F.} } @article {14069, title = {Geographically separate outbreaks of shigellosis in {Auckland}, {New} {Zealand}, linked by molecular subtyping to cases returning from {Samoa}.}, journal = {The New Zealand medical journal}, volume = {115}, number = {1156}, year = {2002}, month = {jun}, pages = {281{\textendash}3}, abstract = {AIM To investigate simultaneous outbreaks of Shigella sonnei gastroenteritis occurring in February 2001 at a health camp for socially deprived children and an elderly care facility. METHODS Those with symptoms were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire. Cases were defined as having at least three loose stools over a 24 hour period and stool samples requested. A case-control study investigating routes of transmission was performed at the health camp. Environmental investigations of food safety and hygiene were conducted at each facility. RESULTS At the camp, 15 (37\%) students and 15 (28\%) staff met case criteria. Contact with human faeces (OR 4.0; 95\% confidence interval 1.0-16.3; p = 0.05) and, for staff, eating camp food (OR 6.9; 1.0-5.0; p = 0.06) were shown to be independent risk factors for illness. At the elderly care facility, four (19\%) residents and four (25\%) staff met case criteria. Molecular subtyping confirmed that the outbreaks were related to each other and to other cases in travellers returning from Samoa to Auckland and other New Zealand cities over a four month period. CONCLUSION Molecular subtyping is of considerable use in communicable disease investigation, providing strong evidence for links between outbreaks. With expanded technological capability, New Zealand could perform routine molecular subtyping of selected organisms to improve the detection and the investigation of regional and inter-regional outbreaks of infection.}, issn = {0028-8446}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12199002}, author = {Hill, Philip C and Hicking, John and Bennett, Jennifer M and Mohammed, Azeem and Stewart, Joanna M and Simmons, Greg} } @article {8033, title = {{Geographically separate outbreaks of shigellosis in Auckland, New Zealand, linked by molecular subtyping to cases returning from Samoa.}}, journal = {The New Zealand Medical Journal}, volume = {115}, number = {1156}, year = {2002}, month = {jun}, pages = {281{\textendash}3}, abstract = {

AIM To investigate simultaneous outbreaks of Shigella sonnei gastroenteritis occurring in February 2001 at a health camp for socially deprived children and an elderly care facility. METHODS Those with symptoms were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire. Cases were defined as having at least three loose stools over a 24 hour period and stool samples requested. A case-control study investigating routes of transmission was performed at the health camp. Environmental investigations of food safety and hygiene were conducted at each facility. RESULTS At the camp, 15 (37{\%}) students and 15 (28{\%}) staff met case criteria. Contact with human faeces (OR 4.0; 95{\%} confidence interval 1.0-16.3; p = 0.05) and, for staff, eating camp food (OR 6.9; 1.0-5.0; p = 0.06) were shown to be independent risk factors for illness. At the elderly care facility, four (19{\%}) residents and four (25{\%}) staff met case criteria. Molecular subtyping confirmed that the outbreaks were related to each other and to other cases in travellers returning from Samoa to Auckland and other New Zealand cities over a four month period. CONCLUSION Molecular subtyping is of considerable use in communicable disease investigation, providing strong evidence for links between outbreaks. With expanded technological capability, New Zealand could perform routine molecular subtyping of selected organisms to improve the detection and the investigation of regional and inter-regional outbreaks of infection.

}, issn = {0028-8446}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12199002}, author = {Hill, Philip C and Hicking, John and Bennett, Jennifer M and Mohammed, Azeem and Stewart, Joanna M and Simmons, Greg} } @article {5390, title = {{Giardia and Cryptosporidium removal from waste-water by a duckweed (Lemna gibba L.) covered pond}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {34}, year = {2002}, pages = {384{\textendash}387}, author = {Falabi, JA and C P Gerba and Karpiscak, MM} } @booklet {3400, title = {{Global Burden of Disease 2000 - Version 2: Methods and Results.}}, year = {2002}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {Mathers, CD and Stein, C and et al. Ma Fat, D} } @booklet {3912, title = {Global {Burden} of {Disease} 2000 - {Version} 2: {Methods} and {Results}.}, year = {2002}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {Mathers, CD and Stein, C and et al. Ma Fat, D} } @article {16607, title = {Groundwater contamination from rural pit latrines: examples from {Siberia} and {Kosova}}, journal = {Water and Environment Journal}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {147{\textendash}152}, author = {Banks, D and Karnachuk, OV and Parnachev, VP and Holden, W and Frengstad, B} } @article {12851, title = {Groundwater contamination from rural pit latrines: examples from Siberia and Kosova}, journal = {Water and Environment Journal}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {147{\textendash}152}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Banks, D and Karnachuk, OV and Parnachev, VP and Holden, W and Frengstad, B} } @article {6410, title = {Groundwater tracing handbook}, journal = {Ozark Underground Labs}, year = {2002}, url = {http://www.ozarkundergroundlab.com/Downloads/Groundwater\%20Tracing\%20Handbook.pdf}, author = {Aley, Thomas} } @book {16714, title = {Guidance on cumulative risk assessment of pesticide chemicals that have a common mechanism of toxicity}, year = {2002}, note = {Published: �urlhttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/guidance\_on\_common\_mechanism.pdf} } @article {8344, title = {{Halys and Qalys and Dalys, Oh my: Similarities and Differences in Summary Measures of Population Health}}, journal = {Annual Review of Public Health}, volume = {23}, year = {2002}, pages = {115{\textendash}134}, keywords = {burden of disease, cost-effectiveness analysis, health-related quality}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140513}, author = {Gold, Marthe R and Stevenson, David and Fryback, Dennis G} } @article {8298, title = {Helicobacter pylori infection in Kazakhstan: effect of water source and household hygiene.}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {67}, year = {2002}, pages = {201{\textendash}206}, author = {Nurgalieva, Zhannat Z and Malaty, Hoda M and Graham, David Y and Almuchambetova, R and Machmudova, A and Kapsultanova, D and Osato, Michael S and Hollinger, F Blaine and Zhangabylov, Abai} } @article {13288, title = {Heterotrophic Plate Count Measurement in Drinking Water Safety Management: Report of an Expert Meeting Geneva, 24-25 April 2002}, year = {2002}, month = {April}, pages = {24-25}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.08.005} } @article {13590, title = {High fascioliasis infection in children linked to a man-made irrigation zone in Peru}, journal = {Trop Med Int Health}, volume = {7}, year = {2002}, pages = {339-348}, author = {Esteban, J. G. and Gonzalez, C. and Bargues, M. D. and Angles, R. and Sanchez, C. and Naquira, C. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {14351, title = {Human campylobacteriosis in developing countries.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {237{\textendash}244}, author = {Coker, Akitoye O and Isokpehi, Raphael D and Thomas, Bolaji N and Amisu, Kehinde O and C L Obi} } @article {5834, title = {{Human campylobacteriosis in developing countries.}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {237{\textendash}244}, author = {Coker, Akitoye O and Isokpehi, Raphael D and Thomas, Bolaji N and Amisu, Kehinde O and C L Obi} } @article {6894, title = {Is hygiene promotion cost-effective? {A} case study in {Burkina} {Faso}}, journal = {Tropical Medicine \& International Health}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, year = {2002}, pages = {960{\textendash}969}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00954.x/full}, author = {Borghi, Josephine and Guinness, Lorna and Ouedraogo, J. and Curtis, Val} } @article {7159, title = {Is hygiene promotion cost-effective? {A} case study in {Burkina} {Faso}}, journal = {Tropical Medicine \& International Health}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, year = {2002}, pages = {960{\textendash}969}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00954.x/pdf}, author = {Borghi, Josephine and Guinness, Lorna and Ouedraogo, J. and Curtis, Val} } @article {15871, title = {An IC-PCR method for detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in natural surface waters in Finland}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {Aug}, pages = {299-303}, edition = {2002/05/29}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Cryptosporidium parvum/genetics/immunology/*isolation \& purification, FINLAND, Fresh Water/microbiology, Giardia lamblia/genetics/immunology/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Immunomagnetic Separation/*methods, Oocytes/immunology, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods}, isbn = {0167-7012 (Print)
0167-7012}, author = {Rimhanen-Finne, R. and Horman, A. and Ronkainen, P. and Hanninen, M. L.} } @article {5957, title = {{Identifying reservoirs of infection: a conceptual and practical challenge}}, journal = {Emerging Infection Diseases}, volume = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {1468{\textendash}1473}, author = {Haydon, DT and Cleaveland, S and Taylor, LH and Laurenson, MK} } @article {8622, title = {{Immunopathogenesis of cerebral toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {186 Suppl}, year = {2002}, pages = {S234{\textendash}S240}, author = {Suzuki, Y} } @article {5432, title = {{Impact of Protozoan Grazing on Bacterial Community Structure in Soil Microcosms}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, year = {2002}, pages = {6094{\textendash}6105}, author = {Ronn, R and McCaig, AE and Griffiths, BS and Prosser, JI} } @article {7408, title = {Impact of water supply and sanitation on diarrheal morbidity among young children in the socioeconomic and cultural context of {Rwanda} ({Africa})}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {90}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {76{\textendash}88}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001393510294394X}, author = {Gasana, Janvier and Morin, Jules and Ndikuyeze, Andre and Kamoso, Pie} } @article {16564, title = {Improved alkaline stabilization of municipal wastewater sludge}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {139{\textendash}46}, abstract = {In Mexico, physicochemical sludge contains high levels of pathogens; and alkaline stabilization is an alternative for their control. However, the odours caused mainly by ammonia generation represent a disadvantage. On the other hand, the ammonia is known as an effective disinfectant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the disinfectant properties of ammonia in sludge, and use it in a closed alkaline stabilization system, which, not only copes with odours but also increases the efficiency of the process. Raw sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant using a physicochemical process was used. Ammonia was applied in doses from 10 to 50\% w/w; also, doses from 5 to 40\% of CaO were applied in open and closed systems and raw and treated sludge quality was evaluated. Results showed that ammonia removed 6 and 5 logs of faecal coliforms and Salmonella spp., respectively and up to 94\% of viable helminth ova. The closed system was more efficient than the open system when applying doses from 5 to 20\% of CaO. Finally, the results indicate that the ammonia represents an alternative to disinfecting wastewater sludge and it can be used to enhance alkaline stabilization processes.}, keywords = {Ammonia/*analysis, Disinfectants, Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification, Fluid/*methods, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Mexico, Salmonella/isolation \& purification, Sewage/*chemistry/microbiology, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Mendez, J. M. and B E Jimenez and J A Barrios} } @article {10993, title = {Improved alkaline stabilization of municipal wastewater sludge}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, month = {nov}, pages = {139}, abstract = {

In Mexico, physicochemical sludge contains high levels of pathogens; and alkaline stabilization is an alternative for their control. However, the odours caused mainly by ammonia generation represent a disadvantage. On the other hand, the ammonia is known as an effective disinfectant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the disinfectant properties of ammonia in sludge, and use it in a closed alkaline stabilization system, which, not only copes with odours but also increases the efficiency of the process. Raw sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant using a physicochemical process was used. Ammonia was applied in doses from 10 to 50\% w/w; also, doses from 5 to 40\% of CaO were applied in open and closed systems and raw and treated sludge quality was evaluated. Results showed that ammonia removed 6 and 5 logs of faecal coliforms and Salmonella spp., respectively and up to 94\% of viable helminth ova. The closed system was more efficient than the open system when applying doses from 5 to 20\% of CaO. Finally, the results indicate that the ammonia represents an alternative to disinfecting wastewater sludge and it can be used to enhance alkaline stabilization processes.

}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/46/10/139.abstract}, author = {Mendez, J.M. and Jim{\'e}nez, B.E. and Barrios, J.A.} } @article {11395, title = {Improved alkaline stabilization of municipal wastewater sludge}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {139-146}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {Mendez, JM and Jimenez, BE and Barrios, JA} } @article {12072, title = {Improved alkaline stabilization of municipal wastewater sludge}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, note = {Mendez, J M
Jimenez, B E
Barrios, J A
eng
England
2002/12/14 04:00
Water Sci Technol. 2002;46(10):139-46.}, pages = {139-46}, abstract = {

In Mexico, physicochemical sludge contains high levels of pathogens; and alkaline stabilization is an alternative for their control. However, the odours caused mainly by ammonia generation represent a disadvantage. On the other hand, the ammonia is known as an effective disinfectant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the disinfectant properties of ammonia in sludge, and use it in a closed alkaline stabilization system, which, not only copes with odours but also increases the efficiency of the process. Raw sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant using a physicochemical process was used. Ammonia was applied in doses from 10 to 50\% w/w; also, doses from 5 to 40\% of CaO were applied in open and closed systems and raw and treated sludge quality was evaluated. Results showed that ammonia removed 6 and 5 logs of faecal coliforms and Salmonella spp., respectively and up to 94\% of viable helminth ova. The closed system was more efficient than the open system when applying doses from 5 to 20\% of CaO. Finally, the results indicate that the ammonia represents an alternative to disinfecting wastewater sludge and it can be used to enhance alkaline stabilization processes.

}, keywords = {Ammonia/*analysis, Disinfectants, Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Mexico, Salmonella/isolation \& purification, Sewage/*chemistry/microbiology, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Mendez, J. M. and B E Jimenez and J A Barrios} } @mastersthesis {6411, title = {Improving filtration for removal of {Cryptosporidium} oocysts and particles from drinking water}, year = {2002}, note = {3061398}, school = {Georgia Institute of Technology}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Cryptosporidium oocyst and polystyrene microsphere removals were evaluated during and after the filter ripening period with pilot-scale conventional and biological filters. Both filter types showed similar oocyst and microsphere removals (roughly 1.7- and 2.1-Log, respectively) during this study, but the biological filters exhibited marginally lower concentrations of oocysts and microspheres in effluent samples containing backwash remnant particles. The increased passage of particles through granular media filters immediately following backwashing is commonly known as the filter ripening period. A new filter backwashing strategy aimed at eliminating the ripening period, the extended terminal subfluidization wash (ETSW), has been developed and successfully evaluated on both pilot-scale and plant-scale filters. The filter ripening sequence (FRS), or the stages of filtration that occur immediately following backwashing, has been described with new clarity based on the interpretation of experimental results. Delayed start is an operational procedure aimed at reducing the negative impact of the FRS on filtered water quality that has been evaluated under a variety of conditions to provide insights into the mechanisms behind the FRS. Experiments were conducted at both the pilot and plant scales, and a comparison of these results led to the discovery of the importance of backwash water chemistry on the FRS. Both chlorine and polyphosphates in the backwash water were shown to negatively impact filtered water quality immediately after backwashing. Discoveries were also made that will help explain why delayed start works well for some treatment plants and yet not for others. Many previous Cryptosporidium removal studies have shown removals ranging from 2- to 6-Log under "optimal" treatment conditions via filtration. The factors influencing which region of this spectrum that results fell had not been determined previously. A series of jar tests were performed to determine optimum coagulation conditions (with several different coagulation schemes) for raw water from Lake Lanier. The previously determined optimum coagulation conditions were utilized in the seeding process of a direct filtration pilot filter to assess polystyrene microsphere removals (as a Cryptosporidium surrogate). Microsphere removals ranged between 2- and 6-Log under these "optimum"{\textquoteright} conditions, and the removals were proportional to the coagulant dose.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0554:Sanitation, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Cryptosporidium, drinking water, Environmental engineering, Filtration, Oocysts, sanitation, water treatment}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305587514?accountid=14270}, author = {Amburgey, James E} } @mastersthesis {6487, title = {In {Gotham}{\textquoteright}s shadow: {Brooklyn} and the consolidation of {Greater} {New} {York}}, year = {2002}, note = {3063852}, school = {City University of New York}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation analyzes the consolidation of Greater New York in 1898 and its effects on the borough/city of Brooklyn. America{\textquoteright}s fourth largest city, Brooklyn grew rapidly in the 1890s, but lacked the financial resources to build the infrastructure necessary for its expansion, especially a plentiful water supply and extensive transit system. Its political separation from Manhattan also slowed development by increasing competition between the region{\textquoteright}s two largest cities. Consolidation alleviated these problems by giving Brooklyn access to Manhattan{\textquoteright}s larger tax base and reducing regional conflicts. These changes made it possible to construct the Catskills water system for all five boroughs and a large mass transit system which physically connected Brooklyn and Manhattan. This, in turn, led to the arrival of hundreds of thousands of immigrants in Brooklyn, increasing social tension within the borough. Consolidation also brought tenement house reform and zoning, ideas that originated in Manhattan, across the East River to Brooklyn. The creation of Greater New York replaced Brooklyn{\textquoteright}s decentralized educational system with a centralized system that increased funding and modernized the administration and curriculum of the city{\textquoteright}s schools. This centralization of power meant that Brooklyn had to acknowledge its secondary status within Greater New York and accept rule from Manhattan. The fate of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences (BIAS), the borough{\textquoteright}s preeminent cultural institution, is an example of this changed relationship. After consolidation BIAS gained access to Manhattan{\textquoteright}s tax base, but found itself on the region{\textquoteright}s periphery, where it received less attention and support from civic and governmental leaders. This dissertation concludes with a comparison of the consolidation of Greater New York with those in other metropolitan areas, showing how consolidation was an important tool for urban development nationally. It suggests that the failure to expand the size of cities in the twentieth century has led to poor regional planning, increased racial and economic polarization, and central cities cut off from the greater wealth and prosperity in neighboring suburbs.}, keywords = {0337:American history, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, American history, Area planning \& development, Brooklyn, Consolidation, New York City, Social sciences, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/252087695?accountid=14270}, author = {Levine, Steven A} } @mastersthesis {6948, title = {In name only: {Water} policy, the state, and ejidatario producers in northern {Mexico}}, year = {2002}, note = {3060944}, school = {The University of Arizona}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation constructs a political ecology of two modern irrigation communities in the northern Mexican state of Sonora. In assessing the impacts of the 1992 restructuring of Mexico{\textquoteright}s water policy, the study contributes to debates within geography about global economic integration, the transformation of the state-society relationship, the interface of ecological change with structural and political demands, and the prescription of decentralization, privatization, and free trade strategies for improving water management in developing countries. The dissertation investigates these questions: How have the restructuring of water and agricultural policy impacted local producers in irrigation districts in Sonora? How have small communal producers (e.g., ejidatarios ) responded to the water reform package? An underlying assumption is that Sonoran producers in irrigation districts are among the nation{\textquoteright}s most-advantaged, given their proximity to U.S. markets, access to irrigation, technological package, and experience with commercial production. Mexico{\textquoteright}s water and agriculture policies are intended to allow the strongest, most efficient producers to become more competitive. I argue, however, that the water and agricultural reform package overall does not benefit Sonoran producers, and particularly disadvantages the ejidatario sector of farmers, due to a cost squeeze driven by rising water and input costs, retrenchment of state support, and loss of subsidies, among other factors. Most ejidatario producers have abandoned production and their water and land assets are being privatized. Despite this overall finding, some ejidatarios have found entrepreneurial ways to adapt their productive responses to the new challenges. The global-local linkages in the districts demonstrate that different free trade agreements can have distinct impacts on producers of different crops and transnational companies can pose challenges to water-strapped local communities. The prolonged drought has contributed to a water shortage that limits profitability of agriculture. The state{\textquoteright}s promotion of water consumptive, export crops is at odds with the demands of nature that dictate less intensive agriculture in arid regions like Sonora, with implications for the sustainability of commercial agriculture. A concept of water as a social good{\textendash}rather than a purely economic good{\textendash}needs to be resuscitated in order to satisfy the rural development needs of Mexico{\textquoteright}s ejidatario producers.}, keywords = {0366:Geography, 0503:Agricultural economics, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Agricultural economics, Area planning \& development, Ejidatario producers, Geography, Irrigation, Mexico, Privatization, Public policy, Social sciences, State, Studies, Urban planning, Water policy, Water resources}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304802584?accountid=14270}, author = {Wilder, Margaret O} } @article {14554, title = {Indicators of ocean and human health}, journal = {Can J Public Health}, volume = {93 Suppl 1}, year = {2002}, month = {oct}, pages = {S34{\textendash}8}, abstract = {The interactions between humans and the ocean are significant, and necessitate more comprehensive study on an international scale. The world{\textquoteright}s oceans provide great health benefits to humans ranging from food and nutritional resources, to recreational opportunities and new treatments for human disease. However, recently, human health effects from exposure to substances present in the marine ecosystem such as synthetic organic chemicals (e.g., chlorobiphenyls, chlorinated dioxins and some industrial solvents), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals (both introduced and anthropogenic), marine toxins, and pathogens have been recorded and are of great concern. This paper reviews our state of knowledge of the interactions between oceans and human health and proposes indicators and a research strategy to investigate and monitor these relationships more closely. Four approaches to gathering information on indicators included here are: biomarkers; cellular pathology; physiological and behavioural responses; and changes in populations. All hold the potential to enhance our understanding of marine environmental quality and far-reaching effects on human health. Monitoring systems that include the rapid assessment of contaminants in the ecosystem and subsequent risk to human populations, with appropriate internationally distributed data bases, need to be developed and validated. Such tools would provide early detection of potential environmental threats, and enhance the ability to prevent human illness.}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, *Environmental Health, *Health Status Indicators, Chemical/adverse effects, Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Eukaryota/growth \& development, Food Contamination, Global Health, Humans, Oceans and Seas, Population Surveillance, Seafood, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants}, issn = {0008-4263 (Print) 0008-4263 (Linking)}, author = {Dewailly, E. and Furgal, C. and Knap, A. and Galvin, J. and Baden, D. and Bowen, B. and Depledge, M. and Duguay, L. and Fleming, L. and Ford, T. and Moser, F. and Owen, R. and Suk, W. A. and Unluata, U.} } @article {14916, title = {Indicators of ocean and human health}, journal = {Can J Public Health}, volume = {93 Suppl 1}, year = {2002}, month = {oct}, pages = {S34{\textendash}8}, abstract = {The interactions between humans and the ocean are significant, and necessitate more comprehensive study on an international scale. The world{\textquoteright}s oceans provide great health benefits to humans ranging from food and nutritional resources, to recreational opportunities and new treatments for human disease. However, recently, human health effects from exposure to substances present in the marine ecosystem such as synthetic organic chemicals (e.g., chlorobiphenyls, chlorinated dioxins and some industrial solvents), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals (both introduced and anthropogenic), marine toxins, and pathogens have been recorded and are of great concern. This paper reviews our state of knowledge of the interactions between oceans and human health and proposes indicators and a research strategy to investigate and monitor these relationships more closely. Four approaches to gathering information on indicators included here are: biomarkers; cellular pathology; physiological and behavioural responses; and changes in populations. All hold the potential to enhance our understanding of marine environmental quality and far-reaching effects on human health. Monitoring systems that include the rapid assessment of contaminants in the ecosystem and subsequent risk to human populations, with appropriate internationally distributed data bases, need to be developed and validated. Such tools would provide early detection of potential environmental threats, and enhance the ability to prevent human illness.}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, *Environmental Health, *Health Status Indicators, Chemical/adverse effects, Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Eukaryota/growth \& development, Food Contamination, Global Health, Humans, Oceans and Seas, Population Surveillance, Seafood, Water Microbiology, Water Pollutants}, issn = {0008-4263 (Print) 0008-4263 (Linking)}, author = {Dewailly, E. and Furgal, C. and Knap, A. and Galvin, J. and Baden, D. and Bowen, B. and Depledge, M. and Duguay, L. and Fleming, L. and Ford, T. and Moser, F. and Owen, R. and Suk, W. A. and Unluata, U.} } @article {14754, title = {Indicators of ocean health and human health: developing a research and monitoring framework}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {110}, year = {2002}, month = {sep}, pages = {839{\textendash}45}, abstract = {We need to critically assess the present quality of the marine ecosystem, especially the connection between ecosystem change and threats to human health. In this article we review the current state of indicators to link changes in marine organisms with eventual effects to human health, identify research opportunities in the use of indicators of ocean and human health, and discuss how to establish collaborations between national and international governmental and private sector groups. We present a synthesis of the present state of understanding of the connection between ocean health and human health, a discussion of areas where resources are required, and a discussion of critical research needs and a template for future work in this field. To understand fully the interactions between ocean health and human health, programs should be organized around a "models-based" approach focusing on critical themes and attributes of marine environmental and public health risks. Given the extent and complex nature of ocean and human health issues, a program networking across geographic and disciplinary boundaries is essential. The overall goal of this approach would be the early detection of potential marine-based contaminants, the protection of marine ecosystems, the prevention of associated human illness, and by implication, the development of products to enhance human well-being. The tight connection between research and monitoring is essential to develop such an indicator-based effort.}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, *Environmental Health, *Models, *Public Health, Animal Diseases/*etiology, Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Forecasting, Risk Assessment, Theoretical, Water Pollutants/*adverse effects}, issn = {0091-6765 (Print) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, author = {Knap, A. and Dewailly, E. and Furgal, C. and Galvin, J. and Baden, D. and Bowen, R. E. and Depledge, M. and Duguay, L. and Fleming, L. E. and Ford, T. and Moser, F. and Owen, R. and Suk, W. A. and Unluata, U.} } @article {15021, title = {Indicators of ocean health and human health: developing a research and monitoring framework}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {110}, year = {2002}, month = {sep}, pages = {839{\textendash}45}, abstract = {We need to critically assess the present quality of the marine ecosystem, especially the connection between ecosystem change and threats to human health. In this article we review the current state of indicators to link changes in marine organisms with eventual effects to human health, identify research opportunities in the use of indicators of ocean and human health, and discuss how to establish collaborations between national and international governmental and private sector groups. We present a synthesis of the present state of understanding of the connection between ocean health and human health, a discussion of areas where resources are required, and a discussion of critical research needs and a template for future work in this field. To understand fully the interactions between ocean health and human health, programs should be organized around a "models-based" approach focusing on critical themes and attributes of marine environmental and public health risks. Given the extent and complex nature of ocean and human health issues, a program networking across geographic and disciplinary boundaries is essential. The overall goal of this approach would be the early detection of potential marine-based contaminants, the protection of marine ecosystems, the prevention of associated human illness, and by implication, the development of products to enhance human well-being. The tight connection between research and monitoring is essential to develop such an indicator-based effort.}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, *Environmental Health, *Models, *Public Health, Animal Diseases/*etiology, Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Forecasting, Risk Assessment, Theoretical, Water Pollutants/*adverse effects}, issn = {0091-6765 (Print) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, author = {Knap, A. and Dewailly, E. and Furgal, C. and Galvin, J. and Baden, D. and Bowen, R. E. and Depledge, M. and Duguay, L. and Fleming, L. E. and Ford, T. and Moser, F. and Owen, R. and Suk, W. A. and Unluata, U.} } @inbook {6113, title = {Infection, resistance, and immunity}, booktitle = {Infection, resistance, and immunity: second edition}, number = {second edition}, year = {2002}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, author = {Kreier, JP} } @article {13988, title = {Influence of soil on fecal indicator organisms in a tidally influenced subtropical environment.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {1165{\textendash}72}, abstract = {The potential regrowth of fecal indicator bacteria released into coastal environments in recreational water bodies has been of concern, especially in tropical and subtropical areas where the number of these bacteria can be artificially elevated beyond that from fecal impacts alone. The task of determining the factors that influence indicator bacterial regrowth was addressed though a series of field sampling and laboratory experiments using in situ densities of Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens in river water, sediment, and soil. Field sampling efforts included the collection of surface sediments along the cross section of a riverbank, a 20-cm-deep soil core, and additional surface soils from remote locations. In addition to field sampling, two types of laboratory experiments were conducted. The first experiment investigated the survival of bacteria already present in river water with the addition of sterile and unsterile sediment. The second experiment was designed to simulate the wetting and drying effects due to tidal cycles. The results from the sampling study found elevated numbers of E. coli and C. perfringens in surficial sediments along the riverbank near the edge of the water. C. perfringens was found in high numbers in the subsurface samples obtained from the soil core. Results from laboratory experiments revealed a significant amount of regrowth for enterococci and E. coli with the simulation of tides and addition of sterile sediment. Regrowth was not observed for C. perfringens. This study demonstrates the need to further evaluate the characteristics of indicator microbes within tropical and subtropical water systems where natural vegetation, soil embankments, and long-term sediment accumulation are present. In such areas, the use of traditional indicator microbes to regulate recreational uses of a water body may not be appropriate.}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: isolation \& purification, Biological Markers, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium perfringens: isolation \& purification, Colony Count, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: microbiology, Microbial, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil: analysis, Tropical Climate}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=123749\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Desmarais, Timothy R and Solo-Gabriele, Helena M and Palmer, Carol J} } @article {7982, title = {{Influence of soil on fecal indicator organisms in a tidally influenced subtropical environment.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {1165{\textendash}72}, abstract = {

The potential regrowth of fecal indicator bacteria released into coastal environments in recreational water bodies has been of concern, especially in tropical and subtropical areas where the number of these bacteria can be artificially elevated beyond that from fecal impacts alone. The task of determining the factors that influence indicator bacterial regrowth was addressed though a series of field sampling and laboratory experiments using in situ densities of Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens in river water, sediment, and soil. Field sampling efforts included the collection of surface sediments along the cross section of a riverbank, a 20-cm-deep soil core, and additional surface soils from remote locations. In addition to field sampling, two types of laboratory experiments were conducted. The first experiment investigated the survival of bacteria already present in river water with the addition of sterile and unsterile sediment. The second experiment was designed to simulate the wetting and drying effects due to tidal cycles. The results from the sampling study found elevated numbers of E. coli and C. perfringens in surficial sediments along the riverbank near the edge of the water. C. perfringens was found in high numbers in the subsurface samples obtained from the soil core. Results from laboratory experiments revealed a significant amount of regrowth for enterococci and E. coli with the simulation of tides and addition of sterile sediment. Regrowth was not observed for C. perfringens. This study demonstrates the need to further evaluate the characteristics of indicator microbes within tropical and subtropical water systems where natural vegetation, soil embankments, and long-term sediment accumulation are present. In such areas, the use of traditional indicator microbes to regulate recreational uses of a water body may not be appropriate.

}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: isolation {\&} purification, Biological Markers, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium perfringens: isolation {\&} purification, Colony Count, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: microbiology, Microbial, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil: analysis, Tropical Climate}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=123749{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Desmarais, Timothy R and Solo-Gabriele, Helena M and Palmer, Carol J} } @article {2214, title = {{Influence of soil on fecal indicator organisms in a tidally influenced subtropical environment.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {1165{\textendash}72}, abstract = {The potential regrowth of fecal indicator bacteria released into coastal environments in recreational water bodies has been of concern, especially in tropical and subtropical areas where the number of these bacteria can be artificially elevated beyond that from fecal impacts alone. The task of determining the factors that influence indicator bacterial regrowth was addressed though a series of field sampling and laboratory experiments using in situ densities of Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens in river water, sediment, and soil. Field sampling efforts included the collection of surface sediments along the cross section of a riverbank, a 20-cm-deep soil core, and additional surface soils from remote locations. In addition to field sampling, two types of laboratory experiments were conducted. The first experiment investigated the survival of bacteria already present in river water with the addition of sterile and unsterile sediment. The second experiment was designed to simulate the wetting and drying effects due to tidal cycles. The results from the sampling study found elevated numbers of E. coli and C. perfringens in surficial sediments along the riverbank near the edge of the water. C. perfringens was found in high numbers in the subsurface samples obtained from the soil core. Results from laboratory experiments revealed a significant amount of regrowth for enterococci and E. coli with the simulation of tides and addition of sterile sediment. Regrowth was not observed for C. perfringens. This study demonstrates the need to further evaluate the characteristics of indicator microbes within tropical and subtropical water systems where natural vegetation, soil embankments, and long-term sediment accumulation are present. In such areas, the use of traditional indicator microbes to regulate recreational uses of a water body may not be appropriate.}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: isolation \& purification, Biological Markers, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium perfringens: isolation \& purification, Colony Count, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: microbiology, Microbial, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil: analysis, Tropical Climate}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=123749\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Desmarais, Timothy R and Solo-Gabriele, Helena M and Palmer, Carol J} } @inbook {17030, title = {Influence of soil on fecal indicator organisms in a tidally influenced subtropical environment}, booktitle = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {1165{\textendash}1172}, author = {Desmarais, Timothy R and Solo-Gabriele, Helena M and Palmer, Carol J} } @article {15852, title = {Influence of temperature on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst infectivity in river water samples as detected by tissue culture assay}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {88}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {Jun}, pages = {641-3}, edition = {2002/07/09}, keywords = {Animals, Cold Temperature, Cryptosporidiosis/parasitology, Cryptosporidium parvum/growth \& development/*pathogenicity, Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry, Fresh Water/*parasitology, Humans, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Ontario, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Water Supply}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395}, author = {Pokorny, N. J. and Weir, S. C. and Carreno, R. A. and Trevors, J. T. and Lee, H.} } @mastersthesis {6600, title = {Infrastructure investment and policy management of water resources for small-scale irrigated agriculture}, year = {2002}, note = {0805774}, school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {We investigate the options for enhancing the welfare of small farmers in Thailand through subsidies of irrigation infrastructure. Enhanced water storage and irrigation can significantly improve yield and the welfare of the farm community by providing a more reliable water supply during growing periods. Generally speaking, such enhancements require subsidies from the government or other organizations since farmers are not able or willing to finance infrastructure development themselves. In order to maximize the effectiveness of such subsidies it is important to understand how farmers will react to alternative policies. We develop a two-tier approach to this problem. First, we use a government-level optimization model to identify the set of subsidies and water pricing policies that maximizes a stated measure of aggregate social welfare. This government-level model relies on a farm-level model that determines how individual small farmers will react to the policy alternatives. The farm-level model combines hydrologic, economic, and agronomic features since it considers how hydrologic variability affects crop yield, which in turn affects the farmer{\textquoteright}s utility. Policy decision variables considered in the government subsidy/pricing model include (1) water price and the number of farms served by public storage facilities (i.e. a water supply reservoir and enhanced in-stream storage), (2) maximum sizes of on-farm ponds paid for by the government, and (3) amounts of direct cash subsidies paid to the farmer. The objective is to maximize the aggregate welfare of all farmers served subject to a limit on the total subsidy as well as constraints designed to limit inequities and urban migration. The problem is solved with a deterministic nonlinear programming algorithm. Decision variables considered in the farm-level model include (1) whether or not to accept a government-subsidized on-farm pond (which reduces land available for cultivation), (2) how much to consume in each year, (3) whether to devote time to agriculture or off-farm employment, (4) type of crop and irrigation technique, and (5) amount of water purchased from communal storage facilities. The problem is solved using a finite-horizon discrete-time stochastic programming algorithm. Our modeling approach is tested on a study site in Saraburi Province, Thailand. This site serves as a suitable prototype because of its existing irrigation infrastructure, relatively well-developed market institutions, secure land-use rights, and weak endowment of water resources. To achieve an economic optimum in which the farmers{\textquoteright} aggregate utility of consumption is maximized, the government must provide some farmers with free reservoir water. The remaining farmers, however, help pay for the subsidy at a relatively high price. Consequently, the latter seek urban employment during the dry seasons. This cross-subsidy solution resulting from the social optimum criteria is economically efficient yet markedly inequitable. In order to assure equity, the government should construct the reservoir and sell the storage water at the same price to all farms. However, this solution cannot prevent urban migration. In order to prevent of farm employment, the government may provide a large pond for some farmers and provide cheap reservoir water for the others. The equity problem remains. Despite the social gains, these two solutions yield lower aggregate farmers{\textquoteright} utility. The results indicate that an economically optimal solution brings about the aforementioned adverse outcomes. In practice, the government faces a tradeoff between economic efficiency and the political objectives. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, 0630:Welfare, Agricultural economics, Infrastructure investment, Irrigated agriculture, Policy management, Social sciences, Water resources, Welfare}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305497354?accountid=14270}, author = {Amornvivat, Sutapa} } @article {9276, title = {{Innate and acquired resistance to amebiasis in bangladeshi children}}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {186}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {547{\textendash}552}, author = {Haque, R and Duggal, P and Ali, IM and Hossain, MB and Mondal, D and Sack, RB and Farr, BM and Beaty, TH and Petri, WA Jr} } @article {14702, title = {International report: {Water} and wastewater disinfection: {Trends}, issues and practices.}, journal = {Water Science and Technology: Water Supply}, volume = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {147{\textendash}157}, abstract = {The prevention of waterborne diseases since the early part of this century can be attributed, in great part, to routine disinfection of water and wastewater. Issues surrounding disinfection differ from country to country. The objective of this paper is to provide an international report on water and wastewater disinfection practices. A background and history of disinfection will be presented, followed by a discussion of microorganisms of concern in water and wastewater, disinfection practices, and issues and developments in specific countries. Additionally, selected similarities and differences between water and wastewater disinfection practices will be discussed. The information presented is based, in part, on the national reports on disinfection of water and wastewater that were submitted by 22 countries (Table 1); other information cited was obtained from the literature.}, author = {Jacangelo, J. G. and Trussell, R. R.} } @article {1637, title = {International report: Water and wastewater disinfection: Trends, issues and practices.}, journal = {Water Science and Technology: Water Supply}, volume = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {147-157}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The prevention of waterborne diseases since the early part of this century can be attributed, in great part, to routine disinfection of water and wastewater. Issues surrounding disinfection differ from country to country. The objective of this paper is to provide an international report on water and wastewater disinfection practices. A background and history of disinfection will be presented, followed by a discussion of microorganisms of concern in water and wastewater, disinfection practices, and issues and developments in specific countries. Additionally, selected similarities and differences between water and wastewater disinfection practices will be discussed. The information presented is based, in part, on the national reports on disinfection of water and wastewater that were submitted by 22 countries (Table 1); other information cited was obtained from the literature.}, author = {Jacangelo, J. G. and Trussell, R. R.} } @article {9541, title = {{Intestinal microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi in elderly human immunodeficiency virus{\textendash}negative patients from Vigo, Spain}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {34}, number = {7}, year = {2002}, pages = {918{\textendash}921}, author = {Lores, B and L{\'o}pez-Miragaya, I and Arias, C and Fenoy, S and Torres, J and del Aguila, C} } @article {9305, title = {{Intestinal parasites in children with diarrhea in Delhi, India}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {725{\textendash}729}, author = {Kaur, R and Rawat, D and Kakkar, M and Uppal, B and Sharma, VK} } @article {13878, title = {Isolation and {Genotyping} of {Helicobacter} pylori from {Untreated} {Municipal} {Wastewater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {1436{\textendash}1439}, abstract = {For this study, we isolated Helicobacter pylori from wastewater by a series of steps beginning with immunomagnetic separation and cell culture. After Gram staining and three standard microbial tests, the 16S rRNA sequences of a total of 23 out of 37 putative H. pylori isolates were verified by PCR. Eleven H. pylori isolates were genotyped and fell into four vacA classes: those with the vacA allelic variants s1a and m1, s1b and m1, s2 and m2, or s2 and m1. Most H. pylori isolates were of the vacA s1a/m1 type, which has been shown to be associated with advanced diseases based on genotyping of H. pylori from gastric cancer patients. These results demonstrated that H. pylori survives in water and may be a potential source of H. pylori transmission, especially where water is not adequately treated.}, keywords = {16S, 16S: genetics, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Culture Media, DNA, genotype, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: classification, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: isolation \& purification, Immunomagnetic Separation, isolation raw sewagewater, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: analysis, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.3.1436-1439.2002}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/68/3/1436.abstract}, author = {Lu, Y. and Redlinger, T. E. and Avitia, R. and Galindo, A. and Goodman, K.} } @article {8250, title = {{Isolation and Genotyping of Helicobacter pylori from Untreated Municipal Wastewater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {1436{\textendash}1439}, abstract = {For this study, we isolated Helicobacter pylori from wastewater by a series of steps beginning with immunomagnetic separation and cell culture. After Gram staining and three standard microbial tests, the 16S rRNA sequences of a total of 23 out of 37 putative H. pylori isolates were verified by PCR. Eleven H. pylori isolates were genotyped and fell into four vacA classes: those with the vacA allelic variants s1a and m1, s1b and m1, s2 and m2, or s2 and m1. Most H. pylori isolates were of the vacA s1a/m1 type, which has been shown to be associated with advanced diseases based on genotyping of H. pylori from gastric cancer patients. These results demonstrated that H. pylori survives in water and may be a potential source of H. pylori transmission, especially where water is not adequately treated.}, keywords = {16S, 16S: genetics, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Culture Media, DNA, genotype, helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori: classification, Helicobacter pylori: genetics, Helicobacter pylori: isolation {\&} purification, Immunomagnetic Separation, isolation raw sewagewater, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: analysis, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.3.1436-1439.2002}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/68/3/1436.abstract}, author = {Lu, Y. and Redlinger, T. E. and Avitia, R. and Galindo, A. and Goodman, K.} } @article {9655, title = {Isolation of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri strains from surface waters in Bangladesh: comparative molecular analysis of environmental Shigella isolates versus clinical strains}, journal = {Appl Environ Microb}, volume = {68}, year = {2002}, pages = {3908-3913}, author = {Faruque, SM and Khan, R and Kamruzzaman, M and Yamasaki, S and Ahmad, QS and Azim, T} } @article {14204, title = {Laboratory investigation of an {E}. coli {O}157:{H}7 outbreak associated with swimming in {Battle} {Ground} {Lake}, {Vancouver}, {Washington}.}, journal = {Journal of environmental health}, volume = {64}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, month = {jun}, pages = {16{\textendash}20, 26, 25}, abstract = {Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been associated with a number of waterborne outbreaks, but it has never been recovered from an implicated environment. This paper reports on an August 1999 outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 associated with swimming in Battle Ground Lake in Clark Country, Washington. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from duck feces, as well as from two water samples. The authors used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to compare these isolates with patient isolates for genetic homology. All the isolates yielded the same restriction fragment patterns. In addition, using polymerase chain reaction, the authors found patient isolates and environmental isolates to have the same virulence factors (Stx, eaeA, and hly).}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Disease Outbreaks, DNA, Ducks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Recreation, Swimming, Virulence, Washington, Washington: epidemiology}, issn = {0022-0892}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12049000}, author = {Samadpour, Mansour and Stewart, Jeff and Steingart, Karen and Addy, Carl and Louderback, John and McGinn, Marty and Ellington, Joe and Newman, Tom} } @article {8125, title = {{Laboratory investigation of an E. coli O157:H7 outbreak associated with swimming in Battle Ground Lake, Vancouver, Washington.}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health}, volume = {64}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, month = {jun}, pages = {16{\textendash}20, 26, 25}, abstract = {

Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been associated with a number of waterborne outbreaks, but it has never been recovered from an implicated environment. This paper reports on an August 1999 outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 associated with swimming in Battle Ground Lake in Clark Country, Washington. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from duck feces, as well as from two water samples. The authors used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to compare these isolates with patient isolates for genetic homology. All the isolates yielded the same restriction fragment patterns. In addition, using polymerase chain reaction, the authors found patient isolates and environmental isolates to have the same virulence factors (Stx, eaeA, and hly).

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Disease Outbreaks, DNA, Ducks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Recreation, Swimming, Virulence, Washington, Washington: epidemiology}, issn = {0022-0892}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12049000}, author = {Samadpour, Mansour and Stewart, Jeff and Steingart, Karen and Addy, Carl and Louderback, John and McGinn, Marty and Ellington, Joe and Newman, Tom} } @article {2394, title = {{Laboratory investigation of an E. coli O157:H7 outbreak associated with swimming in Battle Ground Lake, Vancouver, Washington.}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health}, volume = {64}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, month = {jun}, pages = {16{\textendash}20, 26, 25}, abstract = {

Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been associated with a number of waterborne outbreaks, but it has never been recovered from an implicated environment. This paper reports on an August 1999 outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 associated with swimming in Battle Ground Lake in Clark Country, Washington. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from duck feces, as well as from two water samples. The authors used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to compare these isolates with patient isolates for genetic homology. All the isolates yielded the same restriction fragment patterns. In addition, using polymerase chain reaction, the authors found patient isolates and environmental isolates to have the same virulence factors (Stx, eaeA, and hly).

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial, Disease Outbreaks, DNA, Ducks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Geologic Sediments, Geologic Sediments: chemistry, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Recreation, Swimming, Virulence, Washington, Washington: epidemiology}, issn = {0022-0892}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12049000}, author = {Samadpour, Mansour and Stewart, Jeff and Steingart, Karen and Addy, Carl and Louderback, John and McGinn, Marty and Ellington, Joe and Newman, Tom} } @article {12560, title = {Late lessons from early warnings: the Precautionary Principle 1896{\textendash}2000}, volume = {59}, number = {11}, year = {2002}, pages = {788-790}, publisher = {Occupational \& environmental medicine }, isbn = {1351-0711}, author = {Maynard, RL} } @article {16148, title = {Leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1974-1998: epidemiologic analysis of 353 laboratory-confirmed cases}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, month = {Jan}, pages = {61-70}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Disease Reservoirs, Female, Hawaii/epidemiology/ethnology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Leptospira/*isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/blood/*epidemiology/ethnology, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Occupational Exposure, Retrospective Studies}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)}, author = {Katz, A. R. and Ansdell, V. E. and Effler, P. V. and Middleton, C. R. and Sasaki, D. M.} } @article {9518, title = {{Low- and medium-pressure UV inactivation of microsporidia Encephalitozoon intestinali}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {12}, year = {2002}, pages = {3161{\textendash}3164}, author = {Huffman, DE and Gennaccaro, A and J B Rose and Dussert, BW} } @article {10400, title = {Low cost technology for reliable use of Mexico City{\textquoteright}s wastewater for agricultural irrigation}, journal = {Technology}, volume = {9}, number = {1-2}, year = {2002}, pages = {95{\textendash}107}, publisher = {Cognizant Communication Corporation}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, Blanca and Ch{\'a}vez, Alma} } @article {15075, title = {Low cost technology for reliable use of {Mexico} {City}{\textquoteright}s wastewater for agricultural irrigation}, journal = {Technology}, volume = {9}, number = {1-2}, year = {2002}, pages = {95{\textendash}107}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, Blanca and Ch{\'a}vez, Alma} } @article {6801, title = {Low participation of female students in primary education}, journal = {Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A case study of dropouts from the Amhara and Oromia regions in Ethiopia}, year = {2002}, url = {http://library.unesco-iicba.org/English/Girls\%20Education/All\%20Articles/Primary\%20Ed/Low\%20Participation\%20of\%20female\%20students\%20....pdf}, author = {Nekatibeb, Teshome} } @article {14761, title = {Managing health risks from drinking water{\textendash}a report to the {Walkerton} inquiry}, journal = {J Toxicol Environ Health A}, volume = {65}, year = {2002}, month = {nov}, pages = {1635{\textendash}823}, keywords = {*Public Health Practice, Adult, Canada/epidemiology, Community Health Planning, Decision Support Techniques, Disease Outbreaks/*prevention \& control/*statistics \& numerical data, Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology/etiology/prevention \& control, Escherichia coli O157, Guideline Adherence, Guidelines as Topic, Humans, Models, National Health Programs, Ontario/epidemiology, Organizational, Risk Assessment, Risk Management/organization \& administration, Systems Analysis, Total Quality Management/organization \& administration, Water Microbiology/*standards, Water Pollution/*adverse effects/*prevention \& control, Water Purification/*standards}, issn = {1528-7394 (Print) 0098-4108 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/00984100290071711}, author = {Krewski, D. and Balbus, J. and Butler-Jones, D. and Haas, C. and Isaac-Renton, J. and Roberts, K. J. and Sinclair, M.} } @article {15024, title = {Managing health risks from drinking water{\textendash}a report to the {Walkerton} inquiry}, journal = {J Toxicol Environ Health A}, volume = {65}, year = {2002}, month = {nov}, pages = {1635{\textendash}823}, keywords = {*Public Health Practice, Adult, Canada/epidemiology, Community Health Planning, Decision Support Techniques, Disease Outbreaks/*prevention \& control/*statistics \& numerical data, Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology/etiology/prevention \& control, Escherichia coli O157, Guideline Adherence, Guidelines as Topic, Humans, Models, National Health Programs, Ontario/epidemiology, Organizational, Risk Assessment, Risk Management/organization \& administration, Systems Analysis, Total Quality Management/organization \& administration, Water Microbiology/*standards, Water Pollution/*adverse effects/*prevention \& control, Water Purification/*standards}, issn = {1528-7394 (Print) 0098-4108 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1080/00984100290071711}, author = {Krewski, D. and Balbus, J. and Butler-Jones, D. and Haas, C. and Isaac-Renton, J. and Roberts, K. J. and Sinclair, M.} } @book {17107, title = {Manual of environmental microbiology}, year = {2002}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology Press}, organization = {American Society for Microbiology Press}, author = {Hurst, Christon J and Crawford, Ronald L and Garland, Jay L and Lipson, David A} } @article {10164, title = {{Marine bacteria cause false-positive results in the Colilert-18 rapid identification test for Escherichia coli in Florida waters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {539{\textendash}544}, author = {Pisciotta, JM and Rath, DF and Stanek, PA and Flanery, DM and Harwood, VJ} } @article {11680, title = {{A mass occurrence of human infection with Diplogonoporus grandis (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in Shizuoka Prefecture, central Japan}}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {51}, year = {2002}, pages = {73{\textendash}79}, author = {Kino, Hideto and Hori, Wataru and Kobayashi, Hiroji and Nakamura, Nobuka and Nagasawa, Kazuya} } @mastersthesis {7374, title = {Mass transfer limits to nutrient uptake by shallow coral reef communities}, year = {2002}, note = {3070700}, school = {University of Hawai{\textquoteright}i}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Uptake and assimilation of nutrients is essential to the productivity of coral reefs. Nutrient uptake rates by coral reef communities have been hypothesized to be limited by rates of mass transfer across a concentration boundary layer. The mass transfer coefficient S (m day -1 ) relates the maximum nutrient flux allowed by mass transfer to the nutrient concentration in the ambient water (Jmax = S [N ]). The goal of this dissertation is to determine the maximum rate at which a coral reef flat community can take up nutrients according to mass transfer theory. Nutrient mass transfer coefficients for a Kaneohe Bay Barrier Reef flat community were determined two ways. In the first method, S was estimated from in situ measurements of wave-driven flow speeds (Uh = 0.08-0.22 m s-1 ) and the friction coefficient of the reef flat (cf = 0.22 {\textpm} 0.03) using a mass transfer correlation. S calculated from this method was 5.8 {\textpm} 0.8 m day-1 for phosphate and 9.7 {\textpm} 1.3 m day-1 for nitrate and ammonium. The second method compared the dissolution of artificial plaster forms (surface area = 0.1-1.0 m2 ) of varying roughness scale (0.001-0.1 m) under wave-driven and steady flows (U h = 0.02-0.21 m s-1 ). Results showed (1) rates of mass transfer were linearly proportional to surface area regardless of roughness scale and flow conditions, and (2) rates of mass transfer were 1.4-2.0 times higher under wave-driven flows (\~{}8-s in period) than under steady flows. Using appropriate surface areas from the plaster dissolution experiments, S for the reef flat community was 7 {\textpm} 3 m day -1 for phosphate and 12 {\textpm} 5 m day -1 for nitrate and ammonium. Using the wave enhancement obtained from the plaster dissolution experiments, S could be as high as 9.3 {\textpm} 1.3 m day-1 and 15.5 {\textpm} 2.1 m day-1 . The phosphate uptake rate coefficient from flow respirometry for the same reef flat community was 4.5-9 m day-1 . Thus, rates of phosphate uptake by the this community are at the limits of mass transfer. Scaling maximum phosphate uptake rates by the average C:P of benthic autotrophic tissue indicates that net primary production within this community is limited by nutrient uptake.}, keywords = {0425:Biogeochemistry, 0996:Geochemistry, Barrier reefs, Biogeochemistry, Coral reef, Earth sciences, Geochemistry, Kaneohe Bay Barrier Reef, Mass transfer, Nutrient uptake, Shallow water}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305611611?accountid=14270}, author = {Falter, James L} } @article {12375, title = {mecA gene is widely disseminated in Staphylococcus aureus population}, journal = {Journal of Clinical MicrobiologyJournal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {11}, year = {2002}, note = {Wielders, CLC Fluit, AC Brisse, S Verhoef, J Schmitz, FJ}, month = {Nov}, pages = {3970-3975}, abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most important causes of hospital infections worldwide. High-level resistance to methicillin is caused by the mecA gene, which encodes an alternative penicillin-binding protein, PBP 2a. To determine the clonal relationships between methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA, we typed 1,069 S. aureus isolates (493 MSSA isolates and 576 MRSA isolates), collected mainly in North American and European hospitals between the 1960s and the year 2000, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping. Of 10 widespread S. aureus lineages recognized, 8 had corresponding mecA-positive strains. Multiresistant MRSA strains are found in hospitals worldwide, while unrelated and more susceptible strains represent less than 1\% of the MRSA population. This supports the hypothesis that horizontal transfer plays an important role in the dissemination of the mecA gene in the S. aureus population.}, isbn = {0095-1137}, author = {Wielders, C. L. C. and Fluit, A. C. and Brisse, S. and Verhoef, J. and Schmitz, F. J.} } @article {15670, title = {Membrane Fouling in Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {128}, number = {11}, year = {2002}, month = {2002/11/01}, pages = {1018-1029}, publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers}, author = {Chang, In-Soung and Le Clech, Pierre and Jefferson, Bruce and Judd, Simon} } @article {7542, title = {{Metagenomic analysis of uncultured marine viral communities}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {99}, number = {22}, year = {2002}, pages = {6220-6223}, abstract = {

Viruses are the most common biological entities in the oceans by an order of magnitude. However, very little is known about their diversity. Here we report a genomic analysis of two uncultured marine viral communities. Over 65{\%} of the sequences were not significantly similar to previously reported sequences, suggesting that much of the diversity is previously uncharacterized. The most common significant hits among the known sequences were to viruses. The viral hits included sequences from all of the major families of dsDNA tailed phages, as well as some algal viruses. Several independent mathematical models based on the observed number of contigs predicted that the most abundant viral genome comprised 2-3{\%} of the total population in both communities, which was estimated to contain between 374 and 7,114 viral types. Overall, diversity of the viral communities was extremely high. The results also showed that it would be possible to sequence the entire genome of an uncultured marine viral community.

}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.202488399}, author = {Breitbart, M. and Salamon, P. and Andresen, B. and Mahaffy, J.M. and Segall, A.M. and Mead, D. and Azam, F. and Rohwer, F.} } @article {11743, title = {{Metazoan parasites of the Chilean hake Merluccius gayi gayi as a tool for stock discrimination}}, journal = {Fisheries Research}, volume = {56}, year = {2002}, pages = {313{\textendash}320}, author = {Oliva, ME and Ball{\'o}n, I} } @article {9779, title = {{Methods for cultivation of luminal parasitic protists of clinical importance}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {15}, year = {2002}, pages = {329{\textendash}341}, author = {Clark, CG and Diamond, LS} } @article {9231, title = {{Methods for cultivation of luminal parasitic protists of clinical importance}}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Rev}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {329{\textendash}341}, author = {Clark, CG and Diamond, LS} } @article {11948, title = {Microbial agents associated with waterborne diseases}, journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {371-409}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1040-841X}, author = {Leclerc, H and Schwartzbrod, L and Dei-Cas, E} } @article {13642, title = {Microbial risk assessment of source-separated urine used in agriculture}, journal = {Waste Management and Research}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {150-161}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {H{\"o}glund, C. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A. and Ashbolt, N.} } @article {12250, title = {Microbial risk assessment of source-separated urine used in agriculture}, journal = {Waste Management and Research}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {150-161}, author = {H{\"o}glund, C. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A. and Ashbolt, N.} } @article {3847, title = {Microbial risk assessment of source-separated urine used in agriculture.}, journal = {Waste management \{\&\} research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, \{\{\.I}SWA\{\}\}}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {150{\textendash}161}, abstract = {A screening-level quantitative microbial risk assessment \{\{\}(QMRA)\{\}\} was undertaken for a urine separating sewerage system. Exposures evaluated included the handling of stored and unstored urine as well as consumption of crops fertilised with urine. Faecal cross-contamination was the source of risk and Campylobacter jejuni, Cryptosporidium parvum and rotavirus were the organisms chosen to represent different groups of enteric pathogens. Accidental ingestion of unstored urine implied a high risk \{\{\}(Pinf\{\}\} = 0.56) for infection from rotavirus whereas the risks for infection from bacteria and protozoa were approximately 1:10 000. After six months storage at 20 degrees C the risk for viral infections by accidental ingestion of 1 ml of urine was \{{\textbackslash}textless\} 10(-3), the suggested acceptable risk benchmark. Ingestion of crops contaminated with urine resulted in risks of \{{\textbackslash}textless\} 10(-5) after a 3-week (\{{\textbackslash}textless\}10(-7) after 4 weeks) withholding period between fertilising and harvesting.}, author = {H"oglund, Caroline and Stenstr"om, Thor A and Ashbolt, Nicholas} } @article {7713, title = {Microbial risk assessment of source-separated urine used in agriculture}, journal = {Waste Management and Research}, volume = {20}, year = {2002}, pages = {150-161}, author = {H{\"o}glund,C. and Stenstr{\"o}m,T. A. and Ashbolt,N.} } @article {16885, title = {Microbial source tracking: current methodology and future directions}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {12}, year = {2002}, pages = {5796{\textendash}5803}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Scott, Troy M and Rose, Joan B and Jenkins, Tracie M and Farrah, Samuel R and Lukasik, Jerzy} } @article {16890, title = {Microbial source tracking: state of the science}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {36}, number = {24}, year = {2002}, pages = {5279{\textendash}5288}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Simpson, Joyce M and Santo Domingo, Jorge W and Reasoner, Donald J} } @booklet {7059, title = {Microbiological {Quality} of {Water} from {Noncommunity} {Supply} {Wells} in {Carbonate} and {Crystalline} {Aquifers} of {Pennsylvania}}, number = {Water Resources Investigation Report 01-4268}, year = {2002}, publisher = {USGS}, address = {New Cumberland, PA}, author = {Lindsey, B.D. and Rasberry, J. S. and Zimmerman, T.M.} } @book {17019, title = {Microorganisms in Groundwater: Tracers and Troublemakers}, year = {2002}, publisher = {Environment Agency}, organization = {Environment Agency}, author = {Cronin, AA and Pedley, S} } @article {5470, title = {{Mikrobiologische Untersuchungen zur seuchenhygienischen Bewertung naturnaher Abwasserbehandlungsanlagen}}, journal = {Wasser Boden Luft, Heft 3}, year = {2002}, author = {Hagendorf, U. and Bartocha, W. and Diehl, K. and Feuerpfeil, I. and Hummel, A. and Lopez-Pila, J. and Szewzyk, R.} } @inbook {11468, title = {{Mites (Acari)}}, booktitle = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, year = {2002}, pages = {449{\textendash}516}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, author = {Mullen, G and OConnor, BM}, editor = {Mullen, GD and Londom, LA} } @article {3876, title = {Molecular characterization of {VP}6 genes of human rotavirus isolates, correlation of genogroups with subgroups and evidence of independent segregation.}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {76}, year = {2002}, pages = {6596{\textendash}6601}, author = {Iturriza-G{\'o}mara, MI and Wong, C and Blome, S and Desselberger, U and Gray, J} } @article {5672, title = {{Molecular Evolution of Hepatitis A Virus: a New Classification Based on the Complete VP1 Protein}}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {76}, number = {18}, year = {2002}, pages = {9516{\textendash}9525}, author = {Costa-Mattioli, M and Cristina, J. and Romero, H and Perez-Bercof, R and Casane, D and Colina, R and Garcia, L and Vega, I and Glikman, G and Romanowsky, V and Castello, A and Nicand, E and Gassin, M and Billaudel, S and Ferr{\'e}, V} } @article {11277, title = {{The morphological changes of Ascaris lumbricoides ova in sewage sludge water treated by gamma irradiation}}, journal = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {277{\textendash}279}, doi = {10.1016/s0969-806x(02)00211-6}, author = {Shamma, M and Al-Adawi, M A} } @book {5434, title = {{Mosquitos in Constructed Wetlands}}, year = {2002}, publisher = {Environmental Protection Authority}, organization = {Environmental Protection Authority}, address = {Adelaide, South Africa}, isbn = {1 876562 40 4}, author = {Sarneckis, K} } @article {6042, title = {Movement and persistence of faecal bacteria in agricultural soils and subsurface drainage water: A review.}, journal = {Canadian Biosystems Engineering}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {1{\textendash}9}, author = {Jamieson, RC and Gordon, RJ and Sharples, KE and Stratton, GW and Madani, A} } @article {2298, title = {{Movement and persistence of fecal bacteria in agricultural soils and subsurface drainage water: a review}}, year = {2002}, month = {jan}, url = {https://csbe-scgab.ca/publications/cbe-journal/browse/3555-movement-and-persistence-of-fecal-bacteria-in-agricultural-soils-and-subsurface-drainage-water-a-review}, author = {Jamieson, R.C. and Gordon, R.J. and Sharples, K.E. and Stratton, G.W. and Madani, A.} } @article {14088, title = {Movement and persistence of fecal bacteria in agricultural soils and subsurface drainage water: a review}, year = {2002}, month = {jan}, url = {https://csbe-scgab.ca/publications/cbe-journal/browse/3555-movement-and-persistence-of-fecal-bacteria-in-agricultural-soils-and-subsurface-drainage-water-a-review}, author = {Jamieson, R.C. and Gordon, R.J. and Sharples, K.E. and Stratton, G.W. and Madani, A.} } @article {14080, title = {Multiplex fluorogenic real-time {PCR} for detection and quantification of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in dairy wastewater wetlands}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {4853{\textendash}4862}, abstract = {Surface water and groundwater are continuously used as sources of drinking water in many metropolitan areas of the United States. The quality of water from these sources may be reduced due to increases in contaminants such as Escherichia coli from urban and agricultural runoffs. In this study, a multiplex fluorogenic PCR assay was used to quantify E. coli O157:H7 in soil, manure, cow and calf feces, and dairy wastewater in an artificial wetland. Primers and probes were designed to amplify and quantify the Shiga-like toxin 1 (stx1) and 2 (stx2) genes and the intimin (eae) gene of E. coli O157:H7 in a single reaction. Primer specificity was confirmed with DNA from 33 E. coli O157:H7 and related strains with and without the three genes. A direct correlation was determined between the fluorescence threshold cycle (C(T)) and the starting quantity of E. coli O157:H7 DNA. A similar correlation was observed between the C(T) and number of CFU per milliliter used in the PCR assay. A detection limit of 7.9 x 10(-5) pg of E. coli O157:H7 DNA ml(-1) equivalent to approximately 6.4 x 10(3) CFU of E. coli O157:H7 ml(-1) based on plate counts was determined. Quantification of E. coli O157:H7 in soil, manure, feces, and wastewater was possible when cell numbers were {\textbackslash}textgreater/=3.5 x 10(4) CFU g(-1). E. coli O157:H7 levels detected in wetland samples decreased by about 2 logs between wetland influents and effluents. The detection limit of the assay in soil was improved to less than 10 CFU g(-1) with a 16-h enrichment. These results indicate that the developed PCR assay is suitable for quantitative determination of E. coli O157:H7 in environmental samples and represents a considerable advancement in pathogen quantification in different ecosystems.}, author = {Ibekwe, A M and Watt, P M and Grieve, C M and Sharma, V K and Lyons, S R} } @article {8040, title = {{Multiplex fluorogenic real-time PCR for detection and quantification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy wastewater wetlands}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {4853{\textendash}4862}, edition = {2002/09/27}, abstract = {Surface water and groundwater are continuously used as sources of drinking water in many metropolitan areas of the United States. The quality of water from these sources may be reduced due to increases in contaminants such as Escherichia coli from urban and agricultural runoffs. In this study, a multiplex fluorogenic PCR assay was used to quantify E. coli O157:H7 in soil, manure, cow and calf feces, and dairy wastewater in an artificial wetland. Primers and probes were designed to amplify and quantify the Shiga-like toxin 1 (stx1) and 2 (stx2) genes and the intimin (eae) gene of E. coli O157:H7 in a single reaction. Primer specificity was confirmed with DNA from 33 E. coli O157:H7 and related strains with and without the three genes. A direct correlation was determined between the fluorescence threshold cycle (C(T)) and the starting quantity of E. coli O157:H7 DNA. A similar correlation was observed between the C(T) and number of CFU per milliliter used in the PCR assay. A detection limit of 7.9 x 10(-5) pg of E. coli O157:H7 DNA ml(-1) equivalent to approximately 6.4 x 10(3) CFU of E. coli O157:H7 ml(-1) based on plate counts was determined. Quantification of E. coli O157:H7 in soil, manure, feces, and wastewater was possible when cell numbers were {\textgreater}/=3.5 x 10(4) CFU g(-1). E. coli O157:H7 levels detected in wetland samples decreased by about 2 logs between wetland influents and effluents. The detection limit of the assay in soil was improved to less than 10 CFU g(-1) with a 16-h enrichment. These results indicate that the developed PCR assay is suitable for quantitative determination of E. coli O157:H7 in environmental samples and represents a considerable advancement in pathogen quantification in different ecosystems.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Ibekwe, A M and Watt, P M and Grieve, C M and Sharma, V K and Lyons, S R} } @article {2292, title = {{Multiplex fluorogenic real-time PCR for detection and quantification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy wastewater wetlands}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {4853{\textendash}4862}, edition = {2002/09/27}, abstract = {Surface water and groundwater are continuously used as sources of drinking water in many metropolitan areas of the United States. The quality of water from these sources may be reduced due to increases in contaminants such as Escherichia coli from urban and agricultural runoffs. In this study, a multiplex fluorogenic PCR assay was used to quantify E. coli O157:H7 in soil, manure, cow and calf feces, and dairy wastewater in an artificial wetland. Primers and probes were designed to amplify and quantify the Shiga-like toxin 1 (stx1) and 2 (stx2) genes and the intimin (eae) gene of E. coli O157:H7 in a single reaction. Primer specificity was confirmed with DNA from 33 E. coli O157:H7 and related strains with and without the three genes. A direct correlation was determined between the fluorescence threshold cycle (C(T)) and the starting quantity of E. coli O157:H7 DNA. A similar correlation was observed between the C(T) and number of CFU per milliliter used in the PCR assay. A detection limit of 7.9 x 10(-5) pg of E. coli O157:H7 DNA ml(-1) equivalent to approximately 6.4 x 10(3) CFU of E. coli O157:H7 ml(-1) based on plate counts was determined. Quantification of E. coli O157:H7 in soil, manure, feces, and wastewater was possible when cell numbers were >/=3.5 x 10(4) CFU g(-1). E. coli O157:H7 levels detected in wetland samples decreased by about 2 logs between wetland influents and effluents. The detection limit of the assay in soil was improved to less than 10 CFU g(-1) with a 16-h enrichment. These results indicate that the developed PCR assay is suitable for quantitative determination of E. coli O157:H7 in environmental samples and represents a considerable advancement in pathogen quantification in different ecosystems.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Ibekwe, A M and Watt, P M and Grieve, C M and Sharma, V K and Lyons, S R} } @article {14813, title = {Multiplex fluorogenic real-time {PCR} for detection and quantification of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in dairy wastewater wetlands}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, pages = {4853{\textendash}4862}, abstract = {Surface water and groundwater are continuously used as sources of drinking water in many metropolitan areas of the United States. The quality of water from these sources may be reduced due to increases in contaminants such as Escherichia coli from urban and agricultural runoffs. In this study, a multiplex fluorogenic PCR assay was used to quantify E. coli O157:H7 in soil, manure, cow and calf feces, and dairy wastewater in an artificial wetland. Primers and probes were designed to amplify and quantify the Shiga-like toxin 1 (stx1) and 2 (stx2) genes and the intimin (eae) gene of E. coli O157:H7 in a single reaction. Primer specificity was confirmed with DNA from 33 E. coli O157:H7 and related strains with and without the three genes. A direct correlation was determined between the fluorescence threshold cycle (C(T)) and the starting quantity of E. coli O157:H7 DNA. A similar correlation was observed between the C(T) and number of CFU per milliliter used in the PCR assay. A detection limit of 7.9 x 10(-5) pg of E. coli O157:H7 DNA ml(-1) equivalent to approximately 6.4 x 10(3) CFU of E. coli O157:H7 ml(-1) based on plate counts was determined. Quantification of E. coli O157:H7 in soil, manure, feces, and wastewater was possible when cell numbers were {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater/=3.5 x 10(4) CFU g(-1). E. coli O157:H7 levels detected in wetland samples decreased by about 2 logs between wetland influents and effluents. The detection limit of the assay in soil was improved to less than 10 CFU g(-1) with a 16-h enrichment. These results indicate that the developed PCR assay is suitable for quantitative determination of E. coli O157:H7 in environmental samples and represents a considerable advancement in pathogen quantification in different ecosystems.}, author = {Ibekwe, A M and Watt, P M and Grieve, C M and Sharma, V K and Lyons, S R} } @article {9213, title = {{Municipal wastewater reuse for irrigation: Productivity and contamination level of irrigated crops by pathogens}}, journal = {Proceedings of International Symposium on Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Management}, year = {2002}, pages = {582{\textendash}587}, author = {Bouhoum, K and Amahmid, O} } @article {7379, title = {Natural history of human calicivirus infection: a prospective cohort study}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {246{\textendash}253}, url = {https://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/3/246.full}, author = {Rockx, Barry and de Wit, Matty and Vennema, Harry and J Vinj{\'e} and de Bruin, Erwin and van Duynhoven, Yvonne and Koopmans, Marion} } @article {10018, title = {{Natural history of human calicivirus infection: a prospective cohort study.}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {246{\textendash}53}, abstract = {

We investigated the natural history of human Calicivirus infection in the community. Clinical information was obtained from 99 subjects infected with Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) and 40 subjects infected with Sapporo-like viruses (SLV) in a prospective, community-based cohort study. NLV infection was common in all age groups, whereas SLV infection was mainly restricted to children aged {\textless}5 years. Symptoms lasted for a median of 5 and 6 days for NLV and SLV infections, respectively. Disease was characterized by diarrhea during the first 5 days (87{\%} of patients with NLV infection and 95{\%} of patients with SLV infection) and vomiting on the first day (74{\%} for NLV and 60{\%} for SLV). Vomiting was less common in children aged {\textless}1 year (59{\%} for NLV and 44{\%} for SLV) than it was among children aged {\textgreater}/=1 year ({\textgreater}75{\%} for NLV and {\textgreater}67{\%} for SLV). Overall, NLV was detected in 26{\%} of patients up to 3 weeks after the onset of illness. This proportion was highest (38{\%}) for children aged {\textless}1 year. SLV shedding subsided after 14 days. These data show that the durations of disease and viral shedding of caliciviruses are longer than has been described elsewhere. Therefore, the impact of these infections may have been underestimated.

}, isbn = {0000645420010}, issn = {1537-6591}, doi = {10.1086/341408}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12115089}, author = {Rockx, Barry and de Wit, Matty and Vennema, Harry and J Vinj{\'e} and de Bruin, Erwin and van Duynhoven, Yvonne and Koopmans, Marion} } @article {623, title = {A neural network model to predict the wastewater inflow incorporating rainfall events}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, pages = {1115 - 1126}, abstract = {Under steady-state conditions, a wastewater treatment plant usually has a satisfactory performance because these conditions are similar to design conditions. However, load variations constitute a large portion of the operating life of a treatment facility and most of the observed problems in complying with permit requirements occur during these load transients. During storm events upsets to the different physical and biological processes may take place in a wastewater treatment plant, and therefore, the ability to predict the hydraulic load to a treatment facility during such events is very beneficial for the optimization of the treatment process. Most of the hydrologic and hydraulic models describing sewage collection systems are deterministic. Such models require detailed knowledge of the system and usually rely on a large number of parameters, some of which are uncertain or difficult to determine. Presented in this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) model that is used to make short-term predictions of wastewater inflow rate that enters the Gold Bar Wastewater Treatment Plant (GBWWTP), the largest plant in the Edmonton area (Alberta, Canada). The neural model uses rainfall data, observed in the collection system discharging to the plant, as inputs. The building process of the model was conducted in a systematic way that allowed the identification of a parsimonious model that is able to learn (and not memorize) from past data and generalize very well to unseen data that was used to validate the model. The neural network model gave excellent results. The potential of using the model as part of a real-time process control system is also discussed.}, keywords = {Real-time process control}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00287-1}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135401002871}, author = {Ahmed Gamal El-Din and Daniel W. Smith} } @article {10702, title = {{New variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor with attributes of the classical biotype from hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea in Bangladesh}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {40}, year = {2002}, pages = {3296{\textendash}3299}, author = {Nair, GB and Faruque, SM and Bhuiyan, NA and Kamruzzaman, M and Siddique, AK and D A Sack} } @article {5564, title = {{Norwalk virus binds to histo-blood group antigens present on gastroduodenal epithelial cells of secretor individuals.}}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, volume = {122}, number = {7}, year = {2002}, pages = {1967{\textendash}1977}, abstract = {BACKGROUND {\&} AIMS: Norwalk Virus (NV) is a member of the Caliciviridae family, which causes acute epidemic gastroenteritis in humans of all ages and its cellular receptors have not yet been characterized. Another calicivirus, Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, attaches to H type 2 histo-blood group oligosaccharide present on rabbit epithelial cells. Our aim was to test if, by analogy, recombinant NV-like particles (rNV VLPs) use carbohydrates present on human gastroduodenal epithelial cells as ligands. METHODS: Attachment of rNV VLPs was tested on tissue sections of the gastroduodenal junction and on saliva from individuals of known ABO, Lewis, and secretor phenotypes. It was also tested on human Caco-2 cells and on animal cell lines transfected with glycosyltransferases complementary DNA (cDNA). Competition experiments were performed with synthetic oligosaccharides and anticarbohydrate antibodies. Internalization was monitored by confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Attachment of rNV VLPs to surface epithelial cells of the gastroduodenal junction as well as to saliva was detected, yet only from secretor donors. It was abolished by alpha1,2fucosidase treatment, and by competition with the H types 1 and 3 trisaccharides or with anti-H type 1 and anti-H types (3/4) antibodies. Transfection of CHO and TS/A cells with an alpha1,2fucosyltransferase cDNA allowed attachment of VLPs. These transfectants as well as differentiated Caco-2 cells expressing H type 1 structures internalized the bound particles. CONCLUSIONS: rNV VLPs use H type 1 and/or H types (3/4) as ligands on gastroduodenal epithelial cells of secretor individuals.}, isbn = {0016-5085}, issn = {00165085}, doi = {10.1053/gast.2002.33661}, author = {Marionneau, Severine and Ruvo{\"e}n, Nathalie and Le Moullac-Vaidye, Beatrice and Clement, Monique and Cailleau-Thomas, Anne and Ruiz-Palacois, Guillermo and Huang, Pengwei and Jiang, Xi and Le Pendu, Jacques} } @article {5873, title = {{Occurrence and distribution of Arcobacter species in poultry processing.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, month = {aug}, pages = {1233{\textendash}1239}, author = {Houf, Kurt and De Zutter, Lieven and van Hoof, Jan and Vandamme, Peter} } @article {14390, title = {Occurrence and distribution of {Arcobacter} species in poultry processing.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, month = {aug}, pages = {1233{\textendash}1239}, author = {Houf, Kurt and De Zutter, Lieven and van Hoof, Jan and Vandamme, Peter} } @article {4225, title = {{Occurrence and levels of indicator bacteriophages in bathing waters throughout Europe.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {20}, year = {2002}, month = {dec}, pages = {4963{\textendash}74}, abstract = {

Somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages, bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli and enterococci were counted in bathing waters in the late spring and summer. We tested fresh and marine bathing waters from North, South, East and West Europe expected to contain between 100 and 500 E. coli per 100 ml, although wider ranges were sometimes found. Bacteriophages were counted after concentration, since a preliminary study proved that this step was necessary to obtain positive counts. During monitoring, a first-line quality control with reference materials for bacteria and bacteriophages was performed by all the laboratories participating in the study. The same microbes were also counted in raw sewage samples from various areas in Europe, where the bacterial indicators and the three groups of bacteriophages were detected in roughly the same numbers. All groups of bacteriophages were detected in both fresh and marine bathing waters throughout Europe. Reliable and complete results from 147 samples showed that for log-transformed values, E. coli and bacteriophages were slightly correlated. However, the slope of the regression line changed according to E. coli concentration and the correlation diminished when this concentration was close to zero per 100 ml. The ratios between E. coli and phages in bathing waters differed significantly from those in sewage. The relative amounts of bacteriophages, mainly somatic coliphages and phages infecting Bact. fragilis RYC2056, increased in bathing waters with low E. coli concentration, especially in seawater samples containing {\textless} 100 E. coli per 100 ml. The relationship of bacteriophages with respect to enterococci paralleled that of bacteriophages with respect to E. coli. Somatic coliphages and bacteriophages infecting Bact. fragilis are useful to predict the presence of some pathogens with the same origin as present bacterial indicators but with higher survival rates.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteroides fragilis, Environmental monitoring, Escherichia coli, Europe, Humans, Recreation, Seasons, Survival, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {0043-1354}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12448544}, author = {Contreras-Coll, N and Lucena, F and Mooijman, K and Havelaar, A and Pierz, V and Boque, M and Gawler, A and H{\"o}ller, C and Lambiri, M and Mirolo, G and Moreno, B and Niemi, M and Sommer, R and Valentin, B and Wiedenmann, A and Young, V and Jofre, J} } @article {17015, title = {Occurrence and levels of indicator bacteriophages in bathing waters throughout Europe}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {20}, year = {2002}, pages = {4963{\textendash}4974}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Contreras-Coll, N and Lucena, F and Mooijman, K and Havelaar, A and Pierzo, V and Boque, M and Gawler, A and H{\"o}ller, C and Lambiri, M and Mirolo, G and others} } @article {7791, title = {Occurrence and strain diversity of thermophilic campylobacters in cattle of different age groups in dairy herds}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {85-89}, isbn = {1472-765X}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01143.x}, author = {Nielsen,E. M.} } @article {16993, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in sewage effluents and correlation with microbial, chemical and physical water variables}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {241{\textendash}252}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Bonadonna, Lucia and Briancesco, Rossella and Ottaviani, Massimo and Veschetti, Enrico} } @article {15303, title = {Of: Microbial Risks from Wastewater Irrigation of Salad Crops: a Screening-Level Risk Assessment, S. R. Petterson; N. J. Ashbolt; A. Sharma, 73, 667 (2001). Microbial risks from wastewater irrigation of salad crops: A screening-level risk assessment}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {411}, author = {Petterson, S. R. and Ashbolt, N. J. and Sharma, A.} } @article {15155, title = {Onsite {Wastewater} {Treatment} {Systems} {Manual}}, journal = {EPA/625/R-00/008}, year = {2002}, author = {Agency, US Environmental Protection} } @booklet {13039, title = {Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual}, journal = {EPA/625/R-00/008}, year = {2002} } @article {9199, title = {{Operation of a slow rate anaerobic digester treating municipal secondary sludge}}, journal = {Electronic Journal of Biotechnology}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {216{\textendash}227}, author = {Benatti, CT and Tavares, CRG and Dias, BP and Moitinho, MDR} } @article {9193, title = {{Outbreak of amebiasis in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia, 1998}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {67}, number = {6}, year = {2002}, pages = {623{\textendash}631}, author = {Barwick, RS and Uzicanin, A and Lareau, S and Malakmadze, N and Imnadze, P and Iosava, M and Ninashvili, N and Wilson, M and Hightower, AW and Johnston, S and Bishop, H and Petri, WA and Juranek, DD} } @article {4823, title = {{Outbreak of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2000}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {783{\textendash}788}, author = {Ho, AY and Lopez, AS and Eberhart, MG and Levenson, R and Finkel, BS and da Silva, AJ and Roberts, JM and Orlandi, PA and Johnson, CC and Herwaldt, BL} } @article {16181, title = {Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants and community residents in Springfield, Illinois, 1998}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {34}, number = {12}, year = {2002}, month = {Jun 15}, pages = {1593-9}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, Adult, Community-Acquired Infections/*epidemiology/microbiology, Female, Humans, Illinois/epidemiology, Leptospira/*isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/*epidemiology/microbiology, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Sports, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {1537-6591 (Electronic)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Morgan, J. and Bornstein, S. L. and Karpati, A. M. and Bruce, M. and Bolin, C. A. and Austin, C. C. and Woods, C. W. and Lingappa, J. and Langkop, C. and Davis, B. and Graham, D. R. and Proctor, M. and Ashford, D. A. and Bajani, M. and Bragg, S. L. and Shutt, K. and Perkins, B. A. and Tappero, J. W. and Leptospirosis Working, Group} } @article {14175, title = {Outbreak of {Vero} cytotoxin-producing {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in a child day care facility.}, journal = {Communicable disease and public health / PHLS}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {54{\textendash}8}, abstract = {In December 1998, an outbreak of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157 in a cr{\`e}che affected ten out of 45 children and one out of five staff members. Eight cases were symptomatic and three were asymptomatic. There were two asymptomatic adult family contacts of child cases. All specimens were identified as VTEC O157:H7, phage type 32. None of the cases were seriously ill and none developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). One child continued to excrete the organism for 14 weeks. The origin of the outbreak was not found but epidemiological investigation was suggestive of person-to-person spread. All children and staff were screened and excluded from the cr{\`e}che until microbiological clearance was obtained. An inspection of the cr{\`e}che revealed overcrowding and inadequacies in cleaning and in the food preparation facilities. These problems were remedied before children were re-admitted to the cr{\`e}che. This outbreak demonstrates the ease with which VTEC O157 can be transmitted between small children. Two specific features of this outbreak were notable: (1) the mild self-limiting nature of the illness and (2) the prolonged shedding of the bacterium by one child.}, keywords = {Adult, Child, Child Day Care Centers, Child Day Care Centers: statistics \& numerical dat, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Great Britain, Great Britain: epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Preschool, Risk Factors, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: biosynthesis, Time Factors}, issn = {1462-1843}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12070979}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Donnell, J M and Thornton, L and McNamara, E B and Prendergast, T and Igoe, D and Cosgrove, C} } @article {8107, title = {{Outbreak of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in a child day care facility.}}, journal = {Communicable Disease and Public Health / PHLS}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {54{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

In December 1998, an outbreak of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157 in a cr\èche affected ten out of 45 children and one out of five staff members. Eight cases were symptomatic and three were asymptomatic. There were two asymptomatic adult family contacts of child cases. All specimens were identified as VTEC O157:H7, phage type 32. None of the cases were seriously ill and none developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). One child continued to excrete the organism for 14 weeks. The origin of the outbreak was not found but epidemiological investigation was suggestive of person-to-person spread. All children and staff were screened and excluded from the cr\èche until microbiological clearance was obtained. An inspection of the cr\èche revealed overcrowding and inadequacies in cleaning and in the food preparation facilities. These problems were remedied before children were re-admitted to the cr\èche. This outbreak demonstrates the ease with which VTEC O157 can be transmitted between small children. Two specific features of this outbreak were notable: (1) the mild self-limiting nature of the illness and (2) the prolonged shedding of the bacterium by one child.

}, keywords = {Adult, Child, Child Day Care Centers, Child Day Care Centers: statistics {\&} numerical dat, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Great Britain, Great Britain: epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Preschool, Risk Factors, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: biosynthesis, Time Factors}, issn = {1462-1843}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12070979}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Donnell, J M and Thornton, L and McNamara, E B and Prendergast, T and Igoe, D and Cosgrove, C} } @article {2367, title = {{Outbreak of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in a child day care facility.}}, journal = {Communicable disease and public health / PHLS}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {54{\textendash}8}, abstract = {In December 1998, an outbreak of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157 in a cr{\`e}che affected ten out of 45 children and one out of five staff members. Eight cases were symptomatic and three were asymptomatic. There were two asymptomatic adult family contacts of child cases. All specimens were identified as VTEC O157:H7, phage type 32. None of the cases were seriously ill and none developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). One child continued to excrete the organism for 14 weeks. The origin of the outbreak was not found but epidemiological investigation was suggestive of person-to-person spread. All children and staff were screened and excluded from the cr{\`e}che until microbiological clearance was obtained. An inspection of the cr{\`e}che revealed overcrowding and inadequacies in cleaning and in the food preparation facilities. These problems were remedied before children were re-admitted to the cr{\`e}che. This outbreak demonstrates the ease with which VTEC O157 can be transmitted between small children. Two specific features of this outbreak were notable: (1) the mild self-limiting nature of the illness and (2) the prolonged shedding of the bacterium by one child.}, keywords = {Adult, Child, Child Day Care Centers, Child Day Care Centers: statistics \& numerical dat, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Great Britain, Great Britain: epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Preschool, Risk Factors, Shiga Toxin 1, Shiga Toxin 1: biosynthesis, Time Factors}, issn = {1462-1843}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12070979}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Donnell, J M and Thornton, L and McNamara, E B and Prendergast, T and Igoe, D and Cosgrove, C} } @article {15842, title = {Ozonation of Municipal Wastewater Effluents}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, year = {2002}, month = {//}, pages = {569-581}, keywords = {BYPRODUCTS, Disinfection, effluent, MUNICIPAL, OXIDATION, ozone, TOXICITY, Treatment, wastewater}, author = {Paraskeva, Panagiota and Graham, Nigel J. D.} } @article {12730, title = {{Paragonimiasis: a Japanese perspective}}, journal = {Clinics in Chest Medicine}, volume = {23}, year = {2002}, pages = {409{\textendash}420}, author = {Nakamura-Uchiyama, F and Mukae, H and Nawa, Y} } @article {5421, title = {{Participation of oxygen and role of exogenous and endogenous sensitizers in the photoinactivation of Escherichia coli by photosynthetically radiation, UV-A, UV-B}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {44}, year = {2002}, pages = {354{\textendash}364}, author = {Muela, A and Garcia-Bringas, JM and Seco, C and Arana, I and Barcina, I} } @mastersthesis {6342, title = {Participatory evaluation of community-based water and sanitation programs: {The} case of central {Tanzania}}, year = {2002}, note = {3052584}, school = {Kansas State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Increasingly, community participation and management is considered important in ensuring sustainability of community water utility projects. In return, improved access to clean water is important in poverty alleviation strategies, can help in relieving drudgery for women, and greatly improve work productivity in tasks such as agriculture (i.e., through time saved and potentially improved health). Data were collected from two community water utility projects of central Tanzania. Economic profitability assessment, production efficiency and willingness to pay analyses were used to assess the performance of the village level programs. Spatial Tobit models were used to estimate the influence of community participation and management on the economic efficiency of the projects. Canonical correlation analysis techniques were used to establish the importance of the link between community participation and management, and sustainability. The results indicate that village level projects were economically attractive. The calculated internal rate of returns were 47\% for the Dodoma Region and 21\% for the Singida Region. Nevertheless, the productive efficiency analysis results indicated that water supply could be increased by 49\% and 61\% by projects in Dodoma and Singida if they were economically efficient. In both regions, respondents were willing to increase the tariff or user fee by more than 100\% to pay for desired improvements in water supply. There is a general need to improve women{\textquoteright}s participation in the operation of the projects, to seek greater involvement of the community in the management of the projects, and a need to improve project gross margins through cost minimization. The results from the spatial Tobit models indicate that future programs in terms of location should be based on population (water demand) rather than village boundaries in order to take advantage of economies of scale. The advantage of using canonical correlation analysis is that the analytical technique lends itself to indicating what needs to be done in specific villages/clusters to improve community participation and management, and hence sustainability.}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Community development, Community-based, Participatory evaluation, Rates of return, Social sciences, Studies, Tanzania, Water and sanitation programs, Water utilities}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305559668?accountid=14270}, author = {Kaliba, Aloyce R M} } @article {6083, title = {Particle transport in a karst aquifer: natural and artificial tracer experiments with bacteria, bacteriophages and microspheres}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {131{\textendash}138}, author = {Auckenthaler, A and Raso, Giovanna and Huggenberger, Peter} } @article {16967, title = {Particle transport in a karst aquifer: natural and artificial tracer experiments with bacteria, bacteriophages and microspheres}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {131{\textendash}138}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Auckenthaler, A and Raso, Giovanna and Huggenberger, Peter} } @mastersthesis {6425, title = {Paving bodies politic: {Government} fragmentation and infrastructural development in the {American} metropolis}, year = {2002}, note = {3028257}, school = {The Johns Hopkins University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation provides a new perspective on American urban politics through an examination of "infrastructural development" (the construction of sewerage, water supply, street lighting and street paving systems) during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Because infrastructural development was an inherently political feature of urban growth, it provides an especially good vantage point by which to view urban politics. The hypothesized relationship between central city infrastructural development and suburban autonomy has several implications for the study of urban politics. Most authors treat metropolitan fragmentation as either an independent or exogenous variable: regional inequality of local government resources is caused by metropolitan fragmentation, or metropolitan fragmentation provides the framework by which local government resources can be unequally distributed. In contrast, I treat metropolitan fragmentation as an intermediary process that explains how central city government policies have transformed the context in which they are formulated. The thesis also reverses the traditional understanding between city politics and "the larger socioeconomic and political context." By arguing that infrastructure policies and politics within the central city played a significant factor in shaping the city{\textquoteright}s geographic limits, I am suggesting that city politics had an important impact on at least part of the larger context{\textendash}the metropolitan region{\textendash}in which it took place. The thesis also suggests that a classic "developmental" policy which ostensibly benefitted all city residents actually operated over the long term to facilitate economic sorting in metropolitan regions, in which some cities become middle- and upper-class enclaves, while others become repositories of the lower-class. I provide evidence for my thesis by demonstrating that there was a statistically significant and substantively meaningful relationship across the United States between central city infrastructural development and the growth of populations living immediately outside central cities; and by clarifying the meaning and causes of this relationship through several case studies of the New York-New Jersey metropolitan region. The statistical analysis serves to provide an evidentiary basis for the argument, showing that it conforms to national patterns of metropolitan growth. The case studies provide a more detailed test of the argument. They show that infrastructural development was consistently characterized by political corruption in large central cities. At the same time, infrastructural development trained and empowered city engineers. In many instances, city engineers then went to work as consultants on infrastructure projects in surrounding communities. Within surrounding communities, infrastructural development, perceived levels of political corruption, and taxes were three of the most widely discussed issues related to annexation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0337:American history, 0615:Political science, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, American history, Area planning \& development, Government fragmentation, Infrastructural development, Jersey City, New Jersey, New York City, Newark, Political science, Social sciences, Urban growth, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305576151?accountid=14270}, author = {Dilworth, III, Richardson} } @article {9765, title = {{Phylogenetic position of Blastocystis hominis and of stramenopiles inferred from multiple molecular sequence data}}, journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology}, volume = {49}, year = {2002}, pages = {42{\textendash}53}, author = {Arisue, N and Hashimoto, T and Yoshikawa, H and Nakamura, Y and Nakamura, G and Nakamura, F and Yano, T and Hasegawa, M} } @article {7805, title = {The physiology of Campylobacter species and its relevance to their role as foodborne pathogens}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {4/5}, pages = {177-188}, abstract = {

Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are recognised as the leading causes of bacterial foodborne diarrhoeal disease throughout the development world. While most foodborne bacterial pathogens are considered to be relatively robust organisms, as a consequence of the necessity to survive the inimical conditions imposed by food processing and preservation, Campylobacter species have uniquely fastidious growth requirements and an unusual sensitivity to environmental stress. Campylobacters also lack many of the well characterised adaptive responses that can be collerated with resistance to stress in other bacteria. The aim of this review is to outline the unusual physiology of campylobacters (C. jejuni and C. coli) and to describe how this influences their role as foodborne pathogens.

}, keywords = {C. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, physiology, Stress response}, isbn = {0168-1605}, author = {Park,Simon F.} } @article {8992, title = {A pilot solar water disinfecting system: Performance analysis and testing}, journal = {Solar Energy}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {261-269}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0038-092x}, doi = {10.1016/S0038-092x(01)00102-5}, url = {://WOS:000174699900008 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0038092X01001025/1-s2.0-S0038092X01001025-main.pdf?_tid=b997917c-4aaa-11e6-b0f9-00000aacb35e\&acdnat=1468600960_78bca8a4cb00968085f5eada25da5357}, author = {Saitoh, T. S. and El-Ghetany, H. H.} } @article {1897, title = {Polymerase chain reaction-based prevalence of hepatitis A, hepatitis E and TT viruses in sewage from an endemic area}, journal = {J Hepatol}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, note = {Vaidya, Sunil R Chitambar, Shobha D Arankalle, Vidya A eng England 2002/06/22 10:00 J Hepatol. 2002 Jul;37(1):131-6.}, pages = {131-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {{BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatitis A and E viruses (HAV, HEV) are transmitted enterically and are highly endemic in India. This study aims to evaluate prevalence of these and TT virus (TTV) in the sewage. METHODS: Influent and effluent samples from a sewage treatment plant from Pune, India were collected twice a week for 1 year and subjected to nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of HAV RNA, HEV RNA and TTV DNA. HAV and HEV PCR products were sequenced. Effluent samples were not collected for 5 months as the plant was non-functional. RESULTS: The overall prevalence was 24.42\% (21/86, HAV), 10.98\% (9/82, HEV) and 12.7\% (8/63, TTV). Prevalence of HAV was significantly higher than HEV (P=0.023). During summer months, significantly higher HAV RNA positivity was noted (P<0.01). A substantial reduction in HAV RNA positivity (15/48 vs. 2/48}, keywords = {DNA Virus Infections/epidemiology/*transmission DNA, Viral/analysis Endemic Diseases Hepatitis A/epidemiology/*transmission Hepatitis A virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Hepatitis E/epidemiology/*transmission Hepatitis E virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Humans India/epidemiology Phylogeny Po}, issn = {0168-8278 (Print) 0168-8278 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12076872}, author = {Vaidya, S. R. and Chitambar, S. D. and Arankalle, V. A.} } @article {442, title = {Postexposure Prophylaxis against Anthrax: Evaluation of Various Treatment Regimens in Intranasally Infected Guinea Pigs}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {70}, year = {2002}, pages = {6231{\textendash}6241}, chapter = { 6231}, author = {Altboum, Z and Gozes, Y and Barnea, A and Pass, A and White, M and Kobiler, D} } @article {13270, title = {Potential virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Aeromonas popoffii recovered from freshwater and seawater}, journal = {FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology}, volume = {32}, year = {2002}, pages = {243-247}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00560.x}, author = {Soler, L. and Figueras, M. J. and Chacon, M. R. and Vila, J. and Marco, F. and Martinez-Murcia, A. J. and Guarro, J.} } @article {9562, title = {{Predicted public health consequences of body-contact recreation on a potable water reservoir}}, journal = {Journal American Water Works Association}, volume = {94}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, pages = {84{\textendash}97}, author = {Stewart, MH and M V Yates and Anderson, MA and C P Gerba and J B Rose and De Leon, R and Wolfe, RL} } @article {1746, title = {Pretreatment to avoid positive RT-PCR results with inactivated viruses}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, note = {Nuanualsuwan, Suphachai Cliver, Dean O eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. Netherlands 2002/06/29 10:00 J Virol Methods. 2002 Jul;104(2):217-25.}, pages = {217-25}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Enteric viruses that are important causes of human disease must often be detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a method that commonly yields positive results with samples that contain only inactivated virus. This study was intended to develop a pretreatment for samples, so that inactivated viruses would not be detected by the RT-PCR procedure. Model viruses were human hepatitis A virus, vaccine poliovirus 1 and feline calicivirus as a surrogate for the Norwalk-like viruses. Each virus was inactivated (from an initial titer of approximately 10(3) PFU/ml) by ultraviolet light, hypochlorite or heating at 72 degrees C. Inactivated viruses, that were treated with proteinase K and ribonuclease for 30 min at 37 degrees C before RT-PCR, gave a negative result, which is to say that no amplicon was detected after the reaction was completed. This antecedent to the RT-PCR method may be applicable to other types of viruses, to viruses inactivated in other ways and to other molecular methods of virus detection.}, keywords = {Animal Norovirus/genetics/immunology/isolation \& purification Poliovirus/classification/genetics/immunology/*isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods *Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Vaccines, Animals Calicivirus, Feline/genetics/immunology/*isolation \& purification Cats Cell Line Hepatitis A virus/genetics/immunology/*isolation \& purification Humans Kidney Macaca mulatta Models, Inactivated Viral Vaccines}, issn = {0166-0934 (Print) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12088831}, author = {Nuanualsuwan, S. and Cliver, D. O.} } @article {16846, title = {Pretreatment to avoid positive RT-PCR results with inactivated viruses}, journal = {Journal of virological methods}, volume = {104}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {217{\textendash}225}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Nuanualsuwan, Suphachai and Cliver, Dean O} } @article {15746, title = {Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts in the drinking water supply in Japan}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {Feb}, pages = {519-26}, edition = {2002/02/06}, keywords = {*Environmental Monitoring, *Water Supply, Animals, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Filtration, Flocculation, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Japan, Oocytes, prevalence, Water Purification}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)
0043-1354}, author = {Hashimoto, A. and Kunikane, S. and Hirata, T.} } @article {8108, title = {{Prevalence of Escherichia coli possessing the eaeA gene of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) or the aggR gene of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC) in traveler{\textquoteright}s diarrhea diagnosed in those returning to Tama, Tokyo from other Asian countries}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {14{\textendash}18}, edition = {2002/04/24}, abstract = {

To elucidate the importance of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC) as etiological agents in traveler\&$\#$39;s diarrhea, the detection of the eaeA and aggR gene in E. coli strains isolated from overseas travelers with diarrhea in Tama, Tokyo was carried out using a PCR method. Of 192 travelers who were mostly adults and had visited Asian countries from April 1998 to March 1999, aggR-positive E. coli strains were detected in 26 (13.5{\%}). These strains represent the second predominant enteropathogen following enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), whereas eaeA-positive E. coli strains were confirmed in seven subjects (3.6{\%}). In 13 cases with aggR and four cases with eaeA, the organisms were detected in stool samples of patients as the only potential enteric pathogen. The clinical symptoms of these patients were similar to those in patients with ETEC; however, the severity of illness was milder than that associated with ETEC alone. Three strains with eaeA and five strains with aggR were typed as six different kinds of O serogroups, of which four strains belonged to the classical EPEC serogroups (O55, O114, O119, and O127a). These findings suggest that aggR-positive E. coli (EAggEC) is a significant causative agent in traveler\&$\#$39;s diarrhea. In addition, it was demonstrated that eaeA-positive E. coli (EPEC) is markedly correlated with diarrhea in adults.

}, isbn = {1344-6304 (Print)1344-6304 (Linking)}, author = {Ogata, K and Kato, R and Ito, K and Yamada, S} } @article {2368, title = {{Prevalence of Escherichia coli possessing the eaeA gene of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) or the aggR gene of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC) in traveler{\textquoteright}s diarrhea diagnosed in those returning to Tama, Tokyo from other Asian countries}}, journal = {Jpn J Infect Dis}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {14{\textendash}18}, edition = {2002/04/24}, abstract = {To elucidate the importance of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC) as etiological agents in traveler{\textquoteright}s diarrhea, the detection of the eaeA and aggR gene in E. coli strains isolated from overseas travelers with diarrhea in Tama, Tokyo was carried out using a PCR method. Of 192 travelers who were mostly adults and had visited Asian countries from April 1998 to March 1999, aggR-positive E. coli strains were detected in 26 (13.5\%). These strains represent the second predominant enteropathogen following enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), whereas eaeA-positive E. coli strains were confirmed in seven subjects (3.6\%). In 13 cases with aggR and four cases with eaeA, the organisms were detected in stool samples of patients as the only potential enteric pathogen. The clinical symptoms of these patients were similar to those in patients with ETEC; however, the severity of illness was milder than that associated with ETEC alone. Three strains with eaeA and five strains with aggR were typed as six different kinds of O serogroups, of which four strains belonged to the classical EPEC serogroups (O55, O114, O119, and O127a). These findings suggest that aggR-positive E. coli (EAggEC) is a significant causative agent in traveler{\textquoteright}s diarrhea. In addition, it was demonstrated that eaeA-positive E. coli (EPEC) is markedly correlated with diarrhea in adults.}, isbn = {1344-6304 (Print) 1344-6304 (Linking)}, author = {Ogata, K and Kato, R and Ito, K and Yamada, S} } @article {14176, title = {Prevalence of {Escherichia} coli possessing the {eaeA} gene of enteropathogenic {E}. coli ({EPEC}) or the {aggR} gene of enteroaggregative {E}. coli ({EAggEC}) in traveler{\textquoteright}s diarrhea diagnosed in those returning to {Tama}, {Tokyo} from other {Asian} count}, journal = {Jpn J Infect Dis}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {14{\textendash}18}, abstract = {To elucidate the importance of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC) as etiological agents in traveler{\textquoteright}s diarrhea, the detection of the eaeA and aggR gene in E. coli strains isolated from overseas travelers with diarrhea in Tama, Tokyo was carried out using a PCR method. Of 192 travelers who were mostly adults and had visited Asian countries from April 1998 to March 1999, aggR-positive E. coli strains were detected in 26 (13.5\%). These strains represent the second predominant enteropathogen following enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), whereas eaeA-positive E. coli strains were confirmed in seven subjects (3.6\%). In 13 cases with aggR and four cases with eaeA, the organisms were detected in stool samples of patients as the only potential enteric pathogen. The clinical symptoms of these patients were similar to those in patients with ETEC; however, the severity of illness was milder than that associated with ETEC alone. Three strains with eaeA and five strains with aggR were typed as six different kinds of O serogroups, of which four strains belonged to the classical EPEC serogroups (O55, O114, O119, and O127a). These findings suggest that aggR-positive E. coli (EAggEC) is a significant causative agent in traveler{\textquoteright}s diarrhea. In addition, it was demonstrated that eaeA-positive E. coli (EPEC) is markedly correlated with diarrhea in adults.}, author = {Ogata, K and Kato, R and Ito, K and Yamada, S} } @article {14203, title = {Prevalence of {Shiga} toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli in ground beef and cattle feces from {King} {County}, {Washington}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {1322{\textendash}1325}, abstract = {Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is increasingly recognized as a common cause of diarrhea. STEC infection is a major public health threat because of its ability to cause serious and potentially life-threatening illnesses. The main reservoirs of STEC are believed to be the intestinal tracts of animals. Several studies have investigated the prevalence of STEC in various food items. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of STEC in the Seattle ground beef supply. In addition, the relative amount of STEC contamination between stores was compared, and possible differences between types of ground beef based on fat content (9, 16, and 23\%) were investigated. A survey of Stx-I and/or Stx-II genes in fecal samples from cattle at a local slaughterhouse was also conducted. Of 296 ground beef samples tested from area retail grocery stores, 16.8\% were positive for the presence of the toxin genes. Our data showed that there was no statistically significant difference (P {\textbackslash}textgreater 0.05) in the prevalence of STEC between the ground beef samples of different fat contents and between grocery store chains. Of the 103 cattle fecal samples tested, 19 (18.4\%) were found positive for the presence of Stx-I and/or Stx-II genes. The presence of a rather high percentage of STEC in the food supply in the absence of large number of cases suggests that not all STEC lineages are pathogenic for humans.}, author = {Samadpour, M and Kubler, M and Buck, F C and Depavia, G A and Mazengia, E and Stewart, J and Yang, P and Alfi, D} } @article {8124, title = {{Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ground beef and cattle feces from King County, Washington}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {1322{\textendash}1325}, edition = {2002/08/17}, abstract = {Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is increasingly recognized as a common cause of diarrhea. STEC infection is a major public health threat because of its ability to cause serious and potentially life-threatening illnesses. The main reservoirs of STEC are believed to be the intestinal tracts of animals. Several studies have investigated the prevalence of STEC in various food items. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of STEC in the Seattle ground beef supply. In addition, the relative amount of STEC contamination between stores was compared, and possible differences between types of ground beef based on fat content (9, 16, and 23{\%}) were investigated. A survey of Stx-I and/or Stx-II genes in fecal samples from cattle at a local slaughterhouse was also conducted. Of 296 ground beef samples tested from area retail grocery stores, 16.8{\%} were positive for the presence of the toxin genes. Our data showed that there was no statistically significant difference (P {\textgreater} 0.05) in the prevalence of STEC between the ground beef samples of different fat contents and between grocery store chains. Of the 103 cattle fecal samples tested, 19 (18.4{\%}) were found positive for the presence of Stx-I and/or Stx-II genes. The presence of a rather high percentage of STEC in the food supply in the absence of large number of cases suggests that not all STEC lineages are pathogenic for humans.}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Samadpour, M and Kubler, M and Buck, F C and Depavia, G A and Mazengia, E and Stewart, J and Yang, P and Alfi, D} } @article {2393, title = {{Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ground beef and cattle feces from King County, Washington}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {1322{\textendash}1325}, edition = {2002/08/17}, abstract = {Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is increasingly recognized as a common cause of diarrhea. STEC infection is a major public health threat because of its ability to cause serious and potentially life-threatening illnesses. The main reservoirs of STEC are believed to be the intestinal tracts of animals. Several studies have investigated the prevalence of STEC in various food items. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of STEC in the Seattle ground beef supply. In addition, the relative amount of STEC contamination between stores was compared, and possible differences between types of ground beef based on fat content (9, 16, and 23\%) were investigated. A survey of Stx-I and/or Stx-II genes in fecal samples from cattle at a local slaughterhouse was also conducted. Of 296 ground beef samples tested from area retail grocery stores, 16.8\% were positive for the presence of the toxin genes. Our data showed that there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the prevalence of STEC between the ground beef samples of different fat contents and between grocery store chains. Of the 103 cattle fecal samples tested, 19 (18.4\%) were found positive for the presence of Stx-I and/or Stx-II genes. The presence of a rather high percentage of STEC in the food supply in the absence of large number of cases suggests that not all STEC lineages are pathogenic for humans.}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Samadpour, M and Kubler, M and Buck, F C and Depavia, G A and Mazengia, E and Stewart, J and Yang, P and Alfi, D} } @article {14834, title = {Prevalence of {Shiga} toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli in ground beef and cattle feces from {King} {County}, {Washington}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {1322{\textendash}1325}, abstract = {Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is increasingly recognized as a common cause of diarrhea. STEC infection is a major public health threat because of its ability to cause serious and potentially life-threatening illnesses. The main reservoirs of STEC are believed to be the intestinal tracts of animals. Several studies have investigated the prevalence of STEC in various food items. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of STEC in the Seattle ground beef supply. In addition, the relative amount of STEC contamination between stores was compared, and possible differences between types of ground beef based on fat content (9, 16, and 23\%) were investigated. A survey of Stx-I and/or Stx-II genes in fecal samples from cattle at a local slaughterhouse was also conducted. Of 296 ground beef samples tested from area retail grocery stores, 16.8\% were positive for the presence of the toxin genes. Our data showed that there was no statistically significant difference (P {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater 0.05) in the prevalence of STEC between the ground beef samples of different fat contents and between grocery store chains. Of the 103 cattle fecal samples tested, 19 (18.4\%) were found positive for the presence of Stx-I and/or Stx-II genes. The presence of a rather high percentage of STEC in the food supply in the absence of large number of cases suggests that not all STEC lineages are pathogenic for humans.}, author = {Samadpour, M and Kubler, M and Buck, F C and Depavia, G A and Mazengia, E and Stewart, J and Yang, P and Alfi, D} } @article {14261, title = {Prevalence of verotoxin-producing {Escherichia} coli ({VTEC}) in slurry, farmyard manure and sewage sludge in {France}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {473{\textendash}478}, abstract = {AIMS: The aims of the present study were to determine VTEC prevalence in manure, slurry and sewage sludge in France and to characterize the VTEC strains isolated (virulence genes and serotype). METHODS AND RESULTS: Seven hundred and fifty-two samples from 55 farmyard manures, 136 bovine and porcine faeces, 114 slurries, 10 composts, and 437 samples from outflows of sewage wastewater treatment plants were analysed. Twenty-four percent contained isolates which were PCR positive for stx gene. Twenty-one VTEC strains were recovered from positive samples by colony hybridization: 76\% of them were positive for stx(2) gene, 33\% for stx(1) gene,and 19\% for eae gene. One strain belonged to serotype O157:H7 and two others to serogroups O26 and O55, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Some of the VTEC strains isolated from environments in France should be considered as potentially pathogenic for humans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Appropriate handling or use of manure, slurry and sewage sludge is necessary so that contamination of the environment and food by VTEC can be prevented.}, doi = {1706 [pii]}, author = {Vernozy-Rozand, C and Montet, M P and Lequerrec, F and Serillon, E and Tilly, B and Bavai, C and Ray-Gueniot, S and Bouvet, J and Mazuy-Cruchaudet, C and Richard, Y} } @article {2447, title = {{Prevalence of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in slurry, farmyard manure and sewage sludge in France}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {473{\textendash}478}, edition = {2002/08/14}, abstract = {AIMS: The aims of the present study were to determine VTEC prevalence in manure, slurry and sewage sludge in France and to characterize the VTEC strains isolated (virulence genes and serotype). METHODS AND RESULTS: Seven hundred and fifty-two samples from 55 farmyard manures, 136 bovine and porcine faeces, 114 slurries, 10 composts, and 437 samples from outflows of sewage wastewater treatment plants were analysed. Twenty-four percent contained isolates which were PCR positive for stx gene. Twenty-one VTEC strains were recovered from positive samples by colony hybridization: 76\% of them were positive for stx(2) gene, 33\% for stx(1) gene,and 19\% for eae gene. One strain belonged to serotype O157:H7 and two others to serogroups O26 and O55, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Some of the VTEC strains isolated from environments in France should be considered as potentially pathogenic for humans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Appropriate handling or use of manure, slurry and sewage sludge is necessary so that contamination of the environment and food by VTEC can be prevented.}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {1706 [pii]}, author = {Vernozy-Rozand, C and Montet, M P and Lequerrec, F and Serillon, E and Tilly, B and Bavai, C and Ray-Gueniot, S and Bouvet, J and Mazuy-Cruchaudet, C and Richard, Y} } @article {8158, title = {{Prevalence of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in slurry, farmyard manure and sewage sludge in France}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {93}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {473{\textendash}478}, edition = {2002/08/14}, abstract = {AIMS: The aims of the present study were to determine VTEC prevalence in manure, slurry and sewage sludge in France and to characterize the VTEC strains isolated (virulence genes and serotype). METHODS AND RESULTS: Seven hundred and fifty-two samples from 55 farmyard manures, 136 bovine and porcine faeces, 114 slurries, 10 composts, and 437 samples from outflows of sewage wastewater treatment plants were analysed. Twenty-four percent contained isolates which were PCR positive for stx gene. Twenty-one VTEC strains were recovered from positive samples by colony hybridization: 76{\%} of them were positive for stx(2) gene, 33{\%} for stx(1) gene,and 19{\%} for eae gene. One strain belonged to serotype O157:H7 and two others to serogroups O26 and O55, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Some of the VTEC strains isolated from environments in France should be considered as potentially pathogenic for humans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Appropriate handling or use of manure, slurry and sewage sludge is necessary so that contamination of the environment and food by VTEC can be prevented.}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, doi = {1706 [pii]}, author = {Vernozy-Rozand, C and Montet, M P and Lequerrec, F and Serillon, E and Tilly, B and Bavai, C and Ray-Gueniot, S and Bouvet, J and Mazuy-Cruchaudet, C and Richard, Y} } @article {6037, title = {Processes in microbial transport in the natural subsurface}, journal = {Advances in Water Resources}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {1017{\textendash}1042}, author = {Ginn, Timothy R and Wood, Brian D and Nelson, Kirk E and Scheibe, Timothy D and Murphy, Ellyn M and Prabhakar T Clement} } @article {12818, title = {Public Health Image Library - PHIL 3424}, year = {2002}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, url = {https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=3424~~}, author = {da Silva, A.J. and Moser, M.} } @article {8886, title = {Pulsed high voltage electric discharge disinfection of microbially contaminated liquids}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {90-94}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1472-765X}, author = {Anpilov, AM and Barkhudarov, EM and Christofi, N and Kop{\textquoteright}ev, VA and Kossyi, IA and Taktakishvili, MI and Zadiraka, Yu} } @article {2376, title = {{Rapid detection of Shigella species in environmental sewage by an immunocapture PCR with universal primers}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {68}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, pages = {2580{\textendash}2583}, edition = {2002/04/27}, abstract = {In the present study, we developed a quick, highly specific method for detection of Shigella species by combining immunocapturing of the bacteria and a universal primer PCR. The method drastically enhances test sensitivity, and it can be used not only for identification of Shigella species in the environment but also for rapid detection of other pathogens.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Peng, X and Luo, W and Zhang, J and Wang, S and Lin, S} } @article {14186, title = {Rapid detection of {Shigella} species in environmental sewage by an immunocapture {PCR} with universal primers}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {68}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, pages = {2580{\textendash}2583}, abstract = {In the present study, we developed a quick, highly specific method for detection of Shigella species by combining immunocapturing of the bacteria and a universal primer PCR. The method drastically enhances test sensitivity, and it can be used not only for identification of Shigella species in the environment but also for rapid detection of other pathogens.}, author = {Peng, X and Luo, W and Zhang, J and Wang, S and Lin, S} } @article {10676, title = {{Rapid detection of six types of bacterial pathogens in marine waters by multiplex PCR}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, year = {2002}, pages = {2802{\textendash}2812}, author = {Kong, RYC and Lee, SKY and Law, TWF and Law, SHW and Wu, RSS} } @article {7646, title = {Rapid PCR using nested primers of the 16S rRNA and the hippuricase (hipO) genes to detect Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in environmental samples}, journal = {Molecular and Cellular Probes}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, note = {Oct; Rapid PCR using nested primers of the 16S rRNA and the hippuricase (hipO) genes to detect Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in environmental samples; ISI:000179621600006; ID: 268}, pages = {359-369}, author = {Bang,D. D. and Wedderkopp,A. and Pedersen,K. and Madsen,M.} } @article {17192, title = {Real-time PCR detection of Salmonella in suspect foods from a gastroenteritis outbreak in Kerr County, Texas}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiologyJournal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {3050-3052}, isbn = {0095-1137}, author = {Daum, Luke T and Barnes, William J and McAvin, James C and Neidert, Margaret S and Cooper, Lynn A and Huff, William B and Gaul, Linda and Riggins, WS and Morris, Sandra and Salmen, Ann} } @article {9207, title = {{Real-Time PCR for Detection and Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in Fecal Samples}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {12}, year = {2002}, pages = {4413{\textendash}4417}, author = {Blessmann, J and Buss, H and Nu, PAT and Dinh, BT and Ngo, QTV and Van, AL and Alla, MDA and Jackson, TFHG and Ravdin, JI and Tannich, E} } @article {10316, title = {Rearing methods for the black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {695{\textendash}698}, author = {Sheppard, DC and Tomberlin, Jeffery K and Joyce, John A and Kiser, Barbara C and Sumner, Sonya M} } @article {9888, title = {{Recent advances in Blastocystis hominis research: hot spots in terra incognita}}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {32}, year = {2002}, pages = {789{\textendash}804}, author = {Tan, KSW and Singh, M and Yap, EH} } @mastersthesis {6371, title = {The reduction of milkhouse washwater on dairy farms}, year = {2002}, note = {MQ75462}, school = {Dalhousie University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In order for dairy farms to produce high quality milk, it is customary to clean the milking system using chemicals and a large volume of water after each milking. The dairy industry is a key part of agriculture in the Maritimes and is facing increasing concerns on impacts to the environment. Producers are faced with meeting environmental guidelines and ensuring proper handling and treatment of waste products. This study used a unique pilot milking system to test alternative wash practices while following the standard cleaning cycles to conserve water, chemicals and energy. The alternative methods included: recycling of the detergent and acid solutions and the reuse of wash solutions for multiple cycles. The recycle method reduced total water use by 45\%, chemical use by 64\% and energy use by 48\%. The reuse method reduced total water use by 45\%, and energy use by 45\%. This will result in a cost saving to the farms and less waste produced to be treated or released to the environment. The evaluation procedure included: collecting and analysing milk samples for bacterial counts, and inner pipeline surface measurements of bacterial counts and ATP levels. Testing was done at the beginning, midpoint and endpoint of the pipeline, so an entire pipeline surface analysis of the alternative cleaning methods could be carried out. The alternative wash strategies (Recycle and Reuse) showed no significant difference in sanitation levels when compared to the standard wash practices. This showed promise for the reduction of washwater generated from the cleaning of pipeline milkings systems. Which inturn will lower the environmental impact from the dairy industry.}, keywords = {0539:Agricultural engineering, Agricultural engineering, Applied sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305467066?accountid=14270}, author = {Dillman, Trevor R} } @mastersthesis {6338, title = {The relationship between participation and project outcomes: {A} study of rural drinking water projects in {India}}, year = {2002}, note = {3047056}, school = {The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation strives to answer some persistent questions about the relationship between participation and project outcomes in the drinking water sector. While the earlier literature has shown that there is a relationship, it is unclear precisely how this relationship operates. For instance, how important is it who participates? What type of participation leads to improved project outcomes? What features of a local user committee lead to better projects? To answer these questions, two World Bank-assisted water and sanitation projects in India were studied. These projects, in the state of Karnataka and the state of Uttar Pradesh, emphasized the role of community involvement and the importance of representative user committees. Both household and village level data were collected in a total of 45 project villages. These data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. In both the projects, women{\textquoteright}s participation remained at quite low levels with women never taking active leadership roles. At the levels of women{\textquoteright}s participation observed, there was no statistical relationship between women{\textquoteright}s involvement and levels of project effectiveness. Project effectiveness was measured in a variety of ways, including household satisfaction and more objective indicators of the project{\textquoteright}s operation. While women{\textquoteright}s participation did not improve project outcomes, it was found that women became more empowered as a result of their involvement. As the percentage of households in a village that contributed to the initial start-up costs increased, the overall levels of satisfaction increased. However, the percentage of households contributing did not have a statistically significant relationship with levels of water improvements. More active types of participation, as measured by meeting attendance and involvement in key decisions, were significant determinants of both household satisfaction and overall project effectiveness. It was found that villages with higher levels of social capital had better functioning committees in terms of higher levels of transparency and greater participation. Committees with higher levels of transparency had higher levels of tariff payment than their counterparts.}, keywords = {0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Area planning \& development, Drinking water projects, India, Participation, Rural development, Social sciences, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/276269285?accountid=14270}, author = {Prokopy, Linda Stalker} } @article {9051, title = {{Release of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from dairy calf manure: Impact of solution salinity}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {36}, number = {18}, year = {2002}, pages = {3916{\textendash}3923}, abstract = {Studies were initiated to determine the release behavior of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from dairy calf manure to waters of various salinities. Experiments were conducted by sprinkling a particular aqueous solution over a manure disk and collecting the runoff water. Effluent concentrations of manure and (oo)cysts were initially several orders of magnitude below their starting concentration in the manure, after continued application of water the concentrations gradually decreased, and then exhibited persistent concentration tailing. Solution salinity significantly affected the shape and magnitude of the manure and (oo)cyst concentration curves. Increases in solution salinity tended to decrease the manure and (oo)cyst concentrations at a particular time. This was attributed to a stabilization of manure by compression of the double layer thickness between negatively charged components of the manure phase. Calculated release efficiencies of the (oo)cysts (relative to manure release) also decreased with increasing solution salinity. Experimental observations indicate that onlythe surface layer of manure was depleted of finer manure materials and (oo)cysts and that the manure will act as a long-term source of contamination. A conceptual model to describe and predict manure and (oo)cyst release rates and cumulative loading for the various solution salinities was proposed and applied to the experimental data. The calibrated model yielded a reasonable description of the experimental results.}, author = {Bradford, Scott A. and Schijven, Jack} } @article {4234, title = {{Removal and inactivation of indicator bacteriophages in fresh waters.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, month = {jan}, pages = {338{\textendash}47}, abstract = {

AIMS: The removal and inactivation of faecal coliform (FC) bacteria, enterococci (ENT), sulphite-reducing clostridia (SRC), somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis in fresh waters. METHODS AND RESULTS: Removal was studied in two areas of a river. The results showed different removal of each group of microbes. Faecal coliform bacteria were removed faster than any other, whereas SRC and bacteriophages infecting Bact. fragilis were the most persistent. Inactivation was measured by \&$\#$39;in situ\&$\#$39; experiments, which showed significant differences in survival of the different groups of bacterial and bacteriophage indicators. The SRC and bacteriophages were more resistant than faecal coliforms and enterococci, with the exception of F-specific RNA bacteriophages in the summer. Inactivation experiments with pure cultures of bacteriophages confirmed that phage B40-8 of Bact. fragilis was the most resistant. CONCLUSIONS: Bacteria and bacteriophages show different resistance to natural inactivation. The use of phages allows information to be obtained in addition to that provided by bacterial indicators. Somatic coliphages and phages infecting Bact. fragilis might supply that indicator function. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Confirmation was obtained that bacteriophages provided additional information to that provided by bacterial indicators to monitor the natural inactivation of viruses and/or pathogens.

}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteria: virology, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: growth {\&} development, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteriophages: ultrastructure, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11849363}, author = {Dur{\'a}n, A E and Muniesa, M and M{\'e}ndez, X and Valero, F and Lucena, F and Jofre, J} } @article {16305, title = {{Removal and inactivation of indicator bacteriophages in fresh waters.}}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {338{\textendash}47}, abstract = {AIMS The removal and inactivation of faecal coliform (FC) bacteria, enterococci (ENT), sulphite-reducing clostridia (SRC), somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis in fresh waters. METHODS AND RESULTS Removal was studied in two areas of a river. The results showed different removal of each group of microbes. Faecal coliform bacteria were removed faster than any other, whereas SRC and bacteriophages infecting Bact. fragilis were the most persistent. Inactivation was measured by {\textquoteright}in situ{\textquoteright} experiments, which showed significant differences in survival of the different groups of bacterial and bacteriophage indicators. The SRC and bacteriophages were more resistant than faecal coliforms and enterococci, with the exception of F-specific RNA bacteriophages in the summer. Inactivation experiments with pure cultures of bacteriophages confirmed that phage B40-8 of Bact. fragilis was the most resistant. CONCLUSIONS Bacteria and bacteriophages show different resistance to natural inactivation. The use of phages allows information to be obtained in addition to that provided by bacterial indicators. Somatic coliphages and phages infecting Bact. fragilis might supply that indicator function. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Confirmation was obtained that bacteriophages provided additional information to that provided by bacterial indicators to monitor the natural inactivation of viruses and/or pathogens.}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11849363}, author = {Dur{\'a}n, A E and Muniesa, M and M{\'e}ndez, X and Valero, F and Lucena, F and Jofre, J} } @article {4218, title = {{Removal of bacterial and viral faecal indicator organisms in a waste stabilization pond system in Choconta, Cundinamarca (Colombia).}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, month = {jan}, pages = {61{\textendash}6}, abstract = {

A major objective for domestic wastewater treatment using waste stabilization pond systems is the removal of pathogenic microorganisms. Traditional evaluation parameters for faecal contamination are the total and faecal coliforms. However, epidemiological studies, environmental resistance and the behaviour in the treatment systems, show that viruses are an important disease agent and even more resistant to disinfection than bacteria. Therefore, it is important to introduce viruses as a faecal indicator and to compare them with the traditional bacterial indicators. A waste stabilization pond system was evaluated in the municipality of Chocont\á, Cundinamarca (Colombia), for the removal of faecal indicators (such as Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens) and viruses like F+, somatic and Bacteroides fragilis phages. The system includes two facultative ponds in series with a flow of 1555 m3/day. Samples were collected at the entrance of the system, in the two ponds and from the final effluent. Results show a decrease between 0.3 and 4.7 logarithmic units in the bacterial indicators and between 1 and 4.6 logarithmic units with viral indicators.

}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Colombia, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental monitoring, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Population Dynamics, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Movements, Water Purification, Water Purification: methods}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11833732}, author = {Campos, C and Guerrero, A and C{\'a}rdenas, M} } @article {17002, title = {Removal of bacterial and viral faecal indicator organisms in a waste stabilization pond system in Choconta, Cundinamarca (Colombia)}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {61{\textendash}66}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Campos, C and Guerrero, A and C{\'a}rdenas, M} } @article {13524, title = {A review on fascioliasis in Egypt}, journal = {J Egypt Soc Parasitol.}, volume = {32}, year = {2002}, pages = {317-354}, author = {Haseeb, A. N. and El Shazly, A.M., Arafa, M.A.S. and Morsy, A.T.A.} } @article {7405, title = {Risk and control of waterborne cryptosporidiosis}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {113{\textendash}123}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00604.x/full}, author = {Rose, Joan B. and Huffman, Debra E. and Gennaccaro, Angela} } @article {4843, title = {{A risk assessment of emerging pathogens of concern in the land application of biosolids}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, year = {2002}, pages = {224{\textendash}230}, author = {C P Gerba and I L Pepper and Whitehead, LF} } @article {1231, title = {A risk assessment of emerging pathogens of concern in the land application of biosolids}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {46}, number = {10}, year = {2002}, note = {Gerba, C P Pepper, I L Whitehead, L F 3rd England Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research Water Sci Technol. 2002;46(10):225-30.}, pages = {225-30}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Since the development of the United States Environmental Protection Agency{\textquoteright}s 503 biosolids Rule, which includes treatment requirements to reduce the threat of pathogen transmission, many new pathogens have been recognized which could be transmitted by biosolids. A risk analysis was performed assess which emerging pathogens would be most likely to survive treatments required for Class B biosolids before land application. The literature was reviewed on the resistance of emerging pathogens to temperature and other environmental factors to assess their probability of surviving various biosolids treatment processes. In addition existing information on occurrence in biosolids and dose response models for each pathogen was reviewed. It was concluded that adenoviruses and hepatitis A virus are the most thermally resistant viruses and can survive for prolonged periods in the environment. The protozoan parasites microsporidia and Cyclospora were unlikely to survive the temperatures achieved in anaerobic digestion and do not survive well under low moisture conditions. A risk model was used to assess the risk of infection and illness from enteric viruses after application of class B biosolids.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Bacteria, Anaerobic/physiology Bioreactors Cyclospora/ isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Hepatitis A virus/isolation \& purification Models, Theoretical Risk Assessment Sewage/chemistry/ microbiology Survival Temperature}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Pepper, I. L. and Whitehead, L. F., 3rd} } @article {4785, title = {{Safranin staining of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts not requiring microwave heating}}, journal = {British Journal of Biomedical Science}, volume = {59}, year = {2002}, pages = {114{\textendash}115}, author = {Maratim, AC and Kamar, KK and Ngindu, A and Akoru, CN and Diero, L and Sidle, J} } @mastersthesis {7177, title = {Scaling relations from scale model experiments on equilibrium accretionary beach profiles}, year = {2002}, note = {3070605}, school = {Drexel University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Movable bed, scale model experiments were conducted at three length scales, 1/8.5, 1/10 and 1/11, in a 90 ft-long wave tank to study scale effect and equilibrium profile characteristics under sinusoidal, accreting wave action. Geometric similarity, deep water wave steepness, wave Froude number, densimetric Froude number, and particle Reynolds number were preserved by selecting the same sediment and fluid in the model and prototype. Wave height was measured with parallel-wire resistance gauges while a programmable wave generator with wave absorption capability produced waves. Placement of beach on a permeable frame simulated the natural groundwater. The equilibrium endpoint of a test was indicated by a relatively small net transport rate at all points and no significant change of the profile shape. Profile shapes and transport rates were expressed in dimensionless forms with the origin of coordinates at the equilibrium still water line. After an initial, relatively fast and large change, the net transport rate asymptotically decayed to equilibrium. The maximum transport rate occurred about when the initial foreshore slope was established. Net transport rate asymptotically varied offshore from the wave breakpoint. Equilibrium foreshore slope was about the same in the model and the prototype. Bottom roughness was distorted because of exaggerated bedforms. Near equilibrium, high {\textquoteright}reflection bars{\textquoteright} formed at the antinodes of a standing wave system, affecting the shoaling and local transport processes. Comparison of distinct features of the model and prototype equilibrium profiles indicates that the scale effects differ in four zones where the transport processes are significantly different. Assuming the same scale effect within each zone, empirically derived equations satisfactorily predict the prototype equilibrium profile. Profile prediction near the reflection bars is not satisfactory.}, keywords = {0373:Geophysics, 0543:Civil engineering, 0547:Ocean engineering, Accretionary, Applied sciences, Beach, Civil engineering, Coastal, Earth sciences, Geophysics, Ocean engineering, Scaling}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304803543?accountid=14270}, author = {Khan, Muhammad Shah Alam} } @article {15531, title = {Schistosomiasis}, journal = {N Engl J Med}, volume = {346}, number = {16}, year = {2002}, note = {1 P50 AI39461/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
Review
United States}, month = {Apr 18}, pages = {1212-20}, keywords = {*Artemisinins, *Schistosomiasis/complications/diagnosis/drug therapy/physiopathology, Animals, Drug Therapy, Combination, Feces/parasitology, Humans, Life Cycle Stages, Ovum/cytology/immunology, Praziquantel/*therapeutic use, Schistosoma/growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Schistosomicides/*therapeutic use, Sesquiterpenes/therapeutic use, Vaccines}, isbn = {1533-4406 (Electronic)
0028-4793 (Linking)}, author = {Ross, A. G. and Bartley, P. B. and Sleigh, A. C. and Olds, G. R. and Li, Y. and Williams, G. M. and McManus, D. P.} } @article {7794, title = {The Seasonal Distribution of Campylobacter Infection in Nine European Countries and New Zealand}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {128}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {383-390}, abstract = {

In all temperate countries campylobacter infection in humans follows a striking seasonal pattern, but little attention has been given to exploring the epidemiological explanations. In order to better characterize the seasonal patterns, data from nine European countries and New Zealand have been examined. Several European countries with weekly data available showed remarkably consistent seasonal patterns from year to year, with peaks in week 22 in Wales, week 26 in Scotland, week 32 in Denmark, week 30 in Finland and week 33 in Sweden. In Europe, the seasonal peak was most prominent in Finland and least prominent in Scotland and Austria. In New Zealand the seasonality was less consistent since the peak was more prolonged. Possible explanations for the seasonal peaks are discussed. Research into the causes of campylobacter seasonality should help considerably in elucidating the sources of human infection.

}, isbn = {09502688, 14694409}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3864737}, author = {Nylen,G. and Dunstan,F. and Palmer,S. R. and Andersson,Y. and Bager,F. and Cowden,J. and Feierl,G. and Galloway,Y. and Kapperud,G. and M{\'e}graud,F. and Molbak,K. and Petersen,L. R. and Ruutu,P.} } @article {3569, title = {Sensitive detection of {RNA} viruses associated with gastroenteritis by a hanging-drop single-tube nested reverse transcription-{PCR} method.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {11}, year = {2002}, pages = {4091{\textendash}4099}, author = {Ratcliff, RM and Doherty, JC and Higgins, GD} } @inbook {5047, title = {Septic tank systems}, booktitle = {Bitton G. Encyclopedia of environmental microbiology}, year = {2002}, pages = {2853{\textendash}2864}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons}, address = {New York, NY, USA }, author = {Butler, D and S R Smith} } @inbook {14503, title = {Septic tank systems.}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of environmental microbiology}, year = {2002}, pages = {2853 {\textendash} 2864.}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons}, address = {New York}, author = {Butler, D. and Smith, S. R.}, editor = {Bitton, G.} } @article {11348, title = {A sero-epidemiological study of bovine cysticercosis in Zambia}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {104}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {211-215}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-4017}, author = {Dorny, Pierre and Phiri, I and Gabriel, Sarah and Speybroeck, Niko and Vercruysse, Jozef} } @article {13017, title = {Sewer losses and interactions with groundwater quality}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {195{\textendash}202}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {John B Ellis and D M Revitt} } @article {15135, title = {Sewer losses and interactions with groundwater quality}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {195{\textendash}202}, author = {John B Ellis and D M Revitt} } @article {15254, title = {Shedding of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in dairy cattle housed in a confined environment following waterborne inoculation}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, month = {apr}, pages = {1947{\textendash}1954}, abstract = {A study of Escherichia coli O157:H7 transmission and shedding was conducted with bull calves housed in individual pens within a confined environment. For comparative purposes, the numbers and duration of E. coli O157:H7 shedding in naturally infected calves were monitored after a single purchased calf (calf 156) tested positive prior to inoculation. During the next 8 days, the calves in adjacent pens and a pen directly across a walkway from calf 156 began to shed this serotype O157:H7 strain. Five of the eight calves in this room shed this O157:H7 strain at some time during the following 8 weeks. The numbers of E. coli O157:H7 isolates shed in these calves varied from 60 to 10(5) CFU/g of feces, and the duration of shedding ranged from 17 to {\textbackslash}textgreater31 days. The genomic DNAs from isolates recovered from these calves were indistinguishable when compared by using XbaI digestion and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Inoculation of calves with 1 liter of water containing ca. 10(3) to 10(4) CFU of E. coli O157:H7/ml resulted in shedding in 10 of 12 calves (trial 1, 4 of 4 calves; trial 2, 6 of 8 calves). The inoculated calves shed the inoculation strain (FRIK 1275) as early as 24 h after administration. The duration of shedding varied from 18 to {\textbackslash}textgreater43 days at levels from 10(2) to 10(6) CFU/g of feces. The numbers of doses necessary to initiate shedding varied among calves, and two calves in trial 2 never shed FRIK 1275 after four doses (ca. 10(6) CFU per dose). Results from this study confirm previous reports of animal-to-animal and waterborne dissemination of E. coli O157:H7 and highlight the need for an effective water treatment to reduce the spread of this pathogen in cattle.}, keywords = {Animal, Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, Cattle Diseases: transmission, Colony Count, Dairying, E.coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: classification, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Housing, Microbial}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.4.1947-1954.2002}, author = {Shere, J. A. and Kaspar, C. W. and Bartlett, K. J. and Linden, S. E. and Norell, B. and Francey, S. and Schaefer, D. M.} } @article {13672, title = {{Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy cattle housed in a confined environment following waterborne inoculation}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, month = {apr}, pages = {1947{\textendash}1954}, abstract = {A study of Escherichia coli O157:H7 transmission and shedding was conducted with bull calves housed in individual pens within a confined environment. For comparative purposes, the numbers and duration of E. coli O157:H7 shedding in naturally infected calves were monitored after a single purchased calf (calf 156) tested positive prior to inoculation. During the next 8 days, the calves in adjacent pens and a pen directly across a walkway from calf 156 began to shed this serotype O157:H7 strain. Five of the eight calves in this room shed this O157:H7 strain at some time during the following 8 weeks. The numbers of E. coli O157:H7 isolates shed in these calves varied from 60 to 10(5) CFU/g of feces, and the duration of shedding ranged from 17 to {\textgreater}31 days. The genomic DNAs from isolates recovered from these calves were indistinguishable when compared by using XbaI digestion and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Inoculation of calves with 1 liter of water containing ca. 10(3) to 10(4) CFU of E. coli O157:H7/ml resulted in shedding in 10 of 12 calves (trial 1, 4 of 4 calves; trial 2, 6 of 8 calves). The inoculated calves shed the inoculation strain (FRIK 1275) as early as 24 h after administration. The duration of shedding varied from 18 to {\textgreater}43 days at levels from 10(2) to 10(6) CFU/g of feces. The numbers of doses necessary to initiate shedding varied among calves, and two calves in trial 2 never shed FRIK 1275 after four doses (ca. 10(6) CFU per dose). Results from this study confirm previous reports of animal-to-animal and waterborne dissemination of E. coli O157:H7 and highlight the need for an effective water treatment to reduce the spread of this pathogen in cattle.}, keywords = {Animal, Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, Cattle Diseases: transmission, Colony Count, Dairying, E.coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: classification, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Housing, Microbial}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.4.1947-1954.2002}, author = {Shere, J. A. and Kaspar, C. W. and Bartlett, K. J. and Linden, S. E. and Norell, B. and Francey, S. and Schaefer, D. M.} } @article {14706, title = {Simultaneous detection and identification of hepatitis {A} virus and rotavirus by multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification ({NASBA}) and microtiter plate hybridization system}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {105}, year = {2002}, month = {aug}, pages = {123{\textendash}32}, abstract = {Human rotavirus and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are two of the most common causes of virus-mediated food-borne illness. Epidemiological investigations of outbreaks associated with these viruses have been hindered by the lack of available methods for their detection in foodstuffs. In this study, a multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) system was developed to detect specifically and simultaneously human rotavirus and HAV. Two sets of primers selected from published nucleic acid sequences were used in the NASBA mixture to amplify viral RNA from both viruses. Denaturing gel electrophoresis revealed two distinct RNA products with 268 and 474 nucleotides amplified from rotavirus and HAV, respectively. The specificity of the multiplex NASBA was confirmed by a microtiter plate hybridization and detection system and by Northern blot analysis using specific oligonucleotide probes. The presence of non-homologous nucleic acid and non-target microorganisms did not have any effect on the specificity of the multiplex NASBA. Using the optimized NASBA and microtiter plate hybridization conditions, as little as 400 PFU ml x (-1) of HAV and 40 PFU ml x (-1) of rotavirus were detected. The multiplex NASBA system offers advantages over monoplex virus detection systems in terms of turnaround time and cost-effectiveness.}, keywords = {*Self-Sustained Sequence Replication, Biotinylation, Gastroenteritis/*virology, Hepatitis, Hepatitis A virus, Human/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Human/virology, Humans, Nucleic Acid Hybridization/*methods, RNA, Rotavirus Infections/virology, Rotavirus/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral, Viral/analysis}, issn = {0166-0934 (Print) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, author = {Jean, J. and Blais, B. and Darveau, A. and Fliss, I.} } @article {14997, title = {Simultaneous detection and identification of hepatitis {A} virus and rotavirus by multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification ({NASBA}) and microtiter plate hybridization system}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {105}, year = {2002}, month = {aug}, pages = {123{\textendash}32}, abstract = {Human rotavirus and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are two of the most common causes of virus-mediated food-borne illness. Epidemiological investigations of outbreaks associated with these viruses have been hindered by the lack of available methods for their detection in foodstuffs. In this study, a multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) system was developed to detect specifically and simultaneously human rotavirus and HAV. Two sets of primers selected from published nucleic acid sequences were used in the NASBA mixture to amplify viral RNA from both viruses. Denaturing gel electrophoresis revealed two distinct RNA products with 268 and 474 nucleotides amplified from rotavirus and HAV, respectively. The specificity of the multiplex NASBA was confirmed by a microtiter plate hybridization and detection system and by Northern blot analysis using specific oligonucleotide probes. The presence of non-homologous nucleic acid and non-target microorganisms did not have any effect on the specificity of the multiplex NASBA. Using the optimized NASBA and microtiter plate hybridization conditions, as little as 400 PFU ml x (-1) of HAV and 40 PFU ml x (-1) of rotavirus were detected. The multiplex NASBA system offers advantages over monoplex virus detection systems in terms of turnaround time and cost-effectiveness.}, keywords = {*Self-Sustained Sequence Replication, Biotinylation, Gastroenteritis/*virology, Hepatitis, Hepatitis A virus, Human/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Human/virology, Humans, Nucleic Acid Hybridization/*methods, RNA, Rotavirus Infections/virology, Rotavirus/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral, Viral/analysis}, issn = {0166-0934 (Print) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, author = {Jean, J. and Blais, B. and Darveau, A. and Fliss, I.} } @article {5704, title = {{Simultaneous Detection and Identification of Hepatitis A Virus and Rotavirus by Multiplex Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification (NASBA) and Microtiter Plate Hybridization System}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {123{\textendash}132}, author = {Jean, J and Blais, B and Darveau, A and Fliss, I} } @article {1641, title = {Simultaneous detection and identification of hepatitis A virus and rotavirus by multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) and microtiter plate hybridization system}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, note = {Jean, Julie Blais, Burton Darveau, Andre Fliss, Ismail eng Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Netherlands 2002/08/15 10:00 J Virol Methods. 2002 Aug;105(1):123-32.}, pages = {123-32}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human rotavirus and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are two of the most common causes of virus-mediated food-borne illness. Epidemiological investigations of outbreaks associated with these viruses have been hindered by the lack of available methods for their detection in foodstuffs. In this study, a multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) system was developed to detect specifically and simultaneously human rotavirus and HAV. Two sets of primers selected from published nucleic acid sequences were used in the NASBA mixture to amplify viral RNA from both viruses. Denaturing gel electrophoresis revealed two distinct RNA products with 268 and 474 nucleotides amplified from rotavirus and HAV, respectively. The specificity of the multiplex NASBA was confirmed by a microtiter plate hybridization and detection system and by Northern blot analysis using specific oligonucleotide probes. The presence of non-homologous nucleic acid and non-target microorganisms did not have any effect on the specificity of the multiplex NASBA. Using the optimized NASBA and microtiter plate hybridization conditions, as little as 400 PFU ml x (-1) of HAV and 40 PFU ml x (-1) of rotavirus were detected. The multiplex NASBA system offers advantages over monoplex virus detection systems in terms of turnaround time and cost-effectiveness.}, keywords = {Biotinylation Gastroenteritis/*virology Hepatitis A Virus, Human/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Hepatitis, Human/virology Humans Nucleic Acid Hybridization/*methods RNA, Viral, Viral/analysis Rotavirus/*classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification Rotavirus Infections/virology *Self-Sustained Sequence Replication Sensitivity and Specificity}, issn = {0166-0934 (Print) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12176149}, author = {Jean, J. and Blais, B. and Darveau, A. and Fliss, I.} } @article {11863, title = {{Single-strand conformation polymorphism-based analysis reveals genetic variation within Spirometra erinacei (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) from Australia. Mol Cell Probes}}, journal = {Molecular and Cellular Probes}, volume = {16}, year = {2002}, pages = {159{\textendash}165}, doi = {10.1006/mcpr.2002.0406}, author = {Zhu, X and Beveridge, I and Berger, L and Barton, D and Gasser, R} } @article {13990, title = {Site-specific recombination with the chromosomal {tRNA}({Leu}) gene by the large conjugative {Haemophilus} resistance plasmid.}, journal = {Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, month = {may}, pages = {1602{\textendash}3}, abstract = {Characterization of the sequences involved in recombination of the Haemophilus plasmid p1056 with the Haemophilus influenzae chromosome produced evidence indicating site-specific recombination with chromosomal tRNA(Leu). attP sequences identical to those of p1056 were found in six plasmids of diverse origin, suggesting that a family of Haemophilus plasmids recombines with chromosomal tRNA(Leu).}, issn = {0066-4804}, doi = {10.1128/AAC.46.5.1602-1603.2002}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11959612 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC127194}, author = {Dimopoulou, Ioanna D and Russell, Joanne E and Mohd-Zain, Zaini and Herbert, Rebecca and Crook, Derrick W} } @article {7984, title = {{Site-specific recombination with the chromosomal tRNA(Leu) gene by the large conjugative Haemophilus resistance plasmid.}}, journal = {Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, month = {may}, pages = {1602{\textendash}3}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, abstract = {Characterization of the sequences involved in recombination of the Haemophilus plasmid p1056 with the Haemophilus influenzae chromosome produced evidence indicating site-specific recombination with chromosomal tRNA(Leu). attP sequences identical to those of p1056 were found in six plasmids of diverse origin, suggesting that a family of Haemophilus plasmids recombines with chromosomal tRNA(Leu).}, issn = {0066-4804}, doi = {10.1128/AAC.46.5.1602-1603.2002}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11959612 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC127194}, author = {Dimopoulou, Ioanna D and Russell, Joanne E and Mohd-Zain, Zaini and Herbert, Rebecca and Crook, Derrick W} } @article {11660, title = {{Sparganosis: a rare case of the oral cavity}}, journal = {Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine}, volume = {31}, number = {9}, year = {2002}, pages = {558{\textendash}560}, keywords = {2002, 21-year-old female who presented, 31, 558, 60, department of oral and, faculty of den-, j oral pathol med, maxillofacial surgery, oral sparganosis, spirometra spp, Thailand, the patient was a, to the}, issn = {0904-2512}, doi = {10.1034/j.1600-0714.2002.00051.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1034/j.1600-0714.2002.00051.x}, author = {Iamaroon, Anak and Sukontason, Kom and Sukontason, Kabkaew} } @mastersthesis {6521, title = {Spatial and temporal patterns in aquatic ecosystems: {Three} case studies}, year = {2002}, note = {3033237}, school = {The University of Wisconsin - Madison}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A central goal of aquatic ecology is understanding the factors that affect the relationships, distribution, and abundance of organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Freshwater ecosystems integrate the effects occurring within the water, the surrounding landscape, and the entire globe. These freshwater systems have importance for both the environment and human society as they provide numerous ecosystem and societal services. Using different techniques and approaches, I examined questions from three areas of freshwater ecology that are critical to our understanding of ecosystem functions that aquatic habitats provide. Each chapter takes advantage of natural variation in the environment and a long-term perspective to address questions of ecosystem and community ecology at different scales. The chapters characterize the development and maintenance of spatial and temporal patterns, and the ecological consequences of these patterns for system dynamics. The first study deals with zooplankton population dynamics in six lakes from the Northern Temperate Lakes LTER program. I found that in general zooplankton species display unique patterns or no distinct pattern in their population dynamics among different lakes. Population dynamics are likely primarily structured by internal processes unique to each lake. The second study examines the diet of smallmouth bass and yellow perch in Nebish Lake, WI and documents ontogenetic niche shifts that may affect interaction among the two species. This study illustrates the fact that although perch may serve as prey for smallmouth bass, the two species may be competing particularly during the first year of life. Furthermore, diet data showed strong evidence for benthic-pelagic coupling. In the final chapter I explored the potential for the importance of salmon nutrient subsidies to vary across watersheds with a range of alder coverage. I show that alder can make an important and significant contribution to the nitrogen pool in aquatic systems. While the nutrient contribution from salmon is clearly important, it must be considered in the broader ecosystem and landscape context. These topics represent different approaches and scales that are necessary for insight into the function of aquatic ecosystems.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0472:Zoology, Aquatic, Biological sciences, Ecology, Micropterus dolomieui, Perca flavescens, Zoology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/275862803?accountid=14270}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Keefe, Thomas Charles} } @article {7365, title = {Spatial patterns of diarrhoeal illnesses with regard to water supply structures{\textendash}a {GIS} analysis}, journal = {International journal of hygiene and environmental health}, volume = {205}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {183{\textendash}191}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463904701443}, author = {Dangendorf, Friederike and Herbst, Susanne and Reintjes, Ralf and Kistemann, Thomas} } @article {9285, title = {{Species-specific field testing of Entamoeba spp. in an area of high endemicity}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {96}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, pages = {521{\textendash}528}, author = {Heckendorn, F and N{\textquoteright}Goran, EK and Felger, I and Vounatsou, P and Yapi, A and Oettli, A and Marti, HP and Dobler, M and Traore, M and Lohourignon, KL and Lengeler, C} } @article {6218, title = {Sporadic cryptosporidiosis decline after membrane filtration of public water supplies, {England}, 1996{\textendash}2002}, journal = {Analysis}, year = {2002}, url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.449.2130\&rep=rep1\&type=pdf}, author = {Goh, Stella} } @article {13223, title = {Starvation survival and viable but nonculturable states in Aeromonas hydrophila}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {43}, year = {2002}, pages = {250-258}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-001-0046-4}, author = {Mary, P. and Chihib, N. E. and Charafeddine, O. and Defives, C. and Hornez, J. P.} } @article {4165, title = {{Structural and biochemical alterations in Giardia lamblia cysts exposed to ozone}}, journal = {J. Parasitol}, volume = {88}, year = {2002}, pages = {1100{\textendash}1106}, author = {Widmer, G and Clancy, T and Ward, HD and Miller, D and Batzer, GM and Pearson, CB and Bukhari, Z} } @article {5558, title = {{A summary of taxonomic changes recently approved by ICTV}}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {1{\textendash}2}, author = {Mayo, M A} } @article {8997, title = {Sunlight inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria and bacteriophages from waste stabilization pond effluent in fresh and saline waters}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {1122-1131}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC123754/pdf/1391.pdf}, author = {Sinton, Lester W. and Hall, Carollyn H. and Lynch, Philippa A. and Davies-Colley, Robert J.} } @article {10320, title = {Sunlight inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria and bacteriophages from waste stabilization pond effluent in fresh and saline waters}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {1122{\textendash}1131}, author = {Sinton, Lester W and Hall, Carollyn H and Lynch, Philippa A and Davies-Colley, Robert J} } @article {7446, title = {Sunlight {Inactivation} of {Fecal} {Indicator} {Bacteria} and {Bacteriophages} from {Waste} {Stabilization} {Pond} {Effluent} in {Fresh} and {Saline} {Waters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {1122{\textendash}1131}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.68.3.1122-1131.2002}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/AEM.68.3.1122-1131.2002}, author = {Sinton, L. W. and Hall, C. H. and Lynch, P. A. and Davies-Colley, R. J.} } @article {4340, title = {{Sunlight inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria and bacteriophages from waste stabilization pond effluent in fresh and saline waters.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {1122{\textendash}31}, abstract = {

Sunlight inactivation in fresh (river) water of fecal coliforms, enterococci, Escherichia coli, somatic coliphages, and F-RNA phages from waste stabilization pond (WSP) effluent was compared. Ten experiments were conducted outdoors in 300-liter chambers, held at 14C (mean river water temperature). Sunlight inactivation (k(S)) rates, as a function of cumulative global solar radiation (insolation), were all more than 10 times higher than the corresponding dark inactivation (k(D)) rates in enclosed (control) chambers. The overall k(S) ranking (from greatest to least inactivation) was as follows: enterococci {\textgreater} fecal coliforms greater-than-or-equal E. coli {\textgreater} somatic coliphages {\textgreater} F-RNA phages. In winter, fecal coliform and enterococci inactivation rates were similar but, in summer, enterococci were inactivated far more rapidly. In four experiments that included freshwater-raw sewage mixtures, enterococci survived longer than fecal coliforms (a pattern opposite to that observed with the WSP effluent), but there was little difference in phage inactivation between effluents. In two experiments which included simulated estuarine water and seawater, sunlight inactivation of all of the indicators increased with increasing salinity. Inactivation rates in freshwater, as seen under different optical filters, decreased with the increase in the spectral cutoff (50{\%} light transmission) wavelength. The enterococci and F-RNA phages were inactivated by a wide range of wavelengths, suggesting photooxidative damage. Inactivation of fecal coliforms and somatic coliphages was mainly by shorter (UV-B) wavelengths, a result consistent with photobiological damage. Fecal coliform repair mechanisms appear to be activated in WSPs, and the surviving cells exhibit greater sunlight resistance in natural waters than those from raw sewage. In contrast, enterococci appear to suffer photooxidative damage in WSPs, rendering them susceptible to further photooxidative damage after discharge. This suggests that they are unsuitable as indicators of WSP effluent discharges to natural waters. Although somatic coliphages are more sunlight resistant than the other indicators in seawater, F-RNA phages are the most resistant in freshwater, where they may thus better represent enteric virus survival.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteriophages: radiation effects, Biological Markers, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages: radiation effects, Colony Count, Darkness, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Enterobacteriaceae: radiation effects, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation {\&} purification, Enterococcus: radiation effects, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Fluid, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Humans, Microbial, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Sunlight, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=123754{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Sinton, Lester W and Hall, Carollyn H and Lynch, Philippa A and Davies-Colley, Robert J} } @article {14224, title = {Sunlight inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria and bacteriophages from waste stabilization pond effluent in fresh and saline waters.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {1122{\textendash}31}, abstract = {Sunlight inactivation in fresh (river) water of fecal coliforms, enterococci, Escherichia coli, somatic coliphages, and F-RNA phages from waste stabilization pond (WSP) effluent was compared. Ten experiments were conducted outdoors in 300-liter chambers, held at 14C (mean river water temperature). Sunlight inactivation (k(S)) rates, as a function of cumulative global solar radiation (insolation), were all more than 10 times higher than the corresponding dark inactivation (k(D)) rates in enclosed (control) chambers. The overall k(S) ranking (from greatest to least inactivation) was as follows: enterococci {\textbackslash}textgreater fecal coliforms greater-than-or-equal E. coli {\textbackslash}textgreater somatic coliphages {\textbackslash}textgreater F-RNA phages. In winter, fecal coliform and enterococci inactivation rates were similar but, in summer, enterococci were inactivated far more rapidly. In four experiments that included freshwater-raw sewage mixtures, enterococci survived longer than fecal coliforms (a pattern opposite to that observed with the WSP effluent), but there was little difference in phage inactivation between effluents. In two experiments which included simulated estuarine water and seawater, sunlight inactivation of all of the indicators increased with increasing salinity. Inactivation rates in freshwater, as seen under different optical filters, decreased with the increase in the spectral cutoff (50\% light transmission) wavelength. The enterococci and F-RNA phages were inactivated by a wide range of wavelengths, suggesting photooxidative damage. Inactivation of fecal coliforms and somatic coliphages was mainly by shorter (UV-B) wavelengths, a result consistent with photobiological damage. Fecal coliform repair mechanisms appear to be activated in WSPs, and the surviving cells exhibit greater sunlight resistance in natural waters than those from raw sewage. In contrast, enterococci appear to suffer photooxidative damage in WSPs, rendering them susceptible to further photooxidative damage after discharge. This suggests that they are unsuitable as indicators of WSP effluent discharges to natural waters. Although somatic coliphages are more sunlight resistant than the other indicators in seawater, F-RNA phages are the most resistant in freshwater, where they may thus better represent enteric virus survival.}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation \& purification, Bacteriophages: radiation effects, Biological Markers, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation \& purification, Coliphages: radiation effects, Colony Count, Darkness, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Enterobacteriaceae: radiation effects, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation \& purification, Enterococcus: radiation effects, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Fluid, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Humans, Microbial, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Sunlight, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=123754\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Sinton, Lester W and Hall, Carollyn H and Lynch, Philippa A and Davies-Colley, Robert J} } @article {14838, title = {Sunlight inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria and bacteriophages from waste stabilization pond effluent in fresh and saline waters.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {68}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {mar}, pages = {1122{\textendash}31}, abstract = {Sunlight inactivation in fresh (river) water of fecal coliforms, enterococci, Escherichia coli, somatic coliphages, and F-RNA phages from waste stabilization pond (WSP) effluent was compared. Ten experiments were conducted outdoors in 300-liter chambers, held at 14C (mean river water temperature). Sunlight inactivation (k(S)) rates, as a function of cumulative global solar radiation (insolation), were all more than 10 times higher than the corresponding dark inactivation (k(D)) rates in enclosed (control) chambers. The overall k(S) ranking (from greatest to least inactivation) was as follows: enterococci {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater fecal coliforms greater-than-or-equal E. coli {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater somatic coliphages {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater F-RNA phages. In winter, fecal coliform and enterococci inactivation rates were similar but, in summer, enterococci were inactivated far more rapidly. In four experiments that included freshwater-raw sewage mixtures, enterococci survived longer than fecal coliforms (a pattern opposite to that observed with the WSP effluent), but there was little difference in phage inactivation between effluents. In two experiments which included simulated estuarine water and seawater, sunlight inactivation of all of the indicators increased with increasing salinity. Inactivation rates in freshwater, as seen under different optical filters, decreased with the increase in the spectral cutoff (50\% light transmission) wavelength. The enterococci and F-RNA phages were inactivated by a wide range of wavelengths, suggesting photooxidative damage. Inactivation of fecal coliforms and somatic coliphages was mainly by shorter (UV-B) wavelengths, a result consistent with photobiological damage. Fecal coliform repair mechanisms appear to be activated in WSPs, and the surviving cells exhibit greater sunlight resistance in natural waters than those from raw sewage. In contrast, enterococci appear to suffer photooxidative damage in WSPs, rendering them susceptible to further photooxidative damage after discharge. This suggests that they are unsuitable as indicators of WSP effluent discharges to natural waters. Although somatic coliphages are more sunlight resistant than the other indicators in seawater, F-RNA phages are the most resistant in freshwater, where they may thus better represent enteric virus survival.}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation \& purification, Bacteriophages: radiation effects, Biological Markers, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation \& purification, Coliphages: radiation effects, Colony Count, Darkness, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Enterobacteriaceae: radiation effects, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation \& purification, Enterococcus: radiation effects, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Fluid, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Humans, Microbial, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Sunlight, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=123754\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Sinton, Lester W and Hall, Carollyn H and Lynch, Philippa A and Davies-Colley, Robert J} } @article {14603, title = {Sunlight inactivation of human enteric viruses and fecal bacteria}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {46}, year = {2002}, pages = {291{\textendash}5}, abstract = {Three human enteric viruses (poliovirus, echovirus, coxsackievirus) suspended in seawater or buffer were stable for 6 hr in the absence of sunlight but were inactivated at the same rate in the presence of sunlight. Under summer sunlight conditions, at least 3 logs of these viruses were inactivated by one-hit kinetics while under winter sunlight conditions only 1 log of these viruses was inactivated by two-hit kinetics. Under these same conditions, 6 logs of E. coli were inactivated within 1 hr by one-hit kinetics under summer and winter conditions. In comparison, E. faecalis was inactivated by two-hit kinetics and only 2.5 logs of inactivation were observed after 4 hr of exposure to winter sunlight. Since human enteric viruses are considerably more resistant to sunlight inactivation than E. coli and moderately more resistant than E. faecalis, marine recreational water quality standards should be based on concentrations of enterococci and not on coliform bacteria. Since the mechanism and rate of inactivation of coliphage and human enteric viruses are similar, coliphages appear to be the best indicator for the presence of human enteric viruses in recreational waters, especially coastal waters where abundant sunshine is available.}, keywords = {*Sunlight, *Water Microbiology, Coliphages, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*pathogenicity, Escherichia coli/*pathogenicity, Human/*pathogenicity, Poliovirus/*pathogenicity, Survival, Water Purification/methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Fujioka, R. S. and Yoneyama, B. S.} } @article {14947, title = {Sunlight inactivation of human enteric viruses and fecal bacteria}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {46}, year = {2002}, pages = {291{\textendash}5}, abstract = {Three human enteric viruses (poliovirus, echovirus, coxsackievirus) suspended in seawater or buffer were stable for 6 hr in the absence of sunlight but were inactivated at the same rate in the presence of sunlight. Under summer sunlight conditions, at least 3 logs of these viruses were inactivated by one-hit kinetics while under winter sunlight conditions only 1 log of these viruses was inactivated by two-hit kinetics. Under these same conditions, 6 logs of E. coli were inactivated within 1 hr by one-hit kinetics under summer and winter conditions. In comparison, E. faecalis was inactivated by two-hit kinetics and only 2.5 logs of inactivation were observed after 4 hr of exposure to winter sunlight. Since human enteric viruses are considerably more resistant to sunlight inactivation than E. coli and moderately more resistant than E. faecalis, marine recreational water quality standards should be based on concentrations of enterococci and not on coliform bacteria. Since the mechanism and rate of inactivation of coliphage and human enteric viruses are similar, coliphages appear to be the best indicator for the presence of human enteric viruses in recreational waters, especially coastal waters where abundant sunshine is available.}, keywords = {*Sunlight, *Water Microbiology, Coliphages, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*pathogenicity, Escherichia coli/*pathogenicity, Human/*pathogenicity, Poliovirus/*pathogenicity, Survival, Water Purification/methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Fujioka, R. S. and Yoneyama, B. S.} } @article {1560, title = {Sunlight inactivation of human enteric viruses and fecal bacteria}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {46}, number = {11-12}, year = {2002}, note = {Fujioka, R S Yoneyama, B S eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2003/01/14 04:00 Water Sci Technol. 2002;46(11-12):291-5.}, pages = {291-5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Three human enteric viruses (poliovirus, echovirus, coxsackievirus) suspended in seawater or buffer were stable for 6 hr in the absence of sunlight but were inactivated at the same rate in the presence of sunlight. Under summer sunlight conditions, at least 3 logs of these viruses were inactivated by one-hit kinetics while under winter sunlight conditions only 1 log of these viruses was inactivated by two-hit kinetics. Under these same conditions, 6 logs of E. coli were inactivated within 1 hr by one-hit kinetics under summer and winter conditions. In comparison, E. faecalis was inactivated by two-hit kinetics and only 2.5 logs of inactivation were observed after 4 hr of exposure to winter sunlight. Since human enteric viruses are considerably more resistant to sunlight inactivation than E. coli and moderately more resistant than E. faecalis, marine recreational water quality standards should be based on concentrations of enterococci and not on coliform bacteria. Since the mechanism and rate of inactivation of coliphage and human enteric viruses are similar, coliphages appear to be the best indicator for the presence of human enteric viruses in recreational waters, especially coastal waters where abundant sunshine is available.}, keywords = {Coliphages Enterovirus/*pathogenicity Enterovirus B, Human/*pathogenicity Escherichia coli/*pathogenicity Poliovirus/*pathogenicity *Sunlight Survival *Water Microbiology Water Purification/methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12523768}, author = {Fujioka, R. S. and Yoneyama, B. S.} } @article {9225, title = {{Surface hydrophobicity of Ascaris eggs and Giardia cysts}}, journal = {Helminthologia}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {197{\textendash}204}, author = {Capizzi-Banas, S and Maux, M and Schwartzbrod, J} } @article {14824, title = {Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks{\textendash}{United} {States}, 1999-2000}, journal = {MMWR Surveill Summ}, volume = {51}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {1{\textendash}47}, abstract = {PROBLEM/CONDITION: Since 1971, CDC, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for the occurrences and causes of waterborne-disease outbreaks (WBDOs).This surveillance system is the primary source of data concerning the scope and effects of waterborne diseases on persons in the United States. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This summary includes data regarding outbreaks occurring during January 1999-December 2000 and previously unreported outbreaks occurring in 1995 and 1997. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The surveillance system includes data for outbreaks associated with drinking water and recreational water. State, territorial, and local public health departments are primarily responsible for detecting and investigating WBDOs and voluntarily reporting them to CDC on a standard form. The unit of analysis for the WBDO surveillance system is an outbreak, not an individual case of a waterborne disease. Two criteria must be met for an event to be defined as a WBDO. First, {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater or = 2 persons must have experienced a similar illness after either ingestion of drinking water or exposure to water encountered in recreational or occupational settings. This criterion is waived for single cases of laboratory-confirmed primary amebic meningoencephalitis and for single cases of chemical poisoning if water-quality data indicate contamination by the chemical. Second, epidemiologic evidence must implicate water as the probable source of the illness. RESULTS: During 1999-2000, a total of 39 outbreaks associated with drinking water was reported by 25 states. Included among these 39 outbreaks was one outbreak that spanned 10 states. These 39 outbreaks caused illness among an estimated 2,068 persons and were linked to two deaths. The microbe or chemical that caused the outbreak was identified for 22 (56.4\%) of the 39 outbreaks; 20 of the 22 identified outbreaks were associated with pathogens, and two were associated with chemical poisoning. Of the 17 outbreaks involving acute gastroenteritis of unknown etiology, one was a suspected chemical poisoning, and the remaining 16 were suspected as having an infectious cause. Twenty-eight (71.8\%) of 39 outbreaks were linked to groundwater sources; 18 (64.3\%) of these 28 groundwater outbreaks were associated with private or noncommunity wells that were not regulated by EPA. Fifty-nine outbreaks from 23 states were attributed t{\textbackslash}textbackslashldots}, author = {Lee, S H and Levy, D A and Craun, G F and Beach, M J and Calderon, R L} } @article {14132, title = {Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks{\textendash}{United} {States}, 1999-2000}, journal = {MMWR Surveill Summ}, volume = {51}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {1{\textendash}47}, abstract = {PROBLEM/CONDITION: Since 1971, CDC, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for the occurrences and causes of waterborne-disease outbreaks (WBDOs).This surveillance system is the primary source of data concerning the scope and effects of waterborne diseases on persons in the United States. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This summary includes data regarding outbreaks occurring during January 1999-December 2000 and previously unreported outbreaks occurring in 1995 and 1997. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The surveillance system includes data for outbreaks associated with drinking water and recreational water. State, territorial, and local public health departments are primarily responsible for detecting and investigating WBDOs and voluntarily reporting them to CDC on a standard form. The unit of analysis for the WBDO surveillance system is an outbreak, not an individual case of a waterborne disease. Two criteria must be met for an event to be defined as a WBDO. First, {\textbackslash}textgreater or = 2 persons must have experienced a similar illness after either ingestion of drinking water or exposure to water encountered in recreational or occupational settings. This criterion is waived for single cases of laboratory-confirmed primary amebic meningoencephalitis and for single cases of chemical poisoning if water-quality data indicate contamination by the chemical. Second, epidemiologic evidence must implicate water as the probable source of the illness. RESULTS: During 1999-2000, a total of 39 outbreaks associated with drinking water was reported by 25 states. Included among these 39 outbreaks was one outbreak that spanned 10 states. These 39 outbreaks caused illness among an estimated 2,068 persons and were linked to two deaths. The microbe or chemical that caused the outbreak was identified for 22 (56.4\%) of the 39 outbreaks; 20 of the 22 identified outbreaks were associated with pathogens, and two were associated with chemical poisoning. Of the 17 outbreaks involving acute gastroenteritis of unknown etiology, one was a suspected chemical poisoning, and the remaining 16 were suspected as having an infectious cause. Twenty-eight (71.8\%) of 39 outbreaks were linked to groundwater sources; 18 (64.3\%) of these 28 groundwater outbreaks were associated with private or noncommunity wells that were not regulated by EPA. Fifty-nine outbreaks from 23 states were attributed t{\textbackslash}ldots}, author = {Lee, S H and Levy, D A and Craun, G F and Beach, M J and Calderon, R L} } @article {8074, title = {{Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks{\textendash}United States, 1999-2000}}, journal = {MMWR Surveill Summ}, volume = {51}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {1{\textendash}47}, edition = {2002/12/20}, abstract = {PROBLEM/CONDITION: Since 1971, CDC, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for the occurrences and causes of waterborne-disease outbreaks (WBDOs).This surveillance system is the primary source of data concerning the scope and effects of waterborne diseases on persons in the United States. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This summary includes data regarding outbreaks occurring during January 1999-December 2000 and previously unreported outbreaks occurring in 1995 and 1997. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The surveillance system includes data for outbreaks associated with drinking water and recreational water. State, territorial, and local public health departments are primarily responsible for detecting and investigating WBDOs and voluntarily reporting them to CDC on a standard form. The unit of analysis for the WBDO surveillance system is an outbreak, not an individual case of a waterborne disease. Two criteria must be met for an event to be defined as a WBDO. First, {\textgreater} or = 2 persons must have experienced a similar illness after either ingestion of drinking water or exposure to water encountered in recreational or occupational settings. This criterion is waived for single cases of laboratory-confirmed primary amebic meningoencephalitis and for single cases of chemical poisoning if water-quality data indicate contamination by the chemical. Second, epidemiologic evidence must implicate water as the probable source of the illness. RESULTS: During 1999-2000, a total of 39 outbreaks associated with drinking water was reported by 25 states. Included among these 39 outbreaks was one outbreak that spanned 10 states. These 39 outbreaks caused illness among an estimated 2,068 persons and were linked to two deaths. The microbe or chemical that caused the outbreak was identified for 22 (56.4{\%}) of the 39 outbreaks; 20 of the 22 identified outbreaks were associated with pathogens, and two were associated with chemical poisoning. Of the 17 outbreaks involving acute gastroenteritis of unknown etiology, one was a suspected chemical poisoning, and the remaining 16 were suspected as having an infectious cause. Twenty-eight (71.8{\%}) of 39 outbreaks were linked to groundwater sources; 18 (64.3{\%}) of these 28 groundwater outbreaks were associated with private or noncommunity wells that were not regulated by EPA. Fifty-nine outbreaks from 23 states were attributed t{\l}dots}}, isbn = {1546-0738 (Print) 0892-3787 (Linking)}, author = {Lee, S H and Levy, D A and Craun, G F and Beach, M J and Calderon, R L} } @article {2333, title = {{Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks{\textendash}United States, 1999-2000}}, journal = {MMWR Surveill Summ}, volume = {51}, number = {8}, year = {2002}, pages = {1{\textendash}47}, edition = {2002/12/20}, abstract = {PROBLEM/CONDITION: Since 1971, CDC, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for the occurrences and causes of waterborne-disease outbreaks (WBDOs).This surveillance system is the primary source of data concerning the scope and effects of waterborne diseases on persons in the United States. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This summary includes data regarding outbreaks occurring during January 1999-December 2000 and previously unreported outbreaks occurring in 1995 and 1997. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The surveillance system includes data for outbreaks associated with drinking water and recreational water. State, territorial, and local public health departments are primarily responsible for detecting and investigating WBDOs and voluntarily reporting them to CDC on a standard form. The unit of analysis for the WBDO surveillance system is an outbreak, not an individual case of a waterborne disease. Two criteria must be met for an event to be defined as a WBDO. First, > or = 2 persons must have experienced a similar illness after either ingestion of drinking water or exposure to water encountered in recreational or occupational settings. This criterion is waived for single cases of laboratory-confirmed primary amebic meningoencephalitis and for single cases of chemical poisoning if water-quality data indicate contamination by the chemical. Second, epidemiologic evidence must implicate water as the probable source of the illness. RESULTS: During 1999-2000, a total of 39 outbreaks associated with drinking water was reported by 25 states. Included among these 39 outbreaks was one outbreak that spanned 10 states. These 39 outbreaks caused illness among an estimated 2,068 persons and were linked to two deaths. The microbe or chemical that caused the outbreak was identified for 22 (56.4\%) of the 39 outbreaks; 20 of the 22 identified outbreaks were associated with pathogens, and two were associated with chemical poisoning. Of the 17 outbreaks involving acute gastroenteritis of unknown etiology, one was a suspected chemical poisoning, and the remaining 16 were suspected as having an infectious cause. Twenty-eight (71.8\%) of 39 outbreaks were linked to groundwater sources; 18 (64.3\%) of these 28 groundwater outbreaks were associated with private or noncommunity wells that were not regulated by EPA. Fifty-nine outbreaks from 23 states were attributed t{\l}dots}, isbn = {1546-0738 (Print) 0892-3787 (Linking)}, author = {Lee, S H and Levy, D A and Craun, G F and Beach, M J and Calderon, R L} } @article {9755, title = {{A survey of Blastocystis sp. in livestock, pets, and zoo animals in Japan}}, journal = {Veterinary Research}, volume = {106}, year = {2002}, pages = {203{\textendash}212}, author = {Abe, N and Nagoshi, M and Takami, K and Sawano, Y and Yoshikawa, H} } @article {4996, title = {{A survey of trematode cercariae in Bithynia goniomphalos in northeast Thailand}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {33}, number = {S3}, year = {2002}, pages = {106{\textendash}109}, author = {Nithiuthai, S and Wiwanitkit, V and Suwansaksri, J and Chaengphukeaw, P} } @article {5679, title = {{The Survival of Hepatitis A Virus in Fresh Produce}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {29{\textendash}34}, author = {Croci, L and De Medici, D and Scalfaro, C and Fiore, A and Toti, L} } @article {15296, title = {The survival of hepatitis A virus in fresh produce}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {29-34}, author = {Croci, L. and De Medici, D. and Scalfaro, C. and Fiore, A. and Toti, L.} } @article {6110, title = {Tracers in groundwater: Use of microorganisms and microspheres}, journal = {Encyclopedia of environmental microbiology}, year = {2002}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Harvey, Ronald W and Harms, Hauke} } @article {6038, title = {Transport of microorganisms in the terrestrial subsurface: In situ and laboratory methods}, journal = {Manual of environmental microbiology}, volume = {2}, year = {2002}, author = {Harvey, Ronald W and Harms, Hauke and Landkamer, L} } @article {2457, title = {{Treatment variability for wetland wastewater treatment design in cold climates}}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, month = {jul}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, abstract = {The purpose of this article is to highlight the growing need for small-scale, passive, natural systems that can serve our needs in water pollution control both in small communities and larger urban developments. Engineered wetlands represent one potential wastewater management option that exhibits promise in satisfying community requirements for contaminant and pathogen removal. However, the Canadian climate presents special challenges for constructed wetland treatment systems whose functional reliability is not nearly as well developed as currently available, more conventional, but less sustainable treatment options. The goal of this article is to present some of the key issues that require more fundamental understanding if engineered wetlands are to become a predictable, mainstream approach for decentralized wastewater treatment. Two critical factors limiting the advancement of treatment wetland technologies are a standardized approach to elucidate extant process mechanisms and a basis with which to make more meaningful comparisons within and between systems that naturally evolve and mature with time.}, issn = {09258574}, doi = {10.1016/S0925-8574(02)00016-2}, author = {Werker, A.G. and Dougherty, J.M. and McHenry, J.L. and Van Loon, W.A.} } @article {14273, title = {Treatment variability for wetland wastewater treatment design in cold climates}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, month = {jul}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, abstract = {The purpose of this article is to highlight the growing need for small-scale, passive, natural systems that can serve our needs in water pollution control both in small communities and larger urban developments. Engineered wetlands represent one potential wastewater management option that exhibits promise in satisfying community requirements for contaminant and pathogen removal. However, the Canadian climate presents special challenges for constructed wetland treatment systems whose functional reliability is not nearly as well developed as currently available, more conventional, but less sustainable treatment options. The goal of this article is to present some of the key issues that require more fundamental understanding if engineered wetlands are to become a predictable, mainstream approach for decentralized wastewater treatment. Two critical factors limiting the advancement of treatment wetland technologies are a standardized approach to elucidate extant process mechanisms and a basis with which to make more meaningful comparisons within and between systems that naturally evolve and mature with time.}, issn = {09258574}, doi = {10.1016/S0925-8574(02)00016-2}, author = {Werker, A.G. and Dougherty, J.M. and McHenry, J.L. and Van Loon, W.A.} } @article {12031, title = {Trichuris vulpis recovered from a patient with chronic diarrhea and five dogs}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {7}, year = {2002}, note = {Dunn, James J
Columbus, Sharon T
Aldeen, William E
Davis, Mark
Carroll, Karen C
eng
Case Reports
2002/06/29 10:00
J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Jul;40(7):2703-4.}, month = {Jul}, pages = {2703-4}, abstract = {

We report a case of human infection with the whipworm of dogs, Trichuris vulpis, in a woman with duodenal ulcer disease, chronic diarrhea, and close contact with dogs. Morphologically, T. vulpis ova resemble those of the human whipworm (T. trichiura) but are nearly twice their size.

}, keywords = {Animals, Animals, Domestic/parasitology, Diarrhea/etiology/parasitology, Dogs/parasitology, Duodenal Ulcer/complications, Feces/parasitology, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Ovum/ultrastructure, Species Specificity, Trichuriasis/*diagnosis/etiology/parasitology, Trichuris/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print)
0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Dunn, JJ and Columbus, ST and Aldeen, WE and Davis, M and Carroll, KC} } @article {16523, title = {Trichuris vulpis recovered from a patient with chronic diarrhea and five dogs}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {40}, number = {7}, year = {2002}, month = {jul}, pages = {2703{\textendash}4}, abstract = {We report a case of human infection with the whipworm of dogs, Trichuris vulpis, in a woman with duodenal ulcer disease, chronic diarrhea, and close contact with dogs. Morphologically, T. vulpis ova resemble those of the human whipworm (T. trichiura) but are nearly twice their size.}, keywords = {Animals, Diarrhea/etiology/parasitology, Dogs/parasitology, Domestic/parasitology, Duodenal Ulcer/complications, Feces/parasitology, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Ovum/ultrastructure, Species Specificity, Trichuriasis/*diagnosis/etiology/parasitology, Trichuris/*isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Dunn, J. J. and Columbus, S. T. and Aldeen, W. E. and Davis, M. and Carroll, K. C.} } @article {6067, title = {Two-site kinetic modeling of bacteriophages transport through columns of saturated dune sand}, journal = {Journal of Contaminant Hydrology}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {259{\textendash}279}, author = {Schijven, Jack F and Majid S Hassanizadeh and Ria H de Bruin} } @article {1378, title = {Ultraviolet inactivation of feline calicivirus, human enteric viruses and coliphages}, journal = {Photochem Photobiol}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, note = {Nuanualsuwan, Suphachai Mariam, Tadesse Himathongkham, Sakchai Cliver, Dean O Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Photochemistry and photobiology Photochem Photobiol. 2002 Oct;76(4):406-10.}, pages = {406-10}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) are major causes of food- and water-related disease in the United States. There is no host cell line in which the NLV can be tested for infectivity. Feline calicivirus (FCV) and NLV both belong to the family Caliciviridae. FCV can be assayed for infectivity in the Crandell Reese feline kidney cell line, so FCV serves as a surrogate for NLV. This study is the first report of UV inactivation of FCV and also of using the plaque technique, in contrast to the 50\% tissue culture infectious dose end point technique, to determine the FCV infectivity titer. The infectivity titers (log10 plaque-forming units/mL) of UV-inactivated FCV, hepatitis A virus (HAV), poliovirus type 1 (PV1) and two small, round coliphages were plotted as a function of UV dose and analyzed by regression analysis and analysis of variance. These fitted straight-line curves represent exponential inactivation, so UV inactivation can be said to show "one-hit kinetics." The decimal inactivation doses of UV for FCV, HAV, PV1, MS2 and phiX174 were 47.85, 36.50, 24.10, 23.04 and 15.48 mW s/cm2, respectively. FCV appears to be the most UV resistant among the tested viruses.}, keywords = {Animals Calicivirus, Feline/growth \& development/pathogenicity/ radiation effects Cell Line Coliphages/growth \& development/pathogenicity/ radiation effects Macaca mulatta Norwalk virus/growth \& development/pathogenicity/ radiation effects Ultraviolet Rays Viral Plaque Assay}, issn = {0031-8655 (Print) 0031-8655 (Linking)}, author = {Nuanualsuwan, S. and Mariam, T. and Himathongkham, S. and Cliver, D. O.} } @article {4567, title = {Ultraviolet inactivation of feline calicivirus, human enteric viruses and coliphages}, journal = {Photochemistry and Photobiology}, volume = {76}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {406{\textendash}10}, issn = {0031-8655 (Print) 0031-8655 (Linking)}, author = {Nuanualsuwan, S. and Mariam, T. and Himathongkham, S. and Cliver, D. O.} } @mastersthesis {6743, title = {The urban political ecology of water supply planning and management in {Ho} {Chi} {Minh} {City}, {Vietnam}}, year = {2002}, note = {MQ71603}, school = {York University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{E}.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) has been experiencing unprecedented urban environmental changes brought on by the acceleration of global economic growth since the 1986 Doi Moi reforms. Rapid urban and industrial growth has made evident the deterioration of water resources such as rapidly falling water tables and contamination of groundwater under HCMC. Globalization has been facilitated through the rescaling of state functions in urban environmental management, planning, and policymaking. These shifts in power prompted the emergence of new societal relations. As a result, public opposition and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have increasingly taken on the role of traditional state functions in countering the negative environmental externalities of unchecked economic growth. The rescaling of state roles is also illustrated in the transference of responsibility of some state functions in environmental management to local actors. The rescaling of power also has manifested in socio-spatial fragmentation as demonstrated in water infrastructure planning and urban modernization initiatives. The process of water service delivery is influenced by environmental, social, regulatory, economic, and political forces. Unequal water infrastructure investment and distribution systems are reflected in the power imbalances produced through an urban political ecology of water. Water resources are often embedded in an urban political ecology that systematically excludes many and privileges few. These dynamics have continued to reinforce the construction of an increasingly polarized society. These processes may be exacerbated by water service privatization efforts manifested through Build-Operate-Transfer financing mechanisms for water supply. The complicated processes that are facilitating this rapid environmental transformation are linked to the urbanization patterns in HCMC.}, keywords = {0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Area planning \& development, Social sciences, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305458332?accountid=14270}, author = {Lu, Quang} } @article {15287, title = {Urban wastewater: A valuable resource for agriculture - A case study from Haroonabad, Pakistan}, number = {63}, year = {2002}, institution = {International Water Management Institute (IWMI)}, type = {Report}, address = {Columbo}, author = {Van Der Hoek, W. and Hassan, M. Ul. and Ensink, J.H.J. and Feenstra, S. and Raschid-Sally, L. and Munir, S. and Aslam, R. and Ali, N. and Hussain, R. and Matsuno, Y.} } @article {5141, title = {{Urban wastewater treatment in stabilization ponds: occurrence and removal of pathogens}}, journal = {Urban Water}, volume = {4}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {sep}, pages = {255{\textendash}262}, keywords = {ascaris, Cysts, Eggs, Giardia, removal, sediment, Treatment, Waste stabilization ponds, wastewater}, issn = {14620758}, doi = {10.1016/S1462-0758(01)00071-1}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1462075801000711}, author = {Amahmid, O and Asmama, S and Bouhoum, K} } @article {6106, title = {Use of microorganisms and microspheres as tracers in groundwater}, journal = {Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology. John Wiley and Sons, New York}, year = {2002}, pages = {3194{\textendash}3202}, author = {Harvey, RW and Harms, H} } @article {6091, title = {Use of rhodamine WT with XAD-7 resin for determining groundwater flow paths}, journal = {Hydrogeology Journal}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {368{\textendash}376}, author = {Close, Murray E and Stanton, Greg J and Pang, Liping} } @article {6076, title = {On the use of the Weibull model to describe thermal inactivation of microbial vegetative cells}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {74}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {139{\textendash}159}, author = {van Boekel, Martinus AJS} } @article {11340, title = {The use of urban sewage sludge on pastures: the cysticercosis threat}, journal = {Veterinary Research}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, year = {2002}, pages = {575-597}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0928-4249}, author = {Cabaret, Jacques and Geerts, Stanny and Madeline, Marylin and Ballandonne, C{\'e}line and Barbier, Dominique} } @article {4089, title = {{UV disinfection of Giardia lamblia cysts in water}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {36}, year = {2002}, pages = {2519{\textendash}2522}, author = {Linden, KG and Shin, GA and Faubert, G and Cairns, W and Sobsey, MD} } @article {7687, title = {Validation of a polymerase chain reaction/restriction enzyme analysis method for species identification of thermophilic campylobacters isolated from domestic and wild animals}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, note = {Validation of a polymerase chain reaction/restriction enzyme analysis method for species identification of thermophilic campylobacters isolated from domestic and wild animals; ISI:000173593900006; ID: 318}, pages = {47-54}, author = {Engvall,E. O. and Brandstrom,B. and Gunnarsson,A. and Morner,T. and Wahlstrom,H. and Fermer,C.} } @article {10731, title = {{Vibrio cholerae and cholera: out of the water and into the host}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {26}, year = {2002}, pages = {125{\textendash}139}, author = {Reidl, J and Kiose, KE} } @article {3558, title = {Virus diversity in a winter epidemic of acute diarrhea in {France}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {11}, year = {2002}, pages = {4266{\textendash}4272}, author = {Chikhi-Brachet, R and Bon, F and Pothier, P and Nicolas, JC and Flahault, A and Kohli, E and Toubiana, L.} } @article {1817, title = {Virus removal by soil passage at field scale and groundwater protection of sandy aquifers}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {123-129}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Virus removal from groundwater by soil passage often appears to be much higher during the first few metres due to the presence of more favorable sites for attachment than thereafter. A model is presented which interprets virus removal as a function of collision efficiencies αβ and αλ, inactivation rate coefficient μl and rate parameter γ. Initial high removal is determined by ab, which decreases exponentially at a rate g to a constant base removal rate that is determined by αλ and μl. A hypothetical worst case was simulated to calculate the travel distance and time required for 9 log10 protection against virus contamination of groundwater wells in anoxic sandy aquifers. Unfavorable conditions for attachment were assumed. Virus was constantly leaking from a sewage pipe lying at the groundwater table. Mixing reduced virus concentration by 3.1 to 4.0 log10. For an additional 5.0 to 5.9 l log10 protection against virus contamination by attachment and inactivation, residence times of about three to seven times longer than the current guideline of 60 days are needed, depending on abstraction rates, aquifer thickness and grain size of the sand.}, author = {Schijven, J. F. and Hassanizadeh, S. M.} } @article {5077, title = {Virus Survival in Soils}, journal = {Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology}, year = {2002}, author = {Yates, Marylynn V} } @article {11818, title = {{Visceral diphyllobothriosis in a cultured rainbow trout , Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum ), in Chile}}, journal = {Journal of Fish Diseases}, volume = {25}, year = {2002}, pages = {375{\textendash}379}, abstract = {In Chile, infection by Diphyllobothrium latum and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum has been reported in salmonids introduced into freshwater ecosystems such as rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and brown trout, Salmo trutta L. (Neghme {\&} Bertin 1951; Torres, Franjola, Figueroa, Schlatter, Gonzalez, Contreras {\&} Martin 1981) and in native fish such as perch trout, Percichthys trucha (Valenciennes), and in puye, Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns) (Torres, Gesche, Montefusco, Miranda, Dietz {\&} Huijse 1998).}, keywords = {Chile, Diphyllobothrium, rainbow trout.}, author = {Torres, P and Lopez, J C and Cubillos, V and Lobos, C and Silva, R} } @mastersthesis {6772, title = {Vortex-induced vibration of slender structures in unsteady flow}, year = {2002}, note = {0804008}, school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) results in fatigue damage of offshore oil exploration and production structures. In recent years, the offshore industry has begun to employ curved slender structures such as steel catenary risers in deep-water offshore oil systems. The top-end vessel motion causes the slender riser to oscillate, creating an unsteady and non-uniform flow profile along the riser. The purpose of this research is to develop a VIV prediction model for slender structures under top-end periodic motions. The key approach to this problem requires identifying the dimensionless parameters important to the unsteady VIV. A set of data from a large-scale model test for highly compliant risers conducted by industry is available. The spectral analysis of the data showed a periodic pattern of the response frequencies. A constant Strouhal (St) number model was proposed such that shedding frequencies change with local inline velocities. The Keulegan-Carpenter number (KC) controls the number of vortex pairs shed per cycle. A KC threshold larger than 40 was found to have significant response for a long structure with finite length excitation region. An approximate solution to the response of an infinite beam with a finite excitation length was obtained; this solution provided an explanation for the high KC threshold. A model for an equivalent reduced damping Sg under a non-uniform, unsteady flow was proposed. This equivalent reduced damping Sg was used to establish a prediction model for the VIV under top-end periodic motions. A time domain simulation of unsteady VIV was demonstrated by using Green{\textquoteright}s functions. The turning point problem wave propagation was solved for a pipe resting on a linearly varying stiffness foundation. Simple rules were established for conservative estimation of TDP fatigue damage with soil interactions. Guidelines for model test experiment design were provided based on dimensional analysis and scaling rules. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, 0765:Petroleum production, Applied sciences, Mechanical engineering, Petroleum production, Riser oscillations, Slender structures, Unsteady flow, Vibration, Vortex-induced vibration}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/305486538?accountid=14270}, author = {Liao, Jung-Chi} } @article {1673, title = {Wastewater reuse for agriculture.}, journal = {Technology Ressource Management \& Development - Scientific Contributions for Sustainable Development}, volume = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {37-64}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The present paper is based on a literature review and aims to tackle the most important aspects regarding the topic wastewater reuse with some recent examples, focusing on reuse in agriculture. Still in some countries the institutional and legal framework is weak or not existent or only referring to international standards (guidelines or laws) which are very general and most of the times demand very cost intensive solutions. An integrated planning approach is therefore necessary in case reuse of wastewater shall be one management alternative in a water stressed basin. Here the technological, economical and health aspect as well as the legal framework have to be considered. Therefore reuse of water is an interdisciplinary challenge for the present and for the future.}, author = {Kretschmer, N. and Ribbe, L. and Gaese, H.} } @booklet {1891, title = {Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Aerated, Partial Mix Lagoons}, year = {2002}, publisher = {USEPA https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=2\&ved=0CCcQFjABahUKEwiJ1I-i7ofHAhVDqx4KHQoiDNg\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwater.epa.gov\%2Fscitech\%2Fwastetech\%2Fupload\%2F2002_10_15_mtb_apartlag.pdf\&ei=Xri8VYmtLsPWeorEsMAN\&usg=AFQjCNFnIJknNND6SU}, type = {Electronic Article} } @booklet {1892, title = {Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Facultative Lagoons}, year = {2002}, publisher = {USEPA}, type = {Electronic Article} } @article {16370, title = {Water Quality {\textendash} Detection and Enumeration of Clostridium perfringens {\textendash} Part 2: Method by Membrane filtration (ISO/CD 6461-2)}, year = {2002}, institution = {International Organization of Standarization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @mastersthesis {6353, title = {Water supply and wastewater reuse for urban areas, the role of risk analysis: case studies in {Bali} {Island}}, year = {2002}, note = {U152083}, school = {The University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The relationships between water supply, wastewater regeneration and treatment, and urbanisation are considered. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is related to a progressive transition from water supply management to supply management. These concepts are specifically considered in the context of small island communities, and their defined hydrological systems. Urban water supply and sanitation systems, in Indonesia in general, and Bali Island in particular are described, together with an outline of water resources development and management in Bali. Case studies are presented, which review the Willingness To Pay (WTP) of consumers in Greater Denpasar for improved water supply and wastewater treatment services. Historically the application of the risk analysis and risk management techniques to water supply projects has been limited and essentially qualitative. In this work quantitative Risk Analysis procedures, using the @RISK software package, have been applied to water supply planning over a range of scenarios and under differing uncertainties. The potential for application of such techniques to wastewater reuse projects has also been demonstrated. Strategic approaches to sustainable water resources management, urban water supply and sanitation in Bali Island, and similar communities has also been outlined. This involves the development and application of project management tools, such as Risk Analysis, in harmony with "tried and tested" traditional attitudes to and practices in water management, such as "Subak", which are integral to the local society. The case studies results satisfied the main objectives of this research and the conclusions illustrated that application of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and integration water supply and wastewater management are urgently required in Bali and Indonesia in general. In addition, application of quantitative Risk Analysis on urban water planning offers more reliable prediction outcomes in the uncertain situations.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU152083, 0554:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Civil engineering, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301640063?accountid=14270}, author = {Norken, I N} } @article {10811, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera in 2001}, volume = {77}, number = {31}, year = {2002}, pages = {257{\textendash}268} } @mastersthesis {6804, title = {Whose technology counts? {A} study of promotion of soil and water conservation and its acceptance by smallholder farmers, with special reference to the {North} {Bank} {Division}, the {Gambia}. ({BL}: {DXN}051103)}, year = {2002}, note = {U148770}, school = {University of East Anglia (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The framework for this study was built around the competing views: {\textquoteright}Africa in crisis{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}African land users have solutions{\textquoteright}, and whether there is a greater measure of truth in one or the other. These issues needed substantiation or illumination. This thesis contributes through examining the current methods of soil and water conservation (SWC), how processes in the biophysical and social environments affect the local uptake and knowledge of SWC, through farming systems filters of land tenure, subsidies, incentives, farmers participation, extension and research.The research investigates the potential for, and modalities of, building on traditions of SWC, and recommends new directions for development and associated research in SWC. These issues are studied by the use of both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The research is based on conceptual and empirical insights gained from a review of the literature and a case study in the North Bank Division of The Gambia.Three main results are derived: 1. Agricultural research and extension must be integrated into local production contexts, and SWC technologies must be linked to short-term production and profitability; 2. Smallholder farmers embark on complex {\textquoteright}landcare{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}sustainable land management{\textquoteright} as a primary objective; and 3. Farmers adopted more labour, cost and time saving practices; used early maturing, drought and pest resistant varieties; moisture retention and fertility maintenance practices in response to production pressures.Biological means of fertility maintenance, and the diversification of livelihoods and farming systems, offer promising SWC options. A balance of suitable policy conditions, which provide reliable markets, inputs and land tenure, are essential requirements for large-scale adoption of SWC technologies. There are limits to technical solutions to complex land management problems; learning from and with smallholder farmers leads to adoptable SWC technologies.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU148770, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301637611?accountid=14270}, author = {Sima, S S} } @book {16940, title = {The world health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life}, year = {2002}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, author = {World Health Organization} } @book {11731, title = {Worms and human disease}, year = {2002}, publisher = {CABI}, organization = {CABI}, edition = {Second Edition}, address = {Wallingford}, isbn = {9780851995168}, doi = {10.1079/9780851995168.0000}, url = {http://www.cabi.org/cabebooks/ebook/20023007000}, author = {Muller, R.} } @article {8808, title = {{Abiotic factors affecting inactivation of pathogens in sludge.}}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {44}, number = {10}, year = {2001}, pages = {79{\textendash}84}, abstract = {Pathogen inactivation tests on anaerobically digested and dewatered sludge consisted of long-term incubation/storage of a mixture of sludge solids and lime at various doses in closed containers at several temperature levels. The containers simulated anoxic conditions that would exist in a landfill or a sludge monofill. After rapid initial increase of pH, and due to containment of the sludge, the alkaline conditions prevailed during the remainder of the storage. This led to inactivation of pathogen indicators at doses much below those traditionally recommended for alkaline disinfection and production of biosolids, i.e. properly treated sludge. Fecal coliform and Salmonella bacteria were inactivated to the US EPA{\textquoteright}s class A levels at quicklime doses as low as 20 g CaO/kg TS or about 6 g CaO/kg of wet solids. The pH 12 lasted for the entire storage time in containers with lime doses at or above 120 g/kg TS, regardless of the incubation temperature. Such high pH allowed elimination of the spores of pathogenic Cl. perfringens bacteria from the solute.}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11794685}, author = {Bujoczek, G and Reiners, R S and Olaszkiewicz, J A} } @article {526, title = {Adenoviral infections and a prospective trial of cidofovir in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation}, journal = {Biol Blood Marrow Transplant}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, note = {Hoffman, J A Shah, A J Ross, L A Kapoor, N Clinical Trial Journal Article United States Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2001;7(7):388-94.}, pages = {388-94}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {{Adenoviral (ADV) infections are increasingly recognized as a cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We reviewed our experience with ADV infections in HSCT patients hospitalized for transplantation at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles January 1998 through December 1998. ADV was detected in 47\% of patients, with recipients of HSCT from alternative donors (matched unrelated, unrelated cord, and mismatched related donors) being more frequently culture positive than recipients of HSCT from matched siblings (62\% versus 27\%}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/*drug therapy/mortality/pathology Adolescent Adult Antiviral Agents/*administration \& dosage/toxicity Child Child, Homologous/adverse effects/immunology Treatment Outcome, Preschool Cytosine/*administration \& dosage/*analogs \& derivatives/toxicity Female Hematologic Diseases/complications/therapy Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/*adverse effects Humans Infant Male *Organophosphonates Organophosphorus Compounds/*admi}, issn = {1083-8791 (Print) 1083-8791}, author = {Hoffman, J. A. and Shah, A. J. and Ross, L. A. and Kapoor, N.} } @article {17076, title = {Advances in the bacteriology of the coliform group: their suitability as markers of microbial water safety}, journal = {Annual Reviews in Microbiology}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {201{\textendash}234}, publisher = {Annual Reviews 4139 El Camino Way, PO Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139, USA}, author = {Leclerc, HDAA and Mossel, DAA and Edberg, SC and Struijk, CB} } @inbook {3149, title = {Aetiology: parasites and life-cycles.}, booktitle = {{WHO}/{OIE} {Manual} on {Echinococcosis} in {Humans} and {Animals}: a {Public} {Health} {Problem} of {Global} {Concern}}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, organization = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, edition = {World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)}, address = {Paris}, isbn = {92-9044-522-X}, author = {Thompson, RCA and McManus, DP} } @article {3126, title = {Alveolar liver echinococcosis: a comparative study of three imaging techniques}, journal = {Infection}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, month = {jun}, pages = {119{\textendash}125}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We compared the imaging findings in patients with alveolar liver echinococcosis using ultrasound (US), computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a prospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 30 patients with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) were examined with the above imaging techniques. RESULTS: 30 lesions were detected with all three methods and most lesions (n = 55) were detected with CT. Calcifications were seen in 15 lesions with US, in 21 with CT and in 16 with MRI. MRI best detected necrotic areas and multivesicuLar structures. CONCLUSION: US is the screening method of choice and should primarily be complemented by CT due to its ability to detect the greatest number of lesions and clear demarcation of the characteristic calcifications. MRI may facilitate the diagnosis in uncertain cases with noncalcified or partially calcified lesions by showing the characteristic multivesicular structure, necrotic areas and proximity to vascular structures.}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Calcinosis, Diagnosis, Differential, Echinococcosis, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Necrosis, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tomography, Ultrasonography, X-Ray Computed}, issn = {0300-8126}, author = {Reuter, S. and N{\"u}ssle, K. and Kolokythas, O. and Haug, U. and Rieber, A. and Kern, P. and Kratzer, W.} } @article {4069, title = {{Analysis for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples from small water systems in Taiwan}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {87}, year = {2001}, pages = {163{\textendash}168}, author = {Hsu, BM and Huang, C and Hsu, CL} } @book {2035, title = {Antiprotozoan and antihelmintic agents}, series = {Block, S.S. (Ed) Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th. Ed., Lippincontt Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia}, year = {2001}, pages = {641-657}, author = {Sobsey, M. D. and Leland, S. E. J.} } @article {1726, title = {Apparent global interruption of wild poliovirus type 2 trasmission}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {50}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, pages = {222-224}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {MMWR, The} } @article {15297, title = {Application of quantitative risk assessment for formulating hygiene policy in the domestic setting}, journal = {Journal of Infection}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {92-98}, author = {Gerba, C. P.} } @article {5035, title = {Assessment and impact of microbial fecal pollution and human enteric pathogens in a coastal community}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {286-293}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0025-326X}, doi = {10.1016/s0025-326x(00)00152-1}, url = {://WOS:000168571300016}, author = {Lipp, E. K. and Farrah, S. A. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {2931, title = {Assessment of the epidemiological status of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in foxes in {France} using {ELISA} coprotests on fox faeces collected in the field}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {31}, number = {14}, year = {2001}, pages = {1579{\textendash}1588}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to estimate the relevance of Echinococcus multilocularis coproantigen detection in fox faeces collected in the field to identify different levels of endemicity for Echinococcus multilocularis on a large scale (n x 10 km(2)). Six study sites were selected in a high endemicity area and two study sites in a low endemicity area in eastern France on the basis of landscape composition. Sampling was undertaken in the winters of 1996-97, 1997-98 and 1998-99. At each site, (i) necropsy and intestine examination was undertaken on a sample of shot foxes (total number of foxes, 222), and (ii) fox faeces were collected in the field along road verges, and scored for degradation status (total number of faeces, 625). Fox faeces were also sampled in a control area (n=30) in western France in the summer of 1998. Intestines were examined according to the sedimentation method. Echinococcus multilocularis coproantigens were detected by using two ELISA tests: EM-ELISA and EmA9-ELISA. The necropsy prevalence in high and low endemicity areas was 63.3\% and 19.4\%, respectively, and the distribution of adult worms in the fox population was highly overdispersed (75.5\% of the total biomass was harboured by 11.6\% of foxes). Using the two ELISA tests, there was no difference in the detection of E. multilocularis coproantigens in field faeces, regardless of the degradation status. The medians of EM- and EmA9-ELISA OD values of field faeces in high endemicity area were significantly higher than in low endemicity area (P{\textbackslash}textless0.001 for both ELISA). The distribution of EM-ELISA OD values in low endemicity area was significantly higher (P=0.002) than in the control area. Moreover, for the two ELISA, the observed ELISA OD value distributions in high endemicity area, low endemicity area and control area seemed representative of the distribution of adult worms in fox populations. These results indicate that E. multilocularis coproantigen detection in field faeces could serve for large-scale surveillance, as an alternative to necropsy.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Feces, Foxes, France, Helminth, Intestine, prevalence, Small, Weather}, issn = {0020-7519}, author = {Raoul, F. and Deplazes, P. and Nonaka, N. and Piarroux, R. and Vuitton, D. A. and Giraudoux, P.} } @article {15955, title = {Bacterial diversity and community structure in an aerated lagoon revealed by ribosomal intergenic spacer analyses and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1565-74}, edition = {2001/04/03}, keywords = {*Paper, *Sequence Analysis, DNA, *Waste Disposal, Fluid, Bacteria/*classification/genetics, DNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/*genetics, Ecosystem, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxygen/*metabolism, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Yu, Z. and Mohn, W. W.} } @article {10830, title = {{Bacterial infections of free-living amoebae}}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {152}, year = {2001}, pages = {613{\textendash}619}, author = {Winiecka-Krusnell, J and Linder, E} } @article {4245, title = {{Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water}}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, month = {apr}, pages = {251{\textendash}268}, publisher = {Water Research Commission (WRC)}, abstract = {Phages are valuable models or surrogates for enteric viruses because they share many fundamental properties and features. Among these are structure, composition, morphology, size and site of replication. Even though they use different host cells, coliphages and Bacteroides fragilis phages predominantly replicate in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals where enteric viruses also replicate. A major advantage of phages is that, compared to viruses, they are detectable by simple, inexpensive and rapid techniques. In view of these features, phages are particularly useful as models to assess the behaviour and survival of enteric viruses in the environment, and as surrogates to assess the resistance of human viruses to water treatment and disinfection processes. Since there is no direct correlation between numbers of phages and viruses, phages cannot to a meaningful extent be used to indicate numbers of viruses in polluted water. The presence of phages typically associated with human and animal excreta indicates the potential presence of enteric viruses. However, the absence of these phages from water environments is generally a meaningful indication of the absence of enteric viruses. This is because phages such as somatic coliphages, F-RNA coliphages and B. fragilis phages generally outnumber enteric viruses in water environments, and they are at least as resistant to unfavourable conditions including those in water treatment and disinfection processes. However, using highly sensitive molecular techniques viruses have been detected in drinking water supplies which yielded negative results in conventional tests for phages. Initially, data on phages were rather confusing because a wide variety of techniques was used. However, techniques for the detection of phages are being standardised internationally. This applies in particular to somatic and F-RNA coliphages, and B. fragilis phages, which are most commonly used in water quality assessment. Reliable and practical techniques now available include direct quantitative plaque assays on samples of water up to 100 ml, and qualitative tests on 500 ml or more using highly sensitive enrichment procedures. WaterSA Vol.27(2) 2001: 251-268}, issn = {0378-4738}, doi = {10.4314/wsa.v27i2.4999}, url = {http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/4999}, author = {Grabow, WOK} } @article {17069, title = {Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water}, journal = {Water Sa}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {251{\textendash}268}, publisher = {Water Research Commission (WRC)}, author = {Grabow, WOK} } @booklet {10064, title = {{Belize agricultural health authority (food processing plants) (potable water) (minimum standards) regulations}}, year = {2001} } @article {1729, title = {Best viral elution method available for quantification of enteroviruses in sludge by both cell culture and reverse transcription-PCR}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, note = {Monpoeho, S Maul, A Mignotte-Cadiergues, B Schwartzbrod, L Billaudel, S Ferre, V eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 2001/05/26 10:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Jun;67(6):2484-8.}, pages = {2484-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to select one or several virus extraction techniques that enable simultaneous detection of enterovirus genomes and infectious particles in different types of urban sludge. Eight techniques were compared by using 16 different liquid and solid sludge samples. The numbers of infectious enteroviruses in cell cultures were determined by using the most-probable-number method. The enterovirus genome was quantified by a single-tube reverse transcription-PCR using TaqMan technology. The results were statistically analyzed by Friedman{\textquoteright}s test, a nonparametric test for analysis of randomized block data using only ranks in terms of extraction technique efficiency. Two techniques seemed to yield higher viral titers as determined by simultaneous detection by cell culture and PCR. The first involved a 10\% beef extract solution at pH 9 and sonication; the second involved a 0.3 M NaCl-7\% beef extract solution at pH 7.5 followed by Freon treatment. In solid sludge, no significant differences were observed among the eight techniques tested. Both of the best techniques can be used for simultaneous detection of infectious enterovirus particles and genomes in any type of urban sludge.}, keywords = {Enterovirus/classification/genetics/*isolation \& purification *Environmental Microbiology *Microbiological Techniques Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sewage/*virology Virus Cultivation}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.6.2484-2488.2001}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11375154}, author = {Monpoeho, S. and Maul, A. and Mignotte-Cadiergues, B. and Schwartzbrod, L. and Billaudel, S. and Ferre, V.} } @inbook {9236, title = {{Biological, chemical and physical processes of composting}}, booktitle = {Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems}, year = {2001}, pages = {17{\textendash}50}, publisher = {Lewis Publishers}, organization = {Lewis Publishers}, address = {Boca Raton, FL}, author = {Day, M and Shaw, K} } @conference {13381, title = {{Biological study on retention time of microorganisms in faecal material in urine-diverting eco-san latrines in Vietnam}}, year = {2001}, pages = {120{\textendash}124}, publisher = {First International Conference on Ecological Sanitation}, organization = {First International Conference on Ecological Sanitation}, address = {Nanning, China}, author = {B T Chien and D T Phi and B C Chung and T A Stenstr{\"o}m and A Carlander and T Westrell and U Winblad} } @article {17486, title = {{Biological study on retention time of microorganisms in faecal material in urine-diverting eco-san latrines in Vietnam}}, journal = {Abstract Volume, First International Conference on Ecological Sanitation}, volume = {5}, year = {2001}, pages = {120{\textendash}124}, author = {Chien, Bui Trong and Phi, D{\"o}{\^o}ng Trong and Chung, Bui Chi and Stenstr{\"o}m, T A and Carlander, A and Westrell, T and Winblad, U} } @article {5368, title = {Biota participating in wastewater treatment in a horizontal flow constructed wetland}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, year = {2001}, pages = {211-214}, author = {Vymazal, J and Sl{\'a}deek, V and Stach, J} } @mastersthesis {6399, title = {Build {Operate} {Transfer} ({BOT}) project delivery system in {Saudi} {Arabia}}, year = {2001}, note = {1409816}, school = {King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (Saudi Arabia)}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In Saudi Arabia, financing of large-scale investment projects such as power generation, water desalination, transportation etc has been predominantly undertaken by the Government. But owing to the huge demand for developing new infrastructure including power, water, roads, airports, ports etc as well as rehabilitating the existing infrastructure, private sector participation in the development and operation of infrastructure is now seen as a common and accepted concept. It is estimated that around US \$250 billion will be needed over the next 2 decades to meet existing demand. This thesis presents BOT (Build Operate Transfer) project delivery method for infrastructure development in Saudi Arabia. This study explores the applicability of BOT delivery method in Saudi Arabia. The content analysis was employed to study the feasibility of BOT in Saudi Arabia. The study looks at issues that have an impact, positive or negative on the adopting of BOT. Moreover the study identifies appropriate types of construction projects and markets, which could be possibly implemented through BOT. The study shows that there is a great potential for application of BOT in Saudi Arabia. An assessment and evaluation of factors conducted in Saudi Arabia proved positive for application of BOT. The results of this research further indicated that power generation and water desalination appear at present to be leading the push for adopting BOT delivery method. Building sufficient local expertise in contractual aspects of BOT, establishment of independent regulator and tariff reform are prerequisite for success of BOT. Finally the thesis presents a model for effective implementation of BOT projects in Saudi Arabia.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0768:Environmental science, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/230838129?accountid=14270}, author = {Shah, Mohammed Jalaluddin} } @booklet {15202, title = {Campo {Espejo} del {Aglomerado} {Gran} {Mendoza}, {Rep{\'u}blica} de {Argentina}, {Estudio} {General} de {Caso}, {Proyecto} {Regional}, {Sistemas} {Integrados} de {Tratamiento} y {Uso} de {Aguas} {Residuales} en {Am{\'e}rica} {Latina}: {Realidad} y {Potencial}}, year = {2001}, publisher = {IDRC {\textendash} OPS/HEP/CEPIS, Rep{\'u}blica de Argentina}, author = {Anzorena, EB} } @article {7640, title = {Campylobacter jejuni infections: Update on emerging issues and trends}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {32}, number = {8}, year = {2001}, note = {Apr; Campylobacter jejuni infections: Update on emerging issues and trends; ISI:000168474100012; ID: 257}, pages = {1201-1206}, author = {Allos,B. M.} } @article {7676, title = {Campylobacter spp. in waters of three main Western Pomerania water bodies}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {203}, number = {5{\textendash}6}, year = {2001}, pages = {435-443}, abstract = {

Campylobacters are responsible for increasing numbers of gastroenteritis cases in humans as well as miscarriages and diarrhea in farm and domestic animals. Surface waters are potential reservoirs and transmitting vehicles for these bacteria. Subject of analysis were surface water samples collected from the River Odra, Szczecin Lagoon and the Pomeranian Bay in monthly or bimonthly intervals, starting from April 1998. Analysis directed on campylobacters included enrichment in Preston broth prior to plating on CCDA isolation medium and identification, to the species level, by the api CAMPY tests. The detection level of the method was 1 CFU/10 ml. Numbers of total and faecal coliforms were counted according to the national standards. In addition water temperature and water saturation with oxygen were measured. Presence of Campylobacter spp., at the level detectable by the method applied, was confirmed in 19.7 \% of the Odra River, 5.6 \% of the Szczecin Lagoon and 0 \% of the Pomeranian Bay surface water samples. The contamination level of the Campylobacter \– positive surface water samples did not exceed 10 CFU/ml. Isolation frequency depended on water purity class, counts of total and faecal coliforms and sampling site (p \< 0.01). Species dominating in the River Odra and Szczecin Lagoon surface waters were C. jejuni ssp. jejuni and C. coli, respectively

}, keywords = {Campylobacter spp., Faecal coliforms, Pomeranian Bay, River Odra, surface waters, Szczecin Lagoon}, isbn = {1438-4639}, author = {El{\.z}bieta Daczkowska Kozon and J Brzostek-Nowakowska} } @article {7726, title = {Campylobacters in water, sewage and the environment}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {90}, year = {2001}, note = {Campylobacters in water, sewage and the environment; 63; Journal English Editorial Material BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD 0 S 444DD OXFORD Jones K Univ Lancaster, IENS, Dept Biol Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England J APPL MICROBIOL P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND NOT IN FILE 1364-5072 Univ Lancaster, IENS, Dept Biol Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England Univ Lancaster, IENS, Dept Biol Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England; ID: 98}, pages = {68S-79S}, abstract = {

Thermophilic campylobacters are widespread in the environment, where they are a sign of recent contamination with animal and avian faeces, agricultural run-off and sewage effluent. Although intestinal carriage of campylobacters is ubiquitous in livestock, domestic animals, wild animals, wild birds and poultry, contamination of the environment with the bacteria in faeces is intermittent and varies seasonally depending on factors such as stress and changes in diet. Wild birds, and not sewage effluent, are the source of campylobacters in some coastal waters. The density of Campylobacter spp. in sewage effluent depends on the source of the sewage and the type of treatment. There is a qualitative, but not a quantitative, correlation between campylobacters and faecal indicators in environmental samples. The marked seasonal pattern of campylobacters in temperate, aquatic environments is a result of variations in Campylobacter die-off rates at different times of the year

}, keywords = {bacteria, environment, FETUS SUBSP JEJUNI, infection, LOW-TEMPERATURES, MILK BOTTLES, RIVER SYSTEM, SEASONAL- VARIATION, surface waters, Survival, THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTERS, TREATMENT PLANT, water}, author = {Jones,K.} } @article {14133, title = {Cattle water troughs as reservoirs of {Escherichia} coli {O}157}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {3053{\textendash}3057}, abstract = {Environmental survival of Escherichia coli O157 may play an important role in the persistence and dissemination of this organism on farms. The survival of culturable and infectious E. coli O157 was studied using microcosms simulating cattle water troughs. Culturable E. coli O157 survived for at least 245 days in the microcosm sediments. Furthermore, E. coli O157 strains surviving more than 6 months in contaminated microcosms were infectious to a group of 10-week-old calves. Fecal excretion of E. coli O157 by these calves persisted for 87 days after challenge. Water trough sediments contaminated with feces from cattle excreting E. coli O157 may serve as a long-term reservoir of this organism on farms and a source of infection for cattle.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.7.3053-3057.2001}, author = {LeJeune, J T and Besser, T E and Hancock, D D} } @article {2334, title = {{Cattle water troughs as reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {3053{\textendash}3057}, edition = {2001/06/27}, abstract = {Environmental survival of Escherichia coli O157 may play an important role in the persistence and dissemination of this organism on farms. The survival of culturable and infectious E. coli O157 was studied using microcosms simulating cattle water troughs. Culturable E. coli O157 survived for at least 245 days in the microcosm sediments. Furthermore, E. coli O157 strains surviving more than 6 months in contaminated microcosms were infectious to a group of 10-week-old calves. Fecal excretion of E. coli O157 by these calves persisted for 87 days after challenge. Water trough sediments contaminated with feces from cattle excreting E. coli O157 may serve as a long-term reservoir of this organism on farms and a source of infection for cattle.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.7.3053-3057.2001}, author = {LeJeune, J T and Besser, T E and Hancock, D D} } @article {15503, title = {Cellular immune responses of schistosomiasis patients are altered by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coinfection}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {184}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, note = {Mwinzi, P N
Karanja, D M
Colley, D G
Orago, A S
Secor, W E
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2001/07/27 10:00
J Infect Dis. 2001 Aug 15;184(4):488-96. Epub 2001 Jul 18.}, month = {Aug 15}, pages = {488-96}, abstract = {In vitro studies suggest that CD4(+) cells with a T helper 2 (Th2) phenotype better support human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication than do cells of the Th1 phenotype. As a result, Th2-type immune responses may be substantially affected by HIV-1 coinfection. To test this hypothesis, a comparison was done of proliferation and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with schistosomiasis who were positive or negative for HIV-1. Patients with schistosomiasis with HIV-1 coinfections had significantly lower interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 production than did HIV-1-negative individuals. In contrast, interferon-gamma production levels were similar between the 2 groups. Furthermore, in patients with HIV-1, a decrease in CD4(+) T cells was correlated with an increased Th1:Th2 cytokine production ratio. The effect of praziquantel treatment on proliferation and cytokine responses also differed between HIV-1 infection groups. Thus, HIV-1 infection affects immune response patterns of patients with schistosomiasis.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Anthelmintics/therapeutic use, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Cells, Cultured, Cytokines/biosynthesis, HIV Infections/*complications, HIV-1/*immunology, Humans, Leukocytes, Mononuclear/*immunology, Lymphocyte Activation, Praziquantel/therapeutic use, Schistosoma mansoni/*immunology/isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis mansoni/complications/drug therapy/*immunology}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print)
0022-1899 (Linking)}, author = {Mwinzi, P. N. and Karanja, D. M. and Colley, D. G. and Orago, A. S. and Secor, W. E.} } @article {17354, title = {Characterization of the combined effects of enzyme, pH and temperature treatments for removal of pathogens from sewage sludge}, journal = {World Journal of Microbiology and BiotechnologyWorld Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, month = {2001/03/01}, pages = {169-172}, isbn = {1573-0972}, author = {Parmar, Nagina and Singh, Ajay and Ward, Owen P.} } @article {10551, title = {{Chironomid egg masses and Vibrio cholerae}}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {412}, year = {2001}, pages = {40}, author = {Broza, M and Halpern, M} } @article {17010, title = {Chlorine Dioxide Inactivation ofCryptosporidium parvum Oocysts and Bacterial Spore Indicators}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {2993{\textendash}3001}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Chauret, Christian P and Radziminski, Chris Z and Lepuil, Michael and Creason, Robin and Andrews, Robert C} } @inbook {10644, title = {{Cholera and global ecosystems}}, booktitle = {Ecosystem Change and Public Health: A Global Perspective}, year = {2001}, pages = {327{\textendash}347}, publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press}, organization = {Johns Hopkins University Press}, address = {Baltimore, Maryland}, author = {Huq, A and Sack, R and Colwell, RR}, editor = {Aron, J and Patz, J} } @article {10522, title = {{Cholera outbreak in southern Tanzania: Risk factors and patterns of transmission}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {583{\textendash}587}, author = {Acosta, CJ and Galindo, CM and Kimario, J and Senkoro, K and Urassa, H and Casals, C and Corachan, M and Eseko, N and Tanner, M and Mshinda, H and Lwilla, F and Vila, J and Alonso, PL} } @article {16675, title = {Cholera outbreak in southern {Tanzania}: risk factors and patterns of transmission.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {3 Suppl}, year = {2001}, pages = {583}, author = {Acosta, Camilo J and Galindo, Claudia M and Kimario, John and Senkoro, Kesheni and Urassa, Honorathy and Casals, Climent and Corach{\'a}n, Manuel and Eseko, N and Tanner, Marcel and Mshinda, Hassan and others} } @article {12929, title = {Cholera outbreak in southern Tanzania: risk factors and patterns of transmission.}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {7}, number = {3 Suppl}, year = {2001}, pages = {583}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, author = {Acosta, Camilo J and Galindo, Claudia M and Kimario, John and Senkoro, Kesheni and Urassa, Honorathy and Casals, Climent and Corach{\'a}n, Manuel and Eseko, N and Tanner, Marcel and Mshinda, Hassan and others} } @article {12731, title = {{Clinical features of paragonimiasis cases recently found in Japan: parasite-specific immunoglobulin M and G antibody classes}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {32}, year = {2001}, pages = {e171{\textendash}e175}, author = {Nakamura-Uchiyama, F and Onah, DN and Nawa, Y} } @article {4797, title = {{Coccidial contamination of raspberries: mock contamination with Eimeria acervulina as a model for decontamination treatment studies}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {64}, year = {2001}, pages = {1854{\textendash}1857}, author = {Lee, MB and Lee, EH} } @mastersthesis {6520, title = {Community ecology of fishes and aquatic insects in rainforests of the {Ecuadorian} {Amazon}}, year = {2001}, note = {3019078}, school = {State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {I studied fish and aquatic insect communities in rainforest habitats in the Napo River basin of the Ecuadorian Amazon. First, within clearwater stream and riverine habitats I studied aquatic insect community structure and population genetics of two water strider species. Secondly, within lowland blackwater habitats, I studied aquatic insect and fish community structure and seasonality. Alpha diversity was estimated by species accumulation curves, Simpson{\textquoteright}s diversity and evenness, and Rarefaction. Beta diversity was estimated non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination and Bray-Curtis hierarchical clustering. I collected 4,214 aquatic insect individuals representative of 49 families and 182 morphotypes in clearwater sites. Relative abundance and density were low, but family and morphotype richness and diversity were high. Community structure on the family and morphotype level was variable and dominated by Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. A faunal turnover occurred along the altitudinal gradient with corresponding changes in substrate. Collecter-gatherers, collector-filterers, and predators were abundant. The population genetic structure between and among water strider populations of Potamobates williamsi and P. sumaco , estimated from the sequenced COI mitochondrial gene, revealed moderate genetic structure and low gene flow. The significant correlation of air and river distances with gene flow indicates isolation by distance. Aquatic insect and fish communities in lowland blackwater habitats were influenced by habitat type and seasonality. I collected 2,859 aquatic insect individuals, representative of 35 families and 85 morphotypes. Odonata, Hemiptera and Coleoptera were dominant. Predators dominated in all but two samples where collector-gatherers were dominant. I collected a total of 196 fish species, increasing the current number of species for the Napo River basin to approximately 563. Lagoon, river and forest stream fish communities were composed of common species found within several habitats, of characteristic species found throughout the year, and of seasonal species found only within transitional, wet or dry seasons. The steady rates of species accumulations per sample in clearwater aquatic insect and blackwater fish communities suggest that these communities are still under sampled. The variability in aquatic insect and fish communities highlights the importance of seasonality for adequately assessing aquatic diversity and for developing research and conservation programs encompassing whole river ecosystems.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, Amazon, Aquatic insects, Biological sciences, Community ecology, Ecology, Ecuadorian Amazon, Fishes, Neotropical fish, Rain forests}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304726549?accountid=14270}, author = {Galacatos, Katerina} } @article {5956, title = {{Comparative pathogenesis of infection of pigs with hepatitis E viruses recovered from a pig and a human}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {918{\textendash}923}, author = {P G Halbur and Kasorndorkbua, C} } @article {2191, title = {{A comparison of immunomagnetic separation and culture, Reveal and VIP for the detection of E. coli O157 in enrichment cultures of naturally-contaminated raw beef, lamb and mixed meat products}}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {171{\textendash}175}, edition = {2001/03/27}, abstract = {AIMS: The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of three previously described PCR assays for the detection of E. coli O157 and, (ii) to compare PCR, culture, and two visual immunoassays (VIAs), BioSign and Path-Stik, for detecting E. coli O157 after enrichment culture and immunomagnetic separation (IMS) performed on various naturally contaminated raw beef, lamb and mixed meat products. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twelve sorbitol non fermenting (SNF) verocytotoxin-producing (VT+) E. coli O157, 6 SNF VT- E. coli O157, 4 sorbitol fermenting (SF) VT+ E. coli O157, 3 SF VT- E. coli O157, 23 E. coli belonging to 17 other serogroups and 12 organisms of other species were used to check the specificity of PCR reactions. Only one primer pair generated amplimers only with E. coli O157 and was used for all subsequent work. After enrichment culture and on inoculated minced beef samples, PCR was as sensitive as culture for detecting 9 of the 12 strains of E. coli O157, but up to 4 log10 more sensitive than culture for detecting three strains. Of the 120 samples of naturally contaminated meat products examined, 80 (67\%) were positive by PCR, 70 (58\%) were positive by BioSign, 69 (58\%) were positive by culture and 67 (56\%) were positive by Path-Stik. Eleven samples were positive by PCR and both VIAs, but negative by culture because culture plates were heavily overgrown with SF organisms making detection of any E. coli O157 present impossible. CONCLUSIONS: PCR and both VIAs compared well with culture of beads to CT-SMAC for detecting E. coli O157 after enrichment culture and IMS. PCR appeared to be the most sensitive method, but needed specialised equipment and was also the most expensive, laborious and technically demanding technique. Although lacking the sensitivity of PCR, the VIAs were of comparable sensitivity to culture and were extremely quick and easy to perform giving a result in less than 15 minutes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Culture techniques may fail to detect E. coli O157 retrieved by IMS due to overgrowth with other organisms.}, isbn = {0266-8254 (Print) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, doi = {lam883 [pii]}, author = {Chapman, P A and Ellin, M and Ashton, R} } @article {13960, title = {A comparison of immunomagnetic separation and culture, {Reveal} and {VIP} for the detection of {E}. coli {O}157 in enrichment cultures of naturally-contaminated raw beef, lamb and mixed meat products}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {171{\textendash}175}, abstract = {AIMS: The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of three previously described PCR assays for the detection of E. coli O157 and, (ii) to compare PCR, culture, and two visual immunoassays (VIAs), BioSign and Path-Stik, for detecting E. coli O157 after enrichment culture and immunomagnetic separation (IMS) performed on various naturally contaminated raw beef, lamb and mixed meat products. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twelve sorbitol non fermenting (SNF) verocytotoxin-producing (VT+) E. coli O157, 6 SNF VT- E. coli O157, 4 sorbitol fermenting (SF) VT+ E. coli O157, 3 SF VT- E. coli O157, 23 E. coli belonging to 17 other serogroups and 12 organisms of other species were used to check the specificity of PCR reactions. Only one primer pair generated amplimers only with E. coli O157 and was used for all subsequent work. After enrichment culture and on inoculated minced beef samples, PCR was as sensitive as culture for detecting 9 of the 12 strains of E. coli O157, but up to 4 log10 more sensitive than culture for detecting three strains. Of the 120 samples of naturally contaminated meat products examined, 80 (67\%) were positive by PCR, 70 (58\%) were positive by BioSign, 69 (58\%) were positive by culture and 67 (56\%) were positive by Path-Stik. Eleven samples were positive by PCR and both VIAs, but negative by culture because culture plates were heavily overgrown with SF organisms making detection of any E. coli O157 present impossible. CONCLUSIONS: PCR and both VIAs compared well with culture of beads to CT-SMAC for detecting E. coli O157 after enrichment culture and IMS. PCR appeared to be the most sensitive method, but needed specialised equipment and was also the most expensive, laborious and technically demanding technique. Although lacking the sensitivity of PCR, the VIAs were of comparable sensitivity to culture and were extremely quick and easy to perform giving a result in less than 15 minutes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Culture techniques may fail to detect E. coli O157 retrieved by IMS due to overgrowth with other organisms.}, doi = {lam883 [pii]}, author = {Chapman, P A and Ellin, M and Ashton, R} } @article {7966, title = {{A comparison of immunomagnetic separation and culture, Reveal and VIP for the detection of E. coli O157 in enrichment cultures of naturally-contaminated raw beef, lamb and mixed meat products}}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {171{\textendash}175}, edition = {2001/03/27}, abstract = {AIMS: The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of three previously described PCR assays for the detection of E. coli O157 and, (ii) to compare PCR, culture, and two visual immunoassays (VIAs), BioSign and Path-Stik, for detecting E. coli O157 after enrichment culture and immunomagnetic separation (IMS) performed on various naturally contaminated raw beef, lamb and mixed meat products. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twelve sorbitol non fermenting (SNF) verocytotoxin-producing (VT+) E. coli O157, 6 SNF VT- E. coli O157, 4 sorbitol fermenting (SF) VT+ E. coli O157, 3 SF VT- E. coli O157, 23 E. coli belonging to 17 other serogroups and 12 organisms of other species were used to check the specificity of PCR reactions. Only one primer pair generated amplimers only with E. coli O157 and was used for all subsequent work. After enrichment culture and on inoculated minced beef samples, PCR was as sensitive as culture for detecting 9 of the 12 strains of E. coli O157, but up to 4 log10 more sensitive than culture for detecting three strains. Of the 120 samples of naturally contaminated meat products examined, 80 (67{\%}) were positive by PCR, 70 (58{\%}) were positive by BioSign, 69 (58{\%}) were positive by culture and 67 (56{\%}) were positive by Path-Stik. Eleven samples were positive by PCR and both VIAs, but negative by culture because culture plates were heavily overgrown with SF organisms making detection of any E. coli O157 present impossible. CONCLUSIONS: PCR and both VIAs compared well with culture of beads to CT-SMAC for detecting E. coli O157 after enrichment culture and IMS. PCR appeared to be the most sensitive method, but needed specialised equipment and was also the most expensive, laborious and technically demanding technique. Although lacking the sensitivity of PCR, the VIAs were of comparable sensitivity to culture and were extremely quick and easy to perform giving a result in less than 15 minutes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Culture techniques may fail to detect E. coli O157 retrieved by IMS due to overgrowth with other organisms.}, isbn = {0266-8254 (Print) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, doi = {lam883 [pii]}, author = {Chapman, P A and Ellin, M and Ashton, R} } @article {17418, title = {Comparison of selective enrichment media for the detection of Salmonella in poultry faeces}, journal = {Lett Appl MicrobiolLett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, month = {Feb}, pages = {89-92}, keywords = {*Culture Media, Animals, Chickens/*microbiology, Feces/*microbiology, Salmonella/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification}, isbn = {0266-8254 (Print)
0266-8254 (Linking)}, author = {Voogt, N. and Raes, M. and Wannet, W. J. and Henken, A. M. and van de Giessen, A. W.} } @article {10662, title = {{Comparison of Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity islands in sixth and seventh pandemic strains}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {1947{\textendash}1952}, author = {Karaolis, AKR and Lan, R and Kaper, JB and Reeves, PR} } @article {13267, title = {Contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater in Auckland, New Zealand}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {35}, year = {2001}, pages = {1518-1524}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00420-6}, author = {Simmons, G. and Hope, V. and Lewis, G. and Whitmore, J. and Gao, W.} } @article {6631, title = {Contending discourses on {\textquoteleft}{Partnership}{\textquoteright}. {A} comparative analysis of the rural water and sanitation sector in {Ghana}}, journal = {Occasional paper}, number = {40}, year = {2001}, pages = {1{\textendash}37}, url = {https://www.soas.ac.uk/water/publications/papers/file38383.pdf}, author = {Welle, Katharina} } @article {7695, title = {Current epidemiological issues in human campylobacteriosis}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {90}, year = {2001}, note = {Current epidemiological issues in human campylobacteriosis; 200; J English Editorial Material Frost, JA, Cent Publ Hlth Lab, Campylobacter Reference Unit, Lab Enter Pathogens, 61 Colindale Ave, London NW9 5HT, England 14 BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD OXFORD P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND J APPL MICROBIOL Suppl. S Discipline: Biotechnology \& Applied Microbiology; Microbiology 444DD NOT IN FILE 1364-5072 Cent Publ Hlth Lab, Campylobacter Reference Unit, Lab Enter Pathogens, London NW9 5HT, England.; ID: 69}, pages = {85S-95S}, abstract = {

Campylobacter has been the most commonly reported bacterial cause of human gastroenteric infection in England and Wales since 1981 and yet the epidemiology of this pathogen remains poorly understood. Indeed, the prevalence of Campylobacter infection is underestimated since the study of Infectious Intestinal Disease in England calculated that the true annual incidence was nearer 420 000 than the 55 000 reported in 1999. The epidemiology of Campylobacter infection is complex since the organism is widely distributed in the environment and throughout the food chain. Sources of human infection are likely to be contaminated with more than one strain of Campylobacter and cross contamination in domestic or commercial food preparation means that the source and vehicle of infection may not be the same food item. The vast majority of Campylobacter infections are reported as sporadic and the lack of outbreak data makes identification of sources and vehicles of infection difficult. Studies are further hampered by the lack of widely used, standard subtyping methods. A wide variety of phenotypic and genotypic typing methods have been applied to this organism although rarely on a sufficient scale to address the broader epidemiological issues. Furthermore the wide range of variation detected makes correlation of data from human infection with water and food sources difficult. The present paper describes a number of the more widely used typing methods together with examples of their impact on our understanding of the epidemiology of this important pathogen

}, keywords = {Bacterial, Campylobacter, COLI, Contamination, Disease, England, environment, epidemiology, FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS, Food, FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM, GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME, HEAT-STABLE ANTIGENS, IDENTIFICATION, IMPACT, infection, infections, JEJUNI, methods, Microbiology, OUTBREAK, Pathogens, Poultry, SEROTYPING CAMPYLOBACTER, WALES, water}, author = {Frost,J. A.} } @article {4871, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis cholecystitis in a patient with AIDS}}, journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine}, volume = {16}, year = {2001}, pages = {134{\textendash}166}, author = {de G{\'o}rgolas, M and Fort{\'e}s, J and Fern{\'a}ndez Guerrero, ML} } @article {4888, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis infections among diarrheal patients from Venezuela}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {65}, year = {2001}, pages = {351{\textendash}354}, author = {Chacin-Bonilla, L and Estevez, J and Monsalve, F and Quijada, L} } @article {4844, title = {{Cyclosporiasis: a clinical and epidemiological study in travellers with imported Cyclospora cayetanensis infection}}, journal = {Medicina Clinica}, volume = {116}, year = {2001}, pages = {451{\textendash}464}, author = {Gascon, J and Alvarez, M and M E Valls and M J Bordas and T M Jimenez de Anta and Corachan, M} } @article {5112, title = {Decontamination of freshly caught fish infected with Opisthorchis metacercariae by fast electron irradiation}, journal = {Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia}, volume = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {26-27}, author = {Naz{\textquoteright}mov, VP and Fedorov, KP and Serbin, VI and Auslender, VL} } @mastersthesis {7444, title = {The design of cladding against wind-driven rain}, year = {2001}, note = {NQ58218}, school = {The University of Western Ontario (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The study seeks to help resolve the costly problem of rain penetration of walls that plagues the building industry. An experimental study was undertaken to increase the understanding of two primary external factors affecting the design of cladding against wind-driven rain. The first is the deposition of rain on a building face; the second is the spatial nonuniformity of exterior pressures on the face. A new method for simulating wind-driven rain was achieved using an array of nozzles in a boundary layer wind tunnel and Froude scaling. Rain impact patterns on simple buildings were simulated using a water-sensitive paper that changed colour on contact with water. This allowed a visual picture of the impact pattern and quantification of local intensity factors. The approach permits an approximate simple solution to a complex problem. The "classic" full-scale wetting pattern was obtained on windward faces whereby the edges are the wettest. Changes in wind speed, direction, aspect ratio and architectural features were examined. Local intensity factors increase significantly with wind speed. Glancing winds still result in significant impact at some edges. A pressure-equalized rainscreen wall relies on cavity space compartmentalization to limit the external pressure change across the cavity. The intent is to reduce the differential pressure across the rainscreen to a level acceptable against water entry. However, recommendations for compartmentalization are few. To this end, a wind tunnel study of pressure gradients was conducted using a rectangular building form pressure model. Normalized mean horizontal and vertical components of spatial pressure gradients of up to 16 near side edges and 34 near the top edge, respectively, were obtained (96 and 136 Pa/m for a 40m wide, 60m high face with wind speed 20 m/s). Unsteady gradients were studied using proper orthogonal decomposition and quasi-steady analysis. Results indicate differential pressures cannot be adequately reduced at building edges using practical compartment sizes. The coincidence at building edges of maximum rain impact with high pressure gradients gives rise to a new idea, the "partially-pressurized" rainscreen, whereby an outward-acting mean pressure differential is created to oppose water infiltration everywhere. A new venting and compartmentalization scheme is suggested.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Building envelopes, Civil engineering, Cladding, Rainscreen, Wind-driven rain}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304767364?accountid=14270}, author = {Inculet, Diana Ruth} } @article {17325, title = {Destruction of bacteria in the digestive tract of the maggot of Lucilia sericata (Diptera : Calliphoridae)}, journal = {Journal of Medical EntomologyJournal of Medical EntomologyJournal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, month = {Mar}, pages = {161-166}, keywords = {alimentary canal, antibacterial substances, confocal microscopy, Escherichia coli, lucilia sericata, maggot debridement therapy, therapy, ulcers}, isbn = {0022-2585}, author = {Mumcuoglu, K. Y. and Miller, J. and Mumcuoglu, M. and Friger, M. and Tarshis, M.} } @article {3551, title = {Detection of astrovirus {RNA} from sewage works, seawater and native oysters samples in {Chiba} {City}, {Japan} using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.}, journal = {Kansenshogaku Zasshi}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {263{\textendash}269}, author = {Yokoi, H and Kitahashi, T and Tanaka, T and Utagawa, E} } @article {8205, title = {{Detection of Helicobacter pylori in faeces by culture, PCR and enzyme immunoassay}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology}, volume = {50}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, pages = {1021{\textendash}1029}, abstract = {Various techniques such as culture, PCR and enzyme immunoassay have been used to detect Helicobacter pylori infection in human faecal specimens. Attempts to culture H. pylori have had limited success as the bacterium exists predominantly in a non-culturable (coccoid) form in the faeces. Several PCR protocols, differing from each other in the choice of genomic targets and primers, have been used to detect H. pylori infection. Substances in faeces that inhibit PCR have been removed by various pre-PCR steps such as filtration through a polypropylene membrane, biochemical separation by column chromatography and isolation of H. pylori with immunomagnetic beads, the former two techniques yielding results with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. An enzyme immunoassay based on the detection of H. pylori antigen in faeces has become a convenient tool for the pre-treatment diagnosis of the infection. The stool antigen assay is convenient, especially for children, as it involves neither surgery nor the discomfort associated with the urea breath test. However, its applicability in monitoring eradication therapy has been controversial, as the assay can detect dead or partially degraded bacteria long after actual eradication, thus giving false positive results. [References: 69]}, isbn = {0022-2615}, issn = {00222615}, author = {Kabir, S.} } @article {13833, title = {Detection of {Helicobacter} pylori in faeces by culture, {PCR} and enzyme immunoassay}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology}, volume = {50}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, pages = {1021{\textendash}1029}, abstract = {Various techniques such as culture, PCR and enzyme immunoassay have been used to detect Helicobacter pylori infection in human faecal specimens. Attempts to culture H. pylori have had limited success as the bacterium exists predominantly in a non-culturable (coccoid) form in the faeces. Several PCR protocols, differing from each other in the choice of genomic targets and primers, have been used to detect H. pylori infection. Substances in faeces that inhibit PCR have been removed by various pre-PCR steps such as filtration through a polypropylene membrane, biochemical separation by column chromatography and isolation of H. pylori with immunomagnetic beads, the former two techniques yielding results with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. An enzyme immunoassay based on the detection of H. pylori antigen in faeces has become a convenient tool for the pre-treatment diagnosis of the infection. The stool antigen assay is convenient, especially for children, as it involves neither surgery nor the discomfort associated with the urea breath test. However, its applicability in monitoring eradication therapy has been controversial, as the assay can detect dead or partially degraded bacteria long after actual eradication, thus giving false positive results. [References: 69]}, issn = {00222615}, author = {Kabir, S.} } @article {5703, title = {{Detection of Hepatitis A Virus by the Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification Technique and Comparison with Reverse Transcription-PCR}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, pages = {5593{\textendash}5600}, author = {Jean, J and Blais, B and Darveau, A and Fliss, I} } @article {14705, title = {Detection of hepatitis {A} virus by the nucleic acid sequence-based amplification technique and comparison with reverse transcription-{PCR}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {67}, year = {2001}, month = {dec}, pages = {5593{\textendash}600}, abstract = {A nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) technique for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in foods was developed and compared to the traditional reverse transcription (RT)-PCR technique. Oligonucleotide primers targeting the VP1 and VP2 genes encoding the major HAV capsid proteins were used for the amplification of viral RNA in an isothermal process resulting in the accumulation of RNA amplicons. Amplicons were detected by hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe in a dot blot assay format. Using the NASBA, as little as 0.4 ng of target RNA/ml was detected per comparison to 4 ng/ml for RT-PCR. When crude HAV viral lysate was used, a detection limit of 2 PFU (4 x 10(2) PFU/ml) was obtained with NASBA, compared to 50 PFU (1 x 10(4) PFU/ml) obtained with RT-PCR. No interference was encountered in the amplification of HAV RNA in the presence of excess nontarget RNA or DNA. The NASBA system successfully detected HAV recovered from experimentally inoculated samples of waste water, lettuce, and blueberries. Compared to RT-PCR and other amplification techniques, the NASBA system offers several advantages in terms of sensitivity, rapidity, and simplicity. This technique should be readily adaptable for detection of other RNA viruses in both foods and clinical samples.}, keywords = {*Self-Sustained Sequence Replication, *Water Microbiology, Blueberry Plant/*virology, DNA Primers, Fluid, Hepatitis A virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Hepatitis A/virology, Lettuce/*virology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.12.5593-5600.2001}, author = {Jean, J. and Blais, B. and Darveau, A. and Fliss, I.} } @article {14996, title = {Detection of hepatitis {A} virus by the nucleic acid sequence-based amplification technique and comparison with reverse transcription-{PCR}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {67}, year = {2001}, month = {dec}, pages = {5593{\textendash}600}, abstract = {A nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) technique for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in foods was developed and compared to the traditional reverse transcription (RT)-PCR technique. Oligonucleotide primers targeting the VP1 and VP2 genes encoding the major HAV capsid proteins were used for the amplification of viral RNA in an isothermal process resulting in the accumulation of RNA amplicons. Amplicons were detected by hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe in a dot blot assay format. Using the NASBA, as little as 0.4 ng of target RNA/ml was detected per comparison to 4 ng/ml for RT-PCR. When crude HAV viral lysate was used, a detection limit of 2 PFU (4 x 10(2) PFU/ml) was obtained with NASBA, compared to 50 PFU (1 x 10(4) PFU/ml) obtained with RT-PCR. No interference was encountered in the amplification of HAV RNA in the presence of excess nontarget RNA or DNA. The NASBA system successfully detected HAV recovered from experimentally inoculated samples of waste water, lettuce, and blueberries. Compared to RT-PCR and other amplification techniques, the NASBA system offers several advantages in terms of sensitivity, rapidity, and simplicity. This technique should be readily adaptable for detection of other RNA viruses in both foods and clinical samples.}, keywords = {*Self-Sustained Sequence Replication, *Water Microbiology, Blueberry Plant/*virology, DNA Primers, Fluid, Hepatitis A virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Hepatitis A/virology, Lettuce/*virology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.12.5593-5600.2001}, author = {Jean, J. and Blais, B. and Darveau, A. and Fliss, I.} } @article {17051, title = {Determination of N-chloramines in As-Samra chlorinated wastewater and their effect on the disinfection process}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, year = {2001}, pages = {1304{\textendash}1310}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Fayyad, Manar K and Al-Sheikh, Ahmad M} } @article {5203, title = {{Determination of pyrimidine dimers in Escherichia coli and Cryptosporidium parvum during UV light inactivation, photoreactivation, and dark repair}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {10}, year = {2001}, pages = {4630{\textendash}4637}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)$\backslash$n0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.10.4630}, author = {Oguma, Kumiko and Katayama, Hiroyuki and Mitani, Hiroshi and Morita, Shigemitsu and Hirata, Tsuyoshi and Ohgaki, Shinichiro} } @mastersthesis {7304, title = {Development and validation of a patient-based measure of outcome for coronary revascularisation. ({BL}: {DXN}054324)}, year = {2001}, note = {U157370}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Background: Disease-specific patient-based questionnaires are being used increasingly to evaluate treatment outcomes in coronary heart disease (CHD) from the patient{\textquoteright}s perspective. However, most have been developed to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in medically rather than surgically treated patients and many have not been rigorously evaluated against required standards. There are currently no validated questionnaires to measure patient-based outcomes after coronary revascularisation, the surgical treatment for CHD. Objectives: To develop a new patient-based instrument, the Coronary Revascularisation Outcome Questionnaire (CROQ), to measure health outcomes and HRQoL before and after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). To evaluate the psychometric properties of the CROQ using classical psychometric methods. Design: Psychometric study. Subjects: A total of 725 (79\% male) patients undergoing CABG and 643 (71\% male) patients undergoing PTCA at three hospitals in the UK. Methods: Qualitative methods (literature review, review of existing instruments, patient interviews, and expert opinion) were used to develop two versions of the CROQ (CROQ-CABG and CROQ-PTCA). Two field tests were then conducted by postal survey to patients before and 3-months after revascularisation firstly, to identify possible items for elimination (item reduction) and secondly, to evaluate the psychometric properties (reliability, validity, responsiveness) of the item-reduced CROQ in independent samples. Results: The CROQ was acceptable to patients, satisfied tests of scaling assumptions, showed good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Conclusions: The CROQ is a new, psychometrically rigorous patient-based measure of outcome for coronary revascularisation. The CROQ has many potential uses in evaluative research, such as in clinical trials of effectiveness, and as a routine clinical audit tool to assist providers of CABG and PTCA in monitoring the outcomes of care.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU157370, 0564:Medicine, Bibliographies, Health and environmental sciences, Medicine, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301642266?accountid=14270}, author = {Schroter, S.A.B.} } @article {2336, title = {{Development of a quantitative competitive PCR assay for detection and quantification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {3291{\textendash}3294}, edition = {2001/06/27}, abstract = {A quantitative competitive PCR (QC-PCR) assay was developed to detect and quantify Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells. From 10(3) to 10(8) CFU of E. coli O157:H7 cells/ml was quantified in broth or skim milk, and cell densities predicted by QC-PCR were highly related to viable cell counts (r(2) = 0.99 and 0.93, respectively). QC-PCR has potential for quantitative detection of pathogenic bacteria in foods.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.7.3291-3294.2001}, author = {Li, W and Drake, M A} } @article {14135, title = {Development of a quantitative competitive {PCR} assay for detection and quantification of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 cells}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {3291{\textendash}3294}, abstract = {A quantitative competitive PCR (QC-PCR) assay was developed to detect and quantify Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells. From 10(3) to 10(8) CFU of E. coli O157:H7 cells/ml was quantified in broth or skim milk, and cell densities predicted by QC-PCR were highly related to viable cell counts (r(2) = 0.99 and 0.93, respectively). QC-PCR has potential for quantitative detection of pathogenic bacteria in foods.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.7.3291-3294.2001}, author = {Li, W and Drake, M A} } @article {11598, title = {{Diphyllobothriasis: update on human cases, foci, patterns and sources of human infections and future considerations}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {32}, year = {2001}, pages = {59{\textendash}76}, author = {Dick, T A and Nelson, P A and Choudhury, A} } @article {9885, title = {{Do Blastocystis hominis colony forms undergo programmed cell death?}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {87}, year = {2001}, pages = {362{\textendash}367}, author = {Tan, KSW and Howe, J and Yap, EH and Singh, M} } @article {10776, title = {{Drawer of water II: 30 years of change in domestic water use and environmental health in East Africa}}, journal = {London: IIED}, year = {2001}, author = {Thompson, J and Porras, IT and Tumwine, JK and Mujwahuzi, MR and Katui-Katua, M and Johnstone, N and Libby, L} } @book {12924, title = {Drawers of water II: 30 years of change in domestic water use \& environmental health in east Africa. Summary}, volume = {3}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Iied}, organization = {Iied}, author = {Thompson, John} } @book {16670, title = {Drawers of water {II}: 30 years of change in domestic water use \& environmental health in east {Africa}. {Summary}}, volume = {3}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Iied}, organization = {Iied}, author = {Thompson, John} } @article {14535, title = {Duration of enterovirus shedding in stool}, journal = {J Microbiol Immunol Infect}, volume = {34}, year = {2001}, month = {sep}, pages = {167{\textendash}70}, abstract = {Excretion of enterovirus (EV) may persist for months after an EV infection; the exact duration of excretion, however, is not yet known. Twelve children who were infected with EV between September 1998 and June 1999 were enrolled into this study. The patients included 4 boys and 8 girls, aged from 1 month to 5 years. Six patients were asked to join this virus isolation program, and the other 6 were followed-up regularly. Only 2 of the patients were infected with EV 71. To delineate the duration of EV shedding in each case, throat swabs for virus isolation were performed every 1 or 2 weeks for at least 1 month, and stools were analyzed for at least 2 months following the same schedule. After the infection, EV was identifiable in the throat in 4 patients for 1 to 2 weeks. Excretion of EV through stool was evidenced for up to 7 weeks in 6 patients, 8 weeks in 3, and 11 weeks in 1. In the 2 patients who failed to show up for follow-up visits from the 7th week, excretion of EV through stool was recorded for at least 7 weeks. Different serotypes of EV could be isolated from the same patient who was not experiencing febrile illness in 2 instances in a series of virus cultures. Coexistence of vaccine poliovirus and non-polio EV, both isolated from stool, was evidenced in 2 patients. Results from this study suggest that EV may not be identified from the throat 2 weeks after the infection, but its excretion through stool can persist for up to 11 weeks. This study also demonstrated that subclinical EV coinfection could occur, and that live vaccine poliovirus did not interfere with the invasion of other non-polio EV.}, keywords = {*Virus Shedding, Child, Enterovirus Infections/virology, Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification/physiology, Feces/*virology, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Preschool, Time Factors}, issn = {1684-1182 (Print) 1684-1182 (Linking)}, author = {Chung, P. W. and Huang, Y. C. and Chang, L. Y. and Lin, T. Y. and Ning, H. C.} } @article {14904, title = {Duration of enterovirus shedding in stool}, journal = {J Microbiol Immunol Infect}, volume = {34}, year = {2001}, month = {sep}, pages = {167{\textendash}70}, abstract = {Excretion of enterovirus (EV) may persist for months after an EV infection; the exact duration of excretion, however, is not yet known. Twelve children who were infected with EV between September 1998 and June 1999 were enrolled into this study. The patients included 4 boys and 8 girls, aged from 1 month to 5 years. Six patients were asked to join this virus isolation program, and the other 6 were followed-up regularly. Only 2 of the patients were infected with EV 71. To delineate the duration of EV shedding in each case, throat swabs for virus isolation were performed every 1 or 2 weeks for at least 1 month, and stools were analyzed for at least 2 months following the same schedule. After the infection, EV was identifiable in the throat in 4 patients for 1 to 2 weeks. Excretion of EV through stool was evidenced for up to 7 weeks in 6 patients, 8 weeks in 3, and 11 weeks in 1. In the 2 patients who failed to show up for follow-up visits from the 7th week, excretion of EV through stool was recorded for at least 7 weeks. Different serotypes of EV could be isolated from the same patient who was not experiencing febrile illness in 2 instances in a series of virus cultures. Coexistence of vaccine poliovirus and non-polio EV, both isolated from stool, was evidenced in 2 patients. Results from this study suggest that EV may not be identified from the throat 2 weeks after the infection, but its excretion through stool can persist for up to 11 weeks. This study also demonstrated that subclinical EV coinfection could occur, and that live vaccine poliovirus did not interfere with the invasion of other non-polio EV.}, keywords = {*Virus Shedding, Child, Enterovirus Infections/virology, Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification/physiology, Feces/*virology, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Preschool, Time Factors}, issn = {1684-1182 (Print) 1684-1182 (Linking)}, author = {Chung, P. W. and Huang, Y. C. and Chang, L. Y. and Lin, T. Y. and Ning, H. C.} } @article {1511, title = {Duration of enterovirus shedding in stool}, journal = {Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, note = {Chung, P W Huang, Y C Chang, L Y Lin, T Y Ning, H C eng China (Republic : 1949- ) 2001/10/19 10:00 J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2001 Sep;34(3):167-70.}, pages = {167-70}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Excretion of enterovirus (EV) may persist for months after an EV infection; the exact duration of excretion, however, is not yet known. Twelve children who were infected with EV between September 1998 and June 1999 were enrolled into this study. The patients included 4 boys and 8 girls, aged from 1 month to 5 years. Six patients were asked to join this virus isolation program, and the other 6 were followed-up regularly. Only 2 of the patients were infected with EV 71. To delineate the duration of EV shedding in each case, throat swabs for virus isolation were performed every 1 or 2 weeks for at least 1 month, and stools were analyzed for at least 2 months following the same schedule. After the infection, EV was identifiable in the throat in 4 patients for 1 to 2 weeks. Excretion of EV through stool was evidenced for up to 7 weeks in 6 patients, 8 weeks in 3, and 11 weeks in 1. In the 2 patients who failed to show up for follow-up visits from the 7th week, excretion of EV through stool was recorded for at least 7 weeks. Different serotypes of EV could be isolated from the same patient who was not experiencing febrile illness in 2 instances in a series of virus cultures. Coexistence of vaccine poliovirus and non-polio EV, both isolated from stool, was evidenced in 2 patients. Results from this study suggest that EV may not be identified from the throat 2 weeks after the infection, but its excretion through stool can persist for up to 11 weeks. This study also demonstrated that subclinical EV coinfection could occur, and that live vaccine poliovirus did not interfere with the invasion of other non-polio EV.

}, keywords = {Child, Preschool Enterovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification/physiology Enterovirus Infections/virology Feces/*virology Female Humans Infant Male Time Factors *Virus Shedding}, issn = {1684-1182 (Print) 1684-1182 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11605806}, author = {Chung, P. W. and Huang, Y. C. and Chang, L. Y. and Lin, T. Y. and Ning, H. C.} } @mastersthesis {6796, title = {The {Eastern} {Arc} {Mountain} forests of {Tanzania}: {Their} role in biodiversity, water resource conservation, and net contribution to atmospheric carbon}, year = {2001}, note = {3002934}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Mountain forests play major ecological and environmental roles. This study evaluated the roles of the Eastern Arc Mountain forests of Tanzania in conservation of biodiversity, water resources, and net contribution to atmospheric carbon. The major objectives were three-fold: (1) the classification and description of plant community composition, diversity patterns, and their environmental correlates, (2) assessment of biomass and carbon pool in the phytomass and soils, (3) assessment of rainfall interception throughfall, stemflow, streamflow, and their correlation with rainfall. Data on vegetation, topography, soils, and hydrology were collected from the Usambara and Uluguru ranges. Using cluster analyses, Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordination, and indicator species analyses, five different plant communities were identified on each range. These communities were associated with two topographic and fourteen edaphic factors. Elevation was the strongest correlate of community composition in individual ranges, followed by several edaphic factors. Landform index and soil sodium concentration [Na] play major roles in separating plant communities between different mountain ranges. The proportions of rare species were high raising a conservation concern as to whether this is evidence of species{\textquoteright} declines or a biological characteristic. The forests have tremendous capacity for C storage both in the phytomass (517 {\textpm} 17 t ha -1 in the Usambaras and 384 {\textpm} 10 t ha-1 in the Ulugurus), and in the soil (420 {\textpm} 100 t ha-1 in the Usambaras and 290 {\textpm} 53 t ha -1 in the Ulugurus). Phytomass C was higher in mid elevation communities while high elevation communities had higher soil carbon, and total carbon. Rainfall interception was 23\% in the Usambaras and 20\% in the Ulugurus. Throughfall was more than 76\% in both forests and stemflow was less than 2\%. Streamflow was best modeled using three or more months running mean rainfall. The results suggest that plant community patterns in the Eastern Arc are associated with a complex of topographic and edaphic factors. This complex of factors is an important consideration in restoration and conservation programs. Attention to rare species is especially important. The forests have substantial capacity for carbon emission mitigation. The slow response in streamflow to rainfall events shows the efficiency of the forests to store water, mitigate storm water impacts by reducing runoff, delaying onset of peak flows, and ensuring constant water supplies.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0388:Hydrology, 0478:Forestry, Atmospheric carbon, Biodiversity, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Eastern Arc Mountain, Ecology, Forestry, Hydrology, Resource conservation, Tanzania, Water conservation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/250743947?accountid=14270}, author = {Pantaleo, Munishi Kirari Thomas} } @inbook {3010, title = {Echinococcosis in animals: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment.}, booktitle = {{WHO}/{OIE} {Manual} on {Echinococcosis} in {Humans} and {Animals}: a {Public} {Health} {Problem} of {Global} {Concern}}, year = {2001}, pages = {72{\textendash}99}, publisher = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, organization = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, edition = {World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)}, address = {Paris}, isbn = {92-9044-522-X}, author = {Eckert, J and Deplazes, P and Craig, P. S. and Gemmell, MA and Gottstein, B. and Heath, D. and Jenkins, DJ and Kamiya, M and Lightowlers, M} } @inbook {2926, title = {Echinococcosis in humans: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment}, booktitle = {{WHO}/{OIE} {Manual} on {Echinococcosis} in {Humans} and {Animals}: a {Public} {Health} {Problem} of {Global} {Concern}}, year = {2001}, pages = {20{\textendash}72}, publisher = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, organization = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, edition = {World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)}, address = {Paris}, isbn = {92-9044-522-X}, author = {Pawlowski, ZS and Eckert, J and Vuitton, DA and Ammann, RW and Kern, P and Craig, PS and Dar, KF and De Rosa, F and Filice, C and Gottstein, B and Grimm, F and MacPherson, CNL and Sato, N and Todorov, T and Uchino, J and von Sinner, W and Wen, H} } @mastersthesis {7259, title = {Economic valuation of environmental resources and sustainable development in the {Caribbean} region: {A} case of study of tourist preferences in the area of {Punta} {Cana}, {Dominican} {Republic}}, year = {2001}, note = {9995126}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In the Caribbean region, tourism represents one of the most important means for stimulating economic growth, improving trade balances, and managing environmental resources. But tourism also has costs. Tourism{\textquoteright}s major environmental impacts in this region are especially linked to the construction and operation of facilities. For example, between 80-90 percent of inadequately treated sewage is disposed of in coastal waters. The maintenance of market competitiveness of tourism destinations requires developing a balance between growth goals and long term environmental protection. Sustainable development (SD) may be a way to achieve such of balance. Assessing the economic value of both the benefits and the negative impacts of tourism will facilitate the SD goal. In this study, the Multi-Attribute Choice (MAC) and the Open Ended Contingent Valuation (OE) methods were used to value the economic benefits of recreational and environmental improvements in the tourist area of Punta Cana in the Dominican Republic. The main goals of this study were to: (1) undertake a comparison of these methodologies, (2) obtain policy-useful information for the sustainable use of environmental resources of this area, and (3) illustrate the importance of economic valuation in the development and evaluation of environmental policy and SD. Five plans, including status quo, were evaluated by interviewing tourists as they were about to leave the area for home. These were: (1) status quo, (2) botanical garden, (3) biodiversity museum, (4) outdoor aquarium, and (5) water management. The survey results indicate that the outdoor aquarium and water management were the most preferred of the five options. This interest was expressed both in qualitative and monetary terms. Also, respondents show high interest in a local endangered species garden. When comparing the willingness to pay (WTP) values yielded by the two methods, the results confirm other findings that WTP values are susceptible to the elicitation method used. For Option 4, the WTP obtained with the MAC method exceeds the values obtained with the OE method by a factor of 3.8. This factor was used as a calibration factor in order to increase construct validity of MAC WTP.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0768:Environmental science, 0814:Recreation, Dominican Republic, Economic impact, Economic valuation, economics, environmental management, Environmental resources, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Recreation, Social sciences, Studies, Sustainable development, Tourism, Tourist preferences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304688980?accountid=14270}, author = {Mercado, Leida Yali} } @article {15631, title = {Effect of high-rate algal ponds on viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, month = {Jul}, pages = {3322-4}, edition = {2001/06/27}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/parasitology, Cryptosporidium parvum/*growth \& development/pathogenicity, Eukaryota/*growth \& development, Mice, Sewage, Waste Management/*methods, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Araki, S. and Mart{\'\i}n-Gomez, S. and B{\'e}cares, E. and De Luis-Calabuig, E. and Rojo-Vazquez, F.} } @article {5143, title = {{Effect of High-Rate Algal Ponds on Viability of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {3322{\textendash}3324}, abstract = {The physicochemical conditions of high-rate algal ponds were responsible for a more than 97{\%} reduction in the infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in neonatal mice. The use of semipermeable bags of cellulose showed that pH, ammonia, and/or light seems to be a major factor for the inactivation of oocysts in wastewater, supporting the importance of alga-based systems for safer reuse of treated wastewater.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.7.3322-3324.2001}, author = {Araki, S. and Mart{\'\i}n-Gomez, S. and B{\'e}cares, E. and De Luis-Calabuig, E. and Rojo-Vazquez, F.} } @article {16565, title = {The effect of liming on the microbiological quality of urban sludge}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, pages = {195{\textendash}200}, abstract = {Treatments applied to sludge in order to stabilise and dehydrate them may give notable inactivation of microorganisms. This is observed when sludge is exposed either to high temperature or drastic pH when residual sludge is limed. The control of virological, parasitological and bacteriological sludge quality by detecting pathogenic microorganisms is slow and too expensive to be commonly practised. Thus, it is possible to replace pathogenic microorganisms detection by that of contamination indicators. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of liming on the behaviour of pathogenic microorganisms detected in urban sludge. The detection of Salmonella and helminth eggs was carried out in liquid sludge (2-3\% dryness) and solid sludge (23\% dryness) with added lime (0-45\% weight/dry weight) and stored for 24 h-46 weeks. The results showed that liming modified some characteristics such as temperature, dryness and pH of the sludge. It appeared that, whatever the percentage of added lime, the temperature of liquid sludge did not change while it increased by about 9 degrees C when 30-45\% lime was added to solid sludge. In the same way, the dryness of liquid sludge did not change during the liming, whereas the dryness of 45\% limed solid sludge increased from 23\% to 31\%. Finally, 15\%, 30\% and 45\% liming gave a pH of at least 10, 11.5 and 12, respectively, although the pH increase depended on the sludge type. The efficiency of liming was considered to be related to the pH and not to the percentage of added lime. Three factors determined the efficiency of pathogen elimination: (a) the pH reached by the sludge, (b) the period of liming activity and (c) the dryness of the sludge. Salmonella were eliminated from liquid sludge in 24 h at pH 10.7 and from solid sludge in 24 h at pH 10.0. Viable helminth egg concentration decreased to 3 eggs/10 g DM in liquid sludge in 14 d at pH 11.9 and 60 d at pH 11.6. In solid sludge, egg reduction was achieved in 24 h at pH 12.5, 7 d at pH 12.0 and 14 d at pH 11.5. From this study, it appeared that liming resulted in a much better microbiological quality of liquid sludge if its pH was maintained at 11.6 over 60 d or at pH 11.9 for 14 d. Solid sludge needed to be maintained at pH 11.5 for 14 d, pH 12.0 for 7 d or pH 12.5 for 24 h to achieve similar results.}, keywords = {*Salmonella, Animals, Calcium Compounds/*chemistry, Helminths, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Kinetics, Oxides/*chemistry, Population Dynamics, Quality Control, Refuse Disposal/*methods, Sewage/*microbiology, Temperature, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Mignotte-Cadiergues, B. and Maul, A. and Huyard, A. and Capizzi, S. and Schwartzbrod, L.} } @article {12073, title = {The effect of liming on the microbiological quality of urban sludge}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, note = {Mignotte-Cadiergues, B
Maul, A
Huyard, A
Capizzi, S
Schwartzbrod, L
eng
England
2001/07/24 10:00
Water Sci Technol. 2001;43(12):195-200.}, pages = {195-200}, abstract = {

Treatments applied to sludge in order to stabilise and dehydrate them may give notable inactivation of microorganisms. This is observed when sludge is exposed either to high temperature or drastic pH when residual sludge is limed. The control of virological, parasitological and bacteriological sludge quality by detecting pathogenic microorganisms is slow and too expensive to be commonly practised. Thus, it is possible to replace pathogenic microorganisms detection by that of contamination indicators. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of liming on the behaviour of pathogenic microorganisms detected in urban sludge. The detection of Salmonella and helminth eggs was carried out in liquid sludge (2-3\% dryness) and solid sludge (23\% dryness) with added lime (0-45\% weight/dry weight) and stored for 24 h-46 weeks. The results showed that liming modified some characteristics such as temperature, dryness and pH of the sludge. It appeared that, whatever the percentage of added lime, the temperature of liquid sludge did not change while it increased by about 9 degrees C when 30-45\% lime was added to solid sludge. In the same way, the dryness of liquid sludge did not change during the liming, whereas the dryness of 45\% limed solid sludge increased from 23\% to 31\%. Finally, 15\%, 30\% and 45\% liming gave a pH of at least 10, 11.5 and 12, respectively, although the pH increase depended on the sludge type. The efficiency of liming was considered to be related to the pH and not to the percentage of added lime. Three factors determined the efficiency of pathogen elimination: (a) the pH reached by the sludge, (b) the period of liming activity and (c) the dryness of the sludge. Salmonella were eliminated from liquid sludge in 24 h at pH 10.7 and from solid sludge in 24 h at pH 10.0. Viable helminth egg concentration decreased to 3 eggs/10 g DM in liquid sludge in 14 d at pH 11.9 and 60 d at pH 11.6. In solid sludge, egg reduction was achieved in 24 h at pH 12.5, 7 d at pH 12.0 and 14 d at pH 11.5. From this study, it appeared that liming resulted in a much better microbiological quality of liquid sludge if its pH was maintained at 11.6 over 60 d or at pH 11.9 for 14 d. Solid sludge needed to be maintained at pH 11.5 for 14 d, pH 12.0 for 7 d or pH 12.5 for 24 h to achieve similar results.

}, keywords = {*Salmonella, Animals, Calcium Compounds/*chemistry, Helminths, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Kinetics, Oxides/*chemistry, Population Dynamics, Quality Control, Refuse Disposal/*methods, Sewage/*microbiology, Temperature, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Mignotte-Cadiergues, B. and Maul, A. and Huyard, A. and Capizzi, S. and Schwartzbrod, L.} } @article {9530, title = {{Effect of ozone on the viability of some protozoa in drinking water.}}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {603{\textendash}616}, author = {Khalifa, AM and El Tamsahy, MM and Abou el Naga, IF} } @article {9813, title = {{Effect of ozone on the viability of some protozoa in drinking water}}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {31}, year = {2001}, pages = {603{\textendash}616}, author = {Khalifa, AM and El-Temsahy, MM and Abou-El Naga, IF} } @article {9116, title = {{The effect of summer and winter seasons on the survival of salmonella typhimurium and indicator micro-organisms during the storage of solid fraction of pig slurry}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, pages = {1036{\textendash}1043}, abstract = {AIMS: Investigations were carried out to observe the influence of winter/spring and summer periods on the survival of Salmonella typhimurium and indicator bacteria (psychrophilic, mesophilic, coliform and faecal coliform bacteria and faecal streptococci) in the solid fraction of pig slurry from agricultural wastewater treatment plant. METHODS AND RESULTS: Leather squares and PVC bottles with openings served as test carriers. They were inoculated with broth culture of Salm. typhimurium and introduced directly into the solid fraction. During the experiment, quantitative and qualitative examinations were carried out to determine the presence of Salm. typhimurium and observe the dynamics of indicator bacteria in the solid fraction. CONCLUSIONS: Salmonella typhimurium survived for 26 d in summer and for 85 d in winter/spring. The T90 values of indicator bacteria in summer ranged from 35.44 d (coliform bacteria) up to 100.29 d (mesophilic bacteria). The winter T90 values of indicator bacteria ranged from 74.58 d (faecal coliform bacteria) to 233.07 d (coliform bacteria). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The present study demonstrated that it is necessary to pay increased attention to the manipulation of slurry solid fraction.}, isbn = {1365-2672}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01471.x}, author = {Plach{\'a}, I and Venglovsk{\'y}, J and Sas{\'a}kov{\'a}, N and Svoboda, I F} } @article {10274, title = {The effectiveness of vermiculture in human pathogen reduction for USEPA biosolids stabilization}, journal = {Compost Science and Utilization}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {38{\textendash}49}, author = {Eastman, Bruce R and Kane, Philip N and Edwards, Clive A and Trytek, Linda and Gunadi, Bintoro and Stermer, Andrea L and Mobley, Jacquelyn R} } @article {1695, title = {The effects of seasonal variability and weather on microbial fecal pollution and enteric pathogens in a subtropical estuary}, journal = {Estuaries}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {266-276}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Lipp, E. K. and Kurz, R. and Vincent, R. and Rodriguez-Palacios, C. and Farrah, S. R. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {17132, title = {The effects of seasonal variability and weather on microbial fecal pollution and enteric pathogens in a subtropical estuary}, journal = {Estuaries}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {266{\textendash}276}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Lipp, Erin K and Kurz, Raymond and Vincent, Robert and Rodriguez-Palacios, Cesar and Farrah, Samuel R and Rose, Joan B} } @article {7796, title = {The effects of UVB and temperature on the survival of natural populations and pure cultures of Campylobacter jejuni, Camp. coli, Camp. lari and urease-positive thermophilic campylobacters (UPTC) in surface waters}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {90}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, note = {The effects of UVB and temperature on the survival of natural populations and pure cultures of Campylobacter jejuni, Camp. coli, Camp. lari and urease-positive thermophilic campylobacters (UPTC) in surface waters; 64; Journal English Article BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD 3 FEB 406WT OXFORD Jones K Univ Lancaster, Dept Biol Sci, IENS, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England J APPL MICROBIOL P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND NOT IN FILE 1364-5072 Univ Lancaster, Dept Biol Sci, IENS, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England Univ Lancaster, Dept Biol Sci, IENS, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England; ID: 162}, pages = {256-267}, abstract = {

Aims: To determine whether diurnal and seasonal variations in campylobacters in surface waters result from the effects of temperature and u.v. radiation, and whether natural populations of Campylobacter lari and urease-positive thermophilic campylobacters (UPTC) fi-om birds survive better in surface waters than Camp. jejuni from sewage. Methods and Results: Natural populations of Camp. lari and UPTC in sea water, and Camp. jejuni in river mater, mere exposed to artificial sunlight (equivalent to a sunny day in June). Both populations became non-culturable within 30 min, with T(90)s of 15 min and 25 min, respectively. Cultures of Camp. jejuni became non- culturable within 40 min and those of Camp. coli, Camp. lari and UPTC, within 60 min. In darkness, survival was temperature- dependent. Natural populations took 12 h at 37 degreesC and 5 days at 4 degreesC to become non-culturable in sea water, and slightly less in river water. Cultures of Camp. lari and UPTCs survived for significantly longer than Camp. jejuni and Camp. coli. Loss of culturability for all isolates was most rapid at 37 degreesC and slowest at 4 degreesC. Newly isolated strains from sea water and river water behaved in an almost identical manner to NCTC strains. Conclusions: Campylobacter lari and UPTCs survive for longer in surface waters than Camp. jejuni and Camp. coli, particularly in the dark. Low Campylobacter numbers in coastal waters in the summer, especially in the afternoon, are due to the combined effects of higher temperatures and higher levels of u.v. radiation. Significance and Impact of the Study: Campylobacter lari and UPTCs from birds predominate in bathing waters in Morecambe Bay because they are better able to survive; they also originate from closer to the shore than Camp. jejuni and Camp. coli in sewage effluent, which survive poorly and die before the incoming tide reaches the shore. The predominance of Camp. jejuni in river water results from its dominance of the inputs and not from its ability to survive

}, keywords = {Cells, Community, Culture, England, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, GROWTH, Indicators, MAINTENANCE, SEA, SEDIMENTS, Sewage, Surface, surface waters, Survival, Temperature, THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTERS, water}, author = {Obiri-Danso,K. and Paul,N. and Jones,K.} } @article {15300, title = {Efficacy of commonly used disinfectants for the inactivation of calicivirus on strawberry, lettuce, and a food-contact surface}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {64}, number = {9}, year = {2001}, pages = {1430-1434}, author = {Gulati, B. R. and Allwood, P. B. and Hedberg, C. W. and Goyal, S. M.} } @article {11194, title = {{Efficacy of some disinfectants on embryonated eggs of Toxocara canis}}, journal = {Turkish Journal of Medical Science}, volume = {31}, year = {2001}, pages = {35{\textendash}39}, author = {Aycicek, H and Yarsan, E and Sarimehmetoglu, H O and Tanyuksel, M and Girginkardesler, N and Ozyurt, M} } @article {7872, title = {The efficacy of subsurface flow reed bed treatment in the removal of Campylobacter spp., faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli from poultry litter}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2001}, pages = {168{\textendash}180}, author = {Duggan, J and Bates, MP and Phillips, CA} } @article {15077, title = {The elimination of helminth ova, faecal coliforms, {Salmonella} and protozoan cysts by various physicochemical processes in wastewater and sludge}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, pages = {179{\textendash}182}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, BE and Maya-Rendon, C and Salgado-Vel{\'a}zquez, G} } @article {9301, title = {{The elimination of helminth ova, faecal coliforms, Salmonella and protozoan cysts by various physicochemical processes in wastewater and sludge}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, pages = {179{\textendash}182}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, B and Maya-Rendon, C and Salgado-Vel{\'a}zquez, G} } @article {10403, title = {The elimination of helminth ova, faecal coliforms, Salmonella and protozoan cysts by various physicochemical processes in wastewater and sludge}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, pages = {179{\textendash}182}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, BE and Maya-Rendon, C and Salgado-Vel{\'a}zquez, G} } @article {4735, title = {{Emerging pathogen Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in Nepal}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {32}, year = {2001}, pages = {143{\textendash}150}, author = {Sherchand, JB and Cross, JH} } @mastersthesis {7196, title = {An empirical assessment of virtual water: {The} impact of liberalization of agricultural subsidies and international trade on irrigation water demand}, year = {2001}, note = {3023280}, school = {Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Tufts University)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation explores the relationship between agricultural price policy, international trade and water resources management. It models, on a global scale, the impact on regional irrigation water demand if subsidies are reduced through multilateral liberalization of agricultural trade. The hypothesis is that subsidy reduction, such as that mandated in the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, will alter crop production patterns, and that this will in turn reduce the demand for irrigation of low-value agricultural products (such as cereals) in water scarce regions. In order to test this hypothesis, two separate models are created. The first model, called OLGA, analyzes the impact of agricultural trade liberalization on production, consumption, and trade for 15 agricultural products in 30 countries and regions. The second model, named LUCIA, estimates the crop water productivity coefficients for specific cereal crops in different countries and regions around the world. These coefficients are combined with the output from the first model to calculate the amount of water consumed during cereal production in each country for each of the different trade scenarios. The results of the OLGA-LUCIA framework indicate that changes in cereal production due to multilateral subsidy reduction are not large, and that the overall shift in water consumption is quite limited for most countries. If only trade liberalization is considered, cereal production does not shift to the most productive regions, as current agricultural subsidies are heaviest in countries that already have a comparative advantage in this sector. The loss of producer support therefore drives down cereal production in many countries that have abundant water resources. In the medium-term, cereal production is shown to increase in countries with limited producer support, including arid regions such as China, India and the Middle East and North Africa. Trade liberalization will bring many benefits (as well as concerns), but will not by itself induce reallocation of water-intensive agriculture to areas of water abundance.}, keywords = {0285:Agronomy, 0503:Agricultural economics, 0616:International law, 0616:International relations, 0768:Environmental science, Agricultural economics, Agricultural policy, Agricultural subsidies, Agronomy, Biological sciences, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, International law, International Relations, International trade, Irrigation, Liberalization, Social sciences, Studies, Subsidies, Virtual water, Water demand, Water resources}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304774220?accountid=14270}, author = {Ney, Jr, Luke Anthony} } @article {11594, title = {{Enqu{\^e}te sur I{\textasciiacute}incidence de la bothrioc{\'e}phalose en Haute-Savoie (1993-2000)}}, journal = {Bulletin {\'e}pid{\'e}miologique hebdomadaire}, volume = {45}, year = {2001}, pages = {211{\textendash}213}, author = {Desvois, L and Gregory, A and Ancelle, T and Dupouy-Camet, J} } @article {7824, title = {Enumeration of Campylobacter in New Zealand recreational and drinking waters}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, note = {Enumeration of Campylobacter in New Zealand recreational and drinking waters; 199; J English Article Savill, MG, ESR Ltd, Christchurch Sci Ctr, POB 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand 14 BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD OXFORD P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND J APPL MICROBIOL JUL Discipline: Biotechnology \& Applied Microbiology; Microbiology 453AD NOT IN FILE 1364-5072 Inst Environm Sci \& Res Ltd, Christchurch Sci Ctr, Christchurch, New Zealand. Univ Canterbury, Dept Plant \& Microbial Sci, Christchurch 1, New Zealand.; ID: 187}, pages = {38-46}, abstract = {

Aims: To use a published polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the detection and identification of thermotolerant Campylobacter species (Camp. jejuni, Camp. coli and Camp. lari) in tandem with a Most Probable Number (MPN) technique to enumerate these species in water samples. Methods and Results: An initial study of 42 river water samples compared the use of conventional culture and PCR methods for the detection of Campylobacter in MPN enrichment tubes. It was found that all samples positive by culture were also positive bit PCR. Thirty-seven percent more MPN tubes were positive by PCR compared with culture. The MPN/PCR technique nias subsequently applied to 96 additional samples collected fi om rivers, drinking, roof and shallow ground water. Campylobacter was especially prevalent in river water (60\% positive) and shallow ground n ater (75\% positive) samples. Drinking water (29.2\% positive) and roof water (37.5\% positive) also contained Campylobacter, but the numbers detected were very low (maximum 0.3 and 0.56 MPN 100 ml(-1), respectively). Conclusions: River waters contained Campylobacter at higher levels than any other water type and in a high percentage of the samples. Although Campylobacter was present in treated drinking water, the levels detected were low. Significance and Impact of the Study: These results suggest that water may act as a significant transmission route for human campylobacteriosis

}, keywords = {Campylobacter, COLI, Culture, Detection, Drinking, drinking water, DRINKING-WATER, England, ENUMERATION, IDENTIFICATION, IMPACT, JEJUNI, methods, Microbiology, MPN, NEW-ZEALAND, OUTBREAK, PCR, POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION, RIVER, River water, SAMPLES, Sewage, THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTERS, TUBE, water, WATERS}, author = {Savill,M. G. and Hudson,J. A. and Ball,A. and Klena,J. D. and Scholes,P. and Whyte,R. J. and McCormick,R. E. and Jankovic,D.} } @article {11278, title = {{Environmental Exposure to Toxocara as a Possible Risk Factor for Asthma: A Clinic-Based Case-Control Study}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {32}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {e111{\textendash}e116}, doi = {10.1086/319593}, author = {Sharghi, N and Schantz, P M and Caramico, L and Ballas, K and Teague, B A and Hotez, P J} } @mastersthesis {6599, title = {Environmental impact of leatherleaf fern farms in {Costa} {Rica}}, year = {2001}, note = {3012440}, school = {The University of Wisconsin - Madison}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Leatherleaf ferns are the fifth leading agricultural export product in Costa Rica. Non-traditional agricultural export products (NTAE), such as leatherleaf ferns, flowers, melons, and pineapples, have received government subsidies in the form of tax exemptions and cash rebates as part of the structural adjustments prescribed by the U.S. Agency for International Development and World Bank during the 1980s regional economic crisis. Although ferns are touted as one of the most successful NTAE, due to the sector{\textquoteright}s impressive growth and high revenues, there was concern about the heavy use of pesticides and the location of farms in aquifer recharge areas. This study used an interdisciplinary approach to evaluate the potential impact of ornamental plant production, including flowers but relying mostly on leatherleaf fern data, given the much larger area dedicated to fern cultivation as compared to flowers. I focused on the ecotoxicological impacts in the local watersheds including groundwater, the social impacts at the community level, and the macroeconomic policies effects at the local and national levels. Ten out of sixty-nine pesticides reportedly used in flower and fern farms were detected in surface water samples between November 1999 and April 2000: chlorothalonil (0.13 mg/L), diazinon (0.8 μg/L), dimethoate (0.91 μg/L), malathion (1.5 μg/L), pirimiphos-methyl (2.7 μg/L), α-endosulfan (9.3 g/L), β-endosulfan (8.9 g/L), pirimicarb (0.09 μg/L), prochloraz (5.5 mg/L), propiconazole (0.1 μg/L), and vinclozolin (0.08 μg/L). Two out of ten groundwater samples tested positive in Ceriodaphnia dubia chronic toxicity tests. No pesticide residues were detected in groundwater samples. However, our chemical analysis only covered 22\% of the compounds used in the sector. Workers in ornamental plant are at significant risk of acute or chronic pesticide poisoning due to low education, lack of training, and inadequate protection. Externalities identified in this study included water contamination and depletion, workers{\textquoteright} pesticide exposure, deforestation and soil degradation. I suggest some environmental and social standards for a certification program, as a market-incentive strategy to mitigate the negative impacts generated by the sector.}, keywords = {0354:Occupational safety, 0473:Agriculture, 0503:Agricultural economics, 0615:Political science, 0629:Labor relations, 0768:Environmental science, Agricultural economics, Agricultural pollution, Agriculture, Biological sciences, Costa Rica, Environmental impact, Environmental science, Groundwater, Health and environmental sciences, Labor relations, Leatherleaf fern, Nontraditional agricultural exports, Occupational safety, Pesticide, Pesticides, Political science, Social sciences, Studies, Water Pollution}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/231313304?accountid=14270}, author = {Mo, Claudette Lee} } @article {11023, title = {Environmental pollution with soil-transmitted helminths in {Sanliurfa}, {Turkey}}, journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {96}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {903 {\textendash} 909}, issn = {0074-0276}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S0074-02762001000700004\&nrm=iso}, author = {Ulukanligil, Mustafa and Seyrek, Adnan and Aslan, Gonul and Ozbilge, Hatice and Atay, Suleyman} } @article {13464, title = {An epidemiological study of fascioliasis in a rural area in Dakahlia Governorate.}, journal = {J Env Sci}, volume = {21}, year = {2001}, pages = {31-62}, author = {Motawea, S. M. and El Gilany and A. , Massoud and A. , Rizk and H. , El Shazly, A.M. and Gaballah, M.} } @inbook {3097, title = {Epidemiology of {Echinococcus} granulosus in transhumant situations}, booktitle = {{WHO}/{OIE} {Manual} on {Echinococcosis} in {Humans} and {Animals}: a {Public} {Health} {Problem} of {Global} {Concern}}, year = {2001}, pages = {176{\textendash}183}, publisher = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, organization = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, edition = {World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)}, address = {Paris}, isbn = {92-9044-522-X}, author = {MacPherson, CNL} } @inbook {3012, title = {Epidemiology of {Echinococcus} multilocularis, {Echinococcus} vogeli and {Echinococcus} oligarthrus}, booktitle = {{WHO}/{OIE} {Manual} on {Echinococcosis} in {Humans} and {Animals}: a {Public} {Health} {Problem} of {Global} {Concern}}, year = {2001}, pages = {164{\textendash}194}, publisher = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, organization = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, edition = {World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)}, address = {Paris}, isbn = {92-9044-522-X}, author = {Eckert, J and Rausch, RL and Gemmell, MA and Giraudoux, P and Kamiya, M and Liu, FJ and Schantz, PM and Romig, T} } @article {11287, title = {{The epidemiology of ocular toxocariasis}}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {109{\textendash}118}, author = {Taylor, Mervyn R H} } @article {14093, title = {Escherichia coli {O}157:{H}7 in faeces from cattle, sheep and pigs in the southwest part of {Norway} during 1998 and 1999}, journal = {International journal of food microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {193{\textendash}200}, doi = {10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00518-3}, author = {Johnsen, G and Wasteson, Y and Heir, E and Berget, O I and Herikstad, H} } @article {2302, title = {{Escherichia coli O157:H7 in faeces from cattle, sheep and pigs in the southwest part of Norway during 1998 and 1999}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {193{\textendash}200}, isbn = {0168-1605}, doi = {10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00518-3}, author = {Johnsen, G and Wasteson, Y and Heir, E and Berget, O I and Herikstad, H} } @article {3155, title = {Estimating the economic effects of cystic echinococcosis. {Part} 3: {Jordan}, a developing country with lower-middle income}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {95}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, month = {sep}, pages = {595{\textendash}603}, abstract = {The economic costs of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in Jordan, a developing country of lower-middle income, were investigated. Initial cost-estimates for livestock were based on the published prevalences of Echinococcus granulosus infection in sheep and goats and the values of livestock-related products together with likely production losses. Likewise, the annual numbers of human cases of CE were estimated using published surgical incidences in man. The costs of surgery were estimated from hospital records and by costing out the procedures each patient received whilst undergoing treatment. After comparing the quality of life of patients treated for CE with that of case-matched controls, it appeared that the treated patients had some long-term morbidity caused either by the disease or the resulting treatment. A simple spreadsheet model was built up, to sum the individual cost items. Each cost item and each of the data related to prevalence and incidence was assigned a mathematical distribution and varied randomly, using Monte-Carlo techniques, throughout its range, over 10 000 simulations. The results of the study indicate that the most likely range of annual economic losses attributable to CE in Jordan (encompassing 95\% confidence limits) is from U.S.\$2 602 215-6533 661, with a median of U.S.\$3 874 070.}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, Animals, Case-Control Studies, Confidence Intervals, Echinococcosis, Goat Diseases, Goats, Health Care Costs, Humans, Incidence, Jordan, Monte Carlo Method, prevalence, Quality of Life, Sheep, Sheep Diseases}, issn = {0003-4983}, doi = {10.1080/00034980120092534}, author = {Torgerson, P. R. and Dowling, P. M. and Abo-Shehada, M. N.} } @article {13429, title = {European Lymnaeidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda), intermediate hosts of trematodiases, based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS-2 sequences}, journal = {Infect Genet Evol.}, volume = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {85-107}, author = {Bargues, M. D. and Vigo, M. and Horak, P. and Dvorak, J. and Patzner, R. A. and Pointier, J. P. and Jackiewicz, M. and Meier-Brook, C. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {13700, title = {Evaluacion de la excrecion de huevos de Fasciola hepatica por tres esquemas terapeuticos.}, journal = {Archivo Medico de Camaguey}, volume = {5}, year = {2001}, pages = {1-4}, author = {Del Risco Barrios, U and Vazquez Drake, CT and Garcia Gonzales, G and Sanchen Casa, A} } @article {16335, title = {Evaluation de la tol{\'e}rance de la vaccination contre Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae chez 50 employ{\'e}s de canaux}, journal = {Archives des Maladies Professionnelles}, volume = {62}, year = {2001}, pages = {35-40}, author = {Benbrik, E. and Pouliquen, P. and Dȏmont, A.} } @mastersthesis {3982, title = {Evaluation of microbial health risks associated with the reuse of source-separated human urine}, volume = {PhD}, year = {2001}, school = {Royal Institute of Technology}, address = {Sweden}, author = {Hoglund, C} } @booklet {8416, title = {{Evaluation of Sludge treatments for pathogen reduction - Final Report}}, year = {2001}, publisher = {European Union}, address = {Luxembourg}, author = {Carrington, EG} } @mastersthesis {6817, title = {Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of sodium chloride on {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 and {Staphylococcus} aureus in a laboratory medium and on beef briskets with investigation of the koshering process}, year = {2001}, note = {3013101}, school = {Kansas State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) has been in use, historically, as an additive and preservative in foods, and it is currently an inexpensive product. As a surface application to fresh meat, salt mainly is used by the koshering industry as a ritual practice for removing blood from meat trimmings, but not for decontamination of meat surface. This dissertation evaluates the effectiveness of the overall koshering process and its sub-processes (water soaking, salting, and water rinsing) in reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus counts. To accomplish this major objective, this research was divided into three interrelated studies. First, the antimicrobial effect of five commercial NaCl grades on E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus aerobically grown in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) was investigated. Growth curves for variety of salt types, concentrations, exposure times, and recovery media were generated for characterizing the salt dynamics against the two pathogens. Second, the effect of NaCl grade and concentration on type and magnitude of morphological cellular damage was determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Third, laboratory-scale simulations of koshering process were conducted to assess its effectiveness in removal of E. coli O157:H7and S. aureus inoculated on fresh beef briskets. The water soaking, salting, and water rinsing sub-processes were simulated under varying conditions, and their relative contribution to the overall koshering process performance was determined. In an attempt to improve the salting sub-process, highly concentrated NaCl solution (25\%) was sprayed for prespecifed durations on meat surfaces inoculated with E. coli O157:H7and S. aureus . Acidified sodium chlorite (ASC); a commercially used antimicrobial solution, also was employed and performance compared to that of NaCl solution and plain water wash (WW). Results of growth curves indicated increased bacterial inhibition with increasing salt concentration, and S. aureus had relatively higher tolerance to salt compared to E. coli O157:H7. TEM results qualitatively confirmed the findings from growth curves experiments, and unlike E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus cells nearly maintained their cellular structure. The koshering process reduced E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus nearly equally by 0.91 and 0.94 logs10 (i.e., \~{}88 and 89\% removal), respectively, with the salting sub-process primarily contributing to E. coli O157:H7 reduction and the water rinsing to S. aureus . Optimizing the koshering process can result in a validated 1 log10 in E. coli O157:H7 WW, NaCl, and ASC reduced bacterial counts compared to the controls, and generally ASC outperformed both NaCl and WW.}, keywords = {0359:Food Science, 0410:Microbiology, Antimicrobial, Beef briskets, Biological sciences, Escherichia coli, Food Science, Koshering, Microbiology, Sodium Chloride, Staphylococcus aureus}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304698724?accountid=14270}, author = {Hajmeer, Maha N} } @article {4808, title = {{Examination of attachment and survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts on raspberries and blueberries}}, journal = {J Parasitol}, volume = {88}, year = {2001}, pages = {790{\textendash}793}, author = {Kniel, KE and Lindsay, DS and Sumner, SS and Hackney, CR and Pierson, MD} } @article {11447, title = {Examination of intestinal parasites and enteric bacteria in the wastewater and treated wastewater from the city of Chiang Mai, Thailand}, journal = {Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health}, volume = {32}, year = {2001}, pages = {236-239}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0125-1562}, author = {Wongworapat, Kanlaya and Keawvichit, Rassamee and Putsyanant, Pachern and Khantawa, Banyong and Silprasert, Adung and Karnchanawong, Seni} } @book {11049, title = {Excreta-{Related} {Infections} and the {Role} of {Sanitation} in the {Control} of {Transmission}}, volume = {Water quality guidelines, standards and health}, year = {2001}, month = {jan}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, address = {London}, author = {Carr, Richard}, editor = {Fewtrell, L. and Bartram, J.} } @inbook {11908, title = {Excreta-related infections and the role of sanitation in the control of transmission}, booktitle = {World Health Organization (WHO). Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health}, year = {2001}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, type = {Book Section}, address = {London, UK}, author = {Carr, Richard}, editor = {Fewtrell, Lorna and Bartram, Jamie} } @book {15117, title = {Excreta-related infections and the role of sanitation in the control of transmission. {In}: {Water} quality guidelines, standards and health.}, year = {2001}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Carr, R.} } @inbook {10555, title = {{Excreta-related infections and the role of sanitation in the control of transmission}}, booktitle = {Guidelines, Standards and Health: Assessment of Risk and Risk Management for Water-Related Infectious Disease}, year = {2001}, publisher = {WHO}, organization = {WHO}, isbn = {ISBN 92 4 154533 X.}, author = {Carr, R}, editor = {Fewtrell, L and Bartram, J} } @article {9945, title = {{Excretion and transmission of JCV in human populations}}, journal = {Journal of Neurovirology}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {345{\textendash}349}, abstract = {The potential transmission of JCV through the environment has been analyzed by studying the JC viruses present in raw sewage of urban populations from widely divergent geographical areas. High numbers of JCV were found. JCV was detected in 98{\%} (51/52) of sewage samples from different geographical areas in Europe, Africa, and USA by applying a Nested-PCR procedure. The mean estimated concentration of JCV in sewage was of 10(2)-10(3) viral particles/ml. Sequence analysis shows that JCV found in environmental samples present an archetypal structure in the regulatory region as it has been described in urine samples. Cerebrospinal fluid samples (CSF) of PML (progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy) patients were also analyzed as control samples in this study presenting tandem repeats and rearrangements at the regulatory region (RR). Sequence analysis of the intergenic region (IGR) allowed the typification and phylogenetic analysis of the JCV sequences detected in sewage. JC viral particles were also found to be stable in sewage samples at 20 degrees C for more than 70 days. This data suggest the idea that the intake of water or food contaminated with JCV could constitute a portal of entry for the virus or the viral DNA to the human organism.}, keywords = {are frequently, bk and jc, Excretion, human polyomaviruses, jc virus dna, kidneys, polluted food, polluted waters, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, shed in urine as, they persistently infect the}, isbn = {1355-0284 (Print)$\backslash$r1355-0284 (Linking)}, issn = {1355-0284}, doi = {10.1080/13550280152537210}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1080/13550280152537210}, author = {Bofill-Mas, S. and Girones, R.} } @article {4744, title = {{Experimental studies on cyclosporiosis}}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {31}, year = {2001}, pages = {65{\textendash}77}, author = {Sadaka, HA and Zoheir, MA} } @article {13599, title = {An experimental study on triclabendazole resistance of Fasciola hepatica in sheep}, journal = {Vet Parasitol.}, volume = {95}, year = {2001}, pages = {37-43}, author = {Gaasenbeek, C. P. H. and Moll, L. and Cornelissen, J. B. W. J. and Vellema, P. and Borgsteede, F. H. M.} } @article {14001, title = {Factors contributing to the emergence of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in {Africa}}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2001}, pages = {812{\textendash}819}, abstract = {In 1992, a large outbreak of bloody diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli O157 infections occurred in southern Africa. In Swaziland, 40,912 physician visits for diarrhea in persons ages {\textbackslash}textgreater5 years were reported during October through November 1992. This was a sevenfold increase over the same period during 1990-91. The attack rate was 42\% among 778 residents we surveyed. Female gender and consuming beef and untreated water were significant risks for illness. E. coli O157:NM was recovered from seven affected foci in Swaziland and South Africa; 27 of 31 patient and environmental isolates had indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Compared with previous years, a fivefold increase in cattle deaths occurred in October 1992. The first heavy rains fell that same month (36 mm), following 3 months of drought. Drought, carriage of E. coli O157 by cattle, and heavy rains with contamination of surface water appear to be important factors contributing to this outbreak.}, doi = {10.3201/eid0705.017507}, author = {Effler, E and Isaacson, M and Arntzen, L and Heenan, R and Canter, P and Barrett, T and Lee, L and Mambo, C and Levine, W and Zaidi, A and Griffin, P M} } @article {14806, title = {Factors contributing to the emergence of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in {Africa}}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2001}, pages = {812{\textendash}819}, abstract = {In 1992, a large outbreak of bloody diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli O157 infections occurred in southern Africa. In Swaziland, 40,912 physician visits for diarrhea in persons ages {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater5 years were reported during October through November 1992. This was a sevenfold increase over the same period during 1990-91. The attack rate was 42\% among 778 residents we surveyed. Female gender and consuming beef and untreated water were significant risks for illness. E. coli O157:NM was recovered from seven affected foci in Swaziland and South Africa; 27 of 31 patient and environmental isolates had indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Compared with previous years, a fivefold increase in cattle deaths occurred in October 1992. The first heavy rains fell that same month (36 mm), following 3 months of drought. Drought, carriage of E. coli O157 by cattle, and heavy rains with contamination of surface water appear to be important factors contributing to this outbreak.}, doi = {10.3201/eid0705.017507}, author = {Effler, E and Isaacson, M and Arntzen, L and Heenan, R and Canter, P and Barrett, T and Lee, L and Mambo, C and Levine, W and Zaidi, A and Griffin, P M} } @article {7989, title = {{Factors contributing to the emergence of Escherichia coli O157 in Africa}}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2001}, pages = {812{\textendash}819}, edition = {2001/12/19}, abstract = {In 1992, a large outbreak of bloody diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli O157 infections occurred in southern Africa. In Swaziland, 40,912 physician visits for diarrhea in persons ages {\textgreater}5 years were reported during October through November 1992. This was a sevenfold increase over the same period during 1990-91. The attack rate was 42{\%} among 778 residents we surveyed. Female gender and consuming beef and untreated water were significant risks for illness. E. coli O157:NM was recovered from seven affected foci in Swaziland and South Africa; 27 of 31 patient and environmental isolates had indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Compared with previous years, a fivefold increase in cattle deaths occurred in October 1992. The first heavy rains fell that same month (36 mm), following 3 months of drought. Drought, carriage of E. coli O157 by cattle, and heavy rains with contamination of surface water appear to be important factors contributing to this outbreak.}, isbn = {1080-6040 (Print) 1080-6040 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3201/eid0705.017507}, author = {Effler, E and Isaacson, M and Arntzen, L and Heenan, R and Canter, P and Barrett, T and Lee, L and Mambo, C and Levine, W and Zaidi, A and Griffin, P M} } @article {2225, title = {{Factors contributing to the emergence of Escherichia coli O157 in Africa}}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {2001}, pages = {812{\textendash}819}, edition = {2001/12/19}, abstract = {In 1992, a large outbreak of bloody diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli O157 infections occurred in southern Africa. In Swaziland, 40,912 physician visits for diarrhea in persons ages >5 years were reported during October through November 1992. This was a sevenfold increase over the same period during 1990-91. The attack rate was 42\% among 778 residents we surveyed. Female gender and consuming beef and untreated water were significant risks for illness. E. coli O157:NM was recovered from seven affected foci in Swaziland and South Africa; 27 of 31 patient and environmental isolates had indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Compared with previous years, a fivefold increase in cattle deaths occurred in October 1992. The first heavy rains fell that same month (36 mm), following 3 months of drought. Drought, carriage of E. coli O157 by cattle, and heavy rains with contamination of surface water appear to be important factors contributing to this outbreak.}, isbn = {1080-6040 (Print) 1080-6040 (Linking)}, doi = {10.3201/eid0705.017507}, author = {Effler, E and Isaacson, M and Arntzen, L and Heenan, R and Canter, P and Barrett, T and Lee, L and Mambo, C and Levine, W and Zaidi, A and Griffin, P M} } @article {13562, title = {Fasciola hepatica and lymnaeid snails occurring at very high altitude in South America}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {123}, year = {2001}, pages = {S115-S127}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Funatsu, I. R. and Bargues, M. D.} } @article {15928, title = {Fate of indicator microorganisms, giardia and cryptosporidium in subsurface flow constructed wetlands}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, month = {2001/04/01/}, pages = {1547-1551}, keywords = {coliforms, coliphage, constructed wetlands, , , pathogens, wetlands}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Thurston, Jeanette A. and Foster, Kennith E. and Karpiscak, Martin M. and Charles P Gerba} } @article {16915, title = {Fate of indicator microorganisms, Giardia and Cryptosporidium in subsurface flow constructed wetlands}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, pages = {1547{\textendash}1551}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Thurston, Jeanette A and Foster, Kennith E and Karpiscak, Martin M and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {14019, title = {{FDA} survey of imported fresh produce, {FY} 1999 field assignment.}, journal = {Accessed at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ProducePlantProducts/ucm118891.htm}, volume = {Avalaible}, year = {2001}, author = {Food and administration, drug} } @article {2241, title = {{FDA survey of imported fresh produce, FY 1999 field assignment.}}, year = {2001}, author = {Food and Drug Administration} } @article {13080, title = {A field study of virus removal in septic tank drainfields}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, pages = {1933{\textendash}1939}, author = {Nicosia, LA and J B Rose and Stark, L and Stewart, Mark T} } @mastersthesis {6834, title = {Financing the health care system in {Bulgaria}: options \& strategies. ({BL}: {DXN}050366)}, year = {2001}, note = {U485677}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Abstract not available.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU485677, 0630:Public policy, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public policy, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301642478?accountid=14270}, author = {Balabanova, D C} } @article {7413, title = {Financing water and sanitation}, journal = {Key issues in increasing resources to the Sector, Water Aid briefing paper}, year = {2001}, url = {http://www.oecd.org/unitedkingdom/2552051.pdf}, author = {Annamraju, S. and Calaguas, B. and Gutierrez, E.} } @article {16330, title = {First evidence for gene replacement in Leptospira spp. Inactivation of L. biflexa flaB results in non-motile mutants deficient in endoflagella}, journal = {Mol Microbiol}, volume = {40}, year = {2001}, pages = {189-199}, author = {Picardeau, M. and Brenot, A. and Saint Girons, I.} } @article {11544, title = {{Five cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection with discovery of plerocercoids from an infective source, Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae}}, journal = {J Parasitol}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {96{\textendash}100}, abstract = {Five persons from 2 families residing at Miyama Town, Mie Prefecture, Japan, ingested fresh raw fish Oncorhynchus sp. on 9 May 1999 that was caught at Owase district in Mie. They all expelled diphyllobothriid cestodes 11-37 days after ingesting the fish. The parasites were morphologically identical to Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense Yamane et al. 1986. Five plerocercoids were detected from a portion of the fish. Nucleotide sequence of a region og the cytochrome coxidase subunit 1 gene ofm itochondrial {\{}DNA{\}} from an adult worm was identical with that from the plerocercoid. The fish was identified as Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae according to the nucleotide sequence of the nuclear ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer region {\{}II{\}} gene. This is the first record of D. nihonkaiense plerocercoids from O. m. ishikawae.}, doi = {10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0096:FCODNI]2.0.CO;2}, author = {Ando, K and Ishikura, K and Nakakugi, T and Shimono, Y and Tamai, T and Sugawa, M and Limviroj, W and Chinzei, Y} } @article {4738, title = {{Foodborne outbreaks in Canada linked to produce}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {64}, year = {2001}, pages = {1863{\textendash}1877}, author = {Sewell, AM and Farber, JM} } @article {13253, title = {Formation of viable but non-culturable state (VBNC) of Aeromonas hydrophila and its virulence in goldfish, Carassius auratus}, journal = {Microbiology Research}, volume = {156}, year = {2001}, pages = {103-106}, doi = {10.1078/0944-5013-00084}, author = {Rahman, M. H. and Suzuki, S. and Kawai, K.} } @inbook {3029, title = {Formulating effective and cost-effective policies in the planning phase for permanent control of {Echinococcus} granulosus}, booktitle = {{WHO}/{OIE} {Manual} on {Echinococcosis} in {Humans} and {Animals}: a {Public} {Health} {Problem} of {Global} {Concern}}, year = {2001}, pages = {229{\textendash}239}, publisher = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, organization = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, edition = {World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)}, address = {Paris}, author = {Gemmell, MA and Roberts, MG and Beard, TC and Campano Diaz, S and Lawson, JR and Nonnemaker, JM} } @book {16839, title = {Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality}, year = {2001}, publisher = {NHMRC, New Zealand)}, organization = {NHMRC, New Zealand)}, author = {National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)} } @article {5954, title = {{Genetic identification and characterization of a novel virus related to human hepatitis E virus from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the United States}}, journal = {The Journal of General Virology}, volume = {82}, number = {part 10}, year = {2001}, pages = {2449{\textendash}2462}, author = {Haqshenas, G and Shivaprasad, HL} } @article {10738, title = {{Genotypes Associated with Virulence in Environmental Isolates of Vibrio cholerae}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, pages = {2421{\textendash}2429}, author = {Rivera, ING and Chun, J and Huq, A and Sack, RB and Colwell, RR} } @article {1014, title = {Genotypes of JC virus in East, Central and Southwest Europe.}, journal = {The Journal of General Virology}, volume = {82}, number = {Pt 5}, year = {2001}, pages = {1221{\textendash}1331}, abstract = {

Distinctive genotypes of JC virus have been described for the major continental landmasses. Studies on European-Americans and small cohorts in Europe showed predominantly Type 1. Types 2 and 7 are found in Asia, and Types 3 and 6 in Africa. These genotypes differ in sequence by about 1\–3\%. Each genotype may have several subtypes which differ from each other by about 0.5\–1\%. The genotypes can be defined by a distinctive pattern of nucleotides in a typing region of the VP1 gene. This genotyping approach has been confirmed by phylogenetic reconstruction using the entire genome exclusive of the rearranging regulatory region. In this first large European study, we report on the urinary excretion of JCV DNA of 350 individuals from Poland, Hungary, Germany and Spain. We included Gypsy cohorts in Hungary (Roma), Germany (Sinti), and Spain (Gitano), as well as Basques in Spain. We show that while Type 1 predominates in Europe, the proportions of Type 1A and 1B may differ from East to Southwest Europe. Type 4, closely related to the Type 1 sequence (only approximately 1\% difference) was a minor genotype in Germany, Poland and Spain, but represented the majority in Basques. The Gitanos in Spain showed a variant Type 4 sequence termed \&$\#$39;Rom-1\&$\#$39;. Interestingly, neither the Gitanos in Spain, nor Sinti or Roma in Germany or Hungary showed the Type 2 or Type 7 genotype that might be expected if their origins were in an Asian population.

}, isbn = {0022-1317}, issn = {0022-1317}, author = {Agostini, H T and Deckhut, A and Jobes, D V and Girones, R and Schlunck, G and Prost, M G and Frias, C and P{\'e}rez-Trallero, E and Ryschkewitsch, C F and Stoner, G L} } @inbook {3013, title = {Geographic distribution and prevalence}, booktitle = {{WHO}/{OIE} {Manual} on {Echinococcosis} in {Humans} and {Animals}: a {Public} {Health} {Problem} of {Global} {Concern}}, year = {2001}, pages = {101{\textendash}143}, publisher = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, organization = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, edition = {World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)}, address = {Paris}, isbn = {92-9044-522-X}, author = {Eckert, J and Schantz, PM and Gasser, RB and Torgerson, PR and Bessonov, AS and Movsessian, SO and Thakur, A and Grimm, F and Nikogossian, MA} } @booklet {10707, title = {{The global cholera pandemic}}, year = {2001}, author = {Nevondo, TS and Cloete, TE} } @mastersthesis {6389, title = {Grafting improvement of acrylic resin and its application}, year = {2001}, note = {H052441}, school = {Jilin University (People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China)}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Acrylic coating is a new type of painting developed in the 50 decade, which is synthesized by co-polymerization from acrylic ester and methyl acrylic acid ester. Germany Rohm \& Haas company began to produce acrylic resin in 1927. In the beginning of 50 decade, U.S. Du Pont company began to research acrylic coating and used it in automobile industry. In the middle of 50 decade, researchers paid attention to the advantages of acrylic painting step by step. In the same time, engineers were succeeded in industrializing acrylic ester, which decreased the cost of raw materials and provided abundant raw material resources for the rapid development of acrylic painting.Acrylic coatings can be made into many types, for example, solvent, aqueous solution, water disperse, powder types by using different monomers, synthesizing different structures and changing processing conditions, processing auxiliaries and prescription. In the view of forming film mechanism of painting, it can be divided into volatile type and cross linking types, no matter that it is either solvent and aqueous types. Because the main absorbed peak of acrylic resin is beyond the sun light spectrum, acrylic painting made from it has some advantages as followings, which other resins do not have, light color and transparence, good weather resistance, heat proof, baking resistance and corrosion resisting.Acrylic coating is the painting that is applied in many fields and the consumption is much more. Abroad large painting companies, for example, British ICI, Germany BASF, American Du Pont and Japanese GuanXi all paid much attention to acrylic painting. Acrylic coating accounts for a high percentage of special in automobile painting and out door wall painting. In our country, acrylic coating was developed very rapidly, and the average increase rate per year was 28\% during 1978-1991, but with a low output. In 1990 the output of acrylic coatings was 11,000 ton accounting for 1.3\% of the total painting output in our country. Compared with American which acrylic coating output was 910,000 ton in 1981 accounting for 19.4\% of total coating output, the ratio is very low. Our output is not suitable to the great consumption market and the huge market potential Experts predict that the demanding amount for acrylic coatings in painting field will be 20,000 ton in 2020, which indicates that acrylic paintings are products with good future.Acrylic resin has good weather resistance, gloss retention and oneself drying at room temperature, but its heat resistance is bad. It is easy to be stick at high temperature, easy to be polluted, devoid of elasticity at low temperature, and brittleness of painted film because of its plastic and lacking cross linking points in molecule chains, which is difficult to form a three dimension cross linking net film. Acrylic resin improved with organic silicane is with acrylic polymeric molecules as main chains and its side chain is silicane or silicone with -OR or -OH groups. Silicone-Acrylic Coating (SAC) with acrylic resin as film combines advantages of acrylic and organic silicon painting and has super weather resistance, good waterproof, salt mist resistance, high and low temperature resistance, pollution resistance, and wash and brush resistance. It can be applied in construction as out-door wall painting for the special demand to weather resistance, as engineering machinery painting, and for the surface corrosion resistance and decoration of port equipment and oceanic construction, which working circumstance is very inferior The properties of SAC are good, and its weather resistance is only next to fluorine coating. Its price is much lower than fluorine coating and it has a huge potential application marketing. Researchers in Japanese, American and West Europe have done much work in its production and application. SAC was developed rapidly last year in our country with the increase of consumption amount of construction painting. But the most of parts are solvent, and there are many problems in using and constructing. Researching and developing super weather resistance and good penetrate high performance coating of latex for building not only come up to with the requiring of current society but also developing trend. SAC is the main kind of super weather resistance coating, which possesses dualism of inorganic and organic coating, combines excellent character of organic silicon and acrylic acid, has outstanding super weather resistance, brush and wash resistance, chemical resistance, and accords with the developing direction with vital force in the world. With the blossom of real estate and the increase of high buildings in our country recently, the demand for construction coating grows from low level to high level.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIH052441, 0495:Polymer chemistry, Polymer chemistry, Pure sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1024707113?accountid=14270}, author = {Hu, Wei} } @article {13345, title = {Guidelines for assessing the risk to groundwater from on-site sanitation. British Geological Survey: Commissioned Report, CR/01/142}, year = {2001}, pages = {97}, publisher = {British Geological Survey } } @article {17195, title = {HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) to guarantee safe water reuse and drinking water production-a case study}, journal = {Water Science and TechnologyWater Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, pages = {31-38}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Dewettinck, Tom and Van Houtte, E and Geenens, D and Van Hege, Kris and Verstraete, Willy} } @article {8232, title = {{Helicobacter in water and waterborne routes of transmission}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {90}, number = {S6}, year = {2001}, month = {jun}, pages = {80S{\textendash}84S}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01356.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01356.x}, author = {Engstrand, L.} } @article {13860, title = {Helicobacter in water and waterborne routes of transmission}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {90}, number = {S6}, year = {2001}, month = {jun}, pages = {80S{\textendash}84S}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01356.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01356.x}, author = {Engstrand, L.} } @article {13888, title = {Helicobacter pylori {DNA} in {Drinking} {Water} in {Japan}}, journal = {Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {45}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, month = {jul}, pages = {515{\textendash}519}, keywords = {drinking water, helicobacter pylori, real-time PCR, tokyo well water etc, Well Water}, issn = {03855600}, doi = {10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb02652.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb02652.x/full}, author = {Horiuchi, Takao and Ohkusa, Toshifumi and Watanabe, Mamoru and Kobayashi, Daisuke and Miwa, Hiroto and Eishi, Yoshinobu} } @article {8260, title = {{Helicobacter pylori DNA in Drinking Water in Japan}}, journal = {Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {45}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, month = {jul}, pages = {515{\textendash}519}, keywords = {drinking water, helicobacter pylori, real-time PCR, tokyo well water etc, Well Water}, issn = {03855600}, doi = {10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb02652.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb02652.x/full}, author = {Horiuchi, Takao and Ohkusa, Toshifumi and Watanabe, Mamoru and Kobayashi, Daisuke and Miwa, Hiroto and Eishi, Yoshinobu} } @article {8229, title = {{Helicobacter pylori in water systems for human use in Mexico City}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, month = {jun}, pages = {93{\textendash}98}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, issn = {1996-9732}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/43/12/93.abstract}, author = {Mazari-Hiriart, M. and L{\'o}pez-Vidal, Y. and Calva, J. J.} } @article {13857, title = {Helicobacter pylori in water systems for human use in {Mexico} {City}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, pages = {93{\textendash}98}, issn = {1996-9732}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/43/12/93.abstract}, author = {Mazari-Hiriart, M. and L{\'o}pez-Vidal, Y. and Calva, J. J.} } @article {14424, title = {Helicobacter pylori in water systems for human use in {Mexico} {City}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, month = {jun}, pages = {93{\textendash}98}, issn = {1996-9732}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/43/12/93.abstract}, author = {Mazari-Hiriart, M. and L{\'o}pez-Vidal, Y. and Calva, J. J.} } @book {13831, title = {Helicobacter pylori: {Physiology} and {Genetics}}, year = {2001}, address = {Washington}, author = {Mobley, Harry L. T.} } @book {8203, title = {{Helicobacter pylori: Physiology and Genetics}}, series = {ASM Press}, year = {2001}, chapter = {16}, address = {Washington}, author = {Mobley, Harry L. T.} } @article {8241, title = {{Helicobacter sp. recovered from drinking water biofilm sampled from a water distribution system}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, month = {apr}, pages = {1624{\textendash}1626}, abstract = {Workers examining the transmission route(s) and reservoir(s) of infection for Helicobacter pylori have postulated several environmental reservoirs for the organism, including water. Such work has, to date, concentrated on the bulk liquid in drinking water systems rather than on biofilms. Previous investigations by the authors have suggested biofilms in water distribution systems are a possible reservoir of infection. This current study comprised of an analysis of a section of cast iron mains distribution pipe removed from an urban environment in the north-east of Scotland during routine maintenance work. Immediately upon removal of the pipe section, the interior lumen was swabbed to remove the biofilm layer. Subsequent analysis for the presence of Helicobacter DNA using a nested PCR approach produced a positive result. This data provides the first evidence for the existence of Helicobacter in biofilms found in water distribution systems anywhere in the world.}, keywords = {biofilm, drinking water, helicobacter pylori, PCR, Public health}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00582-0}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135400005820}, author = {Park, S.R and Mackay, W.G and Reid, D.C} } @article {13869, title = {Helicobacter sp. recovered from drinking water biofilm sampled from a water distribution system}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, month = {apr}, pages = {1624{\textendash}1626}, abstract = {Workers examining the transmission route(s) and reservoir(s) of infection for Helicobacter pylori have postulated several environmental reservoirs for the organism, including water. Such work has, to date, concentrated on the bulk liquid in drinking water systems rather than on biofilms. Previous investigations by the authors have suggested biofilms in water distribution systems are a possible reservoir of infection. This current study comprised of an analysis of a section of cast iron mains distribution pipe removed from an urban environment in the north-east of Scotland during routine maintenance work. Immediately upon removal of the pipe section, the interior lumen was swabbed to remove the biofilm layer. Subsequent analysis for the presence of Helicobacter DNA using a nested PCR approach produced a positive result. This data provides the first evidence for the existence of Helicobacter in biofilms found in water distribution systems anywhere in the world.}, keywords = {biofilm, drinking water, helicobacter pylori, PCR, Public health}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00582-0}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135400005820}, author = {Park, S.R and Mackay, W.G and Reid, D.C} } @article {11275, title = {{Helminths in the wolf, Canis lupus, from north-western Spain}}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {192{\textendash}193}, doi = {10.1079/JOH200152}, author = {Segovia, J M and Torres, J and Miquel, J and Llaneza, L and Feliu, C} } @article {14829, title = {Hemolytic-{Uremic} {Syndrome} and {Escherichia} coli {O}121 at a {Lake} in {Connecticut}, 1999}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {E59}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have emerged as an important public health problem. Outbreaks attributed to non-O157 STEC rarely are reported. In 1999, follow-up of routine surveillance reports of children with hemolytic- uremic syndrome (HUS) identified a small cluster of 3 cases of HUS, all of whom had spent overlapping time in a Connecticut lake community in the week before onset of symptoms. We conducted an investigation to determine the magnitude and source of the outbreak and to determine risk factors associated with the transmission of illness. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study and an environmental investigation. The study population included all people who were at the lake in a defined geographic area during July 16-25, 1999. This time and area were chosen on the basis of interviews with the 3 HUS case-patients. A case was defined as diarrhea ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater/=3 loose stools/d for {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater/=3 days) in a person who was at the lake during July 16-25, 1999. Stool samples were requested from any lake resident with diarrheal illness. Stools were cultured for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and E coli O157. Broth cultures of stools were tested for Shiga toxin. Case-patients were asked to submit a serum specimen for antibody testing to lipopolysaccharides of selected STEC. Environmental samples from sediment, drinking water, lake water, and ice were obtained and cultured for E coli and tested for Shiga toxin. An environmental evaluation of the lake was conducted to identify any septic, water supply system, or other environmental condition that could be related to the outbreak. RESULTS: Information was obtained for 436 people from 165 (78\%) households. Eleven (2.5\%) people had illnesses that met the case definition, including the 3 children with HUS. The attack rate was highest among those who were younger than 10 years and who swam in the lake on July 17 or 18 (12\%; relative risk [RR]: 7.3). Illness was associated with swimming (RR = 8.3) and with swallowing water while swimming (RR = 7.0) on these days. No person who swam only after July 18 developed illness. Clinical characteristics of case-patients included fever (27\%), bloody diarrhea (27\%), and severe abdominal cramping (73\%). Only the 3 children with HUS required hospitalization. No bacterial pathogen was isolated from the stool of any case-patient. Among lake residents outside the study area, E coli O121:H19 was obtained from a Shiga toxin-producing isolate from a toddler wh{\textbackslash}textbackslashldots}, author = {McCarthy, T A and Barrett, N L and Hadler, J L and Salsbury, B and Howard, R T and Dingman, D W and Brinkman, C D and Bibb, W F and Cartter, M L} } @article {14150, title = {Hemolytic-{Uremic} {Syndrome} and {Escherichia} coli {O}121 at a {Lake} in {Connecticut}, 1999}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {E59}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have emerged as an important public health problem. Outbreaks attributed to non-O157 STEC rarely are reported. In 1999, follow-up of routine surveillance reports of children with hemolytic- uremic syndrome (HUS) identified a small cluster of 3 cases of HUS, all of whom had spent overlapping time in a Connecticut lake community in the week before onset of symptoms. We conducted an investigation to determine the magnitude and source of the outbreak and to determine risk factors associated with the transmission of illness. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study and an environmental investigation. The study population included all people who were at the lake in a defined geographic area during July 16-25, 1999. This time and area were chosen on the basis of interviews with the 3 HUS case-patients. A case was defined as diarrhea ({\textbackslash}textgreater/=3 loose stools/d for {\textbackslash}textgreater/=3 days) in a person who was at the lake during July 16-25, 1999. Stool samples were requested from any lake resident with diarrheal illness. Stools were cultured for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and E coli O157. Broth cultures of stools were tested for Shiga toxin. Case-patients were asked to submit a serum specimen for antibody testing to lipopolysaccharides of selected STEC. Environmental samples from sediment, drinking water, lake water, and ice were obtained and cultured for E coli and tested for Shiga toxin. An environmental evaluation of the lake was conducted to identify any septic, water supply system, or other environmental condition that could be related to the outbreak. RESULTS: Information was obtained for 436 people from 165 (78\%) households. Eleven (2.5\%) people had illnesses that met the case definition, including the 3 children with HUS. The attack rate was highest among those who were younger than 10 years and who swam in the lake on July 17 or 18 (12\%; relative risk [RR]: 7.3). Illness was associated with swimming (RR = 8.3) and with swallowing water while swimming (RR = 7.0) on these days. No person who swam only after July 18 developed illness. Clinical characteristics of case-patients included fever (27\%), bloody diarrhea (27\%), and severe abdominal cramping (73\%). Only the 3 children with HUS required hospitalization. No bacterial pathogen was isolated from the stool of any case-patient. Among lake residents outside the study area, E coli O121:H19 was obtained from a Shiga toxin-producing isolate from a toddler wh{\textbackslash}ldots}, author = {McCarthy, T A and Barrett, N L and Hadler, J L and Salsbury, B and Howard, R T and Dingman, D W and Brinkman, C D and Bibb, W F and Cartter, M L} } @article {2347, title = {{Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome and Escherichia coli O121 at a Lake in Connecticut, 1999}}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {E59}, edition = {2001/10/03}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have emerged as an important public health problem. Outbreaks attributed to non-O157 STEC rarely are reported. In 1999, follow-up of routine surveillance reports of children with hemolytic- uremic syndrome (HUS) identified a small cluster of 3 cases of HUS, all of whom had spent overlapping time in a Connecticut lake community in the week before onset of symptoms. We conducted an investigation to determine the magnitude and source of the outbreak and to determine risk factors associated with the transmission of illness. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study and an environmental investigation. The study population included all people who were at the lake in a defined geographic area during July 16-25, 1999. This time and area were chosen on the basis of interviews with the 3 HUS case-patients. A case was defined as diarrhea (>/=3 loose stools/d for >/=3 days) in a person who was at the lake during July 16-25, 1999. Stool samples were requested from any lake resident with diarrheal illness. Stools were cultured for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and E coli O157. Broth cultures of stools were tested for Shiga toxin. Case-patients were asked to submit a serum specimen for antibody testing to lipopolysaccharides of selected STEC. Environmental samples from sediment, drinking water, lake water, and ice were obtained and cultured for E coli and tested for Shiga toxin. An environmental evaluation of the lake was conducted to identify any septic, water supply system, or other environmental condition that could be related to the outbreak. RESULTS: Information was obtained for 436 people from 165 (78\%) households. Eleven (2.5\%) people had illnesses that met the case definition, including the 3 children with HUS. The attack rate was highest among those who were younger than 10 years and who swam in the lake on July 17 or 18 (12\%; relative risk [RR]: 7.3). Illness was associated with swimming (RR = 8.3) and with swallowing water while swimming (RR = 7.0) on these days. No person who swam only after July 18 developed illness. Clinical characteristics of case-patients included fever (27\%), bloody diarrhea (27\%), and severe abdominal cramping (73\%). Only the 3 children with HUS required hospitalization. No bacterial pathogen was isolated from the stool of any case-patient. Among lake residents outside the study area, E coli O121:H19 was obtained from a Shiga toxin-producing isolate from a toddler wh{\l}dots}, isbn = {1098-4275 (Electronic) 0031-4005 (Linking)}, author = {McCarthy, T A and Barrett, N L and Hadler, J L and Salsbury, B and Howard, R T and Dingman, D W and Brinkman, C D and Bibb, W F and Cartter, M L} } @article {8086, title = {{Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome and Escherichia coli O121 at a Lake in Connecticut, 1999}}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {108}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {E59}, edition = {2001/10/03}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have emerged as an important public health problem. Outbreaks attributed to non-O157 STEC rarely are reported. In 1999, follow-up of routine surveillance reports of children with hemolytic- uremic syndrome (HUS) identified a small cluster of 3 cases of HUS, all of whom had spent overlapping time in a Connecticut lake community in the week before onset of symptoms. We conducted an investigation to determine the magnitude and source of the outbreak and to determine risk factors associated with the transmission of illness. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study and an environmental investigation. The study population included all people who were at the lake in a defined geographic area during July 16-25, 1999. This time and area were chosen on the basis of interviews with the 3 HUS case-patients. A case was defined as diarrhea ({\textgreater}/=3 loose stools/d for {\textgreater}/=3 days) in a person who was at the lake during July 16-25, 1999. Stool samples were requested from any lake resident with diarrheal illness. Stools were cultured for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and E coli O157. Broth cultures of stools were tested for Shiga toxin. Case-patients were asked to submit a serum specimen for antibody testing to lipopolysaccharides of selected STEC. Environmental samples from sediment, drinking water, lake water, and ice were obtained and cultured for E coli and tested for Shiga toxin. An environmental evaluation of the lake was conducted to identify any septic, water supply system, or other environmental condition that could be related to the outbreak. RESULTS: Information was obtained for 436 people from 165 (78{\%}) households. Eleven (2.5{\%}) people had illnesses that met the case definition, including the 3 children with HUS. The attack rate was highest among those who were younger than 10 years and who swam in the lake on July 17 or 18 (12{\%}; relative risk [RR]: 7.3). Illness was associated with swimming (RR = 8.3) and with swallowing water while swimming (RR = 7.0) on these days. No person who swam only after July 18 developed illness. Clinical characteristics of case-patients included fever (27{\%}), bloody diarrhea (27{\%}), and severe abdominal cramping (73{\%}). Only the 3 children with HUS required hospitalization. No bacterial pathogen was isolated from the stool of any case-patient. Among lake residents outside the study area, E coli O121:H19 was obtained from a Shiga toxin-producing isolate from a toddler wh{\l}dots}}, isbn = {1098-4275 (Electronic) 0031-4005 (Linking)}, author = {McCarthy, T A and Barrett, N L and Hadler, J L and Salsbury, B and Howard, R T and Dingman, D W and Brinkman, C D and Bibb, W F and Cartter, M L} } @article {11253, title = {{Highlights of human toxocariasis}}, journal = {The Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, doi = {10.3347/kjp.2001.39.1.1}, author = {Magnaval, Jean-Francois and Glickman, Lawrence T and Dorchies, Philippe and Morassin, Bruno} } @article {4693, title = {{Histologic proof of acalculous cholecystitis due to Cyclospora cayetanensis}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {33}, year = {2001}, pages = {E140{\textendash}141}, author = {Zar, FA and El-Bayoumi, E and Yungbluth, MM} } @article {4266, title = {Human adenoviruses and coliphages in urban runoff-impacted coastal waters of Southern California.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, month = {jan}, pages = {179{\textendash}84}, abstract = {

A nested-PCR method was used to detect the occurrence of human adenovirus in coastal waters of Southern California. Twenty- to forty-liter water samples were collected from 12 beach locations from Malibu to the border of Mexico between February and March 1999. All sampling sites were located at mouths of major rivers and creeks. Two ultrafiltration concentration methods, tangential flow filtration (TFF) and vortex flow filtration (VFF), were compared using six environmental samples. Human adenoviruses were detected in 4 of the 12 samples tested after nucleic acid extraction of VFF concentrates. The most probable number of adenoviral genomes ranged from 880 to 7,500 per liter of water. Coliphages were detected at all sites, with the concentration varying from 5.3 to 3332 PFU/liter of water. F-specific coliphages were found at 5 of the 12 sites, with the concentration ranging from 5.5 to 300 PFU/liter. The presence of human adenovirus was not significantly correlated with the concentration of coliphage (r = 0.32) but was significantly correlated (r = 0.99) with F-specific coliphage. The bacterial indicators (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococci) were found to exceed California recreational water quality daily limits at 5 of the 12 sites. However, this excess of bacterial indicators did not correlate with the presence of human adenoviruses in coastal waters. The results of this study call for both a reevaluation of our current recreational water quality standards to reflect the viral quality of recreational waters and monitoring of recreational waters for human viruses on a regular basis.

}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, California, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Monitoring: methods, Filtration, Filtration: methods, Human, Human: genetics, Human: isolation {\&} purification, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, Seawater, Seawater: virology, Urban Population, Water Pollution}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.1.179-184.2001}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=92541{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Jiang, S and Noble, R and Chu, W} } @article {4511, title = {Human adenoviruses and coliphages in urban runoff-impacted coastal waters of {Southern} {California}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {179{\textendash}84}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Jiang, S. and Noble, R. and Chu, W.} } @article {1696, title = {Human enteric viruses and parasites in the marine environment}, journal = {Methods in Microbiology}, volume = {30}, year = {2001}, pages = {559-588}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Water is a common vehicle for the transmission of many enteric viruses. Enteric viruses survive longer in fresh and marine water than coliform bacteria, which are used to monitor water quality. In marine and other surface waters, numbers of enteric viruses are often too low to be detected in unconcentrated samples. Therefore, large volumes of water must be concentrated by adsorption/filtration and elution (desorption) before analysis. More than 100 types of human pathogenic viruses are present in fecally contaminated water, and are detected by the current available methods. The detection of adenoviruses, hepatitis A virus, astroviruses, and rotaviruses by cell culture is possible; however, the methods are tedious and less often used. Nucleic acid hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are used for detecting human viruses and other fastidious microbial pathogens in the environment. Molecular detection methods are important in studying the occurrence of Hepatitis A and Norwalk-like viruses, which are epidemiologically important pathogens but do not produce cytopathogenic effects (CPE) readily in cell culture. Molecular techniques have also enhanced the speed and sensitivity of detection for the more routinely cultured enteroviruses.

}, author = {Lipp, E. K. and Lukasik, J. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {1490, title = {Human enteric viruses in Coquina clams associated with a large hepatitis A outbreak}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, note = {Bosch, A Sanchez, G Le Guyader, F Vanaclocha, H Haugarreau, L Pinto, R M eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England 2001/07/24 10:00 Water Sci Technol. 2001;43(12):61-5.}, pages = {61-5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {An outbreak of hepatitis A, affecting 183 people, occurred in Valencia (Spain). Epidemiological evidence pointed to an association of the outbreak with consumption of Coquina clams (Donax sp), imported frozen from Peru. Shellfish were analysed for the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV), enteroviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses and hepatitis E virus. HAV was detected in 75\% of assayed shellfish samples. Other enteric viruses were occasionally found in the same samples. Molecular epidemiological analysis of fragments of the VP1/2A and the 5{\textquoteright} end of the genome from shellfish and sera isolates, revealed the presence of six variants belonging to a single genotype.}, keywords = {DNA, Viral/*analysis *Disease Outbreaks Epidemiologic Studies Food Contamination Hepatitis A/epidemiology/*transmission Humans Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Shellfish/*virology Spain/epidemiology}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11464770}, author = {Bosch, A. and Sanchez, G. and Le Guyader, F. and Vanaclocha, H. and Haugarreau, L. and Pinto, R. M.} } @article {14496, title = {Human enteric viruses in {Coquina} clams associated with a large hepatitis {A} outbreak}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {43}, year = {2001}, pages = {61{\textendash}5}, abstract = {An outbreak of hepatitis A, affecting 183 people, occurred in Valencia (Spain). Epidemiological evidence pointed to an association of the outbreak with consumption of Coquina clams (Donax sp), imported frozen from Peru. Shellfish were analysed for the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV), enteroviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses and hepatitis E virus. HAV was detected in 75\% of assayed shellfish samples. Other enteric viruses were occasionally found in the same samples. Molecular epidemiological analysis of fragments of the VP1/2A and the 5{\textquoteright} end of the genome from shellfish and sera isolates, revealed the presence of six variants belonging to a single genotype.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, DNA, Epidemiologic Studies, Food Contamination, Hepatitis A/epidemiology/*transmission, Humans, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Shellfish/*virology, Spain/epidemiology, Viral/*analysis}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Bosch, A. and Sanchez, G. and Le Guyader, F. and Vanaclocha, H. and Haugarreau, L. and Pinto, R. M.} } @article {14881, title = {Human enteric viruses in {Coquina} clams associated with a large hepatitis {A} outbreak}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {43}, year = {2001}, pages = {61{\textendash}5}, abstract = {An outbreak of hepatitis A, affecting 183 people, occurred in Valencia (Spain). Epidemiological evidence pointed to an association of the outbreak with consumption of Coquina clams (Donax sp), imported frozen from Peru. Shellfish were analysed for the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV), enteroviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses and hepatitis E virus. HAV was detected in 75\% of assayed shellfish samples. Other enteric viruses were occasionally found in the same samples. Molecular epidemiological analysis of fragments of the VP1/2A and the 5{\textquoteright} end of the genome from shellfish and sera isolates, revealed the presence of six variants belonging to a single genotype.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, DNA, Epidemiologic Studies, Food Contamination, Hepatitis A/epidemiology/*transmission, Humans, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Shellfish/*virology, Spain/epidemiology, Viral/*analysis}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Bosch, A. and Sanchez, G. and Le Guyader, F. and Vanaclocha, H. and Haugarreau, L. and Pinto, R. M.} } @article {4320, title = {{Identification of cell wall proteins of Bacteroides fragilis to which bacteriophage B40-8 binds specifically.}}, journal = {Microbiology (Reading, England)}, volume = {147}, number = {Pt 2}, year = {2001}, month = {mar}, pages = {281{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Bacteriophage infecting Bacteroides fragilis, one of the most abundant bacteria in the human colon, have been proposed as indicators of virological faecal pollution. The first identification of a receptor for a bacteriophage in B. fragilis is reported here. First, resistant mutants were characterized following phage inactivation, and it was shown that cell wall proteins are involved in phage binding. Then the proteins involved were identified by various approaches: (i) comparison of the protein profiles of wild-type B. fragilis HSP40 and phage-resistant mutants; (ii) application of a modification of the virus overlay protein blot assay (VOPBA). At least two proteins of B. fragilis, with apparent molecular masses of 35 +/- 5 kDa and 65 +/- 5 kDa, bind to B40-8. This result was later confirmed by running a complex consisting of this phage bound to radiolabelled proteins of B. fragilis on an immunoaffinity column loaded with a specific antibody against the phage. Cell proteins retained in the column also coincided with the proteins that differed in the profiles of resistant mutants. Finally, to identify the potential function of these two proteins, their N-terminal sequences were determined and compared to published sequences, but no homologies were found.}, keywords = {Affinity, Affinity: methods, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Proteins: chemistry, Bacterial Proteins: genetics, Bacterial Proteins: metabolism, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: metabolism, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis: genetics, Bacteroides fragilis: metabolism, Bacteroides fragilis: virology, Cell Wall, Cell Wall: metabolism, Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Heat-Shock Proteins, Heat-Shock Proteins: genetics, Heat-Shock Proteins: metabolism, HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins, Molecular Sequence Data, Polyacrylamide Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel: methods, Receptors, Virus, Virus: chemistry, Virus: genetics, Virus: metabolism}, issn = {1350-0872}, doi = {10.1099/00221287-147-2-281}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11158345}, author = {Puig, A and Araujo, R and Jofre, J and Frias-Lopez, J} } @article {7545, title = {{Identification of Fecal Escherichia coli from Humans and Animals by Ribotyping}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, abstract = {Fecal pollution of water resources is an environmental problem of increasing importance. Identification of individual host sources of fecal Escherichia coli, such as humans, pets, production animals, and wild animals, is prerequisite to formulation of remediation plans. Ribotyping has been used to distinguish fecal E. coli of human origin from pooled fecal E. coli isolates of nonhuman origin. We have extended application of this technique to distinguishing fecal E. coli ribotype patterns from human and seven individual nonhuman hosts. Classification accuracy was best when the analysis was limited to three host sources. Application of this technique to identification of host sources of fecal coliforms in water could assist in formulation of pollution reduction plans.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.4.1503-1507.2001}, author = {Carson, C.A. and Shear, B.L. and Ellersieck, M.R. and Asfaw, A.} } @article {13745, title = {Identification of {Fecal} {Escherichia} coli from {Humans} and {Animals} by {Ribotyping}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, abstract = {Fecal pollution of water resources is an environmental problem of increasing importance. Identification of individual host sources of fecal Escherichia coli, such as humans, pets, production animals, and wild animals, is prerequisite to formulation of remediation plans. Ribotyping has been used to distinguish fecal E. coli of human origin from pooled fecal E. coli isolates of nonhuman origin. We have extended application of this technique to distinguishing fecal E. coli ribotype patterns from human and seven individual nonhuman hosts. Classification accuracy was best when the analysis was limited to three host sources. Application of this technique to identification of host sources of fecal coliforms in water could assist in formulation of pollution reduction plans.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.4.1503-1507.2001}, author = {Carson, C.A. and Shear, B.L. and Ellersieck, M.R. and Asfaw, A.} } @article {16059, title = {Identification of the hemolysis-associated protein 1 as a cross-protective immunogen of Leptospira interrogans by adenovirus-mediated vaccination.}, journal = {Infect Immun.Infect Immun.}, volume = {69}, number = {11}, year = {2001}, pages = {6831-6838.}, author = {Branger, C. and Sonrier, C. and Chatrenet, B. and Klonjkowski, B. and Ruvoen-Clouet, N. and Aubert, A. and Andre-Fontaine, G. and Eloit, M.} } @article {4025, title = {{The importance of pathogenic organisms in sewage and sewage sludge}}, journal = {Journal of the Air Waste and Management Association}, volume = {51}, year = {2001}, pages = {848{\textendash}860}, author = {Dumontet, S and Scopa, A and Kerje, S and Krovacek, K} } @article {3952, title = {An improved method for concentrating rotavirus from water samples.}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, pages = {815{\textendash}821}, author = {Kittigul, L and Khamoun, P and Sujirarat, D and Utrarachkij, F and Chitpirom, K and Chaichantanakit, N and Vathanophas, K} } @article {6492, title = {Improving handwashing in hospitals: a patient education and empowerment program}, journal = {LDI issue brief}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, month = {nov}, pages = {1{\textendash}4}, abstract = {Each year, about 5\% of people admitted to U.S. hospitals (about 2 million people) acquire an infection there. These infections cause nearly 20,000 deaths each year, and cost an estimated \$4.5 billion to treat. Handwashing is the single most effective measure for preventing hospital-acquired infections. Despite widespread knowledge of the importance of handwashing, health care workers wash their hands far less often than is indicated. This Issue Brief describes a novel strategy to improve handwashing among hospital personnel, by involving the people with the most to gain{\textendash}the patients themselves.}, keywords = {Hand Disinfection, Health Policy, Hospitals, Humans, Infection Control, Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient Participation, Professional-to-Patient, Reminder Systems, United States}, issn = {1553-0671}, author = {McGuckin, M.} } @article {15686, title = {Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using medium- and low-pressure ultraviolet radiation}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1387-98}, edition = {2001/04/25}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cryptosporidium parvum/growth \& development/pathogenicity/*radiation effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Mice, Temperature, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0043-1354 (Print)
0043-1354}, author = {Craik, S. A. and Weldon, D. and Finch, G. R. and Bolton, J. R. and Belosevic, M.} } @article {10995, title = {Inactivation of {Viable} {Ascaris} {Eggs} by {Reagents} during {Enumeration}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, month = {dec}, pages = {5453{\textendash}5459}, abstract = {Various reagents commonly used to enumerate viable helminth eggs from wastewater and sludge were evaluated for their potential to inactivate Ascaris eggs under typical laboratory conditions. Two methods were used to enumerate indigenous Ascaris eggs from sludge samples. All steps in the methods were the same except that in method I a phase extraction step with acid-alcohol (35\% ethanol in 0.1 N H(2)SO(4)) and diethyl ether was used whereas in method II the extraction step was avoided by pouring the sample through a 38-μm-mesh stainless steel sieve that retained the eggs. The concentration of eggs and their viability were lower in the samples processed by method I than in the samples processed by method II by an average of 48 and 70\%, respectively. A second set of experiments was performed using pure solutions of Ascaris suum eggs to elucidate the effect of the individual reagents and relevant combination of reagents on the eggs. The percentages of viable eggs in samples treated with acid-alcohol alone and in combination with diethyl ether or ethyl acetate were 52, 27, and 4\%, respectively, whereas in the rest of the samples the viability was about 80\%. Neither the acid nor the diethyl ether alone caused any decrease in egg viability. Thus, the observed inactivation was attributed primarily to the 35\% ethanol content of the acid-alcohol solution. Inactivation of the eggs was prevented by limiting the direct exposure to the extraction reagents to 30 min and diluting the residual concentration of acid-alcohol in the sample by a factor of 100 before incubation. Also, the viability of the eggs was maintained if the acid-alcohol solution was replaced with an acetoacetic buffer. None of the reagents used for the flotation step of the sample cleaning procedure (ZnSO(4), MgSO(4), and NaCl) or during incubation (0.1 N H(2)SO(4) and 0.5\% formalin) inactivated the Ascaris eggs under the conditions studied.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.12.5453-5459.2001}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC93329/}, author = {Nelson, Kara L and Darby, Jeannie L} } @inbook {10056, title = {Indicators of microbial water quality}, booktitle = {Water Quality - Guidelines, Standards and Health: Assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease}, year = {2001}, publisher = {International Water Association Publishing}, organization = {International Water Association Publishing}, address = {Cornwall, UK}, author = {Ashbolt, NJ and Grabow, WOK and Snozzi, M} } @article {14115, title = {{INFECTIVE} {DOSE} {OF} {FOODBORNE} {PATHOGENS} {IN} {VOLUNTEERS}: {A} {REVIEW}}, journal = {Journal of Food Safety}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, month = {may}, pages = {49{\textendash}68}, issn = {0149-6085}, doi = {10.1111/j.1745-4565.2001.tb00307.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2001.tb00307.x}, author = {Mahendra H. Kothary and Uma S. Babu} } @article {8063, title = {{Infective Dose of Foodborne Pathogens in Volunteers: a Review}}, journal = {Journal of Food Safety}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, month = {may}, pages = {49{\textendash}68}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, issn = {0149-6085}, doi = {10.1111/j.1745-4565.2001.tb00307.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2001.tb00307.x}, author = {Mahendra H. Kothary and Uma S. Babu} } @mastersthesis {7382, title = {Informal water services in metropolitan cities of developing world: {The} case of {Jakarta}, {Indonesia}}, year = {2001}, note = {3044705}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In many cities of the developing world, one finds dynamic informal water services working side by side with formal distribution of water services. Although largely hidden from view, informal urban water service is almost as important as formal water supply, in aggregate terms. Informal water vendor practices are often ignored by urban water supply policy-makers. For obvious reasons, more is known about formal water supply than informal water services. This research tries to contribute to our understanding of informal water services in cities of developing world, using Metropolitan Jakarta as a case study. An indigenous system of urban water vendors operation, the so-called Sistem Aplus , allows vendors to work in a city while still maintaining their residencies in a village. This fact explains the circular migration phenomena in Jakarta, where temporary farmers in rural areas work and live partly in Jakarta. Informal water vendors operate in a laissez-faire system. Water vendors are entrepreneurs in the sense that they strategize their operations based on markets and consumer behavior. Vendors{\textquoteright} system creates networks of private entities where the mechanism of exit, voice and loyalty in the market place is operating at its best. Informal water delivery provides needed employment for hundreds of unskilled men who are mostly coming from, or just arrive from, rural areas in hopes of improving their lives. One of most important characteristics of informal water delivery is that it operates under an urban-rural linkage. A very close connection between urban and rural economy exists in the Sistem Aplus . Working in the city, and spending in the village creates rural urban dependency in terms of money flow. Informal urban water services are not purely acting as gap fillers. These services do not solely exist because they fill service voids left unfilled by formal water deliveries. They do not operate in areas where there is an absence of formal water deliveries. The main reasons consumer choose this particular water services are water quality, perceived cheaper prices, and the convenience of having door-to-door service. In devising the appropriate regulatory framework, it is important to consider the social and political contexts in which water-supply market will operate. In the case of water vendor operation, only minimal regulations should be imposed by the public authorities on their operations. Limited regulation is proposed so that water vendors collectively promote public safety and welfare. Self-regulation and self-policing among water vendors is the effective means of promoting efficiency and safety within the informal water deliveries. A locally based forum of vendor associations and community organizations is an appropriate means for maintaining order and civility. Together they provide a grassroots structure for managing the industry and for setting and enforcing standards and codes of conduct.}, keywords = {0510:Labor economics, 0554:Sanitation, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Applied sciences, Area planning \& development, Cities, Developing countries{\textendash}LDCs, Developing world, Indonesia, Informal economy, Infrastructure finance, Jakarta, Labor economics, sanitation, Social sciences, Studies, Urban planning, Water services, Water utilities}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304685890?accountid=14270}, author = {Susantono, Bambang} } @article {3082, title = {Inhibitory effect of different {UV} lamps on the infectivity of taeniid eggs}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {87}, number = {8}, year = {2001}, month = {aug}, pages = {593{\textendash}597}, abstract = {The expanding distribution of alveolar echinococcosis in Hokkaido, Japan necessitates a search for control measures, particularly for killing Echinococcus eggs; and UV radiation is a potential tool. To determine the effective UV lamp and its optimum duration of exposure to inhibit the infectivity of taeniid eggs, three UV lamps (UVA, UVB and UVC) with peak emissions at different wavelengths were used to irradiate eggs of Taenia taeniaeformis. Irradiation was done in durations of 30, 90, 270, 810, 2,430 and 7,290 s. Infectivity of the irradiated eggs was tested by oral inoculation into rats. The inhibitory effect of the UV lamps at different exposure durations was determined by the reduction in the larval cyst establishment and by the delay of larval development. The UVC lamp (narrow peak at 254 nm) was found to be the most effective lamp at an exposure duration of more than 2,430 s (2,430 mJ/cm2), attaining 100\% reduction. Also, shorter exposure durations produced a significant effect on the development of irradiated eggs in a greater percentage of small cysts ({\textbackslash}textgreater 1 mm) among the metacestodes. Irradiation delayed the development of some cysts, as observed in histopathological sections. UVA and UVB lamps were not able to attain 100\% reduction. It is concluded that the UVC lamp can be used as a tool in sterilizing taeniid eggs and is thus a promising method to control echinococcosis, although it may require a higher intensity of exposure.}, keywords = {Animals, Larva, Male, Rats, Sterilization, Taenia, Taeniasis, Ultraviolet Rays, Virulence, Wistar}, issn = {0932-0113}, author = {Lagapa, J. T. and Konno, K. and Oku, Y. and Nonaka, N. and Kamiya, M.} } @article {16480, title = {Inter- and intra-ethnic variation in water intake, contact, and source estimates among Tuscon residents: Implications for exposure analysis}, journal = {Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology}, volume = {11}, year = {2001}, pages = {510-521}, author = {Williams, B.L. and Florez, Y. and Pettygrove, S.} } @mastersthesis {6446, title = {An investigation into sandy beach stabilisation through controlled drainage}, year = {2001}, note = {C808189}, school = {University of Southampton (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Previous studies have demonstrated the potential for improving beach stability through controlled drainage. However, the results of full scale trials are varied, and the application of the technique has been hindered by a shortage of practical information on the performance of beach drainage systems in conditions relevant to the UK shoreline. This report describes an investigation into the mechanisms of beach drainage and the factors affecting system performance. A beach drainage model was developed using a 1:20 linear scale and Bakelite sediment. Test results support the theories that beach stabilisation through drainage occurs due to surge volume reduction (leading to laminar flow phase extension) and pore water pressure reduction (resulting in reduced liquefaction in the swash zone). The results also show that drainage system effectiveness is proportional to discharge. Data support the theory that for non-tidal conditions and a monochromatic wave climate, the optimum performance occurs when the upper part of the swash is located over the zone of maximum influence of the drain. Scaling considerations suggest that in terms of the magnitude of beach volume change the model results are an overestimate, although qualitatively the results are likely to apply to the field. As part of the study, a field trial was carried out at Branksome Chine, Dorset. This report describes the installation and first 6 months of operation during which time the system yield, local weather patterns and beach levels were recorded. Field observations and survey data show that the drainage system successfully stabilised the beach at Branksome Chine during the first two months of the trial. However, spring tides and storms caused sufficient damage to render the system inoperative during a crucial period of further storms enabling erosion to occur. The system was reinstated soon afterwards, but with a considerably reduced yield, and the effect of the repaired system was limited. The trial demonstrated that beach drainage can be an effective stabilisation option, but robust design, prompt maintenance and high yield are vital to its success. Model experiments show that during prolonged storms, some beach material loss is inevitable, and the stabilisation effect of the drainage system is not instantaneous. However, provided the system remains in operation beach levels will begin to recover and accretion will occur during otherwise erosive conditions. Alternative drainage system designs comprising geo-composite permeable layers and a shore normal collector pipe have been proposed. Preliminary experiments demonstrate that geo-composite beach drainage may be a feasible method of shoreline stabilisation, however further study is recommended.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Drainage, Environmental engineering, Sandy beach, Shoreline stabilization}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304777217?accountid=14270}, author = {Mulvaney, Heidi Sarah} } @booklet {4205, title = {{ISO 10705-4: Water quality. Detection and enumeration of bacteriophages -part 4: Enumeration of bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis}}, year = {2001}, publisher = {International Standardization Organization}, address = {Geneva. Switzerland} } @article {8500, title = {{Laboratory-acquired parasitic infections from accidental exposures}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {659{\textendash}688}, author = {Herwaldt, BL} } @article {6081, title = {Leaching of bacterial indicators of faecal contamination through four New Zealand soils}, journal = {Soil Research}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, pages = {1397{\textendash}1406}, author = {Aislabie, J and Smith, James J and Fraser, Rhonda and McLeod, Malcolm} } @article {16185, title = {Leptospira infection in two black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis michaeli).}, journal = {J Zoo Wildl Med.J Zoo Wildl Med.}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {476-486.}, author = {Neiffer, D. L. and Klein, E. C. and Wallace-Switalski, C.} } @article {16159, title = {Leptospirosis}, journal = {Clin Microbiol RevClin Microbiol Rev}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {296-326}, keywords = {Culture, Diagnostic, Disease, epidemiology, Leptospira, Phylogeny, Review, Virulence}, author = {Levett, P.N.} } @article {11949, title = {Leptospirosis}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {296-326}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1128/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001}, url = {http://cmr.asm.org/content/14/2/296.abstract}, author = {Levett, Paul N.} } @article {13816, title = {Magnetic {Immuno}-{PCR} {Assay} with {Inhibitor} {Removal} for {Direct} {Detection} of {Helicobacter} pylori in {Human} {Feces} {Magnetic} {Immuno}-{PCR} {Assay} with {Inhibitor} {Removal} for {Direct} {Detection} of {Helicobacter} pylori in {Human} {Fece}, volume = {39}, number = {10}, year = {2001}, pages = {3778{\textendash}3780}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.39.10.3778}, author = {Monteiro, Lurdes and Gras, Nathalie and Megraud, Francis} } @article {8187, title = {{Magnetic Immuno-PCR Assay with Inhibitor Removal for Direct Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Human Feces Magnetic Immuno-PCR Assay with Inhibitor Removal for Direct Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Human Feces}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {10}, year = {2001}, pages = {3778{\textendash}3780}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.39.10.3778}, author = {Monteiro, Lurdes and Gras, Nathalie and Megraud, Francis} } @article {2167, title = {{A matter of bacterial life and death}}, journal = {EMBO Reports}, volume = {2}, number = {9}, year = {2001}, pages = {770{\textendash}774}, abstract = {

Over 50 years ago, standard microbiological methods were established for determining whether bacterial cells were dead or alive. Recently there has been a flurry of reports suggesting that bacteria may exist in an eclipsed state, escaping detection by standard methods. Whether there really is such a state is of more than academic interest, considering the implications for public health. The ensuing debate has been unusually energetic for the normally cultured community of microbiologists.

}, issn = {1469-221X (Print)1469-221X (Linking)}, doi = {10.1093/embo-reports/kve1822/9/770 [pii]}, author = {Bogosian, G and Bourneuf, E V} } @article {13933, title = {A matter of bacterial life and death}, journal = {EMBO Rep}, volume = {2}, number = {9}, year = {2001}, pages = {770{\textendash}774}, abstract = {Over 50 years ago, standard microbiological methods were established for determining whether bacterial cells were dead or alive. Recently there has been a flurry of reports suggesting that bacteria may exist in an eclipsed state, escaping detection by standard methods. Whether there really is such a state is of more than academic interest, considering the implications for public health. The ensuing debate has been unusually energetic for the normally cultured community of microbiologists.}, doi = {10.1093/embo-reports/kve182 2/9/770 [pii]}, author = {Bogosian, G and Bourneuf, E V} } @booklet {4359, title = {{Method 1601: Detection of Male-specific (F+) and Somatic Coliphage in Water by Two-Step Enrichment Procedure. EPA 821-R-01-030}}, year = {2001}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water, Engineering and Analysis Division}, address = {Washington D.C.}, author = {U.S. EPA} } @booklet {4357, title = {{Method 1602: Male-specific (F+) and Somatic Coliphage in Water by Single Agar Layer (SAL) Procedure. EPA 821-R-01-029.}}, year = {2001}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency . Office of Water, Engineering and Analysis Division.}, address = {Washington D.C.}, author = {U.S. EPA} } @book {14061, title = {Microbial characterization during composting of municipal solid waste. - {PubMed} - {NCBI}}, year = {2001}, keywords = {Escherichia coli, Refuse Disposal, Salmonella, Shigella, Temperature, Time Factors}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11601546}, author = {Hassen, A. and Belguith, K. and Jedidi, N. and Cherif, A. and Cherif, M. and Boudabous, A} } @article {2276, title = {{Microbial characterization during composting of municipal solid waste.}}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {80}, year = {2001}, pages = {217{\textendash}25}, keywords = {Escherichia coli, Refuse Disposal, Salmonella, Shigella, Temperature, Time Factors}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11601546}, author = {Hassen, A. and Belguith, K. and Jedidi, N. and Cherif, A. and Cherif, M. and Boudabous, A} } @article {9074, title = {{Microbial ecology controls the establishment of fecal bacteria in tropical soil}}, journal = {Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment Technology: Molecular Technology, Nutrient Removal, Sludge Reduction, and Environmental Health}, year = {2001}, pages = {273}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0080526543}, author = {Fujioka, R S and Byappanahalli, M N} } @article {16841, title = {Microbial indicators of water quality: an NHMRC discussion paper}, journal = {National Health and Medical Council Act, Canberra}, year = {2001}, author = {Stevens, M and Ashbolt, N and Cunliffe, D} } @article {12975, title = {Microbial Population Structures in Soil Particle Size Fractions of a Long-Term Fertilizer Field Experiment}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {9}, year = {2001}, pages = {4215{\textendash}4224}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology Journals}, abstract = {Soil structure depends on the association between mineral soil particles (sand, silt, and clay) and organic matter, in which aggregates of different size and stability are formed. Although the chemistry of organic materials, total microbial biomass, and different enzyme activities in different soil particle size fractions have been well studied, little information is available on the structure of microbial populations in microhabitats. In this study, topsoil samples of different fertilizer treatments of a long-term field experiment were analyzed. Size fractions of 200 to 63 μm (fine sand fraction), 63 to 2 μm (silt fraction), and 2 to 0.1 μm (clay fraction) were obtained by a combination of low-energy sonication, wet sieving, and repeated centrifugation. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes were used to compare bacterial community structures in different particle size fractions. The microbial community structure was significantly affected by particle size, yielding higher diversity of microbes in small size fractions than in coarse size fractions. The higher biomass previously found in silt and clay fractions could be attributed to higher diversity rather than to better colonization of particular species. Low nutrient availability, protozoan grazing, and competition with fungal organisms may have been responsible for reduced diversities in larger size fractions. Furthermore, larger particle sizes were dominated by α-Proteobacteria, whereas high abundance and diversity of bacteria belonging to the Holophaga/Acidobacteriumdivision were found in smaller size fractions. Although very contrasting organic amendments (green manure, animal manure, sewage sludge, and peat) were examined, our results demonstrated that the bacterial community structure was affected to a greater extent by the particle size fraction than by the kind of fertilizer applied. Therefore, our results demonstrate specific microbe-particle associations that are affected to only a small extent by external factors.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.67.9.4215-4224.2001}, url = {https://aem.asm.org/content/67/9/4215}, author = {Sessitsch, Angela and Weilharter, Alexandra and Gerzabek, Martin H. and Kirchmann, Holger and Kandeler, Ellen} } @article {15302, title = {Microbial risks from wastewater irrigation of salad crops: a screening-level risk assessment}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, pages = {667-672}, keywords = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment Salad crops Virus decay Wastewater reuse}, author = {Petterson, S. R. and Ashbolt, N. J. and Sharma, A.} } @article {9501, title = {{Microsporidiosis: human diseases and diagnosis}}, journal = {Microbes and Infection}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, year = {2001}, pages = {389{\textendash}400}, author = {Franzen, C and Muller, A} } @article {9086, title = {{Modeling non-linear survival curves to calculate thermal inactivation of Salmonella in poultry of different fat levels}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {70}, number = {1{\textendash}2}, year = {2001}, month = {oct}, pages = {37{\textendash}51}, abstract = {Survival curves of a cocktail of eight serotypes of Salmonella in ground poultry of different fat levels (1{\textendash}12{\%}), when heated rapidly to specified temperatures (58{\textendash}65{\textdegree}C), were examined. Because many of the survival curves were concave, values for two parameters: the asymptotic D-value and the {\textquotedblleft}lag{\textquotedblright} times were estimated and used to develop secondary models for estimating the time needed to obtain a 7 log10 relative reduction as a function of fat level and temperature. To compute the necessary time, at a given temperature and fat level, the estimated lag time should be added to the product of 7 and the estimated asymptotic D-value. A model was also developed for estimating the standard error of the estimated times, so that upper confidence bounds for the necessary times can be computed. It was found that lag times increase with higher fat levels. The effect of fat on D-values depended on the species; it is estimated that, for a given increase of fat level, the increase of the D-value would be greater for ground chicken than that for ground turkey. In addition, there was a statistically significant species effect on D-values, with higher D-values for ground turkey than for ground chicken at the higher temperatures studied. The thermal death curves displayed a non-linear tendency, however, for estimation purposes, a linear curve was assumed. There was not a statistically significant interaction effect of fat levels and temperatures on D-values, thus, for modeling, it was assumed that z-values were not dependent on the fat levels. The z-values for ground chicken and turkey were estimated to be 5.5{\textdegree}C and 6.1{\textdegree}C, respectively, and are statistically significantly different. These findings should have substantial practical importance to food processors of cooked poultry, allowing them to vary their thermal treatment of ready-to-eat poultry products in a safe manner.}, keywords = {Concave survival curves, D-value, Lag times, Non-linear regression, Poultry, Spline regression}, issn = {0168-1605}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00518-9}, url = {file://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160501005189}, author = {Juneja, V K and Eblen, B S and Marks, H M} } @mastersthesis {6969, title = {Modelling of integrated waste management systems ({BL})}, year = {2001}, note = {U130081}, school = {Cranfield University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {As a piece of strategic research, the study consists of three distinct parts. The first considers MSW-management in the UK, the way in which it is practised and the drivers for change in the future. The second section involves analysis of the household as a waste generating unit and how waste arisings in the future might be predicted. The final, and arguably most important part of the work involves development of a novel means of assessing strategic waste-management systems. Using a software tool developed for the water industry (WRAP) and a front-end waste-prediction methodology, integrated waste-management models have been produced to facilitate the analysis of how current operations might be optimised, and the assessment of the performance of potential future MSW-management scenarios within the case-study authorities.Anaerobic digestion of MSW and co-digestion with sewage sludge have been used as examples of new technologies required to contribute to integrated waste-management solutions. Throughout the work, one of the major aims has been to examine where these options might fit within future, integrated MSW-management. Findings have suggested that with increasing landfill tax levels, reduced availability of landfill void space, the requirements of the EC Landfill Directive and greater costs of transport, such strategies, making use of locally available sites and those based on new technologies will become progressively more sustainable over time (both environmentally and economically) than present systems.The modelling approach and application of WRAP software for waste systems analysis can be applied to any Local Authority, or group of Authorities, in the UK. Commercial application of the work has proven the flexibility of the modelling process, resulting in the identification of improved operational practices and cost savings achievable in a range of water and waste management organisations.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU130081, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Environmental engineering, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301586989?accountid=14270}, author = {Sampson, G} } @article {11951, title = {Modelling the sewage discharge and dispersion of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {35}, number = {18}, year = {2001}, pages = {4307-4316}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, author = {Medema, GJ and Schijven, JF} } @article {10759, title = {{Molecular Analysis of Vibrio cholerae O1, O139, non-O1, and non-O139 Strains: Clonal Relationships between Clinical and Environmental Isolates}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {67}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {910{\textendash}921}, author = {Singh, DV and Matte, DV and Matte, MH and Sunny Jiang, GR and Sabeena, F and Shukia, BN and Sanyal, SC and Huq, A and Colwell, RR} } @article {15950, title = {Molecular characterization of cryptosporidium oocysts in samples of raw surface water and wastewater}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, month = {Mar}, pages = {1097-101}, edition = {2001/03/07}, keywords = {*Water Pollution, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/parasitology, Cryptosporidium/*classification/*genetics/growth \& development/isolation \&, DNA, Protozoan/analysis/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal/analysis/genetics, Fresh Water/*parasitology, genotype, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, purification, RNA, Ribosomal/genetics, Sewage/*parasitology}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Xiao, L. and Singh, A. and Limor, J. and Graczyk, T. K. and Gradus, S. and Lal, A.} } @article {7778, title = {Molecular detection of Campylobacter spp. in drinking, recreational and environmental water supplies}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {204}, number = {2-3}, year = {2001}, note = {Nov; Molecular detection of Campylobacter spp. in drinking, recreational and environmental water supplies; ISI:000172374300014; ID: 296}, pages = {185-189}, author = {Moore,J. and Caldwell,P. and Millar,B.} } @article {10284, title = {Monitoring of bacterial and parasitological contamination during various treatment of sludge}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {35}, number = {16}, year = {2001}, pages = {3763{\textendash}3770}, author = {Gantzer, C and Gaspard, P and Galvez, L and Huyard, A and Dumouthier, N and Schwartzbrod, J} } @article {10965, title = {Monitoring of bacterial and parasitological contamination during various treatment of sludge}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {35}, number = {16}, year = {2001}, month = {nov}, pages = {3763{\textendash}3770}, abstract = {Wastewater treatment results in the production of large quantities of sludge. Agricultural use is an interesting alternative provided that the health risks are taken into account. In France, a decree (1998) defines {\textquotedblleft}sanitized{\textquotedblright} sludge as sludge that has been treated so that pathogens (Salmonella, enteroviruses, viable nematode eggs) are no longer detectable. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of various sludge treatments on 2 types of pathogens (Salmonella and nematode eggs). We also assessed the levels of micro-organisms that indicate faecal contamination (E. coli, Enterococci, sulfite-reducing anaerobes spores). Various treatment processes were analyzed: 4 biological, 3 chemical, 1 heat , 2 storage and 4 sampling campaigns were carried out. Concerning the parasitological contamination of sludge at the entrance of all sites, concentrations of total nematode eggs and viable nematode eggs were highly heterogeneous (respectively, from 2 to 53eggs/10g DM and from 2 to 45eggs/10g DM) with viable eggs present in all samples. The total concentration of nematode eggs in the sludge was not greatly affected by treatment or storage, and was in the range {\textless}1{\textendash}66eggs/10g DM. However, the situation was different for mean viable egg counts. For four treatments, no viable eggs were detected. Mesophilic processes are inefficient at eliminating viable nematode eggs. Salmonella were systematically detected in all sludge samples at the entry to the station, except for limed sludge intended for storage. At the end of four treatments Salmonella had been totally eliminated. For the fecal contamination indicators, the largest decrease in E. coli contamination was observed following liming and after thermophilic treatment. The mesophilic treatments resulted in very small decreases in contamination. A similar pattern was observed with Enterococci. For the spores of sulfite-reducing anaerobe bacteria, with the exception of heat treatment, which reduced contamination by 3.2log units, the maximum decrease in contamination was 1.7log. For storage of sludge, E. coli and Enterococci levels had decreased at first but then increased between 6 and 8 months of storage.}, keywords = {anaerobes sulfite reducing spores, Enterococci, nematodes eggs, Sludge}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00105-1}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135401001051}, author = {Gantzer, C and Gaspard, P and Galvez, L and Huyard, A and Dumouthier, N and Schwartzbrod, J} } @article {11223, title = {{Monitoring of bacterial and parasitological contamination during various treatment of sludge}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {35}, number = {16}, year = {2001}, pages = {3763{\textendash}3770}, doi = {10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00105-1}, author = {Gantzer, C and Gaspard, P and Galvez, L and Huyard, A and Dumouthier, N and Schwartzbrod, J} } @article {8399, title = {{Neonatal screening for congenital toxoplasmosis in a cohort of 165 women infected during pregnancy and influence of in utero treatment on the results of neonatal tests}}, journal = {Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol}, volume = {94}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {37{\textendash}45}, author = {Bessi{\`e}res, MH and Berrebi, A and Rolland, M and Bloom, MC and Roques, C and Cassaing, S and Courjault, C and S{\'e}gu{\'e}la, JP} } @article {11784, title = {{New cases of human diphyllobothriosis in Patagonia, Argentine}}, journal = {Revista de Sa{\'u}de P{\'u}blica}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {214{\textendash}216}, author = {Semenas, L and Kreiter, A and Urbanski, J} } @article {16972, title = {Nicholas J. Ashbolt, Willie OK Grabow and}, journal = {Water Quality Guidelines, Standards and Health: Assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease}, volume = {289}, year = {2001}, author = {Snozzi, Mario} } @article {17236, title = {Nontyphoidal salmonellosis}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, month = {Jan 15}, pages = {263-9}, edition = {2001/02/15}, keywords = {Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology, Bacteremia/drug therapy/microbiology, Cephalosporins/pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Microbial, fluoroquinolones, Focal Infection/drug therapy/microbiology, Food Microbiology, Gastroenteritis/drug therapy/microbiology, HIV Infections/complications, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Salmonella Infections/complications/drug therapy/*microbiology, Salmonella/drug effects}, isbn = {1058-4838 (Print)
1058-4838 (Linking)}, author = {Hohmann, E. L.} } @article {11774, title = {{Nuevos casos de infecci{\'o}n humana por Diphyllobothrium pacificum (Nybelin, 1931) Margolis, 1956 en Chile y su probable relaci{\'o}n con el fen{\'o}meno de El Ni{\~n}o, 1975-2000}}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n Chileno de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {56}, number = {1-2}, year = {2001}, pages = {22{\textendash}25}, author = {Sagua, H and Neira, I and Araya, J and Gonz{\'a}lez, J} } @mastersthesis {7138, title = {Null}, year = {2001}, note = {H198805}, school = {Yunnan University (People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China)}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {money laundering denote to conceal or cover up criminal profit and the course and campaign that makes it surface source legalize. On the contrary wash money criminal present situation in China can say so far is a very strange field, the theoretical research accomplishment that does not ripen can follow , and is depended on without feasible practice experience, caus the reason of this kind of present situation a lot. It is most of that this paper divide into 7, form by foreword, 5 text minutes and brief summary. Foreword major introduction world turns over to wash money and our country, turn over to wash the present situation of money legal system as well as the value of research and meaning; The first text minute introduces to wash the intension of money with wash the present situation with criminal money; Text second partially introduction America washes money legal system on the contrary, is general to state; Text partially introduction our country of 3th washes money system construction and the thought with perfect legislation on the contrary; The text part of 4th introduces the characteristic of the central bank of our country with wash money on the contrary; Text partially introduction our country of 5th attends whole world actively to turn over, wash money sport; The part of brief summary from look back this paper in general, expounds and proves the viewpoint of this paper further. It will be faced with stern challenge if China washes money action on the contrary. So, we must wash the legislative research of money vigorously on the contrary and wash the duty degree construction of money on the contrary. So as suit hit now to recover develop to recover is strong to wash money to commit a crime, defend the financial system of our country stabilize with safety. Review world countries to hit wash rich experience}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIH198805, 0398:Law, Law, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1026557562?accountid=14270}, author = {Yang, Feng} } @proceedings {11102, title = {Observation of the inactivation effect on eggs of Ascaris ssum in urine diverting toilets}, journal = {First International Conference on Ecological Sanitation}, year = {2001}, pages = {125}, publisher = {International Conference on Ecological Sanitation}, address = {Nanning, China}, author = {Lan, Y. and Xueming, L. and Qinhua, W. and Hongbo, X. and Caiyun, N. and Lianghong, N.} } @article {4346, title = {{Occurrence and die-off of indicator organisms in the sediment in two constructed wetlands.}}, journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research}, volume = {44}, number = {11-12}, year = {2001}, month = {jan}, pages = {223{\textendash}30}, abstract = {The interest in constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater and stormwater treatment has recently increased but data for the reduction efficiency of indicator organisms are often restricted to the water phase. In a full-scale wastewater wetland in Sweden fecal coliforms and enterococci were reduced by 97-99.9{\%} and coliphages by approximately 70{\%}. The factors affecting the reduction are however less well understood. In two full-scale wetlands, for stormwater and wastewater treatment, an assessment has been done of the particle associated fraction of indicator organisms. No significant differences in the particle-associated numbers were seen between the inlet and the outlet of the wetlands, but the amounts of sedimenting particles varied between the two sites. In the stormwater wetland the amount of sedimenting particles at the outlet was 3{\%} of the amount at the inlet, while the wastewater wetland had much lower particle removal efficiency. The reduction of suspended particles seems to be the main factor for bacterial elimination from the water phase, governed by vegetation and design. In the sediment, survival of presumptive E. coli, fecal enterococci, Clostridium and coliphages were long with T50-values of 27, 27, 252 and 370 days, respectively. The organisms can however be reintroduced by resuspension. Viruses in the water phase may be of main concern for a risk assessment of receiving waters.}, keywords = {Ecosystem, Enterobacteriaceae, Environmental monitoring, Fluid, Fluid: methods, Geologic Sediments, Particle Size, Population Dynamics, Rain, Risk Assessment, Waste Disposal, Water Purification}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11804099}, author = {Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m and Carlander, A} } @article {13225, title = {The occurrence of Aeromonas spp. in natural mineral water and well water}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {63}, year = {2001}, pages = {169-173}, doi = {10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00410-4}, author = {Massa, S. and Altieri, C. and D{\textquoteright}Angela, A.} } @article {6443, title = {Occurrence of {Campylobacter} spp. in water in {Northern} {Ireland}: implications for public health.}, journal = {The Ulster medical journal}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {102}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2449239/}, author = {Moore, J. E. and Caldwell, P. S. and Millar, B. C. and Murphy, P. G.} } @article {4064, title = {{Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in a conventional water purification plant}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, year = {2001}, pages = {89{\textendash}92}, author = {Hashimoto, A and Hirata, T and Kunikane, S} } @article {4124, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw waters in Norway}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Public Health}, volume = {29}, year = {2001}, pages = {200{\textendash}207}, author = {Robertson, LJ and Gjerde, B} } @article {4352, title = {{The occurrence of hepatitis A and astroviruses in selected river and dam waters in South Africa.}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {35}, number = {11}, year = {2001}, month = {aug}, pages = {2653{\textendash}60}, abstract = {

Over a period of one year (June 1997-May 1998) samples of surface waters, used for domestic and recreational purposes, were collected weekly from the same sites on the Klip River and Vaal Dam, Gauteng, South Africa. Sensitive and specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-oligonucleotide probe assays were used to detect HAV and HAstV RNA in concentrates of the water and infectious virus in cell cultures infected with the water concentrates. HAV was detected in 18 (35.3{\%}) of the river and 19 (37.3{\%}) of the dam water samples, often in association with the RNA from other enteric viruses. HAstV was detected less frequently and was present in 11 (21.6{\%}) of the river and 3 (5.9{\%}) of the dam water samples. A seasonal pattern was noted for HAV but not for HAstV. Cell culture amplification in a variety of carefully selected cell culture systems enhanced the detection of both viruses. Infectious viruses were detected in dam water samples where microbiological indicators of faecal pollution were absent or within acceptable limits. The presence of these viruses in the dam and river water could pose a potential health risk for people using these waters for domestic or recreational purposes.

}, keywords = {Adult, Child, Feces, Feces: virology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: virology, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: etiology, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis A virus: isolation {\&} purification, Hepatitis A virus: pathogenicity, Hepatitis A: etiology, Humans, Mamastrovirus, Mamastrovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Mamastrovirus: pathogenicity, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Seasons, South Africa, Water Pollutants, Water Pollutants: analysis}, issn = {0043-1354}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11456164}, author = {Taylor, M B and Cox, N and Vrey, M A and Grabow, W O} } @article {15876, title = {Occurrence of parasites on fruits and vegetables in Norway}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {64}, number = {11}, year = {2001}, month = {Nov}, pages = {1793-8}, edition = {2001/12/01}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Cysts, Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control, Food Contamination, Food Parasitology, Fruit/*parasitology, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Incidence, Norway/epidemiology, Oocytes, Parasite Egg Count, Public health, Vegetables/*parasitology}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print)
0362-028x}, author = {Robertson, L. J. and Gjerde, B.} } @article {8455, title = {{Oocyst shedding by cats fed isolated bradyzoites and comparison of infectivity of bradyzoites of the VEG strain Toxoplasma gondii to cats and mice}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {215{\textendash}219}, author = {Dubey, JP} } @article {4206, title = {{Optimisation and standardisation of a method for detecting and enumerating bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis.}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {93}, number = {1-2}, year = {2001}, month = {apr}, pages = {127{\textendash}36}, abstract = {

A method for the detection and enumeration of bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis has been standardised. The recommended host strain is RYC2056 (ATCC 700786) because of the relatively high counts (10(4)-10(5) PFU/100ml) that it recovers in sewage from very different geographical areas. The addition of 0.25{\%} bile to the culture and assay media and the manipulation of the host strain under strict anaerobic conditions resulted in a significant increase (more than 100{\%}) in the number of phages detected. No other changes in the media and culture conditions resulted in changes in the phage counts detected. However, these increases do not justify changing the culture conditions and media described, taking into consideration that bile renders the media cloudy making it difficult to follow the host growth and that most laboratories do not have the facilities to work under strict anaerobic conditions. Nalidixic acid (100 microg/ml) and kanamycin (100 microg/ml) in the assay medium significantly reduce the background flora from polluted samples without affecting the phage counts. Freezing cultures just before the end of the log-phage growth at (-70+/-10) degrees C with BSA-sucrose as cryoprotector, storing of 1-2 ml in glass vials at (-70+/-10) degrees C and using them directly to inoculate fresh broth allows the obtention of cultures ready for phage enumeration in about 2.5 h. All these developments have been incorporated into a procedure that makes the method for detecting phages infecting B. fragilis as workable as the standardised methods available for the detection of coliphages.

}, keywords = {Anaerobiosis, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: growth {\&} development, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis: virology, Culture Media, Freezing, Kanamycin, Nalidixic Acid, Virus Cultivation}, issn = {0166-0934}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11311351}, author = {Araujo, R and Muniesa, M and M{\'e}ndez, J and Puig, A and Queralt, N and Lucena, F and Jofre, J} } @article {9799, title = {{Ordinary and opportunistic enteropathogens associated with diarrhea in Senegalese adults in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus}}, journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {5}, year = {2001}, pages = {192{\textendash}198}, author = {Gassama, A and Sow, PS and Fall, F and Camara, P and Gu{\`e}ye-N{\textquoteright}diaye, A and Seng, R and Samb, B and M{\textquoteright}boup, S and A{\"\i}dara-Kane, A} } @article {4790, title = {{Outbreak of cyclosporiosis associated with basil in Missouri in 1999}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {32}, year = {2001}, pages = {1010{\textendash}1017}, author = {Lopez, AS and Dodson, DR and Arrowood, MJ and Orlandi Jr, PA and da Silva, AJ and Bier, JW and Hanauer, SD and Kuster, RI and Oltman, S and Baldwin, MS and Won, KY and Nace, EM and Eberhard, ML and Herwaldt, BL} } @article {14136, title = {An outbreak of {E}. coli {O}157 infection with evidence of spread from animals to man through contamination of a private water supply.}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {126}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, month = {feb}, pages = {135{\textendash}8}, abstract = {An outbreak of E. coli O157 infection occurred in the Highland Region of Scotland in the summer of 1999. The source of the outbreak was traced to an untreated private water supply. All six cases identified arose in visitors to the area, and most had very limited exposure to the contaminated water. Permanent residents on the same supply were unaffected. The E. coli O157 isolates from the water, sheep faeces collected from around the source and the human stool samples were indistinguishable using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Previously reported outbreaks of E. coli O157 linked to potable water supplies have resulted from structural or treatment failures, which allowed faecal contamination of source water. Here, contamination of the water supply and subsequent human infection was due to the use of an untreated, unprotected private water source in a rural area where animals grazed freely.}, issn = {0950-2688}, author = {Licence, K and Oates, K R and Synge, B A and Reid, T M} } @article {2337, title = {{An outbreak of E. coli O157 infection with evidence of spread from animals to man through contamination of a private water supply.}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {126}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, month = {feb}, pages = {135{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

An outbreak of E. coli O157 infection occurred in the Highland Region of Scotland in the summer of 1999. The source of the outbreak was traced to an untreated private water supply. All six cases identified arose in visitors to the area, and most had very limited exposure to the contaminated water. Permanent residents on the same supply were unaffected. The E. coli O157 isolates from the water, sheep faeces collected from around the source and the human stool samples were indistinguishable using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Previously reported outbreaks of E. coli O157 linked to potable water supplies have resulted from structural or treatment failures, which allowed faecal contamination of source water. Here, contamination of the water supply and subsequent human infection was due to the use of an untreated, unprotected private water source in a rural area where animals grazed freely.

}, issn = {0950-2688}, author = {Licence, K and Oates, K R and Synge, B A and Reid, T M} } @book {3009, title = {{PAIR}: puncture, aspiration, injection, reaspiration: an option for the treatment of cystic echinococcosis}, year = {2001}, address = {Geneva}, url = {http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/67207/1/WHO_CDS_CSR_APH_2001.6.pdf} } @article {13837, title = {{PCR}-{Based} {Diagnosis} of {Helicobacter} pylori {Infection} and {Real}-{Time} {Determination} of {Clarithromycin} {Resistance} {Directly} from {Human} {Gastric} {Biopsy} {Samples} {PCR}-{Based} {Diagnosis} of {Helicobacter} pylori {Infection} and {Real}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {1217{\textendash}1220}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.39.4.1217}, author = {Chisholm, Stephanie A and Owen, Robert J and Teare, E Louise and Saverymuttu, Seth} } @article {8209, title = {{PCR-Based Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Real-Time Determination of Clarithromycin Resistance Directly from Human Gastric Biopsy Samples PCR-Based Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Real-Time Determination of Clarithromycin Re}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {1217{\textendash}1220}, doi = {10.1128/JCM.39.4.1217}, author = {Chisholm, Stephanie A and Owen, Robert J and Teare, E Louise and Saverymuttu, Seth} } @article {14242, title = {Penetration of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 into lettuce as influenced by modified atmosphere and temperature}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {64}, number = {11}, year = {2001}, pages = {1820{\textendash}1823}, abstract = {The effects of temperature and atmospheric oxygen concentration on the respiration rate of iceberg lettuce and Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells attachment to and penetration into damaged lettuce tissues were evaluated. Respiration rate of lettuce decreased as the temperature was reduced from 37 to 10 degrees C. Reducing the temperature further to 4 degrees C did not affect the respiration rate of lettuce. Respiration rate was also reduced by lowering the atmospheric oxygen concentration. Lettuce was submerged in E. coli O157:H7 inoculum at 4, 10, 22, or 37 degrees C under 21 or 2.7\% oxygen. Attachment and penetration of E. coli O157:H7 were not related to the respiration rate. The greatest numbers of E. coli O157:H7 cells attached to damaged lettuce tissues at 22 degrees C at both oxygen concentrations. More cells were attached under 21\% oxygen than under 2.7\% oxygen at each temperature, but this difference was small. Penetration of E. coli O157:H7 into lettuce tissue was determined by immunostaining with a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled antibody. Under 21\% oxygen, E. coli O157:H7 cells showed greatest penetration when lettuce was held at 4 degrees C, compared to 10, 22. or 37 degrees C, and were detected at an average of 101 microm below the surfaces of cut tissues. However, under 2.7\% oxygen, there were no differences in degree of penetration among four incubation temperatures. The degree of E. coli O157:H7 penetration into lettuce tissue at 4 or 22 degrees C was greater under 21\% oxygen than under 2.7\% oxygen; however, no difference was observed at 37 degrees C. Conditions that promote pathogen penetration into tissue could decrease the effectiveness of decontamination treatments.}, author = {Takeuchi, K and Hassan, A N and Frank, J F} } @article {8146, title = {{Penetration of Escherichia coli O157:H7 into lettuce as influenced by modified atmosphere and temperature}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {64}, number = {11}, year = {2001}, pages = {1820{\textendash}1823}, edition = {2001/12/01}, abstract = {The effects of temperature and atmospheric oxygen concentration on the respiration rate of iceberg lettuce and Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells attachment to and penetration into damaged lettuce tissues were evaluated. Respiration rate of lettuce decreased as the temperature was reduced from 37 to 10 degrees C. Reducing the temperature further to 4 degrees C did not affect the respiration rate of lettuce. Respiration rate was also reduced by lowering the atmospheric oxygen concentration. Lettuce was submerged in E. coli O157:H7 inoculum at 4, 10, 22, or 37 degrees C under 21 or 2.7{\%} oxygen. Attachment and penetration of E. coli O157:H7 were not related to the respiration rate. The greatest numbers of E. coli O157:H7 cells attached to damaged lettuce tissues at 22 degrees C at both oxygen concentrations. More cells were attached under 21{\%} oxygen than under 2.7{\%} oxygen at each temperature, but this difference was small. Penetration of E. coli O157:H7 into lettuce tissue was determined by immunostaining with a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled antibody. Under 21{\%} oxygen, E. coli O157:H7 cells showed greatest penetration when lettuce was held at 4 degrees C, compared to 10, 22. or 37 degrees C, and were detected at an average of 101 microm below the surfaces of cut tissues. However, under 2.7{\%} oxygen, there were no differences in degree of penetration among four incubation temperatures. The degree of E. coli O157:H7 penetration into lettuce tissue at 4 or 22 degrees C was greater under 21{\%} oxygen than under 2.7{\%} oxygen; however, no difference was observed at 37 degrees C. Conditions that promote pathogen penetration into tissue could decrease the effectiveness of decontamination treatments.}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Takeuchi, K and Hassan, A N and Frank, J F} } @article {2430, title = {{Penetration of Escherichia coli O157:H7 into lettuce as influenced by modified atmosphere and temperature}}, journal = {J Food Prot}, volume = {64}, number = {11}, year = {2001}, pages = {1820{\textendash}1823}, edition = {2001/12/01}, abstract = {The effects of temperature and atmospheric oxygen concentration on the respiration rate of iceberg lettuce and Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells attachment to and penetration into damaged lettuce tissues were evaluated. Respiration rate of lettuce decreased as the temperature was reduced from 37 to 10 degrees C. Reducing the temperature further to 4 degrees C did not affect the respiration rate of lettuce. Respiration rate was also reduced by lowering the atmospheric oxygen concentration. Lettuce was submerged in E. coli O157:H7 inoculum at 4, 10, 22, or 37 degrees C under 21 or 2.7\% oxygen. Attachment and penetration of E. coli O157:H7 were not related to the respiration rate. The greatest numbers of E. coli O157:H7 cells attached to damaged lettuce tissues at 22 degrees C at both oxygen concentrations. More cells were attached under 21\% oxygen than under 2.7\% oxygen at each temperature, but this difference was small. Penetration of E. coli O157:H7 into lettuce tissue was determined by immunostaining with a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled antibody. Under 21\% oxygen, E. coli O157:H7 cells showed greatest penetration when lettuce was held at 4 degrees C, compared to 10, 22. or 37 degrees C, and were detected at an average of 101 microm below the surfaces of cut tissues. However, under 2.7\% oxygen, there were no differences in degree of penetration among four incubation temperatures. The degree of E. coli O157:H7 penetration into lettuce tissue at 4 or 22 degrees C was greater under 21\% oxygen than under 2.7\% oxygen; however, no difference was observed at 37 degrees C. Conditions that promote pathogen penetration into tissue could decrease the effectiveness of decontamination treatments.}, isbn = {0362-028X (Print) 0362-028X (Linking)}, author = {Takeuchi, K and Hassan, A N and Frank, J F} } @inbook {15945, title = {Performance of Ozone as a Disinectant for Combined Sewer Overflow}, booktitle = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, month = {2001/10/01}, pages = {295-309}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, isbn = {1064-3389}, author = {Wojtenko, Izabela and Stinson, Mary K. and Field, Richard} } @article {17159, title = {Persistence of a Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium DT12 clone in a piggery and in agricultural soil amended with Salmonella-contaminated slurry}, journal = {Applied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, month = {Jun}, pages = {2859-2862}, author = {Baloda, S. B. and Christensen, L. and Trajcevska, S.} } @article {14285, title = {Persistency of bacterial indicators in biosolids stabilization with coal fly ash and lime.}, journal = {Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {73}, number = {5}, year = {2001}, month = {jan}, pages = {607{\textendash}11}, abstract = {Alkaline coal fly ash and lime were tested for their effectiveness in pathogen removal from biosolids at different time intervals and temperatures. Coal fly ash at 10 and 35\% w/w was mixed with dewatered biosolids and then the ash-biosolids mixture was mixed separately with 0, 1.1, 2.2, 4.4, 8.5, 11, and 18\% calcium oxide (w/w on a dry weight basis) with and without heating to 55 degrees C. Total bacteria, salmonella, and total coliforms were monitored at various time intervals. Both ash-biosolids mixtures with or without lime amendment had a significantly lower total bacterial population than the biosolids control, but the residual indigenous bacterial flora in the ash and lime stabilized biosolids still maintained a population of greater than 10(4) g(-1) dry biosolids. Alkaline-stabilized biosolids with a lime amendment rate greater than 8.5\% could maintain pH greater than or equal to 12 for more than 2 hours, which effectively removed total coliforms and salmonella in the mixture. Heat treatment to 55 degrees C and a storage time of 14 days provided an added advantage resulting in a further reduction in pathogens for all treatments. It is recommended that 10\% ash-biosolids mixture should be amended with a minimum of 8.5\% lime on a dry weight basis for at least 2 hours to achieve acceptable levels of salmonella and total coliforms to ensure no pathogenic risk following land application.}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: drug effects, Bacteria: growth \& development, Bacteria: isolation \& purification, Calcium Compounds, Calcium Compounds: pharmacology, Carbon, Carbon: pharmacology, Chemical Precipitation, Coal, Coal Ash, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: drug effects, Enterobacteriaceae: growth \& development, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Hot Temperature, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oxides, Oxides: pharmacology, Particulate Matter, Salmonella, Salmonella: drug effects, Salmonella: growth \& development, Salmonella: isolation \& purification, Time Factors}, issn = {1061-4303}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11765997}, author = {Wong, J W and Fang, M and Jiang, R} } @article {8172, title = {{Persistency of bacterial indicators in biosolids stabilization with coal fly ash and lime.}}, journal = {Water Environment Research : a Research Publication of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {73}, number = {5}, year = {2001}, month = {jan}, pages = {607{\textendash}11}, abstract = {

Alkaline coal fly ash and lime were tested for their effectiveness in pathogen removal from biosolids at different time intervals and temperatures. Coal fly ash at 10 and 35{\%} w/w was mixed with dewatered biosolids and then the ash-biosolids mixture was mixed separately with 0, 1.1, 2.2, 4.4, 8.5, 11, and 18{\%} calcium oxide (w/w on a dry weight basis) with and without heating to 55 degrees C. Total bacteria, salmonella, and total coliforms were monitored at various time intervals. Both ash-biosolids mixtures with or without lime amendment had a significantly lower total bacterial population than the biosolids control, but the residual indigenous bacterial flora in the ash and lime stabilized biosolids still maintained a population of greater than 10(4) g(-1) dry biosolids. Alkaline-stabilized biosolids with a lime amendment rate greater than 8.5{\%} could maintain pH greater than or equal to 12 for more than 2 hours, which effectively removed total coliforms and salmonella in the mixture. Heat treatment to 55 degrees C and a storage time of 14 days provided an added advantage resulting in a further reduction in pathogens for all treatments. It is recommended that 10{\%} ash-biosolids mixture should be amended with a minimum of 8.5{\%} lime on a dry weight basis for at least 2 hours to achieve acceptable levels of salmonella and total coliforms to ensure no pathogenic risk following land application.

}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: drug effects, Bacteria: growth {\&} development, Bacteria: isolation {\&} purification, Calcium Compounds, Calcium Compounds: pharmacology, Carbon, Carbon: pharmacology, Chemical Precipitation, Coal, Coal Ash, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: drug effects, Enterobacteriaceae: growth {\&} development, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Hot Temperature, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oxides, Oxides: pharmacology, Particulate Matter, Salmonella, Salmonella: drug effects, Salmonella: growth {\&} development, Salmonella: isolation {\&} purification, Time Factors}, issn = {1061-4303}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11765997}, author = {Wong, J W and Fang, M and Jiang, R} } @article {2469, title = {{Persistency of bacterial indicators in biosolids stabilization with coal fly ash and lime.}}, journal = {Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {73}, number = {5}, year = {2001}, month = {jan}, pages = {607{\textendash}11}, abstract = {Alkaline coal fly ash and lime were tested for their effectiveness in pathogen removal from biosolids at different time intervals and temperatures. Coal fly ash at 10 and 35\% w/w was mixed with dewatered biosolids and then the ash-biosolids mixture was mixed separately with 0, 1.1, 2.2, 4.4, 8.5, 11, and 18\% calcium oxide (w/w on a dry weight basis) with and without heating to 55 degrees C. Total bacteria, salmonella, and total coliforms were monitored at various time intervals. Both ash-biosolids mixtures with or without lime amendment had a significantly lower total bacterial population than the biosolids control, but the residual indigenous bacterial flora in the ash and lime stabilized biosolids still maintained a population of greater than 10(4) g(-1) dry biosolids. Alkaline-stabilized biosolids with a lime amendment rate greater than 8.5\% could maintain pH greater than or equal to 12 for more than 2 hours, which effectively removed total coliforms and salmonella in the mixture. Heat treatment to 55 degrees C and a storage time of 14 days provided an added advantage resulting in a further reduction in pathogens for all treatments. It is recommended that 10\% ash-biosolids mixture should be amended with a minimum of 8.5\% lime on a dry weight basis for at least 2 hours to achieve acceptable levels of salmonella and total coliforms to ensure no pathogenic risk following land application.}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: drug effects, Bacteria: growth \& development, Bacteria: isolation \& purification, Calcium Compounds, Calcium Compounds: pharmacology, Carbon, Carbon: pharmacology, Chemical Precipitation, Coal, Coal Ash, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: drug effects, Enterobacteriaceae: growth \& development, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation \& purification, Hot Temperature, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oxides, Oxides: pharmacology, Particulate Matter, Salmonella, Salmonella: drug effects, Salmonella: growth \& development, Salmonella: isolation \& purification, Time Factors}, issn = {1061-4303}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11765997}, author = {Wong, J W and Fang, M and Jiang, R} } @article {4892, title = {Pesquisa de oocistosde Cyclospora sp., em fezes de caes da Grande Sao Paulo, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil}, journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical}, volume = {34}, year = {2001}, pages = {597{\textendash}598}, author = {Carollo, MC and Amato Neto, V and Braz, LM and Dowoong, K} } @article {11723, title = {{Phylogenetic identification of Sparganum proliferum as a pseudophyllidean cestode by the sequence analyses on mitochondrial COI and nuclear sdhB genes.}}, journal = {Parasitology International}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {93{\textendash}104}, abstract = {Sparganum proliferum is a larval cestode for which the adult stage is unknown. It is characterized by the continuous branching and budding when parasitized to humans, and causes fatal human sparganosis. However, the biological features of S. proliferum, including its taxonomic status, still remain obscure. Our previous investigation suggested that S. proliferum might be phylogenetically distinct from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, by the analysis on mitochondrial {\{}NADH{\}} dehydrogenase subunit 3 {\{}(ND3){\}} gene. However, mitochondrial {\{}DNA{\}} sequence in Platyhelminth is known to have heteroplasmy within a species. Therefore, in the present study, we have investigated the complete nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I {\{}(COI){\}} gene and the partial nucleotide sequences of nuclear coded succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein subunit gene {\{}(sdhB).{\}} The results clearly demonstrated that S. proliferum is a distinct species from S. erinaceieuropaei, and that S. proliferum belongs to the order Pseudophyllidea.}, issn = {1383-5769}, doi = {10.1016/S1383-5769(01)00071-X}, author = {Miyadera, H and Kokaze, A and Kuramochi, T and Kita, K and Machinami, R and Noya, O and de Noya, Alarc{\'o}n B and Okamoto, M and Kojima, S} } @article {7735, title = {The physiology and metabolism of Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {90}, year = {2001}, note = {The physiology and metabolism of Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori; ISI:000169383000003; Suppl. S; ID: 491}, pages = {16S-24S}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Kelly,D. J.} } @article {15552, title = {The pig as a host for Schistosoma mekongi in Laos}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {87}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {708-709}, author = {Strandgaard, H. and Johansen, M.V. and Pholsena, K. and Teixayavong, K. and Christensen, N.O.E.} } @article {14856, title = {Poliomyelitis in {Oman}. {I}. {The} last outbreak?}, journal = {Acta Trop}, volume = {80}, year = {2001}, month = {oct}, pages = {125{\textendash}30}, abstract = {Since 1988, the Sultanate of Oman has experienced three outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis. The last outbreak occurred in December 1993 and involved two children aged 10 months and 4 1/2 years. The children had received five and four doses, respectively, of trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) and lived in the same village. Serum neutralizing antibody tests suggested that paralytic polio in these children was due to poor antibody response to OPV. Wild poliovirus type 1 was isolated from both patients, as well as from seven of ten close contacts of the older child, and one of eight contacts of the younger child. All contacts had received three to six doses of OPV. Genomic sequence studies indicated that the virus isolates belonged to a genotypic group prevalent in southern and western Asia, but differed markedly from virus isolated during the 1988/89 outbreak, suggesting another importation of poliovirus. In response to the outbreak, supplementary immunization with OPV was given to children {\textbackslash}textless6 years of age, initially in the affected district, and subsequently to children in the whole country. This study demonstrates that immunization with three to six doses of OPV did not prevent infection with wild poliovirus. In those children with sub-optimal response to OPV, infection resulted in paralytic poliomyelitis. The outbreak remained localized in one village, indicating that the outbreak control measures were effective.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, Antibodies, Child, Female, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Infant, Male, Oman/epidemiology, Oral/administration \& dosage/immunology, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/immunology/isolation \& purification, Preschool, Vaccination, Viral/blood}, issn = {0001-706X (Print) 0001-706X (Linking)}, doi = {S0001706X01001668 [pii]}, author = {Al-Dhahry, S. H. and Koul, R. L. and Al-Busaidy, S. M. and Al-Awaidy, S. T. and Al-Khusaiby, S. M. and Suleman, A. J.} } @article {14440, title = {Poliomyelitis in {Oman}. {I}. {The} last outbreak?}, journal = {Acta Trop}, volume = {80}, year = {2001}, month = {oct}, pages = {125{\textendash}30}, abstract = {Since 1988, the Sultanate of Oman has experienced three outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis. The last outbreak occurred in December 1993 and involved two children aged 10 months and 4 1/2 years. The children had received five and four doses, respectively, of trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) and lived in the same village. Serum neutralizing antibody tests suggested that paralytic polio in these children was due to poor antibody response to OPV. Wild poliovirus type 1 was isolated from both patients, as well as from seven of ten close contacts of the older child, and one of eight contacts of the younger child. All contacts had received three to six doses of OPV. Genomic sequence studies indicated that the virus isolates belonged to a genotypic group prevalent in southern and western Asia, but differed markedly from virus isolated during the 1988/89 outbreak, suggesting another importation of poliovirus. In response to the outbreak, supplementary immunization with OPV was given to children {\textless}6 years of age, initially in the affected district, and subsequently to children in the whole country. This study demonstrates that immunization with three to six doses of OPV did not prevent infection with wild poliovirus. In those children with sub-optimal response to OPV, infection resulted in paralytic poliomyelitis. The outbreak remained localized in one village, indicating that the outbreak control measures were effective.}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, Antibodies, Child, Female, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Infant, Male, Oman/epidemiology, Oral/administration \& dosage/immunology, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/immunology/isolation \& purification, Preschool, Vaccination, Viral/blood}, issn = {0001-706X (Print) 0001-706X (Linking)}, doi = {S0001706X01001668 [pii]}, author = {Al-Dhahry, S. H. and Koul, R. L. and Al-Busaidy, S. M. and Al-Awaidy, S. T. and Al-Khusaiby, S. M. and Suleman, A. J.} } @article {14439, title = {Poliomyelitis in {Oman}. {II}. {Toward} eradication}, journal = {Acta Trop}, volume = {80}, year = {2001}, month = {oct}, pages = {131{\textendash}8}, abstract = {In the past decade, the Sultanate of Oman has experienced three outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis{\textendash}a widespread polio type 1 epidemic in 1988/1989, four cases of polio type 3 in three different regions in 1991, and a localized type 1 outbreak in 1993. The lessons learnt from each of these epidemics have guided us to modify and improve our polio eradication activities. Currently, these activities include administration of five primary and three booster doses of trivalent oral polio vaccine, yearly national immunization campaigns (NIDs) since 1995 with coverage of {\textgreater}90\%, localized immunization campaigns, acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance which involves reporting of all cases by facsimile to the Department of Surveillance within 24 h of detecting a case and weekly zero reporting from 22 sentinel sites, and virological testing of stool specimens of all AFP cases and their close contacts at the national, World Health Organization accredited laboratory. The cumulative success of these activities has resulted in Oman being free from polio for the past 6 years. However, the possibility of importation of wild poliovirus, particularly from southern and western Asia still exists.}, keywords = {*Immunization Programs, Adolescent, Child, Disease Notification, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Infant, Muscle Hypotonia/epidemiology, Oman/epidemiology, Oral/*administration \& dosage, Paralysis/epidemiology, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/immunology/isolation \& purification, Population Surveillance, Preschool}, issn = {0001-706X (Print) 0001-706X (Linking)}, doi = {S0001706X0100167X [pii]}, author = {Al-Dhahry, S. H. and Al-Awaidy, S. T. and Al-Busaidy, S. M. and Koul, R. L. and Al-Khusaiby, S. M. and Suleman, A. J.} } @article {14855, title = {Poliomyelitis in {Oman}. {II}. {Toward} eradication}, journal = {Acta Trop}, volume = {80}, year = {2001}, month = {oct}, pages = {131{\textendash}8}, abstract = {In the past decade, the Sultanate of Oman has experienced three outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis{\textendash}a widespread polio type 1 epidemic in 1988/1989, four cases of polio type 3 in three different regions in 1991, and a localized type 1 outbreak in 1993. The lessons learnt from each of these epidemics have guided us to modify and improve our polio eradication activities. Currently, these activities include administration of five primary and three booster doses of trivalent oral polio vaccine, yearly national immunization campaigns (NIDs) since 1995 with coverage of {\textbackslash}textgreater90\%, localized immunization campaigns, acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance which involves reporting of all cases by facsimile to the Department of Surveillance within 24 h of detecting a case and weekly zero reporting from 22 sentinel sites, and virological testing of stool specimens of all AFP cases and their close contacts at the national, World Health Organization accredited laboratory. The cumulative success of these activities has resulted in Oman being free from polio for the past 6 years. However, the possibility of importation of wild poliovirus, particularly from southern and western Asia still exists.}, keywords = {*Immunization Programs, Adolescent, Child, Disease Notification, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Infant, Muscle Hypotonia/epidemiology, Oman/epidemiology, Oral/*administration \& dosage, Paralysis/epidemiology, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/immunology/isolation \& purification, Population Surveillance, Preschool}, issn = {0001-706X (Print) 0001-706X (Linking)}, doi = {S0001706X0100167X [pii]}, author = {Al-Dhahry, S. H. and Al-Awaidy, S. T. and Al-Busaidy, S. M. and Koul, R. L. and Al-Khusaiby, S. M. and Suleman, A. J.} } @article {14674, title = {Poliovirus surveillance by examining sewage specimens. {Quantitative} recovery of virus after introduction into sewerage at remote upstream location}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {127}, year = {2001}, month = {aug}, pages = {101{\textendash}6}, abstract = {In order to assess the feasibility of environmental poliovirus surveillance, known amounts of poliovirus type 1, strain Sabin, were flushed into the sewage network of Helsinki. Grab specimens collected at a remote downstream location and concentrated about a 100-fold revealed infectious poliovirus on four successive days in all three separate experiments. As for concentration, a simple two-phase separation method was found to be at least as useful as a several-fold more resource-demanding polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method. Recovery of the introduced virus was remarkably high (more than 10\%). Using the current system, it might be possible to detect poliovirus circulation in a population of 700,000 people by examining a single 400 ml sewage specimen, if 1 out of 10,000 inhabitants were excreting the virus. It is concluded that environmental surveillance is a sensitive approach to monitor silent poliovirus circulation in populations served by a sewage network.}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Line, Enterovirus B, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, FINLAND, Human/classification/isolation \& purification, Humans, Mice, Poliovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification, Serotyping, Sewage/*virology}, issn = {0950-2688 (Print)}, author = {Hovi, T. and Stenvik, M. and Partanen, H. and Kangas, A.} } @article {14987, title = {Poliovirus surveillance by examining sewage specimens. {Quantitative} recovery of virus after introduction into sewerage at remote upstream location}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {127}, year = {2001}, month = {aug}, pages = {101{\textendash}6}, abstract = {In order to assess the feasibility of environmental poliovirus surveillance, known amounts of poliovirus type 1, strain Sabin, were flushed into the sewage network of Helsinki. Grab specimens collected at a remote downstream location and concentrated about a 100-fold revealed infectious poliovirus on four successive days in all three separate experiments. As for concentration, a simple two-phase separation method was found to be at least as useful as a several-fold more resource-demanding polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method. Recovery of the introduced virus was remarkably high (more than 10\%). Using the current system, it might be possible to detect poliovirus circulation in a population of 700,000 people by examining a single 400 ml sewage specimen, if 1 out of 10,000 inhabitants were excreting the virus. It is concluded that environmental surveillance is a sensitive approach to monitor silent poliovirus circulation in populations served by a sewage network.}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Line, Enterovirus B, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, FINLAND, Human/classification/isolation \& purification, Humans, Mice, Poliovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification, Serotyping, Sewage/*virology}, issn = {0950-2688 (Print)}, author = {Hovi, T. and Stenvik, M. and Partanen, H. and Kangas, A.} } @article {1623, title = {Poliovirus surveillance by examining sewage specimens. Quantitative recovery of virus after introduction into sewerage at remote upstream location}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {127}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, note = {Hovi, T Stenvik, M Partanen, H Kangas, A England Epidemiology and infection Epidemiol Infect. 2001 Aug;127(1):101-6.}, pages = {101-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In order to assess the feasibility of environmental poliovirus surveillance, known amounts of poliovirus type 1, strain Sabin, were flushed into the sewage network of Helsinki. Grab specimens collected at a remote downstream location and concentrated about a 100-fold revealed infectious poliovirus on four successive days in all three separate experiments. As for concentration, a simple two-phase separation method was found to be at least as useful as a several-fold more resource-demanding polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method. Recovery of the introduced virus was remarkably high (more than 10\%). Using the current system, it might be possible to detect poliovirus circulation in a population of 700,000 people by examining a single 400 ml sewage specimen, if 1 out of 10,000 inhabitants were excreting the virus. It is concluded that environmental surveillance is a sensitive approach to monitor silent poliovirus circulation in populations served by a sewage network.}, keywords = {Animals Cell Line Enterovirus B, Human/classification/isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/*methods Finland Humans Mice Poliovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification Serotyping Sewage/*virology}, issn = {0950-2688 (Print)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=11561962}, author = {Hovi, T. and Stenvik, M. and Partanen, H. and Kangas, A.} } @article {5293, title = {Polishing ponds for post-treatment of digested sewage part 1: flow-through ponds}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {237{\textendash}245}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Cavalcanti, PFF and Van Haandel, A and Lettinga, Gatze} } @article {15425, title = {Polymerase chain reaction assay based on a highly repeated sequence of Schistosoma haematobium: a potential tool for monitoring schistosome-infested water}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {65}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, note = {Evaluation Studies
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United States}, month = {Dec}, pages = {907-11}, abstract = {We have cloned from Schistosoma haematobium genome a repeated sequence, the DraI repeated sequence, which consists of tandemly arranged 121-bp-long units and which is highly abundant (approximately 15\% of the S. haematobium genome). By these features, the DraI repeat is similar to the Sm1-7 sequence of Schistosoma mansoni previously described by us. However, their nucleotide sequences are profoundly different. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed on the basis of the DraI sequence information and were used in a PCR assay by which as little as 10 fg of schistosomal DNA as well as individual cercariae were detected. The DraI repeat cross-hybridized with DNA from Schistosoma bovis, Schistosoma magrebowiei, Schistosoma mattheei, Schistosoma curassoni, and Schistosoma intercalatum, but not with DNA from S. mansoni nor from Trichobilharzia ocellata and Echinostoma sp. A potential value of this PCR assay is suggested for monitoring free-living cercariae and infected snails only in bodies free of cross-hybridizing species.}, keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Blotting, Southern, Cloning, Molecular, DNA Primers, DNA, Helminth/*genetics, Environmental Monitoring/*methods, Genome, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Schistosoma haematobium/*genetics, Schistosoma/genetics/isolation \& purification, Sensitivity and Specificity, Snails/parasitology, Water Pollutants/*isolation \& purification}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Hamburger, J. and He, Na and Abbasi, I. and Ramzy, R. M. and Jourdane, J. and Ruppel, A.} } @article {5294, title = {Post-treatment of anaerobic effluents in an overland flow system}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {229{\textendash}236}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {C Chernicharo and R Da Silva Cota and Adriana M Zerbini and von Sperling, M and L H Novy de Castro Brito} } @article {3810, title = {Potential role of fomites in the vehicular transmission of human astroviruses.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {9}, year = {2001}, pages = {3904{\textendash}3907}, author = {Abad, FX and Villena, C and Guix, S and Caballero, S and Pinto, RM and Bosch, A} } @article {986, title = {Potential transmission of human polyomaviruses through the gastrointestinal tract after exposure to virions or viral DNA}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {75}, number = {21}, year = {2001}, pages = {10290{\textendash}10299}, abstract = {

The mechanism of human-to-human transmission of the polyomaviruses JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV) has not been firmly established with regard to possible human exposure. JCV and BKV have been found in sewage samples from different geographical areas in Europe, Africa, and the United States, with average concentrations of 10(2) to 10(3) JCV particles/ml and 10(1) to 10(2) BKV particles/ml. Selected polyomavirus-positive sewage samples were further characterized. The JCV and BKV present in these samples were identified by sequencing of the intergenic region (the region found between the T antigen and VP coding regions) of JCV and the VP1 region of BKV. The regulatory region of the JCV and BKV strains found in sewage samples presented archetypal or archetype-like genetic structures, as described for urine samples. The stability (the time required for a 90\% reduction in the virus concentration) of the viral particles in sewage at 20 degrees C was estimated to be 26.7 days for JCV and 53.6 days for BKV. The presence of JCV in 50\% of the shellfish samples analyzed confirmed the stability of these viral particles in the environment. BKV and JCV particles were also found to be stable at pH 5; however, treatment at a pH lower than 3 resulted in the detection of free viral DNA. Since most humans are infected with JCV and BKV, these data indicate that the ingestion of contaminated water or food could represent a possible portal of entrance of these viruses or polyomavirus DNA into the human population.

}, isbn = {0022-538X (Print)$\backslash$n0022-538X (Linking)}, issn = {0022-538X}, doi = {10.1128/JVI.75.21.10290-10299.2001}, author = {Bofill-Mas, S and Formiga-Cruz, M and Clemente-Casares, P and Calafell, F and Girones, R} } @article {4834, title = {{Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {32}, year = {2001}, pages = {331{\textendash}351}, author = {Guerrant, RL and Van Gilder, T and Steiner, TS and Thielman, NM and Slutsker, L and Tauxe and RV and Hennessy, T and Griffin, PM and DuPont, H and Sack, RB and Tarr, P and Neill, M and Nachamkin, I and Reller, LB and Osterholm, MT and Bennish, ML and Pickering, LK} } @article {9243, title = {{Prevalence of viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens among young children with acute Diarrhoea in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia}}, journal = {Journal of Health Population and Nutrition}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {25{\textendash}30}, author = {El-Sheikh, SM and El-Assouli, SM} } @inbook {3011, title = {Prevention of echinococcosis in humans and safety precautions}, booktitle = {{WHO}/{OIE} {Manual} on {Echinococcosis} in {Humans} and {Animals}: a {Public} {Health} {Problem} of {Global} {Concern}}, year = {2001}, pages = {258{\textendash}267}, publisher = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, organization = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, edition = {World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)}, address = {Paris}, author = {Eckert, J and Gottstein, B and Heath, D and Liu, FJ} } @article {7332, title = {A prospective study of rural drinking water quality and acute gastrointestinal illness}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {1}, url = {http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-1-8}, author = {Strauss, Barbara and King, Will and Ley, Arthur and Hoey, John R.} } @article {11364, title = {Protection of pigs with cysticercosis from further infections after treatment with oxfendazole}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {15-18}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Gonzalez, A. E. and Gavidia, C. and Falcon, N. and Bernal, T. and Verastegui, M. and Garcia, H. H. and Gilman, R. H. and Tsang, V. C. W.} } @article {15920, title = {Protozoan predation as a mechanism for the removal of cryptosporidium oocysts from wastewaters in constructed wetlands}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {11-12}, year = {2001}, pages = {191-8}, edition = {2002/01/24}, keywords = {*Ciliophora, *Cryptosporidium parvum, *Ecosystem, *Predatory Behavior, Animals, Biodegradation, Environmental, Oocytes, Plants, Population Dynamics, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {0273-1223 (Print)
0273-1223}, author = {Stott, R. and May, E. and Matsushita, E. and Warren, a.} } @article {5445, title = {{Protozoan predation as a mechanism for the removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts from wastewater in constructed wetlands}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, year = {2001}, pages = {191{\textendash}198}, author = {Stott, R and May, E and Matsuishita, E and Warren, A} } @inbook {3118, title = {Public health education and training in control programmes}, booktitle = {{WHO}/{OIE} {Manual} on {Echinococcosis} in {Humans} and {Animals}: a {Public} {Health} {Problem} of {Global} {Concern}}, year = {2001}, pages = {239{\textendash}245}, publisher = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, organization = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, edition = {WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern}, address = {Paris}, author = {Parodi, P and Mantovani, A and Seimenis, A} } @article {11752, title = {{Pulmonary sparganosis: a case report with five years follow-up}}, journal = {Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {130{\textendash}135}, author = {Phunmanee, A and Boonsawat, W and Indharapoka, B and Tuntisirin, C and Kularbkeaw, J} } @article {1821, title = {Qualitative and quantitative molecular detection of enteroviruses in water from bathing areas and from a sewage treatment plant}, journal = {Res Microbiol}, volume = {152}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, note = {Schvoerer, E Ventura, M Dubos, O Cazaux, G Serceau, R Gournier, N Dubois, V Caminade, P Fleury, H J Lafon, M E eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t France 2001/04/24 10:00 Res Microbiol. 2001 Mar;152(2):179-86.}, pages = {179-86}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Pathogenic enteric viruses can be introduced into the environment as a result of human activities. Enteroviruses are regularly detected in environmental waters or shellfish and can provoke potentially serious diseases. Some authors believe that enteroviruses could represent an interesting indicator of viral contamination in the environment. Since molecular approaches seem to be promising for the detection of these viruses, we developed a simple qualitative RT-PCR procedure for enteroviruses, together with a quantitative RT-PCR assay using RNA internal standard. After one-tube-RT-PCR, this standard and wild enterovirus RNA were detected by differential hybridization with specific probes and a fluorimetric reaction. The quantification of enteroviruses, conducted in a sewage treatment plant, showed a decreasing number of genomic copies from the entrance to the exit (from 3.8 x 10(5) to 5.4 x 10(4) RNA copies/mL) but indicated the presence of enterovirus RNA in the neighboring river (2.2 x 10(3) RNA copies/mL). In bathing areas, enterovirus RNA was detected in 16 out of 226 samples, with copies numbers ranging from 3.7 x 10(2) RNA copies/mL to 7 x 10(4) RNA copies/mL.}, keywords = {*Bathing Beaches Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Fresh Water/*virology RNA, Viral/analysis *Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Seawater/*virology Sewage/*virology Water Microbiology}, issn = {0923-2508 (Print) 0923-2508 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11316372}, author = {Schvoerer, E. and Ventura, M. and Dubos, O. and Cazaux, G. and Serceau, R. and Gournier, N. and Dubois, V. and Caminade, P. and Fleury, H. J. and Lafon, M. E.} } @inbook {3030, title = {Quantitative epidemiology and transmission dynamics with special reference to {Echinococcus} granulosus}, booktitle = {{WHO}/{OIE} {Manual} on {Echinococcosis} in {Humans} and {Animals}: a {Public} {Health} {Problem} of {Global} {Concern}}, year = {2001}, pages = {163{\textendash}176}, publisher = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, organization = {Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS}, edition = {WorldWHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern Organization for Animal Health (OIE)}, address = {Paris}, isbn = {92-9044-522-X}, author = {Gemmell, MA and Roberts, MG and Beard, TC and Lawson, JR} } @article {7172, title = {A randomized, blinded, controlled trial investigating the gastrointestinal health effects of drinking water quality.}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {109}, number = {8}, year = {2001}, pages = {773}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1240403/}, author = {Hellard, Margaret E. and Sinclair, Martha I. and Forbes, Andrew B. and Fairley, Christopher K.} } @article {5709, title = {{A Rapid and Efficient Extraction Method for Reverse Transcription-PCR Detection of Hepatitis A and Norwalk-like Viruses in Shellfish}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {9}, year = {2001}, pages = {4152{\textendash}4157}, author = {D H Kingsley and G P Richards} } @book {3294, title = {Receptors for the Polyomaviruses}, series = {Polyomaviruses, Molecular and Clinical Perspectives}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Wiley-Lis{\textquoteright}s Inc.}, organization = {Wiley-Lis{\textquoteright}s Inc.}, address = {New York}, author = {Atwood, Walter J.} } @conference {5083, title = {Reduction efficiency of index pathogens in dry sanitation compared with traditional and alternative wastewater treatment systems}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ecological Sanitation}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Internet Dialogue on Ecological Sanitation}, organization = {Internet Dialogue on Ecological Sanitation}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, url = {http://www.ias.unu.edu/proceedings/icibs/ecosan/stenstrom.html}, author = {Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m} } @article {4130, title = {{Reduction of enteric microorganisms at the Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority Water Reclamation Plant}}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {73}, year = {2001}, pages = {711{\textendash}720}, author = {J B Rose and Huffman, DE and Riley, K and Farrah, SR and Lukasik, JO and Hamann, CL} } @article {16875, title = {Reduction of enteric microorganisms at the Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority water reclamation plant}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, pages = {711{\textendash}720}, publisher = {Water Environment Federation}, author = {Rose, Joan B and Huffman, Debra E and Riley, Kelley and Farrah, Samuel R and Lukasik, Jerzy O and Hamann, Carl L} } @article {15885, title = {Reduction of Enteric Microorganisms at the Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority Water Reclamation Plant}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, pages = {711-720}, publisher = {Water Environment Federation}, isbn = {10614303, 15547531}, author = {Rose, Joan B. and Huffman, Debra E. and Riley, Kelley and Farrah, Samuel R. and Lukasik, Jerzy O. and Hamann, Carl L.} } @article {4874, title = {{Reiter syndrome following protracted symptoms of Cyclospora infection}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {453{\textendash}454}, author = {Connor, BA and Johnson, EJ and Soave, R} } @mastersthesis {6959, title = {Relating landscape patterns to hydrologic processes in a watershed hierarchy}, year = {2001}, note = {3034085}, school = {The University of Iowa}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Through hydrologic cycles, nonpoint source (NPS) pollutants generated by human activities at a local scale are accumulated into a broad-scale water quality problem. A watershed approach is required to address the cumulative impact of NPS problems. Nonetheless, what is the optimal size for watershed management is an on-going debate. To explore the effects of scale on landscape properties, hydrologic processes, and land-water interactions, an Iowa watershed encompassing some 11,000 km 2 was first decomposed into four hierarchical levels, which contained 7, 11, 31, and 149 sub-watersheds, respectively, using GIS techniques. Hydrologic processes and landscape properties were then quantified for each of the 198 sub-watersheds using hydrologic modeling and pattern analysis techniques. Based on the simulated results and selected indices of landscape patterns, relationships between landscape patterns and hydrologic processes were established at discrete levels and translated to other levels within the watershed hierarchy. How dominant factors controlling the land-water interaction change with scale and errors resulting from scaling was finally evaluated. This case study reinforced the importance of scaling issues in resource management and exemplified how the effects of scale on spatial patterns, processes, and pattern-process interactions can be explored through a hierarchically structured framework using GIS techniques and statistical analyses.}, keywords = {0366:Geography, 0368:Geography, 0388:Hydrology, 0768:Environmental science, Earth sciences, Environmental science, Geography, Health and environmental sciences, Hydrologic, Hydrology, Landscape patterns, pollution, Social sciences, Watershed hierarchy}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/276318647?accountid=14270}, author = {Chen, Grace F} } @article {13506, title = {Relationships between host species and morphometric patterns in Fasciola hepatica adults and eggs from the Northern Bolivian Altiplano hyperendemic region}, journal = {Vet Parasitol}, volume = {102}, year = {2001}, pages = {85-100}, author = {Valero, M. A. and Darce, N. A. and Panova, M. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @book {14058, title = {Removal of {Emerging} {Waterborne} {Pathogens}}, year = {2001}, publisher = {American Water Works Association}, organization = {American Water Works Association}, isbn = {1-58321-092-X}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=dQxFM_P7vUQC\&pgis=1}, author = {Harrington, Gregory W.} } @book {2273, title = {{Removal of Emerging Waterborne Pathogens}}, year = {2001}, pages = {188}, publisher = {American Water Works Association}, organization = {American Water Works Association}, isbn = {158321092X}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=dQxFM\_P7vUQC\&pgis=1}, author = {Harrington, Gregory W.} } @book {8026, title = {{Removal of Emerging Waterborne Pathogens}}, year = {2001}, pages = {188}, publisher = {American Water Works Association}, organization = {American Water Works Association}, isbn = {158321092X}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=dQxFM{\_}P7vUQC{\&}pgis=1}, author = {Harrington, Gregory W.} } @article {5315, title = {Removal of fecal indicator organisms and parasites (fecal coliforms and helminth eggs) from municipal biologic sludge by anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic digestion}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {97{\textendash}101}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Oropeza, MR and Cabirol, N and Ortega, S and Ortiz, LPC and Noyola, A} } @article {15845, title = {Removal of indicator bacteria, human enteric viruses, Giardia cysts, and Cryptosporidium oocysts at a large wastewater primary treatment facility}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, month = {Mar}, pages = {188-93}, edition = {2001/04/21}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Disinfection/*methods, Enterobacteriaceae/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/isolation \& purification, Giardia/isolation \& purification, Sewage/*microbiology/*parasitology/*virology, Streptococcus/isolation \& purification, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods}, isbn = {0008-4166 (Print)
0008-4166}, author = {Payment, P. and Plante, R. and Cejka, P.} } @article {3260, title = {{Removal of indicator bacteria, human enteric viruses, Giardia cysts, and Cryptosporidium oocysts at a large wastewater primary treatment facility}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {188{\textendash}193}, abstract = {The advent of quantitative PCR has improved the detection of human viral pathogens in the environment. However, a serious limitation of this method may arise from the inability to discriminate between viruses that are infectious and viruses that have been inactivated and do not represent a human health hazard. To assess whether propidium monoazide (PMA) pre-treatment is a good approach to inhibiting DNA amplification from non-infectious viruses, bacteriophage T4 survival was measured using cell culture titration and real-time PCR with and without PMA pre-treatment. Heat (85 {\textdegree}C) and proteolysis methods were carried out. After these inactivation treatments, the results indicated that the PMA pre-treatment approach is not appropriate for differentiating infectious viruses. However, when a heat treatment at 110 {\textdegree}C was undertaken, PMA pre-treatment did allow differentiation of non-infectious from infectious viruses. In this case, effective binding of PMA to bacteriophage T4 DNA could be taken to indicate capsid damage. Therefore, PMA pre-treatment may be appropriate for assessing effective disinfection treatments and for a more reliable understanding of the factors that contribute to viral inactivation through capsid damage monitoring. The PMA-PCR approach could be useful as a rapid and inexpensive analytical tool for screening and evaluation of the efficacy of disinfectants.}, isbn = {0008-4166}, issn = {0008-4166, 1480-3275}, doi = {10.1139/w00-143}, url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/w00-143}, author = {Payment, Pierre and Plante, Robert and Cejka, Patrick} } @article {10407, title = {Removal of indicator bacteria, human enteric viruses, Giardia cysts, and Cryptosporidium oocysts at a large wastewater primary treatment facility}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {188{\textendash}193}, author = {Payment, Pierre and Plante, Robert and Cejka, Patrick} } @article {15083, title = {Removal of indicator bacteria, human enteric viruses, {Giardia} cysts, and {Cryptosporidium} oocysts at a large wastewater primary treatment facility}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {188{\textendash}193}, author = {Payment, Pierre and Plante, Robert and Cejka, Patrick} } @article {5428, title = {{Removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms by a constructed wetland receiving untreated domestic wastewater}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health}, volume = {36}, year = {2001}, pages = {1311{\textendash}1320}, author = {Quinonez-Diaz, MDJ and Karpisck, MM and Ellman, ED and C P Gerba} } @article {15858, title = {Removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms by a constructed wetland receiving untreated domestic wastewater}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous}, volume = {36}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {1311-20}, edition = {2001/09/08}, keywords = {*Cryptosporidium, *Ecosystem, *Giardia, *Sewage, *Waste Disposal, Fluid, *Water Microbiology, Animals, Coliphages, Environmental monitoring, Feces/microbiology, Plants, Population Dynamics, Temperature, Viruses, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {1093-4529 (Print)
1093-4529}, author = {Quinonez-Diaz, M. J. and Karpiscak, M. M. and Ellman, E. D. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {5399, title = {{Removal of Salmonella and microbial indicators in constructed wetlands treating swine wastewater}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {44}, year = {2001}, pages = {215{\textendash}222}, author = {Hill, VR and Sobsey, MD} } @article {11751, title = {{Resurgence of human bothriocephalosis (Diphyllobothrium latum) in the subalpine lake region}}, journal = {Journal of Limnology}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {41{\textendash}44}, keywords = {Bothriocephalosis, Diphyllobothrium, Subalpine region}, issn = {11295767}, doi = {10.4081/jlimnol.2001.41}, author = {Peduzzi, R. and Boucher-Rodoni, R.} } @article {15541, title = {Resurgence of schistosomiasis mansoni in Oman}, journal = {Tropical Doctor}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, note = {Case Reports
Letter
England}, month = {Jul}, pages = {185-6}, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Oman/epidemiology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control, Snails/parasitology}, isbn = {0049-4755 (Print)
0049-4755 (Linking)}, author = {Scrimgeour, E. M. and Koul, R. and Sallam, J. and Idris, M. A.} } @article {14863, title = {Reuse of reclaimed wastewater for golf course irrigation in {Tunisia}}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {43}, year = {2001}, pages = {117{\textendash}24}, abstract = {In Tunisia, golf courses are irrigated with secondary treated effluent stored in landscape impoundments. The impact of the conveyance and storage steps on the physical-chemical and biological quality of irrigation water was evaluated on three golf courses over two years. It was found that the water quality varies all along the water route, from the wastewater treatment plant up to the irrigation site: nutrient and bacteria contents decreased along the route in the three cases. This variation depends on the wastewater quality, the length of the pipes conveying water, the number of regulation reservoirs and ponds, the water residence time in pipes, reservoirs and ponds, and the operation of the ponds. The bacteriological quality of irrigation water deteriorates during the irrigation period in the three golf courses as the ponds are operated as continuous flow reactors. The results obtained in this study indicate the inability of golf water supplies, as currently managed, to properly sanitize reclaimed wastewater and meet target quality criteria recommended by WHO (1989) for water intended for recreational use. For a safe reuse of reclaimed wastewater for golf course irrigation, changes in the design and operation of the ponds should be planned or additional treatment steps provided.}, keywords = {*Golf, Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods, Feces/microbiology, Fluid/*methods, Poaceae/*physiology, Tunisia, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/methods, Water Supply/analysis/*standards/statistics \& numerical data}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Bahri, A. and Basset, C. and Oueslati, F. and Brissaud, F.} } @article {14458, title = {Reuse of reclaimed wastewater for golf course irrigation in {Tunisia}}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {43}, year = {2001}, pages = {117{\textendash}24}, abstract = {In Tunisia, golf courses are irrigated with secondary treated effluent stored in landscape impoundments. The impact of the conveyance and storage steps on the physical-chemical and biological quality of irrigation water was evaluated on three golf courses over two years. It was found that the water quality varies all along the water route, from the wastewater treatment plant up to the irrigation site: nutrient and bacteria contents decreased along the route in the three cases. This variation depends on the wastewater quality, the length of the pipes conveying water, the number of regulation reservoirs and ponds, the water residence time in pipes, reservoirs and ponds, and the operation of the ponds. The bacteriological quality of irrigation water deteriorates during the irrigation period in the three golf courses as the ponds are operated as continuous flow reactors. The results obtained in this study indicate the inability of golf water supplies, as currently managed, to properly sanitize reclaimed wastewater and meet target quality criteria recommended by WHO (1989) for water intended for recreational use. For a safe reuse of reclaimed wastewater for golf course irrigation, changes in the design and operation of the ponds should be planned or additional treatment steps provided.}, keywords = {*Golf, Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods, Feces/microbiology, Fluid/*methods, Poaceae/*physiology, Tunisia, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/methods, Water Supply/analysis/*standards/statistics \& numerical data}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Bahri, A. and Basset, C. and Oueslati, F. and Brissaud, F.} } @book {16969, title = {Revisions to standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (supplement)}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Amerian Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA}, organization = {Amerian Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA} } @inbook {13641, title = {Risk Assessment}, booktitle = {Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health}, year = {2001}, pages = {161-183}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, type = {Book Section}, address = {London}, author = {Haas, C. N. and Eisenberg, J. N. S.}, editor = {Fewtrell, L. and Bartram, J.} } @inbook {16732, title = {Risk Assessment}, booktitle = {Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health}, year = {2001}, pages = {161-183}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, address = {London}, author = {Haas, C.N. and Eisenberg, J.N.S.} } @article {11952, title = {Risk assessment for Cryptosporidium: a hierarchical Bayesian analysis of human dose response data}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {35}, number = {16}, year = {2001}, pages = {3934-40}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354 (Print) 0043-1354}, author = {Messner, MJ and Chappell, CL and Okhuysen, PC} } @article {13797, title = {Risk assessment of virus infections in the older estuary (southern {Baltic}) on the basis of spatial transport and virus decay simulations}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {203}, year = {2001}, pages = {317{\textendash}325}, author = {Schenewski G, Julich WD} } @article {7598, title = {Risk assessment of virus infections in the older estuary (southern Baltic) on the basis of spatial transport and virus decay simulations}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {203}, year = {2001}, pages = {317{\textendash}325}, author = {Schenewski, G and Julich, WD} } @article {3183, title = {Risk factors for human alveolar echinococcosis: a case-control study in {Hokkaido}, {Japan}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {95}, number = {7}, year = {2001}, month = {oct}, pages = {689{\textendash}696}, abstract = {A case-control study to determine the risk factors for human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) was conducted in Hokkaido, Japan. The 134 cases were either patients clinically diagnosed as having AE (N =61) or other individuals found to be seropositive for Echinococcus multilocularis although showing no abnormalities in ultrasound scans (N = 73). Two groups of case-matched controls were employed: one of 670 individuals selected from a list of residents of Hokkaido (group A) and the other of 650 subjects selected from a list of individuals who had been found seronegative in earlier investigations (group B). Because of the long latency of AE, potential risk factors were studied over two different periods: for the 0-10 and 11-20 years before the year of diagnosis/recorded seropositivity. The results of multivariate analyses, in which the cases were compared with each control group, indicated that the rearing of cattle and pigs and the use of well water were significant risk factors and that the use of tap water significantly decreased the risk of an individual having AE. Extension of the piped water supply and health education on improving the disposal of household rubbish (to keep foxes away from houses) should help reduce the risk of AE infection in the study area.}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, Animals, Case-Control Studies, Cattle, Echinococcosis, Female, Humans, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Occupations, Odds Ratio, Refuse Disposal, Risk Factors, Swine, Water Supply}, issn = {0003-4983}, doi = {10.1080/00034980120103252}, author = {Yamamoto, N. and Kishi, R. and Katakura, Y. and Miyake, H.} } @article {4902, title = {{The risk of enteric infections associated with wastewater reuse: the effect of season and degree of storage of wastewater}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {95}, year = {2001}, pages = {131{\textendash}137}, author = {Blumenthal, UJ and Cifuentes, E and Bennett, S and Quigley, M and Ruiz-Palacios, G} } @article {9241, title = {{A role for a galactose lectin and its ligands during encystment of Entamoeba}}, journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {17{\textendash}21}, author = {Eichinger, D} } @article {17385, title = {The role of indigenous microorganisms in suppression of Salmonella regrowth in composted biosolids}, journal = {Water ResearchWater researchWater Res}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, month = {Mar}, pages = {913-920}, keywords = {composted biosolids, GROWTH, indigenous microorganisms, microbial diversify, pathogen regrowth, Salmonella, sewage-sludge, water}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Sidhu, J. and Gibbs, R. A. and Ho, G. E. and Unkovich, I.} } @article {527, title = {Role of latent viral infections in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma}, journal = {Am J Respir Crit Care Med}, volume = {164}, number = {10 Pt 2}, year = {2001}, note = {Hogg, J C Comparative Study Journal Article Review United States Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Nov 15;164(10 Pt 2):S71-5.}, pages = {S71-5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Acute viral respiratory tract infections are well known to precipitate asthma attacks and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but their role in the pathogenesis of chronic disease is poorly defined. Double-stranded DNA viruses have the ability to persist in airway epithelial cells long after the acute infection has cleared. During these latent infections, viral genes are expressed at the protein level without replication of a complete virus. The expression of the adenoviral trans-activating protein has been demonstrated in the airway epithelium of both human and animal lungs and is associated with an amplification of the cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory response. Studies of cultured human airway epithelial cells have also shown that transfection with this viral gene upregulates the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and interleukin 8 by these cells when they are challenged with endotoxin. In guinea pigs, cigarette smoke-induced emphysema is amplified by latent adenoviral infection. Furthermore, this infection independently increased the number of CD-8 cells, whereas the cigarette smoke independently increased the number of CD-4 cells in the inflammatory infiltrate. On the other hand, allergen-induced lung inflammation was uninfluenced by latent adenoviral infection in the guinea pig, but the latent infection caused the eosinophilic component of this response to become steroid resistant. These studies suggest that latent adenoviral infections may have a role in the pathogenesis of obstructive airway disease by amplifying the response to cigarette smoke and inducing steroid resistance.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/genetics Adenoviridae Infections/*complications/diagnosis/genetics Adult Allergens Animals Asthma/*etiology/immunology Bronchiolitis/complications/diagnosis Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Child DNA, Obstructive/*etiology/immunology Mice Mice, Transgenic Pulmonary Emphysema/etiology Respiratory Sounds Respiratory Tract Infections/*complications/diagnosis Risk Factors Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Transfection Up-Regulation Viral Proteins, Viral Follow-Up Studies Guinea Pigs Humans Immunohistochemistry Inflammation/etiology/pathology Lung Diseases}, issn = {1073-449X (Print) 1073-449x}, doi = {10.1164/ajrccm.164.supplement_2.2106063}, author = {Hogg, J. C.} } @article {4503, title = {Role of latent viral infections in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma}, journal = {American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine}, volume = {164}, number = {10 Pt 2}, year = {2001}, pages = {S71{\textendash}5}, issn = {1073-449X (Print) 1073-449x}, doi = {10.1164/ajrccm.164.supplement_2.2106063}, author = {Hogg, J. C.} } @article {11461, title = {The role of non-biting flies in the epidemiology of human infectious diseases}, journal = {Microbes and Infection}, volume = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {231-235}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Knight, R and Gilman, RH and Cranfield, MR} } @article {1682, title = {Role of water reuse for enhancing integrated water management in Europe and Mediterranean countries}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {43}, number = {10}, year = {2001}, note = {Lazarova, V Levine, B Sack, J Cirelli, G Jeffrey, P Muntau, H Salgot, M Brissaud, F Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t England Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research Water Sci Technol. 2001;43(10):25-33.}, pages = {25-33}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Recycling water is an important aspect of water resource and environment management policies, ensuring reliable alternative water resources, reducing environmental pollution and achieving a more sustainable form of development. This paper focuses on wastewater reuse as a strategy for integrated water management. Key economic, financial, regulatory, social and technical factors that help to make water reuse projects successful are reviewed. Selected examples from Northern and Western Europe and arid and semi-arid Mediterranean regions illustrate the contribution of wastewater reuse to integrated management of water resources.}, keywords = {City Planning Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/methods/*statistics \& numerical data Desert Climate Europe Mediterranean Region Water Microbiology Water Pollution Water Purification/economics/*methods/standards/*statistics \& numerical data Water}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11436789}, author = {Lazarova, V. and Levine, B. and Sack, J. and Cirelli, G. and Jeffrey, P. and Muntau, H. and Salgot, M. and Brissaud, F.} } @article {3516, title = {A rotavirus vaccine for prevention of severe diarrhoea of infants and young children: development, utilization and withdrawal.}, journal = {Novartis Foundation Symposium}, volume = {2}, number = {238}, year = {2001}, pages = {153{\textendash}159}, author = {Kapikian, A Z} } @article {2526, title = {Rotaviruses}, volume = {2}, year = {2001}, publisher = {{Lippincott-Raven} Press}, author = {Kapikian, AZ and Hoshino, Y and Chanock, RM} } @article {9227, title = {{A school waterborne outbreak involving both Shigella sonnei and Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health}, volume = {64}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, pages = {9{\textendash}13,26}, author = {Chen, KT and Chen, CJ and Chiu, JP} } @article {5427, title = {{Seasonal pathogen removal by alternative on-site wastewater systems}}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {73}, year = {2001}, pages = {204{\textendash}212}, author = {Pundsack, J and Axler, R and Hicks, R and Henneck, J and Nordman, D and McCarthy, B} } @article {13086, title = {Seasonal pathogen removal by alternative on-site wastewater treatment systems}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {204{\textendash}212}, author = {Pundsack, Jonathan and Axler, Richard and Hicks, Randall and Henneck, Jerald and Nordman, Delwin and McCarthy, Barbara} } @article {12810, title = {Sensitisation, asthma, and a modified Th2 response in children exposed to cat allergen: a population-based cross-sectional study}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {~357}, year = {2001}, pages = {752-6}, author = {Platts-Mills, T. and Vaughan, J. and Squillace, S. and Woodfolk, J. and Sporik, R.} } @article {2224, title = {{Sensitivity and performance characteristics of a direct PCR with stool samples in comparison to conventional techniques for diagnosis of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infection in children with acute diarrhoea in Calcutta, India}}, journal = {J Med Microbiol}, volume = {50}, number = {8}, year = {2001}, pages = {667{\textendash}674}, edition = {2001/08/02}, abstract = {As the sensitivity of the conventional techniques for identifying Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) causing dysentery cases is low, a PCR assay was evaluated in this study. Analytical sensitivity (2 x 10(2) cfu) of the PCR technique was obtained by artificially spiking negative stool samples with a standard strain of S. flexneri type 2, then determining the detection limit. Specificity (100\%) of the method was determined by testing a number of known Shigella and EIEC strains and organisms other than Shigella spp. A total of 300 stool samples collected from children with acute diarrhoea was plated on to two selective agar media after enrichment in Luria broth. Shigella spp. were isolated from 7.7\% (23 of 300) and EIEC from 1\% (3 of 300) patients. All enriched stool samples were subjected to PCR to amplify the target sequence of invasive plasmid antigen (ipa)H locus, a multicopy element found on the chromosome and invasion plasmid. The stool PCR was positive in 24 of the 26 culture-positive and in 22 culture-negative stools, thus detecting the presence of Shigella spp. or EIEC in 15.3\% (46 of 300) of diarrhoea cases. When an ial probe was used for colony hybridistion with enriched stool cultures blotted on to membranes, 9.6\% (29 of 300) of dysentery cases were identified as being caused by Shigella spp. or EIEC. Thus the sensitivity of enriched stool culture, colony hybridisation and enriched stool PCR was found to be 54\%, 60\% and 96\%, respectively, when each of the methods was compared to the total microbiologically confirmed cases of dysentery. It was also observed that only 38\% (48 of 126) of acute bloody dysentery cases actually had shigella or EIEC infection, as confirmed by laboratory methods. Moreover, this PCR assay could identify a number of untypable Shigella strains (Sh OUT), which would have remained undiagnosed had this assay not been used.}, isbn = {0022-2615 (Print) 0022-2615 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1099/0022-1317-50-8-667}, author = {Dutta, S and Chatterjee, A and Dutta, P and Rajendran, K and Roy, S and Pramanik, K C and Bhattacharya, S K} } @article {7988, title = {{Sensitivity and performance characteristics of a direct PCR with stool samples in comparison to conventional techniques for diagnosis of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infection in children with acute diarrhoea in Calcutta, India}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology}, volume = {50}, number = {8}, year = {2001}, pages = {667{\textendash}674}, edition = {2001/08/02}, abstract = {

As the sensitivity of the conventional techniques for identifying Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) causing dysentery cases is low, a PCR assay was evaluated in this study. Analytical sensitivity (2 x 10(2) cfu) of the PCR technique was obtained by artificially spiking negative stool samples with a standard strain of S. flexneri type 2, then determining the detection limit. Specificity (100{\%}) of the method was determined by testing a number of known Shigella and EIEC strains and organisms other than Shigella spp. A total of 300 stool samples collected from children with acute diarrhoea was plated on to two selective agar media after enrichment in Luria broth. Shigella spp. were isolated from 7.7{\%} (23 of 300) and EIEC from 1{\%} (3 of 300) patients. All enriched stool samples were subjected to PCR to amplify the target sequence of invasive plasmid antigen (ipa)H locus, a multicopy element found on the chromosome and invasion plasmid. The stool PCR was positive in 24 of the 26 culture-positive and in 22 culture-negative stools, thus detecting the presence of Shigella spp. or EIEC in 15.3{\%} (46 of 300) of diarrhoea cases. When an ial probe was used for colony hybridistion with enriched stool cultures blotted on to membranes, 9.6{\%} (29 of 300) of dysentery cases were identified as being caused by Shigella spp. or EIEC. Thus the sensitivity of enriched stool culture, colony hybridisation and enriched stool PCR was found to be 54{\%}, 60{\%} and 96{\%}, respectively, when each of the methods was compared to the total microbiologically confirmed cases of dysentery. It was also observed that only 38{\%} (48 of 126) of acute bloody dysentery cases actually had shigella or EIEC infection, as confirmed by laboratory methods. Moreover, this PCR assay could identify a number of untypable Shigella strains (Sh OUT), which would have remained undiagnosed had this assay not been used.

}, isbn = {0022-2615 (Print)0022-2615 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1099/0022-1317-50-8-667}, author = {Dutta, S and Chatterjee, A and Dutta, P and Rajendran, K and Roy, S and Pramanik, K C and Bhattacharya, S K} } @article {14000, title = {Sensitivity and performance characteristics of a direct {PCR} with stool samples in comparison to conventional techniques for diagnosis of {Shigella} and enteroinvasive {Escherichia} coli infection in children with acute diarrhoea in {Calcutta}, {India}}, journal = {J Med Microbiol}, volume = {50}, number = {8}, year = {2001}, pages = {667{\textendash}674}, abstract = {As the sensitivity of the conventional techniques for identifying Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) causing dysentery cases is low, a PCR assay was evaluated in this study. Analytical sensitivity (2 x 10(2) cfu) of the PCR technique was obtained by artificially spiking negative stool samples with a standard strain of S. flexneri type 2, then determining the detection limit. Specificity (100\%) of the method was determined by testing a number of known Shigella and EIEC strains and organisms other than Shigella spp. A total of 300 stool samples collected from children with acute diarrhoea was plated on to two selective agar media after enrichment in Luria broth. Shigella spp. were isolated from 7.7\% (23 of 300) and EIEC from 1\% (3 of 300) patients. All enriched stool samples were subjected to PCR to amplify the target sequence of invasive plasmid antigen (ipa)H locus, a multicopy element found on the chromosome and invasion plasmid. The stool PCR was positive in 24 of the 26 culture-positive and in 22 culture-negative stools, thus detecting the presence of Shigella spp. or EIEC in 15.3\% (46 of 300) of diarrhoea cases. When an ial probe was used for colony hybridistion with enriched stool cultures blotted on to membranes, 9.6\% (29 of 300) of dysentery cases were identified as being caused by Shigella spp. or EIEC. Thus the sensitivity of enriched stool culture, colony hybridisation and enriched stool PCR was found to be 54\%, 60\% and 96\%, respectively, when each of the methods was compared to the total microbiologically confirmed cases of dysentery. It was also observed that only 38\% (48 of 126) of acute bloody dysentery cases actually had shigella or EIEC infection, as confirmed by laboratory methods. Moreover, this PCR assay could identify a number of untypable Shigella strains (Sh OUT), which would have remained undiagnosed had this assay not been used.}, doi = {10.1099/0022-1317-50-8-667}, author = {Dutta, S and Chatterjee, A and Dutta, P and Rajendran, K and Roy, S and Pramanik, K C and Bhattacharya, S K} } @article {4773, title = {{Sequence variability in the first internal transcribed spacer region within and among Cyclospora species is consistent with polyparasitism}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {31}, year = {2001}, pages = {1475{\textendash}1487}, author = {Olivier, C and van de Pas, S and Lepp, PW and Yoder, K and Relman, DA} } @article {16253, title = {Serum and vitreous humor antibody titers in and isolation of Leptospira interrogans from horses with recurrent uveitis}, journal = {J Am Vet Med AssocJ Am Vet Med AssocJ Am Vet Med Assoc}, volume = {219}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, month = {Sep 15}, pages = {795-800}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/*analysis/blood, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Horse Diseases/*immunology/*microbiology, Horses, Leptospira interrogans/*immunology/isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/immunology/microbiology/*veterinary, Male, Recurrence, Uveitis/immunology/microbiology/*veterinary, Vitrectomy/veterinary, Vitreous Body/*immunology/microbiology}, isbn = {0003-1488 (Print)
0003-1488 (Linking)}, author = {Wollanke, B. and Rohrbach, B. W. and Gerhards, H.} } @article {4122, title = {{Simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia in sewage sludge by IC-PCR}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {91}, year = {2001}, pages = {1030{\textendash}1035}, author = {Rimhanen-Finne, R and Ronkainen, P and H{\"a}nninen, ML} } @mastersthesis {6653, title = {Strategic indicators for characterization of water system infrastructure and management}, year = {2001}, note = {0803646}, school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Shifts in the US water industry are characteristic of the flux found across all infrastructure sectors. Economic, environmental, market, regulatory and systemic forces are pushing the industry toward a different future where challenges of significant capital formation, competitiveness, efficiency and resource allocation will be prevalent. Amidst these drivers, longstanding assumptions about water provision and management are under scrutiny. The path forward remains unsettled as industry players debate the role of the federal government in financing pending capital challenges. The two sides of the debate describe divergent paths, and the one taken will define the industry{\textquoteright}s near-term structure. One hand indicates a pending crisis that necessitates substantial federal assistance while the other suggests staying the course towards self-sufficiency. Missing from these discussions is objective evidence concerning the state of the industry. To supply the missing component, this thesis develops and applies a rational methodology to characterize a national cross section of large water systems. The methodology provides a basis for (a) understanding the state of systems within the national portfolio and (b) guiding strategic assessment and policy development. A set of common, core indicators are deployed that rely upon widely available operating and financial data and make use of thresholds that serve as estimates of industry-wide averages or standards. Once applied, the indicators provide grounds for describing an enterprise{\textquoteright}s structure and core functions as well as assessing both capital needs and opportunities. The evidence indicates that large systems are adequately positioned to handle near-term capital challenges, so an expanded federal role is unnecessary. In addition, alternatives that might improve national water provision remain largely untested, so policies and strategies that support exploration of these approaches are recommended. The work presented is a key step toward normalizing an industry that is decentralized and locally managed. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)}, keywords = {0310:Business community, 0543:Civil engineering, 0554:Sanitation, 0775:Environmental engineering, 0796:Operations research, Applied sciences, Business community, Capital, Civil engineering, Competitiveness, Environmental engineering, Operations research, Resource allocation, sanitation, Social sciences, Water system}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304756770?accountid=14270}, author = {Garvin, Michael Joseph} } @article {6556, title = {Strategies for promoting equity: experience with community financing in three {African} countries}, journal = {Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, month = {oct}, pages = {37{\textendash}67}, abstract = {Although the need for a pro-poor health reform agenda in low and middle income countries is increasingly clear, implementing such policy change is always difficult. This paper seeks to contribute to thinking about how to take forward such an agenda by reflection on the community financing activities of the UNICEF/WHO Bamako Initiative. It presents findings from a three-country study, undertaken in Benin, Kenya and Zambia in 1994/95, which was initiated in order to better understand the nature of the equity impact of community financing activities as well as the factors underlying this impact. The sustained relative affordability gains achieved in Benin emphasise the importance of ensuring that financing change is used as a policy lever for strengthening health service management in support of quality of care improvements. All countries, however, failed in protecting the most poor from the burden of payment, benefiting this group preferentially and ensuring that their views were heard in decision-making. Tackling these problems requires, amongst other things, an appropriate balance between central and local-level decision-making as well as the creation of local decision-making structures which have representation from civil society groups that can voice the needs of the most poor. Leadership, strategy and tactics are also always important in securing any kind of equity gain-such as establishing equity goals to drive implementation. In the experiences examined, the dominance of the goal of financial sustainability contributed to their equity failures. Further research is required to understand what equity goals communities themselves would prefer to guide financing policy.}, keywords = {Benin, Consumer Participation, Financing, Health Care Reform, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Kenya, Organized, Poverty, Quality of Health Care, Social Justice, Zambia}, issn = {0168-8510}, author = {Gilson, L. and Kalyalya, D. and Kuchler, F. and Lake, S. and Oranga, H. and Ouendo, M.} } @mastersthesis {6790, title = {Stymulacja i inhibicja usuwania fosforu w procesie osadu czynnego w modelu {SBR}}, year = {2001}, note = {C807580}, school = {Politechnika Wroclawska (Poland)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Laboratory scale Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR) fed with synthetic wastewater have been operated. The influence of three different factors on BPR has been investigated, namely: activated sludge solids retention time (SRT), the kind and dose of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and the kind and dose of heavy metal ions in the raw wastewater. It has been determined that the optimal SRT for BPR process was between 1.7-2.0 d. Shorter SRT effected Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms (PAO) wash-out and thus rapid BPR deterioration. The longer SRT enabled the breed of other, non-PAO micro-organisms, resulting in PAO population dilution and sludge phosphorus content decrease. The influent doses of acetic acid and propionic acid not exceeding, respectively, 230 and 420 g/m 3 stimulated BPR process. 13-17g of CH3 OOH and 11g of C2 H5 COOH (13.9-18.2g and 16.6g COD equivalent) respectively have been used for the take-up of 1 gram of phosphorus. The higher doses of VFA have been causing gradual BPR deterioration. The influence of chlorides of lead, nickel, zinc and cadmium on BPR has been investigated (doses from 0.2 to 10.0 g/m 3 ). The degree of BPR inhibition was dependent on the kind and dose of metal ions. The ions of zinc and cadmium were the most inhibitory, causing the complete BPR inhibition at 2.0 g/m 3 . Chlorides of lead, nickel and cadmium have caused some BPR deterioration at the concentrations permitted for the discharge to municipal sewerage system by the Polish regulations. The permitted concentration of zinc chloride is likely to cause complete BPR inhibition.}, keywords = {0554:Sanitation, 0775:Environmental engineering, Activated sludge, Applied sciences, Environmental engineering, Heavy metal, Phosphorus removal, sanitation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304793261?accountid=14270}, author = {Latawiec, Dariusz} } @article {8017, title = {{Survivability of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri 2a in laboratory conditions simulating aquatic environment.}}, journal = {The Indian Journal of Medical Research}, volume = {114}, year = {2001}, month = {dec}, pages = {199{\textendash}206}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND {\&} OBJECTIVES: Information about the duration of survival of Shigellae in water is speculative. The present study was undertaken to assess the duration of survival of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri type 2a in the laboratory conditions simulating the aquatic environment, their invasive property and the association of different physico-chemical parameters in the survival process. METHODS: Five natural water sources were selected in a diarrhoea prone rural area. Collection of water, determination of physico-chemical parameters and bacteriology were carried out following standard procedures. Filter-sterilised water samples were inoculated with S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri 2a and survival was monitored by estimating total viable count at regular intervals. Bivariate correlations between the duration of survival and physico-chemical parameters were estimated. Multiple linear regression models were fitted for the duration of survival of the bacteria. RESULTS: All water sources were contaminated with faecal coliforms including Escherichia coli, S. dysenteriae type 1 survived for a mean duration of 3.33 days and S. flexneri 2a for mean 11.167 days in field water samples in laboratory condition. Duration of survival had positive correlation with the initial bacterial counts. In the multiple regression model the strongest predictor of the duration of survival of both S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri 2a was the concentration of bacteria. Other possible predictors for S. flexneri 2a were Mg and water temperature. INTERPRETATION {\&} CONCLUSION: S. dysenteriae type 1 with epidemic potential survives for shorter duration than S. flexneri 2a. Although some of the physico-chemical parameters had positive relation with duration of survival, the variation of these in natural water samples studied has not caused much variation in the survival in case of S. dysenteriae type 1. In case of S. flexneri 2a, the observed variation in Mg concentration can cause up to 25 days difference in the duration of survival and thus could be a factor determining the endemicity of S. flexneri 2a infection.

}, issn = {0971-5916}, author = {Ghosh, A R and Sehgal, S C} } @article {14042, title = {Survivability of {Shigella} dysenteriae type 1 \& {S}. flexneri 2a in laboratory conditions simulating aquatic environment.}, journal = {The Indian journal of medical research}, volume = {114}, year = {2001}, month = {dec}, pages = {199{\textendash}206}, abstract = {BACKGROUND \& OBJECTIVES: Information about the duration of survival of Shigellae in water is speculative. The present study was undertaken to assess the duration of survival of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri type 2a in the laboratory conditions simulating the aquatic environment, their invasive property and the association of different physico-chemical parameters in the survival process. METHODS: Five natural water sources were selected in a diarrhoea prone rural area. Collection of water, determination of physico-chemical parameters and bacteriology were carried out following standard procedures. Filter-sterilised water samples were inoculated with S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri 2a and survival was monitored by estimating total viable count at regular intervals. Bivariate correlations between the duration of survival and physico-chemical parameters were estimated. Multiple linear regression models were fitted for the duration of survival of the bacteria. RESULTS: All water sources were contaminated with faecal coliforms including Escherichia coli, S. dysenteriae type 1 survived for a mean duration of 3.33 days and S. flexneri 2a for mean 11.167 days in field water samples in laboratory condition. Duration of survival had positive correlation with the initial bacterial counts. In the multiple regression model the strongest predictor of the duration of survival of both S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri 2a was the concentration of bacteria. Other possible predictors for S. flexneri 2a were Mg and water temperature. INTERPRETATION \& CONCLUSION: S. dysenteriae type 1 with epidemic potential survives for shorter duration than S. flexneri 2a. Although some of the physico-chemical parameters had positive relation with duration of survival, the variation of these in natural water samples studied has not caused much variation in the survival in case of S. dysenteriae type 1. In case of S. flexneri 2a, the observed variation in Mg concentration can cause up to 25 days difference in the duration of survival and thus could be a factor determining the endemicity of S. flexneri 2a infection.}, issn = {0971-5916}, author = {Ghosh, A R and Sehgal, S C} } @article {2260, title = {{Survivability of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 \& S. flexneri 2a in laboratory conditions simulating aquatic environment.}}, journal = {The Indian journal of medical research}, volume = {114}, year = {2001}, month = {dec}, pages = {199{\textendash}206}, abstract = {BACKGROUND \& OBJECTIVES: Information about the duration of survival of Shigellae in water is speculative. The present study was undertaken to assess the duration of survival of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri type 2a in the laboratory conditions simulating the aquatic environment, their invasive property and the association of different physico-chemical parameters in the survival process. METHODS: Five natural water sources were selected in a diarrhoea prone rural area. Collection of water, determination of physico-chemical parameters and bacteriology were carried out following standard procedures. Filter-sterilised water samples were inoculated with S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri 2a and survival was monitored by estimating total viable count at regular intervals. Bivariate correlations between the duration of survival and physico-chemical parameters were estimated. Multiple linear regression models were fitted for the duration of survival of the bacteria. RESULTS: All water sources were contaminated with faecal coliforms including Escherichia coli, S. dysenteriae type 1 survived for a mean duration of 3.33 days and S. flexneri 2a for mean 11.167 days in field water samples in laboratory condition. Duration of survival had positive correlation with the initial bacterial counts. In the multiple regression model the strongest predictor of the duration of survival of both S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri 2a was the concentration of bacteria. Other possible predictors for S. flexneri 2a were Mg and water temperature. INTERPRETATION \& CONCLUSION: S. dysenteriae type 1 with epidemic potential survives for shorter duration than S. flexneri 2a. Although some of the physico-chemical parameters had positive relation with duration of survival, the variation of these in natural water samples studied has not caused much variation in the survival in case of S. dysenteriae type 1. In case of S. flexneri 2a, the observed variation in Mg concentration can cause up to 25 days difference in the duration of survival and thus could be a factor determining the endemicity of S. flexneri 2a infection.}, issn = {0971-5916}, author = {Ghosh, A R and Sehgal, S C} } @article {16867, title = {Survival of fecal coliforms in dry-composting toilets}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {9}, year = {2001}, pages = {4036{\textendash}4040}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Redlinger, Thomas and Graham, Jay and Corella-Barud, Ver{\'o}nica and Avitia, Raquel} } @article {13404, title = {{Survival of Fecal Coliforms in Dry-Composting Toilets}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {9}, year = {2001}, pages = {4039{\textendash}4040}, author = {Redlinger, Thomas and Graham, Jay and Corella-Barud, Ver and Avita, R} } @article {14157, title = {Survival of {Shiga} toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in marine water and frequent detection of the {Shiga} toxin gene in marine water samples from an estuary port.}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {126}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, month = {feb}, pages = {129{\textendash}33}, abstract = {Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 was investigated with respect to its halotolerance and whether it can survive in marine water. STEC O157 could multiply in a medium containing 5\% NaCl and in sterilized marine water, and could survive in unsterilized marine water for at least 15 days. On the basis of these results, we postulated that STEC O157 may survive in natural marine water, and attempted to isolate the bacterium and Shiga toxin gene (stx) from marine water in Japan. The stx, comprising stx1 and stx2, was detected from marine water samples by PCR. STEC and other stx-positive bacteria, however, could not be isolated from these samples in this study. These results indicate that stx-positive bacteria may survive in marine water and suggest the necessity of a survey.}, issn = {0950-2688}, author = {Miyagi, K and Omura, K and Ogawa, A and Hanafusa, M and Nakano, Y and Morimatsu, S and Sano, K} } @article {6583, title = {Survival of {Shiga} toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in marine water and frequent detection of the {Shiga} toxin gene in marine water samples from an estuary port}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {126}, number = {01}, year = {2001}, pages = {129{\textendash}133}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268801005003}, author = {Miyagi, K. and Omura, K. and Ogawa, A. and Hanafusa, M. and Nakano, Y. and Morimatsu, S. and Sano, K.} } @article {8093, title = {{Survival of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in marine water and frequent detection of the Shiga toxin gene in marine water samples from an estuary port.}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {126}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, month = {feb}, pages = {129{\textendash}33}, abstract = {

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 was investigated with respect to its halotolerance and whether it can survive in marine water. STEC O157 could multiply in a medium containing 5{\%} NaCl and in sterilized marine water, and could survive in unsterilized marine water for at least 15 days. On the basis of these results, we postulated that STEC O157 may survive in natural marine water, and attempted to isolate the bacterium and Shiga toxin gene (stx) from marine water in Japan. The stx, comprising stx1 and stx2, was detected from marine water samples by PCR. STEC and other stx-positive bacteria, however, could not be isolated from these samples in this study. These results indicate that stx-positive bacteria may survive in marine water and suggest the necessity of a survey.

}, issn = {0950-2688}, author = {Miyagi, K and Omura, K and Ogawa, A and Hanafusa, M and Nakano, Y and Morimatsu, S and Sano, K} } @article {8988, title = {Synergistic effect of solar radiation and solar heating to disinfect drinking water sources}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, pages = {155-162}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, url = {://WOS:000170142500027}, author = {Rijal, G. K. and Fujioka, R. S.} } @article {11374, title = {Synthetic peptide vaccine against Taenia solium pig cysticercosis: successful vaccination in a controlled field trial in rural Mexico}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {262-266}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0264-410X}, author = {Huerta, M and De Aluja, AS and Fragoso, G and Toledo, A and Villalobos, N and Hern{\'a}ndez, M and Gevorkian, G and Acero, G and D{\i}az, A and Alvarez, I} } @article {11806, title = {{Teniosis: Serie cl{\'\i}nica en 35 pacientes}}, journal = {Parasitolog{\'\i}a al d{\'\i}a}, volume = {25}, number = {1-2}, year = {2001}, month = {jan}, pages = {55{\textendash}59}, issn = {0716-0720}, doi = {10.4067/S0716-07202001000100010}, url = {http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S0716-07202001000100010{\&}lng=en{\&}nrm=iso{\&}tlng=en}, author = {Torres, MARISA and Perez, CARLOS and Galdamez, ERCIRA and Gabor, MELVIN and Miranda, CLAUDIO and Cofre, XIMENA and Tellez, PAULA} } @article {17389, title = {Thermal inactivation of Salmonella spp., Salmonella typhimurium DT104, and Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in ground beef}, journal = {Journal of Food ScienceJ Food Sci}, volume = {66}, number = {8}, year = {2001}, month = {Oct}, pages = {1164-1168}, keywords = {Chicken, e. coli o157 : h7, Freezing, growth phase, Meat, resistance, Salmonella, strain, Survival, thermal inactivation}, isbn = {0022-1147}, author = {Smith, S. E. and Maurer, J. L. and Orta-Ramirez, A. and Ryser, E. T. and Smith, D. M.} } @article {8290, title = {Thermophilic campylobacters in surface water: a potential risk of campylobacteriosis}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2001}, pages = {321{\textendash}327}, author = {Rosef, Olav and Rettedal, Grethe and Lars L{\r a}geide} } @article {5993, title = {{Three-dimensional tissue assemblies: novel models for the study of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenesis}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {69}, number = {11}, year = {2001}, pages = {7106{\textendash}7120}, author = {Nickerson, CA and Goodwin, TJ} } @inbook {6086, title = {Toxicological and ecotoxicological assessment of water tracers}, booktitle = {Hydrogeology Journal}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {321{\textendash}325}, author = {Behrens, H and Beims, U and Dieter, H and Dietze, G and Eikmann, T and Grummt, T and Hanisch, Hanisch and Henseling, Henseling and K{\"a}{\ss}, W and Kerndorff, H and others} } @article {16979, title = {Toxicological and ecotoxicological assessment of water tracers}, journal = {Hydrogeology journal}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {321{\textendash}325}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Behrens, H and Beims, U and Dieter, H and Dietze, G and Eikmann, T and Grummt, T and Hanisch, Hanisch and Henseling, Henseling and K{\"a}{\ss}, W and Kerndorff, H and others} } @article {11227, title = {{Toxocara malaysiensis N. Sp. (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) from the Domestic Cat ( Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758)}}, journal = {J Parasitol}, volume = {87}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {660{\textendash}665}, doi = {10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0660:tmnsna]2.0.co;2}, author = {Gibbons, Lynda M and Jacobs, Dennis E and Sani, Rehana A} } @article {8496, title = {{Toxoplasma evacuoles: a two-step process of secretion and fusion forms the parasitophorous vacuole}}, journal = {EMBOJ}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, pages = {3132{\textendash}3144}, author = {Haakansson, S and Charron, AJ and Sibley, LD} } @article {8493, title = {{Tratamiento de la fase aguda de la toxoplasmosis cerebral con clindamicina - falcidar (pirimetamina - sulfadoxina) en pacientes infectados por VIH}}, journal = {Infectio}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {163{\textendash}169}, author = {Gomez-Mar{\'\i}n, J and Alvarado, F and Hern{\'a}ndez, C and Cuervo, S and Saraiva, J} } @article {14644, title = {Treatment of diglyme containing wastewater by advanced oxidation{\textendash}process design and optimisation}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {44}, year = {2001}, pages = {287{\textendash}93}, abstract = {Diglyme (CAS No. 111-96-6), a biorefractive ether with teratogenic properties is of considerable importance as a solvent in the synthetic chemical industry. Results of lab-scale investigations into the optimal conditions for the oxidative mineralisation of 0.05 to 1 g/L of diglyme in synthetic process waters by hydrogen peroxide and ozone based advanced oxidation processes are presented. Fenton, photo-assisted Fenton and UV/H2O2 oxidation processes show acceptable TOC removals. At 50 degrees C the initial TOC removal rates varies between 0.07 and 6g TOC/L*h. The rates increase with the initial diglyme and hydrogen peroxide concentration as well as with the UV irradiation energy intensity. For example at a 1 g/l diglyme concentration a stoichiometric H2O2 addition resulted in TOC degradation of 60\% to 70\% after 30 minutes under the investigated conditions. Treatment with ozone/H2O2 at a pH of 8 and 25 degrees C required at least 100 minutes to achieve comparable mineralisation results. Biodegradability can be reached in far shorter times. Ozone on its own cannot be recommended for diglyme treatment. If complete mineralisation of diglyme is the objective, the UV/H2O2 oxidation process should be favoured. The ozone/H2O2 process might offer a viable alternative in cases where the oxidation step is followed by biological wastewater treatment, so that biodegradability is aimed at.}, keywords = {biodegradation, Chemical, Chemical Industry, Environmental, Equipment Design, Ethylene Glycols/*chemistry, Fluid/*methods, Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry, Iron, Methyl Ethers/*chemistry, Oxidants, Oxidants/chemistry, Oxidation-Reduction, Ozone/chemistry, Photochemical/chemistry, Solvents/*chemistry, Ultraviolet Rays, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Grossmann, D. and Koser, H. and Kretschmer, R. and Porobin, M.} } @article {14969, title = {Treatment of diglyme containing wastewater by advanced oxidation{\textendash}process design and optimisation}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {44}, year = {2001}, pages = {287{\textendash}93}, abstract = {Diglyme (CAS No. 111-96-6), a biorefractive ether with teratogenic properties is of considerable importance as a solvent in the synthetic chemical industry. Results of lab-scale investigations into the optimal conditions for the oxidative mineralisation of 0.05 to 1 g/L of diglyme in synthetic process waters by hydrogen peroxide and ozone based advanced oxidation processes are presented. Fenton, photo-assisted Fenton and UV/H2O2 oxidation processes show acceptable TOC removals. At 50 degrees C the initial TOC removal rates varies between 0.07 and 6g TOC/L*h. The rates increase with the initial diglyme and hydrogen peroxide concentration as well as with the UV irradiation energy intensity. For example at a 1 g/l diglyme concentration a stoichiometric H2O2 addition resulted in TOC degradation of 60\% to 70\% after 30 minutes under the investigated conditions. Treatment with ozone/H2O2 at a pH of 8 and 25 degrees C required at least 100 minutes to achieve comparable mineralisation results. Biodegradability can be reached in far shorter times. Ozone on its own cannot be recommended for diglyme treatment. If complete mineralisation of diglyme is the objective, the UV/H2O2 oxidation process should be favoured. The ozone/H2O2 process might offer a viable alternative in cases where the oxidation step is followed by biological wastewater treatment, so that biodegradability is aimed at.}, keywords = {biodegradation, Chemical, Chemical Industry, Environmental, Equipment Design, Ethylene Glycols/*chemistry, Fluid/*methods, Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry, Iron, Methyl Ethers/*chemistry, Oxidants, Oxidants/chemistry, Oxidation-Reduction, Ozone/chemistry, Photochemical/chemistry, Solvents/*chemistry, Ultraviolet Rays, Waste Disposal, Water Pollutants, Water Purification/*methods}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Grossmann, D. and Koser, H. and Kretschmer, R. and Porobin, M.} } @article {14864, title = {Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor{\textendash}a review}, journal = {Indian J Environ Health}, volume = {43}, year = {2001}, month = {apr}, pages = {1{\textendash}82}, abstract = {Biological treatment of wastewater basically reduces the pollutant concentration through microbial coagulation and removal of non-settleable organic colloidal solids. Organic matter is biologically stabilized so that no further oxygen demand is exerted by it. The biological treatment requires contact of the biomass with the substrate. Various advances and improvements in anaerobic reactors to achieve variations in contact time and method of contact have resulted in development of in suspended growth systems, attached growth or fixed film systems or combinations thereof. Although anaerobic systems for waste treatment have been used since late 19th century, they were considered to have limited treatment efficiencies and were too slow to serve the needs of a quickly expanding wastewater volume, especially in industrialized and densely populated areas. At present aerobic treatment is the most commonly used process to reduce the organic pollution level of both domestic and industrial wastewaters. Aerobic techniques, such as activated sludge process, trickling filters, oxidation ponds and aerated lagoons, with more or less intense mixing devices, have been successfully installed for domestic wastewater as well as industrial wastewater treatment. Anaerobic digestion systems have undergone modifications in the last two decades, mainly as a result of the energy crisis. Major developments have been made with regard to anaerobic metabolism, physiological interactions among different microbial species, effects of toxic compounds and biomass accumulation. Recent developments however, have demonstrated that anaerobic processes might be an economically attractive alternative for the treatment of different types of industrial wastewaters and in (semi-) tropical areas also for domestic wastewaters. The anaerobic degradation of complex, particulate organic matter has been described as a multistep process of series and parallel reactions. It involves the decomposition of organic and inorganic matter in the absence of molecular oxygen. Complex polymeric materials such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids (fat and grease) are first hydrolyzed to soluble products by extracellular enzymes, secreted by microorganisms, so as to facilitate their transport or diffusion across the cell membrane. These relatively simple, soluble compounds are fermented or anaerobically oxidized, further to short-chain fatty acids, alcohols, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and ammonia. The short-chain fatty acids (other than acetate) are converted to acetate, hydrogen gas, and carbon dioxide. Methanogenesis finally occurs from the reduction of carbon dioxide and acetate by hydrogen. The initial stage of anaerobic degradation, i.e. acid fermentation is essentially a constant BOD stage because the organic molecules are only rearranged. The first stage does not stabilize the organics in the waste. However this step is essential for the initiation of second stage methane fermentation as it converts the organic material to a form, usable by the methane producing bacteria. The second reaction is initiated when anaerobic methane forming bacteria act upon the short chain organic acids produced in the 1st stage. Here these acids undergo methane fermentation with carbon dioxide acting as hydrogen acceptor and getting reduced to methane. The methane formed, being insoluble in water, escapes from the system and can be tapped and used as an energy source. The production and subsequent escape of methane causes the stabilization of the organic material. The methane-producing bacteria consist of several different groups. Each group has the ability to ferment only specific compounds. Therefore, the bacterial consortia in a methane producing system should include a number of different groups. When the rate of bacterial growth is considered, then the retention time of the solids becomes important parameter. The acid fermentation stage is faster as compared to the methane fermentation stage. This means that a sudden increase in the easily degradable organics will result in increased acid production with subsequent accumulation of acids. This inhibits the methanogenesis step. Acclimatization of the microorganisms to a substrate has been reported to take more than five weeks. Sufficiently acclimated bacteria have shown greater stability towards stress-inducing events such as hydraulic overloads, fluctuations in temperature, fluctuations in volatile acid and ammonia concentrations etc. Several environmental factors can affect anaerobic digestion, by altering the parameters such as specific growth rate, decay rate, gas production, substrate utilization, start-up and response to changes in input. It has long been recognized that an anaerobic process is in many ways ideal for wastewater treatment and has following merits: A high degree of waste stabilization A low production of excess A low nutrient requirements No oxygen requirement Production of methane gas Anaerobic microorganisms, especially methanogens have a slow growth rate. At lower HRTs, the possibility of washout of biomass is more prominent. This makes it difficult to maintain the effective number of useful microorganisms in the system. To maintain the population of anaerobes, large reactor volumes or higher HRTs are required. This may ultimately provide longer SRTs upto 20 days for high rate systems. Thus, provision of larger reactor volumes or higher HRTs ultimately lead to higher capital cost. Among notable disadvantages, it has low synthesis/reaction rate hence long start up periods and difficulty in recovery from upset conditions. Special attention is, therefore, warranted towards, controlling the factors that affect process adversely; important among them being environmental factors such as temperature, pH and concentration of toxic substances. The conventional anaerobic treatment process consists of a reactor containing waste and biological solids (bacteria) responsible for the digestion process. Concentrated waste (usually sewage sludge) can be added continuously or periodically (semi-batch operation), where it is mixed with the contents of the reactor. Theoretically, the conventional digester is operated as a once-through, completely mixed, reactor. In this particular mode of operation the hydraulic retention time (HRT) is equal to the solids retention time (SRT). Basically, the required process efficiency is related to the sludge retention time (SRT), and hence longer SRT provided, results in satisfactory population (by reproduction) for further waste stabilization. By reducing the hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the conventional mode reactor, the quantity of biological solids within the reactor is also decreased as the solids escape with the effluent. The limiting HRT is reached when the bacteria are removed from the reactor faster than they can grow. Methanogenic bacteria are slow growers and are considered the rate-limiting component in the anaerobic digestion process. The first anaerobic process developed, which separated the SRT from the HRT was the anaerobic contact process. In 1963, Young and McCarty (1968) began work, which eventually led to the development of the anaerobic upflow filter (AF) process. The anaerobic filter represented a significant advance in anaerobic waste treatment, since the filter can trap and maintain a high concentration of biological solids. By trapping these solids, long SRT{\textquoteright}s could be obtained at large waste flows, necessary to anaerobically treat low strength wastes at nominal temperatures economically. Another anaerobic process which relies on the development of biomass on the surfaces of a media is an expanded bed upflow reactor. The primary concept of the process consists of passing wastewater up through a bed of inert sand sized particles at sufficient velocities to fluidize and partially expand the sand bed. One of the more interesting new processes is the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket process (UASB), which was developed by Lettinga and his co-workers in Holland in the early 1970{\textquoteright}s. The key to the process was the discovery that anaerobic sludge inherently has superior flocculation and settling characteristics, provided the physical and chemical conditions for sludge flocculation are favorable. When these conditions are met, a high solids retention time (at high HRT loadings) can be achieved, with separation of the gas from the sludge solids. The UASB reactor is one of the reactor types with high loading capacity. It differs from other processes by the simplicity of its design. UASB process is a combination of physical \& biological processes. The main feature of physical process is separation of solids and gases from the liquid and that of biological process is degradation of decomposable organic matter under anaerobic conditions. No separate settler with sludge return pump is required, as in the anaerobic contact process. There is no loss of reactor volume through filter or carrier material, as in the case with the anaerobic filter and fixed film reactor types, and there is no need for high rate effluent recirculation and concomitant pumping energy, as in the case with fluidized bed reactor. Anaerobic sludge inherently possesses good settling properties, provided the sludge is not exposed to heavy mechanical agitation. For this reason mechanical mixing is generally omitted in UASB-reactors. At high organic loading rates, the biogas production guarantees sufficient contact between substrate and biomass. Regarding the dynamic behaviour of the water phase UASB reactor approaches the completely mixed reactor. For achieving the required sufficient contact between sludge and wastewater, the UASB-system relies on the agitation brought about by the natural gas production and on an even feed inlet distribution at the bottom of the reactor. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)}, keywords = {*Bioreactors, Anaerobic/*physiology, bacteria, Facility Design and Construction, Filtration, Fluid/*methods, Models, Sewage/chemistry/*microbiology, Theoretical, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0367-827X (Print) 0367-827X (Linking)}, author = {Bal, A. S. and Dhagat, N. N.} } @article {14459, title = {Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor{\textendash}a review}, journal = {Indian J Environ Health}, volume = {43}, year = {2001}, month = {apr}, pages = {1{\textendash}82}, abstract = {Biological treatment of wastewater basically reduces the pollutant concentration through microbial coagulation and removal of non-settleable organic colloidal solids. Organic matter is biologically stabilized so that no further oxygen demand is exerted by it. The biological treatment requires contact of the biomass with the substrate. Various advances and improvements in anaerobic reactors to achieve variations in contact time and method of contact have resulted in development of in suspended growth systems, attached growth or fixed film systems or combinations thereof. Although anaerobic systems for waste treatment have been used since late 19th century, they were considered to have limited treatment efficiencies and were too slow to serve the needs of a quickly expanding wastewater volume, especially in industrialized and densely populated areas. At present aerobic treatment is the most commonly used process to reduce the organic pollution level of both domestic and industrial wastewaters. Aerobic techniques, such as activated sludge process, trickling filters, oxidation ponds and aerated lagoons, with more or less intense mixing devices, have been successfully installed for domestic wastewater as well as industrial wastewater treatment. Anaerobic digestion systems have undergone modifications in the last two decades, mainly as a result of the energy crisis. Major developments have been made with regard to anaerobic metabolism, physiological interactions among different microbial species, effects of toxic compounds and biomass accumulation. Recent developments however, have demonstrated that anaerobic processes might be an economically attractive alternative for the treatment of different types of industrial wastewaters and in (semi-) tropical areas also for domestic wastewaters. The anaerobic degradation of complex, particulate organic matter has been described as a multistep process of series and parallel reactions. It involves the decomposition of organic and inorganic matter in the absence of molecular oxygen. Complex polymeric materials such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids (fat and grease) are first hydrolyzed to soluble products by extracellular enzymes, secreted by microorganisms, so as to facilitate their transport or diffusion across the cell membrane. These relatively simple, soluble compounds are fermented or anaerobically oxidized, further to short-chain fatty acids, alcohols, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and ammonia. The short-chain fatty acids (other than acetate) are converted to acetate, hydrogen gas, and carbon dioxide. Methanogenesis finally occurs from the reduction of carbon dioxide and acetate by hydrogen. The initial stage of anaerobic degradation, i.e. acid fermentation is essentially a constant BOD stage because the organic molecules are only rearranged. The first stage does not stabilize the organics in the waste. However this step is essential for the initiation of second stage methane fermentation as it converts the organic material to a form, usable by the methane producing bacteria. The second reaction is initiated when anaerobic methane forming bacteria act upon the short chain organic acids produced in the 1st stage. Here these acids undergo methane fermentation with carbon dioxide acting as hydrogen acceptor and getting reduced to methane. The methane formed, being insoluble in water, escapes from the system and can be tapped and used as an energy source. The production and subsequent escape of methane causes the stabilization of the organic material. The methane-producing bacteria consist of several different groups. Each group has the ability to ferment only specific compounds. Therefore, the bacterial consortia in a methane producing system should include a number of different groups. When the rate of bacterial growth is considered, then the retention time of the solids becomes important parameter. The acid fermentation stage is faster as compared to the methane fermentation stage. This means that a sudden increase in the easily degradable organics will result in increased acid production with subsequent accumulation of acids. This inhibits the methanogenesis step. Acclimatization of the microorganisms to a substrate has been reported to take more than five weeks. Sufficiently acclimated bacteria have shown greater stability towards stress-inducing events such as hydraulic overloads, fluctuations in temperature, fluctuations in volatile acid and ammonia concentrations etc. Several environmental factors can affect anaerobic digestion, by altering the parameters such as specific growth rate, decay rate, gas production, substrate utilization, start-up and response to changes in input. It has long been recognized that an anaerobic process is in many ways ideal for wastewater treatment and has following merits: A high degree of waste stabilization A low production of excess A low nutrient requirements No oxygen requirement Production of methane gas Anaerobic microorganisms, especially methanogens have a slow growth rate. At lower HRTs, the possibility of washout of biomass is more prominent. This makes it difficult to maintain the effective number of useful microorganisms in the system. To maintain the population of anaerobes, large reactor volumes or higher HRTs are required. This may ultimately provide longer SRTs upto 20 days for high rate systems. Thus, provision of larger reactor volumes or higher HRTs ultimately lead to higher capital cost. Among notable disadvantages, it has low synthesis/reaction rate hence long start up periods and difficulty in recovery from upset conditions. Special attention is, therefore, warranted towards, controlling the factors that affect process adversely; important among them being environmental factors such as temperature, pH and concentration of toxic substances. The conventional anaerobic treatment process consists of a reactor containing waste and biological solids (bacteria) responsible for the digestion process. Concentrated waste (usually sewage sludge) can be added continuously or periodically (semi-batch operation), where it is mixed with the contents of the reactor. Theoretically, the conventional digester is operated as a once-through, completely mixed, reactor. In this particular mode of operation the hydraulic retention time (HRT) is equal to the solids retention time (SRT). Basically, the required process efficiency is related to the sludge retention time (SRT), and hence longer SRT provided, results in satisfactory population (by reproduction) for further waste stabilization. By reducing the hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the conventional mode reactor, the quantity of biological solids within the reactor is also decreased as the solids escape with the effluent. The limiting HRT is reached when the bacteria are removed from the reactor faster than they can grow. Methanogenic bacteria are slow growers and are considered the rate-limiting component in the anaerobic digestion process. The first anaerobic process developed, which separated the SRT from the HRT was the anaerobic contact process. In 1963, Young and McCarty (1968) began work, which eventually led to the development of the anaerobic upflow filter (AF) process. The anaerobic filter represented a significant advance in anaerobic waste treatment, since the filter can trap and maintain a high concentration of biological solids. By trapping these solids, long SRT{\textquoteright}s could be obtained at large waste flows, necessary to anaerobically treat low strength wastes at nominal temperatures economically. Another anaerobic process which relies on the development of biomass on the surfaces of a media is an expanded bed upflow reactor. The primary concept of the process consists of passing wastewater up through a bed of inert sand sized particles at sufficient velocities to fluidize and partially expand the sand bed. One of the more interesting new processes is the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket process (UASB), which was developed by Lettinga and his co-workers in Holland in the early 1970{\textquoteright}s. The key to the process was the discovery that anaerobic sludge inherently has superior flocculation and settling characteristics, provided the physical and chemical conditions for sludge flocculation are favorable. When these conditions are met, a high solids retention time (at high HRT loadings) can be achieved, with separation of the gas from the sludge solids. The UASB reactor is one of the reactor types with high loading capacity. It differs from other processes by the simplicity of its design. UASB process is a combination of physical \& biological processes. The main feature of physical process is separation of solids and gases from the liquid and that of biological process is degradation of decomposable organic matter under anaerobic conditions. No separate settler with sludge return pump is required, as in the anaerobic contact process. There is no loss of reactor volume through filter or carrier material, as in the case with the anaerobic filter and fixed film reactor types, and there is no need for high rate effluent recirculation and concomitant pumping energy, as in the case with fluidized bed reactor. Anaerobic sludge inherently possesses good settling properties, provided the sludge is not exposed to heavy mechanical agitation. For this reason mechanical mixing is generally omitted in UASB-reactors. At high organic loading rates, the biogas production guarantees sufficient contact between substrate and biomass. Regarding the dynamic behaviour of the water phase UASB reactor approaches the completely mixed reactor. For achieving the required sufficient contact between sludge and wastewater, the UASB-system relies on the agitation brought about by the natural gas production and on an even feed inlet distribution at the bottom of the reactor. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)}, keywords = {*Bioreactors, Anaerobic/*physiology, bacteria, Facility Design and Construction, Filtration, Fluid/*methods, Models, Sewage/chemistry/*microbiology, Theoretical, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0367-827X (Print) 0367-827X (Linking)}, author = {Bal, A. S. and Dhagat, N. N.} } @article {6105, title = {Use of Synthetic DNA as New Tracers for Tracing Groungwater Flow and Multiple Contaminants}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Asian Network for Scientific Information, Pakistan}, author = {Haldorsen, Sylvi and Alestrom, Peter and Sabir, Iftikhar H} } @booklet {4358, title = {{USEPA Manual of Methods for Virology. Chapter 16. EPA 600/4-84/013 (N16)}}, year = {2001}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development}, address = {Washington D.C.}, author = {U.S. EPA} } @article {11634, title = {{Variaci{\'o}n entre a{\~n}os de las infracomunidades de par{\'a}sitos metazoos de la corvina Cilus gilberti (Pisces: Scanidae) en Chile}}, journal = {Revista Chilena de Historia Natural}, volume = {74}, year = {2001}, pages = {833{\textendash}840}, author = {Garc{\'\i}as, F and Mendoza, R and George-Nascimento, M} } @article {8953, title = {Variations in wastewater quality parameters influencing UV disinfection performance: Relative impact of filtration}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering-Asce}, volume = {127}, number = {9}, year = {2001}, pages = {832-837}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0733-9372}, doi = {10.1061/(Asce)0733-9372(2001)127:9(832)}, url = {://WOS:000170511500011}, author = {Loge, F. J. and Bourgeous, K. and Emerick, R. W. and Darby, J. L.} } @article {3001, title = {Veterinary aspects of alveolar echinococcosis{\textendash}a zoonosis of public health significance}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {98}, number = {1-3}, year = {2001}, month = {jul}, pages = {65{\textendash}87}, abstract = {Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, is a serious zoonosis which caused up to 100\% lethality in untreated patients before the 1970s, when modern methods of treatment were not yet established. AE occurs in large areas of the northern hemisphere mostly with low country-wide prevalences, but high prevalences of up to 4\% have been reported from small population groups in highly endemic foci, e.g. from China. AE includes many veterinary aspects which are the topic of this review. Recent studies have shown that E. multilocularis has a wider geographic range than previously anticipated. There is evidence for growing populations of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in some areas, for increasing invasion of cities by foxes and also for establishment of the parasite cycle in urban areas. These and other factors may lead to an increased infection risk for humans. Significant progress has been made in the development of sensitive and specific new techniques for the intra vitam and post mortem diagnosis of intestinal E. multilocularis infection in definitive hosts, notably the detection of coproantigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and of copro-DNA by PCR. Both tests can also be used for the identification of E. multilocularis in faecal samples collected in the environment. Recommendations are given for chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of the intestinal infection in definitive hosts. In recent years, infections with the metacestode stage of E. multilocularis have not only been diagnosed in humans in several regions, including at least eight countries in central Europe, but also in animal species which do not play a role in the transmission cycle (wild and domestic pigs, dogs etc.). From 1987 to 2000 our group in Zurich has diagnosed 10 cases of AE in dogs and 15 in captive monkeys. In 2 dogs, concurrent infections of the intestine and of the liver with adult and larval stages of E. multilocularis, respectively, were observed for the first time. Clinical data are presented, and methods of diagnosis and treatment (surgery, chemotherapy) are described. Furthermore, small liver lesions caused by E. multilocularis were diagnosed in 10\% of 90 slaughter pigs, and 2.9\% of 522 breeding sows had specific serum antibodies against parasite antigens. In view of the unpredictable epidemiological situation, all possible measures for preventing E. multilocularis infections in humans and in domestic animals should be initiated by the veterinary and health authorities.}, keywords = {Animals, Carnivora, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Haplorhini, Hepatic, Humans, Public health, Swine, Switzerland, Urban Population}, issn = {0304-4017}, author = {Deplazes, P. and Eckert, J.} } @article {4873, title = {{Viability of Giardia intestinalis cysts and viability and sporulation state of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts determined by electrorotation}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {67}, year = {2001}, pages = {586{\textendash}590}, author = {Dalton, C and Goater, AD and Pethig, R and Smith, HV} } @article {6118, title = {Viral and chemical tracer movement through contrasting soils}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, pages = {2134{\textendash}2140}, author = {McLeod, Malcolm and Aislabie, Jacqueline and Smith, James and Fraser, Rhonda and Roberts, Alexandra and Taylor, Matthew} } @article {6145, title = {Viral transport in a sand and gravel aquifer under field pumping conditions}, journal = {Groundwater}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, pages = {886{\textendash}894}, author = {Woessner, William W and Ball, Patrick N and Deborde, Dan C and Troy, Thomas L} } @book {462, title = {Virus removal from groundwater by soil passage: modeling, field and laboratory experiments}, year = {2001}, publisher = {TU Delft, Delft University of Technology}, organization = {TU Delft, Delft University of Technology}, abstract = {In this article, the modeling of subsurface virus transport under saturated conditions and the factors that affect adsorption and inactivation are evaluated. Both equilibrium and kinetic adsorption are considered. Equilibrium adsorption is found to be of little significance. Adsorption appears to be mainly kinetically limited. At pH 7 and higher, conditions are generally unfavorable for attachment, but viruses may preferentially attach to a minor surface fraction of soil grains that is positively charged. The relation of pH with surface charge and their effects on sticking efficiencies are evaluated. Dissolved organic matter decreases virus attachment by competition for the same binding sites and thus reduces attachment. Bonded organic matter may provide hydrophobic binding sites for viruses and thus enhance attachment. Dissolved organic matter may disrupt hydrophobic bonds. The enhancing and attenuating effects of organic matter are very difficult to quantify and may be responsible for considerable uncertainty when predicting virus removal. Values of inactivation rate coefficients for attached viruses were calculated using data from some batch studies. Enhanced or reduced inactivation is found to be virus-specific and almost independent of adsorption. Temperature is the most important factor that influences virus inactivation. Probably the inactivation rate coefficients of free and attached viruses change similarly with temperature. Some frequently used bacteriophages are evaluated as model viruses. MS2 and PRD1 meet the requirements for worst-case model viruses, at water temperatures less than about 10{\textdegree}C, at pH 6 to 8, and if the soil does not contain too many hydrophobic sites and not too much multivalent cations. Bacteriophage ϕX 174 may be a relatively conservative model virus, because of its low hy drophobic-ity and stability. Together in a cocktail, these three viruses span a range of properties, like size, surface charge, and hydrophobicity. F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPHs) may be very useful naturally occurring worst-case viruses. FRNAPHs that are present in surface water or treated wastewater that is used for recharging groundwater, consist of stable and poorly adsorbing viruses. An inventory of parameter values from field studies is made. Attachment appears to be the major process that determines virus removal. Still, only very few data are available on attachment and detachment of viruses under field conditions. Removal of viruses by soil passage, log(C/C 0), appears to decline nonlinearly with distance due to heterogeneities within the soil as well as within the population of transported virus particles. Predictions of virus removal at larger distances are severely overestimated if they are based on removal data from column experiments or from short-distance field studies.}, author = {Schijven, Jacobus Franciscus} } @article {3205, title = {{Wastewater quality improvement through storage: a case study in Sicily}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {7-8}, year = {2001}, pages = {169{\textendash}176}, keywords = {regulation, reservoir, stabilization, treatment efficiency, wastewater}, author = {Barbagallo, S and Luigi Cirelli, G and Consoli, S and Somma, F} } @article {14460, title = {Wastewater reuse in {Italy}}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {43}, year = {2001}, pages = {43{\textendash}50}, abstract = {In many parts of Italy, particularly in the South, it has become ever more difficult to meet the water demand. The recent years of drought and the constant increase of water demand for the civil sector have made irrigation supply more problematic. Wastewater reuse could represent a viable solution to meet water demand. The focus of this paper is on the regulation problems, hampering the development of wastewater reuse for irrigation, and on the potentials for reuse, particularly in Southern Italy. Planned exploitation of municipal wastewater could help meeting the irrigation water demand particularly in Southern Italy, where farmers have been practising uncontrolled wastewater reuse for a long time. In Northern and Central Italy, where available water resources generally meet water needs for different purposes, wastewater reuse could play an important role in controlling the pollution of water bodies. Despite the fact that Italian legislation is extremely strict and outdated, for several years in some regions, such as Sicily, wastewater reuse systems have been in operation; furthermore, several projects of wastewater reuse are currently in progress.}, keywords = {Agriculture, Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*legislation \&, Italy, jurisprudence/*methods/statistics \& numerical data, numerical data, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution/economics/legislation \& jurisprudence/prevention \& control, Water Purification/economics/legislation \& jurisprudence/methods/standards, Water Supply/economics/*legislation \& jurisprudence/*standards/statistics \&}, issn = {0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking)}, author = {Barbagallo, S. and Cirelli, G. L. and Indelicato, S.} } @mastersthesis {6702, title = {Water policy reform in {Jakarta}, {Indonesia}: {A} {CGE} analysis}, year = {2001}, note = {3022440}, school = {The Ohio State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {There are three ways that current water policies in Jakarta, Indonesia need to be reformed. First, water utilities cannot at present provide adequate water supply to all the city{\textquoteright}s residents, despite the fact that it receives capital subsidies from the central and local governments. Second, the municipal water company (PAM Jaya) applies to cross-subsidization policy that generates lower prices for households and higher prices for industrial and commercial users. Third, industrial and commercial users who are targeted to pay more for piped water continue to rely on other sources of water, particularly deep groundwater which is being depleted rapidly. In this study, a computable general equilibrium model is used to analyze the economy-wide impacts of water policy reform. In particular, three scenarios are investigated. In the first, an additional tax on PAM-water to increase capital for the company is examined. In the second scenario, the same tax is used to subsidization between households and industry is eliminated and fees on ground water extraction are collected. This analysis suggests that several key policy changes can be made to improve the allocation of water resources in Jakarta. One main finding is that eliminating cross subsidization would contribute to economic efficiency. To reduce unsustainable extraction of ground water, fees need to be increased substantially. Finally, eliminating the subsidy to households currently connected to the municipal system and using the revenues created by this reform to connect more households, which generally have lower incomes, would be equitable as well as efficient.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Area planning \& development, Economic models, economics, Indonesia, Jakarta, Public policy, Reforms, Social sciences, Studies, Urban infrastructure, Urban planning, Water policy reform, Water utilities}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/251627655?accountid=14270}, author = {Azdan, M Donny} } @book {7214, title = {Water quality: {Guidelines}, standards, and health: {Assessment} of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease}, year = {2001}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, organization = {IWA Publishing}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=lang_en\&id=Wl6UQUV6dF4C\&oi=fnd\&pg=PR7\&dq=water,+sanitation,+hygiene+tariff+OR+OR+OR+price+OR+OR+OR+scale+OR+OR+OR+\%22scaling\%22+OR+OR+OR+cost+OR+structure+OR+OR+OR+investment+OR+OR+OR+money+OR+OR+OR+cost+OR+OR+OR+fi}, author = {Fewtrell, Lorna and Bartram, Jamie and Organization, World Health and others} } @book {7325, title = {Water quality: guidelines, standards, and health: assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease}, series = {World {Health} {Organization} water series}, year = {2001}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, keywords = {Communicable Diseases, Contamination, drinking water, Environmental aspects, Microbiology, Toxicology, Waterborne infection}, isbn = {978-1-900222-28-0}, editor = {Fewtrell, Lorna and Bartram, Jamie} } @article {16935, title = {Water quality: guidelines, standards and health: assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious diseases}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Geneva: World Health Organization}, author = {Fewtrell, Lorna and Bartram, Jamie} } @booklet {10457, title = {{Water Supply: The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations}}, year = {2001} } @article {10810, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera in 2000}, volume = {76}, number = {31}, year = {2001}, pages = {249{\textendash}256} } @booklet {3902, title = {World {Prison} {Population}: {Facts}, {Trends} and {Solutions} ({HEUNI} {Paper} {No}. 15).}, year = {2001}, publisher = {The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control}, address = {Helsinki}, author = {Tkachuk, B and Walmsley, R} } @booklet {3452, title = {{World Prison Population: Facts, Trends and Solutions (HEUNI Paper No. 15).}}, year = {2001}, publisher = {The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control}, address = {Helsinki}, author = {Tkachuk, B and Walmsley, R} } @article {13167, title = {Acute community-acquired diarrhea requiring hospital admission in Swiss children}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {31}, year = {2000}, pages = {192-196}, author = {Essers, B. and Burnens, A. P. and Lanfranchini, F. M. and Somaruga, S. G. E. and von Vigier, R. O. and Schaad, U. B. and Aebi, C. and Bianchetti, M. G.} } @article {11917, title = {Acute Echinococcosis: a Case Report}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, year = {2000}, pages = {4679-4680}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://jcm.asm.org/content/38/12/4679.abstract}, author = {Di Comite, Gabriele and Dognini, Giuseppina and Gaiera, Giovanni and Ieri, Rossella and Praderio, Luisa} } @article {2000, title = {Age-dependent occurrence of the intestinal ciliate Balantidium coli in pigs at a Danish research farm}, journal = {Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica}, volume = {41}, year = {2000}, pages = {79-83}, author = {Hindsbo, O. and Nielsen, C. V. and Andreassen, J. and Willingham, A. L. and Bendixen, M. and Nielsen, M. A. and Nielsen, N. O.} } @book {10478, title = {{Annual Book of ASTM Standards- Water and Environmental Technology. Section 11.02}}, year = {2000}, publisher = {ASTM International}, organization = {ASTM International}, address = {West Conshohocken, PA} } @article {4247, title = {{The APHA standard method for the enumeration of somatic coliphages in water has low efficiency of plating}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, month = {feb}, pages = {759{\textendash}762}, abstract = {The standard method for the enumeration of somatic coliphages in water proposed by the American Public Health Association recommends the use of single layer plaque assays with 5ml sample and the direct use of frozen and thawed host E. coli cultures. In assays of spiked river water the efficiency of plating (e.o.p.) of the standard method, using frozen/thawed host cultures, was significantly lower than comparable assays using unfrozen host cultures. Frozen/thawed cultures also produced significantly lower efficiency of plating in scaled up versions of the standard method using both 50 and 100ml sample. The e.o.p. varied from 39.0{\textendash}46.1{\%} with frozen/thawed cultures and 67.7{\textendash}74.4{\%} with unfrozen cultures at OD 0.5, relative to overnight cultures. It is therefore recommended that overnight cultures are used in place of frozen/thawed cultures in the APHA standard method and scaled up versions of it.}, keywords = {APHA standard method, e.o.p, Somatic coliphages}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00233-X}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004313549900233X}, author = {Green, J} } @article {16596, title = {Application of low fouling {RO} membrane elements for reclamation of municipal wastewater}, journal = {Desalination}, volume = {132}, number = {1-3}, year = {2000}, pages = {11{\textendash}19}, author = {Wilf, M. and Alt, S.} } @article {12104, title = {Application of low fouling RO membrane elements for reclamation of municipal wastewater}, journal = {Desalination}, volume = {132}, number = {1-3}, year = {2000}, pages = {11-19}, author = {Wilf, M. and Alt, S.} } @article {7793, title = {Application of the 5 {\textquoteright}-nuclease PCR assay in evaluation and development of methods for quantitative detection of Campylobacter jejuni}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {9}, year = {2000}, note = {Sep; Application of the 5 {\textquoteright}-nuclease PCR assay in evaluation and development of methods for quantitative detection of Campylobacter jejuni; ISI:000089109200053; ID: 780}, pages = {4029-4036}, abstract = {Campylobacter jejuni is recognized as a leading human food-borne pathogen. Traditional diagnostic testing for C. jejuni is not reliable due to special growth requirements and the possibility that this bacterium can enter a viable but nonculturable state. Nucleic acid-based tests have emerged as a useful alternative to traditional enrichment testing. In this article, we present a 5{\textquoteright}-nuclease PCR assay for quantitative detection of C. jejuni and describe its evaluation. A probe including positions 381121 to 381206 of the published C. jejuni strain NCTC 11168 genome sequence was identified. When this probe was applied, the assay was positive for all of the isolates of C. jejuni tested (32 isolates, including the type strain) and negative for all other Campylobacter spp. (11 species tested) and several other bacteria (41 species tested). The total assay could be completed in 3 h with a detection limit of approximately 1 CFU. Quantification was linear over at least 6 log units. Quantitative detection methods are important for both research purposes and further development of C. jejuni detection methods. In this study, we used the assay to investigate to what extent the PCR signals generated by heat-killed bacteria interfere,vith the detection of viable C. jejuni after exposure at elevated temperatures for up to 5 days. An approach to the reduction of the PCR signal generated by dead bacteria was also investigated by employing externally added DNases to selectively inactivate free DNA and exposed DNA in heat-killed bacteria. The results indicated relatively good discrimination between exposed DNA from dead C. jejuni and protected DNA in living bacteria.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Nogva,H. K. and Bergh,A. and Holck,A. and Rudi,K.} } @article {8680, title = {{Assessing airborne biological hazard from urban wastewater treatment}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, pages = {1173{\textendash}1178}, abstract = {The production of microbial aerosols by urban sewage treatment plants may have wide hygienic implications which call for careful evaluation: exposure to such aerosols may in fact represent a health hazard for plant workers and nearby residents alike. This paper describes the results of a study analysing the degree of microbial contamination at different levels of treatment at several plants in the City of Leghorn (Livorno, Italy). Monthly aerosol samples were collected with an agar impact sampler from January to November 1996, from different sites at an activated sludge plant, an anaerobic sludge plant and a wastewater washing station. The total bacterial and coliform counts were determined, and pathogenic enteric bacteria and viruses were determined. These same parameters were also measured in wastewater and sludge samples obtained at the same sites. The results revealed that high-grade airborne contamination existed at several of the studied sites. In particular, pathogenic enteric bacteria (Salmonella enteritidis and S. boydii) were isolated in 2{\%} of the samples (540 l per sample), reovirus in 46{\%} and enterovirus in 9{\%} (1800 litres per sample in indoor environment and 3000 l outdoor), always in association with the former virus. The biological parameters measured had no evident correlation with meteorological factors such as temperature, relative humidity or wind characteristics. Viral contamination proved to be quite wide-spread and detectable even in the presence of low levels of bacterial contamination. Although virological analysis have been only qualitative, and the different volumes examined for viruses and bacteria cannot allow us to appraise with accuracy the association between these two parameters, the viral presence along with low bacteria contamination suggests more dedicated studies to address with greater accuracy the quantitative aspects of this association. However the monitoring performed allowed for a determination of the areas of greatest potential risk for plant workers, and the preventive measures most suitable to guaranteeing their safety. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.}, keywords = {Airborne infection, Biological hazard, Microbial aerosol, Viruses}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00264-X}, author = {Carducci, A. and Tozzi, E. and Rubulotta, E. and Casini, B. and Cantiani, L. and Rovini, E. and Muscillo, M. and Pacini, R.} } @book {279, title = {Assessing the biological quality of fresh waters, RIVPACS and other tehniques}, volume = {Volume 8}, year = {2000}, publisher = {The Freshwater Biological Association}, organization = {The Freshwater Biological Association}, address = {Ambleside, UK}, author = {Wright, J.F. and Sutcliff, D.W. and Furse, M.T.} } @article {1567, title = {Assessment of enteric pathogen shedding during recreational activity and its impact on water quality}, journal = {Quantitative Microbiology}, year = {2000}, pages = {55-68}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Gerba, C. P.} } @article {14614, title = {Assessment of enteric pathogen shedding during recreational activity and its impact on water quality}, journal = {Quantitative Microbiology}, year = {2000}, pages = {55{\textendash}68}, author = {Gerba, C. P.} } @article {1713, title = {Assessment of poliovirus eradication in Japan: genomic analysis of polioviruses isolated from river water and sewage in toyama prefecture}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {66}, number = {11}, year = {2000}, note = {Matsuura, K Ishikura, M Yoshida, H Nakayama, T Hasegawa, S Ando, S Horie, H Miyamura, T Kitamura, T eng 2000/10/31 11:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Nov;66(11):5087-91.}, pages = {5087-91}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Seventy-eight poliovirus strains isolated from river water and sewage in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, during 1993 to 1995 were characterized by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method and by partially sequencing the VP3 and VP1 regions of the viral genome. Of these isolates, 36 were identified as Sabin vaccine strains, and 42 were identified as vaccine variant strains that had less than 1.4\% nucleotide divergence from the Sabin strains, including 7 isolates with patterns different from those of Sabin strains as determined by PCR-RFLP analysis. These findings suggest that wild-type poliovirus was not circulating in Toyama Prefecture.}, keywords = {DNA Sewage/*virology, Fresh Water/*virology *Genome, Oral Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length Sequence Analysis, Viral Japan Poliomyelitis/*prevention \& control/virology Poliovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Poliovirus Vaccine}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11055968}, author = {Matsuura, K. and Ishikura, M. and Yoshida, H. and Nakayama, T. and Hasegawa, S. and Ando, S. and Horie, H. and Miyamura, T. and Kitamura, T.} } @article {4857, title = {{Attempts to establish experimental Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in laboratory animals}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {86}, year = {2000}, pages = {577{\textendash}582}, author = {Eberhard, ML and Ortega, YR and Hanes, DE and Nace, EK and Do, RQ and Robl, MG and Won, KY and Eberhard, ML and Ortega, YR and Hanes, DE and Nace, EK and Do, RQ and Robl, MG and Won, KY and Gavidia, C and Sass, NL and Mansfield, K and Gozalo, A and Griffiths, J and Gilman, R and Sterling, CR and Arrowood, MJ} } @article {17072, title = {Bacterial indicator occurrence and the use of an F+ specific RNA coliphage assay to identify fecal sources in Homosassa Springs, Florida}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {56{\textendash}64}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Griffin, DW and Stokes, R and Rose, JB and Paul III, JH} } @article {17126, title = {Bacteriophages as indicators of enteric viruses and public health risk in groundwaters}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {5{\textendash}21}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Leclerc, H and Edberg, S and Pierzo, V and Delattre, JM} } @article {3125, title = {Benzimidazoles in the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis: a comparative study and review of the literature}, journal = {The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, month = {sep}, pages = {451{\textendash}456}, abstract = {Mebendazole and albendazole are the drugs of choice for the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis. In this open-labelled observational study we present and evaluate the outcome of long-term treatment with these drugs and present results of different treatment regimens. Thirty-five patients were started on either mebendazole or albendazole at the beginning of 1992 and followed for an average of 39 months (range 12-79 months). Treatment was classed as successful if the disease had not progressed for {\textbackslash}textgreater1 year and if there were no side-effects necessitating a change of treatment. Lack of progression was evaluated mainly using ultrasound and computed tomography and was further substantiated by laboratory tests and clinical findings. The overall success rate was 97\%. An initial regimen for cases of alveolar echinococcosis was recurrence-free in 71\% of those treated with mebendazole and in 78\% of those treated with albendazole. Four out of five cases with progressive disease stabilized after the therapeutic regimen was changed. Seven patients received a continuous regimen with albendazole. These patients were observed over an average of 28 months (range 13-50 months) without signs of progression or significant side-effects. This open-labelled prospective study demonstrates the high therapeutic efficacy of both mebendazole and albendazole with similar response rates in the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis. Albendazole reduced costs by {\textbackslash}textgreater40\% and is easier for patients to take, further arguing in favour of its preferred use. Albendazole in alveolar echinococcosis is only licensed for intermittent application. None the less, continuous treatment is safe and well tolerated and showed promising results when applied to patients in whom other treatment regimens had failed. It should thus be strongly considered in inoperable cases or progressive disease.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, albendazole, Anthelmintics, Clinical Trials as Topic, Echinococcosis, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Male, Mebendazole, Middle Aged, Treatment Outcome}, issn = {0305-7453}, author = {Reuter, S. and Jensen, B. and Buttenschoen, K. and Kratzer, W. and Kern, P.} } @article {15317, title = {The beta Poisson dose-response model is not a single hit model}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, pages = {511-518}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Teunis, P. F. M. and Havelaar, A.} } @article {15182, title = {The beta {Poisson} dose-response model is not a single-hit model}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, pages = {513{\textendash}520}, author = {P FM Teunis and A H Havelaar} } @article {13633, title = {The beta Poisson dose-response model is not a single-hit model}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, pages = {513{\textendash}520}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {P FM Teunis and A H Havelaar} } @article {5422, title = {{Bioactive chemicals and biological-biochemical activities and their functions in rhizospheres of wetland plants}}, journal = {The Botanical Review}, volume = {66}, year = {2000}, pages = {351{\textendash}378}, author = {Neori, A and Reddy, KR and Cizkova Koncalava, H and Agami, M} } @article {12759, title = {{A case of cerebral paragonimiasis combined with a meningioma}}, journal = {Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society}, volume = {29}, year = {2000}, pages = {800{\textendash}804}, author = {Kim, TW and Lim, CS and Park, SM and Chi, MP and Kim, JO and Kim, JC} } @article {9547, title = {{A case of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in an HIV-negative renal transplant recipient}}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {221{\textendash}223}, author = {Metge, S and Van Nhieu, JT and Dahmane, D and Grimbert, P and Foulet, F and Sarfati, C and Bretagne, S} } @article {2956, title = {{Chemotherapy} alone or as adjuvant treatment to surgery for alveolar and cystic echinococcosis}, journal = {Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift F{\"u}r Alle Gebiete Der Operativen Medizen}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, month = {jan}, pages = {9{\textendash}15}, abstract = {

An overview is presented of the various therapy options in cystic and alveolar echinococcosis based on the recent literature and upon personal experience with chemotherapy over the last 20 years. In regions with an optimal surgical infrastructure and relatively small patient cohorts, long-term chemotherapy is practically limited to patients with inoperable echinococcosis, i. e. {\textbackslash}textless 10 \% cystic and around 70 \% alveolar echinococcosis.

}, keywords = {Adjuvant, Aged, albendazole, Anthelmintics, Chemotherapy, Combined Modality Therapy, Echinococcosis, Hepatic, Humans, Mebendazole, Middle Aged, Pulmonary, Recurrence, Time Factors, Tomography, X-Ray Computed}, issn = {0009-4722}, author = {Ammann, R. W.} } @article {10404, title = {Class B biosolids production from wastewater sludge with high pathogenic content generated in an advanced primary treatment}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {42}, number = {9}, year = {2000}, pages = {103{\textendash}110}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, B and Barrios, JA and Maya, C} } @article {15078, title = {Class {B} biosolids production from wastewater sludge with high pathogenic content generated in an advanced primary treatment}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {42}, number = {9}, year = {2000}, pages = {103{\textendash}110}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez, B and Barrios, JA and Maya, C} } @inbook {7831, title = {Clinical aspects of Campylobacter infection}, booktitle = {Campylobacter}, year = {2000}, pages = {69}, publisher = {ASM Press}, organization = {ASM Press}, edition = {2}, address = {Washington DC}, author = {Skirrow,M. B. and Blaser,M. J.}, editor = {Nachamkin,I. and Blaser,M. J.} } @article {7925, title = {{A community waterborne outbreak of gastro-enteritis attributed to Shigella sonnei}}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {125}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {499{\textendash}503}, edition = {2001/02/24}, abstract = {An outbreak of gastro-enteritis occurred in a community of 2213 persons located near the city of Ioannina, in North-western Greece. Two hundreds and eighty-eight inhabitants of the village of Eleoussa, suffered from gastro-enteritis between 11 and 22 October. The peak of the epidemic occurred during the first 3 days (11-13 October). The highest risk of developing gastro-enteritis was observed in the age group 0-14 years (41.4{\%}) and decreased significantly with age (P {\textless} 0.01). Patients over 65 years were more frequently hospitalized than those in other age groups (P {\textless} 0.05). Shigella sonnei was isolated from both, water samples and faeces of patients. Control measures were implemented on the second day of the outbreak. Environmental conditions suggest that contaminationof the water system occurred by groundwater.}, isbn = {0950-2688 (Print) 0950-2688 (Linking)}, author = {Alamanos, Y and Maipa, V and Levidiotou, S and Gessouli, E} } @article {14794, title = {A community waterborne outbreak of gastro-enteritis attributed to {Shigella} sonnei}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {125}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {499{\textendash}503}, abstract = {An outbreak of gastro-enteritis occurred in a community of 2213 persons located near the city of Ioannina, in North-western Greece. Two hundreds and eighty-eight inhabitants of the village of Eleoussa, suffered from gastro-enteritis between 11 and 22 October. The peak of the epidemic occurred during the first 3 days (11-13 October). The highest risk of developing gastro-enteritis was observed in the age group 0-14 years (41.4\%) and decreased significantly with age (P {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 0.01). Patients over 65 years were more frequently hospitalized than those in other age groups (P {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 0.05). Shigella sonnei was isolated from both, water samples and faeces of patients. Control measures were implemented on the second day of the outbreak. Environmental conditions suggest that contaminationof the water system occurred by groundwater.}, author = {Alamanos, Y and Maipa, V and Levidiotou, S and Gessouli, E} } @article {13904, title = {A community waterborne outbreak of gastro-enteritis attributed to {Shigella} sonnei}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {125}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {499{\textendash}503}, abstract = {An outbreak of gastro-enteritis occurred in a community of 2213 persons located near the city of Ioannina, in North-western Greece. Two hundreds and eighty-eight inhabitants of the village of Eleoussa, suffered from gastro-enteritis between 11 and 22 October. The peak of the epidemic occurred during the first 3 days (11-13 October). The highest risk of developing gastro-enteritis was observed in the age group 0-14 years (41.4\%) and decreased significantly with age (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.01). Patients over 65 years were more frequently hospitalized than those in other age groups (P {\textbackslash}textless 0.05). Shigella sonnei was isolated from both, water samples and faeces of patients. Control measures were implemented on the second day of the outbreak. Environmental conditions suggest that contaminationof the water system occurred by groundwater.}, author = {Alamanos, Y and Maipa, V and Levidiotou, S and Gessouli, E} } @article {17046, title = {Comparative analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis in separating Escherichia coli uidA amplicons differing in single base substitutions}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, year = {2000}, pages = {427{\textendash}431}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Farnleitner, AH and Kreuzinger, N and Kavka, GG and Grillenberger, S and Rath, J and Mach, RL} } @article {13505, title = {Comparative infectivity of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae from isolates of the main and secondary reservoir animal host species in the Bolivian Altiplano high human endemic region.}, journal = {Folia Parasitol}, volume = {47}, year = {2000}, pages = {17-22}, author = {Valero, M. A. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {4335, title = {{Comparison of methods for detecting genotypes of F-specific RNA bacteriophages and fingerprinting the origin of faecal pollution in water samples.}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {89}, number = {1-2}, year = {2000}, month = {sep}, pages = {1{\textendash}10}, abstract = {

The performance of Salmonella typhimurium WG49 and Escherichia coli HS(pFamp)R was compared on detecting the different genotypes of F-specific RNA bacteriophages by plaque hybridisation. The sensitivity of this assay was also compared with the sensitivity of RT-PCR followed by Southern blotting for detecting F-specific RNA bacteriophages belonging to genotype III in water. S. typhimurium WG49 detected slightly higher numbers of F-specific RNA bacteriophages than E. coli HS(pFamp)R both in mixtures of pure culture bacteriophage suspensions and in water samples. There were no differences between the two host strains with regard to detection of the four genotypes of F-specific RNA phages both in mixtures of pure culture bacteriophage suspensions and in environmental samples. In urban sewage samples, the host strains detected genotypes II and III as the predominant F-RNA bacteriophages. Plaque transfer to a N(+) hybond membrane and posterior hybridisation was easier using S. thyphimurium WG49 as the host strain. The efficiency of detection in sewage of genotype III F-specific RNA bacteriophages by RT-PCR was inferior to that of plaque hybridisation with the assay conditions described below. Hybridisation of plaques obtained on WG49 seems to be the most sensitive method to study the distribution of genotypes of F-specific RNA bacteriophages in water samples.

}, keywords = {Blotting, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: virology, F Factor, Feces, Feces: virology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, genotype, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: genetics, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhimurium: virology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Southern, Viral Plaque Assay}, issn = {0166-0934}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10996634}, author = {Schaper, M and Jofre, J} } @article {13285, title = {A comparison of solid and liquid media for resuscitation of starvation- and low-temperature-induced nonculturable cells of Aeromonas hydrophila}, journal = {Archives of Microbiology}, volume = {173}, year = {2000}, pages = {307-310}, doi = {10.1007/s002030000142}, author = {Wai, S. N. and Mizunoe, Y. and Takade, A. and Yoshida, S.} } @article {14461, title = {A comparison of the extent and impacts of sewage contamination on urban groundwater in developed and developing countries}, journal = {Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg}, volume = {105}, year = {2000}, pages = {179{\textendash}85}, abstract = {In much of the world urban groundwater is an important resource for domestic and industrial use. In many developing countries, groundwater taken directly (untreated) from individual springs and wells is the only option available to communities where comprehensive, reliable reticulated supply systems are absent. A common feature of urban groundwater in both developing and developed countries is contamination by sewage. Current and recent research is presented that shows sewer leakage impacts groundwater in developed countries whilst on-site sanitation contaminates groundwater in developing countries. In the latter case, the competing demands of sanitation and groundwater protection must be addressed. Limitations on the usefulness of accepted standard sewage indicator species in groundwater are also highlighted. As sewage contamination of groundwater is usually addressed only if an actual health risk is posed, it is vital both to developed and developing countries to understand the movement of actual pathogens in groundwater in the context of groundwater management. Further research is required on microbial survival and health risks posed by sewage contamination.}, keywords = {*Cross-Cultural Comparison, *Developed Countries, *Developing Countries, *Urban Health, Fresh Water/*microbiology, Humans, sanitation, Sewage/*microbiology, Water Pollution/prevention \& control, Water Supply/standards}, issn = {0300-8665 (Print) 0300-8665 (Linking)}, author = {Barrett, M. and Howard, G. and Pedley, S. and Taylor, R. and Nalubega, M.} } @article {5652, title = {{Contamination of Foods by Food Handlers: Experiments on Hepatitis A Virus Transfer to Food and its Interruption}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {7}, year = {2000}, pages = {2759{\textendash}2763}, author = {Bidawid, S and Farber, JM and Sattar, SA} } @article {10578, title = {{Convergence of the secretory pathways for cholera toxin and the filamentous phage, CTXU}}, journal = {Science}, volume = {288}, year = {2000}, pages = {333{\textendash}335}, author = {Davis, BM and Lawson, EH and Sandkvist, M and Ali, A and Sozhamannan, S and Waldor, MK} } @article {14003, title = {Correlation of enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli {O}157 prevalence in feces, hides, and carcasses of beef cattle during processing}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {97}, number = {7}, year = {2000}, pages = {2999{\textendash}3003}, abstract = {A survey was performed to estimate the frequency of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 or O157:nonmotile (EHEC O157) in feces and on hides within groups of fed cattle from single sources (lots) presented for slaughter at meat processing plants in the Midwestern United States, as well as frequency of carcass contamination during processing from cattle within the same lots. Of 29 lots sampled, 72\% had at least one EHEC O157-positive fecal sample and 38\% had positive hide samples. Overall, EHEC O157 prevalence in feces and on hides was 28\% (91 of 327) and 11\% (38 of 355), respectively. Carcass samples were taken at three points during processing: preevisceration, postevisceration before antimicrobial intervention, and postprocessing after carcasses entered the cooler. Of 30 lots sampled, 87\% had at least one EHEC O157-positive preevisceration sample, 57\% of lots were positive postevisceration, and 17\% had positive postprocessing samples. Prevalence of EHEC O157 in the three postprocessing samples was 43\% (148 of 341), 18\% (59 of 332) and 2\% (6 of 330), respectively. Reduction in carcass prevalence from preevisceration to postprocessing suggests that sanitary procedures were effective within the processing plants. Fecal and hide prevalence were significantly correlated with carcass contamination (P = 0.001), indicating a role for control of EHEC O157 in live cattle.}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.060024897 060024897 [pii]}, author = {Elder, R O and Keen, J E and Siragusa, G R and Barkocy-Gallagher, G A and Koohmaraie, M and Laegreid, W W} } @article {7991, title = {{Correlation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in feces, hides, and carcasses of beef cattle during processing}}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {97}, number = {7}, year = {2000}, pages = {2999{\textendash}3003}, edition = {2000/03/22}, abstract = {A survey was performed to estimate the frequency of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 or O157:nonmotile (EHEC O157) in feces and on hides within groups of fed cattle from single sources (lots) presented for slaughter at meat processing plants in the Midwestern United States, as well as frequency of carcass contamination during processing from cattle within the same lots. Of 29 lots sampled, 72{\%} had at least one EHEC O157-positive fecal sample and 38{\%} had positive hide samples. Overall, EHEC O157 prevalence in feces and on hides was 28{\%} (91 of 327) and 11{\%} (38 of 355), respectively. Carcass samples were taken at three points during processing: preevisceration, postevisceration before antimicrobial intervention, and postprocessing after carcasses entered the cooler. Of 30 lots sampled, 87{\%} had at least one EHEC O157-positive preevisceration sample, 57{\%} of lots were positive postevisceration, and 17{\%} had positive postprocessing samples. Prevalence of EHEC O157 in the three postprocessing samples was 43{\%} (148 of 341), 18{\%} (59 of 332) and 2{\%} (6 of 330), respectively. Reduction in carcass prevalence from preevisceration to postprocessing suggests that sanitary procedures were effective within the processing plants. Fecal and hide prevalence were significantly correlated with carcass contamination (P = 0.001), indicating a role for control of EHEC O157 in live cattle.}, isbn = {0027-8424 (Print) 0027-8424 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.060024897 060024897 [pii]}, author = {Elder, R O and Keen, J E and Siragusa, G R and Barkocy-Gallagher, G A and Koohmaraie, M and Laegreid, W W} } @article {2226, title = {{Correlation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in feces, hides, and carcasses of beef cattle during processing}}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {97}, number = {7}, year = {2000}, pages = {2999{\textendash}3003}, edition = {2000/03/22}, abstract = {A survey was performed to estimate the frequency of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 or O157:nonmotile (EHEC O157) in feces and on hides within groups of fed cattle from single sources (lots) presented for slaughter at meat processing plants in the Midwestern United States, as well as frequency of carcass contamination during processing from cattle within the same lots. Of 29 lots sampled, 72\% had at least one EHEC O157-positive fecal sample and 38\% had positive hide samples. Overall, EHEC O157 prevalence in feces and on hides was 28\% (91 of 327) and 11\% (38 of 355), respectively. Carcass samples were taken at three points during processing: preevisceration, postevisceration before antimicrobial intervention, and postprocessing after carcasses entered the cooler. Of 30 lots sampled, 87\% had at least one EHEC O157-positive preevisceration sample, 57\% of lots were positive postevisceration, and 17\% had positive postprocessing samples. Prevalence of EHEC O157 in the three postprocessing samples was 43\% (148 of 341), 18\% (59 of 332) and 2\% (6 of 330), respectively. Reduction in carcass prevalence from preevisceration to postprocessing suggests that sanitary procedures were effective within the processing plants. Fecal and hide prevalence were significantly correlated with carcass contamination (P = 0.001), indicating a role for control of EHEC O157 in live cattle.}, isbn = {0027-8424 (Print) 0027-8424 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.060024897 060024897 [pii]}, author = {Elder, R O and Keen, J E and Siragusa, G R and Barkocy-Gallagher, G A and Koohmaraie, M and Laegreid, W W} } @article {7428, title = {Current knowledge on groundwater microbial pathogens and their control}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {29{\textendash}40}, author = {Macler, Bruce A. and Merkle, Jon C.} } @article {4824, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review, focusing on the outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the 1990s}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {31}, year = {2000}, pages = {1040{\textendash}1057}, author = {Herwaldt, BL} } @article {17315, title = {D- and z-values of Salmonella in ground chicken breast meat}, journal = {Journal of Food SafetyJournal of Food SafetyJournal of Food Safety}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, pages = {217-223}, keywords = {curves, Survival, thermal inactivation}, isbn = {0149-6085}, author = {Mazzotta, A. S.} } @article {13098, title = {Decentralized Systems Technology Fact Sheet}, year = {2000}, author = {Chamber, Septic Tank Leaching} } @inbook {1630, title = {Defining the ecology of viruses.}, booktitle = {Viral Ecology}, year = {2000}, pages = {3-40}, publisher = {Academic Press.}, organization = {Academic Press.}, type = {Book Section}, address = {San Diego, CA.}, author = {Hurst, C. J. and Lindquist, H. A. D.}, editor = {Hurst, C. J.} } @inbook {14688, title = {Defining the ecology of viruses.}, booktitle = {Viral {Ecology}}, year = {2000}, pages = {3{\textendash}40}, publisher = {Academic Press.}, organization = {Academic Press.}, address = {San Diego, CA.}, author = {Hurst, C. J. and Lindquist, H. A. D.}, editor = {Hurst, C. J.} } @article {15859, title = {Descriptive study on the presence of protozoan cysts and bacterial indicators in a drinking water treatment plant in Maracaibo, Venezuela}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, month = {2000/03/01}, pages = {51-61}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, isbn = {0960-3123}, author = {Quintero-Betancourt, Walter and De Ledesma, Ligia Botero} } @conference {13092, title = {Design and performance of onsite wastewater soil absorption systems}, booktitle = {White paper. Prepared for National Needs Conference, Risk-Based Decision Making fo Onsite Wastewater Treatment. Washington University. St. Louis, Missouri}, year = {2000}, pages = {19{\textendash}20}, author = {Siegrist, Robert and Jerry E Tyler and P D Jenssen} } @booklet {10479, title = {{Detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria - Part 1: Membrane filtration method}}, year = {2000}, publisher = {International Standardization Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @article {14525, title = {Detection of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in tap water and river water by reverse transcription multiplex {PCR}}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {46}, year = {2000}, month = {may}, pages = {417{\textendash}24}, abstract = {A reverse transcription (RT) multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to simultaneously detect adenoviruses and enteroviruses, both of which have attracted much attention as molecular indices of viral pollution in environmental samples. The method involves a reverse transcription step, followed by a multiplex nested PCR in which the combination of primers amplifies cDNA from enteroviruses and adenoviruses. The sensitivity of this assay was found to be similar to that of each monoplex PCR or RT-PCR assay, and to be consistent regardless of relative concentrations of adenoviruses and enteroviruses. To assess suitability and environmental application of the RT multiplex PCR assay, a total of 12 river water samples and 4 tap water samples were analyzed by RT multiplex PCR, each monoplex PCR or RT-PCR, and cell culture assay on the Buffalo Green Monkey kidney cell line. The sensitivity of the RT multiplex PCR was also found to be similar to that of each monoplex PCR in environmental samples. This suggests the RT multiplex PCR assay could be applied to the routine monitoring of viral pollution in environmental waters.}, keywords = {*Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, *Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Adenovirus Infections, Adenoviruses, Enterovirus Infections/virology, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Fresh Water/*virology, Human/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Human/virology, Humans, Virus Cultivation, Water Pollution}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, author = {Cho, H. B. and Lee, S. H. and Cho, J. C. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {14896, title = {Detection of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in tap water and river water by reverse transcription multiplex {PCR}}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {46}, year = {2000}, month = {may}, pages = {417{\textendash}24}, abstract = {A reverse transcription (RT) multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to simultaneously detect adenoviruses and enteroviruses, both of which have attracted much attention as molecular indices of viral pollution in environmental samples. The method involves a reverse transcription step, followed by a multiplex nested PCR in which the combination of primers amplifies cDNA from enteroviruses and adenoviruses. The sensitivity of this assay was found to be similar to that of each monoplex PCR or RT-PCR assay, and to be consistent regardless of relative concentrations of adenoviruses and enteroviruses. To assess suitability and environmental application of the RT multiplex PCR assay, a total of 12 river water samples and 4 tap water samples were analyzed by RT multiplex PCR, each monoplex PCR or RT-PCR, and cell culture assay on the Buffalo Green Monkey kidney cell line. The sensitivity of the RT multiplex PCR was also found to be similar to that of each monoplex PCR in environmental samples. This suggests the RT multiplex PCR assay could be applied to the routine monitoring of viral pollution in environmental waters.}, keywords = {*Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, *Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Adenovirus Infections, Adenoviruses, Enterovirus Infections/virology, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Fresh Water/*virology, Human/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Human/virology, Humans, Virus Cultivation, Water Pollution}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, author = {Cho, H. B. and Lee, S. H. and Cho, J. C. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {1505, title = {Detection of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in tap water and river water by reverse transcription multiplex PCR}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, note = {Cho, H B Lee, S H Cho, J C Kim, S J eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t CANADA 2000/06/29 11:00 Can J Microbiol. 2000 May;46(5):417-24.}, pages = {417-24}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A reverse transcription (RT) multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to simultaneously detect adenoviruses and enteroviruses, both of which have attracted much attention as molecular indices of viral pollution in environmental samples. The method involves a reverse transcription step, followed by a multiplex nested PCR in which the combination of primers amplifies cDNA from enteroviruses and adenoviruses. The sensitivity of this assay was found to be similar to that of each monoplex PCR or RT-PCR assay, and to be consistent regardless of relative concentrations of adenoviruses and enteroviruses. To assess suitability and environmental application of the RT multiplex PCR assay, a total of 12 river water samples and 4 tap water samples were analyzed by RT multiplex PCR, each monoplex PCR or RT-PCR, and cell culture assay on the Buffalo Green Monkey kidney cell line. The sensitivity of the RT multiplex PCR was also found to be similar to that of each monoplex PCR in environmental samples. This suggests the RT multiplex PCR assay could be applied to the routine monitoring of viral pollution in environmental waters.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Human/genetics/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus Infections/virology Environmental Monitoring/methods Fresh Water/*virology Humans *Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Virus Cultivation *Wate, Human/virology Adenoviruses}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10872077}, author = {Cho, H. B. and Lee, S. H. and Cho, J. C. and Kim, S. J.} } @article {3719, title = {The detection of astrovirus in sludge biosolids using an integrated cell culture nested {PCR} technique.}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {11{\textendash}15}, author = {Chapron, CD and Ballester, NA and Margolin, AB} } @article {4459, title = {Detection of astroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenovirus types 40 and 41 in surface waters collected and evaluated by the information collection rule and an integrated cell culture-nested {PCR} procedure}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {6}, year = {2000}, pages = {2520{\textendash}5}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Chapron, C. D. and Ballester, N. A. and Fontaine, J. H. and Frades, C. N. and Margolin, A. B.} } @article {1501, title = {Detection of astroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenovirus types 40 and 41 in surface waters collected and evaluated by the information collection rule and an integrated cell culture-nested PCR procedure}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {66}, number = {6}, year = {2000}, note = {Chapron, C D Ballester, N A Fontaine, J H Frades, C N Margolin, A B eng Comparative Study 2000/06/01 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Jun;66(6):2520-5.}, pages = {2520-5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {We evaluated the use of an integrated cell culture-reverse transcription-PCR (ICC-RT-PCR) procedure coupled with nested PCR to detect human astroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenovirus types 40 and 41 in surface water samples that were collected and evaluated by using the Information Collection Rule (ICR) method. The results obtained with the ICC-RT-PCR-nested PCR method were compared to the results obtained with the total culturable virus assay-most-probable-number (TCVA-MPN) method, the method recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for monitoring viruses in surface and finished waters. Twenty-nine ICR surface water samples were analyzed. Viruses were concentrated by using filter adsorption-beef extract elution and organic flocculation techniques, and then the preparations were evaluated for viruses by visualizing cytopathic effects in the Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cell line. In the ICC-RT-PCR-nested PCR technique we used Caco-2 cells to propagate astroviruses and enteroviruses (ICC step), and we used BGMK cells to propagate adenovirus types 40 and 41, as well as enteroviruses. Fifteen of the 29 samples (51.7\%) were positive for astrovirus as determined by the ICC-RT-PCR-nested PCR method, and eight of these samples (27.5\%) contained infectious astrovirus. Seventeen of the 29 samples (58.6\%) were positive for enteroviruses when the BGMK cell line was used, and six (27.6\%) of these samples were determined to be infectious. Fourteen of the 29 samples (48.3\%) were positive for adenovirus types 40 and 41, and 11 (37.9\%) of these samples were determined to be infectious. Twenty-seven of the 29 samples (93.1\%) were positive for a virus, and 19 (68.9\%) of the samples were positive for an infectious virus. Only 5 of the 29 samples (17.2\%) were positive as determined by the TCVA-MPN method. The ICC-RT-PCR-nested PCR method provided increased sensitivity compared to the TCVA-MPN method.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Cultured Cytopathogenic Effect, Human/genetics/growth \& development/isolation \& purification Cells, Viral Enterovirus/genetics/growth \& development/isolation \& purification Environmental Monitoring/*standards Evaluation Studies as Topic Fresh Water/*virology Humans Mamastrovirus/genetics/growth \& development/isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Re}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10831432}, author = {Chapron, C. D. and Ballester, N. A. and Fontaine, J. H. and Frades, C. N. and Margolin, A. B.} } @article {13501, title = {Detection of Fasciola hepatica infection in a community located in the Ecuadorian Andes}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {62}, year = {2000}, pages = {518}, author = {Trueba, G. and Guerrero, T. and Fornasini, M. and Casariego, I. and Zapata, S. and Ontaneda, S. and Vasco, L.} } @conference {729, title = {DETECTION OF FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA AND HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT BACTERIA ATTACHED TO HOUSEHOLD CONTAINERS DURING THE STORAGE OF DRINKING GROUNDWATER IN A RURAL COMMUNITY}, booktitle = {WISA 2000 Biennial Conference, Sun City, South Africa}, year = {2000}, month = {07/2006}, abstract = {
The study covered on Mgquba village (Eastern Cape) revealed that 90\% of families use drinking groundwater from the standpipes. Seventy four percent of the population use polyethylene (PE) containers and 26\% galvanized steel (GS) containers for the storage of their drinking water. The average duration of storage of water also varied: 6\% store water for about 1-2 days; 14 \% for about 3 days; 18 \% for few hours ({\textpm} 5-12 h) and 2\% for about 7 days. This study considered the average duration of 3 days. Seven standpipes were used to monitor bacterial quality of drinking groundwater. The detection of fecal coliform and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria attached on the surfaces of household containers during the storage of drinking groundwater was performed by exposing PE and GS coupons in the appropriate household containers for a period of 72 h. The experiment was performed as the rural communities normally collect and store their water. Membrane filter and spread plate procedure were used to enumerate fecal coliform and HPC attached to household containers, respectively. The adhesion of HPC bacteria on the PE and GS surfaces was obvious within 24h after exposure. The yield in HPC bacteria was significantly higher on PE than on GS coupons (p\<0.003) during the study period. A comparison between source waters showed that attached HPC bacteria on PE and GS appeared to be significantly different both within the various standpipes and also between the various standpipes. While the attachment of fecal coliform was visible on PE coupons exposed to drinking water from standpipes 4 and 5, no fecal coliforms were detected on GS coupons during the study period. This study indicated that PE containers enhanced the growth of Escherichia coli when compared to GS containers. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that rural communities must consider the GS containers for the storage of their drinking groundwater.
}, author = {M NB Momba and B. V. Mnqumevu} } @article {9988, title = {{Detection of hepatitis A viral RNA in sera of patients with acute hepatitis A.}}, journal = {Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, year = {2000}, month = {sep}, pages = {1043{\textendash}7}, abstract = {

{BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) is important for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of hepatitis A. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is a sensitive test to detect HAV-RNA in specimens. The aims of the present study were to clarify the detection rate of serum HAV-RNA by PCR and the natural history of HAV viraemia, and to determine the correlation between viraemia and the clinical characteristics in patients with acute hepatitis A. METHODS Hepatitis A virus RNA was tested in 74 serum samples which were serially collected from 27 patients with acute hepatitis A. A nested reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for HAV-RNA was performed with primer sets located at the VP1 region of the HAV genome and the PCR products were electrophoresed on a 1.5{\%} agarose gel. RESULTS Hepatitis A virus RNA was found in 18 of 27 (67{\%}) patients with hepatitis A. There were no significant differences between groups positive and negative for HAV-RNA in clinical and laboratory data, except the time interval between clinical onset and initial serum sampling for RT-PCR (10 +/- 6 vs 19 +/- 14 days) and the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level at initial serum sampling for RT-PCR (1436 +/- 1416 vs 518 +/- 432 IU/L). The mean duration of HAV viraemia was 30 +/- 19 days (range, 5-59 days). The duration of HAV viraemia and duration of abnormal ALT levels from clinical onset were positively correlated (r = 0.685

}, issn = {0815-9319}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11059935}, author = {Lee, C H and Kwon, O S and Byun, K S and Yeon, J E and Park, S H and Kim, J S and Kim, J H and Bak, Y T and Kim, J H} } @article {3619, title = {Detection of human and animal rotavirus sequences in drinking water.}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {66}, number = {6}, year = {2000}, pages = {2690{\textendash}2692}, author = {Gratacap-Cavallier, B and Genoulaz, O and Brengel-Pesce, K and Soule, H and Innocenti-Francillard, P and Bost, M and Gofti, L and Zmirou, D and Seigneurin, JM} } @article {9499, title = {{Detection of microsporidia in surface water: a one-year follow-up study}}, journal = {FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {2000}, pages = {95{\textendash}100}, author = {Fournier, S and Liguory, O and Santillana-Hayat, M and Guillot, E and Sarfati, C and Dumoutier, N and Molina, J and Derouin, F} } @booklet {10653, title = {{Detection of Vibrio cholerae in river water in the vicinity of an informal settlement}}, year = {2000}, publisher = {WISA 2000 Biennial Conference}, address = {Sun City, South Africa}, author = {Jackson, S and Beney, C} } @article {17045, title = {Determination of Escherichia coli contamination with chromocult coliform agar showed a high level of discrimination efficiency for differing fecal pollution levels in tropical waters of Kampala, Uganda}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {2}, year = {2000}, pages = {864{\textendash}868}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Byamukama, Dennis and Kansiime, Frank and Mach, Robert L and Farnleitner, Andreas H} } @article {8648, title = {{The development and biology of bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {Frontiers in Bioscience}, volume = {5}, year = {2000}, pages = {D391{\textendash}D405}, author = {Weiss, LM and Kim, K} } @article {7912, title = {Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and identification of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {193}, year = {2000}, pages = {89{\textendash}94}, author = {Houf, Kurt and Tutenel, Ann and Zutter, Lieven and Hoof, Jan and Vandamme, Peter} } @article {9574, title = {{Diagnosis and clinical aspects of human microsporidiosis}}, journal = {Contributions to Microbiology}, volume = {6}, year = {2000}, pages = {166{\textendash}192}, author = {Weber, R and Deplazes, P and Schwartz, D} } @article {9279, title = {{Diagnosis of amebic liver abscess and intestinal infection with the TechLab Entamoeba histolytica II antigen detection and antibody tests}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {9}, year = {2000}, pages = {3235{\textendash}3239}, author = {Haque, R and Mollah, NU and Ali, IK and Alam, K and Eubanks, A and Lyerly, D and Petri, WA Jr} } @book {11645, title = {{Diagnostic pathology of parasitic infections with clinical correlations}}, year = {2000}, address = {Oxford, United States}, author = {Gutierrez, Y} } @article {11365, title = {Differential diagnosis of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium infection by PCR}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, year = {2000}, pages = {737-744}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0095-1137}, author = {Gonzalez, LM and Montero, E and Harrison, LJS and Parkhouse, RME and Garate, T} } @mastersthesis {7095, title = {Distributed snowpack simulation using weather radar with an hydrologic-land surface scheme model}, year = {2000}, note = {NQ51194}, school = {University of Waterloo (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Snow serves as a reservoir of water for the earth. In fact, the volume of water stored in the snowpack and the timing of the snowmelt runoff are crucial to water supply. To determine runoff volumes, empirical relationships have been developed that relate snow accumulations at point locations to downstream flows. However, modelling of the snowmelt process is required to generate peak flow estimates. Continuous hydrological modelling requires precipitation and other meteorological data that are representative of the study watershed. In this research, weather radar is used as the winter precipitation input to model the snowpack throughout the snow season in order to produce streamflow estimates. While it was difficult to choose an optimal radar adjustment strategy, it was shown that addressing the local scaling issue yielded accumulation underestimates and the subsequent consideration of mixed precipitation provided improved estimates. The subsequent consideration of snow particle shape did not further improve the radar accumulation estimates. Secondary results from this research included the development of a method to estimate the daytime cloud cover fraction for computing longwave radiation, the derivation of a relationship for the relative specific surface area as a function of formation temperature, and the collection of fresh snow density data in order to assess the applicability of several existing functions. This thesis has illustrated that ground based weather radar can be used as the winter precipitation input to a hydrological model, however, the radar data should be adjusted to consider the variability in phase and shape of winter hydrometeors. One new snow process has been added and five other processes have been enhanced in the CLASS model. All of these processes should be incorporated into hydrological models. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0388:Hydrology, Earth sciences, Hydrologic-land surface scheme, Hydrology, Land surface scheme, Snowpack, Weather radar}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304669291?accountid=14270}, author = {Fassnacht, Steven Richard} } @article {15489, title = {The distribution of Schistosoma bovis Sonsino, 1876 in relation to intermediate host mollusc-parasite relationships}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {44}, year = {2000}, pages = {99-138}, author = {Mon{\'e}, H. and Mouahid, G. and Morand, S.} } @article {17161, title = {Diversity of Salmonella strains isolated from the aquatic environment as determined by serotyping and amplification of the ribosomal DNA spacer regions}, journal = {Applied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1544-1552}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Baudart, J. and Lemarchand, K. and Brisabois, A. and Lebaron, P.} } @book {16991, title = {Documenting the epidemiologic patterns of polyomaviruses in human populations by studying their presence in urban sewage}, series = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {238{\textendash}245}, author = {Bofill-Mas, Silvia and Pina, Sonia and Girones, Rosina} } @article {3290, title = {Documenting the Epidemiological Patterns of Polyomaviruses in Human Populations by Studying Their Presence in Urban Sewage}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, year = {2000}, pages = {238-45}, author = {Bofill-Mas, S and Pina, S and Girones, R} } @article {14142, title = {Does enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 enter the viable but nonculturable state in salted salmon roe?}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {12}, year = {2000}, month = {dec}, pages = {5536{\textendash}9}, abstract = {An outbreak caused by salted salmon roe contaminated with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 occurred in Japan in 1998. Since about 0.75 to 1.5 viable cells were estimated to cause infection, we presumed that O157 might enter the viable but nonculturable (VNC) state in salted salmon roe and consequently that viable cell numbers might be underestimated. Although patient-originating O157 cells could not grow on agar plates after 72 h of incubation in 13\% NaCl, they were resuscitated in yeast extract broth, and more than 90\% of the cells were shown to be viable by fluorescent staining, suggesting that almost all of them could enter the VNC state in NaCl water. Roe-originating O157 was resistant to NaCl because it could grow on agar after 72 h of incubation in NaCl water, but about 20\% of cells appeared to enter the VNC state. Therefore, germfree mice were infected with O157 to examine the resuscitation of cells in the VNC state and the retention of pathogenicity. O157 that originated in roe, but not patients, killed mice and was isolated from the intestine. However, these isolates had become sensitive to NaCl. O157 cells of roe origin incubated in normal media also killed mice and were isolated from the intestine, but they also became transiently NaCl sensitive. We therefore propose that bacterial cells might enter the VNC state under conditions of stress, such as those encountered in vivo or in high salt concentrations, and then revive when those conditions have eased. If so, the VNC state in food is potentially dangerous from a public health viewpoint and may have to be considered at the time of food inspection. Finally, the establishment of a simple recovery system for VNC cells should be established.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Makino, S I and Kii, T and Asakura, H and Shirahata, T and Ikeda, T and Takeshi, K and Itoh, K} } @article {2340, title = {{Does enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 enter the viable but nonculturable state in salted salmon roe?}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {12}, year = {2000}, month = {dec}, pages = {5536{\textendash}9}, abstract = {An outbreak caused by salted salmon roe contaminated with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 occurred in Japan in 1998. Since about 0.75 to 1.5 viable cells were estimated to cause infection, we presumed that O157 might enter the viable but nonculturable (VNC) state in salted salmon roe and consequently that viable cell numbers might be underestimated. Although patient-originating O157 cells could not grow on agar plates after 72 h of incubation in 13\% NaCl, they were resuscitated in yeast extract broth, and more than 90\% of the cells were shown to be viable by fluorescent staining, suggesting that almost all of them could enter the VNC state in NaCl water. Roe-originating O157 was resistant to NaCl because it could grow on agar after 72 h of incubation in NaCl water, but about 20\% of cells appeared to enter the VNC state. Therefore, germfree mice were infected with O157 to examine the resuscitation of cells in the VNC state and the retention of pathogenicity. O157 that originated in roe, but not patients, killed mice and was isolated from the intestine. However, these isolates had become sensitive to NaCl. O157 cells of roe origin incubated in normal media also killed mice and were isolated from the intestine, but they also became transiently NaCl sensitive. We therefore propose that bacterial cells might enter the VNC state under conditions of stress, such as those encountered in vivo or in high salt concentrations, and then revive when those conditions have eased. If so, the VNC state in food is potentially dangerous from a public health viewpoint and may have to be considered at the time of food inspection. Finally, the establishment of a simple recovery system for VNC cells should be established.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Makino, S I and Kii, T and Asakura, H and Shirahata, T and Ikeda, T and Takeshi, K and Itoh, K} } @article {8080, title = {{Does enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 enter the viable but nonculturable state in salted salmon roe?}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {12}, year = {2000}, month = {dec}, pages = {5536{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

An outbreak caused by salted salmon roe contaminated with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 occurred in Japan in 1998. Since about 0.75 to 1.5 viable cells were estimated to cause infection, we presumed that O157 might enter the viable but nonculturable (VNC) state in salted salmon roe and consequently that viable cell numbers might be underestimated. Although patient-originating O157 cells could not grow on agar plates after 72 h of incubation in 13{\%} NaCl, they were resuscitated in yeast extract broth, and more than 90{\%} of the cells were shown to be viable by fluorescent staining, suggesting that almost all of them could enter the VNC state in NaCl water. Roe-originating O157 was resistant to NaCl because it could grow on agar after 72 h of incubation in NaCl water, but about 20{\%} of cells appeared to enter the VNC state. Therefore, germfree mice were infected with O157 to examine the resuscitation of cells in the VNC state and the retention of pathogenicity. O157 that originated in roe, but not patients, killed mice and was isolated from the intestine. However, these isolates had become sensitive to NaCl. O157 cells of roe origin incubated in normal media also killed mice and were isolated from the intestine, but they also became transiently NaCl sensitive. We therefore propose that bacterial cells might enter the VNC state under conditions of stress, such as those encountered in vivo or in high salt concentrations, and then revive when those conditions have eased. If so, the VNC state in food is potentially dangerous from a public health viewpoint and may have to be considered at the time of food inspection. Finally, the establishment of a simple recovery system for VNC cells should be established.

}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Makino, S I and Kii, T and Asakura, H and Shirahata, T and Ikeda, T and Takeshi, K and Itoh, K} } @article {7266, title = {Drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness in the elderly of {Philadelphia}}, journal = {Journal of epidemiology and community health}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {45{\textendash}51}, url = {http://jech.bmj.com/content/54/1/45.short}, author = {Schwartz, Joel and Levin, Ronnie and Goldstein, Rebecca} } @proceedings {13111, title = {Drip irrigation design and installation recommendations.}, journal = {Minnesota Onsite Sewage Treatment Contractors Association}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, publisher = {Proceedings of the MOSTCA Annual Meeting}, address = {St. Paul MN}, author = {Wallace, S} } @article {5918, title = {{Duration of viraemia and faecal viral excretion in acute hepatitis E}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {356}, number = {9235}, year = {2000}, pages = {1081{\textendash}1082}, author = {Aggarwal, R and Kini, D} } @article {5662, title = {{Duration of Viremia in Hepatitis A Virus Infection}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {182}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {12{\textendash}17}, author = {Bower, WA and O V Nainan and Han, X and H S Margolis} } @mastersthesis {7031, title = {An ecohydrological approach for riparian biodiversity conservation in large tropical river ({BL})}, year = {2000}, note = {U131455}, school = {University of Birmingham (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis develops a conceptual ecohydrological model for explaining riparian forest biodiversity in the Orinoco River basin that can be applied to other large tropical river basins. It focuses on explaining three levels of riparian forest diversity: alpha (within - habitat), beta (between - habitats) and gamma (regional or landscape level). Following a spatial analysis integrating two approaches, fluvial hydrosystem and ecogeography, the thesis is based on studies at local and regional scales (within a basin and between basins). The within-basin analysis is conducted in the Caura River, a tributary of the Orinoco River draining the Guiana Shield in Venezuela. It concentrates on lateral and longitudinal gradients of woody species abundance and distributions. Relationships with riparian environment variables are demonstrated. The between - basins analysis compares (i) alpha diversity and upstream gradients of distribution of species indicators of white-water types at confluence zones in different tributaries of the Orinoco, and (ii) distributions of Ingeae (Leguminosae) in selected black-water and white-water rivers of the Orinoco and Amazon river basins. The model proposes functional units, functional sectors and functional riparian landscapes for the scaling up of potential and real values of species diversity within a basin. Confluence zones are found of primary importance for conserving riparian forest biodiversity. Also the redundancy of riparian sectors and landscapes is found important when evaluating areas for in situ riparian forest biodiversity conservation.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU131455, 0388:Hydrologic sciences, Bibliographies, Earth sciences, Hydrologic sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301556671?accountid=14270}, author = {Rosales, J} } @article {10656, title = {{Ecological study of Vibrio cholerae in Vellore}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {124}, year = {2000}, pages = {201{\textendash}206}, author = {Jesudason, MV and Balaji, V and Mukudan, U and Thomas, CJ} } @mastersthesis {6466, title = {The ecology and dynamics of {Mediterranean} evergreen pine-oak forests}, year = {2000}, note = {9995823}, school = {Princeton University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms governing stand dynamics and composition in forest communities is a central goal in plant ecology and a critical issue for the formulation of sustainable forest management practices in the Mediterranean region. Here I derive a theory of spatio-temporal dynamics to explain the observed evolutionary convergence of community assembly mechanisms in Mediterranean holm oak ( Quercus ilex L.)-Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests with other Mediterranean plant communities. The theory explains the regional coexistence of the two dominant functional types of Mediterranean vegetation{\textendash}seeders and resprouters{\textendash}based on allocational tradeoffs related to light competition and tolerance to drought, and recurrent disturbances. A top-down probabilistic model calibrated with forest inventory data indicates that the distribution of holm oak and Aleppo pine can be ascribed largely to aridity gradients resulting from both geographical and physiographical factors. I formulate a mechanistic bottom-up model parameterized with experimental data to explain patterns of pine-oak segregation or coexistence along an aridity gradient. According to the model, Aleppo pine predominance at the arid end of the gradient is explained by the pine seedlings{\textquoteright} greater tolerance to water stress relative to holm oaks. At the mesic end, however, holm oak establishment is facilitated by pines, which provide optimal radiation levels for oak seedlings{\textquoteright} survival. In turn, pines are outcompeted by oaks, due to Aleppo pines{\textquoteright} intolerance of shade at the sapling stage. Changes in water balance or disturbance intensity produce shifts in pine-oak interactions that trigger transitions from historically-dependent vegetation dynamics to secondary forest succession. A physiologically-based model of water use by Mediterranean evergreens is presented to explain how leaf-level tradeoffs in carbon gain versus water loss scale up to the whole plant. The model reconciles leaf-level physiological processes with whole-plant strategies and explains how Mediterranean plants integrate stomatal control with below-ground responses in order to optimize water use. Together these three models address the scaling of physiological and demographic plant responses to the stand-level, which are essential to the understanding of mechanisms of community assembly in these forests and to the formulation of biologically-based models of forest dynamics in Mediterranean regions.}, keywords = {0309:Botany, 0329:Ecology, 0478:Forestry, Biological sciences, Botany, Ecology, Evergreen, Forestry, Mediterranean, Pine-oak forests, Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304616591?accountid=14270}, author = {Zavala, Miguel Angel} } @mastersthesis {6496, title = {Economic evaluation of malaria control interventions in {Surat}, {India}. ({BL}: {DXN}057370)}, year = {2000}, note = {U154362}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The objectives of this thesis are: (i) To assess the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of the two interventions, treated mosquito nets and in-house residual spraying, and estimate the willingness to pay of the study population for the efficient intervention. (ii) To develop a methodology to undertake a willingness to pay study in a developing country context, including the assessment of post-test validity; (iii) To assess the policy implications of the research findings, the cost-effectiveness analysis and willingness to pay results, to the national Anti-Malaria Programme in India in terms of the pricing of treated mosquito nets. This thesis goes beyond identifying cost-effectiveness ratios, and attempts to explore household willingness to pay for the efficient intervention. It was observed that both treated mosquito nets (TMNs) and in-house residual spraying (IRS) are effective malaria control interventions. However, treated mosquito nets are more efficient than in-house residual spraying. The cost per case averted for treated mosquito nets was Rs. 1908 whereas it was Rs. 2749 in the case of in-house residual spraying. Similar conclusions were reached for a government-run TMN programme. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the results were robust to important assumptions. Threshold analysis revealed that for IRS to be a more favourable intervention, its cost would need to reduce by 30\% or its effectiveness increase by 44\%. Willingness to pay studies are criticised for their hypothetical nature, and this study assessed the criterion validity by actually selling the treated mosquito nets at a fixed price. At the aggregate level, almost the same number of households bought nets as said they would buy. This study also provides evidence of starting point bias. The discussion explores the policy implications of the study findings in terms of pricing and subsidy. This thesis is an unusual example of an attempt to go beyond cost-effectiveness ratios, linking up the costs of providing an intervention with household willingness to pay. By achieving its objectives, this thesis has made a contribution in the field of economic evaluation in general, and assessing the validity of willingness to pay estimates in particular.}, keywords = {0573:Public health, Bibliographies, BL: DXN057370, Health and environmental sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public health, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301549086?accountid=14270}, author = {Bhatia, M R} } @proceedings {13346, title = {Ecosan closing the loop in wastewater management and sanitation}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Eschborn: The Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH}, address = {Germany}, author = {Werner, C and Schlick, J and Witte, G and Hildebrandt, A} } @article {10659, title = {{Effect of iron on the survival of Vibrio cholerae in water}}, journal = {The Indian Journal of Medical Research}, volume = {111}, year = {2000}, pages = {115{\textendash}117}, author = {Joseph, S and Bhat, KG} } @article {5420, title = {{The effect of similated solar radiation on Escherichia coli: the relative roles of UV-B, UV-A and photosynthetically active radiation}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {39}, year = {2000}, pages = {65{\textendash}71}, author = {Muela, A and Garcia-Bringas, JM and Arana, I and Barcina, I} } @article {10293, title = {Effect of volatile fatty acids on Shigella dysenteriae during anaerobic digestion of human night soil}, journal = {World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, year = {2000}, pages = {519{\textendash}522}, author = {Kunte, DP and Yeole, TY and Ranade, DR} } @mastersthesis {7065, title = {The effects of tobacco, alcohol and betel on health care utilisation. ({BL}: {DXN}050583)}, year = {2000}, note = {U146554}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This study estimates the impacts of cumulative consumption of tobacco, alcohol and betel on health care utilisation, and aims to give guidance to levying of earmarked taxes on these substances. The evidence is unclear as seen by contradicting results in previous studies in industrialised countries. The argument of this thesis is that part of this contradiction can be attributed to the methodology used and in particular that health status has not yet been adequately integrated into the analysis.Survey data are collected in Taiwan for substance consumption and health status. Data of health care utilisation are collected by diary or come from the claim data of the national health insurance. Two-stage least-square regressions, and two-part and four-part models are used for statistical modelling.The prevalence-based marginal effects of cumulative consumption of substances on health care expenditure are estimated to range from US\$0 to \$53 for one pack-year of tobacco smoking, -\$15 to \$38 for one litre-year of alcohol drinking, and \$0.3 to \$8 for one nut-year of betel chewing. The suggested earmarked taxes based on the study results are \$0.15 per pack of cigarettes, \$3.2 per litre of alcohol, and \$0.02 per betel nut. The efficiency and equity considerations of levying taxes on addictive substances are also discussed.For cigarettes, alcohol and betel, the earmarked taxes are anticipated to decrease the demand for these substances by 12\%, 5\% and 5\%; to save 5\%, 0.6\% and 0.2\% of the health care expenditure, and to contribute revenue by 3\%, 4\% and 16\% of the health care expenditure of the national health insurance, respectively. The study results help the governments and international organisations to construct an evidence-based earmarked tax policy on tobacco, alcohol and betel for health care expenditure.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU146554, 0630:Public policy, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public policy, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301557410?accountid=14270}, author = {Lee, J} } @article {13460, title = {The efficacy and tolerability of triclabendazole in Cuban patients with latent and chronic Fasciola hepatica infection}, journal = {Am J Trop. Med Hyg.}, volume = {63}, year = {2000}, pages = {264-269}, author = {Millan, J. C. and Mull, R. and Freise, S. and Richter, J.} } @article {7914, title = {Efficient isolation of campylobacteria from stools}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {38}, year = {2000}, pages = {2798{\textendash}2799}, author = {Albert J Lastovica and le Roux, Elza} } @inbook {13094, title = {Elements of a theory for the mechanisms controlling abundance, diversity, and biogeochemical role of lytic bacterial viruses in aquatic systems}, booktitle = {Limnology and Oceanography}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, year = {2000}, pages = {1320{\textendash}1328}, author = {T F Thingstad} } @article {8616, title = {{Emerging parasite zoonoses associated with water and food}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {30}, number = {12-13}, year = {2000}, pages = {1379{\textendash}1393}, author = {Slifko, TR and Smith, HV and J B Rose} } @article {13272, title = {Enteropathogens in adult patients with diarrhea and healthy control subjects: a 1-year prospective study in a Swedish clinic for infectious diseases}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {30}, year = {2000}, pages = {770-778}, doi = {10.1086/313770}, author = {Svenungsson, B. and Lagergren, A. and Ekwall, E. and Evengard, B. and Hedlund, K. O. and Karnell, A. and Lofdahl, S. and Svensson, L. and Weintraub, A.} } @article {7712, title = {Enumeration of faecal indicator bacteria in large water volumes using on site membrane filtration to assess water treatment efficiency}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, note = {Apr; Enumeration of faecal indicator bacteria in large water volumes using on site membrane filtration to assess water treatment efficiency; ISI:000085521800031; ID: 589}, pages = {1659-1665}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Hijnen,W. A. M. and Van Veenendaal,D. A. and Van der Speld, W. M. H. and Visser,A. and Hoogenboezem,W. and Van der Kooij,D.} } @article {9507, title = {{Environmental and serological evidence for the presence of toxocariasis in the urban area of Ancona, Italy}}, journal = {European Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, year = {2000}, pages = {1023{\textendash}1026}, author = {Giacometti, A and Cirioni, O and Fortuna, M and Osimani, P and Antonicelli, L and Del Prete, MS and Riva, A and D{\textquoteright}Errico, MM and Petrelli, E and Scalise, G} } @conference {10295, title = {Enzymic hydrolysis as a means for pathogen control in sludge treatment processes}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth European Biosolids and Organic Residuals Conference, Wakefield, UK. Aqua Enviro, Leeds}, year = {2000}, author = {Le, MS and Mayhew, ME and Ratcliff, RW} } @article {2986, title = {An epidemiological and ecological study of human alveolar echinococcosis transmission in south {Gansu}, {China}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {77}, number = {2}, year = {2000}, month = {nov}, pages = {167{\textendash}177}, abstract = {Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is usually a rare, highly pathogenic zoonotic disease, transmitted across the northern hemisphere between fox and rodent hosts. In China the first cases were described in 1965; however very few epidemiological studies have been undertaken since. Following identification in 1991 of a serious focus of human AE in south Gansu province, detailed village-based community and ecological studies were carried out between 1994 and 1997. Hepatic ultrasound mass screening with serological testing (five tests) identified 84/2482 new AE cases (3\%). An overall prevalence of 4.1\% (135/3331) was recorded for the area when previous cases were also included. Based on a seropositive result only, without an ultrasound scan indication, no additional AE cases were identified. Of the evolutive AE cases, 96\% were seropositive in at least one test, while up 15-20\% of individuals who exhibited hepatic calcified lesions and 12-15\% exhibiting hepatic nodular lesions were seropositive for specific Em2 or Em18 antibodies. Village (n=31) human AE prevalence rates varied from 0 to 15.8\%. Questionnaire analysis indicated that total number of dogs owned over a period was a risk factor (P{\textbackslash}textless0.006), but not a history of red fox hunting (P{\textbackslash}textgreater0.6). Rodent ecology studies revealed an association between density indices of voles (Microtus limnophilus) and village AE prevalence rates, on the one hand, and village landscape characterised by a ratio of scrub/grassland to total area above 50\% (P{\textbackslash}textless0.005). Long-term transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis and risk of zoonotic infection of south Gansu farmers may be related ultimately to a process of deforestation driven by agriculture. This in turn probably results in creation of optimal peri-domestic habitats for rodents that serve as intermediate host species (such as M. limnophilus) and subsequent development of a peri-domestic cycle involving dogs.}, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Antibodies, China, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Ecology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Foxes, Helminth, Hepatic, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases, Risk Factors, Rodentia, Serologic Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires}, issn = {0001-706X}, author = {Craig, P. S. and Giraudoux, P. and Shi, D. and Bartholomot, B. and Barnish, G. and Delattre, P. and Quere, J. P. and Harraga, S. and Bao, G. and Wang, Y. and Lu, F. and Ito, A. and Vuitton, D. A.} } @article {13312, title = {Epidemiological relationships between Aeromonas strains isolated from symptomatic children and household environments as determined by ribotyping}, journal = {European Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {16}, year = {2000}, pages = {447 -453}, author = {Demarta, A and Tonolla, M and Caminada, A and Beretta, M and Peduzzi, R} } @inbook {9296, title = {{Epidemiology of amebiasis}}, booktitle = {Amebiasis}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Imperial College Press}, organization = {Imperial College Press}, address = {London, UK}, author = {Jackson, TFGH and Ravdin, JI} } @article {11309, title = {Epidemiology of cholera outbreak in Kampala, Uganda}, journal = {East African Medical Journal}, volume = {77}, year = {2000}, pages = {347-349}, author = {Legros, D and McCormick, M and Mugero, C and Skinnider, M and Bek{\textquoteright}Obita, DD and Okware, SI} } @article {15708, title = {Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {30}, number = {12}, year = {2000}, month = {2000/11/01/}, pages = {1305-1322}, keywords = {Detection, epidemiology, genotype, species, Transmission}, isbn = {0020-7519}, author = {Fayer, Ronald and Morgan, Una and Upton, Steve J.} } @article {6932, title = {The equity impacts of community financing activities in three {African} countries}, journal = {The International Journal of Health Planning and Management}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, month = {dec}, pages = {291{\textendash}317}, abstract = {Although the Bamako Initiative from its very beginning was caught up in wider debates about the potential equity impact of any form of user financing, to date there has been little empirical investigation of this impact. This three-country study, undertaken in Benin, Kenya and Zambia in 1994/95, was initiated to add to the body of relevant evidence. It sought to understand not only what had been the equity impacts of community financing activities in these countries but also how they had been brought about. As a result, it investigated equity primarily through consideration of the design of these financing activities and through the perceptions of different actors, within a limited number of purposively selected geographical areas in each country, about their strengths and weaknesses. Additional data on utilization were either collected during the course of the study (Kenya) or drawn from other available studies (Benin and Zambia). Key issues considered in the studies{\textquoteright} assessment of equity were the extent to which both relative and absolute affordability gains were achieved, as well as as an influence over both the distributional and procedural justice of the financing activities, the pattern of decision-making. Across countries there was evidence of relative affordability gains in Benin and Kenya, but Kenyan gains were not sustained over time and no such gains were identified in Zambia. In addition, no country had given attention either to the issue of absolute affordability, through the implementation of effective exemption mechanisms to protect the poorest from the burden of payment, or to the establishment of community decision-making bodies that effectively represented the interests of all groups including the poorest. Overall, therefore, although the Benin Bamako Initiative programme might be judged as successful in terms of what appear to be its own equity objectives, the other two countries{\textquoteright} schemes had clear equity problems even in these terms. The experience across countries also highlights the unresolved question of whether equity is concerned with the greatest good for the greatest number or with promoting the interests of the most disadvantaged.}, keywords = {Benin, Community Health Services, Consumer Participation, Cost Sharing, Data Collection, Decision making, Fees and Charges, Financing, Health Care, Health Plan Implementation, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Kenya, Organizational, Organized, Poverty, Program Evaluation, Quality Assurance, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Zambia}, issn = {0749-6753}, doi = {10.1002/hpm.599}, author = {Gilson, L. and Kalyalya, D. and Kuchler, F. and Lake, S. and Oranga, H. and Ouendo, M.} } @mastersthesis {6451, title = {Essays on environmental regulation with applications to {Sweden}}, year = {2000}, note = {C805734}, school = {Goteborgs Universitet (Sweden)}, type = {phdFil.dr.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis includes four separate research essays, which all revolve around environmental regulation with applications to Sweden. The three first essays analyze, theoretically and empirically, a charge on emissions of nitrogen oxides from large combustion plants in Sweden, while the fourth essay investigates the effects on water consumption and tax revenues from a potential tax on household water use in Sweden. The first essay explores the static and dynamic properties of output-based refunding of emission charges. The findings show that with many small and competitive polluters targeted by a refunded charge, emissions are reduced to approximately the same marginal abatement cost as under an equivalent Pigouvian tax. However, resource allocation is distorted because of a limited output effect. Marginal spending on research and development of abatement technology is likely to be lower for targeted firms and about the same for outside suppliers under a refunded charge compared with an equivalent Pigouvian tax. The second essay analyses the costs for abatement investments implemented in 1990-96 by 114 large combustion plants, which in 1992 became subject to the Swedish charge on nitrogen oxide emissions. Marginal abatement cost functions are estimated for four industrial sectors using a double-hurdle model specification. The findings support the hypothesis that "low-hanging fruit" is abundant in NOx abatement. The third essay analyses regulation costs of the Swedish charge on emissions of nitrogen oxides. Based on plant-level data, costs for abatement, monitoring and control, plant and regulator administration, and welfare losses of refunding the charge are calculated, as well as estimates of the environmental costs for increases in other pollutants following from abatement of nitrogen oxides. The fourth essay estimates empirically the effects of a water tax on water use and on the size and stability of the tax revenues. Household demand functions for water are estimated using community level data for 282 (out of 286) Swedish communities studied annually over the period 1980-92 and applying static and dynamic panel data methods.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0768:Environmental science, Abatement costs, economics, Emissions charges, Environmental regulation, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Nitrogen oxides, Social sciences, Sweden}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304665334?accountid=14270}, author = {Hoglund, Lena} } @article {10279, title = {Estabiliza{\c c}{\~a}o e higieniza{\c c}{\~a}o de bioss{\'o}lidos}, journal = {Impacto Ambiental do uso agr{{\'\i}cola do lodo de esgosto. Jaguari{\'u}na: EMBRAPA}, year = {2000}, pages = {45{\textendash}67}, author = {Fernandes, F} } @article {3153, title = {Estimating the economic effects of cystic echinococcosis: {Uruguay}, a developing country with upper-middle income}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {94}, number = {7}, year = {2000}, month = {oct}, pages = {703{\textendash}713}, abstract = {Cost-benefit analyses, run before the commencement of a programme to control a parasitic disease, should include estimates of the economic losses attributable to the disease. Uruguay, a middle-income, developing country, has a recent history of persistent problems with cystic echinococcosis, in both its human population and livestock. The economic effects in Uruguay of this disease, caused by the larval stage of the canine tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, have now been evaluated. Data on the incidence of the disease, in humans and livestock, were used to construct cost estimates. The estimated minimum cost (U.S.\$2.9 million/year) was based on the condemnation costs of infected offal together with the actual costs of the hospital treatment of the human cases. The estimate of the maximum cost (U.S.\$22.1 million/year) also included the production losses resulting from lower livestock efficiency and the reduced income of individuals with morbidity attributable to the disease.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cost of Illness, Developing Countries, Echinococcosis, Hospital Costs, Humans, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, Uruguay}, issn = {0003-4983}, author = {Torgerson, P. R. and Carmona, C. and Bonifacino, R.} } @mastersthesis {7068, title = {Evaluating the equity, efficiency and effectiveness of development impact fees}, year = {2000}, note = {9980145}, school = {Texas A\&M University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Texas Senate Bill 336 took effect in 1990 and gave cities the authority to adopt development impact fees for new water, sewer, drainage and road facilities. Since passage of the bill, numerous Texas cities have adopted development impact fees. In the 1999 Texas legislative session, House Bill 2045, which would change the way development impact fees are implemented in the state, was introduced. The bill passed both houses and was vetoed by Governor Bush. The development impact fee issue is expected to resurface in the 2001 legislative session. This dissertation analyzed the proposed changes and their effects on impact fee implementation in the state. Development impact fees remain popular, with several cities adopting them each year in Texas. This research determines if Texas cities are implementing development impact fees in ways that are equitable, efficient, and effective. Research indicates that development impact fees in Texas are not being implemented in a way that is horizontally equitable. Horizontal equity requires that governments treat all residents alike. The proposed legislation would require a 50 percent credit for tax contributions. This legislative change would have little effect on Texas cities because they are currently assessing impact fees at a level less than 50 percent of the infrastructure cost. Few cities are implementing impact fees in a way that is development efficient. Those cities charging varying impact fees, depending on a development{\textquoteright}s location within the community, are viewed as development efficient. The proposed legislative changes would redefine a service area and could dramatically change fee implementation in the state. This research also found that impact fee cities have a higher total real estate value than non-impact fee cities. Impact fee assessment is reflected in the sales price of real estate in the city, which is then reflected in the total real estate value of the community. Another finding of the research was that impact fee cities have a lower level of general obligation debt than non-impact fee cities. Because of the impact fee, cities can pay for infrastructure as they go instead of passing bonds.}, keywords = {0617:Public administration, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Area planning \& development, Development impact fees, Efficiency, Equity, Infrastructure finance, Municipal finance, Public administration, Social sciences, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304668534?accountid=14270}, author = {Evans, Jennifer Suzanne} } @article {15462, title = {Evaluation of environmental methods to control snails in an irrigation system in Central Morocco}, journal = {Trop Med Int Health}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, year = {2000}, month = {Aug}, pages = {545-52}, abstract = {The Moroccan Ministry of Public Health has launched a programme to eliminate schistosomiasis. One of the components in this process is the control of Bulinus truncatus, the intermediate host snail of Schistosoma haematobium. We evaluated three environmentally safe measures to control B. truncatus in siphon boxes, the main breeding sites for these snails in the Tessaout Amont irrigation system. The first method involved covering the siphon boxes to exclude light and reduce algal growth, the second consisted of increasing the frequency of emptying and cleaning the siphon boxes, and the third method increased water velocity to hinder the establishment of the intermediate hosts. The results showed that covering had a pronounced effect on snail and egg mass density, was accepted by the local community and prevented water contact. Cleaning the siphons three times during the irrigation season led to a reduction in snail density although it was not statistically significant and recolonization was rapid. Increasing water velocity by reducing the dimensions of siphon boxes delayed recolonization, but such a control measure can be applied only in specific situations where it does not pose hydraulic problems. The three interventions were selectively effective against B. truncatus, whereas other snails such as Physa acuta and Lymnaea peregra were hardly affected. Covering, the most promising control measure, could be useful in the Moroccan schistosomiasis eradication programme. However, further investigations are needed to assess its impact on water quality.}, keywords = {Animals, Bulinus/ growth \& development, Environmental Monitoring/ instrumentation/methods, Humans, Morocco, Pest Control/ methods, Schistosomiasis haematobia/ prevention \& control, Seasons, Water Purification/ instrumentation/methods}, isbn = {1360-2276 (Print)
1360-2276 (Linking)}, author = {Laamrani, H. and Khallaayoune, K. and Boelee, E. and Laghroubi, M. M. and Madsen, H. and Gryseels, B.} } @article {8678, title = {{Evaluation of the environmental impact of microbial aerosols generated by wastewater treatment plants utilizing different aeration systems}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {88}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, pages = {845{\textendash}852}, abstract = {Using three sampler devices (SAS, Andersen Six-Stages and All Glass Impinger), the environmental impact of bacterial and fungal aerosols generated by municipal wastewater treatment plants operating with different methods of sludge oxygenation were evaluated. The highest microbial concentrations were recovered above the tanks (2247 cfu m-3) and in downwind positions (1425 cfu m-3), where a linear correlation (P {\textless} 0.05) was found between the quantity of sewage treated and the entities of microbial aerosol dispersion. Moreover, an exponential increase (P {\textless} 0.05) in the bacteria recovered from the air occurred at increasing times of treatment. However, after long-term plant operation, high bacterial and fungal concentrations were found in almost all of the sites around the plant. Coliforms, enterococci, Escherichia coli and staphylococci were almost always recovered in downwind positions. Considerable fractions (20-40{\%}) of sampled bacteria were able to penetrate the final stages of the Andersen apparatus and thus, are likely to be able to penetrate the lungs. The plant operating with a fine bubble diffused air system instead was found to generate rather low concentrations of bacteria and fungi; moreover, staphylococci and indicator micro-organisms were almost absent. Finally, salmonellae, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas spp. were not detected in either of the plants. The results indicate a remarkable dispersion of airborne bacteria and fungi from tanks in which oxygen is supplied via a mechanical agitation of sludge, and suggest the need to convert them to diffused aeration systems which pose a lesser hazard for human health.}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print)}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01024.x}, author = {Brandi, G. and Sisti, M. and Amagliani, G.} } @article {13179, title = {Extended method for discrimination of Aeromonas spp. by 16S rDNA RFLP analysis}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {50}, year = {2000}, pages = {2069-2073}, author = {Figueras, M. J. and Soler, L. and M. R. Chacon and Guarro, J. and A. J. Martinez-Murcia} } @article {4771, title = {{Extraction-free, filter-based template preparation for rapid and sensitive PCR detection of pathogenic parasitic protozoa}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {38}, year = {2000}, pages = {2271{\textendash}2277}, author = {Orlandi, PA and Lampel, KA} } @article {3203, title = {{Faecal coliform die-off in wastewater storage and treatment reservoirs}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {42}, number = {10-11}, year = {2000}, pages = {139{\textendash}147}, keywords = {Faecal coliforms, Financial analysis, Storage, Unrestricted irrigation, wastewater}, issn = {02731223}, author = {Athayde G.B., Jr and Mara, D. D. and Pearson, H. W. and Silva, S. A.} } @article {13465, title = {Fasciola hepatica infection downregulates Th1 responses in mice}, journal = {Parasite Immunol.}, volume = {22}, year = {2000}, pages = {147-155}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Neill, S. M. and Brady, M. T. and Callanan, J. J. and Mulcahy, G. and Joyce, P. and Mills, K. H. and Dalton, J. P.} } @article {14326, title = {Fecal shedding of {Campylobacter} and {Arcobacter} spp. in dairy cattle.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, month = {may}, pages = {1994{\textendash}2000}, author = {Wesley, I V and Wells, S J and Harmon, K M and Green, A and Schroeder-Tucker, L and Glover, M and Siddique, I} } @article {7861, title = {Fecal Shedding of Campylobacter and Arcobacter spp. in Dairy Cattle}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, note = {J1: Appl Environ Microbiol}, month = {02/01}, pages = {1994-2000}, abstract = {Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Arcobacter spp. were detected in feces of healthy dairy cows by highly specific multiplex-PCR assays. For C. jejuni, at this one-time sampling, cows from 80.6\% of farm operations (n = 31) and 37.7\% of individual dairy cattle fecal samples (n = 2,085) were positive. Farm management factors were correlated with prevalence in herds in which >25\% of cows were positive for C. jejuni. Statistical significance was set at a P of 0.20. Using these criteria, application of manure with broadcast spreaders (P = 0.17), feeding of whole cottonseed or hulls (P = 0.17) or alfalfa (P = 0.15), and accessibility of feed to birds (P = 0.17) were identified as possible risk factors for C. jejuni infection. C. coli was detected in at least one animal in 19.4\% of operations and 1.8\% of individual cows (n = 2,085). At the herd level, use of broadcaster spreaders was not a risk factor for C. coli infection. For Arcobacter, cows from 71\% of dairy operations (n = 31) and 14.3\% of individual dairy cattle fecal samples (n = 1,682) were positive. At the herd level, for Arcobacter spp., feeding of alfalfa (P = 0.11) and use of individual waterers (P = 0.19) were protective. This is the first description of Arcobacter spp. in clinically healthy dairy cattle and the first attempt to correlate their presence with C. jejuni.}, isbn = {0099-2240; 1098-5336}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC101445/}, author = {Wesley,I. V. and Wells,S. J. and Harmon,K. M. and Green,A. and Schroeder-Tucker,L. and Glover,M. and Siddique,I.} } @article {5809, title = {{Fecal shedding of Campylobacter and Arcobacter spp. in dairy cattle.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, month = {may}, pages = {1994{\textendash}2000}, author = {Wesley, I V and Wells, S J and Harmon, K M and Green, A and Schroeder-Tucker, L and Glover, M and Siddique, I} } @article {6114, title = {Field-Scale Migration of Colloidal Tracers in a Fractured Shale Saprolite}, journal = {Groundwater}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {139{\textendash}147}, author = {McKay, LD and Sanford, WE and Strong, JM} } @article {214, title = {Foodborne outbreak of Group A rotavirus gastroenteritis among college students{\textendash}District of Columbia, March-April 2000}, journal = {MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep}, volume = {49}, number = {50}, year = {2000}, note = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Journal Article United States MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000 Dec 22;49(50):1131-3.}, pages = {1131-3}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {On March 31, student health services at a university in the District of Columbia (DC) notified the DC health department that an increased number of students had become ill with acute gastroenteritis beginning March 29. Some ill students reported eating tuna or chicken salad sandwiches from dining hall A on campus. On March 31, the DC health department initiated an outbreak investigation. This report summarizes results of the investigation, which indicated that group A rotavirus transmitted by food was the cause of the outbreak.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult District of Columbia/epidemiology Foodborne Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/microbiology Humans Rotavirus/isolation \&, purification Rotavirus Infections/*epidemiology/etiology Universities}, issn = {0149-2195 (Print) 0149-2195}, author = {CDC} } @article {6627, title = {Fractured-{Aquifer} {Hydrogeology} from {Geophysical} {Logs}: {Brunswick} {Group} and {Lockatong} {Formation}, {Pennsylvania}}, journal = {GroundWater}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, year = {2000}, pages = {182{\textendash}192}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00329.x/abstract}, author = {Morin, Roger H. and Senior, Lisa A. and Decker, Edward R.} } @mastersthesis {6879, title = {A framework for environmental monitoring infrastructure investment planning in developing areas}, year = {2000}, note = {9986135}, school = {The University of Wisconsin - Madison}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis describes a planning and cost-estimating framework, with supporting computer software, that can be used to improve decision making related to environmental laboratory construction and operation. A spreadsheet program is supported by a database that contains the technical and economic information. The outputs are the resources needed to construct and operate a laboratory to meet a specified mission. The resources include the laboratory budding, furniture, personnel, equipment, and monies need for construction and operation. It is hoped that application of the tool will result in the participating agencies committing all the needed resource over the planned operating lifetime of the project. The obvious use of the planning tool is to develop budgets for construction and operation of a laboratory or a coordinated network of laboratories. Other important uses are to (1) identify special needs for recruitment and training of personnel, especially technicians who can do maintenance and repair of expensive instrumentation, and (2) calculate the per analysis fees that must be charged to recover costs. The tool can be used to develop long-term budgets for the staged development of laboratories. This staging might be to increase the number of analyses performed and the amount of instrumentation according to a program that is realistic given the available funding and availability of technical personnel. The tool can also be used to compare the cost of a centralized laboratory with smaller separated laboratories. A centralized laboratory offers economy-of-scale with respect to laboratory space, equipment, maintenance technicians, purchasing, and other costs. This is balanced against increased travel and costs of collecting samples. Another usefulness of the tools is to plan a large monitoring study (as opposed to planning a laboratory). This planning might be done by a laboratory before it agrees that it can support of proposed monitoring program. Or, it might be done by the monitoring program manager as a means of checking the economic feasibility of the proposed project.* The dissertation includes a CD that is multimedia (contains text and other applications that are not available in a printed format). The CD requires the following applications: Microsoft Word, Excel, Access 1997.}, keywords = {0508:Finance, 0554:Sanitation, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Applied sciences, Area planning \& development, Developing areas, Environmental monitoring, Finance, Infrastructure, Investment, sanitation, Social sciences, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304637012?accountid=14270}, author = {Lukito, Penny K.} } @article {13825, title = {Functional genomics of {Helicobacter} pylori: {Identification} of a ??-1,4 galactosyltransferase and generation of mutants with altered lipopolysaccharide}, journal = {Molecular Microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, pages = {1156{\textendash}1167}, abstract = {A previously annotated open reading frame (ORF) (HP0826) from Helicobacter pylori was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli cells and determined to be a beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase that used GlcNAc as an acceptor. Mutational analysis in H. pylori strains demonstrated that this enzyme plays a key role in the biosynthesis of the type 2 N-acetyl-lactosamine (LacNAc) polysaccharide O-chain backbone, by catalysing the addition of Gal to GlcNAc. To examine the potential role of this O-chain structure in bacterial colonization of the host stomach, the mutation was introduced into H. pylori strain SS1 which is known to be capable of colonizing the gastric mucosa of mice. Compared with the parental strain, mutated SS1 was less efficient at colonizing the murine stomach.}, issn = {0950382X}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01784.x}, author = {Logan, S. M. and Conlan, J. W. and Monteiro, M. A. and Wakarchuk, W. W. and Altman, E.} } @article {8196, title = {{Functional genomics of Helicobacter pylori: Identification of a ??-1,4 galactosyltransferase and generation of mutants with altered lipopolysaccharide}}, journal = {Molecular Microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, pages = {1156{\textendash}1167}, abstract = {A previously annotated open reading frame (ORF) (HP0826) from Helicobacter pylori was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli cells and determined to be a beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase that used GlcNAc as an acceptor. Mutational analysis in H. pylori strains demonstrated that this enzyme plays a key role in the biosynthesis of the type 2 N-acetyl-lactosamine (LacNAc) polysaccharide O-chain backbone, by catalysing the addition of Gal to GlcNAc. To examine the potential role of this O-chain structure in bacterial colonization of the host stomach, the mutation was introduced into H. pylori strain SS1 which is known to be capable of colonizing the gastric mucosa of mice. Compared with the parental strain, mutated SS1 was less efficient at colonizing the murine stomach.}, isbn = {0950-382X (Print)$\backslash$r0950-382X (Linking)}, issn = {0950382X}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01784.x}, author = {Logan, S. M. and Conlan, J. W. and Monteiro, M. A. and Wakarchuk, W. W. and Altman, E.} } @article {9538, title = {{Genetic homology among thirteen Encephalitozoon intestinalis isolates obtained from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with intestinal microsporidiosis}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {2000}, pages = {2389{\textendash}2391}, author = {Liguory, O and Fournier, S and Sarfati, C and Derouin, F and Molina, J} } @article {7859, title = {Genotyping of Campylobacter spp}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, note = {Jan; Genotyping of Campylobacter spp; ISI:000084585800001; ID: 624}, pages = {1-9}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Wassenaar,T. M. and Newell,D. G.} } @article {15701, title = {Giardia and Cryptosporidium removals by clarification and filtration under challenge conditions}, journal = {Journal - American Water Works Association}, volume = {92}, number = {12}, year = {2000}, pages = {70-84}, author = {Edzwald, James and Tobiason, John and M. Parento, Leah and B. Kelley, Michael and S. Kaminski, Gary and J. Dunn, Howard and B. Galant, Peter} } @article {15879, title = {Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts at sewage treatment works in Scotland, UK}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {34}, number = {8}, year = {2000}, month = {2000/06/01/}, pages = {2310-2322}, keywords = {Cysts, Oocysts, Protozoan parasites, Removal efficiency, Sampling, Sewage, Survival}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Robertson, L. J. and Paton, C. A. and Campbell, A. T. and Smith, P. G. and Jackson, M. H. and Gilmour, R. A. and Black, S. E. and Stevenson, D. A. and Smith, H. V.} } @article {8729, title = {{GIARDIA CYSTS AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM OOCYSTS AT SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS IN SCOTLAND, UK}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {34}, number = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {2310{\textendash}2322}, abstract = {{\DH}A three year study on Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in sewage was conducted with emphasis upon: (1) development and assessment of techniques for sampling and processing sewage for these parasites; (2) a {\textregistered}eld study in which six sewage treatment works (STW) were assessed for removal of these parasites from the liquid phase; and (3) assessment of e€ect of sewage treatment on survival/destruction of Cryptosporidium oocysts. In sampling, grab samples were superior to {\textregistered}ltered samples. In concentration and clari{\textregistered}cation of samples, the most ecient technique was that in which sample manipulation was minimised. Although calculated parasite removal eciency varied for both parasites and between and within STW, some consistent patterns were observed. First, Giardia cyst removal was signi{\textregistered}cantly greater than Cryptosporidium oocyst removal. Second, most parasite removal occurred during secondary treatments, rather than during primary settlement. Third, no signi{\textregistered}cant di€erence between ecacy of activated sludge treatment and trickling {\textregistered}lters at parasite removal was detected. Also, in one STW which utilised tertiary sewage treatment, most removal from the liquid phase occurred during preceding treatment stages. Finally, one STW had signi{\textregistered}cantly higher removal eciencies of both parasites than the other {\textregistered}ve STW investigated. Low numbers of viable oocysts were detected at both in{\textasciimacron}uent and e‚uent. Survival was monitored by introducing oocysts, in containers bounded by semi-permeable membranes, into various environments within one STW. The results demonstrated that, over one week, none of the environments tested had a deleterious e€ect on oocyst viability, with the exception of the sludge-holding tank. Results are discussed in relation to other published work on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in sewage and recommendations for further areas of research on this subject are made. 7}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium, Cysts, Giardia, Oocysts, Protozoan parasites, removal eciency, Sampling, Survival, {\DH}sewage}, author = {Robertson, L J and Paton, C A and Campbell, A T and Smith, P G and Jackson, M H and Gilmour, R A and Black, S E and Stevenson, D A and Smith, H V} } @article {17506, title = {{Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts at sewage treatment works in Scotland, UK}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {34}, number = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {2310{\textendash}2322}, abstract = {A three year study on Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in sewage was conducted with emphasis upon: (1) development and assessment of techniques for sampling and processing sewage for these parasites: (2) a field study in which six sewage treatment works (STW) were assessed for removal of these parasites from the liquid phase; and (3) assessment of effect of sewage treatment on survival/destruction of Cryptosporidium oocysts. In sampling, grab samples were superior to filtered samples. In concentration and clarification of samples, the most efficient technique was that in which sample manipulation was minimised. Although calculated parasite removal efficiency varied for both parasites and between and within STW, some consistent patterns were observed. First, Giardia cyst removal was significantly greater than Cryptosporidium oocyst removal. Second, most parasite removal occurred during secondary treatments, rather than during primary settlement. Third, no significant difference between efficacy of activated sludge treatment and trickling filters at parasite removal was detected. Also, in one STW which utilised tertiary sewage treatment, most removal from the liquid phase occurred during preceding treatment stages. Finally, one STW had significantly higher removal efficiencies of both parasites than the other five STW investigated. Low numbers of viable oocysts were detected at both influent and effluent. Survival was monitored by introducing oocysts, in containers bounded by semi-permeable membranes, into various environments within one STW. The results demonstrated that, over one week, none of the environments tested had a deleterious effect on oocyst viability, with the exception of the sludge-holding tank. Results are discussed in relation to other published work on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in sewage and recommendations for further areas of research on this subject are made.}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium, Cysts, Giardia, Oocysts, Protozoan parasites, Removal efficiency, Sampling, Sewage, Survival}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00408-X}, author = {Robertson, L. J. and Paton, C. A. and Campbell, A. T. and Smith, P. G. and Jackson, M. H. and Gilmour, R. A. and Black, S. E. and Stevenson, D. A. and Smith, H. V.} } @article {5259, title = {{Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts at sewage treatment works in Scotland, UK}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {34}, number = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {2310{\textendash}2322}, abstract = {A three year study on Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in sewage was conducted with emphasis upon: (1) development and assessment of techniques for sampling and processing sewage for these parasites; (2) a field study in which six sewage treatment works (STW) were assessed for removal of these parasites from the liquid phase; and (3) assessment of effect of sewage treatment on survival/destruction of Cryptosporidium oocysts.In sampling, grab samples were superior to filtered samples. In concentration and clarification of samples, the most efficient technique was that in which sample manipulation was minimised.Although calculated parasite removal efficiency varied for both parasites and between and within STW, some consistent patterns were observed. First, Giardia cyst removal was significantly greater than Cryptosporidium oocyst removal. Second, most parasite removal occurred during secondary treatments, rather than during primary settlement. Third, no significant difference between efficacy of activated sludge treatment and trickling filters at parasite removal was detected. Also, in one STW which utilised tertiary sewage treatment, most removal from the liquid phase occurred during preceding treatment stages. Finally, one STW had significantly higher removal efficiencies of both parasites than the other five STW investigated.Low numbers of viable oocysts were detected at both influent and effluent. Survival was monitored by introducing oocysts, in containers bounded by semi-permeable membranes, into various environments within one STW. The results demonstrated that, over one week, none of the environments tested had a deleterious effect on oocyst viability, with the exception of the sludge-holding tank.Results are discussed in relation to other published work on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in sewage and recommendations for further areas of research on this subject are made. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium, Cysts, Giardia, Oocysts, Protozoan parasites, Removal efficiency, Sampling, Sewage, Survival}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00408-X}, author = {Robertson, L. J. and Paton, C. A. and Campbell, A. T. and Smith, P. G. and Jackson, M. H. and Gilmour, R. A. and Black, S. E. and Stevenson, D. A. and Smith, H. V.} } @article {15375, title = {The global status of schistosomiasis and its control}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, note = {Journal Article
Netherlands}, month = {Oct 23}, pages = {41-51}, abstract = {Schistosomiasis is being successfully controlled in many countries but remains a major public health problem, with an estimated 200 million people infected, mostly in Africa. Few countries in this region have undertaken successful and sustainable control programmes. The construction of water schemes to meet the power and agricultural requirements for development have lead to increasing transmission, especially of Schistosoma mansoni. Increasing population and movement have contributed to increased transmission and introduction of schistosomiasis to new areas. Most endemic countries are among the least developed whose health systems face difficulties to provide basic care at the primary health level. Constraints to control include, the lack of political commitment and infrastructure for public health interventions. Another constraint is that available anti-schistosomal drugs are expensive and the cost of individual treatment is a high proportion of the per capita drug budgets. There is need for increased support for schistosomiasis control in the most severely affected countries.}, keywords = {Africa/epidemiology, Americas/epidemiology, Animals, Asia, Southeastern/epidemiology, China/epidemiology, environment, Humans, Income, India/epidemiology, Japan/epidemiology, Mediterranean Region/epidemiology, Morbidity, Population Growth, prevalence, Public health, Risk Factors, Schistosoma, Schistosomiasis/*epidemiology/parasitology/prevention \& control, Species Specificity, Therapeutic Irrigation/adverse effects, Turkey/epidemiology}, isbn = {0001-706X (Print)
0001-706X (Linking)}, author = {Chitsulo, L. and Engels, D. and Montresor, A. and Savioli, L.} } @booklet {3795, title = {Global {Water} {Supply} and {Sanitation} {Assessment} 2000 {Report}}, year = {2000}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @booklet {3457, title = {{Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report}}, year = {2000}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {WHO/UNICEF} } @booklet {11077, title = {Health {Aspects} of {Dry} {Sanitation} with {Waste} {Reuse}}, number = {324}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough (WELL)}, address = {London}, author = {Peasey, A.} } @article {15276, title = {Health burden in the {Netherlands} due to infection with thermophilic {\textbackslash}textlessi{\textbackslash}{textgreaterCampylobacter}{\textbackslash}textless/i{\textbackslash}textgreater spp.}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {125}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {505{\textendash}522}, abstract = {Infection with thermophilic Campylobacter spp. usually leads to an episode of acute gastroenteritis. Occasionally, more severe diseases may be induced, notably Guillain Barr{\'e} syndrome and reactive arthritis. For some, the disease may be fatal. We have integrated available data in one public health measure, the Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY). DALYs are the sum of Years of Life Lost by premature mortality and Years Lived with Disability, weighted with a factor between 0 and 1 for the severity of illness. The mean health burden of campylobacter-associated illness in the Dutch population in the period 1990-5 is estimated as 1400 (90\% CI 900-2000) DALY per year. The main determinants of health burden are acute gastroenteritis (440 DALY), gastroenteritis related mortality (310 DALY) and residual symptoms of Guillain-Barr{\'e} syndrome (340 DALY). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that alternative model assumptions produced results in the above-mentioned range.}, keywords = {Campylobacter, DALY}, issn = {09502688}, author = {Havelaar, A H and de Wit, M a and van Koningsveld, R and van Kempen, E} } @article {13694, title = {{Health burden in the Netherlands due to infection with thermophilic {\textless}i{\textgreater}Campylobacter{\textless}/i{\textgreater} spp.}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {125}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {505{\textendash}522}, abstract = {Infection with thermophilic Campylobacter spp. usually leads to an episode of acute gastroenteritis. Occasionally, more severe diseases may be induced, notably Guillain Barr{\'e} syndrome and reactive arthritis. For some, the disease may be fatal. We have integrated available data in one public health measure, the Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY). DALYs are the sum of Years of Life Lost by premature mortality and Years Lived with Disability, weighted with a factor between 0 and 1 for the severity of illness. The mean health burden of campylobacter-associated illness in the Dutch population in the period 1990-5 is estimated as 1400 (90{\%} CI 900-2000) DALY per year. The main determinants of health burden are acute gastroenteritis (440 DALY), gastroenteritis related mortality (310 DALY) and residual symptoms of Guillain-Barr{\'e} syndrome (340 DALY). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that alternative model assumptions produced results in the above-mentioned range.}, keywords = {Campylobacter, DALY}, issn = {09502688}, author = {Havelaar, A H and de Wit, M a and van Koningsveld, R and van Kempen, E} } @article {14498, title = {Health effect of wastewater reuse in agriculture}, journal = {Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg}, volume = {105}, year = {2000}, pages = {241{\textendash}7}, abstract = {The present study addresses the impact of wastewater reuse in agriculture on the transmission of protozoan and helminthic infections. For this purpose, an epidemiological study was carried out on two populations of children totalling 608 individuals for protozoan infections and 528 for helminthic infections. Each population comprised an exposed group living in the wastewater spreading area of Marrakech and a control group. Results showed that 72\% of the exposed group had protozoan infections. This rate did not exceed 45\% in the control group. The pathogenic protozoan infections observed were giardiasis and amoebiasis. Regarding helminthic infections, 73\% of the exposed children were infected compared with 30\% of the control group. The risk attributable to wastewater reuse in the transmission of pathogenic protozoan and helminthic infections was 41\% and 43\%, respectively. Children of the spreading area are therefore more exposed to detectable risks from parasitic helminths and protozoa than the control children.}, keywords = {*Agriculture, *Conservation of Natural Resources, *Water Microbiology, *Water Purification, Adolescent, Amebiasis/*transmission, Child, Female, Giardiasis/*transmission, Helminthiasis/*transmission, Humans, Male, Morocco, Risk Factors, Sewage/microbiology}, issn = {0300-8665 (Print) 0300-8665 (Linking)}, author = {Bouhoum, K. and Amahmid, O.} } @inbook {13561, title = {Hepatic Trematodiases}, booktitle = {Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 1 Helminthiases}, year = {2000}, pages = {69-92}, publisher = {Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and American Registry of Pathology}, organization = {Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and American Registry of Pathology}, address = {Washington D.C}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Bargues, M. D. and Marty, A. M. and Neafie, R. C.}, editor = {W.M. Meyers, R.C. Neafie, A.M. Marty and D.J. Wear} } @booklet {5769, title = {{Hepatitis A}}, year = {2000}, publisher = {World Health Organization Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response} } @article {5979, title = {{Hepatitis E}}, journal = {Infectious Disease Clinics of North America}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {669{\textendash}687}, author = {Krawczynski, K and Aggarwal, R} } @article {5919, title = {{Hepatitis E: an overview and recent advances in clinical and laboratory research}}, journal = {Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {9{\textendash}20}, author = {Aggarwal, R and Krawczynski, K} } @article {17276, title = {Host adaptation and the emergence of infectious disease: the Salmonella paradigm}, journal = {Mol MicrobiolMol Microbiol}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1006-14}, edition = {2000/06/09}, keywords = {Adaptation, Physiological/*immunology, Animals, Humans, Models, Biological, Salmonella Infections/*immunology/microbiology, Salmonella/classification/immunology, Serotyping}, isbn = {0950-382X (Print)
0950-382X (Linking)}, author = {Kingsley, R. A. and Baumler, A. J.} } @article {10140, title = {{How quantitative is quantitative PCR with respect to cell counts?}}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, pages = {556{\textendash}562}, author = {Ludwig, W and Schleifer, KH} } @article {3511, title = {How rotavirus causes diarrhea.}, journal = {Science}, volume = {287}, number = {5452}, year = {2000}, pages = {409,411}, author = {Wickelgren, I} } @article {3555, title = {Human astrovirus isolation and propagation in multiple cell lines.}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {145}, number = {9}, year = {2000}, pages = {1847{\textendash}1856}, author = {Brinker, JP and N R Blacklow and Herrmann, JE} } @article {13567, title = {Human fascioliasis, an emerging public health problem in the Nile Delta, Egypt}, journal = {Res Rev Parasitol}, volume = {60}, year = {2000}, pages = {129-134}, author = {Curtale, F., Hammoud, E. S., El Wakeel, A., Mas-Coma, S. and Savioli, L.} } @article {5210, title = {{The hydraulic performance of ponds of various layouts}}, journal = {Urban Water}, volume = {2}, number = {2000}, year = {2000}, pages = {243{\textendash}250}, keywords = {Hydraulic performance, hydraulics, layout, numerical simulation, pond, short-circuiting, wetland}, author = {Persson, J} } @article {16158, title = {Identification and partial characterization of a novel hemolysin from Leptospira interrogans serovar lai.}, journal = {GeneGene}, volume = {254}, number = {1-2}, year = {2000}, pages = {19-28.}, author = {Lee, S. H. and Kim, K. A. and Park, Y. G. and Seong, I. W. and Kim, M. J. and Lee, Y. J.} } @article {16426, title = {Identification of Nonpoint Sources of Fecal Pollution in Coastal Waters by Using Host-Specific 16S Ribosomal DNA Genetic Markers from Fecal Anaerobes}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, year = {2000}, pages = {1587-1594}, author = {Bernhard, A.E. and Field, K.G.} } @mastersthesis {7297, title = {Impact equity and {Canadian} mining in {Ecuador}: {A} case study of stakeholder perspectives from communities, government and industry}, year = {2000}, note = {MQ57215}, school = {Dalhousie University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{E}.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The central theme of the thesis is impact equity, the distribution of costs and benefits, of large-scale mining among stakeholders. Currently, Canadian investment capital dominates mineral development throughout Latin America. The study is based on the premise that growing integration among the Americas creates interdependencies such that socio-political instability in the margins of one country may have negative repercussions on others. The case study explores stakeholder perspectives regarding the potential impact of large-scale mining on livelihood security. This livelihood security concept includes several components; subsistence levels and sources, resource user rights or ownership, sustainable harvesting, and basic services such as garbage collection, sewerage, treated water, health and education services, accessibility and quality. Interviews were conducted with representatives from stakeholder organizations, and included national and local government officials, management from two Canadian mining companies, leaders from the Shuar and Saraguro ethnic groups, subsistence artisan miners and peasant leaders. Analysis of findings indicates a clear rift between government and industry on the one hand, and community stakeholders on the other. Degrees of convergence and dissent are explored by looking at the various definitions respondents provided for livelihood security, and possible influencing factors such as proximity to mining activity, the nature and influence of stakeholder organizations, views on the direction of development and past experiences or attitudes towards large-scale mining. In addition, many of the issues raised regarding the potential impact of mineral development appear rooted in themes of long standing precedence involving impact equity and power disparity. Recommendations begin by drawing on suggestions made by stakeholder respondents and address specific issues that involve past inequities and present challenges.}, keywords = {0326:Cultural anthropology, 0508:Finance, Cultural anthropology, Finance, Impact analysis, Mining industry, Social sciences, Stakeholders, Studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304642388?accountid=14270}, author = {Burley, Margaret Helen Lisa} } @article {15661, title = {Impact of a wastewater treatment plant on Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts occurring in a surface water}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {41}, number = {7}, year = {2000}, pages = {31-37}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Carraro, E. and Fea, E. and Salva, S. and Gilli, G.} } @mastersthesis {6691, title = {Implementation of an insecticide treated bednet programme for malaria prevention through the {Primary} {Health} {Care} {System} in {Mozambique}: socioeconomic factors associated with sustainability and equity. ({BL}: {DXN}051756)}, year = {2000}, note = {U159881}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The study which forms the basis for this thesis took place in Boane, Mozambique from, 1996 to 1998. the aim of the study was to determine how financially sustainable and equitable an ITN programme could be when implemented through the primary health care system, and how the socio-economic level of the community would affect such a programme. Bednets were treated with Lambdacyalothrin and sold at the health centre at price equal to the factory{\textquoteright}s wholesale price. The willingness to pay of the households, the ITN coverage which was achieved, the total cost of implementing the project, and the financial resources which would be required to implement a national ITN programme in Mozambique were calculated. The main findings of the study were as follows: The Boane community accepted the ITNs very well. However, the purchase of ITNs was dependent on the socio-economic level of the buyer; poor households were less likely to buy than richer households (p{\textless}0.001). Thus, there was not an equitable distribution of ITNs in the community. Many households whose stated maximum willingness to pay before the project was less than US\$5 actually did pay that amount for an ITN during the project. Thus, willingness to pay was not a reliable way of predicting the households{\textquoteright} probably purchase of ITNs. The estimate of the cost of the project demonstrated that the financial cost per ITN delivered (\$9.60) was much higher than the price at which the ITNs were sold to the consumers (\$5 on average). Thus, the project was not financially sustainable. Moreover, given the cost structure covering a large area of achieving wider coverage would have required an even higher level of subsidy. In order to guarantee an equitable national ITN programme through the public health system in Mozambique, the government will have to mobilise external donors to finance the ITN programme. This study contributes to an understanding of the implications of how the price of ITNs affects the financial sustainability, equity and coverage of the programme, and makes recommendations for obtaining the funds required to heavily subsidise ITN programmes in Mozambique in particular, and in Sub-Saharan Africa in general.}, keywords = {0573:Public health, Bibliographies, DXN051756, Health and environmental sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public health, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301549025?accountid=14270}, author = {Ogedge, M.D.C.} } @article {6232, title = {Improving compliance with hand hygiene in hospitals}, journal = {Infection control}, volume = {21}, number = {06}, year = {2000}, pages = {381{\textendash}386}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0195941700042466}, author = {Pittet, Didier} } @mastersthesis {6665, title = {In situ gelling drug delivery systems for periodontal anaesthesia}, year = {2000}, note = {C806071}, school = {Uppsala Universitet (Sweden)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In this thesis local anaesthetic formulations based on PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers (PEO and PPO being poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide), respectively) or nonionic cellulose ethers undergoing temperature- or dilution-induced thickening were investigated. The aim of the work was to develop formulations which can be easily administered to the periodontal pocket, stay at the application site, give a fast onset of anaesthesia and have a duration sufficient to perform periodontal scaling procedures. Emulsions, (mixed) micellar solutions and microemulsions fulfilling the requirements stated above were achieved by combining the active ingredients lidocaine and prilocaine with the nonionic block copolymers Lutrol {\textregistered} F127 and Lutrol{\textregistered} F68. The critical micellisation and gelation temperatures of the systems were found to be interconnected and influenced by the total polymer concentration and the polymer mixture composition, as well as the presence of cosolutes and pH. A low-viscous isotropic phase that turns into a high-viscous hexagonal phase as the water content increases was found by combining Lutrol {\textregistered} F68, water, a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine and Akoline MCM. The system has a slower release rate compared to the microemulsion formulation which might make it suitable for indications where a longer duration is needed. Finally, a temperature-induced gelling system was achieved by adding lidocaine and prilocaine to mixtures of ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose (EHEC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or myristoylcholine bromide systems at, or just below, the surfactant concentration found to give a maximum viscosity increase at room temperature. In particular, the myristoylcholine bromide system may be interesting considering its antibacterial properties and biodegradability.}, keywords = {0491:Pharmacology, 0567:Dental care, 0572:Pharmaceuticals, Anesthesia, Dental care, Drug delivery, Gelling, Health and environmental sciences, PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers, Periodontal, Pharmaceuticals, pharmacology, Pure sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304666320?accountid=14270}, author = {Scherlund, Marie Birgitta} } @article {16995, title = {Inactivation of indicator microorganisms in estuarine waters}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {34}, number = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {2207{\textendash}2214}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Burkhardt, William and Calci, Kevin R and Watkins, William D and Rippey, Scott R and Chirtel, Stuart J} } @article {17284, title = {Inactivation of Vibrio cholerae during anaerobic digestion of human night soil}, journal = {Bioresource TechnologyBioresource Technology}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2000}, month = {Nov}, pages = {149-151}, keywords = {acids, Anaerobic digestion, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, human night soil, Inactivation, Salmonella, Survival, vfa, Vibrio cholerae}, isbn = {0960-8524}, author = {Kunte, D. P. and Yeole, T. Y. and Ranade, D. R.} } @article {3662, title = {Incidence and genetic diversity of group C rotavirus among adults}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Disease}, volume = {182}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {678{\textendash}684}, doi = {10.1086/315772}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315772}, author = {Nilsson, M and Svenungsson, B and Hedlund, K O and Uhnoo, I and Lagergren, A and Akre, T and Svensson, L} } @article {7581, title = {{Influence of salts on virus adsorption to microporous filters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {7}, year = {2000}, pages = {2914-2920}, abstract = {

We investigated the direct and indirect effects of mono-, di-, and trivalent salts (NaCl, MgCl2, and AlCl3) on the adsorption of several viruses (MS2, PRD-1, $\phi$174, and poliovirus 1) to microporous filters at different pH values. The filters studied included Millipore HA (nitroceflulose), Filterite (fiberglass), Whatman (cellulose), and 1MDS (charged-modified fiber) filters. Each of these filters except the Whatman cellulose fitters has been used in virus removal and recovery procedures. The direct effects of added salts were considered to be the effects associated with the presence of the soluble salts. The indirect effects of the added salts were considered to be (i) changes in the pH values of solutions and (ii) the formation of insoluble precipitates that could adsorb viruses and be removed by filtration. When direct effects alone were considered, the salts used in this study promoted virus adsorption, interfered with virus adsorption, or had little or no effect on virus adsorption, depending on the filter, the virus, and the salt. Although we were able to confirm previous reports that the addition of aluminum chloride to water enhances virus adsorption to microporous filters, we found that the enhanced adsorption was associated with indirect effects rather than direct effects. The increase in viral adsorption observed when aluminum chloride was added to water was related to the decrease in the pH of the water. Similar results could be obtained by adding HCl. The increased adsorption of viruses in water at pH 7 following addition of aluminum chloride was probably due to flocculation of aluminum, since removal of flocs by filtration greatly reduced the enhancement observed. The only direct effect of aluminum chloride on virus adsorption that we observed was interference with adsorption to microporous filters. Under conditions under which hydrophobic interactions were minimal, aluminum chloride interfered with virus adsorption to Millipore, Filterite, and 1MDS filters. In most cases, less than 10{\%} of the viruses adsorbed to filters in the presence of a multivalent salt and a compound that interfered with hydrophobic interactions (0.1{\%} Tween 80 or 4 M urea).

}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.66.7.2914-2920.2000}, author = {Lukasik, J. and Scott, T.M. and Andryshak, D. and SR Farrah} } @article {13780, title = {Influence of salts on virus adsorption to microporous filters}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {7}, year = {2000}, abstract = {We investigated the direct and indirect effects of mono-, di-, and trivalent salts (NaCl, MgCl2, and AlCl3) on the adsorption of several viruses (MS2, PRD-1, ϕ174, and poliovirus 1) to microporous filters at different pH values. The filters studied included Millipore HA (nitroceflulose), Filterite (fiberglass), Whatman (cellulose), and 1MDS (charged-modified fiber) filters. Each of these filters except the Whatman cellulose fitters has been used in virus removal and recovery procedures. The direct effects of added salts were considered to be the effects associated with the presence of the soluble salts. The indirect effects of the added salts were considered to be (i) changes in the pH values of solutions and (ii) the formation of insoluble precipitates that could adsorb viruses and be removed by filtration. When direct effects alone were considered, the salts used in this study promoted virus adsorption, interfered with virus adsorption, or had little or no effect on virus adsorption, depending on the filter, the virus, and the salt. Although we were able to confirm previous reports that the addition of aluminum chloride to water enhances virus adsorption to microporous filters, we found that the enhanced adsorption was associated with indirect effects rather than direct effects. The increase in viral adsorption observed when aluminum chloride was added to water was related to the decrease in the pH of the water. Similar results could be obtained by adding HCl. The increased adsorption of viruses in water at pH 7 following addition of aluminum chloride was probably due to flocculation of aluminum, since removal of flocs by filtration greatly reduced the enhancement observed. The only direct effect of aluminum chloride on virus adsorption that we observed was interference with adsorption to microporous filters. Under conditions under which hydrophobic interactions were minimal, aluminum chloride interfered with virus adsorption to Millipore, Filterite, and 1MDS filters. In most cases, less than 10\% of the viruses adsorbed to filters in the presence of a multivalent salt and a compound that interfered with hydrophobic interactions (0.1\% Tween 80 or 4 M urea).}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.66.7.2914-2920.2000}, author = {Lukasik, J. and Scott, T.M. and Andryshak, D. and SR Farrah} } @mastersthesis {6301, title = {Intensification of anaerobic lagoons for abattoir wastewater treatment and biogas recovery}, year = {2000}, note = {0802152}, school = {University of New South Wales (Australia)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The Australian red meat industry faces major environmental issues from its production and disposal of large volumes of wastewater high in organics, nutrients, fats and suspended solids. The industry is facing a difficult period with increases in tax, trade waste and water charges, as well as community pressure to reduce odours resulting from inefficient water treatment systems. The aim of this research was to improve the utility of anaerobic lagoons for intensive rural industries, particularly abattoirs, and develop a treatment technology which was capable of treating the wastes to the required regulatory standards while being cost effective for the industry. A 50 litres, two-stage, novel intensified anaerobic lagoon system (IALS), with a high rate (HR) fixed film zone and a low rate (LR) polishing zone within a covered anaerobic lagoon was developed and tested at bench-scale for wastewater carbon removal and biogas recovery. Steady state and dynamic experiments, using actual wastewater from a sheep abattoir (COD range: 3,100-11,700 mg.L -1 ), aided in the development of the preferred operational conditions for the IALS. The results of the trials identified that the IALS with a 20\% enhanced activity/HR zone volume had COD removal efficiencies in excess of 90\% even with an overall organic loading rate of 2.5 kgCOD.m -3 .d-1 . The total suspended solids were reduced by 95\% in the final effluent and methane yields of up to 0.29 L.kg-1 COD removed, indicated effective degradation. Up to 80\% of the overall COD removal and biogas production occurred in the HR zone, implying scope for only partial lagoon coverage and the potential for carbon and nutrient removal within the two stage IALS. Estimated capital cost for installing an IALS for a sheep abattoir was only 1.8\% of the cost of installing an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor. The experimental work and economic analysis demonstrated that the IALS concept combined the advantages of high rate mesophilic and low rate lagoon systems, thus successfully maximising performance while being economically favourable over other available anaerobic systems especially when biogas was utilised as a fuel in the abattoir.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0775:Environmental engineering, Abattoir wastewater, anaerobic lagoons, Applied sciences, Biogas recovery, Civil engineering, Environmental engineering, Wastewater treatment}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304662983?accountid=14270}, author = {Faruqi, Mehreen Saeed} } @article {11159, title = {The Interaction between Assessors and Managers of Microbiological Hazards in Food}, year = {2000}, month = {March, 2000}, pages = {21-23}, institution = {WHO Expert Consultation}, address = {Kiel, Germany} } @article {4924, title = {{Intervening transcribed spacer region 1 variability in Cyclospora cayetanensis}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {38}, year = {2000}, pages = {2339{\textendash}2343}, author = {Adam, RD and Ortega, YR and Gilman, RH and Sterling, CR} } @mastersthesis {6718, title = {An investigation into aspects of the ecology of aquatic microfauna of two man-made lakes in {North} {East} {England}. ({BL}: {DXN}059095)}, year = {2000}, note = {U165015}, school = {University of Newcastle Upon Tyne (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The following work presents the results of investigations into the aspects of zooplankton and aquatic macroinvertebrata ecology of two man-made reservoirs in NE England, Scaling Dam and Bakethin. Limnological studies of species composition and occurrence, and the underlying chemical characteristics of those water bodies were conducted in the years 1994-98. Both reservoirs are small oligotrophic water bodies, with low overall abundance of aquatic fauna present. The reservoirs were characterised by low overall nutrient content, with the phosphate level frequently below detection level, and the average pH levels of 7.5 and 7.6 respectively. The ecological investigations were conducted under the variety of environmental conditions present. Of particular interest were the developments of the aquatic communities after the periods of particular environmental stress, such as prolonged periods of cold weather and water level fluctuations (particularly noted in Scaling Dam), where the draw-down of the reservoir resulted in severe loss of habitat. This was followed by the observed severe depletion of animal abundance, and also diversity, particularly among macroinvertebrata community. The zooplankton composition was that of nutrient poor lakes with the low overall abundance of animals. The most numerous and widely distributed was Cladoceran Chydorus sphaericus. This ubiquitous animal was the dominant species in the littoral zone of both reservoirs. Daphnia magna was dominant in the pelagial zone of Bakethin reservoir, with slightly less numerous D. cucullata and Bosmina coregoni as the co-dominant species. The Copepoda assemblages were particularly notable for their absence of mature forms, the large part of individuals recorded were various stages of Copepodids and Nauplii larvae. This is probably attributable to overpredation, particularly in Scaling Dam. A rare species of Copepoda Diaptomus wierzejski was recorded from Scaling Dam reservoir. The Rotifera population of Scaling Dam was co-dominated by Kellicottia longispina and Keratella quadrata. The macroinvertebrata population of Scaling Dam is much more specific poor than that of Bakethin reservoir. This would appear to be a consequence of the severe environmental stress (water level fluctuations) and the relative isolation of the reservoir from other water bodies where the migration might compensate for the loss of animals. The dominant, most numerous species in those reservoirs were: Scaling Dam Mollusca Potamopyrgus jenkinsi and Bakethin reservoir Caddis L. lunata.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, Bibliographies, Biological sciences, DXN059095, Ecology, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301554097?accountid=14270}, author = {Henderson, A} } @article {9901, title = {{Investigation of an epidemic outbreak of blastocystiasis}}, journal = {Chinese Journal of Parasite Diesease}, volume = {13}, year = {2000}, pages = {25{\textendash}27}, author = {Wu, G and Xiong, Y and Cao, G and Li, G and Liu, M and Zhu, J} } @article {5468, title = {{Investigation of Escherichia coli removal in various designs of subsurface flow wetlands used for wastewater treatment}}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {293{\textendash}299}, abstract = {

Comparative studies were carried out on both pilot-scale and laboratory systems (microcosms) in order to determine the Escherichia coli removal rates and to investigate the E. coli removal kinetics in various designs of constructed wetlands employing horizontal subsurface flow through the root zone of emergent macrophytes (RZM). Parameters investigated include the presence or absence of hydrophytes, in this case the common reed Phragmites australis, and the type of planting medium (pea gravel or soil). The average E. coli removal rates were 41-72{\%} for microcosms, and 96.6-98.9{\%} for pilot-scale systems. The poorer removal rates achieved by the microcosms might be explained by a combination of lower retention time and possibly less efficient microbial communities. Removal kinetics studies show that most E. coli removal occurs in the first third of the system, however there was a clear difference in the removal kinetics between the planted gravel bed and the unplanted soil bed with the population of E. coli decreasing faster in the gravel bed. A comparison of two hybrid microcosms revealed that the system comprising a planted soil followed by a planted gravel gave better E. coli removal than the system comprising a planted gravel followed by a planted soil.

}, keywords = {Constructed wetlands, Escherichia coli, Phragmites australis, Planting substrate, Removal kinetics, Removal rates, Root zone method, Wastewater treatment}, issn = {09258574}, doi = {10.1016/S0925-8574(99)00007-5}, author = {Decamp, O. and Warren, A} } @booklet {4203, title = {{ISO 10705-2: Water quality. Detection and enumeration of bacteriophages -part 2: Enumeration of somatic coliphages}}, year = {2000}, publisher = {International Organisation for Standardisation}, address = {Geneva} } @article {4746, title = {{Isolation of Cyclospora oocysts from fruits and vegetables using lectin-coated paramagnetic beads}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {63}, year = {2000}, pages = {1410{\textendash}1414}, author = {Robertson, LJ and Gjerde, B and Campbell, AT} } @mastersthesis {6874, title = {Landowner perceptions of protecting and establishing riparian forests in central {Pennsylvania}}, year = {2000}, note = {9966804}, school = {The Pennsylvania State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Although the ecological importance of riparian forests has become widely recognized, selecting the best policies for reforesting riparian zones also requires an understanding of societal perceptions. Much of the land suited for streamside forests is privately owned, so that implementing effective streamland management depends on communicating proven advantages to these landowners. This study explored riparian-landowner opinions, knowledge, and willingness to participate in initiatives in central Pennsylvania and was intended to assist with the development of educational materials, incentives, and other appropriate policies for protecting and establishing riparian forests on private lands. Investigation of the study population, which included over 800 landowners, employed a two-phase approach. The first phase, mostly qualitative in nature, consisted of 40 semi-structured interviews of landowners on their riparian lands. In the second phase, which was mainly quantitative, a mail questionnaire was sent to all other landowners in the sampling frame. The study population was driven by competing considerations. On the one hand, riparian landowners expressed a community obligation to consider the downstream consequences of the way they managed their streamlands. On the other hand, riparian landowners failed to appreciate their own contributions to water pollution, and many were reluctant to abandon the ordered landscapes to which they were accustomed. Riparian landowners showed a remarkable openness to protecting and establishing riparian forests, and they expressed great interest in seeing examples of streamside forests on property like theirs and in professional advice for managing their streamlands. A sense of connectivity, oneness, or community with nature predicted and explained general environmental concern and behavior but not landowner willingness to protect or establish riparian forests on their own land. Except for the owners of forested streamlands, riparian landowners shared an overriding concern about flooding, and the prevailing strategy for coping with high water was to keep riparian lands clear of woody vegetation in order to keep high water moving through. Tax breaks and financial assistance were preferred over government regulations, and most riparian landowners thought it would be unfair to expect farmers to take their streamlands out of production without compensation.}, keywords = {0451:Social psychology, 0478:Forestry, 0630:Welfare, Biological sciences, Forestry, Landowner perceptions, Pennsylvania, Psychology, Riparian forests, Social psychology, Social sciences, Welfare}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304614509?accountid=14270}, author = {Dutcher, Daniel D} } @article {14025, title = {Leaching of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in diverse soils under various agricultural management practices}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {877{\textendash}883}, abstract = {Application of animal manures to soil as crop fertilizers is an important means for recycling the nitrogen and phosphorus which the manures contain. Animal manures also contain bacteria, including many types of pathogens. Manure pathogen levels depend on the source animal, the animal{\textquoteright}s state of health, and how the manure was stored or treated before use. Rainfall may result in pathogen spread into soil by runoff from stored or unincorporated manure or by leaching through the soil profile. Steady rainfall consisting of 16.5 mm h-1 was applied to 100-mm disturbed soil cores that were treated with manure and inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain B6914. The level of B6914 in leachate was near the inoculum level each hour for 8 h, as was the level of B6914 at several soil depths after 24 h, indicating that there was a high rate of growth. Bacterial movement through three different types of soil was then compared by using disturbed (tilled) and intact (no-till) soil cores and less intense rainfall consisting of 25.4 mm on 4 consecutive days and then four more times over a 17-day period. Total B6914 levels exceeded the inoculum levels for all treatments except intact clay loam cores. B6914 levels in daily leachate samples decreased sharply with time, although the levels were more constant when intact sandy loam cores were used. The presence of manure often increased total B6914 leachate and soil levels in intact cores but had the opposite effect on disturbed soil cores. Ammonia and nitrate levels correlated with B6914 and total coliform levels in leachate. We concluded that tillage practice, soil type, and method of pathogen delivery affect but do not prevent vertical E. coli O157:H7 and coliform transport in soil and that soluble nitrogen may enhance transport.}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.66.3.877-883.2000.Updated}, author = {Gagliardi, Joel V and Karns, Jeffrey S} } @article {2245, title = {{Leaching of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in diverse soils under various agricultural management practices}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {877{\textendash}883}, abstract = {Application of animal manures to soil as crop fertilizers is an important means for recycling the nitrogen and phosphorus which the manures contain. Animal manures also contain bacteria, including many types of pathogens. Manure pathogen levels depend on the source animal, the animal{\textquoteright}s state of health, and how the manure was stored or treated before use. Rainfall may result in pathogen spread into soil by runoff from stored or unincorporated manure or by leaching through the soil profile. Steady rainfall consisting of 16.5 mm h-1 was applied to 100-mm disturbed soil cores that were treated with manure and inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain B6914. The level of B6914 in leachate was near the inoculum level each hour for 8 h, as was the level of B6914 at several soil depths after 24 h, indicating that there was a high rate of growth. Bacterial movement through three different types of soil was then compared by using disturbed (tilled) and intact (no-till) soil cores and less intense rainfall consisting of 25.4 mm on 4 consecutive days and then four more times over a 17-day period. Total B6914 levels exceeded the inoculum levels for all treatments except intact clay loam cores. B6914 levels in daily leachate samples decreased sharply with time, although the levels were more constant when intact sandy loam cores were used. The presence of manure often increased total B6914 leachate and soil levels in intact cores but had the opposite effect on disturbed soil cores. Ammonia and nitrate levels correlated with B6914 and total coliform levels in leachate. We concluded that tillage practice, soil type, and method of pathogen delivery affect but do not prevent vertical E. coli O157:H7 and coliform transport in soil and that soluble nitrogen may enhance transport.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)$\backslash$r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.66.3.877-883.2000.Updated}, author = {Gagliardi, Joel V and Karns, Jeffrey S} } @article {16126, title = {The leptospiral major outer membrane protein LipL32 is a lipoprotein expressed during mammalian infection.}, journal = {Infect Immun.Infect Immun.}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, pages = {2276-2285.}, author = {Haake, D. A. and Chao, G. and Zuerner, R. L. and Barnett, J. K. and Barnett, D. and Mazel, M. and Matsunaga, J. and Levett, P. N. and Bolin, C. A.} } @article {16065, title = {Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Leptospira}, journal = {J Mol Microbiol BiotechnolJ Mol Microbiol Biotechnol}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, month = {Oct}, pages = {375-80}, keywords = {Leptospira, LPS}, isbn = {1464-1801 (Print)}, author = {Bulach, D. M. and Kalambaheti, T. and de la Pe{\~n}a-Moctezuma, A. and Adler, B.} } @mastersthesis {6352, title = {The making of a multiple-purpose dam: {Engineering} culture, the {United} {States} {Bureau} of {Reclamation}, and {Grand} {Coulee} {Dam}, 1917{\textendash}1942}, year = {2000}, note = {0801826}, school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation examines how Americans have transformed the environment through the construction of new technologies and the roles of technical professionals in bringing about these changes. In the twentieth century, federal engineers, working with local Western boosters and their federal superiors, transformed the West{\textquoteright}s waterscape. Between 1900 and 1970, engineers of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation{\textendash}only one of three federal agencies that built dams{\textendash}constructed over 400. On the Columbia River alone, federal engineers constructed thirteen large dams that turned the nation{\textquoteright}s fourth largest river into a chain of lakes. Engineers wrought this transformation with multiple purpose dams{\textendash}a new style of dam building in the twentieth century. This style combined a new way of understanding how dams should be used with new approaches to financing the construction of dams and to designing and siting dam structures. Engineers built dams that developed water resources for multiple uses: navigation, flood control, irrigation, and hydroelectricity production. They financed these dams by allocating the costs among uses and then obtaining funds either through federal grants (for navigation and flood control) or loans (for irrigation and hydroelectricity). Engineers frequently designed these dams as traditional concrete gravity structures and sited them at prime locations on major rivers. This work examines the rise of the multiple purpose style of dam building through the history of Grand Coulee Dam. Located on the Columbia River in Washington State, Grand Coulee Dam is one in a group of large dams planned in the 1920s and built in the 1930s during whose design and construction federal engineers worked out this new style of building. It shows that engineers came to prefer this style because it fulfilled conservationists{\textquoteright} hopes for "comprehensive planning" of water resources and it eliminated financial problems with federal irrigation activities. Engineers alone did not launch this building program: local constituencies favored development and Franklin Roosevelt{\textquoteright}s new administration supported relief projects, conservation programs, and government involvement in the electrical industry. Working together, these three groups built a political coalition for multiple purpose dams that successfully underpinned expanded building. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)}, keywords = {0337:American history, 0585:Science history, American history, Bureau of Reclamation, Engineering culture, Grand Coulee Dam, Science history, Social sciences, Washington}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304666030?accountid=14270}, author = {Ellison, Karin Denice} } @book {10124, title = {{Manure nutrients relative to the capacity of cropland and pastureland to assimilate nutrients}}, year = {2000}, publisher = {USDA}, organization = {USDA}, address = {Washington DC}, abstract = {

As the structure of animal agriculture has shifted toward fewer, but larger operations and as the percentage of animals in confinement has increased, utilization and disposal of animal waste has become an issue of environmental concern. Traditional agriculture recycled nutrients from animal manure by applying manure to cropland and pastureland to promote plant growth. This practice has the added benefit of improving soil quality; the addition of organic matter enhances soil structure and increases the soil\&$\#$39;s ability to hold water and resist compaction. With fewer, but larger operations, the amount of animal manure has become more concentrated in local areas. Because the distance that manure can be hauled for land application has practical limits, manure loadings per acre must either increase or alternative methods of utilization be adopted. When manure application rates exceed the capacity of the land to assimilate nutrients, repeated applications can lead to a buildup of nutrients in the soil. This increases the potential for nutrients to move from the field through leaching and runoff and to pollute ground and surface water.

}, author = {Kellogg, RL and Lander, CH and Moffitt, DC and Gollehon, N} } @article {13234, title = {Modification of the bile salts-Irgasan-brilliant green agar for enumeration of Aeromonas species from food}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {57}, year = {2000}, pages = {211-218}, doi = {10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00253-1}, author = {Neyts, K. and Notebaert, E. and Uyttendaele, M. and Debevere, J.} } @article {1829, title = {Molecular and antigenic characterization of a highly evolved derivative of the type 2 oral poliovaccine strain isolated from sewage in Israel}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {38}, number = {10}, year = {2000}, note = {0095-1137 (Print) Journal Article}, pages = {3729-34}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {An unusual, highly diverged derivative of the Sabin type 2 oral poliovaccine (OPV) strain was recovered from environmental samples during routine screening for wild polioviruses. Virus was cultivated in L20B cells and then passaged on BGM cells at 40 degrees C (RCT [reproductive capacity at supraoptimal temperature]-positive marker) to select against most OPV strains. All but 1 of 25 RCT-positive OPV-derived environmental isolates were antigenically and genetically (>99.5\% VP1 sequence match) similar to the respective Sabin strains. However, isolate PV2/4568-1/ISR98 (referred to below as 4568-1) escaped neutralization with Sabin 2-specific monoclonal antibodies and cross-adsorbed sera, and had multiple nucleotide substitutions (220 of 2,646; 8.3\%) in the P1 capsid region. Fourteen of the 44 associated amino acid substitutions in the capsid mapped to neutralizing antigenic sites. Neutralizing titers in the sera of 50 Israeli children 15 years old were significantly lower to 4568-1 (geometric mean titer [GMT], 47) than to Sabin 2 (GMT, 162) or to the prototype wild strain, PV2/MEF-1/EGY42 (GMT, 108). Two key attenuating sites had also reverted in 4568-1 (A(481) to G in the 5{\textquoteright} untranslated region and the VP1 amino acid I(143) to T), and the isolate was highly neurovirulent for transgenic mice expressing the poliovirus receptor (PVR-Tg21 mice). The extensive genetic divergence of 4568-1 from the parental Sabin 2 strain suggested that the virus had replicated in one or more people for approximately 6 years. The presence in the environment of a highly evolved, neurovirulent OPV-derived poliovirus in the absence of polio cases has important implications for strategies for the cessation of immunization with OPV following global polio eradication.}, keywords = {5{\textquoteright} Untranslated Regions/genetics Adolescent Amino Acid Sequence Animals Antibodies, Non-P.H.S. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sewage/*virology Variation (Genetics) Virulence, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, Oral Polioviruses/*classification/*genetics/isolation \& purification Research Support, Transgenic *Mutation Neutralization Tests Phylogeny *Poliovirus Vaccine, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Viral/blood Capsid/chemistry/genetics Female Humans Israel Male Mice Mice}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=11015392}, author = {Shulman, L. M. and Manor, Y. and Handsher, R. and Delpeyroux, F. and McDonough, M. J. and Halmut, T. and Silberstein, I. and Alfandari, J. and Quay, J. and Fisher, T. and Robinov, J. and Kew, O. M. and Crainic, R. and Mendelson, E.} } @article {10729, title = {{Mucosal and systemic antibody responses after peroral or intranasal immunization: effects of conjugation to enterotoxin B subunits and/or of co-administration with free toxin as adjuvant}}, journal = {APMIS}, volume = {108}, year = {2000}, pages = {178{\textendash}186}, author = {Rask, C and Fredriksson, M and Lindblad, M and Czerkinsky, C and Holmgren, J} } @article {2378, title = {{Multiple independent origins of Shigella clones of Escherichia coli and convergent evolution of many of their characteristics}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {97}, number = {19}, year = {2000}, month = {aug}, pages = {10567{\textendash}10572}, abstract = {The evolutionary relationships of 46 Shigella strains representing each of the serotypes belonging to the four traditional Shigella species (subgroups), Dysenteriae, Flexneri, Boydii, and Sonnei, were determined by sequencing of eight housekeeping genes in four regions of the chromosome. Analysis revealed a very similar evolutionary pattern for each region. Three clusters of strains were identified, each including strains from different subgroups. Cluster 1 contains the majority of Boydii and Dysenteriae strains (B1-4, B6, B8, B10, B14, and B18; and D3-7, D9, and D11-13) plus Flexneri 6 and 6A. Cluster 2 contains seven Boydii strains (B5, B7, B9, B11, B15, B16, and B17) and Dysenteriae 2. Cluster 3 contains one Boydii strain (B12) and the Flexneri serotypes 1-5 strains. Sonnei and three Dysenteriae strains (D1, D8, and D10) are outside of the three main clusters but, nonetheless, are clearly within Escherichia coli. Boydii 13 was found to be distantly related to E. coli. Shigella strains, like the other pathogenic forms of E. coli, do not have a single evolutionary origin, indicating convergent evolution of Shigella phenotypic properties. We estimate the three main Shigella clusters to have evolved within the last 35,000 to 270,000 years, suggesting that shigellosis was one of the early infectious diseases of humans.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Base Sequence, Chromosomes, DNA, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: genetics, Evolution, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid, Phylogeny, Sequence Homology, Shigella, Shigella: genetics}, issn = {0027-8424}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.180094797}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=27065\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Pupo, G. M. and Lan, R. and Reeves, P. R.} } @article {14188, title = {Multiple independent origins of {Shigella} clones of {Escherichia} coli and convergent evolution of many of their characteristics}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {97}, number = {19}, year = {2000}, month = {aug}, pages = {10567{\textendash}10572}, abstract = {The evolutionary relationships of 46 Shigella strains representing each of the serotypes belonging to the four traditional Shigella species (subgroups), Dysenteriae, Flexneri, Boydii, and Sonnei, were determined by sequencing of eight housekeeping genes in four regions of the chromosome. Analysis revealed a very similar evolutionary pattern for each region. Three clusters of strains were identified, each including strains from different subgroups. Cluster 1 contains the majority of Boydii and Dysenteriae strains (B1-4, B6, B8, B10, B14, and B18; and D3-7, D9, and D11-13) plus Flexneri 6 and 6A. Cluster 2 contains seven Boydii strains (B5, B7, B9, B11, B15, B16, and B17) and Dysenteriae 2. Cluster 3 contains one Boydii strain (B12) and the Flexneri serotypes 1-5 strains. Sonnei and three Dysenteriae strains (D1, D8, and D10) are outside of the three main clusters but, nonetheless, are clearly within Escherichia coli. Boydii 13 was found to be distantly related to E. coli. Shigella strains, like the other pathogenic forms of E. coli, do not have a single evolutionary origin, indicating convergent evolution of Shigella phenotypic properties. We estimate the three main Shigella clusters to have evolved within the last 35,000 to 270,000 years, suggesting that shigellosis was one of the early infectious diseases of humans.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Base Sequence, Chromosomes, DNA, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: genetics, Evolution, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid, Phylogeny, Sequence Homology, Shigella, Shigella: genetics}, issn = {0027-8424}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.180094797}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=27065\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Pupo, G. M. and Lan, R. and Reeves, P. R.} } @article {8116, title = {{Multiple independent origins of Shigella clones of Escherichia coli and convergent evolution of many of their characteristics}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {97}, number = {19}, year = {2000}, month = {aug}, pages = {10567{\textendash}10572}, abstract = {The evolutionary relationships of 46 Shigella strains representing each of the serotypes belonging to the four traditional Shigella species (subgroups), Dysenteriae, Flexneri, Boydii, and Sonnei, were determined by sequencing of eight housekeeping genes in four regions of the chromosome. Analysis revealed a very similar evolutionary pattern for each region. Three clusters of strains were identified, each including strains from different subgroups. Cluster 1 contains the majority of Boydii and Dysenteriae strains (B1-4, B6, B8, B10, B14, and B18; and D3-7, D9, and D11-13) plus Flexneri 6 and 6A. Cluster 2 contains seven Boydii strains (B5, B7, B9, B11, B15, B16, and B17) and Dysenteriae 2. Cluster 3 contains one Boydii strain (B12) and the Flexneri serotypes 1-5 strains. Sonnei and three Dysenteriae strains (D1, D8, and D10) are outside of the three main clusters but, nonetheless, are clearly within Escherichia coli. Boydii 13 was found to be distantly related to E. coli. Shigella strains, like the other pathogenic forms of E. coli, do not have a single evolutionary origin, indicating convergent evolution of Shigella phenotypic properties. We estimate the three main Shigella clusters to have evolved within the last 35,000 to 270,000 years, suggesting that shigellosis was one of the early infectious diseases of humans.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Base Sequence, Chromosomes, DNA, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: genetics, Evolution, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid, Phylogeny, Sequence Homology, Shigella, Shigella: genetics}, issn = {0027-8424}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.180094797}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=27065{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Pupo, G. M. and Lan, R. and Reeves, P. R.} } @article {15934, title = {National primary drinking water regulations: long-term 2 enhanced surface water treatment rule}, journal = {Proposed Rule. Federal Register}, number = {47640}, year = {2000} } @article {11761, title = {{Natural transfer of helminths of marine origin to freshwater fishes, with observations on the Diphyllobothrium alascense}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {86}, year = {2000}, pages = {319{\textendash}327}, author = {Rausch, R L and Adams, A M} } @article {7321, title = {Now wash your hands}, journal = {Nursing Times}, volume = {96}, number = {43}, year = {2000}, month = {nov}, pages = {22}, keywords = {Attitudes, Cost of Illness, Cross Infection, Great Britain, Hand Disinfection, Health Knowledge, Hospital, Humans, Inservice training, Personnel, Practice}, issn = {0954-7762}, author = {Salvage, J.} } @article {6170, title = {Occurrence and behavior of X-ray contrast media in sewage facilities and the aquatic environment}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {34}, number = {13}, year = {2000}, pages = {2741-2748}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Ternes, Thomas A and Hirsch, Roman} } @article {5150, title = {{Occurrence and removal of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs in waste stabilization ponds in Marrakech}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {42}, number = {10-11}, year = {2000}, pages = {159{\textendash}164}, keywords = {ascaris, Giardia, removal, Sludge, Treatment, waste stabilisation ponds, wastewater}, author = {Bouhoum, K and Amahmid, O and Asmama, S} } @article {7139, title = {Occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in the {Saint} {Lawrence} {River} ({Canada}) and comparison of health risks for populations using it as their source of drinking water}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {6}, year = {2000}, pages = {565{\textendash}576}, url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/w00-022}, author = {Payment, Pierre and Berte, Aminata and Pr{\'e}vost, Mich{\`e}le and M{\'e}nard, Bruno and Barbeau, Benoit} } @article {12868, title = {On-site sanitation: when the pits are full{\textendash}planning for resource protection in faecal sludge management.}, journal = {Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden-und Lufthygiene}, volume = {105}, year = {2000}, pages = {353{\textendash}360}, author = {Strauss, M and Heinss, U and Montangero, A} } @article {13532, title = {An open-label clinical study of nitazoxanide in the treatment of human fascioliasis.}, journal = {Curr Therap Res}, volume = {61}, year = {2000}, pages = {339-345}, author = {Kabil, S. M. and El Ashry, E. and Ashraf, N.K.} } @article {9427, title = {{Outbreak of amebiasis in a family in The Netherlands}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, pages = {1101{\textendash}1104}, author = {Vreden, SG and Visser, LG and Verweij, JJ and Blotkamp, J and Stuiver, PC and Aguirre, A and Polderman, AM} } @article {13957, title = {Outbreak of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 infection associated with eating fresh cheese curds{\textendash}{Wisconsin}, {June} 1998.}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report}, volume = {49}, number = {40}, year = {2000}, month = {oct}, pages = {911{\textendash}3}, abstract = {On June 15, 1998, the Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services, was notified of eight laboratory-confirmed and four suspected Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among west-central Wisconsin residents who became ill during June 8-12. This report summarizes the outbreak investigation, which implicated fresh (held {\textbackslash}textless60 days) cheese curds from a dairy plant as the source of infection.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Cheese, Cheese: microbiology, Child, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Female, Food-Processing Industry, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: etiology, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Gastroenteritis: microbiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Wisconsin, Wisconsin: epidemiology}, issn = {0149-2195}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11043645}, author = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Prevention (CDC).} } @article {14798, title = {Outbreak of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 infection associated with eating fresh cheese curds{\textendash}{Wisconsin}, {June} 1998.}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report}, volume = {49}, number = {40}, year = {2000}, month = {oct}, pages = {911{\textendash}3}, abstract = {On June 15, 1998, the Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services, was notified of eight laboratory-confirmed and four suspected Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among west-central Wisconsin residents who became ill during June 8-12. This report summarizes the outbreak investigation, which implicated fresh (held {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless60 days) cheese curds from a dairy plant as the source of infection.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Cheese, Cheese: microbiology, Child, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Female, Food-Processing Industry, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: etiology, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Gastroenteritis: microbiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Wisconsin, Wisconsin: epidemiology}, issn = {0149-2195}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11043645}, author = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Prevention (CDC).} } @article {7964, title = {{Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection associated with eating fresh cheese curds{\textendash}Wisconsin, June 1998.}}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report}, volume = {49}, number = {40}, year = {2000}, month = {oct}, pages = {911{\textendash}3}, abstract = {On June 15, 1998, the Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services, was notified of eight laboratory-confirmed and four suspected Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among west-central Wisconsin residents who became ill during June 8-12. This report summarizes the outbreak investigation, which implicated fresh (held {\textless}60 days) cheese curds from a dairy plant as the source of infection.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Cheese, Cheese: microbiology, Child, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Female, Food-Processing Industry, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: etiology, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Gastroenteritis: microbiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Wisconsin, Wisconsin: epidemiology}, issn = {0149-2195}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11043645}, author = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Prevention (CDC).} } @article {2188, title = {{Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection associated with eating fresh cheese curds{\textendash}Wisconsin, June 1998.}}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report}, volume = {49}, number = {40}, year = {2000}, month = {oct}, pages = {911{\textendash}3}, abstract = {On June 15, 1998, the Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services, was notified of eight laboratory-confirmed and four suspected Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among west-central Wisconsin residents who became ill during June 8-12. This report summarizes the outbreak investigation, which implicated fresh (held <60 days) cheese curds from a dairy plant as the source of infection.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Cheese, Cheese: microbiology, Child, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: etiology, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Female, Food-Processing Industry, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: etiology, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Gastroenteritis: microbiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Preschool, Wisconsin, Wisconsin: epidemiology}, issn = {0149-2195}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11043645}, author = {Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Prevention (CDC).} } @article {3846, title = {Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to sewage-contaminated drinking water.}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1-2}, year = {2000}, pages = {123{\textendash}126}, author = {H{\"a}fliger, D and H{\"u}bner, P and L{\"u}thy, J} } @article {5377, title = {{Oxidative stress in bacteria and protein damage by reactive oxygen species}}, journal = {International Microbiology}, volume = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {3{\textendash}8}, author = {Cabiscol, E and Tamarit, J and Rose, J} } @article {10446, title = {Parasite Stages as an Environmental Health Problem}, journal = {Veterinarian Medical Parasitology}, year = {2000}, author = {Eckert, J} } @inbook {3189, title = {Parasitenstadien als umwelthygienisches {Problem}}, booktitle = {Veterin{\"a}rmedizinische {Parasitologie}, 5. {Aufl}.}, year = {2000}, pages = {94{\textendash}119}, publisher = {Rommel M, Eckert J, Kutzer E, K{\"o}rting W, Schnieder T}, organization = {Rommel M, Eckert J, Kutzer E, K{\"o}rting W, Schnieder T}, edition = {Parey}, address = {Berlin} } @article {15393, title = {The parasitism of Schistosoma mansoni (Digenea-Trematoda) in a naturally infected population of water rats, Nectomys squamipes (Rodentia-Sigmodontinae) in Brazil}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {120 ( Pt 6)}, year = {2000}, note = {0031-1820
Journal Article}, month = {Jun}, pages = {573-82}, abstract = {Schistosomiasis is a health problem in Brazil and the role of rodents in maintaining the schistosome life-cycle requires further clarification. The influence of Schistosoma mansoni on a population of Nectomys squamipes was studied by capture-recapture (1st phase, from June 1991 to November 1995) and removal (2nd phase, from April 1997 to March 1999) studies at Sumidouro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During both phases coproscopic examinations were performed. At the 2nd phase the rodents were perfused and worms were counted. The population dynamics of parasites was studied. During the 1st phase, female reproductive parameters, longevity, recruitment and survivorship rates and migration patterns were studied in relation to schistosome prevalence. Water contamination (source of miracidia), abundance intermediate host and rodent migration were related to prevalence. The N. squamipes population was not obviously influenced by the infection, as shown by the high number of reproductive infected females, high longevity of infected individuals and the absence of a relationship between recruitment or survivorship rates and the intensity of schistosome infection. The data indicate that N. squamipes can increase transmission of S. mansoni in endemic areas and carry it to non-infected areas. Furthermore, this rodent can be used as an indicator of a transmission focus.}, keywords = {Animal, Brazil/epidemiology, Feces/parasitology, Female, Human, Male, Muridae/*parasitology, Parasite Egg Count/veterinary, Population Dynamics, prevalence, Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology/transmission, Schistosoma mansoni/*growth \& development, Schistosomiasis mansoni/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission/*veterinary, Seasons, Sewage, Statistics, Nonparametric, Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Water/parasitology}, author = {D{\textquoteright}Andrea, P. S. and Maroja, L. S. and Gentile, R. and Cerqueira, R. and Maldonado Junior, A. and Rey, L.} } @article {10065, title = {{A PCR assay to discriminate human and ruminant feces on the basis of host differences in Bacteroides-Prevotella genes encoding 16S rRNA}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, year = {2000}, pages = {4571{\textendash}4574}, author = {Bernhard, AE and Field, KG} } @article {10066, title = {{A PCR assay to discriminate human and ruminant feces on the basis of host differences in Bacteroides-Prevotella genes encoding 16S rRNA}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {66}, number = {10}, year = {2000}, pages = {4571{\textendash}4574}, author = {Bernhard, AE and Field, KG} } @conference {5318, title = {Perfil longitudinal de Escherichia coli e ovos de helmintos em um sistema reator UASB/lagoa de polimento com chicanas}, booktitle = {Congreso Interamericano de Ingenier{{\'\i}a Sanitaria y Ambiental, 27}, year = {2000}, pages = {1{\textendash}10}, publisher = {ABES}, organization = {ABES}, author = {Am{\'e}rica M Soares and Adriana M Zerbini and Carlos A Chernicharo} } @article {17376, title = {Persistence of a Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium clone in Danish pig production units and farmhouse environment studied by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)}, journal = {Fems Microbiology LettersFEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {187}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, month = {Jun 1}, pages = {21-25}, isbn = {0378-1097}, author = {Sandvang, D. and Jensen, L. B. and Baggesen, D. L. and Baloda, S. B.} } @article {16285, title = {Pilot-scale ozone inactivation of Cryptosporidium and other microorganisms in natural water}, journal = {Ozone-Science and Engineering}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, month = {Oct}, pages = {501-517}, keywords = {aldehydes, Bacillus subtilis, biological activated carbon filtration, bromate, chlorine dioxide, coliform bacteria, Cryptosporidium, discontinuous sucrose, Disinfection, DRINKING-WATER, endospores, excystation, Giardia, giardia-muris-cysts, heterotrophic bacteria, indicator organisms, infectivity, keto acids, ohio river water, ozone, parvum oocysts, Poliovirus, purification}, isbn = {0191-9512}, author = {Owens, J. H. and Miltner, R. J. and Rice, E. W. and Johnson, C. H. and Dahling, D. R. and Schaefer, F. W. and Shukairy, H. M.} } @article {10075, title = {{Pit latrine effluent infiltration into groundwater: the Epworth case study}}, journal = {Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg}, volume = {105}, year = {2000}, pages = {171{\textendash}177}, author = {Chidavaenzi, M and Bradley, M and Jere, M and Nhandara, C} } @article {13235, title = {Potentially pathogenic microorganisms in water and bottom sediments in the Czarna Hancza River}, journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {9}, year = {2000}, pages = {183-194}, author = {Niewolak, S. and Opieka, A.} } @article {8041, title = {{Predictors for the development of haemolytic uraemic syndrome with Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections: with focus on the day of illness.}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {124}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, month = {jun}, pages = {343{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

A large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infections via school lunches occurred at primary schools in 1996 in Sakai City, Japan. As many as 10,000 patients suffered from diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). Using data on 288 inpatient school children affected by this outbreak, of whom 36 presented complete HUS and the remaining 252 tested positive for E. coli O157 culture, we attempted to identify predictors for the progression to HUS. Within the first 5 days of illness, clinical features associated with inpatients who developed HUS compared with those without HUS included a C reactive protein (CRP) level higher than 1.2 mg/dl (OR 44.26; 95{\%} CI 5.83-336.23), a white blood cell (WBC) count greater than 11.0 x 10(9)/l (OR 5.03; 95{\%} CI 2.13-11.87) and a temperature higher than 38.0 degrees C (OR 5.00; 95{\%} CI 2.25-11.08). It can be concluded that these three factors are predictive factors for the development of HUS in patients with E. coli O157 infection, and patients who have two or all of these factors should be observed closely.

}, issn = {0950-2688}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10982057 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2810919}, author = {Ikeda, K and Ida, O and Kimoto, K and Takatorige, T and Nakanishi, N and Tatara, K} } @article {14081, title = {Predictors for the development of haemolytic uraemic syndrome with {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 infections: with focus on the day of illness.}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {124}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, month = {jun}, pages = {343{\textendash}9}, abstract = {A large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infections via school lunches occurred at primary schools in 1996 in Sakai City, Japan. As many as 10,000 patients suffered from diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). Using data on 288 inpatient school children affected by this outbreak, of whom 36 presented complete HUS and the remaining 252 tested positive for E. coli O157 culture, we attempted to identify predictors for the progression to HUS. Within the first 5 days of illness, clinical features associated with inpatients who developed HUS compared with those without HUS included a C reactive protein (CRP) level higher than 1.2 mg/dl (OR 44.26; 95\% CI 5.83-336.23), a white blood cell (WBC) count greater than 11.0 x 10(9)/l (OR 5.03; 95\% CI 2.13-11.87) and a temperature higher than 38.0 degrees C (OR 5.00; 95\% CI 2.25-11.08). It can be concluded that these three factors are predictive factors for the development of HUS in patients with E. coli O157 infection, and patients who have two or all of these factors should be observed closely.}, issn = {0950-2688}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10982057 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2810919}, author = {Ikeda, K and Ida, O and Kimoto, K and Takatorige, T and Nakanishi, N and Tatara, K} } @article {15933, title = {Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection and pattern of oocyst shedding in calves in Japan}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {94}, number = {1-2}, year = {2000}, month = {Dec 20}, pages = {27-32}, edition = {2000/11/18}, keywords = {Animals, Animals, Newborn, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Cattle, Cattle Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology, Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary, Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification, Feces/parasitology, Female, Japan/epidemiology, Male, Microscopy, Fluorescence/veterinary, Microscopy, Phase-Contrast/veterinary, Parasite Egg Count/veterinary, prevalence}, isbn = {0304-4017 (Print)
0304-4017}, author = {Uga, S. and Matsuo, J. and Kono, E. and Kimura, K. and Inoue, M. and Rai, S. K. and Ono, K.} } @article {13128, title = {Prevalence of enterotoxin genes in Aeromonas spp. isolated from children with diarrhea, healthy controls, and the environment}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {38}, year = {2000}, pages = {3785-3790}, author = {Albert, M. J. and Ansaruzzaman, M. and Talukder, K. A. and Chopra, A. K. and Kuhn, I. and Rahman, M. and Faruque, A. S. and Islam, M. S. and Sack, R. B. and Mollby, R.} } @article {8510, title = {{Preventing Congenital Toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Recommendations and Reports}, volume = {49}, number = {RR-2}, year = {2000}, pages = {57{\textendash}75}, author = {Hughes, JM and Colley, DG and Lopez, A and Dietz, VJ and Wilson, M and Navin, TR and Jones, JL} } @article {511, title = {Production of first generation adenovirus vectors: a review}, journal = {Gene Ther}, volume = {7}, number = {20}, year = {2000}, note = {Danthinne, X Imperiale, M J GM34902/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States HL64762/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S. Review England Gene therapy Gene Ther. 2000 Oct;7(20):1707-14.}, pages = {1707-14}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In the past decade, adenovirus vectors have generated tremendous interest, especially in gene therapy applications. In the so-called {\textquoteright}first generation{\textquoteright} adenovirus vectors, the transgenes are inserted in place of the E1 region, or less often the E3 region. Although second-generation and helper-dependent adenovirus vectors will probably prevail in the future in applications that require long-term gene expression, first generation adenovirus vectors will remain very useful in other settings, such as cancer and vaccination, or simply to transfect cell lines that are refractory to other transfection methods. Until a few years ago, the construction of first generation adenovirus vectors was a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. More than 20 methods have appeared that facilitate their construction and are reviewed below.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ genetics Animals Gene Transfer Techniques Genetic Therapy/methods Genetic Vectors Humans Recombination, Genetic Transfection/methods}, issn = {0969-7128 (Print) 0969-7128 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1038/sj.gt.3301301}, author = {Danthinne, X. and Imperiale, M. J.} } @mastersthesis {6424, title = {Public baths and washhouses in {Victorian} {Britain}, 1842{\textendash}1914}, year = {2000}, note = {9966060}, school = {Indiana University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The public baths and washhouses movement was a response to parliamentary public health investigations into the living conditions of the working classes in British towns and cities. The investigation reports dramatically described the dangerous dirt, filth, and disease of the urban working classes and called for sanitary reforms. In 1844 London philanthropists advocated public baths and washhouses to fight disease caused by dirt. These reformers funded the building of a privately operated establishment and promoted the passage of two parliamentary acts in 1846-47, which allowed municipalities to use local taxes to build public baths and washhouses. This legislation stipulated that institutions provide two classes of male and female accommodation on a pay-per-use basis. The more expensive first-class baths would subsidize the cheaper second-class baths, which in turn would serve the poorer and dirtier urban workers. Early institutions featured private cubicles with bath tubs, known as "slipper baths;" washhouses with piped water and individual wash tub cubicles; and sometimes small swimming pools thirty to forty feet in length, known as "plunging baths." By 1855, London parishes had built ten baths and washhouses. The early proponents of this pay-for-use movement envisioned consumerism as a means to public health. Recreation, however, proved to be more compatible with consumers{\textquoteright} preferences and thus became the movement{\textquoteright}s focus. The second-class private baths and washhouses, originally the heart of the movement{\textquoteright}s public health concerns, became secondary. After the 1880s, indoor swimming pools became baths and washhouses{\textquoteright} major consumer attraction; elaborate institutions typically featuring two to four pools were built on major public thoroughfares. Ironically, these well-attended recreational attractions did not bring in enough money to cover their costs, with local taxes making up the difference. Authorities{\textquoteright} investment in large recreational buildings discouraged public health initiatives, particularly the building of smaller institutions in poor districts. The movement{\textquoteright}s consumeristic foundations, combined with the growth of organized recreation for the lower-middle classes and upper working-classes, guided its evolution. With over 300 locally-operated examples by 1914, baths and washhouses had become familiar and distinctive parts of the Victorian urban landscape, but as a public health movement, they were limited at best.}, keywords = {0335:European history, Baths, European history, Great Britain, Public baths, Social sciences, Victorian, Washhouses}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304627861?accountid=14270}, author = {Skoski, Joseph Richard} } @article {12813, title = {The public health significance of Trichuris trichiura}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {121 Suppl}, year = {2000}, pages = {S73-95}, author = {Stephenson, L.S. and Holland, C.V. and Cooper, E.S.} } @book {17241, title = {Public-health aspects of Salmonella infection}, volume = {Salmonella in domestic animals}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, publisher = {CABI Publishing}, organization = {CABI Publishing}, chapter = {245-263}, isbn = {0 85199 261 7}, author = {Humphrey, T.} } @mastersthesis {6195, title = {The quick, the cheap and the dirty: {Benefit} transfer approaches to the non-market valuation of coastal water quality in {Costa} {Rica}}, year = {2000}, note = {C813663}, school = {Norges Landbrukshogskole (Norway)}, type = {phdDr.{Scient}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This collection of five papers provides an extensive methodological review and validity tests of benefit transfer approaches{\textendash}a collection of techniques for extrapolating non-market valuation estimates from an existing study site to a new policy context. Empirical issues are evaluated through several contingent valuation surveys of the benefits of wastewater treatment to visitors and households along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. The studies illustrate how statistical and econometric model assumptions affect WTP estimates, how they can potentially result in large benefit transfer errors, which in turn can lead to mistaken policy conclusions. The studies are a contribution to the scarce case literature on non-market valuation in developing countries. Several empirical findings are noteworthy. The common statistical tests of benefit transfers{\textquoteright} reliability generally require much greater accuracy than needed by policy makers for screening and prioritising development projects. Benefit transfer errors are generally smaller in magnitude than the sensitivity of WTP to data treatment and econometric assumptions. The benefit transfer experiments conducted here show that more complex benefit functions are on average not expected to reduce transfer error. However, transferring WTP for avoiding pollution-related illness episodes between Portugal and Costa Rica is more reliable than transferring epidemiological exposure-risk estimates. Furthermore, benefit transfer errors between the Costa Rican study and policy sites are comparable to typical prediction errors in financial cost analysis of wastewater treatment projects. Nonetheless, benefit transfer experiments which try to minimise transfer error through studying as similar sites as possible are deemed unproductive. Exper{\'\i}ments which emphasise and control for differences will be more policy-relevant. Amongst others, a meta-analysis finds that willingness-to-pay (WTP) for wastewater treatment is significantly correlated with household income across developing country studies. However, simple transfer-adjustment factors such as GNP/capita are {\textquoteright}black box{\textquoteright} approaches which take no account of local socio-demographic or environmental variation. Understanding local study context is duly emphasised. Attributes of the pollution-mitigating policy described in the contingent valuation scenario are shown to have external effects of their own. For example, institutional transaction costs and local environment externalities are significantly correlated with household WTP. An effort is made throughout to provide pracitioners and policy-makers with a framework and proceedures for evaluating study information, including how cost-effective benefit estimates are in reducing policy uncertainty.}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, 0768:Environmental science, Agricultural economics, Benefit transfer, Coastal, Costa Rica, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Nonmarket valuation, Social sciences, Valuation, Water quality}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304679516?accountid=14270}, author = {Barton, David Nicholas} } @mastersthesis {6770, title = {Radiative effects of inhomogeneous clouds}, year = {2000}, note = {9969345}, school = {University of Colorado at Boulder}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Clouds are a vital part of the climate system, with important effects related to solar and longwave radiative transfer, latent heating, and precipitation. Inhomogeneous clouds can have quite complicated radiative effects, making them difficult to parameterize effectively. Adequate knowledge of the characteristics and radiative effects of these clouds is essential to ensure their accurate portrayal in large-scale models. This work was directed toward improving this knowledge for small tropical cumulus and single-layer summertime arctic stratus clouds. A variety of data sets were analyzed to explore the characteristics and radiative effects of small tropical cumulus clouds. The size distributions and fractal dimensions of these clouds exhibit scaling behavior, with a break which may represent the maximum size of individual convective elements. Cumulus fields are spatially clustered at all scales, rather than random or regular. Smaller clouds grow upward more vigorously than larger clouds. Simulations show that cumulus clouds can be difficult to remove from satellite remote sensing data and that even small cumulus cloud fractions can lead to significant errors in retrieved sea surface temperature. As expected, larger cloud fraction and higher solar zenith angle produce greater solar albedo. Cumulus fields can exert significant shortwave forcing at the surface. Only some of the larger, deeper cumulus clouds are found to precipitate. Next, 150 high-resolution cumulus cloud fields were retrieved from MODIS Airborne Simulator images, and a Monte Carlo radiative transfer model simulated the solar fluxes through these fields using four radiative transfer methods: full 3D, independent pixel approximation (IPA), tilted IPA, and plane-parallel approximation (PPA). The retrievals and the simulations strove for maximum realism in their operations and input parameters. The average 3D radiative effects of these cumulus cloud fields are little more than 1 W/m 2 for reflected fluxes and 0.3 W/m2 for absorbed fluxes. This follows from their small cloud fraction and small (though still significant) total effect on reflected fluxes. The IPA, TIPA, and PPA errors correlate with some of the parameters of the cloud fields, including the statistics of the optical depth distribution, so it may be possible to predict and correct these errors when these approximations are used. Finally, data from FIRE.ACE and SHEBA were used with an explicit radiative transfer model to explore the effects of inhomogeneous cloud and surface properties on solar and longwave radiative transfer in the summertime Arctic. Three representative cases were selected from three flights in May and July 1998, with detailed specification of cloud, surface, atmospheric, and aerosol properties. Results show that the surface inhomogeneity affects the fluxes at small scales but not in the domain average. The IPA and PPA can produce accurate domain-average fluxes for low arctic stratus clouds, although the IPA can create large local errors. Measured and modeled fluxes are reasonably well matched, within the bounds of uncertainty in the model inputs, of which surface albedo has the largest impact. The fluxes are also sensitive to cloud liquid water path, cloud droplet effective radius, and aerosol amount. This work suggests that two cloud types which might be expected to have significant 3D radiative effects{\textendash}small tropical cumulus and singer-layer summertime arctic stratus{\textendash}have only modest 3D effects on large-scale radiative transfer.}, keywords = {0608:Atmosphere, 0799:Remote sensing, Applied sciences, Atmosphere, Cloud fraction, Cumulus clouds, Heat transfer, Pure sciences, Radiative effects, Remote sensing}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304590873?accountid=14270}, author = {Benner, Timothy Charles} } @article {999, title = {Rapid quantification and differentiation of human polyomavirus DNA in undiluted urine from patients after bone marrow transplantation}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {10}, year = {2000}, pages = {3689{\textendash}3695}, abstract = {

A combined PCR assay was developed for the detection and typing of human polyomavirus (huPoV) in clinical samples, consisting of (i) a qualitative seminested PCR assay (snPCR) to discriminate between huPoV BK and JC and (ii) a high-throughput, quantitative TaqMan PCR assay (TM-PCR) for the general detection of huPoV. The TM-PCR detects huPoV DNA in a linear range from 10(7) to 10(1) copies per assay. In reproducibility runs, the inter- and intra-assay variabilities were \< or =60 and \< or =50\%, respectively. The snPCR assay uses a set of four primers for the same region of the BK and JC viral genomes. In the first round of amplification, two general primers were used; in the second round, one of these general primers and two additional, BK- or JC-specific primers were used simultaneously to produce amplicons of different sizes specific for BK virus (246 bp) and JC virus (199 bp), respectively. We tested different urine dilutions in order to determine the inhibitory effects of urine on PCR amplification. Furthermore, we compared the use of native urine with DNA purified by different preparation procedures. Our results show, that a 1:10 dilution of the urine led to complete reduction of the amplification inhibition found with 6\% of undiluted urine samples. In a clinical study including 600 urine specimens, our assay turned out to be fast, cheap, and reliable in both qualitative and quantitative aspects.

}, issn = {00951137}, author = {Biel, S. S. and Held, T. K. and Landt, O. and Niedrig, M. and Gelderblom, H. R. and Siegert, W. and Nitsche, A.} } @article {16505, title = {Reducing intestinal nematode infection: efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole}, journal = {Parasitol Today}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, year = {2000}, month = {feb}, pages = {71{\textendash}4}, abstract = {The widespread use of mebendazole and albendazole for treating intestinal nematode infections in human populations is raising concerns that careful monitoring pro- cedures should be in place to identify any emergence of drug resistance. In this article, Andy Bennett and Helen Guyatt discuss whether benchmark parasitological drug efficacy rates can be defined for these anthelmintics, by analysing published data on cure rates and egg reduction rates in the treatment of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm.}, keywords = {Albendazole/administration \& dosage/*pharmacology, Ancylostoma/drug effects, Animals, Anthelmintics/administration \& dosage/*pharmacology, Ascariasis/*drug therapy, Ascaris lumbricoides/drug effects, Feces/parasitology, Hookworm Infections/*drug therapy, Humans, Mebendazole/administration \& dosage/*pharmacology, Necator americanus/drug effects, Trichuriasis/*drug therapy, Trichuris/drug effects}, issn = {0169-4758 (Print) 0169-4758 (Linking)}, author = {Bennett, A. and Guyatt, H.} } @article {12013, title = {Reducing intestinal nematode infection: efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole}, journal = {Parasitology Today}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, year = {2000}, note = {Bennett, A
Guyatt, H
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
England
2000/02/01 09:00
Parasitol Today. 2000 Feb;16(2):71-4.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {71-4}, abstract = {

The widespread use of mebendazole and albendazole for treating intestinal nematode infections in human populations is raising concerns that careful monitoring pro- cedures should be in place to identify any emergence of drug resistance. In this article, Andy Bennett and Helen Guyatt discuss whether benchmark parasitological drug efficacy rates can be defined for these anthelmintics, by analysing published data on cure rates and egg reduction rates in the treatment of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm.

}, keywords = {Albendazole/administration \& dosage/*pharmacology, Ancylostoma/drug effects, Animals, Anthelmintics/administration \& dosage/*pharmacology, Ascariasis/*drug therapy, Ascaris lumbricoides/drug effects, Feces/parasitology, Hookworm Infections/*drug therapy, Humans, Mebendazole/administration \& dosage/*pharmacology, Necator americanus/drug effects, Trichuriasis/*drug therapy, Trichuris/drug effects}, isbn = {0169-4758 (Print)
0169-4758 (Linking)}, author = {Bennett, A. and Guyatt, H.} } @inbook {1628, title = {Relationship between humans and their viruses.}, booktitle = {Viral Ecology}, year = {2000}, pages = {520-549}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, type = {Book Section}, address = {San Diego, CA.}, author = {Hurst, C. J. and Adcock, N. J.}, editor = {Hurst, C. J.} } @inbook {14683, title = {Relationship between humans and their viruses.}, booktitle = {Viral {Ecology}}, year = {2000}, pages = {520{\textendash}549}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {San Diego, CA.}, author = {Hurst, C. J. and Adcock, N. J.}, editor = {Hurst, C. J.} } @article {4565, title = {Relevance of commercial diagnostic tests to detection of enteric adenovirus infections in {South} {Africa}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, pages = {1661{\textendash}3}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Moore, P. L. and Steele, A. D. and Alexander, J. J.} } @article {8731, title = {{Removal Efficiencies of Indicator Micro-organisms in the Al-Khobar Wastewater Treatment Plant}}, journal = {Environmental Engineering Science}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, pages = {227{\textendash}232}, abstract = {Increasing population and developmental needs of Saudi Arabia underline the need for an increase in the reuse of treated wastewater. However, treated wastewater contains a large number of pathogens that requires proper treatment before reuse. Little information is available on the treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment plants operating in this region. A 1-year study was conducted at the Al-Khobar wastewater treatment plant to investigate the removal efficiency of five indicator micro-organisms, namely, Standard Plate Count, total coliform, fecal coliform, coliphage, and Clostridium perfringens. The raw sewage, secondary effluent, and chlorinated effluent were analyzed weekly for the detection and enumeration of these indicator micro-organisms. High-percent removal of Standard Plate Count, total coliform, and fecal coliform (98 to 99{\%}) was observed after secondary treatment compared to coliphage removal of 83.6{\%} and Clostridium perfringens removal of 55.5{\%}, whereas, after chlorination, Standard Plate...}, keywords = {CARROUSEL, chlorination, INDICATOR MICRO-ORGANISM, Removal efficiency, reuse, Wastewater treatment}, issn = {1092-8758}, doi = {10.1089/10928750050137570}, url = {http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/10928750050137570}, author = {Saleem, Muhammad and Bukhari, Alaadin A. and Al-Malack, Mohammed H.} } @article {6066, title = {Removal of microorganisms by deep well injection}, journal = {Journal of Contaminant Hydrology}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {301{\textendash}327}, author = {Schijven, Jack F and Medema, Gertjan and Vogelaar, Ad J and Majid S Hassanizadeh} } @article {6056, title = {Removal of viruses by soil passage: Overview of modeling, processes, and parameters}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {49{\textendash}127}, author = {Schijven, Jack F and Majid S Hassanizadeh} } @article {463, title = {Removal of viruses by soil passage: Overview of modeling, processes, and parameters}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {49{\textendash}127}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Schijven, Jack F and Majid S Hassanizadeh} } @article {16644, title = {Removal of viruses by soil passage: {Overview} of modeling, processes, and parameters}, journal = {Critical reviews in environmental science and technology}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {49{\textendash}127}, author = {Schijven, Jack F and Majid S Hassanizadeh} } @article {13463, title = {Resistance of Fasciola hepatica against triclabendazole in cattle and sheep in the Netherlands}, journal = {Vet Rec}, volume = {91}, year = {2000}, pages = {153-158}, author = {Moll, L. and Gaasenbeek, C. P. H. and Vellema, P. and Borgsteede, F. H. M.} } @conference {1448, title = {Revised Framework for Microbial Risk Assessment}, booktitle = {Water- and Foodborne Pathogen Risk Assessment Workshop, May 11.12, 1999}, year = {2000}, publisher = {International Life Science Institute https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CB0QFjAAahUKEwiDvdCP6YLIAhULPxQKHY-jAsY\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.epa.gov\%2Fraf\%2Ffiles\%2FILSI-RA-Framework.pdf\&usg=AFQjCNHB8OFSovaGsoWlNpuJRTENYmaGxA\&b}, organization = {International Life Science Institute https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CB0QFjAAahUKEwiDvdCP6YLIAhULPxQKHY-jAsY\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.epa.gov\%2Fraf\%2Ffiles\%2FILSI-RA-Framework.pdf\&usg=AFQjCNHB8OFSovaGsoWlNpuJRTENYmaGxA\&b}, type = {Conference Proceedings} } @article {7839, title = {Risk factors for indigenous campylobacter infection: a Swedish case-control study}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, year = {2000}, note = {J1: Epidemiol Infect}, month = {10}, pages = {269-275}, abstract = {

A case-control study was conducted in western Sweden (Alvsborg County). The aim of the study was to identify any special food items or behaviours associated with an increased risk of contracting campylobacter infection. A total of 101 cases and 198 controls were matched for age, sex and district of residence. The following risk factors or risk behaviours were associated with campylobacter infection: drinking unpasteurized milk (OR 3.56, 95\% CI 1.46-8.94), eating chicken (OR 2.29, 95\% CI 1.29-4.23), or eating pork with bones (chops OR 2.02, 95\% CI 1.17-3.64; loin of pork OR 1.83, 95\% CI 1.07-3.12), barbecuing (OR 1.98, 95\% CI 1.10-4.34), and living or working on a farm (farm OR 3.06, 95\% CI 1.58-6.62, hen/chicken-breeder OR 3.32, 95\% CI 1.56-6.78), daily contact with chickens or hens (OR 11.83, 95\% CI 3.41-62.03).

}, isbn = {0950-2688}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2869598/}, author = {Studahl,A. and Andersson,Y.} } @article {15402, title = {Rodents as reservoir hosts in the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Richard-Toll, Senegal, West Africa}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, year = {2000}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England}, month = {Jun}, pages = {129-35}, abstract = {

More than 2000 animals belonging to six different rodent species and one insectivore species were examined for infection with schistosomes in the region of Richard-Toll, Senegal. Two murid rodents, Arvicanthis niloticus and Mastomys huberti, were found infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Prevalences were about 5\% for both rodent species with a mean worm burden of about 20 worms per host. The sex-ratios of S. mansoni worms were always biased towards males. Prevalences and worm burdens, although similar in both male and female rodents, increased significantly with age. The highest prevalences and worm burdens were found near habitations and decreased significantly with the distance from the town of Richard-Toll. Eggs were also observed in the liver and faeces of the two naturally infected rodent species. The results suggest that rodents participate in the transmission of intestinal schistosomiasis in Richard-Toll but the human population is the main source of infection. The genetic resemblance between human and murine isolates of S. mansoni suggests that further epidemiological studies are needed in this region of Senegal.

}, keywords = {*Disease Reservoirs, Age Distribution, Animals, Feces/parasitology, Female, Humans, Liver/parasitology, Male, Parasite Egg Count, prevalence, Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/parasitology, Rodentia/parasitology, Schistosoma mansoni/isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis mansoni/epidemiology/*transmission/*veterinary, Senegal/epidemiology, Sex Distribution, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0022-149X (Print)
0022-149X (Linking)}, author = {Duplantier, J. M. and Sene, M.} } @article {10608, title = {{The role of seafood in bacterial foodborne diseases}}, journal = {New Microbes New Infections}, volume = {2}, year = {2000}, pages = {1651{\textendash}1660}, author = {Feldhusen, F} } @article {3642, title = {Rotavirus outbreak on a pediatric oncology floor: possible association with toys.}, journal = {American Journal of Infection Control}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, pages = {378{\textendash}380}, abstract = {

Several outbreaks of rotavirus gastroenteritis have occurred in hospitals and day care centers. In the spring of 1997, an outbreak of rotavirus occurred on our pediatric unit. Aggressive infection control measures were instituted, and potential lapses in infection control were assessed.

}, doi = {10.1067/mic.2000.109908}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mic.2000.109908}, author = {Rogers, M and Weinstock, D M and Eagan, J and Kiehn, T and Armstrong, D and Sepkowitz, K A} } @article {4850, title = {{Rotifers ingest oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum}}, journal = {J Eukaryot Microbiol}, volume = {47}, year = {2000}, pages = {161{\textendash}163}, author = {Fayer, R and Trout, JM and Walsh, E and Cole, R} } @article {7254, title = {Safe drinking water production in rural areas: a comparison between developed and less developed countries}, journal = {Schriftenreihe Des Vereins F{\"u}r Wasser-, Boden- Und Lufthygiene}, volume = {108}, year = {2000}, pages = {93{\textendash}123}, abstract = {At the fundamental level, there are remarkable parallels between developed and less developed countries in problems of providing safe drinking water in rural areas, but of course, they differ greatly in degree and in the opportunities for resolution. Small water supplies frequently encounter difficulty accessing sufficient quantities of drinking water for all domestic uses. If the water must be treated for safety reasons, then treatment facilities and trained operating personnel and finances are always in short supply. Ideally, each solution should be sustainable within its own cultural, political and economic context, and preferably with local personnel and financial resources. Otherwise, the water supply will be continuously dependent on outside resources and thus will not be able to control its destiny, and its future will be questionable. The history of success in this regard has been inconsistent, particularly in less developed but also in some developed countries. The traditional and ideal solution in developing countries has been central water treatment and a piped distribution network, however, results have had a mixed history primarily due to high initial costs and operation and maintenance, inadequate access to training, management and finance sufficient to support a fairly complex system for the long term. These complete systems are also slow to be implemented so waterborne disease continues in the interim. Thus, non-traditional, creative, cost-effective practical solutions that can be more rapidly implemented are needed. Some of these options could involve: small package central treatment coupled with non piped distribution, e.g. community supplied bottled water; decentralized treatment for the home using basic filtration and/or disinfection; higher levels of technology to deal with chemical contaminants e.g. natural fluoride or arsenic. These technological options coupled with training, technical support and other essential elements like community commitment provide opportunities that should be explored both for rural small communities and in rapidly growing periurban areas in developing countries.}, keywords = {Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Humans, rural health, sanitation, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Supply}, issn = {0300-8665}, author = {Cotruvo, J. A. and Trevant, C.} } @article {17168, title = {Salmonella nomenclature}, journal = {J Clin MicrobiolJ Clin Microbiol}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, year = {2000}, month = {Jul}, pages = {2465-7}, edition = {2000/07/06}, keywords = {*Terminology as Topic, Animals, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), Humans, Salmonella Infections/microbiology, Salmonella/*classification, Serotyping, United States, World Health Organization}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print)
0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Brenner, F. W. and Villar, R. G. and Angulo, F. J. and Tauxe, R. and Swaminathan, B.} } @article {12510, title = {Science and the precautionary principle}, journal = {ScienceScience}, volume = {288}, number = {5468}, year = {2000}, pages = {979-981}, isbn = {0036-8075}, author = {Foster, Kenneth R and Vecchia, Paolo and Repacholi, Michael H} } @article {9769, title = {{Screening of the municipal water system of La Plata, Argentina, for human intestinal parasites}}, journal = {International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health}, volume = {203}, year = {2000}, pages = {177{\textendash}182}, author = {Basualdo, J and Pezzani, B and De Luca, M and C{\'o}rdoba, A and Apeztegu{\'\i}a, M} } @article {11349, title = {Sero-epidemiological study of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Belgian cattle}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {43-49}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-4017}, author = {Dorny, Pierre and Vercammen, F and Brandt, J and Vansteenkiste, W and Berkvens, Dirk and Geerts, S} } @inbook {15219, title = {Sistemas de lagunas de estabilizaci{\'o}n: {C{\'o}mo} utilizar aguas residuales tratadas en sistemas de regad{\'\i}o}, booktitle = {Sistemas de lagunas de estabilizacion: como utilizar aguas residuales tratadas en sistemas de regadio}, year = {2000}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, author = {S{\'e}rgio R Mendon{\c c}a} } @article {16898, title = {Sources of Escherichia coli in a coastal subtropical environment}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {230{\textendash}237}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Solo-Gabriele, Helena M and Wolfert, Melinda A and Desmarais, Timothy R and Palmer, Carol J} } @article {8140, title = {{Sources of Escherichia coli in a coastal subtropical environment.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, month = {jan}, pages = {230{\textendash}7}, abstract = {

Sources of Escherichia coli in a coastal waterway located in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., were evaluated. The study consisted of an extensive program of field measurements designed to capture spatial and temporal variations in E. coli concentrations as well as experiments conducted under laboratory-controlled conditions. E. coli from environmental samples was enumerated by using a defined substrate technology (Colilert-18). Field sampling tasks included sampling the length of the North Fork to identify the river reach contributing high E. coli levels, autosampler experiments at two locations, and spatially intense sampling efforts at hot spots. Laboratory experiments were designed to simulate tidal conditions within the riverbank soils. The results showed that E. coli entered the river in a large pulse during storm conditions. After the storm, E. coli levels returned to baseline levels and varied in a cyclical pattern which correlated with tidal cycles. The highest concentrations were observed during high tide, whereas the lowest were observed at low tide. This peculiar pattern of E. coli concentrations between storm events was caused by the growth of E. coli within riverbank soils which were subsequently washed in during high tide. Laboratory analysis of soil collected from the riverbanks showed increases of several orders of magnitude in soil E. coli concentrations. The ability of E. coli to multiply in the soil was found to be a function of soil moisture content, presumably due to the ability of E. coli to outcompete predators in relatively dry soil. The importance of soil moisture in regulating the multiplication of E. coli was found to be critical in tidally influenced areas due to periodic wetting and drying of soils in contact with water bodies. Given the potential for growth in such systems, E. coli concentrations can be artificially elevated above that expected from fecal impacts alone. Such results challenge the use of E. coli as a suitable indicator of water quality in tidally influenced areas located within tropical and subtropical environments.

}, keywords = {Bacteriological Techniques, Environmental monitoring, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Florida, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Soil Microbiology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=91811{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Solo-Gabriele, H M and Wolfert, M A and Desmarais, T R and Palmer, C J} } @article {14230, title = {Sources of {Escherichia} coli in a coastal subtropical environment.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, month = {jan}, pages = {230{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Sources of Escherichia coli in a coastal waterway located in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., were evaluated. The study consisted of an extensive program of field measurements designed to capture spatial and temporal variations in E. coli concentrations as well as experiments conducted under laboratory-controlled conditions. E. coli from environmental samples was enumerated by using a defined substrate technology (Colilert-18). Field sampling tasks included sampling the length of the North Fork to identify the river reach contributing high E. coli levels, autosampler experiments at two locations, and spatially intense sampling efforts at hot spots. Laboratory experiments were designed to simulate tidal conditions within the riverbank soils. The results showed that E. coli entered the river in a large pulse during storm conditions. After the storm, E. coli levels returned to baseline levels and varied in a cyclical pattern which correlated with tidal cycles. The highest concentrations were observed during high tide, whereas the lowest were observed at low tide. This peculiar pattern of E. coli concentrations between storm events was caused by the growth of E. coli within riverbank soils which were subsequently washed in during high tide. Laboratory analysis of soil collected from the riverbanks showed increases of several orders of magnitude in soil E. coli concentrations. The ability of E. coli to multiply in the soil was found to be a function of soil moisture content, presumably due to the ability of E. coli to outcompete predators in relatively dry soil. The importance of soil moisture in regulating the multiplication of E. coli was found to be critical in tidally influenced areas due to periodic wetting and drying of soils in contact with water bodies. Given the potential for growth in such systems, E. coli concentrations can be artificially elevated above that expected from fecal impacts alone. Such results challenge the use of E. coli as a suitable indicator of water quality in tidally influenced areas located within tropical and subtropical environments.}, keywords = {Bacteriological Techniques, Environmental monitoring, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Florida, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Soil Microbiology, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=91811\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Solo-Gabriele, H M and Wolfert, M A and Desmarais, T R and Palmer, C J} } @article {9577, title = {{A spore counting method and cell culture model for chlorine disinfection studies of Encephalitozoon syn. Septata intestinalis}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, pages = {1266{\textendash}1273}, author = {Wolk, DM and Johnson, CH and E W Rice and Marshall, MM and Grahn, KF and Plummer, CB and Sterling, CR} } @article {11744, title = {{Survey of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei in frogs in Taiwan and its experimental infection in cats}}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {74}, number = {02}, year = {2000}, pages = {173{\textendash}176}, abstract = {

Eighteen of 56 (32.1{\%}) wild Rana limnocharis from central and south Taiwan were found to contain plerocercoids of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. This is the first report of S. erinaceieuropaei infections in frogs in Taiwan, with the plerocercoids being recovered from the thigh and back muscles or under the skin. Other species of frogs examined, including nine wild R. latouchii, one wild Buergeria robustus and 110 cultured R. rugulosa were free of infection. The plerocercoids were orally inoculated into four cats; three of which were each given a single plerocercoid and one a dose of three plerocercoids. Daily faecal examination showed that two cats started shedding eggs of S. erinaceieuropaei on day 8 postinfection {\{}(PI){\}} and the other two on day 10 {\{}PI.{\}} The highest eggs per gram and eggs per day for a single worm was found to be 428,000 and 14,416,000 respectively. Only the cat inoculated with three plerocercoids shed proglottids in its faeces during the 2 month observation period.

}, issn = {0022-149X}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X0000024X}, author = {Ooi, H and Chang, S and Huang, C and Kawakami, Y and Uchida, A} } @article {14148, title = {Survival of verocytotoxigenic {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in soil, water and on surfaces.}, journal = {Symposium series (Society for Applied Microbiology)}, number = {jacob 1999}, year = {2000}, pages = {71S{\textendash}78S}, abstract = {Cattle and sheep are major reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157 and consequently these and certain other farm animals can pass out large numbers of this organism in their faeces. Thus the ability of the organism to survive in faeces, on pastureland and in associated water systems has important implications for its spread to crops by direct application of manure, by irrigation with infected water or directly to man by contact with animals or contaminated soil. Model systems were used to determine the persistence of the organism in river water, cattle faeces, soil cores and on stainless steel work surfaces. Survival of the organism was found to be greatest in soil cores containing rooted grass. Under these conditions viable numbers were shown to decline from approximately 10(8) g(-1) soil to between 10(6) and 10(7) g(-1) soil after 130 d. When the organism was inoculated into cattle faeces it remained detectable at high levels for more than 50 d. In contrast the organism survived much less readily in cattle slurry and river water where it fell in numbers from more than 10(6) ml(-1) to undetectable levels in 10 and 27 d, respectively. The survival of E. coli O157 was also investigated on stainless steel surfaces, where as air-dried deposits, it was shown to survive for periods in excess of 60 d. It was most stable at chill temperatures (4 degrees C) and viability was only partially reduced at 18 degrees C. In addition to stainless steel, the organism was shown to survive for extended periods on domestic (plastic) cutting boards, both at room and chill temperatures. Sanitizing agents, such as hypochlorites and a compound comprising both cationic and anionic-based active ingredients were found to be effective in killing various VTEC on stainless steel surfaces.}, issn = {1467-4734}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2000.tb05334.x}, author = {A Maule} } @article {2345, title = {{Survival of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in soil, water and on surfaces.}}, journal = {Symposium Series (Society for Applied Microbiology)}, number = {jacob 1999}, year = {2000}, pages = {71S{\textendash}78S}, abstract = {

Cattle and sheep are major reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157 and consequently these and certain other farm animals can pass out large numbers of this organism in their faeces. Thus the ability of the organism to survive in faeces, on pastureland and in associated water systems has important implications for its spread to crops by direct application of manure, by irrigation with infected water or directly to man by contact with animals or contaminated soil. Model systems were used to determine the persistence of the organism in river water, cattle faeces, soil cores and on stainless steel work surfaces. Survival of the organism was found to be greatest in soil cores containing rooted grass. Under these conditions viable numbers were shown to decline from approximately 10(8) g(-1) soil to between 10(6) and 10(7) g(-1) soil after 130 d. When the organism was inoculated into cattle faeces it remained detectable at high levels for more than 50 d. In contrast the organism survived much less readily in cattle slurry and river water where it fell in numbers from more than 10(6) ml(-1) to undetectable levels in 10 and 27 d, respectively. The survival of E. coli O157 was also investigated on stainless steel surfaces, where as air-dried deposits, it was shown to survive for periods in excess of 60 d. It was most stable at chill temperatures (4 degrees C) and viability was only partially reduced at 18 degrees C. In addition to stainless steel, the organism was shown to survive for extended periods on domestic (plastic) cutting boards, both at room and chill temperatures. Sanitizing agents, such as hypochlorites and a compound comprising both cationic and anionic-based active ingredients were found to be effective in killing various VTEC on stainless steel surfaces.

}, isbn = {1467-4734 (Print)}, issn = {1467-4734}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.2000.tb05334.x}, author = {A Maule} } @article {15679, title = {Sydney{\textquoteright}s 1998 water quality crisis}, journal = {Journal American Water Woks Association}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {55}, chapter = {55}, author = {Clancy, J.L.} } @article {6130, title = {Synthetic DNA tracers: examples of their application in water related studies}, journal = {IAHS Publication (International Association of Hydrological Sciences)}, number = {262}, year = {2000}, pages = {159{\textendash}165}, author = {Sabir, Iftikhar H and Haldorsen, Sylvi and Torgersen, Jacob and Alestrom, Peter and Gaut, Sylvi and Colleuille, Herve and Pedersen, Tor Simon and Kitterod, Nils-Otto and Alestrom, P} } @mastersthesis {6741, title = {Taiwanese university students{\textquoteright} satisfaction with sports facilities and exercise equipment in schools}, year = {2000}, note = {9966671}, school = {University of South Dakota}, type = {phdEd.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In general, students are the primary users of sports facilities and exercise equipment. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which Taiwanese university students were satisfied with the sports facilities and equipment their schools provide for them to use. The second purpose of this study was to examine the need for schools to have swimming pools and to address the importance of developing aquatic sports. A survey instrument developed by the researcher was used to collect data from a random sample of 405 university students throughout Taiwan. Five-point Likert scales were used to measure respondents{\textquoteright} attitudes toward sports facilities and exercise equipment, aquatic sports, and water safety issues. Results indicated that respondents were moderately satisfied with the number and quality of recreational sports facilities in their schools. They were also moderately satisfied with the amount and quality of equipment their schools provided for recreational sports facilities. Most respondents had no strong opinions regarding their willingness to pay extra fees to have better recreational sports facilities in their schools. Respondents expressed a desire to have swimming pools in universities in Taiwan and for schools to offer aquatic sports courses. Although most respondents participated in aquatic sports about once a week, they did not have a high level of knowledge regarding water safety. Finally, a t test analysis revealed that males participated in aquatic sports significantly more often than females.}, keywords = {0745:Higher education, 0814:Recreation, China, Education, Exercise equipment, Higher education, Recreation, Social sciences, Sports facilities, Student satisfaction, Taiwanese, University students}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304618716?accountid=14270}, author = {Huang, Kun-Te} } @article {11844, title = {{Temperature effects on embryonic development and the life cycle of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum.}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {30}, number = {7}, year = {2000}, pages = {849{\textendash}852}, abstract = {Diphyllobothrium dendriticum eggs collected from hamster faeces were incubated at 10 or 20 degrees C, or maintained at 4 degrees C for 11-30 months. On day 65, 20-50{\%} of eggs failed to hatch at 10 degrees C and 42-51{\%} did not hatch by day 21 at 20 degrees C. Our study indicates that eggs begin to hatch in {\{}mid-August{\}} and persist until October in many lakes within the natural range of D. dendriticum. Our results demonstrate that eggs stored at 4 degrees C will hatch, suggesting they can persist in the environment for long periods and contribute to the D. dendriticum life cycle in high Arctic lakes by hatching months or years after release.}, issn = {0020-7519}, doi = {10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00061-8}, author = {Wright, M and Curtis, M} } @article {9474, title = {{Therapy for human gastrointestinal microsporidiosis}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {63}, number = {3-4}, year = {2000}, pages = {121{\textendash}127}, author = {Conteas, CN and Berlin, OG and Ash, LR and Pruthi, JS} } @article {17329, title = {Thermal inactivation kinetics of Salmonella and Listeria in ground chicken breast meat and liquid medium}, journal = {Journal of Food ScienceJ Food Sci}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, year = {2000}, month = {May-Jun}, pages = {706-710}, keywords = {bacteria, beef, Cooking, escherichia-coli o157-h7, GROWTH, Heat, lethality, micrococcus-freudenreichii, Modeling, monocytogenes, pork chops, Poultry, streptococcus-faecium, Survival, yersinia-enterocolitica}, isbn = {0022-1147}, author = {Murphy, R. Y. and Marks, B. P. and Johnson, E. R. and Johnson, M. G.} } @article {3754, title = {Three-year study to assess human enteric viruses in shellfish.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {3241{\textendash}3248}, author = {Le Guyader, F and Haugarreau, L and Miossec, L and Dubois, E and Pommepuy, M} } @article {8908, title = {Towards a mechanistic understanding of pond disinfection}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {42}, number = {10-11}, year = {2000}, pages = {149}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/42/10-11/149.abstract}, author = {Davis-Colley, R. J. and Donnison, A. M. and Speed, D. J.} } @article {8624, title = {{Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {30}, number = {12-13}, year = {2000}, pages = {1217{\textendash}1258}, author = {Tenter, AM and Heckeroth, AR and Weiss, LM} } @article {8563, title = {{Toxoplasmosis after hematopoietic stem transplantation. Report of a 5-year survey from the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation}}, journal = {Bone Marrow Transplant}, volume = {25}, number = {10}, year = {2000}, pages = {1111{\textendash}1114}, author = {Martino, R and Bretagne, S and Rovira, M and Ullmann, AJ and Maertens, J and Held, T and Deconinck, E and Cordonnier, C} } @article {9884, title = {{Transmission of intestinal blastocystosis related to the quality of drinking water}}, journal = {Southeast Asia J Trop Med Public Health}, volume = {31}, year = {2000}, pages = {112{\textendash}117}, author = {Taamasri, P and Mungthin, M and Rangsin, R and Tongupprakarn, B and Areekul, W and Leelayoova, S} } @article {9930, title = {Transmission of intestinal blastocystosis related to the quality of drinking water.}, journal = {The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {31}, year = {2000}, pages = {112-117}, author = {Taamasri, P and Mungthin, M and Rangsin, R and Tongupprakarn, B and Areekul, W and Leelayoova, S} } @article {6136, title = {Transport and attenuation of bacteria and bacteriophages in an alluvial gravel aquifer}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {175{\textendash}186}, author = {Sinton, LW and Noonan, MJ and Finlay, RK and Pang, L and Close, ME} } @article {13069, title = {Treatment of septic effluent for fecal coliform and nitrogen in coarse-textured soils: Use of soil-only and sand filter systems}, journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution}, volume = {124}, number = {1-2}, year = {2000}, pages = {205{\textendash}215}, author = {Harrison, RB and Turner, NS and Hoyle, JA and Krejsl, J and Tone, DD and Henry, CL and Isaksen, PJ and Xue, D} } @booklet {5260, title = {{Trickling Filters, Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet, EPA 832-F-00-014}}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Office of Water}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {US EPA} } @article {4702, title = {{Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with ciprofloxacin for treatment and prophylaxis of Isospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in HIV-infected patients. A randomized, controlled trial}}, journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine}, volume = {132}, year = {2000}, pages = {885{\textendash}888}, author = {Verdier, RI and Fitzgerald, DW and Johnson, WD Jr and Pape, JW} } @article {2915, title = {A twenty-year history of alveolar echinococcosis: analysis of a series of 117 patients from eastern {France}}, journal = {European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {327{\textendash}336}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: Alveolar echinococcosis of the liver is a very rare and severe parasitic disease due to the growth of the larva of Echinococcus multilocularis. The aim of this paper was to describe a 20-year study of the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of alveolar echinococcosis in eastern France. DESIGN: One hundred and seventeen consecutive cases, diagnosed and followed in our liver unit, were studied from 1972 to 1993. METHODS: Data from 85 patients followed since 1983 (period B) were compared to data from a first series of 32 patients (period A) collected from 1972 to 1982; 1983 was chosen as the cut-off year because of the numerous changes that occurred in the diagnosis, follow-up and treatment of the disease at this time, in particular the introduction of parasitostatic benzimidazoles. RESULTS: The results of patient follow-up were evaluated in December 1997. The cumulative prevalence was 2.5 per 100,000 persons in period A whereas it reached 6.6 per 100,000 in period B. The annual incidence in period B was 7.3 on average, compared with 2.7 in period A. Twenty-nine per cent of patients from period B were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis compared with 10\% in period A. This change was correlated with less advanced liver lesions, and was related to the extensive use of abdominal ultrasound, and from 1987, serological screening. Curative resections were performed in 24\% of the cases in period B versus only 3\% in period A. From 1986, liver transplantations were performed in eight patients from period A and 13 patients from period B. In period B, palliative surgery was frequently replaced by radiological non-operative procedures to treat abscesses and jaundice. From 1982, 73 patients received benzimidazoles for a period of time ranging from 4 to 138 months. Stabilization of the lesions was observed in two-thirds of the patients. Episodes of jaundice or digestive haemorrhage due to portal hypertension were 31.5 and 11 times less frequent respectively in patients from period B compared with period A. Actuarial survival at 5 years improved from 67\% in period A to 88\% in period B in patients of similar age. CONCLUSIONS: Radical changes in the diagnosis and the management of alveolar echinococcosis have occurred during the last decade. Together they have contributed to an improvement in the status of the patients affected by this very severe parasitic disease.

}, keywords = {Benzimidazoles, Echinococcosis, Follow-Up Studies, France, Health Surveys, Hepatic, Humans, Liver Transplantation, Mass Screening, prevalence, Serologic Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Survival Analysis, Ultrasonography}, issn = {0954-691X}, author = {Bresson-Hadni, S. and Vuitton, D. A. and Bartholomot, B. and Heyd, B. and Godart, D. and Meyer, J. P. and Hrusovsky, S. and Becker, M. C. and Mantion, G. and Lenys, D. and Miguet, J. P.} } @article {4835, title = {{Two simultaneous cases of Cyclospora cayetanensis enteritis returning from Dominican Republic}}, journal = {Journal of Travel Medicine}, volume = {7}, year = {2000}, pages = {41{\textendash}42}, author = {Green, ST and McKendrick, MW and Mohsen, AH and Schmid, ML and Prakasam, SF} } @article {13219, title = {Typing of clinical and environmental Aeromonas veronii strains based on the 16S-23S rDNA spacers}, journal = {FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology}, volume = {28}, year = {2000}, pages = {225-232}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01481.x}, author = {A. J. Martinez-Murcia and Borrell, N. and Figueras, M. J.} } @inbook {10688, title = {{Ultraviolet disinfection}}, booktitle = {Control of Microbes in Drinking Water}, year = {2000}, publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineering}, organization = {American Society of Civil Engineering}, address = {Reston, VA}, author = {J P Malley}, editor = {Lingireddy, S} } @article {9807, title = {{Use of the elongation factor-1 alpha gene in a polymerase chain reaction-based restriction-fragment-length polymorphism analysis of genetic heterogeneity among Blastocystis species}}, journal = {Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology}, volume = {112}, year = {2000}, pages = {287{\textendash}291}, author = {Ho, LC and Jeyeseelan, K and Singh, M} } @article {14231, title = {{UV} inactivation, liquid-holding recovery, and photoreactivation of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 and other pathogenic {Escherichia} coli strains in water.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {63}, number = {8}, year = {2000}, month = {aug}, pages = {1015{\textendash}20}, abstract = {Drinking water, water used in food production and for irrigation, water for fish farming, waste water, surface water, and recreational water have been recently recognized as a vector for the transmission of pathogenic Escherichia coli, especially serotype O157:H7. We investigated the UV (253.7 nm) inactivation behavior and the capability of dark repair (liquid-holding recovery) and photoreactivation of seven pathogenic (including three enterohemorrhagic E. coli) strains and one nonpathogenic strain of E. coli (ATCC 11229) with respect to the use of UV light for water disinfection purposes. Because most bacteria and yeast are known to be able to repair UV damage in their nucleic acids, repair mechanisms have to be considered to ensure safe water disinfection. We found a wide divergence in the UV susceptibility within the strains tested. A 6-log reduction of bacteria that fulfills the requirement for safe water disinfection was reached for the very most susceptible strain O157:H7 (CCUG 29199) at a UV fluence of 12 J/m2, whereas for the most resistant strain, O25:K98:NM, a UV fluence of about 125 J/m2 was needed. Except for one strain (O50:H7) liquid-holding recovery did not play an important role in recovery after UV irradiation. By contrast, all strains, particularly strains O25:K98:NM, O78:K80:H12, and O157:H7 (CCUG 29193), demonstrated photorepair ability. For a 6-log reduction of these strains, a UV fluence (253.7 nm) up to 300 J/m2 is required. The results reveal that the minimum fluence of 400 J/m2 demanded in the Austrian standard for water disinfection is sufficient to inactivate pathogenic E. coli. A fluence of 160 J/m2 (recommendation in Norway) or 250 J/m2 (recommendation in Switzerland) cannot be regarded as safe in that respect.}, keywords = {Animals, Austria, Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase, Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase: metabolism, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Disinfection: standards, DNA Repair, DNA Repair: radiation effects, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: growth \& development, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: radiation effects, Light, Ultraviolet Rays, water, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10945573}, author = {Sommer, R and Lhotsky, M and Haider, T and Cabaj, A} } @article {2419, title = {{UV inactivation, liquid-holding recovery, and photoreactivation of Escherichia coli O157 and other pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in water.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {63}, number = {8}, year = {2000}, month = {aug}, pages = {1015{\textendash}20}, abstract = {

Drinking water, water used in food production and for irrigation, water for fish farming, waste water, surface water, and recreational water have been recently recognized as a vector for the transmission of pathogenic Escherichia coli, especially serotype O157:H7. We investigated the UV (253.7 nm) inactivation behavior and the capability of dark repair (liquid-holding recovery) and photoreactivation of seven pathogenic (including three enterohemorrhagic E. coli) strains and one nonpathogenic strain of E. coli (ATCC 11229) with respect to the use of UV light for water disinfection purposes. Because most bacteria and yeast are known to be able to repair UV damage in their nucleic acids, repair mechanisms have to be considered to ensure safe water disinfection. We found a wide divergence in the UV susceptibility within the strains tested. A 6-log reduction of bacteria that fulfills the requirement for safe water disinfection was reached for the very most susceptible strain O157:H7 (CCUG 29199) at a UV fluence of 12 J/m2, whereas for the most resistant strain, O25:K98:NM, a UV fluence of about 125 J/m2 was needed. Except for one strain (O50:H7) liquid-holding recovery did not play an important role in recovery after UV irradiation. By contrast, all strains, particularly strains O25:K98:NM, O78:K80:H12, and O157:H7 (CCUG 29193), demonstrated photorepair ability. For a 6-log reduction of these strains, a UV fluence (253.7 nm) up to 300 J/m2 is required. The results reveal that the minimum fluence of 400 J/m2 demanded in the Austrian standard for water disinfection is sufficient to inactivate pathogenic E. coli. A fluence of 160 J/m2 (recommendation in Norway) or 250 J/m2 (recommendation in Switzerland) cannot be regarded as safe in that respect.

}, keywords = {Animals, Austria, Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase, Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase: metabolism, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Disinfection: standards, DNA Repair, DNA Repair: radiation effects, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: growth \& development, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: radiation effects, Light, Ultraviolet Rays, water, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10945573}, author = {Sommer, R and Lhotsky, M and Haider, T and Cabaj, A} } @article {8141, title = {{UV inactivation, liquid-holding recovery, and photoreactivation of Escherichia coli O157 and other pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in water.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {63}, number = {8}, year = {2000}, month = {aug}, pages = {1015{\textendash}20}, abstract = {

Drinking water, water used in food production and for irrigation, water for fish farming, waste water, surface water, and recreational water have been recently recognized as a vector for the transmission of pathogenic Escherichia coli, especially serotype O157:H7. We investigated the UV (253.7 nm) inactivation behavior and the capability of dark repair (liquid-holding recovery) and photoreactivation of seven pathogenic (including three enterohemorrhagic E. coli) strains and one nonpathogenic strain of E. coli (ATCC 11229) with respect to the use of UV light for water disinfection purposes. Because most bacteria and yeast are known to be able to repair UV damage in their nucleic acids, repair mechanisms have to be considered to ensure safe water disinfection. We found a wide divergence in the UV susceptibility within the strains tested. A 6-log reduction of bacteria that fulfills the requirement for safe water disinfection was reached for the very most susceptible strain O157:H7 (CCUG 29199) at a UV fluence of 12 J/m2, whereas for the most resistant strain, O25:K98:NM, a UV fluence of about 125 J/m2 was needed. Except for one strain (O50:H7) liquid-holding recovery did not play an important role in recovery after UV irradiation. By contrast, all strains, particularly strains O25:K98:NM, O78:K80:H12, and O157:H7 (CCUG 29193), demonstrated photorepair ability. For a 6-log reduction of these strains, a UV fluence (253.7 nm) up to 300 J/m2 is required. The results reveal that the minimum fluence of 400 J/m2 demanded in the Austrian standard for water disinfection is sufficient to inactivate pathogenic E. coli. A fluence of 160 J/m2 (recommendation in Norway) or 250 J/m2 (recommendation in Switzerland) cannot be regarded as safe in that respect.

}, keywords = {Animals, Austria, Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase, Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase: metabolism, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Disinfection: standards, DNA Repair, DNA Repair: radiation effects, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: growth {\&} development, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli O157: radiation effects, Light, Ultraviolet Rays, water, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10945573}, author = {Sommer, R and Lhotsky, M and Haider, T and Cabaj, A} } @article {11385, title = {Vaccination against cysticercosis and hydatid disease}, journal = {Parasitology Today}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, year = {2000}, pages = {191-196}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0169-4758}, author = {Lightowlers, MW and Flisser, A and Gauci, CG and Heath, DD and Jensen, O and Rolfe, R} } @article {16720, title = {Vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer risk in the Netherlands cohort study on diet and cancer}, journal = {Cancer Causes Control}, volume = {11}, year = {2000}, pages = {101{\textendash}115}, author = {Voorrips, L.E. and Goldbohm, R.A. and Verhoeven, D.T.H. and van Poppel, G.A.F.C. and Sturmans, F. and Hermus, R.J.J. and van den Brandt, P.A.} } @article {5144, title = {{Viability of nematode eggs in high rate algal ponds : the effect of physico-chemical conditions}}, number = {1963}, year = {2000}, pages = {371{\textendash}374}, keywords = {high rate algal pond, nematode eggs, osmotic conditions, parascaris equorum, viability}, author = {Araki, S and Gonz{\'a}lez, J M and Luis, E De and Becares, E} } @article {5716, title = {{Viruses and Bivalve Shellfish}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {25-59}, number = {1/2}, year = {2000}, pages = {81{\textendash}116}, author = {Lees, D} } @article {9934, title = {VTEC: lessons learned from British outbreaks}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, year = {2000}, pages = {90S-98S}, author = {Pennington, H} } @booklet {1890, title = {Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Oxidation Ditches}, year = {2000}, publisher = {USEPA, https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CBwQFjAAahUKEwi4yfT7_IHHAhXEbhQKHTLUAX8\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwater.epa.gov\%2Fscitech\%2Fwastetech\%2Fupload\%2F2002_06_28_mtb_oxidation_ditch.pdf\&ei=eqK5VbikLMTdUbKoh_gH\&usg=AFQjCNGgoE}, type = {Electronic Article} } @article {1889, title = {Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Trickling Filters}, number = { EPA 832-F-00-014}, year = {2000}, institution = {USEPA}, type = {Electronic Article} } @book {7311, title = {Water for the twenty-first century: challenges and misconceptions}, volume = {111}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Institute of Development Studies}, organization = {Institute of Development Studies}, url = {https://entwicklungspolitik.uni-hohenheim.de/uploads/media/Water_for_the_Twenty-First_Century-ids-workingpaper_111_04.pdf}, author = {Mehta, Lyla} } @conference {16355, title = {Water Quality {\textendash} Detection and Enumeration of Escherichia coli and Coliform Bacteria {\textendash} Part 1: Membrane Filtration Method (ISO 9308-1: 2000)}, year = {2000}, publisher = {International Organization of Standardization}, organization = {International Organization of Standardization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @conference {16356, title = {Water Quality {\textendash} Detection and Enumeration of Intestinal Enterococci {\textendash} Part 2: Membrane Filtration Method (ISO 7899-2: 2000)}, year = {2000}, publisher = {International Organization of Standardization}, organization = {International Organization of Standardization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @conference {7123, title = {Water supply and sanitation services for all: global progress during the 1990s}, booktitle = {Natural resources forum}, volume = {24}, year = {2000}, pages = {225{\textendash}235}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, organization = {Wiley Online Library}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2000.tb00946.x/abstract}, author = {Neto, Frederico and Tropp, H\textbackslasha akan} } @book {7189, title = {Water supply \& sanitation: {Rural} and low income urban communities}, year = {2000}, publisher = {ITN-Bangladesh, Centre for Water Supply and Waste Management, BUET}, organization = {ITN-Bangladesh, Centre for Water Supply and Waste Management, BUET}, author = {Ahmed, M. Feroze and Rahman, Md Mujibur} } @article {10809, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera in 1999}, volume = {75}, number = {31}, year = {2000}, pages = {249{\textendash}256} } @article {6590, title = {What can we learn from international comparisons of health systems and health system reform?}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, year = {2000}, pages = {811{\textendash}820}, abstract = {Most commonly, lessons derived from comparisons of international health sector reform can only be generalized in a limited way to similar countries. However, there is little guidance as to what constitutes "similarity" in this respect. We propose that a framework for assessing similarity could be derived from the performance of individual policies in different contexts, and from the cause and effect processes related to the policies. We demonstrate this process by considering research evidence in the "public-private mix", and propose variables for an initial framework that we believe determine private involvement in the public health sector. The most influential model of public leadership places the private role in a contracting framework. Research in countries that have adopted this model suggests an additional list of variables to add to the framework. The variables can be grouped under the headings "demand factors", "supply factors", and "strength of the public sector". These illustrate the nature of a framework that could emerge, and which would help countries aiming to learn from international experience.}, keywords = {Benchmarking, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Delivery of Health Care, Health Care Reform, Humans, International Cooperation, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Private Sector, Public Sector, World Health Organization}, issn = {0042-9686}, author = {McPake, B. and Mills, A.} } @article {14816, title = {Where{\textquoteright}s the {Beef}?: {The} {Role} of {Cross}-contamination in 4 {Chain} {Restaurant}{\textendash}{Associated} {Outbreaks} of {Escherichia} coli {O}157: {H}7 in the {Pacific} {Northwest}}, journal = {Archives of {\textbackslash}textbackslashldots}, year = {2000}, author = {Jackson, LA} } @article {14086, title = {Where{\textquoteright}s the {Beef}?: {The} {Role} of {Cross}-contamination in 4 {Chain} {Restaurant}{\textendash}{Associated} {Outbreaks} of {Escherichia} coli {O}157: {H}7 in the {Pacific} {Northwest}}, journal = {Archives of {\textbackslash}ldots}, year = {2000}, author = {Jackson, LA} } @article {8045, title = {Where{\textquoteright}s the Beef?: The Role of Cross-contamination in 4 Chain Restaurant{\textendash}Associated Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in the Pacific Northwest}, journal = {Archives of Internal Medicine}, volume = {160}, year = {2000}, pages = {2380-2385}, author = {Jackson, LA} } @article {2297, title = {{Where{\textquoteright}s the Beef?: The Role of Cross-contamination in 4 Chain Restaurant{\textendash}Associated Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in the Pacific Northwest}}, journal = {Archives of {\l}dots}, year = {2000}, author = {Jackson, LA} } @article {2324, title = {{Abundance and distribution of bacteria carrying sltII gene in natural river water}}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {405{\textendash}410}, edition = {1999/05/29}, abstract = {Direct in situ PCR with HNPP/Fast Red TR was used to enumerate bacteria carrying the sltII gene in river water. By direct in situ PCR with a sltII-specific EVS primer, 10(2)-10(5) cells ml-1 of bacteria carrying the sltII gene were detected from all sampling sites, except the site nearest to the source of the river, while 10(2)-10(4) cells ml-1 of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were detected using a direct fluorescent antibody staining method. These results indicate that such bacteria are commonly distributed in natural river water. Direct in situ PCR with HNPP/Fast Red TR is a useful tool for detecting cells carrying specific genes, such as verotoxin-producing bacteria in natural environments.}, isbn = {0266-8254 (Print) 0266-8254 (Linking)}, author = {Kurokawa, K and Tani, K and Ogawa, M and Nasu, M} } @article {14121, title = {Abundance and distribution of bacteria carrying {sltII} gene in natural river water}, journal = {Lett Appl Microbiol}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {405{\textendash}410}, abstract = {Direct in situ PCR with HNPP/Fast Red TR was used to enumerate bacteria carrying the sltII gene in river water. By direct in situ PCR with a sltII-specific EVS primer, 10(2)-10(5) cells ml-1 of bacteria carrying the sltII gene were detected from all sampling sites, except the site nearest to the source of the river, while 10(2)-10(4) cells ml-1 of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were detected using a direct fluorescent antibody staining method. These results indicate that such bacteria are commonly distributed in natural river water. Direct in situ PCR with HNPP/Fast Red TR is a useful tool for detecting cells carrying specific genes, such as verotoxin-producing bacteria in natural environments.}, author = {Kurokawa, K and Tani, K and Ogawa, M and Nasu, M} } @article {14293, title = {Acanthamoeba in human faeces from {Karachi}.}, journal = {{\textbackslash}ldots of tropical medicine and parasitology}, year = {1999}, author = {Zaman, V and Zaki, M and Manzoor, M} } @article {2477, title = {{Acanthamoeba in human faeces from Karachi.}}, year = {1999}, author = {Zaman, V and Zaki, M and Manzoor, M} } @article {8177, title = {{Acanthamoeba in human faeces from Karachi.}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {93}, year = {1999}, pages = {189-191}, author = {Zaman, V and Zaki, M and Manzoor, M} } @article {14849, title = {Acanthamoeba in human faeces from {Karachi}.}, journal = {{\textbackslash}textbackslashldots of tropical medicine and parasitology}, year = {1999}, author = {Zaman, V and Zaki, M and Manzoor, M} } @article {12488, title = {Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Control of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {48}, year = {1999}, pages = {621-629}, author = {CDC} } @article {15445, title = {Adult resistance to schistosomiasis mansoni: age-dependence of reinfection remains constant in communities with diverse exposure patterns}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {118 ( Pt 1)}, year = {1999}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England}, month = {Jan}, pages = {101-5}, abstract = {In a fishing community on Lake Albert in Uganda the pattern of intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection 6 months after treatment with praziquantel was found to be very similar to reinfection patterns seen in previously studied endemic communities: the profile peaks sharply at around the age of 10 years falling away rapidly to much lower levels in adults. This is in stark contrast to the patterns of water contact, which differ greatly between fishing and non-fishing communities. On Lake Albert, adults appear to be more heavily exposed than children. From these observations we conclude that adults are physiologically (perhaps immunologically) more resistant to infection after treatment than children.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Animals, Antiplatyhelmintic Agents/therapeutic use, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases/drug therapy/*parasitology, Parasite Egg Count, Praziquantel/therapeutic use, Schistosoma mansoni/isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis mansoni/drug therapy/*parasitology, Time Factors, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0031-1820 (Print)
0031-1820 (Linking)}, author = {Kabatereine, N. B. and Vennervald, B. J. and Ouma, J. H. and Kemijumbi, J. and Butterworth, A. E. and Dunne, D. W. and Fulford, A. J.} } @article {4538, title = {Advanced wastewater disinfection Technologies: State of the art and perspectives.}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {4-5}, year = {1999}, pages = {203{\textendash}213}, author = {Lazarova, V and Savoye, P and Janex, ML and E R Blatchley III and M Pommepuy} } @article {1371, title = {Advanced wastewater disinfection technologies: State of the art and perpspectives.}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {40}, number = {4-5}, year = {1999}, pages = {203-213}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Savoye, LP and Janex, ML and E R Blatchley III and Poomepuy, M} } @article {8799, title = {{Advanced wastewater disinfection technologies: state of the art and perspectives}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, year = {1999}, pages = {203{\textendash}213}, author = {Lazarova, V. and Savoye, P. and Janex, M.L. and Blatchley, Ernest R and Pommepuy, Monique} } @article {12978, title = {Agentes patog{\^e}nicos: helmintos e protozo{\'a}rios}, journal = {Reciclagem de bioss{\'o}lidos: transformando problemas em solu{\c c}{\~o}es. Curitiba: SANEPAR}, year = {1999}, pages = {156{\textendash}174}, author = {Thomaz-Soccol, V and Paulino, RC and Castro, EA} } @article {17442, title = {Alternative disinfectants and oxidants guidance manual}, number = {815 R 999014}, year = {1999}, institution = {Environmental Protection Agency Publication } } @article {9294, title = {{Amebiasis: Clinical Implications of the Recognition of Entamoeba dispar}}, journal = {Current infectious disease reports}, volume = {1}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {441{\textendash}447}, author = {Huston, CD and Petri, WA Jr} } @article {9396, title = {{Amebic liver abscess: epidemiology, clinical features, and outcome}}, journal = {Western journal of medicine}, volume = {170}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {104}, author = {Seeto, RK and Rockey, DC} } @mastersthesis {6709, title = {America{\textquoteright}s {Emerald} {Isle}: {The} cultural invention of the {Irish} fishing community of {Beaver} {Island}, {Michigan}}, year = {1999}, note = {9930563}, school = {Loyola University of Chicago}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In 1884, over 90 percent of the one thousand or so inhabitants of Beaver Island, Michigan were either first or second generation Irish-Americans. The preponderance of these Islanders had historical links to Arranmore Island, located in northwest Donegal, Ireland. The colonization of this northern Lake Michigan island corresponded with the growth of the Great Lakes commercial fishing industry. Near the end of the nineteenth century, Beaver Island had become the largest fresh water fishery in the United States. The Islanders{\textquoteright} immigrant experience was unique in that it diverged from that of the urban American Irish. Whereas Irish city dwellers, primarily residing along he Atlantic Seaboard, transplanted a traditional worldview characterized by passivity, fatalism, and alienation, the Beaver Irish worldview was one of action, independence, and optimism. Moreover, while the former were affected by the assimilative forces of Irish nationalism, American Catholicism, and machine politics, the Islanders{\textquoteright} physical and cultural isolation from Anglo-Protestant America, for the most part, impeded assimilation. In order to survive the difficult transition to their new island home, the Islanders "invented" new social and institutional forms, or what may be called the cultural construction of "Islandness." An important component of this Islandness was its religious personality, which consisted of a blend of transplanted peasant religious patterns and American republican ideology. Later, island Catholicism was reinvented and closely resembled American devotional Catholicism. Politically, the Islanders invented a political paradigm that was predicated on the transplanted hierarchical social system of Arranmore, but was relatively open to liberal democracy. Resembling the internal workings of the American urban political machine, only writ small, the Islanders{\textquoteright} political practices reflected a "tax and spend" fiscal ideology, which led to the rise of a reformed pro-statism government and contributed to the abolition of their county government. The fundamental aspect of Islandness was its reliance on commercial fishing. The ability to control, at least in part, their economic destiny was the impetus for the Islanders transition from an Old World subsistence-orientated moral economy to a modern market-driven one. Commercial fishing provided the Islanders a springboard, which vaulted them out of privation and into the petty-proprietor-class.}, keywords = {0337:American history, 0631:Minority \& ethnic groups, 0631:Sociology, American history, Beaver Island, Cultural invention, Fishing community, Irish-Americans, Michigan, Minority \& ethnic groups, Social sciences, Sociology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304513766?accountid=14270}, author = {Connors, Paul G} } @mastersthesis {6324, title = {An analysis of wetlands regulation and conservation easements on private nonindustrial forestlands in {North} {Carolina}}, year = {1999}, note = {9960164}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The research consists of two separate studies: A history and analysis of wetlands policy development and an analysis of the North Carolina Conservation Tax Credit program (NC CTCP). The analysis of the NC CTCP included a comparison of conservation easement grantors with other nonindustrial private forest landowners. A history of the development of United States wetlands policy was completed and evaluated according to Lindblom{\textquoteright}s theory of policy development. Wetlands policy in the United States developed from a number of factors including agricultural policy, flood control policy, public health policy, conservation policy and water pollution control policy. The legislation affecting wetlands developed incrementally from other policies and continues to develop incrementally in the 1990s. As a result of efforts to protect natural landscapes, including wetlands, North Carolina created a Conservation Tax Credit Program (NC CTCP) in 1989. Landowners who donated land or property rights for conservation protection purposes are eligible for a tax credit based on the assessed value of the donation. An analysis of program participation was carried out to determine the range of the program. By early 1999, 223 conservation deeds have been recorded in the NC CTCP. Approximately 50,000 acres of land have been donated to the conservation agencies or to local or state governments for conservation purposes. Of the 223 conservation deeds, 157 were fee simple donations of land, 16 were bargain sales, and 45 were conservation easements. It appeared that participation in the program increased following the two times the amount of the tax credit was raised. Landowners who granted conservation easements on more than 10 acres of land were surveyed to determine how they varied from other nonindustrial private forest landowners (NIPFs). Using selected NIPF studies, a comparison was made of the demographics of the populations as motivations for owning and managing forestland. Conservation easement grantors were found to be better educated than other NIPFs and to have higher incomes. Grantors were more likely to have bought their property rather than inherited it. The motivation for granting easements was primarily for land protection. Goals for forestland ownership and management were similar to other landowners. Timber production was a major goal for very few landowners.}, keywords = {0478:Forestry, 0617:Public administration, 0768:Environmental science, Biological sciences, Conservation easements, Environmental science, Forestlands, Forestry, Health and environmental sciences, North Carolina, Public administration, Social sciences, wetlands}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304515434?accountid=14270}, author = {Gaddis, Deborah Anne} } @article {8780, title = {{Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance.}}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {147{\textendash}79}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology (ASM)}, abstract = {Antiseptics and disinfectants are extensively used in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of topical and hard-surface applications. A wide variety of active chemical agents (biocides) are found in these products, many of which have been used for hundreds of years, including alcohols, phenols, iodine, and chlorine. Most of these active agents demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity; however, little is known about the mode of action of these agents in comparison to antibiotics. This review considers what is known about the mode of action and spectrum of activity of antiseptics and disinfectants. The widespread use of these products has prompted some speculation on the development of microbial resistance, in particular whether antibiotic resistance is induced by antiseptics or disinfectants. Known mechanisms of microbial resistance (both intrinsic and acquired) to biocides are reviewed, with emphasis on the clinical implications of these reports.}, keywords = {digital collections, electronic information, health sciences, information dissemination, life sciences, medical research, scientific information}, issn = {0893-8512}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9880479 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC88911}, author = {McDonnell, G and Russell, A D} } @article {15808, title = {Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, month = {Jan}, pages = {147-79}, edition = {1999/01/09}, keywords = {Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*chemistry/*pharmacology, Disinfectants/*chemistry/*pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Structure-Activity Relationship}, isbn = {0893-8512 (Print)
0893-8512}, author = {McDonnell, G. and Russell, A. D.} } @article {3588, title = {Application of electronmicroscopy, enzyme immunoassay, and {RT}-{PCR} to monitor an outbreak of astrovirus type 1 in a paediatric bone marrow transplant unit.}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {313{\textendash}321}, author = {Cubitt, WD and Mitchell, DK and Carter, MJ and Willcocks, MM and Holzel, H} } @article {10563, title = {{Application of PCR for detection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in water samples during an outbreak of cholera}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {93}, year = {1999}, pages = {527{\textendash}528}, author = {Chakraborty, S and Khanam, J and Takeda, Y and Nair, GB} } @article {5861, title = {{Arcobacter butzleri isolated from a diarrhoeic non-human primate.}}, journal = {Laboratory Animals}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {87{\textendash}90}, author = {Higgins, R and Messier, S and Daignault, D and Lorange, M} } @article {14378, title = {Arcobacter butzleri isolated from a diarrhoeic non-human primate.}, journal = {Laboratory animals}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {87{\textendash}90}, author = {Higgins, R and Messier, S and Daignault, D and Lorange, M} } @inbook {12984, title = {Ascaris lumbricoides}, volume = {48}, year = {1999}, pages = {171-180}, publisher = {AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION (Denver)}, organization = {AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION (Denver)}, chapter = {Ascaris lumbricoides}, author = {Smith, H.V. and GRIMASON, T.M. and HOLLAND} } @mastersthesis {7143, title = {An assessment of local capacity for groundwater quality protection}, year = {1999}, note = {MQ43159}, school = {University of Guelph (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{A}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Recently, local governments have been assuming a greater responsibility for groundwater protection, although not all municipalities have the capacity to take on the challenge. This research assessed the capacity of local governments to protect their groundwater resources using a five-part framework. This framework examined capacity through five inter-related factors: technical, financial, institutional, social, and political. The framework was applied to three municipalities in Southern Ontario that rely on groundwater for their source of municipal drinking water supply: City of Guelph, the Town of Orangeville and the Town of Erin. The results indicated that the level of capacity varies according to the municipality. The trend is that the smaller the municipality, the less capacity it has for groundwater protection. One of the reasons for this limited ability is due to the modest tax base that most small municipalities have. A small tax base prevents a municipality from spending large sums on groundwater protection. To improve existing capacity, this research suggests that local governments participate in collaborative efforts and encourage education and awareness amongst the community. Finally, senior governments should take on a stronger role in the protection of the resource.}, keywords = {0366:Geography, 0617:Public administration, 0768:Environmental science, assessment, CAPACITY, Environmental science, Geography, Groundwater, Health and environmental sciences, Local, PROTECTION, Public administration, QUALITY, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304501835?accountid=14270}, author = {Di Giantomasso, Sandra Elaine} } @article {15735, title = {Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {61}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, month = {Nov}, pages = {707-13}, edition = {1999/12/10}, keywords = {*Child Development, Animals, Brazil, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition Disorders/*etiology/parasitology, Cohort Studies, Cryptosporidiosis/*complications/physiopathology/psychology, Cryptosporidium, Diarrhea, Infantile/*complications/physiopathology/psychology, Feces/parasitology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hematocrit, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Physical Fitness/*physiology, Pilot Projects, Poverty, Prospective Studies, Statistics, Nonparametric, Urban Population}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637}, author = {Guerrant, D. I. and Moore, S. R. and Lima, A. A. and Patrick, P. D. and Schorling, J. B. and Guerrant, R. L.} } @article {11945, title = {Bacterial diversity within the human subgingival crevice}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {96}, number = {25}, year = {1999}, pages = {14547-14552}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0027-8424}, author = {Kroes, Ian and Lepp, Paul W and Relman, David A} } @article {14756, title = {Bacterial function and community structure in reactors treating biopolymers and surfactants at mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures}, journal = {J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol}, volume = {23}, year = {1999}, month = {aug}, pages = {127{\textendash}132}, abstract = {Microbial communities capable of degrading biopolymers and surfactants typically found in graywater were selected in continuous-flow bioreactors operated at 30, 44, 53, or 62 degrees C. The effect of temperature upon microbial activity and community composition was determined. Microbial respiration of the organic components of the medium (including linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) was detected in samples from each reactor. The microbial community in each reactor was adapted to the operating temperature. Nucleic acid-based analyses of community composition showed that distinct consortia were present at each temperature. Community complexity was inversely related to temperature. The specific maintenance rate was twofold higher at 62 degrees C than at the lower temperatures. Under starvation conditions, microbes in the 62 degrees C system lost membrane integrity 30- to 100-fold faster than microbes at lower temperatures.}, issn = {1476-5535 (Electronic) 1367-5435 (Linking)}, author = {Konopka, A. and Zakharova, T. and LaPara, T.} } @article {10663, title = {{A bacteriophage encoding a pathogenicity island, a type-IV pilus and a phage receptor in cholera bacteria}}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {399}, year = {1999}, pages = {375{\textendash}379}, author = {Karaolis, DK and Somara, S and Maneval, DR Jr and Johnson, JA and Kaper, JBA} } @article {1990, title = {Balantidiasis in a rural community from Bolivar State, Venezuela}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n Chileno de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {54}, year = {1999}, pages = {7-12}, author = {Devera, R. and Requena, I. and Velasquez, V. and Castillo, H. and Guevara, R. and De Sousa, M. and Marin, C. and Silva, M.} } @booklet {4155, title = {{Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States. EPA530-R-99{\textendash}009. September 1999}}, year = {1999}, author = {USEPA} } @article {9854, title = {{Blastocystis in animal handlers}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {86}, year = {1999}, pages = {1032{\textendash}1033}, author = {Salim, H and Kumar, G and Vellayan, S and Mak, JW and Anuar, A and Init, I and Vennila, GD and Saminathan, R and Ramakrishnan, K} } @article {9823, title = {{Blastocystis sp. frequency and sources among children from 0 to 5 years of age attending public day care centers in Calarca, Colombia}}, journal = {Biomedica}, volume = {34}, year = {1999}, pages = {2218{\textendash}227}, doi = {10.1590/S0120-41572014000200008}, author = {Londono-Franco, A L and Loaiza-Herrera, J and Lora-Su{\'a}rez, FM and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, J.E} } @article {9923, title = {[Blastocystis sp. frequency and sources among children from 0 to 5 years of age attending public day care centers in Calarc{\'a}, Colombia]. }, journal = {Biomedica}, volume = {34}, year = {1999}, pages = {218-227}, doi = {10.1590/S0120-41572014000200008}, author = {LONDO{\~N}O-FRANCO, {\'A}.L. and LOAIZA-HERRERA, J. and LORA-SU{\'A}REZ, F.M and G{\'o}mez-Mar{\'\i}n, J.E} } @article {1157, title = {A broad range of human papillomavirus types detected with a general PCR method suitable for analysis of cutaneous tumours and normal skin}, journal = {J Gen. Virol}, volume = {80}, number = {Pt 9}, year = {1999}, pages = {2437-2443}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {80 and over analysis base sequence biopsy classification DNA Female Hospital human humans isolation \& purification LESIONS male methods microbiology Middle Aged molecular sequence data NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus PCR polymerase cha, Adult Aged Aged}, author = {Forslund, O. and Antonsson, A. and Nordin, P. and Stenquist, B. and Hansson, B.G.} } @article {2785, title = {A broad range of human papillomavirus types detected with a general PCR method suitable for analysis of cutaneous tumours and normal skin}, journal = {J Gen. Virol}, volume = {80}, number = {Pt 9}, year = {1999}, pages = {2437-2443}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {80 and over analysis base sequence biopsy classification DNA Female Hospital human humans isolation \& purification LESIONS male methods microbiology Middle Aged molecular sequence data NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus PCR polymerase cha, Adult Aged Aged}, author = {Forslund, O. and Antonsson, A. and Nordin, P. and Stenquist, B. and Hansson, B.G.} } @article {6167, title = {Caffeine and pharmaceuticals as indicators of waste water contamination in wells}, journal = {Groundwater}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {405-410}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Seiler, Ralph L and Zaugg, Steven D and Thomas, James M and Howcroft, Darcy L} } @article {7845, title = {Campylobacter epidemiology: an aquatic perspective}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {85}, year = {1999}, note = {Campylobacter epidemiology: an aquatic perspective; 205; J English Article Thomas, C, Univ Limerick, Food Sci Res Ctr, Fdn Bldg, Limerick, Ireland 16 BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD OXFORD P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND J APPL MICROBIOL Suppl. S Discipline: Biotechnology \& Applied Microbiology; Microbiology 208MM NOT IN FILE 1364-5072 Wolverhampton Univ, Sch Appl Sci, Wolverhampton, W Midlands, England. Wolverhampton Univ, Corp Enterprise Ctr, Wolverhampton, W Midlands, England.; ID: 207}, pages = {168S-177S}, abstract = {

Members of the genus Campylobacter have established themselves as the most common human gastro-enteric pathogens throughout much of the developed world. The ubiquitous distribution of Campylobacter spp. in animal reservoirs and food products derived thereof make such vehicles primary risk factors in contracting campylobacteriosis. The contamination rates, identification of common pathogenic serotypes and extended survival of Campylobacter in surface waters illustrates the potential, but yet to be quantified, campylobacteriosis risk associated with untreated water. The existence and potential pathogenicity of viable but nonculturable forms of Campylobacter remains a contentious subject. Furthermore. the role of such forms in the epidemiology of Campylobacter related disease and their involvement in the large number of waterborne gastroenteritis outbreaks from which a disease agent cannot be isolated remains to be fully clarified. This article presents a survey of current perspectives with regard to the survival and epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. in natural water systems

}, keywords = {Campylobacter, COCCOID FORMS, Contamination, Disease, DRINKING-WATER, England, epidemiology, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, Food, Gastroenteritis, IDENTIFICATION, JEJUNI, LAKE WATER, Microbiology, OUTBREAK, OUTBREAKS, Pathogens, RISK-FACTORS, RIVER-WATER, SEASONAL-VARIATION, SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT, Surface, surface waters, Survival, SYSTEM, SYSTEMS, THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTERS, water, WATERS}, author = {Thomas,C. and Gibson,H. and Hill,D. J. and Mabey,M.} } @article {11283, title = {{Capacity of constructed wetlands to remove parasite eggs from wastewaters in Egypt}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {117{\textendash}123}, doi = {10.1016/s0273-1223(99)00454-0}, author = {Stott, R and Jenkins, T and Bahgat, M and Shalaby, I} } @article {13952, title = {Centers for {Disease} {Control} and {Prevention} {Outbreak} of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 and {Campylobacter} among attendees of the {Washington} {County} {Fair}-{New} {York}, 1999. {MMWR} {Morb}. {Mortal}. {Wkly}. {Rep}., 48, 803-805.}, year = {1999}, author = {CDC} } @article {2184, title = {{Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter among attendees of the Washington County Fair-New York, 1999.}}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {48}, year = {1999}, pages = {803}, author = {CDC} } @article {16861, title = {Characterization of {\textquoteleft}faecal streptococci{\textquoteright}as indicators of faecal pollution and distribution in the environment}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {258{\textendash}263}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Pinto, B and Pierotti, R and Canale, G and Reali, D} } @article {2618, title = {Characterization of group C rotaviruses associated with diarrhea outbreaks in feeder pigs}, year = {1999}, author = {Kim, Y and Chang, KO and Straw, B and Saif, LJ} } @article {943, title = {Characterization of group C rotaviruses associated with diarrhea outbreaks in feeder pigs}, year = {1999}, author = {Kim, Y and Chang, KO and Straw, B and Saif, LJ} } @article {15192, title = {Chemical reaction engineering}, journal = {Industrial \& engineering chemistry research}, volume = {38}, number = {11}, year = {1999}, pages = {4140{\textendash}4143}, author = {Levenspiel, Octave} } @article {12655, title = {Chemical reaction engineering}, journal = {Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research}, volume = {38}, number = {11}, year = {1999}, pages = {4140{\textendash}4143}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Levenspiel, Octave} } @inbook {14760, title = {Chemistry of disinfecton by-product formation.}, booktitle = {Formation and {Control} of {Disinfection} {By}-{Products} in {Drinking} {Water}}, year = {1999}, pages = {27{\textendash}52}, publisher = {Amercian Water Works Association}, organization = {Amercian Water Works Association}, address = {Denver}, author = {Krasner, S. K.}, editor = {Singer, P. C.} } @inbook {1671, title = {Chemistry of disinfecton by-product formation.}, booktitle = {Formation and Control of Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water}, year = {1999}, pages = {27-52}, publisher = {Amercian Water Works Association}, organization = {Amercian Water Works Association}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Denver}, author = {Krasner, S. K.}, editor = {Singer, P. C.} } @article {14198, title = {Chlorine inactivation of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {461{\textendash}3}, abstract = {We analyzed isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (which has recently caused waterborne outbreaks) and wild-type E. coli to determine their sensitivity to chlorination. Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains were significantly reduced within 1 minute of exposure to free chlorine. Results indicate that chlorine levels typically maintained in water systems are sufficient to inactivate these organisms.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, Chlorine, Chlorine: pharmacology, Colony Count, Disinfection, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: drug effects, Escherichia coli O157: growth \& development, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: growth \& development, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Microbial, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid0503.990322}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2640762\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Rice, E W and Clark, R M and Johnson, C H} } @article {8121, title = {{Chlorine inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7.}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {461{\textendash}3}, abstract = {

We analyzed isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (which has recently caused waterborne outbreaks) and wild-type E. coli to determine their sensitivity to chlorination. Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains were significantly reduced within 1 minute of exposure to free chlorine. Results indicate that chlorine levels typically maintained in water systems are sufficient to inactivate these organisms.

}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, Chlorine, Chlorine: pharmacology, Colony Count, Disinfection, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention {\&} control, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: drug effects, Escherichia coli O157: growth {\&} development, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: growth {\&} development, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Microbial, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid0503.990322}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2640762{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Rice, E W and Clark, R M and Johnson, C H} } @article {2388, title = {{Chlorine inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7.}}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {461{\textendash}3}, abstract = {We analyzed isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (which has recently caused waterborne outbreaks) and wild-type E. coli to determine their sensitivity to chlorination. Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains were significantly reduced within 1 minute of exposure to free chlorine. Results indicate that chlorine levels typically maintained in water systems are sufficient to inactivate these organisms.}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cattle Diseases: microbiology, Chlorine, Chlorine: pharmacology, Colony Count, Disinfection, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: prevention \& control, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: drug effects, Escherichia coli O157: growth \& development, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: drug effects, Escherichia coli: growth \& development, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Microbial, Water Microbiology}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid0503.990322}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2640762\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Rice, E W and Clark, R M and Johnson, C H} } @booklet {9034, title = {{Combined Sewer Overflow Technology Fact Sheet}}, journal = {U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}, year = {1999}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, address = {Washington D.C.}, doi = {EPA 832-F-99-041}, url = {https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/csoretba.pdf} } @article {16828, title = {Comparative study of techniques used to recover viruses from residual urban sludge}, journal = {Journal of virological methods}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, pages = {71{\textendash}80}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Mignotte, B and Maul, A and Schwartzbrod, L} } @article {2359, title = {{Comparative survival of free shiga toxin 2-encoding phages and Escherichia coli strains outside the gut.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {12}, year = {1999}, month = {dec}, pages = {5615{\textendash}8}, abstract = {The behavior outside the gut of seeded Escherichia coli O157:H7, naturally occurring E. coli, somatic coliphages, bacteriophages infecting O157:H7, and Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-encoding bacteriophages was studied to determine whether the last persist in the environment more successfully than their host bacteria. The ratios between the numbers of E. coli and those of the different bacteriophages were clearly lower in river water than in sewage of the area, whereas the ratios between the numbers of the different phages were similar. In addition, the numbers of bacteria decreased between 2 and 3 log units in in situ survival experiments performed in river water, whereas the numbers of phages decreased between 1 and 2 log units. Chlorination and pasteurization treatments that reduced by approximately 4 log units the numbers of bacteria reduced by less than 1 log unit the numbers of bacteriophages. Thus, it can be concluded that Stx2-encoding phages persist longer than their host bacteria in the water environment and are more resistant than their host bacteria to chlorination and heat treatment.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: genetics, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: genetics, Bacteriophages: isolation \& purification, Bacteriophages: physiology, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation \& purification, Coliphages: physiology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: physiology, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: physiology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, shiga toxins, Spain, Water Microbiology, Water Purification}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=91769\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Muniesa, M and Lucena, F and Jofre, J} } @article {14165, title = {Comparative survival of free shiga toxin 2-encoding phages and {Escherichia} coli strains outside the gut.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {12}, year = {1999}, month = {dec}, pages = {5615{\textendash}8}, abstract = {The behavior outside the gut of seeded Escherichia coli O157:H7, naturally occurring E. coli, somatic coliphages, bacteriophages infecting O157:H7, and Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-encoding bacteriophages was studied to determine whether the last persist in the environment more successfully than their host bacteria. The ratios between the numbers of E. coli and those of the different bacteriophages were clearly lower in river water than in sewage of the area, whereas the ratios between the numbers of the different phages were similar. In addition, the numbers of bacteria decreased between 2 and 3 log units in in situ survival experiments performed in river water, whereas the numbers of phages decreased between 1 and 2 log units. Chlorination and pasteurization treatments that reduced by approximately 4 log units the numbers of bacteria reduced by less than 1 log unit the numbers of bacteriophages. Thus, it can be concluded that Stx2-encoding phages persist longer than their host bacteria in the water environment and are more resistant than their host bacteria to chlorination and heat treatment.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: genetics, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: genetics, Bacteriophages: isolation \& purification, Bacteriophages: physiology, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation \& purification, Coliphages: physiology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli O157: physiology, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: physiology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, shiga toxins, Spain, Water Microbiology, Water Purification}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=91769\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Muniesa, M and Lucena, F and Jofre, J} } @article {8099, title = {{Comparative survival of free shiga toxin 2-encoding phages and Escherichia coli strains outside the gut.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {12}, year = {1999}, month = {dec}, pages = {5615{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

The behavior outside the gut of seeded Escherichia coli O157:H7, naturally occurring E. coli, somatic coliphages, bacteriophages infecting O157:H7, and Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-encoding bacteriophages was studied to determine whether the last persist in the environment more successfully than their host bacteria. The ratios between the numbers of E. coli and those of the different bacteriophages were clearly lower in river water than in sewage of the area, whereas the ratios between the numbers of the different phages were similar. In addition, the numbers of bacteria decreased between 2 and 3 log units in in situ survival experiments performed in river water, whereas the numbers of phages decreased between 1 and 2 log units. Chlorination and pasteurization treatments that reduced by approximately 4 log units the numbers of bacteria reduced by less than 1 log unit the numbers of bacteriophages. Thus, it can be concluded that Stx2-encoding phages persist longer than their host bacteria in the water environment and are more resistant than their host bacteria to chlorination and heat treatment.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: genetics, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: genetics, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteriophages: physiology, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages: physiology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: transmission, Escherichia coli Infections: veterinary, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli O157: physiology, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli: physiology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, shiga toxins, Spain, Water Microbiology, Water Purification}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=91769{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Muniesa, M and Lucena, F and Jofre, J} } @article {2397, title = {{[A comparison of sensitivity between direct plate culture, immunomagnetic separation and polymerase chain reaction for the isolation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157]}}, journal = {Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {659{\textendash}665}, edition = {1999/09/30}, abstract = {Sensitivities of direct plate culture (DPC) method, immunomagnetic separation (IMS) method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for successful detection Escherichia coli O157 in the food samples were compared. Three lots of minced beef and three lots of radish sprout, both of which were commercially retailed, were enriched with non-selective broth media at 36 degrees C for 6 h. After enrichment, the cultures of the minced beef and those of the radish sprout were found to have background microflora at ca.10(5)-10(7) CFU/ml and ca.10(8) CFU/ml, respectively. The cultures were then experimentally inoculated with E. coli O157 strains at various final concentrations ranging from ca.10 to 10(7) CFU/ml. The samples thus prepared were subjected to the above three methods to evaluate their detection limits. For the samples of minced beef, the detection limits of the DPC method was 10(2) CFU/ml whilst that of the IMS method was ca.10 CFU/ml. For the samples of radish sprout, the detection limits of the DPC method, the IMS method, and the PCR assay were ca.10(4) CFU/ml, ca.10(2) CFU/ml, and ca.10(6) CFU/ml, respectively. There results strongly suggest that the IMS method is most sensitive method for the detection of O157 from food samples among the methods currently available.}, isbn = {0021-4930 (Print) 0021-4930 (Linking)}, author = {Sata, S and Osawa, R and Furukawa, I and Yamai, S} } @article {14207, title = {[{A} comparison of sensitivity between direct plate culture, immunomagnetic separation and polymerase chain reaction for the isolation of enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli {O}157]}, journal = {Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {659{\textendash}665}, abstract = {Sensitivities of direct plate culture (DPC) method, immunomagnetic separation (IMS) method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for successful detection Escherichia coli O157 in the food samples were compared. Three lots of minced beef and three lots of radish sprout, both of which were commercially retailed, were enriched with non-selective broth media at 36 degrees C for 6 h. After enrichment, the cultures of the minced beef and those of the radish sprout were found to have background microflora at ca.10(5)-10(7) CFU/ml and ca.10(8) CFU/ml, respectively. The cultures were then experimentally inoculated with E. coli O157 strains at various final concentrations ranging from ca.10 to 10(7) CFU/ml. The samples thus prepared were subjected to the above three methods to evaluate their detection limits. For the samples of minced beef, the detection limits of the DPC method was 10(2) CFU/ml whilst that of the IMS method was ca.10 CFU/ml. For the samples of radish sprout, the detection limits of the DPC method, the IMS method, and the PCR assay were ca.10(4) CFU/ml, ca.10(2) CFU/ml, and ca.10(6) CFU/ml, respectively. There results strongly suggest that the IMS method is most sensitive method for the detection of O157 from food samples among the methods currently available.}, author = {Sata, S and Osawa, R and Furukawa, I and Yamai, S} } @article {5433, title = {{Constructed wetlands and mosquitoes: Health hazards and management options-An Australian perspective}}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {12}, number = {1-2}, year = {1999}, pages = {107{\textendash}124}, author = {Russell, RC} } @article {5363, title = {Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Colombia}, journal = {Water Sci. Technol.}, volume = {40}, year = {1999}, pages = {217-223}, author = {Williams, JB and Zambrano, D and Ford, MG and May, E and Butler, JE} } @article {11350, title = {Cost-effective pre-treatment of wastewater}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {39}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {97-103}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {El-Gohary, Fatma A and Nasr, Fayza A} } @article {9500, title = {{Cryptosporidia and microsporidia{\textendash}waterborne diseases in the immunocompromised host}}, journal = {Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {245{\textendash}262}, author = {Franzen, C and Muller, A} } @article {4889, title = {{Cryptosporidium, Enterocytozoon, and Cyclospora infections in pediatric and adult patients with diarrhea in Tanzania}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {28}, year = {1999}, pages = {314{\textendash}321}, author = {Cegielski, JP and Ortega, YR and McKee, S and Madden, JF and Gaido, L and Schwartz, DA and Manji, K and Jorgensen, AF and Miller, SE and Pulipaka, UP and Msengi, AE and Mwakyusa, DH and Sterling, CR and Reller, LB} } @book {4688, title = {{Cyclospora}}, year = {1999}, pages = {502{\textendash}513}, publisher = {Academic Press Limited}, organization = {Academic Press Limited}, address = {London, UK}, author = {Adam, A and Ortega, YR}, editor = {Robinson, RK and Batt, CA and Patel, PD} } @article {4723, title = {{Cyclospora: an enigma worth unraveling}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {48{\textendash}53}, author = {Sterling, CR and Ortega, YR} } @article {4849, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis among expatriate and indigenous populations of West Java Indonesia}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {585{\textendash}588}, author = {Fryauff, DJ and Krippner, R and Prodjodipuro, P and Ewald, C and Kawengian, S and Pegelow, K and Yun, T and von Heydwolff-Wehnert, C and Oyofo, B and Gross, R} } @article {4859, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis infections in Haiti: a common occurrence in the absence of watery diarrhea}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {60}, year = {1999}, pages = {584{\textendash}586}, author = {Eberhard, ML and Nace, EK and Freeman, AR and Streit, TG and da Silva, AJ and Lammie, PJ} } @article {4875, title = {{Cyclosporiasis: clinical and histopathological correlates}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {28}, year = {1999}, pages = {1216{\textendash}12222}, author = {Connor, BA and Reidy, J and Soave, R} } @article {3751, title = {Defecation practices of young children in a {Peruvian} shanty town}, journal = {Social Sciences and Medicine}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {531{\textendash}541}, abstract = {Little is known about feces disposal practices, their determinants and feasibility for change, despite their importance in the control of diarrheal diseases. We report here the results of formative research for the development of an intervention to promote sanitary disposal of feces of young children. The study was conducted in a densely populated shanty town area of Lima, where water and sanitation systems are scarce. In-depth interviews were undertaken with mothers, husbands and community leaders. Group discussions were held with mothers in order to validate findings from the interviews, investigate particular topics further and explore reactions to possible intervention strategies. The principal defecation sites for young children were diapers, potties, the ground in or near the home, the hill, latrines and flush toilets. The main determinants found were the age of the child, the effort required by the method, perceptions of dirtiness and the availability of resources. Almost all children under one year of age use diapers but the high resource cost of diaper washing is a strong motivation for mothers to move their children on as early as possible. Potties were considered the most socially acceptable and {\textquoteright}hygienic{\textquoteright} defecation method for children between one and three years of age. Nevertheless, defecation directly onto the ground is common at this age. Potty training is deemed to be quite difficult and the long term achievements are determined by the initial training success. In most cases, the training process is authoritative and inconsistent. The use of latrines and flush toilets is not considered appropriate for children until they are three to four years old. Based on these initial findings, a micro-trial was conducted to assess the feasibility and acceptability of promoting greater use of potties and associated practices. The results of the trial were very encouraging and provided valuable information for the design of a community-wide intervention. Our findings help explain why the emphasis given in most sanitation projects, where efforts have been concentrated on the promotion of latrines, has failed to induce their utilization by small children. Sanitation projects should incorporate interventions that will promote hygienic defecation and stool clearance practices for infants and small children.}, author = {Yeager, B A C and Huttly, S R A and Rojas, M and Bartolini, R and Lanata, CF} } @article {2558, title = {Defecation practices of young children in a Peruvian shanty town}, year = {1999}, author = {Yeager, BAC and Huttly, SRA and Bartolini, R and Rojas, M} } @article {804, title = {Defecation practices of young children in a Peruvian shanty town}, year = {1999}, author = {Yeager, BAC and Huttly, SRA and Bartolini, R and Rojas, M} } @article {3587, title = {Demonstration of group C rotaviruses in fecal samples of diarrheic dogs in Germany.}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {144}, number = {12}, year = {1999}, pages = {2467{\textendash}2473}, abstract = {

Three out of 9 fecal samples from diarrheic dogs, which were positive for rotavirus by electron microscopy, revealed \{\{\}RNA-migration\{\}\} patterns identical to those of porcine group C rotavirus when studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis \{\{\}(PAGE).\{\}\} The results were further confirmed by solid phase immuno electron microscopy \{\{\}(SPIEM).\{\}\} This is the first report of the occurrence of group C rotaviruses in dogs.

}, author = {Otto, P and Schulze, P and Herbst, W} } @article {280, title = {The derivation of environmental quality standards for the protection of aquatic life in the UK}, journal = {Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, note = {272PP Times Cited:9 Cited References Count:0}, pages = {436-440}, abstract = {The UK has an obligation, under various existing and proposed EU legislation (including the proposed water policy framework Directive), to derive environmental quality standards. These standards form the basis of the UK{\textquoteright}s pollution control strategy as adopted in national legislation, and the Regulatory Authorities need them as operational standards for setting consents. The paper outlines the procedure which is currently used in the UK for the derivation of these standards for the protection of the aquatic environment.}, keywords = {aquatic environment consents environmental quality standards legislation}, author = {Zabel, T. F. and Cole, S.} } @article {5678, title = {{Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Shellfish by Nested Reverse Transcription-PCR}}, journal = {Int J Food Microbiol}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, pages = {67{\textendash}71}, author = {Croci, L and De Medici, D and Morace, G and Fiore, A and Scalfaro, C and Beneduce, F and Toti, L} } @article {1208, title = {Detection of human papillomavirus DNA on the fingers of patients with genital warts}, journal = {Sex Transm. Infect}, volume = {75}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC1758241}, pages = {317-319}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {analysis Condylomata Acuminata detection Disease Transmission, Infectious DNA dna, Restriction Fragment Length reaction SAMPLES transmission Viral virology Vulva Warts WOMAN, viral Female Fingers genetics Hand Hospital human humans INFECTION LESIONS male methods Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Penis POLYMERASE Polymerase chain polymerase chain reaction POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION Polymorphism}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10616355}, author = {Sonnex, C. and Strauss, S. and Gray, J.J.} } @article {2817, title = {Detection of human papillomavirus DNA on the fingers of patients with genital warts}, journal = {Sex Transm. Infect}, volume = {75}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC1758241}, pages = {317-319}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {analysis Condylomata Acuminata detection Disease Transmission, Infectious DNA dna, Restriction Fragment Length reaction SAMPLES transmission Viral virology Vulva Warts WOMAN, viral Female Fingers genetics Hand Hospital human humans INFECTION LESIONS male methods Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Penis POLYMERASE Polymerase chain polymerase chain reaction POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION Polymorphism}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10616355}, author = {Sonnex, C. and Strauss, S. and Gray, J.J.} } @article {15692, title = {Detection of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in surface and filter backwash water samples by immunomagnetic separation and integrated cell culture-PCR}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {1999}, month = {Aug}, pages = {3427-32}, edition = {1999/07/31}, keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Cryptosporidium parvum/genetics/*isolation \& purification, DNA, Protozoan/genetics/isolation \& purification, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Humans, Immunomagnetic Separation, Molecular Sequence Data, Parasitology/methods, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, United States, Water Supply, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Di Giovanni, G. D. and Hashemi, F. H. and Shaw, N. J. and Abrams, F. A. and LeChevallier, M. W. and Abbaszadegan, M.} } @article {1709, title = {Detection of poliovirus circulation by environmental surveillance in the absence of clinical cases in Israel and the Palestinian authority}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, note = {0095-1137 Journal Article}, pages = {1670-5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The global eradication of poliomyelitis, believed to be achievable around the year 2000, relies on strategies which include high routine immunization coverage and mass vaccination campaigns, along with continuous monitoring of wild-type virus circulation by using the laboratory-based acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. Israel and the Palestinian Authority are located in a geographical region in which poliovirus is still endemic but have been free of poliomyelitis since 1988 as a result of intensive immunization programs and mass vaccination campaigns. To monitor the wild-type virus circulation, environmental surveillance of sewage samples collected monthly from 25 to 30 sites across the country was implemented in 1989 and AFP surveillance began in 1994. The sewage samples were processed in the laboratory with a double-selective tissue culture system, which enabled economical processing of large number of samples. Between 1989 and 1997, 2,294 samples were processed, and wild-type poliovirus was isolated from 17 of them in four clusters, termed "silent outbreaks," in September 1990 (type 3), between May and September 1991 (type 1), between October 1994 and June 1995 (type 1), and in December 1996 (type 1). Fifteen of the 17 positive samples were collected in the Gaza Strip, 1 was collected in the West Bank, and 1 was collected in the Israeli city of Ashdod, located close to the Gaza Strip. The AFP surveillance system failed to detect the circulating wild-type viruses. These findings further emphasize the important role that environmental surveillance can play in monitoring the eradication of polioviruses.}, keywords = {*Environmental Monitoring Geography Humans Israel Middle East Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated Polioviruses/*isolation \& purification Refugees Seasons Sewage/virology Time Factors Urban Health}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=10325305}, author = {Manor, Y. and Handsher, R. and Halmut, T. and Neuman, M. and Bobrov, A. and Rudich, H. and Vonsover, A. and Shulman, L. and Kew, O. and Mendelson, E.} } @article {7856, title = {Detection of small numbers of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli cells in environmental water, sewage, and food samples by a seminested PCR assay}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, note = {Apr; Detection of small numbers of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli cells in environmental water, sewage, and food samples by a seminested PCR assay; ISI:000079530000039; ID: 269}, pages = {1636-1643}, author = {Waage,A. S. and Vardund,T. and Lund,V. and Kapperud,G.} } @article {1594, title = {Detection of viral pathogens by reverse transcriptase PCR and of microbial indicators by standard methods in the canals of the Florida Keys}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {65}, number = {9}, year = {1999}, note = {Griffin, D W Gibson, C J 3rd Lipp, E K Riley, K Paul, J H 3rd Rose, J B eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1999/09/03 09:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 Sep;65(9):4118-25.}, pages = {4118-25}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In order to assess the microbial water quality in canal waters throughout the Florida Keys, a survey was conducted to determine the concentration of microbial fecal indicators and the presence of human pathogenic microorganisms. A total of 19 sites, including 17 canal sites and 2 nearshore water sites, were assayed for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, enterococci, coliphages, F-specific (F(+)) RNA coliphages, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and human enteric viruses (polioviruses, coxsackie A and B viruses, echoviruses, hepatitis A viruses, Norwalk viruses, and small round-structured viruses). Numbers of coliforms ranged from <1 to 1, 410, E. coli organisms from <1 to 130, Clostridium spp. from <1 to 520, and enterococci from <1 to 800 CFU/100 ml of sample. Two sites were positive for coliphages, but no F(+) phages were identified. The sites were ranked according to microbial water quality and compared to various water quality standards and guidelines. Seventy-nine percent of the sites were positive for the presence of enteroviruses by reverse transcriptase PCR (polioviruses, coxsackie A and B viruses, and echoviruses). Sixty-three percent of the sites were positive for the presence of hepatitis A viruses. Ten percent of the sites were positive for the presence of Norwalk viruses. Ninety-five percent of the sites were positive for at least one of the virus groups. These results indicate that the canals and nearshore waters throughout the Florida Keys are being impacted by human fecal material carrying human enteric viruses through current wastewater treatment strategies such as septic tanks. Exposure to canal waters through recreation and work may be contributing to human health risks.}, keywords = {Clostridium/isolation \& purification Coliphages/isolation \& purification Colony Count, Microbial Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification Enterococcus/isolation \& purification Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification Florida Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction *Water Microbiol}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10473424}, author = {Griffin, D. W. and Gibson, C. J., 3rd and Lipp, E. K. and Riley, K. and Paul, J. H., 3rd and Rose, J. B.} } @article {14643, title = {Detection of viral pathogens by reverse transcriptase {PCR} and of microbial indicators by standard methods in the canals of the {Florida} {Keys}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {65}, year = {1999}, month = {sep}, pages = {4118{\textendash}25}, abstract = {In order to assess the microbial water quality in canal waters throughout the Florida Keys, a survey was conducted to determine the concentration of microbial fecal indicators and the presence of human pathogenic microorganisms. A total of 19 sites, including 17 canal sites and 2 nearshore water sites, were assayed for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, enterococci, coliphages, F-specific (F(+)) RNA coliphages, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and human enteric viruses (polioviruses, coxsackie A and B viruses, echoviruses, hepatitis A viruses, Norwalk viruses, and small round-structured viruses). Numbers of coliforms ranged from {\textless}1 to 1, 410, E. coli organisms from {\textless}1 to 130, Clostridium spp. from {\textless}1 to 520, and enterococci from {\textless}1 to 800 CFU/100 ml of sample. Two sites were positive for coliphages, but no F(+) phages were identified. The sites were ranked according to microbial water quality and compared to various water quality standards and guidelines. Seventy-nine percent of the sites were positive for the presence of enteroviruses by reverse transcriptase PCR (polioviruses, coxsackie A and B viruses, and echoviruses). Sixty-three percent of the sites were positive for the presence of hepatitis A viruses. Ten percent of the sites were positive for the presence of Norwalk viruses. Ninety-five percent of the sites were positive for at least one of the virus groups. These results indicate that the canals and nearshore waters throughout the Florida Keys are being impacted by human fecal material carrying human enteric viruses through current wastewater treatment strategies such as septic tanks. Exposure to canal waters through recreation and work may be contributing to human health risks.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Pollution, Clostridium/isolation \& purification, Coliphages/isolation \& purification, Colony Count, Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification, Enterococcus/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Florida, Microbial, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Griffin, D. W. and Gibson, C. J. and Lipp, E. K. and Riley, K. and Paul, J. H. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {14968, title = {Detection of viral pathogens by reverse transcriptase {PCR} and of microbial indicators by standard methods in the canals of the {Florida} {Keys}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {65}, year = {1999}, month = {sep}, pages = {4118{\textendash}25}, abstract = {In order to assess the microbial water quality in canal waters throughout the Florida Keys, a survey was conducted to determine the concentration of microbial fecal indicators and the presence of human pathogenic microorganisms. A total of 19 sites, including 17 canal sites and 2 nearshore water sites, were assayed for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, enterococci, coliphages, F-specific (F(+)) RNA coliphages, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and human enteric viruses (polioviruses, coxsackie A and B viruses, echoviruses, hepatitis A viruses, Norwalk viruses, and small round-structured viruses). Numbers of coliforms ranged from {\textbackslash}textless1 to 1, 410, E. coli organisms from {\textbackslash}textless1 to 130, Clostridium spp. from {\textbackslash}textless1 to 520, and enterococci from {\textbackslash}textless1 to 800 CFU/100 ml of sample. Two sites were positive for coliphages, but no F(+) phages were identified. The sites were ranked according to microbial water quality and compared to various water quality standards and guidelines. Seventy-nine percent of the sites were positive for the presence of enteroviruses by reverse transcriptase PCR (polioviruses, coxsackie A and B viruses, and echoviruses). Sixty-three percent of the sites were positive for the presence of hepatitis A viruses. Ten percent of the sites were positive for the presence of Norwalk viruses. Ninety-five percent of the sites were positive for at least one of the virus groups. These results indicate that the canals and nearshore waters throughout the Florida Keys are being impacted by human fecal material carrying human enteric viruses through current wastewater treatment strategies such as septic tanks. Exposure to canal waters through recreation and work may be contributing to human health risks.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Pollution, Clostridium/isolation \& purification, Coliphages/isolation \& purification, Colony Count, Enterobacteriaceae/*isolation \& purification, Enterococcus/isolation \& purification, Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Florida, Microbial, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Griffin, D. W. and Gibson, C. J. and Lipp, E. K. and Riley, K. and Paul, J. H. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {9827, title = {{Development of Blastocystis hominis cysts into vacuolar forms in vitro}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {85}, year = {1999}, pages = {103{\textendash}108}, author = {Moe, KT and Singh, M and Howe, J and Ho, LC and Tan, SW and Chen, XQ and Yap, EH} } @article {9363, title = {{Diagnosis and management of amebiasis}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {1117{\textendash}1125}, author = {Petri, WA Jr and Singh, U} } @article {14183, title = {Direct detection of {Shiga} toxigenic {Escherichia} coli strains belonging to serogroups {O}111, {O}157, and {O}113 by multiplex {PCR}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {37}, number = {10}, year = {1999}, pages = {3362{\textendash}3365}, abstract = {Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are a diverse group of organisms associated with severe gastrointestinal and systemic diseases in humans. Within the STEC family, eae-positive STEC strains, particularly those belonging to serogroups O157 and O111, appear to have greater virulence for humans. However, in spite of being eae negative, STEC strains belonging to serogroup O113 have frequently been associated with cases of severe STEC disease, including hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). We have developed a modified multiplex PCR assay for detection of STEC strains belonging to these three serogroups in cultures of feces by using primers specific for portions of the genetic loci (rfb) encoding biosynthesis of the respective O antigen. These primers direct amplification of PCR products of 259, 406, and 593 bp for serogroups O157, O111, and O113, respectively. The assay was validated by testing 40 previously characterized STEC strains, with 100\% agreement. It also detected STEC strains of the appropriate genotype in primary fecal cultures from 13 patients with HUS or bloody diarrhea. Thirty other primary fecal cultures from patients without evidence of STEC infection were negative.}, author = {Paton, A W and Paton, J C} } @article {2375, title = {{Direct detection of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli strains belonging to serogroups O111, O157, and O113 by multiplex PCR}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {37}, number = {10}, year = {1999}, pages = {3362{\textendash}3365}, edition = {1999/09/17}, abstract = {Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are a diverse group of organisms associated with severe gastrointestinal and systemic diseases in humans. Within the STEC family, eae-positive STEC strains, particularly those belonging to serogroups O157 and O111, appear to have greater virulence for humans. However, in spite of being eae negative, STEC strains belonging to serogroup O113 have frequently been associated with cases of severe STEC disease, including hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). We have developed a modified multiplex PCR assay for detection of STEC strains belonging to these three serogroups in cultures of feces by using primers specific for portions of the genetic loci (rfb) encoding biosynthesis of the respective O antigen. These primers direct amplification of PCR products of 259, 406, and 593 bp for serogroups O157, O111, and O113, respectively. The assay was validated by testing 40 previously characterized STEC strains, with 100\% agreement. It also detected STEC strains of the appropriate genotype in primary fecal cultures from 13 patients with HUS or bloody diarrhea. Thirty other primary fecal cultures from patients without evidence of STEC infection were negative.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Paton, A W and Paton, J C} } @article {8112, title = {{Direct detection of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli strains belonging to serogroups O111, O157, and O113 by multiplex PCR}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {37}, number = {10}, year = {1999}, pages = {3362{\textendash}3365}, edition = {1999/09/17}, abstract = {Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are a diverse group of organisms associated with severe gastrointestinal and systemic diseases in humans. Within the STEC family, eae-positive STEC strains, particularly those belonging to serogroups O157 and O111, appear to have greater virulence for humans. However, in spite of being eae negative, STEC strains belonging to serogroup O113 have frequently been associated with cases of severe STEC disease, including hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). We have developed a modified multiplex PCR assay for detection of STEC strains belonging to these three serogroups in cultures of feces by using primers specific for portions of the genetic loci (rfb) encoding biosynthesis of the respective O antigen. These primers direct amplification of PCR products of 259, 406, and 593 bp for serogroups O157, O111, and O113, respectively. The assay was validated by testing 40 previously characterized STEC strains, with 100{\%} agreement. It also detected STEC strains of the appropriate genotype in primary fecal cultures from 13 patients with HUS or bloody diarrhea. Thirty other primary fecal cultures from patients without evidence of STEC infection were negative.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Paton, A W and Paton, J C} } @article {8814, title = {{Disinfection of hospital waste sludge using hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {86}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {827{\textendash}833}, abstract = {Hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide were used to disinfect hospital waste- water sludge. Their abilities to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms were compared. Reductions in indigenous coliform organisms and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were estimated. The results indicate that hypochlorite is a better disinfectant than chlorine dioxide for coliforms. Higher disinfection efficiency was obtained by treating a lower concentration of sludge. In addition, a higher agitation speed gave a higher disinfection efficiency with hypochlorite. The disinfection efficiencies of both disinfectants were higher against settled sludge than against thickened sludge. Therefore, it is recommended that disinfection should be performed on settled sludge rather than in a thickening tank.}, isbn = {1364-5072}, issn = {13645072}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00732.x}, author = {Tsai, C. T. and Lin, S. T.} } @article {7795, title = {Distribution and seasonality of microbial indicators and thermophilic campylobacters in two freshwater bathing sites on the River Lune in northwest England}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {87}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, note = {Dec; Distribution and seasonality of microbial indicators and thermophilic campylobacters in two freshwater bathing sites on the River Lune in northwest England; ISI:000085242600005; ID: 629}, pages = {822-832}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Obiri-Danso,K. and Jones,K.} } @article {10145, title = {{Distribution of bifidobacterial species in human intestinal microflora examined with 16S rRNA-gene-targeted species-specific primers}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {10}, year = {1999}, pages = {4506{\textendash}4512}, author = {Matsuki, T and Watanabe, K and Tanaka, R and Fukuda, M and Oyaizu, H} } @article {4321, title = {{Diversity of bacteroides fragilis strains in their capacity to recover phages from human and animal wastes and from fecally polluted wastewater.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, month = {apr}, pages = {1772{\textendash}6}, abstract = {

Great differences in capability to detect bacteriophages from urban sewage of the area of Barcelona existed among 115 strains of Bacteroides fragilis. The capability of six of the strains to detect phages in a variety of feces and wastewater was studied. Strains HSP40 and RYC4023 detected similar numbers of phages in urban sewage and did not detect phages in animal feces. The other four strains detected phages in the feces of different animal species and in wastewater of both human and animal origin. Strain RYC2056 recovered consistently higher counts than the other strains and also detected counts ranging from 10(1) to approximately 10(3) phages per ml in urban sewage from different geographical areas. This strain detected bacteriophages in animal feces even though their relative concentration with respect to the other fecal indicators was significantly lower in wastewater polluted with animal feces than in urban sewage.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: classification, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis: virology, Cattle, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Feces, Feces: virology, Humans, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Spain, Water Pollution}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=91250{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Puig, A and Queralt, N and Jofre, J and Araujo, R} } @inbook {16863, title = {Diversity of Bacteroides fragilisStrains in Their Capacity To Recover Phages from Human and Animal Wastes and from Fecally Polluted Wastewater}, booktitle = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {1772{\textendash}1776}, author = {Puig, Anna and Queralt, Nuria and Jofre, Juan and Araujo, Rosa} } @article {6131, title = {DNA tracers with information capacity and high detection sensitivity tested in groundwater studies}, journal = {Hydrogeology Journal}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {264{\textendash}272}, author = {Sabir, Iftikhar H and Torgersen, Jacob and Haldorsen, Sylvi and Alestrom, Peter} } @article {15307, title = {Dose response models for infectious gastroenteritis}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, pages = {1251-1260}, keywords = {Dose response Gastroenteritis Hazard Mathematical model}, author = {Teunis, P. F. M. and Nagelkerke, N. J. D. and Haas, C. N.} } @mastersthesis {6421, title = {Dosimetry and heterogeneity effects in the d(48.5)+{Be} neutron beam at the {Harper} {Hospital} superconducting cyclotron}, year = {1999}, note = {9933032}, school = {Wayne State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {To implement the tissue heterogeneity corrections into neutron therapy treatment planning the influences of heterogeneities on the dose distribution were examined in Harper Hospital superconducting cyclotron d(48.5)+Be beam. Comprehensive sets of measurements were done using ionization detectors and TLD-300 in phantoms consisting of different materials: tissue-equivalent (A150), bone-equivalent (B100 and B110), lung equivalent (LNSR4) and adipose equivalent (AVBRIII) plastics. The measurements were done at the interfaces as well as inside and around the materials under conditions of secondary charged particle equilibrium. In addition scans in a water phantom were done in the vicinity of the heterogeneities to simulate various clinical situations. The dose in the interface region between A150, B100 and AVBRIII characterized by a build-up or build-down pattern, depending on the ratio of these materials. No such effects were found between LNSR4 and A150 plastics. The perturbations caused by the introduction of the heterogeneity compared to homogeneous phantom could be explained by the kerma and density effects. To prove that the semi-empirical methods of heterogeneity corrections used in photon dosimetry may be applied to neutron calculations scaling parameters were derived to convert the dose distribution from one phantom material to another. Scaling factor defined as the product of the density and the kerma ratio gave the best agreement with the experimental results. The heterogeneity correction methods based on the Modified Power Law and Equivalent TAR were tested. The correction factor used with the Modified Power Law method was altered to account for the material kerma while the density parameter used in the original formula was replaced by the scaling factor defined above. The application of this method resulted in good agreement between the measurements and calculations at the points behind the heterogeneities. Different set of scaling factors derived from Tissue-to Maximum Ratio measurements in various phantoms was used with the Equivalent TAR method. The agreement of this method with the measurements performed lateral to the heterogeneities was less accurate, although the dose perturbation observed at these points was small. A clinical example of dose calculation in lung region was tested. A pattern of dose perturbation due to the lung material similar to that of 4 MV photon beam was observed. The results demonstrate that Modified Power Law method may be used in this situation. The experimental data may be used in future modeling of the d(48.5)+Be neutron beam at the Harper Hospital superconducting cyclotron.}, keywords = {0756:Radiation, 0992:Oncology, Cyclotron, Dosimetry, Health and environmental sciences, Neutron beam, Oncology, Pure sciences, Radiation, Superconducting cyclotron}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304534181?accountid=14270}, author = {Yudelev, Mark} } @article {17294, title = {Duration of efficacy of Ty21a, attenuated Salmonella typhi live oral vaccine}, journal = {VaccineVaccine}, volume = {17 Suppl 2}, year = {1999}, month = {Oct 1}, pages = {S22-7}, edition = {1999/10/03}, keywords = {*Polysaccharides, Bacterial, *Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines, *Vaccines, Attenuated, Administration, Oral, Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Chile, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Salmonella typhi/*immunology, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0264-410X (Print)
0264-410X (Linking)}, author = {Levine, M. M. and Ferreccio, C. and Abrego, P. and Martin, O. S. and Ortiz, E. and Cryz, S.} } @book {10287, title = {E. Coli in UK Mesophilic Anaerobically Digested Sludges}, year = {1999}, publisher = {UK Water Industry Research Limited}, organization = {UK Water Industry Research Limited}, author = {Humphrey, Nick} } @article {3000, title = {Echinococcus multilocularis coproantigen detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in fox, dog, and cat populations}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, month = {feb}, pages = {115{\textendash}121}, abstract = {A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Echinococcus multilocularis coproantigens (EM-ELISA) was developed with polyclonal rabbit (solid phase) and chicken egg (catching) antibodies that were directed against E. multilocularis coproantigens and somatic worm antigens, respectively. In experimentally infected dogs and cats, coproantigens were first detectable 6-17 days postinfection (PI) in samples of 8 dogs (worm burdens at necropsy: 6,330-43,200) and from 11 days PI onward in samples of 5 cats infected with 20-6,833 worms. After anthelmintic treatment of 4 dogs and 5 cats at day 20 PI, coproantigen excretion disappeared within 3-5 days. The sensitivity of the ELISA was 83.6\% in 55 foxes infected with 4-60,000 E. multilocularis, but reached 93.3\% in the 45 foxes harboring more than 20 worms. The EM-ELISA was used in surveys of "normal" dog and cat populations in Switzerland. Among 660 dogs and 263 cats, 5 dogs and 2 cats exhibited a positive reaction. In 2 of these dogs (0.30\%) and 1 cat (0.38\%), intestinal E. multilocularis infections were confirmed by necropsy, polymerase chain reaction PCR, or both. The specificites of the ELISA in these groups were found to be 99.5\% and 99.6\%, respectively, if positive ELISA results that could not be confirmed by other methods were classified as "false positive" reactions.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, Cat Diseases, Cats, Cross Reactions, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Domestic, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Feces, Female, Foxes, Helminth, Intestinal Diseases, Male, Parasitic, Sensitivity and Specificity, Wild}, issn = {0022-3395}, author = {Deplazes, P. and Alther, P. and Tanner, I. and Thompson, R. C. and Eckert, J.} } @mastersthesis {6263, title = {Eco-labeling as a viable option to protect groundwater quality}, year = {1999}, note = {9948020}, school = {University of Oregon}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Until recently, environmental ramifications of waste disposal practices were of little concern to most companies. Over the last three decades, however, public attitudes regarding pollution have changed dramatically and today, the waste disposal practices of companies is one consideration of consumers when making purchasing decisions. In response to these new consumer demands and changing government regulations, some businesses have adopted waste disposal methods that are more environmentally sound and are informing the public about using these methods, thus "eco-labeling" themselves. This research investigates eco-labeling as an incentive for the adoption of environmentally sound practices in the protection of groundwater quality. Both the demand for eco-labeling and the supply of eco-labeled goods is investigated using a consumer survey and a business survey. Adoption of environmentally friendly methods and practices by businesses usually involves additional costs. One question that this research addresses is whether consumers are willing to pay a premium for eco-labeled goods and what determines their willingness to pay for the premium. Over one-half of all respondents indicated that they would be willing to pay a premium for products and services that are eco-labeled. The results show that being young, obtaining an educational degree after high school and perceived poor local water quality are all significant in determining participation. In addition, the switching costs associated with changing the patronage of businesses to ones that supply eco-labeled goods is also investigated. The results indicate that brand loyalty is only significant for businesses with close, personal relationships with the customers. With consumers willing to pay a premium for eco-labeled goods, businesses may find it to their advantage to produce eco-labeled goods and, hopefully, increase profits. Thus, determining the factors that influence business decisions to participate in eco-labeling is another focus of this analysis. The willingness to participate is influenced most significantly by the cost of participation and perception by the business consumers{\textquoteright} demands for eco-labeled products. In addition, this research also found that participation was not limited to businesses that were already induced into compliance with current regulations by traditional punishment strategies.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0505:Business costs, Business costs, Eco-labeling, economics, Environmentalism, Green consumerism, Groundwater, Social sciences, Switching costs}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304517368?accountid=14270}, author = {Hays, Sally Renee Easley} } @mastersthesis {6210, title = {The ecology of {Astropecten} irregularis and its role as a benthic predator in structuring a soft-sediment community ({BL})}, year = {1999}, note = {U117746}, school = {University of Wales, Bangor (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Astropecten irregularis is an important predator in the structure and organization of subtidal soft-sediment communities. Seasonal changes in the population dynamics of A. irregularis and its prey exhibit complex interactions with each other and the physical environment e.g. substrate, seawater temperature and tides. The dietary requirements of A. irregularis have been examined at sites throughout the southern and westerns coastal waters of the British Isles. Although A. irregularis shows a strong seasonal preference for juvenile bivalves e.g. Spisula subtruncata, its diet broadly reflects the relative availability of prey and includes crustaceans, gastropods, polychaetes and echinoderms. During winter starfish migrate off-shore into deep water and during summer they form spawning assemblages. Linear growth in A. irregularis is seasonal; maximal growth occurs between mid-summer and mid-autumn. Cluster analysis and multi-dimensional scaling proved to be useful tools in the identification of seasonal patterns in the starfish diet. Laboratory experiments and x-ray radiographs were used to examine prey selection; interactions between prey density, prey survival within the starfish stomach (which varies with predator size) and prey profitability were identified. Capture and ingestion of different molluscan, crustacean and echinoderm prey have been described. Freshly caught starfish an endogenously controlled quadri-diurnal locomotory activity under continuous darkness, which coincided with expected slack water at high and low tides. In a laboratory flume starfish burrow into the sediment in response to strong water currents and form subsurface aggregations. The distribution and occurrence of the polynoid commensal Acholoe squamosa and its host A. irregularis is also reported.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU117746, 0329:Ecology, Bibliographies, Biological sciences, Ecology, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301533916?accountid=14270}, author = {Freeman, S M} } @article {12927, title = {Effect of fly control on trachoma and diar rhoea}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {353}, number = {9162}, year = {1999}, pages = {1401{\textendash}1403}, author = {Emerson, Paul M and Lindsay, Steve W and Walraven, Gijs EL and Faal, Hannah and B{\o}gh, Claus and Lowe, Kebba and Bailey, Robin L} } @article {16673, title = {Effect of fly control on trachoma and diar rhoea}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {353}, number = {9162}, year = {1999}, pages = {1401{\textendash}1403}, author = {Emerson, Paul M and Lindsay, Steve W and Walraven, Gijs EL and Faal, Hannah and B{\o}gh, Claus and Lowe, Kebba and Bailey, Robin L} } @article {9533, title = {{Effect of low and high temperatures on infectivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores suspended in water}}, journal = {Folia Parasitologica}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {171{\textendash}174}, author = {Koudela, B and Kucerova, S and Hudcovic, T} } @article {3995, title = {{The effect of waste water reuse in irrigation on the contamination level of food crops by Giardia cysts and Ascaris eggs}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {49}, year = {1999}, pages = {19{\textendash}26}, author = {Amahmid, O and Asmama, S and Bouhoum, K} } @article {10935, title = {The effect of waste water reuse in irrigation on the contamination level of food crops by {Giardia} cysts and {Ascaris} eggs}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, pages = {19{\textendash}26}, keywords = {Contamination, Cysts, Eggs, Food crops, Irrigation, Persistence, Waste Water}, issn = {0168-1605}, doi = {10.1016/S0168-1605(99)00058-6}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160599000586}, author = {Amahmid, O and Asmama, S and Bouhoum, K} } @article {15094, title = {The effect of waste water reuse in irrigation on the contamination level of food crops by {Giardia} cysts and {Ascaris} eggs}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {1-2}, year = {1999}, pages = {19{\textendash}26}, author = {Amahmid, O. and Asmama, S. and Bouhoum, K.} } @article {8991, title = {Enhancement of solar water pasteurization with reflectors}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {859-861}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC91110/pdf/am000859.pdf}, author = {Safapour, Negar and Metcalf, Robert H.} } @article {9366, title = {{Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar: Epidemiology and comparison of diagnostic methods in a setting of nonendemicity}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {1315{\textendash}1318}, author = {Pillai, DR and Keystone, JS and Sheppard, DC and MacLean, JD and MacPherson, DW and Kain, KC} } @article {9575, title = {{Enteric infections and diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: prospective community-based cohort study. Swiss HIV Cohort Study}}, journal = {JAMA Internal Medicine}, volume = {159}, number = {13}, year = {1999}, pages = {1473{\textendash}1480}, author = {Weber, R and Ledergerber, B and Zbinden, R and Altwegg, M and Pfyffer, GE and Spycher, MA and Briner, J and Kaiser, L and Opravil, M and Meyenberger, C and Flepp, M} } @article {8159, title = {{Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in pediatric hemolytic-uremic syndrome: a prospective study in Germany and Austria}}, journal = {Infection}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, pages = {341{\textendash}347}, edition = {2000/01/07}, abstract = {Studies from Europe indicate that infections with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) non-O157:H7 strains are increasing in frequency as a cause of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). In 1997 a prospective study was performed in Germany and Austria to assess the distribution of EHEC serotypes, to characterize the clinical course and to examine environmental aspects. 95 children with a diagnosis of HUS were evaluated in Germany and Austria. Diarrhea, which was bloody in 67{\%}, was reported in 97{\%} of patients. Oligo-/anuria occurred in 76{\%} of patients, of which 63{\%} required dialysis. Two patients showed neurological sequelae at the 2-month follow-up, both of them were infected with non-O157:H7 serotypes. Case fatality in the acute stage was 3/95, in two of these patients EHEC was isolated. Stool and serum specimens were analyzed for the presence of EHEC and antibodies against O157 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Serotype O157:H7 was identified in 36/58 (62{\%}) isolates, 22 strains (38{\%}) belonged to non-O157:H7. Combining stool culture with serology, EHEC infection was documented in 88{\%} of patients, including three patients without diarrhea. Non-O157:H7 serotypes occurred in 77{\%} of children up to 36 months of age and were the most prevalent serotype in children up to 12 months of age.}, isbn = {0300-8126 (Print) 0300-8126 (Linking)}, author = {Verweyen, H M and Karch, H and Allerberger, F and Zimmerhackl, L B} } @article {14262, title = {Enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli ({EHEC}) in pediatric hemolytic-uremic syndrome: a prospective study in {Germany} and {Austria}}, journal = {Infection}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, pages = {341{\textendash}347}, abstract = {Studies from Europe indicate that infections with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) non-O157:H7 strains are increasing in frequency as a cause of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). In 1997 a prospective study was performed in Germany and Austria to assess the distribution of EHEC serotypes, to characterize the clinical course and to examine environmental aspects. 95 children with a diagnosis of HUS were evaluated in Germany and Austria. Diarrhea, which was bloody in 67\%, was reported in 97\% of patients. Oligo-/anuria occurred in 76\% of patients, of which 63\% required dialysis. Two patients showed neurological sequelae at the 2-month follow-up, both of them were infected with non-O157:H7 serotypes. Case fatality in the acute stage was 3/95, in two of these patients EHEC was isolated. Stool and serum specimens were analyzed for the presence of EHEC and antibodies against O157 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Serotype O157:H7 was identified in 36/58 (62\%) isolates, 22 strains (38\%) belonged to non-O157:H7. Combining stool culture with serology, EHEC infection was documented in 88\% of patients, including three patients without diarrhea. Non-O157:H7 serotypes occurred in 77\% of children up to 36 months of age and were the most prevalent serotype in children up to 12 months of age.}, author = {Verweyen, H M and Karch, H and Allerberger, F and Zimmerhackl, L B} } @article {2448, title = {{Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in pediatric hemolytic-uremic syndrome: a prospective study in Germany and Austria}}, journal = {Infection}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, pages = {341{\textendash}347}, edition = {2000/01/07}, abstract = {Studies from Europe indicate that infections with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) non-O157:H7 strains are increasing in frequency as a cause of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). In 1997 a prospective study was performed in Germany and Austria to assess the distribution of EHEC serotypes, to characterize the clinical course and to examine environmental aspects. 95 children with a diagnosis of HUS were evaluated in Germany and Austria. Diarrhea, which was bloody in 67\%, was reported in 97\% of patients. Oligo-/anuria occurred in 76\% of patients, of which 63\% required dialysis. Two patients showed neurological sequelae at the 2-month follow-up, both of them were infected with non-O157:H7 serotypes. Case fatality in the acute stage was 3/95, in two of these patients EHEC was isolated. Stool and serum specimens were analyzed for the presence of EHEC and antibodies against O157 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Serotype O157:H7 was identified in 36/58 (62\%) isolates, 22 strains (38\%) belonged to non-O157:H7. Combining stool culture with serology, EHEC infection was documented in 88\% of patients, including three patients without diarrhea. Non-O157:H7 serotypes occurred in 77\% of children up to 36 months of age and were the most prevalent serotype in children up to 12 months of age.}, isbn = {0300-8126 (Print) 0300-8126 (Linking)}, author = {Verweyen, H M and Karch, H and Allerberger, F and Zimmerhackl, L B} } @booklet {2445, title = {{Environmental Regulations and Technology. Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge.}}, year = {1999}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency, Centre for Environmental Research}, address = {Ohio} } @article {16524, title = {Environmental {Regulations} and {Technology}: {Control} of {Pathogens} and {Vector} {Attraction} in {Sewage} {Sludge}. ({Revised} {October} 1999). {EPAl}625/{R}-921013.}, year = {1999}, author = {EPA} } @booklet {14259, title = {Environmental {Regulations} and {Technology}. {Control} of {Pathogens} and {Vector} {Attraction} in {Sewage} {Sludge}.}, year = {1999}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency, Centre for Environmental Research}, address = {Ohio}, author = {USEPA} } @article {11107, title = {Environmental Regulations and Technology: Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge}, year = {1999} } @article {12032, title = {Environmental Regulations and Technology: Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge}, year = {1999}, publisher = {Environmental Protection Agency}, issn = {EPAl625/R-921013} } @article {15757, title = {Epidemic and endemic seroprevalence of antibodies to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in residents of three communities with different drinking water supplies}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {60}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, month = {Apr}, pages = {578-83}, edition = {1999/05/29}, keywords = {*Water Supply, Animals, Antibodies, Protozoan/*blood, Antigens, Protozoan/immunology, British Columbia/epidemiology, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology, Cryptosporidium parvum/*immunology/isolation \& purification, Disease Outbreaks, Endemic Diseases, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Giardia/*immunology/isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/*epidemiology, Humans, Immunoblotting, Seasons, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Water Pollution, Water/parasitology}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637}, author = {Isaac-Renton, J. and Blatherwick, J. and Bowie, W. R. and Fyfe, M. and Khan, M. and Li, A. and King, A. and McLean, M. and Medd, L. and Moorehead, W. and Ong, C. S. and Robertson, W.} } @article {13976, title = {An epidemic of bloody diarrhea: {Escherichia} coli {O}157 emerging in {Cameroon}?}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {285{\textendash}90}, abstract = {Between November 1997 and April 20, 1998, bloody diarrhea sickened 298 persons in Cameroon. Laboratory investigation of the epidemic (case-fatality rate, 16.4\%) documented amoebiasis in one of three patients and three types of pathogens: multidrug-resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1, S. boydii, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. We report the first isolation of E. coli O157:H7 in Cameroon and the second series of cases in the Central African region.}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid0502.990217}, author = {Cunin, P and Tedjouka, E and Germani, Y and Ncharre, C and Bercion, R and Morvan, J and Martin, P M} } @article {2205, title = {{An epidemic of bloody diarrhea: Escherichia coli O157 emerging in Cameroon?}}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {285{\textendash}90}, abstract = {Between November 1997 and April 20, 1998, bloody diarrhea sickened 298 persons in Cameroon. Laboratory investigation of the epidemic (case-fatality rate, 16.4\%) documented amoebiasis in one of three patients and three types of pathogens: multidrug-resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1, S. boydii, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. We report the first isolation of E. coli O157:H7 in Cameroon and the second series of cases in the Central African region.}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid0502.990217}, author = {Cunin, P and Tedjouka, E and Germani, Y and Ncharre, C and Bercion, R and Morvan, J and Martin, P M} } @article {7973, title = {{An epidemic of bloody diarrhea: Escherichia coli O157 emerging in Cameroon?}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {285{\textendash}90}, abstract = {

Between November 1997 and April 20, 1998, bloody diarrhea sickened 298 persons in Cameroon. Laboratory investigation of the epidemic (case-fatality rate, 16.4{\%}) documented amoebiasis in one of three patients and three types of pathogens: multidrug-resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1, S. boydii, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. We report the first isolation of E. coli O157:H7 in Cameroon and the second series of cases in the Central African region.

}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid0502.990217}, author = {Cunin, P and Tedjouka, E and Germani, Y and Ncharre, C and Bercion, R and Morvan, J and Martin, P M} } @article {4906, title = {{Epidemiologic studies of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Guatemala}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {766{\textendash}774}, author = {Bern, C and Hernandez, B and Lopez, MB and Arrowood, MJ and Alvarez de Mejia, M and de Merida, AM and Hightower, AW and Venczel, L and Herwaldt, BL and Klein, RE} } @inbook {13500, title = {Epidemiology and control}, booktitle = {Fasciolosis}, year = {1999}, pages = {113-149}, publisher = {CAB International Publishing}, organization = {CAB International Publishing}, address = {Wallingford, Oxon, UK}, author = {Torgerson, P. and Claxton, J.}, editor = {Dalton, J. P} } @article {13558, title = {Epidemiology of human fascioliasis: a review and proposed new classification}, journal = {Bull WHO}, volume = {77}, year = {1999}, pages = {340-346}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Esteban, J. G. and Bargues, M. D.} } @article {11386, title = {Eradication of Taenia solium cysticercosis: a role for vaccination of pigs}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, pages = {811-817}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0020-7519}, author = {Lightowlers, MW.} } @article {6802, title = {Estimating the benefits of community water fluoridation using the willingness-to-pay technique: results of a pilot study}, journal = {Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, month = {apr}, pages = {124{\textendash}129}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To estimate the health and non-health effects of fluoridation on well-being using the willingness-to-pay technique. METHODS: A pilot study of 100 people was undertaken in which the willingness-to-pay technique was used to estimate the welfare effects of community water fluoridation in the city of Sheffield, in the United Kingdom. In view of the pilot nature of the study, it was decided to use quota sampling based on age and sex rather than random sampling. Reasons for respondents{\textquoteright} answers and their previous knowledge of fluoridation were also noted. RESULTS: Sixty-two percent of respondents were in favour of fluoridation, 31\% were opposed, and 7\% were unsure. Thirty-one respondents refused to answer the willingness-to-pay questions. The mean willingness to pay for those in favour of fluoridation was less than that for those opposed to fluoridation. The main reasons given for opposing fluoridation were its impact on freedom of choice and the desire for pure water. Nineteen percent of the sample held incorrect information on the effects of fluoridation. CONCLUSIONS: The study illustrates how a simple referendum can miss important information regarding the intensity of individuals{\textquoteright} preferences. An important aspect of the willingness-to-pay technique is its ability to identify {\textquoteright}losers{\textquoteright} and quantify their welfare loss. This issue has been ignored by all previous economic evaluations of fluoridation. Further investigation is required to replicate this work on a larger sample of individuals, and to develop the willingness-to-pay technique.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Attitudes, Choice Behavior, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Demography, England, Feasibility Studies, Female, Fluoridation, Health Knowledge, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Practice, Public Opinion, Reproducibility of Results, Sampling Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires}, issn = {0301-5661}, author = {Dixon, S. and Shackley, P.} } @mastersthesis {6856, title = {Estimating the willingness to pay for water services in developing countries: {A} case study of the use of a contingent valuation survey in {El} {Salvador}, {Central} {America}}, year = {1999}, note = {3017668}, school = {Purdue University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to determine willingness to pay for improved water quality and sanitation in four rural communities of El Salvador using the Contingent Valuation Method. The research was conducted between November 1998 and January 1999. Different regression estimates reveal that characteristics of the current water supply and the price of water in the new system, together with socioeconomic features of respondents, are important in explaining consumers{\textquoteright} willingness to pay. In fact, those variables related to household income, the price of the service to be provided, along with defensive measures taken by consumers, like water storage, and boiling water are among the most influential. However, other variables, like family size and community involvement in the management of improved water supplies, also proved to be important. All these variables had the expected coefficient signs, and their coefficient estimates were statistically significant at levels between 1\% and 15\%, indicating that survey results are plausible. Consumers value the reliability first, and then the quality of the service they receive. Also, consumer{\textquoteright}s willingness to pay is high and comparable to what they are currently expending for their water supplies. The data indicate that WTP for water quality improvements in the four surveyed communities is substantial. Individuals were willing to contribute more than 30\% of their overall monthly income for potable water. In other words, potable water was highly valued by the respondents of the survey. Demographic and attitudinal variables offer a number of interesting insights. Willingness to pay increases when the decision-makers are women, and are more likely to be sustainable if there is greater dissatisfaction with traditional water sources. Also WTP is greater when traditional water sources involve a greater opportunity cost (the opportunity cost of the time involving in carrying water) and water supplies are of lower quality. Thus, improved systems are more likely to be sustainable in the future if we take this findings into consideration for the design and management of new potable water projects. The focus of the last part of this study was the financial sustainability of water systems. Potable water systems can be financially sustainable in developing countries. We based our assessment of financial sustainability on a comparison of the willingness to pay for the improved water service with the cost to deliver this service to every household in the communities. The major conclusion is that potable water systems benefiting low-income populations are likely to be profitable and thus attractive for potential investors in El Salvador.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0503:Agricultural economics, 0508:Finance, Agricultural economics, Central America, Contingent valuation, Developing Countries, economics, El Salvador, Finance, Rural areas, Social sciences, Studies, Water resources, Water services, Willingness to pay}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/276305557?accountid=14270}, author = {Perez-Pineda, Felipe} } @article {9490, title = {{Evaluation of methodologies including immunofluorescent assay (IFA) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of human pathogenic microsporidia in water}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, pages = {43{\textendash}52}, author = {Dowd, SE and C P Gerba and Kamper, M and I L Pepper} } @article {7846, title = {Evaluation of the effect of temperature and nutrients on the survival of Campylobacter spp. in water microcosms}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {86}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, note = {Evaluation of the effect of temperature and nutrients on the survival of Campylobacter spp. in water microcosms; 10; Journal JUN 207AZ J APPL MICROBIOL NOT IN FILE; ID: 206}, pages = {1024-1032}, author = {Thomas,C. and Hill,D. J. and Mabey,M.} } @article {8191, title = {{Evidence for viability of coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori}}, journal = {Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {34}, number = {11}, year = {1999}, pages = {32{\textendash}36}, author = {Mizoguchi, H and Fujioka, T. and Nasu, M} } @article {13820, title = {Evidence for viability of coccoid forms of {Helicobacter} pylori}, journal = {J Gastroenterol}, volume = {34}, number = {11}, year = {1999}, pages = {32{\textendash}36}, author = {Mizoguchi H, Fujioka T, Nasu M} } @article {10007, title = {{Excretion of hepatitis a virus (HAV) in adults: Comparison of immunologic and molecular detection methods and relationship between HAV positivity and infectivity in tamarins}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {37}, number = {11}, year = {1999}, pages = {3615{\textendash}3617}, abstract = {Fecal excretion of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in 18 patients with HAV infection was evaluated by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect viral antigen and by reverse transcription-PCR amplification followed by ethidium bromide staining (PCR-ETBr) or nucleic acid hybridization (PCR-NA) to detect viral genetic material. A gradation of sensitivity was observed in the detection of virus by the three methods. In persons who had detectable virus, serial stool samples were found to be positive by EIA for up to 24 days after the peak elevation of liver enzymes. Viral genetic material could be detected by PCR-ETBr for up to 34 days and by PCR-NA for up to 54 days after the peak elevation of liver enzymes. After intravenous inoculation of tamarins with stool suspensions categorized as highly reactive for HAV (positive by EIA, PCR-ETBr, and PCR-NA), moderately reactive (positive by PCR-ETBr and PCR-NA), or weakly reactive (positive by PCR-NA), only tamarins infected with highly reactive stool suspensions (EIA positive) developed HAV infection. We conclude that positivity of stool specimens for HAV by PCR-ETBr or PCR-NA indicates a lower potential for infectivity, compared to that of EIA-positive stools.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print)$\backslash$r0095-1137 (Linking)}, issn = {00951137}, author = {Polish, Louis B. and Robertson, Betty H. and Khanna, Bhawna and Krawczynski, Krzysztof and Spelbring, John and Olson, Fred and Shapiro, Craig N.} } @article {12744, title = {{Experimental observation of effects of triclabendazole on Paragonimus westermani infection in dogs}}, journal = {Chinese Medical Journal}, volume = {112}, year = {1999}, pages = {345{\textendash}348}, author = {Liu, YH and Gao, JS and Wang, XG and Yu, D and Su, Q} } @article {8954, title = {Factors influencing ultraviolet disinfection performance part I: light penetration to wastewater particles}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {71}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {377-381}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1061-4303}, author = {Loge, Frank J. and Emerick, Robert W. and Thompson, Donald E. and Nelson, Douglas C. and Darby, Jeannie L.} } @article {8914, title = {Factors influencing ultraviolet disinfection performance part II: Association of coliform bacteria with wastewater particles}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, pages = {1178-1187}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1061-4303}, doi = {Doi 10.2175/106143097x122004}, url = {://WOS:000082888700007}, author = {Emerick, R. W. and Loge, F. J. and Thompson, D. and Darby, J. L.} } @inbook {13496, title = {Fasciola gigantica: epidemiology, control, immunology and molecular biology}, booktitle = {Fasciolosis}, year = {1999}, pages = {465-525}, publisher = {CAB International Publishing}, organization = {CAB International Publishing}, address = {Wallingford, Oxon, UK}, author = {Spithill, T. W. and Smooker, P. M. and Copeman, D. B.}, editor = {Dalton, J.P.} } @article {13443, title = {Fasciola hepatica supresses a protective Th1 response against Bordetella pertussis}, journal = {Infection Immunity}, volume = {67}, year = {1999}, pages = {5372-5378}, author = {Brady, M. T. and O{\textquoteright}Nneill, S. M. and Dalton, J. P. and Mills, K. H.} } @article {13594, title = {Fasciolicides: efficacy, action, resistance and its management}, journal = {Vet J.}, volume = {158}, year = {1999}, pages = {81-112}, author = {Fairweather, I. and Boray, J. C.} } @article {3211, title = {{Fate of Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and microbial indicators during wastewater treatment and anaerobic sludge digestion}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {45}, year = {1999}, pages = {257{\textendash}262}, author = {Chauret, C. and Springthorpe, S. and Sattar, S.} } @article {15069, title = {Fate of {Cryptosporidium} oocysts, {Giardia} cysts, and microbial indicators during wastewater treatment and anaerobic sludge digestion}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {257{\textendash}262}, author = {Chauret, Christian and Springthorpe, Susan and Sattar, Syed} } @article {12995, title = {Fate of Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and microbial indicators during wastewater treatment and anaerobic sludge digestion}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {45}, year = {1999}, pages = {257-262}, author = {Chauret, C and Springthorpe, S and Sattar, S} } @article {10394, title = {Fate of Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and microbial indicators during wastewater treatment and anaerobic sludge digestion}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {257{\textendash}262}, author = {Chauret, Christian and Springthorpe, Susan and Sattar, Syed} } @article {15675, title = {Fate of Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and microbial indicators during wastewater treatment and anaerobic sludge digestion}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, month = {Mar}, pages = {257-62}, edition = {1999/07/17}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteria/*isolation \& purification, Biodegradation, Environmental, Clostridium perfringens/isolation \& purification, Coliphages/isolation \& purification, Colony Count, Microbial, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Enterococcus/isolation \& purification, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Parasite Egg Count, Sewage/*microbiology/*parasitology}, isbn = {0008-4166 (Print)
0008-4166}, author = {Chauret, C. and Springthorpe, S. and Sattar, S.} } @article {4220, title = {{Fate of Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and microbial indicators during wastewater treatment and anaerobic sludge digestion.}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, month = {mar}, pages = {257{\textendash}62}, abstract = {

The extent of reduction in selected microorganisms was tested during both aerobic wastewater treatment and anaerobic digestion of sludge at the wastewater treatment plant in Ottawa to compare the removal of two encysted pathogenic protozoa with that of microbial indicators. Samples collected included the raw wastewater, the primary effluent, the treated wastewater, the mixed sludge, the decanted liquor, and the cake. All of the raw sewage samples were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, as well as for the other microorganisms tested. During aerobic wastewater treatment (excluding the anaerobic sludge digestion), Cryptosporidium and Giardia were reduced by 2.96 log10 and 1.40 log10, respectively. Clostridium perfringens spores, Clostridium perfringens total counts, somatic coliphages, and heterotrophic bacteria were reduced by approximately 0.89 log10, 0.96 log10, 1.58 log10, and 2.02 log10, respectively. All of the other microorganisms were reduced by at least 3.53 log10. Sludge samples from the plant were found to contain variable densities of microorganisms. Variability in microbial concentrations was sometimes great between samples, stressing the importance of collecting a large number of samples over a long period of time. In all cases, the bacterial concentrations in the cake (dewatered biosolids) samples were high even if reductions in numbers were observed with some bacteria. During anaerobic sludge digestion, no statistically significant reduction was observed for Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus sp., Cryptosporidium oocysts, and Giardia cysts. A 1-2 log10 reduction was observed with fecal coliforms and heterotrophic bacteria. However, the method utilized to detect the protozoan parasites does not differentiate between viable and nonviable organisms. On the other hand, total coliforms and somatic coliphages were reduced by 0.35 log10 and 0.09 log10, respectively. These results demonstrate the relative persistence of the protozoa in sewage sludge during wastewater treatment.

}, keywords = {Animals, bacteria, Bacteria: isolation {\&} purification, biodegradation, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium perfringens: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Colony Count, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium: isolation {\&} purification, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental, Giardia, Giardia: isolation {\&} purification, Microbial, Parasite Egg Count, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Sewage: parasitology}, issn = {0008-4166}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10408099}, author = {Chauret, C and Springthorpe, S and Sattar, S} } @article {13824, title = {Fecal and {Oral} {Shedding} of {Helicobacter} pylori {From} {Healthy} {Infected} {Adultse}}, journal = {Jama}, volume = {282}, number = {23}, year = {1999}, pages = {2240{\textendash}2245}, author = {Parsonnet J, Shmuely H, Haggerty T} } @article {8195, title = {{Fecal and Oral Shedding of Helicobacter pylori From Healthy Infected Adultse}}, journal = {Jama}, volume = {282}, number = {23}, year = {1999}, pages = {2240{\textendash}2245}, author = {Parsonnet, J and Shmuely, H and T Haggerty} } @article {3910, title = {First detection of bovine group B rotavirus in Japan and sequence of its VP7 gene.}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {144}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {805{\textendash}815}, author = {Tsunemitsu, H and Morita, D and Takaku, H and Nishimori, T and Imai, K and Saif, L J} } @article {10725, title = {{Food as a vehicle of transmission of cholera}}, journal = {Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, pages = {1{\textendash}9}, author = {Rabbani, GH and Greenough, WB} } @inbook {5027, title = {{Food safety issues associated with products from aquaculture}}, year = {1999}, pages = {9{\textendash}12, 45{\textendash}49}, publisher = {WHO Technical Report Series}, organization = {WHO Technical Report Series}, address = {Geneva} } @article {2350, title = {Food-related illness and death in the United States}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {607{\textendash}25}, abstract = {

To better quantify the impact of foodborne diseases on health in the United States, we compiled and analyzed information from multiple surveillance systems and other sources. We estimate that foodborne diseases cause approximately 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths in the United States each year. Known pathogens account for an estimated 14 million illnesses, 60, 000 hospitalizations, and 1,800 deaths. Three pathogens, Salmonella, Listeria, and Toxoplasma, are responsible for 1,500 deaths each year, more than 75\% of those caused by known pathogens, while unknown agents account for the remaining 62 million illnesses, 265,000 hospitalizations, and 3,200 deaths. Overall, foodborne diseases appear to cause more illnesses but fewer deaths than previously estimated.

}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Animals, Food Microbiology, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: classification, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: mortality, Foodborne Diseases: virology, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Gastroenteritis: microbiology, Gastroenteritis: mortality, Hospitalization, Hospitalization: statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Listeria, Listeria: isolation \& purification, Listeria: pathogenicity, Population Surveillance, Population Surveillance: methods, Salmonella, Salmonella: isolation \& purification, Salmonella: pathogenicity, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasma: isolation \& purification, Toxoplasma: pathogenicity, United States, United States: epidemiology}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid0505.990502}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2627714\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Mead, P S and Slutsker, L and Dietz, V and McCaig, L F and Bresee, J S and Shapiro, C and Griffin, P M and Tauxe, R V} } @article {8090, title = {{Food-related illness and death in the United States.}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {607{\textendash}25}, abstract = {

To better quantify the impact of foodborne diseases on health in the United States, we compiled and analyzed information from multiple surveillance systems and other sources. We estimate that foodborne diseases cause approximately 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths in the United States each year. Known pathogens account for an estimated 14 million illnesses, 60, 000 hospitalizations, and 1,800 deaths. Three pathogens, Salmonella, Listeria, and Toxoplasma, are responsible for 1,500 deaths each year, more than 75{\%} of those caused by known pathogens, while unknown agents account for the remaining 62 million illnesses, 265,000 hospitalizations, and 3,200 deaths. Overall, foodborne diseases appear to cause more illnesses but fewer deaths than previously estimated.

}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Animals, Food Microbiology, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: classification, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: mortality, Foodborne Diseases: virology, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Gastroenteritis: microbiology, Gastroenteritis: mortality, Hospitalization, Hospitalization: statistics {\&} numerical data, Humans, Listeria, Listeria: isolation {\&} purification, Listeria: pathogenicity, Population Surveillance, Population Surveillance: methods, Salmonella, Salmonella: isolation {\&} purification, Salmonella: pathogenicity, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasma: isolation {\&} purification, Toxoplasma: pathogenicity, United States, United States: epidemiology}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid0505.990502}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2627714{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Mead, P S and Slutsker, L and Dietz, V and McCaig, L F and Bresee, J S and Shapiro, C and Griffin, P M and Tauxe, R V} } @article {4783, title = {{Food-related illness and death in the United States}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {607{\textendash}625}, author = {Mead, PS and Slutsker, L and Dietz, V and McCaig, LF and Bresee, JS and Shapiro, C and Griffin, PM and Tauxe, RV} } @article {14154, title = {Food-related illness and death in the {United} {States}.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {607{\textendash}25}, abstract = {To better quantify the impact of foodborne diseases on health in the United States, we compiled and analyzed information from multiple surveillance systems and other sources. We estimate that foodborne diseases cause approximately 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths in the United States each year. Known pathogens account for an estimated 14 million illnesses, 60, 000 hospitalizations, and 1,800 deaths. Three pathogens, Salmonella, Listeria, and Toxoplasma, are responsible for 1,500 deaths each year, more than 75\% of those caused by known pathogens, while unknown agents account for the remaining 62 million illnesses, 265,000 hospitalizations, and 3,200 deaths. Overall, foodborne diseases appear to cause more illnesses but fewer deaths than previously estimated.}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Animals, Food Microbiology, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: classification, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: mortality, Foodborne Diseases: virology, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Gastroenteritis: microbiology, Gastroenteritis: mortality, Hospitalization, Hospitalization: statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Listeria, Listeria: isolation \& purification, Listeria: pathogenicity, Population Surveillance, Population Surveillance: methods, Salmonella, Salmonella: isolation \& purification, Salmonella: pathogenicity, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasma: isolation \& purification, Toxoplasma: pathogenicity, United States, United States: epidemiology}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid0505.990502}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2627714\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Mead, P S and Slutsker, L and Dietz, V and McCaig, L F and Bresee, J S and Shapiro, C and Griffin, P M and Tauxe, R V} } @book {8718, title = {{Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering}}, year = {1999}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons}, address = {New York}, author = {J R Mihelcic} } @article {16062, title = {Further determination of DNA relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with a proposal for Leptospira alexanderi sp. nov. and four new Leptospira genomospecies}, journal = {Int J Syst BacteriolInt J Syst Bacteriol}, volume = {49}, year = {1999}, pages = {839-858}, keywords = {Leptospira, Sp. nov.}, author = {Brenner, D. J. and Kaufmann, A.F. and Sulzer, K.R. and Steigerwalt, A. G. and Rogers, F.C. and Weyant, R. S.} } @article {16063, title = {Further determination of DNA relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with a proposal for Leptospira alexanderi sp. nov. and four new Leptospira genomospecies}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary MicrobiologyInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {839-858}, publisher = {Microbiology Society}, isbn = {1466-5034}, author = {Brenner, Don J. and Kaufmann, Arnold F. and Sulzer, Katherine R. and Steigerwalt, Arnold G. and Rogers, Faye C. and Weyant, Robbin S.} } @article {8310, title = {A gender and development approach to water, sanitation and hygiene programmes}, journal = {WaterAid Briefing Paper. Loughborough: WEDC}, year = {1999}, author = {Coates, Sue} } @article {9545, title = {{Genetic and phenotypic intraspecific variation in the microsporidian Encephalitozoon hellem}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, pages = {2389{\textendash}2391}, author = {Mathis, A and Tanner, I and Weber, R and Deplazes, P} } @booklet {7475, title = {The geology of {Pennsylvania}{\textquoteright}s groundwater (3rd ed.) {Pennsylvania} {Geological} {Survey}, 4th ser., {Educational} {Series} 3, 34 p.}, year = {1999}, author = {Fleeger, G. M.} } @booklet {5167, title = {{Gerenciamento do lodo de lagoas de estabiliza{\c c}{\~a}o n{\~a}o mecanizadas}}, year = {1999}, author = {Franci, Ricardo} } @inbook {10285, title = {Gerenciamento do lodos de lagoas de estabiliza{\c c}{\^a}o n{\^a}o mecanizadas}, booktitle = {Gerenciamento do lodos de lagoas de estabiliza{\c c}{\^a}o n{\^a}o mecanizadas}, year = {1999}, publisher = {PROSAB}, organization = {PROSAB}, author = {Goncalves, RF} } @article {4106, title = {{Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst survival in water, soil and, cattle feces}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {28}, year = {1999}, pages = {1991{\textendash}1996}, author = {Olson, ME and Goh, J and Phillips, M and Guselle, N and McAllister, TA} } @article {15832, title = {Giardia Cyst and Cryptosporidium Oocyst Survival in Water, Soil, and Cattle Feces}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, pages = {1991-1996}, author = {Olson, Merle and Goh, Jeanette and Phillips, Michael and Guselle, Nicole and McAllister, Tim} } @article {8064, title = {{Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies.}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {77}, number = {8}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {651{\textendash}66}, abstract = {Few studies provide data on the global morbidity and mortality caused by infection with Shigella spp.; such estimates are needed, however, to plan strategies of prevention and treatment. Here we report the results of a review of the literature published between 1966 and 1997 on Shigella infection. The data obtained permit calculation of the number of cases of Shigella infection and the associated mortality occurring worldwide each year, by age, and (as a proxy for disease severity) by clinical category, i.e. mild cases remaining at home, moderate cases requiring outpatient care, and severe cases demanding hospitalization. A sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate the high and low range of morbid and fatal cases in each category. Finally, the frequency distribution of Shigella infection, by serogroup and serotype and by region of the world, was determined. The annual number of Shigella episodes throughout the world was estimated to be 164.7 million, of which 163.2 million were in developing countries (with 1.1 million deaths) and 1.5 million in industrialized countries. A total of 69{\%} of all episodes and 61{\%} of all deaths attributable to shigellosis involved children under 5 years of age. The median percentages of isolates of S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. boydii, and S. dysenteriae were, respectively, 60{\%}, 15{\%}, 6{\%}, and 6{\%} (30{\%} of S. dysenteriae cases were type 1) in developing countries; and 16{\%}, 77{\%}, 2{\%}, and 1{\%} in industrialized countries. In developing countries, the predominant serotype of S. flexneri is 2a, followed by 1b, 3a, 4a, and 6. In industrialized countries, most isolates are S. flexneri 2a or other unspecified type 2 strains. Shigellosis, which continues to have an important global impact, cannot be adequately controlled with the existing prevention and treatment measures. Innovative strategies, including development of vaccines against the most common serotypes, could provide substantial benefits. This article presents a review of the literature published between 1966 and 1997 on Shigella infection. The purpose of the review is to provide data on the global morbidity and mortality caused by the infection and to plan strategies of prevention and treatment. The data obtained from this literature were used to calculate the number of Shigella infection cases and the associated mortality occurring worldwide each year, by age and by clinical category. The burden of Shigella infection was also estimated by serogroup and serotype. A sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate the high and the low range of morbid and fatal cases in each category (mild cases remaining at home, moderate cases requiring outpatient care and severe cases demanding hospitalization). The result of the calculations and analysis revealed that the annual number of Shigella infections throughout the world was estimated to be 164.7 million. 163.2 million occurred in developing countries, with 1.1 million deaths, and 1.5 million occurred in industrialized countries. More than half of the episodes and death affects children under 5 years of age. In comparing developing countries against industrialized countries, the median of isolates are S. flexneri (60{\%} vs. 16{\%}), S. sonnei (15{\%} vs. 77{\%}), S. dysenteriae (6{\%} vs. 1{\%}), and S. boydii (6{\%} vs. 2{\%}). The predominant serotype of S. flexneri in developing countries is 2a, followed by 1b, 3a, 4a, and 6, while in industrialized countries most isolates are S. flexneri 2a and unspecified type 2 strains.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Australia, Australia: epidemiology, Bacillary, Bacillary: epidemiology, Bacillary: microbiology, Child, Child Day Care Centers, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Dysentery, France, France: epidemiology, Great Britain, Great Britain: epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Israel, Israel: epidemiology, Jews, Middle Aged, Newborn, Preschool, Risk Factors, Shigella boydii, Shigella boydii: isolation {\&} purification, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella dysenteriae: isolation {\&} purification, Shigella flexneri, Shigella flexneri: isolation {\&} purification, Shigella sonnei, Shigella sonnei: isolation {\&} purification, Travel, United States, United States: epidemiology}, issn = {0042-9686}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2557719{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Kotloff, K L and Winickoff, J P and Ivanoff, B and Clemens, J D and Swerdlow, D L and Sansonetti, P J and Adak, G K and Levine, M M} } @article {14116, title = {Global burden of {Shigella} infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {77}, number = {8}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {651{\textendash}66}, abstract = {Few studies provide data on the global morbidity and mortality caused by infection with Shigella spp.; such estimates are needed, however, to plan strategies of prevention and treatment. Here we report the results of a review of the literature published between 1966 and 1997 on Shigella infection. The data obtained permit calculation of the number of cases of Shigella infection and the associated mortality occurring worldwide each year, by age, and (as a proxy for disease severity) by clinical category, i.e. mild cases remaining at home, moderate cases requiring outpatient care, and severe cases demanding hospitalization. A sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate the high and low range of morbid and fatal cases in each category. Finally, the frequency distribution of Shigella infection, by serogroup and serotype and by region of the world, was determined. The annual number of Shigella episodes throughout the world was estimated to be 164.7 million, of which 163.2 million were in developing countries (with 1.1 million deaths) and 1.5 million in industrialized countries. A total of 69\% of all episodes and 61\% of all deaths attributable to shigellosis involved children under 5 years of age. The median percentages of isolates of S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. boydii, and S. dysenteriae were, respectively, 60\%, 15\%, 6\%, and 6\% (30\% of S. dysenteriae cases were type 1) in developing countries; and 16\%, 77\%, 2\%, and 1\% in industrialized countries. In developing countries, the predominant serotype of S. flexneri is 2a, followed by 1b, 3a, 4a, and 6. In industrialized countries, most isolates are S. flexneri 2a or other unspecified type 2 strains. Shigellosis, which continues to have an important global impact, cannot be adequately controlled with the existing prevention and treatment measures. Innovative strategies, including development of vaccines against the most common serotypes, could provide substantial benefits. This article presents a review of the literature published between 1966 and 1997 on Shigella infection. The purpose of the review is to provide data on the global morbidity and mortality caused by the infection and to plan strategies of prevention and treatment. The data obtained from this literature were used to calculate the number of Shigella infection cases and the associated mortality occurring worldwide each year, by age and by clinical category. The burden of Shigella infection was also estimated by serogroup and serotype. A sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate the high and the low range of morbid and fatal cases in each category (mild cases remaining at home, moderate cases requiring outpatient care and severe cases demanding hospitalization). The result of the calculations and analysis revealed that the annual number of Shigella infections throughout the world was estimated to be 164.7 million. 163.2 million occurred in developing countries, with 1.1 million deaths, and 1.5 million occurred in industrialized countries. More than half of the episodes and death affects children under 5 years of age. In comparing developing countries against industrialized countries, the median of isolates are S. flexneri (60\% vs. 16\%), S. sonnei (15\% vs. 77\%), S. dysenteriae (6\% vs. 1\%), and S. boydii (6\% vs. 2\%). The predominant serotype of S. flexneri in developing countries is 2a, followed by 1b, 3a, 4a, and 6, while in industrialized countries most isolates are S. flexneri 2a and unspecified type 2 strains.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Australia, Australia: epidemiology, Bacillary, Bacillary: epidemiology, Bacillary: microbiology, Child, Child Day Care Centers, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Dysentery, France, France: epidemiology, Great Britain, Great Britain: epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Israel, Israel: epidemiology, Jews, Middle Aged, Newborn, Preschool, Risk Factors, Shigella boydii, Shigella boydii: isolation \& purification, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella dysenteriae: isolation \& purification, Shigella flexneri, Shigella flexneri: isolation \& purification, Shigella sonnei, Shigella sonnei: isolation \& purification, Travel, United States, United States: epidemiology}, issn = {0042-9686}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2557719\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Kotloff, K L and Winickoff, J P and Ivanoff, B and Clemens, J D and Swerdlow, D L and Sansonetti, P J and Adak, G K and Levine, M M} } @article {2320, title = {{Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies.}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {77}, number = {8}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {651{\textendash}66}, abstract = {Few studies provide data on the global morbidity and mortality caused by infection with Shigella spp.; such estimates are needed, however, to plan strategies of prevention and treatment. Here we report the results of a review of the literature published between 1966 and 1997 on Shigella infection. The data obtained permit calculation of the number of cases of Shigella infection and the associated mortality occurring worldwide each year, by age, and (as a proxy for disease severity) by clinical category, i.e. mild cases remaining at home, moderate cases requiring outpatient care, and severe cases demanding hospitalization. A sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate the high and low range of morbid and fatal cases in each category. Finally, the frequency distribution of Shigella infection, by serogroup and serotype and by region of the world, was determined. The annual number of Shigella episodes throughout the world was estimated to be 164.7 million, of which 163.2 million were in developing countries (with 1.1 million deaths) and 1.5 million in industrialized countries. A total of 69\% of all episodes and 61\% of all deaths attributable to shigellosis involved children under 5 years of age. The median percentages of isolates of S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. boydii, and S. dysenteriae were, respectively, 60\%, 15\%, 6\%, and 6\% (30\% of S. dysenteriae cases were type 1) in developing countries; and 16\%, 77\%, 2\%, and 1\% in industrialized countries. In developing countries, the predominant serotype of S. flexneri is 2a, followed by 1b, 3a, 4a, and 6. In industrialized countries, most isolates are S. flexneri 2a or other unspecified type 2 strains. Shigellosis, which continues to have an important global impact, cannot be adequately controlled with the existing prevention and treatment measures. Innovative strategies, including development of vaccines against the most common serotypes, could provide substantial benefits. This article presents a review of the literature published between 1966 and 1997 on Shigella infection. The purpose of the review is to provide data on the global morbidity and mortality caused by the infection and to plan strategies of prevention and treatment. The data obtained from this literature were used to calculate the number of Shigella infection cases and the associated mortality occurring worldwide each year, by age and by clinical category. The burden of Shigella infection was also estimated by serogroup and serotype. A sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate the high and the low range of morbid and fatal cases in each category (mild cases remaining at home, moderate cases requiring outpatient care and severe cases demanding hospitalization). The result of the calculations and analysis revealed that the annual number of Shigella infections throughout the world was estimated to be 164.7 million. 163.2 million occurred in developing countries, with 1.1 million deaths, and 1.5 million occurred in industrialized countries. More than half of the episodes and death affects children under 5 years of age. In comparing developing countries against industrialized countries, the median of isolates are S. flexneri (60\% vs. 16\%), S. sonnei (15\% vs. 77\%), S. dysenteriae (6\% vs. 1\%), and S. boydii (6\% vs. 2\%). The predominant serotype of S. flexneri in developing countries is 2a, followed by 1b, 3a, 4a, and 6, while in industrialized countries most isolates are S. flexneri 2a and unspecified type 2 strains.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Australia, Australia: epidemiology, Bacillary, Bacillary: epidemiology, Bacillary: microbiology, Child, Child Day Care Centers, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Dysentery, France, France: epidemiology, Great Britain, Great Britain: epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Israel, Israel: epidemiology, Jews, Middle Aged, Newborn, Preschool, Risk Factors, Shigella boydii, Shigella boydii: isolation \& purification, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella dysenteriae: isolation \& purification, Shigella flexneri, Shigella flexneri: isolation \& purification, Shigella sonnei, Shigella sonnei: isolation \& purification, Travel, United States, United States: epidemiology}, issn = {0042-9686}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2557719\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Kotloff, K L and Winickoff, J P and Ivanoff, B and Clemens, J D and Swerdlow, D L and Sansonetti, P J and Adak, G K and Levine, M M} } @article {13063, title = {Groundwater, latrines and health}, journal = {WELL Study}, number = {163}, year = {1999}, author = {Cave, Ben and Kolsky, Pete} } @book {11673, title = {{Guide to identification of Diphyllobothriid Cestodes}}, year = {1999}, pages = {146}, publisher = {Gendai Kikaku}, organization = {Gendai Kikaku}, address = {Tokyo Japan}, author = {Kamo, Hajime} } @book {17435, title = {The handbook of chlorination and alternative disinfectants}, year = {1999}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc}, author = {White, George C.} } @article {8262, title = {{Helicobacter pylori: characteristics, pathogenicity, detection methods and mode of transmission implicating foods and water}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {2-3}, year = {1999}, month = {dec}, pages = {95{\textendash}104}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori is an organism involved in the pathogenesis of human active chronic gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcer diseases and gastric cancer. This review article covers this emerging human pathogen in terms of its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, methods for culturing, its role in gastric pathogenicity, evidence involving its mode of transmission, difficulty in its isolation and detection methodology. In terms of transmission, both foodborne and waterborne pathways have been speculated as the mode of transmission for H. pylori as the patterns of the infection are consistent with those from fecal{\textendash}oral and oral{\textendash}oral transmission. Therefore, it is important to also evaluate methods for the detection of H. pylori from specifically food products and water. The detection of this pathogen has proved difficult since changes in cell morphology, metabolism and growth patterns occur when H. pylori is exposed to different environmental stimuli. The development of a viable but non-culturable coccoid (VNC) form is observed. These VNC forms do not undergo cellular division and cannot be cultured by traditional methods, increasing the difficulty in their detection. Since both viability and virulence in the VNC form of H. pylori are retained, the examination of food products and water for these forms is critical. Current methods include filtration, immuno-separation (IMS), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), probe hybridization, immuno-staining, autoradiography and ATP bioluminescence.}, keywords = {Detection Methods, Foods, helicobacter pylori, Pathogen, pathogenicity, Transmission, water}, issn = {01681605}, doi = {10.1016/S0168-1605(99)00160-9}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160599001609}, author = {Vel{\'a}zquez, Madeline and Feirtag, Joellen M} } @article {13890, title = {Helicobacter pylori: characteristics, pathogenicity, detection methods and mode of transmission implicating foods and water}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {2-3}, year = {1999}, month = {dec}, pages = {95{\textendash}104}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori is an organism involved in the pathogenesis of human active chronic gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcer diseases and gastric cancer. This review article covers this emerging human pathogen in terms of its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, methods for culturing, its role in gastric pathogenicity, evidence involving its mode of transmission, difficulty in its isolation and detection methodology. In terms of transmission, both foodborne and waterborne pathways have been speculated as the mode of transmission for H. pylori as the patterns of the infection are consistent with those from fecal{\textendash}oral and oral{\textendash}oral transmission. Therefore, it is important to also evaluate methods for the detection of H. pylori from specifically food products and water. The detection of this pathogen has proved difficult since changes in cell morphology, metabolism and growth patterns occur when H. pylori is exposed to different environmental stimuli. The development of a viable but non-culturable coccoid (VNC) form is observed. These VNC forms do not undergo cellular division and cannot be cultured by traditional methods, increasing the difficulty in their detection. Since both viability and virulence in the VNC form of H. pylori are retained, the examination of food products and water for these forms is critical. Current methods include filtration, immuno-separation (IMS), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), probe hybridization, immuno-staining, autoradiography and ATP bioluminescence.}, keywords = {Detection Methods, Foods, helicobacter pylori, Pathogen, pathogenicity, Transmission, water}, issn = {01681605}, doi = {10.1016/S0168-1605(99)00160-9}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160599001609}, author = {Vel{\'a}zquez, Madeline and Feirtag, Joellen M} } @article {13851, title = {Helicobacter pylori in the {Canadian} arctic: {Seroprevalence} and detection in community water samples}, journal = {American Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {94}, number = {7}, year = {1999}, pages = {1823{\textendash}1829}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Many North American arctic communities are characterized by risk markers associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, including overcrowded housing and inadequate water supply and sanitation systems. Our aim was to determine the seroprevalence of H. pylori infection in two traditional Inuit communities in the central Canadian arctic and to test for the presence of H. pylori, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in local water supplies.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nMETHODS: Samples of venous whole blood from adults and capillary blood from children were collected and analyzed by enzyme immunoassay and Helisal Rapid Test, respectively, for IgG antibody to H. pylori. Antibodies to CagA were detected by enzyme immunoassay, and ABO and Lewis antigens were also determined. Demographic and clinical information were collected by questionnaire. Water samples from each community were tested for H. pylori by PCR.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nRESULTS: One hundred-thirty (50.8\%) of 256 subjects from the two communities were positive for H. pylori IgG antibodies. Seropositive subjects were more likely to be male, compared with seronegative individuals (p = 0.01). Antibody status did not differ with respect to age, community, alcohol or cigarette use, number of persons per household, gastrointestinal complaints or previous investigations, medications, or presence of blood group O, Lewis a-b+. CagA antibodies were detected in 78 (61.9\%) of 126 H. pylori-seropositive subjects tested; however, 41 (35.3\%) of 116 H. pylori-seronegative subjects were also CagA positive. Water samples taken from the water delivery truck in Chesterfield Inlet and two lakes near Repulse Bay were positive for H. pylori.\${\textbackslash}backslash\$n\${\textbackslash}backslash\$nCONCLUSION: The seroprevalence of H. pylori in the study group was higher than rates in southern Canadian populations, but lower than the seroprevalence previously documented in a Canadian subarctic Indian (First Nations) community. The detection of H. pylori in local water supplies may indicate a natural reservoir for the organism or possible contamination from human sewage.}, issn = {00029270}, doi = {10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01212.x}, author = {McKeown, Iris and Orr, Pamela and Macdonald, Sharon and Kabani, Amin and Brown, Rosemary and Coghlan, Gail and Dawood, Magdy and Embil, John and Sargent, Michael and Smart, Gerry and Bernstein, Charles N.} } @article {8223, title = {{Helicobacter pylori in the Canadian arctic: Seroprevalence and detection in community water samples}}, journal = {American Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {94}, number = {7}, year = {1999}, pages = {1823{\textendash}1829}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Many North American arctic communities are characterized by risk markers associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, including overcrowded housing and inadequate water supply and sanitation systems. Our aim was to determine the seroprevalence of H. pylori infection in two traditional Inuit communities in the central Canadian arctic and to test for the presence of H. pylori, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in local water supplies.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS: Samples of venous whole blood from adults and capillary blood from children were collected and analyzed by enzyme immunoassay and Helisal Rapid Test, respectively, for IgG antibody to H. pylori. Antibodies to CagA were detected by enzyme immunoassay, and ABO and Lewis antigens were also determined. Demographic and clinical information were collected by questionnaire. Water samples from each community were tested for H. pylori by PCR.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nRESULTS: One hundred-thirty (50.8{\%}) of 256 subjects from the two communities were positive for H. pylori IgG antibodies. Seropositive subjects were more likely to be male, compared with seronegative individuals (p = 0.01). Antibody status did not differ with respect to age, community, alcohol or cigarette use, number of persons per household, gastrointestinal complaints or previous investigations, medications, or presence of blood group O, Lewis a-b+. CagA antibodies were detected in 78 (61.9{\%}) of 126 H. pylori-seropositive subjects tested; however, 41 (35.3{\%}) of 116 H. pylori-seronegative subjects were also CagA positive. Water samples taken from the water delivery truck in Chesterfield Inlet and two lakes near Repulse Bay were positive for H. pylori.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSION: The seroprevalence of H. pylori in the study group was higher than rates in southern Canadian populations, but lower than the seroprevalence previously documented in a Canadian subarctic Indian (First Nations) community. The detection of H. pylori in local water supplies may indicate a natural reservoir for the organism or possible contamination from human sewage.}, isbn = {0002-9270 (Print)$\backslash$r0002-9270 (Linking)}, issn = {00029270}, doi = {10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01212.x}, author = {McKeown, Iris and Orr, Pamela and Macdonald, Sharon and Kabani, Amin and Brown, Rosemary and Coghlan, Gail and Dawood, Magdy and Embil, John and Sargent, Michael and Smart, Gerry and Bernstein, Charles N.} } @article {14786, title = {Helicobacter pylori in the {Canadian} arctic: {Seroprevalence} and detection in community water samples}, journal = {American Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {94}, number = {7}, year = {1999}, pages = {1823{\textendash}1829}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Many North American arctic communities are characterized by risk markers associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, including overcrowded housing and inadequate water supply and sanitation systems. Our aim was to determine the seroprevalence of H. pylori infection in two traditional Inuit communities in the central Canadian arctic and to test for the presence of H. pylori, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in local water supplies.\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$n\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$nMETHODS: Samples of venous whole blood from adults and capillary blood from children were collected and analyzed by enzyme immunoassay and Helisal Rapid Test, respectively, for IgG antibody to H. pylori. Antibodies to CagA were detected by enzyme immunoassay, and ABO and Lewis antigens were also determined. Demographic and clinical information were collected by questionnaire. Water samples from each community were tested for H. pylori by PCR.\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$n\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$nRESULTS: One hundred-thirty (50.8\%) of 256 subjects from the two communities were positive for H. pylori IgG antibodies. Seropositive subjects were more likely to be male, compared with seronegative individuals (p = 0.01). Antibody status did not differ with respect to age, community, alcohol or cigarette use, number of persons per household, gastrointestinal complaints or previous investigations, medications, or presence of blood group O, Lewis a-b+. CagA antibodies were detected in 78 (61.9\%) of 126 H. pylori-seropositive subjects tested; however, 41 (35.3\%) of 116 H. pylori-seronegative subjects were also CagA positive. Water samples taken from the water delivery truck in Chesterfield Inlet and two lakes near Repulse Bay were positive for H. pylori.\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$n\${\textbackslash}textbackslashbackslash\$nCONCLUSION: The seroprevalence of H. pylori in the study group was higher than rates in southern Canadian populations, but lower than the seroprevalence previously documented in a Canadian subarctic Indian (First Nations) community. The detection of H. pylori in local water supplies may indicate a natural reservoir for the organism or possible contamination from human sewage.}, issn = {00029270}, doi = {10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01212.x}, author = {McKeown, Iris and Orr, Pamela and Macdonald, Sharon and Kabani, Amin and Brown, Rosemary and Coghlan, Gail and Dawood, Magdy and Embil, John and Sargent, Michael and Smart, Gerry and Bernstein, Charles N.} } @article {13849, title = {Helicobacter pylori in the natural environment}, journal = {Scand J Infect Dis}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {275{\textendash}9}, author = {Sasaki K, Tajiri Y, Sata M, Fujii Y, Matsubara F, Zhao M, Shimizu S, Toyonaga A, Tanikawa K.} } @article {8221, title = {{Helicobacter pylori in the natural environment}}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Disease}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {275{\textendash}9}, author = {Sasaki, K and Tajiri, Y and Sata, M and Fujii, Y and Matsubara, F and Zhao, M. and Shimizu, S and Toyonaga, A and Tanikawa, K.} } @article {13589, title = {High endemicity of human fascioliasis between Lake Titicaca and La Paz valley, Bolivia}, journal = {Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg.}, volume = {93}, year = {1999}, pages = {151-156}, author = {Esteban, J. G. and Flores, A. and Angles, R. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {7493, title = {Household-centred environmental sanitation}, journal = {SANDEC/EAWAG, 17p}, year = {1999}, url = {http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/sandec/publikationen/sesp/dl/Kalbermatten_1999.pdf}, author = {Kalbermatten, John M. and Middleton, Richard and Schertenleib, Roland} } @article {9329, title = {{Hsp60 is targeted to a cryptic mitochondrion-derived organelle ("crypton") in the microaerophilic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {2198{\textendash}2205}, author = {Mai, Z and Ghosh, S and Frisardi, M and Rosenthal, B and Rogers, R and Samuelson, J} } @book {13559, title = {Human Fasciolosis}, year = {1999}, note = {pp. 411-434}, publisher = {CAB International Publishing}, organization = {CAB International Publishing}, edition = {Faciolosis}, address = {Wallingford, Oxon, UK}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Bargues, M. D. and Esteban, J. G.}, editor = {J.P. Dalton} } @book {6085, title = {Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology of Sinkholes and Karst, 1999}, year = {1999}, publisher = {Balkema}, organization = {Balkema}, author = {Beck, Barry F and Pettit, Arthur J and J G Herring} } @article {15401, title = {Immunology of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni: a human perspective}, journal = {Microbes and Infection}, volume = {1}, number = {7}, year = {1999}, note = {Journal Article
Review
France}, month = {Jun}, pages = {553-60}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Susceptibility, Humans, Liver Diseases, Parasitic/*immunology/pathology, Mice, Schistosoma mansoni/growth \& development/immunology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology/parasitology/pathology, Splenic Diseases/*immunology/parasitology/pathology}, isbn = {1286-4579 (Print)
1286-4579 (Linking)}, author = {Dunne, D. W. and Pearce, E. J.} } @article {7386, title = {The impact and sustainability of community water supply and sanitation programmes in developing countries}, journal = {Water and Environment Journal}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {292{\textendash}296}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x/abstract}, author = {Carter, Richard C. and Tyrrel, Sean F. and Howsam, Peter} } @article {12926, title = {Impact of fly control on childhood diarrhoea in Pakistan: community-randomised trial}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {353}, number = {9146}, year = {1999}, pages = {22{\textendash}25}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Chavasse, DC and Shier, RP and Murphy, OA and Huttly, SRA and Cousens, SN and Akhtar, T} } @article {16672, title = {Impact of fly control on childhood diarrhoea in {Pakistan}: community-randomised trial}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {353}, number = {9146}, year = {1999}, pages = {22{\textendash}25}, author = {Chavasse, DC and Shier, RP and Murphy, OA and Huttly, SRA and Cousens, SN and Akhtar, T} } @article {9776, title = {{In vitro encystation and excystation of Blastocystis ratti}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {118}, year = {1999}, pages = {151{\textendash}160}, author = {Chen, XQ and Singh, M and Howe, J and Ho, LC and Tan, SW and Yap, EH} } @article {15635, title = {Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst infectivity by disinfection and sterilization processes}, journal = {Gastrointestinal Endoscopy}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, month = {May}, pages = {605-11}, edition = {1999/05/06}, keywords = {Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cattle, Cells, Cultured, Cryptosporidium parvum/drug effects/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Disinfectants/pharmacology, Disinfection/*methods/statistics \& numerical data, Dogs, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Feces/parasitology, Kidney/cytology/parasitology, Linear Models, Steam, Sterilization/instrumentation/*methods/statistics \& numerical data, Time Factors}, isbn = {0016-5107 (Print)
0016-5107}, author = {Barbee, S. L. and Weber, D. J. and Sobsey, M. D. and Rutala, W. A.} } @article {5356, title = {Inactivation of faecal indicator micro-organisms in waste stabilisation ponds: interactions of environmental factors with sunlight}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {1220{\textendash}1230}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Davies-Colley, RJ and Donnison, AM and Speed, DJ and Ross, CM and Nagels, JW al} } @article {5384, title = {{Inactivation of faecal indicator micro-organisms in waste stabilisation ponds: interactions of environmental factors with sunlight}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {33}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {1220{\textendash}1230}, author = {Davies-Colley, RJ} } @article {17328, title = {Inactivation of Salmonella and Listeria in ground chicken breast meat during thermal processing}, journal = {Journal of Food ProtectionJournal of food protection}, volume = {62}, number = {9}, year = {1999}, month = {Sep}, pages = {980-985}, keywords = {Cooking, ESCHERICHIA-COLI, GROWTH, heat-resistance, monocytogenes, pH, process lethality, Survival, Temperature, variability}, isbn = {0362-028x}, author = {Murphy, R. Y. and Marks, B. P. and Johnson, E. R. and Johnson, M. G.} } @mastersthesis {6528, title = {Industrial sewer demand modeling: {Applications} and limitations}, year = {1999}, note = {MQ51425}, school = {Simon Fraser University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{R}.{M}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Rapid population growth in the Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District (GVS\&DD) means that industrial customers are placing increased pressure upon limited sewer system capacity. GVS\&DD managers must satisfy future industrial demand without ignoring public concerns over local air and water quality, transportation, and burdensome municipal taxes. Long-term comprehensive wastewater management and planning, including a reliable industrial sewer demand forecast, are needed. This paper develops and then evaluates potential applications and limitations of an industrial sewer demand forecasting model for the Vancouver area. Although relatively small in volume, industrial wastewater discharges can often account for significant, and oftentimes variable, flow and pollutant loadings at district wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). A survey of other North American jurisdictions indicates that industrial sewer demand forecasts are not common. The benefits of a more robust forecast of sewer demand are nevertheless becoming more evident; the cost of misreading the future include environmental damage and social welfare and economic losses. The model relies on the assumption that industrial employment and industrial wastewater discharges are correlated. From this assumption, baseline forecasts are produced through 2021 for industrial flow, biochemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids for each of the region{\textquoteright}s five wastewater treatment plants. However, a lack of industrial employment and output data produces forecast uncertainty and prevents model verification. Forecast uncertainty means that the model can only be used to simulate relative impacts of policies, regulations, or changes in economic conditions on industrial flow and loadings. Additional data are needed before the forecasts can be considered accurate. Consequently, the report recommends that additional industrial employment and output data be collected if the benefits of such an undertaking are estimated to exceed the costs.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Environmental engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304560742?accountid=14270}, author = {Moore, Alastair} } @article {15674, title = {Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, month = {Jan}, pages = {157-64}, edition = {1999/02/13}, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Antibodies, Protozoan/*blood/immunology, Cryptosporidiosis/*immunology/parasitology, Cryptosporidium parvum/*immunology/pathogenicity, Diarrhea/*immunology/parasitology, Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct, Humans, Immunoglobulin G/*blood/immunology, Male}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637}, author = {Chappell, C. L. and Okhuysen, P. C. and Sterling, C. R. and Wang, C. and Jakubowski, W. and DuPont, H. L.} } @article {8951, title = {Inorganic fouling at quartz: water interfaces in ultraviolet photoreactors{\textemdash}I. Chemical characterization}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {33}, number = {15}, year = {1999}, pages = {3321-3329}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00037-8}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135499000378 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135499000378/1-s2.0-S0043135499000378-main.pdf?_tid=71ea7602-994f-11e6-bcaf-00000aacb362\&acdnat=1477247897_278b880564c1efada1e4f376084fe9c2}, author = {Lin, LS and Johnston, Cliff T. and Blatchley Iii, Ernest R.} } @article {9808, title = {{Intestinal blockage by carcinoma and Blastocystis hominis infection}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {60}, year = {1999}, pages = {400.402}, author = {Horiki, N and Kaneda, Y and Maruyama, M and Fujita, Y and Tachibana, H} } @mastersthesis {6749, title = {An investigation of opinions of public officials and the general public concerning solid waste issues with implications for {Extension} programming}, year = {1999}, note = {9945707}, school = {Louisiana State University and Agricultural \& Mechanical College}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The primary purpose of this study was to determine opinions of public officials and the general public concerning solid waste disposal, and to make recommendations for future Extension programming. The study utilized four focus group interviews to obtain qualitative data. The two urban groups were composed of municipal public officials from the parishes of Jefferson, East Baton Rouge, Lafayette and Rapides and general public participants from the parishes of East Baton Rouge, West Baton Rouge, and Livingston. The two rural groups consisted of public officials from the parishes of Acadia, Jefferson Davis and Vermilion and general public participants from the parishes of Acadia and Vermilion. Conclusions of the study were: (a) Cost of solid waste collection, disposal and transportation exceed existing revenues. Recent government regulations have decreased the number of landfills causing the cost of disposal to increase. Recycling and other disposal alternatives have not yet proven to be cost effective. Taxpayers and local government officials resist any new taxes and fees for solid waste disposal. (b) Public perception is considered important when dealing with solid waste issues. Air and water contamination, especially drinking water, are considered possible health and environmental threats from solid waste disposal. Disposal of household hazardous waste is the main health concern. (c) Education and dissemination of information are methods to provide the public with factual information on solid waste disposal. Public attitudes and perceptions are sometimes the direct result of the public{\textquoteright}s knowledge of solid waste issues. Based on these conclusions the following recommendations were made by the researcher for future Extension programming. (1) Develop publications for public officials and the general public on cost, health, safety and environmental issues for all solid waste disposal options. (2) Develop programming in the areas of proper disposal methods for household hazardous waste; market development for recyclable materials; economics of recycling, composting, and landfilling; health, safety and environmental concerns; beneficial use of compost and reusable solid waste; proper operation of a recycling program; "Don{\textquoteright}t Litter" program; integrated solid waste program. (3) Through LCES staff development training, equip agents with a better understanding of solid waste issues.}, keywords = {0516:Adult education, 0516:Continuing education, 0617:Public administration, 0747:Vocational education, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Adult education, Area planning \& development, Continuing education, Education, Extension, General public, Public administration, Public officials, Social sciences, Solid waste, Urban planning, Vocational education}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304512073?accountid=14270}, author = {Carney, Jr, William A} } @article {9897, title = {{Irregular shedding of Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {85}, year = {1999}, pages = {162{\textendash}164}, author = {Vennila, GD and Suresh, KG and Anuar, A and Rajah, S and Saminathan, R and Sivanandan, S and Ramakrishnan, K} } @article {5813, title = {{Isolation of Arcobacter butzleri from ground water.}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {31{\textendash}35}, author = {Rice, E W and Rodgers, M R and Wesley, I V and Johnson, C H and Tanner, S A} } @article {14330, title = {Isolation of {Arcobacter} butzleri from ground water.}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, month = {jan}, pages = {31{\textendash}35}, author = {Rice, E W and Rodgers, M R and Wesley, I V and Johnson, C H and Tanner, S A} } @article {10105, title = {{Isolation of fecal coliform bacteria from the diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin centrata)}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {865{\textendash}867}, author = {Harwood, VJ and Butler, J and Parrish, D and Wagner, V} } @article {9571, title = {{Isolation of Nosema algerae from the cornea of an immunocompetent patient}}, journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {10S}, author = {Visvesvara, GS and Belloso, M and Moura, H and da Silva, AJ and Moura, IN and Leitch, GJ and Schwartz, DA and Chevez-Barrios, P and Wallace, S and Pieniazek, NJ and Goosey, JD} } @article {13931, title = {Isolation of {Shigella} sonnei lysogenic for a bacteriophage encoding gene for production of {Shiga} toxin.}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {353}, number = {9163}, year = {1999}, month = {may}, pages = {1498}, keywords = {Adult, Bacillary, Bacillary: microbiology, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: genetics, Bacteriophage Typing, Dysentery, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Humans, Male, Polymerase Chain Reaction, shiga toxins, Shigella sonnei, Shigella sonnei: classification, Shigella sonnei: genetics, Shigella sonnei: isolation \& purification, Travel}, issn = {0140-6736}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00961-7}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232325}, author = {Beutin, L and Strauch, E and Fischer, I} } @article {7947, title = {{Isolation of Shigella sonnei lysogenic for a bacteriophage encoding gene for production of Shiga toxin.}}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {353}, number = {9163}, year = {1999}, month = {may}, pages = {1498}, keywords = {Adult, Bacillary, Bacillary: microbiology, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: genetics, Bacteriophage Typing, Dysentery, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Humans, Male, Polymerase Chain Reaction, shiga toxins, Shigella sonnei, Shigella sonnei: classification, Shigella sonnei: genetics, Shigella sonnei: isolation {\&} purification, Travel}, issn = {0140-6736}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00961-7}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232325}, author = {Beutin, L and Strauch, E and Fischer, I} } @article {2165, title = {{Isolation of Shigella sonnei lysogenic for a bacteriophage encoding gene for production of Shiga toxin.}}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {353}, number = {9163}, year = {1999}, month = {may}, pages = {1498}, keywords = {Adult, Bacillary, Bacillary: microbiology, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: genetics, Bacteriophage Typing, Dysentery, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Humans, Male, Polymerase Chain Reaction, shiga toxins, Shigella sonnei, Shigella sonnei: classification, Shigella sonnei: genetics, Shigella sonnei: isolation \& purification, Travel}, issn = {0140-6736}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00961-7}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232325}, author = {Beutin, L and Strauch, E and Fischer, I} } @article {10790, title = {{Isolation of Vibrio cholerae from diseased farm animals and surface water in The Netherlands}}, journal = {Vet Rec}, volume = {144}, number = {16}, year = {1999}, pages = {451{\textendash}452}, author = {Visser, IJ and Vellema, P and Van Dokkum, H and Shimada, T} } @mastersthesis {7021, title = {Kin selection: {A} study of odor recognition, preference, and emotional closeness as a function of genetic similarity}, year = {1999}, note = {9954508}, school = {Wayne State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of mothers and children to differentiate among the odors of full siblings, half siblings and stepsiblings when paired against odors of unfamiliar (unrelated) agemates. This study also examined olfaction as a possible variable mediating sibling interaction with one another. Seventy-seven children between the ages of four and eleven as well as eighteen mothers participated in this study. Children were recruited based on desired categories of kinship (i.e., full siblings, half siblings, and stepsiblings). A two-choice odor discrimination task was employed. Children were asked to wear identical T-shirts for three consecutive nights. During that time they were instructed to refrain from wearing perfume or other cosmetics, and were asked to wash only with Ivory soap. T-shirts were stored in sterile plastic bags during the day to prevent possibly contamination by odors in the environment. On the morning following the third night of wearing a shirt, each child was presented with the shirt worn by his sibling along with that worn by an unfamiliar child of the same approximate age as the stimulus sibling. Children were asked to sniff the shirts and state their preference, if any, to one of the two odors. Children were then asked to guess which one on the two shirts was worn by their sibling. The mothers who agreed to participate were given comparable choice test. Each child than completed the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire. Two statistical methods were used to analyze the data. A chi-square one-variable test was performed on odor identification and odor preference ratings to determine whether or not a significant difference existed between the observed number of cases which fell into each category and the expected number of cases. A student t-test was performed on the mean ratings of the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (warmth/closeness scale) between correct and incorrect identification of olfactory cues. The results of the chi-square one-variable test indicated that mothers were able to recognize their biological offspring by matching olfactory cues. Children were able to recognize full siblings by matching olfactory cues but were not able to recognize their half siblings or stepsiblings by matching olfactory cues. Mothers reported a preference for the olfactory cues of their biological children. Children did not report a preference for the olfactory cues of their full siblings or half siblings. The results of the student t-test found no significant relationship between odor identification and emotional closeness. The results of this study suggest that bodily odors are salient stimuli for kin recognition among biological mothers and biological siblings. Bodily odors were not salient for kin recognition among half siblings or stepsiblings. Preference among children for sibling bodily odors appears learned rather than inmate.}, keywords = {0451:Social psychology, 0628:Families \& family life, 0628:Personal relationships, 0628:Sociology, 0989:Physiological psychology, Emotional closeness, Families \& family life, Genetic, Kin selection, Odor recognition, Personal relationships, Physiological psychology, Psychology, Social psychology, Social sciences, Sociology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304553254?accountid=14270}, author = {Gall, James Andrew} } @article {8931, title = {Kinetics of electroporation-assisted chlorination of Giardia muris}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, year = {1999}, pages = {1761-1766}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00406-0}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135498004060 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135498004060/1-s2.0-S0043135498004060-main.pdf?_tid=e8b32e94-a5db-11e6-90f9-00000aab0f6c\&acdnat=1478627640_cfde04bbf7f078ca36851ceaf4380832}, author = {Haas, Charles N. and Aturaliye, Dhumal N.} } @article {2148, title = {{A large outbreak of hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by an unusual sorbitol-fermenting strain of Escherichia coli O157:H}}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {179}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {1274{\textendash}1277}, edition = {1999/04/07}, abstract = {{Escherichia coli O157:H7 does not ferment sorbitol, a factor used to differentiate it from other E. coli. From December 1995 to March 1996, 28 children with hemolytic uremic syndrome in Bavaria, Germany, were identified; many had a sorbitol-fermenting (sf) E. coli O157:H- cultured. A case-control study showed a dose-response relationship between sausage consumption and illness. A second case-control study showed a relationship between mortadella and teewurst consumption and illness, particularly during December (mortadella odds ratio [OR], 10.5}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899 (Linking)}, doi = {JID980967 [pii] 10.1086/314715}, author = {Ammon, A and Petersen, L R and Karch, H} } @article {13911, title = {A large outbreak of hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by an unusual sorbitol-fermenting strain of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {179}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {1274{\textendash}1277}, abstract = {{Escherichia coli O157:H7 does not ferment sorbitol, a factor used to differentiate it from other E. coli. From December 1995 to March 1996, 28 children with hemolytic uremic syndrome in Bavaria, Germany, were identified; many had a sorbitol-fermenting (sf) E. coli O157:H- cultured. A case-control study showed a dose-response relationship between sausage consumption and illness. A second case-control study showed a relationship between mortadella and teewurst consumption and illness, particularly during December (mortadella odds ratio [OR], 10.5}, doi = {JID980967 [pii] 10.1086/314715}, author = {Ammon, A and Petersen, L R and Karch, H} } @mastersthesis {6965, title = {Lava flow morphology: {The} roles of external confinement and lava-ice interaction}, year = {1999}, note = {9924188}, school = {Arizona State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Landforms associated with lava and ice interaction are common at glaciated stratovolcanoes. These landforms reflect the steep slopes and thin valley glaciers typical at stratovolcanoes, and differ from well-documented landforms associated with shallow slopes and/or thick ice. At stratovolcanoes, meltwater may travel freely downslope, eroding ice and rapidly enlarging pre-existing glacial drainages. As a result, lava flow eruptions have produced few catastrophic floods that occur when large volumes of water are released suddenly. Lava flowing into the open ice channels and voids becomes confined and grows upward, filling the available space and producing steep-sided ridges arid bulbous, smooth-sided domes. Many of the ridges produced in this way had previously been interpreted as erosional remnants of valley-fill lavas. Smaller scale lava features (fractures, glass, and hyaloclastites) formed during this process are similar to those produced during subaqueous eruptions (including those involving entrapped meltwater). Identification of these features in the field can be used to reconstruct local environments and climatic conditions during past eruptions. Laboratory simulations of confined lava flows show a systematic relationship between flow thickening and a ratio of flow cooling to flow advance rate. Low viscosity flows thicken through flow inflation. More viscous flows thicken primarily through a process of breakouts on the flow surface at points upslope from the flow front. The volume and duration of these breakouts (ephemeral vents) is directly related to the surface morphology that develops on the flow. The rate of flow thickening increases as the confining channel width is decreased (while other experimental parameters are held constant). Although flow thickening is more pronounced in confined flows, it occurs at similar scale and by similar processes in unconfined flows. Scaling of experimentally determined relationships allows thicknesses to be estimated for natural lava flows of known length and surface morphology. In addition, effusion rates and durations can be estimated for flows with known thicknesses. These observations are applicable to the emplacement of confined lava flows (within river canyons or meltwater channels through ice) and large volume unconfined lava flows (such as found in Columbia River Basalt and on Mars and Venus). In addition, experiments demonstrate that low confining walls can control flow emplacement. Confinement by subtle topography may play a major role in the production of long and narrow lava flows found on Mars, Venus and the Earth.}, keywords = {0372:Geology, Confinement, Earth sciences, Flow morphology, Geology, Ice, Lava-ice}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304495387?accountid=14270}, author = {Lescinsky, David Tondl} } @book {16110, title = {Leptospira and Leptospirosis, Second Edition}, year = {1999}, pages = {272}, publisher = {MedSci, Melbourne, Vic. Australia}, organization = {MedSci, Melbourne, Vic. Australia}, address = {Melbourne, Australia}, isbn = {0 9586326 0 X}, author = {Faine, S. and Adler, B. and Bolin, C. and Perolat, P.}, editor = {MedSci} } @article {16128, title = {Leptospiral outer membrane proteins OmpL1 and LipL41 exhibit synergistic immunoprotection.}, journal = {Infect Immun.Infect Immun.}, volume = {67}, number = {12}, year = {1999}, pages = {6572-6582.}, author = {Haake, D. A. and Mazel, M. K. and McCoy, A. M. and Milward, F. and Chao, G. and Matsunaga, J. and Wagar, E. A.} } @article {16103, title = {Leptospirosis in Philippine floods}, journal = {BMJBMJ}, volume = {319}, number = {7204}, year = {1999}, month = {Jul 24}, pages = {212}, type = {News}, edition = {1999/07/23}, keywords = {*Disasters, *Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Leptospirosis/*epidemiology, Philippines/epidemiology}, isbn = {0959-8138 (Print)
0959-535X (Linking)}, author = {Easton, A.} } @article {3022, title = {Long-term outcome of asymptomatic liver hydatidosis}, journal = {Journal of Hepatology}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, month = {feb}, pages = {228{\textendash}231}, abstract = {BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the outcome of asymptomatic liver hydatid cysts in a cohort of 33 out of 59 carriers by evaluating clinical and ultrasonographic (US) changes 10-12 years after initial diagnosis. METHODS: We compared US features and cyst size with the original descriptions from 1984-1986. Patients were questioned about hydatid-related symptoms and signs. RESULTS: Thirty-three of the 59 carriers could be reevaluated, five (15.2\%) of whom had undergone surgery without presenting symptoms, while of 28 unoperated cases, 21 (75\%) remained asymptomatic. Of the unoperated cases evaluated by US, in 8/14 (57.1\%) there were no modifications in cyst size during the 10-12-year period, in five (35.7\%) growth was slight ({\textbackslash}textless3 cm) and in one (7.1\%) the cyst grew 4 cm. Mean cyst growth in all 14 cases was 0.7 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limited number of cases, our results show that most asymptomatic liver hydatid cases (75\%) remain symptom-free for more than 10 years, regardless of cyst size or type. We believe that such carriers are at low risk of developing complications, so that it is difficult to establish specific rules for their therapy, if any. Longitudinal follow-up of larger series of asymptomatic hepatic hydatidosis cases is essential to gain a deeper insight into the natural history of such patients, and to draw up comprehensive guidelines for treatment.}, keywords = {Adult, Echinococcosis, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hepatic, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Serologic Tests, Ultrasonography}, issn = {0168-8278}, author = {Frider, B. and Larrieu, E. and Odriozola, M.} } @mastersthesis {6396, title = {Low field orientation magnetic separation methods of magnetotactic bacteria}, year = {1999}, note = {C802812}, school = {University of Southampton (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Microbial biomineralisation of iron often results in a biomass that is magnetic and can be separated from water systems by the application of a magnetic field. Magnetotactic bacteria form magnetic membrane bound crystals within their structure, generally of magnetite. In nature, this enables magnetotactic bacteria to orientate themselves with respect to the local geomagnetic field. The bacteria then migrate with flagellar driven motion towards their preferred environment. This property has been harnessed to produce a process in which metal loaded magnetotactic bacteria can be recovered from a waste stream. This process is known as orientation magnetic separation. Several methods exist which permit the unique magnetic properties of individual magnetotactic bacteria to be studied, such as U-turn analysis, transmission electron microscopy and single wire cell studies. In this work an extension of U-turn analysis was developed. The bacteria were rendered non-motile by the addition of specific metal ions and the resulting, "flip time" which occurs during a field reversal enabled the magnetic moment of individual bacteria to be determined. This method proved to be much faster and more accurate than previous methods. For a successful process to be developed, large scale culturing of magnetotactic bacteria is required. Experiments showed that culture vessel geometry was an important factor for high-density growth. Despite intensive studies reproducible culturing at volumes exceeding one litre was not achieved. This work showed that numerous metal ions rendered magnetotactic bacteria non-motile at concentrations below 10 ppm. Sequential adaptation raised typical levels to in excess of 100 ppm for a number of ions, such as zinc and tin. However, specific ions, such as copper or nickel, remained motility inhibiting at lower concentrations. To achieve separation using orientation magnetic separation, motile, field susceptible MTB are required. Despite successful adaptation, the range of motility inhibiting ions is such that MTB cannot be envisaged for general wastewater applications. Radionucleide studies were undertaken targeting a niche application where this metal ion restriction would not apply. Liquid scintillation and γ-ray counting measurements indicated that magnetotactic bacteria accumulate high levels of both plutonium and mercury. A number of both static and flow recovery separators for magnetotactic bacteria were developed. Statistical models predicting the behaviour of these separators were compared to measured results. These comparisons highlighted the problems of {\textquoteright}wash off{\textquoteright} of accumulated bacteria in separators where flow was present. The most successful of the flow recovery designs{\textendash}the channel separator{\textendash}was then tested using a simulated effluent that contained plutonium. The results confirmed both previous radioisotope uptake studies and separator test results. The channel separator design was enhanced by the introduction of wire arrays into the separation chamber. Orientation magnetic separation in these hybrid-type separators was used to accumulate the biomass and the magnetic gradients generated by the wire arrays to retain the bacteria on the separator walls. These separators achieved increases in efficiency of up to 300\% compared with the channel separator. In summary, this thesis describes a successful separation process for the recovery of motile MTB. However, to apply this separator approach to the suggested radioisotope application would require successful large scale culturing.}, keywords = {0410:Microbiology, 0554:Sanitation, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Biological sciences, Environmental engineering, Magnetic separation, Magnetotactic bacteria, Microbiology, sanitation, wastewater}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304581123?accountid=14270}, author = {Moeschler, F D} } @article {6594, title = {Managing external resources in the health sector: are there lessons for {SWAps} (sector-wide approaches)?}, journal = {Health Policy and Planning}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, month = {sep}, pages = {273{\textendash}284}, abstract = {Drawing on the case studies presented in this issue, from Bangladesh, Cambodia, Mozambique, Zambia and South Africa, and examples from other countries, this paper asks what general conclusions can be drawn about the management of external resources, and specifically what lessons could inform the future implementation of sector-wide approaches (SWAps) in the health sector. Factors constraining the management of aid by ministries of health are grouped under three themes: context and timing, institutional capacities and the interplay of power and influence in negotiations over aid. Two factors, often underplayed, were found to be important in facilitating management of resources: the inter-relationship of formal and informal relationships, and the extent to which incremental changes are tolerated. The main conclusion is that coordination and management of external resources is inherently unstable, involving a changing group of actors, many of whom enjoy considerable autonomy, but who need each other to materialize their often somewhat different goals. Managing aid is not a linear process, but is subject to set-backs and crises, although it can also produce positive spin-offs unexpectedly. It is highly dependent on institutional and systemic issues within both donor and recipient environments. In promoting sector-wide approaches the key will be to recognize context-specific conditions in each country, to find ways of building capacity in ministries of health to develop and own the future vision of the health sector, and to negotiate a realistic package that is explicit in its agreed objectives. The paper ends with identifying crucial actions that will enable ministries of health to take the lead role in developing and implementing SWAps.}, keywords = {Developing Countries, Efficiency, Financing, Health Care Rationing, Health Care Sector, International Agencies, Negotiating, Organizational, Organized}, issn = {0268-1080}, author = {Walt, G. and Pavignani, E. and Gilson, L. and Buse, K.} } @book {16558, title = {Markell and {Voge}{\textquoteright}s medical parasitology}, year = {1999}, publisher = {Saunders}, organization = {Saunders}, edition = {8th}, address = {Philadelphia ; London}, keywords = {Medical parasitology., Parasites., Parasitic Diseases.}, isbn = {0-7216-7634-0}, author = {Markell, Edward K. and John, David T. and Krotoski, Wojciech A.} } @book {12066, title = {Markell and Voge{\textquoteright}s medical parasitology}, year = {1999}, note = {98015802
Medical parasitology
Edward K. Markell, David T. John, Wojciech A. Krotoski.
ill. (some col.), maps ; 27 cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.}, pages = {viii, 501 p.}, publisher = {Saunders}, organization = {Saunders}, edition = {8th}, address = {Philadelphia ; London}, keywords = {Medical parasitology., Parasites., Parasitic Diseases.}, isbn = {0721676340}, author = {Markell, Edward K. and John, David T. and Krotoski, Wojciech A.} } @article {17318, title = {A massive epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water}, journal = {J Infect DisJ Infect Dis}, volume = {179}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1416-22}, edition = {1999/05/06}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Drug Resistance, Multiple, *Water Supply, Case-Control Studies, Drinking, Feces/microbiology, Fresh Water/microbiology, Geography, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Salmonella typhi/*drug effects, Seasons, Tajikistan/epidemiology, Typhoid Fever/*epidemiology/etiology/microbiology, Urban Population}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print)
0022-1899 (Linking)}, author = {Mermin, J. H. and Villar, R. and Carpenter, J. and Roberts, L. and Samaridden, A. and Gasanova, L. and Lomakina, S. and Bopp, C. and Hutwagner, L. and Mead, P. and Ross, B. and Mintz, E. D.} } @article {9136, title = {{A mathematical model for bacterial inactivation}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, pages = {45{\textendash}55}, abstract = {The first order kinetic model, the Buchanan model and Cerf{\textquoteright}s model, can model a linear survival curve, a survival curve with a shoulder and a survival curve with a tailing, respectively. However, they are not suitable for fitting a sigmoidal survival curve. The three models were integrated into a new model that was capable of fitting the four most commonly observed survival curves: linear curves, curves with a shoulder, curves with a tailing (biphasic curves) and sigmoidal curves. The new model was compared with the Whiting-Buchanan model using the survival curves of Staphylococcus aureus. The goodness-of-fit of the proposed model is practically as good as that of the Whiting-Buchanan model. Compared with the Whiting-Buchanan model, the proposed model has a more mechanistic background. Since for non-linear survival curves, such as biphasic and sigmoidal curves, the t(m-D) value (the time required for an m-log-cycle reduction of microorganisms under a given condition) cannot be estimated accurately by the existing or traditional method, a new method is also proposed to predict accurately the t(m-D) value for non-linear survival curves.}, keywords = {Bacterial inactivation, Mathematical modelling}, author = {Xiong, R. and Xie, G. and Edmondson, A. E. and Sheard, M. A.} } @booklet {13380, title = {{A microbiological and sociologic evaluation of urine-diverting, double-vault latrines in Cam Duc, Vietnam}}, year = {1999}, publisher = {International Office, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences}, address = {Uppsala, Sweden}, author = {A Carlander and T Westrell} } @book {10951, title = {A {Microbiological} and {Sociological} {Evaluation} of {Urine}-diverting {Double}-vault {Latrines} in {Cam} {Duc}, {Vietnam}: {A} {Minor} {Field} {Study} {Carried} {Out} at the {Pasteur} {Institute} of {Nha} {Trang}, {Vietnam} {During} {May} to {July} 199}, series = {Minor field studies / {Swedish} {University} of {Agricultural} {Sciences}, {International} {Office}}, year = {1999}, publisher = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Office}, organization = {Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Office}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=s2wxHAAACAAJ}, author = {A Carlander and T Westrell and Office, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet International} } @article {9517, title = {{Microsporidia infection in transplant patients}}, journal = {Transplantation}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {482{\textendash}484}, author = {Gumbo, T and Hobbs, RE and Carlyn, C and Hall, G and Isada, CM} } @article {5962, title = {{Molecular biology and pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus}}, journal = {Expert Reviews In Molecular Medicine}, year = {1999}, pages = {1{\textendash}16}, author = {Jameel, S} } @article {4791, title = {{Molecular characterization of Cyclospora-like organisms from baboons}}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {179}, year = {1999}, pages = {670{\textendash}676}, author = {Lopez, FA and Manglicmot, J and Schimdt, TM and Yeh, C and Smith, HV and Relman, DA} } @article {5682, title = {{Molecular Confirmation of Hepatitis A Virus from Well Water: Epidemiology and Public Health Implications}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {179}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, pages = {37{\textendash}43}, author = {De Serres, G and Cromeans, TL and L{\'e}vesque, B and Brassard, N and Barthe, C and Dionne, M and Prud{\textquoteright}homme, H and Paradis, D and C Ν Shapiro and O V Nainan and H S Margolis} } @article {3927, title = {Molecular detection of Norwalk-like caliciviruses in sewage.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {12}, year = {1999}, pages = {5624{\textendash}5627}, author = {Lodder, WJ and Vinj{\'e}, J and van De Heide, R and A M De Roda Husman and Leenen, EJ and Koopmans, MP} } @article {4097, title = {{Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis}}, journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution}, volume = {16}, year = {1999}, pages = {1135{\textendash}1144}, author = {Monis, PT and Andrews, RH and Mayrhofer, G and Ey, PL} } @article {9502, title = {{Molecular techniques for detection, species differentiation, and phylogenetic analysis of microsporidia}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {243{\textendash}285}, author = {Franzen, C and Muller, A} } @article {4860, title = {{Morphologic and molecular characterization of new Cyclospora species from Ethiopian monkeys: C. cercopitheci sp.n., C. colobi sp.n, and C. papionis sp.n}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {651{\textendash}658}, author = {Eberhard, ML and da Silva, AJ and Lilley, BG and Pieniazek, NJ} } @article {5701, title = {{A Multistate, Foodborne Outbreak of Hepatitis A}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {340}, number = {8}, year = {1999}, pages = {595{\textendash}602}, author = {Y J.F Hutin and Pool, V and Cramer, EH and O V Nainan and Weth, J and I T Williams and Goldstein, ST and Gensheimer, KF and Pell, BP and C Ν Shapiro and Alter, MJ and H S Margolis} } @article {9480, title = {{Natural history of intestinal microsporidiosis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {37}, number = {10}, year = {1999}, pages = {3421{\textendash}3422}, author = {Dascomb, K and Clark, R and Aberg, J and Pulvirenti, J and Hewitt, RG and Kissinger, P and Didier, ES} } @article {13492, title = {New opportunities for the control of fascioliasis}, journal = {Bull WHO}, volume = {77}, year = {1999}, pages = {300}, author = {Savioli, L. and Chistulo, L. and Montresor, A.} } @article {10157, title = {{A new selective medium for Bifidobacterium spp}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {11}, year = {1999}, pages = {5173{\textendash}5176}, author = {Nebra, Y and Blanch, AR} } @article {12909, title = {Nitrate groundwater pollution in suburban areas: example of groundwater from Yeumbeul, Senegal}, journal = {Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East)}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {809{\textendash}822}, author = {Tandia, AA and Diop, ES and Gaye, CB} } @article {16655, title = {Nitrate groundwater pollution in suburban areas: example of groundwater from {Yeumbeul}, {Senegal}}, journal = {Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East)}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {809{\textendash}822}, author = {Tandia, AA and Diop, ES and Gaye, CB} } @article {9802, title = {{No Title}}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases}, volume = {18}, year = {1999}, pages = {436{\textendash}439}, author = {Giacommeti, A and Cirioni, O and Fiorentini, A and Fortuna, M and Scalise, G} } @article {13560, title = {The Northern Bolivian Altiplano: a region highly endemic for human fascioliasis}, journal = {Trop Med Int Health}, volume = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {454-467}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Angles, R. and Esteban, J. G. and Bargues, M. D. and Buchon, P. and Franken, M. and Strauss, W.} } @article {17124, title = {Occurrence and levels of phages proposed as surrogate indicators of enteric viruses in different types of sludges}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {723{\textendash}723}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Lasobras, J and Dellunde, J and Jofre, J and Lucena, F} } @article {8709, title = {{Occurrence and levels of phages proposed as surrogate indicators of enteric viruses in different types of sludges}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {86}, year = {1999}, pages = {723{\textendash}729}, author = {Lasobras, J. and Dellunde, J. and Jofre, J. and Lucena, F.} } @article {4278, title = {Occurrence and levels of phages proposed as surrogate indicators of enteric viruses in different types of sludges.}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {86}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, month = {apr}, pages = {723{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

A method based on the treatment of sludge with beef extract recovered, with similar efficiency, the three groups of bacteriophages studied from different kinds of sludges. The three groups of bacteriophages were found in high numbers in the different sludge types, the highest value being that of somatic coliphages in primary sludge of a biological treatment plant (1.1 x 10(5) pfu g-1) and the lowest being that of Bacteroides fragilis phages (110 pfu g-1) in de-watered, anaerobically, mesophilically-digested sludge. All phages studied accumulated in the sludges. In primary and activated sludges, all three types accumulated similarly but in lime-treated sludge and de-watered, anaerobically, mesophilically-digested sludge, the relative proportion of F-specific bacteriophages decreased significantly with respect to somatic coliphages and bacteriophages infecting B. fragilis. All phages survived successfully in stored sludge, depending on the temperature, and again, F-specific bacteriophages survived less successfully than the others.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteriophages: physiology, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis: virology, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages: physiology, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Streptococcus, Streptococcus: isolation {\&} purification}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10212418}, author = {Lasobras, J and Dellunde, J and Jofre, J and Lucena, F} } @article {10535, title = {{Occurrence, diversity, and pathogenicity of halophilic Vibrio spp. and non-O1 Vibrio cholerae from estuarine waters along the Italian Adriatic coast}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, pages = {2748{\textendash}2753}, author = {Barbieri, E and Falzano, L and Fiorentini, C and Pianetti, A and Baffone, W and Fabbri, A and Matarrese, P and Casiere, A and Katouli, M and Kuhn, I and M{\"o}llby, R and Bruscolini, F and Donelli, G} } @article {13885, title = {Occurrence of {Helicobacter} pylori in surface water in the {United} {States}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {87}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, month = {oct}, pages = {697{\textendash}701}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00912.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00912.x}, author = {Hegarty, J. P. and Dowd, M. T. and Baker, K. H.} } @article {8257, title = {{Occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in surface water in the United States}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {87}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, month = {oct}, pages = {697{\textendash}701}, issn = {1364-5072}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00912.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00912.x}, author = {Hegarty, J. P. and Dowd, M. T. and Baker, K. H.} } @article {7834, title = {Occurrence, removal and seasonal variation of thermophilic campylobacters and Arcobacter in sewage sludge}, journal = {Zentralblatt f{\"u}r Hygiene und Umweltmedizin}, volume = {202}, year = {1999}, pages = {19-27}, author = {Stampi ,S. and De Luca,G. and Varoli,O. and Zanetti,F.} } @article {14363, title = {Occurrence, {Removal} and {Seasonal} {Variation} of {Thermophilic} {Campylobacters} and {Arcobacter} in {Sewage} {Sludge}}, journal = {Zentralblatt f{\"u}r Hygiene und Umweltmedizin = International journal of hygiene and environmental medicine}, volume = {202}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, month = {jun}, pages = {19{\textendash}27}, author = {Stampi, Serena and De Luca, Giovanna and Varoli, Ornella and Zanetti, Franca} } @article {5846, title = {{Occurrence, Removal and Seasonal Variation of Thermophilic Campylobacters and Arcobacter in Sewage Sludge}}, journal = {Zentralblatt f{\"u}r Hygiene und Umweltmedizin = International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {202}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, month = {jun}, pages = {19{\textendash}27}, author = {Stampi, Serena and De Luca, Giovanna and Varoli, Ornella and Zanetti, Franca} } @article {8564, title = {{Opportunistic CNS infection after bone marrow transplantation}}, journal = {Bone Marrow Transplant}, volume = {23}, number = {11}, year = {1999}, pages = {1167{\textendash}1176}, author = {Maschke, M and Dietrich, U and Prumbaum, M and Kastrup, O and Turowski, B and Schaefer, UW and Diener, HC} } @article {17062, title = {Optimization of artificial wetland design for removal of indicator microorganisms and pathogenic protozoa}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {4-5}, year = {1999}, pages = {363}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Gerba, Charles P and Thurston, JA and Falabi, JA and Watt, PM and Karpiscak, MM} } @article {5393, title = {{Optimization of artificial wetland design for removal of indicator microorganisms and pathogenic protozoa}}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {40}, year = {1999}, pages = {363{\textendash}368}, author = {C P Gerba and Thurston, JA and Falabi, JA and Watt, PM and Karpiscak, MM} } @article {15360, title = {The oral route as a potential way of transmission of Schistosoma bovis in goats}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {85}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, note = {Re 522}, pages = {464-467}, keywords = {bovis, Development, egg, infectivity, Schistosoma}, author = {Boulanger, D. and Schneider, D. and Sidikou, F. and Capron, A. and Chippaux, J.-P. and Sellin, B.} } @article {8601, title = {{Origin, targeting, and function of the apicomplexan plastid}}, journal = {Current Opinion in Microbiology}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {426{\textendash}432}, author = {Roos, DS and Crawford, MJ and Donald, RG and Kissinger, JC and Klimczak, LJ and Striepen, B} } @article {9192, title = {{Outbreak of amebiasis in Tblisi, Republic of Georgia}}, journal = {48th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg}, year = {1999}, pages = {234}, author = {Barwick, R and Uzicanin, A and Lareau, S and Malakmadze, N and Imnadze, P and Iosava, M and Ninasvili, N and Wilson, M and Bishop, H and Hightower, A} } @booklet {12793, title = {{Paragonimiasis}}, year = {1999}, publisher = {Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, address = {Atlanta, GA}, url = {http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/Paragonimiasis.html} } @article {12798, title = {{Paragonimiasis and the genus Paragonimus}}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {42}, year = {1999}, pages = {113{\textendash}222}, author = {Blair, D and Xu, ZB and Agatsuma, T} } @article {5053, title = {Pathogen reduction in sewage sludge by composting and other biological treatments: {A} review}, journal = {Biological Agriculture and Horticulture}, volume = {16}, year = {1999}, pages = {409{\textendash}430}, author = {Dumontet, S and Dinel, H and Baloda, SB} } @article {14567, title = {Pathogen reduction in sewage sludge by composting and other biological treatments: {A} review.}, journal = {Biological Agriculture \& Horticulture}, volume = {16}, year = {1999}, pages = {409{\textendash}430}, author = {Dumontet, S. and Dinel, H. and Baloda, S. B.} } @book {10273, title = {Pathogen reduction in sewage sludge by composting and other biological treatments: A review}, series = {Biological Agriculture and Horticulture}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {409{\textendash}430}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, author = {Dumontet, S and Dinel, H and Baloda, SB} } @article {7132, title = {Patient education model for increasing handwashing compliance}, journal = {American Journal of Infection Control}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, month = {aug}, pages = {309{\textendash}314}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A review of the literature on handwashing has documented the absence of research on the education of the patient as an intervention model for changing staff behavior regarding handwashing compliance. The primary objective of this project was to conduct a prospective control study of the effect of patient handwashing education on staff compliance with handwashing. METHOD: A prospective, controlled, 6-week intervention/control study was performed in 4 community hospitals in South Jersey. Each hospital served as its own control. Patients were educated within 24 hours of admission about the importance of asking their health care workers to wash their hands. Soap usage and handwashing was calculated by bed-days. Patient follow-up was conducted through telephone interviews 2 weeks after discharge. RESULTS: The patient handwashing education model increased soap usage by health care workers an average of 34\% (P =.021); this increase was consistent across hospitals regardless of the initial soap usage rates. Of the patients interviewed, 81\% read the materials provided, 57\% asked health care workers whether they had washed their hands, and 81\% of this 57\% said they received positive responses. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, our findings document that education of patients regarding their role in monitoring handwashing compliance among health care workers can increase soap usage and handwashing and provide sustainable reinforcement of handwashing principles for health care workers.}, keywords = {Cost-Benefit Analysis, Educational, Guideline Adherence, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Models, New Jersey, Pamphlets, Patient Compliance, Patient Education as Topic, Poisson Distribution, Professional-Patient Relations, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis}, issn = {0196-6553}, author = {McGuckin, M. and Waterman, R. and Porten, L. and Bello, S. and Caruso, M. and Juzaitis, B. and Krug, E. and Mazer, S. and Ostrawski, S.} } @article {11115, title = {Patterns of transmission, prevalence and intensity of soil transmitted helminthiasis in Nsukka Zone, Enugu State, Nigeria}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {93}, year = {1999}, pages = {561-564}, author = {Xianmin, Z. and Weidong, P. and Crompton, D.W.T. and Jaingqin, X.} } @article {17509, title = {{Performance evaluation and mathematical modelling of coliform die-off in tropical and subtropical waste stabilization ponds}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, pages = {1435{\textendash}1448}, abstract = {The paper investigates the coliform removal in 33 facultative and maturation ponds in Brazil. The ponds were located in different parts of the country, with climates ranging from tropical to subtropical and latitude from 7 to 24{\textdegree}S. The ponds had different physical configurations, temperature and detention times. The total number of data used in the study, mostly comprising long-term averages, was 66. Two flow regimes were investigated: CSTR and dispersed flow. In the dispersed-flow model, the dispersion number was estimated using the formulae by Agunwamba et al. and Yanez, and both were found to give similar results. The coliform die-off coefficient Kb was correlated with the pond depth and hydraulic detention time in the dispersed-flow model (R2 = 0.847). A regression equation, using theoretically generated data, was proposed, correlating Kb for the CSTR model with Kb for dispersed-flow model, using the length-to-breadth ratio and detention time of the pond (R2 = 0.997). Use of this equation yields virtually the same removal efficiency values as those obtained directly by the dispersed-flow model. Utilization of the Kb values calculated by the proposed regression models gave a very good prediction of the log effluent coliform concentration of the 33 ponds (R2 = 0.951 for the CSTR model and R2 = 0.959 for the dispersed-flow model). Applying the proposed model for dispersed flow, it was concluded that, for a given removal efficiency, a shallow pond, due to its larger Kb, requires less surface area, compared to a deep pond, even though the latter has a higher detention time.}, keywords = {Coliform die-off coefficient, Completely-mixed reactor, Dispersed flow, Facultative ponds, Faecal coliforms, maturation ponds}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00331-5}, author = {Von Sperling, Marcos} } @article {14253, title = {Photoreactivation of enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli following {UV} disinfection}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, month = {feb}, pages = {361{\textendash}366}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00226-7}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00431354/1999/00000033/00000002/art00226}, author = {Tosa, K. and Hirata, T.} } @article {2439, title = {{Photoreactivation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli following UV disinfection}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, month = {feb}, pages = {361{\textendash}366}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00226-7}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00431354/1999/00000033/00000002/art00226}, author = {Tosa, K. and Hirata, T.} } @article {7844, title = {Physiological characterization of viable-but-nonculturable Campylobacter jejuni cells}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, note = {Mar; Physiological characterization of viable-but-nonculturable Campylobacter jejuni cells; ISI:000078882000035; ID: 295}, pages = {1110-1116}, author = {Tholozan,J. L. and Cappelier,J. M. and Tissier,J. P. and Delattre,G. and Federighi,M.} } @mastersthesis {7253, title = {Policy design in an imperfect world: {Essays} on the management and use of open access renewable natural resources}, year = {1999}, note = {9956886}, school = {The University of Texas at Austin}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The economic literature contains a well-established set of theoretical models that yields powerful insights regarding the efficient management of open access natural resources. However, these standard approaches often overlook important "real world" complications. This dissertation explores the implications of certain real world rigidities in physical and social capital for the management of fisheries and water resources. Chapter 2 considers a rigidity rarely examined in the fishery literature: sunk costs associated with fishing capital. To explore possible impacts of sunk costs on the dynamics of an open access search fishery, a standard model is modified to incorporate a sunk start-up investment. This extension may explain periods during which fishers persist in the industry, either further depleting the over-harvested fish stock or by slowing the rate at which the fishery recovers, even though rents are insufficient to attract new comers. Policy implications of these results are then examined. In Chapters 3 and 4 the discussion turns to water resources. Based on my field research in semi-arid Brazil, Chapter 3 analyzes a unique system of tradable water rights that has existed for over a century as a solution to inefficiencies concerning the use of a local open access water resource. The analysis considers factors that appear to have not only played a key role in facilitating the original negotiated agreement, but also to its abidance by subsequent generations. Many of these factors point to a fundamental role of social capital. Chapter 4 considers the difficulty of designing, establishing, maintaining and enforcing rights that permit market allocation of water, and the well-known market failure associated with public good instream uses such as recreation, ecosystem maintenance and aesthetics. An alternative market-based instrument for achieving optimal allocation of water resources is then developed. This instrument successfully corrects inefficiencies caused by the public good nature of instream water as well as existing policy distortions such as irrigation subsidies. The instrument has the desirable qualities that: it does not rely on the existence of perfect water markets or water rights, and it overcomes the political and social constraints on manipulating the price of water directly.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0768:Environmental science, 0792:Aquaculture, 0792:Fish production, Aquaculture, Biological sciences, economics, Environmental science, Fish production, Fisheries, Health and environmental sciences, natural resources, Open access resources, Policy design, Renewable resources, Social sciences, Water allocation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304528534?accountid=14270}, author = {Mathis, Mitchell Lee} } @article {6704, title = {Poor efficacy of residual chlorine disinfectant in drinking water to inactivate waterborne pathogens in distribution systems}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {8}, year = {1999}, pages = {709{\textendash}715}, url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/w99-063}, author = {Payment, Pierre} } @article {1763, title = {Poor efficacy of residual chlorine disinfectant in drinking water to inactivate waterborne pathogens in distribution systems}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {45}, number = {8}, year = {1999}, note = {Payment, P eng CANADA 1999/10/21 Can J Microbiol. 1999 Aug;45(8):709-15.}, pages = {709-15}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {To evaluate the inactivating power of residual chlorine in a distribution system, test microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, bacteriophage phi-X 170, and poliovirus type 1) were added to drinking water samples obtained from two water treatment plants and their distribution system. Except for Escherichia coli, microorganisms remained relatively unaffected in water from the distribution systems tested. When sewage was added to the water samples, indigenous thermotolerant coliforms were inactivated only when water was obtained from sites very close to the treatment plant and containing a high residual chlorine concentration. Clostridium perfringens was barely inactivated, suggesting that the most resistant pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and human enteric viruses would not be inactivated. Our results suggest that the maintenance of a free residual concentration in a distribution system does not provide a significant inactivation of pathogens, could even mask events of contamination of the distribution, and thus would provide only a false sense of safety with little active protection of public health. Recent epidemiological studies that have suggested a significant waterborne level of endemic gastrointestinal illness could then be explained by undetected intrusions in the distribution system, intrusions resulting in the infection of a small number of individuals without eliciting an outbreak situation.}, keywords = {Bacteriophages/growth \& development *Chlorine Clostridium perfringens/growth \& development Disinfection/*methods Escherichia coli/growth \& development Humans Poliovirus/growth \& development Sewage/microbiology *Water Microbiology Water Purification *Water}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10528403}, author = {Payment, P.} } @article {2304, title = {{Potential health risks associated with the persistence of Escherichia coli O157 in agricultural environments}}, journal = {Soil Use and Management}, volume = {15}, year = {1999}, pages = {76-83}, author = {Jones, DL} } @article {14095, title = {Potential health risks associated with the persistence of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in agricultural environments}, journal = {Soil use and management}, year = {1999}, author = {Jones, DL} } @article {9058, title = {{A predictive model to determine the effects of pH, milkfat, and temperature on thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {62}, number = {10}, year = {1999}, pages = {1143{\textendash}1149}, abstract = {

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen of significance because of its comparatively high heat resistance, zero tolerance in ready-to-eat foods, and growth at refrigeration temperatures. A 3 x 3 x 3 factorial study was done to determine the effects of milkfat (0{\%}, 2.5{\%}, 5.0{\%}), pH (5.0, 6.0, 7.0), and processing temperature (55 degrees C, 60 degrees C, 65 degrees C) on the thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes in a formulated and homogenized milk system. Data were fit to a modified Gompertz equation where parameter estimates characterized three regions of a survival curve: the shoulder, maximum slope, and tail. Statistical analysis was done for each of the 27 individual treatment sets to visualize individual effects on parameter estimates and to evaluate how well the Gompertz equation represented the data. A regression model for the Gompertz equation was generated to predict the logarithmic surviving fraction of L. monocytogenes based on all 27 treatments and their single and interactive effects. The shoulder region of the survival curve was affected by pH; however, the maximum slope was affected by temperature, milkfat, and the interaction of temperature x milkfat. Validation of the model suggests that the predictions are best suited for processing above 62 degrees C. Trends over time for a 4-log reduction in cells (4D values) were evaluated using results from the 27 individual treatment sets, the regression model for the Gompertz equation, and a linear equation. At lower temperatures, 4D values by the three methods varied by twofold. At higher temperatures, all methods gave similar 4D values, suggesting that death became more linear. Based on this study all three factors affect heat resistance for specific regions of a survival curve, and a predictive model was developed that can be used as a preliminary estimate for L. monocytogenes inactivation.

}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10528717}, author = {Chhabra, A T and Carter, W H and Linton, R H and Cousin, M A} } @article {13314, title = {The prevalence of Aeromonas species in feces of horses with diarrhea}, journal = {Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, volume = {13}, year = {1999}, pages = {357 - 360}, author = {T L Hathcock and Schumacher, J and J C Wright and Stringfellow, J} } @article {7372, title = {Prevalence of group {A} rotavirus, human calicivirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus type 40 and 41 infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in {Dijon}, {France}}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {37}, number = {9}, year = {1999}, pages = {3055{\textendash}3058}, url = {http://jcm.asm.org/content/37/9/3055.short}, author = {Bon, F. and Fascia, P. and Dauvergne, M. and Tenenbaum, D. and Planson, H. and Petion, A. M. and Pothier, P. and Kohli, E.} } @article {2913, title = {Primary disease recurrence after liver transplantation for alveolar echinococcosis: long-term evaluation in 15 patients}, journal = {Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {857{\textendash}864}, abstract = {Between 1986 and 1991, 21 patients received liver grafts in our center for incurable alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term results in 15 of these 21 patients who survived more than 1 year after undergoing a liver transplantation (LT). The follow-up, mainly aimed at the diagnosis of recurrence, consisted of repeated radiological and specific immunological investigations. The role of pre- and post-LT benzimidazole (BZM) therapy was also evaluated. Among the 15 patients, 8 patients had a palliative LT related to previously known pulmonary AE metastases and/or inextirpable abdominal parasitic foci. In the 7 remaining patients, LT was considered curative. In June 1998, the mean follow-up duration was 96 months (range: 28-138 months). Five late deaths occurred, 2 of them were directly related to residual AE. A reinfection of the graft was observed in 4 patients. Preoperative BZM therapy seemed useful in preventing or delaying the parasitic recurrence. Post-LT BZM was able to stabilize and even to reduce residual AE. The anti-Em2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is the standard test used in patient follow-up after partial liver resection for AE, did not appear useful in detecting recurrence here; however, an ELISA, using a crude heterologous antigen (Echinococcus granulosus) allowed early diagnosis of residual AE. In conclusion, primary disease recurrence is not rare after LT for AE. Immunosuppressive therapy may favor larval growth in extrahepatic sites; therefore, an extensive extrahepatic radiological check-up has to be performed before LT. BZM therapy seems to stabilize residual foci. Anti-Eg immunoglobulin G (IgG) follow-up is the most useful test for early diagnosis of parasite recurrence.}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Anthelmintics, Benzimidazoles, Brain, Echinococcosis, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Liver, Liver Transplantation, Longitudinal Studies, Lung, Male, Middle Aged, Postoperative Period, Pulmonary, Recurrence, Tomography, X-Ray Computed}, issn = {0270-9139}, doi = {10.1002/hep.510300426}, author = {Bresson-Hadni, S. and Koch, S. and Beurton, I. and Vuitton, D. A. and Bartholomot, B. and Hrusovsky, S. and Heyd, B. and Lenys, D. and Minello, A. and Becker, M. C. and Vanlemmens, C. and Mantion, G. A. and Miguet, J. P.} } @book {14646, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment}, year = {1999}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {Wiley}, address = {New York}, keywords = {Communicable diseases Epidemiology Methodology., Environmental health Mathematical models., Health risk assessment., Infection Mathematical models.}, isbn = {0471183970 (cloth alk. paper)}, author = {Haas, Charles N. and Rose, Joan B. and Charles P Gerba} } @book {15285, title = {Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment}, year = {1999}, pages = {449}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc}, type = {Book}, address = {New York}, author = {Haas, C. N. and Rose, J. B. and Gerba, C. P.} } @book {1597, title = {Quantitative microbial risk assessment}, year = {1999}, note = {98045800 Charles N. Haas, Joan B. Rose, Charles P. Gerba. ill. ; 25 cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.}, pages = {x, 449 p.}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {Wiley}, type = {Book}, address = {New York, NY, USA }, keywords = {Communicable diseases Epidemiology Methodology. Health risk assessment. Infection Mathematical models. Environmental health Mathematical models.}, isbn = {0471183970 (cloth alk. paper)}, url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/bios/wiley041/98045800.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/wiley031/98045800.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/onix01/98045800.html}, author = {Haas, Charles N. and Rose, Joan B. and Charles P Gerba} } @article {6093, title = {Rapid transport of viruses in a floodplain aquifer}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {33}, number = {10}, year = {1999}, pages = {2229{\textendash}2238}, author = {Deborde, Dan C and Woessner, William W and Kiley, Quinn T and Ball, Patrick} } @article {3071, title = {Recent epidemiologic trends in alveolar echinococcosis prevalence in humans and animals in {Hokkaido}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, month = {jun}, pages = {117{\textendash}120}, abstract = {We investigated chronological and geographical changes of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) prevalence in 14 administrative districts of Hokkaido based on the data of our epizootiologic and seroepidemiologic surveys. The results suggest that the chronological transitions of the enzootic state of AE in Hokkaido markedly reflect those of human AE prevalence, and that new prevalence of human AE has been emerging from central and western Hokkaido.}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Foxes, Hepatic, Humans, Japan, prevalence}, issn = {1344-6304}, author = {Kimura, H. and Furuya, K. and Kawase, S. and Sato, C. and Yamano, K. and Takahashi, K. and Uraguchi, K. and Ito, T. and Yagi, K. and Sato, N.} } @proceedings {11101, title = {Reduction of microorganisms in dry sanitation due to different adsorbents under low temperature conditions}, journal = {9th Stockholm Water Symposium}, year = {1999}, pages = {396-398}, publisher = {9th Stockholm Water Symposium}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, author = {Wang, J.Q.} } @book {7489, title = {The regulation of private sector participation in urban water supply and sanitation: realising social and environmental objectives in developing countries}, year = {1999}, publisher = {Environmental Economics Programme}, organization = {Environmental Economics Programme}, url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/24142/1/dp990001.pdf}, author = {Johnstone, Nick and Wood, Libby and Hearne, Robert} } @article {7049, title = {The relationship between {E}. coli indicator bacteria in well-water and gastrointestinal illness in rural families}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Public Health}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {172}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/f3b28a922dc3f76f00a3a7e240d2972f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar}, author = {Raina, Parminder S. and Pollari, Franklin L. and Teare, Gary F. and Goss, Michael J. and others} } @article {4825, title = {{The return of Cyclospora in 1997: another outbreak of cyclosporiasis in North America associated with imported raspberries}}, journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine}, volume = {130}, year = {1999}, pages = {210{\textendash}220}, author = {Herwaldt, BL and Beach, MJ} } @article {1803, title = {Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction detection of the enteroviruses}, journal = {Arch Pathol Lab Med}, volume = {123}, number = {12}, year = {1999}, note = {Romero, J R eng Review 1999/12/03 Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1999 Dec;123(12):1161-9.}, pages = {1161-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This review focuses on commercial and in-house-developed reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays used for the detection of enteroviral infections. In addition to providing details on the performance of RT-PCR, its specificity, and sensitivity, the clinical utility of this diagnostic method with specific reference to its impact on hospitalization and cost savings is addressed. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE was searched for reports relating to RT-PCR detection of the enteroviruses in adults and children. The search was restricted to studies reported in English language journals. STUDY SELECTION: Reports documenting detailed information regarding the RT-PCR conditions, primers, sensitivity, specificity and, if relevant, clinical impact were selected for analysis. DATA EXTRACTION: Details regarding method of extraction of the enteroviral genome, the primers used, RT-PCR conditions, and sensitivity and specificity of the assay were extracted from the literature. For reports detailing the use of RT-PCR in the clinical management of enteroviral infections in children, the reduction in duration of hospitalization and health care cost savings were recorded. DATA SYNTHESIS: Reverse-transcription PCR can increase the yield of detection of enteroviruses from cerebrospinal fluid by a mean of approximately 20\% over tissue culture. Reverse-transcription PCR of cerebrospinal fluid has been shown to exhibit sensitivity and specificity values of 86\% to 100\% and 92\% to 100\%, respectively. Reductions of 1 to 3 days of hospitalization per patient are predicted if RT-PCR is used to diagnose enteroviral meningitis in children. CONCLUSIONS: Reverse-transcription PCR detection of enteroviral infections is an extremely rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic modality. Both commercial assays and assays developed in-house appear to be equivalent with regard to sensitivity and specificity. Reverse-transcription PCR diagnosis of enteroviral infections in children could reduce the length of hospitalization and result in significant health care cost savings.}, keywords = {Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus Infections/virology Genome, Viral Humans Pediatrics/methods RNA, Viral/isolation \& purification Reproducibility of Results Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*standards Sensitivity and Specificity Specimen Handling}, issn = {0003-9985 (Print) 0003-9985 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1043/0003-9985(1999)123<1161:RTPCRD>2.0.CO;2}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10583920}, author = {Romero, J. R.} } @article {2893, title = {Risk assessment terminology: methodological considerations and provisional results}, journal = {Report WHO TSH}, volume = {11}, year = {1999}, pages = {1{\textendash}4}, author = {Lewalle, P} } @article {10587, title = {{Risk screening for exposure to groundwater pollution in a wastewater irrigation district of the Mexico City region}}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {107}, year = {1999}, pages = {553{\textendash}561}, author = {Downs, TJ and Cifuentes-Garcia, E and Suffet, IM} } @article {5388, title = {{The role of ciliated protozoa in subsurface flow wetlands and their potential as bioindicators}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, year = {1999}, pages = {91{\textendash}98}, author = {Decamp, O and Warren, A and Sanchez, R} } @article {17026, title = {The role of ciliated protozoa in subsurface flow wetlands and their potential as bioindicators}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {91{\textendash}98}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Decamp, O and Warren, A and Sanchez, R} } @article {11326, title = {The role of the water factor in the dissemination of Toxocara eggs and the spread of toxocariasis in a megalopolis}, journal = {Parazitologiia}, volume = {33}, year = {1999}, pages = {129-135}, author = {Be{\'e}r, S and Novosil{\textquoteright}tsev, G and Mel{\textquoteright}nikova, L} } @article {9169, title = {{The role of wild rats as a reservoir of some internal parasites in Qalyobia governorate}}, journal = {J Egypt Soc Parasitol}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {495{\textendash}503}, author = {Abd el-Wahed, MM and Salem, GH and El-Assaly, TM} } @article {15839, title = {Sacroiliitis associated with Cryptosporidium parvum in an HLA-B27-negative patient}, journal = {Rheumatology (Oxford)}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, month = {Mar}, pages = {288-9}, edition = {1999/05/18}, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Arthritis/immunology/*parasitology, Cryptosporidiosis/immunology/*parasitology, Cryptosporidium parvum/immunology/*isolation \& purification, HLA-B27 Antigen/analysis, Humans, Male, Sacroiliac Joint/immunology/*parasitology, Serologic Tests}, isbn = {1462-0324 (Print)
1462-0324}, author = {Ozgul, A. and Tanyuksel, M. and Yazicioglu, K. and Arpacioglu, O.} } @article {844, title = {Seasonality and diversity of group A rotaviruses in Europe}, year = {1999}, doi = {10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14320.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14320.x}, author = {Koopmans, M and Brown, D} } @article {2599, title = {Seasonality and diversity of group A rotaviruses in Europe}, year = {1999}, doi = {10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14320.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14320.x}, author = {Koopmans, M and Brown, D} } @article {3521, title = {Seasonality and diversity of group {A} rotaviruses in {Europe}}, journal = {Acta Paediatrica}, volume = {88}, number = {426}, year = {1999}, pages = {9{\textendash}14}, abstract = {Group A rotaviruses are a major cause of severe gastroenteritis in children under 4 y of age worldwide. Group A rotaviruses have been identified in many animal and bird species, they are antigenically complex, and multiple serotypes infect humans. Re-assortant rotavirus vaccines are now available which confer protection against severe illness due to rotavirus serotypes G1-4. Before vaccines are introduced it is necessary to establish the diversity of rotavirus in the target population to ensure efficacy and to establish a baseline for future surveillance strategies. The purpose of this review is to describe our current knowledge of the diversity of rotaviruses across Europe. Since multinational studies with standardized methodology have not been performed, this review is based on the available published studies. In Europe, more than 90\{\%\} of Group A rotavirus strains that have been typed are of serotypes G1-4, with an average 8\{\%\} of non-G1-4 strains in published studies. The percentage of non-typeable strains may fluctuate from one year to another, and has been as high as 18\{\%\} in one study in Great Britain, indicating the need for a more systematic study. Group A rotavirus infection typically occurs as a winter peak in the European countries studied. Comparison of seasonality data from national laboratory surveillance systems showed seasonal differences, with the annual rotavirus peak occurring first in Spain, usually in December, followed by France in February, and ending in Northern Europe in England and Wales in February or March, and the Netherlands and Finland in March.}, keywords = {ChildEuropeEurope, epidemiologyGastroenteritis, epidemiologyGastroenteritisGastroenteritis, virologyHumansRotavirusRotavirus}, doi = {10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14320.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14320.x}, author = {Koopmans, M and Brown, D} } @article {8418, title = {{Secretion of micronemal proteins is associated with toxoplasma invasion of host cells}}, journal = {Cellular Microbiology}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {225{\textendash}235}, author = {Carruthers, VB and Giddings, OK and Sibley, LD} } @mastersthesis {6463, title = {{SELCO}: {A} model for solar rural electrification in {India}}, year = {1999}, note = {9949449}, school = {University of Massachusetts Lowell}, type = {phdD.{Eng}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The following thesis presents the concept of a Rural Energy Service Company in India, known as SELCO. The model is being set up as a sustainable proposition for the implementation of solar photovoltaics as a viable alternative to provide reliable home lighting in the rural areas of India. The SELCO approach has already achieved noteworthy social and commercial results. Institutional, policy and operational problems have long plagued the rural electrification programs in India, resulting in thousands of villages without access to electricity. SELCO is a solar energy service company operating in Southern India since 1995, focusing on the enormous untapped market for home lighting where thousands of households have no access to electricity and severe power shortages face those already connected to the electric grid. The Company has installed nearly 2,000 solar home lighting systems. From a modest two employees company in 1995, it has grown to 35 in 1997 and from one office to eight. The hypothesis to be tested in this study is that in rural India, in a market not subsidized by the government, a solar service company with available loans from local banks and cooperatives and with sales, installation, and maintenance personnel in the villages can be successful in introducing photovoltaic systems to provide basic amenities such as lighting and water pumping for the improvement of the quality of life, public health, and the environment. The initial success of SELCO lends considerable evidence to the acceptance of the hypothesis. To accomplish its mission, SELCO works with commercial, retail, and rural development banks with large rural branch networks to stimulate loans to SELCO{\textquoteright}s customers based on a standard set of attractive financing terms. SELCO through its successful model has convinced the policy makers that a way to increase rural families{\textquoteright} access to consumer financing for solar home lighting systems is through the existing financial network available in the country. Private investments, loans, and conditional grants totaling approximately US\$ 650,000 have provided the working capital to date. A successful SELCO project would serve as a model for the world. The project would serve as a model not only for the Indian Government, the State Electricity Boards, and other Indian companies, but for the bulk of the world{\textquoteright}s utilities that are finding it difficult to electrify the vast majority of their rural service territories.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0544:Electrical engineering, 0791:Energy, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Electrical engineering, Electrification, Energy, India, Rural electrification, SELCO, Solar Energy}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304525660?accountid=14270}, author = {Hande, H Harish} } @article {10638, title = {{Site-specific integration of the conjugal Vibrio cholerae SXT element into prfC}}, journal = {Molecular Microbiology}, volume = {32}, year = {1999}, pages = {99{\textendash}110}, author = {Hochhut, B and Waldor, MK} } @article {9005, title = {Sonochemistry: science and engineering}, journal = {Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {1215-1249}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0888-5885}, author = {Thompson, L. H. and Doraiswamy, L. K.} } @article {685, title = {Soropreval{\^e}ncia do Toxoplasma gondii, em su{{\'\i}nos, bovinos, ovinos e eq{\"u}inos, e sua correla{\c c}{\~a}o com humanos, felinos e caninos, oriundos de propriedades rurais do norte do Paran{\'a}-Brasil}, journal = {Ci{\^e}ncia Rural}, volume = {29}, year = {1999}, pages = {91{\textendash}97}, author = {Garcia, Jo{\~a}o Luis and Navarro, Italmar Teodorico and Ogawa, Liza and Oliveira, Ros{\^a}ngela Claret de} } @article {15697, title = {Standard operating protocol for the monitoring of Cryptosporidium oocysts in treated water supplies to satisfy water supply (water quality) amendment regulations 1999}, journal = {SI No. 1524}, year = {1999}, address = {Available from: http://www.dwi.gov.uk/regs/crypto/index.htm. Accesed October 17, 2018} } @article {14433, title = {A strategy for detection of viruses in groundwater by {PCR}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {65}, year = {1999}, month = {feb}, pages = {444{\textendash}9}, abstract = {We evaluated the use of the PCR for detection of enteric viruses in groundwater. To do this, we used an improved sample-processing technique and a large-volume amplification protocol. The objective of this study was to use advanced molecular techniques to develop a rapid and simple method which can be used by the water industry for detection of viral contamination in a variety of water samples. The strategy described here fulfills the water industry{\textquoteright}s need for a rapid, reliable, easily performed method for analyzing groundwater for virus contamination. Viruses were detected after concentration from at least 400 gallons (1,512 liters) of water by a filter adsorption and elution method, which resulted in a concentrate containing viruses. A total of 150 samples were analyzed by performing cell culture assays for enteroviruses and by performing reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analyses for enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus, and rotavirus. Thirteen samples (8.7\%) produced cellular cytopathic effects when the Buffalo green monkey cell line was used. When primers specific for enteroviruses were used in RT-PCR, 40 of 133 samples (30.1\%) tested positive for the presence of enterovirus RNA. When hepatitis A virus-specific primers were used, 12 of 139 samples (8.6\%) were considered positive for the presence of hepatitis A viral RNA. The RT-PCR analysis performed with rotavirus-specific primers identified 18 of 130 samples (13.8\%) that were positive for rotavirus RNA sequences. Our sample-processing technique and large-volume PCR protocol (reaction volume, 300 microliter) resulted in sufficient removal or dilution of inhibitors so that more than 95\% of the samples could be assayed by PCR. Because of its sensitivity for detecting viral nucleic acid sequences, PCR analysis should produce more positive results than cell culture analysis. Since either cell culture analysis or PCR can reveal only a "snapshot" of the quality of the groundwater being sampled, PCR seems to be a desirable rapid initial screening tool.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Cell Line, Cytopathogenic Effect, DNA, DNA Primers, Enterovirus/genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Species Specificity, Viral, Viral/analysis}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Abbaszadegan, M. and Stewart, P. and LeChevallier, M.} } @article {14852, title = {A strategy for detection of viruses in groundwater by {PCR}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {65}, year = {1999}, month = {feb}, pages = {444{\textendash}9}, abstract = {We evaluated the use of the PCR for detection of enteric viruses in groundwater. To do this, we used an improved sample-processing technique and a large-volume amplification protocol. The objective of this study was to use advanced molecular techniques to develop a rapid and simple method which can be used by the water industry for detection of viral contamination in a variety of water samples. The strategy described here fulfills the water industry{\textquoteright}s need for a rapid, reliable, easily performed method for analyzing groundwater for virus contamination. Viruses were detected after concentration from at least 400 gallons (1,512 liters) of water by a filter adsorption and elution method, which resulted in a concentrate containing viruses. A total of 150 samples were analyzed by performing cell culture assays for enteroviruses and by performing reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analyses for enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus, and rotavirus. Thirteen samples (8.7\%) produced cellular cytopathic effects when the Buffalo green monkey cell line was used. When primers specific for enteroviruses were used in RT-PCR, 40 of 133 samples (30.1\%) tested positive for the presence of enterovirus RNA. When hepatitis A virus-specific primers were used, 12 of 139 samples (8.6\%) were considered positive for the presence of hepatitis A viral RNA. The RT-PCR analysis performed with rotavirus-specific primers identified 18 of 130 samples (13.8\%) that were positive for rotavirus RNA sequences. Our sample-processing technique and large-volume PCR protocol (reaction volume, 300 microliter) resulted in sufficient removal or dilution of inhibitors so that more than 95\% of the samples could be assayed by PCR. Because of its sensitivity for detecting viral nucleic acid sequences, PCR analysis should produce more positive results than cell culture analysis. Since either cell culture analysis or PCR can reveal only a "snapshot" of the quality of the groundwater being sampled, PCR seems to be a desirable rapid initial screening tool.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Cell Line, Cytopathogenic Effect, DNA, DNA Primers, Enterovirus/genetics/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, Species Specificity, Viral, Viral/analysis}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Abbaszadegan, M. and Stewart, P. and LeChevallier, M.} } @article {4925, title = {Studies on a newly emerging protozoal pathogen: Cyclospora cayetanensis}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {29}, year = {1999}, pages = {575{\textendash}586}, author = {Abou el Naga, IF} } @article {4736, title = {{Study of Cyclospora cayetanensis in health care facilities, sewage water and green leafy vegetables in Nepal}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {30}, year = {1999}, pages = {58{\textendash}63}, author = {Sherchand, JB and Cross, JH and Jimba, M and Sherchand, S and Shrestha, MP} } @article {13275, title = {A study of infectious intestinal disease in England: microbiological findings in cases and controls}, journal = {Communicable Disease and Public Health}, volume = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {108-113}, author = {Tompkins, D. S. and Hudson, M. J. and Smith, H. R. and Eglin, R. P. and Wheeler, J. G. and Brett, M. M. and Owen, R. J. and Brazier, J. S. and Cumberland, P. and King, V. and Cook, P. E.} } @article {4304, title = {{Study of the potential relationship between the morphology of infectious somatic coliphages and their persistence in the environment.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {87}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, month = {sep}, pages = {402{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

The proportions of different morphological types of infectious somatic coliphages were determined in faecally polluted freshwaters. Myoviridae, followed by Siphoviridae, were the most frequently isolated morphological types in raw sewage, treated sewage and river water collected a few metres downstream from a sewage outfall. However, in river water collected further downstream from the pollution point, in river water after \&$\#$39;in situ\&$\#$39; inactivation experiments and in chlorinated raw and treated sewage significant changes in the proportions of the different somatic coliphage morphological types occurred. In all cases, Siphoviridae, especially those with flexible and curled tails, became more abundant to the detriment of Myoviridae.

}, keywords = {Caudovirales, Caudovirales: isolation {\&} purification, Caudovirales: ultrastructure, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages: ultrastructure, Feces, Myoviridae, Myoviridae: isolation {\&} purification, Myoviridae: ultrastructure, Sewage, Sewage: virology, Siphoviridae, Siphoviridae: isolation {\&} purification, Siphoviridae: ultrastructure, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10540243}, author = {Muniesa, M and Lucena, F and Jofre, J} } @article {4339, title = {{Sunlight inactivation of fecal bacteriophages and bacteria in sewage-polluted seawater.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {1999}, month = {aug}, pages = {3605{\textendash}13}, abstract = {

Sunlight inactivation rates of somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages (F-RNA phages), and fecal coliforms were compared in seven summer and three winter survival experiments. Experiments were conducted outdoors, using 300-liter 2{\%} (vol/vol) sewage-seawater mixtures held in open-top chambers. Dark inactivation rates (k(D)s), measured from exponential survival curves in enclosed (control) chambers, were higher in summer (temperature range: 14 to 20 degrees C) than in winter (temperature range: 8 to 10 degrees C). Winter k(D)s were highest for fecal coliforms and lowest for F-RNA phages but were the same or similar for all three indicators in summer. Sunlight inactivation rates (k(S)), as a function of cumulative global solar radiation (insolation), were all higher than the k(D)s with a consistent k(S) ranking (from greatest to least) as follows: fecal coliforms, F-RNA phages, and somatic coliphages. Phage inactivation was exponential, but bacterial curves typically exhibited a shoulder. Phages from raw sewage exhibited k(S)s similar to those from waste stabilization pond effluent, but raw sewage fecal coliforms were inactivated faster than pond effluent fecal coliforms. In an experiment which included F-DNA phages and Bacteroides fragilis phages, the k(S) ranking (from greatest to least) was as follows: fecal coliforms, F-RNA phages, B. fragilis phages, F-DNA phages, and somatic coliphages. In a 2-day experiment which included enterococci, the initial concentration ranking (from greatest to least: fecal coliforms, enterococci, F-RNA phages, and somatic coliphages) was reversed during sunlight exposure, with only the phages remaining detectable by the end of day 2. Inactivation rates under different optical filters decreased with the increase in spectral cutoff wavelength (50{\%} light transmission) and indicated that F-RNA phages and fecal coliforms are more susceptible than somatic coliphages to longer solar wavelengths, which predominate in seawater. The consistently superior survival of somatic coliphages in our experiments suggests that they warrant further consideration as fecal, and possibly viral, indicators in marine waters.

}, keywords = {Animals, bacteria, Bacteria: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteria: radiation effects, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteriophages: radiation effects, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages: radiation effects, Darkness, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Enterobacteriaceae: radiation effects, Environmental monitoring, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Feces: virology, Humans, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, RNA Phages: radiation effects, Seasons, Seawater, Seawater: microbiology, Seawater: virology, Sewage, Sewage: microbiology, Sunlight, Temperature}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=91541{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Sinton, L W and Finlay, R K and Lynch, P A} } @article {16302, title = {{Sunlight inactivation of fecal bacteriophages and bacteria in sewage-polluted seawater.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {1999}, month = {aug}, pages = {3605{\textendash}13}, abstract = {Sunlight inactivation rates of somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages (F-RNA phages), and fecal coliforms were compared in seven summer and three winter survival experiments. Experiments were conducted outdoors, using 300-liter 2{\%} (vol/vol) sewage-seawater mixtures held in open-top chambers. Dark inactivation rates (k(D)s), measured from exponential survival curves in enclosed (control) chambers, were higher in summer (temperature range: 14 to 20 degrees C) than in winter (temperature range: 8 to 10 degrees C). Winter k(D)s were highest for fecal coliforms and lowest for F-RNA phages but were the same or similar for all three indicators in summer. Sunlight inactivation rates (k(S)), as a function of cumulative global solar radiation (insolation), were all higher than the k(D)s with a consistent k(S) ranking (from greatest to least) as follows: fecal coliforms, F-RNA phages, and somatic coliphages. Phage inactivation was exponential, but bacterial curves typically exhibited a shoulder. Phages from raw sewage exhibited k(S)s similar to those from waste stabilization pond effluent, but raw sewage fecal coliforms were inactivated faster than pond effluent fecal coliforms. In an experiment which included F-DNA phages and Bacteroides fragilis phages, the k(S) ranking (from greatest to least) was as follows: fecal coliforms, F-RNA phages, B. fragilis phages, F-DNA phages, and somatic coliphages. In a 2-day experiment which included enterococci, the initial concentration ranking (from greatest to least: fecal coliforms, enterococci, F-RNA phages, and somatic coliphages) was reversed during sunlight exposure, with only the phages remaining detectable by the end of day 2. Inactivation rates under different optical filters decreased with the increase in spectral cutoff wavelength (50{\%} light transmission) and indicated that F-RNA phages and fecal coliforms are more susceptible than somatic coliphages to longer solar wavelengths, which predominate in seawater. The consistently superior survival of somatic coliphages in our experiments suggests that they warrant further consideration as fecal, and possibly viral, indicators in marine waters.}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10427056 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC91541}, author = {Sinton, L W and Finlay, R K and Lynch, P A} } @article {7474, title = {Sunlight inactivation of fecal bacteriophages and bacteria in sewage-polluted seawater}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {8}, year = {1999}, pages = {3605{\textendash}3613}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/65/8/3605.short}, author = {Sinton, Lester W. and Finlay, Rochelle K. and Lynch, Philippa A.} } @article {4858, title = {{Survey for Cyclospora cayetanensis in domestic animals in an endemic area in Haiti}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {85}, year = {1999}, pages = {562{\textendash}563}, author = {Eberhard, ML and Nace, EK and Freeman, AR} } @article {8781, title = {{Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in source separated human urine.}}, journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {9}, year = {1999}, month = {sep}, pages = {740{\textendash}6}, abstract = {The survival of Cryptosporidium parvum in source separated urine was investigated as part of a broader study on microbial risks associated with the reuse of human urine for sustainable agriculture. A dye permeability assay and in vitro excystation were the primary methods used to assess viability. In the collected urine most of the nitrogen is present as ammonia and the pH is generally around 9. Parallel investigations were made in buffers to compare possible toxic effects of urine to actual pH effects. Oocysts in the untreated urine were inactivated below the detection limit (1/300) within 63 days. This inactivation rate was significantly higher (p {\textless} 0.01) than in urine adjusted to pH 5 or 7 according to the dye permeability assay. The corresponding difference between different pH values was not seen in buffers, suggesting that the antiprotozoan effect of urine was mediated by other factors besides pH. The Swedish practice of storing urine for six months before its use thus appears satisfactory for the inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts.}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium parvum: drug effects, Cryptosporidium parvum: physiology, Fluid, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Time Factors, Urine, Urine: chemistry, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0008-4166}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10526401}, author = {H{\"o}glund, C E and Thor A Stenstr{\"o}m} } @article {14070, title = {Survival of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 and {Salmonella} typhimurium in cow manure and cow manure slurry}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {178}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, month = {sep}, pages = {251{\textendash}257}, issn = {03781097}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08684.x}, author = {Himathongkham, Sakchai and Bahari, Saipul and Riemann, Hans and Cliver, Dean} } @article {2283, title = {{Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in cow manure and cow manure slurry}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {178}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, month = {sep}, pages = {251{\textendash}257}, issn = {03781097}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08684.x}, author = {Himathongkham, Sakchai and Bahari, Saipul and Riemann, Hans and Cliver, Dean} } @article {2954, title = {{Swiss} study of chemotherapy of alveolar echinococcosis{\textendash}review of a 20-year clinical research project}, journal = {Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift}, volume = {129}, number = {8}, year = {1999}, pages = {323{\textendash}332}, abstract = {

Alveolar echinococcosis (A. E.), caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, behaves biologically like a malignant tumour of the liver which is best treated by radical surgery. However, radical surgery can be performed only in about 20-30\% of A. E. cases. The efficacy of chemotherapy with benzimidazole derivatives for inoperable cases is debated. The results of a prospective Swiss chemotherapy trial, which started in 1976, are reviewed. In the last 20 years a total of 110 patients has been included in our protocol and 74 of these patients had inoperable or palliatively operated A. E. (average observation time 12.8 years). The efficacy of long-term chemotherapy was documented by increase of 10-year survival compared to historical (untreated) A. E. cases (80 vs 6\%) and by reduction or stabilisation of the liver lesions in 83\% of cases during long-term chemotherapy. Several relevant problems remain to be clarified, e.g. optimal duration of chemotherapy, the controversy as to whether chemotherapy is parasitostatic or parasitocidal, the establishment of reliable routine methods for short-term assessment of therapeutic efficacy, and comparative studies between mebendazole and albendazole. Furthermore, additional studies are necessary in collaboration with basic science, for example on the impact of the increasing fox population, with invasion of large agglomerations, on infection risk in the Swiss population, and the importance of individual immune competence for susceptibility or resistance to A. E.

}, keywords = {albendazole, Antinematodal Agents, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Administration Schedule, Echinococcosis, Follow-Up Studies, Hepatic, Humans, Long-Term Care, Mebendazole, Prospective Studies, Survival Rate, Switzerland}, issn = {0036-7672}, author = {Ammann, R. W. and Hoffmann, A. F. and Eckert, J.} } @mastersthesis {6206, title = {Tending to deviance: {Sexuality} and public policy in urban {Virginia}, {Richmond} and {Norfolk}, 1920-1950}, year = {1999}, note = {9931615}, school = {The Ohio State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This work argues that critical changes in Virginia{\textquoteright}s government in the mid-twentieth century can be better understood by examining sex-related public policy measures. Between 1920 and 1950 Virginia{\textquoteright}s policymakers focused increasing attention on the sexual behavior of citizens. State and local leaders identified sexual behaviors that seemed to have a negative impact on the state and inaugurated policies to control these behaviors or mitigate their purportedly harmful consequences. A campaign against venereal disease in the 1930s and anti-prostitution efforts during the second World War form the core of this study. However, this dissertation also considers statewide practices of sterilizing "defective" individuals, laws against interracial marriage, debates over the appropriate treatment of "sexual psychopaths," and movie censorship. Focusing on Virginia{\textquoteright}s two biggest cities, Norfolk and Richmond, provokes comparisons in policy between the two cities and underscores the conflicting objectives of federal, state and municipal governments. The second World War had a tremendous impact on Norfolk and the failure of public officials to preserve public order and social hygiene there led to the city being labeled "America{\textquoteright}s Worst War Town." The construction of public policies directed at sexual behavior illustrates key characteristics of the state in Virginia, particularly the ways the drive for economic growth, the emphasis on limited taxes and governmental expenditures, and the narrow distribution of political, social, and economic power shaped the form governance in Virginia took.}, keywords = {0337:American history, 0617:Public administration, American history, Deviance, Norfolk, Public administration, Public policy, Richmond, Sexuality, Social sciences, Virginia}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304515647?accountid=14270}, author = {Holloway, Philippa Elizabeth} } @article {12904, title = {Tentative nitrogen budget for pit latrines{\textendash}eastern Botswana}, journal = {Environmental Geology}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {199{\textendash}203}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Jacks, G and Sefe, F and Carling, M and Hammar, M and Letsamao, P} } @article {16650, title = {Tentative nitrogen budget for pit latrines{\textendash}eastern {Botswana}}, journal = {Environmental Geology}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {199{\textendash}203}, author = {Jacks, G and Sefe, F and Carling, M and Hammar, M and Letsamao, P} } @article {13620, title = {Tertiary lagoons: a review of removal mecnisms and performance}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, pages = {1{\textendash}13}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Maynard, HE and Ouki, SK and Williams, SC} } @article {15170, title = {Tertiary lagoons: a review of removal mecnisms and performance}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, pages = {1{\textendash}13}, author = {Maynard, HE and Ouki, SK and Williams, SC} } @article {6781, title = {A time series study of anti-diarrheal drug sales and tap-water quality}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {293{\textendash}311}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09603129973092}, author = {Beaudeau, Pascal and Payment, Pierre and Bourderont, Dominique and Mansotte, Francois and Boudhabay, Onealy and Laubies, Bernard and Verdiere, Jacky} } @article {11158, title = {Transmission of epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1 in rural western Kenya associated with drinking water from Lake Victoria: an environmental reservoir for cholera?}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {60}, year = {1999}, pages = {271-276}, author = {Shapiro, RL and Otieno, MR and Adcock, PM and Phillips-Howard, PA and Hawley, WA and Kumar, L and Waiyaki, P and Nahlen, BL and Slutsker, L} } @conference {10259, title = {Treatment and disinfection of sludge using quicklime}, booktitle = {DGE/JRCEC European Commission Workshop Around Sludge, Italy, Stresa}, year = {1999}, pages = {18{\textendash}19}, author = {Andreadakis, AD} } @article {2321, title = {{Treatment of Domestic Wastewater by Enhanced Primary Decantation and Subsequent Naturally Ventilated Trickling Filtration}}, journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution}, volume = {113}, number = {1-4}, year = {1999}, pages = {43{\textendash}62}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, issn = {1573-2932}, doi = {10.1023/A:1005069523065}, author = {Kuai, Linping and Kerstens, Wim and Nguyen P Cuong and Verstraete, Willy} } @article {14118, title = {Treatment of {Domestic} {Wastewater} by {Enhanced} {Primary} {Decantation} and {Subsequent} {Naturally} {Ventilated} {Trickling} {Filtration}}, journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution}, volume = {113}, number = {1-4}, year = {1999}, pages = {43{\textendash}62}, issn = {1573-2932}, doi = {10.1023/A:1005069523065}, author = {Kuai, Linping and Kerstens, Wim and Nguyen P Cuong and Verstraete, Willy} } @article {5350, title = {Treatment of potato processing wastewater with engineered natural systems}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {211{\textendash}215}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Burgoon, Peter S and Kadlec, Robert H and Henderson, Mike} } @article {13583, title = {Triclabendazole in the treatment of human fascioliasis: a community-based study}, journal = {East Medit Health J.}, volume = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {888-894}, author = {El-Morshedy, H. and Farghaly, A. and Sharaf, S. and Abou-Basha, L. and Barakat, R.} } @article {1748, title = {Typing of human enteroviruses by partial sequencing of VP1}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {37}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, note = {Oberste, M S Maher, K Kilpatrick, D R Flemister, M R Brown, B A Pallansch, M A eng 1999/04/16 J Clin Microbiol. 1999 May;37(5):1288-93.}, pages = {1288-93}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Human enteroviruses (family Picornaviridae) are the major cause of aseptic meningitis and also cause a wide range of other acute illnesses, including neonatal sepsis-like disease, acute flaccid paralysis, and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. The neutralization assay is usually used for enterovirus typing, but it is labor-intensive and time-consuming and standardized antisera are in limited supply. We have developed a molecular typing system based on reverse transcription-PCR and nucleotide sequencing of the 3{\textquoteright} half of the genomic region encoding VP1. The standard PCR primers amplify approximately 450 bp of VP1 for most known human enterovirus serotypes. The serotype of an "unknown" may be inferred by comparison of the partial VP1 sequence to those in a database containing VP1 sequences for the prototype strains of all 66 human enterovirus serotypes. Fifty-one clinical isolates of known serotypes from the years 1991 to 1998 were amplified and sequenced, and the antigenic and molecular typing results agreed for all isolates. With one exception, the nucleotide sequences of homologous strains were at least 75\% identical to one another (>88\% amino acid identity). Strains with homologous serotypes were easily discriminated from those with heterologous serotypes by using these criteria for identification. This method can greatly reduce the time required to type an enterovirus isolate and can be used to type isolates that are difficult or impossible to type with standard immunological reagents. The technique may also be useful for the rapid determination of whether viruses isolated during an outbreak are epidemiologically related.}, keywords = {5{\textquoteright} Untranslated Regions Base Sequence Capsid/*chemistry/genetics Capsid Proteins Enterovirus/*classification Humans Molecular Sequence Data Polymerase Chain Reaction}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10203472}, author = {Oberste, M. S. and Maher, K. and Kilpatrick, D. R. and Flemister, M. R. and Brown, B. A. and M A Pallansch} } @article {10549, title = {{Unexplored reservoirs of pathogenic bacteria: protozoa and biofilms}}, journal = {Trends in Microbiology}, volume = {7}, year = {1999}, pages = {46{\textendash}50}, author = {Brown, MRW and Barker, J} } @mastersthesis {7160, title = {Untangling the complexity of nearshore ecosystems: {Examining} issues of scaling and variability in benthic communities}, year = {1999}, note = {9944756}, school = {Oregon State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The objective of this research was to improve our understanding of how changes in the environment affect ecological processes. Change detection is often confounded by the large variation found in ecological data due to the difficulty of finding replicates in nature. Intertidal communities were chosen for studies of biophysical interactions because the physical gradients are very strong, thus creating complex systems within spatial scales that are easily sampled. The selection of replicate beach habitats was the first step in designing a sampling protocol for comparative analyses of nearshore community structure. A high resolution shoreline partitioning model was developed to quantify the physical attributes of homogeneous shoreline segments and to statistically cluster replicate segments. This model was applied at 3 locations in Washington State. A portion of the south shore of San Juan Island was partitioned and the physical attributes quantified. Three groups of rocky segments differing only in slope angle were selected for biological sampling. The objective was to test the fidelity of macroalgal and invertebrate populations to replicate bedrock shore segments. The results showed that community structure and population abundances were more similar within groups of replicate segments (similar slopes) than among groups (different slopes). In South Puget Sound, community structure was compared to test for a deterministic organization of communities among replicate soft sediment beaches in an estuary. The results showed that replicate beach segments support similar communities, that communities become less similar as the distance between replicates increases, and that replicates within or among nearshore cells with similar temperature and salinity support communities that are more similar than replicates among cells with different water properties regardless of distance. On the outer Olympic coast, community comparisons were made among 9 sand beaches over a shoreline distance of 250 kin. The results show that these communities are similar within segments and within nearshore cells, but because of population abundance fluctuations, the communities were different among cells and among years. This study shows that processes determining patterns in nearshore habitats can be quantified, which is a significant contribution to studies of habitat distribution and the siting of marine preserves.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0416:Oceanography, Benthic communities, Biological sciences, Ecology, Nearshore ecosystems, Oceanography, Scaling, Washington}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304517031?accountid=14270}, author = {Schoch, G Carl} } @article {17140, title = {Urinary tract infections associated with nontyphoidal Salmonella serogroups}, journal = {Journal of Clinical MicrobiologyJournal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {37}, number = {12}, year = {1999}, month = {Dec}, pages = {4177-4178}, isbn = {0095-1137}, author = {Abbott, S. L. and Portoni, B. A. and Janda, J. M.} } @article {15762, title = {Use of a sentinel system for field measurements of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation in soil and animal waste}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, month = {May}, pages = {1998-2005}, edition = {1999/05/01}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cattle, Cryptosporidiosis/prevention \& control/transmission, Cryptosporidium parvum/*isolation \& purification, Environmental Monitoring/*instrumentation, Feces/*parasitology, Humans, New York, Soil/*parasitology, Time Factors, Water/parasitology}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Jenkins, M. B. and Walker, M. J. and Bowman, D. D. and Anthony, L. C. and Ghiorse, W. C.} } @article {11416, title = {Vaccination against Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs using native and recombinant oncosphere antigens}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, pages = {643-647}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0020-7519}, author = {Plancarte, A and Flisser, A and Gauci, CG and Lightowlers, MW} } @article {13477, title = {Vaccination with cathepsin L proteinases and with leuucine aminopeptidase induces high levels of protection against fascioliasis in sheep}, journal = {Infect. Immun.}, volume = {67}, year = {1999}, pages = {1954-1961}, author = {Piacenza, L. and Acosta, D. and Basmadjian, L. and Dalton, J. P. and Carmona, C.} } @unpublished {16353, title = {Vegetationskartierung Hochschwab-Aflenzer Staritzen}, year = {1999}, note = {Institute of Plant Physiology, Vienna University}, publisher = {Institute of Plant Physiology, Vienna University}, address = {Vienna}, author = {Grabherr, G.T. and Dirnbock, T. and Dullinger, S. and Gottfried, M.} } @article {10834, title = {{Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor: identification of a gene cluster required for the rugose colony type, exopolysaccharide production, chlorine resistance, and biofilm formation}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {96}, year = {1999}, pages = {4028{\textendash}4033}, author = {Yildiz, FH and Schoolnik, GK} } @article {10721, title = {{Vibrio species}}, journal = {Clinics in Laboratory Medicine}, volume = {19}, year = {1999}, pages = {537{\textendash}552}, author = {Powell, JL} } @article {15830, title = {Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {180}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, month = {Oct}, pages = {1275-81}, edition = {1999/09/09}, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Cattle, Confidence Intervals, Cryptosporidiosis/*physiopathology, Cryptosporidium parvum/*genetics/isolation \& purification/*pathogenicity, Diarrhea/parasitology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Feces/parasitology, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct, genotype, Humans, Iowa, Parasite Egg Count, Time Factors, Virulence}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print)
0022-1899}, author = {Okhuysen, P. C. and Chappell, C. L. and Crabb, J. H. and Sterling, C. R. and DuPont, H. L.} } @article {16342, title = {Wastewater technology fact sheet: chlorine disinfection}, year = {1999}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water} } @booklet {1887, title = {Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Ozone Disinfection}, year = {1999}, publisher = {USEPA EPA 832-F-99-063 September 1999}, type = {Electronic Article} } @article {8800, title = {{Wastewater Technology Factsheet Chlorine Disinfection}}, journal = {EPA 832-F99-062}, year = {1999} } @booklet {1886, title = {Water Efficiency Technology Fact Sheet Composting Toilets}, year = {1999}, publisher = {USEPA, http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtbfact.htm ; http://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CB0QFjAA\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwater.epa.gov\%2Faboutow\%2Fowm\%2Fupload\%2F2005_07_14_comp.pdf\&ei=v3afVYjHBsWUUY_rt5AL\&usg=AFQjCNFGKzl5e9nDMf8yn}, type = {Electronic Article} } @booklet {10783, title = {{Water Efficiency Technology Fact Sheet: Composting Toilets. September 1999}}, year = {1999}, publisher = {U.S. Environment Protection Agency} } @article {1866, title = {Water recovery in space}, journal = {ESA Bull}, volume = {97}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, note = {Tamponnet, C Savage, C J Amblard, P Lasserre, J C Personne, J C Germain, J C eng Netherlands 2001/12/01 10:00 ESA Bull. 1999 Mar;97(5):56-60.}, pages = {56-60}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In the absence of recycling, water represents over 90\% of the life-support consumables for a manned spacecraft. In addition, over 90\% of the waste water generated can be classified as moderately or slightly contaminated (e.g. shower water, condensate from the air-conditioning system, etc.). The ability to recover potable water from moderately contaminated waste water hence enables significant savings to be made in resupply costs. A development model of such a water-recovery system, based on membrane technology has been produced and tested using "real waste water" based on used shower water Results indicate some 95\% recovery of potable water meeting ESA standards, with total elimination of microbial contaminants such as bacteria, spores and viruses.}, keywords = {Artificial Space Flight/*instrumentation Waste Disposal, Closed Equipment Design Evaluation Studies as Topic International Agencies/standards Life Support Systems/*instrumentation Membranes, Ecological Systems, Fluid/instrumentation/*methods Waste Management/instrumentation/methods Water Microbiology Water Purification/*instrumentation/methods/standards Water Supply/standards *Weightlessness}, issn = {0376-4265 (Print) 0376-4265 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11725802}, author = {Tamponnet, C. and Savage, C. J. and Amblard, P. and Lasserre, J. C. and Personne, J. C. and Germain, J. C.} } @book {9722, title = {Water Technology: An introduction for Environmental Scientists and Engineers}, year = {1999}, publisher = {Arnold Publisher}, organization = {Arnold Publisher}, address = {London}, author = {Gray, NF} } @article {3167, title = {Water vole ({Arvicola} terrestris scherman) density as risk factor for human alveolar echinococcosis}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, year = {1999}, month = {oct}, pages = {559{\textendash}565}, abstract = {Concern is growing in Europe about alveolar echinococcosis (AE) with the increase in grassland rodent and red fox populations, intermediate and definitive hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of rodent densities on human AE distribution. Spatial Poisson regression analyses were performed with geomorphologic features, landscape composition, climatic characteristics, and water vole density as independent variables. The outcome consisted of AE cases diagnosed over the period 1980-1992. High vole density yielded a 10-fold risk (relative risk [RR] = 10.34, 95\% confidence interval [CI] = 2.78-38.39), and the first plateau (400-700 m altitude) compared with the plain (200-400 m) was associated with a large increase in risk (RR = 7.10, 95\% CI = 1.30-38.63). These results confirm that human AE is strongly influenced by the densities of arvicolid species. Foxes feeding almost exclusively on grassland rodents when the latter expand could mediate this relation.}, keywords = {Altitude, Animals, Arvicolinae, Climate, Disease Outbreaks, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, France, Hepatic, Humans, Incidence, Poisson Distribution, Population Density, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Seasons}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Viel, J. F. and Giraudoux, P. and Abrial, V. and Bresson-Hadni, S.} } @article {9475, title = {{Waterborne outbreak of intestinal microsporidiosis in persons with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {180}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, pages = {2003{\textendash}2008}, author = {Cotte, L and Rabodonirina, M and Chapuis, F and Bailly, F and Bissuel, F and Raynal, C and Gelas, P and Persat, F and Piens, MA and Trepo, C} } @article {10808, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera in 1998}, volume = {74}, number = {31}, year = {1999}, pages = {257{\textendash}264} } @article {6852, title = {What {Determines} the {Effectiveness} of {Community}-{Based} {Water} {Projects}}, journal = {Social Capital Initiative Working Paper}, volume = {14}, year = {1999}, url = {http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOCIALCAPITAL/Resources/Social-Capital-Initiative-Working-Paper-Series/SCI-WPS-14.pdf}, author = {Isham, Jonathan and K{\"a}hk{\"o}nen, Satu} } @book {16254, title = {WHO recommended standards and strategies for surveillance prevention and control of communicable diseases: Leptospirosis}, series = {WHO recommended standards and strategies for surveillance prevention and control of communicable diseases}, volume = {WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.2}, year = {1999}, publisher = {World Health Organization, W.H.O.}, organization = {World Health Organization, W.H.O.} } @article {515, title = {Who{\textquoteright}s afraid of replication-competent adenoviruses?}, journal = {Gene Ther}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, note = {Fallaux, F J van der Eb, A J Hoeben, R C Editorial England Gene therapy Gene Ther. 1999 May;6(5):709-12.}, pages = {709-12}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ genetics DNA, Genetic Replicon Virus Replication/ genetics, Recombinant Gene Deletion Genetic Therapy/ methods Genetic Vectors/adverse effects/ genetics Humans Recombination}, issn = {0969-7128 (Print) 0969-7128 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1038/sj.gt.3300902}, author = {Fallaux, F. J. and van der Eb, A. J. and Hoeben, R. C.} } @article {5551, title = {{X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid.}}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {286}, number = {5438}, year = {1999}, pages = {287{\textendash}290}, abstract = {Norwalk virus, a noncultivatable human calicivirus, is the major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in humans. The first x-ray structure of a calicivirus capsid, which consists of 180 copies of a single protein, has been determined by phase extension from a low-resolution electron microscopy structure. The capsid protein has a protruding (P) domain connected by a flexible hinge to a shell (S) domain that has a classical eight-stranded beta-sandwich motif. The structure of the P domain is unlike that of any other viral protein with a subdomain exhibiting a fold similar to that of the second domain in the eukaryotic translation elongation factor-Tu. This subdomain, located at the exterior of the capsid, has the largest sequence variation among Norwalk-like human caliciviruses and is likely to contain the determinants of strain specificity and cell binding.}, isbn = {0036-8075 (Print)$\backslash$r0036-8075 (Linking)}, issn = {0036-8075}, doi = {10.1126/science.286.5438.287}, author = {Prasad, B V and Hardy, M E and Dokland, T and Bella, J and Rossmann, M G and Estes, M K} } @article {4626, title = {Acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus among hospitalized children from {Argentina}}, journal = {Clinical and Diagnostic Virology}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {17{\textendash}23}, issn = {0928-0197 (Print) 0928-0197}, author = {Videla, C. and Carballal, G. and Misirlian, A. and Aguilar, M.} } @article {578, title = {Acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus among hospitalized children from Argentina}, journal = {Clin Diagn Virol}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, note = {Videla, C Carballal, G Misirlian, A Aguilar, M Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Netherlands Clin Diagn Virol. 1998 May 1;10(1):17-23.}, pages = {17-23}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in small children. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency, seasonality and association with clinical entities of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenoviruses in children with ALRI. STUDY DESIGN: During 2 consecutive years (1991-1992), 168 children under 2 years of age hospitalized due to ALRI in a public pediatric hospital of Buenos Aires, Argentina, were studied. RSV and adenoviruses were investigated on nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). HEp-2 cells were used for adenovirus isolation. RESULTS: RSV was detected in 36.3\% and adenoviruses in 14.3\% of the cases (P < 0.0001). All adenoviruses detected by IIF were also isolated in culture. Out of 61 RSV cases, 57\% corresponded to bronchiolitis and 43\% to pneumonia. Ninety-two per cent of children with RSV were less than 1 year old and 70\% were less than 5 months. The highest number of RSV cases were observed during winter, with a clear peak in July. Seventy-one per cent of adenovirus cases were associated with pneumonia and only 24\% with bronchiolitis (P < 0.02), and predominated in children older than 5 months of age (P < 0.0001). Adenoviruses were detected in almost all months of the year with a small peak at the end of winter and beginning of spring. No significant differences in clinical features at admission, breast feeding or malnutrition were observed among children with RSV or adenovirus diagnosis versus those with no viral etiology. The overall fatality rate was 2.4\%. In all fatal cases adenovirus was detected in NPA. Thus, fatality rate among patients with adenoviruses reached 16.7\%. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show the importance of RSV and adenoviruses associated with ALRI in hospitalized children under 2 years of age and the different epidemiological patterns of the two viruses in Buenos Aires, Argentina.}, keywords = {Acute Disease Adenovirus Infections, Human/*epidemiology/immunology *Adenoviruses, Human/immunology Argentina/epidemiology Bronchiolitis, Human/immunology Seasons, Indirect Hospitals, Pediatric Hospitals, Public Humans Infant Male Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/immunology Female Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Viral/*epidemiology/immunology Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/*epidemiology/immunology *Respiratory Syncytial Virus}, issn = {0928-0197 (Print) 0928-0197}, author = {Videla, C. and Carballal, G. and Misirlian, A. and Aguilar, M.} } @article {8453, title = {{Advances in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {28}, number = {7}, year = {1998}, pages = {1019{\textendash}1024}, author = {Dubey, JP} } @article {14820, title = {Analysis of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 {Survival} in {Ovine} or {Bovine} {Manure} and {Manure} {Slurry}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, year = {1998}, pages = {3166{\textendash}3174}, abstract = {Farm animal manure or manure slurry may disseminate, transmit, or propagate Escherichia coli O157:H7. In this study, the survival and growth of E. coli O157:H7 in ovine or bovine feces under various experimental and environmental conditions were determined. A manure pile collected from experimentally inoculated sheep was incubated outside under fluctuating environmental conditions.E. coli O157:H7 survived in the manure for 21 months, and the concentrations of bacteria recovered ranged from {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless102 to 106 CFU/g at different times over the course of the experiment. The DNA fingerprints of E. coli O157:H7 isolated at month 1 and month 12 were identical or very similar. A second E. coli O157:H7-positive ovine manure pile, which was periodically aerated by mixing, remained culture positive for 4 months. An E. coliO157:H7-positive bovine manure pile was culture positive for 47 days. In the laboratory, E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated into feces, untreated slurry, or treated slurry and incubated at {\^a}{\textasciicircum}{\textquoteright}20, 4, 23, 37, 45, and 70{\^A}{\textdegree}C. E. coliO157:H7 survived best in manure incubated without aeration at temperatures below 23{\^A}{\textdegree}C, but it usually survived for shorter periods of time than it survived in manure held in the environment. The bacterium survived at least 100 days in bovine manure frozen at {\^a}{\textasciicircum}{\textquoteright}20{\^A}{\textdegree}C or in ovine manure incubated at 4 or 10{\^A}{\textdegree}C for 100 days, but under all other conditions the length of time that it survived ranged from 24 h to 40 days. In addition, we found that the Shiga toxin type 1 and 2 genes in E. coli O157:H7 had little or no influence on bacterial survival in manure or manure slurry. The long-term survival of E. coli O157:H7 in manure emphasizes the need for appropriate farm waste management to curtail environmental spread of this bacterium. This study also highlights the difficulties in extrapolating laboratory data to on-farm conditions.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Kudva, Indira T and Blanch, Kathryn and Hovde, Carolyn J} } @article {14120, title = {Analysis of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 {Survival} in {Ovine} or {Bovine} {Manure} and {Manure} {Slurry}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, year = {1998}, pages = {3166{\textendash}3174}, abstract = {Farm animal manure or manure slurry may disseminate, transmit, or propagate Escherichia coli O157:H7. In this study, the survival and growth of E. coli O157:H7 in ovine or bovine feces under various experimental and environmental conditions were determined. A manure pile collected from experimentally inoculated sheep was incubated outside under fluctuating environmental conditions.E. coli O157:H7 survived in the manure for 21 months, and the concentrations of bacteria recovered ranged from {\textbackslash}textless102 to 106 CFU/g at different times over the course of the experiment. The DNA fingerprints of E. coli O157:H7 isolated at month 1 and month 12 were identical or very similar. A second E. coli O157:H7-positive ovine manure pile, which was periodically aerated by mixing, remained culture positive for 4 months. An E. coliO157:H7-positive bovine manure pile was culture positive for 47 days. In the laboratory, E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated into feces, untreated slurry, or treated slurry and incubated at {\^a}{\textasciicircum}{\textquoteright}20, 4, 23, 37, 45, and 70{\^A}{\textdegree}C. E. coliO157:H7 survived best in manure incubated without aeration at temperatures below 23{\^A}{\textdegree}C, but it usually survived for shorter periods of time than it survived in manure held in the environment. The bacterium survived at least 100 days in bovine manure frozen at {\^a}{\textasciicircum}{\textquoteright}20{\^A}{\textdegree}C or in ovine manure incubated at 4 or 10{\^A}{\textdegree}C for 100 days, but under all other conditions the length of time that it survived ranged from 24 h to 40 days. In addition, we found that the Shiga toxin type 1 and 2 genes in E. coli O157:H7 had little or no influence on bacterial survival in manure or manure slurry. The long-term survival of E. coli O157:H7 in manure emphasizes the need for appropriate farm waste management to curtail environmental spread of this bacterium. This study also highlights the difficulties in extrapolating laboratory data to on-farm conditions.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Kudva, Indira T and Blanch, Kathryn and Hovde, Carolyn J} } @article {2323, title = {{Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Survival in Ovine or Bovine Manure and Manure Slurry}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, year = {1998}, pages = {3166{\textendash}3174}, abstract = {Farm animal manure or manure slurry may disseminate, transmit, or propagate Escherichia coli O157:H7. In this study, the survival and growth of E. coli O157:H7 in ovine or bovine feces under various experimental and environmental conditions were determined. A manure pile collected from experimentally inoculated sheep was incubated outside under fluctuating environmental conditions.E. coli O157:H7 survived in the manure for 21 months, and the concentrations of bacteria recovered ranged from <102 to 106 CFU/g at different times over the course of the experiment. The DNA fingerprints of E. coli O157:H7 isolated at month 1 and month 12 were identical or very similar. A second E. coli O157:H7-positive ovine manure pile, which was periodically aerated by mixing, remained culture positive for 4 months. An E. coliO157:H7-positive bovine manure pile was culture positive for 47 days. In the laboratory, E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated into feces, untreated slurry, or treated slurry and incubated at {\^a}{\textasciicircum}{\textquoteright}20, 4, 23, 37, 45, and 70{\^A}{\textdegree}C. E. coliO157:H7 survived best in manure incubated without aeration at temperatures below 23{\^A}{\textdegree}C, but it usually survived for shorter periods of time than it survived in manure held in the environment. The bacterium survived at least 100 days in bovine manure frozen at {\^a}{\textasciicircum}{\textquoteright}20{\^A}{\textdegree}C or in ovine manure incubated at 4 or 10{\^A}{\textdegree}C for 100 days, but under all other conditions the length of time that it survived ranged from 24 h to 40 days. In addition, we found that the Shiga toxin type 1 and 2 genes in E. coli O157:H7 had little or no influence on bacterial survival in manure or manure slurry. The long-term survival of E. coli O157:H7 in manure emphasizes the need for appropriate farm waste management to curtail environmental spread of this bacterium. This study also highlights the difficulties in extrapolating laboratory data to on-farm conditions.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Kudva, Indira T and Blanch, Kathryn and Hovde, Carolyn J} } @article {8067, title = {{Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Survival in Ovine or Bovine Manure and Manure Slurry}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, year = {1998}, pages = {3166{\textendash}3174}, abstract = {Farm animal manure or manure slurry may disseminate, transmit, or propagate Escherichia coli O157:H7. In this study, the survival and growth of E. coli O157:H7 in ovine or bovine feces under various experimental and environmental conditions were determined. A manure pile collected from experimentally inoculated sheep was incubated outside under fluctuating environmental conditions.E. coli O157:H7 survived in the manure for 21 months, and the concentrations of bacteria recovered ranged from {\textless}102 to 106 CFU/g at different times over the course of the experiment. The DNA fingerprints of E. coli O157:H7 isolated at month 1 and month 12 were identical or very similar. A second E. coli O157:H7-positive ovine manure pile, which was periodically aerated by mixing, remained culture positive for 4 months. An E. coliO157:H7-positive bovine manure pile was culture positive for 47 days. In the laboratory, E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated into feces, untreated slurry, or treated slurry and incubated at {\^a}{\textasciicircum}{\textquoteright}20, 4, 23, 37, 45, and 70{\^A}{\textdegree}C. E. coliO157:H7 survived best in manure incubated without aeration at temperatures below 23{\^A}{\textdegree}C, but it usually survived for shorter periods of time than it survived in manure held in the environment. The bacterium survived at least 100 days in bovine manure frozen at {\^a}{\textasciicircum}{\textquoteright}20{\^A}{\textdegree}C or in ovine manure incubated at 4 or 10{\^A}{\textdegree}C for 100 days, but under all other conditions the length of time that it survived ranged from 24 h to 40 days. In addition, we found that the Shiga toxin type 1 and 2 genes in E. coli O157:H7 had little or no influence on bacterial survival in manure or manure slurry. The long-term survival of E. coli O157:H7 in manure emphasizes the need for appropriate farm waste management to curtail environmental spread of this bacterium. This study also highlights the difficulties in extrapolating laboratory data to on-farm conditions.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Kudva, Indira T and Blanch, Kathryn and Hovde, Carolyn J} } @article {6095, title = {Announcement of the Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List; Notice}, journal = {Federal Register}, volume = {63}, number = {40}, year = {1998}, pages = {10123{\textendash}10287} } @article {13539, title = {Anthelminthic resistance}, journal = {Vet Rec}, volume = {143}, year = {1998}, pages = {332}, author = {Lane, G.} } @article {11391, title = {Application of constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment in an arid climate}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {379-387}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, author = {Mandi, L and Bouhoum, K and Ouazzani, N} } @article {1802, title = {Assessment of the viral removal capability of the International Space Station Water Recovery and Management system}, journal = {Life Support Biosph Sci}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, note = {Roman, M C Hurst, C J eng 2001/09/07 10:00 Life Support Biosph Sci. 1998;5(1):31-4.}, pages = {31-4}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The development of the International Space Station (ISS) Water Reclamation and Management (WRM) system has been supported through integrated testing at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Assessment of the viral removal capabilities of the ISS water processor was performed as part of the hardware performance evaluation. For the Viral Challenge Test, a known concentration of viruses was mixed with human-generated wastewater and reclaimed using the ISS Water Processor. The composition and concentrations of the different wastewaters used for this test represented the combination of contaminants expected to be found in the wastewater that will be collected and recycled on board the ISS. The results from the Viral Challenge Test clearly showed that the ISS WRM has the capacity to reduce the concentration of viruses in the wastewater by 12 log10 units.}, keywords = {Closed Evaluation Studies as Topic Humans Leviviridae Life Support Systems/*instrumentation Myoviridae Sewage/analysis/*virology Siphoviridae Space Flight/instrumentation Spacecraft/*instrumentation Waste Management/instrumentation *Water Microbiology Wa, Ecological Systems}, issn = {1069-9422 (Print) 1069-9422 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11540461}, author = {Roman, M. C. and Hurst, C. J.} } @article {17012, title = {Bacteriophages and bacteria as indicators of enteric viruses in oysters and their harvest waters}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, year = {1998}, pages = {37{\textendash}44}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Chung, H and Jaykus, L-A and Lovelace, G and Sobsey, MD} } @article {17025, title = {Bacterivory in ciliates isolated from constructed wetlands (reed beds) used for wastewater treatment}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {32}, number = {7}, year = {1998}, pages = {1989{\textendash}1996}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Decamp, Olivier and Warren, Alan} } @article {5387, title = {{Bacterivory in ciliates isolated from constructed wetlands (reed beds) used for wastewater treatment}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {32}, year = {1998}, pages = {1989{\textendash}1996}, author = {Decamp, O and Warren, A} } @article {1993, title = {Balantidiasis in Aymara children from the northern Bolivian altiplano}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {59}, year = {1998}, pages = {922-927}, author = {Esteban, J. G. and Aguirre, C. and Angles, R. and Ash, L. R. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @mastersthesis {6286, title = {The biological monitoring of impact and recovery in streams following pollution incidents ({BL})}, year = {1998}, note = {U096063}, school = {Aston University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Monitoring benthic macroinvertebrates in rivers as a means of assessing water quality is extensively used. Their use in the assessment of ecosystem response to pollution incidents is less well developed.The responses of the macroinvertebrates within the substratum to a number of actual pollution incidents was investigated. It was found that recovery following pollution incidents was most adequately represented by changes in the abundance of selected taxa; by a measure of Taxa Richness and by multivariate analysis of community similarity using nonmetric multidimensional scaling. The importance of adequate reference conditions was highlighted.In order to learn more about the processes involved in the structural changes of the benthic macroinvertebrate community following a transient pollutant, a laboratory study was carried out to investigate the behavioural response of the amphipod, Gammarus pulex, to a toxicant. An increase in burrowing behaviour was found, a behaviour which may, under field conditions, result in increased survival following short term pollution. This finding gives an indication of the complexities underlying overt structural changes within the community following a transient pollution.A novel assessment of recovery within streams: the {\textquoteright}Recovery Index{\textquoteright} was developed, which attempts to numerically define and rank the differential colonisation times shown by different taxa. By allocating higher scores to taxa that are slower to recolonise sites, utilisation of the {\textquoteright}Recovery Index{\textquoteright} in the assessment of recovery will result in a more sensitive assessment of recovery times following pollution incidents and the reduced likelihood of erroneous assessment of recovery.The Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards (CIMAH) regulations have guidelines for environmental survey, against which the effects of an accident could be judged. Recommendations for the development of these guidelines are given, incorporating the use of the {\textquoteright}Recovery Index{\textquoteright}.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU096063, 0768:Environmental science, Bibliographies, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301502379?accountid=14270}, author = {Pisolkar, E M} } @article {17240, title = {Biphasic thermal inactivation kinetics in Salmonella enteritidis PT4}, journal = {Applied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, month = {Feb}, pages = {459-464}, keywords = {curves, Heat-Shock Response, listeria-monocytogenes, resistance, spores}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Humpheson, L. and Adams, M. R. and Anderson, W. A. and Cole, M. B.} } @article {9274, title = {{A case report of Entamoeba moshkovskii infection in a Bangladeshi child}}, journal = {Parasitol Int}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {201{\textendash}202}, author = {Haque, R and Ali, I and Clark, CG and Petri, WA} } @article {13139, title = {Characterization of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida by different methods}, journal = {Systematic and Applied Microbiology}, volume = {21}, year = {1998}, pages = {50-64}, author = {Austin, B. and Austin, D. A. and Dalsgaard, I. and B. K. Gudmundsdottir and S. Hoie and Thornton, J. M. and Larsen, J. L. and O{\textquoteright}Hici, B. and Powell, R.} } @article {9532, title = {{Clinical syndromes associated with microsporidiosis}}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {40}, year = {1998}, pages = {321{\textendash}349}, author = {Kotler, DP and Orenstein, JM} } @article {4230, title = {{Coliphage prevalence in high school septic effluent and associated ground water}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {32}, number = {12}, year = {1998}, month = {dec}, pages = {3781{\textendash}3785}, abstract = {At the present time, somatic and male-specific coliphage and human enterovirus groups are being considered as indicators of possible pathogenic human enteric virus contamination from fecal contamination. A primary attribute for any indicator of fecal contamination is its prevalence at the source and in associated ground water. It must be consistently found in the source material at concentrations that are measurable with available techniques. Over a period of ten months, male-specific and somatic coliphage ranged from \~{}7000 to \~{}4,000,000PFU/L in the effluent from a multi-user septic-tank. Unlike the values determined for septic-tank effluent, coliphage concentrations measured in ground water over this same period only varied by five-fold. Coliphage concentration in ground water under the down-gradient edge of the drainfield contained \~{}1000PFU/L. This concentration decreased at -1log10/5m during 17.4m of ground-water transport. From these data, coliphage concentrations in septic-tank effluent seem sufficient to allow their use as indicators of fecal contamination in ground water.}, keywords = {coliphage, fecal waste, ground water, Ground Water Disinfection Rule, ground-water transport, viral indicators, Virus}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00171-7}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135498001717}, author = {DeBorde, Dan C. and Woessner, William W. and Lauerman, Bruce and Ball, Patrick} } @article {15140, title = {Combined sewer overflows: a source of {Cryptosporidium} and {Giardia}?}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, year = {1998}, pages = {67{\textendash}72}, author = {Gibson, CJl and Stadterman, KL and Sykora, J and others} } @article {13022, title = {Combined sewer overflows: a source of Cryptosporidium and Giardia?}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, year = {1998}, pages = {67{\textendash}72}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Gibson, CJl and Stadterman, KL and Sykora, J and others} } @article {15728, title = {Combined sewer overflows: A source of Cryptosporidium and Giardia?}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, year = {1998}, month = {1998/01/01/}, pages = {67-72}, keywords = {Combined sewer overflows, Faecal coliforms, urban streams}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Gibson, C. J. and Stadterman, K. L. and States, S. and Sykora, J.} } @article {9275, title = {{Comparison of PCR, isoenzyme analysis, and antigen detection for diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infection}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, pages = {449{\textendash}452}, author = {Haque, R and Ali, IK and Akther, S and Petri, WAJr} } @article {9491, title = {{Confirmation of the human-pathogenic microsporidia Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Vittaforma corneae in water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {9}, year = {1998}, pages = {3332{\textendash}3335}, author = {Dowd, SE and C P Gerba and I L Pepper} } @mastersthesis {6655, title = {Cooperative behavior and the feasibility of cost sharing in nonpoint source pollution control}, year = {1998}, note = {9908228}, school = {University of Rhode Island}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This study derives cost allocations for septic system management programs in the community of Potowomut, Rhode Island, using program preference models and cooperative game solutions. The management programs are designed to protect public drinking water and shellfishing in a local bay. A past attempt to implement an ordinance to improve septic systems was resisted by homeowners in Potowomut. Reallocating septic system improvement costs is expected to increase the probability of program or ordinance acceptance. Game theoretic methods are used to allocate the costs of septic system improvement programs within Potowomut. Values for n-player cooperative games in characteristic and partition function form define net benefit allocations to individual players, and a model describing homeowner preferences for different types of septic system management programs is estimated to define individual payoffs under different game strategies. The program preference model is estimated by fitting contingent choice data to a multinomial logit utility model; contingent choice data is collected from a mail survey of Potowomut homeowners. Comparisons of aggregate willingness-to-pay and annualized costs indicate what levels of abatement (i.e., number of new septic system connections) are financially feasible. The cooperative game consists of allocating costs, in the form of homeowner fees, such that all homeowners agree to implement the program. The three players are assumed to be representatives of (1) a wellhead protection district, (2) coastal shoreline area, and (3) a non-sensitive area where septic system improvements are not required. A range of homeowner fees are derived from Shapley values and incomplete cooperation (IC) values using different assumptions about homeowner attitudes, threat behavior assumptions, and population weights. The impact of septic system subsidies (i.e., grants) on Shapley and IC values are examined to (1) provide insight into the differences between Shapley and IC values as threat conditions change and (2) demonstrate the importance of using weighted values to acknowledge differences in the relative population sizes represented by the players. The results suggest that values for games in partition function form are applicable when the benefits of water quality protection are considered in program cost allocation.}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, 0573:Public health, 0768:Environmental science, Agricultural economics, Cooperative Behavior, Cost Sharing, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Nonpoint source, Pollution control, Public health, Septic systems, Social sciences, Wastewater management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304452347?accountid=14270}, author = {Miller, Christopher Jansen} } @article {9228, title = {{Crithidia fasciculata induces encystation of Entamoeba invadens in a galactose-dependent manner}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, year = {1998}, pages = {705{\textendash}710}, author = {Cho, J and Eichinger, D} } @article {15743, title = {Crypto and Giardia in US groundwater}, journal = {Journal - American Water Works Association}, volume = {90}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {58-61}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, isbn = {0003-150X}, author = {Hancock, Carrie M. and Rose, Joan B. and Callahan, Michael} } @article {15620, title = {Cryptosporidiosis in northeastern Brazilian children: association with increased diarrhea morbidity}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {177}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, month = {Mar}, pages = {754-60}, edition = {1998/03/14}, keywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Body Height, Brazil/epidemiology, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/complications/*epidemiology, Diarrhea/complications/*epidemiology, Feces/parasitology, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Morbidity, Nutrition Disorders/complications/*epidemiology, Nutritional Status, Risk Factors, Urban Population}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print)
0022-1899}, author = {Agnew, D. G. and Lima, A. A. and Newman, R. D. and Wuhib, T. and Moore, R. D. and Guerrant, R. L. and Sears, C. L.} } @article {6275, title = {Cryptosporidium in tap water comparison of predicted risks with observed levels of disease}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {147}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {289{\textendash}301}, url = {http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/147/3/289.short}, author = {Perz, Joseph F. and Ennever, Fanny K. and Le Blancq, Sylvie M.} } @article {4780, title = {{Cyclospora: a newly identified protozoan pathogen of man}}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {28}, year = {1998}, pages = {213{\textendash}219}, author = {Nassef, NE and El-Ahl, SA and El-Shafee, OK and Nawar, M} } @article {4765, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis}}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {40}, year = {1998}, pages = {399{\textendash}418}, author = {Ortega, YR and Sterling, CR and Gilman, RH} } @article {4724, title = {{Cyclospora. Infect Dis Clin N Am}}, journal = {Infectious Disease Clinics of North America}, volume = {12}, year = {1998}, pages = {1{\textendash}12}, author = {Soave, R and Herwaldt, BL and Relman, DA} } @article {4862, title = {{Cyclosporiasis in a traveler returning from South America}}, journal = {Journal of Travel Medicine}, volume = {5}, year = {1998}, pages = {153{\textendash}155}, author = {Drenaggi, D and Cirioni, O and Giacometti, A and Fiorentini, A and Scalise, G} } @article {689, title = {Decolorization and degradation of Erioglaucine (acid blue 9) dye in wastewater}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {19}, number = {7}, year = {1998}, note = {Jank, M Koser, H Lucking, F Martienssen, M Wittchen, S}, pages = {741-747}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Erioglaucine (CAS No. 3844-45-9) is a widely used acid aminotriphenylmethane dye of an intense blue color. Erioglaucine containing wastewater streams are not affected by activated sludge treatment plants. Therefore, pretreatment is necessary before discharging. In the industry the standard procedure is to use NaOCl for this purpose. Experiments showed that wastewater treated with this method could contain between 100 and 200 mg l(-1) of adsorbable organic chlorine (AOX) compounds of a questionable ecotoxicological relevance. Alternative treatment methods with reagents containing H2O2 have been investigated. The experimental results are assessed in terms of color and DOC reduction, H2O2 consumption, and enhancement of biodegradability. A combination of activated carbon and H2O2 proved not to be a viable alternative. Treatment with Fentons reagent (H2O2 and Fe2+) was found to be effective in terms of color removal as well as enhanced biodegradability. in the optimum operating range of pH and H2O2/Fe2+ ratio 5 mi of a 35\% H2O2 solution are sufficient for the treatment of Ig Erioglaucine. Between 10 and 40 degrees C, the reaction is completed in less than 4h. The environmental effects of the Erioglaucine degradation with Fentons reagent are small compared with the NaOCl treatment. Therefore, oxidation of Erioglaucine containing wastewater with NaOCl should be replaced by a treatment with Fentons reagent. The assumption is that the results obtained for Erioglaucine also apply to other structurally related aminotriphenyl dyes.}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593331908616730}, url = {://WOS:000075483000009}, author = {Jank, M. and Koser, H. and Lucking, F. and Martienssen, M. and Wittchen, S.} } @booklet {10117, title = {{Detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria - Part3: Miniaturized method (most probable number) for the detection of E. coli in surface and wastewater}}, year = {1998}, publisher = {International Standardization Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @article {4721, title = {{Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in wastewater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, year = {1998}, pages = {2284{\textendash}2286}, author = {Sturbaum, GD and Ortega, YR and Gilman, RH and Sterling, CR and Cabrera, L and Klein, DA} } @article {9692, title = {Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in the definitive host: coprodiagnosis by PCR as an alternative to necropsy.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {36}, year = {1998}, pages = {1871-1876}, author = {Dinkel, A and von Nickisch-Rosenegk, M and Bilger, B and Merli, M. and Lucius, R and Romig, T} } @article {8694, title = {{Detection of infectious enteroviruses, enterovirus genomes, somatic coliphages, and Bacteroides fragilis phages in treated wastewater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {61}, number = {11}, year = {1998}, pages = {4307{\textendash}4312}, abstract = {In this study, three types of treated wastewater were tested for infectious enteroviruses, the enterovirus genome, somatic coliphages, and Bacteroides fragilis phages. The aim of this work was to determine whether the presence of the two types of bacteriophages or of the enterovirus genome was a good indicator of infectious enterovirus contamination. The enterovirus genome was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Infectious enteroviruses were quantified by cell culturing (BGM cells), and the bacteriophages were quantified by plaque formation on the host bacterium (Escherichia coli or B. fragilis) in agar medium. Forty-eight samples of treated wastewater were analyzed. Sixteen samples had been subjected to a secondary treatment for 8 to 12 h (A), 16 had been subjected to a secondary treatment for 30 h (B1), and 16 had been subjected to both secondary and tertiary treatments (B2). The mean concentrations of somatic coliphages were 4.9 x 10(4) PFU . liter-1 for treatment line A, 9.8 x 10(3) PFU . liter-1 for B1, and 1.4 x 10(3) PFU . liter-1 for B2, with all the samples testing positive (100{\{}{\%}{\}}). The mean concentrations of B. fragilis phages were 1.7 x 10(3) PFU . liter-1 for A (100{\{}{\%}{\}} positive samples), 17 to 24 PFU . liter-1 for B1 (44{\{}{\%}{\}} positive samples), and 0.8 to 13 PFU . liter-1 for B2 (6{\{}{\%}{\}} positive samples). The mean concentrations of infectious enteroviruses were 4 most probable number of cytopathogenic units (MPNCU) . liter-1 for A (31{\{}{\%}{\}} positive samples) and {\{}{\textless}{\}}1 MPNCU . liter-1 for B1 and B2 (0{\{}{\%}{\}} positive samples). The percentages of samples testing positive for the enterovirus genome were 100{\{}{\%}{\}} for A, 56{\{}{\%}{\}} for B1, and 19{\{}{\%}{\}} for B2. The percentages of samples testing positive for the enterovirus genome were significantly higher than those for infectious enteroviruses. This finding may have been due to the presence of noninfectious enteroviruses or to the presence of infectious enteroviruses that do not multiply in BGM cell cultures. However, under our experimental conditions, nondetection of the genome implies the absence of infectious viruses. There was a significant correlation between the concentration of somatic coliphages or B. fragilis phages and the presence of infectious enteroviruses or the presence of the enterovirus genome. However, the somatic coliphage concentration did not lead to fluctuations in the infectious enterovirus concentration, whereas the B. fragilis phage concentration did.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print){\$}\backslash{\$}r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, author = {Gantzer, C. and Maul, A. and Audic, J. M. and Schwartzbrod, L.} } @inbook {17058, title = {Detection of infectious enteroviruses, enterovirus genomes, somatic coliphages, and Bacteroides fragilis phages in treated wastewater}, booktitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {11}, year = {1998}, pages = {4307{\textendash}4312}, author = {Gantzer, C and Maul, A and Audic, JM and Schwartzbrod, L} } @article {3224, title = {{Detection of infectious enteroviruses, enterovirus genomes, somatic coliphages, and Bacteroides fragilis phages in treated wastewater}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {11}, year = {1998}, pages = {4307{\textendash}4312}, abstract = {In this study, three types of treated wastewater were tested for infectious enteroviruses, the enterovirus genome, somatic coliphages, and Bacteroides fragilis phages. The aim of this work was to determine whether the presence of the two types of bacteriophages or of the enterovirus genome was a good indicator of infectious enterovirus contamination. The enterovirus genome was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Infectious enteroviruses were quantified by cell culturing (BGM cells), and the bacteriophages were quantified by plaque formation on the host bacterium (Escherichia coli or B. fragilis) in agar medium. Forty-eight samples of treated wastewater were analyzed. Sixteen samples had been subjected to a secondary treatment for 8 to 12 h (A), 16 had been subjected to a secondary treatment for 30 h (B1), and 16 had been subjected to both secondary and tertiary treatments (B2). The mean concentrations of somatic coliphages were 4.9 x 10(4) PFU . liter-1 for treatment line A, 9.8 x 10(3) PFU . liter-1 for B1, and 1.4 x 10(3) PFU . liter-1 for B2, with all the samples testing positive (100{\%}). The mean concentrations of B. fragilis phages were 1.7 x 10(3) PFU . liter-1 for A (100{\%} positive samples), 17 to 24 PFU . liter-1 for B1 (44{\%} positive samples), and 0.8 to 13 PFU . liter-1 for B2 (6{\%} positive samples). The mean concentrations of infectious enteroviruses were 4 most probable number of cytopathogenic units (MPNCU) . liter-1 for A (31{\%} positive samples) and {\textless}1 MPNCU . liter-1 for B1 and B2 (0{\%} positive samples). The percentages of samples testing positive for the enterovirus genome were 100{\%} for A, 56{\%} for B1, and 19{\%} for B2. The percentages of samples testing positive for the enterovirus genome were significantly higher than those for infectious enteroviruses. This finding may have been due to the presence of noninfectious enteroviruses or to the presence of infectious enteroviruses that do not multiply in BGM cell cultures. However, under our experimental conditions, nondetection of the genome implies the absence of infectious viruses. There was a significant correlation between the concentration of somatic coliphages or B. fragilis phages and the presence of infectious enteroviruses or the presence of the enterovirus genome. However, the somatic coliphage concentration did not lead to fluctuations in the infectious enterovirus concentration, whereas the B. fragilis phage concentration did.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)$\backslash$r0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, author = {Gantzer, C. and Maul, A. and Audic, J. M. and Schwartzbrod, L.} } @article {2295, title = {{Detection of Shigellae from stools of dysentery patients by culture and polymerase chain reaction techniques}}, journal = {J Diarrhoeal Dis Res}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, year = {1998}, pages = {248{\textendash}251}, edition = {1999/08/24}, abstract = {In Bangladesh, the isolation rates of Shigella spp. range from 11\% to 12\% by the conventional culture technique. Since the sensitivity of this technique is low, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used for detecting small number of Shigellae from patients{\textquoteright} stools. Sensitivity and specificity of the two techniques were also compared. Stool samples were collected from 41 patients with dysentery who attended the Clinical Research and Service Centre of the ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research. All stool specimens were directly plated onto MacConkey, Salmonella-Shigella, Xylose lysin deoxycholate and Hectoen enteric agar media, and Shigellae were detected following standard procedures. DNA was extracted from the stool samples, and the target sequence of invasive plasmid antigen (ipa)H locus was amplified by PCR with 130 ng each of two primers (primer H8 [5{\textquoteright}-GTTCCTTGACCGCCTTTCCGATAC-3{\textquoteright}] and primer H15 [5{\textquoteright}-GCCGGTCAGCCACCCTA-3{\textquoteright}]) following standard procedures. The amplified product was hybridized using an ipaH probe. The isolation rates of Shigella dysenteriae type 1, S. flexneri, S. sonnei, and S. boydii were, respectively, 17.1\%, 19.5\%, 4.9\% and 2.4\% by the conventional method. The results of the PCR technique showed that 700 bp fragment was generated in 18 of the 18 culture-positive and in 7 of the 23 culture-negative stools. One hundred twenty-three strains of Escherichia coli were also tested by PCR for identifying the enteroinvasive E. coli, but none of them yielded any positive result. This study showed that the sensitivity of the culture technique is 72\% and specificity is 100\%, when the PCR technique was considered as gold standard. Therefore, the PCR may be considered a more sensitive and specific technique than the conventional culture technique and has the potential to be employed in routine diagnosis of dysentery in clinical centres as well as in epidemiologic studies.}, isbn = {0253-8768 (Print) 0253-8768 (Linking)}, author = {Islam, M S and Hossain, M S and Hasan, M K and Rahman, M M and Fuchs, G and Mahalanabis, D and Baqui, A H and Albert, M J} } @article {8043, title = {{Detection of Shigellae from stools of dysentery patients by culture and polymerase chain reaction techniques}}, journal = {J Diarrhoeal Dis Res}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, year = {1998}, pages = {248{\textendash}251}, edition = {1999/08/24}, abstract = {In Bangladesh, the isolation rates of Shigella spp. range from 11{\%} to 12{\%} by the conventional culture technique. Since the sensitivity of this technique is low, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used for detecting small number of Shigellae from patients{\textquoteright} stools. Sensitivity and specificity of the two techniques were also compared. Stool samples were collected from 41 patients with dysentery who attended the Clinical Research and Service Centre of the ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research. All stool specimens were directly plated onto MacConkey, Salmonella-Shigella, Xylose lysin deoxycholate and Hectoen enteric agar media, and Shigellae were detected following standard procedures. DNA was extracted from the stool samples, and the target sequence of invasive plasmid antigen (ipa)H locus was amplified by PCR with 130 ng each of two primers (primer H8 [5{\textquoteright}-GTTCCTTGACCGCCTTTCCGATAC-3{\textquoteright}] and primer H15 [5{\textquoteright}-GCCGGTCAGCCACCCTA-3{\textquoteright}]) following standard procedures. The amplified product was hybridized using an ipaH probe. The isolation rates of Shigella dysenteriae type 1, S. flexneri, S. sonnei, and S. boydii were, respectively, 17.1{\%}, 19.5{\%}, 4.9{\%} and 2.4{\%} by the conventional method. The results of the PCR technique showed that 700 bp fragment was generated in 18 of the 18 culture-positive and in 7 of the 23 culture-negative stools. One hundred twenty-three strains of Escherichia coli were also tested by PCR for identifying the enteroinvasive E. coli, but none of them yielded any positive result. This study showed that the sensitivity of the culture technique is 72{\%} and specificity is 100{\%}, when the PCR technique was considered as gold standard. Therefore, the PCR may be considered a more sensitive and specific technique than the conventional culture technique and has the potential to be employed in routine diagnosis of dysentery in clinical centres as well as in epidemiologic studies.}, isbn = {0253-8768 (Print) 0253-8768 (Linking)}, author = {Islam, M S and Hossain, M S and Hasan, M K and Rahman, M M and Fuchs, G and Mahalanabis, D and Baqui, A H and Albert, M J} } @article {14084, title = {Detection of {Shigellae} from stools of dysentery patients by culture and polymerase chain reaction techniques}, journal = {J Diarrhoeal Dis Res}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, year = {1998}, pages = {248{\textendash}251}, abstract = {In Bangladesh, the isolation rates of Shigella spp. range from 11\% to 12\% by the conventional culture technique. Since the sensitivity of this technique is low, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used for detecting small number of Shigellae from patients{\textquoteright} stools. Sensitivity and specificity of the two techniques were also compared. Stool samples were collected from 41 patients with dysentery who attended the Clinical Research and Service Centre of the ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research. All stool specimens were directly plated onto MacConkey, Salmonella-Shigella, Xylose lysin deoxycholate and Hectoen enteric agar media, and Shigellae were detected following standard procedures. DNA was extracted from the stool samples, and the target sequence of invasive plasmid antigen (ipa)H locus was amplified by PCR with 130 ng each of two primers (primer H8 [5{\textquoteright}-GTTCCTTGACCGCCTTTCCGATAC-3{\textquoteright}] and primer H15 [5{\textquoteright}-GCCGGTCAGCCACCCTA-3{\textquoteright}]) following standard procedures. The amplified product was hybridized using an ipaH probe. The isolation rates of Shigella dysenteriae type 1, S. flexneri, S. sonnei, and S. boydii were, respectively, 17.1\%, 19.5\%, 4.9\% and 2.4\% by the conventional method. The results of the PCR technique showed that 700 bp fragment was generated in 18 of the 18 culture-positive and in 7 of the 23 culture-negative stools. One hundred twenty-three strains of Escherichia coli were also tested by PCR for identifying the enteroinvasive E. coli, but none of them yielded any positive result. This study showed that the sensitivity of the culture technique is 72\% and specificity is 100\%, when the PCR technique was considered as gold standard. Therefore, the PCR may be considered a more sensitive and specific technique than the conventional culture technique and has the potential to be employed in routine diagnosis of dysentery in clinical centres as well as in epidemiologic studies.}, author = {Islam, M S and Hossain, M S and Hasan, M K and Rahman, M M and Fuchs, G and Mahalanabis, D and Baqui, A H and Albert, M J} } @article {8512, title = {{Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in drinking water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, pages = {2278{\textendash}2280}, author = {Isaac-Renton, J and Bowie, WR and King, A and Irwin, GS and Ong, CS and Fung, CP and Shokeir, MO and Dubey, JP} } @article {9179, title = {{Devenir des {\o}e}ufs et kystes de parasites au cours d{\textquoteright}un cycle d{\textquoteright}{\'e}puration de la station Cherguia {\`a} Tunis}}, journal = {La Houille Blanche}, volume = {7}, year = {1998}, pages = {60{\textendash}64}, author = {Alouini, Z} } @article {14169, title = {Diarrheagenic {Escherichia} coli.}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, month = {jan}, pages = {142{\textendash}201}, abstract = {Escherichia coli is the predominant nonpathogenic facultative flora of the human intestine. Some E. coli strains, however, have developed the ability to cause disease of the gastrointestinal, urinary, or central nervous system in even the most robust human hosts. Diarrheagenic strains of E. coli can be divided into at least six different categories with corresponding distinct pathogenic schemes. Taken together, these organisms probably represent the most common cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Several distinct clinical syndromes accompany infection with diarrheagenic E. coli categories, including traveler{\textquoteright}s diarrhea (enterotoxigenic E. coli), hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (enterohemorrhagic E. coli), persistent diarrhea (enteroaggregative E. coli), and watery diarrhea of infants (entero-pathogenic E. coli). This review discusses the current level of understanding of the pathogenesis of the diarrheagenic E. coli strains and describes how their pathogenic schemes underlie the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and epidemiologic investigation of these important pathogens.}, keywords = {Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections, Humans}, issn = {0893-8512}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=121379\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Nataro, J P and Kaper, J B} } @article {2361, title = {{Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, month = {jan}, pages = {142{\textendash}201}, abstract = {Escherichia coli is the predominant nonpathogenic facultative flora of the human intestine. Some E. coli strains, however, have developed the ability to cause disease of the gastrointestinal, urinary, or central nervous system in even the most robust human hosts. Diarrheagenic strains of E. coli can be divided into at least six different categories with corresponding distinct pathogenic schemes. Taken together, these organisms probably represent the most common cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Several distinct clinical syndromes accompany infection with diarrheagenic E. coli categories, including traveler{\textquoteright}s diarrhea (enterotoxigenic E. coli), hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (enterohemorrhagic E. coli), persistent diarrhea (enteroaggregative E. coli), and watery diarrhea of infants (entero-pathogenic E. coli). This review discusses the current level of understanding of the pathogenesis of the diarrheagenic E. coli strains and describes how their pathogenic schemes underlie the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and epidemiologic investigation of these important pathogens.}, keywords = {Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections, Humans}, issn = {0893-8512}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=121379\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Nataro, J P and Kaper, J B} } @article {8103, title = {{Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, month = {jan}, pages = {142{\textendash}201}, abstract = {Escherichia coli is the predominant nonpathogenic facultative flora of the human intestine. Some E. coli strains, however, have developed the ability to cause disease of the gastrointestinal, urinary, or central nervous system in even the most robust human hosts. Diarrheagenic strains of E. coli can be divided into at least six different categories with corresponding distinct pathogenic schemes. Taken together, these organisms probably represent the most common cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Several distinct clinical syndromes accompany infection with diarrheagenic E. coli categories, including traveler{\textquoteright}s diarrhea (enterotoxigenic E. coli), hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (enterohemorrhagic E. coli), persistent diarrhea (enteroaggregative E. coli), and watery diarrhea of infants (entero-pathogenic E. coli). This review discusses the current level of understanding of the pathogenesis of the diarrheagenic E. coli strains and describes how their pathogenic schemes underlie the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and epidemiologic investigation of these important pathogens.}, keywords = {Diarrhea, Diarrhea: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections, Humans}, issn = {0893-8512}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=121379{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Nataro, J P and Kaper, J B} } @article {11817, title = {{Diphyllobothriosis humana y en peces del lago Ri{\~n}ihue, Chile: Efecto de la actividad educativa, distribuci{\'o}n estacional y relaci{\'o}n con sexo, talla y dieta de los peces.}}, journal = {Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria}, volume = {30}, year = {1998}, pages = {31{\textendash}45}, author = {Torres, P and Gesche, W and Montefusco, A and Miranda, J C and Dietz, P and Huijse, R} } @article {16307, title = {{Distinguishing human from animal faecal contamination in water: A review}}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, month = {jun}, pages = {323{\textendash}348}, publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis Group}, abstract = {Abstract Management of faecal contamination of water would be improved if sources could be accurately identified through water analysis. Human faeces are generally perceived as constituting a greater human health risk than animal faeces, but reliable epidemiological evidence is lacking. United States waterborne disease data suggest that human-specific enteric viruses account for over half the documented outbreaks. However, in New Zealand, where there is a high grazing animal:human ratio (increasing the relative importance of water-transmissible zoonoses), it seems prudent to assume that human and animal faecal pollution both constitute a risk to human health. Irrespective of the relative risks, the ability to identify sources would assist in overall management of microbial water quality. Faecal streptococci do not appear to provide reliable faecal source identification. Human and animal sources, respectively, maybe distinguishable by two tests on Bifidobacterium spp.{\textemdash}growth at 45{\textdegree}C in trypticase phytone y...}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteroides fragilis, bifidobacteria, faecal source identifiers, faecal sterols, Faecal streptococci, fluorescent whitening agents, linear alkyl benzenes, Rhodococcus coprophilus, sodium tripolyphosphate}, issn = {0028-8330}, doi = {10.1080/00288330.1998.9516828}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00288330.1998.9516828}, author = {Sinton, L. W. and Finlay, R. K. and Hannah, D. J.} } @article {14388, title = {Diversity and prevalence of {Arcobacter} spp. in broiler chickens.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, month = {jun}, pages = {1007{\textendash}1016}, author = {Atabay, H I and Corry, J E and On, S L} } @article {5871, title = {{Diversity and prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in broiler chickens.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, month = {jun}, pages = {1007{\textendash}1016}, author = {Atabay, H I and Corry, J E and On, S L} } @article {7758, title = {Diversity of Campylobacter Isolates from Three Activated Sludge Systems}, journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {93}, year = {1998}, month = {05}, pages = {295-298}, author = {Lauria-Filgueiras,AL and Hofer, Eric} } @mastersthesis {6891, title = {Early life history growth and settlement dynamics of a tropical reef fish ({Gobiidae}: {Bathygobius} coalitus)}, year = {1998}, note = {9913964}, school = {University of Hawai{\textquoteright}i}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A Hawaiian intertidal population of the basalt go by (Gobiidae: Bathygobius coalitus ) was studied to determine the dynamics and interactions among variable larval growth rates, size and age at settlement juvenile growth rates, and seasonal changes in ambient water temperature. Robust daily periodicity of primary increments in sagittal otoliths, isometric somatic-otolith scaling, and the formation of a settlement mark were validated and used for reconstruction of hatch and settlement dates, mean daily pre- and post-settlement growth rates, size and age at settlement, and individual growth histories during early post-settlement life history of the basalt goby. B. coalitus grew rapidly during the first nine months of life, attaining 55\% of its maximum size of 11.4 cm total length (TL). Mean daily growth rates were not correlated between pre- and post-settlement life stages, but were faster during post-settlement life history. Growth rates were more rapid during warmer sea surface temperatures (SST), increasing by 0.01 mm TL d -1 per {\textdegree}C. Larval durations ranged between 29 and 50 days (mean {\textpm} sd, 36.8 {\textpm} 5.3), and size at settlement ranged between 7.02 and 10.60 min TL (8.36 {\textpm} 0.76 mm TL). Size at settlement increased curvilinearly with larval duration and both decreased during warmer SST. Increases in variation in size within cohorts during post-settlement life history predominately occurred during warm SST, whereas decreases in variability predominately occurred during cool SST. The order of size rankings at settlement was typically preserved through early post-settlement life history, and recruits settling larger than the mean size at a particular age at settlement in a cohort tended to remain larger at age later in life history. Growth rate typically increased to a maximum at 20-30 days post-settlement and was unrelated to size at settlement. Dynamics and interactions among variable growth rates, larval duration, size at settlement and ambient water temperatures may have significant consequences for recruitment, survival to maturity, and the ecology of local, open populations of tropical reef fishes.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0472:Zoology, Bathygobius coalitus, Biological sciences, Ecology, Life history, Settlement, Tropical reef fish, Zoology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304444118?accountid=14270}, author = {Shafer, David John} } @book {10599, title = {{Ecological sanitation}}, year = {1998}, address = {Stockholm}, author = {Esrey, S and Gough, J and Rapaport, D and Sawyer, R and Simpson-Hebert, M and Vargas, J and Winblad, U} } @mastersthesis {6557, title = {An ecosystematic analysis of {Carolina} bays in the coastal plain of the {Carolinas}}, year = {1998}, note = {9840968}, school = {The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Carolina bays are elliptic, directionally aligned depressions occurring on the Atlantic Coastal Plain from New Jersey to northeast Florida. Eighty percent of those depressions are estimated to occur on the coastal plain of the Carolinas. Once only the subject of scientific study and debate in relation to their geologic origin, Carolina bays have increasingly drawn attention because of the exceptional biotic diversity of the lentic ecosystems they contain. This study sought to document the vegetational diversity that occurs within this seemingly uniform depressional environment, and to determine the environmental factors responsible for that variation. Detailed examinations of community vegetational composition and environmental relationships in 482 intensively sampled, permanent plots located in 57 Carolina bay depressions are presented in this study. Cluster analysis of vegetation data grouped stands into 9 vegetation classes and 63 community types. Vegetation classes and subclasses represent a broad spectrum of southeastern coastal plain wetlands types, including, brackish marsh, freshwater pond, freshwater marsh, freshwater prairie, pocosin, bay forest, bog, swamp forest, depression meadow, cypress savanna, and longleaf pine savanna communities. Detailed, structured descriptions of the characteristics of each identified vegetation group type are presented and discussed in relation to the existing literature. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling was used to examine community compositional gradients in relation to 69 environmental variables. Overall, vegetation was consistently correlated with "landscape hydrology", soil type and percent soil organic matter, and site disturbance regime. Specific vegetation groups exhibited distinctive, within group variation in response to soil nutrient and texture status, hydrologic regime, and site disturbance history. Vegetation-environment relationships were also examined over five landscape surfaces representing different regimes of regional hydrology, geology, and soils. Environmental gradients within landscapes were generally consistent with overall study area gradients. Additionally, the distribution of major vegetation groups was examined in relation to site hydrologic regime, fire frequency, soil type, and characteristic plant life forms and growth forms. Carolina bay depressions, once thought to number in the hundreds of thousands, are substantially rarer than previously believed. I estimate that fewer than 900 bay depressions with relatively unaltered site hydrologies remain within the study area. Those that do remain continue to disappear at an alarming rate. North and South Carolina bay depressions are important refugia for wildlife and for plant populations, including more than 65 "special status" plant species. Field observations and pertinent literature indicate that bay vegetation at relatively intact sites is highly dynamic, and that depression vegetation responds dramatically to differences in site disturbance regimes. Development of surrounding upland areas has resulted in increased isolation of Carolina bay depressions from the once pervasive role of fire as a landscape disturbance factor, and in the lowering of regional water tables. Consequently, bay vegetation has undergone an apparent "homogenization", with concomitant decreases in species richness and community diversity. If Carolina bay biodiversity is to be conserved and protected, increased and immediate attention must be given to prioritization, acquisition, and restoration of bay systems.}, keywords = {0309:Botany, 0329:Ecology, 0768:Environmental science, 0793:Freshwater ecology, Bays, Biological sciences, Botany, Carolinas, Coastal plain, Ecology, Ecosystematic, Environmental science, Freshwater ecology, Health and environmental sciences, Landscape ecology, wetlands}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304440511?accountid=14270}, author = {Nifong, Timothy David} } @article {13540, title = {Effect of food on bioavailability of triclabendazole in patients with fascioliasis}, journal = {Br J. Clin Pharmacol.}, volume = {45}, year = {1998}, pages = {601-604}, author = {Lecaillon, J. B. and Gobdillon, J. and Campestrini, J.} } @article {8465, title = {{Effect of gamma irradiation on unsporulated and sporulated Toxoplasma gondii oocysts}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {369{\textendash}375}, author = {Dubey, JP and Thayer, DW and Speer, CA and Shen, SK} } @article {8797, title = {{Effect of natural organic matter on monochloramine decomposition: Pathway elucidation through the use of mass and redox balances}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {32}, number = {10}, year = {1998}, pages = {1409{\textendash}1416}, abstract = {Monochloramine is often employed as a drinking water disinfectant for systems where free chlorine residuals are difficult to maintain or where disinfection byproduct formation is significant. Monochloramine is, however, unstable and decomposes, leading to nitrogen oxidation and chlorine reduction (auto-decomposition). The role of natural organic matter (NOM) in monochloramine loss is unclear. NOM could catalyze monochloramine auto-decomposition, or it could act as an external reductant. This study elucidates the decay pathways of monochloramine in the presence and absence of NOM. When monochloramine decomposes in the absence of NOM, ammonia and nitrogen gas are the primary nitrogen decay products. When NOM is present, the product speciation changes such that little nitrogen gas production occurs, yet production of ammonia and nitrate increases. This product speciation shift indicates that under these conditions, NOM acts primarily as a reductant and not as a catalyst. This conclusion was verified using a redox balance which compares oxidized product, N-2 and NO3-, production to monochloramine loss. The number of electrons accounted for by oxidized product production correlates well with monochloramine loss in the absence of NOM (60-100{\%} recovery). However, there is a deficit in the presence of NOM (25-60{\%} recovery). Clearly, much of the oxidizing capacity of monochloramine goes toward NOM oxidation.}, isbn = {0013-936X}, issn = {0013936X}, doi = {10.1021/es970589a}, author = {Vikesland, Peter J. and Ozekin, Kenan and Valentine, Richard L.} } @article {17216, title = {Effect of oxygen concentration and redox potential on recovery of sublethally heat-damaged cells of Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes}, journal = {Journal of Applied MicrobiologyJournal of applied microbiologyJ Appl Microbiol}, volume = {84}, number = {5}, year = {1998}, month = {May}, pages = {903-909}, keywords = {ENUMERATION, growth atmosphere, increased d-values, incubation, resistance, shock, strictly anaerobic recovery, thermal inactivation}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {George, S. M. and Richardson, L. C. C. and Pol, I. E. and Peck, M. W.} } @article {5676, title = {{Effect of Temperature on the Survival of Hepatitis A Virus and its Capsidal Antigen in Synthetic Seawater}}, journal = {Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {89{\textendash}92}, author = {Crance, JM and Gantzer, C and Schwartzbrod, L and Deloince, R} } @article {15676, title = {Effects of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children: growth faltering and subsequent catch-up growth}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {148}, number = {5}, year = {1998}, month = {Sep 1}, pages = {497-506}, edition = {1998/09/16}, keywords = {*Bacterial And Fungal Diseases, *Body Height, *Body Weight, *Child, *Cohort Analysis, *Cryptosporidium parvum, *Diarrhea, Infantile, *Growth, *Longterm Effects, *Malnutrition, *Prospective Studies, *Research Report, Age Factors, Americas, Animals, Anthropometry, Biology, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/*physiopathology, Demographic Factors, Developing Countries, Diarrhea, Diseases, Humans, Infant, infections, Latin America, Longitudinal Studies, Nutrition Disorders, Nutritional Status, Peru, physiology, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Regression Analysis, Research Methodology, South America, Studies, Time Factors, Youth}, isbn = {0002-9262 (Print)
0002-9262}, author = {Checkley, W. and Epstein, L. D. and Gilman, R. H. and Black, R. E. and Cabrera, L. and Sterling, C. R.} } @mastersthesis {6650, title = {The effects of taxes and public infrastructure on regional economic development}, year = {1998}, note = {9901196}, school = {Oklahoma State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Scope and method of study. The recent attention given to public infrastructure deterioration has increased the interest of policy makers and researchers in the impact of state and local tax and spending policies on regional economic development. This study examines the relationship between employment growth and state and local public infrastructure capital stock and taxes within the context of a firm location model. Investigating the significance of increases in public infrastructure capital on economic growth in isolation of the tax increases necessary to finance them is not of considerable importance to policy makers. The framework of a firm location model allows the positive effects on economic growth of public infrastructure increases to be compared with the negative effects of the tax increases necessary to finance them. This study uses, with other explanatory variables, state and local public infrastructure capital stock estimates, a new type of data. Measures of business and non-business taxes are constructed and used as explanatory variables. These variables are consistent with the theoretical specification of a firm location model. Estimation procedures are chosen to correct for the problems that have plagued previous empirical studies of the effects of state and local infrastructure and taxes on regional economic development. The previous studies that used regression analysis have assumed that all state and regional fixed effects can be controlled for by intercept dummy variables, assuming that all slopes are the same across states. This study investigates the structural stability of regression models even after the inclusion of intercept dummy variables. Findings and Conclusions. Unlike previous studies that found significant impact of streets/highways and water and sewage public capital stock on economic growth for the mean state of all the states, the results of this study indicate that streets/highways and sewage public infrastructure capital has a positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth in the high growth states, but not in the low growth states. This supports Eberts and Dalenberg (1988) assertion that public infrastructure deterioration in older cities and SMSA{\textquoteright}s has a considerable adverse impact on urban economic growth. The effects of increases of state and local public infrastructure capital on streets and highways on regional economic growth outweigh the negative effects of the tax increases, necessary to finance them, in some of the high growth states. This result suggests that in the long run the net effects of tax increases to finance increases in public infrastructure are likely to be positive for most of the high growth states. Evidence found by the study indicates that firms, when making location decisions, give more weight to interstate, or interjurisdictional, differentials in taxes paid by businesses than to non-business taxes or state total tax revenue. This suggests that raising an additional amount of tax revenue would cause less harm to employment growth if it is made by non-business taxes than by business taxes.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, Economic development, economics, Public infrastructure, Regional economic development, Social sciences, Taxes}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304471007?accountid=14270}, author = {Monofali, Abbas H} } @article {9327, title = {{Entamoeba gingivalis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients with periodontal disease}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {471{\textendash}473}, author = {Lucht, E and Evengard, B and Skott, J and Pehrson, P and Nord, CE} } @article {9297, title = {{Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar are distinct species; clinical, epidemiological and serological evidence}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {181{\textendash}186}, author = {Jackson, TFHG} } @inbook {9191, title = {{Enteric protozoal infections}}, booktitle = {Infectious diseases of the dog and cat}, year = {1998}, pages = {487}, publisher = {WB Saunders Co}, organization = {WB Saunders Co}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Philadelphia, PA}, author = {Barr, SC} } @book {8905, title = {Environmental applications of ionizing radiation}, year = {1998}, publisher = {John Wiley}, organization = {John Wiley}, type = {Book}, address = {New York}, isbn = {9780471170860;0471170860;}, url = {http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwhV2_TwIxFH5BbvF0ANT4i6SDK6Qtd7121RwawoDBhYmUXt9kICGyMPC303d65-mgY3-nzUvb9_V9XwFGcsgHv_YE71B7kxlrUHPnRRFuSyqc_lZlxcq4ku8805NXM1kk8xbwH0gGuYwk4by1xaaOrSH8QpJYW8oP89EJREIHY21D9Pg8neaVSZUql0}, author = {Cooper, William J. and Curry, Randy D. and O{\textquoteright}Shea, Kevin} } @article {12986, title = {Environmental impacts of animal feeding operations }, year = {1998}, chapter = {office of water, standards, and applied sci. div}, author = {US EPA} } @article {16236, title = {Epidemic leptospirosis associated with pulmonary hemorrhage-Nicaragua, 1995}, journal = {J Infect DisJ Infect DisJ Infect Dis}, volume = {178}, number = {5}, year = {1998}, month = {Nov}, pages = {1457-63}, type = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, edition = {1998/10/21}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Case-Control Studies, Cattle, Child, Child, Preschool, Disasters, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Vectors, Dogs, Hemorrhage/*complications/microbiology, Horses, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Leptospira/classification/isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/complications/*epidemiology/microbiology, Lung Diseases/*complications/microbiology, Nicaragua/epidemiology, Rodentia, Swine, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print)
0022-1899 (Linking)}, author = {Trevejo, R. T. and Rigau-Perez, J. G. and Ashford, D. A. and McClure, E. M. and Jarquin-Gonzalez, C. and Amador, J. J. and de los Reyes, J. O. and Gonzalez, A. and Zaki, S. R. and Shieh, W. J. and McLean, R. G. and Nasci, R. S. and Weyant, R. S. and Bolin, C. A. and Bragg, S. L. and Perkins, B. A. and Spiegel, R. A.} } @article {10605, title = {{Epidemiology, genetics and ecology of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae}}, journal = {Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews}, volume = {62}, year = {1998}, pages = {1301{\textendash}1314}, author = {Faruque, SM and Albert, MJ and Mekalanos, JJ} } @article {7312, title = {Epidemiology in practice: case-control studies}, journal = {Community Eye Health}, volume = {11}, number = {28}, year = {1998}, pages = {57{\textendash}58}, url = {http://www.cehjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/download/ceh_11_28_057.pdf}, author = {Lewallen, Susan and Courtright, Paul} } @article {4414, title = {Etiology of acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Melbourne, Australia, from April 1980 to March 1993}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {133-8}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Barnes, G. L. and Uren, E. and Stevens, K. B. and Bishop, R. F.} } @article {4442, title = {Etiology of acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Melbourne, Australia, from April 1980 to March 1993}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {133{\textendash}8}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Barnes, G. L. and Uren, E. and Stevens, K. B. and Bishop, R. F.} } @article {10112, title = {{Evaluation of faecal contamination and microbial die-off in urine separating sewage systems}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, pages = {17{\textendash}25}, author = {Hoglund, C and Stenstr{\"o}m, TA and J{\"o}nsson, H and Sundin, A} } @article {13193, title = {Evolving concepts regarding the genus Aeromonas: an expanding Panorama of species, disease presentations, and unanswered questions}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {27}, year = {1998}, pages = {332-344}, author = {Janda, J. M. and Abbott, S. L.} } @article {10016, title = {{Extended excretion of rotavirus after severe diarrhoea in young children}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {351}, number = {9119}, year = {1998}, pages = {1844{\textendash}1848}, abstract = {Background. Rotaviruses are the major cause of severe childhood diarrhoea. Knowledge of the natural history of infection, including duration of intestinal virus shedding, is important in the understanding of transmission, sources of infection, and immune responses. Methods. We carried out a study of rotavirus excretion in 37 children admitted to hospital with severe rotavirus diarrhoea. Sequential faecal specimens were collected from each child during 100 days of surveillance, and screened for rotavirus by EIA and by amplification of genome double-stranded RNA by reverse-transcription PCR. IgA coproantibody was estimated by EIA. Findings. Duration of rotavirus excretion ranged from 4 to 57 days after onset of diarrhoea. Excretion ceased within 10 days in 16 (43{\%}) children, and within 20 days in 26 (70{\%}) children. Extended excretion was detected for 25-57 days in the remaining 11 (30{\%}) children owing mainly to continued excretion of the primary infecting strain. Extended excretion was significantly associated with antirotavirus IgA coproantibody boosts during 100 days of surveillance (p = 0.001, log-rank test), and with recurrence of mild diarrhoea symptoms during convalescence (p = 0.006, Fisher{\textquoteright}s exact test). Interpretation. Severe rotavirus disease in young children may be followed by extended excretion of rotavirus. The risk of transmission to others may be greater than previously believed. Extended excretion could also explain some cases of the postgastroenteritis syndrome.}, isbn = {0140-6736 (Print) 0140-6736 (Linking)}, issn = {01406736}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11257-0}, author = {Richardson, Simone and Grimwood, Keith and Gorrell, Rebecca and Palombo, Enzo and Barnes, Graeme and Bishop, Ruth} } @article {13466, title = {Fasciolosis: a threat to livestock}, journal = {Irish Vet J.}, volume = {51}, year = {1998}, pages = {539-541}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, D. J.} } @article {6092, title = {Forurensning av drikkevannsbronn p{\"a} Sundreoya IAl kommune}, journal = {Resultat av sporstoffforsok, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate Report}, volume = {18}, year = {1998}, pages = {10}, author = {Colleuille, H and Kitterod, NO} } @article {9267, title = {{Functional heterogeneity of colonic adenocarcinoma mucins for inhibition of Entamoeba histolytica adherence to target cells}}, journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, pages = {17S{\textendash}23S}, author = {Gottke, MU and Keller, K and Belley, A and Garcia, RM and Hollingsworth, MA and Mack, DR and Chadee, K} } @article {8311, title = {Gender Guidelines in Water Supply and Sanitation}, year = {1998}, institution = {Asian Development Bank}, type = {Checklist}, address = {Manila, Phillipines} } @article {13586, title = {Geographical distribution, diagnosis and treatment of human fascioliasis: a review}, journal = {Res Rev Parasitol.}, volume = {58}, year = {1998}, pages = {13-42}, author = {Esteban, J. G. and Bargues, M. D. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {9128, title = {{Growth and inactivation models to be used in quantitative risk assessments.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {61}, number = {11}, year = {1998}, pages = {1541{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

In past years many models describing growth and inactivation of microorganisms have been developed. This study is a discussion of the growth and inactivation models that can be used in a stepwise procedure for quantitative risk assessment. First, rough risk assessments are performed in which orders of magnitude for microbial processes are estimated by the use of simple models. This method provides an efficient way to find the main determinants of risk. Second, the main determinants of risk are studied more accurately and quantitatively. It is best to compare several models at this level, as no model is expected to be able accurately to predict microbial responses under all circumstances. By comparing various models the main determinants of risk are studied from several points of view, and risks can be assessed on a broad basis. If, however, process variations have a more profound effect on risk than the differences between models, it is most efficient to use the simplest model available. If relevant, the process variations can be stochastically described in the third level of detail. Stochastic description of the process parameters will however not change the conclusion on the usefulness of simple models in quantitative risk assessments. The proposed stepwise procedure that starts simply before going into detail provides a structured method of risk assessment and prevents the researcher from getting caught in too much complexity. This simplicity is necessary because of the complex nature of food safety. The principal aspects are highlighted during the procedure and many factors can be omitted since their quantitative effect is negligible.

}, keywords = {Bacillus cereus, Bacillus cereus: growth {\&} development, Bacillus cereus: isolation {\&} purification, bacteria, Bacteria: growth {\&} development, Biological, Food Handling, Food Microbiology, Forecasting, Mathematics, Models, Risk Assessment, Risk Assessment: methods, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum tuberosum: microbiology, Temperature}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9829202}, author = {van Gerwen, S J and Zwietering, M H} } @article {4750, title = {{Guillain-Barr{\'e} syndrome after Cyclospora infection}}, journal = {Muscle Nerve}, volume = {21}, year = {1998}, pages = {669{\textendash}671}, author = {Richardson, RF Jr and Remler, BF and Katirji, B and Murad, MH} } @article {6234, title = {Health sector reform in the former {Soviet} {Republics} of {Central} {Asia}}, journal = {The International Journal of Health Planning and Management}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, month = {jun}, pages = {131{\textendash}147}, abstract = {Health services in the former Soviet Republics of Central Asia face many challenges, not least a rising burden of disease and severe economic constraints. Each government has developed proposals for reform. This paper describes the key elements of the proposals developed in each country. They have many features in common, such as financing based on social insurance, although they also have many differences, reflecting national political, economic and historical circumstances. While most attention so far has concentrated on the design of the proposed systems, it is argued here that there has been inadequate attention to the obstacles to implementation. These stem from the many adverse factors in the context within which reforms are taking place, weaknesses in the process of reform, and failure to involve the groups whose actions will be necessary for success. It is argued that governments and those advising them must place greater emphasis on the challenges of implementation, including the development of a much better understanding of the context within which change must take place.}, keywords = {Asia, Central, Commonwealth of Independent States, Health Care Reform, Health Care Sector, Health Policy, Health Status Indicators, Politics, State Medicine}, issn = {0749-6753}, doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1099-1751(199804/06)13:2<131::AID-HPM506>3.0.CO;2-8}, author = {McKee, M. and Figueras, J. and Chenet, L.} } @article {9398, title = {{Hepatic amebiasis among patients in a public teaching hospital}}, journal = {Southern Medical Journal}, volume = {91}, number = {9}, year = {1998}, pages = {829{\textendash}837}, author = {Shandera, WX and Bollam, P and Hashmey, RH and Athey, PA and Greenberg, SB and White, AC} } @article {2920, title = {{HLA} and alveolar echinococcosis}, journal = {Tissue Antigens}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, pages = {124{\textendash}129}, abstract = {{Evidence in animal intermediate hosts that susceptibility to larval infection with Echinococcus multilocularis is restricted to individual host factors prompted us to investigate the susceptibility markers in humans. Because antigens of the extracellular parasite E. multilocularis are possibly presented by MHC molecules in a restricted way, we speculated that MHC polymorphism may influence resistance of the host towards infection and course of disease. We studied HLA-A, -B, -DRB1, -DQB1 and -DPB1 polymorphism in 151 patients with alveolar echinococcosis. Patients with an observation period of more than 2 years were grouped according to the clinical follow-up into cured (no recurrence following surgery) patients and patients with regressive or progressive forms of disease during benzimidazole chemotherapy. By comparing phenotypic frequency between patients with alveolar echinococcosis and healthy controls, HLA-DRB1*11 was associated with a reduced risk for disease development (odds ratio=0.55, 95\% confidence interval=0.34-0.88; P=0.01). HLA-DQB1*02 was more frequent in patients with progressive disease when compared with patients with regressive disease (54.3\% vs 28.3\%}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, Biomarkers, Cohort Studies, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Female, Genetic, Helminth, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, HLA-DQ Antigens, HLA-DQ beta-Chains, HLA-DR Antigens, HLA-DRB1 Chains, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Polymorphism, Pulmonary Alveoli}, issn = {0001-2815}, author = {Eiermann, T. H. and Bettens, F. and Tiberghien, P. and Schmitz, K. and Beurton, I. and Bresson-Hadni, S. and Ammann, R. W. and Goldmann, S. F. and Vuitton, D. A. and Gottstein, B. and Kern, P.} } @article {9293, title = {{Host-pathogen interaction in amebiasis and progress in vaccine development}}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology {\&} Infectious Diseases}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, year = {1998}, pages = {601{\textendash}614}, author = {Huston, CD and Petri, WA} } @article {14532, title = {Human enteric viruses in oysters causing a large outbreak of human food borne infection in 1996/97}, journal = {J. Shellfish Res.}, volume = {17}, year = {1998}, pages = {1633{\textendash}1635}, author = {Christensen, B. F. and Lees, D. N. and Henshilwood, K. and Bjergskov, T. and Green, J.} } @article {1510, title = {Human enteric viruses in oysters causing a large outbreak of human food borne infection in 1996/97}, journal = {J. Shellfish Res.}, volume = {17}, year = {1998}, pages = {1633-1635}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Christensen, B. F. and Lees, D. N. and Henshilwood, K. and Bjergskov, T. and Green, J.} } @article {14492, title = {Human enteric viruses in the water environment: a minireview}, journal = {Int Microbiol}, volume = {1}, year = {1998}, month = {sep}, pages = {191{\textendash}6}, abstract = {Water virology started around half a century ago, with scientists attempting to detect poliovirus in water samples. Since that time, other enteric viruses responsible for gastroenteritis and hepatitis, among a great variety of virus strains, have replaced enteroviruses as the main target for detection in the water environment. Technical molecular developments, polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) amplification being the method of choice, enable the detection of fastidious health-significant viruses. However, shortcomings of molecular procedures include their potential incompatibility with concentration methods, indispensable to reduce the water sample volume to assay for viruses, the inability to discern between infectious and non infectious material. On the other hand, these procedures are restrained to sophisticated laboratories and detection of alternative indicator organisms has been proposed. Bacterial indicators fail to give a reliable clue of the virological quality of water. Selected bacteriophage groups appear as a better choice for their use as virus indicators.}, keywords = {*Enterovirus/isolation \& purification, *Water Microbiology, Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control, Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology/prevention \& control/*transmission/virology, Humans, Risk Factors}, issn = {1139-6709 (Print) 1139-6709 (Linking)}, author = {Bosch, A.} } @article {5659, title = {{Human Enteric Viruses in the Water Environment: a Minireview}}, journal = {International Microbiology}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {191{\textendash}196}, author = {Bosch, A} } @mastersthesis {6877, title = {The hydrology of a restored coastal dune slack, st fergus, north-east scotland: an integrated field and modelling approach}, year = {1998}, note = {U115797}, school = {University of Aberdeen (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis examines the hydrological processes of a restored coastal dune slack at St. Fergus, north-east Scotland. The fundamental hydrological processes of the saturated and unsaturated zones of these habitats is relatively poorly understood yet these ecosystems are under increasing pressure from industrial and recreational development and the possible impact of climate change. Within a 1.2km{\textless}super{\textgreater}2{\textless}/super{\textgreater} catchment, a detailed field investigation was initiated at differing spatial scales to examine; (i) the spatial and temporal variability in soil moisture retention and movement through the unsaturated zone; (ii) the behaviour of the water table and; (iii) the main hydrogeochemical processes over the year October 1996 to September 1997. The field research was augmented with the development of a groundwater flow model of the site which was used in a predictive role to examine the possible implications of future climate change on the groundwater regime of the dune slack and the impact of this on the ecology and geomorphology of the dune system. The field and modelling results were integrated to provide a relatively holistic interpretation of the hydrological processes of the dune slack system. The soils of all study sites were relatively similar in their retention and temporal variability of soil moisture over the year. Soil moisture contents were generally very low, which was predominantly related to the low organic matter content and highly porous sediment. These soil properties resulted in great temporal variability in soil moisture content over the year with no pattern of higher retention in the winter and lower in the summer. Groundwater behaviour was also relatively homogeneous in the catchment, though local scale, transient processes and phenomena appeared to be important. The main influences on groundwater levels and direction of flow included; (i) the groundwater recharge processes (influenced by variable specific yield phenomena, preferential flow paths and the height of the capillary fringe); (ii) the hydrogeology of the site, particularly the complex plateau region; (iii) site topography; (iv) the shallow water table and; (v) terminal encroachment on to the dune slack. The modelling procedure highlighted the need for an integrated field and modelling approach as problems encountered were resolved through interpretation of the field data. Issues raised focused on scale and scaling in groundwater modelling, the validation of such models and the importance of good spatially distributed field data.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU115797, 0388:Hydrologic sciences, Bibliographies, Earth sciences, Hydrologic sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301518189?accountid=14270}, author = {Malcolm, Robert} } @article {8464, title = {{Immunity to toxoplasmosis in pigs fed irradiated Toxoplasma gondii oocysts}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, year = {1998}, pages = {749{\textendash}752}, author = {Dubey, JP and Lunney, JK and Shen, SK and Kwok, OC} } @mastersthesis {6477, title = {Impacts of double-diffusive processes on the thermohaline circulation}, year = {1998}, note = {0800701}, school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Double-diffusive processes are studied and parameterized, and their impacts on the oceanic thermohaline circulation are investigated by single-hemisphere numerical models and scaling analysis. Scaling analysis on the thermohaline circulation has been done under three types of surface boundary conditions. (a) Under "relaxation" conditions, there is a two-thirds power law dependence of the meridional overturning rate (and the poleward heat transport) on the diapycnal diffusivity. For any given external forcing, there is only one equilibrium state for the thermohaline circulation. (b) Under "flux" boundary conditions, there is a half power law dependence of the meridional overturning rate on the diapycnal diffusivity. Only one mode is possible for given external forcing. (c) Under "mixed" boundary conditions, multiple equilibria become possible. For given thermal forcing, the existence of multiple equilibria depends on the relative contributions of diapycnal diffusivity and the hydrologic forcing. Numerical experiments are implemented to test the above scaling arguments. Consistent results have been obtained under the above three types of boundary conditions. These provide a basis for understanding how the thermohaline circulation depends on the diapycnal diffusivity, which we know is influenced by the double-diffusive processes of "salt fingering" and "diffusive layering" in some parts of the ocean. In order to examine this issue, the double-diffusive processes are parameterized by diapycnal eddy diffusivities for heat and salt that are different and depend on the local density ratio, [Special characters omitted.] A background diffusivity is applied to represent turbulent mixing in the stratified environment. The implementation of this double-diffusive parameterization in numerical models has significant impacts on the thermohaline circulation. (a) Under "relaxation" boundary conditions, the meridional overturning rate and the poleward heat transport are reduced, and water mass properties are also changed. Similar results are obtained under "flux" boundary conditions. (b) Under "mixed" boundary conditions, the critical freshwater flux for the existence of the thermal mode becomes smaller with the double-diffusive parameterization. The extent to which the thermohaline circulation is affected by double-diffusive processes depends on the on the magnitude of the freshwater forcing. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)}, keywords = {0415:Oceanography, Diapycnal diffusivity, Double-diffusive, Earth sciences, Freshwater forcing, Oceanography, Thermohaline circulation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304473442?accountid=14270}, author = {Zhang, Jubao} } @article {1478, title = {Impacts of sewers on groundwater quality}, journal = {Water nd Environment Journal}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {216-223}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {This paper summarizes the findings of a recent research project on groundwater contamination from leaking sewers, which was completed for the Construction Industry Research and Information Association. Fifty-four incidents were identified in England and Wales from a combined questionnaire survey and literature review. In addition to recorded incidents, the poor quality of many urban groundwaters suggests some effects from leaking sewers. Age is considered to be the most significant characteristic governing leakage from sewers; ground conditions (predominantly aquifer vulnerability) and usage (private versus public ownership) are also important factors relating to the likelihood of groundwater pollution from leaking sewers. Recommended strategies for reducing groundwater contamination include (a) modification of existing criteria for the service performance grading of existing sewers, (b) improved construction of new sewers in appropriate areas, (c) increased groundwater monitoring, and (d) risk assessments for new groundwater sources.}, author = {Bishop, P. K. and Misstear, B. D. and White, M. and Harding, N. J.} } @article {14480, title = {Impacts of sewers on groundwater quality}, journal = {Water nd Environment Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {1998}, pages = {216{\textendash}223}, abstract = {This paper summarizes the findings of a recent research project on groundwater contamination from leaking sewers, which was completed for the Construction Industry Research and Information Association. Fifty-four incidents were identified in England and Wales from a combined questionnaire survey and literature review. In addition to recorded incidents, the poor quality of many urban groundwaters suggests some effects from leaking sewers. Age is considered to be the most significant characteristic governing leakage from sewers; ground conditions (predominantly aquifer vulnerability) and usage (private versus public ownership) are also important factors relating to the likelihood of groundwater pollution from leaking sewers. Recommended strategies for reducing groundwater contamination include (a) modification of existing criteria for the service performance grading of existing sewers, (b) improved construction of new sewers in appropriate areas, (c) increased groundwater monitoring, and (d) risk assessments for new groundwater sources.}, author = {Bishop, P. K. and Misstear, B. D. and White, M. and Harding, N. J.} } @article {8817, title = {{Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts by Ammonia.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, month = {feb}, pages = {784{\textendash}8}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology (ASM)}, abstract = {The survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in soil and water microhabitats may be affected by the environmental production and release of free ammonia. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of increasing free ammonia concentrations and times of exposure on oocyst viability. Wild-type oocysts were obtained from naturally infected calf feces by chemical (continuous-flow) centrifugation and sucrose gradients. Ammonia (NH(3)) from a commercial solution was applied in concentrations ranging from 0.007 to 0.148 M. Exposure times ranged from 10 min to 24 h at a constant temperature of 24 +/- 1 degrees C. Viability of oocysts was determined with a dye permeability assay and an in vitro excystation assay (M. B. Jenkins, L. J. Anguish, D. D. Bowman, M. J. Walker, and W. C. Ghiorse, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:3844-3850, 1997). Even the lowest concentration of ammonia decreased significantly the viability of oocysts after 24 h of exposure. Increasing concentrations of ammonia increased inactivation rates, which ranged from 0.014 to 0.066 h. At the highest concentration of ammonia, a small fraction of viable oocysts still remained. Exposure to pH levels corresponding to those associated with the ammonia concentrations showed minimal effects of alkaline pH alone on oocyst viability. This study shows that environmentally relevant concentrations of free ammonia may significantly increase the inactivation of oocysts in ammonia-containing environments.}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16349508 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC106120}, author = {Jenkins, M B and Bowman, D D and Ghiorse, W C} } @article {10292, title = {Inactivation of Salmonella typhi by high levels of volatile fatty acids during anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {138{\textendash}142}, author = {Kunte, DP and Yeole, TY and Chiplonkar, SA and Ranade, DR} } @article {13183, title = {Incidence of mesophilic Aeromonas within a public drinking water supply in north-east Scotland}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {84}, year = {1998}, pages = {383-392}, author = {Gavriel, A. A. and Landre, J. P. B. and Lamb, A. J.} } @article {3670, title = {Infection with group C rotavirus in a suburban community in Brazil}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and International Health}, volume = {3}, number = {11}, year = {1998}, pages = {891{\textendash}895}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-3156.1998.00325.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.1998.00325.x}, author = {Cox, M J and James, V L A and Azevedo, R S and Massad, E and Medley, G F} } @article {15712, title = {Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts stored in water at environmental temperatures}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1165-9}, edition = {1999/01/27}, keywords = {Amylopectin/analysis, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cattle, Cryptosporidium parvum/chemistry/genetics/*physiology, DNA, Protozoan/analysis, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary, Temperature, Water/parasitology}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395}, author = {Fayer, R. and Trout, J. M. and Jenkins, M. C.} } @article {7910, title = {Isolation of Arcobacter butzleri in raw water and drinking water treatment plants in Germany.}, journal = {Zentralblatt fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin= International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {201}, year = {1998}, pages = {189{\textendash}198}, author = {Jacob, J and Woodward, D and Feuerpfeil, I and W M Johnson} } @book {1739, title = {Issues in potable reuse{\textemdash}the viability of augmenting drinking water supplies with reclaimed water}, year = {1998}, publisher = {National Academy Press}, organization = {National Academy Press}, type = {Book}, address = {Washington D.C.}, author = {National Research Council} } @article {13504, title = {Le mollusque Lymnaea truncatula (Lymnaeidae) dans les rizieres de l{\textquoteright}Est de l{\textquoteright}Espagne}, journal = {Vie Milieu}, volume = {48}, year = {1998}, pages = {73-78}, author = {Valero, M. A. and Marti, R. and Marcos, M. D. and Robles, F. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {16192, title = {Leptospira fainei sp. nov., isolated from pigs in Australia}, journal = {Int J Syst BacteriolInt J Syst Bacteriol}, volume = {48}, year = {1998}, pages = {851-858}, keywords = {Animals, APPCR, Australia, epidemiology, Leptospira, LRB, Sp. nov., typing}, author = {Perolat, P. and Chappel, R.J. and Adler, B. and Baranton, G. and Bulach, D.M. and Billinghurst, M.L. and Letocart, M. and Merien, F. and Serrano, M.S.} } @article {17101, title = {Mechanism of bacterial and viral transport through microfiltration membranes}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {38}, number = {4-5}, year = {1998}, pages = {489{\textendash}496}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Herath, Gemunu and Yamamoto, Kazuo and Urase, Taro} } @article {17103, title = {Microbial indicator reductions in alternative treatment systems for swine wastewater}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, year = {1998}, pages = {119{\textendash}122}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Hill, VR and Sobsey, Mark D} } @article {4261, title = {{Microbial indicator reductions in alternative treatment systems for swine wastewater}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, year = {1998}, pages = {119{\textendash}122}, abstract = {Bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens in swine wastes are of public health concern because many are able to infect humans. Hence, treatment processes must be effective in removing or destroying these microbes before wastewater discharge. Primary treatment by anaerobic lagoon is the current best management practice (BMP) for swine wastewater in the USA but alternative processes were also investigated for their potential to improve treatment. Wastewater samples were collected approximately monthly from March{\textendash}December 1997 at a North Carolina swine nursery. Geometric mean concentrations for bacterial indicators (faecal coliforms, E coli, enterococci and C perfringens spores) in lagoon effluent were 3.3{\texttimes}105, 2.8{\texttimes}105, 3.4{\texttimes}105 and 2.2{\texttimes}104 CFU/100mL respectively. For somatic and male-specific coliphages they were 1.4{\texttimes}105 and 5.0{\texttimes}103 PFU/100mL respectively. Bacterial indicator levels in swine lagoon effluents are much higher than allowed for municipal wastewater effluents discharged to land or water. The anaerobic lagoon achieved reductions of 1.1{\textendash}2.2 log10 for all indicators except C perfringens spores (0.2 log10). Of the secondary treatment processes, constructed wetlands achieved the best indicator microbe reductions ranging from 1.1{\textendash}2.5 log10. A media filter and an overland flow system achieved mean indicator reductions of only 0.2{\textendash}1.2 and 0.2{\textendash}0.8 log10 respectively. The results indicate that a primary-secondary treatment system, an anaerobic lagoon and constructed wetlands, can achieve reductions of 2.9{\textendash}4.8 log10 for bacterial and viral indicators and 1.5 log10 for C perfringens spores.}, keywords = {anaerobic lagoons, Coliphages, Constructed wetlands, faecal colifonns, microbial indicators, Swine wastewater treatment}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00811-7}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273122398008117}, author = {Hill, V and Sobsey, M} } @article {8986, title = {Microbiological and physicochemical analysis of radiation disinfected municipal sewage}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {737-740}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00220-0}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135497002200 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0043135497002200/1-s2.0-S0043135497002200-main.pdf?_tid=8e4dac2e-994f-11e6-a931-00000aab0f6b\&acdnat=1477247945_81521b400ec85a463d0817c06aa26986}, author = {Rawat, K. P. and Sharma, A. and Rao, S. M.} } @inbook {15116, title = {A microbiological and sociological evaluation of urine diverting double-vault latrines in {Cam} {Duc}}, year = {1998}, publisher = {Swedish University of Agricultural Science: Swedish institute for infectious disease control}, organization = {Swedish University of Agricultural Science: Swedish institute for infectious disease control}, address = {Vietnam}, author = {A, Carlander and T, Westrell} } @mastersthesis {11103, title = {A microbiological and sociological evaluation of urine diverting double-vault latrines in Cam Duc, Vietnam}, volume = {Masters}, year = {1998}, author = {A Carlander and T Westrell} } @article {9481, title = {{Microbiological safety evaluations and recommendations on fresh produce}}, journal = {Food Control}, volume = {9}, year = {1998}, pages = {21{\textendash}347}, author = {De Roever, C} } @mastersthesis {6767, title = {Modelling the wash from a ship{\textquoteright}s propeller}, year = {1998}, note = {C685194}, school = {Queen{\textquoteright}s University Belfast (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The characteristics of the velocity field produced by a ship{\textquoteright}s propeller were investigated using a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package. A CFD model of the propeller wash was developed using a sliding mesh technique to simulate the rotating blades of the propeller. Experimental measurements using Laser Doppler Anemometry and Pitot tube methods were used to validate the computational approach. Measurements and predictions of the axial and radial velocity fields for two propellers operating over a range of speeds were used in the validation. The results from the CFD simulation are in reasonable agreement. However, improvements to the approach used to model the turbulence in the flow may lead to a more accurate simulation. The validated CFD approach is used to investigate the propeller wash where an experimental study has been difficult or impossible to undertake. The velocity field close to the rotating blades was found to exhibit a pulsing behaviour. The characteristics of the pulsing are related to the speed of rotation and the geometrical characteristics of the rotating propeller. The tangential velocity field was found to be more prominent in the wash than the radial component of velocity. However, the axial component of velocity is the largest contributor to the resultant velocity field in the propeller wash. The formation of the tangential velocity field is related to the geometrical characteristics of the rotating blades. The diffusion characteristics of the tangential velocity field appear to be influenced by the behaviour of the axial velocity field. The maximum tangential velocity decays exponentially. The simulation of a full-size propeller was used to verify the scaling approach adopted for previous experimental investigations. The results indicated that scale effects due to viscosity were negligible, and the use of Froudian scaling for the experimental investigations was justified.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0547:Ocean engineering, 0759:Fluid dynamics, 0759:Gases, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Computational fluid dynamics, Fluid dynamics, Gases, Ocean engineering, Propeller wash, Pure sciences, Ship{\textquoteright}s propeller, Sliding mesh}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304472639?accountid=14270}, author = {Brewster, Paul Michael} } @mastersthesis {7074, title = {Modelling the wash from a ship{\textquoteright}s propeller}, year = {1998}, note = {U100929}, school = {Queen{\textquoteright}s University Belfast (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The characteristics of the velocity field produced by a ship{\textquoteright}s propeller were investigated using a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package.A CFD model of the propeller wash was developed using a sliding mesh technique to simulate the rotating blades of the propeller. Experimental measurements using Laser Doppler Anemometry and Pitot tube methods were used to validate the computational approach. Measurements and predictions of the axial and radial velocity fields for two propellers operating over a range of speeds were used in the validation. The results from the CFD simulation are in reasonable agreement. However, improvements to the approach used to model the turbulence in the flow may lead to a more accurate simulation.The validated CFD approach is used to investigate the propeller wash where an experimental study has been difficult or impossible to undertake. The velocity field close to the rotating blades was found to exhibit a pulsing behaviour. The characteristics of the pulsing are related to the speed of rotation and the geometrical characteristics of the rotating propeller.The tangential velocity field was found to be more prominent in the wash than the radial component of velocity. However, the axial component of velocity is the largest contributor to the resultant velocity field in the propeller wash. The formation of the tangential velocity field is related to the geometrical characteristics of the rotating blades. The diffusion characteristics of the tangential velocity field appear to be influenced by the behaviour of the axial velocity field. The maximum tangential velocity decays exponentially.The simulation of a full-size propeller was used to verify the scaling approach adopted for previous experimental investigations. The results indicated that scale effects due to viscosity were negligible, and the use of Froudian scaling for the experimental investigations was justified.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU100929, 0547:Ocean engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Ocean engineering, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301609976?accountid=14270}, author = {Brewster, P M} } @article {11300, title = {{Molecular characterization of a Toxocara variant from cats in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {117}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, pages = {155{\textendash}164}, doi = {10.1017/s0031182098002856}, author = {Zhu, X Q and Jacobs, D E and Chilton, N B and Sani, R A and Cheng, N A B Y and Gasser, R B} } @article {14057, title = {Multiple sources of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in feedlots and dairy farms in the {Northwestern} {USA}}, journal = {Preventive Veterinary Medicine}, volume = {35}, year = {1998}, pages = {11{\textendash}19}, abstract = {Samples from cattle, other domestic and wild animals, flies, feeds, and water-troughs were collected from 12 cattle farms and tested for Escherichia coli O157. E. coli O157 was isolated from bovine fecal samples on all 12 farms with a within herd prevalence ranging from 1.1\% to 6.1\%. E. coli O157 was also found in 1 of 90 (1.1\%) equine fecal samples, 2 of 65 (3.1\%) canine fecal samples, 1 of 200 pooled bird samples (0.5\%), 2 of 60 pooled fly samples (3.3\%), and 10 of 320 (3.1\%) water-trough sample sets (biofilm and water). No E. coli O157 were isolated from 300 rodents, 33 cats, 34 assorted wildlife, or 335 cattle feed samples. Indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of XbaI digested chromosomal DNA and Shiga toxin types were observed for bovine and water-trough isolates from two farms and for one equine and two bovine isolates from one farm.}, issn = {01675877}, doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S0167-5877(98)00050-6}, author = {Hancock, Dale D and Besser, Thomas E and Rice, Daniel H and Ebel, Eric D and Herriott, Donald E and Carpenter, Linda V} } @article {8025, title = {{Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlots and dairy farms in the Northwestern USA}}, journal = {Preventive Veterinary Medicine}, volume = {35}, year = {1998}, pages = {11{\textendash}19}, abstract = {Samples from cattle, other domestic and wild animals, flies, feeds, and water-troughs were collected from 12 cattle farms and tested for Escherichia coli O157. E. coli O157 was isolated from bovine fecal samples on all 12 farms with a within herd prevalence ranging from 1.1{\%} to 6.1{\%}. E. coli O157 was also found in 1 of 90 (1.1{\%}) equine fecal samples, 2 of 65 (3.1{\%}) canine fecal samples, 1 of 200 pooled bird samples (0.5{\%}), 2 of 60 pooled fly samples (3.3{\%}), and 10 of 320 (3.1{\%}) water-trough sample sets (biofilm and water). No E. coli O157 were isolated from 300 rodents, 33 cats, 34 assorted wildlife, or 335 cattle feed samples. Indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of XbaI digested chromosomal DNA and Shiga toxin types were observed for bovine and water-trough isolates from two farms and for one equine and two bovine isolates from one farm.}, isbn = {0167-5877}, issn = {01675877}, doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S0167-5877(98)00050-6}, author = {Hancock, Dale D and Besser, Thomas E and Rice, Daniel H and Ebel, Eric D and Herriott, Donald E and Carpenter, Linda V} } @article {2272, title = {{Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlots and dairy farms in the Northwestern USA}}, journal = {Preventive Veterinary Medicine}, volume = {35}, year = {1998}, pages = {11{\textendash}19}, abstract = {Samples from cattle, other domestic and wild animals, flies, feeds, and water-troughs were collected from 12 cattle farms and tested for Escherichia coli O157. E. coli O157 was isolated from bovine fecal samples on all 12 farms with a within herd prevalence ranging from 1.1\% to 6.1\%. E. coli O157 was also found in 1 of 90 (1.1\%) equine fecal samples, 2 of 65 (3.1\%) canine fecal samples, 1 of 200 pooled bird samples (0.5\%), 2 of 60 pooled fly samples (3.3\%), and 10 of 320 (3.1\%) water-trough sample sets (biofilm and water). No E. coli O157 were isolated from 300 rodents, 33 cats, 34 assorted wildlife, or 335 cattle feed samples. Indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of XbaI digested chromosomal DNA and Shiga toxin types were observed for bovine and water-trough isolates from two farms and for one equine and two bovine isolates from one farm.}, isbn = {0167-5877}, issn = {01675877}, doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S0167-5877(98)00050-6}, author = {Hancock, Dale D and Besser, Thomas E and Rice, Daniel H and Ebel, Eric D and Herriott, Donald E and Carpenter, Linda V} } @article {6169, title = {Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {32}, number = {11}, year = {1998}, pages = {3245-3260}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Ternes, Thomas A} } @inbook {17001, title = {Occurrence of male-specific bacteriophage in feral and domestic animal wastes, human feces, and human-associated wastewaters}, booktitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {12}, year = {1998}, pages = {5027{\textendash}5029}, author = {Calci, Kevin R and Burkhardt, William and Watkins, William D and Rippey, Scott R} } @article {4217, title = {{Occurrence of male-specific bacteriophage in feral and domestic animal wastes, human feces, and human-associated wastewaters.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {12}, year = {1998}, month = {dec}, pages = {5027{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

Male-specific bacteriophage (MSB) densities were determined in animal and human fecal wastes to assess their potential impact on aquatic environments. Fecal samples (1,031) from cattle, chickens, dairy cows, dogs, ducks, geese, goats, hogs, horses, seagulls, sheep, and humans as well as 64 sewerage samples were examined for MSB. All animal species were found to harbor MSB, although the great majority excreted these viruses at very low levels. The results from this study demonstrate that in areas affected by both human and animal wastes, wastewater treatment plants are the principal contributors of MSB to fresh, estuarine, and marine waters.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Birds, Cattle, Chickens, Dogs, Domestic, Ducks, Feces, Feces: virology, Female, Fluid, Geese, Goats, Horses, Humans, Male, Sheep, Swine, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Wild}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=90962{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Calci, K R and Burkhardt, W and Watkins, W D and Rippey, S R} } @inbook {5107, title = {{Other cestode infections}}, booktitle = {Zoonoses: biology, clinical practice and public health control}, year = {1998}, pages = {653{\textendash}656}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, author = {Lloyd, S and Soulsby, L} } @inbook {11706, title = {{Other cestode infections: hymenolepiosis, diphyllobothriosis, coenurosis, and other adult and larval cestodes}}, booktitle = {Zoonoses}, year = {1998}, pages = {651{\textendash}663}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {London, United Kingdom}, author = {Lloyd, S}, editor = {Palmer, S R and Soulsby, L and Simpson, D I H} } @article {4806, title = {{An outbreak of cyclosporiasis in Florida in 1995: a harbinger of multistate outbreaks in 1996 and 1997}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {59}, year = {1998}, pages = {235{\textendash}242}, author = {Koumans, EH and Katz, DJ and Malecki, JM and Kumar, S and Wahlquist, SP and Arrowood, MJ and Hightower, AW and Herwaldt, BL} } @article {4686, title = {Outbreak of cyclosporiasis-Ontario, Canada, May 1998}, journal = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)}, volume = {47}, year = {1998}, pages = {806{\textendash}809} } @article {14043, title = {Outbreak of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 infections associated with a water park}, journal = {Georgia Epidemiology Report}, volume = {14}, year = {1998}, author = {Gilbert, L and Blake, P} } @article {2261, title = {{Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with a water park}}, journal = {Georgia Epidemiology Report}, volume = {14}, year = {1998}, author = {Gilbert, L and Blake, P} } @article {3934, title = {An outbreak of group C rotavirus gastroenteritis among adults living in Valentim Gentil, S{\~a}o Paulo state, Brazil}, journal = {Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, pages = {59{\textendash}65}, doi = {10.2307/23498490}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23498490}, author = {Souza, D F C and Kisielius, J J and Ueda, M and Gabbay, Y B} } @article {9656, title = {Pathogenesis and diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {11}, year = {1998}, pages = {450-479}, author = {Paton, JC and Paton, AW} } @article {7451, title = {Persistence of {PCR}-detectable {Bacteroides} distasonis from human feces in river water}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {10}, year = {1998}, pages = {4103{\textendash}4105}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/64/10/4103.short}, author = {Kreader, Carol A.} } @article {10132, title = {{Persistence of PCR-detectable Bacteroides distasonis from human feces in river water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {10}, year = {1998}, pages = {4103{\textendash}4105}, author = {Kreader, CA} } @article {9095, title = {{Persistence of PCR-Detectable Bacteroides distasonis from Human Feces in River Water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {10}, year = {1998}, pages = {4103{\textendash}4105}, author = {Kreader, Carol A} } @article {11433, title = {Pharmacokinetic optimisation of the treatment of neurocysticercosis}, journal = {Clinical pharmacokinetics}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, pages = {503-515}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0312-5963}, author = {Sotelo, Julio and Jung, Helgi} } @article {13148, title = {Phenotypic identification of Aeromonas genomospecies from clinical and environmental sources}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {44}, year = {1998}, pages = {103-108}, author = {Borrell, N. and Figueras, M. J. and Guarro, J.} } @article {13247, title = {Population dynamics of Aeromonas spp. in an urban river watershed}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {85}, year = {1998}, pages = {723-730}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.1998.00585.x}, author = {Pettibone, G. W.} } @article {13187, title = {Possible virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. from food and water}, journal = {FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology}, volume = {21}, year = {1998}, pages = {131-137}, author = {Granum, P. E. and O{\textquoteright}Sullivan, K. and J. M. Tomas and Ormen, O.} } @article {3780, title = {Prevalence of astrovirus infection among {Chilean} children with acute gastroenteritis.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {36}, number = {12}, year = {1998}, pages = {3691{\textendash}3693}, author = {Gaggero, A and O{\textquoteright}Ryan, M and Noel, JS and R I Glass and Monroe, SS and Mamani, N and Prado, V and Avenda{\~n}o, LF} } @article {11424, title = {Prevalence of taeniasis and cysticercosis in a population of urban residence in Honduras}, journal = {Acta tropica}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, pages = {141-149}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0001-706X}, author = {S{\'a}nchez, AL and Medina, MT and Ljungstr{\"o}m, I} } @article {17408, title = {Quantification of pathogenic micro-organisms in the sludge from treated hospital wastewater}, journal = {J Appl MicrobiolJ Appl MicrobiolJournal of applied microbiology}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, month = {Jul}, pages = {171-6}, edition = {1998/08/29}, keywords = {Escherichia coli/isolation \& purification, Hospitals, Urban, Humans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation \& purification, Salmonella/isolation \& purification, Sewage/*microbiology, Streptococcus/isolation \& purification, Taiwan}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print)
1364-5072}, author = {Tsai, C. T. and Lai, J. S. and Lin, S. T.} } @article {8900, title = {Radiation processing of sewage and sludge. A review}, journal = {Progress in Nuclear Energy}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {3-21}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0149-1970}, author = {Borrely, S. I. and Cruz, A. C. and Del Mastro, N. L. and Sampa, M. H. O. and Somessari, E. S.} } @article {7280, title = {A reassessment of the cost-effectiveness of water and sanitation interventions in programmes for controlling childhood diarrhoea.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {76}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, pages = {617}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2312499/}, author = {Varley, R. C. and Tarvid, J. and Chao, D. N.} } @article {4837, title = {{Recovery of waterborne oocysts of Cyclospora cayetanensis by Asian freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea)}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {59}, year = {1998}, pages = {928{\textendash}931}, author = {Graczyk, TK and Ortega, YR and Conn, DB} } @booklet {1938, title = {Review of methods for the isolation, concentration, identification and enumeration of enteroviruses. Project WW-11B}, year = {1998}, publisher = {UK Water Industry Research Ltd.}, type = {Report}, author = {Wyn-Jones, A. P. and Sellwood, J.} } @book {12897, title = {A review of the impact of microbiological contaminants in groundwater}, series = {Environment Agency}, year = {1998}, publisher = {Environment Agency}, organization = {Environment Agency}, author = {West, JM and Pedley, S and Baker, SJ} } @article {6124, title = {Rhodamine WT and Bacillus subtilis transport through an alluvial gravel aquifer}, journal = {Groundwater}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {112{\textendash}122}, author = {Pang, Liping and Close, Murray and Noonan, Mike} } @article {9521, title = {{Risk factors for intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case-control study}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {178}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {904{\textendash}907}, author = {Hutin, YJ and Sombardier, MN and Liguory, O and Sarfati, C and Derouin, F and Moda{\"\i}, J and Molina, JM} } @article {4362, title = {{Risk of gastroenteritis among triathletes in relation to faecal pollution of fresh waters.}}, journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, month = {apr}, pages = {309{\textendash}15}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: We conducted a prospective cohort study among endurance athletes to investigate the effects of microbiological water quality on the risk of gastroenteritis after bathing in fresh waters that meet current water quality standards. We aimed to establish quantitative relationships, in order to evaluate current bathing water standards. METHODS: The study was spread over two summers, during which 827 triathletes (swimmers) in seven Olympic distance triathlons and 773 participants in 15 run-bike-runs (non-swimming controls) participated. Intensive water quality monitoring was used to assess exposure to faecal indicator organisms and detailed questionnaires were used to collect data on the occurrence of health complaints and potential confounding factors. RESULTS: The microbiological water quality at the time of the triathlons met current Dutch and European bathing water standards. Dependent on the case definition studied, gastroenteritis developed in 0.4-5.2{\%} of swimmers and 0.1-2.1{\%} of non-swimmers in the week following exposure (odds ratio [OR] = 1.6-2.3). Attack rates and burden of disease varied with the case definition used. Among swimmers, the attack rate of gastroenteritis was significantly increased when the geometric mean concentration of thermotolerant coliforms in the water at the time of exposure was {\textgreater} or = 220/100 ml or the geometric mean concentration of Escherichia coli was {\textgreater} or = 355/100 ml (OR comparing high versus low exposure 2.9-4.7 dependent on the case definition studied). Thermotolerant coliform concentrations at these triathlons ranged from 100/100 ml (the EU guide level) to 960/100 ml (the EU imperative level is 2000/100 ml). Below the threshold levels attack rates were comparable with attack rates among non-swimmers. A relation with other indicators of faecal pollution was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that swimming in fresh waters that met the European imperative level for thermotolerant coliforms but failed the European guide level was associated with a significant risk of gastroenteritis among triathletes. This means that the current European imperative level for thermotolerant coliforms provides insufficient protection to gastrointestinal illness for those who are comparable with triathletes.

}, keywords = {Adult, Bicycling, Cohort Studies, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: epidemiology, Diarrhea: etiology, Enterococcus, Enterococcus: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Exposure: adverse effects, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Fresh Water, Gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis: epidemiology, Gastroenteritis: etiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Netherlands: epidemiology, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Running, Swimming, Water Microbiology, Water Microbiology: standards, Water Pollution, Water Pollution: adverse effects}, issn = {0300-5771}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9602415}, author = {van Asperen, I A and Medema, G and Borgdorff, M W and Sprenger, M J and Havelaar, A H} } @article {5532, title = {{The role of environmental contamination with small round structured viruses in a hospital outbreak investigated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay}}, journal = {Journal of Hospital Infection}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {39{\textendash}45}, abstract = {In May 1994 and outbreak of vomiting and diarrhoea occurred in a 28-bed long-stay ward for the mentally infirm. The predominant symptoms were vomiting, diarrhoea, malaise and abdominal pain lasting for approximately 12 h in most cases. The attack rate was 62{\%} (13/21) for patients and 46{\%} (16/35) for staff members. Infection control measures were implemented (containment of infectious individuals, hand hygiene among staff and environmental de-contamination) and the ward was closed to admissions. Affected staff were excluded from contact with patients and their food until asymptomatic for 72 h. The outbreak lasted for 17 days. Faecal samples from nine symptomatic persons were negative for bacterial enteric pathogens. Giavdia, Cryptosporidium and group A rotavirus. Electron microscopy of 12 faecal samples and one sample of vomitus revealed small round structured virus (SRSV) particles in on faecal sample. A further 30 faecal samples and seven vomitus samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SRSV of which 12 (40{\%}) and 1 (14{\%}) were positive respectively. Twenty-eight throat swabs from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were collected, three (9.5{\%}) of affected ward, and 11 (30{\%}) were positive by RT-PCR. Positive swabs were from lockers, curtains and commodes and confined to the immediate environment of symptomatic patients. The distribution of contamination supports the rationale of cohorting sick patients.}, keywords = {Environmental swabs, Hospital outbreak, RT-PCR, SRSV, Ward contamination}, isbn = {0195-6701}, issn = {01956701}, doi = {10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90241-9}, author = {Green, J. and Wright, P. A. and Gallimore, C. I. and Mitchell, O. and Morgan-Capner, P. and Brown, D. W G} } @article {5922, title = {{Role of immune serum globulins in pregnant women during an epidemic of hepatitis E}}, journal = {Journal of Viral Hepatitis}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {199{\textendash}204}, author = {Arankalle, VA and Chadha, MS and Dama, BM and Tsarev, SA and R H Purcell and Banerjee, K} } @mastersthesis {6838, title = {The role of water demand management as a water planning and management tool in {Oxford}, {Nova} {Scotia}}, year = {1998}, note = {MQ31550}, school = {DalTech - Dalhousie University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{A}.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The perception that water resources are infinite is kept alive through infrastructure subsidies and, subsequently, pricing policies that do not reflect the true cost of water supply. Water in Canada is inexpensive; as a result, inflated demands for inexpensive water are now the norm. Traditionally, water managers have kept pace with demand by expanding supplies (i.e. drilling more wells or appropriating more lakes) when necessary. Familiarity, coupled with a long and successful history, are attractive qualities of the "supply expansion" approach. Conversely, controlling the demand for water, referred to as the "demand management approach" is a relatively new concept for most water managers (and the general public). Water demand management is a cost-effective water management and community planning tool that is gaining acceptance as an important complement to traditional supply expansion. This thesis reviews the role of supply expansion and demand management (in water supply planning and community development) within the context of resource and economic sustainability. In applying the demand management approach, findings in this investigation indicate that Oxford, Nova Scotia, could realize significant social and economic benefits through the implementation of an aggressive water demand management strategy.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Applied sciences, Area planning \& development, Civil engineering, Social sciences, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304488713?accountid=14270}, author = {Boner, Frederick Joseph} } @article {11756, title = {Role of water temperature on the size, migration activity and pathogenity of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda) plerocercoids in brown trout Salmo trutta m. lacustris L.}, journal = {Annales Zoologici Fennici}, volume = {35}, number = {11}, year = {1998}, pages = {107{\textendash}113}, abstract = {

The size, migration activity and pathogenity of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum {\{}(Cestoda){\}} plerocercoids in the intermediate host were studied experimentally in age 1+ brown trout Salmo trutta m. lacustris {\{}(L.).{\}} In the first experiment {\{}(A){\}} which lasted 12 weeks, two water temperatures were used: heated water at about {\{}15{\{}$\backslash$textdegree{\}}C{\}} and non-heated at about {\{}10{\{}$\backslash$textdegree{\}}C.{\}} In the second experiment {\{}(B){\}} which lasted 7 weeks, the water tempera- ture was raised gradually to {\{}24\–26{\{}$\backslash$textdegree{\}}C.{\}} Increased water temperature did not promote D. dendriticum-induced mortality in either of the experimental conditions. Experiment A revealed, however, that the worms were longer and migrated more actively outside the body cavity of fish in heated aquaria.

}, issn = {0020-7519}, doi = {10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00123-9}, author = {Rahkonen, R and Valtonen, E} } @article {5310, title = {Sedimentation of Free and AttachedCryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts in Water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {11}, year = {1998}, pages = {4460{\textendash}4466}, author = {Medema, GJ and Schets, FM and Teunis, PFM and Havelaar, A. H.} } @article {15081, title = {Sedimentation of {Free} and {AttachedCryptosporidium} {Oocysts} and {Giardia} {Cysts} in {Water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {11}, year = {1998}, pages = {4460{\textendash}4466}, author = {Medema, GJ and Schets, FM and P FM Teunis and A H Havelaar} } @article {14741, title = {Serotype-specific identification of polioviruses by {PCR} using primers containing mixed-base or deoxyinosine residues at positions of codon degeneracy}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {36}, year = {1998}, month = {feb}, pages = {352{\textendash}7}, abstract = {We have developed a method for determining the serotypes of poliovirus isolates by PCR. Three sets of serotype-specific antisense PCR-initiating primers (primers seroPV1A, seroPV2A, and seroPV3A) were designed to pair with codons of VP1 amino acid sequences that are conserved within but that differ across serotypes. The sense polarity primers (primers seroPV1S, seroPV2S, and seroPV3S) matched codons of more conserved capsid sequences. The primers contain mixed-base and deoxyinosine residues to compensate for the high rate of degeneracy of the targeted codons. The serotypes of all polioviruses tested (48 vaccine-related isolates and 110 diverse wild isolates) were correctly identified by PCR with the serotype-specific primers. None of the genomic sequences of 49 nonpolio enterovirus reference strains were amplified under equivalent reaction conditions with any of the three primer sets. These primers are useful for the rapid screening of poliovirus isolates and for determining the compositions of cultures containing mixtures of poliovirus serotypes.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Antisense Elements (Genetics), Capsid Proteins, Capsid/genetics/immunology, Codon, Cultured, Humans, Inactivated/genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Poliomyelitis/immunology, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/*classification/*genetics/immunology, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Serotyping, Tumor Cells, Viral/analysis/genetics}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Kilpatrick, D. R. and Nottay, B. and Yang, C. F. and Yang, S. J. and Da Silva, E. and Penaranda, S. and Pallansch, M. and Kew, O.} } @article {15013, title = {Serotype-specific identification of polioviruses by {PCR} using primers containing mixed-base or deoxyinosine residues at positions of codon degeneracy}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {36}, year = {1998}, month = {feb}, pages = {352{\textendash}7}, abstract = {We have developed a method for determining the serotypes of poliovirus isolates by PCR. Three sets of serotype-specific antisense PCR-initiating primers (primers seroPV1A, seroPV2A, and seroPV3A) were designed to pair with codons of VP1 amino acid sequences that are conserved within but that differ across serotypes. The sense polarity primers (primers seroPV1S, seroPV2S, and seroPV3S) matched codons of more conserved capsid sequences. The primers contain mixed-base and deoxyinosine residues to compensate for the high rate of degeneracy of the targeted codons. The serotypes of all polioviruses tested (48 vaccine-related isolates and 110 diverse wild isolates) were correctly identified by PCR with the serotype-specific primers. None of the genomic sequences of 49 nonpolio enterovirus reference strains were amplified under equivalent reaction conditions with any of the three primer sets. These primers are useful for the rapid screening of poliovirus isolates and for determining the compositions of cultures containing mixtures of poliovirus serotypes.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Antisense Elements (Genetics), Capsid Proteins, Capsid/genetics/immunology, Codon, Cultured, Humans, Inactivated/genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Poliomyelitis/immunology, Poliovirus Vaccine, Poliovirus/*classification/*genetics/immunology, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods, RNA, Sequence Analysis, Serotyping, Tumor Cells, Viral/analysis/genetics}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Kilpatrick, D. R. and Nottay, B. and Yang, C. F. and Yang, S. J. and Da Silva, E. and Penaranda, S. and Pallansch, M. and Kew, O.} } @article {1663, title = {Serotype-specific identification of polioviruses by PCR using primers containing mixed-base or deoxyinosine residues at positions of codon degeneracy}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, note = {Kilpatrick, D R Nottay, B Yang, C F Yang, S J Da Silva, E Penaranda, S Pallansch, M Kew, O United states Journal of clinical microbiology J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Feb;36(2):352-7.}, pages = {352-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {We have developed a method for determining the serotypes of poliovirus isolates by PCR. Three sets of serotype-specific antisense PCR-initiating primers (primers seroPV1A, seroPV2A, and seroPV3A) were designed to pair with codons of VP1 amino acid sequences that are conserved within but that differ across serotypes. The sense polarity primers (primers seroPV1S, seroPV2S, and seroPV3S) matched codons of more conserved capsid sequences. The primers contain mixed-base and deoxyinosine residues to compensate for the high rate of degeneracy of the targeted codons. The serotypes of all polioviruses tested (48 vaccine-related isolates and 110 diverse wild isolates) were correctly identified by PCR with the serotype-specific primers. None of the genomic sequences of 49 nonpolio enterovirus reference strains were amplified under equivalent reaction conditions with any of the three primer sets. These primers are useful for the rapid screening of poliovirus isolates and for determining the compositions of cultures containing mixtures of poliovirus serotypes.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence Antisense Elements (Genetics) Capsid/genetics/immunology Capsid Proteins Codon Humans Molecular Sequence Data Poliomyelitis/immunology Poliovirus/*classification/*genetics/immunology Poliovirus Vaccine, Cultured, Inactivated/genetics Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods RNA, RNA Serotyping Tumor Cells, Viral/analysis/genetics Sequence Analysis}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=9466740}, author = {Kilpatrick, D. R. and Nottay, B. and Yang, C. F. and Yang, S. J. and Da Silva, E. and Penaranda, S. and Pallansch, M. and Kew, O.} } @article {9171, title = {{Serum IgM antibody response to the galactose-inhibitable adherence lectin of Entameoba histolytica}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {431{\textendash}434}, author = {Abd-Alla, MD and Jackson, TGFH and Ravdin, JI} } @book {11096, title = {Small and decentralized wastewater management}, year = {1998}, publisher = {McGraw Hill}, organization = {McGraw Hill}, address = {New York}, author = {Crites, R. and Tchobanoglous, G} } @book {8685, title = {{Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems}}, year = {1998}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, address = {New York}, isbn = {0072890878}, author = {Crites, R. and Tchobangolous, G.} } @book {5382, title = {{Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems}}, year = {1998}, publisher = {WCB/McGraw-Hill}, organization = {WCB/McGraw-Hill}, address = {New York}, author = {Crites, R and Tchobanoglous, G} } @book {10386, title = {Small and decentralized wastewater management systems}, year = {1998}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, author = {Crites, Ron and Technobanoglous, George} } @book {15124, title = {Small and {Decentralized} {Wastewater} {Management} {Systems}, {Boston}}, year = {1998}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, address = {Boston}, author = {Crites, R. and Tchobanoglous, G.} } @article {8087, title = {{Solar disinfection of drinking water contained in transparent plastic bottles: characterizing the bacterial inactivation process.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, month = {jun}, pages = {1138{\textendash}48}, abstract = {

A series of experiments is reported to identify and characterize the inactivation process in operation when drinking water, heavily contaminated with a Kenyan isolate of Escherichia coli, is stored in transparent plastic bottles that are then exposed to sunlight. The roles of optical and thermal inactivation mechanisms are studied in detail by simulating conditions of optical irradiance, water turbidity and temperature, which were recorded during a series of solar disinfection measurements carried out in the Kenyan Rift Valley. Optical inactivation effects are observed even in highly turbid water (200 ntu) and at low irradiances of only 10 mW cm-2. Thermal inactivation is found to be important only at water temperatures above 45 degrees C, at which point strong synergy between optical and thermal inactivation processes is observed. The results confirm that, where strong sunshine is available, solar disinfection of drinking water is an effective, low cost method for improving water quality and may be of particular use to refugee camps in disaster areas. Strategies for improving bacterial inactivation are discussed.

}, keywords = {Colony Count, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: prevention {\&} control, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Drinking, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Hot Temperature, Humans, Kenya, Microbial, Polystyrenes, Sunlight, Time Factors, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9717300}, author = {McGuigan, K G and Joyce, T M and Conroy, R M and Gillespie, J B and Elmore-Meegan, M} } @article {2348, title = {{Solar disinfection of drinking water contained in transparent plastic bottles: characterizing the bacterial inactivation process.}}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, month = {jun}, pages = {1138{\textendash}48}, abstract = {A series of experiments is reported to identify and characterize the inactivation process in operation when drinking water, heavily contaminated with a Kenyan isolate of Escherichia coli, is stored in transparent plastic bottles that are then exposed to sunlight. The roles of optical and thermal inactivation mechanisms are studied in detail by simulating conditions of optical irradiance, water turbidity and temperature, which were recorded during a series of solar disinfection measurements carried out in the Kenyan Rift Valley. Optical inactivation effects are observed even in highly turbid water (200 ntu) and at low irradiances of only 10 mW cm-2. Thermal inactivation is found to be important only at water temperatures above 45 degrees C, at which point strong synergy between optical and thermal inactivation processes is observed. The results confirm that, where strong sunshine is available, solar disinfection of drinking water is an effective, low cost method for improving water quality and may be of particular use to refugee camps in disaster areas. Strategies for improving bacterial inactivation are discussed.}, keywords = {Colony Count, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: prevention \& control, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Drinking, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Hot Temperature, Humans, Kenya, Microbial, Polystyrenes, Sunlight, Time Factors, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9717300}, author = {McGuigan, K G and Joyce, T M and Conroy, R M and Gillespie, J B and Elmore-Meegan, M} } @article {14151, title = {Solar disinfection of drinking water contained in transparent plastic bottles: characterizing the bacterial inactivation process.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, month = {jun}, pages = {1138{\textendash}48}, abstract = {A series of experiments is reported to identify and characterize the inactivation process in operation when drinking water, heavily contaminated with a Kenyan isolate of Escherichia coli, is stored in transparent plastic bottles that are then exposed to sunlight. The roles of optical and thermal inactivation mechanisms are studied in detail by simulating conditions of optical irradiance, water turbidity and temperature, which were recorded during a series of solar disinfection measurements carried out in the Kenyan Rift Valley. Optical inactivation effects are observed even in highly turbid water (200 ntu) and at low irradiances of only 10 mW cm-2. Thermal inactivation is found to be important only at water temperatures above 45 degrees C, at which point strong synergy between optical and thermal inactivation processes is observed. The results confirm that, where strong sunshine is available, solar disinfection of drinking water is an effective, low cost method for improving water quality and may be of particular use to refugee camps in disaster areas. Strategies for improving bacterial inactivation are discussed.}, keywords = {Colony Count, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: prevention \& control, Disinfection, Disinfection: methods, Drinking, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Hot Temperature, Humans, Kenya, Microbial, Polystyrenes, Sunlight, Time Factors, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9717300}, author = {McGuigan, K G and Joyce, T M and Conroy, R M and Gillespie, J B and Elmore-Meegan, M} } @article {8961, title = {Solar disinfection of drinking water contained in transparent plastic bottles: characterizing the bacterial inactivation process}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {84}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, pages = {1138-1148}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {://WOS:000075057100027 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00455.x/asset/j.1365-2672.1998.00455.x.pdf?v=1\&t=iq2ihnso\&s=dbe7613b2f8f478dc3abad8536c4d3f5a99cb875}, author = {McGuigan, K. G. and Joyce, T. M. and Conroy, R. M. and Gillespie, J. B. and Elmore-Meegan, M.} } @booklet {11072, title = {Solids separation and pond systems for the treatment of faecal sludges in the tropics. {Lessons} learnt and recommendations for preliminary design.}, year = {1998}, author = {Heinss, U. and Larmie, S. A. and Strauss, M.} } @mastersthesis {6196, title = {Solute transport in an unsaturated field soil: {Describing} heterogeneous flow fields using spatial distributions of hydraulic properties}, year = {1998}, note = {C663997}, school = {Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule Zuerich (Switzerland)}, type = {phdDr.{Sc}.{Nat}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Distributions of (dye) tracers are generally used to interpret the water flow and mixing regime in soils. Heterogeneities in observed flow patterns are mainly caused by the spatial variability in texture and structure, and is therefore expressed in the hydraulic properties. The objective of this study is to improve our understanding of the factors affecting the flow regimes in the vadose zone by measuring and by numerically generating the heterogeneity in unsaturated soils using the spatial distributions of hydraulic properties. A constant irrigation experiment was conducted in a field soil (Typic Eutrochrept) to obtain a validation data set for the simulation models. The dye tracer Brilliant Blue (C.I. 42090) was applied as a continuous line source using two irrigation rates. A qualitative comparison between the dye patterns observed for both rates showed a more pronounced lateral dye spreading and lower penetration depth under the regime of the high irrigation rate. Layer boundaries seem to provoke the lateral spreading. In total 154 undisturbed small soil cores were collected from this field site for measuring the hydraulic properties in the laboratory. A scaling concept for similar media was used to characterize the spatial variability of the water retention curves and hydraulic conductivity functions using the laboratory measurements. Numerical simulations of water flow and solute transport in two-dimensional, heterogeneous media were performed based on information obtained from the field and laboratory experiments. The spatial pattern of the water fluxes were similar in relative terms for both irrigation rates. The change in mixing regime as observed in the field could also not be reproduced by the simulations. Subtle differences in saturation degrees causing capital modifications in the flow field may depend on even minor local heterogeneities then those which have been experimentally accessible in this study.}, keywords = {0285:Agronomy, 0388:Hydrology, 0481:Soil sciences, 0768:Environmental science, Agronomy, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Hydrology, Irrigation, mixing regime, Soil sciences, unsaturated soils}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304471354?accountid=14270}, author = {Kasteel, Romualdus Theodorus Antonius} } @mastersthesis {7055, title = {Solute transport in gravelly, loess soils of the {Rathdrum} {Prairie}, {Idaho}}, year = {1998}, note = {9830862}, school = {University of Idaho}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Gravelly, loess soils of the Rathdrum Prairie region of northern Idaho have low water holding capacities and high permeabilities, making an underlying aquifer susceptible to contamination from surface-applied agrichemicals and municipal wastes. The water-quality of this regional drinking water supply is protected by a "sole-source" designation which requires heightened management of potentially harmful land use. The purpose of this study is to quantify the hydraulic properties of a representative Rathdrum Prairie soil and to determine its solute transport characteristics. Specific objectives are: (1) to determine water-release and hydraulic conductivity functions, (2) to examine the effects of gravel and transient infiltration on solute transport, and (3) to ascertain the mechanisms of solute dispersion. A 0.15 ha experimental site was established on a representative Andic Xerumbrept. The site was equipped with a micro-irrigation system and instrumented with TDR probes and tensiometers to measure soil-water content and matric potential at the 0- to 30-, 30- to 60-, and 60- to 90-cm depths. Fifty-four soil-solution samplers were installed at 30-, 60-, and, 90-cm depths to measure tracer concentrations. A quasi-steady infiltration experiment was conducted by introducing a pulse of tracer solution when irrigation water was being applied every 8 h at 1.2 cm d\${\textbackslash}sp\{-1\}\$. A transient infiltration tracer experiment was conducted by introducing a pulse of tracer solution when irrigation water was being applied every 48 h at 1.5 cm d\${\textbackslash}sp\{-1\}\$. Water release and hydraulic conductivity functions, obtained using the instantaneous profile method, depended on gravel content. Generalized hydraulic functions were obtained for the Ap and AB horizons by scaling soil-water content by the relative volume increase in gravel. Success of this scaling method indicates that the hydraulic properties of the \${\textless}\$2-mm fraction are similar in both surface horizons. Scaling was not useful for extending the generalized hydraulic functions to the Bw horizon. This result reflects the substantial differences in texture of the \${\textless}\$2-mm fraction between the surface and subsurface horizons. Field-averaged breakthrough curves (BTCs) from the tracer experiments showed that approximately 1.4 pore volumes of water were required to move the solute pulse through the soil profile under steady infiltration and that 2.2 pore volumes were required under transient infiltration. The greater infiltration requirement of the transient experiment was attributed to bypass of the active transport volume by approximately 50\% of the transient water flux. Solute transport was flux-dependent unless cumulative infiltration was corrected for bypass flow. Distributions of local BTC parameters, obtained using moment analysis, were represented best by normal functions. Analysis of scale dependence of these distributions showed that local-scale variability accounted for only 50 to 70\% of the spreading of the field-averaged BTCs, illustrating that solute transport models must be carefully tailored to the scale of the intended application. Process modeling of bypass-corrected BTCs revealed that solute transport in the upper 60 cm of the soil profile was a convective-dispersive process under both infiltration regimes. This finding implies that large quantities of gravel encouraged rapid lateral mixing of solutes and that a convection-dispersion transport model is appropriate in this region of the soil. An increase in bypass-corrected BTC variance between 60 and 90 cm indicated that solute transport across the horizon boundary was influenced by localized water flow and that solute movement in this region was not a convective-dispersive process.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrology, 0481:Soil sciences, 0768:Environmental science, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Hydrology, Soil sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304437780?accountid=14270}, author = {Hutchings, Jonathon James} } @article {6137, title = {Some advances in fluorometric techniques for water tracing}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, pages = {305{\textendash}320}, author = {Smart, CC and Zabo, L and A E Calvin and Worthington, SRH} } @article {8463, title = {{Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts}}, journal = {Clin Microbiol Rev}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, pages = {267{\textendash}+}, author = {Dubey, JP and Lindsay, DS and Speer, CA} } @article {13929, title = {Studies of {Escherichia} coli cultured on {Rainbow} {Agar} {O}157 with particular reference to enterohaemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli ({EHEC})}, journal = {Microbiol Immunol}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {1998}, pages = {265{\textendash}269}, abstract = {Rainbow Agar O157 is designed for the rapid isolation and identification of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), particularly O157, characterised by black colonies. Five-hundred-eighty-five E. coli strains, including O157, O111 and O113 serogroups from many sources were examined on Rainbow Agar O157. EHEC O157 could readily be isolated and recognized uniquely by typical black colonies. Some other EHEC also stand out as blue-black, whereas O113 and some other EHEC strains were mauve, red or pink and indistinguishable from SLT-negative strains of E. coli.}, author = {Bettelheim, K A} } @article {2163, title = {{Studies of Escherichia coli cultured on Rainbow Agar O157 with particular reference to enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)}}, journal = {Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {1998}, pages = {265{\textendash}269}, edition = {1998/06/12}, abstract = {

Rainbow Agar O157 is designed for the rapid isolation and identification of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), particularly O157, characterised by black colonies. Five-hundred-eighty-five E. coli strains, including O157, O111 and O113 serogroups from many sources were examined on Rainbow Agar O157. EHEC O157 could readily be isolated and recognized uniquely by typical black colonies. Some other EHEC also stand out as blue-black, whereas O113 and some other EHEC strains were mauve, red or pink and indistinguishable from SLT-negative strains of E. coli.

}, isbn = {0385-5600 (Print)0385-5600 (Linking)}, author = {Bettelheim, K A} } @article {15447, title = {Studies on schistosomiasis in western Kenya: II. Efficacy of praziquantel for treatment of schistosomiasis in persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus-1}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, note = {Karanja, D M
Boyer, A E
Strand, M
Colley, D G
Nahlen, B L
Ouma, J H
Secor, W E
eng
1998/08/26
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998 Aug;59(2):307-11.}, month = {Aug}, pages = {307-11}, abstract = {Praziquantel is the drug of choice for schistosomiasis chemotherapy. Although the exact mechanism of how praziquantel kills schistosomes remains poorly understood, the immune response of the host is an important factor in drug efficacy. It is thus possible that disease states of humans that lead to immunodeficiencies, such as infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), may render praziquantel less effective in treating schistosomiasis. To test this hypothesis, persons with high levels of Schistosoma mansoni infection who were or were not also infected with HIV-1 were treated with a standard regimen of praziquantel and monitored by quantitative fecal examination and plasma circulating cathodic antigen. Both groups responded to praziquantel therapy equally and individuals with low percentages (< 20\%) of CD4+ T cells did not differ from individuals with higher CD4 cell percentages. These data demonstrate that persons with HIV-1 infection can be treated effectively for schistosomiasis with praziquantel.}, keywords = {*Hiv-1, Animals, Antibodies, Helminth/blood, Antigens, Helminth/blood/immunology, Antiplatyhelmintic Agents/*therapeutic use, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Feces/parasitology, Follow-Up Studies, Glycoproteins/blood, Helminth Proteins/blood, HIV Infections/*complications/immunology, Humans, Kenya, Parasite Egg Count, Praziquantel/*therapeutic use, Recurrence, Schistosoma mansoni/immunology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/complications/*drug therapy/immunology}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Karanja, D. M. and Boyer, A. E. and Strand, M. and Colley, D. G. and Nahlen, B. L. and Ouma, J. H. and Secor, W. E.} } @mastersthesis {6490, title = {The {Study} of wavelet theory in image compression and design of remote sensing data compression system}, year = {1998}, note = {H007114}, school = {Chongqing University (People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China)}, type = {phdD.{Eng}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Along with multimedia technology and compunication technology quickly development, data compression technology become key that this technology can or can{\textquoteright}t be application in business filed. In this background this paper stress study that several wavelet problems relational to image compression and how to quickly implement remote sensing data compress lossy in high compression rate combine with our item. So our work made up of two part. One part is about lossy; Another be about lossless. When image data be transformed with wavelet transform, signal which be not transformed should be equal to signal which be transformed in theory. But wavelet transform be as an filter banks, so we hope that it{\textquoteright}s distortion is more less in the view of signal reconstruct. Thogonal wavelet such as Daubechies{\textquoteright}s wavelet, it be not symmetry, but symmetry predicate linear phase. In order to signal construction, we must split the difference with reason between thogonal and linear phase. This problem can be resolved with an algorithm that we put forward a method of biorthogonal wavelet bases construction. We give the reconstruction method and the full conditions of biorthogonal wavelet bases with high regularity. The merits of it are that the filters of both analysis and synthesis parts can be optimized so that they can approximate to ideal low pass and high pass filters and the filter banks can derive biorthogonal wavelet bases with high regularity. Owing to wavelet transform having nature-layered characteristic, we demonstrates layer coding algorithm to sequence image in wavelet transform in this paper. Zhang Y Q. first published an article about MRME video coding in 1992. Xue give a MRME and lattic vector quantization hybrid coding schemes with improved decoded image quality. The drawback is computing complexity increasing evidently. In this paper, We propose a video coding algorithm-based intraframe and interframe combined prediction of wavelet coefficients. This algorithm efficiently removed spatial redundancy exploiting correlation between scale at some direction through intrafram tree\_constructed prediction of zero coefficient blocks. Temporal redundancy is made further reducing exploiting interfram MRME. Simulation result show that the computing complexity of our algorithm is far less than baseline MRME algorithm. The coding performance is equating with improved vector quantization MRME algorithm that has far large computing amount. We propose a new bit allocation algorithm relative to wavelet transform. It{\textquoteright}s ideal being differ from existing bit allocation algorithm so it{\textquoteright}s innovation. The algorithm capable of efficiently allocates a given qutoa of bit to an arbitrary set of different quantizers. This algorithm produces an optimal or very nearly optimal allocation, while allowing the set of admissible bit allocation values to be constrained to nonnegative integers. It is particularly efficiency to image coding based on wavelet for using this algorithm. Furthermore, the algorithm can be applied in schemes of needing bit allocation or vary bit coding. A lossless compression-coding algorithm is given in this paper, using it compression lossless dada. With our country new type weapon and spaceflight technological quickly growing, much data need be remote sensing and transmission. It is immediacy relation to new type weapon test. In order to ample demand, two means can be carried into execution. One way being wash out equipment in being, another being change equipment inbeing in order to satisfy our request, so much money can be saved. The ideal can be come true using our technology. Basis characteristic of data and require of processing, a coding algorithm of high dynamic dictionary plus model be given. The performance of the algorithm (such compression rate, compression time) is increased notability compare to existing algorithm. Expert identified this system. Key word: Wavelet transform Image Compression Filter Banks Remote Sensing Data Compression Dictionary Coding}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIH007114, 0489:Information Technology, Applied sciences, Information Technology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/1027143776?accountid=14270}, author = {Li, Bo} } @article {13489, title = {Successful treatment of human fascioliasis with nitazoxanide}, journal = {Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {92}, year = {1998}, pages = {103-104}, author = {Rossignol, J. F. and Abaza, H. and Friedman, H.} } @article {8403, title = {{The surface of Toxoplasma: more and less}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {3{\textendash}9}, author = {Boothroyd, JC and Hehl, A and Knoll, LJ and Manger, ID} } @article {17158, title = {Survival and virulence changes in the VNC state of Salmonella Typhimurium in relation to simultaneous UV radiation, salinity and nutrient deprivation exposure}, journal = {Oceanologica ActaOceanologica Acta}, volume = {21}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, month = {Nov-Dec}, pages = {939-950}, isbn = {0399-1784}, author = {Baleux, B. and Caro, A. and Lesne, J. and Got, P. and Binard, S. and Delpeuch, B.} } @article {14269, title = {Survival of enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in water.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {61}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, month = {jun}, pages = {662{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Several recent Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks associated with both drinking and recreational water raise concerns about waterborne illness caused by this pathogen. The survival characteristics of a mixture of five nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains (10(3) CFU/ml) in filtered and autoclaved municipal water, in reservoir water, and in water from two recreational lakes were determined for a period of 91 days at 8, 15 or 25 degrees C. Greatest survival was in filtered autoclaved municipal water and least in lake water. Regardless of the water source, survival was greatest at 8 degrees C and least at 25 degrees C. E. coli O157:H7 populations decreased by 1 to 2 log10 by 91 days at 8 degrees C, whereas the pathogen was not detectable ({\textbackslash}textgreater or 3 = log10 decrease) within 49 to 84 days at 25 degrees C in three of the four water sources. SDS-PAGE of surface antigens of surviving cells revealed that there was no major alteration in lipopolysaccharide pattern, but outer membrane protein composition did change. These studies indicate that E. coli O157:H7 is a hardy pathogen that can survive for long periods of time in water, especially at cold temperatures. However, direct viable counts of E. coli O157:H7 determined by acridine orange staining remained essentially the same for 12 weeks at 25 degrees C, whereas viable counts on tryptic soy agar plates decreased to undetectable levels within 12 weeks. Results suggest that E. coli O157:H7 can enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state in water.}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins: analysis, Bacterial: analysis, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: drug effects, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Fresh Water: microbiology, Georgia, Nalidixic Acid, Nalidixic Acid: pharmacology, Surface, Surface: analysis, Temperature, Time Factors, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9709245}, author = {Wang, G and Doyle, M P} } @article {14845, title = {Survival of enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in water.}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {61}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, month = {jun}, pages = {662{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Several recent Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks associated with both drinking and recreational water raise concerns about waterborne illness caused by this pathogen. The survival characteristics of a mixture of five nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains (10(3) CFU/ml) in filtered and autoclaved municipal water, in reservoir water, and in water from two recreational lakes were determined for a period of 91 days at 8, 15 or 25 degrees C. Greatest survival was in filtered autoclaved municipal water and least in lake water. Regardless of the water source, survival was greatest at 8 degrees C and least at 25 degrees C. E. coli O157:H7 populations decreased by 1 to 2 log10 by 91 days at 8 degrees C, whereas the pathogen was not detectable ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater or 3 = log10 decrease) within 49 to 84 days at 25 degrees C in three of the four water sources. SDS-PAGE of surface antigens of surviving cells revealed that there was no major alteration in lipopolysaccharide pattern, but outer membrane protein composition did change. These studies indicate that E. coli O157:H7 is a hardy pathogen that can survive for long periods of time in water, especially at cold temperatures. However, direct viable counts of E. coli O157:H7 determined by acridine orange staining remained essentially the same for 12 weeks at 25 degrees C, whereas viable counts on tryptic soy agar plates decreased to undetectable levels within 12 weeks. Results suggest that E. coli O157:H7 can enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state in water.}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins: analysis, Bacterial: analysis, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: drug effects, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Fresh Water: microbiology, Georgia, Nalidixic Acid, Nalidixic Acid: pharmacology, Surface, Surface: analysis, Temperature, Time Factors, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9709245}, author = {Wang, G and Doyle, M P} } @article {2454, title = {{Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water.}}, journal = {Journal of food protection}, volume = {61}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, month = {jun}, pages = {662{\textendash}7}, abstract = {Several recent Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks associated with both drinking and recreational water raise concerns about waterborne illness caused by this pathogen. The survival characteristics of a mixture of five nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains (10(3) CFU/ml) in filtered and autoclaved municipal water, in reservoir water, and in water from two recreational lakes were determined for a period of 91 days at 8, 15 or 25 degrees C. Greatest survival was in filtered autoclaved municipal water and least in lake water. Regardless of the water source, survival was greatest at 8 degrees C and least at 25 degrees C. E. coli O157:H7 populations decreased by 1 to 2 log10 by 91 days at 8 degrees C, whereas the pathogen was not detectable (> or 3 = log10 decrease) within 49 to 84 days at 25 degrees C in three of the four water sources. SDS-PAGE of surface antigens of surviving cells revealed that there was no major alteration in lipopolysaccharide pattern, but outer membrane protein composition did change. These studies indicate that E. coli O157:H7 is a hardy pathogen that can survive for long periods of time in water, especially at cold temperatures. However, direct viable counts of E. coli O157:H7 determined by acridine orange staining remained essentially the same for 12 weeks at 25 degrees C, whereas viable counts on tryptic soy agar plates decreased to undetectable levels within 12 weeks. Results suggest that E. coli O157:H7 can enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state in water.}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins: analysis, Bacterial: analysis, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: drug effects, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Fresh Water: microbiology, Georgia, Nalidixic Acid, Nalidixic Acid: pharmacology, Surface, Surface: analysis, Temperature, Time Factors, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9709245}, author = {Wang, G and Doyle, M P} } @article {8166, title = {{Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water.}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {61}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, month = {jun}, pages = {662{\textendash}7}, abstract = {

Several recent Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks associated with both drinking and recreational water raise concerns about waterborne illness caused by this pathogen. The survival characteristics of a mixture of five nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains (10(3) CFU/ml) in filtered and autoclaved municipal water, in reservoir water, and in water from two recreational lakes were determined for a period of 91 days at 8, 15 or 25 degrees C. Greatest survival was in filtered autoclaved municipal water and least in lake water. Regardless of the water source, survival was greatest at 8 degrees C and least at 25 degrees C. E. coli O157:H7 populations decreased by 1 to 2 log10 by 91 days at 8 degrees C, whereas the pathogen was not detectable ({\textgreater} or 3 = log10 decrease) within 49 to 84 days at 25 degrees C in three of the four water sources. SDS-PAGE of surface antigens of surviving cells revealed that there was no major alteration in lipopolysaccharide pattern, but outer membrane protein composition did change. These studies indicate that E. coli O157:H7 is a hardy pathogen that can survive for long periods of time in water, especially at cold temperatures. However, direct viable counts of E. coli O157:H7 determined by acridine orange staining remained essentially the same for 12 weeks at 25 degrees C, whereas viable counts on tryptic soy agar plates decreased to undetectable levels within 12 weeks. Results suggest that E. coli O157:H7 can enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state in water.

}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins: analysis, Bacterial: analysis, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia coli O157: drug effects, Escherichia coli O157: genetics, Escherichia coli O157: pathogenicity, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: analysis, Fresh Water: microbiology, Georgia, Nalidixic Acid, Nalidixic Acid: pharmacology, Surface, Surface: analysis, Temperature, Time Factors, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0362-028X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9709245}, author = {Wang, G and Doyle, M P} } @article {9072, title = {{Survival of Infectious Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Seawater and Eastern Oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) in the Chesapeake Bay Survival of Infectious Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Seawater and Eastern Oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) in the C}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology1}, volume = {64}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {1070{\textendash}1074}, abstract = {Oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum placed in artificial seawater at salinities of 10, 20, and 30 ppt at 10{\textdegree}C and at 10 ppt at 20{\textdegree}C were infectious after 12 weeks. Those placed in seawater at 20 ppt and 30 ppt at 20{\textdegree}C were infectious for 8 and 4 weeks, respectively. These findings suggested that oocysts could survive in estuarine waters long enough to be removed by filter feeders such as oysters. Thereafter, 30 Eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were collected with a dredge or with hand tongs at each of six sites within Maryland tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay in May and June and in August and September of 1997. Hemocytes and gill washings from all oysters were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts by immunofluorescence microscopy utilizing a commercially available kit containing fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. Giardia was not detected by this method from any of the 360 oysters examined. Presumptive identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts was made in either hemocytes or gill washings of oysters from all six sites both times that surveys were conducted. In addition, during August and September, for each of the six sites, hemocytes from the 30 oysters were pooled and gill washings from the oysters were pooled. Each pool was delivered by gastric intubation to a litter of neonatal mice to produce a bioassay for oocyst infectivity. Intestinal tissue from two of three mice that received gill washings from oysters collected at a site near a large cattle farm and shoreline homes with septic tanks was positive for developmental stages of C. parvum. These findings demonstrate for the first time that oysters in natural waters harbor infectious C. parvum oocysts and can serve as mechanical vectors of this pathogen.}, keywords = {Compound parabolic concentrator, Cryptosporidium parvum, Environmental factors, Factorial design, Mouse, Oocyst viability, Solar disinfection}, isbn = {0001-706X}, issn = {0001706X}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.7.3848}, author = {Fayer, Ronald and Graczyk, Thaddeus K and Lewis, Earl J and Trout, James M and Farley, C Austin} } @article {15707, title = {Survival of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in seawater and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the Chesapeake Bay}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, month = {Mar}, pages = {1070-4}, edition = {1998/03/21}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cryptosporidium parvum/*growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Giardia/isolation \& purification, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Ostreidae/*parasitology, Seawater/*parasitology}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Fayer, R. and Graczyk, T. K. and Lewis, E. J. and Trout, J. M. and Farley, C. A.} } @article {15831, title = {Susceptibility and serologic response of healthy adults to reinfection with Cryptosporidium parvum}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {66}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, month = {Feb}, pages = {441-3}, edition = {1998/02/07}, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Antibodies, Protozoan/*blood, Cryptosporidiosis/*immunology, Cryptosporidium parvum/*immunology, Humans, Immunoglobulin M/blood}, isbn = {0019-9567 (Print)
0019-9567}, author = {Okhuysen, P. C. and Chappell, C. L. and Sterling, C. R. and Jakubowski, W. and DuPont, H. L.} } @article {15807, title = {Sydney Water Inquiry, Final Report}, volume = {2}, year = {1998}, institution = {New South Wales Premier{\textquoteright}s Department}, address = {Sydney: Sydney Water Inquiry Secretariat}, author = {McClellan, P.} } @article {17148, title = {Systemanalys VA - Hygienstudie. (Systems analysis of sanitation systems- biosecurity)}, journal = {VA - FORSK rapport 1998-16, Stockholm, SwedenVA - FORSK rapport 1998-16, Stockholm, Sweden}, year = {1998}, author = {Albihn, A. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A.} } @booklet {10465, title = {{Technical Norms for Potable Water Quality. Decree 475-1998}}, year = {1998} } @article {4815, title = {{Template preparation for PCR and RFLP of amplification products for the detection and identification of Cyclospora sp. and Eimeria spp. oocysts directly from raspberries}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {61}, year = {1998}, pages = {1497{\textendash}1503}, author = {Jinneman, KC and Wetherington, JH and Hill, WE and Adams, AM and Johnson, JM and Tenge, BJ and Dang, NL and Manger, RL and Wekell, MM} } @article {17411, title = {Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Salmonella senftenberg and enzymes with potential as time-temperature indicators in ground turkey thigh meat}, journal = {Journal of Food ProtectionJournal of food protection}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, month = {Feb}, pages = {171-175}, keywords = {beef, Cooking, elisa, GROWTH, Heat, integrators, lactate-dehydrogenase, linked-immunosorbent-assay, Poultry, Survival}, isbn = {0362-028x}, author = {Veeramuthu, G. J. and Price, J. F. and Davis, C. E. and Booren, A. M. and Smith, D. M.} } @mastersthesis {6831, title = {Three essays in local public economics}, year = {1998}, note = {9905202}, school = {Washington University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation develops ideas in the areas of Public Finance and Local Public Economics. Some cities have private waste removal systems while others have public systems. The first essay examines city planners{\textquoteright} decisions to have public or private removal systems. Using a game-theoretic model, the decision made by planners is examined to understand why one system might be preferred over another and which variables might affect that decision. The model is tested and confirmed by the data. The distance that a city is from a major metropolitan area along with whether or not the director of the department of sanitation is elected or appointed is shown to be significant. Over 1200 liquor licenses currently exist in the city of St. Louis. These licenses are distributed over 28 aldermanic wards of approximately equal population. Some wards have as few as 16 licenses while others have as many as 279. The second essay attempts to explain this variance. The role of the regulator of licenses is examined. The demographic make-up of the community is used to explain why some wards might choose to have more licenses than others. This is done through a game-theoretic model of the process, with the community and the applicant as players. The theory is tested. Throughout the world, geographical boundaries are blocking increasingly fewer kinds of exchanges between "regions," broadly defined. This move away from autarky towards inter-regional or "common" markets affects the behavior of all agents, including that of regional governments. Simultaneously, we observe the creation of inter-regional or "higher-tier" institutions. This raises the question, why might the creation of a common market also require the creation of a government for it? What are the problems created by a common market that regional governments cannot handle, but a higher-tier government may address? Finally, when can a federal government with a limited set of fiscal instruments address the problems created by a common market so that its creation moves forward? These are the questions addressed in the third essay.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0511:Economic theory, City planners, Common markets, Economic theory, economics, Liquor licenses, Local economics, Privatization, Public economics, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304463898?accountid=14270}, author = {Hoover, Gary Allen} } @article {11362, title = {Time-response curve of oxfendazole in the treatment of swine cysticercosis}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, year = {1998}, pages = {832}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Gonzalez, AE and Falcon, N and Gavidia, C and Garcia, HH and Tsang, VC and Bernal, T and Romero, M and Gilman, RH} } @article {9477, title = {{TNP-470 is an effective antimicrosporidial agent}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {177}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, pages = {515{\textendash}518}, author = {Coyle, C and Kent, M and Tanowitz, HB and Wittner, M and Weiss, LM} } @article {8454, title = {{Toxoplasma gondii oocyst survival under defined temperatures}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {84}, number = {4}, year = {1998}, pages = {862{\textendash}865}, author = {Dubey, JP} } @mastersthesis {6513, title = {Traditionally and alternatively certified technology education teachers{\textquoteright} professional development and receptivity to change}, year = {1998}, note = {9926619}, school = {Clemson University}, type = {phdEd.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The intent of this study was to assist in predicting the long range effectiveness of alternatively certified technology education teachers. These predictions are based on alternatively certified and traditionally certified technology education teachers{\textquoteright} participation in selected professional development activities and receptivity to change. Additionally, the most common professional development activities were identified for both groups. A two-page survey was developed which was used to collect data relating to demographics, participation in selected professional development activities, and attitudes concerning change. A panel of experts consisting of five technology teacher educators, five state supervisors of technology education and three technology education teachers identified the professional development activities used in the survey. The attitudes concerning change were measured using a shortened version of the dogmatism scale developed by Milton Rokeach. The two-page survey was mailed to a sample of teachers from the southeastern United States (n = 400). From the initial mailing, 152 (38\%) completed surveys were returned. A follow-up mailing yielded an additional 88 (22\%) completed surveys, for a total response of 60\%. Over two-thirds (n = 165) of the respondents received training which led to certification in technology education or industrial arts as part of a traditional Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree program in industrial arts or technology education. The remaining respondents (n = 75) received technology education teacher training trough a variety of alternative methods. The most common professional development activity was reading professional journals or other literature related to technology education. Participation in staff development/in-service/state department workshops, membership in a state professional association, and curriculum development were also common for both groups of teachers. T-tests were applied to the data and there was not sufficient evidence found to conclude that there was a difference between traditionally certified or alternatively certified respondents{\textquoteright} participation in professional development activities (t = 1.66, α =.05) or receptivity to change (t = -1.24, α =.05).}, keywords = {0521:Inservice training, 0530:Teacher education, Alternatively certified, Education, Inservice training, Professional development, Receptivity to change, Teacher education, Teachers, Technology education}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304451436?accountid=14270}, author = {Wash, Steven Leslie} } @article {9469, title = {{Treatment of HIV-1-associated microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis with combination antiretroviral therapy}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {351}, number = {9098}, year = {1998}, pages = {256{\textendash}261}, author = {Carr, A and Marriott, D and Field, A and Vasak, E and Cooper, DA} } @article {12794, title = {{Treatment of human pulmonary paragonimiasis with triclabendazole: Clinical tolerance and drug efficacy}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {92}, year = {1998}, pages = {566{\textendash}569}, author = {Calvopi{\~n}a, M and Guderian, RH and Paredes, W and Chico, M and Cooper, PJ} } @inbook {12787, title = {{Treatment of liver, lung, and intestinal fluke infections with praziquantel in Korea}}, booktitle = {Proceedings in 5th Asian-Pacific Congress on Zoonotic Parasitology}, year = {1998}, pages = {18{\textendash}27}, author = {Chai, JY and Hong, SJ and Hong, ST and Lee, SH} } @article {13461, title = {Triclabendazole-resistant liver fluke in Scottish sheep}, journal = {Vet Rec}, volume = {143}, year = {1998}, pages = {399}, author = {Mitchell, G. B. and Maris, L. and Bonniwell, M. A.} } @article {1985, title = {Un cas de conifection par Balantidium coli et VIH en Guyane Fran{\c c}aise}, journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} de Pathologie Exotique}, volume = {91}, year = {1998}, pages = {309-311}, author = {Clyti, E. and Aznar, C. and Couppie, P. and el Guedj, M. and Carme, B. and Pradomaid, R.} } @article {5675, title = {{Use of Hepatitis A Vaccine in a Community-wide Outbreak of Hepatitis A}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {531{\textendash}535}, author = {Craig, AS and Sockwell, DC and Schaffner, W and Moore, WL Jr and Skinner, JT and I T Williams and Shaw, FE and C Ν Shapiro and B P Bell} } @article {5103, title = {{Viability of metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in frozen or salted freshwater fish}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, year = {1998}, pages = {603{\textendash}605}, author = {Fan, PC} } @article {213, title = {A viral gastroenteritis outbreak associated with person-to-person spread among hospital staff}, journal = {Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, note = {Caceres, V M Kim, D K Bresee, J S Horan, J Noel, J S Ando, T Steed, C J Weems, J J Monroe, S S Gibson, J J Journal Article United states Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998 Mar;19(3):162-7.}, pages = {162-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify the etiologic agent and risk factors associated with a hospital ward outbreak of gastroenteritis. SETTING: A regional referral hospital in upstate South Carolina. METHODS: We reviewed patient charts, surveyed staff, and tested stool from acutely ill persons. A case was defined as diarrhea and vomiting in a staff member or patient from January 5 to 13, 1996. RESULTS: The initial case occurred on January 5 in a staff nurse who subsequently was hospitalized on the ward and visited by many staff colleagues. The staff were at a significantly greater risk for gastroenteritis than were patients (28/89 [31\%] vs 10/91 [11\%]; relative risk [RR], 2.9; 95\% confidence interval [CI95], 1.5-5.5). All 10 case-patients had been exposed to case-nurses (assigned nurses who were primary caretakers), and eight had documented exposure to case-nurses 1 to 2 days before their illness. Patients exposed to case-nurses had a significantly increased risk of illness (8/57 [14\%] vs 0/32; RR, >4.5; CI95, undefined). Neither staff nor patients had significantly increased risk from food, water, ice, or exposure to case-patients. Electron microscopy identified small round-structured viruses (SRSVs) in nine of nine stool samples. CONCLUSION: This nosocomial outbreak of gastroenteritis was likely caused by SRSVs introduced by a staff member and spread via person-to-person transmission from and among staff. The potential for spread of SRSV-associated gastroenteritis from and among staff should be considered in developing strategies to prevent similar outbreaks in hospital settings.}, keywords = {80 and over Caliciviridae Infections/*epidemiology/*transmission Cross Infection/*epidemiology/*virology *Disease Outbreaks Female Gastroenteritis/*epidemiology/*virology Humans *Infectious Disease Transmission, Adult Aged Aged, Hospital South Carolina/epidemiology, Professional-to-Patient Male Middle Aged *Norwalk virus *Nursing Staff}, issn = {0899-823X (Print) 0899-823x}, author = {Caceres, V. M. and Kim, D. K. and Bresee, J. S. and Horan, J. and Noel, J. S. and Ando, T. and Steed, C. J. and Weems, J. J. and Monroe, S. S. and Gibson, J. J.} } @article {4575, title = {Viral pollution in the environment and in shellfish: human adenovirus detection by {PCR} as an index of human viruses}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {64}, number = {9}, year = {1998}, pages = {3376{\textendash}82}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Pina, S. and Puig, M. and Lucena, F. and Jofre, J. and Girones, R.} } @conference {16858, title = {Waterborne viruses and parasites: resistance to treatment and disinfection}, booktitle = {OECD Workshop Molecular Methods for Safe Drinking Water. Interlaken}, volume = {98}, year = {1998}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, author = {Payment, P} } @article {10807, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera in 1997}, volume = {73}, number = {27}, year = {1998}, pages = {201{\textendash}208} } @article {3131, title = {Alveolar echinococcosis of the liver in a six-year-old girl with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome}, journal = {The Journal of Pediatrics}, volume = {130}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, month = {feb}, pages = {320{\textendash}323}, abstract = {A 6-year-old girl with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had extensive alveolar echinococcosis. Diagnosis was proved by needle biopsy of a specimen from affected liver tissue. The case was characterized by the unusually young age of the patient and more specifically by the absence of any detectable parasite-specific humoral and cellular immune response at diagnosis or later. Thus the present case indicates that a marked immunodeficiency caused by AIDS may substantially contribute to the rapid proliferation and early manifestation of the disease. In patients with pediatric AIDS and living in areas endemic for Echinococcus multilocularis, alveolar echinococcosis should be considered in intrahepatic tumor-like lesions even if the result of immunodiagnostic testing is negative.}, keywords = {AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Animals, Antibodies, Biopsy, Child, Combination, Drug Therapy, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Female, Helminth, Hepatic, HIV Antibodies, HIV-1, Humans, Liver, Needle}, issn = {0022-3476}, author = {Sailer, M. and Soelder, B. and Allerberger, F. and Zaknun, D. and Feichtinger, H. and Gottstein, B.} } @article {4986, title = {{Application of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) as a possible control measure for Opisthorchis viverrini infection in cultured carp (Puntius gonionotus)}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {28}, number = {S1}, year = {1997}, pages = {65{\textendash}72}, author = {Khamboonraung, C and Keawvichit, R and Wongworapat, K and Suwanrangsi, S and Hongpromyart, M and Sukhawat, K and Tonguthai, K and Lima dos Santos, CA.} } @article {11266, title = {{Aspects of Toxocara Epidemiology: Toxocarosis in Dogs and Cats}}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Microbiology}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {233{\textendash}251}, doi = {10.3109/10408419709115138}, author = {Overgaauw, Paul A M} } @article {7641, title = {Association between Campylobacter Infection and Guillain-Barr{\'e} Syndrome}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {176 (Supplement 2)}, year = {1997}, pages = {S125-S128}, author = {Allos,B. M.} } @article {3622, title = {Astrovirus survival in drinking water.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {63}, number = {8}, year = {1997}, pages = {3119{\textendash}3122}, author = {Abad, FX and Pinto, RM and Villena, C and Gajardo, R and Bosch, A} } @article {2247, title = {{Bacterial removal in three pilot-scale wastewater treatment systems for rural areas}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {11-12}, year = {1997}, pages = {197{\textendash}200}, abstract = {A comparative study on the removal of several pathogenic bacteria and their indicators was caffied out at three natural wastewater treatment systems: stabjljsation pond, high-rate algal pond and a free-water macrophyte system, retention times being 24, 5 and 3 days respectively. The macrophyte system showed higher removal efficiency for most of the groups, followed by stabilisation pond and high rate algal pond. All systems showed their highest efficiencies in the reduction of total coliforms, ranging from 98.68\% for the stabilisation pond to 99.48\% for the macrophyte process. Highly significant differences were found between the systems for bifidobacteria, C. perfringens and total coliforms removal. Pathogens and their indicators showed a different behaviour in their daily removal rate depending on the treatment plant.}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00258-8}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a, M and Becares, E} } @article {17059, title = {Bacterial removal in three pilot-scale wastewater treatment systems for rural areas}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {11-12}, year = {1997}, pages = {197{\textendash}200}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a, M and Becares, E} } @article {8007, title = {{Bacterial removal in three pilot-scale wastewater treatment systems for rural areas}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {11-12}, year = {1997}, pages = {197{\textendash}200}, abstract = {A comparative study on the removal of several pathogenic bacteria and their indicators was caffied out at three natural wastewater treatment systems: stabjljsation pond, high-rate algal pond and a free-water macrophyte system, retention times being 24, 5 and 3 days respectively. The macrophyte system showed higher removal efficiency for most of the groups, followed by stabilisation pond and high rate algal pond. All systems showed their highest efficiencies in the reduction of total coliforms, ranging from 98.68{\%} for the stabilisation pond to 99.48{\%} for the macrophyte process. Highly significant differences were found between the systems for bifidobacteria, C. perfringens and total coliforms removal. Pathogens and their indicators showed a different behaviour in their daily removal rate depending on the treatment plant.}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00258-8}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a, M and Becares, E} } @article {14027, title = {Bacterial removal in three pilot-scale wastewater treatment systems for rural areas}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {11-12}, year = {1997}, pages = {197{\textendash}200}, abstract = {A comparative study on the removal of several pathogenic bacteria and their indicators was caffied out at three natural wastewater treatment systems: stabjljsation pond, high-rate algal pond and a free-water macrophyte system, retention times being 24, 5 and 3 days respectively. The macrophyte system showed higher removal efficiency for most of the groups, followed by stabilisation pond and high rate algal pond. All systems showed their highest efficiencies in the reduction of total coliforms, ranging from 98.68\% for the stabilisation pond to 99.48\% for the macrophyte process. Highly significant differences were found between the systems for bifidobacteria, C. perfringens and total coliforms removal. Pathogens and their indicators showed a different behaviour in their daily removal rate depending on the treatment plant.}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00258-8}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a, M and Becares, E} } @article {6084, title = {Bacteriophage and microsphere transport in saturated porous media: Forced-gradient experiment at Borden, Ontario}, journal = {Water Resources Research}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, year = {1997}, pages = {639{\textendash}648}, author = {Bales, Roger C and Li, Shimin and T.C J Yeh and Lenczewski, Melissa E and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {4279, title = {{Bacteriophages are a better indicator of illness rates than bacteria amongst users of a white water course fed by a lowland river}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {11-12}, year = {1997}, month = {jun}, pages = {165{\textendash}170}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, issn = {1996-9732}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/35/11-12/165.abstract}, author = {Lee, J. V. and Dawson, S. R. and Ward, S. and Surman, S. B. and Neal, K. R.} } @article {4208, title = {{Bacteriophages of enteric bacteria in drinking water, comparison of their distribution in two countries.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {5}, year = {1997}, month = {nov}, pages = {627{\textendash}33}, abstract = {

The presence of bacteriophages infecting enteric bacteria was tested in more than 1500 drinking water samples in Israel and Spain. Bacteriophages tested were somatic coliphages, F-specific bacteriophages and Bacteroides fragilis bacteriophages. The three groups of bacteriophage were isolated in 100 ml water samples by the presence/absence test with similar frequencies, which ranged from 4.4{\%} for somatic coliphages to 6.1{\%} for bacteriophages infecting Bact. fragilis. In contrast, the frequency of isolation of bacteriophages was significantly higher than the frequency of isolation of faecal coliforms, which averaged only 1.9{\%}. No significant differences were observed between the frequencies of isolation between the samples tested in Spain and those tested in Israel. The percentage of groundwater samples containing faecal coliforms and somatic coliphages was reduced significantly by chlorination, despite known deficiencies. However, there was no effect on the occurrence of F-specific bacteriophages and Bact. fragilis bacteriophages.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides fragilis: virology, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Enterobacteriaceae: virology, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Fresh Water, Fresh Water: microbiology, Israel, Microbiological Techniques, Seasons, Spain, Water Supply}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9418024}, author = {Armon, R and Araujo, R and Kott, Y and Lucena, F and Jofre, J} } @article {16316, title = {{Biochemical fingerprinting of coliform bacterial populations {\textemdash} comparisons between polluted river water and factory effluents}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {11-12}, year = {1997}, month = {jan}, pages = {343{\textendash}350}, publisher = {No longer published by Elsevier}, abstract = {

Bacteria from different pollution sources may consist of essentially the same species but with different strains predominating. Therefore, sub-typing of bacterial strains recovered in the polluted water and comparison with those present in possible pollution sources is a valuable tool for idenlification of the source. Since such studies require investigations of large numbers of isolates, simple laboratory methods combined with automated data evaluation and presentation are necessary. The Phene Plate (PhP) system for biochemical fingerprinting of bacteria is based on measurements of the kinetics of biochemical tests, performed in micro-plates. The system also includes mathematical models to calculate the diversity (Di) of the bacterial flora within samples, as well as the similarities between bacterial populations in different samples as the population similarity coefficient (Sp). We have used the NIP system to type coliform bacteria isolated from a polluted river in Sweden and from the outlets from three paper mills that were suspected contamination sources. From each of 27 river water samples and 8 samples from factory outlets, collected on eight Sampling occasions, between 10 and 50 coliforms were typed, yielding altogether 1,027 isolates. The diversity among the bacteria in river water samples was generally high (mean Di = 0.95) compared with factory Outlets (mean Di = 0.63) which usually were dominated by isolates belonging to a few NIP types. These PhP types were very rarely recovered from the river water samples which is also reflected in low similarities between bacterial populations in river water and factory outlets (mean Sp = 0.03). Thus the bacteria from factory outlets did not seem to have spread downstream. In contrast, bacterial populations from sampling sites close to each other in the river were more similar to each other (mean Sp 0.13), indicating the presence of several, diffuse contamination sources, possibly from animal or human faecal material.

}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00283-7}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273122397002837}, author = {Kuhn, I. and Allestam, G. and Engdahl, M. and Stenstr{\"o}m, T. A.} } @article {1532, title = {The biologic principles of poliovirus eradication}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {175 Suppl 1}, year = {1997}, note = {Dowdle, W R Birmingham, M E Review United states The Journal of infectious diseases J Infect Dis. 1997 Feb;175 Suppl 1:S286-92.}, pages = {S286-92}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The biologic principles for the global eradication of poliomyelitis are as follows: Poliovirus causes acute, nonpersistent infections, virus is transmitted by infectious humans or their waste, survival of virus in the environment is finite, humans are the only reservoir, and immunization with polio vaccine interrupts virus transmission. These principles appear to be sound. The potential for prolonged virus excretion by immunocompromised patients requires further definition, although there is no epidemiologic evidence of a threat to eradication. Survival of poliovirus in the environment is highly variable, but viral inactivation is usually complete within months. Higher primates may be infected with poliovirus, but they are unlikely reservoirs in nature. The only poliovirus reservoir remaining after eradication will be laboratory stocks. Serious attention must be given to reducing this potential source of infection. Polio eradication through immunization is evidenced by the documented absence of poliomyelitis in an increasing number of countries and the progressive disappearance of poliovirus genotypes.}, keywords = {Animals Disease Reservoirs *Global Health Humans Poliomyelitis/*prevention \& control/*transmission Poliovirus/immunology/*pathogenicity Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral}, issn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9203732}, author = {Dowdle, W. R. and Birmingham, M. E.} } @book {16622, title = {Biological and chemical processes}, year = {1997}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg}, organization = {Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg}, author = {Henze, Mogens and Harremo{\"e}s, Poul and Jansen, J and Arvin, E and Treatment, Wastewater} } @booklet {12870, title = {Biological and chemical processes}, year = {1997}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg}, author = {Henze, Mogens and Harremo{\"e}s, Poul and Jansen, J and Arvin, E and Treatment, Wastewater} } @mastersthesis {6753, title = {The biological monitoring of impact and recovery in streams following pollution incidents}, year = {1997}, note = {C652028}, school = {Aston University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Monitoring benthic macroinvertebrates in rivers as a means of assessing water quality is extensively used. Their use in the assessment of ecosystem response to pollution incidents is less well developed. The responses of the macroinvertebrates within the substratum to a number of actual pollution incidents was investigated. It was found that recovery following pollution incidents was most adequately represented by changes in the abundance of selected taxa; by a measure of Taxa Richness and by multivariate analysis of community similarity using nonmetric multidimensional scaling. The importance of adequate reference conditions was highlighted. In order to learn more about the processes involved in the structural changes of the benthic macroinvertebrate community following a transient pollutant, a laboratory study was carried out to investigate the behavioural response of the amphipod, Gammarus pulex, to a toxicant. An increase in burrowing behaviour was found, a behaviour which may, under field conditions, result in increased survival following short term pollution. This finding gives an indication of the complexities underlying overt structural changes within the community following a transient pollution. A novel assessment of recovery within streams: the {\textquoteright}Recovery Index{\textquoteright} was developed, which attempts to numerically define and rank the differential colonisation times shown by different taxa. By allocating higher scores to taxa that are slower to recolonise sites, utilisation of the {\textquoteright}Recovery Index{\textquoteright} in the assessment of recovery will result in a more sensitive assessment of recovery times following pollution incidents and the reduced likelihood of erroneous assessment of recovery. The Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards (CIMAH) regulations have guidelines for environmental survey, against which the effects of an accident could be judged. Recommendations for the development of these guidelines are given, incorporating the use of the {\textquoteright}Recovery Index{\textquoteright}.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0768:Environmental science, 0793:Freshwater ecology, Biological sciences, Ecology, Environmental science, Freshwater ecology, Gammarus pulex, Health and environmental sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304386107?accountid=14270}, author = {Pisolkar, Ellen Maya} } @inbook {7934, title = {{Blooming E. Coli, What Do They Mean? | Nicholas Ashbolt and Peter Cox - Academia.edu}}, booktitle = {Coliforms and E. coli - Problem or Solution?}, year = {1997}, pages = {78{\textendash}85}, publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry}, organization = {The Royal Society of Chemistry}, address = {Cambridge }, url = {http://www.academia.edu/17231255/Blooming{\_}E.{\_}Coli{\_}What{\_}Do{\_}They{\_}Mean}, author = {Ashbolt, NJ and Dorsch, MR and Cox, PT and Banens, B}, editor = {Kay D, Fricker C} } @inbook {14795, title = {Blooming {E}. {Coli}, {What} {Do} {They} {Mean}? {\textbackslash}textbar {Nicholas} {Ashbolt} and {Peter} {Cox} - {Academia}.edu}, booktitle = {Coliforms and {E}. coli - {Problem} or {Solution}?,}, year = {1997}, pages = {78{\textendash}85}, publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry}, organization = {The Royal Society of Chemistry}, address = {Cambridge}, url = {http://www.academia.edu/17231255/Blooming_E._Coli_What_Do_They_Mean}, author = {Ashbolt, NJ and Dorsch, MR and Cox, PT and Banens, B}, editor = {Kay D, Fricker C} } @inbook {13914, title = {Blooming {E}. {Coli}, {What} {Do} {They} {Mean}? {\textbar} {Nicholas} {Ashbolt} and {Peter} {Cox} - {Academia}.edu}, booktitle = {Coliforms and {E}. coli - {Problem} or {Solution}?,}, year = {1997}, pages = {78{\textendash}85}, publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry}, organization = {The Royal Society of Chemistry}, address = {Cambridge}, url = {http://www.academia.edu/17231255/Blooming_E._Coli_What_Do_They_Mean}, author = {Ashbolt, NJ and Dorsch, MR and Cox, PT and Banens, B}, editor = {Kay D, Fricker C} } @mastersthesis {7052, title = {Characteristics of turbulence energy dissipation and liquid-liquid dispersions in an agitated tank}, year = {1997}, note = {NQ21662}, school = {University of Alberta (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis covers two major fields in mixing: turbulence energy dissipation and liquid-liquid dispersions in agitated tanks. The main objective of the thesis was to examine the effect of tank and impeller geometry on these variables. The average turbulence energy dissipation in the impeller regions was investigated for three impellers (the Rushton turbine (RT), the pitched blade turbine (PBT) and the fluidfoil turbine (A310)) using the macroscopic mechanical energy equation. The majority of the input power is dissipated in the small volume of the impeller region for all three impellers. Analysis of the distribution of energy between convective and turbulent flow shows that the A310 is the most efficient at generating convective flow; the RT generates the most turbulence kinetic energy and the PBT derives a large portion of its energy from the return flow. The equation (\${\textbackslash}varepsilon\$=Av\${\textbackslash}sp3\$/L), used to estimate the local turbulence energy dissipation rate, was verified by comparing local and integral methods. Here v is a fluctuating velocity; A is a constant and L is macroscale length. The effect of rank geometry (number of baffles (N\${\textbackslash}sb\{{\textbackslash}rm f\}\$), impeller diameter (D), and off bottom clearance (C or C/D)) on \${\textbackslash}varepsilon{\textbackslash}sb\{{\textbackslash}rm max\}\$ was investigated using three factorial designs for four impellers (PBT, A310, HE3 and RT). The dominant variable was shown to be the impeller diameter. This effect is in addition to the expected scaling with D\${\textbackslash}sp2.\$ Clearance is also an important variable, which is best quantified by its dimensionless form, C/D. The number of baffles has no significant effect on \${\textbackslash}varepsilon{\textbackslash}sb\{{\textbackslash}rm max\}.\$ Silicone oil/water dispersions were also studied with varying tank geometries. The shape of the drop size distribution changes with rotational speed (N). Four characteristic distributions were found; in order of increasing N: long tail, double peak, skew, and skew-normal distribution. Two normal distributions can be combined to represent the last three distributions. The Kolmogoroff length scale (\${\textbackslash}eta\$) cannot be used as an estimate of the minimum drop size present in the dispersions investigated. The cumulative number probability density less than \${\textbackslash}eta\$ is negatively correlated with \${\textbackslash}varepsilon{\textbackslash}sb\{{\textbackslash}rm max\}.\$ The Sauter mean diameter (d\${\textbackslash}sb\{32\})\$ is more closely correlated to \${\textbackslash}varepsilon{\textbackslash}sb\{{\textbackslash}rm max\}\$ and the interaction of \${\textbackslash}varepsilon{\textbackslash}sb\{{\textbackslash}rm max\}\$ with the mean flow than to P/\${\textbackslash}rho\$V\${\textbackslash}sb\{{\textbackslash}rm T\}.\$ A new correlation for d\${\textbackslash}sb\{32\}\$ is proposed.}, keywords = {0542:Chemical engineering, 0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Chemical engineering, dispersions, impeller, Mechanical engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304397425?accountid=14270}, author = {Zhou, Genwen} } @article {13163, title = {Characterization of the bacterial flora isolated from a pilot-scale lagoon processing swine manure}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {43}, year = {1997}, pages = {1079-1083}, author = {Chikh, G. and Pourquie, J. and Kaiser, P. and Davila, A. M.} } @article {3135, title = {Chemotherapy with praziquantel has the potential to reduce the prevalence of {Echinococcus} multilocularis in wild foxes ({Vulpes} vulpes)}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, month = {mar}, pages = {179{\textendash}186}, abstract = {In order to evaluate the applicability of anthelminthic treatment of wild foxes (Vulpes vulpes) to limit their infection with Echinococcus multilocularis, bait pellets, each containing 50 mg praziquantel, were repeatedly distributed in an area of 566 km2 where many foxes are infected, in southern Germany. After six baiting campaigns (15-20 baits/km2) over a period of 14 months, the prevalence of the cestode in foxes, initially 32\%, had fallen to 4\%. The effect was most pronounced in the central part of the treated area, where no positive fox was found in the 2 months before the end of the trial. The study was controlled for other factors that could influence the parasite{\textquoteright}s prevalence, such as the availability of intermediate hosts. While the potential of this baiting method to remove E. multilocularis from wild hosts has been demonstrated, the question of its long-term efficacy and other unresolved problems have to be addressed by consecutive studies before routine application can be recommended.}, keywords = {Animals, Anticestodal Agents, Arvicolinae, Echinococcosis, Foxes, Germany, Population Density, Praziquantel, prevalence, Wild}, issn = {0003-4983}, author = {Schelling, U. and Frank, W. and Will, R. and Romig, T. and Lucius, R.} } @article {10691, title = {{Cholera: molecular basis for emergence and pathogenesis}}, journal = {FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology}, volume = {18}, year = {1997}, pages = {241{\textendash}248}, author = {Mekalanos, JJ and Rubin, EJ and Waldor, MK} } @article {17356, title = {Clinical spectrum of urinary tract infections due to nontyphoidal Salmonella species}, journal = {Clin Infect DisClin Infect Dis}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, month = {Sep}, pages = {754}, edition = {1997/10/06}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bacteriuria/*etiology/microbiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Salmonella Infections/*etiology/microbiology, Salmonella/classification/isolation \& purification, Urinary Tract/abnormalities}, isbn = {1058-4838 (Print)
1058-4838}, author = {Paterson, D. L. and Harrison, M. W. and Robson, J. M.} } @book {17431, title = {The coliform index and waterborne disease: problems of microbial drinking water assessment}, year = {1997}, publisher = {E \& FN Spon}, organization = {E \& FN Spon}, address = {London}, isbn = {9780419218708 }, author = {Gleeson, C and Gray, NF} } @inbook {12890, title = {Collection and Disposal of Excreta from Public Dry Toilets, Household Dry Pit Toilets and Bucket Toilets in Yichang City China}, year = {1997}, author = {Rulin, J}, editor = {Muller, M} } @inbook {16641, title = {Collection and {Disposal} of {Excreta} from {Public} {Dry} {Toilets}, {Household} {Dry} {Pit} {Toilets} and {Bucket} {Toilets} in {Yichang} {City} {China}}, year = {1997}, author = {Rulin, J}, editor = {Muller, M} } @article {8983, title = {Combined electron-beam and ozone treatment of wastewater in the aerosol flow}, journal = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {155-157}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0969-806X}, author = {Pikaev, A. K. and Podzorova, E. A. and Bakhtin, O. M.} } @mastersthesis {6662, title = {A comparison of the cost analysis of three years of special education costs in {Danville}, {Virginia}}, year = {1997}, note = {9957915}, school = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, type = {phdEd.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Since the enactment in 1975 of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (P.L. 94-142), now renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the cost of special education services has grown substantially in both absolute and relative terms (Duenas 1993). As a result, the issues such as the actual cost of special education services and the relationship of special education financing to regular education funding have become increasingly important to local, state and federal policymakers. The need for cost analysis in special education has become more important as the competition with other governmental agencies for available funds becomes more acute. As a social service, education in general and special education in particular must compete for dollars with highways, sanitation, and other services (Ysseldyke 1992). This study contributes to the need for in depth analysis of special education costs. The cost analysis method replicated in this study, called the Moche Cost Analysis of Public Education or CAPE Model, provided greater accuracy and flexibility than prior methods. The CAPE Model was used to examine and compare costs of regular elementary education, regular secondary education, elementary special education, and secondary special education. Special education costs also were compared across disability categories and service delivery environments. CAPE can be adapted easily to identify expenditures by building level and programs other than special education. CAPE calculations were completed using the LOTUS spreadsheet program.}, keywords = {0277:School finance, 0514:School administration, 0529:Special education, Cost analysis, Danville, Education, School administration, School finance, Special education, Virginia}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304388043?accountid=14270}, author = {Dodson-Pringle, Angela Jackson} } @article {10793, title = {{Compositions and transport of lipid biomarkers through the water coluNA and surficial sediments of the equatorial Pacific Ocean}}, journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography}, volume = {44}, number = {9-10}, year = {1997}, pages = {2131{\textendash}2162}, author = {Wakeham, SG and Hedges, JL and Cindy, P and Michael, I and Peter, J} } @article {8492, title = {{Congenital toxoplasmosis due to maternal reinfection during pregnancy}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, year = {1997}, pages = {1276{\textendash}1277}, author = {Gavinet, MF and Robert, F and Firtion, G and Delouvrier, E and Hennequin, C and Maurin, JR and Tourte-Schaefer, C and Dupouy-Camet, J} } @article {9720, title = {A consultation with experts on amoebiasis: Mexico City, Mexico 28-29 January, 1997}, journal = {Epidemiol Bull}, volume = {18}, year = {1997}, pages = {13-14} } @article {11288, title = {{Contamination of soil with parasite eggs and oocysts in southern Thailand.}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health.}, volume = {28}, year = {1997}, pages = {14017}, author = {Uga, S and Nagnaen, W and Chongsuvivatwong, V} } @article {15804, title = {Cryptosporidiosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Experience from the Milwaukee outbreak}, journal = {Digestive Diseases and Sciences}, volume = {42}, number = {8}, year = {1997}, month = {Aug}, pages = {1580-6}, edition = {1997/08/01}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Cryptosporidiosis/*complications/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Humans, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*complications/diagnosis/therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Wisconsin/epidemiology}, isbn = {0163-2116 (Print)
0163-2116}, author = {Manthey, M. W. and Ross, A. B. and Soergel, K. H.} } @article {15813, title = {Cryptosporidium infection in infancy as a cause of malnutrition: a community study from Guinea-Bissau, west Africa}, journal = {The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {149-152}, isbn = {0002-9165}, author = {M{\o}lbak, K. and Andersen, M. and Aaby, P. and H{\o}jlyng, N. and Jakobsen, M. and Sodemann, M. and da Silva, A. P.} } @article {3647, title = {Detection of group B rotaviruses in fecal samples from diarrheic calves and adult cows and characterization of their VP7 genes.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {8}, year = {1997}, pages = {2107{\textendash}2110}, abstract = {

Groups A, B, and C rotaviruses have been identified in cattle. Group B rotaviruses are associated with sporadic cases of diarrhea in calves and adult cows. From diagnostic submissions to our laboratory, 90 fecal samples from cases of calf diarrhea, 81 fecal samples from cases of adult cow diarrhea (winter dysentery), and 20 fecal samples from case control normal adult cows were tested for group B rotaviruses by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis \{\{\}(PAGE),\{\}\} and reverse transcription \{\{\}(RT)-PCR\{\}\} (targeting 279 bp of the \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} gene). In addition, 53 fecal samples from diarrheic adult cows were tested for group B rotaviruses by immune electron microscopy \{\{\}(IEM).\{\}\} By \{\{\}RT-PCR,\{\}\} five samples from calves were group B rotavirus positive (5.6\{\%\}). Fifteen samples from adult cows with diarrhea were group B rotavirus positive (18.5\{\%\}), and none of the control fecal samples from normal cows were positive for group B rotaviruses. By \{\{\}PAGE,\{\}\} one calf sample \{\{\}(RT-PCR\{\}\} positive) was group B rotavirus positive (short electropherotype), but none of the adult cow samples were positive for group B rotaviruses. By \{\{\.I}EM,\{\}\} 5 (9.4\{\%\}) of the 53 fecal samples from diarrheic adult cows were group B positive (all were also \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} positive). The \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} genes of three strains \{\{\}(WD653\{\}\} from an adult cow and the \{\{\}ATI\{\}\} and Mebus calf strains) were sequenced. The \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} genes from the three bovine strains showed high (over 90\{\%\}) nucleotide and deduced amino acid homologies, but lower homologies (48 to 61\{\%\}) were seen between these genes and the genes from rodent \{\{\}(IDIR)\{\}\} and human \{\{\}(ADRV)\{\}\} group B rotaviruses. Although there were some differences of degree, all inoculated gnotobiotic calves (n = 6) showed abnormal feces between 1 and 3 days after inoculation with each of three strains of group B bovine rotaviruses, and group B rotaviruse, were detected in the feces for up to 2 weeks by \{\{\}RT-PCR\{\}\} but for shorter periods by \{\{\}PAGE\{\}\} or \{\{\.I}EM.\{\}\}

}, author = {Chang, K O and Parwani, A V and Smith, D and Saif, L J} } @article {9560, title = {{Detection of microsporidia and identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in surface water by filtration followed by specific PCR}}, journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, year = {1997}, pages = {78S}, author = {Sparfel, JM and Sarfati, C and Liguory, O and Caroff, B and Dumoutier, N and Gueglio, B and Billaud, E and Raffi, F and Molina, JM and Miegeville, M and Derouin, F} } @article {16654, title = {Determining the source of nitrate pollution in the {Niger} discontinuous aquifers using the natural 15N14N ratios}, journal = {Journal of Hydrology}, volume = {199}, number = {3-4}, year = {1997}, pages = {239{\textendash}251}, author = {Girard, Pierre and Hillaire-Marcel, Claude} } @article {12908, title = {Determining the source of nitrate pollution in the Niger discontinuous aquifers using the natural 15N14N ratios}, journal = {Journal of Hydrology}, volume = {199}, number = {3-4}, year = {1997}, pages = {239{\textendash}251}, author = {Girard, Pierre and Hillaire-Marcel, Claude} } @article {16709, title = {Development of a risk assessment approach for evaluating wastewater reuse standards for agriculture}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, year = {1997}, pages = {15{\textendash}20}, author = {Shuval, H., Y. Lampert and Fattal, B.} } @article {15305, title = {Development of a risk assessment approach for evaluating wastewater reuse standards for agriculture}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, year = {1997}, pages = {15-20}, keywords = {Cost/effectiveness Risk analysis USEPA Wastewater irrigation standards/guidelines WHO}, author = {Shuval, H. and Lampert, Y. and Fattal, B.} } @article {11785, title = {{Difilobotriasis humana en la Patagonia}}, journal = {Revista de Sa{\'u}de P{\'u}blica}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {302{\textendash}307}, author = {Semenas, L and {\'U}beda, C} } @article {11582, title = {{Diplogonoporiasis presumably introduced into Spain: first confirmed case of human infection acquired outside the far East}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {57}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {317{\textendash}320}, author = {Clavel, Antonio and Bargues, Maria Dolores and Castillo, Francisco Javier and Rubio, Maria del Carmen and Mas-Coma, Santiago} } @mastersthesis {6302, title = {The discourse of public health in {Lyon}, 1848-1914}, year = {1997}, note = {9808683}, school = {University of Maryland College Park}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This study challenges the thesis of medicalization as a valid framework within which to examine the evolution of public health policy in France. The thesis of medicalization describes public health reform as a movement from above in which enlightened urban elites and physicians united to impose hygienic norms on the ignorant masses. However, I argue that doctors and municipal administrators did not always share a unity of purpose, that much of the impetus for public health reform originated within the popular element, and that public health policy expressed the convergence of popular and elite ideals. While all agreed on the need for reform, public health policy sometimes shortcircuited because it involved conflicting definitions of the proper role of the state and the limits of individual liberty. These conflicts translated into public health law and created incoherence and ambiguity in national and municipal legislation. Problems of finance and adequate manpower also impacted on the progress of public health reform. Their reluctance to make massive investments in sanitation projects caused Second Empire administrators to privatize Lyon{\textquoteright}s water system. Under the Third Republic, monetary caution similarly induced municipal councilors to procrastinate before repurchasing the water concession from the exploitative grasp of private monopoly. The limitations of municipal resources caused Lyon{\textquoteright}s schools to become congested breeding grounds for disease, and the shortage of responsible personnel produced inefficiencies and irregularities in the inspection of schools, factories and prostitution. Medical attitudes resulted in other hitches in public health policy, since doctors failed to perceive the wellspring of popular interest in hygiene and myopically ignored the harsh conditions of working class life that underlay popular deviation from hygienic norms. Though the thesis of medicalization stresses the hegemony of doctors over health policy, the administration discerned the narrowness of the doctors{\textquoteright} vision and sometimes sided with the people against the medical inspectors. The administration understood that the doctors{\textquoteright} rigid aloofness and lack of real commitment to their duties alienated many humble citizens. Having no real understanding of the people, doctors brought a limited and subjective viewpoint to their analysis of health among workers. Social, moral and economic concerns often overwhelmed scientific objectivity. Doctors{\textquoteright} discussions of schools became a diatribe on working class degeneration. Their discussion of water pontificated on the failure of working class people to assimilate hygienic norms instead of acknowledging popular clamour for clean filtered water. Concern with French economic stagnation dominated medical attitudes toward industry and made doctors underplay the harmful effects of industrial pollution on the health of workers and the quality of the urban environment. Medical analysis of prostitution and syphilis was a dogmatic sermon on morality and discipline rather than a scientific study of disease prevention. Doctors tried to veil their subjective attitudes in the respectable cloak of statistics. However, they presented statistics in biased and expedient ways that betrayed their social prejudices and their intention to improve their weak public image.}, keywords = {0335:European history, 0573:Public health, 0585:Science history, European history, France, Health and environmental sciences, Public health, Science history, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304356948?accountid=14270}, author = {Yarkony, Lisa} } @article {10832, title = {{Distribution of serogroups of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 non-O139 with specific reference to their ability to produce cholera toxin and addition of novel serogroups}}, journal = {Kansenshogaku zasshi. The Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases}, volume = {71}, year = {1997}, pages = {1037{\textendash}1045}, author = {Yamai, S and Okitsu, T and Shimada, T and Katsube, Y} } @article {5959, title = {{DNA inoculation with a plasmid vector carrying the hepatitis E virus structural protein gene induces immune response in mice}}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {1997}, pages = {357{\textendash}362}, author = {He, J and Hoffman, SL and Hayes, CG} } @article {16983, title = {Do macrophytes play a role in constructed treatment wetlands?}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, year = {1997}, pages = {11{\textendash}17}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Brix, Hans} } @conference {7145, title = {Drinking water supply and environmental sanitation for health.}, year = {1997}, publisher = {[Unpublished] 1998. Presented at the International Conference on Water and Sustainable Development Paris France March 19-21 1998.}, organization = {[Unpublished] 1998. Presented at the International Conference on Water and Sustainable Development Paris France March 19-21 1998.}, url = {http://www.popline.org/node/526511}, author = {Warner, D. B.} } @article {7298, title = {Drinking water turbidity and pediatric hospital use for gastrointestinal illness in {Philadelphia}.}, journal = {Epidemiology}, volume = {8}, number = {6}, year = {1997}, pages = {615{\textendash}620}, url = {http://journals.lww.com/epidem/Abstract/1997/11000/Drinking_Water_Turbidity_and_Pediatric_Hospital.5.aspx}, author = {Schwartz, Joel and Levin, Ronnie and Hodge, Knashawn} } @article {1445, title = {Duration of poliovirus excretion and its implications for acute flaccid paralysis surveillance: a review of the literature}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {175 Suppl 1}, year = {1997}, note = {Alexander, J P Jr Gary, H E Jr Pallansch, M A Review United states The Journal of infectious diseases J Infect Dis. 1997 Feb;175 Suppl 1:S176-82.}, pages = {S176-82}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Timely investigation of children with acute flaccid paralysis, with collection of stool specimens for virus isolation, is the primary strategy used to detect wild poliovirus circulation. To determine the optimal timing of stool specimen collection, studies of wild and vaccine poliovirus excretion published between 1935 and 1995 were reviewed. Data were compiled from comparable studies, scatter plots of the data were created, and third-order regression lines were calculated. The data indicated that wild polioviruses were excreted by a majority of previously unvaccinated infants and young children for 3-4 weeks. The duration of viral shedding was reduced, however, among children who were previously vaccinated with inactivated poliovirus vaccine, who had preexisting antibodies to the infecting serotype, or who had previous intestinal infection with homologous poliovirus. These data suggest that the 14-day period after onset of paralysis is the interval with the highest probability of detecting wild poliovirus excretion in paralyzed children.}, keywords = {Disease Outbreaks/*statistics \& numerical data Feces/*virology Humans Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/immunology/virology Poliovirus/classification/*isolation \& purification Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/immunology Population Surveillance/*methods Serotyping United States/epidemiology}, issn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=9203713}, author = {J P Alexander and H E Gary and M A Pallansch} } @article {2991, title = {Echinococcus granulosus: immunodiagnosis and vaccination, a perspective}, journal = {Parassitologia}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {1997}, month = {dec}, pages = {345{\textendash}347}, abstract = {Research areas of immunodiagnosis and vaccination in Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) are reviewed. Particular attention is given to recent progress into improved specificity in immunodiagnosis in human CE, and sensitivity and specificity in ovine CE, by purification of subunit peptides of Ag B. With regard to diagnosis in definitive hosts, the advantages of coproantigen test ELISA are discussed in comparison with the classic arecoline purgation test. Recent data from studies on vaccination in sheep populations are reported, and the enormous potential of an effective vaccine in a Hydatid control programme is underlined.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Antigens, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Feces, Helminth, Humans, Immunologic Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Serologic Tests, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, Vaccination}, issn = {0048-2951}, author = {Craig, P. S.} } @article {11265, title = {{Effect of ozone treatment on Toxocara canis eggs}}, journal = {Journal of Veterinary Medical Science}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, pages = {169{\textendash}173}, doi = {10.1292/jvms.60.169}, author = {OOI, HK and Lin, CL and Wang, JS} } @article {9484, title = {{Effects of albendazole, fumagillin, and TNP-470 on microsporidial replication in vitro}}, journal = {Antimicrob Agents Chemother}, volume = {41}, number = {7}, year = {1997}, pages = {1541{\textendash}1546}, author = {Didier, ES} } @article {5211, title = {{Effects of different biosolids treatment systems on pathogen and pathogen indicator reduction}}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {1997}, pages = {1195}, abstract = {In this study, the effectiveness of different treatment systems in reducing pathogenic density levels was evaluated according to the criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency municipal sludge rule (40 CFR Part 503 Rule). In a year-long effort, wastewater and biosolids samples were analyzed for both indicator, and pathogenic organisms from different existing treatment systems. The results indicate that anaerobic digestion was superior to aerobic digestion in reducing pathogen density levels under the given field conditions. Composting was far more superior to both anaerobic and aerobic digestion. This study demonstrates that the Class B requirements under the 503 Rule are reasonable and can be achievable by most existing treatment systems, whereas the Class A requirements under the same rule may not be easily achieved by many existing treatment works. The effects of volatile solids loading rates on anaerobic and aerobic digester performance were investigated. Under anaerobic digestion conditions, the log reductions in fecal coliform and fecal streptococci appeared to be dependent on volatile suspended solids (VSS) loading rates. However, this trend was not evident in aerobic digestion systems sampled. Salmonella density reductions did not appear to be dependent on VSS loading rates in either case.}, keywords = {Environmental Studies}, issn = {10614303}, doi = {10.2175/106143097X125948}, url = {http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/docview/216056555?accountid=14667 LA - English}, author = {Ponugoti, Prabhakar R and Dehab, Mohamed F and Surampalli, Rao} } @article {9103, title = {{Effects of temperature, ph, glucose, and citric acid on the inactivation of salmonella typhimurium in reduced calorie mayonnaise}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {60}, number = {12}, year = {1997}, pages = {1497{\textendash}1501}, abstract = {A Salmonella typhimurium strain was inoculated in reduced calorie mayonnaise. A central composite design was implemented to assess the effects of temperature (15 to 35{\textdegree}C), pH (4.5 to 6.5), glucose (1 to 4{\%} [wt/vol]), and citric acid (0.05 to 0.1{\%} [wt/vol]) on the inactivation of Salmonella. Whatever the conditions, an inhibition of the strain was obtained, but only after a long period of time, from 11 to 85 days. In this study, as the survival curves obtained did not follow typical first -order destruction kinetics, the primary model chosen was exponential. A second-order polyno- mial linear regression was then used to study the effects of the various factors on the inhibition of S. typhimurium. Estimated values of the k parameter, which represented the shape of the destruction curves, were well correlated with the predicted ones (R2 = 0.94). Generally, the higher the temperature with a low pH, the greater the inactivation. With a citric acid concentration of 0.09{\%} (wt/vol), no glucose effect could be seen. In contrast, a lower acid concentration, 0.06{\%} (wt/vol), enabled the higher level of destruction to be reached with a 3.5{\%} (wt/vol) glucose concen- tration. This study documented that reduced calorie mayonnaise containing citric acid can represent a nonnegligible consumer safety risk and indicated that a well-fitted model is of interest to correctly predict this risk. Key}, keywords = {affected by storage, and lag period as, as the growth rate, generally, growth parameters such, mathematical equations to estimate, microbial inactivation, Modeling, Salmonella, the predictive microbiological approach, uses}, author = {Membre, J M and Majchrzak, V and Jolly, I} } @article {9433, title = {{The electrophoretic karyotype of Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology}, volume = {99}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {41{\textendash}53}, author = {Willhoeft, U and Tannich, E} } @article {9277, title = {{Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infection in children in Bangladesh}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {175}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {734{\textendash}736}, author = {Haque, R and Faruque, AS and Hahn, P and Lyerly, DM and Petri, WA Jr} } @article {1562, title = {Enterovirus genomes in wastewater: concentration on glass wool and glass powder and detection by RT-PCR}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, note = {Gantzer, C Senouci, S Maul, A Levi, Y Schwartzbrod, L eng NETHERLANDS 1997/05/01 J Virol Methods. 1997 May;65(2):265-71.}, pages = {265-71}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Standard methods for detecting enteroviruses in environmental samples require cell culture, which is time consuming and expensive. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a rapid, sensitive method for detecting enteroviruses in water. However, environmental samples often contain substances that inhibit PCR amplification of target RNA. Hence the virus must be concentrated by procedures that do not interfere with amplification. This study shows that virus concentration by adsorption onto glass powder or glass wool supports is suitable for detecting viral genomes in treated wastewater by RT semi-nested PCR. No enterovirus genome was detected directly in 25 samples of treated wastewater by RT semi-nested PCR. However, samples concentrated by adsorption onto glass wool or glass powder showed that 48\% (glass powder) and 56\% (glass wool) contained virus. Secondary concentration by organic flocculation was unsuitable for detecting virus concentrated on glass wool (20\% positive samples), but it helped to increase the detection of the genome after concentration on glass powder (72\% positive samples).}, keywords = {Cell Line Enterovirus/chemistry/*genetics/*isolation \& purification Genome, Viral *Glass *Polymerase Chain Reaction Powders/*analysis Protein Binding Sewage/*virology Solutions Water Pollution/adverse effects/*analysis}, issn = {0166-0934 (Print) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9186950}, author = {Gantzer, C. and Senouci, S. and Maul, A. and Levi, Y. and Schwartzbrod, L.} } @article {14857, title = {Enteroviruses in sewage: comparison of different technologies for wastewater treatment and reuse}, journal = {J Egypt Public Health Assoc}, volume = {72}, year = {1997}, pages = {441{\textendash}56}, abstract = {Seven wastewater treatment plants were twice sampled to compare their different technologies for the removal of enteroviruses. These technologies are extended aeration, oxidation ditch, stabilization pond, aerated stabilization pond, submerged fixed film reactor, trickling filter and trickling filter followed by activated sludge in El-Serw, El-Rahamna, El-Adliya, Daqahla, El-Barashiya, Sohag and El-Fayoum wastewater treatment plants, respectively. Virus counts of raw sewage ranged between 2.7 x 10(3) and 20 x 10(3) PFU/L and for treated effluents was between 0 and 6 x 10(3). The percentage of virus removal was varied where trickling filter and tickling filter followed by activated sludge reduced virus counts by 95.7 and 99.9, respectively. Extended aeration removed 64.2\%, oxidation ditch 66.5\%, stabilization pond 44.9\%, aerated stabilization pond 13.34\%, and submerged fixed film reactor removed 53.4\%. The neutralization test revealed five types of enteroviruses, poliovirus types 1,2 and 3 and Coxsackievirus types B4 and B5. The isolated polioviruses were vaccine strains. From the frequency distribution of the detected viruses, poliovirus type 2 was the most dominant.}, keywords = {Animals, Colony Count, Egypt, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Fluid/*methods, Humans, Microbial, Sewage/*virology, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/*methods, Water Supply/standards}, issn = {0013-2446 (Print) 0013-2446 (Linking)}, author = {Ali, M. A. and El-Senousy, W. M. and El-Hawaary, S. E.} } @article {14441, title = {Enteroviruses in sewage: comparison of different technologies for wastewater treatment and reuse}, journal = {J Egypt Public Health Assoc}, volume = {72}, year = {1997}, pages = {441{\textendash}56}, abstract = {Seven wastewater treatment plants were twice sampled to compare their different technologies for the removal of enteroviruses. These technologies are extended aeration, oxidation ditch, stabilization pond, aerated stabilization pond, submerged fixed film reactor, trickling filter and trickling filter followed by activated sludge in El-Serw, El-Rahamna, El-Adliya, Daqahla, El-Barashiya, Sohag and El-Fayoum wastewater treatment plants, respectively. Virus counts of raw sewage ranged between 2.7 x 10(3) and 20 x 10(3) PFU/L and for treated effluents was between 0 and 6 x 10(3). The percentage of virus removal was varied where trickling filter and tickling filter followed by activated sludge reduced virus counts by 95.7 and 99.9, respectively. Extended aeration removed 64.2\%, oxidation ditch 66.5\%, stabilization pond 44.9\%, aerated stabilization pond 13.34\%, and submerged fixed film reactor removed 53.4\%. The neutralization test revealed five types of enteroviruses, poliovirus types 1,2 and 3 and Coxsackievirus types B4 and B5. The isolated polioviruses were vaccine strains. From the frequency distribution of the detected viruses, poliovirus type 2 was the most dominant.}, keywords = {Animals, Colony Count, Egypt, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Fluid/*methods, Humans, Microbial, Sewage/*virology, Waste Disposal, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/*methods, Water Supply/standards}, issn = {0013-2446 (Print) 0013-2446 (Linking)}, author = {Ali, M. A. and El-Senousy, W. M. and El-Hawaary, S. E.} } @mastersthesis {7381, title = {Entrepreneurs and place in early {America}: {Auburn}, {New} {York}, 1783-1880}, year = {1997}, note = {9819122}, school = {Syracuse University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Auburn, New York, was one of many small communities settled in the northwestern frontier subsequent to the Revolutionary War. Because of early advantages, such as water power and its location on the major route west, it experienced unprecedented prosperity and growth. Like many other communities with similar geographical advantages, its growing wealth differentiated it from the country and communities around it, and attracted capital and an entrepreneurial class which built it into one of the leading places of its day. One can see in Auburn the evolution of American capitalism in its most raw form. Into the region came three kinds of people with three different purposes: farmers, speculators, and purveyors. The latter two groups naturally gravitated to the towns and evolved into a new kind of entrepreneurial class with the capital, skills, and initiative to profit from the opportunities arising around them. Land transactions, probate records, and personal histories demonstrate that American capitalism at this time was place-based, personal, full of risk, sometimes but not always highly profitable, and derived in part from the free capital offered by the government to settlers in terms of cheap or free land. Land, religion, character, opportunity, entrepreneurship, and almost complete freedom from taxation, regulation, and controls, made this region a crucible forging a new American business class. By the middle decades of the 19th Century, Auburn became a prosperous and rapidly growing center of invention, manufacturing, and finance. This study looks at the role of local entrepreneurs in both responding to and creating changing conditions in both the local and world economy at this time. The rise of Auburn and the geographical pattern of its economic landscapes is shown to be in part the consequence of entrepreneurship and the development of new forms of corporate enterprise in the corn starch and agricultural implements industries. However, the high profits and rapid capital accumulation from these industries that allowed the city to prosper and grow also initiated its decline, as entrepreneurs began to pull resources from local investments in favor of similar opportunities in other places. By taking a place perspective, this study explores concepts such as agency, structure, and the transition to organized capitalism in terms of the investment decisions of individuals in the course of their everyday lives in a place.}, keywords = {0337:American history, 0366:Geography, 0509:Economic history, American history, class, Economic development, Economic history, Entrepreneurs, Geography, Social sciences, Studies, Towns}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304387279?accountid=14270}, author = {Anderson, Scott William} } @article {15884, title = {Environmental ecology of Cryptosporidium and public health implications}, journal = {Annual Review of Public Health}, volume = {18}, year = {1997}, pages = {135-61}, edition = {1997/01/01}, keywords = {*Cryptosporidium, *Disease Outbreaks, *Immunocompromised Host, *Public Health, Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology, Humans, North America/epidemiology, Risk Assessment, Sewage/parasitology, Water Purification/standards, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0163-7525 (Print)
0163-7525}, author = {Rose, J. B.} } @article {11284, title = {{Environmental factors influencing transmission}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {72}, number = {3-4}, year = {1997}, pages = {247{\textendash}264}, doi = {10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00100-3}, author = {Stromberg, Bert E} } @article {7527, title = {Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Campylobacter jejuni Infections}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {176 (Supplement 2)}, year = {1997}, pages = {S103-S105}, author = {Blaser, MJ} } @article {4047, title = {Epidemiologic features of intestinal parasitic infections in Italian mental institutions}, journal = {European Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {13}, year = {1997}, pages = {825{\textendash}830}, author = {Giacometti, A and Cirioni, O and Balducci, M and Drenaggi, D and Quarta, M and De Federicis, M and Ruggeri, P and Colapinto, D and Ripani, G and Scalise, G} } @article {7745, title = {Epidemiological aspects of thermophilic Campylobacter in water-related environments: A review}, journal = {Water Environment Research}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, note = {Jan-Feb; Epidemiological aspects of thermophilic Campylobacter in water-related environments: A review; ISI:A1997WD06900008; ID: 256}, pages = {52-63}, abstract = {Campylobacteriosis is one of the most frequently occurring acute gastroenteritis diseases in humans. Studies have revealed that the main risk factors in contracting campylobacteriosis are eating undercooked poultry meat, drinking raw milk, or drinking untreated water, and to a lesser degree, living in a household with a cat or dog. During the past 5 years many transmission routes of Campylobacter have been elucidated. However, knowledge on the significance of surface waters in causing Campylobacter infections remains scarce. Various reports have shown that the aquatic environment is regularly contaminated with Campylobacter. Risk analysis indicates that the contribution of contaminated recreational water to human infections may be higher than previously assumed. The contribution of viable but nonculturable Campylobacter cells in the contamination cycle has been found to be negligible.}, keywords = {AGGLUTINATION, Analysis, aquatic environment, Campylobacter, cell culturability, COCCOID FORMS, FETUS SUBSP JEJUNI, Incidence, LATEX, NON-CULTURABLE CAMPYLOBACTER, NONCULTURABLE STAGE, POINT-SOURCE OUTBREAK, POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION, RAW-MILK, Risk, SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT, THERMOTOLERANT CAMPYLOBACTER}, author = {Koenraad,Pmfj and Rombouts,F. M. and Notermans,S. H. W.} } @article {4787, title = {{Epidemiology and treatment of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in Peruvian children}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {24}, year = {1997}, pages = {977{\textendash}981}, author = {Madico, G and McDonald, J and Gilman, RH and Cabrera, L and Sterling, CR} } @mastersthesis {6318, title = {The estimation of the needs for periodontal treatment in adult {Hong} {Kong} {Chinese} using the community periodontal index of treatment needs ({CPITN}) and an evaluation of a minimal periodontal treatment programme ({BL})}, year = {1997}, note = {U531512}, school = {University of London, University College London (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The purpose of this investigation was to: (1) assess the time required to provide periodontal treatment in a group of adult Hong Kong Chinese; (2) examine if a relationship exists between CPITN scores and treatment times; and (3) evaluate the effects of oral hygiene instruction in the absence of scaling.{\textless}P{\textgreater}Based upon CPITN treatment need indications, a sub-sample of the 668 subjects aged 35-44 years examined during the 1984 Hong Kong Survey of Adult Oral Health was defined comprising all 104 Treatment Need (TN) "3" subjects and 100 randomly selected (TN) "2" subjects. During the first six months of the study, a split-mouth approach was used to assess the outcome of oral hygiene alone as against oral hygiene and scaling. Thereafter, routine periodontal treatment was undertaken and monitored for a total period 15 months. Treatment times were assessed using the methods of time study and activity sampling while clinical outcomes were assessed on probing depth, calculus, and bleeding on probing.{\textless}P{\textgreater}In summary, the principal findings of this study are that:{\textless}P{\textgreater}{\textless}IMG WIDTH=7 HEIGHT=7 SRC="/inline/symbol\_183.gif"{\textgreater} For adult Hong Kong Chinese treated under the conditions of this study, the mean initial oral hygiene time was somewhat less than the time estimates provided in TRS 621 (WHO, 1978);{\textless}P{\textgreater}{\textless}IMG WIDTH=7 HEIGHT=7 SRC="/inline/symbol\_183.gif"{\textgreater} The mean time for initial scaling of sextants at baseline was within the range suggested by TRS 621;{\textless}P{\textgreater}{\textless}IMG WIDTH=7 HEIGHT=7 SRC="/inline/symbol\_183.gif"{\textgreater} For subsequent maintenance phases, the mean oral hygiene time per subject and the mean scaling time sextant were greater than the TRS 621 estimates;{\textless}P{\textgreater}{\textless}IMG WIDTH=7 HEIGHT=7 SRC="/inline/symbol\_183.gif"{\textgreater} Deferment of initial scaling for a period of six-months after oral hygiene instruction reduced scaling time by one-half thereby providing a basis for the development of more time efficient methods for the provision of periodontal treatment;{\textless}P{\textgreater}{\textless}IMG WIDTH=7 HEIGHT=7 SRC="/inline/symbol\_183.gif"{\textgreater} The CPITN score was not useful as an indicator of the time required for individual components of treatment except for initial scaling time at baseline;{\textless}P{\textgreater}{\textless}IMG WIDTH=7 HEIGHT=7 SRC="/inline/symbol\_183.gif"{\textgreater} Activity sampling revealed that over half of hygienist time was unproductive;{\textless}P{\textgreater}{\textless}IMG WIDTH=7 HEIGHT=7 SRC="/inline/symbol\_183.gif"{\textgreater} Improvements in periodontal health can take place following oral hygiene instruction in the absence of scaling;{\textless}P{\textgreater}{\textless}IMG WIDTH=7 HEIGHT=7 SRC="/inline/symbol\_183.gif"{\textgreater} Scaling enhances the improvements in periodontal health achieved by oral hygiene alone;{\textless}P{\textgreater}{\textless}IMG WIDTH=7 HEIGHT=7 SRC="/inline/symbol\_183.gif"{\textgreater} the CPITN has deficiencies due to its hierarchical nature when used for the monitoring of periodontal treatment outcomes.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU531512, 0567:Dentistry, Bibliographies, Dentistry, Health and environmental sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/900271015?accountid=14270}, author = {Holmgren, C J} } @mastersthesis {6829, title = {Evaluation of {RELAP}5 models and improvement of interphase transfer terms related to {ALWR} applications}, year = {1997}, note = {9808533}, school = {Purdue University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The first part of the thesis describes a method for using RELAP5 models to corroborate the scaling methodology that has been used for design of the Purdue University Multidimensional Test Apparatus (PUMA). This facility was built for the U.S. NRC to obtain data on the performance of the passive safety systems of advanced light water reactor concepts such as the experimental boiling water reactor (XBWR). The RELAP5 models are developed for the prototype system, the ideal scaled system, and the actual PUMA facility. Similarity is investigated between these models for a main steam line break accident. The second part of the thesis concerns improvements to the RELAP5 code in wall friction and interface mass transfer modeling. Both of these models are very important to the accurate prediction of the physical processes that occur within the components of the experimental XBWR. Previous RELAP5 models for the annular flow regime unphysically attributed a large fraction of the wall friction to the gas phase, while in reality, the gas does not contact the wall at all. This caused the liquid velocity to be more than ten times larger than it should be. To improve the wall friction model, a new annular wall friction model was implemented that applies wall friction only to the liquid. The revised wall friction model for annular flow produces good agreement when compared to experiment data. The RELAP5 modeling of interphase mass transfer when noncondensable gases are present has been identified as a problem area. In the current RELAP5 code, interphase heat transfer is based on an interfacial temperature determined from bulk conditions. Physically, when noncondensables are present, the interfacial temperature is governed by the local interfacial conditions which differ from bulk conditions due to the mass diffusion process. In this thesis, a mass transfer model is developed in which the interfacial temperature and corresponding energy and mass transfer model are consistent with the RELAP5 numerical solution scheme. The new developed model is tested using a variety of conceptual problems and an experiment.}, keywords = {0552:Nuclear physics, Applied sciences, interfacial temperature, noncondensable, Nuclear physics, passive safety, Scaling, wall friction}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304359961?accountid=14270}, author = {Wang, Weidong} } @article {8057, title = {{Evaluation of the premier EHEC assay for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {35}, number = {8}, year = {1997}, pages = {2051{\textendash}2054}, edition = {1997/08/01}, abstract = {An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Shiga toxins (Premier EHEC assay; Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.) was compared to conventional sorbitol-MacConkey culture for the recovery of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. A total of 74 enteric pathogens, including 8 E. coli O157:H7 isolates, were recovered from 974 stool specimens. Two of these specimens were not tested by Premier assaying due to insufficient sample and are not considered in the data analysis. The Premier EHEC assay detected the 6 evaluable specimens which were culture positive for E. coli O157:H7 and identified an additional 10 specimens as containing Shiga toxin. Seven isolates were recovered from these 10 specimens by an immunoblot assay and were confirmed as toxin producers by a cytotoxin assay. Of these seven, four isolates were serotype O157:H7, one was O26:NM, one was O6:H-, and one was O untypeable:H untypeable. Three specimens contained Shiga toxin by both EHEC immunoassaying and cytotoxin testing; however, no cytotoxin-producing E. coli could be recovered. The sorbitol-MacConkey method had a sensitivity and a specificity of 60 and 100{\%}, respectively, while the Premier EHEC assay had a sensitivity and a specificity of 100 and 99.7{\%}, respectively, for E. coli O157:H7 only. The Premier EHEC assay also detected an additional 20{\%} Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) that were non-O157:H7. Thus, the Premier EHEC assay is a sensitive and specific method for the detection of all STEC isolates. Routine use would improve the detection of E. coli O157:H7 and allow for determination of the true incidence of STEC other than O157:H7. The presence of blood in the stool and/or the ages of the patients were poor predictors of the presence of STEC. Criteria need to be determined which would allow for the cost-effective incorporation of this assay into the routine screen for enteric pathogens in high-risk individuals, especially children.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Kehl, K S and Havens, P and Behnke, C E and Acheson, D W} } @article {2314, title = {{Evaluation of the premier EHEC assay for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {35}, number = {8}, year = {1997}, pages = {2051{\textendash}2054}, edition = {1997/08/01}, abstract = {An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Shiga toxins (Premier EHEC assay; Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.) was compared to conventional sorbitol-MacConkey culture for the recovery of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. A total of 74 enteric pathogens, including 8 E. coli O157:H7 isolates, were recovered from 974 stool specimens. Two of these specimens were not tested by Premier assaying due to insufficient sample and are not considered in the data analysis. The Premier EHEC assay detected the 6 evaluable specimens which were culture positive for E. coli O157:H7 and identified an additional 10 specimens as containing Shiga toxin. Seven isolates were recovered from these 10 specimens by an immunoblot assay and were confirmed as toxin producers by a cytotoxin assay. Of these seven, four isolates were serotype O157:H7, one was O26:NM, one was O6:H-, and one was O untypeable:H untypeable. Three specimens contained Shiga toxin by both EHEC immunoassaying and cytotoxin testing; however, no cytotoxin-producing E. coli could be recovered. The sorbitol-MacConkey method had a sensitivity and a specificity of 60 and 100\%, respectively, while the Premier EHEC assay had a sensitivity and a specificity of 100 and 99.7\%, respectively, for E. coli O157:H7 only. The Premier EHEC assay also detected an additional 20\% Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) that were non-O157:H7. Thus, the Premier EHEC assay is a sensitive and specific method for the detection of all STEC isolates. Routine use would improve the detection of E. coli O157:H7 and allow for determination of the true incidence of STEC other than O157:H7. The presence of blood in the stool and/or the ages of the patients were poor predictors of the presence of STEC. Criteria need to be determined which would allow for the cost-effective incorporation of this assay into the routine screen for enteric pathogens in high-risk individuals, especially children.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Kehl, K S and Havens, P and Behnke, C E and Acheson, D W} } @article {14107, title = {Evaluation of the premier {EHEC} assay for detection of {Shiga} toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {35}, number = {8}, year = {1997}, pages = {2051{\textendash}2054}, abstract = {An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Shiga toxins (Premier EHEC assay; Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.) was compared to conventional sorbitol-MacConkey culture for the recovery of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. A total of 74 enteric pathogens, including 8 E. coli O157:H7 isolates, were recovered from 974 stool specimens. Two of these specimens were not tested by Premier assaying due to insufficient sample and are not considered in the data analysis. The Premier EHEC assay detected the 6 evaluable specimens which were culture positive for E. coli O157:H7 and identified an additional 10 specimens as containing Shiga toxin. Seven isolates were recovered from these 10 specimens by an immunoblot assay and were confirmed as toxin producers by a cytotoxin assay. Of these seven, four isolates were serotype O157:H7, one was O26:NM, one was O6:H-, and one was O untypeable:H untypeable. Three specimens contained Shiga toxin by both EHEC immunoassaying and cytotoxin testing; however, no cytotoxin-producing E. coli could be recovered. The sorbitol-MacConkey method had a sensitivity and a specificity of 60 and 100\%, respectively, while the Premier EHEC assay had a sensitivity and a specificity of 100 and 99.7\%, respectively, for E. coli O157:H7 only. The Premier EHEC assay also detected an additional 20\% Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) that were non-O157:H7. Thus, the Premier EHEC assay is a sensitive and specific method for the detection of all STEC isolates. Routine use would improve the detection of E. coli O157:H7 and allow for determination of the true incidence of STEC other than O157:H7. The presence of blood in the stool and/or the ages of the patients were poor predictors of the presence of STEC. Criteria need to be determined which would allow for the cost-effective incorporation of this assay into the routine screen for enteric pathogens in high-risk individuals, especially children.}, author = {Kehl, K S and Havens, P and Behnke, C E and Acheson, D W} } @article {9826, title = {{Experimental Blastocystis hominis infection in laboratory mice}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {83}, year = {1997}, pages = {319{\textendash}325}, author = {Moe, KT and Singh, M and Howe, J and Ho, LC and Tan, SW and Chen, XQ and Ng, GC and Yap, EH} } @article {9778, title = {{Extensive genetic diversity in Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology}, volume = {87}, year = {1997}, pages = {79{\textendash}83}, author = {Clark, CG} } @article {15337, title = {A family of fibrinogen-related proteins that precipitates parasite-derived molecules is produced by an invertebrate after infection}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {94}, number = {16}, year = {1997}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United states}, month = {Aug 5}, pages = {8691-6}, abstract = {

After infection with the digenetic trematode Echinostoma paraensei, hemolymph of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata contains lectins comprised of 65-kDa subunits that precipitate polypeptides secreted by E. paraensei intramolluscan larvae. Comparable activity is lacking in hemolymph of uninfected snails. Three different cDNAs with sequence similarities to peptides derived from the 65-kDa lectins were obtained and unexpectedly found to encode fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs). These FREPs also contained regions with sequence similarity to Ig superfamily members. B. glabrata has at least five FREP genes, three of which are expressed at increased levels after infection. Elucidation of components of the defense system of B. glabrata is relevant because this snail is an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni, the most widely distributed causative agent of human schistosomiasis. These results are novel in suggesting a role for invertebrate FREPs in recognition of parasite-derived molecules and also provide a model for investigating the diversity of molecules functioning in nonself-recognition in an invertebrate.

}, keywords = {*Echinostoma, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Biomphalaria/*parasitology, Echinostomiasis/*metabolism, Fibrinogen/genetics/*metabolism, Helminth Proteins/*metabolism, Humans, Immunoglobulin G/genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Protein Binding, Sequence Alignment}, isbn = {0027-8424 (Print)
0027-8424 (Linking)}, author = {Adema, C. M. and Hertel, L. A. and Miller, R. D. and Loker, E. S.} } @article {14155, title = {A fifteen month study of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in a dairy herd}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {17{\textendash}25}, abstract = {A dairy herd associated with Escherichia coli O157 infection in humans was studied for the 15 months following the outbreak to examine seasonal, age and management factors affecting faecal excretion of the organism and to determine the mode and frequency of milk contamination with the organism. Between May 1993 and July 1994, 28 visits were made to the farm to collect a total of 3593 rectal swabs from cows, heifers and calves and 329 milk samples. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 153 (4.3\%) of 3593 bovine rectal swabs. The maximum prevalence at any one visit was 14\% in lactating cows, 40\% in non-lactating cows, 56\% in calves and 68\% in heifers. The prevalence in lactating cows, which was significantly lower than in the other groups, peaked during May-July 1993 and again briefly after the cattle were housed during November 1993 and then again during May 1994. Excretion rates of E. coli O157:H7 in lactating cows were highest during the first month after calving, falling during lactation and rising to another peak at 7 months postpartum. Between November 1993 and May 1994 there was no evidence of excretion in any group. Eighty-seven (74\%) of the animals which excreted E. coli O157:H7 did so on only one occasion but 23 (32\%) of 73 cows and heifers and 7 (16\%) of 44 calves which excreted the organism did so on more than one occasion. E. coli O157:H7 was not isolated from milk taken from the bulk tank but it was isolated from individual milk samples (one milk jar and one fore-milk) from two animals previously shown to be faecal excretors of the organism. All isolates of E. coli O157:H7 obtained were of the same phage type, toxin genotype and plasmid profile.}, author = {Mechie, S C and Chapman, P A and Siddons, C A} } @article {2351, title = {{A fifteen month study of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a dairy herd}}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {17{\textendash}25}, edition = {1997/02/01}, abstract = {A dairy herd associated with Escherichia coli O157 infection in humans was studied for the 15 months following the outbreak to examine seasonal, age and management factors affecting faecal excretion of the organism and to determine the mode and frequency of milk contamination with the organism. Between May 1993 and July 1994, 28 visits were made to the farm to collect a total of 3593 rectal swabs from cows, heifers and calves and 329 milk samples. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 153 (4.3\%) of 3593 bovine rectal swabs. The maximum prevalence at any one visit was 14\% in lactating cows, 40\% in non-lactating cows, 56\% in calves and 68\% in heifers. The prevalence in lactating cows, which was significantly lower than in the other groups, peaked during May-July 1993 and again briefly after the cattle were housed during November 1993 and then again during May 1994. Excretion rates of E. coli O157:H7 in lactating cows were highest during the first month after calving, falling during lactation and rising to another peak at 7 months postpartum. Between November 1993 and May 1994 there was no evidence of excretion in any group. Eighty-seven (74\%) of the animals which excreted E. coli O157:H7 did so on only one occasion but 23 (32\%) of 73 cows and heifers and 7 (16\%) of 44 calves which excreted the organism did so on more than one occasion. E. coli O157:H7 was not isolated from milk taken from the bulk tank but it was isolated from individual milk samples (one milk jar and one fore-milk) from two animals previously shown to be faecal excretors of the organism. All isolates of E. coli O157:H7 obtained were of the same phage type, toxin genotype and plasmid profile.}, isbn = {0950-2688 (Print) 0950-2688 (Linking)}, author = {Mechie, S C and Chapman, P A and Siddons, C A} } @article {8091, title = {{A fifteen month study of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a dairy herd}}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {17{\textendash}25}, edition = {1997/02/01}, abstract = {A dairy herd associated with Escherichia coli O157 infection in humans was studied for the 15 months following the outbreak to examine seasonal, age and management factors affecting faecal excretion of the organism and to determine the mode and frequency of milk contamination with the organism. Between May 1993 and July 1994, 28 visits were made to the farm to collect a total of 3593 rectal swabs from cows, heifers and calves and 329 milk samples. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 153 (4.3{\%}) of 3593 bovine rectal swabs. The maximum prevalence at any one visit was 14{\%} in lactating cows, 40{\%} in non-lactating cows, 56{\%} in calves and 68{\%} in heifers. The prevalence in lactating cows, which was significantly lower than in the other groups, peaked during May-July 1993 and again briefly after the cattle were housed during November 1993 and then again during May 1994. Excretion rates of E. coli O157:H7 in lactating cows were highest during the first month after calving, falling during lactation and rising to another peak at 7 months postpartum. Between November 1993 and May 1994 there was no evidence of excretion in any group. Eighty-seven (74{\%}) of the animals which excreted E. coli O157:H7 did so on only one occasion but 23 (32{\%}) of 73 cows and heifers and 7 (16{\%}) of 44 calves which excreted the organism did so on more than one occasion. E. coli O157:H7 was not isolated from milk taken from the bulk tank but it was isolated from individual milk samples (one milk jar and one fore-milk) from two animals previously shown to be faecal excretors of the organism. All isolates of E. coli O157:H7 obtained were of the same phage type, toxin genotype and plasmid profile.}, isbn = {0950-2688 (Print) 0950-2688 (Linking)}, author = {Mechie, S C and Chapman, P A and Siddons, C A} } @article {4694, title = {{The first two cases of Cyclospora in dogs, Sao Paulo, Brazil}}, journal = {Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S{\~a}o Paulo}, volume = {39}, year = {1997}, pages = {177{\textendash}179}, author = {Yai, LE and Bauab, AR and Hirschfeld, MP and de Oliveira, ML and Damaceno, JT} } @article {15477, title = {Flow cytometric study of blood leucocytes in clinical forms of human schistosomiasis}, journal = {Scand J Immunol}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, note = {Martins-Filho, O A
Dutra, W O
Freeman, G L
Silveira, A M
Rabello, A
Colley, D G
Prata, A
Gazzinelli, G
Correa-Oliveira, R
Carvalho-Parra, J
eng
AI26505/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
ENGLAND
1997/10/07
Scand J Immunol. 1997 Sep;46(3):304-11.}, month = {Sep}, pages = {304-11}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to examine three distinct groups of schistosomiasis patients and to determine whether cell phenotype profiles could be correlated with the different clinical forms of the disease. The data obtained indicate that Schistosoma mansoni infected patients have a lower percentage of CD3+ T cells than do non-infected individuals. Interestingly, infected patients presented more than twice the mean percentage of circulating activated T cells (CD3+HLA-DR+) when compared to the control group. Examination of T lymphocyte subpopulations showed that patients with the severe hepatosplenic form (HS) of the disease had lower levels of both CD8High+ and CD8Low+ cells when compared to the other groups of patients. All infected individuals had a higher percentage of circulating B cells, with an increase in the CD5+ B cell population that was more evident in the HS group. The data presented here are evidence to support a relationship between the hepatosplenic form of the disease, a decrease on the CD8+ cell population and an elevation on CD5+ B cells.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Antigens, CD/immunology, B-Lymphocytes/*immunology, Child, Feces/parasitology, Female, Flow Cytometry, Humans, Immunophenotyping, Lymphocyte Activation, Male, Middle Aged, Parasite Egg Count, Schistosoma mansoni/isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis mansoni/classification/*immunology, T-Lymphocytes/*immunology}, isbn = {0300-9475 (Print)
0300-9475 (Linking)}, author = {Martins-Filho, O. A. and Dutra, W. O. and Freeman, G. L. and Silveira, A. M. and Rabello, A. and Colley, D. G. and Prata, A. and Gazzinelli, G. and Correa-Oliveira, R. and Carvalho-Parra, J.} } @article {13527, title = {Food-borne trematode infections in the Americas}, journal = {Parasitol Today}, volume = {13}, year = {1997}, pages = {87-88}, author = {Hillyer, G. V. and Apt, W.} } @inbook {10200, title = {{Genes in Practice}}, booktitle = {Molecular Genetics of Bacteria}, year = {1997}, pages = {418{\textendash}419}, publisher = {ASM Press}, organization = {ASM Press}, address = {Washington DC, USA }, author = {Snyder, L and Champness, W} } @article {10553, title = {{High prevalence of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 carrying heat-stable-enterotoxin among Vibrio isolates from a temperate-climate river basin of central Italy}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {63}, year = {1997}, pages = {2934{\textendash}2939}, author = {Caldini, G and Neri, A and Cresti, S and Boddi, V and Rossolini, GM and Lanciotti, E} } @article {8236, title = {{How is Helicobacter pylori Transmitted?}}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, volume = {113}, number = {6}, year = {1997}, month = {dec}, pages = {S9{\textendash}S14}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori is one of the world{\textquoteright}s most common pathogens. It colonizes about 60{\%} of the world{\textquoteright}s population, causes gastritis and peptic ulcer, and is strongly associated with gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma. However, most individuals never develop clinical disease. Thirteen years after the culture of H. pylori by Marshall and Warren, we still do not know its major mode of transmission. Childhood represents the major period of acquisition of infection in the third world, but infection is rare in children in the developed world. Possible routes of infection include either oraloral or fecal-oral, iatrogenic spread with inadvertent use of unsterile pH probes and endoscopes, and vectorial spread by flies. Evidence to support each route of transmission is provided, but there is no predominant route. The only significant reservoir of infection appears to be humans themselves. The organism has been found in some domestic cats and in nonhuman primates, but the opportunities for human interaction with the latter are rare, making infection from this source an unlikely possibility. The organism has the propensity to become a coccoid form. This may represent a persistent form in which H. pylori can exist in the environment, but it has yet to be shown that it can revert to the replicative form.}, keywords = {CFU, colony-forming unit, PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction}, issn = {00165085}, doi = {10.1016/S0016-5085(97)80004-2}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016508597800042}, author = {Cave, David R.} } @article {13864, title = {How is {Helicobacter} pylori {Transmitted}?}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, volume = {113}, number = {6}, year = {1997}, pages = {S9{\textendash}S14}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori is one of the world{\textquoteright}s most common pathogens. It colonizes about 60\% of the world{\textquoteright}s population, causes gastritis and peptic ulcer, and is strongly associated with gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma. However, most individuals never develop clinical disease. Thirteen years after the culture of H. pylori by Marshall and Warren, we still do not know its major mode of transmission. Childhood represents the major period of acquisition of infection in the third world, but infection is rare in children in the developed world. Possible routes of infection include either oraloral or fecal-oral, iatrogenic spread with inadvertent use of unsterile pH probes and endoscopes, and vectorial spread by flies. Evidence to support each route of transmission is provided, but there is no predominant route. The only significant reservoir of infection appears to be humans themselves. The organism has been found in some domestic cats and in nonhuman primates, but the opportunities for human interaction with the latter are rare, making infection from this source an unlikely possibility. The organism has the propensity to become a coccoid form. This may represent a persistent form in which H. pylori can exist in the environment, but it has yet to be shown that it can revert to the replicative form.}, keywords = {CFU, colony-forming unit, PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction}, issn = {00165085}, doi = {10.1016/S0016-5085(97)80004-2}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016508597800042}, author = {Cave, David R.} } @article {14428, title = {How is {Helicobacter} pylori {Transmitted}?}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, volume = {113}, number = {6}, year = {1997}, month = {dec}, pages = {S9{\textendash}S14}, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori is one of the world{\textquoteright}s most common pathogens. It colonizes about 60\% of the world{\textquoteright}s population, causes gastritis and peptic ulcer, and is strongly associated with gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma. However, most individuals never develop clinical disease. Thirteen years after the culture of H. pylori by Marshall and Warren, we still do not know its major mode of transmission. Childhood represents the major period of acquisition of infection in the third world, but infection is rare in children in the developed world. Possible routes of infection include either oraloral or fecal-oral, iatrogenic spread with inadvertent use of unsterile pH probes and endoscopes, and vectorial spread by flies. Evidence to support each route of transmission is provided, but there is no predominant route. The only significant reservoir of infection appears to be humans themselves. The organism has been found in some domestic cats and in nonhuman primates, but the opportunities for human interaction with the latter are rare, making infection from this source an unlikely possibility. The organism has the propensity to become a coccoid form. This may represent a persistent form in which H. pylori can exist in the environment, but it has yet to be shown that it can revert to the replicative form.}, keywords = {CFU, colony-forming unit, PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction}, issn = {00165085}, doi = {10.1016/S0016-5085(97)80004-2}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016508597800042}, author = {Cave, David R.} } @article {13553, title = {Human liver flukes: a review}, journal = {Res Rev Parasitol}, volume = {57}, year = {1997}, pages = {145-218}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Bargues, M. D.} } @article {4993, title = {{Human liver flukes: A review}}, journal = {Research and reviews in parasitology}, volume = {57}, year = {1997}, pages = {145{\textendash}218}, author = {Mas-Coma, S and Bargues, MD} } @article {11252, title = {{Human Toxocara infection of the central nervous system and neurological disorders: a case-control study}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {115}, number = {5}, year = {1997}, pages = {537{\textendash}543}, doi = {10.1017/s0031182097001558}, author = {Magnaval, J.-F. and Galindo, V and Glickman, L T and Clanet, M} } @article {13147, title = {Identification of Aeromonas clinical isolates by restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {35}, year = {1997}, pages = {1671-1674}, author = {Borrell, N. and Acinas, S. G. and Figueras, M. J. and Matinezmurcia, A. J.} } @article {4983, title = {{The impact of a decade long opisthorchiasis control program in northeastern Thailand}}, journal = {Social Sciences and Medicine}, volume = {28}, year = {1997}, pages = {551{\textendash}557}, author = {Jongsuksuntigul, P and Imsomboon, T} } @article {15134, title = {The impact of leaking sewers on urban groundwater}, journal = {Groundwater in the urban environment}, volume = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {399{\textendash}404}, author = {Eiswirth, M and H{\"o}tzl, H} } @article {13016, title = {The impact of leaking sewers on urban groundwater}, journal = {Groundwater in the Urban Environment}, volume = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {399{\textendash}404}, publisher = {Rotterdam}, author = {Eiswirth, M and H{\"o}tzl, H} } @article {13291, title = {Incidence and clinical symptoms of Aeromonas-associated travellers{\textquoteright} diarrhoea in Tokyo}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {119}, year = {1997}, pages = {121-126}, author = {Yamada, S. and Matsushita, S. and Dejsirilert, S. and Kudoh, Y.} } @article {15504, title = {Intraspecific diversity of Schistosoma haematobium in west Africa: chronobiology of cercarial emergence}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, note = {0001-706X (Print)
Journal Article}, month = {Jun 24}, pages = {35-44}, abstract = {Cercarial emergence patterns were used to analyse the intraspecific variability within and between nine populations of Schistosoma haematobium collected along a transect line from the north to the South of the Ivory Coast (Africa) and using Bulinus truncatus or Bulinus globosus as intermediate snail hosts. Statistical comparison demonstrated the existence of a chronobiological polymorphism and the existence of three homogeneous groups of S. haematobium isolates with mean shedding times of the cercariae decreasing from the North to the South. The chronobiological variability observed was not correlated with the species of Bulinus (B. truncatus vs. B. globosus) implicated in the parasite transmission but with the climatic and vegetal features of the transmission area. S. haematobium from shaded sites of the forest zone (South) showed cercarial emergence patterns significantly earliest than that of S. haematobium from open sites of the savanna zone (North). Differences in sensitivity to light intensity could characterize the existence of eco-geographical races of S. haematobium one of the forest, the other from the savanna.}, keywords = {Animals, Bulinus/parasitology, Chronobiology, Cote d{\textquoteright}Ivoire, Geography, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Schistosoma haematobium/*growth \& development}, author = {N{\textquoteright}Goran, E. and Br{\'e}mond, P. and Sellin, E. and Sellin, B. and Th{\'e}ron, A.} } @article {15451, title = {Intraspecific variation in Schistosoma haematobium from Algeria}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {71}, year = {1997}, note = {Re 458}, pages = {29-33}, keywords = {Adult, behaviour, cercaria, egg, life traits, morphology, Oman, Population, Schistosoma}, author = {Kechemir, N. and Th{\'e}ron, A.} } @article {14590, title = {An investigation into the possible links between shigellosis and hepatitis {A} and public water supply disconnections}, journal = {Public Health}, volume = {111}, year = {1997}, month = {may}, pages = {179{\textendash}81}, keywords = {*Hepatovirus, *Shigella, *Water Microbiology, Adolescent, Adult, Bacillary/*etiology, Child, Dysentery, England, Female, Hepatitis A/*etiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Population Surveillance, Preschool, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, Water Supply/*standards}, issn = {0033-3506 (Print) 0033-3506 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/S0033-3506(97)00579-9}, author = {Fewtrell, L. and Kay, D. and Wyer, M. and O{\textquoteright}Neill, G.} } @article {14938, title = {An investigation into the possible links between shigellosis and hepatitis {A} and public water supply disconnections}, journal = {Public Health}, volume = {111}, year = {1997}, month = {may}, pages = {179{\textendash}81}, keywords = {*Hepatovirus, *Shigella, *Water Microbiology, Adolescent, Adult, Bacillary/*etiology, Child, Dysentery, England, Female, Hepatitis A/*etiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Population Surveillance, Preschool, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, Water Supply/*standards}, issn = {0033-3506 (Print) 0033-3506 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1016/S0033-3506(97)00579-9}, author = {Fewtrell, L. and Kay, D. and Wyer, M. and O{\textquoteright}Neill, G.} } @article {15559, title = {Schistosoma mansoni: cercarial shedding patterns from a mixed infection of Biomphalaria glabrata with two (early and late) chronobiological variants}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {83}, number = {4}, year = {1997}, note = {0932-0113
Journal Article}, pages = {356-8}, abstract = {The cercarial emergence rhythms of Schistosoma mansoni were analyzed for mixed infection of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata with two chronobiological strains, one with an early shedding pattern and the other with a late shedding pattern. Under these conditions, each parasite strain kept its own circadian cercarial emergence pattern. When the chronobiological variants were of the same species, no interference between the trematode larvae occurred during the cercarial emergence process. These results confirm that within the host-parasite system the parasite component is directly responsible for the cercarial emergence pattern.}, keywords = {*Periodicity, Animal, behaviour, Biomphalaria/*parasitology, cercaria, Comparative Study, Oman, Schistosoma mansoni/classification/physiology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*parasitology, Species Specificity, Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, author = {Th{\'e}ron, A. and Mouahid, G. and Mon{\'e}, H.} } @article {15499, title = {Schistosoma mansoni infection in a natural population of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {115 ( Pt 6)}, year = {1997}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England}, month = {Dec}, pages = {621-7}, abstract = {Infection with Schistosoma mansoni was studied in 5 troops of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus amubis) in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. Three troops were infected with S. mansoni. An aggregated distribution of parasites was observed among hosts. Troop membership was found to be the most significant factor influencing parasite prevalence. Age and reproductive status had no significant effect, but there was a trend for males to acquire higher levels of infection. However, age-prevalence curves showed a high infection in young baboons declining in the older baboons. Behavioural components of exposure--as measured in water-contact pattern--may be related to parasite burden. A {\textquoteright}peak shift{\textquoteright} between infection in different age-classes in the different troops was observed: troops with higher schistosome prevalences displayed an earlier peak in prevalence of infection. The baboon troop with the most contact with people showed highest prevalence of infection possibly due to longer exposure to the parasite than the other troops and/or higher host density.}, keywords = {*Papio, Age Distribution, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Female, Host-Parasite Interactions, Male, Monkey Diseases/*epidemiology, Parasite Egg Count/veterinary, Population Dynamics, prevalence, Schistosoma mansoni/physiology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/epidemiology/*veterinary, Seasons, Sex Distribution, Tanzania/epidemiology, water}, isbn = {0031-1820 (Print)
0031-1820 (Linking)}, author = {Muller-Graf, C. D. and Collins, D. A. and Packer, C. and Woolhouse, M. E.} } @article {4766, title = {{Isolation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from vegetables collected in markets of an endemic region in Peru}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {57}, year = {1997}, pages = {683{\textendash}686}, author = {Ortega, YR and Roxas, CR and Gilman, RH and Miller, NJ and Cabrera, L and Taquiri, C and Sterling, CR} } @article {14268, title = {Isolation of vero cytotoxin-producing {Escherichia} coli {O}157 from wild birds}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {399{\textendash}404}, abstract = {In a survey of wild birds (mainly gulls), 0.9\% of the bacterial isolates from faecal samples at an urban landfill site and 2.9\% of bacterial isolates from faecal samples on intertidal sediments in Morecambe Bay were Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157. Isolation procedures employing commonly used cultural methods were hindered by the selection of a large number of false positives. The only procedure which resulted in the isolation of E. coli O157 from bird faecal samples was: enrichment (18 h) in a selective tryptone soya broth followed by filtration using hydrophobic grid membranes and growth on Chromagar O157. The majority of isolates selected as potential E. coli O157 by characteristic growth on Chromagar O157 could be eliminated by subsequent growth on CT-SMAC or CR-SMAC. This second identification (characterization) stage reduced the number of potential E. coli O157 requiring further confirmation by typing methods (serotype and Vero cytotoxin) by more than 70\%.}, author = {Wallace, J S and Cheasty, T and Jones, K} } @article {2453, title = {{Isolation of vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 from wild birds}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {399{\textendash}404}, edition = {1997/03/01}, abstract = {In a survey of wild birds (mainly gulls), 0.9\% of the bacterial isolates from faecal samples at an urban landfill site and 2.9\% of bacterial isolates from faecal samples on intertidal sediments in Morecambe Bay were Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157. Isolation procedures employing commonly used cultural methods were hindered by the selection of a large number of false positives. The only procedure which resulted in the isolation of E. coli O157 from bird faecal samples was: enrichment (18 h) in a selective tryptone soya broth followed by filtration using hydrophobic grid membranes and growth on Chromagar O157. The majority of isolates selected as potential E. coli O157 by characteristic growth on Chromagar O157 could be eliminated by subsequent growth on CT-SMAC or CR-SMAC. This second identification (characterization) stage reduced the number of potential E. coli O157 requiring further confirmation by typing methods (serotype and Vero cytotoxin) by more than 70\%.}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, author = {Wallace, J S and Cheasty, T and Jones, K} } @article {8165, title = {{Isolation of vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 from wild birds}}, journal = {J Appl Microbiol}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {399{\textendash}404}, edition = {1997/03/01}, abstract = {In a survey of wild birds (mainly gulls), 0.9{\%} of the bacterial isolates from faecal samples at an urban landfill site and 2.9{\%} of bacterial isolates from faecal samples on intertidal sediments in Morecambe Bay were Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157. Isolation procedures employing commonly used cultural methods were hindered by the selection of a large number of false positives. The only procedure which resulted in the isolation of E. coli O157 from bird faecal samples was: enrichment (18 h) in a selective tryptone soya broth followed by filtration using hydrophobic grid membranes and growth on Chromagar O157. The majority of isolates selected as potential E. coli O157 by characteristic growth on Chromagar O157 could be eliminated by subsequent growth on CT-SMAC or CR-SMAC. This second identification (characterization) stage reduced the number of potential E. coli O157 requiring further confirmation by typing methods (serotype and Vero cytotoxin) by more than 70{\%}.}, isbn = {1364-5072 (Print) 1364-5072 (Linking)}, author = {Wallace, J S and Cheasty, T and Jones, K} } @article {17022, title = {Land use effects on habitat, water quality, periphyton, and benthic invertebrates in Waikato, New Zealand, hill-country streams}, journal = {New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {1997}, pages = {579{\textendash}597}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Quinn, John M and Cooper, A Bryce and Davies-Colley, Robert J and Rutherford, J Christopher and Williamson, R Bruce} } @mastersthesis {6567, title = {Land/water interface delineation using neural networks}, year = {1997}, note = {9810826}, school = {Louisiana State University and Agricultural \& Mechanical College}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The rapid decline in acreage of land areas in wetlands caused by frequent inundations and flooding has brought about an increased awareness and emphasis on the identification and inventory of land and water areas. This dissertation evaluates three classification methods{\textendash}Normalized Difference Vegetation Index technique, Artificial Neural Networks, and Maximum-Likelihood classifier for the delineation of land/water interface conditions using Landsat-TM imagery. The effects of three scaling algorithms, including resampling by aggregation, Gaussian smoothing, and local variance analysis, on the classification accuracy are analyzed to determine how the delineation, quantification and analysis of land/water boundaries relate to problems of mixed pixels, scale and resolution. Bands 3, 4, and 5 of a Landsat TM image from Huntsville, Alabama were used as a multispectral data set, and ancillary data included USGS 7.5 minute Digital Line Graphs for classification accuracy assessment. The 30 m resolution multispectral imagery was used as baseline data and the images were degraded to a series of resolution levels and Gaussian smoothed through various scaling constants to simulate images of coarser resolution. Local variance was applied at each aggregation and scaling level to analyze the textural pattern. Classifications were then performed to delineate land/water interface conditions. To study effects of scale and resolution on the land/water boundaries delineated, overall percent classification accuracies, fractal analysis (area-perimeter relationships), and lacunarity analysis were applied to identify the range of spatial resolutions within which land/water boundaries were scale dependent. Results from maximum-likelihood classifier indicate that the method marginally produced higher overall accuracies than either NDVI or neural network methods. Effects from applying the three scaling algorithms indicate that overall classification accuracies decrease with coarser resolution, increase marginally with scaling constant, and vary non-linearly with local variance mask sizes. It was discovered that the application of Gaussian smoothing to neural network classifier produces very encouraging results in classifying the transition zone between land and water (mixed pixels) areas. Fractal analysis on the classified images indicates that coarser resolutions, higher scaling constants and higher degrees of complexity, wiggliness or contortion of the perimeter of water polygons span higher ranges of fractal dimension. As the water polygons become more complex, the perimeter becomes increasingly plane filling. From the changes in fractal dimension, lacunarity analysis and local variance analysis, it is observed that at 150 m, a peak value of measured index is obtained, before dropping off. This suggests that at 150 m, the aggregated water bodies shift to a different {\textquoteright}characteristic{\textquoteright} scale and the water features formed are smooth, compact, have more regular boundaries and form connected regions. This scale dependence phenomenon can help to optimize efficient data resampling methodologies.}, keywords = {0368:Geography, 0544:Electrical engineering, Applied sciences, Earth sciences, Electrical engineering, Geography, interface delineation, wetlands}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304351428?accountid=14270}, author = {Cherukuri, Rajabhushanam} } @mastersthesis {6924, title = {Large-scale hydrological modelling: physical parameterisation for groundwater recharge ({BL})}, year = {1997}, note = {U088560}, school = {University of Newcastle Upon Tyne (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {There is currently worldwide interest in the effect of human activity on the global environment, especially the effect of greenhouse gases and land-use change on the global climate, and models are being developed to study both global change and the local effects of global change. The research reported here (funded by CNPq-Brazil) involves the development of GRASP: Groundwater Recharge Modelling Approach with a Scaling-up Procedure. GRASP has been integrated into the UP (Upscaled Physically-based) macromodel, developed under the UK NERC TIGER programme, which is designed for studying the effects of climate and land-use change on the availability and quality of water resources. The UP macromodel will be coupled to the UK Meteorological Office{\textquoteright}s Unified (weather and climate) model to create a state-of-the-art coupled atmospheric/hydrological model.Several important requirements for the design of new large-scale hydrological models are identified in a wide ranging review on GCMs (General Circulation Models) and physically-based hydrological modelling, and these requirements have been applied in the development of GRASP (and UP). The main requirements are a physical basis, proper treatment of spatial variability, and simplicity.Using the concept of partial analysis, two point-scale models, SM (Soil Moisture content approach) and TF (Transfer Function approach), are developed for recharge, both based on the one-dimensional Richard{\textquoteright}s equation. SM is a simple two-parameter model relating recharge to water storage in the unsaturated zone, and several unsuccessful attempts are made to link its parameters to physical properties. TF is a transfer function model, and is parameterised using the matric potential and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions using a new approach developed especially for GRASP. Both SM and TF are verified against numerical solutions of Richard{\textquoteright}s equation.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU088560, 0547:Ocean engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Ocean engineering, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301623680?accountid=14270}, author = {da Silva, L.P.} } @article {14056, title = {A longitudinal study of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 in fourteen cattle herds}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, pages = {193{\textendash}195}, abstract = {{Escherichia coli O157 shedding in 14 cattle herds was determined by faecal culture at intervals of approximately 1 month for up to 13 months. The overall prevalence was 1.0\% (113/10832 faecal samples) and 9 of the 14 herds were detected as positive. Herds positive 2 years previously (n = 5) had a higher prevalence of positive cattle (median = 1.9\%) than herds which had been negative on a previous sampling (n = 8}, author = {Hancock, D D and Besser, T E and Rice, D H and Herriott, D E and Tarr, P I} } @article {8024, title = {{A longitudinal study of Escherichia coli O157 in fourteen cattle herds}}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, pages = {193{\textendash}195}, edition = {1997/04/01}, abstract = {{Escherichia coli O157 shedding in 14 cattle herds was determined by faecal culture at intervals of approximately 1 month for up to 13 months. The overall prevalence was 1.0{\%} (113/10832 faecal samples) and 9 of the 14 herds were detected as positive. Herds positive 2 years previously (n = 5) had a higher prevalence of positive cattle (median = 1.9{\%}) than herds which had been negative on a previous sampling (n = 8}, isbn = {0950-2688 (Print) 0950-2688 (Linking)}, author = {Hancock, D D and Besser, T E and Rice, D H and Herriott, D E and Tarr, P I} } @article {2271, title = {{A longitudinal study of Escherichia coli O157 in fourteen cattle herds}}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, pages = {193{\textendash}195}, edition = {1997/04/01}, abstract = {{Escherichia coli O157 shedding in 14 cattle herds was determined by faecal culture at intervals of approximately 1 month for up to 13 months. The overall prevalence was 1.0\% (113/10832 faecal samples) and 9 of the 14 herds were detected as positive. Herds positive 2 years previously (n = 5) had a higher prevalence of positive cattle (median = 1.9\%) than herds which had been negative on a previous sampling (n = 8}, isbn = {0950-2688 (Print) 0950-2688 (Linking)}, author = {Hancock, D D and Besser, T E and Rice, D H and Herriott, D E and Tarr, P I} } @article {7247, title = {Measuring hygiene practices: a comparison of questionnaires with direct observations in rural {Zaire}}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and International Health}, volume = {2}, number = {11}, year = {1997}, pages = {1015{\textendash}1021}, url = {http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/20489237/944032420/name/Hygiene+behaviours+questionnaire+vs+direct+observation.pdf}, author = {Manun{\textquoteright}Ebo, M. and Cousens, S. and Haggerty, P. and Kalengaie, M. and Ashworth, A. and Kirkwood, B.} } @article {8553, title = {{Mechanical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by dogs}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {73}, number = {1-2}, year = {1997}, pages = {27{\textendash}33}, author = {Lindsay, DS and Dubey, JP and Butler, JM and Blagburn, BL} } @article {16851, title = {Microbial characteristics of constructed wetlands}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, year = {1997}, pages = {117{\textendash}123}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Ottov{\'a}, Vlasta and Balcarov{\'a}, Jarmila and Vymazal, Jan} } @article {10883, title = {Microbial Pathogens in Wastewater. Literature review for urban water systems multi-divisional research program. CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report No 1/97}, year = {1997}, url = {www.clw.csiro.au/publications/technical/tr1-97.pdf}, author = {Toze, S} } @article {3791, title = {Molecular epidemiological survey of rotaviruses in sewage by reverse transcriptase seminested {PCR} and restriction fragment length polymorphism assay.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {63}, number = {5}, year = {1997}, pages = {1794{\textendash}1800}, author = {Dubois, E and Le Guyader, F and Haugarreau, L and Kopecka, H and Cormier, M and Pommepuy, M} } @article {10956, title = {Morbidity and mortality due to {Ascaris}-induced intestinal obstruction}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, month = {jan}, pages = {31{\textendash}36}, abstract = {We examined epidemiological aspects of Ascaris-induced intestinal obstruction (AI-IO) through analysis of published reports on the subject. In 9 studies of >=100 patients admitted to hospital due to ascariasis, intestinal obstruction was the single most common complication and accounted for 38{\textendash}87{\textperiodcentered}5\% of all complications (weighted mean 72\%). The proportion of intestinal obstruction caused by ascariasis was identified in 14 studies from 7 countries with varying degrees of endemic ascariasis. Using relevant data on the duration of the study, the number of beds in the reporting hospital, and the number of hospital beds/1000 population in the area, the number of cases of AI-IO/year/1000 population was estimated from 11 studies. Both the proportion of AI-IO (range 0{\textendash}0{\textperiodcentered}71) and the number of cases of AI-IO/year/1000 population (range 0{\textendash}0{\textperiodcentered}25) were significantly related, in a non-linear manner, to the local prevalence of ascariasis (range 0{\textperiodcentered}01{\textendash}0{\textperiodcentered}92). In 12 studies of >=30 patients with AI-IO, the case fatality rates ranged from 0 to 8{\textperiodcentered}6\% (weighted mean 5{\textperiodcentered}7\%). The mean age of patients with AI-IO was <=5 years in 6 of 7 studies in which age was specified.}, keywords = {ascariasis, epidemiology, intestinal obstruction, Morbidity, Mortality}, issn = {0035-9203}, doi = {10.1016/S0035-9203(97)90384-9}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0035920397903849}, author = {de Silva, N.R. and Guyatt, H.L. and Bundy, D.A.P.} } @article {9785, title = {{Morphological differences in Blastocystis cysts-an indication of different species?}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {83}, year = {1997}, pages = {452{\textendash}457}, author = {Stenzel, DJ and Lee, MG and Boreham, PF} } @booklet {10468, title = {{Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-001-ECOL-1996, Que establece los l{\'\i}mites m{\'a}ximos permisibles de contaminantes en las descargas de aguas residuales en aguas y bienes nacionales}}, year = {1997}, publisher = {Secretary of Health}, address = {Mexico City, Mexico} } @article {5990, title = {{A novel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {94}, number = {18}, year = {1997}, pages = {9860{\textendash}9865}, author = {X J Meng and R H Purcell and P G Halbur and J R Lehman and D M Webb and T S Tsareva and J S Haynes and B J Thacker and S U Emerson} } @article {11755, title = {{Occurrence of cestode larvae in brown trout after stocking in a large regulated lake in northern Finland}}, journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {55{\textendash}63}, keywords = {brown trout, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, Diphyllobothrium ditremum, Regulated lake, Saline trutta m. lacustris, Stocking, Triaenophorus crassus, Triaenophorus nodulosus}, isbn = {0177-5103}, issn = {01775103}, doi = {10.3354/dao031055}, author = {Rahkonen, R. and Koski, P.} } @article {4826, title = {{An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {336}, year = {1997}, pages = {1548{\textendash}1556}, author = {Herwaldt, BL and Ackers, ML} } @article {3757, title = {Outbreak of gastroenteritis in military recruits associated with serotype 3 astrovirus infection.}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, pages = {101{\textendash}106}, author = {Belliot, G and Laveran, H and Monroe, SS} } @article {8407, title = {{Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {350}, number = {9072}, year = {1997}, pages = {173{\textendash}177}, author = {Bowie, WR and King, AS and Werker, DH and IsaacRenton, JL and Bell, A and Eng, SB and Marion, SA} } @article {2815, title = {Papillomavirus is resistant to desiccation}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {176}, number = {4}, year = {1997}, pages = {1076-1079}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {ACID adverse effects BOVINE Bovine papillomavirus 1 cancer Cell Extracts cells, cultured Cellular comparative study Desiccation Edetic Acid Ethanol Fomites growth \& development Heating human IF immunology in vitro IN-VITRO INFECTION Laboratories maryland MODEL neutralization tests Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infect}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333171}, author = {Roden, R.B. and Lowy, D.R. and Schiller, J.T.} } @article {11675, title = {{Parasite fauna of cage-reared rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Research in freshwater farms (Kola PeninsulA, Russia)}}, journal = {Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists}, volume = {17}, number = {177-179}, year = {1997}, author = {Karasev, AB and Mitenev, VK and Kalinina, NR} } @article {5168, title = {{Parasitological Contamination of Urban Sludge Used for Agricultural Purposes}}, journal = {Waste Management and Research}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {1997}, pages = {429{\textendash}436}, abstract = {

Sludge re-use in agriculture has increased in many countries, but this practice must be associated with a knowledge of the pathogens present in these sludges. The aim of this study was to determine the parasitic contamination of helminths found in urban sludges. Parasitological analysis was then performed on 99 samples collected by the waste recycling mission for agricultural purposes: urban sludges (89), lagoon sediments (3) and composts (7). The results of 89 urban sludge analyses expressed per 100 g of dry matter showed a high proportion (47{\%}) of samples presenting concentrations lower than 60 eggs. Thirty-eight per cent of the samples were with higher concentrations ranging from 60 to 240 eggs; only 15{\%} of the analysis results indicated concentrations higher than 240 eggs with a maximum of 898 eggs. In lagooning sediments, the concentration observed ranged from 56 to 569 eggs and the analysis of compost samples yielded average concentration of 40.8 eggs. When the whole study is taken into account, Nematode eggs (Toxocara,Ascaris,Capillaria,Trichuris,Ascaridia,Enterobius) are mostly represented with 93.2{\%}, whereas Cestode eggs (Tenia,Hymenelopis) are only detected in a proportion of 6.8{\%}. The study of the lime treatment impact on 10 treatment plants showed a decrease in helminth eggs concentration in seven samples and no difference for the three others. For the egg viability, sludges from all types of treatment (mesophilic anaerobic and aerobic digestion, composting, liming) contained viable eggs in concentration higher than or equal to 10 eggs per 100 g of dry matter.

}, keywords = {concentration, Eggs, Helminths, Sewage sludges, viability}, isbn = {0734-242X}, issn = {0734-242X}, doi = {10.1177/0734242X9701500409}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WXS-45K0XT6-11/2/5207cd390a116782d7d219ba1628e17f}, author = {Gaspard, Philippe and Wiart, Jacques and Schwartzbrod, Janine} } @article {16551, title = {Particle size distribution in an efluent from an advanced primary treatment and its removal during filtration}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {1997}, pages = {159{\textendash}165}, author = {Landa, H. and Capella, A. and Jimenez, B.} } @article {12059, title = {Particle size distribution in an efluent from an advanced primary treatment and its removal during filtration}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {1997}, pages = {159-165}, author = {Landa, H. and Capella, A. and Jimenez, B.} } @article {4767, title = {{Pathologic and clinical findings in patients with cyclosporiasis and a description of intracellular parasite life-cycle stages}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {176}, year = {1997}, pages = {1584{\textendash}1589}, author = {Ortega, YR and Nagle, R and Gilman, RH and Watanabe, J and Miyagui, J and Quispe, H and Kanagusuku, P and Roxas, C and Sterling, CR} } @article {15437, title = {Permissiveness of two African wild rodents, Mastomys huberti and Arvicanthis niloticus, to Schistosoma intercalatum: epidemiological consequences}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {83}, number = {6}, year = {1997}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Germany}, pages = {569-73}, abstract = {The compatibility between Schistosoma intercalatum (Cameroon) and two wild rodents commonly found in Africa. Mastomys huberti (the multimammate mouse) and Arvicanthis niloticus (the Nile rat) was studied to determine their biological capacities to act as hosts for S. intercalatum. In both rodent species the general mean worm recovery was high (33 +/- 0.1\% in M. huberti and 33.8 +/- 0.1\% in A. niloticus) and worm mortality was very low from 6 to 20 weeks postinfection; parasite maturity was reached. The high number of released eggs as well as the viability and the infectivity of the miracidia to the snail vector showed that M. huberti and A. niloticus are very permissive to S. intercalatum and may act as hosts for the human disease.}, keywords = {Africa, Animals, Animals, Wild, Female, Fertility, Male, Muridae/*parasitology, Ovum, Schistosomiasis/parasitology/*veterinary, Sex Ratio, Snails}, isbn = {0932-0113 (Print)
0932-0113 (Linking)}, author = {Imbert-Establet, D. and Mon{\'e}, H. and Tchuem Tchuent{\'e}, L. A. and Jourdane, J.} } @article {16970, title = {Phages of enteric bacteria in fresh water with different levels of faecal pollution}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {281{\textendash}286}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Araujo, RM and Puig, A and Lasobras, J and Lucena, F and Jofre, J} } @article {5533, title = {{Possible prolonged environmental survival of small round structured viruses [4]}}, journal = {Journal of Hospital Infection}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {1997}, pages = {325{\textendash}326}, isbn = {0195-6701 (Print)$\backslash$r0195-6701}, issn = {01956701}, doi = {10.1016/S0195-6701(97)90230-9}, author = {Cheesbrough, J. S. and Barkess-Jones, L. and Brown, D. W.} } @article {13587, title = {Presence of very high prevalence and intensity of infection with Fasciola hepatica among Aymara children from the Northern Bolivian Altiplano}, journal = {Acta Trop}, volume = {66}, year = {1997}, pages = {1-14}, author = {Esteban, J. G. and Flores, A. and Aguirre, C. and Strauss, W. and Angles, R. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {9352, title = {{Present characteristics of symptomatic amebiasis due to Entamoeba histolytica in the east-southeast area of Tokyo}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {119}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {363{\textendash}367}, author = {Ohnishi, K and Murata, M} } @article {17275, title = {Prevalence of Salmonella in municipal sewage treatment plant effluents in southern California}, journal = {Avian DiseasesAvian Diseases}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, month = {Apr-Jun}, pages = {392-398}, isbn = {0005-2086}, author = {Kinde, H. and Adelson, M. and Ardans, A. and Little, E. H. and Willoughby, D. and Berchtold, D. and Read, D. H. and Breitmeyer, R. and Kerr, D. and Tarbell, R. and Hughes, E.} } @article {12080, title = {The prevalence of Trichuris, Ascaris and hookworm infection in Orang Asli children}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, note = {Norhayati, M
Zainudin, B
Mohammod, C G
Oothuman, P
Azizi, O
Fatmah, M S
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Thailand
1997/03/01 00:00
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1997 Mar;28(1):161-8.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {161-8}, abstract = {

A community study on the age and sex related prevalence, intensity infection and frequency distribution of Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm was carried out in 205 Orang Asli (Aborigines) children (95 boys, 110 girls) aged 1-13 years. The overall prevalence of Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm was 62.9\%, 91.7\% and 28.8\%, respectively. Almost two-thirds of the children were infected with moderate and severe intensity infection of Trichuris, 46.3\% had moderate to severe intensity infection of Ascaris. However only 1.5\% had moderate intensity of hookworm infection. The prevalence and mean intensity infection (measured by eggs per g) of Ascaris was age-dependent; lower in age group 1-4 years reached peak and stable at age group 5 years and above. The prevalence of Trichuris was high in all age groups and it fluctuated with age; the mean intensity of infection of Trichuris (measured by eggs per g) was age-dependent. Hookworm infection also rose with age and reached peak at 5-6 years, following that the prevalence declined. The frequency distributions of Ascaris, and hookworm were overdispersed. A strong positive correlation (p \< 0.001) were observed between Ascaris and Trichuris and between hookworm and Trichuris. A positive correlation (p \< 0.01) were also observed between Ascaris and hookworm.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Ascariasis/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Continental Population Groups, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Hookworm Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Malaysia/epidemiology, Male, Oceanic Ancestry Group/*statistics \& numerical data, Parasite Egg Count, Trichuriasis/diagnosis/*epidemiology}, isbn = {0125-1562 (Print)
0125-1562 (Linking)}, author = {Norhayati, M. and Zainudin, B. and Mohammod, C. G. and Oothuman, P. and Azizi, O. and Fatmah, M. S.} } @article {16572, title = {The prevalence of {Trichuris}, {Ascaris} and hookworm infection in {Orang} {Asli} children}, journal = {Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, month = {mar}, pages = {161{\textendash}8}, abstract = {A community study on the age and sex related prevalence, intensity infection and frequency distribution of Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm was carried out in 205 Orang Asli (Aborigines) children (95 boys, 110 girls) aged 1-13 years. The overall prevalence of Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm was 62.9\%, 91.7\% and 28.8\%, respectively. Almost two-thirds of the children were infected with moderate and severe intensity infection of Trichuris, 46.3\% had moderate to severe intensity infection of Ascaris. However only 1.5\% had moderate intensity of hookworm infection. The prevalence and mean intensity infection (measured by eggs per g) of Ascaris was age-dependent; lower in age group 1-4 years reached peak and stable at age group 5 years and above. The prevalence of Trichuris was high in all age groups and it fluctuated with age; the mean intensity of infection of Trichuris (measured by eggs per g) was age-dependent. Hookworm infection also rose with age and reached peak at 5-6 years, following that the prevalence declined. The frequency distributions of Ascaris, and hookworm were overdispersed. A strong positive correlation (p {\textless} 0.001) were observed between Ascaris and Trichuris and between hookworm and Trichuris. A positive correlation (p {\textless} 0.01) were also observed between Ascaris and hookworm.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Ascariasis/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Child, Continental Population Groups, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Hookworm Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Malaysia/epidemiology, Male, Oceanic Ancestry Group/*statistics \& numerical data, Parasite Egg Count, Preschool, Trichuriasis/diagnosis/*epidemiology}, issn = {0125-1562 (Print) 0125-1562 (Linking)}, author = {Norhayati, M. and Zainudin, B. and Mohammod, C. G. and Oothuman, P. and Azizi, O. and Fatmah, M. S.} } @mastersthesis {6442, title = {Pricing ecological services provided by protected watersheds: {Micro}-econometric applications in agrarian communities of {Indonesia} and the {Philippines}}, year = {1997}, note = {9814524}, school = {Duke University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation uses quantitative methods from applied welfare economics to determine the economic value of environmental assets in agrarian communities of developing countries. The research topic is drawn from the interface of environmental economics and development policy. The assets are tropical forests that provide soil and water related watershed services to farming households. The conceptual framework is built on a static partial equilibrium model of household profit maximization in which the watershed service is a constraint on agricultural production. Because improvements in the service change agricultural quasi-rents by relaxing the production constraint, the watershed service is valued in terms of the shadow prices and incremental quasi-rents. This focus on producer surplus measures is different from most environmental valuation which has been structured on the theory of consumer welfare. When labor markets are complete, the incremental quasi-rent is also equal to the firm-farm{\textquoteright}s willingness to pay. Econometric analyses of household survey data from the Philippines and Indonesia provide two empirical applications of this analytical model. The first case study evaluates soil conservation benefits of publicly supported agroforestry practices of farming households in Leyte, Philippines. Soil conservation is valued in tends of on-site agricultural rents that accrue to farming households choosing to conserve theirs{\textquoteright} by planting trees on their own farm land, abstracting from off-site benefits. The second study estimates value of drought control benefits of government managed upland watersheds in Manggarai, Indonesia, as the downstream agricultural rents. Both profit function analysis (revealed production behavior) and the contingent valuation method (stated responses to proposed willingness to pay questions) are used to estimate drought control values. Soil conservation and drought control, thus, are private and public good dimensions of watershed services respectively. The major findings of the dissertation and the implications for policy and for methodology are as follows. First, watershed services make significant economic contributions to the well being of farming households in developing countries. Values of soil conservation and drought control, estimated from credible economic parameters, constitute 10 to 15\% of annual agricultural profits. Second, because both the provision and the use of these services have private and public good characteristics, private enterprise and markets alone will rarely provide these services at socially optimum levels. For efficiency and non-efficiency reasons, the estimated positive values justify public support for provision of these valuable services. Third, characteristics of the institutional settings under which services are provided have implications for both policy (direct provision or indirect incentive packages) and econometric methods (selection models). Fourth, estimation of equation systems, which uses all of the available information on agricultural production, improves statistical and economic significance of the results. Fifth, the definition of a watershed service, developed from agro-hydrological models and household perceptions, influences the choice of functional forms but not the estimated values. Finally, the contingent valuation method provides a referendum of local support for watershed protection, but it generates a different measure of value than the profit function approach. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, economics, environmental valuation, microeconometric, Social sciences, Sustainable development}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304393160?accountid=14270}, author = {Pattanayak, Subhrendu Kishore} } @article {6771, title = {A prospective epidemiological study of gastrointestinal health effects due to the consumption of drinking water}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {5{\textendash}31}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09603129773977}, author = {Payment, Pierre and Siemiatycki, Jack and Richardson, Lesley and Renaud, Gilles and Franco, Eduardo and Pr{\'e}vost, Mich{\`e}le} } @article {10716, title = {{A prospective epidemiological study of gastrointestinal health effects due to the consumption of drinking water}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {7}, year = {1997}, pages = {5{\textendash}31}, author = {Payment, P and Siemiatycki, J and Richardson, L and Renaud, G and Franco, E and Pr{\'e}vost, M} } @booklet {9432, title = {{Quality control wastewater for irrigited crop production}}, year = {1997}, publisher = {FAO}, author = {Westcot, D} } @inbook {3033, title = {Quantifying the transmission dynamics of the family {Taeniidae} with particular reference to {Echinococcus} spp.: an update.}, booktitle = {Compendium of cystic echinococcosis in {Africa} and in the {Middle} {Eastern} {Countries} with special reference to {Morocco}}, year = {1997}, pages = {54{\textendash}73}, publisher = {Andersen FL, ,Ouhelli H, Kachani M}, organization = {Andersen FL, ,Ouhelli H, Kachani M}, edition = {Brigham Young University, Print Services}, address = {Provo, Utah}, author = {Gemmell, MA} } @inbook {11155, title = {{Rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from fish by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)}}, booktitle = {Diseases in Asian Aquaculture III}, year = {1997}, pages = {119{\textendash}122}, publisher = {Asian Fisheries Society}, organization = {Asian Fisheries Society}, chapter = {Fish Healt}, address = {Manila}, author = {Karunasagar, I and Nayak, BB and Karunasagar, I}, editor = {Flegel, TW and MacRae, IH} } @article {12944, title = {Regrowth of faecal coliforms and salmonellae in stored biosolids and soil amended with biosolids}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {11-12}, year = {1997}, pages = {269{\textendash}275}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Gibbs, RA and Hu, CJ and Ho, GE and Unkovich, I} } @article {12961, title = {Regrowth of faecal coliforms and salmonellae in stored biosolids and soil amended with biosolids}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {11}, year = {1997}, note = {Health-Related Water Microbiology 1996}, pages = {269 - 275}, keywords = {Biosolids management, Faecal coliforms, Faecal streptococci, Indicators, pathogen regrowth, salmonellae}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00271-0}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273122397002710}, author = {R.A. Gibbs and C.J. Hu and G.E. Ho and I. Unkovich} } @booklet {10469, title = {{Regulations for Potable Water Quality}}, year = {1997} } @article {11304, title = {Relationship between allergic manifestations and Toxocara seropositivity: a cross-sectional study among elementary school children}, journal = {European Respiratory Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {1997}, pages = {1467-1475}, author = {Buijs, J and Borsboom, G and Renting, M and Hilgersom, W and van Wieringen, J and Jansen, G and Neijens, J} } @article {5396, title = {{Removal of bacteria in subsurface flow wetlands}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, year = {1997}, pages = {109{\textendash}116}, author = {Green, MB and Griffin, P and Seabridge, JK and Dhobie, D} } @article {17073, title = {Removal of bacteria in subsurface flow wetlands}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, year = {1997}, pages = {109{\textendash}116}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Green, MB and Griffin, P and Seabridge, JK and Dhobie, D} } @article {4377, title = {{Replication of coliphage Q beta as affected by host cell number, nutrition, competition from insusceptible cells and non-FRNA coliphages.}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, year = {1997}, month = {apr}, pages = {431{\textendash}40}, abstract = {

F-specific RNA (FRNA) coliphages, which infect Escherichia coli by attachment to F pili, might serve as indicators of human enteric viruses in groundwater, provided these phages do not replicate in groundwater and replicate only to a limited extent in wastewater. Several factors that could influence phage replication in either of these environments were examined. Q beta did not replicate when host cells were fewer than 10(4) cfu ml-1. Replication selected for insusceptible cells when Q beta was incubated with its E. coli host. Loss of Q beta, presumably by inactivation, occurred in autoclaved on-site and urban wastewater, autoclaved groundwater, and in filter-sterilized spent LB broth. Replication did not occur in LB broth diluted with sterile saline to 1{\%} of its original strength, which indicates that replication of FRNA coliphages cannot occur in such nutrient-poor environments as wastewater and groundwater. Competition from non-FRNA coliphages and insusceptible cells tended to reduce Q beta replication, as predicted, but phage yields unexpectedly increased significantly when Enterococcus faecalis was added to cultures.

}, keywords = {Allolevivirus, Allolevivirus: physiology, Coliphages, Coliphages: physiology, Culture Media, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: virology, Fluid, Humans, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Virus Replication, Virus Replication: physiology, Waste Disposal, water}, issn = {1364-5072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9134717}, author = {Woody, M A and Cliver, D O} } @article {9908, title = {{Resistance of Blastocystis hominis cysts to chorine}}, journal = {Journal Of Pakistan Medical Association}, volume = {46}, year = {1997}, pages = {178{\textendash}179}, author = {Zaki, M and Zaman, V and Sheikh, N} } @article {13582, title = {revention of human fascioliasis: a study on the role of acids detergents and potassium permanganate in clearing salads from metacercariae.}, journal = {J Egypt Soc Parasitol}, volume = {27}, year = {1997}, pages = {163-169}, author = {El Sayed, M.H., Allam, A.F. and Osman, M.M.} } @article {9879, title = {{Sac-like pouches in Blastocystis from the house lizard Cosymbotus platyurus}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {83}, year = {1997}, pages = {523{\textendash}525}, author = {Suresh, K and Mak, JW and Chuong, LS and Ragunathan, T and Init, I} } @book {13385, title = {{The science of composting}}, year = {1997}, publisher = {Lancaster}, organization = {Lancaster}, author = {Epstein, E.} } @article {13557, title = {Secondary reservoir role of domestic animals other than sheep and cattle in fascioliasis transmission in the Northern Bolivian Altiplano}, journal = {Res Rev Parasitol.}, volume = {57}, year = {1997}, pages = {39-46}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Rodriguez, A. and Bargues, M. D. and Valero, M. A. and Coello, J. R. and Angles, R.} } @article {9809, title = {{Significantly increased IgG2 subclass antibody levels to Blastocystis hominis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {5}, year = {1997}, pages = {301{\textendash}306}, author = {Hussain, R and Jaferi, W and Zuberi, S and Bagai, R and Abrar, N and Ahmed, A and Zaman, V} } @article {9422, title = {{Simple differential detection of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in fresh stool specimens by sodium acetate acetic acid formalin concentration and PCR}}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {7}, year = {1997}, pages = {1701{\textendash}1705}, author = {Troll, H and Marti, H and Weiss, N} } @article {2287, title = {{A simple polymerase chain reaction technique to detect and differentiate Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in human feces}}, journal = {Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {19{\textendash}25}, edition = {1997/05/01}, abstract = {A simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure using IS630-specific primers was developed as a general diagnostic probe to detect Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). However, IS630 and the other two previously reported molecular probes, ipaH and ial, cannot be used to differentiate among Shigella serotypes and EIEC strains that cause dysentery. The sensitivity of PCR protocol was determined to be 100-200 shigellae for each PCR reaction. An enrichment incubation would allow the detection of shigellae in stool samples with low bacterial concentration; i.e., < 10(4) CFU/gram. Serotype-specific primers derived from the rfc genes of differentiate among Shigella serotypes in the laboratory, such as S. sonnei, S. flexneri, and S. dysenteriae 1. It was demonstrated further that the multiplex PCR system containing rfc-specific primers can efficiently identify the most prominent Shigella serotypes in raw stool samples of acute diarrheal patients.}, isbn = {0732-8893 (Print) 0732-8893 (Linking)}, doi = {S0732889397891547 [pii]}, author = {Houng, H S and Sethabutr, O and Echeverria, P} } @article {14812, title = {A simple polymerase chain reaction technique to detect and differentiate {Shigella} and enteroinvasive {Escherichia} coli in human feces}, journal = {Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {19{\textendash}25}, abstract = {A simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure using IS630-specific primers was developed as a general diagnostic probe to detect Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). However, IS630 and the other two previously reported molecular probes, ipaH and ial, cannot be used to differentiate among Shigella serotypes and EIEC strains that cause dysentery. The sensitivity of PCR protocol was determined to be 100-200 shigellae for each PCR reaction. An enrichment incubation would allow the detection of shigellae in stool samples with low bacterial concentration; i.e., {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 10(4) CFU/gram. Serotype-specific primers derived from the rfc genes of differentiate among Shigella serotypes in the laboratory, such as S. sonnei, S. flexneri, and S. dysenteriae 1. It was demonstrated further that the multiplex PCR system containing rfc-specific primers can efficiently identify the most prominent Shigella serotypes in raw stool samples of acute diarrheal patients.}, doi = {S0732889397891547 [pii]}, author = {Houng, H S and Sethabutr, O and Echeverria, P} } @article {14074, title = {A simple polymerase chain reaction technique to detect and differentiate {Shigella} and enteroinvasive {Escherichia} coli in human feces}, journal = {Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {19{\textendash}25}, abstract = {A simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure using IS630-specific primers was developed as a general diagnostic probe to detect Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). However, IS630 and the other two previously reported molecular probes, ipaH and ial, cannot be used to differentiate among Shigella serotypes and EIEC strains that cause dysentery. The sensitivity of PCR protocol was determined to be 100-200 shigellae for each PCR reaction. An enrichment incubation would allow the detection of shigellae in stool samples with low bacterial concentration; i.e., {\textbackslash}textless 10(4) CFU/gram. Serotype-specific primers derived from the rfc genes of differentiate among Shigella serotypes in the laboratory, such as S. sonnei, S. flexneri, and S. dysenteriae 1. It was demonstrated further that the multiplex PCR system containing rfc-specific primers can efficiently identify the most prominent Shigella serotypes in raw stool samples of acute diarrheal patients.}, doi = {S0732889397891547 [pii]}, author = {Houng, H S and Sethabutr, O and Echeverria, P} } @article {8036, title = {{A simple polymerase chain reaction technique to detect and differentiate Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in human feces}}, journal = {Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {19{\textendash}25}, edition = {1997/05/01}, abstract = {A simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure using IS630-specific primers was developed as a general diagnostic probe to detect Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). However, IS630 and the other two previously reported molecular probes, ipaH and ial, cannot be used to differentiate among Shigella serotypes and EIEC strains that cause dysentery. The sensitivity of PCR protocol was determined to be 100-200 shigellae for each PCR reaction. An enrichment incubation would allow the detection of shigellae in stool samples with low bacterial concentration; i.e., {\textless} 10(4) CFU/gram. Serotype-specific primers derived from the rfc genes of differentiate among Shigella serotypes in the laboratory, such as S. sonnei, S. flexneri, and S. dysenteriae 1. It was demonstrated further that the multiplex PCR system containing rfc-specific primers can efficiently identify the most prominent Shigella serotypes in raw stool samples of acute diarrheal patients.}, isbn = {0732-8893 (Print) 0732-8893 (Linking)}, doi = {S0732889397891547 [pii]}, author = {Houng, H S and Sethabutr, O and Echeverria, P} } @article {13597, title = {Small mammals (Lagomorpha and Rodentia) and fascioliasis transmission in the Northern Bolivian Altiplano endemic zone}, journal = {Res Rev Parasitol.}, volume = {57}, year = {1997}, pages = {115-121}, author = {Fuentes, M. V. and Coello, J. R. and Bargues, M. D. and Valero, M. A. and Esteban, J. G. and Fons, R. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @mastersthesis {6913, title = {The socio-economic impact of {HIV}/{AIDS} in {Monze} district of {Zambia}}, year = {1997}, note = {U106256}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This study documents the impact of HIV and AIDS on the health services and on the district economy, and draws some long term implications for the national economy.At the district hospital, approximately 44\% of inpatients and 30\% of outpatients were HIV seropositive as were 18\% of rural health centre patients. Tuberculosis, other respiratory infections, and diarrhoea accounted for the majority of days in hospital. The HIV epidemic was found to be affecting the hospital staff as well, with mortality at Monze and neighbouring Choma hospitals rising from 2 per 1,000 nurse years in 1980 to 27 in 1991 - a 13-fold increase. Measures to increase supply, reduce losses, and make better use of existing staff are proposed.The household survey found that while patients were better off overall than the district population, there was no appreciable difference in wealth between patients with HIV infection and those without. HIV-positive patients were younger than HIV-negative patients, and had fewer children. The loss of a member with HIV would cause a rise in the average household{\textquoteright}s dependency ratio of 16-17\%. Production was affected by HIV disease, with an average of 94 days{\textquoteright} loss of labour (patients plus carers) in the final year of life.Implications for policy include the need to decentralize care of patients with HIV disease to health centres, and to protect and make better use of the health human resources. The impact of HIV/AIDS on rural production, with approximately 1 in 3 district households having a member with AIDS, combined with external factors such as removal of subsidies, changes in marketing processes under structural adjustment, and long term drought, makes it increasingly difficult to eke out a living from farming. Combined with the lure of apparent employment opportunities in urban areas created by deaths due to AIDS, these factors may contribute to increased urbanization, making it difficult for Zambia to replace declining copper revenues with increased yields from agricultural production.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU106256, 0308:Biostatistics, Bibliographies, Biological sciences, Biostatistics, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301568120?accountid=14270}, author = {Foster, S D} } @article {8999, title = {SODIS- an emerging water treatment process}, journal = {AQUA(OXFORD)}, volume = {46}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {127-137}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0003-7214}, author = {Sommer, Be and Marino, A. and Solarte, Y. and Salas, M. L. and Dierolf, C. and Valiente, C. and Mora, D. and Rechsteiner, R. and Setter, P. and Wirojanagud, W.} } @article {4727, title = {{Sporulation of Cyclospora sp. oocysts}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {63}, year = {1997}, pages = {1631{\textendash}1632}, author = {Smith, HV and Paton, CA and Mtambo, MM and Girdwood, RW} } @article {10672, title = {{Structural studies on the short-chain lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal}}, journal = {European Journal of Biochemistry}, volume = {247}, year = {1997}, pages = {402{\textendash}410}, author = {Knirel, YA and Widmalm, G and Senchenkova, SN and Jansson, PE and Weintraub, A} } @article {15448, title = {Studies on schistosomiasis in western Kenya: I. Evidence for immune-facilitated excretion of schistosome eggs from patients with Schistosoma mansoni and human immunodeficiency virus coinfections}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, year = {1997}, note = {Karanja, D M
Colley, D G
Nahlen, B L
Ouma, J H
Secor, W E
eng
1997/05/01
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997 May;56(5):515-21.}, month = {May}, pages = {515-21}, abstract = {Persons employed as vehicle washers in the town of Kisumu, Kenya are exposed for several hours each day to water in Lake Victoria that contains Schistosoma mansoni-infected Biomphalaria pherifferi snails. This results in a focus of high endemicity for schistosomiasis and these persons have very high concentrations of eggs in their feces (mean +/- SD = 1,469 +/- 1,581 eggs per gram [EPG] of feces). Fecal egg counts, but not circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) levels, in these schistosomiasis patients differed strikingly based on the patient{\textquoteright}s seropositivity for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Patients who were infected with S. mansoni and were seropositive for HIV had similar levels of CCA but excreted fewer eggs (643 +/- 622 EPG; n = 16) than individuals who were not seropositive for HIV infection (1,891 +/- 1,779 EPG; n = 37) (P = 0.009). Egg excretion ratios (EPG/CCA) of the seronegative group were also significantly higher than those of the seropositive group. Those in the seropositive group showed a significant correlative relationship between egg excretion ratios and CD4+ lymphocyte percentages. These observations are compatible with the hypothesis that schistosome eggs exit the human host through the requisite facilitation of functional immune responses, and that the efficacy of this process decreases in schistosomiasis patients co-infected with HIV as their peripheral blood CD4- cell levels decrease.}, keywords = {Adult, Antigens, Helminth/blood, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology, HIV Infections/*parasitology, Humans, Occupational Diseases/*immunology, Parasite Egg Count, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology/parasitology, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Karanja, D. M. and Colley, D. G. and Nahlen, B. L. and Ouma, J. H. and Secor, W. E.} } @article {17024, title = {Sunlight wavelengths inactivating faecal indicator microorganisms in waste stabilisation ponds}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {11-12}, year = {1997}, pages = {219{\textendash}225}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Davies-Colley, RJ and Donnison, AM and Speed, DJ} } @article {10968, title = {Survival of {Ascaris} suum eggs in ammonia-treated wastewater sludges}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, pages = {195{\textendash}198}, keywords = {Ammonium hydrate, Eggs, viability, Wastewater sludge}, issn = {0960-8524}, doi = {10.1016/S0960-8524(96)00147-2}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852496001472}, author = {Ghiglietti, Roberta and Genchi, Claudio and Di Matteo, Luigi and Calcaterra, Enrico and Colombi, Antonio} } @article {5169, title = {Survival of Ascaris suum eggs in ammonia-treated wastewater sludges}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {59}, number = {2-3}, year = {1997}, pages = {195{\textendash}198}, abstract = {The use of wastewater sludges in agriculture is widespread throughout the world. The nutrients (especially organic matter and minerals) present in sludges can reduce or completely eliminate the need for commercial fertilizers. However, the disposal or reuse of inadequately treated sewage sludge poses a serious health risk to humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate a method for sludge decontamination, consisting of alkaline treatment with ammonia at 22??C, to establish its effect on the survival of Ascaris suum eggs. The experiments showed that alkalinization of sewage sludge with 1{\%} NH4OH reduced the viability of A. suum eggs. Treatment efficacy seemed to be correlated with the quantity of NH4OH added, not the pH achieved. The use of this method to decontaminate wastewater sludge prior to using it as manure in agriculture is suggested.}, keywords = {Ammonium hydrate, Ascaris eggs, viability, Wastewater sludge}, isbn = {0960-8524}, issn = {09608524}, doi = {10.1016/S0960-8524(96)00147-2}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852496001472}, author = {Ghiglietti, Roberta and Genchi, Claudio and Matteo, Luigi Di and Calcaterra, Enrico and Colombi, Antonio} } @article {4072, title = {{Survival of Giardia, Cryptosporidium, poliovirus, and Salmonella in marine waters}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, year = {1997}, pages = {261{\textendash}268}, author = {D C Johnson and C E Enriquez and I L Pepper and Davis, TL and C P Gerba and J B Rose} } @article {14713, title = {Survival of {Giardia}, {Cryptosporidium}, poliovirus and {Salmonella} in marine waters}, journal = {Water Sci Technol}, volume = {35}, year = {1997}, pages = {261 {\textendash} 268}, author = {Johnson, D. C. and Enriquez, C. E. and Pepper, I. L. and Davis, T. L. and Gerba, C. P. and Rose, J. B.} } @book {9239, title = {{Theory and practice of water and wastewater treatment}}, year = {1997}, publisher = {John Wiley {\&} Sons Incorporated}, organization = {John Wiley {\&} Sons Incorporated}, author = {Droste, RL} } @article {17348, title = {Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella senftenberg, and enzymes with potential as time-temperature indicators in ground beef}, journal = {Journal of Food ProtectionJournal of food protection}, volume = {60}, number = {5}, year = {1997}, month = {May}, pages = {471-475}, keywords = {bovine muscle, Cooking, e-coli, Enzymes, ground beef, heating end-point, lactate-dehydrogenase activity, Meat, Salmonella, thermal death time}, isbn = {0362-028x}, author = {OrtaRamirez, A. and Price, J. F. and Hsu, Y. C. and Veeramuthu, G. J. and CherryMerritt, J. S. and Smith, D. M.} } @article {8452, title = {{Tissue cyst tropism in Toxoplasma gondii: a comparison of tissue cyst formation in organs of cats, and rodents fed oocysts}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {115}, number = {Pt1}, year = {1997}, pages = {15{\textendash}20}, author = {Dubey, JP} } @article {9402, title = {{Transcription initiation is controlled by three core promoter elements in the hgl5 gene of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {94}, number = {16}, year = {1997}, pages = {8812{\textendash}8817}, author = {Singh, U and Rogers, JB and Mann, BJ and Petri, WA Jr} } @article {6135, title = {Transport of bacteria and bacteriophages in irrigated effluent into and through an alluvial gravel aquifer}, journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution}, volume = {98}, number = {1-2}, year = {1997}, pages = {17{\textendash}42}, author = {Sinton, LW and Finlay, RK and Pang, L and Scott, DM} } @article {15074, title = {Treatment of {Mexico} {City} wastewater for irrigation purposes}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {18}, number = {7}, year = {1997}, pages = {721{\textendash}729}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, B and Ch{\'a}vez-Mej{\'\i}a, A} } @article {10399, title = {Treatment of Mexico City wastewater for irrigation purposes}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {18}, number = {7}, year = {1997}, pages = {721{\textendash}729}, author = {Jim{\'e}nez-Cisneros, B and Ch{\'a}vez-Mej{\'\i}a, A} } @article {11361, title = {Treatment of porcine cysticercosis with oxfendazole: a dose-response trial}, journal = {The Vetinary Record}, volume = {141}, number = {16}, year = {1997}, pages = {420-2}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0042-4900}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9364715}, author = {Gonzalez, AE and Falcon, N and Gavidia, C and Garcia, HH and Tsang, VC and Bernal, T and Romero, M and Gilman, RH} } @article {4700, title = {{Uniform staining of Cyclospora oocysts in fecal smears by a modified safranin technique with microwave heating}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {35}, year = {1997}, pages = {730{\textendash}733}, author = {Visvesvara, GS and Moura, H and Kovacs-Nace, E and Wallace, S and Eberhard, ML} } @article {4687, title = {Update: outbreaks of cyclosporiasis - United States and Canada}, journal = {Canada Communicable Disease Report}, volume = {2}, year = {1997}, pages = {143{\textendash}144} } @article {17395, title = {The use of an automated growth analyser to measure recovery times of single heat-injured Salmonella cells}, journal = {Journal of Applied MicrobiologyJournal of applied microbiologyJ Appl Microbiol}, volume = {83}, number = {4}, year = {1997}, month = {Oct}, pages = {445-455}, keywords = {enrichment conditions, Foods, selective enrichment, thermal inactivation}, isbn = {1364-5072}, author = {Stephens, P. J. and Joynson, J. A. and Davies, K. W. and Holbrook, R. and LappinScott, H. M. and Humphrey, T. J.} } @article {6657, title = {User fee policies to promote health service access for the poor: a wolf in sheep{\textquoteright}s clothing?}, journal = {International Journal of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, pages = {359{\textendash}379}, abstract = {An international survey of health service user fee and exemption policies in 26 low- and middle-income countries assessed whether user fee policies were supported by measures that protect the poor. In particular, it explored whether governments were introducing a package of supportive measures to promote service improvements that benefit disadvantaged groups and tackle differential ability to pay through an effective series of exemptions. The results show that many countries lack policies that promote access for disadvantaged groups within user fee systems and quality improvements such as revenue retention at the health care facility and expenditure guidelines for local managers. More significant policy failures were identified for exemptions: 27 percent of countries had no policy to exempt the poor; in contrast, health workers were exempted in 50 percent of countries. Even when an official policy to exempt the poor existed, there were numerous informational, administrative, economic, and political constraints to effective implementation of these exemptions. The authors argue that user fee policy should be developed more cautiously and in a more informed environment. Fees are likely to exacerbate existing inequities in health care financing unless exemptions policy can effectively reach those unable to pay.}, keywords = {Africa, Asia, Empirical Approach, Fees, Health Care and Public Health, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Internationality, Latin America, Medical, Poverty, Quality of Health Care, Resource allocation}, issn = {0020-7314}, author = {Russell, S. and Gilson, L.} } @article {6311, title = {Virus decay and its causes in coastal waters.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {77{\textendash}83}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/63/1/77.short}, author = {Noble, R. T. and Fuhrman, J. A.} } @article {9108, title = {{Virus Decay and Its Causes in Coastal Waters}}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {77{\textendash}83}, author = {Noble, R T and Fuhrman, J A} } @article {9006, title = {Virus inactivation during disinfection of wastewater by chlorination and UV irradiation and the efficacy of F+ bacteriophage as a viral indicator}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {11-12}, year = {1997}, pages = {227-232}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00263-1}, url = {://WOS:A1997XV49500040}, author = {Tree, J. A. and Adams, M. R. and Lees, D. N.} } @article {2891, title = {Waste Water Treatment Manuals: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Treatment}, journal = {Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford, Ireland}, year = {1997}, author = {Ireland, EPA} } @article {4463, title = {Waterborne adenovirus: {A} risk assessment}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {35}, number = {11-12}, year = {1997}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, author = {CN, Crabtree KDGerba CPRose JBHaas} } @article {1353, title = {Waterborne adenovirus: A risk assessment}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {35}, number = {11-12}, year = {1997}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {CN, Crabtree KDGerba CPRose JBHaas} } @article {1519, title = {Waterborne adenovirus: A risk assessment}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Crabtree, K. D. and Gerba, C. P. and Rose, J. B. and Haas, C. N.} } @article {14542, title = {Waterborne adenovirus: {A} risk assessment}, journal = {Wat Sci Technol}, volume = {35}, year = {1997}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, author = {Crabtree, K. D. and Gerba, C. P. and Rose, J. B. and Haas, C. N.} } @article {2710, title = {Waterborne outbreak of viral gastroenteritis}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {29}, year = {1997}, pages = {415-418}, doi = {10.3109/00365549709011840}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365549709011840}, author = {Kukkula, M and Arstila, P and M L Klossner} } @article {9543, title = {{Waterborne protozoan pathogens}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {1997}, pages = {67{\textendash}85}, author = {Marshall, MM and Naumovitz, D and Ortega, Y and Sterling, CR} } @article {10806, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera in 1996}, volume = {72}, number = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {229{\textendash}239} } @article {13498, title = {Zoonotic potential of infection with Fasciola spp. by consumption of freshly prepared raw liver containing immature flukes}, journal = {Int. J. Parasitol}, volume = {27}, year = {1997}, pages = {775-779}, author = {Taira, N. and Yoshifuji, H. and Boray, J. C.} } @article {6760, title = {Ability to pay for health care: concepts and evidence}, journal = {Health Policy and Planning}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, month = {sep}, pages = {219{\textendash}237}, abstract = {In many developing countries people are expected to contribute to the cost of health care from their own pockets. As a result, people{\textquoteright}s ability to pay (ATP) for health care, or the affordability of health care, has become a critical policy issue in developing countries, and a particularly urgent issue where households face combined user fee burdens from various essential service sectors such as health, education and water. Research and policy debates have focused on willingness to pay (WTP) for essential services, and have tended to assume that WTP is synonymous with ATP. This paper questions this assumption, and suggests that WTP may not reflect ATP. Households may persist in paying for care, but to mobilize resources they may sacrifice other basic needs such as food and education, with serious consequences for the household or individuals within it. The opportunity costs of payment make the payment {\textquoteright}unaffordable{\textquoteright} because other basic needs are sacrificed. An approach to ATP founded on basic needs and the opportunity costs of payment strategies (including non-utilization) is therefore proposed. From the few studies available, common household responses to payment difficulties are identified, ranging from borrowing to more serious {\textquoteright}distress sales{\textquoteright} of productive assets (e.g. land), delays to treatment and, ultimately, abandonment of treatment. Although these strategies may have a devastating impact on livelihoods and health, few studies have investigated them in any detail. In-depth longitudinal household studies are proposed to develop understanding of ATP and to inform policy initiative which might contribute to more affordable health care.}, keywords = {Africa, Data Collection, Developing Countries, Financing, Health Care Costs, Health Care Rationing, Health Policy, Papua New Guinea, Personal, Thailand}, issn = {0268-1080}, author = {Russell, S.} } @article {5924, title = {{Acute viral hepatitis types E, A, and B singly and in combination in acute liver failure in children in north India}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {215{\textendash}221}, author = {Arora, NK and Nanda, SK} } @inbook {13339, title = {Aeromonas Gastrointestinal Disease: A case Study in Causation?}, booktitle = {The Genus Aeromonas}, year = {1996}, pages = {11-335}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons}, address = {New York, USA }, author = {S W Joseph} } @article {12807, title = {Analysis of wastewater for use in agriculture: a laboratory manual of parasitological and bacteriological techniques}, year = {1996}, author = {Ayres, Rachel M and David Duncan Mara} } @article {13491, title = {Antigenic components of excretory-secretory products of adult Fasciola hepatica recognized in human infections}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {54}, year = {1996}, pages = {146-148}, author = {Sampaio-Silva, M. L. and Correia da Costa, J.M., Viana da Costa, A.M., Pires, M.A., Lopes, S.A., Castro, A.M. and Monjour, L.} } @article {13484, title = {Approaches to the control of fasciolosis in ruminants}, journal = {Int J Parasitol}, volume = {26}, year = {1996}, pages = {971-981}, author = {Roberts, J. A. and Suhardono} } @article {10986, title = {Ascaris lumbricoides {Aggregation} in {Relation} to {Child} {Growth} {Status}, {Delayed} {Cutaneous} {Hypersensitivity}, and {Plant} {Anthelmintic} {Use} in {Madagascar}}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {25{\textendash}33}, abstract = {{The relationships between Ascaris lumbricoides worm burden, growth status, general delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) response, and plant anthelmintic use were investigated in a 12-mo prospective survey of 663 children, 4-10 yr old, living in the Ranomafana rainforest, Madagascar. Initial fecal examinations revealed prevalences of 93\% for A lumbricoides, 55\% for Trichuris trichuria, and 27\% for hookworm. After anthelmintic treatment and a 12-mo reinfection period, 428 of the children participated in worm expulsion studies using pyrantel pamoate, revealing an overdispersed A. lumbricoides worm population}, issn = {00223395, 19372345}, doi = {10.2307/3284110}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3284110}, author = {Kightlinger, Lon K. and Seed, J. Richard and Kightlinger, Mynna Boodhoo} } @article {11025, title = {Ascaris lumbricoides infestation as a cause of intestinal obstruction in children: {Experience} with 87 cases}, journal = {Journal of Pediatric Surgery}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, month = {jan}, pages = {201{\textendash}205}, abstract = {Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the occurrence and management of bowel obstruction caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, a common parasite in warm climates that affects children with limited socioeconomic means. Methods: Eighty-seven patients with intestinal infestation owing to Ascaris lumbricoides were treated in the past 10 years (1984{\textendash}1994). There were 48 (55.2\%) girls and 39 (44.8\%) boys. The mean age was 4.6 years, with peak occurrence at 2 years of age. Half the patients had a history of passing worms by mouth or anus. The majority of patients, 64 (73.5\%), presented with a subacute clinical course; 23 (26.5\%) had acute presentation, with severe abdominal pain, fever, dehydratation, vomiting, and abdominal distension and required vigorous fluid resuscitation and emergency surgical intervention. Diagnosis was achieved with plain abdominal roentgenograms, which showed a {\textquotedblleft}whirlpool{\textquotedblright} pattern of intraluminal worms in most cases. Results: Six patients had been incorrectly diagnosed as having appendicitis; two cases had appendicitis owing to Ascaris in the cecum and distal ileum. The majority of cases with a subacute presentation respond to medical (anthelmintic) management using oral administration of racine oil and piperazine. Of the 23 patients taken to the operating room, 11 required external {\textquotedblleft}milking{\textquotedblright} of the obstructing bolus of worms from the ileum into the colon, six required intestinal resection and end-to-end anastomosis, six had an appendectomy, and three needed an enterotomy to manually extract the worms. In one case, initial management consisted of an ileostomy because of intraoperative instability owing to sepsis. Subsequently, after stabilization and treatment with anthelmintic agents, closure of the stoma with an end-to-end ileocolostomy was performed. There was no significant postoperative morbidity or mortality. Conclusion: These observations suggest that physicians should have a high index of suspicion for parasitic infestation in warm climates where economically deprived children present with symptoms of intestinal obstruction. Ascaris lumbricoides may be the cause of these events in endemic areas. Oral piperazine and racine oil can successfully resolve most subacute cases; however, aggressive resuscitation and prompt surgical intervention in patients with intestinal obstruction result in a satisfactory outcome.}, issn = {0022-3468}, doi = {10.1016/S0022-3468(96)90348-6}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022346896903486}, author = {Villamizar, Enrique and Mendez, Mizrahinn and Bonilla, Efraim and Varon, Humberto and de Ontra, Susana} } @article {15316, title = {Assessment of the dose-response relationship of Campylobacter jejuni}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {30}, number = {1-2}, year = {1996}, pages = {101-111}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Medema, G. J. and Teunis, P. F. M. and Havelaar, A. H. and Haas, C. N.} } @article {7773, title = {Assessment of the dose-response relationship of Campylobacter jejuni}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {30}, number = {1-2}, year = {1996}, note = {Assessment of the dose-response relationship of Campylobacter jejuni; 211; J English Article Medema, GJ, NATL INST PUBL HLTH \& ENVIRONM PROTECT,LAB WATER \& FOOD MICROBIOL,POB 1,NL-3720 BA BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS 30 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV AMSTERDAM NOT IN FILE 0168-1605 DREXEL UNIV,INST ENVIRONM STUDIES,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.; ID: 132}, pages = {101-111}, abstract = {

Mathematical relations describing the risk of infection after exposure to enteropathogens are important tools for the evaluation of the potential health risk from exposure via food and water. A quantitative description of the dose-response relation for Campylobacter jejuni with the Beta-Poisson model was fitted to experimental data of infection with Campylobacter jejuni (as determined by shedding of C. jejuni) obtained in human feeding studies performed by Black et al. (1988). The maximum likelihood estimates for the Beta-Poisson model parameters based on these data are: = 0.145 and 7.59. The fit of the model on the experimental data was good: the difference between the likelihood obtained with the Beta-Poisson model and the maximum possible likelihood was not significant. The occurrence of symptoms of intestinal illness did not follow a similar dose-related trend. Overall, 22\% of the infected volunteers developed symptoms (diarrhea, fever). The highest illness-to-infection ratio was found at an intermediate dose (9 x 10(4)). The dose-response relation and the illness-to-infection ratio appeared to differ between different C. jejuni isolates. The dose-response relation derived from feeding studies with a single isolate should therefore be considered indicative. The absence of experimental data in the low dose range resulted in a relatively large confidence interval at low doses. However, in cases where the dose-response relation has been applied so far to estimate the health risk of exposure C. jejuni in water, the uncertainty in the dose-response relation was insignificant compared to the uncertainty in the exposure estimate

}, keywords = {Campylobacter, Campylobacter jejuni, CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI, Chicken, COLONIZATION, Diarrhea, dose-response, ENTERITIS, ENTEROPATHOGENS, evaluation, FEVER, Food, Health, Health risk, infection, JEJUNI, Microbiology, Milk, MODEL, OUTBREAK, Risk, Risk Assessment, Technology, water}, author = {Medema,G. J. and Teunis,P. F. M. and Havelaar,A. H. and Haas,C. N.} } @book {17451, title = {Australian drinking water guidelines, 1996}, year = {1996}, publisher = {Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zeeland}, organization = {Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zeeland}, isbn = {0642244634 } } @book {9721, title = {Bacteriological aspects of wastewater irrigation}, year = {1996}, publisher = {Monograph No. 8. Leeds University press}, organization = {Monograph No. 8. Leeds University press}, address = {England}, author = {Vaz da Costa Vargas, S and Bastos, R and Mara, DD} } @article {4207, title = {{Bacteriophages as indicators of pollution}}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, month = {nov}, pages = {299{\textendash}335}, publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis Group}, abstract = {Abstract Water pollution is an undesired reality encountered in many countries. To prevent major outbreaks of infectious disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa that contaminate the water, the scientific community has searched for various indicators that could be used to alert their presence. Among the possible indicators, bacteriophages are receiving increasing attention because of the concern with waterborne viral diseases. This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing bacteriophages as pollution indicators as seen from the somewhat confusing information accumulated from almost 50 years of research and proposes some new directions in the application of bacteriophages as indicators. Bacteriophages have been studied worldwide as pollution indicators because of the ease of their detection and their morphological similarity to human viruses. In addition, detection of human viruses is still a highly skilled and costly process. Generally speak...}, keywords = {bacteriophage, index, Indicator, pollution, water}, issn = {1064-3389}, doi = {10.1080/10643389609388494}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10643389609388494}, author = {Armon, R. and Kott, Y.} } @article {9876, title = {{Blastocystis hominis revisited}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {9}, year = {1996}, pages = {563{\textendash}584}, author = {Stenzel, DJ and Boreham, PFL} } @article {13953, title = {Centers for {Disease} {Control} and {Prevention} {Lake}-associated outbreak of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7{\textendash}{Illinois}, 1995. {MMWR} {Morb}. {Mortal}.}, journal = {Wkly. Rep.}, volume = {45}, year = {1996}, pages = {437{\textendash}439}, author = {CDC} } @article {2185, title = {{Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Lake-associated outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7{\textendash}Illinois, 1995. MMWR Morb. Mortal.}}, journal = {Wkly. Rep.}, volume = {45}, year = {1996}, pages = {437{\textendash}439}, author = {CDC} } @article {11757, title = {{Cestode larvae Diphyllobothrium dendriticum as a cause of heart disease leading to mortality in hatchery-reared sea trout and brown trout}}, journal = {Diseases of Aquatic Organisms}, volume = {25}, number = {1-2}, year = {1996}, pages = {15{\textendash}22}, abstract = {During the summer months of 1991 and 1992 an increased mortality of sea trout Salmo trutta m. trutta (L.) and brown trout Salmo trutta m. lacustris (L.) occurred at a freshwdter fish farm in northwestern Finland. Mortality began when the water temperature rose above 12{\textdegree}C. From 1 to 6 DiphylloDothr{\~{}}um dendriticun? (Nitzsch, 1824) larvae per fish were found in the atrium and in some cases in the ventricle of the heart in 63 to 86Yo of the dead l+, 2+ and 3+ sea trout and brown trout in July 1991 and from June to September 1992. The fish that died showing the typical symptoms usually had this cestode larva blocking the atrioventricular orifice. In histological sections, a massive, chronic myocarditis was evident around the larva in the atrial wall. Another typical symptom of the dead fish was a ruptured atrium of the heart. Mortality caused by D. dendriticum was of great importance to the total mortality at the farm. Low prevalences of D. dendriticum larvae were also found in the hearts of fish caught live. A few encapsulated D. dendriticum and D. ditremum (Creplin, 1825) larvae were found within the visceral cavity of 10{\%} of these fish. The probable first intermediate hosts for D. dendrjticum in the inlet water are Eudiaptomus graciloides [Lilleborg) and Cyclops scutifer Sars. Metacercaria of Ichthyocotylurus sp. (Trematocla) were frequently present in small numbers on the ventricle wall of sea trout and brown trout and epicarditis of different grades was observed.}, keywords = {brown trout, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, Diphyllobothrium ditremum, Hatchery, Heart, Ichthyocotylurus sp, Mortality, Sea trout}, issn = {01775103}, doi = {10.3354/dao025015}, author = {Rahkonen, Riitta and Aalto, Jarmo and Koski, Perttu and S{\"a}rkk{\"a}, Jukka and Juntunen, Keijo} } @article {8734, title = {{Changes in Bacterial Aerosols with Height above Aeration Tanks}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, year = {1996}, pages = {368{\textendash}373}, author = {Sawyer, B. and Rao, K.C. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, P. and Elenbogen, G. and Zenz, D.R. and Lue-Hing, C.} } @book {10588, title = {{Cholera and the Ecology of Vibrio cholerae}}, year = {1996}, pages = {535}, publisher = {Chapman and Hall}, organization = {Chapman and Hall}, address = {London, UK}, author = {Drasar, BS and Forrest, BD} } @inbook {10746, title = {{The cholera family of enterotoxins}}, booktitle = {Protein Toxin Structure}, year = {1996}, pages = {123{\textendash}146}, publisher = {R.G. Landes Co.}, organization = {R.G. Landes Co.}, address = {Austin, TX}, author = {Scott, DL and Zhang, R-G and Westbrook, EM}, editor = {Parker, MW} } @article {9887, title = {{Clonal growth of Blastocystis hominis in soft agar with sodium thioglycollate}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {82}, year = {1996}, pages = {737{\textendash}739}, author = {Tan, KSW and Singh, M and Thong, KT and Ho, LC and Moe, KT and Chen, XQ and Ng, GC and Yap, EH} } @article {6052, title = {Colloid mobilization and transport in groundwater}, journal = {Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, volume = {107}, year = {1996}, pages = {1{\textendash}56}, author = {Ryan, Joseph N and Elimelech, Menachem} } @article {4581, title = {Comparative inactivation of enteric adenoviruses, poliovirus and coliphages by ultraviolet irradiation}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, year = {1996}, pages = {2665{\textendash}2668}, author = {QS, Meng and CP, Gerba} } @article {4654, title = {Comparative inactivation of enteric adenoviruses, poliovirus and coliphages by ultraviolet irradiation}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {2665-2668}, author = {Meng, QS and C P Gerba} } @article {1340, title = {Comparative inactivation of enteric adenoviruses, poliovirus and coliphages by ultraviolet irradiation}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, year = {1996}, pages = {2665-2668}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {QS, Meng and CP, Gerba} } @inbook {5116, title = {Composting Control: Principles and Practice}, booktitle = {The Science of Composting}, year = {1996}, pages = {49{\textendash}59}, publisher = {Blackie Academic \& Professional,London}, organization = {Blackie Academic \& Professional,London}, keywords = {Ecotoxicology, Food Science, Physical Chemistry, Waste Management/Waste Technology}, author = {Stentiford, E. I.}, editor = {Bertoldi, Marco de and Sequi, Paolo and Lemmes, Bert and Papi, Tiziano} } @article {5355, title = {Constructed wetlands to treat wastewater from dairy and swine operations: a review}, journal = {Agriculture, ecosystems and environment}, volume = {58}, number = {2-3}, year = {1996}, pages = {97{\textendash}114}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Cronk, Julie K} } @mastersthesis {7040, title = {Contingent valuation of river pollution control and domestic water supply in {Kenya} ({BL})}, year = {1996}, note = {U101590}, school = {University of Stirling (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {{\textless}![CDATA[The basic theme of this study is that determination of the economic value of water resources is a necessary condition for rational decision-making and management of these environmental assets, and their associated public goods, in developing countries. The research particularly evaluates the contingent valuation (CV) method as a technique for evaluating increments and decrements in environmental and natural resource service flows, and estimates households{\textquoteright} evaluations for improvements in river water quality and connections to piped water supply for domestic uses.{\textless}P{\textgreater}The study objectives were to: (a) estimate the economic value of piped water supply and improved water quality in the Nzoia River Basin, Kenya; (b) evaluate the feasibility of using the CV technique to value an environmental amenity and its related quasi-public service in rural settings where respondents have limited education and monetary resources; (c) examine the role of temporary dimensions of bid payments (i.e. frequency of payments) in contingent values for environmental commodities; (d) empirically investigate embedding effect bias in contingent valuation of improvements in river water quality improvement in a less developed economy; and (e) evaluate the role of water connection charges in households{\textquoteright} willingness to hook onto piped water supply in Webuye Division, Kenya.{\textless}P{\textgreater}Empirical analysis and estimates of the non-market value which local people assign to water quality in the Nzoia River and a private household water connection is based on a detailed survey of a representative sample of 311 households in Webuye Division of Bungoma District, Kenya. In an on-site survey carried out in May through September 1995, contingent markets were developed for the two goods: (1) improved river water quality, and (2) provision of a private connection to water supply. The corresponding willingness to pay (WTP) values are explained using Ordinary Least Square regression models. Whatever the good, the WTP is seen to increase with income. However, the effects of other factors are more specific to the contingent good.]]{\textgreater}}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU101590, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Bibliographies, http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2169, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301606012?accountid=14270}, author = {Wasike, W.S.K.} } @article {15092, title = {Control of intestinal parasite infections in {Seychelles}: a comprehensive and sustainable approach}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {74}, year = {1996}, pages = {577{\textendash}86}, author = {Albonico, M. and Shamlaye, N. and Shamlaye, C. and Savioli, L.} } @article {10934, title = {Control of intestinal parasitic infections in {Seychelles}: a comprehensive and sustainable approach.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {74}, number = {6}, year = {1996}, pages = {577{\textendash}586}, abstract = {Intestinal parasitic infections have been perceived as a public health problem in Seychelles for decades. A comprehensive strategy to reduce morbidity and, in the long term, transmission of intestinal parasites has been implemented successfully since 1993. Management of the programme is integrated into the well established primary health care system, with control activities being undertaken through existing health facilities. The strategy is based on periodic chemotherapy of schoolchildren, intense health education and improvement of sanitation and safe water supply. The initial objectives of the control programme were met after 2 years of activities, with an overall reduction in prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections of 44\%. The intensity of infection with Trichuris trichiura, the commonest parasite, was halved (from 780 to 370 eggs per g of faeces). The programme{\textquoteright}s integrated approach, in concert with political commitment and limited operational costs, is a warranty for the future sustainability of control activities. The programme can be seen as a model for other developing countries, even where health and socioeconomic conditions are different and the control of parasitic infections will need a much longer-term commitment.}, issn = {0042-9686}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2486806/}, author = {Albonico, M and Shamlaye, N and Shamlaye, C and Savioli, L} } @article {10975, title = {A {Cost}-{Effectiveness} {Analysis} of {Anthelminthic} {Intervention} for {Community} {Control} of {Soil}-{Transmitted} {Helminth} {Infection}: {Levamisole} and {Ascaris} lumbricoides}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {82}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, pages = {527{\textendash}530}, abstract = {A study to compare effects of mass, targeted, and selective chemotherapy with levamisole as an intervention for the control of Ascaris lumbricoides was carried out in 3 communities in rural Oyo State, Nigeria. Selective treatment was applied in 1 village by treating the most heavily infected 20\% of the inhabitants, targeted treatment in the second village involved children aged 2-15 yr, whereas mass treatment was offered to all inhabitants in the third village, excluding infants under 1 yr and pregnant women. Intensity (eggs per gram,) of A. lumbricoides infection was determined immediately before and 3 mo after the period of intervention as a means of assessing the relative efficacy of the treatment regimes. During the field study, information on resource use was also collected for a retrospective cost analysis of the 3 strategies. Resources used included manpower, materials, drugs, and transport. The results of the parasitological evaluation on the effect of treatment on egg intensity were then combined with the cost analysis to provide an overall measure of the cost-effectiveness of mass, targeted, and selective interventions. The results were expressed in terms of the cost per 1,000 egg reduction in intensity and the cost per person treated. The results showed the mass and targeted approach to be considerably more cost effective than the selective approach.}, issn = {00223395, 19372345}, doi = {10.2307/3283775}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3283775}, author = {Holland, Celia V. and O{\textquoteright}Shea, E. and Asaolu, S. O. and Turley, O. and Crompton, D. W. T.} } @inbook {14613, title = {Creating microbial quality in drinking water}, booktitle = {Microbial quality of water supply in distribution systems}, year = {1996}, pages = {39{\textendash}101}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, address = {Boca Raton, FL.}, author = {Geldreich, E. E.}, editor = {Geldreich, E. E.} } @inbook {1566, title = {Creating microbial quality in drinking water}, booktitle = {Microbial quality of water supply in distribution systems}, year = {1996}, pages = {39-101}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Boca Raton, FL.}, author = {Geldreich, E. E.}, editor = {Geldreich, E. E.} } @mastersthesis {6290, title = {Crossing the river: {A} study of {Khmer} women{\textquoteright}s beliefs and practices during pregnancy, birth and postpartum}, year = {1996}, note = {9707412}, school = {University of California, Los Angeles}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Cambodia has recently reentered the international community after two decades of nearly total isolation. The preexisting health care infrastructure was destroyed during the years of Khmer Rouge rule from 1975 to 1979. High rates of maternal mortality underscore deficiencies in the current formal health care system. Presently, many non-governmental and bilateral aid groups are assisting to rebuild the formal sector and train health care workers. Most of the recent safe motherhood reforms, program development and training of workers have been designed without an understanding of the cultural beliefs and practices surrounding pregnancy. Few ethnographic studies have been undertaken since 1975 in Cambodia, and none have specifically focused on beliefs and practices surrounding pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to describe how Khmer women view pregnancy and complications of pregnancy and what they do to treat complications of pregnancy with the goal of identifying beliefs and practices which may contribute to or prevent maternal mortality. A combination of qualitative ethnographic approaches was used in this descriptive study of rural and urban women of childbearing age and birth attendants. Eighty-eight women participated in focus groups in three rural provinces and in the capital, Phnom Penh. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were held with 41 rural and urban women, traditional birth attendants, and trained midwives. Specific emic categories of normal pregnancy{\textendash}siet sork pain, "bleeding to wash the baby{\textquoteright}s face," and "swelling from the baby"{\textendash}were identified and described in detail. In addition, abnormal emic conditions which occur during the postpartum period were described including{\textendash}relapse, priey kruwlah pleung, and "stuck blood." Adaptive, questionable, and maladaptive emic practices were described. Three themes which emerged from the data concerning practitioner choice, pragmatism, and prevention were discussed in light of their implications for program development and training. Recommendations were made regarding use of traditional emic taxonomies as a foundation for explaining biomedical complications, "reloading" emic terms, priority topics for training health care workers, and areas for further research.}, keywords = {0326:Cultural anthropology, 0380:Gynecology, 0380:Obstetrics, 0569:Nursing, 0573:Public health, Births, Cambodia, Cultural anthropology, Gynecology, Health and environmental sciences, Nursing, Obstetrics, Pregnancy, Public health, Social sciences, Women}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304277790?accountid=14270}, author = {White, Patrice Michele} } @article {4725, title = {{Cyclospora: an overview}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {23}, year = {1996}, pages = {429{\textendash}435}, author = {Soave, R} } @article {4728, title = {{Cyclospora in nonhuman primates in Gombe Tanzania}}, journal = {The Vetinary Record}, volume = {138}, year = {1996}, pages = {528}, author = {Smith, HV and Paton, CA and Girdwood, RW and Mtambo, MM} } @article {13934, title = {Death of the {Escherichia} coli {K}-12 strain {W}3110 in soil and water.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {11}, year = {1996}, month = {nov}, pages = {4114{\textendash}4120}, abstract = {Whether Escherichia coli K-12 strain W3110 can enter the \{"\}viable but nonculturable\{"\} state was studied with sterile and nonsterile water and soil at various temperatures. In nonsterile river water, the plate counts of added E. coli cells dropped to less than 10 \{CFU/ml\} in less than 10 days. Acridine orange direct counts, direct viable counts, most-probable-number estimates, and \{PCR\} analyses indicated that the added E. coli cells were disappearing from the water in parallel with the number of \{CFU.\} Similar results were obtained with nonsterile soil, although the decline of the added E. coli was slower. In sterile water or soil, the added E. coli persisted for much longer, often without any decline in the plate counts even after 50 days. In sterile river water at 37 degrees C and sterile artificial seawater at 20 and 37 degrees C, the plate counts declined by 3 to 5 orders of magnitude, while the acridine orange direct counts remained unchanged. However, direct viable counts and various resuscitation studies all indicated that the nonculturable cells were nonviable. Thus, in either sterile or nonsterile water and soil, the decline in plate counts of E. coli K-12 strain W3110 is not due to the cells entering the viable but nonculturable state, but is simply due to their death.}, author = {Bogosian, G and Sammons, LE E and Morris, PJ J and O{\textquoteright}Neil, JP and Heitkamp, MA A and Weber, DB B and JP, O{\textquoteright}Neil, and Heitkamp, MA A and Weber, DB B} } @article {2168, title = {{Death of the Escherichia coli K-12 strain W3110 in soil and water.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {11}, year = {1996}, month = {nov}, pages = {4114{\textendash}4120}, abstract = {Whether Escherichia coli K-12 strain W3110 can enter the \{"\}viable but nonculturable\{"\} state was studied with sterile and nonsterile water and soil at various temperatures. In nonsterile river water, the plate counts of added E. coli cells dropped to less than 10 \{CFU/ml\} in less than 10 days. Acridine orange direct counts, direct viable counts, most-probable-number estimates, and \{PCR\} analyses indicated that the added E. coli cells were disappearing from the water in parallel with the number of \{CFU.\} Similar results were obtained with nonsterile soil, although the decline of the added E. coli was slower. In sterile water or soil, the added E. coli persisted for much longer, often without any decline in the plate counts even after 50 days. In sterile river water at 37 degrees C and sterile artificial seawater at 20 and 37 degrees C, the plate counts declined by 3 to 5 orders of magnitude, while the acridine orange direct counts remained unchanged. However, direct viable counts and various resuscitation studies all indicated that the nonculturable cells were nonviable. Thus, in either sterile or nonsterile water and soil, the decline in plate counts of E. coli K-12 strain W3110 is not due to the cells entering the viable but nonculturable state, but is simply due to their death.}, author = {Bogosian, G and Sammons, LE E and Morris, PJ J and O{\textquoteright}Neil, JP and Heitkamp, MA A and Weber, DB B and JP, O{\textquoteright}Neil, and Heitkamp, MA A and Weber, DB B} } @article {7949, title = {{Death of the Escherichia coli K-12 strain W3110 in soil and water.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {11}, year = {1996}, month = {nov}, pages = {4114{\textendash}4120}, abstract = {

Whether Escherichia coli K-12 strain W3110 can enter the {\{}\"{\}}viable but nonculturable{\{}\"{\}} state was studied with sterile and nonsterile water and soil at various temperatures. In nonsterile river water, the plate counts of added E. coli cells dropped to less than 10 {\{}CFU/ml{\}} in less than 10 days. Acridine orange direct counts, direct viable counts, most-probable-number estimates, and {\{}PCR{\}} analyses indicated that the added E. coli cells were disappearing from the water in parallel with the number of {\{}CFU.{\}} Similar results were obtained with nonsterile soil, although the decline of the added E. coli was slower. In sterile water or soil, the added E. coli persisted for much longer, often without any decline in the plate counts even after 50 days. In sterile river water at 37 degrees C and sterile artificial seawater at 20 and 37 degrees C, the plate counts declined by 3 to 5 orders of magnitude, while the acridine orange direct counts remained unchanged. However, direct viable counts and various resuscitation studies all indicated that the nonculturable cells were nonviable. Thus, in either sterile or nonsterile water and soil, the decline in plate counts of E. coli K-12 strain W3110 is not due to the cells entering the viable but nonculturable state, but is simply due to their death.

}, author = {Bogosian, G and Sammons, LE E and Morris, PJ J and O{\textquoteright}Neil, JP and Heitkamp, MA A and Weber, DB B and JP, O{\textquoteright}Neil, and Heitkamp, MA A and Weber, DB B} } @book {9315, title = {{The demonstration of direct potable water reuse: Denver{\textquoteright}s pioneer project}}, year = {1996}, pages = {25{\textendash}28}, author = {Lauer, W and Roger, S} } @mastersthesis {6270, title = {The desizing of woven cotton fabrics}, year = {1996}, note = {U482774}, school = {University of Leeds (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In the cotton-based textile industry, many desizing methods have been developed to remove starch-based sizes from the warp yarns of woven cotton fabrics. However, in view of continuously tightening environmental regulations which have emerged in recent years in western Europe, two alternative approaches, namely, the use of alkali and/or plasma desizing are studied in the present work in an attempt to develop a more environmentally friendly desizing technique.A study of the desizing of starch-based size on woven cotton fabric has been carried out using different alkali metal hydroxides. From the evaluations on the \% fabric weight loss, the iodine staining properties with the TEGEWA violet scale and the starch removal rate of the treatments, it is found that both the pH of the treatment bath and the nature of the alkali used determine the effectiveness of the desizing treatment. In particular, increasing the alkali concentration (0.5 - 10 g/l), the treatment temperature (25 - 100{\textdegree}C), and the duration of the treatment (2 - 60 min.) increase the effectiveness of the alkaline desizing treatment. Although satisfactory desizing (TEGEWA violet scale rating {\textgreater} 5) could be attained using LiOH, NaOH and KOH under a variety of experimental conditions, overall NaOH is found to be the best desizing agent for woven cotton fabrics.In the study of oxygen plasma desizing of woven cotton fabric, it is found that the plasma treatment alone is insufficient to obtain an adequate desizing result. However, after the oxygen plasma treatment, the degraded starch molecules can be removed either by a hot alkali or a hot water after-wash. Under the experimental conditions, an oxygen plasma treatment followed by a hot alkali wash at 90{\textdegree}C for 2 minutes gives the best desizing results.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU482774, 0994:Materials science, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Materials science, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301509579?accountid=14270}, author = {Au, C.K.A.} } @article {13967, title = {Detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by in vivo and in vitro amplification of nucleic acids.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {10}, year = {1996}, month = {oct}, pages = {3772{\textendash}8}, abstract = {This study describes the detection of enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus in 31 naturally contaminated oyster specimens by nucleic acid amplification and oligonucleotide probing. Viruses were extracted by adsorption-elution-precipitation from 50-g oyster samples harvested from an area receiving sewage effluent discharge. Ninety percent of each extract was inoculated into primate kidney cell cultures for virus isolation and infectivity assay. Viruses in the remaining 10\% of oyster extract that was not inoculated into cell cultures were further purified and concentrated by a procedure involving Freon extraction, polyethylene glycol precipitation, and Pro-Cipitate precipitation. After 3 to 4 weeks of incubation, RNA was extracted from inoculated cultures that were negative for cytopathic effects (CPE). These RNA extracts and the RNA from virions purified and concentrated directly from oyster extracts were subjected to reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) with primer pairs for human enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus. The resulting amplicons were confirmed by internal oligonucleotide probe hybridization. For the portions of oyster sample extracts inoculated into cell cultures, 12 (39\%) were positive for human enteroviruses by CPE and 6 (19\%) were positive by RT-PCR and oligoprobing of RNA extracts from CPE-negative cell cultures. For the remaining sample portions tested by direct RT-PCR and oligoprobing after further concentration, five (about 16\%) were confirmed to be positive for human enteroviruses. Hepatitis A virus was also detected in RNA extracts of two CPE-positive samples by RT-PCR and oligoprobing. Combining the data from all three methods, enteric viruses were detected in 18 of 31 (58\%) samples. Detection by nucleic acid methods increased the number of positive samples by 50\% over detection by CPE in cell culture. Hence, nucleic acid amplification methods increase the detection of noncytopathic human enteric viruses in oysters.}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Line, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cytopathogenic Effect, enterovirus, Enterovirus: genetics, Enterovirus: isolation \& purification, Hepatitis A virus, Human, Human: genetics, Human: isolation \& purification, Humans, Kidney, North Carolina, Oligonucleotide Probes, Ostreidae, Ostreidae: virology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, RNA, Viral, Viral: analysis}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=168185\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Chung, H and Jaykus, L A and Sobsey, M D} } @article {4221, title = {{Detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by in vivo and in vitro amplification of nucleic acids.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {10}, year = {1996}, month = {oct}, pages = {3772{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

This study describes the detection of enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus in 31 naturally contaminated oyster specimens by nucleic acid amplification and oligonucleotide probing. Viruses were extracted by adsorption-elution-precipitation from 50-g oyster samples harvested from an area receiving sewage effluent discharge. Ninety percent of each extract was inoculated into primate kidney cell cultures for virus isolation and infectivity assay. Viruses in the remaining 10{\%} of oyster extract that was not inoculated into cell cultures were further purified and concentrated by a procedure involving Freon extraction, polyethylene glycol precipitation, and Pro-Cipitate precipitation. After 3 to 4 weeks of incubation, RNA was extracted from inoculated cultures that were negative for cytopathic effects (CPE). These RNA extracts and the RNA from virions purified and concentrated directly from oyster extracts were subjected to reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) with primer pairs for human enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus. The resulting amplicons were confirmed by internal oligonucleotide probe hybridization. For the portions of oyster sample extracts inoculated into cell cultures, 12 (39{\%}) were positive for human enteroviruses by CPE and 6 (19{\%}) were positive by RT-PCR and oligoprobing of RNA extracts from CPE-negative cell cultures. For the remaining sample portions tested by direct RT-PCR and oligoprobing after further concentration, five (about 16{\%}) were confirmed to be positive for human enteroviruses. Hepatitis A virus was also detected in RNA extracts of two CPE-positive samples by RT-PCR and oligoprobing. Combining the data from all three methods, enteric viruses were detected in 18 of 31 (58{\%}) samples. Detection by nucleic acid methods increased the number of positive samples by 50{\%} over detection by CPE in cell culture. Hence, nucleic acid amplification methods increase the detection of noncytopathic human enteric viruses in oysters.

}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Line, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cytopathogenic Effect, enterovirus, Enterovirus: genetics, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Hepatitis A virus, Human, Human: genetics, Human: isolation {\&} purification, Humans, Kidney, North Carolina, Oligonucleotide Probes, Ostreidae, Ostreidae: virology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction: methods, RNA, Viral, Viral: analysis}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=168185{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Chung, H and Jaykus, L A and Sobsey, M D} } @article {4585, title = {Detection of infectious enteroviruses by an integrated cell culture-{PCR} procedure}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, pages = {1424{\textendash}7}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Reynolds, K. A. and Gerba, C. P. and Pepper, I. L.} } @article {1786, title = {Detection of infectious enteroviruses by an integrated cell culture-PCR procedure}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, note = {Reynolds, K A Gerba, C P Pepper, I L eng Comparative Study 1996/04/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Apr;62(4):1424-7.}, pages = {1424-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Rapid detection of infectious enteroviruses in environmental samples was made possible by utilizing an integrated cell culture-reverse transcriptase PCR approach. By this method, the presence of infectious enterovirus was confirmed within 24 h, compared with > or = 3 days by cell culture alone. The combined methodology eliminated typical problems normally associated with direct reverse transcriptase PCR by increasing the equivalent volume of environmental sample examined and reducing the effects of inhibitory compounds.}, keywords = {Animals Cell Line Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral Enterovirus/*genetics/*isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Environmental Microbiology Evaluation Studies as Topic Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Sewage/virology Virology/*methods}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8919804}, author = {Reynolds, K. A. and Gerba, C. P. and Pepper, I. L.} } @article {2990, title = {Detection, screening and community epidemiology of taeniid cestode zoonoses: cystic echinococcosis, alveolar echinococcosis and neurocysticercosis}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {38}, year = {1996}, pages = {169{\textendash}250}, keywords = {Africa, Animals, China, Cysticercosis, Eastern, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Great Britain, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Japan, Mass Screening, Nepal, Pulmonary, South America, Taenia, United States, Zoonoses}, issn = {0065-308X}, author = {Craig, P. S. and Rogan, M. T. and Allan, J. C.} } @article {15063, title = {Developing acceptable sewage screening practices}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {33}, number = {12}, year = {1996}, pages = {229{\textendash}234}, author = {Clay, Stephen and Hodgkinson, Andrew and Upton, John and Green, Maurice} } @article {10387, title = {Developing acceptable sewage screening practices}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {33}, number = {12}, year = {1996}, pages = {229{\textendash}234}, author = {Clay, Stephen and Hodgkinson, Andrew and Upton, John and Green, Maurice} } @mastersthesis {6681, title = {Development and testing of a procedural model for the assessment of human/wetland interaction in the {Tobari} system on the {Sonoran} {Coast}, {Mexico}}, year = {1996}, note = {9700677}, school = {Oregon State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Coastal wetlands provide basic linkages between productive estuarine and freshwater ecosystems. Throughout the Mexican coast, rates of wetland loss and change are unknown. This project developed wetland inventories for 1973 and 1991, including ecological functions and values, and human activities in and around the wetlands. Data were integrated by use of a geographic information system. Identification of changes in wetlands and human activities was completed, as well as analyses of relationships between wetland change and changes in human activities. The model also identified and evaluated Mexican governmental policies affecting wetland changes. Results include descriptions, maps, and analyses of wetlands conditions and human activities, changes over an 18-year period, and interactions supported by correlation analyses. Wetlands functions were summarized for the Tobari system. Human activities showed an increase in aquaculture, salt mining, agriculture, and fisheries. Changes by spatial distribution are shown in an intensity map. The federal government has promoted policies focused on development of irrigation districts, including self-sufficiency in grains and opening agricultural land. Economic incentives include subsidies, infrastructure financing, price controls, and compensation for international market fluctuations. Federal government policies did have important impacts on wetland change. The emphasis of this model was on correlation between changes in wetland functions and values and changes in human activities. While wetland distribution, classes, and interactions are essential information, assigning value to them requires knowledge of their functions. Since values often depend upon local cultural and economic conditions, local perception of wetland values emerges from people{\textquoteright}s awareness of them. Some values are recognized by local people in the Tobari system, especially those related to their economic system. Others, such as those related to water quality and climatic regulation, are not yet recognized. Statistical analysis resulted in moderate to high correlation between changes in wetland types and changes in land use patterns. This research contributes to understanding wetland functions and their relationships with human lifestyles.}, keywords = {0336:Latin American history, 0700:Social structure, 0768:Environmental science, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Area planning \& development, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Latin American history, Social sciences, Social structure, Urban planning, wetlands}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304290801?accountid=14270}, author = {Valdes-Casillas, Carlos} } @article {9348, title = {{Direct sequencing of the PCR amplified SSU rRNA gene of Entamoeba dispar and the design of primers for rapid differentiation from Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {112}, year = {1996}, pages = {363{\textendash}369}, author = {Novati, S and Sironi, M and Granata, S and Bruno, A and Gatti, S and Scaglia, M and Bandi, C} } @article {15284, title = {Distribution of Cryptosporidium oocysts in a water supply}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {30}, number = {10}, year = {1996}, pages = {2251-2254}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Haas, C. N. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {10111, title = {{Distribution of sewage indicated by Clostridium perfringens at a deep-water disposal site after cessation of sewage disposal}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, year = {1996}, pages = {1741{\textendash}1746}, author = {Hill, RT and Straube, WL and Palmisano, AC and Gibson, SL and Colwell, RR} } @article {16975, title = {Douglas-fir root-associated microorganisms with inhibitory activity towards fungal plant pathogens and human bacterial pathogens}, journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {7}, year = {1996}, pages = {690{\textendash}700}, publisher = {NRC Research Press}, author = {Axelrood, Paige E and Clarke, Alison M and Radley, Reed and Zemcov, S Janet V} } @article {10592, title = {{Ecological relationship between Aeromonas and Vibrio spp. and planktonic copepods in the coastal marine environment in Southern Italy}}, journal = {Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {245{\textendash}254}, author = {Dumontet, S and Krovacek, K and Baloda, SB and Grottoli, R and Pasquale, V and Vanucci, S} } @inbook {13324, title = {The ecology of mesophilic Aeromonas in the aquatic environment.}, booktitle = {The Genus Aeromonas}, year = {1996}, pages = {127 - 150 }, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons}, address = {New York, USA }, author = {Holmes, P and L M Niccolls and D P Sartory} } @article {8889, title = {Effect of Heat on the Sterilization of Artificially Contaminated Water}, journal = {Journal of Travel Medicine}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1708-8305}, doi = {10.1111/j.1708-8305.1996.tb00686.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1996.tb00686.x http://jtm.oxfordjournals.org/content/jtm/3/1/1.full.pdf}, author = {Backer, Howard D.} } @article {3267, title = {{Effect of pore structure of membranes and module configuration on virus retention}}, journal = {Journal of Membrane Science}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {21{\textendash}29}, abstract = {We measured virus retention by many types of membranes including microfiltration membranes, ultrafiltration membranes and nanofiltration membranes. We succeeded in evaluating quantitatively virus retention in a very high retention range by employing coliphage Q?? and T4 as model viruses. Q??, which is the smaller virus in this study, penetrated all tested pieces of ultrafiltration membranes and nanofiltration membranes, though the retention was very high such as in the range of 99-99.9999{\%}. The analysis of the polyethylene glycol retention data has shown that the leakage of viruses is caused by abnormally larger pores which are not included in the main pore size distribution. The diameter of the abnormal pores was estimated from the results of retention of different coliphages. The leakage of Q?? was also observed in the case of inorganic ceramic ultrafiltration membranes, but T4, which is larger than Q??, cannot penetrate them. Some types of microfiltration membrane have shown higher retention than ultrafiltration membranes and nanofiltration membranes. This suggests the possibility that we can develop high virus retention membranes with low filtration resistance.}, keywords = {Membrane structure, Pore size distribution, Ultrafiltration membrane, Virus retention, water treatment}, isbn = {0376-7388}, issn = {03767388}, doi = {10.1016/0376-7388(95)00269-3}, author = {Urase, Taro and Yamamoto, Kazuo and Ohgaki, Shinichiro} } @article {10113, title = {{Effect of sediment particle size and temperature on fecal bacteria mortality rates and the fecal coliform/fecal streptococci ratio}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, year = {1996}, pages = {1216{\textendash}1220}, author = {Howell, JM and Coyne, MS and Cornelius, PL} } @article {11360, title = {Effective, single-dose treatment or porcine cysticercosis with oxfendazole}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, pages = {391-394}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Gonzales, Armando E and Garcia, Hector H and Gilman, Robert H and Gavidia, Cesar M and Tsang, VC and Bernal, Teresa and Falcon, Nestor and Romero, Martha and Lopez-Urbina, Maria T} } @article {9025, title = {Effects of receiving-water quality and wastewater treatment on injury, survival, and regrowth of fecal-indicator bacteria and implications for assessment of recreational water quality}, year = {1996}, author = {Francy, Donna S and Hart, Teresa L and Virosteck, Catchy M} } @article {9219, title = {{Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar: differences in numbers and expression of cysteine proteinase genes}}, journal = {Molecular Microbiology}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {255{\textendash}263}, author = {Bruchhaus, I and Jacobs, T and Leippe, M and Tannich, E} } @article {10747, title = {{Enteric bacterial toxins: Mechanisms of action and linkage to intestinal secretion}}, journal = {Microbiological Reviews}, volume = {60}, year = {1996}, pages = {167{\textendash}215}, author = {Sears, CL and Kaper, JB} } @article {3204, title = {{Enteric viruses in a wastewater treatment plant in rome}}, journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution}, volume = {91}, year = {1996}, pages = {327{\textendash}334}, keywords = {domestic sewages, Enteric viruses, enteroviruses, raw, reoviruses, waste water treatment}, author = {Aulicino, F.A. and Mastrantonio, A. and Orsini, P. and Bellucci, C. and Muscillo, M. and Larosa, G.} } @article {16968, title = {Enteric viruses in a wastewater treatment plant in Rome}, journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution}, volume = {91}, number = {3-4}, year = {1996}, pages = {327{\textendash}334}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Aulicino, FA and Mastrantonio, A and Orsini, P and Bellucci, C and Muscillo, M and Larosa, G} } @article {14184, title = {Enterobacter cloacae producing a {Shiga}-like toxin {II}-related cytotoxin associated with a case of hemolytic-uremic syndrome.}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, month = {mar}, pages = {463{\textendash}5}, abstract = {Two Shiga-like toxin-producing organisms were isolated from the feces of an infant with hemolytic-uremic syndrome by PCR followed by colony blot hybridization. One strain was identified as Escherichia coli OR:H9, while the other was identified as Enterobacter cloacae. Both isolates were highly cytotoxic for Vero cells, and Southern hybridization analysis of chromosomal DNA indicated that both contained a single slt-II-related gene and that these genes were located on similarly sized restriction fragments. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that the toxin encoded by the E. cloacae slt-II-related gene was very similar to Shiga-like toxin II variants from E. coli, differing from the most closely related toxin by 3 residues in the A subunit.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Bacterial, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: biosynthesis, Bacterial Toxins: toxicity, Bacterial: genetics, Base Sequence, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: biosynthesis, Cytotoxins: toxicity, DNA, DNA Primers, DNA Primers: genetics, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter cloacae: genetics, Enterobacter cloacae: metabolism, Enterobacter cloacae: pathogenicity, Enterobacteriaceae Infections, Enterobacteriaceae Infections: complications, Enterobacteriaceae Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: complications, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: metabolism, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Genes, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: etiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Humans, Infant, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Shiga Toxin 2, Vero Cells}, issn = {0095-1137}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=228823\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Paton, A W and Paton, J C} } @article {8113, title = {{Enterobacter cloacae producing a Shiga-like toxin II-related cytotoxin associated with a case of hemolytic-uremic syndrome.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, month = {mar}, pages = {463{\textendash}5}, abstract = {

Two Shiga-like toxin-producing organisms were isolated from the feces of an infant with hemolytic-uremic syndrome by PCR followed by colony blot hybridization. One strain was identified as Escherichia coli OR:H9, while the other was identified as Enterobacter cloacae. Both isolates were highly cytotoxic for Vero cells, and Southern hybridization analysis of chromosomal DNA indicated that both contained a single slt-II-related gene and that these genes were located on similarly sized restriction fragments. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that the toxin encoded by the E. cloacae slt-II-related gene was very similar to Shiga-like toxin II variants from E. coli, differing from the most closely related toxin by 3 residues in the A subunit.

}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Bacterial, Bacterial Toxins}, issn = {0095-1137}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=228823{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Paton, A W and Paton, J C} } @article {2374, title = {{Enterobacter cloacae producing a Shiga-like toxin II-related cytotoxin associated with a case of hemolytic-uremic syndrome.}}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, month = {mar}, pages = {463{\textendash}5}, abstract = {Two Shiga-like toxin-producing organisms were isolated from the feces of an infant with hemolytic-uremic syndrome by PCR followed by colony blot hybridization. One strain was identified as Escherichia coli OR:H9, while the other was identified as Enterobacter cloacae. Both isolates were highly cytotoxic for Vero cells, and Southern hybridization analysis of chromosomal DNA indicated that both contained a single slt-II-related gene and that these genes were located on similarly sized restriction fragments. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that the toxin encoded by the E. cloacae slt-II-related gene was very similar to Shiga-like toxin II variants from E. coli, differing from the most closely related toxin by 3 residues in the A subunit.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Bacterial, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: biosynthesis, Bacterial Toxins: toxicity, Bacterial: genetics, Base Sequence, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: biosynthesis, Cytotoxins: toxicity, DNA, DNA Primers, DNA Primers: genetics, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter cloacae: genetics, Enterobacter cloacae: metabolism, Enterobacter cloacae: pathogenicity, Enterobacteriaceae Infections, Enterobacteriaceae Infections: complications, Enterobacteriaceae Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: complications, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli: metabolism, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Female, Genes, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: etiology, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: microbiology, Humans, Infant, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Shiga Toxin 2, Vero Cells}, issn = {0095-1137}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=228823\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Paton, A W and Paton, J C} } @article {14576, title = {Eradication of poliomyelitis: when can one be sure that polio virus transmission has been terminated?}, journal = {Am J Epidemiol}, volume = {143}, year = {1996}, month = {apr}, pages = {816{\textendash}22}, abstract = {Most polio virus infections are silent. Vaccination reduces the incidence of infection, and the period between clinical cases of poliomyelitis becomes longer. As the point of eradication is approached, it becomes increasingly difficult to use the case-free period to determine whether silent infections have ceased. In this paper, the authors use stochastic computer simulations to relate case-free periods to the presence or absence of silent infections. After 2 years without paralytic cases in a population of 200,000 inhabitants, the probability for the presence of silent infections can still be as high as 38\%. The case-free period must exceed 3 years before one can be 95\% certain that there has been local extinction of the wild polio virus infection. Even after 5 years without cases, the probability of silent polio virus transmission can still be in the range of 0.1-1.0\%.}, keywords = {Computer Simulation, Humans, Inactivated/immunology, Incidence, Infant, Models, Newborn, Oral/immunology, Poliomyelitis/epidemiology/*prevention \& control/transmission, Poliovirus Vaccine, Probability, Stochastic Processes, Theoretical, Time Factors}, issn = {0002-9262 (Print) 0002-9262 (Linking)}, author = {Eichner, M. and Dietz, K.} } @article {14928, title = {Eradication of poliomyelitis: when can one be sure that polio virus transmission has been terminated?}, journal = {Am J Epidemiol}, volume = {143}, year = {1996}, month = {apr}, pages = {816{\textendash}22}, abstract = {Most polio virus infections are silent. Vaccination reduces the incidence of infection, and the period between clinical cases of poliomyelitis becomes longer. As the point of eradication is approached, it becomes increasingly difficult to use the case-free period to determine whether silent infections have ceased. In this paper, the authors use stochastic computer simulations to relate case-free periods to the presence or absence of silent infections. After 2 years without paralytic cases in a population of 200,000 inhabitants, the probability for the presence of silent infections can still be as high as 38\%. The case-free period must exceed 3 years before one can be 95\% certain that there has been local extinction of the wild polio virus infection. Even after 5 years without cases, the probability of silent polio virus transmission can still be in the range of 0.1-1.0\%.}, keywords = {Computer Simulation, Humans, Inactivated/immunology, Incidence, Infant, Models, Newborn, Oral/immunology, Poliomyelitis/epidemiology/*prevention \& control/transmission, Poliovirus Vaccine, Probability, Stochastic Processes, Theoretical, Time Factors}, issn = {0002-9262 (Print) 0002-9262 (Linking)}, author = {Eichner, M. and Dietz, K.} } @article {14119, title = {Escherichia coli {O}157:{H}7 in microbial flora of sheep}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {431{\textendash}433}, abstract = {We found naturally occurring, potentially virulent Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in sheep. The incidence of E. coli O157:H7 was transient and ranged from 31\% of sheep in June to none in November. The use of a sensitive culture technique and the choice of the proper sampling season were both essential for detecting this bacterium in sheep. DNA hybridizations showed that 80\% of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates had at least two of the Shiga-like toxin types I or II or the attaching-effacing lesion genes.}, author = {Kudva, I T and Hatfield, P G and Hovde, C J} } @article {2322, title = {{Escherichia coli O157:H7 in microbial flora of sheep}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {431{\textendash}433}, edition = {1996/02/01}, abstract = {We found naturally occurring, potentially virulent Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in sheep. The incidence of E. coli O157:H7 was transient and ranged from 31\% of sheep in June to none in November. The use of a sensitive culture technique and the choice of the proper sampling season were both essential for detecting this bacterium in sheep. DNA hybridizations showed that 80\% of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates had at least two of the Shiga-like toxin types I or II or the attaching-effacing lesion genes.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Kudva, I T and Hatfield, P G and Hovde, C J} } @article {8066, title = {{Escherichia coli O157:H7 in microbial flora of sheep}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {431{\textendash}433}, edition = {1996/02/01}, abstract = {We found naturally occurring, potentially virulent Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in sheep. The incidence of E. coli O157:H7 was transient and ranged from 31{\%} of sheep in June to none in November. The use of a sensitive culture technique and the choice of the proper sampling season were both essential for detecting this bacterium in sheep. DNA hybridizations showed that 80{\%} of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates had at least two of the Shiga-like toxin types I or II or the attaching-effacing lesion genes.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Kudva, I T and Hatfield, P G and Hovde, C J} } @article {16308, title = {{An evaluation of sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria as specific indicators of human faecal pollution of environmental water}}, journal = {Water SA}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {235{\textendash}238}, abstract = {The value of selected indicators for the assessment of faecal pollution, as well as to distinguish whether the pollution is of animal or human origin, was investigated. Faecal coliform bacteria, faecal streptococci and sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria were included as indicator organisms. Comparative tests were carried out on samples collected from a stream and river exposed to predominantly faecal pollution of domestic animal origin. Water from the same stream and river was also tested after downstream exposure to runoff from a low socioeconomic informal settlement with limited sanitation. Samples were collected from perennial flow during the dry season and from storm-water runoff after thunder showers. Sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria were found to be reliable indicators of human faecal pollution. The ratio of faecal coliforms to faecal streptococci was in the order of 3.5 to 4 .. 7 immediately after heavy exposure to faecal pollution of human origin. This ratio may distinguish between pollution of human and animal origin under certain conditions but is not a reliable indication of pollution origin. The results show that runoff from the informal settlement constituted a major source of human faecal pollution for a river used as a downstream source of water for human consumption. It further showed that faecal pollution of human and animal origin can reliably be distinguished by means of appropriate combinations of indicators which may include sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria.}, url = {https://journals.co.za/docserver/fulltext/waters/22/3/1421.pdf?expires=1536161599{\&}id=id{\&}accname=guest{\&}checksum=ABB0F4686B185D550E112A3BED87F306}, author = {Jagals, P and Grabow, W.O.K} } @mastersthesis {6904, title = {Experimental observations of a density-driven boundary current}, year = {1996}, note = {9718763}, school = {University of Delaware}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The characteristics of a density-driven boundary current are investigated in a laboratory setting. Experiments were performed utilizing rotating turntables, with dyed fresh water released into a basin of saline water, forming a density-driven boundary current that flows in the direction of Kelvin wave propagation. Examination of visual records and salinity data indicate the width of the boundary current is approximately 2-4 baroclinic Rossby radii (\$R{\textbackslash}sb\{d\}\$). The width of the mean current is nearly constant with respect to time and alongshore distance. Scaling the depth-averaged offshore momentum equation, I find that the boundary current is geostrophic when the buoyant layer of thickness H is in close proximity to the bottom (\$H/D{\textbackslash}sim O\$(1)). It is also geostrophic offshore when the buoyant layer is far removed from the bottom (\$H/D{\textbackslash}sim O\$(0.1)). Scaling of the depth-averaged alongshore momentum equation indicates that the first-order balance is between local acceleration, Coriolis acceleration, and the baroclinic pressure gradient. Advective acceleration and bottom stress (only for \$H/D{\textbackslash}sim O\$(1)) contribute to the second-order balance. As the boundary current is geostrophic in the offshore direction, I utilize the thermal wind equations with the salinity and velocity data to determine the alongshore velocity field with depth. These velocities agree well with in-situ measurements taken at various alongshore positions. I also find a counter-current, which is located offshore of the boundary current. The velocity of the counter-current has the same order of magnitude as the alongshore velocity of the buoyant boundary current. The propagation speed of the nose of the boundary current is found to decay as \$(fT){\textbackslash}sp\{-1/2\}\$ for non-dimensional times of O(100). The decay of the nose velocity changed to \$(fT){\textbackslash}sp\{-1\}\$ for non-dimensional times of O(1000). The proximity of the bottom, as well an offshore bottom slope, are also found to affect the propagation speed of the nose.}, keywords = {0415:Oceanography, Coastal, continental shelf, currents, Earth sciences, Oceanography}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304253096?accountid=14270}, author = {Mavor, Timothy Patrick} } @article {7513, title = {A framework for primary care research}, journal = {The Journal of Family Practice}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, month = {feb}, pages = {181{\textendash}185}, abstract = {Primary care research consists of four types: basic, clinical, health services, and health systems. Basic research addresses the development of methods to study subjects relevant to primary care services, regardless of whether they deal with a clinical problem or a characteristic of service delivery. Clinical research involves issues relevant to the processes of delivering services, including recognition of people{\textquoteright}s problems, diagnostic approaches, and types of therapy and their outcomes. Health services research concerns the relationships associated with the organization and financing and their impact on the processes and outcomes of care. Health systems research focuses on understanding how the economic, political, and social milieus influence the structures and processes of the health services system, with specific relevance to its primary care infrastructure. The literature on primary care, as reflected by publications in three major general journals, is notably lacking in specific areas of study within these types of primary care research, particularly with regard to basic and health services research.}, keywords = {Bibliometrics, Health Services Research, Humans, Periodicals as Topic, primary health care, Research, Research Support as Topic}, issn = {0094-3509}, author = {Starfield, B.} } @article {15476, title = {Genetic localization of a locus controlling the intensity of infection by Schistosoma mansoni on chromosome 5q31-q33}, journal = {Nature Genetics}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United states}, month = {Oct}, pages = {181-4}, abstract = {

Three hundred million individuals are at risk of infection by schistosomes and around 200,000 die each year of this disease. Severe clinical disease in schistosomiasis is often the consequence of heavy infection which, in several endemic areas, are determined largely by the susceptibility/resistance of individuals. Previously, we reported evidence, based on a segregation analysis in Brazilian pedigrees, that intensity of infection by Schistosoma mansoni was influenced by a major gene, indicating that host genetic factors are probably critical in controlling schistosome infection and disease development. To localize this gene, referred to as SM1, we performed a genome-wide study on 142 Brazilian subjects belonging to 11 informative families Our results show a linkage to only one region, on chromosome 5q31-q33, with maximum two-point lod scores of +4.74 and +4.52 for D5S636 and the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor marker (CSF1R), respectively. This was corroborated by multipoint analysis, indicating a close proximity to CSF1R as the most likely location of SM1. This region contains several candidate genes encoding immunological molecules that were shown to play important roles in human protection against schistosomes.

}, keywords = {*Genetic Linkage, Brazil, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/*genetics, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, genotype, Humans, Male, Microsatellite Repeats, Pedigree, Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*genetics}, isbn = {1061-4036 (Print)
1061-4036 (Linking)}, author = {Marquet, S. and Abel, L. and Hillaire, D. and Dessein, H. and Kalil, J. and Feingold, J. and Weissenbach, J. and Dessein, A. J.} } @article {10567, title = {{Global climate and infectious diseases: The cholera paradigm}}, journal = {Science, New Series}, volume = {274}, number = {5295}, year = {1996}, pages = {2012{\textendash}2031}, author = {Colwell, RR} } @article {10726, title = {{Growth of Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae in reconditioned wastewater}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {59}, number = {6}, year = {1996}, pages = {577{\textendash}581}, author = {K T Rajkowski and E W Rice and Binh Huynh and J Patsy} } @book {16948, title = {Guidelines for drinking-water quality}, volume = {2}, year = {1996}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, author = {World Health Organization} } @article {3008, title = {Guidelines for treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {231{\textendash}242}, abstract = {Summarized in this article are recent experiences in the treatment of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) of the liver caused by the metacestode stages of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, respectively. For CE, surgery remains the first choice for treatment with the potential to remove totally the parasite and completely cure the patient. However, chemotherapy with benzimidazole compounds (albendazole or mebendazole) and the recently developed PAIR procedure (puncture-aspiration-injection-re-aspiration) with concomitant chemotherapy offer further options for treatment of CE cases. Chemotherapy is not yet satisfactory: cure can be expected in about 30\% of patients and improvement in 30-50\%, after 12 months{\textquoteright} follow-up. AE is generally a severe disease, with over 90\% mortality in untreated patients. Radical surgery is recommended in all operable cases but has to be followed by chemotherapy for at least 2 years. Inoperable cases and patients who have undergone nonradical resection or liver transplantation require continuous chemotherapy for many years. Long-term chemotherapy may significantly prolong survival, even for inoperable patients with severe AE. Liver transplantation may be indicated as a life-saving measure for patients with severe liver dysfunction, but is associated with a relatively high risk of proliferation of intraoperatively undetected parasite remnants. Details of indications, contraindications, treatment schedules and other aspects are discussed.}, keywords = {Anthelmintics, Benzimidazoles, Combined Modality Therapy, Echinococcosis, Hepatectomy, Hepatic, Humans, Liver Transplantation, Long-Term Care, Punctures}, issn = {0042-9686}, author = {Echinococcosis, WHO Informal Working Group on} } @article {15591, title = {Hamadryas baboons Papio hamadryas as maintenance hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Tropical Medicice and International Health}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, note = {1360-2276 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, month = {Aug}, pages = {449-55}, abstract = {Free ranging hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) in four localities in the west and north of Saudi Arabia were examined for natural infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Faecal examination revealed infection with S. mansoni on four occasions within one year (at a prevalence rate of 2.5-4.0\%) in only one locality, the Al-Baha area. The eggs were viable, as shown by miracidial hatching tests, and were recorded at a density of 140-280 eggs/g of faeces (7000-14,000 eggs/day). Post-mortem examination of 13-24 baboons from each locality revealed infection with S. mansoni (adult worms and eggs in tissue) in only one locality, the Al-Baha area, at a prevalence rate of 4.16\%. Viable eggs were found in the faeces and tissue of the infected baboons. The low prevalence rate of S. mansoni in hamadryas baboons in Saudi Arabia is in accordance with the low prevalence rate of S. mansoni in humans in the area. This natural baboon isolate was highly infective to snail intermediate hosts and mammalian hosts under experimental conditions. The epidemiological significance of the role of P. hamadryas (considering their large overall population of 250,000) as maintenance hosts of S. mansoni in Saudi Arabia is discussed.}, keywords = {*Disease Reservoirs, Animals, Feces/parasitology, Female, Male, Oman, Papio/*parasitology, Parasite Egg Count, prevalence, Saudi Arabia/epidemiology, Schistosoma mansoni/*isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis mansoni/epidemiology/*veterinary}, author = {Zahed, N. Z. and Ghandour, A. M. and Banaja, A. A. and Banerjee, R. K. and Dehlawi, M. S.} } @article {8234, title = {{Helicobacter pylori in the drinking water in Peru}}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, month = {apr}, pages = {1031{\textendash}1035}, abstract = {BACKGROUND {\&} AIMS: An association between water sources and the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Peruvian children was shown previously. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of H. pylori in drinking water in the same community. METHODS: Forty-eight drinking water samples from different locations in pueblo jovenes (new towns) near Lima were collected. Samples were frozen until technology advanced to the point to the point at which H. pylori might be reliably detected. Immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin Gs were used to concentrate H. pylori, and two polymerase chain reaction assays based on different H. pylori genes were used. One was a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the H. pylori adhesin subunit encoding gene, and the second was a previously validated H. pylori 16S ribosomal RNA reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The expected 375-base pair fragment from the adhesin gene was amplified from 24 water samples. The expected 500-base pair fragment of the 16S ribosomal RNA and the 375-base pair fragment of the adhesin gene were amplified from 11 of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the presence of H. pylori in drinking water in Peru and are consistent with conclusions from a previous epidemiological study of the same population. This provides additional evidence for waterborne transmission of H. pylori in some environments. (Gastroenterology 1996 Apr;110(4):1031-5)}, issn = {00165085}, doi = {10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8612990}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016508596001564}, author = {Hulten, K and Han, SW and Enroth, H and Klein, PD and Opekun, AR and Gilman, RH and Evans, DG and Engstrand, L and Graham, DY and El-Zaatari, FA} } @article {13862, title = {Helicobacter pylori in the drinking water in {Peru}}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, pages = {1031{\textendash}1035}, abstract = {BACKGROUND \& AIMS: An association between water sources and the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Peruvian children was shown previously. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of H. pylori in drinking water in the same community. METHODS: Forty-eight drinking water samples from different locations in pueblo jovenes (new towns) near Lima were collected. Samples were frozen until technology advanced to the point to the point at which H. pylori might be reliably detected. Immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin Gs were used to concentrate H. pylori, and two polymerase chain reaction assays based on different H. pylori genes were used. One was a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the H. pylori adhesin subunit encoding gene, and the second was a previously validated H. pylori 16S ribosomal RNA reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The expected 375-base pair fragment from the adhesin gene was amplified from 24 water samples. The expected 500-base pair fragment of the 16S ribosomal RNA and the 375-base pair fragment of the adhesin gene were amplified from 11 of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the presence of H. pylori in drinking water in Peru and are consistent with conclusions from a previous epidemiological study of the same population. This provides additional evidence for waterborne transmission of H. pylori in some environments. (Gastroenterology 1996 Apr;110(4):1031-5)}, issn = {00165085}, doi = {10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8612990}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016508596001564}, author = {Hulten, K and Han, SW and Enroth, H and Klein, PD and Opekun, AR and Gilman, RH and Evans, DG and Engstrand, L and Graham, DY and El-Zaatari, FA} } @article {14426, title = {Helicobacter pylori in the drinking water in {Peru}}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, month = {apr}, pages = {1031{\textendash}1035}, abstract = {BACKGROUND \& AIMS: An association between water sources and the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Peruvian children was shown previously. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of H. pylori in drinking water in the same community. METHODS: Forty-eight drinking water samples from different locations in pueblo jovenes (new towns) near Lima were collected. Samples were frozen until technology advanced to the point to the point at which H. pylori might be reliably detected. Immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin Gs were used to concentrate H. pylori, and two polymerase chain reaction assays based on different H. pylori genes were used. One was a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the H. pylori adhesin subunit encoding gene, and the second was a previously validated H. pylori 16S ribosomal RNA reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The expected 375-base pair fragment from the adhesin gene was amplified from 24 water samples. The expected 500-base pair fragment of the 16S ribosomal RNA and the 375-base pair fragment of the adhesin gene were amplified from 11 of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the presence of H. pylori in drinking water in Peru and are consistent with conclusions from a previous epidemiological study of the same population. This provides additional evidence for waterborne transmission of H. pylori in some environments. (Gastroenterology 1996 Apr;110(4):1031-5)}, issn = {00165085}, doi = {10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8612990}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016508596001564}, author = {Hulten, K and Han, SW and Enroth, H and Klein, PD and Opekun, AR and Gilman, RH and Evans, DG and Engstrand, L and Graham, DY and El-Zaatari, FA} } @article {16684, title = {How to average microbial densities to characterize risk}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, pages = {1036{\textendash}1038}, author = {Haas, C. N.} } @article {9859, title = {{Human parasite finds taxonomic home}}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {380}, year = {1996}, pages = {398}, author = {Silberman, JD and Sogin, ML and Leipe, DD and Clark, CG} } @inbook {13192, title = {Human pathogens. The genus Aeromonas.}, booktitle = {John and Sons, Ltd}, year = {1996}, pages = {151-174}, author = {Janda, J. M. and Abbott, S. L.} } @article {14598, title = {{ICR} {Microbial} {Laboratory} {Manual} {EPA}/600/{R}-95/178}, year = {1996}, author = {Fout, G. S. and Schaefer III, F. W. and Messer, J. W. and Dahling, D. R. and Stetler, R. E.} } @booklet {1555, title = {ICR Microbial Laboratory Manual EPA/600/R-95/178}, year = {1996}, publisher = {USEPA https://www.google.com/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CB0QFjAAahUKEwjEu7j_ur7HAhWCWhQKHbMrAoE\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.epa.gov\%2Fnerlcwww\%2Fdocuments\%2Ficrmicro.pdf\&ei=lVjZVYSdGoK1UbPXiIgI\&usg=AFQjCNGEQQYCsM5x4BgCrHJ4FX1zuYfOWg\&cad=rja}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {Fout, G. S. and Schaefer III, F. W. and Messer, J. W. and Dahling, D. R. and Stetler, R. E.} } @article {4847, title = {{Identification of Cyclospora in poultry}}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {356{\textendash}357}, author = {Garcia-Lopez, HL and Rodriguez-Tovar, LE and Medina-de la Garza, CE} } @article {10652, title = {{An immunochemical study of serological cross-reaction between lipopolysaccharides from Vibrio cholerae O22 and O139}}, journal = {Microbiology}, volume = {142}, year = {1996}, pages = {1499{\textendash}1504}, author = {Isshiki, Y and Kondo, S and Iguchi, T and Sano, Y and Shimada, T and Hisatsune, K} } @article {14291, title = {Immunomagnetic-electrochemiluminescent detection of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 and {Salmonella} typhimurium in foods and environmental water samples}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {587{\textendash}592}, abstract = {Hemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains and other virulent enteric pathogens can pose a serious health threat in tainted meats, poultry, and even drinking water. Traditional culture-based methods for assay of enteric pathogens in foods and water sources are relatively slow, and results can be ambiguous. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and detection methods have been investigated and appear promising for rapid bacterial assay of foods and environmental samples. In this work, a commercial sensor which combines IMS with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection is evaluated for detection of E. coli O157 and Salmonella typhimurium in foods and fomites. Results indicate that detection limits are in the range of 100 to 1,000 bacteria per ml in pristine buffer for E. coli O157 and S. typhimurium, respectively, or 1,000 to 2,000 bacteria per ml in food samples (depending on the sample) and that total processing and assay time is rapid ({\textbackslash}textless 1 h) even in food samples. An immunologic "hook" or high-antigen-concentration prozone effect was observed above 10(4) and 10(5) bacteria per ml for E. coli O157 and S. typhimurium, respectively. IMS was accomplished in milk, juices, serum, supernatant fluids from ground beef, finely minced chicken, and fish suspensions as well as several freshwater sources and followed by ECL assay. Some samples, especially fish, gave unexpectedly high background ECL. Conversely, low ECL intensity was observed in nonfat and 2\% fat milk samples, which appeared to be related to binding or entrapment of the antibody-coated magnetic beads by particulates in the milk, as revealed by microscopy. Results of this evaluation suggest the feasibility of immunomagnetic-ECL methodology for rapid, sensitive, and facile preliminary screening of various foods and fomites for the presence of virulent enteric pathogens.}, author = {Yu, H and Bruno, J G} } @article {8175, title = {{Immunomagnetic-electrochemiluminescent detection of Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella typhimurium in foods and environmental water samples}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {587{\textendash}592}, edition = {1996/02/01}, abstract = {Hemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains and other virulent enteric pathogens can pose a serious health threat in tainted meats, poultry, and even drinking water. Traditional culture-based methods for assay of enteric pathogens in foods and water sources are relatively slow, and results can be ambiguous. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and detection methods have been investigated and appear promising for rapid bacterial assay of foods and environmental samples. In this work, a commercial sensor which combines IMS with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection is evaluated for detection of E. coli O157 and Salmonella typhimurium in foods and fomites. Results indicate that detection limits are in the range of 100 to 1,000 bacteria per ml in pristine buffer for E. coli O157 and S. typhimurium, respectively, or 1,000 to 2,000 bacteria per ml in food samples (depending on the sample) and that total processing and assay time is rapid ({\textless} 1 h) even in food samples. An immunologic "hook" or high-antigen-concentration prozone effect was observed above 10(4) and 10(5) bacteria per ml for E. coli O157 and S. typhimurium, respectively. IMS was accomplished in milk, juices, serum, supernatant fluids from ground beef, finely minced chicken, and fish suspensions as well as several freshwater sources and followed by ECL assay. Some samples, especially fish, gave unexpectedly high background ECL. Conversely, low ECL intensity was observed in nonfat and 2{\%} fat milk samples, which appeared to be related to binding or entrapment of the antibody-coated magnetic beads by particulates in the milk, as revealed by microscopy. Results of this evaluation suggest the feasibility of immunomagnetic-ECL methodology for rapid, sensitive, and facile preliminary screening of various foods and fomites for the presence of virulent enteric pathogens.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Yu, H and Bruno, J G} } @article {2475, title = {{Immunomagnetic-electrochemiluminescent detection of Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella typhimurium in foods and environmental water samples}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {587{\textendash}592}, edition = {1996/02/01}, abstract = {Hemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains and other virulent enteric pathogens can pose a serious health threat in tainted meats, poultry, and even drinking water. Traditional culture-based methods for assay of enteric pathogens in foods and water sources are relatively slow, and results can be ambiguous. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and detection methods have been investigated and appear promising for rapid bacterial assay of foods and environmental samples. In this work, a commercial sensor which combines IMS with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection is evaluated for detection of E. coli O157 and Salmonella typhimurium in foods and fomites. Results indicate that detection limits are in the range of 100 to 1,000 bacteria per ml in pristine buffer for E. coli O157 and S. typhimurium, respectively, or 1,000 to 2,000 bacteria per ml in food samples (depending on the sample) and that total processing and assay time is rapid (< 1 h) even in food samples. An immunologic "hook" or high-antigen-concentration prozone effect was observed above 10(4) and 10(5) bacteria per ml for E. coli O157 and S. typhimurium, respectively. IMS was accomplished in milk, juices, serum, supernatant fluids from ground beef, finely minced chicken, and fish suspensions as well as several freshwater sources and followed by ECL assay. Some samples, especially fish, gave unexpectedly high background ECL. Conversely, low ECL intensity was observed in nonfat and 2\% fat milk samples, which appeared to be related to binding or entrapment of the antibody-coated magnetic beads by particulates in the milk, as revealed by microscopy. Results of this evaluation suggest the feasibility of immunomagnetic-ECL methodology for rapid, sensitive, and facile preliminary screening of various foods and fomites for the presence of virulent enteric pathogens.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Yu, H and Bruno, J G} } @article {14848, title = {Immunomagnetic-electrochemiluminescent detection of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 and {Salmonella} typhimurium in foods and environmental water samples}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {587{\textendash}592}, abstract = {Hemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains and other virulent enteric pathogens can pose a serious health threat in tainted meats, poultry, and even drinking water. Traditional culture-based methods for assay of enteric pathogens in foods and water sources are relatively slow, and results can be ambiguous. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and detection methods have been investigated and appear promising for rapid bacterial assay of foods and environmental samples. In this work, a commercial sensor which combines IMS with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection is evaluated for detection of E. coli O157 and Salmonella typhimurium in foods and fomites. Results indicate that detection limits are in the range of 100 to 1,000 bacteria per ml in pristine buffer for E. coli O157 and S. typhimurium, respectively, or 1,000 to 2,000 bacteria per ml in food samples (depending on the sample) and that total processing and assay time is rapid ({\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 1 h) even in food samples. An immunologic "hook" or high-antigen-concentration prozone effect was observed above 10(4) and 10(5) bacteria per ml for E. coli O157 and S. typhimurium, respectively. IMS was accomplished in milk, juices, serum, supernatant fluids from ground beef, finely minced chicken, and fish suspensions as well as several freshwater sources and followed by ECL assay. Some samples, especially fish, gave unexpectedly high background ECL. Conversely, low ECL intensity was observed in nonfat and 2\% fat milk samples, which appeared to be related to binding or entrapment of the antibody-coated magnetic beads by particulates in the milk, as revealed by microscopy. Results of this evaluation suggest the feasibility of immunomagnetic-ECL methodology for rapid, sensitive, and facile preliminary screening of various foods and fomites for the presence of virulent enteric pathogens.}, author = {Yu, H and Bruno, J G} } @article {16939, title = {Implementation of the global strategy for health for all by the year 2000-second evaluation}, year = {1996}, author = {World Health Organization and others} } @article {9680, title = {An improved test system for PCR-based specific detection of Echinococcus multilocularis eggs}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {70}, year = {1996}, pages = {219-222}, author = {Mathis, A and Deplazes, P and Eckert, J} } @article {10960, title = {Inactivation of {Ascaris} suum eggs during storage in lime treated sewage sludge}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, month = {apr}, pages = {1026{\textendash}1029}, abstract = {Survival and development of Ascaris suum eggs in sewage sludge mixed with 10\% w/w of quick lime (85\% CaO) has been examined. Fresh collected A. suum eggs were mixed in sewage sludge during lime treatment. The development of the eggs was followed every second week during a 10 weeks period and again after 5 months, parallel with control eggs. Lime treatment of sewage sludge resulted in a pH {\textgreater} 12 and development of A. suum eggs was strongly reduced during the observation period. When the Ascaris eggs were isolated from the lime treated sewage sludge and suspended at neutral pH, the proportion that developed to larvated eggs decreased with time. Thus, the inactivation of A. suum eggs was reversible following short time storage while prolonged storage of sludge with pH {\textgreater} 12 completely destructed the ability of A. suum eggs to embryonate. A. suum eggs uniformly mixed into the sludge lost the ability to embryonate at a faster rate than eggs deposited in nylon bags. After 5 months no intact eggs could be identified in the sludge. Incubation of A. suum eggs at neutral pH imitate spreading on agricultural land, where the eggs could be a potential infective hazard. In conclusion, lime treatment and storage of sewage sludge at pH {\textgreater} 12 for at least 3 months can be recommended as a hygienic measure before application on agricultural land.}, keywords = {Eggs, embryonation, Hygienization, lime treatment, Sewage sludge, Storage, Survival}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(95)00258-8}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135495002588}, author = {Eriksen, Lis and Andreasen, Peter and Ils{\o}e, Bente} } @article {12865, title = {Inactivation of Ascaris suum eggs during storage in lime treated sewage sludge}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, pages = {1026{\textendash}1029}, author = {Eriksen, Lis and Andreasen, Peter and Ils{\o}e, Bente} } @article {16618, title = {Inactivation of {Ascaris} suum eggs during storage in lime treated sewage sludge}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, pages = {1026{\textendash}1029}, author = {Eriksen, Lis and Andreasen, Peter and Ils{\o}e, Bente} } @article {4877, title = {{The incidence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in stool samples submitted to a district general hostipal}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {117}, year = {1996}, pages = {189{\textendash}193}, author = {Clarke, SC and McIntyre, M} } @article {13574, title = {Induction of protective immunity in cattle against infection with Fasciola hepatica by vaccination with cathepsin L proteinases and with hemoglobin}, journal = {Infect Immun}, volume = {64}, year = {1996}, pages = {5066-5074}, author = {Dalton, J. P. and McConigle, S. and Rolph, T. P. and Andrews, S. J.} } @article {8451, title = {{Infectivity and pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts for cats}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {82}, number = {6}, year = {1996}, pages = {957{\textendash}961}, author = {Dubey, JP} } @article {13475, title = {The intermediate snail host of Fasciola hepatica on the Mediterranean island of Corsica}, journal = {Res Rev Parasitol}, volume = {56}, year = {1996}, pages = {217-220}, author = {Oviedo, J. A. and Bargues, M. D. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {10727, title = {{Isolation of Vibrio cholerae 0 I39 from the drinking water supply during an epidemic of cholera}}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and International Health}, volume = {1}, number = {6}, year = {1996}, pages = {854{\textendash}858}, author = {Ramakrishna, BS and Kang, G and Rajan, DP and M, Mathan and Mathan, VI} } @article {8461, title = {{Killing of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by irradiation and protective immunity induced by vaccination with irradiated oocysts}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {82}, number = {5}, year = {1996}, pages = {724{\textendash}727}, author = {Dubey, JP and Jenkins, MC and Thayer, DW and Kwok, OC and Shen, SK} } @article {16074, title = {Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in the kidneys and genital tracts of naturally infected sheep}, journal = {New MicrobiolNew Microbiol}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, month = {Apr}, pages = {175-178.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/blood, Bacteriuria/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary, Carrier State/epidemiology/*veterinary, Female, Genital Diseases, Female/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary, Genitalia, Female/microbiology, Italy/epidemiology, Kidney Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary, Kidney/microbiology, Leptospira interrogans/immunology/*isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/epidemiology/immunology/microbiology/*veterinary, Sheep, Sheep Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology}, author = {Cerri, D. and Nuvoloni, R. and Ebani, V. and Pedrini, A. and Mani, P. and Andreani, E. and Farina, R.} } @article {4718, title = {{Light and electron microscopic identification of Cyclospora species in the small intestine. Evidence of the presence of asexual life cycle in human host}}, journal = {American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {105}, year = {1996}, pages = {216{\textendash}220}, author = {Sun, T and Ilardi, CF and Asnis, D and Bresciani, AR and Goldenberg, S and Roberts, B and Teichberg, S} } @article {1899, title = {Limitations of thermophilic anaerobic wastewater treatment and the consequences for process design}, journal = {Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, note = {van Lier, J B Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Netherlands Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1996 Jan;69(1):1-14.}, pages = {1-14}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Thermophilic anaerobic digestion offers an attractive alternative for the treatment of medium- and high-strength wastewaters. However, literature reports reveal that thermophilic wastewater treatment systems are often more sensitive to environmental changes than the well-defined high-rate reactors at the mesophilic temperature range. Also, in many cases a poorer effluent quality is experienced while the carry over of suspended solids in the effluent is relatively high. In this paper recent achievements are discussed regarding the process stability of thermophilic anaerobic wastewater treatment systems. Laboratory experiments reveal a relatively low sensitivity to temperature changes if high-rate reactors with immobilized biomass are used. Other results show that if a staged process is applied, thermophilic reactors can be operated for prolonged periods of time under extreme loading conditions (80-100 kg chemical oxygen demand.m-3.day-1), while the concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the effluent remain at a low level.}, keywords = {Anaerobic/*metabolism *Biodegradation, bacteria, Chemical/metabolism, Environmental Biomass Biotechnology Carbohydrate Metabolism Fatty Acids, Fluid/*methods Water Pollutants, Volatile/metabolism Temperature Waste Disposal}, issn = {0003-6072 (Print) 0003-6072 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8678474}, author = {van Lier, J. B.} } @article {10795, title = {{Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin}}, journal = {Science}, volume = {272}, year = {1996}, pages = {1910{\textendash}1914}, author = {Waldor, MK and Mekalanos, JJ} } @booklet {10488, title = {{Marine and Fresh Water Quality Regulations and Public Water Supply System Regulations}}, year = {1996}, author = {Republic of Palau} } @article {10966, title = {A {Method} for {Assessing} the {Viability} of {Nematode} {Eggs} in {Sludge}}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, month = {apr}, pages = {415{\textendash}420}, abstract = {Helminth eggs are found in urban sludge used in agriculture. Then, to evaluate the parasitic risk, a method was developed to estimate the viability of these eggs. The extraction of these eggs was performed with a diphasic treatment (SDS 0.01 \% - Ethylacetate) coupled with a filtration on 500 {\textmu}m and 100 {\textmu}m sieves followed by concentration using two flotations with NaCl (d = 1.19). For the culture, 3 parameters tested showed a faster egg development at 30{\textdegree}C in deionized water with continuous aeration, whereas organic compounds reduced this development. This culture was performed during respectively 13, 10 and 8 days to obtain Ascaris suum, Toxocara canis and Capillaria sp larva, and 16 days for Trichuris vulpis which presented a slower development. The quantification was realized by microscopic examination (100 X) after sonication and sodium hypochlorite (0.5{\textdegree} Chl) treatment. The eggs reaching the larva stage were considered as viable and the percent of viability was expressed by the ratio: nematode eggs at the larva stage/total of Nematode eggs counted.}, issn = {0959-3330}, doi = {10.1080/09593331708616401}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09593331708616401}, author = {Gaspard, Philippe and Wiart, Jacques and Schwartzbrod, Janine} } @conference {2886, title = {Microbial risks in groundwater systems: epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks}, booktitle = {Under the Microscope, Proceedings of the Ground water Foundations{\textquoteright}s 12th Annual Fall Symposium, Sept. 5\&6}, year = {1996}, author = {Craun, Gunther F and Calderon, R} } @article {534, title = {Molecular epidemiology of adenovirus acute lower respiratory infections of children in the south cone of South America (1991-1994)}, journal = {J Med Virol}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, note = {Kajon, A E Mistchenko, A S Videla, C Hortal, M Wadell, G Avendano, L F Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United states J Med Virol. 1996 Feb;48(2):151-6.}, pages = {151-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A collection of 165 adenovirus strains isolated from nasopharyngeal aspirates of children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory infection in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay between 1991 and 1994 was studied by restriction enzyme analysis (work performed in the Department of Virology, University of Umea). Of the isolates, 71\% (n = 117) were identified as members of subgenus B. Of these, 101 (61.2\%) corresponded to genome type 7h, four (2.4\%) to genome type 3p2, four (2.4\%) to genome type 11a, one (0.6\%) to genome type 7b, and one (0.6\%) to genome type 7c. Two isolates that were neutralized as serotype 3 and four isolates that were neutralized as serotype 7 exhibited novel BamHI cleavage profiles corresponding to three new genome types denominated 3x, 7i, and 7j. Subgenus C members represented 28.5\% of all typed isolates. Five different genome types of Ad1, seven genome types of Ad2, and three genome types of Ad5 were identified of, which two, two, and one, respectively, were found to correspond to new DNA variants. Only one isolate (0.6\%) corresponded to Ad4 of subgenus E. Ad7h was isolated from 17 of the 18 fatal cases recorded among the patients included in the study.}, keywords = {Acute Disease Adenoviridae Infections/*virology Adenoviruses, Human/*classification/genetics/isolation \& purification Argentina Child, Newborn Male Nasopharynx/virology Respiratory Tract Infections/*virology Restriction Mapping Uruguay, Preschool Chile *DNA, Viral Female Humans Infant Infant}, issn = {0146-6615 (Print) 0146-6615}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199602)48:2<151::aid-jmv6>3.0.co;2-8}, author = {Kajon, A. E. and Mistchenko, A. S. and Videla, C. and Hortal, M. and Wadell, G. and Avendano, L. F.} } @article {4752, title = {{Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Cyclospora, the human intestinal pathogen, suggests that it is closely related to Eimeria species}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {173}, year = {1996}, pages = {440{\textendash}445}, author = {Relman, DA and Schmidt, TM and Gajadhar, A and Sogin, M and Cross, J and Yoder, K and Sethabutr, O and Echeverria, P} } @article {15806, title = {Movement of the protozoan pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum through three contrasting soil types}, journal = {Biology Fertility of Soils}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {30-36}, author = {Mawdsley, J.L and E. Brooks, A. and J. Merry, R.} } @article {16645, title = {Movement of the protozoan pathogen {Cryptosporidium} parvum through three contrasting soil types}, journal = {Biology and Fertility of Soils}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {30{\textendash}36}, author = {Mawdsley, Jane L and Brooks, Alison E and Merry, Roger J} } @article {12898, title = {Movement of the protozoan pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum through three contrasting soil types}, journal = {Biology and Fertility of Soils}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {30{\textendash}36}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Mawdsley, Jane L and Brooks, Alison E and Merry, Roger J} } @booklet {10463, title = {{National Standards of the People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China: Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard}}, year = {1996} } @article {3796, title = {Natural history of human rotavirus infection.}, journal = {Archives of Virology. Supplementum}, volume = {12}, year = {1996}, pages = {119{\textendash}128}, abstract = {

Rotavirus infections occur repeatedly in humans from birth to old age. Most are asymptomatic or are associated with mild enteric symptoms. Infection in young children can be accompanied by severe life-threatening diarrhea, most commonly after primary infection. Annual childhood morbidity rates for severe diarrhea are similar worldwide. Mortality rates are low in developed countries but approach 1,000,000 annually in young children in developing countries. Rotaviruses can be classified into Groups \{\{\}A-E\{\}\} according to antigenic groups on \{\{\}VP6,\{\}\} the major capsid antigen. Only Group \{\{\}A,B\{\}\} and C rotaviruses have been shown to infect humans, and most human rotavirus disease is caused by Group A viruses. These are further classified into G and P types based on identification of antigens on the outer capsid proteins \{\{\}VP7\{\}\} and \{\{\}VP4\{\}\} respectively. Most severe infections in young children are caused by serotypes G1-4, and during the last two decades, G1 infections appear to have predominated worldwide. In general the more densely populated countries show the most complex patterns of occurrence of serotypes. Clinical rotavirus disease can be accompanied by shedding of \{{\textbackslash}textgreater\} 10(12) rotavirus particles/gm feces. The virus is highly infectious and appears to retain infectivity over many months. In temperate climates, disease is most common during the colder months, when it is likely that rapid spread within families and communities occurs. Nosocomial infections are frequent, and rotaviruses can become endemic within obstetric hospital nurseries for the newborn. Few (if any) human rotavirus infections appear to be zoonoses, even though Group A rotaviruses are widespread in the young of all mammalian species. However infection of humans with reassortant rotavirus strains derived from human-animal sources can occur. The extent to which this contributes to new epidemic strains within particular countries (or worldwide) remains to be determined.

}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-7091-6553-9_14}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6553-9\%7B_\%7D14}, author = {Bishop, R F} } @booklet {10470, title = {{Normas t{\'e}cnicas de las descargas de aguas residuales a cuerpos receptores y alcantarillado sanitario, Secretary of Health}}, year = {1996}, address = {Tegucigalpa, Honduras} } @article {9828, title = {{Observations on the ultrastructure and viability of the cystic stage of Blastocystis hominis from human feces}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {82}, year = {1996}, pages = {439{\textendash}444}, author = {Moe, KT and Singh, M and Howe, J and Ho, LC and Tan, SW and Ng, GC and Chen, XQ and Yap, EH} } @article {5171, title = {{Occurrence and removal of Ascaris sp. ova by waste stabilisation ponds in Kenya}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {33}, number = {7}, year = {1996}, pages = {75{\textendash}82}, author = {Grimason, A.M. and Smith, H.V. and Young, G. and Thitai, W.N.} } @article {5172, title = {{Occurrence and removal of Giardia sp. cysts by Kenyan and French waste stabilisation pond systems}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {33}, number = {7}, year = {1996}, pages = {83{\textendash}89}, author = {Grimason, A.M. and Wiandt, S. and Baleux, B. and Thitai, W.N. and Bontoux, J. and Smith, H.V.} } @inbook {5117, title = {Occurrence of microorganisms pathogenic for man and animals in source separated biowaste and compost - importance, control, limits, epidemiology}, booktitle = {The Science of Composting}, year = {1996}, pages = {224{\textendash}232}, publisher = {Blackie Academic \& Professional,London}, organization = {Blackie Academic \& Professional,London}, keywords = {Ecotoxicology, Food Science, Physical Chemistry, Waste Management/Waste Technology}, author = {Strauch D.}, editor = {Bertoldi, Marco de and Sequi, Paolo and Lemmes, Bert and Papi, Tiziano} } @article {9340, title = {{Occurrence of parasites and intestinal bacteria in vegetables that are consumed row in Costa Rica}}, journal = {Revista De Biologia Tropical}, volume = {44}, number = {2A}, year = {1996}, pages = {369{\textendash}375}, author = {Monge, R and Chinchilla, M and Reyes, L} } @article {4211, title = {{An oligonucleotide hybridization assay for the identification and enumeration of F-specific RNA phages in surface water.}}, journal = {The Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {80}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, month = {mar}, pages = {179{\textendash}86}, abstract = {

F-specific RNA phages can be used as model organisms for enteric viruses to monitor the effectiveness of sewage treatment, and to assess the potential contamination of surface water with these viruses. In this paper a method is described which identifies RNA phages quantitatively by a plaque hybridization assay. Oligonucleotide probes were developed that can assign phages to their phylogenetic subgroups. Such a distinction is important, since some subgroups preferentially occur in sewage of human origin, while others tend to be associated with animal wastewater. The method has been tested on a large number of isolates and represents an improvement in time and reliability over the previously used serological classification.

}, keywords = {Base Sequence, Filtration, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Oligonucleotide Probes, Reproducibility of Results, RNA, RNA Phages, RNA Phages: classification, RNA Phages: genetics, RNA Phages: isolation {\&} purification, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0021-8847}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8642014}, author = {Beekwilder, J and Nieuwenhuizen, R and Havelaar, A H and van Duin, J} } @article {14096, title = {An outbreak of {Escherichia} coli {O}157 and campylobacteriosis associated with contamination of a drinking water supply.}, journal = {Public health}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, year = {1996}, month = {sep}, pages = {277{\textendash}82}, abstract = {Stream water into which treated sewage discharged contaminated the public water supply of a Fife village with a population of about 1100. Of 765 residents and workers who reported illness 711 had gastrointestinal symptoms and 633 were defined as cases. Mains water analysis revealed high faecal coliform counts. An outbreak of Campylobacter and E coli 0157 infection was bacteriologically confirmed in eight and six people respectively. Two of the latter developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome. All affected individuals made full recoveries. Human normal immunoglobulin was offered to those aged between six months and 40 years of age and 618 individuals were immunised. Salivary tests four months after the incident confirmed that no Hepatitis A outbreak had occurred. In a follow-up questionnaire residents generally expressed happiness with the medical response to the incident although many reported that they still had worries. The two major medical issues which emerged from this outbreak were the importance of effective communications and the appropriateness of offering post-exposure human normal immunoglobulin.}, issn = {0033-3506}, author = {Jones, I G and Roworth, M} } @article {2305, title = {{An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 and campylobacteriosis associated with contamination of a drinking water supply.}}, journal = {Public Health}, volume = {110}, number = {5}, year = {1996}, month = {sep}, pages = {277{\textendash}82}, abstract = {

Stream water into which treated sewage discharged contaminated the public water supply of a Fife village with a population of about 1100. Of 765 residents and workers who reported illness 711 had gastrointestinal symptoms and 633 were defined as cases. Mains water analysis revealed high faecal coliform counts. An outbreak of Campylobacter and E coli 0157 infection was bacteriologically confirmed in eight and six people respectively. Two of the latter developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome. All affected individuals made full recoveries. Human normal immunoglobulin was offered to those aged between six months and 40 years of age and 618 individuals were immunised. Salivary tests four months after the incident confirmed that no Hepatitis A outbreak had occurred. In a follow-up questionnaire residents generally expressed happiness with the medical response to the incident although many reported that they still had worries. The two major medical issues which emerged from this outbreak were the importance of effective communications and the appropriateness of offering post-exposure human normal immunoglobulin.

}, issn = {0033-3506}, author = {Jones, I G and Roworth, M} } @article {4881, title = {{Outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection-United States}}, journal = {MMWR. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {45}, year = {1996}, pages = {549{\textendash}551}, author = {Chambers, J and Somerfeldt, S and Mackey, L and Nichols, S and Ball, R and Roberts, D and Dufford, N and Reddick, A and Gibson, J} } @article {5139, title = {{Pathogen removal mechanisms in anoxic wastewater stabilization ponds}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {33}, number = {7}, year = {1996}, pages = {133{\textendash}140}, author = {Almasi, A. and Pescod, M.B.} } @article {13021, title = {Pathogenic agents in freshwater resources}, journal = {Hydrological Processes}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {315{\textendash}333}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Geldreich, Edwin E} } @article {15139, title = {Pathogenic agents in freshwater resources}, journal = {Hydrological processes}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {315{\textendash}333}, author = {Geldreich, Edwin E} } @article {10505, title = {{PCR detection and quantitation of predominant anaerobic bacteria in human and animal fecal samples}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, pages = {1242{\textendash}1247}, author = {Wang, RF and Cao, WW and Cerniglia, CE} } @mastersthesis {6327, title = {A portrait of {Marion} {Edwena} {Kenworthy}: {Psychiatrist} in social work}, year = {1996}, note = {9631782}, school = {Columbia University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This is a biographical study of Dr. Marion Kenworthy (1891-1980), who, in the male dominated profession of psychiatry, prospered and gained leadership status in part because she established a professional niche for herself through her affiliation with the social work profession. During the first half of the twentieth century the social work academic environment was particularly supportive of career-minded women. At the same time, Dr. Kenworthy held a unique position with regard to social workers who generally adopted a reverential attitude towards the profession of psychiatry, and who viewed Dr. Kenworthy as a spokesperson for a scientifically based orientation to the study of human behavior. Dr. Kenworthy was a pioneer in bringing psychoanalytic concepts into social casework. During her thirty-six year teaching career at the New York School of Social Work (now the Columbia University School of Social Work) she taught an estimated 25,000 students. Dr. Kenworthy was a strong advocate of interdisciplinary teamwork between psychiatrists, social workers and psychologists. Among the first psychiatrists interested in child psychiatry, she is also recognized for helping to create and oversee social work student placements at the Bureau of Children{\textquoteright}s Guidance. Her advocacy, networking and consulting abilities helped social workers gain status and professional ground in the field of mental hygiene during W.W.II. Dr. Kenworthy gained a significant following among other influentials who subsequently helped her expand professional opportunities for social workers and gave time and money to her numerous socially-minded endeavors. When she retired in 1956, her admirers contributed \$400,000 to the Columbia University School of Social Work to fund a Chair in Psychiatry in her name. Today the Marion E. Kenworthy Chair in Psychiatry is fully endowed. Carrying on her tradition of private financing of socially significant programs, she established the Kenworthy-Swift Foundation which provides grants to social service projects.}, keywords = {0304:Biographies, 0347:Mental health, 0452:Social work, 0453:Womens studies, Biographies, Health and environmental sciences, Kenworthy, Language, literature and linguistics, Marion Edwena, Mental health, Social sciences, Social work, Womens studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304299453?accountid=14270}, author = {Sperling, Rebecca Linn} } @article {14190, title = {Potential virulence of viable but nonculturable {Shigella} dysenteriae type 1}, journal = {Appl. Envir. Microbiol.}, volume = {62}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, month = {jan}, pages = {115{\textendash}120}, author = {Rahman, I and Shahamat, M and Chowdhury, MA and Colwell, RR} } @article {2380, title = {{Potential virulence of viable but nonculturable Shigella dysenteriae type 1}}, journal = {Appl. Envir. Microbiol.}, volume = {62}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, month = {jan}, pages = {115{\textendash}120}, author = {Rahman, I and Shahamat, M and Chowdhury, MA and Colwell, RR} } @article {7863, title = {Presence of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in shellfish}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {116}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, note = {J1: Epidemiol Infect}, month = {04}, pages = {147-153}, abstract = {

Bivalve molluscs, (cockles, mussels, scallops and oysters) were examined according to EC shellfish bed classification regulations for faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and salmonella, and for coliforms and campylobacter which are not specified by these regulations. Salmonella serotypes were detected in 8\% of 433 molluscs. Seven salmonella isolations (2\%) were made from category A beds, nominally suitable for immediate consumption according to E. coli counts. A higher percentage of salmonella isolates (6\%) was detected in shellfish which require relaying or depuration prior to eating. In another survey, thermophilic Campylobacter spp. were found in 42\% of 380 shellfish. These findings show bed classification on the basis of indicator organisms alone is not sufficient to assure the absence of bacterial, and no doubt viral, pathogens. Depuration and end product specifications which require the absence of salmonellae are an essential part of these regulations. Microbiologists may wish to consider whether tests for pathogens such as salmonella and campylobacter should be included when determining the suitability of shellfish for human consumption.

}, isbn = {0950-2688}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2271625/}, author = {Wilson,I. G. and Moore,J. E.} } @article {14013, title = {Prevalence and clonal nature of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 on dairy farms in {Wisconsin}.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, year = {1996}, pages = {1519{\textendash}1525}, abstract = {A survey was conducted between March and October of 1994 to determine the prevalence and identify the sources of serotype O157:H7 isolates of Escherichia coli in Wisconsin dairy herds. A stratified sample of 400 farms was identified, and 70 farms with weaned calves less than 4 months old were included in the study. During the prevalence study, 5 of the 70 farms (herd prevalence, 7.1 +/- 4.5\%) and fecal samples from 10 of 560 calves (animal prevalence, 1.8\%) tested positive for serotype O157:H7. In a follow-up study, the five O157:H7-positive farms and seven of the O157:H7-negative farms identified in the prevalence study were visited again. An additional 517 fecal samples from cattle of various ages were tested, and a total of 15 animals from four of the five herds that were previously positive and 4 animals from two of seven herds that were previously negative tested positive for E. coli O157:H7. Observations made during the follow-up study suggested that horizontal transmission was an important means of E. coli O157:H7 dissemination on the farms. A total of 302 environmental samples, were examined, and 2 animal drinking water samples from one previously negative farm and 1 animal drinking water sample from a previously positive farm contained E. coli O157:H7. Analyses by the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis technique of contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis revealed that isolates from the same farm displayed identical or very similar XbaI restriction endonuclease digestion profiles (REDP), whereas isolates from different farms typically displayed different REDP. However, more than one REDP was usually observed for a given herd over the 8-month sampling period. Analyses of multiple isolates from an animal revealed that some animals harbored O157:H7 strains that had different REDP, although the REDP of isolates obtained from the same fecal sample were very similar. Collectively, 160 bovine isolates obtained from 29 different animals and three water isolates displayed 20 distinct XbaI REDP. Our data revealed that there are several clonal types of serotype O157:H7 isolates in Wisconsin and indicated that there is probably more than one source of this pathogen on the dairy farms studied. However, animal drinking water was identified as one source of E. coli O157:H7 on one farm.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Faith, N G and J A Shere and Brosch, R and Arnold, K W and Ansay, S E and Lee, M S and Luchansky, J B and Kaspar, C W} } @article {8000, title = {{Prevalence and clonal nature of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on dairy farms in Wisconsin.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, year = {1996}, pages = {1519{\textendash}1525}, abstract = {

A survey was conducted between March and October of 1994 to determine the prevalence and identify the sources of serotype O157:H7 isolates of Escherichia coli in Wisconsin dairy herds. A stratified sample of 400 farms was identified, and 70 farms with weaned calves less than 4 months old were included in the study. During the prevalence study, 5 of the 70 farms (herd prevalence, 7.1 +/- 4.5{\%}) and fecal samples from 10 of 560 calves (animal prevalence, 1.8{\%}) tested positive for serotype O157:H7. In a follow-up study, the five O157:H7-positive farms and seven of the O157:H7-negative farms identified in the prevalence study were visited again. An additional 517 fecal samples from cattle of various ages were tested, and a total of 15 animals from four of the five herds that were previously positive and 4 animals from two of seven herds that were previously negative tested positive for E. coli O157:H7. Observations made during the follow-up study suggested that horizontal transmission was an important means of E. coli O157:H7 dissemination on the farms. A total of 302 environmental samples, were examined, and 2 animal drinking water samples from one previously negative farm and 1 animal drinking water sample from a previously positive farm contained E. coli O157:H7. Analyses by the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis technique of contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis revealed that isolates from the same farm displayed identical or very similar XbaI restriction endonuclease digestion profiles (REDP), whereas isolates from different farms typically displayed different REDP. However, more than one REDP was usually observed for a given herd over the 8-month sampling period. Analyses of multiple isolates from an animal revealed that some animals harbored O157:H7 strains that had different REDP, although the REDP of isolates obtained from the same fecal sample were very similar. Collectively, 160 bovine isolates obtained from 29 different animals and three water isolates displayed 20 distinct XbaI REDP. Our data revealed that there are several clonal types of serotype O157:H7 isolates in Wisconsin and indicated that there is probably more than one source of this pathogen on the dairy farms studied. However, animal drinking water was identified as one source of E. coli O157:H7 on one farm.

}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Faith, N G and J A Shere and Brosch, R and Arnold, K W and Ansay, S E and Lee, M S and Luchansky, J B and Kaspar, C W} } @article {2235, title = {{Prevalence and clonal nature of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on dairy farms in Wisconsin.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, year = {1996}, pages = {1519{\textendash}1525}, abstract = {A survey was conducted between March and October of 1994 to determine the prevalence and identify the sources of serotype O157:H7 isolates of Escherichia coli in Wisconsin dairy herds. A stratified sample of 400 farms was identified, and 70 farms with weaned calves less than 4 months old were included in the study. During the prevalence study, 5 of the 70 farms (herd prevalence, 7.1 +/- 4.5\%) and fecal samples from 10 of 560 calves (animal prevalence, 1.8\%) tested positive for serotype O157:H7. In a follow-up study, the five O157:H7-positive farms and seven of the O157:H7-negative farms identified in the prevalence study were visited again. An additional 517 fecal samples from cattle of various ages were tested, and a total of 15 animals from four of the five herds that were previously positive and 4 animals from two of seven herds that were previously negative tested positive for E. coli O157:H7. Observations made during the follow-up study suggested that horizontal transmission was an important means of E. coli O157:H7 dissemination on the farms. A total of 302 environmental samples, were examined, and 2 animal drinking water samples from one previously negative farm and 1 animal drinking water sample from a previously positive farm contained E. coli O157:H7. Analyses by the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis technique of contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis revealed that isolates from the same farm displayed identical or very similar XbaI restriction endonuclease digestion profiles (REDP), whereas isolates from different farms typically displayed different REDP. However, more than one REDP was usually observed for a given herd over the 8-month sampling period. Analyses of multiple isolates from an animal revealed that some animals harbored O157:H7 strains that had different REDP, although the REDP of isolates obtained from the same fecal sample were very similar. Collectively, 160 bovine isolates obtained from 29 different animals and three water isolates displayed 20 distinct XbaI REDP. Our data revealed that there are several clonal types of serotype O157:H7 isolates in Wisconsin and indicated that there is probably more than one source of this pathogen on the dairy farms studied. However, animal drinking water was identified as one source of E. coli O157:H7 on one farm.}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Faith, N G and J A Shere and Brosch, R and Arnold, K W and Ansay, S E and Lee, M S and Luchansky, J B and Kaspar, C W} } @article {15939, title = {Prevalence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts and characterization of Giardia spp. isolated from drinking water in Canada}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {62}, number = {8}, year = {1996}, month = {Aug}, pages = {2789-97}, edition = {1996/08/01}, keywords = {*Water Supply, Animals, Base Sequence, Canada/epidemiology, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Gerbillinae, Giardia/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/epidemiology, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, prevalence, Sewage, Water/*parasitology}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Wallis, P. M. and Erlandsen, S. L. and Isaac-Renton, J. L. and Olson, M. E. and Robertson, W. J. and van Keulen, H.} } @booklet {5725, title = {{Prevention of Hepatitis A Through Active or Passive Immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)}}, year = {1996}, pages = {45(RR{\textendash}15), 1{\textendash}30} } @article {6538, title = {Primary health care, community participation and community-financing: experiences of two middle hill villages in {Nepal}}, journal = {Health Policy and Planning}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, month = {mar}, pages = {93{\textendash}100}, abstract = {Although community involvement in health related activities is generally acknowledged by international and national health planners to be the key to the successful organization of primary health care, comparatively little is known about its potential and limitations. Drawing on the experiences of two middle hill villages in Nepal, this paper reports on research undertaken to compare and contrast the scope and extent of community participation in the delivery of primary health care in a community run and financed health post and a state run and financed health post. Unlike many other health posts in Nepal these facilities do provide effective curative services, and neither of them suffer from chronic shortage of drugs. However, community-financing did not appear to widen the scope and the extent of participation. Villagers in both communities relied on the health post for the treatment of less than one-third of symptoms, and despite the planners{\textquoteright} intentions, community involvement outside participation in benefits was found to be very limited.}, keywords = {Allied Health Personnel, Asia, Community Financing, Community Health Centers, Community Health Planning, Community Health Services, Community Participation, Community-Institutional Relations, Comparative Studies, Consumer Participation, Delivery of Health Care, Developing Countries, Economic Factors, Financial Activities, Government Sponsored Programs, Health, Health Services, Nepal, Organization and Administration, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, primary health care, Program Sustainability, Programs, Research Methodology, Rural Health Services, Southern Asia, Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Volunteers}, issn = {0268-1080}, author = {Sepehri, A. and Pettigrew, J.} } @article {13447, title = {A propos de 18 cas de fasciolose humaine recenses en Basse-Normandie Annees 1994- 1995.}, journal = {Bull Soc Fr Parasitol.}, volume = {14}, year = {1996}, pages = {39-43}, author = {Cadel, S. and Barbier, D. and Duhamel, C. and Georges, P.} } @article {3690, title = {The public and domestic domains in the transmission of disease.}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and International Health}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {27{\textendash}34}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-9.x.}, author = {Cairncross, S and Blumenthal, U} } @article {7763, title = {Rapid identification by PCR of the genus Campylobacter and of five Campylobacter species enteropathogenic for man and animals}, journal = {Research in Microbiology}, volume = {147}, number = {9}, year = {1996}, note = {ID: 272130272130}, month = {1996}, pages = {707-718}, abstract = {

The nucleotide sequences for the 16S ribosomal RNA gene were compared for 33 species comprising the \ε subdivision of the Proteobacteria (genera: Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Arcobacter and Wolinella). Regions specific for the genus Campylobacter and for five Campylobacter species important in human and/or veterinary medicine were identified. From these regions, PCR primer pairs were designed for use in species-specific identification. Primer pairs were validated against strains representing all taxa of campylobacter-like organisms. They did not amplify products other than from their five target species (C. upsaliensis, C. helveticus, C. fetus, C. hyointestinalis and C. lari), and they generated amplicons of defined size from large numbers of strains of those species. A primer pair suitable for identification of the genus Campylobacter was also identified and validated. This generated amplicons from all species of Campylobacter as well as from unnamed groups known to be within the genus, but not from any species or unnamed strains of Helicobacter, Arcobacter or Wolinella. Les s\équences nucl\éotidiques du g\ène ARNm 16S ont \ét\é compar\ées chez 33 esp\èces bact\ériennes comprenant la subdivision \ε des Prot\éobact\éries (genres: Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Arcobacter et Wolinella). Nous avons identifi\é les r\égions sp\écifiques du genre Campylobacter et de 5 esp\èces importantes en pathologie humaine et/ou animale. \À partir de ces r\égions, des amorces PCR ont \ét\é retenues pour l\&$\#$39;identification sp\écifique de l\&$\#$39;esp\èce, certaines amorces permettant d\&$\#$39;identifier taxonomiquement les bact\éries apparent\ées aux campylobact\éries. La s\élection est efficace pour les esp\èces cibles (C. upsaliensis, C. helveticus, C. fetus, C. hyointestinalis et C. lari); des amplicons de taille d\éfinie ont \ét\é obtenus \à partir d\&$\#$39;un grand nombre de souches appartenant \à ces esp\èces. L\&$\#$39;identification du genre Campylobacter est \également assur\ée; et des amplicons ont \ét\é obtenus pour toutes les esp\èces du genre Campylobacter et pour des groupes bact\ériens sans d\énomination, appartenant \à ce genre, mais n\&$\#$39;ont \ét\é obtenus pour aucune esp\èce (ni pour aucune souche sans d\énomination) des genres Helicobacter, Arcobacter et Wolinella.

}, keywords = {Enteropathogenic species, Esp{\`e}ces ent{\'e}ropathog{\`e}nes, Genre, Genus, IDENTIFICATION, PCR, Taxonomie, Taxonomy}, isbn = {0923-2508}, author = {Linton,D. and Owen,R. J. and Stanley,J.} } @article {6762, title = {Reactivity and repeatability of hygiene behaviour: structured observations from {Burkina} {Faso}}, journal = {Social science \& medicine}, volume = {43}, number = {9}, year = {1996}, pages = {1299{\textendash}1308}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0277953695003800}, author = {Cousens, Simon and Kanki, Bernadette and Toure, Seydou and Diallo, Ibrahim and Curtis, Valerie} } @article {16876, title = {Removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms by a full-scale water reclamation facility}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, year = {1996}, pages = {2785{\textendash}2797}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Rose, Joan B and Dickson, Linda J and Farrah, Samuel R and Carnahan, Robert P} } @article {15224, title = {Removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms by a full-scale water reclamation facility}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, year = {1996}, pages = {2785{\textendash}2797}, author = {Rose, Joan B and Dickson, Linda J and Farrah, Samuel R and Carnahan, Robert P} } @article {3265, title = {Removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms by a full-scale water reclamation facility}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, year = {1996}, pages = {2785{\textendash}2797}, abstract = {

Monitoring data and dose-response models were used to evaluate risks associated with viruses and protozoa at a full-scale reclamation facility. Indigenous indicator and pathogenic microorganisms were monitored at different stages of treatment for 1 yr at a full-scale water reclamation facility that produced reclaimed water for residential irrigation. The combination of biological treatment, sand filtration, and chlorination employed at the plant reduced total and fecal coliforms by {\textgreater} 7 log10 and coliphages and enteroviruses by {\textgreater} 5 log10. Protozoa (Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp.) were reduced by {\textgreater} 3 log10. Viruses and protozoa were detected in the reclaimed water at levels between 0.01 and 5 per 1001. The addition of large numbers of bacteriophage as a tracer permitted an assessment of inactivation and/or removal by the filtration and chlorination units, which were shown to provide 1.6 and 1.5 log10 reductions, respectively. Analysis of the risk associated with exposure to the reclaimed water shows that the probability of infection following a single exposure to 100 ml of the water was between 10-6 (1 in a million) and 10-8 (1 in 100 million) for landscape irrigation. In general, anaerobic treatment of residual solids produced during the wastewater treatment process reduced the levels of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms by approximately 1 log10. The levels of viruses detected in the final residual would not meet acceptable levels for land application for class A residuals according to EPA regulations.

}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Risk Assessment, Viruses, Water reuse}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00188-1}, author = {Rose, Joan B. and Dickson, Linda J. and Farrah, Samuel R. and Carnahan, Robert P.} } @article {8706, title = {{The Roles of Microbes in the Removal and Inactivation of Viruses in a Biological Wastewater Treatment System}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {33}, number = {10-11}, year = {1996}, pages = {243{\textendash}250}, author = {T. D Kim and Unno, H.} } @article {10869, title = {The roles of microbes in the removal and inactivation of viruses in a biological wastewater treatment system}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {33}, number = {10-11}, year = {1996}, pages = {243{\textendash}250}, author = {Tae D Kim and Unno, Hajime} } @article {310, title = {Rotavirus G and P types circulating in Brazil: characterization by {RT-PCR,} probe hybridization, and sequence analysis}, year = {1996}, doi = {10.1007/BF01718637}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01718637}, author = {Leite, JPG and Alfieri, AA and P A Woods and R I Glass} } @article {2497, title = {Rotavirus G and P types circulating in Brazil: characterization by {RT-PCR,} probe hybridization, and sequence analysis}, year = {1996}, doi = {10.1007/BF01718637}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01718637}, author = {Leite, JPG and Alfieri, AA and P A Woods and R I Glass} } @article {3784, title = {Rotavirus {G} and {P} types circulating in {Brazil}: characterization by \{\{\}{RT}-{PCR},\{\}\} probe hybridization, and sequence analysis}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {141}, number = {12}, year = {1996}, pages = {2365{\textendash}2374}, doi = {10.1007/BF01718637}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01718637}, author = {Leite, J P G and Alfieri, A A and Woods, P A and Glass, R I and J R Gentsch} } @mastersthesis {6293, title = {Seasonal fluctuations in nutrient dynamics and constructed wetlands in {Prado} {Basin}, {California}}, year = {1996}, note = {1378540}, school = {California State University, Fullerton}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The Santa Ana River has a groundwater recharge basin that contributes to the aquifers and supplies 65 percent of the drinking water used in Orange County. The Santa Ana River below Prado Dam, in Riverside County, contains increasing concentration of nitrates. In July 1993, the concentration of NO\${\textbackslash}sb3\$-N in the river was of 9.1 mg/l and it is projected to reach the drinking water quality standard of 10 mg/l in the near future, if no corrective measures are taken. Nitrates originate from historic agricultural overfertilization of crops, the dense dairy and feedlot operations in the area, as well as the treated municipal wastewaters discharged to the watercourses. This investigation evaluated the seasonal changes in dissolved inorganic nutrients at two stations for each of the three tributaries to the Santa Ana River as they enter the Prado Basin. The nutrient load was determined in each stream and was correlated with possible point and non-point nutrient sources. Chino Creek, between February and July 1993, contributed 4.6 percent of the total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) load and 8.1 percent of the total phosphate load leaving Prado Dam. Similarly, Mill Creek contributed 8.4 percent TIN and 15.7 percent PO\${\textbackslash}sb4,\$ and Temescal Wash 12.1 percent TIN and 20.3 percent PO\${\textbackslash}sb4.\$ Prado Basin, a natural sink for nutrients, was found to act as a mild nutrient source during the transitional spring months. Constructed wetlands, when used as a polishing component in the treatment process, can remove most of the dissolved nutrients applied, depending upon the loading and wetland hydraulic retention time. Constructed wetlands located downstream from dairy farms, feedlots, and treatment plant effluents are cost effective means of nutrient removal.}, keywords = {0554:Sanitation, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Environmental engineering, sanitation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304355167?accountid=14270}, author = {Vitko, Tadeo Giacomo} } @article {17193, title = {Seasonal variations in the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens from environmental samples}, journal = {Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series BZentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, month = {1996-Apr}, pages = {119-27}, isbn = {0514-7166}, author = {Davies, R. H. and Wray, C.} } @inbook {14055, title = {Shigella}, booktitle = {Medical {Microbiology}. 4th edition}, year = {1996}, publisher = {University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston}, organization = {University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8038/}, author = {Hale, Thomas L. and Keusch, Gerald T.} } @inbook {2270, title = {{Shigella}}, booktitle = {Medical Microbiology. 4th edition}, year = {1996}, publisher = {University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston}, organization = {University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston}, chapter = {2}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8038/}, author = {Hale, Thomas L. and Keusch, Gerald T.} } @mastersthesis {6403, title = {Social position, generational change, and environmental concern}, year = {1996}, note = {1382929}, school = {Utah State University}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This study analyzes the effects of various indicators of social position and generational change on an individual{\textquoteright}s perceptions of pollution and willingness to finance local environmental protection. The data used to investigate this problem was gathered in two statewide studies of nonmetropolitan Utah in 1973 and again in 1991. The study employs a number of statistical methods to analyze the data. The first is a series of cross-tabulations which show the percent variation among study variables. Second, a generational-aging-age analysis is conducted to investigate the role of both age and generational change on the dependent variables in this study. Next, a series of multivariate analyses were calculated. The first involved multiple regression and the second component was comprised of hierarchical regression. All of the indicators of social position were significantly associated with one{\textquoteright}s willingness to finance local environmental protection. Persons of younger age, those with more education, and respondents identifying with the Democratic party were found to be the most willing to finance efforts to protect the natural environment. In addition, Mormons were found to be less willing to pay more taxes to protect the environment than non-Mormons. The indicators of social position had a very small effect on both air and water pollution perception. Generational change was not a significant factor affecting one{\textquoteright}s air pollution perception, water pollution perception, or willingness to finance environmental protection.}, keywords = {0620:Developmental psychology, 0628:Families \& family life, 0628:Personal relationships, 0628:Sociology, 0768:Environmental science, Developmental psychology, Environmental science, Families \& family life, Health and environmental sciences, Personal relationships, Psychology, Social sciences, Sociology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304305303?accountid=14270}, author = {Hendrickson, Darren Boyd} } @mastersthesis {7079, title = {Soil degradation and technical change in southern {Mali}}, year = {1996}, note = {9725530}, school = {Purdue University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Analyses of sustainability generally focus on sustaining a specific resource using a specific set of agricultural techniques. This study uses new analytical tools to address a broader set of questions concerned with the sustainability of income or wealth, in the context of a dynamic sequence of farm activities chosen in response to changing environmental, economic and social conditions. Long term field trials conducted in the Sudano-Guinean ecoregion of Mali provide some evidence regarding the dynamics of soil nutrients and crop yields, but provide limited insight about soil degradation processes under actual farm conditions. To simulate the long term evolution of soils under a variety of more realistic farming practices, a detailed biophysical model of crop growth is employed to derive quantitative estimates of important factors controlling yields and dynamic yield trends. The model indicates that severe water and soil temperature stress limit crop growth and hence nutrient uptake, particularly at the low plant densities used by farmers in response to low levels of soil moisture. To assess how farmer practices might change over time, the results of the biophysical simulation exercise are integrated into a dynamic mathematical programming model of household behavior. The model identifies adjustments in production, consumption and investment behavior and captures their impact on the soil. Several experiments are conducted to determine the long run impacts of introducing new techniques including an improved sorghum cultivar, improved methods of crop residue management and organic fertilizer production. Results indicate that the adoption of an improved sorghum variety can increase the supply of surplus marketed cereals by more than 30\%. The long term impacts of various policy alternatives also are simulated including taxes on livestock grazing in communal areas, and integration of product markets leading to greater producer specialization. The model illustrates that sustainability is an evolutionary sequence of farmer responses rather than a static resource preservation technique. Farmer adaptation to local conditions limit the degradation caused by any one production technique, and research on new techniques provides alternatives that can sustain productivity growth particularly in the context of policy changes.}, keywords = {0481:Soil sciences, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Biological sciences, Social sciences, Soil sciences, Sustainability}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304266059?accountid=14270}, author = {Dalton, Timothy John} } @book {17029, title = {South African Water Quality Guidelines for domestic water use, 2nd Ed.}, year = {1996}, publisher = {Pretoria, South Africa}, organization = {Pretoria, South Africa}, author = {Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF)} } @mastersthesis {6797, title = {Stream erosion and its relation to drainage networks and landscape evolution - a summary}, year = {1996}, note = {U083058}, school = {University of Cambridge (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Using basic hydro-dynamics, a model for the erosion of a landscape by streamflow is developed and used in a numerical simulation. The observation is made that the drainage network on the landscape enters an equilibrium state in which there are no lakes present, the network is steady and the field of heights is of separable variable form. The steady state drainage networks compare favourably with both natural network and networks produced by simulations performed by other workers.Two scaling laws, one between modified slope and throughput and the other between height and time, are derived analytically for the steady state and successfully verified by simulation. A detailed investigation of the sensitivity of the model to the initial conditions and the effect of varying the operating parameters is then undertaken, and the results are discussed.Following this, the principle of minimum energy expenditure is outlined. The modified slope-area law derived earlier is shown to be the condition for a functional L to be stationary, subject to the constraints of water conservation. This implies that stream erosion evolves landscapes into a steady state characterised by an optimum value of L, thus providing a theoretical basis for the principle of minimum energy expenditure. The nature of the stationary point is studied, using both analytical and numerical methods. The framework for a model in which the drainage network can optimise itself with regard to channel shape, as well as the arrangement of channels, is then established. A suitable functional is found, which gives rise to a scaling relation between width and throughput of the same form as that observed in the field. The difficulties involved in deriving an erosion law to complement this functional are then discussed.Finally, the model is extended to include first non-uniform boundary conditions and then a non-local erosion law, and the extra dynamics this incorporates are qualitatively examined.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU083058, 0388:Hydrologic sciences, Bibliographies, Earth sciences, Hydrologic sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301520962?accountid=14270}, author = {Sinclair, K} } @mastersthesis {6515, title = {Studies of the performance on a photovoltaic power plant in a southern {African} environment}, year = {1996}, note = {C574477}, school = {University of Northumbria at Newcastle (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Photovoltaic (PV) technology is now sufficiently mature so that it can play a significant role in providing energy services in rural and remote areas of developing countries. Photovoltaic conversion of solar energy is intimately linked to the natural environment. Therefore, a good understanding of the effect of environmental parameters in situ upon the operation of the technology is essential for its efficient use. In Europe, in the United States and in Japan extensive programmes of monitoring photovoltaic systems have been carried out since the beginning of the past decade. In southern Africa, however the lack of monitoring activities in photovoltaics is almost absolute. This situation does not contribute to an effective deployment of the technology in most regions, as both the natural environmental conditions and the socio-economic context vary from place to place. This work reports a research programme undertaken since 1991 whose aims were to design, install and monitor a photovoltaic water pumping plant, with a capacity of 848 \${\textbackslash}rm W{\textbackslash}sb\{p\},\$ in the region of Maputo, Mozambique. The pumping plant has been installed in 1993 and a monitoring system integrated into it in 1994. The monitoring activities have been carried out during a period of six months, from 1st January to 30th June 1995, to characterise the performance of the plant under local environmental conditions. This characterisation comprised a detailed analysis of the performance of the plant{\textquoteright}s major components, namely the PV array, the inverter and the motor/pump unit. The costs of the energy services provided by the plant were also-determined. Since this work was the first research activity in photovoltaics carried out in Mozambique, one major output expected was that it should facilitate the promotion of photovoltaics in the country. The average global efficiency of \$(3.6{\textbackslash}pm 0.2){\textbackslash}\%\$ for the pumping plant observed during the period of analysis is an indication that the natural environmental conditions in the region of experimentation are appropriate for an effective deployment of photovoltaic solar energy. The reliability of the plant is very high: no unique fault has been registered during the period 1993-1996. The cost of PV electricity has been determined as varying from 35 up to 72 cents/kWh, if import taxes are not included. Although this is three to four times the cost of electricity provided by the National Power Utility, PV is attractive in most cases where grid extension or diesel generators are required, as grid extension costs about 8,000-12,000 US\$/km in Mozambique. Of particular importance is the water pumping application, where the unit cost of water (of about 31 cents per cubic metre, if import taxes are not included) is very competitive to that provided by the National Water Utility (of 26{\textendash}38 cents per cubic metre) in Mozambique. Both the environmental conditions and the socio-economic context in this region are appropriate for the deployment of Photovoltaics. More monitoring activities, involving other enduses, are required in order to create the necessary basis for an efficient deployment of the technology. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0607:Electromagnetism, 0791:Energy, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Electromagnetism, Energy, Mozambique, Pure sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304364424?accountid=14270}, author = {Cuamba, Boaventura Chongo} } @article {9254, title = {{Surface localization, regulation, and biologic properties of the 96-kDa alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase (EhADH2) of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {173}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {226{\textendash}231}, author = {Flores, BM and Stanley, SL Jr and Yong, TS and Ali, M and Yang, W and Diedrich, DL and Torian, BE} } @article {14759, title = {Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks{\textendash}{United} {States}, 1993-1994}, journal = {MMWR CDC Surveill Summ}, volume = {45}, year = {1996}, month = {apr}, pages = {1{\textendash}33}, abstract = {PROBLEM/CONDITION: Since 1971, CDC and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for collecting and periodically reporting data that relate to occurrences and causes of waterborne-disease outbreaks (WBDOs). REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This summary includes data for January 1993 through December 1994 and for previously unreported outbreaks in 1992. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The surveillance system includes data about outbreaks associated with water intended for drinking (i.e., drinking water) and those associated with recreational water. State, territorial, and local public health departments are primarily responsible for detecting and investigating WBDOs and voluntarily reporting them to CDC on a standard form. RESULTS: For the 2-year period 1993-1994, 17 states and one territory reported a total of 30 outbreaks associated with drinking water. These outbreaks caused an estimated 405,366 persons to become ill, including 403,000 from an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee, the largest WBDO ever documented in the United States, and 2,366 from the other 29 outbreaks. No etiologic agent was identified for five (16.7\%) of the 30 outbreaks. The protozoan parasites Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum caused 10 (40.0\%) of the 25 outbreaks for which the etiologic agent was identified. Two outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis occurred in large metropolitan areas (i.e., Milwaukee and Las Vegas/Clark County) and were associated with deaths among immunocompromised persons. The waterborne nature of these two outbreaks was not recognized until at least 2 weeks after the onset of the Milwaukee outbreak and until after the end of the Las Vegas outbreak. Campylobacter jejuni was implicated for three outbreaks and the following pathogens for one outbreak each: Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, non-O1 Vibrio cholerae (in a U.S. territory; the vehicle was commercially bottled water), and Salmonella serotype Typhimurium (the outbreak was associated with seven deaths). Eight outbreaks of chemical poisoning were reported: three were caused by lead (one case each), two by fluoride, two by nitrate and one by copper. Twenty (66.7\%) of the 30 outbreaks were associated with a well-water source. Fourteen states reported a total of 26 outbreaks associated with recreational water, in which an estimated 1,714 persons became ill. Fourteen (53.8\%) of these 26 were outbreaks of gastroenteritis. The etiologic agent in each of these 14 outbreaks was identified; 10 (71.4\%) were caused by G. lamblia or C. parvum. Six of these 10 were associated with chlorinated, filtered pool water, and three with lake water. One of the latter was the first reported outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with the recreational use of lake water. Four outbreaks of lake water-associated bacterial gastroenteritis were reported, two caused by S. sonnei, one by S. flexneri, and one by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Nine outbreaks of hot tub- whirlpool-, or swimming pool-associated pseudomonas dermatitis were reported. Two outbreaks of swimming pool-associated dermatitis had a suspected chemical etiology. The child who had the one reported case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis, caused by infection with Naegleria fowleri, died. INTERPRETATION: The number of WBDOs reported annually has been similar for each year during 1987-1994, except for an increase in 1992. Protozoan parasites, especially C. parvum and G. lamblia, remain important etiologic agents of WBDOs. The outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee and Las Vegas demonstrate that WBDOs can occur in large metropolitan areas. Surveillance methods are needed that expedite the detection of WBDOs and the institution of preventive measures (e.g., boil-water advisories). ACTIONS TAKEN: Surveillance data that identify the types of water systems, their deficiencies, and the etiologic agents associated with outbreaks are used to evaluate the adequacy of current technologies for prov}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control/statistics \& numerical data, *Water Microbiology/standards, *Water Pollution/adverse effects, *Water Supply/analysis/standards, Animals, Campylobacter jejuni/isolation \& purification, Chemical, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Drinking, Giardia/isolation \& purification, Humans, Recreation, Salmonella typhimurium/isolation \& purification, United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States/epidemiology, Vibrio cholerae/isolation \& purification, Water Pollution}, author = {Kramer, M. H. and Herwaldt, B. L. and Craun, G. F. and Calderon, R. L. and Juranek, D. D.} } @article {15023, title = {Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks{\textendash}{United} {States}, 1993-1994}, journal = {MMWR CDC Surveill Summ}, volume = {45}, year = {1996}, month = {apr}, pages = {1{\textendash}33}, abstract = {PROBLEM/CONDITION: Since 1971, CDC and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for collecting and periodically reporting data that relate to occurrences and causes of waterborne-disease outbreaks (WBDOs). REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This summary includes data for January 1993 through December 1994 and for previously unreported outbreaks in 1992. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The surveillance system includes data about outbreaks associated with water intended for drinking (i.e., drinking water) and those associated with recreational water. State, territorial, and local public health departments are primarily responsible for detecting and investigating WBDOs and voluntarily reporting them to CDC on a standard form. RESULTS: For the 2-year period 1993-1994, 17 states and one territory reported a total of 30 outbreaks associated with drinking water. These outbreaks caused an estimated 405,366 persons to become ill, including 403,000 from an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee, the largest WBDO ever documented in the United States, and 2,366 from the other 29 outbreaks. No etiologic agent was identified for five (16.7\%) of the 30 outbreaks. The protozoan parasites Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum caused 10 (40.0\%) of the 25 outbreaks for which the etiologic agent was identified. Two outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis occurred in large metropolitan areas (i.e., Milwaukee and Las Vegas/Clark County) and were associated with deaths among immunocompromised persons. The waterborne nature of these two outbreaks was not recognized until at least 2 weeks after the onset of the Milwaukee outbreak and until after the end of the Las Vegas outbreak. Campylobacter jejuni was implicated for three outbreaks and the following pathogens for one outbreak each: Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, non-O1 Vibrio cholerae (in a U.S. territory; the vehicle was commercially bottled water), and Salmonella serotype Typhimurium (the outbreak was associated with seven deaths). Eight outbreaks of chemical poisoning were reported: three were caused by lead (one case each), two by fluoride, two by nitrate and one by copper. Twenty (66.7\%) of the 30 outbreaks were associated with a well-water source. Fourteen states reported a total of 26 outbreaks associated with recreational water, in which an estimated 1,714 persons became ill. Fourteen (53.8\%) of these 26 were outbreaks of gastroenteritis. The etiologic agent in each of these 14 outbreaks was identified; 10 (71.4\%) were caused by G. lamblia or C. parvum. Six of these 10 were associated with chlorinated, filtered pool water, and three with lake water. One of the latter was the first reported outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with the recreational use of lake water. Four outbreaks of lake water-associated bacterial gastroenteritis were reported, two caused by S. sonnei, one by S. flexneri, and one by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Nine outbreaks of hot tub- whirlpool-, or swimming pool-associated pseudomonas dermatitis were reported. Two outbreaks of swimming pool-associated dermatitis had a suspected chemical etiology. The child who had the one reported case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis, caused by infection with Naegleria fowleri, died. INTERPRETATION: The number of WBDOs reported annually has been similar for each year during 1987-1994, except for an increase in 1992. Protozoan parasites, especially C. parvum and G. lamblia, remain important etiologic agents of WBDOs. The outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee and Las Vegas demonstrate that WBDOs can occur in large metropolitan areas. Surveillance methods are needed that expedite the detection of WBDOs and the institution of preventive measures (e.g., boil-water advisories). ACTIONS TAKEN: Surveillance data that identify the types of water systems, their deficiencies, and the etiologic agents associated with outbreaks are used to evaluate the adequacy of current technologies for prov}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control/statistics \& numerical data, *Water Microbiology/standards, *Water Pollution/adverse effects, *Water Supply/analysis/standards, Animals, Campylobacter jejuni/isolation \& purification, Chemical, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Drinking, Giardia/isolation \& purification, Humans, Recreation, Salmonella typhimurium/isolation \& purification, United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States/epidemiology, Vibrio cholerae/isolation \& purification, Water Pollution}, author = {Kramer, M. H. and Herwaldt, B. L. and Craun, G. F. and Calderon, R. L. and Juranek, D. D.} } @article {13150, title = {Survival of Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas sobria in soil}, journal = {Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {81}, year = {1996}, pages = {439-444}, author = {Brandi, G. and Sisti, M. and Schiavano, G. F. and Salvaggio, L. and Albano, A.} } @article {15457, title = {[Survival of Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi in sewer water purified in stabilization ponds in a sudanese-saharan zone]}, journal = {Med Trop (Mars)}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, note = {English Abstract
Journal Article
France
revue du Corps de sante colonial}, pages = {41-7}, abstract = {In subsaharan Africa wastewater purification to protect the health of the population could create stagnate water reservoirs for parasitic vectors such as snails which are intermediate hosts of bilharzia. Laboratory studies of the survival of Bulinus truncatus, an intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium, and Biomphalaria pfeifferi, an intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, in waste water purified in stabilization ponds showed that Biomphalaria pfeifferi thrives to dirty water (60 mg/l < or = COD < or = 1060 mg/l) while Bulinus truncatus survived only in slightly cleaner water (60 mg/l < or = COD < or = 200 mg/l). Field studies showed that Biomphalaria pfeifferi disappeared after 48 hours as compared to 25 days in the laboratory. In both laboratory and field studies Bulinus truncatus survived only 24 hours in raw waste water. The duration of survival grew longer as quality of the water improved. Temperature variations, high amounts of organic material in water, high oxygen content in water, and absence of plant-life are factors which could limit the development of the intermediate snail hosts (i.e. Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi) in the waste stabilization ponds of the Interstate School of Rural Equipment Engineers in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.}, keywords = {*Sewage, *Water Microbiology, Animals, Biomphalaria/*growth \& development/parasitology, Bulinus/*growth \& development/parasitology, Burkina Faso, Humans, Schistosomiasis/parasitology/transmission, Time Factors, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {0025-682X (Print)
0025-682X (Linking)}, author = {Klutse, A. and Baleux, B.} } @article {6547, title = {Sustainability of a water, sanitation and hygiene education project in rural {Bangladesh}: a 5-year follow-up.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {74}, number = {4}, year = {1996}, pages = {431}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2486877/}, author = {Hoque, Bilqis A. and Juncker, T. and Sack, R. B. and Ali, Md and Aziz, K. M.} } @mastersthesis {6687, title = {Sustainable development and the northern export-oriented aluminium industry in {Brazil}: a multidisciplinary analysis}, year = {1996}, note = {U082489}, school = {The University of Nottingham (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The present study initially examines the concept of {\textquoteright}sustainable development{\textquoteright} by examining the roots of the social and environmental problems in industrialised economies. It identifies the orthodox and limited approach of science, economists and international financial institutions, and the ineffectiveness of government{\textquoteright}s and corporation{\textquoteright}s policies to tackle some social and environmental impacts. The inappropriateness of conventional GDP/GNP measures and the lack of suitable accountability for the impacts caused by the exploitation of natural resources, mainly in developing and less developed countries is also considered. This analysis also takes into consideration the possible growth of these impacts due to increases in materials consumption and the globalisation of the world{\textquoteright}s economy. This leads to the increasing power of transnational corporations which are able to influence the international trade and governments policies.From this basis, the impacts of the activities of the aluminium industry world-wide, which is dominated by only six large corporations, are assessed. The Brazilian Amazonia was chosen by the aluminium corporations to be one of the export-oriented bases of the global aluminium industry, mainly because they were attracted by government subsidies and tax free operations. The research shows that this type of industry is not suitable for the development of the region because of its serious social and environmental impacts, i.e. soil, water and land contamination, deforestation and loss of biodiversity caused by bauxite mining. A link is also established between the industry and the large hydropower projects which have involved increases in the country{\textquoteright}s external debt accompanied by heavy social and environmental impacts.The thesis also concludes that the aluminium industry cannot deliver benefits for the local population because of the concentration of high electricity consumption in primary aluminium production and low level of employment.(DXN008,190)}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU082489, 0501:Economics, Bibliographies, economics, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301490024?accountid=14270}, author = {Casagrande Junior, E.F.} } @mastersthesis {6732, title = {Sustainable development and the northern export-oriented aluminium industry in {Brazil}: {A} multidisciplinary analysis}, year = {1996}, note = {C564981}, school = {The University of Nottingham (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The present study initially examines the concept of {\textquoteright}sustainable development{\textquoteright} by examining the roots of the social and environmental problems in industrialised economies. It identifies the orthodox and limited approach of science, economists and international financial institutions, and the ineffectiveness of governments{\textquoteright} and corporations{\textquoteright} policies to tackle some social and environmental impacts. The inappropriateness of conventional GDP/GNP measures and the lack of suitable accountability for the impacts caused by the exploitation of natural resources, mainly in developing and less developed countries is also considered. This analysis also takes into consideration the possible growth of these impacts due to increases in materials consumption and the globalization of the world{\textquoteright}s economy. This leads to the increasing power of transnational corporations which are able to influence the international trade and governments policies. From this basis, the impacts of the activities of the aluminium industry world-wide, which is dominated by only six large corporations, are assessed. The Brazilian Amazonia was chosen by the aluminium corporations to be one of the export-oriented bases of the global aluminium industry, mainly because they were attracted by government subsidies and tax free operations. The research shows that this type of industry is not suitable for the development of the region because of its serious social and environmental impacts, i.e. soil, water and land contamination, deforestation and loss of biodiversity caused by bauxite mining. A link is also established between the industry and the large hydropower projects which have involved increases in the country{\textquoteright}s external debt accompanied by heavy social and environmental impacts. The thesis also concludes that the aluminium industry cannot deliver benefits for the local population because of the concentration of high electricity consumption in primary aluminium production and low level of employment. Furthermore, there is a critical analysis of the {\textquoteright}environmental friendly{\textquoteright} image built on the recyclability of aluminium, i. e. aluminium cans. The study also shows which materials can be substitutes for aluminium. The final section gives practical examples of socially equitable development models which are currently running in other countries and sustainable projects which are already implemented in Amazonia. These indicate the direction for further research for the development of Amazonia.}, keywords = {0700:Social structure, 0768:Environmental science, 0791:Energy, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Applied sciences, Area planning \& development, Energy, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Social sciences, Social structure, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304288726?accountid=14270}, author = {Casagrande, Jr, Eloy Fassi} } @article {11388, title = {Taenia saginata: vaccination against cysticercosis in cattle with recombinant oncosphere antigens}, journal = {Experimental parasitology}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {330-338}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0014-4894}, author = {Lightowlers, Marshall W and Rolfe, Rick and Gauci, Charles G} } @article {7199, title = {Temporal variation in drinking water turbidity and diagnosed gastroenteritis in {Milwaukee}.}, journal = {American journal of public health}, volume = {86}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {237{\textendash}239}, url = {http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.86.2.237}, author = {Morris, Robert D. and Naumova, Elena N. and Levin, Ronnie and Munasinghe, Rajika L.} } @article {3112, title = {Time course of coproantigen excretion in {Echinococcus} multilocularis infections in foxes and an alternative definitive host, golden hamsters}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, year = {1996}, month = {nov}, pages = {1271{\textendash}1278}, abstract = {Coproantigen excretion during experimental infections of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes and an alternative definitive host, golden hamsters, was evaluated by a sandwich ELISA using a monoclonal antibody. A sigmoidal increase of antigen excretion from the developing parasites was observed in in vitro incubation of the parasites collected on different days during the first 21 days post-infection (DPI). In hamsters, the ELISA O.D. value of faeces became positive at 4 DPI. Thereafter, the O.D. value increased in semi-sigmoidal fashion in the first 42 DPI, probably reflecting the development of the parasites. In foxes, the O.D. value became positive at 6 DPI. However, contrary to that in hamsters, after the initial steep rise, the O.D. value suddenly decreased to 1/2 the level during 15-17 DPI, indicating that a large number of worms might have been expelled. The parasite eggs were detected by the sugar centrifugal-flotation technique (Ito, Yagi \& Ishige, 1989) from 29 to 84 DPI but not thereafter to 125 DPI, although mature parasites were detected at 125 DPI. In contrast, positive O.D. values were obtained almost constantly until 125 DPI, indicating that the coproantigen detection assay was more sensitive than the egg detection assay. The detection limit of the coproantigen assay was roughly estimated to be around 100 worms. These observations, along with the fact that the assay was designed to detect a heat-resistant coproantigen in heat-sterilized fecal samples, indicate that the coproantigen detection assay is a safe and useful method, not only for diagnosis in the definitive host of E. multilocularis, but also for monitoring parasite development and change in parasite burden during an experimental infection.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, Arvicolinae, Cricetinae, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Feces, Foxes, Helminth, Immunosuppression, Mesocricetus, Time Factors}, issn = {0020-7519}, author = {Nonaka, N. and Iida, M. and Yagi, K. and Ito, T. and Ooi, H. K. and Oku, Y. and Kamiya, M.} } @inbook {1631, title = {The transmission and prevention of infectious disease}, booktitle = {Modeling disease transmission and its prevention by disinfection.}, year = {1996}, pages = {3-54}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Hurst, C. J. and Murphy, P. A.}, editor = {Hurst, C. J.} } @inbook {14689, title = {The transmission and prevention of infectious disease}, booktitle = {Modeling disease transmission and its prevention by disinfection.}, year = {1996}, pages = {3{\textendash}54}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Hurst, C. J. and Murphy, P. A.}, editor = {Hurst, C. J.} } @book {5404, title = {{Treatment Wetlands}}, year = {1996}, publisher = {Lewis Publishers}, organization = {Lewis Publishers}, address = {Boca Raton, FL}, author = {Kadlec, RH and Knight, RL} } @article {6984, title = {Urbanization: the challenge for the next century}, journal = {Finance \& Development}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, month = {jun}, pages = {50}, keywords = {Conservation of Natural Resources, Demographic Factors, Demography, environment, Environmental Degradation, Geographic Factors, Geography, Health, natural resources, Population, Population Dynamics, Population Growth, Public health, sanitation, Spatial Distribution, Urban Population, Urban Spatial Distribution, Urbanization, Water Supply, World}, issn = {0015-1947}, author = {World Resources Institute and United Nations Environment Program UNEP and United Nations Development Programme UNDP} } @article {11008, title = {Use of hydrated lime for disinfection of sewage sludge containing {Salmonella} typhimurium and {Ascaris} suum as model pathogens}, journal = {Veterin{\'a}rn{\'\i} medic{\'\i}na}, volume = {41}, number = {8}, year = {1996}, pages = {255{\textendash}259}, keywords = {Ascaris suum, dezinficiencia, odpadn{\'\i} vody, oxidy, Salmonella typhimurium, slou{\v c}eniny v{\'a}pn{\'\i}ku}, url = {http://www.medvik.cz/link/bmc97010645}, author = {Plach{\'y}, P. and Juris, P. and Plach{\'a}, I. and Venglovsky, J.} } @article {3094, title = {Vaccination against hydatidosis using a defined recombinant antigen}, journal = {Parasite Immunology}, volume = {18}, number = {9}, year = {1996}, month = {sep}, pages = {457{\textendash}462}, abstract = {Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of hydatid disease in humans and animals. Natural transmission of the parasite occurs between dogs as definitive hosts and animal intermediate hosts. There is an urgent need for improved methods to control the parasite{\textquoteright}s transmission. Here we describe the development of a vaccine based on a cloned recombinant antigen from the parasite egg (oncosphere). Sheep-vaccinated with the antigen, designated EG95, are protected (mean 96-98\%) against hydatidosis developing from an experimental challenge infection with E. granulosus eggs. The vaccine will provide a valuable new tool to aid in control of transmission of this important human pathogen. It also has the potential to prevent hydatid disease directly through vaccination of humans.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Antigens, Base Sequence, Cloning, Complementary, DNA, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Helminth, Helminth Proteins, Humans, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Recombinant Proteins, Sheep, Synthetic, Vaccination, Vaccines}, issn = {0141-9838}, author = {Lightowlers, M. W. and Lawrence, S. B. and Gauci, C. G. and Young, J. and Ralston, M. J. and Maas, D. and Heath, D. D.} } @inbook {10612, title = {{Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and other pathogenic vibrios,}}, booktitle = {Medical Microbiology}, year = {1996}, edition = {4th}, author = {Finkelstein, RA}, editor = {Baron, S} } @article {10643, title = {{Vibrios in the marine and estuarine environment: tracking of Vibrio cholerae}}, journal = {Ecosystem Health}, volume = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {198{\textendash}214}, author = {Huq, A and Colwell, RR} } @mastersthesis {6593, title = {Water provision improvements: {A} case study of {Trinidad}. {Willingness} to pay, pricing policy, cost reduction and institutional strengthening}, year = {1996}, note = {NN12443}, school = {McGill University (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Government expenditure on infrastructure has been high in most developing countries. However, though access to services has broadened, the general condition of infrastructure is poor, and the quality of service has deteriorated. Water services is a good example of this problematique. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a demand-oriented perspective on water provision for domestic users. The thesis examines cost recovery potential based on household willingness to pay more for an improved service and water pricing. Also, factors contributing to rising provision costs are explored, with the aim of formulating prescriptions for demand management and lowered costs. The thesis also focuses on institutional strengthening scenarios which achieve a demand orientation in water delivery. To this end, competition in the provision of water services and the regulation of service providers are examined. A case study of domestic users in Trinidad was undertaken. Households in the main urban area were surveyed to test willingness to pay for water improvements using a questionnaire which incorporated three methodologies; contingent ranking, contingent valuation and the household production function. The household production function examined the revealed preference of consumers, whereas the contingent ranking and contingent valuation considered the stated preference for different features of the water service. The survey found that most consumers were willing to pay more than twice the current price of water, contingent upon a guaranteed improvement in service, particularly reliability. The main factors influencing willingness to pay were household income, the price of water, number of service hours, and housing and land tenure. The results indicate that while the potential for cost recovery does exist, formulating demand-oriented water policies with a focus on improved reliability is necessary. Extensive interviews were also conducted with professionals from both local and international agencies involved in the water sector, to elicit their perspectives on the problems of water agencies and possible solutions. There is a consensus among sector professionals that water agencies should emphasize improvements in operational performance, system maintenance and rehabilitation, and quality and reliability of service, instead of increases in capacity through new investments. Professionals took the common position that institutional capacity building was needed to achieve these results.}, keywords = {0554:Sanitation, 0617:Public administration, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Applied sciences, Area planning \& development, Public administration, sanitation, Social sciences, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/250184729?accountid=14270}, author = {Mycoo, Michelle} } @article {14620, title = {Waterborne rotavirus: {A} risk assessment}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {2929{\textendash}2940}, abstract = {A risk assessment approach was used to estimate the public health impacts from exposure to human rotavirus in drinking and recreational waters. Rotavirus is the major cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and several waterborne outbreaks have been documented. This results in a significant economic impact on society in terms of direct medical costs, loss of work, quality of life and mortality. The virus is common in domestic wastewater and polluted surface waters. Dose-response data in human adult volunteers indicate that it is the most infective of all the enteric viruses, and this was used to develop a microbial risk assessment model to estimate daily and yearly risks of infection, morbidity and mortality for exposure via drinking and recreational waters using existing information on the occurrence of rotavirus. The disease is most severe for the very young, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Case fatality rates in the United States are 0.01\% in the general population, 1\% in the elderly, and up to 50\% in the immunocompromised. Analysis indicates that significant risks of disease (5 {\texttimes} 10-1-2.45 {\texttimes} 10-3) could result for drinking and recreational waters in which rotavirus has been detected. The major limitation in assessing the risks of waterborne rotaviral infections at present is the lack of data on its occurrence in water and the potential for human exposure.}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Rose, J. B. and Haas, C. N. and Crabtree, K. D.} } @article {221, title = {Waterborne rotavirus: A risk assessment}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {30}, number = {12}, year = {1996}, pages = {2929-2940}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A risk assessment approach was used to estimate the public health impacts from exposure to human rotavirus in drinking and recreational waters. Rotavirus is the major cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and several waterborne outbreaks have been documented. This results in a significant economic impact on society in terms of direct medical costs, loss of work, quality of life and mortality. The virus is common in domestic wastewater and polluted surface waters. Dose-response data in human adult volunteers indicate that it is the most infective of all the enteric viruses, and this was used to develop a microbial risk assessment model to estimate daily and yearly risks of infection, morbidity and mortality for exposure via drinking and recreational waters using existing information on the occurrence of rotavirus. The disease is most severe for the very young, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Case fatality rates in the United States are 0.01\% in the general population, 1\% in the elderly, and up to 50\% in the immunocompromised. Analysis indicates that significant risks of disease (5 {\texttimes} 10-1-2.45 {\texttimes} 10-3) could result for drinking and recreational waters in which rotavirus has been detected. The major limitation in assessing the risks of waterborne rotaviral infections at present is the lack of data on its occurrence in water and the potential for human exposure.}, keywords = {rotavirus risk assessment drinking water recreational water water treatment}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00187-X}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004313549600187X}, author = {Charles P Gerba and Rose, Joan B. and Haas, Charles N. and Crabtree, Kristina D.} } @article {1575, title = {Waterborne rotavirus: A risk assessment}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {30}, number = {12}, year = {1996}, pages = {2929-2940}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A risk assessment approach was used to estimate the public health impacts from exposure to human rotavirus in drinking and recreational waters. Rotavirus is the major cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and several waterborne outbreaks have been documented. This results in a significant economic impact on society in terms of direct medical costs, loss of work, quality of life and mortality. The virus is common in domestic wastewater and polluted surface waters. Dose-response data in human adult volunteers indicate that it is the most infective of all the enteric viruses, and this was used to develop a microbial risk assessment model to estimate daily and yearly risks of infection, morbidity and mortality for exposure via drinking and recreational waters using existing information on the occurrence of rotavirus. The disease is most severe for the very young, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Case fatality rates in the United States are 0.01\% in the general population, 1\% in the elderly, and up to 50\% in the immunocompromised. Analysis indicates that significant risks of disease (5 {\texttimes} 10-1-2.45 {\texttimes} 10-3) could result for drinking and recreational waters in which rotavirus has been detected. The major limitation in assessing the risks of waterborne rotaviral infections at present is the lack of data on its occurrence in water and the potential for human exposure.}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Rose, J. B. and Haas, C. N. and Crabtree, K. D.} } @article {10805, title = {{Weekly epidemiological record}}, journal = {Cholera in 1995}, volume = {71}, number = {21}, year = {1996}, pages = {157{\textendash}164}, author = {WHO} } @article {11318, title = {Weekly epidemiological record}, journal = {Cholera in 1995}, volume = {71}, year = {1996}, pages = {157-164} } @mastersthesis {6759, title = {Well-posedness of nonlinear evolution equations}, year = {1996}, note = {9704179}, school = {University of California, Santa Barbara}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis is concerned with local properties of three nonlinear evolution systems: the generalized Burgers{\textquoteright} equation, Benney{\textquoteright}s interaction system for long and short water waves, and a coupled Schrodinger-Korteweg de Vries system. For each system well-posedness of the Cauchy problem is shown. For the generalized Burgers{\textquoteright} equation,\$\${\textbackslash}left{\textbackslash}\{\vphantom{\}} {\textbackslash}eqalign\{\&{\textbackslash}partial{\textbackslash}sb\{t\}u-{\textbackslash}partial{\textbackslash}sbsp\{x\}\{2\}u+{\textbackslash}partial{\textbackslash}sb\{x\}(u{\textbackslash}sp\{k + 1\}) = 0,{\textbackslash}quad t, x{\textbackslash}in(0,T){\textbackslash}times{\textbackslash}IR,{\textbackslash}cr \&u(x,0)=u{\textbackslash}sb0(x),\}{\textbackslash}cr\$\$well-posedness in sought in the general Sobolev spaces, \${\textbackslash}dot L{\textbackslash}sp\{p,s\}({\textbackslash}IR)\$ and \$L{\textbackslash}sp\{p,s\}({\textbackslash}IR)\$. It is shown that the equation is well-posed up to and including the scaling exponent, \$s=s{\textbackslash}sb\{p,k\} := 1/p-1/k.\$ Next, for Benney{\textquoteright}s system,\$\${\textbackslash}left{\textbackslash}\{\vphantom{\}} {\textbackslash}eqalign\{\&i{\textbackslash}partial{\textbackslash}sb\{t\}u+{\textbackslash}partial{\textbackslash}sbsp\{x\}\{2\}u = {\textbackslash}alpha{\textbackslash}vert u{\textbackslash}vert{\textbackslash}sp2u+{\textbackslash}beta nu,{\textbackslash}quad t, x{\textbackslash}in(0,T){\textbackslash}times{\textbackslash}IR,{\textbackslash}cr \&{\textbackslash}partial{\textbackslash}sb\{t\}n={\textbackslash}partial{\textbackslash}sb\{x\}({\textbackslash}vert u{\textbackslash}vert{\textbackslash}sp2){\textbackslash}cr \&u(x,0)=u{\textbackslash}sb0(x),{\textbackslash}cr \&n(x, 0) = n{\textbackslash}sb0(x),\}{\textbackslash}cr\$\$well-posedness is shown for \$(u{\textbackslash}sb0, n{\textbackslash}sb0){\textbackslash}in H{\textbackslash}sp\{s\}({\textbackslash}IR){\textbackslash}times L{\textbackslash}sp\{1/s\}({\textbackslash}IR)\$ for the case \${\textbackslash}alpha=0\$ and \$s{\textbackslash}in(0, 1/2).\$ For the case \$1/2{\textbackslash}le s{\textless}1\$ and \${\textbackslash}alpha{\textbackslash}not= 0\$ it is shown that given \${\textbackslash}varepsilon {\textgreater} 0,\$ and (\$u{\textbackslash}sb0, n{\textbackslash}sb0){\textbackslash}in H{\textbackslash}sp\{s\}({\textbackslash}IR){\textbackslash}times H{\textbackslash}sp\{s-(1/2)+{\textbackslash}varepsilon\}({\textbackslash}IR)\$ Benney{\textquoteright}s system is well-posed. For the case \$s=1/2\$ then \${\textbackslash}varepsilon=0\$ suffices. Furthermore, if \${\textbackslash}alpha=0\$ the solution is global. Lastly, an interaction system of the capillary-gravity wave is considered. It is shown that the Cauchy problem of a coupled Schrodinger-Korteweg de Vries system,\$\${\textbackslash}left{\textbackslash}\{\vphantom{\}} {\textbackslash}eqalign\{\&i{\textbackslash}partial{\textbackslash}sb\{t\}u+{\textbackslash}partial{\textbackslash}sbsp\{x\}\{2\}u={\textbackslash}alpha{\textbackslash}vert u{\textbackslash}vert{\textbackslash}sp2u+{\textbackslash}beta vu,{\textbackslash}quad t, x{\textbackslash}in(0,T){\textbackslash}times{\textbackslash}IR,{\textbackslash}cr \&{\textbackslash}partial{\textbackslash}sb\{t\}v+{\textbackslash}partial{\textbackslash}sbsp\{x\}\{3\}v+{\textbackslash}partial{\textbackslash}sb\{x\}v{\textbackslash}sp2={\textbackslash}gamma {\textbackslash}partial{\textbackslash}sb\{x\}({\textbackslash}vert u{\textbackslash}vert{\textbackslash}sp2),{\textbackslash}cr \&u(x,0)=u{\textbackslash}sb0(x),{\textbackslash}cr \&v(x,0)=v{\textbackslash}sb0(x),{\textbackslash}cr\}\$\$is locally well-posed for \$(u{\textbackslash}sb0, v{\textbackslash}sb0){\textbackslash}in L{\textbackslash}sp2({\textbackslash}IR){\textbackslash}times H{\textbackslash}sp\{-1/2\}({\textbackslash}IR).\$}, keywords = {0405:Mathematics, Mathematics, Pure sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304287630?accountid=14270}, author = {Bekiranov, Daniella} } @article {4876, title = {{Widespread foodborne cyclosporiasis outbreaks present major challenges}}, journal = {Emerg Infect Dis.}, volume = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {354{\textendash}356}, author = {Colley, DG} } @mastersthesis {6499, title = {Willingness to pay for drinking water quality improvements: {A} contingent valuation study for {Southwestern} {Minnesota}}, year = {1996}, note = {9706195}, school = {University of Minnesota}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The concentrations of copper, iron, sulfate, or hardness in the public water supplies are a concern for a number of communities in Southwestern Minnesota. To assist communities concerned about those problems in water, this study used the contingent valuation method to determine how much consumers would be willing to pay to improve their drinking water quality and what factors influence consumers{\textquoteright} willingness-to-pay (WTP). To elicit this information a mail questionnaire was sent to a randomly selected sample of 910 residents who receive their water from one of the public water supply systems in Southwestern Minnesota. All of the communities selected for the survey had levels of iron, sulfate, hardness or copper above the desired standards. The survey resulted in 70\% response rate with 640 completed questionnaires. The survey results showed that about three-quarters of the respondents considered their community{\textquoteright}s overall water quality to be fair or better. However, 45\% of the respondents found their water to be hard and 35\% were concerned about the level of copper contamination. Individuals were willing to pay \$5.25, {\textbackslash}\$4.33, \$5.33, and {\textbackslash}\$4.38 per month to reduce the level of iron, sulfate, hardness, and copper in their water. The aggregate annual WTPs for communities in Southwestern Minnesota that do not meet water quality standards were estimated at \$2.4, {\textbackslash}\$2.0, \$6.6, and {\textbackslash}\$2.6 million for reducing the levels of iron, sulfate, hardness and copper, respectively. Yet, consumers{\textquoteright} total WTP in small communities may not be enough to pay the full cost of providing improved water through public water systems although the WTP in small communities was the same as that in larger communities. To better understand how individual{\textquoteright}s perception of water quality and socio/demographic characteristics affect the WTP, Probit and Censored Tobit analyses were used. The results show that higher income, housing values, and education level significantly increase consumer{\textquoteright}s WTP. However, the WTP is negatively related to higher water bills. In addition, respondents with negative perceptions of their drinking water quality in terms of taste, odor, color, softness, and safety were willing to pay more to improve water quality.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0573:Public health, 0630:Welfare, economics, Health and environmental sciences, Public health, Social sciences, Water quality, Welfare}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304265922?accountid=14270}, author = {Cho, Yongsung} } @mastersthesis {6387, title = {The willingness to pay for rural water supplies}, year = {1996}, note = {0577232}, school = {Colorado School of Mines}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Many individual households and rural water systems in the Western United States rely on groundwater for their domestic water supplies. Some of these systems have reliability and quality problems which can be addressed through the construction of surface water systems. In order to determine the economic feasibility of building a rural surface water system, the benefits of the proposed system must be estimated and compared to the costs. The three essays included in this dissertation present methods for estimating rural water supply benefits and evaluating the economic feasibility of rural water supply projects. Essay one develops a methodology for estimating the benefits of rural water supply improvements using contingent valuation data. A range of willingness to pay models are estimated. Essay two evaluates the accuracy of using benefits transfer to estimate rural water supply improvement benefits. Benefits transfer guidelines are developed. Essay three presents a benefit-cost application to illustrate how benefit estimation techniques can be used to help make rural water supply policy decisions. Household willingness to pay for rural water supply improvements is estimated to range from \$3.89 to {\textbackslash}\$17.29 per household per month. Variables that influence the willingness to pay for rural water supplies include: income, the cost of obtaining water, measures of use, and the need to haul water for domestic use. The contingent valuation method appears to provide reasonable estimates of the benefits from rural water supply improvements. A comparison of willingness to pay estimates using benefit model transfers and estimates from site specific survey data indicates benefit transfers can result in reasonably accurate benefit estimates. The most important criteria for accurate benefit estimation using benefits transfer include: resource similarity, models that include socio-economic variables, consistent and reliable data sources, and statistics that allow for testing the significance of variables. Benefits transfer appears to provide reasonably accurate estimates of natural resource benefits if a broad based benefit model is used A comparison of the benefits and costs of a proposed rural water system near Sioux Falls, South Dakota indicates the cost of expanding rural water supplies is much greater than user benefits.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, economics, rural communities, Social sciences, Water Supply}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304295594?accountid=14270}, author = {Piper, Steven Lee} } @mastersthesis {7204, title = {Women and willingness to pay: {Assessing} a community water supply management paradigm, {South} {Sulawesi}, {Indonesia}}, year = {1996}, note = {MM14443}, school = {University of Guelph (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This hypothesis is an investigation of the hypothesis that community management leads to sustainable water supply systems, where women are the key to achieving such sustainability, including increased willingness to pay (WTP). This hypothesis is tested by comparing performance indicators (i.e. effective use, sustainability, and replicability) of the PEGESUS evaluation framework, the role of women, and WTP of two distinct community-based (rural) management systems to an institutionalized (urban) system in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Research methodology employed a mix of participatory rural appraisal techniques, household surveys, and key informant interviews. Evaluation results revealed the community managed systems to be potentially stronger in meeting user needs. A relatively low urban WTP paled in comparison to the rural WTP{\textquoteright}s, where management style imbued an eclectic blend of religious and cultural law. Women by far represented a relatively untapped potential in both rural and urban study areas. Their participation did not in itself determine sustainability. Research findings allude to factors such as strong leadership, community organization and viable external linkages as requisites for sustainability. Further inclusion of women would complement and increase the fidelity of management given their roles as primary water users. Application of the community management approach as a vehicle for sustainable water supply systems is constrained by the enabling environment, the degree of government openness for community-based decision-making, and the overall complexity of the decision-making process.}, keywords = {0453:Womens studies, 0501:Economics, 0617:Public administration, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Area planning \& development, economics, Public administration, Social sciences, Urban planning, Womens studies}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304240669?accountid=14270}, author = {Millette, Colin Martin} } @article {4162, title = {{The World Health Report, 1996}}, year = {1996}, institution = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva} } @article {11116, title = {Acute pancreatitis caused by biliary Ascaris in pregnancy}, journal = {Journal of perinatology}, volume = {15}, year = {1995}, pages = {330-332}, author = {Astral, T. and Rogers, N.} } @article {4483, title = {Adenovirus vaccines in the U.S. military}, journal = {Military Medicine}, volume = {160}, number = {6}, year = {1995}, pages = {300{\textendash}4}, issn = {0026-4075 (Print) 0026-4075 (Linking)}, author = {Gaydos, C. A. and Gaydos, J. C.} } @article {524, title = {Adenovirus vaccines in the U.S. military}, journal = {Mil Med}, volume = {160}, number = {6}, year = {1995}, note = {Gaydos, C A Gaydos, J C United states Military medicine Mil Med. 1995 Jun;160(6):300-4.}, pages = {300-4}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Acute respiratory disease (ARD) due to adenoviruses caused significant morbidity in military training populations. Since 1971 ARD has been controlled by the use of live, enteric-coated, adenovirus (ADV) types 4 and 7 vaccines. This immunization program overcame significant problems in vaccine development. Due to a production delay, military training posts stopped ADV vaccine administration in spring 1994. The delivery of ADV vaccine resumed in late February 1995, but another production delay is anticipated. A generation of military medical people have not been exposed to the significant morbidity caused by adenoviruses and are unaware of the effectiveness of the ADV vaccine. ARD morbidity before ADV vaccines, the ADV vaccine development program, and current issues regarding the control of ARD due to adenoviruses in the military are discussed.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ immunology Adenoviridae Infections/physiopathology/ prevention \& control Humans Immunization Programs Military Personnel Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult/ prevention \& control/virology United States Viral Vaccines/administration \& dosage}, issn = {0026-4075 (Print) 0026-4075 (Linking)}, author = {Gaydos, C. A. and Gaydos, J. C.} } @article {5923, title = {{Age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses in Pune, India, 1982 and 1992}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {171}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, pages = {447{\textendash}450}, author = {Arankalle, VA and Tsarev, SA} } @article {9667, title = {Alveolar hydatid disease. Review of the surgical experience in 42 cases of active disease among Alaskan Eskimos}, journal = {Annals of Surgery}, volume = {221}, year = {1995}, pages = {315-323}, author = {Wilson, J.F. and Rausch, R. L. and Wilson, F.R.} } @article {9376, title = {{Amebiasis}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, year = {1995}, pages = {1453{\textendash}1464}, author = {Ravdin, JI} } @article {9319, title = {{Amibes et amibiases}}, journal = {Maladies infectieuses}, year = {1995}, pages = {08{\textendash}500}, author = {L{\'e}ger, N} } @article {6097, title = {An assessment of the potential adverse properties of fluorescent tracer dyes used for groundwater tracing}, journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {75{\textendash}96}, author = {Field, Malcolm S and Wilhelm, Ronald G and Quinlan, James F and Aley, Thomas J} } @article {10756, title = {{Attachment of non culturable toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1, and Aeromonas spp. to aquatic arthropod Gerris spinolae and plants in river Ganga, Varanasi}}, journal = {FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology}, volume = {12}, year = {1995}, pages = {113{\textendash}120}, author = {Shukla, BN and Singh, DV and Sanyal, SC} } @article {4244, title = {{Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli bacteriophages: excretion by humans and animals}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5-6}, year = {1995}, pages = {223{\textendash}230}, abstract = {The faecal excretion of somatic and male-specific coliphages, and phages of Bacteroides fragilis strain HSP40, by humans and a variety of animals has been investigated as part of research on indicator features of phages. Ninety human stool specimens were obtained from black and white male and female individuals varying in age from 6 months to 85 years. Sixty-five faecal samples from domestic animals including cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, geese and rabbits, were obtained from various agricultural and domestic sources. The National Zoological Gardens in Pretoria kindly supplied 38 stool specimens from higher primates (gorilla, orangoutang and chimpanzee). Thirty-seven stool specimens from chacma baboons and vervet monkeys were obtained from the Zoological Gardens and our animal research centre. Five specimens of seabird droppings were obtained from the west coast of South Africa. The qualitative presence of phages was determined by an enrichment procedure followed by a plaque spot test. Double agar layer plaque assays were used to titrate phages. Bacteroides fragilis phages were detected in 13{\%} of human stool samples, but not in any animal faeces. Somatic coliphages were detected in 54{\%} of human, 56{\%} of domestic animal, 57{\%} of monkey and baboon, 53{\%} of higher primate, and 60{\%} of seabird specimens. Male-specific coliphages were detected in 26{\%} of human, 90{\%} of domestic animal, 76{\%} of monkey and baboon, 63{\%} of higher primate, and 20{\%} of seagull faecal samples. Titres of phages in selected samples varied from undetectable by direct plaque assay to 4.5 {\texttimes} 106 somatic and 3.2 {\texttimes} 104 male-specific coliphages per gram of seabird droppings. Faecally polluted environments may, therefore, contain substantial numbers of somatic and male-specific coliphages of human and animal origin. The results confirm earlier observations that B fragilis phages can be used to distinguish between faecal pollution of human and animal origin.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia cof, Humans, Indicators}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.1016/0273-1223(95)00270-W}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/027312239500270W}, author = {Grabow, W and Neubrech, T.E. and Holtzhausen, C.S.; Jofre, J.} } @article {15405, title = {Cercarial emergence of Schistosoma mansoni from Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria straminea}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro}, volume = {90}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, note = {Ch 37}, pages = {565-567}, keywords = {behaviour, cercaria, mollusc, Schistosoma}, author = {Favre, T. C. and Bogea, T. and Rotenberg, L. and Silva, H. S. and Pieri, O. S.} } @article {11748, title = {{Changes in metabolism and behaviour of the freshwater copepod Cyclops strenuus abyssorum infected with Diphyllobothrium spp}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {110}, number = {04}, year = {1995}, pages = {395{\textendash}399}, abstract = {

In a population of copepods {\{}(Cyclops{\}} strenuus abyssorum), with a naturally high prevalence of infection with procercoids of Diphyllobothrium spp., no difference in body size was found between infected and uninfected hosts. However, a significant reduction in the reproductive capacity of infected females was observed, 87{\%} of uninfected females having developed eggs in their gonads and sacs compared with 21{\%} of infected females. The feeding rate of infected copepods was relatively high soon after infection occurred, but gradually decreased to less than half that of uninfected animals. Respiration rate was also lower in infected copepods. Infected copepods showed reduced motility and impaired escape responses, which is likely to make them more susceptible to predation.

}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182000064738}, author = {Pasternak, A F and Huntingford, F A and Crompton, D W T} } @article {7156, title = {The {Chinese} health care system: lessons for other nations}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, volume = {41}, number = {8}, year = {1995}, month = {oct}, pages = {1047{\textendash}1055}, abstract = {This paper examines China{\textquoteright}s health care from a system perspective and draws some lessons for less developed nations. A decade ago, Chinese macro-health policy shifted its health care financing and delivery toward a free market system. It encouraged all levels of health facilities to rely on user fees to support their operations. However, China continued its administered prices and hospitals continued to be operated by the government. These financing, pricing and organizational policies were not coordinated. The author found these uncoordinated policies created serious dissonance in the system. Irrational prices distorted medical practices which resulted in overuse of drugs and high technology tests. Market-based financing created more unequal access to health care between the rich and poor. Public control of hospitals and poor management caused inefficiency, waste and poor quality of care. The disarray of the Chinese health system, however, had not caused a measurable decline in health status of the Chinese people. One explanation was that the government had maintained its level of funding (per capita) for public health and prevention. Another possible explanation was that rapid rising income in China had improved nutrition, clean water and education which offset any adverse impacts of poorer medical services to the low-income populations. Nonetheless, the Chinese experience showed that its increasing expenditure per person for health care through user fees and insurance had not produced commensurate improvement in health status. China{\textquoteright}a experience holds several lessons for less developed nations. First, there is a close linkage between financing, price and organization of health care. Uncoordinated policies could exacerbate inequity and inefficiency in health care.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, keywords = {China, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Developing Countries, Financing, Government, Health Expenditures, Health Policy, Health Services Misuse, Health Status, Humans, Public health, Social Change}, issn = {0277-9536}, author = {Hsiao, W. C.} } @article {10661, title = {{Cholera}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {8}, year = {1995}, pages = {48{\textendash}86}, author = {Kaper, JB and Morris, JG and Levin, MM} } @article {10680, title = {{Cholera: Calamitous past, ominous future}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {20}, year = {1995}, pages = {1409{\textendash}1419}, author = {Lacey, SW} } @article {8411, title = {{A commercial vaccine for ovine toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {110}, year = {1995}, pages = {S11{\textendash}16}, author = {Buxton, D and Innes, EA} } @article {6276, title = {Comparative reductions of hepatitis {A} virus, enteroviruses and coliphage {MS}2 in miniature soil columns}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5-6}, year = {1995}, pages = {203{\textendash}209}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/31/5-6/203.abstract}, author = {Sobsey, Mark D. and Hall, Richard M. and Hazard, Ruth L.} } @article {7171, title = {Comparative reductions of hepatitis {A} virus, enteroviruses and coliphage {MS}2 in miniature soil columns}, journal = {Health-Related Water Microbiology 1994}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, month = {jan}, pages = {203{\textendash}209}, keywords = {coliphage, enteroviruses, Hepatitis A virus, Soil}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.1016/0273-1223(95)00267-Q}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/027312239500267Q}, author = {Sobsey, Mark D. and Hall, Richard M. and Hazard, Ruth L.} } @article {14508, title = {Comparative survival of hepatitis {A} virus, poliovirus and indicator viruses in geographically diverse seawaters}, journal = {Wat Sci Technol}, volume = {31}, year = {1995}, pages = {189 {\textendash} 193}, author = {Callahan, K. M. and Taylor, D. J. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {5048, title = {Comparative survival of hepatitis {A} virus, poliovirus and indicator viruses in geographically diverse seawaters}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, year = {1995}, pages = {189{\textendash}193}, author = {Callahan, KM and Taylor, DJ and Sobsey, MD} } @article {5667, title = {{Comparative Survival of Hepatitis A Virus, Poliovirus and Indicator Viruses in Geographically Diverse Seawaters}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, pages = {189{\textendash}193}, author = {Callahan, KM and Taylor, DJ and Sobsey, M} } @article {16836, title = {Comparison of cDNA probe hybridizations and RT-PCR detection methods for the identification and differentiation of enteroviruses isolated from sea water samples}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, pages = {1309{\textendash}1316}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Muscillo, Michele and La Rosa, Giuseppina and Aulicino, Francesca A and Orsini, Patrizia and Bellucci, Carla and Micarelli, Roberto} } @article {16918, title = {Comparison of F-specific bacteriophage, enterococci, and faecal coliform densities through a wastewater treatment process employing oxidation ponds}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5-6}, year = {1995}, pages = {85{\textendash}89}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Turner, SJ and Lewis, GD} } @article {1859, title = {Comparison of PCR and cell culture for detection of enteroviruses in sludge-amended field soils and determination of their transport}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {61}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, note = {Straub, T M Pepper, I L Gerba, C P eng Comparative Study 1995/05/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 May;61(5):2066-8.}, pages = {2066-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {PCR and cell culture assays for enteroviruses were conducted on soil samples collected from an experimental farm that had received mesophilic anaerobically digested sludge for the past 7 years. Of 24 samples assayed, 21 samples were positive by PCR, implying that at least some viral nucleic acid sequences remained intact. However, these viral particles were unable to infect the Buffalo Green Monkey cell line used in subsequent cell culture assays. It is significant that positive PCR detection of nucleic acid sequences occurred even though the most recent sludge application was 3 months prior to soil sampling. Viral nucleic acid sequences were detected by PCR at points vertically and laterally displaced from sludge injections, illustrating significant transport of viruses. Rainfall and irrigation events may have contributed to viral transport.}, keywords = {Animals Biological Transport Cell Line Cercopithecus aethiops Cytopathogenic Effect, Human/isolation \& purification Poliovirus/isolation \& purification *Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Viral Defective Viruses/isolation \& purification Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus B, Viral/*analysis Sensitivity and Specificity *Sewage *Soil Microbiology Time Factors *Virus Cultivation}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7646051}, author = {Straub, T. M. and Pepper, I. L. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {1822, title = {Concentration and purification of beef extract mock eluates from water samples for the detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus, and Norwalk virus by reverse transcription-PCR}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, note = {Schwab, K J De Leon, R Sobsey, M D eng Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1995/02/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Feb;61(2):531-7.}, pages = {531-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In this study we developed a concentration and purification procedure to facilitate reverse transcription (RT)-PCR detection of enteric viruses in water sample concentrates obtained by conventional filter adsorption-elution methods. One liter of beef extract-glycine eluate with or without humic acid and seeded with poliovirus type 1, hepatitis A virus, and Norwalk virus was used as a model system, and the eluent was further processed for RT-PCR compatibility. The sample concentration and purification procedures which we used included polyethylene glycol precipitation, Pro-Cipitate precipitation, a second polyethylene glycol precipitation, spin column chromatography, and ultrafiltration. The sample volumes were reduced from 1 liter to 20 to 50 microliters, and the samples were purified enough so that viruses could be detected by the RT-PCR. The ability to detect low levels of enteric viruses by molecular techniques was compared directly with the ability to detect enteric viruses by cell culture infectivity procedures. As little as 3 PFU of poliovirus type 1 in an initial 1 liter of mock eluate was detected by the RT-PCR.}, keywords = {Animals Base Sequence Cattle Chemical Precipitation DNA Primers/genetics DNA, Viral/genetics Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Evaluation Studies as Topic Hepatovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Humans Molecular Sequence Data Norwalk virus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Oligonucleotide Probes Polyethylene G}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7574592}, author = {Schwab, K. J. and De Leon, R. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @book {5026, title = {Control of foodborne trematode infections}, year = {1995}, pages = {849}, publisher = {WHO Technical Report Series}, organization = {WHO Technical Report Series}, address = {Geneva} } @booklet {13518, title = {Control of foodborne trematode infections}, number = {849}, year = {1995}, note = {pp. 1-157}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, type = {Technical Report Series}, author = {World Health Organization (WHO)} } @booklet {12699, title = {{Control of foodborne trematode infections, Report of a Study Group. WHO Techn. Rep. Ser. No. 849}}, year = {1995}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {WHO} } @article {15632, title = {Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst and Giardia spp. cyst occurrence, concentrations and distribution in Wisconsin waters}, year = {1995}, institution = {Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources}, author = {Archer, J.R., and Ball, J.R., and Standridge, S.R., and Greb, P.W., and Rasmussen, P.W., and Masterson, J.P., and Boushon, L.}, editor = {Publication No. WR420-95} } @article {4692, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis associated with watery diarrhoea in Peruvian patients}}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {98}, year = {1995}, pages = {325{\textendash}329}, author = {Zerpa, R and Uchima, N and Huicho, L} } @article {4730, title = {{Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in patients with and without AIDS: biliary disease as another clinical manifestation}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {21}, year = {1995}, pages = {1092{\textendash}1097}, author = {Sifuentes-Osorio, J and Porras-Cort{\'e}s, G and Bendall, RP and Morales-Villarreal, F and Reyes-Ter{\'a}n, G and Ruiz-Palacios, GM} } @article {4845, title = {{Cyclospora in patients with traveller{\textquoteright}s diarrhea}}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Disease}, volume = {27}, year = {1995}, pages = {511{\textendash}514}, author = {Gascon, J and Corachan, M and Bombi, JA and M E Valls and Bordes, JM} } @article {4772, title = {{Cyclospora species as a gastrointestinal pathogen in immunocompetent hosts}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {33}, year = {1995}, pages = {1267{\textendash}1269}, author = {Ooi, WW and Zimmerman, SK and Needham, CA} } @mastersthesis {6939, title = {The demand for outpatient care in a health district in the north west province of {Cameroon}: an empirical investigation into the potential effects of introducing community financing in public health centres}, year = {1995}, note = {U062709}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In Cameroon, health care has been provided in public health centres free at the point of delivery. Due to the economic crisis and the worldwide recession, the government can no longer keep pace with the recurrent spending required by the health sector. New thinking about health care financing is needed. There have recently been indications that the government supports the active participation of the community in the financing of health care. The critical elements of this community participation in health care financing which differentiate it from the user fees paid in government hospitals are the local control of the financial resources that goes with the participation and the improvement of quality of care that is expected to result from the local control of the financial resources. The aim of this study is to examine the potential impact of community financing on the utilization and accessibility of health care providers in general and the government health centres in particular. A household interview survey, Focus group discussions, indepth interviews and document reviews were undertaken in one health district in the North West Province of Cameroon. 1147 households with 6656 members were visited and their heads interviewed. Of 1093 households with 3441 adult members analyzed, only 603 indicated that they had an adult sick within two weeks prior to the date of the household interview survey (HIS). The results indicate that people who seek health care from any of the health care providers in the district spend a substantial proportion of their incomes on treatment, even in government health units where treatment is supposed to be free. Like other studies, this one found that people in the poorest quartile spend a higher proportion of their income on treatment compared to those in the highest quartile. Transport and time costs are also higher for those in the lowest quartile compared to those in the highest quartile.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU062709, 0630:Public policy, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public policy, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301491217?accountid=14270}, author = {Tembon, C A} } @article {15764, title = {Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in marine waters}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, month = {1995/01/01/}, pages = {439-442}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium, Giardia, marine water, sewage outfall}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Johnson, D. C. and Reynolds, K. A. and Gerba, C. P. and Pepper, I. L. and Rose, J. B.} } @article {5939, title = {{Detection of hepatitis E virus infections among domestic swine in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, pages = {228{\textendash}232}, author = {Clayson, ET and Innis, BL} } @mastersthesis {6614, title = {Developing basic health care services in {Ethiopia}: an exploratory model for providing and financing a sustainable national health care system}, year = {1995}, note = {U074539}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The public dominated national health care system of Ethiopia is afflicted by three formidable structural and financial problems: underfunding, underdevelopment and inequality. It is inequitable in the location and allocation of health resources. There is an overwhelming shortage of essential drugs and other complementary inputs in most government operated health facilities. Because of severe financial crisis in the health sector, most government operated health facilities outside the capital city exist in name only offering very little or inadequate health care services to the majority of people who, for economic and proximity reasons, are highly dependent on their services.The system now needs pragmatic and comprehensive reforms which deal with the concern of future expansion, improvement in the quality of care, and financing, without which it would be very difficult to avert its impending collapse. These major concerns of the health care system of the country were addressed in this thesis using five exploratory models which provided a framework for making choice amongst alternative courses of action for the location, allocation and financing of health care services.The thesis is not presented as a substitute for formal health planning or policy making in Ethiopia. It is rather intended as a framework for analysis and for assisting such formal planning and decision making. The health care development model in this thesis has integrated the physical and financial planning to the year 2008, and put major emphasis on decentralized expansion of equitable basic health care services and improvement in the quality of care which covers all levels of the public health facilities.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU074539, 0630:Public policy, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public policy, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301527115?accountid=14270}, author = {Chere, G A} } @article {16251, title = {Development of a method to selectively isolate pathogenic Leptospira from environmental samples}, journal = {Water Science and TechnologyWater Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5{\textendash}6}, year = {1995}, pages = {275-282}, keywords = {Faine{\textquoteright}s Test, isolation methods, Leptospira, Pathogens, saprophytes}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Wilson, Richa and Fujioka, Roger} } @article {9436, title = {{Diagnosis of amoebic infection of the liver: report of 36 cases}}, journal = {Ann Soc Belg Med Trop}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, year = {1995}, pages = {297{\textendash}303}, author = {Wynants, H and Van den Ende, J and Randria, J and Van Gompel, A and Van den Enden, E and Brands, C and Coremans, P and Michielsen, P and Verbist, L and Colebunders, R} } @article {2047, title = {Diarrhoea in piglets and monkeys experimentally infected with Balantidium coli isolated from human faeces}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {98}, year = {1995}, pages = {69-72}, author = {Yang, Y. and Zeng, L. and Li, M. and Zhou, J.} } @article {11319, title = {Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis. Report of transvitreal surgical removal of a subretinal nematode}, journal = {Opthalmology}, volume = {102}, year = {1995}, pages = {1183-1186}, author = {De Souza, EC and Nakashima, Y} } @article {11766, title = {{Difilobotriasis en salm{\'o}nidos introducidos en el Parque y la Reserva Nacional Nahuel Huapi. Argentina: Patolog{\'\i}a de las lesiones producidas por Diphyllobothrium spp.}}, journal = {Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria}, volume = {27}, year = {1995}, pages = {115{\textendash}122}, author = {Revenga, J and Perfumo, CJ and {\'U}beda, CA and Semenas, LG} } @article {9226, title = {{Digestive parasitic diseases. A continuous current problem}}, journal = {Tunis Med}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {53{\textendash}56}, author = {Chaker, E and Bel Hadj, S and Khaled, S and Ben Moussa, M and Ben Rachid, MS} } @mastersthesis {6274, title = {Diversity, distribution and community structure of electric fishes ({Gymnotiformes}) in the channels of the {Amazon} {River} system, {Brazil}}, year = {1995}, note = {9600606}, school = {Duke University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Community assemblages of gymnotiform electric fishes inhabiting the main channels of the Brazilian Amazon River and 11 of its larger tributaries were studied to determine species composition, diversity, distribution and community structure. Electric fish distributions were examined for possible correlations with environmental factors. Comparisons were performed at three different scales: locally, at particular sites along the Amazon; along the Amazon River and its tributaries; and across three large rivers (Amazon, Negro and Orinoco Rivers). In 1992 and 1993, samples of fishes were collected at 36 stations with small 3 m trawl nets hauled at depths from about 2 m to 40 m. Overall, forty species of electric fishes were collected: 25 species of Apteronotidae, 8 Sternopygidae, 5 Rhamphichthyidae and 1 Hypopomidae. The 36 stations were mostly located at sites in and near tributary confluences with the Amazon mainstem. Statistically significant differences in species diversity were detected for stations within sites. Electric fish species diversity tends to increase in the mainstem below tributary mouths. Analyses of species compositions (using non-metric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis based on Jaccard similarity indices) show distinctness of the faunas of the Coari and Tefe Rivers, and a tendency for faunal distinctness of mainstem stations above tributaries. Detrended Correspondence Analysis of species abundances revealed significant variation in the electric fish assemblage structure among stations, and associations of this variation with sites and depth. Geographical distance was not a good predictor of assemblage structure. Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis suggests that electric fish distributions are related to alkalinity, pH, silicates and drainage basin area. These factors are greatest in white-water rivers that have assemblages dominated by apteronotids. Electric fish assemblages of the Negro, Coari, Tefe and Jutai Rivers are positively correlated with high transparency and dissolved organic carbon. Other stations with clear or black-water were dominated in numerical abundance by sternopygids. Comparison of species composition among major watershed indicates that the Negro and Amazon share more species of electric fish with each other than either does with the Orinoco, as would be predicted from the continuity of the first two.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0472:Zoology, Apteronotidae, Biological sciences, Ecology, Hypopomidae, Rhamphichthyidae, Sternopytgidae, Zoology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304179840?accountid=14270}, author = {Fernandes, Cristina Cox} } @article {8450, title = {{Duration of immunity to shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by cats}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {81}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, pages = {410{\textendash}415}, author = {Dubey, JP} } @article {5192, title = {{Dynamics of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae and fecal coliforms in experimental stabilization ponds in the arid region of Marrakesh, Morocco, and the effect of pH, temperature, and sunlight on their experimental survival}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, year = {1995}, pages = {489{\textendash}498}, author = {Mezrioui, N. and Oufdou, K. and Baleux, B.} } @inbook {3092, title = {Echinococcosis/hydatidosis. {Antigens}, immunological and molecular diagnosis.}, booktitle = {Echinococcosis and hydatid disease}, year = {1995}, pages = {355{\textendash}410}, edition = {CAB International}, address = {Wallingford, Oxon}, author = {Lightowlers, M and Gottstein, B} } @article {11601, title = {{The ecology of endoparasitic helminth infections of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Scotland}}, journal = {Folia Parasitologica}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {29{\textendash}35}, abstract = {Two hundred and forty brown trout (Salmo trutta) and 49 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), obtained from 21 locations in Central Scotland between October 1990 and August 1993, were examined for endoparasitic helminth infections. Crepidostomum farionis (Digenea) was the most widely distributed helminth species, followed by Eubothrium crassum (Cestoda), Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and D. ditremum (Cestoda), Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Acanthocephala), Echinorhynchus truttae (Acanthocephala), Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda), Capillaria salvelini (Nematoda), Cyathocephalus truncatus (Cestoda), Raphidascaris acus (Nematoda) and Cystidicola farionis (Nematoda), in that order. The prevalences and intensities of each helminth infection were recorded. No evidence was found to indicate that even fish with the highest worm burdens (e.g. 339 plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium spp.) were experiencing any obvious morbidity. An analysis of pairs of associations between species of helminths revealed a significantly positive association between N. rutili and C. farionis (P {\textless} 0.01). The results are discussed in terms of patterns in helminth communities in freshwater fish}, keywords = {A, Acanthocephala, Analysis, ASSOCIATION, ASSOCIATIONS, Biological, British Isles, BROWN, brown trout, BURDEN, Capillaria, Cestoda, Communities, Community, COMMUNITY COMPOSITION, Crepidostomum, Crepidostomum farionis, Cyathocephalus, Cyathocephalus truncatus, DENDRITICUM, DIGENEA, Diphyllobothrium, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM-DENDRITICUM, Disease, Diseases, Echinorhynchus, Echinorhynchus truttae, Ecology, Endoparasites, Eubothrium, Eubothrium crassum, Eustrongylides, Evolution, FARIONIS, Fish, Freshwater, Freshwater fish, Helminth, HELMINTH COMMUNITIES, helminth community, HELMINTH INFECTION, Helminth infections, Helminthes, Helminths, infection, infections, intensity, location, Morbidity, MYKISS, Nematoda, Neoechinorhynchus, Neoechinorhynchus rutili, NO, NO EVIDENCE, Oncorhynchus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS, ORDER, parasite, parasites, PATTERN, PATTERNS, Plerocercoid, plerocercoids, Population Density, prevalence, rainbow trout, RAINBOW-TROUT, Raphidascaris, Raphidascaris acus, Salmo, Salmo trutta, SALMO-TRUTTA, Scotland, sp, species, TERM, TERMS, trout, TRUTTA, TRUTTAE, WORM, �}, issn = {0015-5683}, author = {Dorucu, M and Crompton, D W T and Huntingford, F A and Walters, D E} } @article {15942, title = {The effect of sewage-sludge treatment processes on oocysts of Cryptosporidium-parvum}, journal = {Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, month = {Jan}, pages = {34-38}, isbn = {0021-8847}, author = {Whitmore, T. N. and Robertson, L. J.} } @article {9313, title = {{{\'E}limination des oeufs de n{\'e}matodes et des kystes de protozoaires des eaux us{\'e}es domestiques par lagunage {\`a} microphytes en zone soudano-sah{\'e}lienne}}, journal = {Revue des sciences de l{\textquoteright}eau/Journal of Water Science}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {1995}, pages = {563{\textendash}577}, author = {Klutse, A and Baleux, B} } @article {9860, title = {{Elucidation of the life cycle of the intestinal protozoan Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {81}, year = {1995}, pages = {446{\textendash}450}, author = {Singh, M and Suresh, K and Ho, LC and Ng, GC and Yap, EH} } @article {10737, title = {{Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences and the PCR to generate fingerprints of genomic DNAs from Vibrio cholerae O1, O139, and non-O1 strains}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {61}, year = {1995}, pages = {2898{\textendash}2904}, author = {Rivera, IG and Chowdhury, MAR and Huq, A and Jacobs, D and Martins, MT and Colwell, RR} } @article {1721, title = {Environmental virology: from detection of virus in sewage and water by isolation to identification by molecular biology{\textendash}a trip of over 50 years}, journal = {Annual Review of Microbiology}, volume = {49}, year = {1995}, note = {Metcalf, T G Melnick, J L Estes, M K eng Review 1995/01/01 Annu Rev Microbiol. 1995;49:461-87.}, pages = {461-87}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Environmental virology began with efforts to detect poliovirus in sewage and water more than 50 years ago. Since that time, cell-culture methods useful for detection of enteroviruses have been replaced by molecular biology techniques for detection of pathogens (hepatitis A and E viruses, caliciviruses, rotaviruses, and astroviruses) that do not grow in cell culture or grow with great difficulty. Amplification of viral nucleic acid using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the current preferred method. PCR or RT-PCR (to detect RNA viral genomes) is rapid, sensitive, specific, and quantitative. Method shortcomings include potential inhibition by substances in some environmental samples and an inability of test results to distinguish between infectious and noninfectious virus. Current questions involving use of PCR/RT-PCR tests for public health purposes include: What is the public health significance of a positive test, and should direct tests for viruses replace current public health-monitoring programs?}, keywords = {DNA, Viral/isolation \& purification *Environmental Microbiology Environmental Monitoring Humans Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Viral/isolation \& purification Sewage/microbiology Virus Diseases/transmission *Viruses/isolation \& purification/pathogenicity Water Microbiology}, issn = {0066-4227 (Print) 0066-4227 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.002333}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8561468}, author = {Metcalf, T. G. and Melnick, J. L. and Estes, M. K.} } @article {7894, title = {{ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY: From Detection of Virus in Sewage and Water by Isolation to Identification by Molecular Biology-A Trip of Over 50 Years}}, journal = {Ann Rev Microbiol}, volume = {49}, year = {1995}, pages = {461{\textendash}487}, author = {Metcalf, TG and Melnick, JL and Estes, MK} } @article {7996, title = {{Epidemic dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1: a sentinel site surveillance of antimicrobial resistance patterns in Burundi}}, journal = {Bull World Health Organ}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {1995}, pages = {787{\textendash}791}, edition = {1995/01/01}, abstract = {Annual epidemics of bacillary dysentery have been a public health problem in Burundi for the last 14 years. Recent civil unrest, resulting in the displacement of large numbers of people into refugee settlements, has aggravated the situation. We report the results of a nationwide, health-centre based, sentinel site survey to check the drug resistance of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1), the causal organism of such epidemics. Shigella spp. (of which 97{\%} were Sd1) were isolated from 73{\%} of the 126 specimens collected from six main sites around the country. There was no difference in culture results from fresh and frozen stool specimens. Overall Sd1 resistance to commonly available antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim, ampicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol) varied from 77{\%} to 99{\%} and was fairly uniformly distributed over the country. All Sd1 isolates were susceptible to newer drugs, such as ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Resistance to nalidixic acid, the current first line of treatment for bacillary dysentery in Burundi, varied from 8{\%} to 83{\%} in the different sentinel sites; global resistance was 57{\%}.}, isbn = {0042-9686 (Print) 0042-9686 (Linking)}, author = {Engels, D and Madaras, T and Nyandwi, S and Murray, J} } @article {2231, title = {{Epidemic dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1: a sentinel site surveillance of antimicrobial resistance patterns in Burundi}}, journal = {Bull World Health Organ}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {1995}, pages = {787{\textendash}791}, edition = {1995/01/01}, abstract = {Annual epidemics of bacillary dysentery have been a public health problem in Burundi for the last 14 years. Recent civil unrest, resulting in the displacement of large numbers of people into refugee settlements, has aggravated the situation. We report the results of a nationwide, health-centre based, sentinel site survey to check the drug resistance of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1), the causal organism of such epidemics. Shigella spp. (of which 97\% were Sd1) were isolated from 73\% of the 126 specimens collected from six main sites around the country. There was no difference in culture results from fresh and frozen stool specimens. Overall Sd1 resistance to commonly available antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim, ampicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol) varied from 77\% to 99\% and was fairly uniformly distributed over the country. All Sd1 isolates were susceptible to newer drugs, such as ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Resistance to nalidixic acid, the current first line of treatment for bacillary dysentery in Burundi, varied from 8\% to 83\% in the different sentinel sites; global resistance was 57\%.}, isbn = {0042-9686 (Print) 0042-9686 (Linking)}, author = {Engels, D and Madaras, T and Nyandwi, S and Murray, J} } @article {14008, title = {Epidemic dysentery caused by {Shigella} dysenteriae type 1: a sentinel site surveillance of antimicrobial resistance patterns in {Burundi}}, journal = {Bull World Health Organ}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {1995}, pages = {787{\textendash}791}, abstract = {Annual epidemics of bacillary dysentery have been a public health problem in Burundi for the last 14 years. Recent civil unrest, resulting in the displacement of large numbers of people into refugee settlements, has aggravated the situation. We report the results of a nationwide, health-centre based, sentinel site survey to check the drug resistance of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1), the causal organism of such epidemics. Shigella spp. (of which 97\% were Sd1) were isolated from 73\% of the 126 specimens collected from six main sites around the country. There was no difference in culture results from fresh and frozen stool specimens. Overall Sd1 resistance to commonly available antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim, ampicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol) varied from 77\% to 99\% and was fairly uniformly distributed over the country. All Sd1 isolates were susceptible to newer drugs, such as ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Resistance to nalidixic acid, the current first line of treatment for bacillary dysentery in Burundi, varied from 8\% to 83\% in the different sentinel sites; global resistance was 57\%.}, author = {Engels, D and Madaras, T and Nyandwi, S and Murray, J} } @article {8661, title = {{Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis: worldwide status}}, journal = {Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift Supplementum}, volume = {65}, year = {1995}, pages = {19S{\textendash}22S}, author = {Zuber, P and Jacquier, P} } @article {14236, title = {Escherichia coli {O}157:{H}7 infection in humans.}, journal = {Annals of internal medicine}, volume = {123}, number = {9}, year = {1995}, month = {nov}, pages = {698{\textendash}714}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical relevance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection, including the epidemiology of the infection and its clinical presentations, pathogenesis, microbiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. DATA SOURCES: Articles on E. coli O157:H7 were identified through MEDLINE and the bibliographies of relevant articles. STUDY SELECTION: All articles and case reports describing E. coli O157:H7 and its infection were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: The data were abstracted without judgments about study design. Data quality and validity were assessed by independent author reviews. DATA SYNTHESIS: Infection with E. coli O157:H7 presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, including asymptomatic carriage, nonbloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, the hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Not only is E. coli O157:H7 an important agent for hemorrhagic colitis, it is also one of the leading causes of bacterial diarrhea. Patients at extremes of age have an increased risk for infection and associated complications. Transmission of E. coli O157:H7 is primarily food-borne. Undercooked meat is the most common culprit, and secondary person-to-person spread is also important. The organism produces at least two Shiga-like toxins that differ antigenically, physicochemically, immunologically, and in their biological effects. These toxins are thought to have direct pathogenic significance in E. coli O157:H7 infection. This infection is usually diagnosed from a positive stool culture, from the presence of Shiga-like toxins, or both. Timely collection (within 7 days of illness onset) of a stool sample for culture is imperative for a high recovery rate. Treatment is primarily supportive and includes the management of complications as necessary. Antibiotic therapy has not been proved beneficial. Important public health measures include educating the public on the danger of eating undercooked meat, increasing physician awareness of E. coli O157:H7 infection, and mandating case reporting. CONCLUSIONS: Infection with E. coli O157:H7 presents with many clinical manifestations and should be included in the differential diagnosis for any patient with new-onset bloody diarrhea. Development of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura should raise strong suspicion of E. coli O157:H7 infection and should lead to prompt evaluation. If infection is confirmed, it should be reported to public health officials.}, keywords = {Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: diagnosis, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: therapy, Humans}, issn = {0003-4819}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7574226}, author = {Su, C and Brandt, L J} } @article {2424, title = {{Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in humans.}}, journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine}, volume = {123}, number = {9}, year = {1995}, month = {nov}, pages = {698{\textendash}714}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical relevance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection, including the epidemiology of the infection and its clinical presentations, pathogenesis, microbiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. DATA SOURCES: Articles on E. coli O157:H7 were identified through MEDLINE and the bibliographies of relevant articles. STUDY SELECTION: All articles and case reports describing E. coli O157:H7 and its infection were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: The data were abstracted without judgments about study design. Data quality and validity were assessed by independent author reviews. DATA SYNTHESIS: Infection with E. coli O157:H7 presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, including asymptomatic carriage, nonbloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, the hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Not only is E. coli O157:H7 an important agent for hemorrhagic colitis, it is also one of the leading causes of bacterial diarrhea. Patients at extremes of age have an increased risk for infection and associated complications. Transmission of E. coli O157:H7 is primarily food-borne. Undercooked meat is the most common culprit, and secondary person-to-person spread is also important. The organism produces at least two Shiga-like toxins that differ antigenically, physicochemically, immunologically, and in their biological effects. These toxins are thought to have direct pathogenic significance in E. coli O157:H7 infection. This infection is usually diagnosed from a positive stool culture, from the presence of Shiga-like toxins, or both. Timely collection (within 7 days of illness onset) of a stool sample for culture is imperative for a high recovery rate. Treatment is primarily supportive and includes the management of complications as necessary. Antibiotic therapy has not been proved beneficial. Important public health measures include educating the public on the danger of eating undercooked meat, increasing physician awareness of E. coli O157:H7 infection, and mandating case reporting. CONCLUSIONS: Infection with E. coli O157:H7 presents with many clinical manifestations and should be included in the differential diagnosis for any patient with new-onset bloody diarrhea. Development of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura should raise strong suspicion of E. coli O157:H7 infection and should lead to prompt evaluation. If infection is confirmed, it should be reported to public health officials.

}, keywords = {Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: diagnosis, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections: microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections: therapy, Humans}, issn = {0003-4819}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7574226}, author = {Su, C and Brandt, L J} } @book {2887, title = {Essentials of the microbiology of foods: a textbook for advanced studies.}, year = {1995}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons}, author = {Mossel, David Alexander Antonius and Corry, Janet EL and Struijk, Corry B and Baird, Rosamund M and others} } @article {6628, title = {Estimating the incidence of waterborne infectious disease related to drinking water in the {United} {States}}, journal = {IAHS Publications-Series of Proceedings and Reports-Intern Assoc Hydrological Sciences}, volume = {233}, year = {1995}, pages = {75{\textendash}88}, url = {http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a233/iahs_233_0075.pdf}, author = {Morris, Robert D. and Levin, Ronnie} } @mastersthesis {6337, title = {Evaluation of unit-based pricing programs for residential solid waste services}, year = {1995}, note = {9615080}, school = {University of Pennsylvania}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The capacity of land-based disposal of solid waste is constantly diminishing, especially in the Northeastern cities of the United States. A solution to this crisis is to provide an incentive for residents to prevent and recycle wastes. Charging residents for waste collection/disposal on a per use basis or unit-based pricing is such an approach. Because the majority of the unit-pricing programs has begun recently, there are few empirical studies documenting waste disposal impacts and cost savings. This is the first study to collect data from individual households from multiple communities and to compare those responses to community aggregated data in an effort to evaluate the impacts of the unit-pricing programs. We designed survey methodology to collect an original data set from municipal officials and residents in 13 flat-fee and 14 unit-pricing communities in Pennsylvania. One thousand and seventy-nine survey questionnaires were mailed to the residents. The response rate from the residential survey was a respectable 61 percent. Our research shows that the technique provided not only good results that are comparable to previous studies, but enabled us to examine wider aspects of the programs. Using various statistical methods, we were able to contrast program characteristics of the flat-fee and unit-pricing groups, compare attitude and behavior of residents, assess the impact on illegal disposal activities, compute various price elasticities of waste, evaluate equity effect and estimate efficiency gain. Major conclusions are: (1) Although the unit-pricing program reduces trash disposal significantly, it has little impact on the recycling amounts; (2) The probability for residents to recycle is especially high if they own their home and are required to recycle; (3) The unit-pricing program has a positive impact on the probability of recycling paper-related materials; (4) In equity, although by itself the unit-pricing program is slightly regressive, it is relatively more progressive when compared to property taxes; (5) Residents in the unit-pricing group not only observe an increase in burning of trash, but also burn more trash than the flat-fee group.}, keywords = {0554:Sanitation, 0768:Environmental science, 0790:Systems design, Applied sciences, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, sanitation, Systems design}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304209666?accountid=14270}, author = {Lohatepanont, Mana} } @article {10767, title = {{Extension of the volunteer challenge model to study South American cholera in a population of volunteers predominantly with blood group antigen O}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {89}, year = {1995}, pages = {75{\textendash}77}, author = {Tacket, CO and Losonsky, G and Nataro, JP and Wasserman, SS and Cryz, SJ and Edelman, R and Levine, MM} } @article {11581, title = {{The first human case of Diplogonoporus balaenopterae (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) infection in Korea}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, pages = {225{\textendash}230}, author = {Chung, D I and Kong, H H and Moon, C H and Choi, D M and Kim, T H and Lee, D W and Park, J J} } @article {12800, title = {{Food safety measures for the control of foodborne trematode infections}}, journal = {Food Control}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, pages = {71{\textendash}79}, author = {Abdussalam, M and Kaferstein, FK and Mott, KE} } @article {17177, title = {FORMATION OF VIABLE BUT NONCULTURABLE SALMONELLA DURING STARVATION IN CHEMICALLY-DEFINED SOLUTIONS}, journal = {Letters in Applied MicrobiologyLetters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, year = {1995}, month = {Jun}, pages = {380-384}, isbn = {0266-8254}, author = {Chmielewski, R. A. N. and Frank, J. F.} } @article {3157, title = {Further evidence for the long distance dispersal of taeniid eggs}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, month = {feb}, pages = {265{\textendash}267}, abstract = {Autopsy of Soay Sheep on St. Kilda revealed the presence of cysticerci of Taenia hydatigena despite the absence of the definitive host on the island. Both the intensity of infection and the prevalence increased with age implying that the sheep did not acquire immunity to reinfection or superinfection. The sheep on average ingested approximately 2.4 eggs per annum. This is far below that expected if an infected dog had visited the island even on a single occasion. The data provide evidence that taeniid eggs are being transported against the prevailing wind by wildlife from at least the nearest inhabited land mass to St Kilda some 60 km distant.}, keywords = {Aging, Animals, Cysticercus, Echinococcosis, Female, Oocytes, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, Taenia}, issn = {0020-7519}, author = {Torgerson, P. R. and Pilkington, J. and Gulland, F. M. and Gemmell, M. A.} } @book {7016, title = {Gender issues sourcebook for water and sanitation projects}, year = {1995}, publisher = {Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council}, organization = {Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council}, url = {http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/01/01/000009265_3961007231855/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf}, author = {Wakeman, Wendy and Supply, Water and Council, Sanitation Collaborative} } @article {10543, title = {{Genesis of the novel epidemic Vibrio cholerae O139 strain: evidence for horizontal transfer of genes involved in polysaccharide synthesis}}, journal = {The EMBO Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {1995}, pages = {209{\textendash}216}, author = {Bik, EM and Bunschoten, AE and Gouw, RD and Mooi, FR} } @article {4263, title = {{Genotyping male-specific RNA coliphages by hybridization with oligonucleotide probes.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {61}, number = {11}, year = {1995}, month = {nov}, pages = {3960{\textendash}6}, abstract = {

F-specific (F+) RNA coliphages are prevalent in sewage and other fecal wastes of humans and animals. There are four antigenically distinct serogroups of F+ RNA coliphages, and those predominating in humans (groups II and III) differ from those predominating in animals (groups I and IV). Hence, it may be possible to distinguish between human and animal wastes by serotyping F+ RNA coliphage isolates. Because serotyping is laborious and requires scarce antiserum reagents, we investigated genotyping using synthetic oligonucleotide probes as an alternative approach to distinguishing the four groups of F+ RNA coliphages. Oligoprobes I, II, III, IV, A, and B were selected to detect group I, II, III, IV, I plus II, and III plus IV phages, respectively. Methods for phage transfer from zones of lysis on a host cell lawn to candidate membrane filters and fixation of genomic nucleic acid on the membranes were optimized. The oligoprobes, which were end labeled with digoxigenin, were applied in DNA-RNA hybridization, and hybrids were observed by colorimetric, immunoenzymatic detection. Of 203 isolates of F+ RNA coliphages from environmental samples of water, wastes, and shellfish, 99.5 and 96.6{\%} could be classified into each group by serotyping and genotyping, respectively. Probes A and B correctly identified 100{\%} of the isolates. On the basis of these results, this method for genotyping F+ RNA coliphages appears to be practical and reliable for typing isolates in field samples.

}, keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Coliphages, Coliphages: classification, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Environmental Microbiology, Feces, Feces: virology, genotype, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Oligonucleotide Probes, Oligonucleotide Probes: genetics, RNA, Serotyping, Viral, Viral: genetics}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=167702{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Hsu, F C and Shieh, Y S and van Duin, J and Beekwilder, M J and Sobsey, M D} } @article {3866, title = {Genotyping of rotaviruses isolated from sewage.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {61}, number = {9}, year = {1995}, pages = {3460{\textendash}3462}, abstract = {

Rotaviruses from environmental samples have been genotyped by a seminested reverse transcription \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} assay with serotype-specific primers derived from variable regions of gene 9, which produce different characteristic segment sizes for serotypes 1 to 4. The method enabled the detection and identification of type 1, 2, and 3 group A rotaviruses in sewage.

}, author = {Gajardo, R and Bouchriti, N and Pinto, R M and Bosch, A} } @article {15786, title = {Giardia and Cryptosporidium in raw and finished water}, journal = {Journal - American Water Works Association}, volume = {87}, number = {9}, year = {1995}, pages = {54-68}, author = {LeChevallier, M.W. and Norton, W.D.} } @article {3639, title = {Group B rotavirus associated with an outbreak of neonatal lamb diarrhea.}, journal = {Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {148{\textendash}150}, author = {Theil, K W and Grooms, D L and McCloskey, C M and Redman, D R} } @article {7345, title = {Health sector reforms in sub-{Saharan} {Africa}: lessons of the last 10 years}, journal = {Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {32}, number = {1-3}, year = {1995}, month = {jun}, pages = {215{\textendash}243}, abstract = {Over the past 10 years the poorest countries, especially in Africa, have struggled with worsening economic conditions and reduced public finance for health services. Some governments have responded in a piecemeal fashion, reacting to internal and external pressures. Others have embarked on major reforms of various aspects of their health systems. This paper reviews two specific types of strategy that have been initiated by governments: reform of financing strategies, and reform of public sector organization and procedures. Particular attention is paid to the experience of introducing user fees, community financing and decentralization since these have been some of the most popular strategies. The paper describes the nature, objectives and extent of reforms. It then presents an evaluation framework related to the criteria of efficiency and equity, and evaluates current reform experience using this framework. It concludes that assessment of the potential impact of reforms on efficiency and equity is undermined by the limited duration of many reforms and the limited nature of existing evaluations. It is clear, however, that a policy package is required rather than implementation of isolated reform strategies, and that in order to design an effective policy package, more needs to be known about the implementation and operation of reforms{\textendash}particularly with respect to the influence of context, actors and processes.}, keywords = {Africa South Of The Sahara, Delivery of Health Care, Developing Countries, Financing, Government, Health Care Rationing, Health Care Reform, Health Policy, Organizational Innovation, Organizational Objectives, Public Sector}, issn = {0168-8510}, author = {Gilson, L. and Mills, A.} } @article {7117, title = {Health systems{\textquoteright} effects on health status{\textendash}financing vs the organization of services}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {85}, number = {10}, year = {1995}, month = {oct}, pages = {1350{\textendash}1351}, keywords = {Australia, Canada, Europe, Financial Support, Health Services Research, Health Status, Humans, National Health Programs, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Single-Payer System, State Medicine, United States}, issn = {0090-0036}, author = {Starfield, B.} } @article {11224, title = {{Helminth eggs in wastewater: quantification technique}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5-6}, year = {1995}, pages = {443{\textendash}446}, doi = {10.1016/0273-1223(95)00309-b}, author = {Gaspard, P and Schwartzbrod, J} } @article {13556, title = {Human fasciolasis in Bolivia: a general analysis and a critical review of existing data}, journal = {Res Rev Parasitol}, volume = {55}, year = {1995}, pages = {73-93}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Angles, R. and Strauss, W. and Esteban, J. G. and Oviedo, J. A. and Buchon, P.} } @article {5453, title = {{ICR protozoan method for detecting Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in water by a fluorescent antibody procedure (EPA/814-B-95-003).}}, year = {1995}, author = {USEPA} } @article {9580, title = {Identification and characterization of three Encephalitozoon cuniculi strains}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {111}, year = {1995}, pages = {411-421}, author = {Didier, ES and Vossbrinck, CR and Baker, MD and Rogers, LB and Bertucci, DC and Shadduck, JA} } @article {11320, title = {The identification of optimum conditions for the embryonation of Toxocara canis ova}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {5}, year = {1995}, pages = {143-148}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Lorcain, P} } @article {13841, title = {Immunomagnetic separation and {PCR} for detection of {Helicobacter} pylori in water and stool specimens}, journal = {J. Clin. Microbiol.}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, year = {1995}, pages = {2162{\textendash}2165}, keywords = {Tecnica immuno magnetica PCR apra el agua}, url = {http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/long/33/8/2162}, author = {Enroth, H and Engstrand, L} } @article {14422, title = {Immunomagnetic separation and {PCR} for detection of {Helicobacter} pylori in water and stool specimens}, journal = {J. Clin. Microbiol.}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, year = {1995}, month = {aug}, pages = {2162{\textendash}2165}, keywords = {Tecnica immuno magnetica PCR apra el agua}, url = {http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/long/33/8/2162}, author = {Enroth, H and Engstrand, L} } @article {8213, title = {{Immunomagnetic separation and PCR for detection of Helicobacter pylori in water and stool specimens}}, journal = {J. Clin. Microbiol.}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, year = {1995}, month = {aug}, pages = {2162{\textendash}2165}, keywords = {Tecnica immuno magnetica PCR apra el agua}, url = {http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/long/33/8/2162}, author = {Enroth, H and Engstrand, L} } @article {4260, title = {{In situ replication studies of somatic and male-specific coliphages in a tropical pristine river}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5-6}, year = {1995}, pages = {247{\textendash}250}, abstract = {The present study was carried out in order to evaluate coliphage survival and their ability to replicate in tropical aquatic environments. Results showed that coliphages survived for extended periods of time, however, neither sewage isolates nor laboratory phage strains replicated in the environment. Neither one of the bacterial strains tested were permissive to phage replication under environmental conditions. These observations indicate that replication of {\textquotedblleft}fecal coliphages{\textquotedblright} does not occur in the tropical aquatic environment and suggest that either somatic or male-specific coliphages may be considered as potential indicators of fecal contamination in tropical aquatic environments.}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.1016/0273-1223(95)00274-Q}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/027312239500274Q}, author = {Hern{\'a}ndez-Delgado, E and Toranzos, G} } @article {16920, title = {Inactivation of bacterial and viral indicators in secondary sewage effluents, using chlorine and ozone}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {29}, number = {11}, year = {1995}, pages = {2483{\textendash}2490}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Tyrrell, Sherri A and Rippey, Scott R and Watkins, William D} } @article {8819, title = {{Inactivation of bacterial and viral indicators in secondary sewage effluents, using chlorine and ozone}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {29}, number = {11}, year = {1995}, pages = {2483{\textendash}2490}, keywords = {bacteriophage, Chlorine, Clostridium, Disinfection, Enterococci, fecal coliform, Inactivation, microbial indicators, wastewater, {\textendash}-ozone}, author = {Tyrell, S.A. and Rippey, S.R. and Watkins, W.D.} } @article {16977, title = {Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events: implications for prevention}, journal = {Jama}, volume = {274}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {29{\textendash}34}, publisher = {American Medical Association}, author = {Bates, David W and Cullen, David J and Laird, Nan and Petersen, Laura A and Small, Stephen D and Servi, Deborah and Laffel, Glenn and Sweitzer, Bobbie J and Shea, Brian F and Hallisey, Robert and others} } @proceedings {13699, title = {Infestaciones experimentales y naturales por Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Trematoda: Fasciolidae) en Lymnaea sp. (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) del Altiplano Norte boliviano}, journal = {IV Congreso Ib{\'e}rico de Parasitolog{\'\i}a, Santiago de Compostela}, year = {1995}, pages = {139-140}, publisher = {Libro de Res{\'u}menes, Secretar{\'\i}a del Congreso}, author = {Bargues, MD and Oviedo, JA and Mas-Coma, S} } @article {3165, title = {Influence of environmental factors on the infectivity of {Echinococcus} multilocularis eggs}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {110 ( Pt 1)}, year = {1995}, month = {jan}, pages = {79{\textendash}86}, abstract = {The sensitivity of eggs of Echinococcus multilocularis to environmental and controlled laboratory conditions was tested. Egg material was exposed and the infectivity was subsequently monitored by in vitro activation and by oral infection of the natural host, Microtus arvalis. To study the impact of environmental conditions in an endemic area of south-western Germany, eggs were sealed into bags of nylon mesh and exposed to the natural climate during various seasons. The maximal survival time of eggs was 240 days in an experiment performed in autumn and winter and 78 days in summer. A study of the tenacity of eggs under laboratory conditions revealed a high sensitivity to elevated temperatures and to desiccation. At 45 degrees C and 85-95\% relative humidity the infectivity was lost after 3 h as well as after 4 h exposure to 43 degrees C suspended in water. Exposure to 27\% relative humidity at 25 degrees C as well as exposure to 15\% relative humidity at 43 degrees C resulted in a total loss of infectivity within 48 and 2 h, respectively. Temperatures of 4 degrees C and of -18 degrees C were well tolerated (478 days and 240 days survival, respectively), whereas exposure to -83 degrees C and to -196 degrees C quickly killed off the eggs (within 48 h and 20 h, respectively). Eggs of E. multilocularis were not killed off by exposure to various commercially available disinfectants applied according to the manufacturers{\textquoteright} instructions and by exposure for 24 h to low concentrations of ethanol. Irradiation with 40 krad. from a 137Caesium source prevented the development of metacestodes but allowed seroconversion of infected rodents.}, keywords = {Animals, Arvicolinae, Cell Survival, Disinfectants, Echinococcus, Germany, Humidity, In Vitro Techniques, Ovum, Temperature}, issn = {0031-1820}, author = {Veit, P. and Bilger, B. and Schad, V. and Sch{\"a}fer, J. and Frank, W. and Lucius, R.} } @article {2238, title = {{Influence of freshwater sediment on the survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. as measured by three methods of enumeration}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, month = {may}, pages = {277{\textendash}281}, issn = {0266-8254}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.1995.tb00445.x}, author = {Fish, J.T. and Pettibone, G.W.} } @article {14016, title = {Influence of freshwater sediment on the survival of {Escherichia} coli and {Salmonella} sp. as measured by three methods of enumeration}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, month = {may}, pages = {277{\textendash}281}, issn = {0266-8254}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.1995.tb00445.x}, author = {Fish, J.T. and Pettibone, G.W.} } @mastersthesis {6407, title = {Influence of seasonality and food availability on household nutritional status and implications for rural extension: a comparative study of western {Kenya}}, year = {1995}, note = {U077583}, school = {The University of Reading (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to explore, describe and explain the influence of seasonality in household food availability on nutritional status and to present the subsequent implications of the findings for rural extension. Objectives were several: first to assess household nutritional status; to determine causality especially the influence of seasonality of household food production and availability on existing nutritional levels; to determine the other factors affecting household nutritional status including household income/expenditure patterns, morbidity, education and literacy levels, demography, landholding sizes, environmental sanitation and gender perspectives in household decision-making; to evaluate the effectiveness and performance of rural extension programmes and the collaboration between them in tackling the multifactorial causation of malnutrition; and to discuss the implications of the findings for rural extension.The study was comparative among three population clusters namely Malaha in Kakamega district and Gaigedi and Vigulu in Vihiga district. In addition to food crops, Malaha grew sugarcane as a cash crop and Gaigedi cultivated tea; Vigulu had no cash crop. Livestock in all clusters were cows, goats, sheep and chicken. Results show that there were more females than males in all clusters; large household sizes and high dependency ratios; female household headship was considerable; most household heads were farmers and the rest of the population were either spouses or students; regular wage-earning employment was scarce and confined to male household heads only; inter-seasonal food stress was common and chronic food deficit implied; cash income was mostly spent on food and school fees; the community was found to consist mainly of small income, partially monetized small farmers in Gaigedi and Malaha; and to the near-landless subsistence farmers in Vigulu. (DX 189, 611).}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU077583, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301531756?accountid=14270}, author = {Alumira, J D} } @article {1937, title = {An investigation into parametric relationships between enterovirus and fecal indicator organisms in the coastal waters of England and Wales.}, journal = {Wat Res}, volume = {29}, number = {8}, year = {1995}, pages = {1863-1868}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Previous research has resulted in conflicting conclusions concerning possible statistical relationships between bacterial indicator and enterovirus concentrations in marine waters. Results have suggested either highly significant relationships or no significant correlation. To examine these relationships further, large compliance assessment data sets for identified bathing waters on the English and Welsh coast, between 1988 and 1992, were extended to include enterovirus and faecal streptococci counts in addition to total and faecal coliform data. The suitability of these data for parametric correlation analysis was assessed by examining the nature of the statistical distributions of raw data and residual values from regression analyses. The data were acceptable for parametric analysis when (i) zero enterovirus samples were excluded and (ii) enterovirus counts were logarithmically transformed. The analysis of over 690 data pairs produced positive Pearson correlation coefficients between coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and enterovirus concentrations. Though the correlations were significant (P < 0.001, i.e. > 99.9\% confidence) they were low (r < 0.5). The amount of variance in enterovirus concentration explained by bacterial concentration was only 15{\textendash}16\%. Relationships were similar for each bacterial determinand. Correlations above successive quartile values of bacterial concentration revealed no threshold effect in these relationships. These results suggest poor statistical relationships between concentrations of bacterial indicators of sewage pollution and enterovirus in marine waters resulting in a low predictive capability.}, author = {Wyer, M. D. and Fleisher, J. M. and Gough, J. and Kay, D. and Merrett} } @mastersthesis {6560, title = {Investigation of heat transfer from condensing steam-gas mixtures and turbulent films flowing downward inside a vertical tube}, year = {1995}, note = {9621226}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This research experimentally investigates the local heat transfer from condensation of steam in the presence of noncondensable gases and from condensation of pure vapor in turbulent films at high Reynolds numbers. A novel experimental apparatus was designed and constructed for accurately measuring local heat fluxes. This research was performed as part of an effort to support the design of the Passive Containment Cooling System Condensers and Isolation Condensers of the General Electric{\textquoteright}s Simplified Boiling Water Reactor. Forty-two test runs with pure steam condensation were performed with liquid films in the laminar range. Using the classical Nusselt solution as the reference state, a correlation for laminar film condensation was obtained using hydrodynamic calculations to determine the interfacial shear effect on film thinning, and using data to correlate the waviness effect against the film Reynolds number. Seventy-one runs with steam-air mixtures and 24 with steam-helium mixtures were performed to investigate condensation phenomenon in the presence of noncondensable gases. Three different correlations, one implementing the degradation method, initially proposed by Vierow and Schrock, a second diffusion layer theory initially proposed by Peterson et al., and a third fundamental mass transfer conductance model, are presented. Approximately 300 test runs were performed to evaluate the film Reynolds number and interfacial shear effects on turbulent film local heat transfer. An extended data base for film Reynolds number and interfacial shear was generated. A phenomenologically-based approach was developed to treat heat transfer in the near-wall and near-interface regions separately, and to combine the two thermal resistances in series. A "two-layer thermal resistance model" was developed using theoretical and empirical methods. Without interfacial shear, heat transfer coefficients in the near-wall layer were theoretical determined using an integral analysis. The heat transfer coefficients in the near-surface layer were correlated from the experimental data. In the presence of interfacial shear, the ratios of local Nusselt numbers between sheared and unsheared flows were then correlated by curve fit to the data, using the scaling parameters obtained from the surface eddy renewal theory.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, 0552:Nuclear physics, Applied sciences, downward flow, Mechanical engineering, Nuclear physics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304157843?accountid=14270}, author = {Kuhn, Shine-Zen} } @booklet {4204, title = {{ISO 10705-1. Water Quality - Detection and enumeration of bacteriophages - Part 1: Enumeration of F-specific RNA Bacteriophages.}}, journal = {International Standardisation Organisation. Geneva, Switzerland}, year = {1995} } @article {13200, title = {Isolation, and virulence profiles, of Aeromonas hydrophila implicated in an outbreak of food poisoning in Sweden}, journal = {Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {39}, year = {1995}, pages = {655-661}, author = {Krovacek, K. and Dumontet, S. and Eriksson, E. and Baloda, S. B.} } @article {1898, title = {Isolation of epidemic poliovirus from sewage during the 1992-3 type 3 outbreak in The Netherlands}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {114}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, note = {van der Avoort, H G Reimerink, J H Ras, A Mulders, M N van Loon, A M eng ENGLAND 1995/06/01 Epidemiol Infect. 1995 Jun;114(3):481-91.}, pages = {481-91}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {To examine the extent of wild poliovirus circulation during the 1992-3 epidemic in the Netherlands caused by poliovirus type 3, 269 samples from sewage pipelines at 120 locations were examined for the presence of poliovirus. The epidemic virus strain was found in 23 samples, all from locations inside the risk area which contained communities that refuse vaccination for religious reasons. By sewage investigation, the wildtype virus was shown to be present in the early phase of the epidemic at two locations, one week before patients were reported from that area. The wild type 3 poliovirus was also detected retrospectively in a river water sample collected for other reasons three weeks before notification of the first poliomyelitis case, at a site a few kilometres upstream the home village of this patient. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) virus was found at 28 locations inside or at the border of the risk area. Trivalent OPV was offered to unvaccinated or incompletely-vaccinated persons living in this region as part of the measures to control the epidemic.}, keywords = {Adolescent Base Sequence *Disease Outbreaks Humans Male Molecular Sequence Data Netherlands/epidemiology Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction *Sewage Water Microbiology}, issn = {0950-2688 (Print) 0950-2688 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7781736}, author = {van der Avoort, H. G. and Reimerink, J. H. and Ras, A. and Mulders, M. N. and van Loon, A. M.} } @article {7637, title = {Kinetics of pathogen destruction during storage of dewatered biosolids}, journal = {Water Environmental Research}, volume = {67}, year = {1995}, pages = {143-150}, author = {Ahmed,A. U. and Sorensen,D. L.} } @article {16061, title = {[Leptospira infected rat population as probable cause of a fatal case of Weil{\textquoteright}s disease]}, journal = {Berl Munch Tierarztl WochenschrBerl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr}, volume = {108}, number = {11}, year = {1995}, month = {Nov}, pages = {405-7}, keywords = {*Rodent Diseases, Animals, Fatal Outcome, Humans, Leptospira/classification/isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/transmission/*veterinary, Male, Mice, Muridae, Rats, Water Microbiology, Weil Disease/diagnosis/*transmission}, author = {Brem, S. and Radu, O. and Bauer, T. and Schonberg, A. and Reisshauer, K. and Waidmann, R. and Kopp, H. and Meyer, P.} } @article {13031, title = {Low-cost sanitation}, journal = {London, UK: Intermediate Technologies}, year = {1995}, author = {Pickford, John} } @mastersthesis {6412, title = {Lumbermen and log sawyers: {The} transformation of life and labor in the north {Florida} timber industry, 1830-1930}, year = {1995}, note = {9543841}, school = {West Virginia University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The history of lumbering in Florida stretches from the small water-powered sawmills operated in Spanish Florida to the paper and pulp mills of the modern state. However, nothing captures the imagination more than the heyday of Florida{\textquoteright}s lumbering boom, which lasted from 1830 until approximately 1930. During this period vast tracts of land were stripped of their valuable timber under the "cut and get out" system and for the most part, these clear cut lands were left idle and either sold for as little as one dollar per acre, or returned to the state via delinquent taxes. Three themes underlie the entire study: the impact of changing technology on the lives of southern lumber workers; land concentration; and the development of company paternalism. The study is organized into six chapters. Chapters one and two are organized chronologically and examine the growth of the industry from 1830 to 1930. During this period control of the industry passed from the hands of local southern mill owners to northern corporations which developed huge modern lumber mills and company towns. Chapter three examines the technological changes affecting both logging and sawmills between 1880 and 1930, and its impact on the industry and workers. Chapter four examines the "social content of work" that developed along with a permanent pool of workers laboring in the lumber industry. Worker segregation, attempts at unionization, and drives for workman{\textquoteright}s compensation are all examined. Chapter five examines the use of forced labor in the lumber industry and the closely connected turpentine industry. Finally, chapter six analyzes the use of company paternalism and worker control through company towns, merchandise checks, and company stores. The intention of the study is to show that in their own particular time and place, the people of North Florida encountered industrialization in their own distinctive way. The broad similarities connecting their lives with those of other Americans, however, provides evidence that the gradual progression from an agricultural to an industrial order involved a collective set of circumstances. Such similarities suggest that the story of North Florida is of more than local importance, and that it can serve as a window through which we may view the full complexity of industrialization in the American South.}, keywords = {0337:American history, 0629:Labor relations, American history, Labor relations, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304240104?accountid=14270}, author = {Drobney, Jeffrey Andrew} } @inbook {16897, title = {Male-specific coliphages as indicators of viral contamination of drinking water}, booktitle = {Male-specific coliphages as indicators of viral contamination of drinking water}, year = {1995}, publisher = {AWWAR}, organization = {AWWAR}, author = {Sobsey, MD and Battigelli, DA and Handzel, TR and Schwab, KJ} } @mastersthesis {6725, title = {Market water transfers as a water quality policy: {A} case study of the {Malheur} {River} {Basin}, {Oregon}}, year = {1995}, note = {9634022}, school = {Oregon State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Agronomic research documents a strong correlation between the level of irrigation water applied and the level of farm chemicals leached into water bodies. Consequently, policies that cause farmers to alter irrigation water management practices are likely to influence water quality. Water markets are a potentially attractive method of addressing agriculturally induced water quality concerns because they provide an economic incentive to reduce agricultural effluent which is less costly to farmers and society than command and control or tax policies. This research focuses on quantifying key economic and environmental implications of changes in institutional rules defining terms of water trade. At the heart of this dissertation is an empirical hydrologic-economic simulation model of the Treasure Valley area of eastern Oregon. The economic component of the model consists of 8 subregional mathematical programming models. The models vary across subregions with differences in soil productivity, production technology and irrigation cost specification. The hydrologic component of the model consist of two parts. A nitrate leaching model describes how changes in crop choice, irrigation and nitrogen input influence the level of nitrate leaving the root zone. A finite difference model describes the process of nitrate dilution in the aquifer. Five impacts of water trade are predicted: (1) water supplied to water markets, (2) profits from water market participation, (3) local groundwater quality effects, (4) local economic effects of water markets, and (5) effects of water markets on third party water rights holders. Significant conclusions drawn from the study include: (1) in large portions of the study area, the annual returns to selling water rights exceeds returns to continued irrigated crop production, even at very moderate water prices (\$20 an acre foot); (2){\textasciitilde}at current water prices, the parts of the study area most likely to supply water to markets are areas used for extensive cultivation of hay, pasture and grain which contribute little to the loading of the underlying aquifer with nitrates; (3){\textasciitilde}a well developed water market in the area would not likely lead to full compliance with EPA groundwater quality standards; (4){\textasciitilde}the Oregon Statute allowing sale of conserved water is unlikely to induce much trade in conserved water in the Treasure Valley.}, keywords = {0285:Agronomy, 0503:Agricultural economics, 0617:Public administration, 0768:Environmental science, Agricultural economics, Agronomy, Biological sciences, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Public administration, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304210208?accountid=14270}, author = {Connor, Jeffery Dean} } @mastersthesis {6189, title = {Markets in health care: an analysis of demand, supply and the market structure of health care in the {Philippines}}, year = {1995}, note = {U084612}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This study sought to examine the economic structure of the Philippines health care system, in the light of recent legislative initiatives in the country and global managed market reforms. In the context of a market-oriented system in the Philippines, the study modelled the interaction of health care agents in three markets: regulations, financing or insurance and health services. The bulk of the research examined the nature of exchange in the health services market, using neo-classical economics. Theories in industrial organisation and public choice served as organising frameworks for explaining other market elements. The study{\textquoteright}s methodology used primary and secondary data analysis, as well as findings of other research, to bring together a coherent picture of the market structure of health care in the Philippines.The analysis of the regulatory market showed that the rent-seeking nature of Philippine social, political and medical institutions has weakened regulatory structures in health care. Compared to its Asian neighbours, the relative position of the country in the 60s in terms of major health indicators, has been eroded. Limited resources and allocative inefficiencies have affected the government{\textquoteright}s ability to fulfil its constitutional mandate to ensure minimum levels of care, especially for the poor.The performance of the market was examined in terms of health policy objectives of efficiency and equity in the financing of health care. Private sources, with households forming the bulk, comprised 64 percent of health care expenditures. The position of concentration curves drawn to illustrate the equity of household financing, showed inequities in health and health expenditures. The largely fee-for-service system operating in the health insurance market had caused risk to be borne largely by consumers and funders. Low coverage of the population and weak utilisation rates, may have encouraged some providers to behave opportunistically. An examination of the prospects for an alternative system of compulsory health insurance, illustrated through a project with health maintenance organisations indicated the problems of contracting.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU084612, 0630:Public policy, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public policy, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301506803?accountid=14270}, author = {Bautist, M.C.G.} } @article {15800, title = {Massive outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidium infection in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: recurrence of illness and risk of secondary transmission}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, month = {Jul}, pages = {57-62}, edition = {1995/07/01}, keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Disease Transmission, Infectious, *Water Supply, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/*transmission, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Data Collection, Diarrhea/epidemiology/parasitology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Water Pollution, Wisconsin/epidemiology}, isbn = {1058-4838 (Print)
1058-4838}, author = {MacKenzie, W. R. and Schell, W. L. and Blair, K. A. and Addiss, D. G. and Peterson, D. E. and Hoxie, N. J. and Kazmierczak, J. J. and Davis, J. P.} } @mastersthesis {6813, title = {Measurement and analysis of mixing as it relates to flocculation}, year = {1995}, note = {NN06293}, school = {University of Alberta (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The coagulation and flocculation process is used in many water and wastewater treatment systems to change particulate characteristics to improve removal in the subsequent separation processes. The performance of the coagulation and flocculation process is dependent on complex interactions between many chemical and physical phenomena which include colloidal interactions, surface chemistry effects, and mixing and fluid processes. To investigate mixing in flocculation, detailed hydrodynamic measurements using a 2-D laser doppler anemometer were completed on two types of flocculators, with radial flow impellers: (1) a standard jar test apparatus; and, (2) the reactor zone of an upflow solids-contacting clarifier. Rather than rely on vessel-average parameters, localized velocities, energy dissipation rates, turbulent length scales and shear forces were determined for various zones of the flocculator. For these hydrodynamic factors it was also determined how they change with scale and impeller speed. It was found that flow in impeller-agitated vessels is highly non-homogeneous, with areas of high energy dissipation and velocities occurring in the region of the impeller. It was also found that flow in the impeller discharge zone could be represented by a swirling radial jet which provided the basis for the development of many scaling relations. Based on results gained from the analysis of turbulent flow in these flocculators, forces on the floc were determined for the various zones within the flocculator. It was found that local forces within the vessel can be much greater than those calculated based on vessel average values. Of importance, it was found that high forces on floc particles occur due to high turbulence or energy dissipation rates in the discharge stream of the impeller, mean shear stresses due to fluid flowing over the impeller blades and mean shear stresses caused by the impeller discharge jet impinging on vessel walls. The latter may be the most significant and explain many of the difficulties found in scaling up mixing for flocculation. Results also indicate that vessel average parameters such as average energy dissipation per unit mass, \${\textbackslash}bar\{{\textbackslash}varepsilon\}\$ and \${\textbackslash}bar\{G\}\$ are not appropriate for the design, assessment and operation of flocculation facilities as local forces on the floc are not represented by them. A better approach for the scaling of the mixing process may be the matching of local floc forces for different scales. As results indicate that the dominant forces are those associated with the impinging jet, it appears that scaling of mixing based on matching these forces between flocculation systems is an improvement over the traditional use of \${\textbackslash}bar\{G\}\$. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0554:Sanitation, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, coagulation, Environmental engineering, sanitation, wastewater}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/230811955?accountid=14270}, author = {Stanley, Stephen John} } @article {15761, title = {Mechanism of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and MS2 virus removal by MF and UF}, journal = {Journal - American Water Works Association}, volume = {87}, number = {9}, year = {1995}, pages = {107-121}, author = {Jacangelo, Joseph G. and Adham, Samer S. and La{\^\i}n{\'e}, Jean-Michel} } @article {7743, title = {Methods for the detection of Campylobacter in sewage - Evaluation of efficacy of enrichment and isolation media, applicability of polymerase chain-reaction and latex agglutination assay}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, note = {Sep; Methods for the Detection of Campylobacter in Sewage - Evaluation of Efficacy of Enrichment and Isolation Media, Applicability of Polymerase Chain-Reaction and Latex Agglutination Assay; ISI:A1995RU78000007; ID: 238}, pages = {309-320}, author = {Koenraad,Pmfj and Giesendorf,B. A. J. and Henkens,M. H. C. and Beumer,R. R. and Quint,W. G. V.} } @booklet {10739, title = {{Microbiological Monitoring, Pathogen Removal Assessment and Public. Health Risks Associated with Reclaimed Water. Briefing paper prepared for NSW Recycled Water Committee}}, year = {1995}, author = {Rose, J and Haas, C and Gerba, C} } @article {5062, title = {Mineralisation and {Pathogen} {Removal} in {Gravel} {Bed} {Hydroponic} {Constructed} {Wetlands} for {Wastewater} {Treatment}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {32}, year = {1995}, pages = {49{\textendash}58}, author = {Williams, J and Bahgat, M and May, E and Ford, M and Butler, J} } @article {5362, title = {Mineralisation and pathogen removal in gravel bed hydroponic constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment}, journal = {Water Sci. Technol.}, volume = {32}, year = {1995}, pages = {49-58}, author = {Williams, J and Bahgat, M and May, E and Ford, M and Butler, J} } @article {9113, title = {{A model of microbial survival after exposure to pulsed electric fields}}, journal = {Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, month = {jan}, pages = {93{\textendash}99}, issn = {00225142}, doi = {10.1002/jsfa.2740670115}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jsfa.2740670115}, author = {Peleg, Micha} } @article {8960, title = {Modeling coliform mortality in waste stabilization ponds}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {121}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, pages = {140-152}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0733-9372}, author = {Mayo, Aloice W.} } @article {14149, title = {Modeling {Coliform} {Mortality} in {Waste} {Stabilization} {Ponds}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {121}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, month = {feb}, pages = {140{\textendash}152}, abstract = {The mechanisms of the reduction of fecal coliforms were investigated in pilot-scale and full-scale wastewater stabilization ponds under tropical climatic conditions. Field studies were conducted in pilot and large waste stabilization ponds with pond depths ranging from 1.0 to 1.82 m and hydraulic retention time between 4.3 and 11.2 d, to develop and verify the model. The observation made indicates that sunlight intensity, pond depth, and pH were the key input parameters to the model. In a multifactor developed model, the bacterial mortality rate constant for pH, kpH was 0.0135 d -1 and the ratio of rate constant for the light mortality term to light attenuation coefficient k s /K was 5.67 {\texttimes} 10 -4 m cm 2 /cal. The model was successfully verified by simulation with data obtained from field-scale pond systems in Tanzania and from two other pond systems reported in the literature. A brief model application, including the prediction of water pH, is given to aid the designer.}, issn = {0733-9372}, doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:2(140)}, author = {Mayo, Aloice W.} } @article {2346, title = {{Modeling Coliform Mortality in Waste Stabilization Ponds}}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering}, volume = {121}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, month = {feb}, pages = {140{\textendash}152}, publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers}, abstract = {The mechanisms of the reduction of fecal coliforms were investigated in pilot-scale and full-scale wastewater stabilization ponds under tropical climatic conditions. Field studies were conducted in pilot and large waste stabilization ponds with pond depths ranging from 1.0 to 1.82 m and hydraulic retention time between 4.3 and 11.2 d, to develop and verify the model. The observation made indicates that sunlight intensity, pond depth, and pH were the key input parameters to the model. In a multifactor developed model, the bacterial mortality rate constant for pH, kpH was 0.0135 d -1 and the ratio of rate constant for the light mortality term to light attenuation coefficient k s /K was 5.67 {\texttimes} 10 -4 m cm 2 /cal. The model was successfully verified by simulation with data obtained from field-scale pond systems in Tanzania and from two other pond systems reported in the literature. A brief model application, including the prediction of water pH, is given to aid the designer.}, issn = {0733-9372}, doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:2(140)}, author = {Mayo, Aloice W.} } @article {1659, title = {Molecular Epidemiology of Polioviruses.}, journal = {Seminars in Virology}, volume = {6}, year = {1995}, pages = {401-405}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {1044-5773}, author = {Kew, O. M. and Mulders, M. N. and Lipskaya, G. Y. and de Silva, E and M A Pallansch} } @article {14735, title = {Molecular {Epidemiology} of {Polioviruses}.}, journal = {Seminars in Virology}, volume = {6}, year = {1995}, pages = {401{\textendash}405}, issn = {1044-5773}, author = {Kew, O. M. and Mulders, M. N. and Lipskaya, G. Y. and de Silva, E. and M A Pallansch} } @mastersthesis {7169, title = {Molecular properties from ab initio quantum mechanics}, year = {1995}, note = {9606929}, school = {Columbia University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {We first present an extensive study of including solvent effects in electronic structure calculations by using a continuum solvent model in a self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) methodology. Electronic correlation is included at the Generalized Valance Bond (GVB) level for a small set of solute molecules. The calculated solvation energies of some cases cannot be made to agree with experiment. A subsequent study using a much larger set of molecules investigates these discrepancies and new ones by computing the hydrogen bonding energies of a water molecule docked to solutes. These calculations reveal a major limitation of current continuum solvent theories and molecular mechanics force fields: hydrogen bonding energies in some cases are poorly modeled by electro-static interactions. An additive correction term is developed to be included in the solvation energies of these cases. Agreement with experimental solvation energies is greatly improved. A subsequent study presents SCRF results for the same set of solute molecules but uses a method based on the local MP2 (LMP2) wavefunction. Also, using gas-phase charges with this LMP2-based theory with the Generalized Born/Surface Area method requires a minimal adjustment of parameters to produce solvation energies in reasonable agreement with experiment. Nonlinear optical properties are also investigated. First, methods are presented for computing \${\textbackslash}alpha\$ and \${\textbackslash}beta\$ at the Hartree-Fock (HF) level. Timings compared to Gaussian 92 indicate significantly better scaling with system size. Preliminary results are also presented for including electronic correlation at the LMP2 level and solvation effects via a SCRF methodology. Subsequent studies present applications of chemical interest. The first is a study of a series of push-pull charge transfer molecules which have been shown experimentally to have the largest measured value of \${\textbackslash}beta\$ of any organic molecule. While calculations of these properties are not in quantitative agreement with experiment, they are in qualitative agreement with experiment. Next is a study of the saturation of the second nonlinear polarizability \${\textbackslash}gamma\$ for polyenes. Some of the largest molecules to date are studied at the ab initio level. Agreement with experiment is not reached in some cases. Finally, \${\textbackslash}beta\$ is computed for a series of helicenes in an attempt to screen them for large nonlinear optical effects before synthesis.}, keywords = {0494:Chemistry, Chemistry, electronic structure, generalized valence bond, Pure sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304186977?accountid=14270}, author = {Marten, Bryan David} } @article {16095, title = {Need for vaccination of sewer workers against leptospirosis and hepatitis A}, journal = {Occup Environ MedOccup Environ MedOccup Environ Med}, volume = {52}, number = {8}, year = {1995}, note = {De Serres, G
Levesque, B
Higgins, R
Major, M
Laliberte, D
Boulianne, N
Duval, B
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
Occup Environ Med. 1995 Aug;52(8):505-7.}, month = {Aug}, pages = {505-7}, edition = {1995/08/01}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study compared the prevalence of Leptospira interrogans and hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies in serum samples from sewer workers and controls. METHODS: A blood sample was obtained from 76 of the 101 municipal sewer workers (75\%) of Quebec City and from two controls matched to each for age and sex. Testing was done for antibodies against serovars of Leptospira icterohaemorragiae, bratislava, hardjo, grippotyphosa, and kennewicki (pomona) and hepatitis A. RESULTS: Sewer workers had a greater prevalence of antibodies against leptospirosis than controls (12\% v 2\%, P = 0.003). In contrast, antibodies to HAV were not significantly more prevalent among workers than among controls (54\% v 49\%, P = 0.51). Prevalence of HAV antibodies increased significantly with age both among workers and controls (chi 2 for trend, P < 0.001). In contrast with younger workers, prevalence of HAV antibodies was greater among workers > or = 40 years than among their controls (81\% v 65\%, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Leptospirosis continues to be a problem to sewer workers but hepatitis A is apparently no longer a risk. The likely explanation is that leptospira are still abundant in the sewage system in contrast with HAV, which is only rarely to be found in sewage as a result of the generalised decrease in incidence of hepatitis A in the past three decades. The decision to vaccinate sewer workers against hepatitis A should take into account that it is impossible to avoid all contact with sewage fluid and, despite the fact that the actual incidence of hepatitis A is low, there is a real possibility of sporadic exposure during a future outbreak.}, keywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Antibodies, Bacterial/ blood, Female, Hepatitis A Antibodies, Hepatitis A/ immunology/prevention \& control, Hepatitis Antibodies/ blood, Hepatovirus/immunology, Humans, Leptospira interrogans/immunology, Leptospira/immunology, Leptospirosis/ immunology/prevention \& control, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases/ immunology, Sewage, Vaccination}, isbn = {1351-0711 (Print)
1351-0711 (Linking)}, author = {De Serres, G. and Levesque, B. and Higgins, R. and Major, M. and Laliberte, D. and Boulianne, N. and Duval, B.} } @article {552, title = {Neonatal adenovirus infection: a case report with in situ hybridization confirmation of ascending intrauterine infection}, journal = {Diagn Cytopathol}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {1995}, note = {Montone, K T Furth, E E Pietra, G G Gupta, P K Case Reports Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United states Diagnostic cytopathology Diagn Cytopathol. 1995 Jun;12(4):341-4.}, pages = {341-4}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Adenovirus infection is a rare, but serious infection, during the neonatal period. The actual model of infection at birth is currently unknown, however, several mechanisms have been proposed. We describe a case of fatal neonatal adenovirus pneumonia in a 25-wk gestational age infant. Adenovirus was confirmed by electron microscopy and by in situ hybridization. The maternal cervical/endocervical smear taken prior to the delivery contained epithelial cells with changes suggestive of adenovirus, which was confirmed by in situ hybridization on the smear. These findings suggest that ascending viral infection is a factor in the pathogenesis of neonatal adenovirus infection. The identification and reporting of adenovirus may be important during pregnancy in order to avoid delay in delivery of the fetus once membranes have ruptured.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Adenovirus Infections, Human/complications/ microbiology/ transmission Female Humans In Situ Hybridization Infant, Infectious/ microbiology Uterine Diseases/complications/ microbiology Vaginal Smears, Newborn Infant, Premature Lung/ microbiology Pneumonia, Viral/ microbiology Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications}, issn = {8755-1039 (Print) 1097-0339 (Linking)}, author = {Montone, K. T. and Furth, E. E. and Pietra, G. G. and Gupta, P. K.} } @article {1124, title = {Nested PCR approach for detection and typing of epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated human papillomavirus types in cutaneous cancers from renal transplant recipients}, journal = {J. Clin. Microbiol}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC228015}, pages = {690-695}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {amino acid sequence analysis base sequence biopsy cancer Carcinoma, Squamous Cell classification detection DNA dna, viral Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis Genetic genetics Genotype genotypes human humans isolation \& purification Kidney Transplantation LESIONS methods molecular sequence data Netherlands Open Reading Frames Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus I}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7751378}, author = {Berkhout, R.J. and Tieben, L.M. and Smits, H.L. and Bavinck, J.N. and Vermeer, B.J. and J., ter Schegget} } @article {2762, title = {Nested PCR approach for detection and typing of epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated human papillomavirus types in cutaneous cancers from renal transplant recipients}, journal = {J. Clin. Microbiol}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC228015}, pages = {690-695}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {amino acid sequence analysis base sequence biopsy cancer Carcinoma, Squamous Cell classification detection DNA dna, viral Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis Genetic genetics Genotype genotypes human humans isolation \& purification Kidney Transplantation LESIONS methods molecular sequence data Netherlands Open Reading Frames Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus I}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7751378}, author = {Berkhout, R.J. and Tieben, L.M. and Smits, H.L. and Bavinck, J.N. and Vermeer, B.J. and J., ter Schegget} } @book {16899, title = {Non-conventional disinfection technologies for small water systems}, year = {1995}, publisher = {Water Research Commission}, organization = {Water Research Commission}, author = {Solsona, Felipe and Pearson, Ian} } @article {8979, title = {Novel vacuum-UV-(VUV) and UV-excimer flow-through photoreactors for waste water treatment and for wavelength-selective photochemistry}, journal = {Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Chemical Sciences}, volume = {107}, number = {6}, year = {1995}, pages = {621-636}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0973-7103}, doi = {10.1007/BF02869955}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02869955}, author = {Oppenl{\"a}nder, T. and Baum, G. and Egle, W. and Hennig, T.} } @article {7643, title = {The occurence of Salmonella, Campylobacter and Yersinia spp. in river and lake waters}, journal = {Microbiological Research}, volume = {150}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, month = {5}, pages = {153-158}, abstract = {

In order to assess Salmonella, Campylobacter and Yersinia spp. occurence in surface waters and to compare it with the standard faecal indicator bacteria, 86 river and lake samples, from eight sampling sites in Northern Greece were examined for the presence of these pathogens in parallel to total and faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci. A total of 17 Salmonellae, 14 Campylobacters and 9 Yersiniae were isolated. Only in Salmonella positive samples the geometric means of total and faecal coliforms were found significantly higher (p \< 0.01) than in the negative samples, whereas the presence of Campylobacters and Yersiniae may not be predicted by the standard indicator bacteria.

}, keywords = {Campylobacter, coliform bacteria, Salmonella, surface water, Yersinia}, isbn = {0944-5013}, author = {Arvanitidou,M. and Stathopoulos,G. A. and Constantinidis,T. C. and Katsouyannopoulos,V.} } @book {10477, title = {{Official Methods of AOAC International, 16th Edition, Volume I, Chapter 17}}, year = {1995}, publisher = {Association of Offical Analytical Chemists International}, organization = {Association of Offical Analytical Chemists International}, address = {Gaithersburg, MD} } @book {12883, title = {On-plot sanitation in low-income urban communities: a review of literature}, year = {1995}, publisher = {WEDC, Loughborough University}, organization = {WEDC, Loughborough University}, author = {Cotton, Andrew} } @article {10550, title = {{Organization of tcp, acf, and toxT genes within a ToxT-dependent operon}}, journal = {Molecular Microbiology}, volume = {16}, year = {1995}, pages = {425{\textendash}439}, author = {Brown, RC and Taylor, RK} } @article {13437, title = {An outbreak of acute fascioliasis among Aymara Indians in the Bolivian Altiplano}, journal = {Clin Infect Dis}, volume = {21}, year = {1995}, pages = {1228-1233}, author = {Bjorland, J. and Bryan, R. T. and Strauss, W. and Hillyer, G. V. and McAuley, J. B.} } @article {14101, title = {Outbreak of {Shigella} sonnei infection traced to imported iceberg lettuce}, journal = {J. Clin. Microbiol.}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, month = {mar}, pages = {609{\textendash}614}, author = {Kapperud, G and Rorvik, LM and Hasseltvedt, V and Hoiby, EA and Iversen, BG and Staveland, K and Johnsen, G and Leitao, J and Herikstad, H and Andersson, Y} } @article {2309, title = {{Outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection traced to imported iceberg lettuce}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, pages = {609{\textendash}614}, author = {Kapperud, G and Rorvik, LM and Hasseltvedt, V and Hoiby, EA and Iversen, BG and Staveland, K and Johnsen, G and Leitao, J and Herikstad, H and Andersson, Y} } @article {12716, title = {{Paragonimus mexicanus pericarditis: Report of two cases and review of the literature}}, journal = {J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {98}, year = {1995}, pages = {316{\textendash}318}, author = {Saborio, P and Lanzas, R and Arrita, G and Arguedas, A} } @article {11709, title = {{Parasites of the hakes Merluccius australis and M. hubbsi in the waters around the Falkland islands, southern Chile, and Argentina, with an assessment os their potential value as biological tags}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences}, volume = {52}, year = {1995}, pages = {213{\textendash}224}, author = {Mackenzie, K and Longshaw, M} } @article {2004, title = {Parasitic contamination of stored water used for drinking/cooking in Hyderabad, Southeast Asian}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {26}, year = {1995}, pages = {789-794}, author = {Jonnalagadda, P. R. and Bhat, R. V.} } @book {12023, title = {Parasitic diseases}, year = {1995}, note = {93048251
Dickson D. Despommier, Robert W. Gwadz, Peter J. Hotez.
ill. (some col.) ; 28 cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.}, pages = {xii, 333 p., 4 p. of plates.}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, organization = {Springer-Verlag}, edition = {3rd}, address = {New York}, keywords = {Parasitic Diseases.}, isbn = {0387942238}, author = {Despommier, Dickson D. and Gwadz, Robert W. and Hotez, Peter J.} } @book {16515, title = {Parasitic diseases}, year = {1995}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, organization = {Springer-Verlag}, edition = {3rd}, address = {New York}, keywords = {Parasitic Diseases.}, isbn = {0-387-94223-8}, author = {Despommier, Dickson D. and Gwadz, Robert W. and Hotez, Peter J.} } @article {17496, title = {{Pathogen Die-off in Stored Wastewater Sludge}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, pages = {91{\textendash}95}, keywords = {Faecal coliform, Faecal streptococci, Giardia, Health risks, Pathogen die-off, Salmonella, Sludge reuse, Storage, Wastewater sludge}, author = {Gibbs, A and Hu, J and Ho, G E and Phillips, P A} } @article {3228, title = {{Pathogen die-off in stored wastewater sludge}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5-6}, year = {1995}, pages = {91{\textendash}95}, publisher = {International Association on Water Quality}, abstract = {The storage of wastewater sludge as a possible low-cost means of pathogen reduction prior to its beneficial reuse was examined. However, after a 12 month storage period levels of Salmonella, faecal coliforms and streptococci, and Giardia cysts were too high for simple storage to be considered an adequate treatment option.}, keywords = {Faecal coliform, Faecal streptococci, Giardia, Health risks, Pathogen die-off, Salmonella, Sludge reuse, Storage, Wastewater sludge}, isbn = {0273-1223}, issn = {02731223}, doi = {10.1016/0273-1223(95)00247-K}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(95)00247-K}, author = {Gibbs, R. A. and Hu, C. J. and Ho, G. E. and Philips, P. A. and Unkovich, I.} } @article {5683, title = {{Persistence of Inoculated Hepatitis A Virus in Mixed Human and Animal Wastes}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {61}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {87{\textendash}91}, author = {Deng, MY and D O Cliver} } @mastersthesis {6319, title = {Pollution control and the rule of law}, year = {1995}, note = {U082437}, school = {University of Sheffield (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The thesis is an attempt to apply the rule of law to pollution control, the aim being to discover whether one form of environmental regulation can be regarded as more constitutionally legitimate than another. The thesis begins with a detailed discussion of the rule of law. In the first chapter, I suggest that the rule of law cannot simply be {\textquoteright}intuitively realised{\textquoteright}, but rather that the values associated with it must be accounted for through theoretical analysis. Immanent critique is rejected as a theoretical technique in favour of Dworkin{\textquoteright}s {\textquoteright}constructive interpretation{\textquoteright}. The latter approach yields the rule of law values of equity, accountability, efficiency, certainty and effectiveness. Future chapters involve the application of these values to specific modes of pollution control. In chapter two, the {\textquoteright}command-and-control{\textquoteright} regulatory systems operated by HMIP, the NRA, local authorities (air pollution control and waste regulation) and water and sewerage companies are analysed in terms of rule of law values - except for accountability which is discussed separately and in much greater depth in chapters 3 to 6.In these four chapters, I begin by examining general accountability mechanisms before exploring accountability for specific decisions such as the setting of ambient standards, the setting of emission/process standards and finally, monitoring and enforcement. Having discussed command-and-control approaches to pollution control, chapter 7 proceeds to examine market mechanisms of environmental regulation in terms of the rule of law values. The values are first applied to pollution taxes and tradeable permits at an abstract level; they are then applied to the existing cost-recovery charging schemes operated by the various regulatory bodies.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU082437, 0398:Law, Bibliographies, Law, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301483117?accountid=14270}, author = {Hilson, C F} } @article {2755, title = {Polymerase chain reaction amplification and typing of rotavirus in environmental samples}, year = {1995}, author = {Gajardo, R and Pinto, RM and Bosch, A} } @mastersthesis {6494, title = {A practical method for setting water rates}, year = {1995}, note = {MM12032}, school = {McGill University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{A}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The thesis synthesises current water utility practice, and economic theory, through the development of a practical water rate based on marginal cost pricing. The suggested water rate is a three part tariff consisting of volumetric, connection and access charges. The volumetric charges recover the long run marginal costs associated with water demand, and include peak and off-peak prices. They are calculated using an extension to the Turvey concept of long run marginal cost. The connection charges represent the marginal costs associated with connecting to the system, rather than those associated with water demand. They are of two types: those related to the local distribution network, and those related to annual operating costs. An access charge is also suggested as a means of recovering residual common costs associated with economies of scale related to production. The proposed water rate, while based primarily on possible welfare improvements, also promises gains in simplicity in use and rate stability over time, compared to current practice.}, keywords = {0505:Business costs, 0508:Finance, Business costs, Finance, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304271819?accountid=14270}, author = {Harris, Jeff B} } @article {4820, title = {{Prevalence of Cyclospora species and other enteric pathogens among children less than 5 years of age in Nepal}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {33}, year = {1995}, pages = {3058{\textendash}3060}, author = {Hoge, CW and Echeverria, P and Rajah, R and Jacobs, J and Malthouse, S and Chapman, E and Jimenez, LM and Shlim, DR} } @article {14294, title = {Prevalence of enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in a survey of dairy herds}, journal = {Appl. Envir. Microbiol.}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, year = {1995}, month = {apr}, pages = {1290{\textendash}1293}, author = {Zhao, T and Doyle, MP and Shere, J and Garber, L} } @article {2478, title = {{Prevalence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a survey of dairy herds}}, journal = {Appl. Envir. Microbiol.}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, year = {1995}, month = {apr}, pages = {1290{\textendash}1293}, author = {Zhao, T and Doyle, MP and Shere, J and Garber, L} } @book {9956, title = {{Principles and practice of clinical virology.}}, series = {FEBS Letters}, volume = {392}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, pages = {766}, publisher = {Wiley and Sons, Chichester}, organization = {Wiley and Sons, Chichester}, isbn = {0471931063}, issn = {00145793}, doi = {10.1016/0014-5793(96)89439-7}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014579396894397}, author = {Desselberger, U. and Gray, J.}, editor = {Zuckerman, A.J. and J.E., Banatvala and Pattison, J.R.} } @article {5992, title = {{Protracted viremia during acute sporadic hepatitis E virus infection}}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, volume = {108}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {225{\textendash}230}, author = {Nanda, SK and Ansari, IH} } @article {10134, title = {{Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization of Bifidobacterium spp. with genus-specific 16S rRNA-targeted probes and its application in fecal samples}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {61}, number = {8}, year = {1995}, pages = {3069{\textendash}3075}, author = {Langendijk, PS and Schut, F and Jansen, GJ and Raangs, GC and Kamphuis, GR and Wilkinson, MH and Welling, GW} } @article {9281, title = {{Rapid diagnosis of Entamoeba infection by using Entamoeba and Entamoeba histolytica stool antigen detection kits}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {33}, number = {10}, year = {1995}, pages = {2558{\textendash}2561}, author = {Haque, R and Neville, LM and Hahn, P and Petri, WA Jr} } @article {2379, title = {{A rapid, direct method for enumerating respiring enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {61}, number = {7}, year = {1995}, pages = {2614{\textendash}2619}, edition = {1995/07/01}, abstract = {Simple, rapid methods for the detection and enumeration of specific bacteria in water and wastewater are needed. We have combined incubation using cyanoditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) to detect respiratory activity with a modified fluorescent-antibody (FA) technique, for the enumeration of specific viable bacteria. Bacteria in suspensions were captured by filtration on nonfluorescent polycarbonate membranes that were then incubated on absorbent pads saturated with CTC medium. A specific antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate was reacted with the cells on the membrane filter. The membrane filters were mounted for examination by epifluorescence microscopy with optical filters designed to permit concurrent visualization of fluorescent red-orange CTC-formazan crystals in respiring cells which were also stained with the specific FA. Experiments with Escherichia coli O157:H7 indicated that both respiratory activity and specific FA staining could be detected in logarithmic- or stationary-phase cultures, as well as in cells suspended in M9 medium or reverse-osmosis water. Following incubation without added nutrients in M9 medium or unsterile reverse-osmosis water, the E. coli O157:H7 populations increased, although lower proportions of the organisms reduced CTC. Numbers of CTC-positive, FA-positive cells compared with R2A agar plate counts gave a strong linear regression (R = 0.997). Differences in injury did not appear to affect CTC reduction. The procedure, which can be completed within 3 to 4 h, has also been performed successfully with Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Pyle, B H and Broadaway, S C and McFeters, G A} } @article {14189, title = {A rapid, direct method for enumerating respiring enterohemorrhagic {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in water}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {61}, number = {7}, year = {1995}, pages = {2614{\textendash}2619}, abstract = {Simple, rapid methods for the detection and enumeration of specific bacteria in water and wastewater are needed. We have combined incubation using cyanoditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) to detect respiratory activity with a modified fluorescent-antibody (FA) technique, for the enumeration of specific viable bacteria. Bacteria in suspensions were captured by filtration on nonfluorescent polycarbonate membranes that were then incubated on absorbent pads saturated with CTC medium. A specific antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate was reacted with the cells on the membrane filter. The membrane filters were mounted for examination by epifluorescence microscopy with optical filters designed to permit concurrent visualization of fluorescent red-orange CTC-formazan crystals in respiring cells which were also stained with the specific FA. Experiments with Escherichia coli O157:H7 indicated that both respiratory activity and specific FA staining could be detected in logarithmic- or stationary-phase cultures, as well as in cells suspended in M9 medium or reverse-osmosis water. Following incubation without added nutrients in M9 medium or unsterile reverse-osmosis water, the E. coli O157:H7 populations increased, although lower proportions of the organisms reduced CTC. Numbers of CTC-positive, FA-positive cells compared with R2A agar plate counts gave a strong linear regression (R = 0.997). Differences in injury did not appear to affect CTC reduction. The procedure, which can be completed within 3 to 4 h, has also been performed successfully with Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae.}, author = {Pyle, B H and Broadaway, S C and McFeters, G A} } @article {16219, title = {The rare outer membrane protein, OmpL1, of the pathogenic Leptospira species is a heat-modifiable porin.}, journal = {Infect. Immun.Infect. Immun.}, volume = { 63}, year = {1995}, pages = {3174-3181.}, author = {Shang, E. S. and Exner, M. M. and Summers, T. A. and Martinich, C. and Champion, C. I. and Hancock, R. E. W. and Haake, D. A.} } @article {15093, title = {Rate of reinfection with intestinal nematodes after treatment of children with mebendazole or albendazole in a highly endemic area}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {89}, year = {1995}, pages = {538{\textendash}41}, author = {Albonico, M. and Smith, P. G. and Ercole, E. and Hall, A. and Chwaya, H. M. and Alawi, K. S. and Savioli, L.} } @article {11052, title = {Rate of reinfection with intestinal nematodes after treatment of children with mebendazole or albendazole in a highly endemic area}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {89}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, month = {oct}, pages = {538{\textendash}541}, abstract = {

The comparative efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole in the treatment of intestinal nematode infections were compared 3 weeks after treatment in a randomized trial among schoolchildren on Pemba Island, Tanzania. Egg counts were compared 3 weeks, 4 months and 6 months after treatment of 731 children seen on each occasion. Differences in the efficacies were apparent with some nematodes 21 d after treatment, but these were no longer apparent 4 months after treatment, and by 6 months intensities of infection were similar to pre-treatment levels. These findings suggest that treatment of schoolchildren every 4 months may be necessary in this highly endemic area in order to have an impact on the intensity of intestinal nematode infections sufficient to be likely to reduce morbidity.

}, keywords = {albendazole, Antinematodal Agents, ascariasis, Child, Feces, Hookworm Infections, Humans, Intestinal Diseases, Mebendazole, Parasite Egg Count, Parasitic, Recurrence, Sampling Studies, Tanzania, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Trichuriasis}, issn = {0035-9203}, author = {Albonico, M. and Smith, P. G. and Ercole, E. and Hall, A. and Chwaya, H. M. and Alawi, K. S. and Savioli, L.} } @article {15688, title = {Reiter{\textquoteright}s syndrome associated with cryptosporidial gastroenteritis}, journal = {The Journal of Rheumatology}, volume = {22}, number = {10}, year = {1995}, month = {Oct}, pages = {1962-3}, edition = {1995/10/01}, keywords = {Arthritis, Reactive/*etiology, Child, Cryptosporidiosis/*complications, Gastroenteritis/*parasitology, Humans, Male}, isbn = {0315-162X (Print)
0315-162x}, author = {Cron, R. Q. and Sherry, D. D.} } @article {9353, title = {{The relationship of water sources and other determinants to prevalence of intestinal protozoal infections in a rural community of Saudi Arabia}}, journal = {Journal of Community Health}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, pages = {433{\textendash}440}, author = {Omar, MS and Mahfouz, AA and Abdel Moneim, M} } @article {8737, title = {{Removal and inactivation of cryptosporidium oocysts by activated sludge treatment and anaerobic digestion}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5-6}, year = {1995}, pages = {97{\textendash}104}, author = {Stadterman, K.L. and Sninsky, A.M. and Sykora, J.L. and Jakubowski, W.} } @article {15916, title = {Removal and inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts by activated sludge treatment and anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, month = {1995/01/01/}, pages = {97-104}, keywords = {Cryptosporidium oocysts, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Stadterman, K. L. and Sninsky, A. M. and Sykom, J. L. and Jakubowski, W.} } @article {5300, title = {Removal of pathogenic organisms from the effluent of an upflow anaerobic digester using waste stabilization ponds}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, year = {1995}, pages = {275{\textendash}284}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Dixo, NGH and Gambrill, MP and Paula F Catunda and Van Haandel, AC} } @article {9384, title = {{Removal of pathogens from wastewaters by the root zone method (RZM)}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, pages = {211{\textendash}218}, author = {Rivera, F and Warren, A and Ramirez, E and Decamp, O and Bonilla, P and Gallegos, E and Calder{\'o}n, A and S{\'a}nchez, JT} } @article {13472, title = {Resistance of Fasciola hepatica to triclabendazole}, journal = {Austr Vet J.}, volume = {72}, year = {1995}, pages = {275-276}, author = {Overend, D. J. and Bowen, F. L.} } @article {1583, title = {Reverse transcription PCR to detect enteroviruses in surface water}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {61}, number = {4}, year = {1995}, note = {Gilgen, M Wegmuller, B Burkhalter, P Buhler, H P Muller, U Luthy, J Candrian, U eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 1995/04/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Apr;61(4):1226-31.}, pages = {1226-31}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {We have developed a simple, fast, and efficient procedure to detect enteroviruses in water samples. Aliquots of water are subjected to two-step filtration, with the second filter containing a positively charged nylon membrane that holds back virus particles. Viruses thus adsorbed are directly lysed, and RNA is isolated by hybridization to specific oligonucleotides bound to magnetic beads. The solution used contains guanidine thiocyanate, which lyses virus particles, inactivates enzymes, e.g., RNases, allows mild hybridization conditions, and does not influence biotin-streptavidin interaction on magnetic beads. Detection and specific identification are accomplished by reverse transcription PCR of the highly conserved noncoding region at the 5{\textquoteright} end of virus RNA combined with Southern hybridization. The system was tested with tap water artificially spiked with poliovirus vaccine and yielded a detection limit of 20 50\% tissue culture infective doses per liter. We used the same procedure to investigate the water quality of surface water at public beaches by rivers and lakes. Of 40 samples tested, 7 were positive for enteroviruses. A comparison with enterobacterial contamination determined by PCR and classical microbiological methods in parallel showed that enteroviruses were found only in samples also positive for Escherichia coli. In conclusion, this procedure can easily be adapted to test large water samples and is simple enough to be used for routine determinations of water quality in terms of virus contamination.}, keywords = {Bacterial/genetics/isolation \& purification DNA, Base Sequence DNA Primers/genetics DNA, Genetic *Water Microbiology Water Supply/standards, Viral/genetics/isolation \& purification Enterovirus/*genetics/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus Infections/prevention \& control Escherichia coli/genetics/isolation \& purification Evaluation Studies as Topic Fresh Water Humans Molecular Sequence Data}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7747945}, author = {Gilgen, M. and Wegmuller, B. and Burkhalter, P. and Buhler, H. P. and Muller, U. and Luthy, J. and Candrian, U.} } @article {14630, title = {Reverse transcription {PCR} to detect enteroviruses in surface water}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {61}, year = {1995}, month = {apr}, pages = {1226{\textendash}31}, abstract = {We have developed a simple, fast, and efficient procedure to detect enteroviruses in water samples. Aliquots of water are subjected to two-step filtration, with the second filter containing a positively charged nylon membrane that holds back virus particles. Viruses thus adsorbed are directly lysed, and RNA is isolated by hybridization to specific oligonucleotides bound to magnetic beads. The solution used contains guanidine thiocyanate, which lyses virus particles, inactivates enzymes, e.g., RNases, allows mild hybridization conditions, and does not influence biotin-streptavidin interaction on magnetic beads. Detection and specific identification are accomplished by reverse transcription PCR of the highly conserved noncoding region at the 5{\textquoteright} end of virus RNA combined with Southern hybridization. The system was tested with tap water artificially spiked with poliovirus vaccine and yielded a detection limit of 20 50\% tissue culture infective doses per liter. We used the same procedure to investigate the water quality of surface water at public beaches by rivers and lakes. Of 40 samples tested, 7 were positive for enteroviruses. A comparison with enterobacterial contamination determined by PCR and classical microbiological methods in parallel showed that enteroviruses were found only in samples also positive for Escherichia coli. In conclusion, this procedure can easily be adapted to test large water samples and is simple enough to be used for routine determinations of water quality in terms of virus contamination.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Bacterial/genetics/isolation \& purification, Base Sequence, DNA, DNA Primers/genetics, Enterovirus Infections/prevention \& control, Enterovirus/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/genetics/isolation \& purification, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Fresh Water, Genetic, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods/statistics \& numerical data, Sensitivity and Specificity, Transcription, Viral/genetics/isolation \& purification, Water Supply/standards}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Gilgen, M. and Wegmuller, B. and Burkhalter, P. and Buhler, H. P. and Muller, U. and Luthy, J. and Candrian, U.} } @article {14959, title = {Reverse transcription {PCR} to detect enteroviruses in surface water}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {61}, year = {1995}, month = {apr}, pages = {1226{\textendash}31}, abstract = {We have developed a simple, fast, and efficient procedure to detect enteroviruses in water samples. Aliquots of water are subjected to two-step filtration, with the second filter containing a positively charged nylon membrane that holds back virus particles. Viruses thus adsorbed are directly lysed, and RNA is isolated by hybridization to specific oligonucleotides bound to magnetic beads. The solution used contains guanidine thiocyanate, which lyses virus particles, inactivates enzymes, e.g., RNases, allows mild hybridization conditions, and does not influence biotin-streptavidin interaction on magnetic beads. Detection and specific identification are accomplished by reverse transcription PCR of the highly conserved noncoding region at the 5{\textquoteright} end of virus RNA combined with Southern hybridization. The system was tested with tap water artificially spiked with poliovirus vaccine and yielded a detection limit of 20 50\% tissue culture infective doses per liter. We used the same procedure to investigate the water quality of surface water at public beaches by rivers and lakes. Of 40 samples tested, 7 were positive for enteroviruses. A comparison with enterobacterial contamination determined by PCR and classical microbiological methods in parallel showed that enteroviruses were found only in samples also positive for Escherichia coli. In conclusion, this procedure can easily be adapted to test large water samples and is simple enough to be used for routine determinations of water quality in terms of virus contamination.}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Bacterial/genetics/isolation \& purification, Base Sequence, DNA, DNA Primers/genetics, Enterovirus Infections/prevention \& control, Enterovirus/*genetics/*isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/genetics/isolation \& purification, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Fresh Water, Genetic, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods/statistics \& numerical data, Sensitivity and Specificity, Transcription, Viral/genetics/isolation \& purification, Water Supply/standards}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Gilgen, M. and Wegmuller, B. and Burkhalter, P. and Buhler, H. P. and Muller, U. and Luthy, J. and Candrian, U.} } @article {11715, title = {{The role of zooplankton in the transmission of helminth parasites to fish}}, journal = {Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries}, volume = {5}, year = {1995}, pages = {336{\textendash}371}, author = {Marcogliese, DJ} } @article {5206, title = {{Rotavirus removal in experimental waste stabilization pond systems with different geometries and configurations}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, year = {1995}, pages = {285{\textendash}290}, keywords = {Viruses}, author = {Oragui, J I and Arridge, H and Mara, D D and Pearson, H W and Silva, S A} } @article {17221, title = {SALMONELLA CONTAMINATION OF RECYCLED EFFLUENT OF TREATED SEWAGE AND URBAN WASTE-WATER}, journal = {Water SaWater Sa}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, month = {Jul}, pages = {245-250}, isbn = {0378-4738}, author = {Gopo, J. M. and Chingobe, N.} } @mastersthesis {7098, title = {Scaling and upscaling of fluid flow through permeable media}, year = {1995}, note = {9534863}, school = {The University of Texas at Austin}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation presents a general procedure of inspectional analysis that derives the minimum number of the most succinct form of independent dimensionless groups. Two new geostatistic tools, a moving window semi-variance estimator and a type curve approach to estimating p for a p-normal transformation, have been developed to provide more precise reservoir heterogeneity description. Based on inspectional analysis and geostatistic techniques, this dissertation presents, for the first time, a general method to scale immiscible and miscible flows through heterogeneous permeable media. The concepts of heterogeneity and scale have been clarified, and heterogeneity scaling groups have been separated from flow scaling groups. The causes of the inefficiency for the East Velma West Block Sims Sand Unit located in the south central part of Stephens County, Oklahoma, have been determined by using the scaling results in conjunction with reservoir simulation, and possible remedial actions have been recommended. A new method for absolute permeability upscaling is presented. The method, referred to as global upscaling, focuses on the spatial connections within a global permeability field. Conventional methods, referred to as local upscaling, concentrate on local areas which can lead to loss of geologically important structural information. The method has been implemented in a three-dimensional algorithm that uses a moving window technique to detect boundaries of large permeability variance and then constructs a coarse-scale grid. The gridding method produces locally refined Cartesian grids for the upscaled model. Based on the global upscaling concept, this dissertation has developed a new approach for relative permeability and capillary pressure upscaling. The technique uses a table of "shock velocity" values that are correlated with a universal heterogeneity number and the effective aspect ratio of a residual permeability field. This table look-up eliminates the need for fine-grid numerical simulation. The approach has the potential to be a significant improvement over existing upscaling methods that require extensive fine-grid simulation. Water flood and tracer flood simulations on several 2D and 3D examples show that the global method reproduces the fine-grid flow behavior better than local upscaling methods.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrology, 0543:Civil engineering, 0765:Petroleum production, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Earth sciences, Hydrology, Petroleum production}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304248106?accountid=14270}, author = {Li, Dachang} } @article {1867, title = {Seasonal distribution of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and reoviruses in urban river water}, journal = {Microbiol Immunol}, volume = {39}, number = {8}, year = {1995}, note = {Tani, N Dohi, Y Kurumatani, N Yonemasu, K eng JAPAN 1995/01/01 Microbiol Immunol. 1995;39(8):577-80.}, pages = {577-80}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In the 63-month period from January 1988 to March 1993, monthly levels of adenoviruses, enteroviruses (coxsackie B, polio, echo) and reoviruses in the urban river water in Nara Prefecture, Japan were in the range 0-25, 0-190 and 0-325, plaque forming units per liter (PFU/liter), and the average levels were 2.4, 40.6 and 56.2 PFU/liter, respectively. The peak reovirus level was found in winter during the cold weather months (Nov. to Mar.). The peak enterovirus level was found in summer (May to Sept.) but continued to be found in autumn-winter (Oct. to Jan.) from 1991 to 1993. The levels of adenoviruses were low throughout all 5 years, as compared to those of reoviruses and enteroviruses. Polioviruses were isolated following the administration of vaccine. Although a changing pattern of serotype prevalence was seen with the coxsackie B viruses and echoviruses from 1988 to 1993, this is not so for polioviruses, which remained almost unchanged for the five-year period. Adenoviruses were isolated throughout all five years, though in small numbers. Reoviruses were isolated most frequently throughout five years.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Seasons Urban Health *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0385-5600 (Print) 0385-5600 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7494496}, author = {Tani, N. and Dohi, Y. and Kurumatani, N. and Yonemasu, K.} } @article {11639, title = {{Situation de Diphyllobothrium latum L., 1758 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) dans quatre lacs du plateau Suisse}}, journal = {Bulletin de la Societ{\'e} Neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles}, volume = {118}, year = {1995}, pages = {79{\textendash}86}, author = {Golay, M and Mariaux, J} } @mastersthesis {7232, title = {Solid waste systems analysis and landfill utilization policy}, year = {1995}, note = {9525528}, school = {North Carolina State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The purpose of the research has been to develop a linear programming model for integrated solid waste management and an approach for evaluating landfill utilization using the model. The proposed method generates a community{\textquoteright}s derived demand curve and supply curve for landfill disposal based on numerous site-specific data. The desired management alternative, which specifies the demand curve for disposal, and the level of disposal, which specifies the supply curve for disposal, are defined as functions of disposal costs. Assuming that tipping fees represent the true disposal cost and are market determined, the tipping fee can be used as an economic instrument to affect the solid waste management solution. The study emphasizes the importance of disposal cost on the selection of management alternatives and unit processes. The research involves the following applications of the proposed method; generation of alternative solutions, management of demand curve, and management of supply curve. Modeling-to-Generate Alternatives (MGA) techniques are applied to generate alternatives that may be considered in a comprehensive planning effort. Also, the method is used to explore management policy options such as recycling subsidies and waste transfer. These policies may shift a community{\textquoteright}s derived demand or supply for landfill disposal to induce a desirable management scheme for a given community. Illustrative examples are used to demonstrate that the methodology can be applied to explore comprehensive solid waste management alternatives.}, keywords = {0554:Sanitation, 0768:Environmental science, 0790:Systems design, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Applied sciences, Area planning \& development, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, recycling, sanitation, Social sciences, Systems design, Urban planning, waste transfer}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304199749?accountid=14270}, author = {Kaneko, Atsushi} } @article {4233, title = {{Somatic and F-specific coliphages in New Zealand waste treatment lagoons}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, year = {1995}, month = {apr}, pages = {1105{\textendash}1110}, abstract = {Three coliphages (FRNA, FDNA and somatic) and three bacterial indicators (faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci) were measured in four waster-treatment lagoons over 10 months. Two of the lagoons treated domestic sewage; the third, meat processing waste and the fourth, meat processing waste with a minor sewage component. In the meat processing lagoons the ratios of FRNA:FDNA were numerically large, due to very low counts of FDNA, and somatic coliphages generally outnumbered FRNA. Many of the FDNA plaques from meat processing lagoons were very small and were not confirmed on the F-plus strain, E. coli C 3000. In sewage lagoons all three coliphages were consistently present and FRNA usually outnumbered both FDNA and somatic coliphages. However, the ratios of FRNA to the other two coliphages were not numerically large. Ratios of coliphages, especially of FRNA:FDNA, seem a promising tool to distinguish between human and animal faecal pollution. Overall, there were no strong correlations between the bacterial indicators and the coliphages.}, keywords = {animal waste, bacteriophage, coliphage, F-specific phage, human waste, lagoon}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(94)00227-X}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004313549400227X}, author = {Donnison, A.M. and Ross, C.M.} } @article {14651, title = {Some factors affecting the airborne survival of bacteria outdoors}, journal = {J Appl Bacteriol}, volume = {79}, year = {1995}, month = {oct}, pages = {368{\textendash}78}, abstract = {Airborne survival of two pseudomonads and a reference strain of Escherichia coli (strain MRE 162) was studied outdoors using a modified microthread technique. When cells of E. coli were suspended as clusters, survival was much greater than single cells, particularly outdoors. Culture age had a highly significant effect on survival of Pseudomonas maltophila with survival of 24 h cultures being more than 100-fold higher than 48 h cultures. Survival of Pseudomonas fluorescens was variable and depended also upon the method of culture. Survival of E. coli and Ps. maltophila was studied at three locations differing in air quality and was found to be significantly reduced outdoors, particularly when held in direct daylight. Outdoor survival was not significantly different at the three locations but was reduced at increasing temperatures. There was no apparent effect of wind direction or air quality. Results are discussed with reference to the release of genetically-modified micro-organisms.}, keywords = {*Air Microbiology, Aerosols, Escherichia coli/*physiology, Particle Size, Pseudomonas fluorescens/*physiology, Pseudomonas/*physiology, Temperature}, issn = {0021-8847 (Print) 0021-8847 (Linking)}, author = {Handley, B. A. and Webster, A. J.} } @article {694, title = {SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TAMOXIFEN CITRATE}, journal = {Talanta}, volume = {42}, number = {10}, year = {1995}, note = {SASTRY, CSP RAO, JSVML RAO, KR}, pages = {1479-1485}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Three simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods for the determination of tamoxifen citrate have been developed. They are based on the formation of an ion-association complex between the drug and a dye, Erioglaucine A, which is extractable into chloroform and has an absorption maximum at 625 nm (method A), oxidation with excess potassium permanganate and the determination of unconsumed permanganate using Fast Green FCF (method B), or by the formation of a coloured cobalt thiocyante coordination complex which is extracted into benzene and measured at 635 nm (method C). Beer{\textquoteright}s law limits for methods A, B, and C are 0.5-3.0 mu g ml(-1), 1.0-6.0 mu g ml(-1) and 100-500 mu g ml(-1), respectively. No interference was observed from tableting additives and the applicability of the methods was examined by analysing tablets containing tamoxifen. The quantities determined were 99.0-100.03\% of the exptected values.}, issn = {0039-9140}, doi = {10.1016/0039-9140(95)01598-6}, url = {://WOS:A1995TH01300017}, author = {Sastry, C. S. P. and Rao, Jsvml and Rao, K. R.} } @article {4711, title = {{A stable Eimerian assemblage in Wyoming ground squirrels Spermophilus elegans elegans: maintaining viability over winter}}, journal = {J Helminthol Soc Wash}, volume = {62}, year = {1995}, pages = {1{\textendash}5}, author = {Thomas, DM and Stanton, NL and Seville, RS} } @book {5371, title = {{Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater}}, year = {1995}, pages = {1108}, edition = {19th}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {APMH and AWWA and WEF} } @article {7569, title = {{Studies evaluating the applicability of utilising the same concentration techniques for the detection of protozoan parasites and viruses in water}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5-6}, year = {1995}, pages = {417-423}, abstract = {

In this study concentration techniques regularly used for viral detection, i.e. flat-bed ultrafiltration and Filterite cartridge filtration, were evaluated for their efficacies in the recovery of protozoan parasites from water. Recovery of cysts was studied using tap water seeded with Giardia muris cysts and compared to methods designed for the detection of protozoan parasites. Recovery of cysts utilizing 1.2$μ$m membrane filters was 11.1{\%} (4.5-23{\%}) compared to 11.6{\%} (2.7-25.5{\%}) with ultrafiltration (pore size 46-50 {\AA}, with a molecular cut off of 50 000 daltons). Comparison of these methods for the isolation of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts from environmental water samples also indicated a similar efficacy. The recovery of cysts from 1001 of seeded samples using a Cuno wynd cartridge filter was 12.2{\%} (1.6-46{\%}) compared to 13.4{\%} (5-24.2{\%}) using a Filterite cartridge filter. Although the results indicated similar recovery efficacies for these two methods, use of Filterite resulted in a more consistent recovery rate. This study also indicated that the use of cartridge filters for the processing of large volume water samples (1001) showed a slightly better recovery efficacy than the flat-bed filtration technique which limits sample volume to about 101. This study shows that concentration techniques utilised for the isolation of enteric viruses can also be applied for the detection of protozoan parasites from water. This procedure allows for co-analysis of both viruses and protozoan parasites and provides a more rapid and cost-effective evaluation of water quality. | Concentration techniques regularly used for viral detection, i.e., flat-bed ultrafiltration and Filterite cartridge filtration, were evaluated for their efficacies in the recovery of protozoan parasites from water. Recovery of cysts was studied using tap water seeded with Giardia muris cysts and compared to methods designed for the detection of protozoan parasites. The use of cartridge filters for the processing of large volume water samples showed a slightly better recovery efficacy than flat-bed filtration. The concentration techniques utilized for the isolation of enteric viruses allowed for co-analysis of both viruses and protozoan parasites and provided a more rapid and cost-effective evaluation of water quality.

}, doi = {10.1016/0273-1223(95)00303-5}, author = {Kfir, R. and Hilner, C. and M. de Preez and Bateman, B.} } @article {14775, title = {Studies evaluating the applicability of utilising the same concentration techniques for the detection of protozoan parasites and viruses in water}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5-6}, year = {1995}, abstract = {In this study concentration techniques regularly used for viral detection, i.e. flat-bed ultrafiltration and Filterite cartridge filtration, were evaluated for their efficacies in the recovery of protozoan parasites from water. Recovery of cysts was studied using tap water seeded with Giardia muris cysts and compared to methods designed for the detection of protozoan parasites. Recovery of cysts utilizing 1.2μm membrane filters was 11.1\% (4.5-23\%) compared to 11.6\% (2.7-25.5\%) with ultrafiltration (pore size 46-50 {\textbackslash}textbackslashAA, with a molecular cut off of 50 000 daltons). Comparison of these methods for the isolation of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts from environmental water samples also indicated a similar efficacy. The recovery of cysts from 1001 of seeded samples using a Cuno wynd cartridge filter was 12.2\% (1.6-46\%) compared to 13.4\% (5-24.2\%) using a Filterite cartridge filter. Although the results indicated similar recovery efficacies for these two methods, use of Filterite resulted in a more consistent recovery rate. This study also indicated that the use of cartridge filters for the processing of large volume water samples (1001) showed a slightly better recovery efficacy than the flat-bed filtration technique which limits sample volume to about 101. This study shows that concentration techniques utilised for the isolation of enteric viruses can also be applied for the detection of protozoan parasites from water. This procedure allows for co-analysis of both viruses and protozoan parasites and provides a more rapid and cost-effective evaluation of water quality. {\textbackslash}textbar Concentration techniques regularly used for viral detection, i.e., flat-bed ultrafiltration and Filterite cartridge filtration, were evaluated for their efficacies in the recovery of protozoan parasites from water. Recovery of cysts was studied using tap water seeded with Giardia muris cysts and compared to methods designed for the detection of protozoan parasites. The use of cartridge filters for the processing of large volume water samples showed a slightly better recovery efficacy than flat-bed filtration. The concentration techniques utilized for the isolation of enteric viruses allowed for co-analysis of both viruses and protozoan parasites and provided a more rapid and cost-effective evaluation of water quality.}, doi = {10.1016/0273-1223(95)00303-5}, author = {Kfir, R. and Hilner, C. and Du Preez, M. and Bateman, B.} } @article {13769, title = {Studies evaluating the applicability of utilising the same concentration techniques for the detection of protozoan parasites and viruses in water}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5-6}, year = {1995}, abstract = {In this study concentration techniques regularly used for viral detection, i.e. flat-bed ultrafiltration and Filterite cartridge filtration, were evaluated for their efficacies in the recovery of protozoan parasites from water. Recovery of cysts was studied using tap water seeded with Giardia muris cysts and compared to methods designed for the detection of protozoan parasites. Recovery of cysts utilizing 1.2μm membrane filters was 11.1\% (4.5-23\%) compared to 11.6\% (2.7-25.5\%) with ultrafiltration (pore size 46-50 {\textbackslash}AA, with a molecular cut off of 50 000 daltons). Comparison of these methods for the isolation of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts from environmental water samples also indicated a similar efficacy. The recovery of cysts from 1001 of seeded samples using a Cuno wynd cartridge filter was 12.2\% (1.6-46\%) compared to 13.4\% (5-24.2\%) using a Filterite cartridge filter. Although the results indicated similar recovery efficacies for these two methods, use of Filterite resulted in a more consistent recovery rate. This study also indicated that the use of cartridge filters for the processing of large volume water samples (1001) showed a slightly better recovery efficacy than the flat-bed filtration technique which limits sample volume to about 101. This study shows that concentration techniques utilised for the isolation of enteric viruses can also be applied for the detection of protozoan parasites from water. This procedure allows for co-analysis of both viruses and protozoan parasites and provides a more rapid and cost-effective evaluation of water quality. {\textbar} Concentration techniques regularly used for viral detection, i.e., flat-bed ultrafiltration and Filterite cartridge filtration, were evaluated for their efficacies in the recovery of protozoan parasites from water. Recovery of cysts was studied using tap water seeded with Giardia muris cysts and compared to methods designed for the detection of protozoan parasites. The use of cartridge filters for the processing of large volume water samples showed a slightly better recovery efficacy than flat-bed filtration. The concentration techniques utilized for the isolation of enteric viruses allowed for co-analysis of both viruses and protozoan parasites and provided a more rapid and cost-effective evaluation of water quality.}, doi = {10.1016/0273-1223(95)00303-5}, author = {Kfir, R. and Hilner, C. and Du Preez, M. and Bateman, B.} } @book {15769, title = {Studies on the prevalence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in south African water}, volume = {31}, year = {1995}, author = {Kfir, R. and Hilner, C. and du Preez, Martella and Bateman, B.} } @article {15770, title = {Studies on the prevalence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in south African water}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, month = {1995/01/01/}, pages = {435-438}, keywords = {Cysts, drinking water, Guidelines, Oocysts, purification processes, raw sewage, surface water, treated effluents}, isbn = {0273-1223}, author = {Kfir, R. and Hilner, C. and Du Preez, M. and Bateman, B.} } @article {11678, title = {{Study of conditions for the possible formation of foci of diphyllobothriasis on the lower reaches of the Don}}, journal = {Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni}, volume = {2}, year = {1995}, pages = {35{\textendash}39}, author = {Khromenkova, EP and Ermolova, RS and Basmadzhan, YU A and Zinchenko, LN} } @article {14491, title = {The survival of enteric viruses in the water environment}, journal = {Microbiologia}, volume = {11}, year = {1995}, month = {sep}, pages = {393{\textendash}6}, keywords = {*Virus Physiological Phenomena, *Water Microbiology, Fresh Water, Seawater, Time Factors}, issn = {0213-4101 (Print) 0213-4101 (Linking)}, author = {Bosch, A.} } @article {5658, title = {{The Survival of Enteric Viruses in the Water Environment}}, journal = {Microbiologia SEM}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, pages = {393{\textendash}396}, author = {Bosch, A} } @article {7880, title = {{Survival of fecal microorganisms in marine and freshwater sediments}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {61}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, pages = {1888{\textendash}1896}, author = {Davies, CM and Long, JAH and Ashbolt, NJ} } @article {7977, title = {{Survival of fecal microorganisms in marine and freshwater sediments.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {61}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, month = {may}, pages = {1888{\textendash}96}, abstract = {

The survival of culturable fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Clostridium perfringens spores in freshwater and marine sediments from sites near sewage outfalls was studied. In laboratory studies, the inhibition of protozoan predators with cycloheximide allowed the fecal coliforms to grow in the sediment whereas the presence of predators resulted in a net die-off. C. perfringens spores did not appear either to be affected by predators or to die off throughout the duration of the experiments (28 days). Studies using in situ membrane diffusion chambers showed that, with the exception of C. perfringens, die-off of the test organisms to 10{\%} of their initial numbers occurred in both marine and freshwater sediments within 85 days. The usual exponential decay model could not be applied to the sediment survival data, with the exception of the data for fecal streptococci. It was concluded that application of the usual decay model to the fecal coliform data was confounded by the complex relationship between growth and predation. The survival of seeded Escherichia coli in marine sediment was studied by using an enumeration method which detected viable but nonculturable bacteria. Throughout the duration of the experiment (68 days), the same proportion of E. coli organisms remained culturable, suggesting that sediment provides a favorable, nonstarvation environment for the bacteria.

}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Davies, C M and Long, J A and Donald, M and Ashbolt, N J} } @article {13982, title = {Survival of fecal microorganisms in marine and freshwater sediments.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {61}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, month = {may}, pages = {1888{\textendash}96}, abstract = {The survival of culturable fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Clostridium perfringens spores in freshwater and marine sediments from sites near sewage outfalls was studied. In laboratory studies, the inhibition of protozoan predators with cycloheximide allowed the fecal coliforms to grow in the sediment whereas the presence of predators resulted in a net die-off. C. perfringens spores did not appear either to be affected by predators or to die off throughout the duration of the experiments (28 days). Studies using in situ membrane diffusion chambers showed that, with the exception of C. perfringens, die-off of the test organisms to 10\% of their initial numbers occurred in both marine and freshwater sediments within 85 days. The usual exponential decay model could not be applied to the sediment survival data, with the exception of the data for fecal streptococci. It was concluded that application of the usual decay model to the fecal coliform data was confounded by the complex relationship between growth and predation. The survival of seeded Escherichia coli in marine sediment was studied by using an enumeration method which detected viable but nonculturable bacteria. Throughout the duration of the experiment (68 days), the same proportion of E. coli organisms remained culturable, suggesting that sediment provides a favorable, nonstarvation environment for the bacteria.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Davies, C M and Long, J A and Donald, M and Ashbolt, N J} } @article {2210, title = {{Survival of fecal microorganisms in marine and freshwater sediments.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {61}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, month = {may}, pages = {1888{\textendash}96}, abstract = {

The survival of culturable fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Clostridium perfringens spores in freshwater and marine sediments from sites near sewage outfalls was studied. In laboratory studies, the inhibition of protozoan predators with cycloheximide allowed the fecal coliforms to grow in the sediment whereas the presence of predators resulted in a net die-off. C. perfringens spores did not appear either to be affected by predators or to die off throughout the duration of the experiments (28 days). Studies using in situ membrane diffusion chambers showed that, with the exception of C. perfringens, die-off of the test organisms to 10\% of their initial numbers occurred in both marine and freshwater sediments within 85 days. The usual exponential decay model could not be applied to the sediment survival data, with the exception of the data for fecal streptococci. It was concluded that application of the usual decay model to the fecal coliform data was confounded by the complex relationship between growth and predation. The survival of seeded Escherichia coli in marine sediment was studied by using an enumeration method which detected viable but nonculturable bacteria. Throughout the duration of the experiment (68 days), the same proportion of E. coli organisms remained culturable, suggesting that sediment provides a favorable, nonstarvation environment for the bacteria.

}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Davies, C M and Long, J A and Donald, M and Ashbolt, N J} } @article {9068, title = {{Survival of the enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in tap, sea, and waste water}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {29}, number = {11}, year = {1995}, pages = {2548{\textendash}2553}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0043-1354}, author = {Enriquez, Carlos E and Hurst, Christon J and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {17042, title = {Survival of the enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in tap, sea, and waste water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {29}, number = {11}, year = {1995}, pages = {2548{\textendash}2553}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Enriquez, Carlos E and Hurst, Christon J and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {4469, title = {Survival of the enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in tap, sea, and waste water}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {29}, number = {11}, year = {1995}, pages = {2548{\textendash}2553}, author = {C E Enriquez and Hurst, CJ and C P Gerba} } @mastersthesis {6946, title = {Systems and economic analysis of municipal solid and hazardous waste management}, year = {1995}, note = {9608837}, school = {University of California, Davis}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A wide variety of alternative programs and technologies are available for managing solid wastes. From this variety arises the question of how to choose the policies and technologies that will work together to best meet a community{\textquoteright}s waste management needs. A set of tools are developed that allow quantitative analysis of solid waste management policies, operations, and potential innovations. First, an economic model is used to demonstrate that it is most economically efficient to charge the marginal cost of waste management services at the point of disposal. It is shown that frequently proposed policy alternatives: virgin material taxes, minimum recycled content, and retail disposal charges, are not sufficient to eliminate market distortions caused by average cost pricing of wastemanagement services and their use introduces additional inefficiencies. Second, optimal control theory is applied to managing waste decomposition in landfills through leachate recycle. The technique minimizes net present cost of landfill post-closure operations while satisfying landfill liner safety constraints. The optimal control method developed specifies leachate recycle rates and the optimal leachate collection and distribution system capacities. The approach is demonstrated for a typical excavated cell landfill. Third, existing and alternative household hazardous waste (HHW) management programs are examined and methods of applying control measures to reduce the risks of using, storing, and disposing of HHW are suggested. The cost and performance of existing HHW education and collection programs are analyzed. Incentive-based measures are found to be promising for control of HHW use and disposal. Fourth, use of the zonal travel cost method to develop a demand curve and consumer surplus estimate for household hazardous waste collection and disposal services in King County, Washington is demonstrated. The travel cost derived consumer surplus estimate is compared to a consumer surplus estimate derived from a preliminary contingent valuation survey. The travel cost estimate of consumer surplus is found to be more than the contingent valuation estimate and significantly less than the cost of household hazardous waste collection in King County during 1993. Finally, conclusions about the benefits and limitations of applying systems analysis in the solid waste field are presented.}, keywords = {0511:Economic theory, 0543:Civil engineering, 0554:Sanitation, 0617:Public administration, 0768:Environmental science, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Economic theory, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, municipal solid waste, Public administration, sanitation, Social sciences, Waste Management}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304174999?accountid=14270}, author = {Anex, Jr, Robert Phillip} } @booklet {10474, title = {{Technical Norm for the Quality of Potable Water}}, year = {1995} } @article {11201, title = {{Toxocara canis: Ultrastructural aspects of larval moulting in the maturing eggs}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, year = {1995}, pages = {683{\textendash}690}, doi = {10.1016/0020-7519(94)00183-o}, author = {Brunaska, M and Dubinsk, P and Reiterov, K} } @article {8509, title = {{Toxoplasma gondii comprises 3 clonal lineages {\textendash} correlatin of parasite genotype with human}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {172}, number = {6}, year = {1995}, pages = {1561{\textendash}1566}, author = {Howe, DK and Sibley, LD} } @article {8486, title = {{Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Panama City, Panama - A 5-year prospective cohort study of children, cats, rodents, birds and soi}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, pages = {458{\textendash}468}, author = {Frenkel, JK and Hassanein, KM and Hassanein, RS and Brown, E and Thulliez, P and Quinteronunez, R} } @article {8899, title = {Tratamento de esgoto sanit{\'a}rio com o uso de acelerador de el{\'e}trons}, year = {1995}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Borrely, Sueli Ivone} } @article {564, title = {Treatment of adenoviral pneumonitis with intravenous ribavirin and immunoglobulin}, journal = {Thorax}, volume = {50}, number = {11}, year = {1995}, note = {Sabroe, I McHale, J Tait, D R Lynn, W A Ward, K N Shaunak, S Case Reports Journal Article England Thorax. 1995 Nov;50(11):1219-20.}, pages = {1219-20}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A 67 year old woman developed a severe adenoviral pneumonitis whilst receiving immunosuppressive therapy. She showed clinical and radiological evidence of a response to treatment with nebulised and intravenous ribavirin and intravenous pooled normal human immunoglobulin. To our knowledge this is the first time that such a therapeutic approach has been used in the treatment of a condition which normally carries a very high mortality.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/*drug therapy Aged Antiviral Agents/*administration \& dosage Female Humans Immunoglobulins, Intravenous Pneumonia, Intravenous/*therapeutic use Injections, Viral/*drug therapy Ribavirin/*administration \& dosage}, issn = {0040-6376 (Print) 0040-6376}, author = {Sabroe, I. and McHale, J. and Tait, D. R. and Lynn, W. A. and Ward, K. N. and Shaunak, S.} } @article {4594, title = {Treatment of adenoviral pneumonitis with intravenous ribavirin and immunoglobulin}, journal = {Thorax}, volume = {50}, number = {11}, year = {1995}, pages = {1219{\textendash}20}, issn = {0040-6376 (Print) 0040-6376}, author = {Sabroe, I. and McHale, J. and Tait, D. R. and Lynn, W. A. and Ward, K. N. and Shaunak, S.} } @article {13423, title = {Treatment of human chronic fascioliasis with triclabendazol: drug efficacy and serologic response}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg.}, volume = {52}, year = {1995}, pages = {532-535}, author = {Apt, W. and Aguilera, X. and Vega, F. and Miranda, C. and Zulantay, I. and Perez, C. and Gabor, M. and Apt, P.} } @article {3658, title = {Typing of human astroviruses from clinical isolates by enzyme immunoassay and nucleotide sequencing.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, year = {1995}, pages = {797{\textendash}801}, author = {Noel, JS and T W Lee and J B Kurtz and R I Glass and Monroe, SS} } @article {9910, title = {{Ultrastructure of Blastocystis hominis cysts}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {81}, year = {1995}, pages = {465{\textendash}469}, author = {Zaman, V and Howe, J and Ng, J} } @article {7262, title = {The underestimation of urban poverty and of its health consequences}, journal = {Third World Planning Review}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, year = {1995}, pages = {iii}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/1f7f798db6bcc5ffa445e451cbbc5079/1?pq-origsite=gscholar\&cbl=1820928}, author = {Satterthwaite, David} } @article {12994, title = {Urban sludge reuse in agriculture: waste treatment and parasitological risk}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {52}, year = {1995}, pages = {37-40}, author = {Gaspard, PG and Wiart, J and Schwartzbrod, J} } @article {17197, title = {Use of Bioluminescence to Model the Thermal Inactivation of Salmonella-Typhimurium in the Presence of a Competitive Microflora}, journal = {Applied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {61}, number = {9}, year = {1995}, month = {Sep}, pages = {3463-3465}, keywords = {ESCHERICHIA-COLI, Food Microbiology}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Duffy, G. and Ellison, A. and Anderson, W. and Cole, M. B. and Stewart, G. S. A. B.} } @article {2778, title = {The use of general primers GP5 and GP6 elongated at their 3{\textquoteright} ends with adjacent highly conserved sequences improves human papillomavirus detection by PCR}, journal = {The Journal of General Virology}, volume = {76 }, year = {1995}, pages = {1057-1062}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {analysis assay Conserved Sequence detection DNA dna primers dna, viral Follow Up Studies Follow-Up Studies genetics Genotype genotypes Hospital human humans isolation \& purification methods Molecular Netherlands Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Papillomavirus Infections pathology PCR polymerase chain reaction PRODUCT PR}, doi = {doi:10.1099/0022-1317-76-4-1057}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9049358}, author = {A M De Roda Husman and Walboomers, J.M. and van den Brule, A.J. and Meijer, C.J. and Snijders, P.J.} } @article {15361, title = {Vaccination of patas monkeys experimentally infected with Schistosoma haematobium using a recombinant glutathione S-transferase cloned from S. mansoni}, journal = {Parasite Immunol}, volume = {17}, number = {7}, year = {1995}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England}, month = {Jul}, pages = {361-9}, abstract = {The capacity of a recombinant glutathione S-transferase from Schistosoma mansoni (rSm28GST) to vaccinate primates (Erythrocebus patas) against a heterologous infection with Schistosoma haematobium has been tested. Two injections of the purified molecule with Muramyl-Di-Peptide (MDP) as adjuvant resulted in a high level antibody response in the five immunized animals and in a significant reduction in worm fecundity compared to the controls which received adjuvant alone. Mean levels of daily egg excretion in urine an faeces were reduced by respectively 55\% and 74\% although perfusion revealed that worm burdens were similar in both groups. The protective effect was long lasting since it was maintained up to the end of the experiment, 42 weeks after infection. Hatching rates and the numbers of intra-uterine eggs were also significantly affected by the vaccination. Tissue eggs were also drastically diminished in the urogenital system (-80\%) but the reduction was not statistically significant. One animal was not protected by the immunization. There was a good correlation between parasitological data and the intensity of bladder lesions assessed by microscopic examination. Polypoid formations together with an intense exudation of the lamina propria were frequently seen in the controls but rarely in the vaccinated group where formation of scar tissue was predominant. These results underline the vaccine potential of the recombinant Sm28GST as a possible valuable prophylactic tool for the control of egg-induced pathology and transmission of African schistosomes.}, keywords = {*Protozoan Vaccines/immunology, *Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology, Animals, Antibodies, Helminth/analysis, Cloning, Molecular, Erythrocebus patas, Feces/parasitology, Female, Fertility/immunology, Glutathione Transferase/*immunology, Mesentery/parasitology, Parasite Egg Count, Random Allocation, Recombinant Proteins/immunology, Schistosoma haematobium/*enzymology/immunology/isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis haematobia/immunology/*prevention \& control/urine, Urine/parasitology, Urogenital System/parasitology, Vaccination}, isbn = {0141-9838 (Print)
0141-9838 (Linking)}, author = {Boulanger, D. and Warter, A. and Trottein, F. and Mauny, F. and Br{\'e}mond, P. and Audibert, F. and Couret, D. and Kadri, S. and Godin, C. and Sellin, E. and et al.,} } @article {5977, title = {{Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {345}, number = {8956}, year = {1995}, pages = {1025{\textendash}1026}, author = {Khuroo, MS and Kamili, S} } @article {10531, title = {{Vibrio cholerae O1 and salmonellae removal compared with the die-off of faecal indicator organisms in waste stabilization pond in northeast Brazil}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, year = {1995}, pages = {249}, author = {Arridge, H} } @article {3792, title = {Virologic features of an astrovirus diarrhea outbreak in a day care center revealed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Disease}, volume = {172}, number = {6}, year = {1995}, pages = {1437{\textendash}1444}, author = {Mitchell, DK and Monroe, SS and Jiang, X and Matson, DO and R I Glass and Pickering, LK} } @article {3253, title = {{Virus removal from water and wastewater using membranes}}, journal = {Journal of Membrane Science}, volume = {102}, year = {1995}, pages = {65{\textendash}75}, abstract = {Membranes are finding increasing application in disinfection processes for raw water and municipal effluent reuse. The efficiency of virus removal is vitally important if membranes are to become widespread in these applications. In particular the ability of microfiltration (MF) to adequately retain viruses is of interest. This paper describes experimental studies of poliovirus transmission through 0.2 $μ$m microfiltration (MF) and 30 kD cut-off ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Transmission was measured for both dead end and stirred conditions and for transmembrane pressure values of 25, 50, 100 and 200 kPa. Feed solutions containing virus only, virus in the presence of biomass (E. coli) and virus in the presence of turbidity were used. It was found that UF membranes give complete rejection of virus and that MF membranes gave significant removals under appropriate conditions.}, keywords = {Microfiltration, ultrafiltration, Virus, water treatment}, isbn = {0376-7388}, issn = {03767388}, doi = {10.1016/0376-7388(94)00252-T}, author = {Madaeni, S.S. and a.G. Fane and Grohmann, G.S.} } @article {10521, title = {{Wastewater treatment and reuse: environmental health and safety considerations}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {5}, year = {1995}, pages = {35{\textendash}46}, author = {Abdel-Wahaab, R} } @article {5208, title = {{Wastewater treatment by stabilization pond: Marrakesh experiment}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {31}, number = {12}, year = {1995}, pages = {75{\textendash}80}, abstract = {

This paper presents results of two years of investigations on three types of wastewater stabilization pond treatment systems, purifying a raw urban wastewater, in the arid climate of Marrakesh. The systems tested were: two lined water hyacinth ponds, two lined facultative ponds, and one anaerobic pond. During the course of the experiment, organic load, nutrients, and parasitical load were studied. Results show that the macrophytic ponds were more efficient to reduce organic load (90{\%} of TSS and 78{\%} of COD) that the microphytic ponds were more efficient to eliminate nutrients (TKN 71{\%}, NH4 60{\%}, TP 80{\%} and PO4 62{\%}). The anaerobic pond presents a lower efficiency, less than 40{\%} for organic and less than 20{\%} for nutrients. About sanitary concerns, all of the year, the macrophytic and microphytic pond effluents correspond to B category (WHO, 1989), The anaerobic pond yields B category effluent except in autumn when it corresponds to C category.

}, keywords = {2.5 removal, 2.7 performance, Anaerobic pond, Helminth eggs, macrophytic ponds, nutrients, organic load, stabilization pond, wastewater, water hyacinth}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0273122395004948}, author = {Ouazzani, N and Bouhoum, K and Mandi, L and Bouarab, L and Habbari, Kh and Rafiq, F and Picot, B and Bontoux, J and Schwartzbrod, J} } @inbook {1368, title = {Water and waste treatment}, booktitle = {Food Microbiology and Hygiene}, year = {1995}, pages = {397-433}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag US}, organization = {Springer-Verlag US}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Department of Microbiology, Univsersity of Leeds}, author = {PR, Hayes}, editor = {PR, Hayes} } @article {1367, title = {Water quality impacts from on-site waste disposal systems to coastal areas through groundwater discharge}, journal = {Environmental Geology}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, year = {1995}, pages = {262-268}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {PJ, Harris} } @booklet {1547, title = {Water Treatment Manuals Filtration}, year = {1995}, publisher = {EPA_IRELAND https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=2\&ved=0CCQQFjABahUKEwiDzLSP8InHAhUwBtsKHRONBPU\&url=https\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.epa.ie\%2Fpubs\%2Fadvice\%2Fdrinkingwater\%2FEPA_water_treatment_manual_\%2520filtration1.pdf\&ei=v8a9VcPwNLCM7AaTmp}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {EPA_IRELAND} } @article {11151, title = {{Why treatment centres failed to prevent cholera deaths among Rwandan refugees in Goma, Zaire}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {345}, year = {1995}, pages = {359{\textendash}361}, author = {Siddique, AK and Salam, A and Islam, MS and Akram, K and Majumdar, RN and Zaman, K and Fronczak, N and Laston, S} } @article {6438, title = {Willingness and ability to pay for health care: a selection of methods and issues}, journal = {Health Policy and Planning}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, month = {mar}, pages = {94{\textendash}101}, keywords = {Attitude to Health, Cost Sharing, Fees and Charges, Financing, Great Britain, Health Policy, Health Services Research, Medical Indigency, Personal, Policy Making}, issn = {0268-1080}, author = {Russell, S. and Fox-Rushby, J. and Arhin, D.} } @article {7476, title = {Willingness to pay: assessing community water demand}, journal = {Habitat debate / UNCHS (Habitat), the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, month = {nov}, pages = {13{\textendash}14}, keywords = {Asia, Community, Conservation of Natural Resources, Demographic Factors, Demography, Developing Countries, Economic Factors, economics, environment, Geographic Factors, Geography, Health Services Needs and Demand, Indonesia, Low Income Population, natural resources, Needs, Population, Population Characteristics, Poverty, Research, Research Activities, Research Methodology, Residence Characteristics, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Socioeconomic Status, Southeastern, Southeastern Asia, Spatial Distribution, Urban Population, Water Supply}, issn = {1020-3613}, author = {Dzikus, A. and Surjadi, C.} } @inbook {16586, title = {Adverse {Events} {Associated} with {Childhood} {Vaccines}: {Evidence} {Bearing} on {Causality}.}, booktitle = {Adverse {Events} {Associated} with {Childhood} {Vaccines}: {Evidence} {Bearing} on {Causality}}, series = {The {National} {Academies} {Collection}: {Reports} funded by {National} {Institutes} of {Health}}, year = {1994}, address = {Washington (DC)}, abstract = {Childhood immunization is one of the major public health measures of the 20th century and is now receiving special attention from the Clinton administration. At the same time, some parents and health professionals are questioning the safety of vaccines because of the occurrence of rare adverse events after immunization. This volume provides the most thorough literature review available about links between common childhood vaccines{\textendash}tetanus, diphtheria, measles, mumps, polio, Haemophilus influenzae b, and hepatitis B{\textendash}and specific types of disorders or death. The authors discuss approaches to evidence and causality and examine the consequences{\textendash}neurologic and immunologic disorders and death{\textendash}linked with immunization. Discussion also includes background information on the development of the vaccines and details about the case reports, clinical trials, and other evidence associating each vaccine with specific disorders. This comprehensive volume will be an important resource to anyone concerned about the immunization controversy: public health officials, pediatricians, attorneys, researchers, and parents.}, isbn = {0-309-04895-8}, author = {Stratton, K. R. and Howe, C. J. and Johnston, R. B.}, editor = {Stratton, K. R. and Howe, C. J. and Johnston, R. B.} } @inbook {12094, title = {Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines: Evidence Bearing on Causality.}, booktitle = {Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines: Evidence Bearing on Causality}, series = {The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health}, year = {1994}, note = {Institute of Medicine (US) Vaccine Safety Committee
Stratton, Kathleen R.
Howe, Cynthia J.
Johnston, Richard B. Richard B.
Review
Book}, address = {Washington (DC)}, abstract = {Childhood immunization is one of the major public health measures of the 20th century and is now receiving special attention from the Clinton administration. At the same time, some parents and health professionals are questioning the safety of vaccines because of the occurrence of rare adverse events after immunization. This volume provides the most thorough literature review available about links between common childhood vaccines--tetanus, diphtheria, measles, mumps, polio, Haemophilus influenzae b, and hepatitis B--and specific types of disorders or death. The authors discuss approaches to evidence and causality and examine the consequences--neurologic and immunologic disorders and death--linked with immunization. Discussion also includes background information on the development of the vaccines and details about the case reports, clinical trials, and other evidence associating each vaccine with specific disorders. This comprehensive volume will be an important resource to anyone concerned about the immunization controversy: public health officials, pediatricians, attorneys, researchers, and parents.}, isbn = {0309048958}, author = {Stratton, K. R. and Howe, C. J. and Johnston, R. B., Jr.}, editor = {Stratton, K. R. and Howe, C. J. and Johnston, R. B., Jr.} } @article {9442, title = {{Antibodies to the serine rich Entamoeba histolytica protein (SREHP) prevent amoebic liver abscess in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice}}, journal = {Parasite Immunology}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, year = {1994}, pages = {225{\textendash}230}, author = {Zhang, T and Cieslak, PR and Foster, L and Kunz-Jenkins, C and Stanley, SL Jr} } @mastersthesis {6855, title = {Aspects of continental faulting: {Paleoseismic} earthquake studies and mantle influences on fault localization}, year = {1994}, note = {9418988}, school = {University of Oregon}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Continental faulting reflects a complex interaction of processes and is studied at a variety of scales. I consider the temporal interaction of faulting at two paleoseismic sites on the southern San Andreas fault in southern California, and the localization of transform faulting by regions of strong upper mantle. The former study grew out of the discovery of a new means to reduce measurement uncertainty when additional information is available relating true values of the unknowns. The latter study followed extensive data compilation and inversion, resulting in a high resolution image of upper mantle velocity structure to 650 km beneath California and western Nevada. Stratigraphic ordering and similarly derived geologic constraints can be applied with Bayes theorem to reduce radiocarbon dating uncertainty. This approach achieved 59\% average variance reduction of calendric date distributions by stratigraphic super-position alone and 85\% by also using sedimentological and historical constraints. Bayesian methods applied to earthquake dating at the Wrightwood and Pallett Creek paleoseismic sites reduced date uncertainty to the point that interaction in event recurrence between sites was resolved. Estimates of the conditional probability of a future major event will be too small if this interaction is neglected. The nature of the interaction suggests that the local stress state may only mediate the probability that rupture passes through a site, and that the first-order influences on the probability of an earthquake may be stress or strength conditions remote from the local stress regime. California and western Nevada upper mantle is imaged by teleseismic tomography. Temperature scaling of velocity anomalies as small as 1\% predicts order of magnitude contrasts in effective viscosity. Strike slip faults concentrate at the edges of high velocity, apparently strong regions. Displacement on faults at high angles to velocity boundaries typically dies out as though pinned by strength. Imaging also resolves the geometry of post-20 Ma subduction west of the California margin as being similar to that seen today in Cascadia. Laramide-age slab imaged beneath the Sierra Nevada protected the late Cenozoic slab from heating, so slab-borne water was not released. This appears to explain the notable lack of arc volcanism in central California.}, keywords = {0372:Geology, 0373:Geophysics, Earth sciences, Geology, Geophysics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304106615?accountid=14270}, author = {Biasi, Glenn Paul} } @mastersthesis {7377, title = {An assessment of political economy as a limited rationality budget theory in selected {California} school districts}, year = {1994}, note = {9512219}, school = {University of La Verne}, type = {phdEd.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Purpose. The purposes of this study were to: (1) describe the context in which the budget was developed during the adoption and approval stages of the budget process in six school districts in the 1993-94 budget year; (2) assess whether the theory of political economy proposed by James Cibulka identified the preferred budgetary rationale of budget actors during the adoption and approval stages of the budget process in selected California school districts; and (3) identify and describe the strategies that budget actors used to promote the inclusion of their budget priorities in the final adopted budget. Methodology. A case study was conducted using an ex post facto descriptive research design. Structured interviews with thirty-six key budget actors in six southern California school districts were used to operationalize and test James Cibulka{\textquoteright}s theory of political economy. Data from the interviews were analyzed to identify the preferred budgetary rationale of the budget actors and the strategies they used to gain support for their budget priorities. Findings. Cibulka{\textquoteright}s theory of political economy identified the preferred budgetary rationale of all the budget actors in this study. The two strategies most frequently used by budget actors in the study were expert power and focusing on the needs of the district. Superintendents most frequently used focusing on district needs, profit, and testing the water as resource allocation strategies. Strategies used most frequently by Chief Business Officials were focusing on district needs, focusing on school or program needs, and focusing on employee needs. Strategies used most frequently by Board members were focusing on district needs, profit, and garnering support by providing involvement. Union leaders most frequently used focusing on employee needs, equity, and focusing on district needs as resource allocation strategies. Control of budget context was identified as a powerful strategy by superintendents and Board members. Conclusions. Budget actors need to align their strategies with the preferred rationale of other budget actors in order to achieve the greatest degree of influence. Recommendations. Future administrators should be provided with training about how the budget context, preferred rationales, and strategies interact during the budgeting process.}, keywords = {0277:School finance, 0514:School administration, Education, School administration, School finance}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304140107?accountid=14270}, author = {Roland, II, Arthur Jerome} } @article {15390, title = {Behaviours in trematode cercariae that enhance parasite transmission: patterns and processes}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {109 Suppl}, year = {1994}, note = {Journal Article
Review
England}, pages = {S3-13}, keywords = {Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Trematoda/growth \& development/*physiology, Trematode Infections/parasitology/*transmission}, isbn = {0031-1820 (Print)
0031-1820 (Linking)}, author = {Combes, C. and Fournier, A. and Mon{\'e}, H. and Th{\'e}ron, A.} } @article {6098, title = {Brilliant Blue FCF as a dye tracer for solute transport studies{\textemdash}a toxicological overview}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, year = {1994}, pages = {1108{\textendash}1112}, publisher = {American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America}, author = {Flury, Markus and Fl{\"u}hler, Hannes} } @article {3787, title = {Cell culture adaptation of astrovirus involves a deletion.}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {68}, number = {9}, year = {1994}, pages = {6057{\textendash}6058}, author = {Willcocks, MM and Ashton, N and J B Kurtz and Cubitt, WD and Carter, MJ} } @article {16029, title = {Chapter 7: Drinking water and wastewaters}, journal = {Regulatory Toxicology and PharmacologyRegulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology}, volume = {20}, number = {1, Part 2}, year = {1994}, pages = {S416-S539}, abstract = {The following chapter provides an assessment of the possible human and environmental health effects associated with exposure to chemicals arising from the disinfection of drinking water and wastewater using chlorine. In addition, the benefits associated with disinfection of water using chlorine and the potential risks and benefits associated with other disinfection processes are discussed. The overall conclusions of this interpretive review are that the disinfection of drinking water and wastewaters with chlorine continues to be the treatment of choice. The recent concern over trihalomethanes and other chlorinated organic chemicals in drinking water has resulted in a better understanding of chlorine chemistry in disinfection/oxidation processes. This has led to improvements in water treatment processes to remove precursors of the chlorinated organics and minimize chlorine contact time resulting in significant reductions in the chlorinated by-products formed. These advances in water treatment technology using chlorine will further reduce estimated exposures to chlorinated organic chemicals through consumption of drinking water. The treatment of water supplies by chlorination has proven highly effective in destroying or inactivating human pathogenic microorganisms, as indicated by reported reductions of cholera incidences by 90\%, leptospirosis and typhoid fever by80\%,amoebic dysentery by 50\%, and ascariasis by 40\% following conventional water treatment including chlorine. In terms of concentration-contact time, chlorine provides one of the most effective water disinfection methodologies available. However, human health concerns over the detection of trace concentrations (ppb or less) of chlorinated chemicals (e.g., trihalomethanes) in the finished drinking water have raised the interest in alternative disinfection processes. Alternative methods for water disinfection that have been tested to varying degrees include the use of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chloramine, ultraviolet (uv) light, and ultrasonic waves. To be an effective drinking water treatment, the agent must not only demonstrate excellent biocidal activity against pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms, but it should also improve the organoleptic qualities of raw water and provide residual disinfectant action throughout the water distribution system. Few of the present alternative methodologies to chlorination meet all three requirements. The major conclusions of the comparative review of the alternative disinfection methods to chlorine are: (i) Compared to chlorine, ozone has a greater oxidation potential requiring shorter contact times and lower concentrations to achieve 99\% destruction of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogenic microorganisms, has a greater potential for the removal of odorand taste-producing chlorophenolics, and does not react with ammonia. The primary disadvantages in the use ofozonation in the treatment of drinking water are the inability to retain residual concentrations of ozone, and therefore, disinfection, in water in the distribution system, and potential adverse effects associated with by-products formed during ozonation. Consequently, the treatment of potable waters in modem distribution systems cannot be achieved through ozonation alone. Rather, some other form of disinfection (i.e., chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine, or other technology) must be used to prevent recontamination of the water supply during distribution. Furthermore, the potential adverse health effects associated with ozonation disinfection by- products are poorly understood and some may be potentially more potent inducers of adverse effects than chlorine disinfection by-products. (ii) Chlorine dioxide for drinking water disinfection provides excellent biocidal efficacy and long-lasting residual concentrations in the distribution system. Unlike chlorine, chlorine dioxide does not react with ammonia to form chloramines. Chlorine dioxide treatment also produces much lower concentrations of chlorinated organic chemicals than chlorine and little if any trihalomethanes. However, two inorganic breakdown products of chlorine dioxide (chlorate and chlorite) remain in the treated water. Extreme exposures of animals under laboratory conditions to chlorates/chlorites have been associated with adverse effects; however, there are questions as to whether these concerns would occur at the chlorate/chlorite concentrations typically found in drinking water disinfected with chlorine dioxide. (iii) Compared to chlorination, chloramination treatment procedures result in lower concentrations of chlorinated organic by-products (e.g., virtually no trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, or haloketones are produced). However, there are serious concerns regarding the potential toxicity of the chloramine itself. Chloramine does not dissociate in water; therefore, the potential exists for direct human exposure to substantial quantities of chloramine from consumption of treated water. Positive hepatotoxicity in laboratory studies and an increased incidence of monocellular leukemia reported in female rats consuming chloramine in drinking water have been interpreted as "equivocal evidence of cancer" and have raised concerns regarding the potential adverse effects from human exposures to chloramine. (iv) The effectiveness of physical treatments such as uv and ultrasonic radiation, is dependent on the physical characteristics of the source water. In addition, these technologies do not provide for residual disinfection that is important in maintaining water quality in the distribution system. Concerns about the formation of various chlorinated organic chemicals during the disinfection of drinking water and wastewaters with chlorine have focused attention on these chemicals. The remainder of the assessment focused on specific chlorinated chemicals that were selected in the chemical selection process. The major conclusions from this assessment were: (i) The assessment demonstrated that no human health impacts would be expected to be associated with the chlorinated by-products from the chlorinated acid, aldehyde, alkane, or phenol classes of chemicals assessed. (ii) The assessment of the potential adverse health effects from the concentrations of chlorinated ketones and nitrogen chemicals that are produced during the disinfection of drinking water with chlorine was inconclusive. The assessment of potential adverse effects from possible exposures to these chemicals was limited by the inadequacies of S418 the toxicological data available and the limited information on their concentrations in drinking water. However, even with these limitations, it was considered unlikely that the low ppb concentrations of chlorinated ketones and nitrogen compounds would result in measurable adverse impacts on human health. Any possible adverse effects from chlorine disinfection of wastewaters would be limited to exposures of wildlife to chlorination by-products in surface waters receiving wastewater discharges. The assessment of these possible effects was limited by the lack of information on whether the chlorinated organic chemicals identified were chlorination by-products or were present in the wastewaters prior to disinfection or were present in receiving waters from another source. Comparisons were made among end-of-pipe concentrations and concentrations of chemicals that have been associated with adverse effects in fish, in piscivorous wildlife, or in terrestrial wildlife. Waterborne concentrations were considerably lower than concentrations associated with adverse effects. However, for chemicals that have very low solubility in water and bioaccumulate in the food chain, the concentrations in tissues of their prey rather than waterborne concentrations are better indicators of the potential for adverse effects. Consequently, chemicals with a log octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) of >4 were assessed using a food chain approach. Ambient chemical concentrations in fish were used in this approach since concentrations in fish directly related to wastewater were not available. The assessments of these chemicals indicated that past concentrations of hexachlorobenzenes, pentachlorophenol, and polychlorihated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans were sufficiently high to raise concerns about possible adverse reproductive effects in piscivorous wildlife. Current concentrations are significantly lower than those observed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, resulting in significantly lower exposures to piscivorous wildlife. }, isbn = {0273-2300} } @article {16893, title = {Characterisation of faecal streptococci from some New Zealand effluents and receiving waters}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, year = {1994}, pages = {145{\textendash}158}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, author = {Sinton, Lester W and Donnison, Andrea M} } @article {3612, title = {Characterization of rotavirus strains from newborns in New Delhi, India.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {32}, number = {7}, year = {1994}, pages = {1820{\textendash}1822}, author = {B K Das and J R Gentsch and H G Cicirello and P A Woods and Gupta, A and Ramachandran, M and Kumar, R and M K Bhan and R I Glass} } @article {10753, title = {{Cholera}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {88}, year = {1994}, pages = {109{\textendash}122}, author = {Shears, P} } @article {9459, title = {Clinical features of microsporidiosis in patients with AIDS}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, year = {1994}, pages = {819{\textendash}825}, author = {Asmuth, DM and DeGirolami, PC and Federman, M and Ezratty, CR and Pleskow, DK and Desai, G and Wanke, CA} } @article {8245, title = {{Coccoid Helicobacter pylori Not Culturable In Vitro Reverts in Mice}}, journal = {Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {38}, number = {11}, year = {1994}, month = {nov}, pages = {843{\textendash}850}, issn = {03855600}, doi = {10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb02136.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb02136.x}, author = {Cellini, Luigina and Allocati, Nerino and Angelucci, Domenico and Iezzi, Teresa and Campli, Emanuela Di and Marzio, Leonardo and Dainelli, Benedetto} } @article {13873, title = {Coccoid {Helicobacter} pylori {Not} {Culturable} {In} {Vitro} {Reverts} in {Mice}}, journal = {Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {38}, number = {11}, year = {1994}, month = {nov}, pages = {843{\textendash}850}, issn = {03855600}, doi = {10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb02136.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb02136.x}, author = {Cellini, Luigina and Allocati, Nerino and Angelucci, Domenico and Iezzi, Teresa and Campli, Emanuela Di and Marzio, Leonardo and Dainelli, Benedetto} } @article {6129, title = {Comparative tracing experiments in a porous aquifer using bacteriophages and fluorescent dye on a test field located at Wilerwald (Switzerland) and simultaneously surveyed in detail on a local scale by radio-magneto-tellury (12{\textendash}240 kHz)}, journal = {Environmental Geology}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {1994}, pages = {192{\textendash}200}, author = {Rossi, P and De Carvalho-Dill, A and M{\"u}ller, I and Aragno, M} } @article {17186, title = {COMPARISON OF THE MSRV METHOD WITH AN IN-HOUSE CONVENTIONAL METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF SALMONELLA IN VARIOUS HIGH AND LOW MOISTURE FOODS}, journal = {Letters in Applied MicrobiologyLetters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, pages = {239-240}, author = {Curtis, G.D.W. and Clarke, Lorraine A.} } @mastersthesis {6445, title = {Construction and analysis of a starch-degrading strain of distillers{\textquoteright} yeast}, year = {1994}, note = {U059856}, school = {Heriot-Watt University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A primary target in whisky fermentations is to maximise spirit yield. Improvement in spirit yield might be achieved by the genetic modification of distillers{\textquoteright} yeast, so that residual carbohydrate in the wash (e.g. certain limit dextrins) can be fermented to alcohol. RY40 is a widely used commercial distilling strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glucoamylase, encoded by the STA gene, hydrolyses starch to glucose and is produced by a number of distilling strains. Unfortunately, the production of glucoamylase in such strains is severely limited by the presence of genetic controls. RY40 is thought to carry at least one copy of a STA gene, but it produces virtually no detectable glucoamylase. The STA2 gene from Saccharomyces diastaticus was subcloned into RY40, using the multicopy plasmid pLHD301-NEO. The transformant, designated RY51, produced approximately seven times more glucoamylase than RY40. Using a probe based in part of the sequence of the STA2 gene, Southern blot analysis revealed the presence of pLHD301-NEO in RY51 at approximately nine copies per cell, and also the presence of the STA gene in RY40. Comparison between RY40 and RY51 in standard gravity malt and grain wort laboratory scale fermentations revealed no significant differences in ethanol production. However, in high gravity malt wort fermentations RY51 produced significantly more ethanol than RY40. (DX180,228)}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU059856, 0539:Agricultural engineering, Agricultural engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301500703?accountid=14270}, author = {Daubenspeck, R L} } @article {15683, title = {Cryptosporidiosis in child care settings: a review of the literature and recommendations for prevention and control}, journal = {The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal.}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, month = {Apr}, pages = {310-7}, edition = {1994/04/01}, keywords = {*Child Day Care Centers, Child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Disease Control/methods, Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/*prevention \& control, Disease Outbreaks/prevention \& control, Humans, Infant}, isbn = {0891-3668 (Print)
0891-3668}, author = {Cordell, R. L. and Addiss, D. G.} } @article {4695, title = {{Cyclospora: a newly identified intestinal pathogen of humans.}}, journal = {Clin Infect Dis}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, pages = {620{\textendash}623}, author = {Wurtz, R} } @article {4760, title = {{Cyclospora infection in adults infected with HIV. Clinical manifestations, treatment, and prophylaxis}}, journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine}, volume = {121}, year = {1994}, pages = {654{\textendash}657}, author = {Pape, JW and Verdier, RI and Boncy, M and Boncy, J and Johnson, WD} } @article {4753, title = {{Cyclospora outbreak associated with chlorinated drinking water}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {344}, year = {1994}, pages = {1360{\textendash}1361}, author = {Rabold, JG and Hoge, CW and Shlim, DR and Kefford, C and Rajah, R and Echeverria, P} } @article {3239, title = {{Design, operation and performance of stabilization reservoirs for wastewater irrigation in Israel}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {175{\textendash}186}, abstract = {Stabilization reservoirs are used for the seasonal storage and treatment of wastewater for irrigation. These reservoirs are not steady-state flow reactors, but rather accumulative batch ones with a relatively abrupt discharge. A new parameter, the percentage of fresh effluents within the reservoir (PFE) is proposed as a tool to analyze the age distribution of effluents in this kind of reactor. The equations to calculate the mean residence time (MRT) and the surface organic loading are also provided. The relatively small fraction of fresh effluents represented by PFE and not the whole age distribution of the effluents (MRT) determines the removal percentages of COD and BOD in the reservoir and the quality of the effluents released for irrigation. The effect of environmental parameters such as water temperature and solar radiation are overridden by the operational parameters (PFE). In steady-state flow reactors MRT can substitute PFE to evaluate the reactor performance because the ratio PFE/MRT is constant in this particular case. A value of 30-40 kg BOD/ha/day is recommended as the maximum allowable surface organic loading of stabilization reservoirs. The seasonal storage of wastewater in reservoirs reduces BOD, COD, TSS and detergents by 50-80{\%}, and total coliforms by 90{\%}, in terms of annual means. The quality of the effluents is maximal at the beginning of the irrigation season when the reservoir is full of old effluents, but sharply deteriorates when water level drops and new wastewater is pumped into the reservoir. Design and operational alternatives to overcome this problem can assure removals of at least I order of magnitude for chemical components, and of at least 3-4 orders of magnitude for total coliforms. These alternatives are based on a change from seasonal to multi-seasonal storage of wastewater, and/or a change from single reservoir to two or more reservoirs supplying effluents of different quality. ?? 1993.}, keywords = {non steady-state flow reactor, Stabilization ponds, wastewater reservoirs, Wastewater storage, Wastewater treatment}, isbn = {0043-1354}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(94)90132-5}, author = {Juanic{\'o}, Marcelo and Shelef, Gedaliah} } @article {7397, title = {Detection and survival of selected viruses in water.}, year = {1994}, url = {http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/handle/10150/186948}, author = {Enriquez-Enriquez, Carlos} } @article {4580, title = {Detection of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in polluted waters by nested {PCR} amplification}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {8}, year = {1994}, pages = {2963{\textendash}70}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Puig, M. and Jofre, J. and Lucena, F. and Allard, A. and Wadell, G. and Girones, R.} } @article {1265, title = {Detection of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in polluted waters by nested PCR amplification}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {60}, number = {8}, year = {1994}, note = {Puig, M Jofre, J Lucena, F Allard, A Wadell, G Girones, R Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United states Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {2963-70}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A procedure has been developed for the rapid detection of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in environmental samples. Several systems for virus concentration and extraction of nucleic acid were tested by adding adenovirus type 2 and poliovirus type 1 to different sewage samples. The most promising method for virus recovery involved the concentration of viruses by centrifugation and elution of the virus pellets by treatment with 0.25 N glycine buffer, pH 9.5. Nucleic acid extraction by adsorption of RNA and DNA to silica particles was the most efficient. One aliquot of the extracted nucleic acids was used for a nested two-step PCR, with specific primers for all adenoviruses; and another aliquot was used to synthesize cDNA for a nested two-step PCR with specific primers for further detection of seeded polioviruses or all enteroviruses in the river water and sewage samples. The specificity and sensitivity were evaluated, and 24 different enterovirus strains and the 47 human adenovirus serotypes were recognized by the primers used. The sensitivity was estimated to be between 1 and 10 virus particles for each of the species tested. Twenty-five samples of sewage and polluted river water were analyzed and showed a much higher number of positive isolates by nested PCR than by tissue culture analysis. The PCR-based detection of enteroviruses and adenoviruses shows good results as an indicator of possible viral contamination in environmental wastewater.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ isolation \& purification Base Sequence DNA, Viral/isolation \& purification Enterovirus/ isolation \& purification Fresh Water Molecular Sequence Data Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Viral/isolation \& purification Sensitivity and Specificity Sewage Water Microbiology Water Pollution}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Puig, M. and Jofre, J. and Lucena, F. and Allard, A. and Wadell, G. and Girones, R.} } @article {3864, title = {Detection of bovine group B rotaviruses in feces by polymerase chain reaction.}, journal = {Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {1994}, pages = {302{\textendash}307}, abstract = {

A pair of primers designed from the sequence of genome segment 9 of group B rat rotavirus \{\{\}(IDIR)\{\}\} were employed to amplify genome segment 9 of a group B bovine rotavirus in a polymerase chain reaction \{\{\}(PCR)\{\}\} and to sequence the derived \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} products. A new pair of primers were synthesized from the obtained sequence data and used in a \{\{\}PCR\{\}\} detection assay for group B bovine rotavirus in fecal samples. In addition, another pair of primers were designed to produce a \{\{\}PCR-derived\{\}\} internal probe. This probe was used in a chemiluminescent hybridization to confirm the specificity and to increase the sensitivity of the assay. This assay could detect 0.1 fg of target double-stranded \{\{\}RNA.\{\}\} It was specific to group B bovine rotavirus and did not detect group B rat \{\{\}(IDIR)\{\}\} and porcine rotaviruses, group A bovine \{\{\}(NCDV),\{\}\} simian \{\{\}(SA-11),\{\}\} equine \{\{\}(H-2),\{\}\} porcine \{\{\}(OSU),\{\}\} human \{\{\}(DS-1),\{\}\} deer, and avian rotaviruses, coronavirus, or other enteric organisms tested in this study.

}, author = {Chinsangaram, J and Akita, G Y and Osburn, B I} } @article {1858, title = {Detection of naturally occurring enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus in undigested and anaerobically digested sludge using the polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {10}, year = {1994}, note = {Straub, T M Pepper, I L Gerba, C P eng Comparative Study CANADA 1994/10/01 Can J Microbiol. 1994 Oct;40(10):884-8.}, pages = {884-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Four undigested and four anaerobically digested sewage sludge samples were analyzed for enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus using seminested and double polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. For enteroviruses, all eight samples were positive when detection was by seminested PCR. Using cell culture all samples except two digested sludge samples were positive. For hepatitis A virus, seven out of eight samples were positive by PCR detection. In all samples, PCR inhibitory substances were removed by passage through Sephadex G-50 and Chelex 100 columns. Overall the PCR methodology was highly successful in identifying the presence of both viruses; however, with this methodology, there was no indication as to whether enteroviruses or hepatitis A viruses not confirmed in cell culture were infectious.}, keywords = {Anaerobiosis Cation Exchange Resins Chelating Agents DNA, Synthetic *Sewage, Viral/*analysis Dextrans Enterovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Gels Hepatovirus/genetics/*isolation \& purification Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods Resins}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7528092}, author = {Straub, T. M. and Pepper, I. L. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {17179, title = {Detection of Salmonella enteritidis in feces from poultry using booster polymerase chain reaction and oligonucleotide primers specific for all members of the genus Salmonella}, journal = {Poultry sciencePoultry science}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, year = {1994}, pages = {354-357}, isbn = {1525-3171}, author = {COHEN, NOAH D and MCGRUDER, EDWARD D and NEIBERGS, HOLLY L and BEHLE, ROBERT W and WALLIS, DEEANN E and Hargis, BM} } @article {8134, title = {{Detection of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli by PCR in the stools of patients with dysentery in Thailand}}, journal = {Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, pages = {265{\textendash}269}, edition = {1994/12/01}, abstract = {

The rate of detection of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) using a PCR technique was compared with the rate detected by standard microbiological methods (bacteriology plus hybridization of E. coli colonies with a 17 kb EIEC probe) among patients with dysentery before and after antibiotic therapy. The PCR amplified DNA sequences encoding IpaH, a multiple copy sequence located on the chromosome and the invasion plasmid. Shigella or EIEC were detected using the IpaH PCR system among 72 (61{\%}) of 119 patients with dysentery on the first day they were seen at hospital, compared to 50 (42{\%}) using standard microbiological methods (p = 0.006). After three days of antibiotic therapy, IpaH sequences were detected in stools from 38 percent of patients, compared to 10 percent using standard microbiology (p {\textless} 0.001). After seven days of therapy, the rates were 26 percent vs. 8 percent respectively (p {\textless} 0.001). The IpaH PCR system appeared to be specific for Shigella or EIEC based on low rates of positive reactions among non-diarrhoea controls, and a strong correlation between persistently positive reactions and antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates. IpaH sequences were detected in 10 (8{\%}) of 119 drinking water samples from homes of patients with disease; none of these specimens were positive for Shigella or EIEC by standard microbiology. In conclusion, PCR amplification of IpaH sequences and detection of target DNA with a non-radioactive probe increased the rates of identification of Shigella and EIEC by 45{\%} in initial clinical specimens and by nearly 300{\%} in specimens obtained from patients receiving antibiotic therapy.

}, isbn = {0253-8768 (Print)0253-8768 (Linking)}, author = {Sethabutr, O and Echeverria, P and Hoge, C W and Bodhidatta, L and Pitarangsi, C} } @article {14219, title = {Detection of {Shigella} and enteroinvasive {Escherichia} coli by {PCR} in the stools of patients with dysentery in {Thailand}}, journal = {J Diarrhoeal Dis Res}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, pages = {265{\textendash}269}, abstract = {The rate of detection of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) using a PCR technique was compared with the rate detected by standard microbiological methods (bacteriology plus hybridization of E. coli colonies with a 17 kb EIEC probe) among patients with dysentery before and after antibiotic therapy. The PCR amplified DNA sequences encoding IpaH, a multiple copy sequence located on the chromosome and the invasion plasmid. Shigella or EIEC were detected using the IpaH PCR system among 72 (61\%) of 119 patients with dysentery on the first day they were seen at hospital, compared to 50 (42\%) using standard microbiological methods (p = 0.006). After three days of antibiotic therapy, IpaH sequences were detected in stools from 38 percent of patients, compared to 10 percent using standard microbiology (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.001). After seven days of therapy, the rates were 26 percent vs. 8 percent respectively (p {\textbackslash}textless 0.001). The IpaH PCR system appeared to be specific for Shigella or EIEC based on low rates of positive reactions among non-diarrhoea controls, and a strong correlation between persistently positive reactions and antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates. IpaH sequences were detected in 10 (8\%) of 119 drinking water samples from homes of patients with disease; none of these specimens were positive for Shigella or EIEC by standard microbiology. In conclusion, PCR amplification of IpaH sequences and detection of target DNA with a non-radioactive probe increased the rates of identification of Shigella and EIEC by 45\% in initial clinical specimens and by nearly 300\% in specimens obtained from patients receiving antibiotic therapy.}, author = {Sethabutr, O and Echeverria, P and Hoge, C W and Bodhidatta, L and Pitarangsi, C} } @article {14837, title = {Detection of {Shigella} and enteroinvasive {Escherichia} coli by {PCR} in the stools of patients with dysentery in {Thailand}}, journal = {J Diarrhoeal Dis Res}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, pages = {265{\textendash}269}, abstract = {The rate of detection of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) using a PCR technique was compared with the rate detected by standard microbiological methods (bacteriology plus hybridization of E. coli colonies with a 17 kb EIEC probe) among patients with dysentery before and after antibiotic therapy. The PCR amplified DNA sequences encoding IpaH, a multiple copy sequence located on the chromosome and the invasion plasmid. Shigella or EIEC were detected using the IpaH PCR system among 72 (61\%) of 119 patients with dysentery on the first day they were seen at hospital, compared to 50 (42\%) using standard microbiological methods (p = 0.006). After three days of antibiotic therapy, IpaH sequences were detected in stools from 38 percent of patients, compared to 10 percent using standard microbiology (p {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 0.001). After seven days of therapy, the rates were 26 percent vs. 8 percent respectively (p {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless 0.001). The IpaH PCR system appeared to be specific for Shigella or EIEC based on low rates of positive reactions among non-diarrhoea controls, and a strong correlation between persistently positive reactions and antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates. IpaH sequences were detected in 10 (8\%) of 119 drinking water samples from homes of patients with disease; none of these specimens were positive for Shigella or EIEC by standard microbiology. In conclusion, PCR amplification of IpaH sequences and detection of target DNA with a non-radioactive probe increased the rates of identification of Shigella and EIEC by 45\% in initial clinical specimens and by nearly 300\% in specimens obtained from patients receiving antibiotic therapy.}, author = {Sethabutr, O and Echeverria, P and Hoge, C W and Bodhidatta, L and Pitarangsi, C} } @article {2408, title = {{Detection of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli by PCR in the stools of patients with dysentery in Thailand}}, journal = {J Diarrhoeal Dis Res}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, pages = {265{\textendash}269}, edition = {1994/12/01}, abstract = {The rate of detection of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) using a PCR technique was compared with the rate detected by standard microbiological methods (bacteriology plus hybridization of E. coli colonies with a 17 kb EIEC probe) among patients with dysentery before and after antibiotic therapy. The PCR amplified DNA sequences encoding IpaH, a multiple copy sequence located on the chromosome and the invasion plasmid. Shigella or EIEC were detected using the IpaH PCR system among 72 (61\%) of 119 patients with dysentery on the first day they were seen at hospital, compared to 50 (42\%) using standard microbiological methods (p = 0.006). After three days of antibiotic therapy, IpaH sequences were detected in stools from 38 percent of patients, compared to 10 percent using standard microbiology (p < 0.001). After seven days of therapy, the rates were 26 percent vs. 8 percent respectively (p < 0.001). The IpaH PCR system appeared to be specific for Shigella or EIEC based on low rates of positive reactions among non-diarrhoea controls, and a strong correlation between persistently positive reactions and antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates. IpaH sequences were detected in 10 (8\%) of 119 drinking water samples from homes of patients with disease; none of these specimens were positive for Shigella or EIEC by standard microbiology. In conclusion, PCR amplification of IpaH sequences and detection of target DNA with a non-radioactive probe increased the rates of identification of Shigella and EIEC by 45\% in initial clinical specimens and by nearly 300\% in specimens obtained from patients receiving antibiotic therapy.}, isbn = {0253-8768 (Print) 0253-8768 (Linking)}, author = {Sethabutr, O and Echeverria, P and Hoge, C W and Bodhidatta, L and Pitarangsi, C} } @article {14749, title = {Detection of waterborne mutagens and characterization of chemicals in selected {Galveston} sites after an oil spill}, journal = {Bull Environ Contam Toxicol}, volume = {53}, year = {1994}, month = {aug}, pages = {285{\textendash}91}, keywords = {*Petroleum, Adsorption, Animals, Chemical/*analysis/toxicity, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Mutagenicity Tests, Mutagens/*isolation \& purification, Ostreidae, Salmonella typhimurium, Texas, Water Pollutants}, issn = {0007-4861 (Print) 0007-4861 (Linking)}, author = {Kira, S. and Itoh, T. and Hayatsu, H. and Taketa, K. and Zheng, Y. and Li, R. and Holliday, T. L. and Giam, C. S.} } @article {15018, title = {Detection of waterborne mutagens and characterization of chemicals in selected {Galveston} sites after an oil spill}, journal = {Bull Environ Contam Toxicol}, volume = {53}, year = {1994}, month = {aug}, pages = {285{\textendash}91}, keywords = {*Petroleum, Adsorption, Animals, Chemical/*analysis/toxicity, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Mutagenicity Tests, Mutagens/*isolation \& purification, Ostreidae, Salmonella typhimurium, Texas, Water Pollutants}, issn = {0007-4861 (Print) 0007-4861 (Linking)}, author = {Kira, S. and Itoh, T. and Hayatsu, H. and Taketa, K. and Zheng, Y. and Li, R. and Holliday, T. L. and Giam, C. S.} } @article {9266, title = {{Diagnosis of amebic dysentery by detection of Entamoeba histolytica fecal antigen by an invasive strain-specific, monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, pages = {964{\textendash}970}, author = {Gonzalez-Ruiz, A and Haque, R and Rehman, T and Aguirre, A and Hall, A and Guhl, F and Warhurst, DC and Miles, MA} } @article {4830, title = {{Diarrhea associated with Cyanobacteria- like bodies in an immunocompetent host. An unusual epidemiological source}}, journal = {JAMA}, volume = {271}, year = {1994}, pages = {144{\textendash}145}, author = {Hale, D and Aldeen, W and Carroll, K} } @article {4920, title = {{Diarrhea associated with Cyclospora sp. in Bangladesh}}, journal = {Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease}, volume = {19}, year = {1994}, pages = {47{\textendash}49}, author = {Albert, MJ and Kabir, I and Azim, T and Hossain, A and Ansaruzzaman, M and Unicomb, L} } @article {9304, title = {{Direct amplification and differentiation of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica DNA from stool specimens}}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {115{\textendash}118}, author = {Katzwinkel-Wladarsch, S and Loscher, T and Rinder, H} } @article {461, title = {Disinfection of human enteric viruses in water by copper and silver in combination with low levels of chlorine.}, journal = {Appl. Env. Microbiol. }, volume = {60}, year = {1994}, pages = {2377-2383}, chapter = { }, author = {FX Abad and RM Pinto and JM Diez and A Bosch} } @article {15198, title = {Disinfection under dynamic conditions: modification of {Hom}{\textquoteright}s model for decay}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {28}, number = {7}, year = {1994}, pages = {1367{\textendash}1369}, author = {Haas, Charles N and Joffe, Josh} } @article {12662, title = {Disinfection under dynamic conditions: modification of Hom{\textquoteright}s model for decay}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {28}, number = {7}, year = {1994}, pages = {1367{\textendash}1369}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, author = {Haas, Charles N and Joffe, Josh} } @mastersthesis {7344, title = {District-heating systems and local energy strategies}, year = {1994}, note = {C376306}, school = {Lunds Universitet (Sweden)}, type = {phdFil.{Dr}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This work discusses the role of energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy sources in reducing environmental impact. Energy systems with low emissions of acidifying gases and carbon dioxide are identified for Western Scania, Sweden while conforming to the government policy of phasing out nuclear power, reducing oil consumption, limiting hydropower development, and maintaining economic growth. Carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced to 75\% of 1988 levels by 2010 if the future energy system is based on efficient end-use technologies, cogeneration, and renewable energy sources, and acidifying gases to 50\% by using cleaning technologies and by choosing fuels with low sulphur content. There may be conflicts, however, between efficient energy use and high utilization of existing supply facilities, reducing the possibilities to implement energy efficiency improvements. Energy conservation measures, particularly in district-heated buildings, have also been questioned because of the high capital intensity of district-heating systems. Analyses of the interaction between energy conservation and a district-heating system show that the connection of additional buildings to the system can compensate for energy conservation and result in a nearly constant district-heat load. Estimated energy conservation potential of space and water heating for five district-heated buildings is between 30-60\% of the final energy use. Energy taxes, coordination of energy conservation measures with building maintenance, and avoided investments in district-heat production are considered. Otherwise, the potential would be smaller. The energy conservation and the connection of new energy efficient buildings result in a decreased ratio between the peak-load and base-load demand and hence better conditions for high utilization of supply investments. Biomass has the potential to become a dominant energy source in Western Scania. Biomass-fired cogeneration plants result in a high reduction of carbon dioxide emissions per amount of biomass as cogeneration is the most energy-efficient way to convert biomass into heat and electricity. Biomass used in individual boilers or in condensing plants driving electric heat pumps is less efficient. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Mechanical engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304159927?accountid=14270}, author = {Gustavsson, Leif Goran William} } @article {14200, title = {Ecology of free-living amoebae}, journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology}, year = {1994}, author = {Rodr{\'\i}guez-Zaragoza, S} } @article {2390, title = {{Ecology of free-living amoebae}}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Microbiology}, year = {1994}, author = {Rodr{\'\i}guez-Zaragoza, S} } @article {10321, title = {Effect of anaerobic digestion on the occurrence of enteroviruses and Giardia cysts in sewage sludge}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A}, volume = {29}, number = {9}, year = {1994}, pages = {1887{\textendash}1897}, author = {Soares, Ana C and Straub, Timothy M and Pepper, Ian L and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {1845, title = {Effect of anaerobic digestion on the occurrence of enteroviruses and Giardia cysts in sewage sludge}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology}, volume = {29}, number = {9}, year = {1994}, pages = {1887-1897}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

The disposal of anaerobically digested sewage sludge onto farmland has created the necessity to evaluate the fate of pathogens which are often present. The occurrence of enteroviruses and Giardia cysts in mesophilic anaerobically digested sludge before and after treatment, was monitored for a period of 14 months. The concentration of enteroviruses in sludge determined by Most Probable Number (MPN) ranged from 4.36 \× 103 to 7.00 \× 105MPN/Kg before anaerobic digestion and from \< 6.25 to 2.52 \× 105 MPN/Kg after treatment. The concentration of Giardia cysts as determined by immunofluorescence ranged from 7.33 \× 104 to 3.30 \× 106 cysts/Kg of undigested sludge and 1.00 \× 105 to 4.14 \× 106 cysts/Kg of anaerobically digested sludge. The percentage virus removal after anaerobic digestion varied from 68 \% to \> 99.94\%. The levels of intact Giardia cysts did not show any significant removal after sludge treatment. However, cyst viability could not be assessed by the method used for detection. Results of this study suggest that significant concentrations of both groups of pathogens can be present in anaerobically digested sludge.

}, author = {Soares, A. C. and Straub, T. M. and Pepper, I. L. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {2955, title = {Effect of chemotherapy on the larval mass and the long-term course of alveolar echinococcosis. {Swiss} {Echinococcosis} {Study} {Group}}, journal = {Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {1994}, month = {mar}, pages = {735{\textendash}742}, abstract = {{The efficacy of long-term chemotherapy in nonresectable alveolar echinococcosis is debated, particularly because of the difficulty in defining therapeutic success. In this study the effect of chemotherapy on the parasitic mass was evaluated in a series of 37 patients. The patients had larval lesions documented by serial computed tomography studies at least 1.5 yr after chemotherapy (mean = 6.4 yr}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, albendazole, Animals, Cholestasis, Computer-Assisted, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Larva, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mebendazole, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Pulmonary, Pulmonary Alveoli, Tomography, X-Ray Computed}, issn = {0270-9139}, author = {Ammann, R. W. and Ilitsch, N. and Marincek, B. and Freiburghaus, A. U.} } @inbook {16814, title = {Effect of distance from the polluting focus on relative concentrations of Bacteroides fragilis phages and coliphages in mussels.}, booktitle = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {7}, year = {1994}, pages = {2272{\textendash}2277}, author = {Lucena, F and Lasobras, J and McIntosh, D and Forcadell, M and Jofre, J} } @article {15705, title = {Effect of high temperature on infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {8}, year = {1994}, month = {Aug}, pages = {2732-5}, edition = {1994/08/01}, keywords = {*Hot Temperature, *Water, Animals, Cattle, Cryptosporidium parvum/*pathogenicity, Intestines/parasitology, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Fayer, R.} } @article {15486, title = {Effects of snail-conditioned water on survival and host-searching behaviour of schistosome miracidia}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {48}, year = {1994}, pages = {1-8}, author = {Mon{\'e}, H. and Fournier, A.} } @article {9774, title = {{Electron microscopy of surface structures of Blastocystis sp. from different hosts}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {80}, year = {1994}, pages = {505{\textendash}511}, author = {Cassidy, MF and Stenzel, DJ and Boreham, PFL} } @article {10568, title = {{Environmental reservoir of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera}}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {740}, year = {1994}, pages = {44{\textendash}54}, author = {Colwell, RR and Huq, A} } @article {9230, title = {{Epidemiologic setting of the agricultural use of sewage: Valle del Mezquital, Mexico}}, journal = {Salud P{\'u}blica de M{\'e}xico}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {3{\textendash}9}, author = {Cifuentes, E and Blumenthal, U and Ruiz-Palacios, G and Bennett, S and Peasey, A} } @article {11310, title = {Epidemiology of Toxocara spp. in stray dogs and cats in Ireland}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {68}, year = {1994}, pages = {331-336}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Lorcain, P} } @article {17281, title = {Evaluation of Rambach agar for detection of Salmonella subspecies I to VI}, journal = {Appl Environ MicrobiolAppl Environ MicrobiolApplied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {2}, year = {1994}, month = {Feb}, pages = {749-51}, edition = {1994/02/01}, keywords = {*Agar, beta-Galactosidase/metabolism, Color, Salmonella/enzymology/*isolation \& purification, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Kuhn, H. and Wonde, B. and Rabsch, W. and Reissbrodt, R.} } @article {1128, title = {Evaluation of temperature sensitivity of human papillomavirus type 11 by using the human xenograft severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model}, journal = {J. Clin. Microbiol}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, year = {1994}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC264040}, pages = {1575-1577}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {animals base sequence classification Condylomata Acuminata DNA dna probes Dna Probes, Heterologous virology virus, Hpv EXPRESSION GENOME GROWTH human humans male mice Mice, SCID MODEL molecular sequence data New York Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Penile Neoplasms physiology Research SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY Skin Skin Transplantation Subrenal Capsule Assay Support temperature TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY TISSUE Transplan}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8077406}, author = {Bonnez, W. and Rose, R.C. and Borkhuis, C. and Da, Rin C. and Reichman, R.C.} } @article {2765, title = {Evaluation of temperature sensitivity of human papillomavirus type 11 by using the human xenograft severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model}, journal = {J. Clin. Microbiol}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, year = {1994}, note = {RefMgr field[22]: PMC264040}, pages = {1575-1577}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {animals base sequence classification Condylomata Acuminata DNA dna probes Dna Probes, Heterologous virology virus, Hpv EXPRESSION GENOME GROWTH human humans male mice Mice, SCID MODEL molecular sequence data New York Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Penile Neoplasms physiology Research SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY Skin Skin Transplantation Subrenal Capsule Assay Support temperature TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY TISSUE Transplan}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8077406}, author = {Bonnez, W. and Rose, R.C. and Borkhuis, C. and Da, Rin C. and Reichman, R.C.} } @article {10754, title = {{Extended serotyping scheme for Vibrio cholerae}}, journal = {Current Microbiology}, volume = {28}, year = {1994}, pages = {175{\textendash}178}, author = {Shimada, T and Arakawa, E and Itoh, K and Tadayuki T Okitsu and Matsushima, A and Asai, Y and Yamai, S and Nakazato, T and Nair, GB and Albert, MJ and Takeda, Y} } @article {683, title = {Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {344}, year = {1994}, pages = {1046{\textendash}1049}, author = {Saavedra, Jose M and Bauman, NA and Perman, JA and Yolken, RH and Oung, I} } @article {7737, title = {Flies and water as reservoirs for bacterial enteropathogens in urban and rural areas in and around Lahore, Pakistan}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {113 (3)}, year = {1994}, pages = {435-444}, author = {Khalil, K and Lindblom, GB and Mazhar, K and Kaijser, B} } @mastersthesis {7062, title = {Four essays on intergovernmental fiscal relations, intergovernmental monetary relations, and policy changes in {China}}, year = {1994}, note = {9526154}, school = {Georgetown University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation consists of four essays. The first essay, "Modelling Central-Local Revenue-Sharing Relations," discusses the impact of the lack of credibility of the Chinese central government on localities{\textquoteright} revenue collections. The model shows that under the Chinese system, the center{\textquoteright}s pre-announced revenue-sharing methods are time-inconsistent. Without a mechanism that can force the central government to commit to the pre-announced policy, the localities are tempted to reduce their tax collection efforts. The finding of the model suggests that applying a rule that restricts the center{\textquoteright}s frequent revision of revenue-sharing methods may help solve the time-inconsistency problem. This second essay, "Regions{\textquoteright} Lobbying, Time Inconsistency, and Expenditure Determination," analyzes the process of expenditure target formation in the framework of a central-local game. It is shown that under a system of soft-budget constraint{\textendash}a system that does not prohibit regions{\textquoteright} lobbying for transfers from the center after the budget is officially approved by the Congress{\textendash}the regions make too much lobbying efforts and result in excessive expenditure expansion, compared to the system of hard-budget constraint in which such ex post lobbying is prohibited. This third essay, "Central Government Credibility and Economic Overheating," develops a game theoretic model which shows how China{\textquoteright}s economic overheating over the past decade can be a consequence of its decentralized financial system. It is shown that in order to induce a higher credit ceiling from the central bank, the local banks purposely under-invest in the center{\textquoteright}s priority project. Without a mechanism that can guarantee the central bank{\textquoteright}s commitment to the pre-announced credit ceiling, the central bank will have the ex post incentive to revise the ceiling upward, thus creating inflation. In the fourth essay, "A Dynamic Model of Policy Change: The Case of Chinese Agricultural Policy," a dynamic model is developed to explain the abrupt changes in China{\textquoteright}s water conservancy policy over the past decade. The model shows that the government{\textquoteright}s rational learning about the frequency of destructive flood can lead to an investment policy that is "mistaken" from ex post point of view.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0503:Agricultural economics, 0508:Finance, Agricultural economics, economics, Finance, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304107874?accountid=14270}, author = {Ma, Jun} } @book {15963, title = {Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance}, year = {1994}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, edition = {Second Edition}, author = {Brown, D.} } @article {6722, title = {Gastroenteritis: a waterborne outbreak affecting 1600 people in a small {Danish} town.}, journal = {Journal of epidemiology and community health}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, year = {1994}, pages = {453{\textendash}458}, url = {http://jech.bmj.com/content/48/5/453.short}, author = {Laursen, Elle and Mygind, Ole and Rasmussen, Bent and R{\o}nne, Tove} } @article {17178, title = {Genus-specific detection of salmonellae in equine feces by use of the polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {American journal of veterinary researchAmerican journal of veterinary research}, volume = {55}, number = {8}, year = {1994}, pages = {1049-1054}, isbn = {0002-9645}, author = {Cohen, ND and Neibergs, HL and Wallis, DE and Simpson, RB and McGruder, ED and Hargis, BM} } @article {1986, title = {Grastrointestinal illness associated with Balantidium coli infection in rural communities in Ecuador}, journal = {Parasitolog{\'\i}a al Dia}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, pages = {51-54}, author = {Cooper, P. J. and Guderian, R. H.} } @book {9346, title = {{Ground water recharge using waters of impaired quality}}, year = {1994}, publisher = {National Academic Press}, organization = {National Academic Press}, author = {National Research Council} } @conference {11100, title = {Health Implications of Excreta and Wastewater Use}, booktitle = {Hubei Environmental Sanitation Study 2nd Workshop, Wuhan, China}, year = {1994}, month = {March 3-4, 1994.}, author = {Strauss, M.} } @article {5921, title = {{Hepatitis E: intrafamilial transmission versus waterborne spread}}, journal = {Journal of Hepatology}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, year = {1994}, pages = {718{\textendash}723}, author = {Aggarwal, R and S R Naik} } @mastersthesis {6355, title = {Hydroelastic modelling of wetdeck slamming on multihull vessels}, year = {1994}, note = {C390525}, school = {Universitetet i Trondheim Norges Tekniske Hogskole (Norway)}, type = {phdDr.{Ing}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Slamming against the wetdeck of a multihull vessel in head sea waves is studied analytically and numerically. The theoretical slamming model is a two-dimensional, asymptotic method valid for small local angles between the undisturbed water surface and the wetdeck in the impact region. The disturbance of the water surface as well as the local hydroelastic effects in the slamming area are accounted for. The wetdeck structure is modelled as a beam with support points. The elastic deflections of the wetdeck are expressed in terms of "dry" normal modes. The structural formulation accounts for the shear deformations and the rotatory inertia effects in the wetdeck. The interaction effects between the local loading and the global rigid ship motions are partly investigated. The hydroelastic response is scaled by identifying three different impact phases. Each impact phase has its own time scale. The three impact phases are the compressibility phase, the structural inertia phase and the added mass restoring phase. The maximum stresses occur in the third impact phase. The findings show that the slamming loads on the wetdeck and the resulting elastic stresses in the wetdeck are strongly influenced by the elasticity of the wetdeck structure. By scaling the hydroelastic response, a simple relation is obtained between the relative normal velocity in the impact region, the local geometry and the maximum local stresses in the wetdeck. If this relation is sufficient, it is possible to use the findings of this work in a simple statistical model to establish realistic design loads in different seastates.}, keywords = {0547:Ocean engineering, Applied sciences, Ocean engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304161726?accountid=14270}, author = {Kvalsvold, Jan} } @book {6350, title = {Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of northern {Bucks} {County}, {Pennsylvania}}, year = {1994}, publisher = {US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey}, organization = {US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey}, url = {http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4109/report.pdf}, author = {Sloto, Ronald A. and Schreffler, Curtis L. and Hope, New} } @article {17127, title = {Identification of high affinity binding sites for LexA which define new DNA damage-inducible genes in Escherichia coli}, journal = {Journal of molecular biology}, volume = {241}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, pages = {507{\textendash}523}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Lewis, L Kevin and Harlow, Greg R and Gregg-Jolly, Leslie A and Mount, David W} } @article {3023, title = {Immunological assessment of exposure to {Echinococcus} granulosus in a rural dog population in {Uruguay}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {58}, number = {3-4}, year = {1994}, month = {dec}, pages = {179{\textendash}185}, abstract = {An ELISA was used to screen a dog population in Uruguay (Sarandi Del Yi, Durazno District) for the prevalence of specific serum antibodies (IgG, IgA and IgE) to Echinococcus granulosus. The sensitivity (61\%) and specificity (97\%) of the ELISA were determined using well-defined serum groups. A total of 408 dogs from Sarandi del Yi and environs were screened serologically, and 29.7\% (8.6-13.8\% for each antibody class) of dogs had positive levels of antibody to E. granulosus. This antibody prevalence (exposure) was significantly higher than the percentage of dogs found to be positive for E. granulosus worms by arecoline purgation (7.6\%). This level of exposure to E. granulosus determined by ELISA is considered unacceptable from a public health perspective. Measures will now focus on obtaining data on the true prevalence of current infection in this dog population and on determining the transmission patterns of the disease in this endemic region.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Arecoline, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Helminth, Humans, Male, prevalence, Risk Factors, Sensitivity and Specificity, Uruguay}, issn = {0001-706X}, author = {Gasser, R. B. and Parada, L. and Acuna, A. and Burges, C. and Laurenson, M. K. and Gulland, F. M. and Reichel, M. P. and Paolillo, E.} } @article {2471, title = {{Immunomagnetic separation as a sensitive method for isolating Escherichia coli O157 from food samples}}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {113}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {31{\textendash}39}, edition = {1994/08/01}, abstract = {Minced beef samples inoculated with Escherichia coli O157 were cultured in buffered peptone water supplemented with vancomycin, cefsulodin and cefixime (BPW-VCC) and subcultured to cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey (CT-SMAC) agar both directly and after immunomagnetic separation (IMS) of the organism with magnetic beads coated with an antibody against E. coli O157 (Dynabeads anti-E. coli O157, Dynal, Oslo). E. coli O157 was recovered from initial inocula of 200 organisms/g by direct subculture and 2 organisms/g by IMS. Twelve strains of E. coli O157 of different combinations of phage type, H antigen and toxin genotype were all recovered from initial inocula of two organisms/g by IMS. Non-specific binding of other organisms to the magnetic beads could be reduced by washing of the beads in PBS with Tween-20 0.002-0.005\% E. coli O157 was not bound by magnetic coated with an unrelated antibody. During investigation of a dairy herd that was possibly linked to a small outbreak of infection with E. coli O157, the organism was isolated from 2 of 279 forestream milk samples from individual cattle; both isolates were made only by the IMS technique. IMS is rapid, technically simple, and a specific method for isolation of E. coli O157 and will be useful in epidemiological studies.}, isbn = {0950-2688 (Print) 0950-2688 (Linking)}, author = {Wright, D J and Chapman, P A and Siddons, C A} } @article {8173, title = {{Immunomagnetic separation as a sensitive method for isolating Escherichia coli O157 from food samples}}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {113}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {31{\textendash}39}, edition = {1994/08/01}, abstract = {Minced beef samples inoculated with Escherichia coli O157 were cultured in buffered peptone water supplemented with vancomycin, cefsulodin and cefixime (BPW-VCC) and subcultured to cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey (CT-SMAC) agar both directly and after immunomagnetic separation (IMS) of the organism with magnetic beads coated with an antibody against E. coli O157 (Dynabeads anti-E. coli O157, Dynal, Oslo). E. coli O157 was recovered from initial inocula of 200 organisms/g by direct subculture and 2 organisms/g by IMS. Twelve strains of E. coli O157 of different combinations of phage type, H antigen and toxin genotype were all recovered from initial inocula of two organisms/g by IMS. Non-specific binding of other organisms to the magnetic beads could be reduced by washing of the beads in PBS with Tween-20 0.002-0.005{\%} E. coli O157 was not bound by magnetic coated with an unrelated antibody. During investigation of a dairy herd that was possibly linked to a small outbreak of infection with E. coli O157, the organism was isolated from 2 of 279 forestream milk samples from individual cattle; both isolates were made only by the IMS technique. IMS is rapid, technically simple, and a specific method for isolation of E. coli O157 and will be useful in epidemiological studies.}, isbn = {0950-2688 (Print) 0950-2688 (Linking)}, author = {Wright, D J and Chapman, P A and Siddons, C A} } @article {14287, title = {Immunomagnetic separation as a sensitive method for isolating {Escherichia} coli {O}157 from food samples}, journal = {Epidemiol Infect}, volume = {113}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {31{\textendash}39}, abstract = {Minced beef samples inoculated with Escherichia coli O157 were cultured in buffered peptone water supplemented with vancomycin, cefsulodin and cefixime (BPW-VCC) and subcultured to cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey (CT-SMAC) agar both directly and after immunomagnetic separation (IMS) of the organism with magnetic beads coated with an antibody against E. coli O157 (Dynabeads anti-E. coli O157, Dynal, Oslo). E. coli O157 was recovered from initial inocula of 200 organisms/g by direct subculture and 2 organisms/g by IMS. Twelve strains of E. coli O157 of different combinations of phage type, H antigen and toxin genotype were all recovered from initial inocula of two organisms/g by IMS. Non-specific binding of other organisms to the magnetic beads could be reduced by washing of the beads in PBS with Tween-20 0.002-0.005\% E. coli O157 was not bound by magnetic coated with an unrelated antibody. During investigation of a dairy herd that was possibly linked to a small outbreak of infection with E. coli O157, the organism was isolated from 2 of 279 forestream milk samples from individual cattle; both isolates were made only by the IMS technique. IMS is rapid, technically simple, and a specific method for isolation of E. coli O157 and will be useful in epidemiological studies.}, author = {Wright, D J and Chapman, P A and Siddons, C A} } @article {7477, title = {Inactivation of enterococci and fecal coliforms from sewage and meatworks effluents in seawater chambers.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {6}, year = {1994}, pages = {2040{\textendash}2048}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/60/6/2040.short}, author = {Sinton, Lester W. and Davies-Colley, Robert J. and Bell, Robert G.} } @article {2410, title = {{Incidence of Escherichia coli in fishes and seafoods: Isolation, serotyping, biotyping and enterotoxigenicity evaluation}}, journal = {Journal of Food Science and Technology (India)}, volume = {31}, year = {1994}, pages = {324{\textendash}326}, author = {Singh, B R and Kulshreshtha, S B} } @article {14222, title = {Incidence of {Escherichia} coli in fishes and seafoods: {Isolation}, serotyping, biotyping and enterotoxigenicity evaluation}, journal = {J. Food Sci. Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1994}, pages = {324{\textendash}326}, author = {Singh, B R and Kulshreshtha, S B} } @article {8479, title = {{Influence of chronic toxoplasmosis on some human personality factors}}, journal = {Folia Parasitologica}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, year = {1994}, pages = {122{\textendash}126}, author = {Flegr, J and Hrd{\'y}, I} } @article {11264, title = {{Influence of soil texture in the recovery of Toxocara canis eggs by a flotation method}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {53}, number = {3-4}, year = {1994}, pages = {269{\textendash}274}, doi = {10.1016/0304-4017(94)90190-2}, author = {Nunes, CM and Sinhorini, IL and Ogassawara, Saemi} } @article {3678, title = {Interruption of rotavirus spread through chemical disinfection.}, journal = {Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, year = {1994}, pages = {751{\textendash}756}, author = {Sattar, SA and Jacobsen, H and Rahman, H and Cusack, TM and Rubino, JR} } @article {9832, title = {{Intestinal colonization of symptomatic and asymptomatic schoolchildren with Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {32}, year = {1994}, pages = {2865{\textendash}2866}, author = {Nimri, L and Batchoun, R} } @mastersthesis {7435, title = {An investigation of {CHF} fluid-to-fluid scaling and multi-fluid prediction techniques}, year = {1994}, note = {NN04885}, school = {University of Ottawa (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {More than 800 points of critical heat flux (CHF) data were measured from three test rigs (UO, MR-7A and MR-1A loops). The UO loop is a multi-fluid boiling loop located at the University of Ottawa, in which HFC-134a, HCFC-123, HCFC-22, CFC-12 and CFC-11 have been tested. The CHF data of HFC-134a and HCFC-123 are the first ever published for these fluids. HFC-134a and HFC-123 are non-ozone and low-ozone depletion fluids. The CHF data from the UO loop cover the range of mass flux from 1 to 4 Mg m\${\textbackslash}sp\{-2\}\$ s\${\textbackslash}sp\{-1\}\$, pressure from 7 to 10 MPa of water-equivalent (water-equivalent is defined as the same dimensionless parameters, e.g. \${\textbackslash}rho{\textbackslash}sb\{{\textbackslash}rm f\}\$/\${\textbackslash}rho{\textbackslash}sb\{{\textbackslash}rm g\}\$ and \${\textbackslash}Psi{\textbackslash}sb\{{\textbackslash}rm k\}\$, of flow condition for non-aqueous fluids as those for water) and heated length from 0.5 to 1 meter. The inner diameter of the test section is 4.2 mm. The MR-7A and MR-1A loops are the refrigerant and boiling water loops, respectively, located at the Chalk River Laboratories of AECL. In the MR-7A loop, CHF data were measured using HCFC-22 as a coolant for the following conditions: mass flux: 1-8 Mg m\${\textbackslash}sp\{-2\}\$ s\${\textbackslash}sp\{-1\}\$, pressure: 7 and 10 MPa (water-equiv.), heated length: 0.67-1.61 m, and inner diameter: 4.38 and 8 mm. The CHF data for water from the MR-1A loop cover mass flux: 2.5-8 Mg m\${\textbackslash}sp\{-2\}\$ s\${\textbackslash}sp\{-1\}\$, pressure: 7 and 10 MPa, heated length: 1.75 m, an inner diameter: 8 mm. HFC-134a, HCFC-123 and HCFC-22 are found suitable to replace the CFC{\textquoteright}s in the CHF experiment for water CHF simulation. The CHF fluid-to-fluid and multi-fluid prediction techniques were examined based on the CHF data of various fluids measured in the present work. Two analytical CHF models were assessed and compared to data from the 5 fluids tested in this investigation. The CHF similarity between water and refrigerants was also examined via the analysis of geometric, thermodynamic and hydrodynamic similarities. A new methodology has been established to investigate the limitations of the CHF fluid-to-fluid scaling technique. The analysis of CHF similarity through the thermodynamic relationship leads to the conclusion that, not only the local thermodynamic quality, but also the upstream history (e.g. heating, flashing, friction, changes of kinetic energy and potential energy, etc.) are important factors in determining the CHF scaling accuracy. Finally, the limitations of the CHF fluid-to-fluid scaling technique were determined in terms of the scaling accuracy.}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, 0759:Fluid dynamics, 0759:Gases, 0775:Environmental engineering, Applied sciences, Environmental engineering, Fluid dynamics, Gases, Heat flux, Mechanical engineering, Pure sciences, refrigerants}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/219918955?accountid=14270}, author = {Tain, Ra-Min} } @inbook {10666, title = {{Isolation and identification of Vibrio cholerae O1 from fecal specimens}}, booktitle = {Vibrio cholerae and Cholera: Molecular to Global Perspectives}, year = {1994}, pages = {465}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology Press}, organization = {American Society for Microbiology Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Kay, BA and Bopp, CA and J G Wells}, editor = {Wachsmuth, IK and Blake, PA and Olsvik, O} } @article {8188, title = {{Isolation of Hekobacter pylori From Feces of Patients With Dyspepsia in the United Kingdom}}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, year = {1994}, url = {https://scholar.google.es/scholar?q=Kelly+SM{\%}2C+Pitcher+MC{\%}2C+Farmery+SM{\&}btnG={\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0{\%}2C5{\#}0}, author = {Kelly, SM and Pitcher, MCL and Farmery, SM} } @article {13817, title = {Isolation of {Hekobacter} pylori {From} {Feces} of {Patients} {With} {Dyspepsia} in the {United} {Kingdom}}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, year = {1994}, url = {https://scholar.google.es/scholar?q=Kelly+SM\%2C+Pitcher+MC\%2C+Farmery+SM\&btnG=\&hl=en\&as_sdt=0\%2C5$\#$0}, author = {Kelly, SM and Pitcher, MCL and Farmery, SM} } @article {8276, title = {Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from feces of patients with dyspepsia in the United Kingdom}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, volume = {107}, year = {1994}, pages = {1671{\textendash}1674}, author = {Kelly, Sean M and Pitcher, Maxton CL and Farmery, Susan M and Gibson, Glenn R} } @article {10649, title = {{Isolation of Vibrio cholerae O139 synonym Bengal from the aquatic environment in Bangladesh: implications for disease transmission}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {60}, year = {1994}, pages = {1684{\textendash}1686}, author = {Islam, M and Hasan, M and Miah, M and Yunus, M and Zaman, K and Albert, M} } @booklet {1884, title = {Land Application of Sewage Sludge - A Guide for Land Appliers on the Requirements of the Federal Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, 40 CFR Part 503}, year = {1994}, publisher = {USEPA EPA/831-B-93-002b; downloadable from EPA last accessed July 2015}, type = {Electronic Article} } @article {3863, title = {A large outbreak of acute gastroenteritis associated with astrovirus among students and teachers in Osaka, Japan.}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Disease}, volume = {170}, number = {2}, year = {1994}, pages = {439{\textendash}443}, author = {Oishi, I and Yamazaki, K and Kimoto, T and Minekawa, Y and Utagawa, E and Yamazaki, S and Inouye, S and Grohmann, GS and Monroe, SS and Stine, SE} } @article {7073, title = {Managing the health care market in developing countries: prospects and problems}, journal = {Health Policy and Planning}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, year = {1994}, month = {sep}, pages = {237{\textendash}251}, abstract = {There is increasing interest in the prospects for managed market reforms in developing countries, stimulated by current reforms and policy debates in developed countries, and by perceptions of widespread public sector inefficiency in many countries. This review examines the prospects for such reforms in a developing country context, primarily by drawing on the arguments and evidence emerging from developed countries, with a specific focus on the provision of hospital services. The paper begins with a discussion of the current policy context of these reforms, and their main features. It argues that while current and proposed reforms vary in detail, most have in common the introduction of competition in the provision of health care, with the retention of a public monopoly of financing, and that this structure emerges from the dual goals of addressing current public sector inefficiencies while retaining the known equity and efficiency advantages of public health systems. The paper then explores the theoretical arguments and empirical evidence for and against these reforms, and examines their relevance for developing countries. Managed markets are argued to enhance both efficiency and equity. These arguments are analysed in terms of three distinct claims made by their proponents: that managed markets will promote increased provider competition, and hence, provider efficiency; that contractual relationships are more efficient than direct management; and that the benefits of managed markets will outweigh their costs. The analysis suggests that on all three issues, the theoretical arguments and empirical evidence remain ambiguous, and that this ambiguity is attributable in part to poor understanding of the behaviour of health sector agents within the market, and to the limited experience with these reforms. In the context of developing countries, the paper argues that most of the conditions required for successful implementation of these reforms are absent in all but a few, richer developing countries, and that the costs of these reforms, particularly in equity terms, are likely to pose substantial problems. Extensive managed market reforms are therefore unlikely to succeed, although limited introduction of particular elements of these reforms may be more successful. Developed country experience is useful in defining the conditions under which such limited reforms may succeed. There is an urgent need to evaluate the existing experience of different forms of contracting in developing countries, as well as to interpret emerging evidence from developed country reforms in the light of conditions in developing countries.}, keywords = {Commerce, Comparative Studies, Contract Services, Critique, Cross-cultural Comparisons, Delivery of Health Care, Developing Countries, Economic Competition, Economic Factors, economics, Efficiency, Health, Health Care Costs, Health Care Reform, Health Policy, Health Services, Hospital, Inequalities, Literature Review, Macroeconomic Factors, Organization and Administration, Organizational, Policy, Private Sector, Privatization, Program Efficiency, Program Evaluation, Programs, Public Sector, Social Policy, Socioeconomic Factors, Studies}, issn = {0268-1080}, author = {Broomberg, J.} } @inbook {5074, title = {Microbiological aspects of groundwater pollution due to septic tanks}, booktitle = {Groundwater Pollution Microbiology}, year = {1994}, pages = {181{\textendash}195}, publisher = {Krieger Publishing Company}, organization = {Krieger Publishing Company}, address = {Malabar, FL }, author = {Hagedorn, C}, editor = {Bitton, G and C P Gerba} } @article {9573, title = {{Microsporidial infections in immunodeficient and immunocompetent patients}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {1994}, pages = {517{\textendash}521}, author = {Weber, R and Bryan, RT} } @article {9877, title = {{Morphology of Blastocystis sp. from domestic birds}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {80}, year = {1994}, pages = {131{\textendash}137}, author = {Stenzel, DJ and Cassidy, MF and Boreham, PF} } @article {9909, title = {{Morphology of the cyst of Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {790{\textendash}791}, author = {Zaman, V} } @article {9878, title = {{A multiple fission-like mode of asexual reproduction in Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {80}, year = {1994}, pages = {523{\textendash}527}, author = {Suresh, K and Howe, J and Ng, GC and Ho, LC and Ramachandran, NP and Loh, AK and Yap, EH and Singh, M} } @article {12696, title = {{The natural first intermediate host of Paragonimus siamensis (Miyazaki and Wykoff, 1965) in Thailand}}, journal = {Southeast Asia J Trop Med Public Health}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {284{\textendash}290}, author = {Yaemput, S and Dekumyoy, P and Visiassuk, K} } @article {4768, title = {{A new coccidian parasite Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae from humas}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {80}, year = {1994}, pages = {625{\textendash}629}, author = {Ortega, YR and Gilman, RH and Sterling, CR} } @article {3793, title = {No {Title}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {60}, number = {10}, year = {1994}, pages = {3704 {\textendash} 3710}, author = {Abad, FX and Pinto, RM} } @booklet {10464, title = {{Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-127-SSA1-1994, Salud Ambiental, Agua para Uso y Consumo Humano - Limites Permisibles de Calidad y Tratamientos a que debe Someterse el Agua para su Potabilizaci{\'o}n. Secretary of Health}}, year = {1994}, address = {Mexico City, Mexico} } @inbook {11560, title = {{Order Pseudophyllidea Carus, 1863}}, booktitle = {Keys to the cestode parasites of Vertebrates}, year = {1994}, pages = {202{\textendash}247}, publisher = {CAB International}, organization = {CAB International}, address = {Wallingford UK}, isbn = {0-85198-879-2}, author = {Bray, R A and Jones, A and Andersen, K I} } @article {9935, title = {Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection associated with pasteurised milk supply}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {344}, year = {1994}, pages = {1015}, author = {Upton, P and Cola, JE} } @article {12707, title = {{Paragonimiasis and tuberculosis, diagnostic confusion: A review of the literature}}, journal = {Trop Dis Bull}, volume = {92}, year = {1994}, pages = {R1{\textendash}R26}, author = {Toscano, C and Yu, SH and Nunn, P and Mott, KE} } @booklet {1885, title = {Part IV. Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Parts 9, 141, and 142 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts; Final Rule [WH{\textendash}FRL{\textendash}6199{\textendash}8] RIN 2040{\textendash}AB82}, volume = {63}, year = {1994}, pages = {69390-69470}, publisher = {US Federal Register}, type = {Electronic Article}, url = {https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CBwQFjAAahUKEwj10bXi4ILIAhUEmtsKHbPrBCY\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.epa.gov\%2Fsafewater\%2Fmdbp\%2Fdbpfr.pdf\&usg=AFQjCNG0XFAf7_IIdjyZYLLlepE5X1ZubA\&cad=rja}, author = {USEPA} } @article {13481, title = {Perdidas economicas por decomiso de higados y distribucion geografica de la fasciolasis bovina en el Estado de Tabasco, Mexico}, journal = {Veterinaria Mexico}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, pages = {327-331}, author = {Rangel, L. and Martinez, E.} } @booklet {13377, title = {{A Plain English Guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule}}, year = {1994}, pages = {EPA/832/R{\textendash}93/003}, publisher = {US EPA Office of Wastewater Management}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, author = {(EPA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency} } @article {10325, title = {A plain english guide to the EPA part 503 biosolids rule}, journal = {USEPA Office of Wastewater Management, Washington, DC}, year = {1994}, publisher = {USEPA Office of Wastewater Management, Washington, DC} } @article {10087, title = {{Poor Specificity of M-Endo and M-Fc Culture Media for the Enumeration of Coliform Bacteria in Sea-Water}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {19}, number = {6}, year = {1994}, pages = {446{\textendash}450}, author = {M J Figueras and Polo, F and Inza, I and Guarro, J} } @article {11188, title = {Potentially pathogenic vibrios associated with mussels from a tropical region on the Atlantic coast of Brazil}, journal = {Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {77}, year = {1994}, pages = {281-287}, author = {Matte, GR and Matte, MH and Sato, MIZ and Sanchez, PS and Rivera, IG and Martins, MT} } @article {9830, title = {{Prevalence of infection by intestinal helminths and protozoa in school children from a coastal locality in the province of Valdivia, Chile}}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n Chileno de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {49}, year = {1994}, pages = {79{\textendash}80}, author = {Navarette, N and Torres, P} } @article {9927, title = {Prevalence of infection by intestinal helminths and protozoa in school children from a coastal locality in the province of Valdivia, Chile}, journal = {Bol Chil Parasitol}, volume = {49}, year = {1994}, pages = {79-80}, author = {NAVARETTE, N. and TORRES, P.} } @article {11321, title = {Prevalence of Toxocara canis ova in public playgrounds in the Dublin area of Ireland}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {68}, year = {1994}, pages = {237-241}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Lorcain, P} } @book {16575, title = {Procedure {Manual} for the {Diagnosis} of {Intestinal} {Parasites}.}, year = {1994}, publisher = {CRC Press Inc}, organization = {CRC Press Inc}, isbn = {978-0-8493-8654-1}, author = {Price, D.} } @book {12083, title = {Procedure Manual for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites.}, year = {1994}, publisher = {CRC Press Inc}, organization = {CRC Press Inc}, isbn = {978-0849386541}, author = {Price, D} } @article {9014, title = {Radiation chemistry in the 1990s: pressing questions relating to the areas of radiation biology and environmental research}, journal = {International Journal of Radiation Biology}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {19-26}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0955-3002}, author = {Von Sonntag, C.} } @article {4907, title = {{Recovery of Cyclospora organisms from patients with prolonged diarrhea}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, pages = {606{\textendash}609}, author = {Berlin, OG and Novak, SM and Porschen, RK and Long, EG and Stelma, GN and Schaeffer III, FW} } @mastersthesis {7300, title = {Regionalism, politics and the environment: {Metropolitan} public works in {Boston}, {Massachusetts} and {Oakland}, {California}, 1840 to 1940 and beyond}, year = {1994}, note = {9500919}, school = {University of Michigan}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Like many cities at the turn of the century, Boston, Massachusetts, and Oakland, California, faced environmental crises which existing municipal institutions could not solve. Bostonians feared that their poor sanitation and contaminated drinking water would increase crime and social chaos as well as epidemic disease. In Oakland, recurrent water shortages seemed to limit economic growth, while the private water companies contributed to local political corruption and operated with little regard for local residents. In 1889 and 1924, respectively, the cities abandoned municipal water and sewer networks for metropolitan systems which crossed county lines and were administered by semi-autonomous regional agencies. The new regional public works united each city with its suburban neighbors, creating new political units and permitting Boston and Oakland to overcome the environmental limits on their continued growth and prosperity. However, urban expansion and the centralization of power associated with regionalism also decreased voter oversight of public works and water resource policy, and spread the environmental costs of urbanization far beyond metropolitan boundaries. Regionalism succeeded because environmental crises precipitated a powerful consensus in favor of new public works construction, and because regional agencies balanced political reform with protections for municipal institutions. The new agencies concentrated power in the hands of a bureaucratic elite, but permitted elected officials to improve services without raising taxes. The popularity of regional public works allowed reformers to implement aspects of broader social and political agendas. Furthermore, the new services increased cities{\textquoteright} access to water resources and, in so doing, permitted considerable urban growth in both Boston and Oakland. These similarities do not overshadow the very real differences between these communities, but rather highlight the significance of regionalism and of environmental crisis in urban history. This study addresses aspects of American politics and the environment not frequently invoked by current historiography. It combines resource allocation questions from environmental history with political history{\textquoteright}s attention to electoral process, government growth and reform ideology. This approach yields a perspective on political reform that highlights the unique contributions of public reactions to the urban environment and constituent demand for public services.}, keywords = {0337:American history, 0554:Sanitation, 0768:Environmental science, American history, Applied sciences, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, sanitation, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304097283?accountid=14270}, author = {Elkind, Sarah S} } @article {10604, title = {{The relationship between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to diarrhea due to Vibrio cholerae 0139}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, pages = {827{\textendash}828}, author = {Faruque, ASG and Mahalanabis, D and Hoque, SS and Albert, MJ} } @article {13317, title = {Resistance of bacterial strains to dry conditions: use of anhydrous silica gel in a desiccation model system}, journal = {Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {77}, year = {1994}, pages = {319- 324}, author = {Janning, B and Notermans, S and Kramer, J} } @article {17300, title = {The role of the sigma factor sigma S (KatF) in bacterial global regulation}, journal = {Annu Rev MicrobiolAnnu Rev Microbiol}, volume = {48}, year = {1994}, pages = {53-80}, edition = {1994/01/01}, keywords = {Bacteria/genetics, Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*physiology, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/*genetics, Genes, Bacterial, Regulon/genetics, Sigma Factor/genetics/*physiology, Transcription, Genetic}, isbn = {0066-4227 (Print)
0066-4227}, author = {Loewen, P. C. and Hengge-Aronis, R.} } @mastersthesis {6868, title = {Safety and efficacy of buspirone in the treatment of alcohol dependence}, year = {1994}, note = {MM00037}, school = {McGill University (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{Sc}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The evaluation of drug effects acquires an increasing significance in psychiatric research due to the number of new compounds as well as the need for safety screening for side effects. The present study reports the results of the investigation of effects of buspirone in 57 primary chronic alcoholics, using a double blind method with a placebo control group. Buspirone was administered in doses of 20 mg/day after a two-week wash-out period during which patients in both groups received placebo capsules. After a further two weeks of the study, the buspirone dose was increased to 40 mg/day until completion of the investigation after twelve weeks. Five out of 36 subjects, who completed the study, became abstinent. Detailed characteristics of the study group were obtained, including socio-demographic data, alcohol consumption, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), Alcohol-Use-Inventory (AUI), Drinking Behavior Interview (DBI), and psychometric assessment: Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) and Hopkins Symptoms Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R). Statistical analysis of the results was carried out using multivariate analysis of covariance on repeated measures. The HAM-A scale results were improved significantly in patients receiving buspirone. Marked improvement was also observed in Interpersonal Sensitivity Scale (a subscale of SCL-90-R). MENTALIM subscale of AUI demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the buspirone group, when compared to patients receiving placebo. The validity of self reports on alcohol consumption by patient was confirmed by a change in liver enzyme levels: Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALAT) and the results of the Edwards Hardship Scale. The scores on HAM-A and MADRS scales were higher among the drop-outs than in those who completed the study. The side effects of buspirone were minimal and a good tolerance of the drug was observed.}, keywords = {0347:Mental health, 0419:Pharmacology, Health and environmental sciences, Mental health, pharmacology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304168503?accountid=14270}, author = {Malec, Elizabeth Anna} } @article {4325, title = {{Sensitivity of host strains and host range of coliphages isolated from finnish and nicaraguan wastewater}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, year = {1994}, month = {aug}, pages = {1811{\textendash}1815}, abstract = {Coliphages are regarded as possible indicators of enteric viruses in drinking water and waters used for recreational purposes. They can be detected in water by a rapid, simple and inexpensive method, which does not require special equipment or specially skilled personnel. In spite of extensive studies of coliphages any agreement about a standard method has not yet been reached. One of the questions that has delayed the decision is the choice of a good host strain. In the present study, the ability of more than 40 Escherichia coli strains to detect phages in effluents of several wastewater treatment plants in Finland was tested. The 12 most sensitive strains were selected for a study of sensitivity to pure cultures of coliphages isolated from Finnish and Nicaraguan wastewaters. The sensitivity of the host strains was found to be similar to phages isolated from both countries. Two strains were sensitive to 20 of the 25 somatic coliphages tested. Three strains had almost identical patterns of sensitivity to male-specific RNA-phages, two of the strain were sensitive to all of the 13 and one strain to 12 phages tested. According to the results the same host strains can be used in countries where the climate is very different.}, keywords = {Coliphages, E. coli strains, host bacteria, host range, infectivity, phage sensitivity, RNA-phages, Somatic coliphages, wastewater, water}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(94)90254-2}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135494902542}, author = {Rajala-Mustonen, Ritva L. and Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi} } @article {14102, title = {Sequence variation in {Shigella} sonnei ({Sonnei}), a pathogenic clone of {Escherichia} coli, over four continents and 41 years.}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, year = {1994}, month = {mar}, pages = {796{\textendash}802}, abstract = {The genetic variation within a bacterial clone (known as Shigella sonnei but in effect a clone of Escherichia coli) was examined by studying 46 clinical isolates that were epidemiologically unassociated and isolated from patients in different countries over a period of 41 years (1950 to 1991). Restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing of two housekeeping genes, mglB and gnd, in 10 strains revealed only one nucleotide substitution in the mglB gene in one strain. Ribotyping of 31 strains recovered from five countries over the 41 years proved more sensitive, detecting eight polymorphic sites with worldwide change in frequency of alleles at one site over the period studied.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Base Sequence, DNA, DNA Primers, DNA Primers: genetics, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: genetics, Genes, Genetic Variation, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: genetics, Shigella sonnei, Shigella sonnei: genetics, Shigella sonnei: isolation \& purification, Shigella sonnei: pathogenicity, Time Factors}, issn = {0095-1137}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=263127\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Karaolis, D K and Lan, R and Reeves, P R} } @article {8052, title = {{Sequence variation in Shigella sonnei (Sonnei), a pathogenic clone of Escherichia coli, over four continents and 41 years.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, year = {1994}, month = {mar}, pages = {796{\textendash}802}, abstract = {

The genetic variation within a bacterial clone (known as Shigella sonnei but in effect a clone of Escherichia coli) was examined by studying 46 clinical isolates that were epidemiologically unassociated and isolated from patients in different countries over a period of 41 years (1950 to 1991). Restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing of two housekeeping genes, mglB and gnd, in 10 strains revealed only one nucleotide substitution in the mglB gene in one strain. Ribotyping of 31 strains recovered from five countries over the 41 years proved more sensitive, detecting eight polymorphic sites with worldwide change in frequency of alleles at one site over the period studied.

}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Base Sequence, DNA, DNA Primers, DNA Primers: genetics, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: genetics, Genes, Genetic Variation, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: genetics, Shigella sonnei, Shigella sonnei: genetics, Shigella sonnei: isolation {\&} purification, Shigella sonnei: pathogenicity, Time Factors}, issn = {0095-1137}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=263127{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Karaolis, D K and Lan, R and Reeves, P R} } @article {2310, title = {{Sequence variation in Shigella sonnei (Sonnei), a pathogenic clone of Escherichia coli, over four continents and 41 years.}}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, year = {1994}, month = {mar}, pages = {796{\textendash}802}, abstract = {The genetic variation within a bacterial clone (known as Shigella sonnei but in effect a clone of Escherichia coli) was examined by studying 46 clinical isolates that were epidemiologically unassociated and isolated from patients in different countries over a period of 41 years (1950 to 1991). Restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing of two housekeeping genes, mglB and gnd, in 10 strains revealed only one nucleotide substitution in the mglB gene in one strain. Ribotyping of 31 strains recovered from five countries over the 41 years proved more sensitive, detecting eight polymorphic sites with worldwide change in frequency of alleles at one site over the period studied.}, keywords = {Bacterial, Bacterial: genetics, Base Sequence, DNA, DNA Primers, DNA Primers: genetics, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: genetics, Genes, Genetic Variation, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Ribosomal, Ribosomal: genetics, Shigella sonnei, Shigella sonnei: genetics, Shigella sonnei: isolation \& purification, Shigella sonnei: pathogenicity, Time Factors}, issn = {0095-1137}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=263127\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Karaolis, D K and Lan, R and Reeves, P R} } @inbook {10536, title = {Serologic Diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae O1 Infections}, booktitle = {Vibrio cholerae and Cholera}, year = {1994}, pages = {135{\textendash}141}, publisher = {ASM Press}, organization = {ASM Press}, address = {Washington, DC}, doi = {10.1128/9781555818364.ch10}, author = {Barrett, T and Feeley, J}, editor = {Wachsmuth, I and Blake, P and Olsvik, O} } @article {16104, title = {Seroprevalence to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in merino stud rams in South Australia}, journal = {Aust Vet JAust Vet J}, volume = {71}, number = {7}, year = {1994}, month = {Jul}, pages = {203-206.}, keywords = {Agglutination Tests/veterinary, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/*blood, Breeding, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Immunoglobulin M/blood, Leptospira interrogans/*immunology, Leptospirosis/epidemiology/*veterinary, Male, prevalence, Rain, Regression Analysis, Seasons, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Sheep, Sheep Diseases/*epidemiology, South Australia/epidemiology, Water Supply}, author = {Ellis, G. R. and Partington, D. L. and Hindmarsh, M. and Barton, M. D.} } @article {10766, title = {{Severe life-threatening cholera associated with blood group O in Peru: implications for the Latin American epidemic}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {170}, year = {1994}, pages = {468{\textendash}472}, author = {Swerdlow, DL and Mintz, ED and Rodriguez, M and Tejada, E and Ocampo, C and Espejo, L and Barrett, TJ and Petzelt, J and Bean, NH and Seminario, L and Tauxe, RV} } @article {2142, title = {{A severe outbreak of haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Japan}}, journal = {European Journal of Pediatrics}, volume = {153}, number = {9}, year = {1994}, pages = {650{\textendash}655}, edition = {1994/09/01}, abstract = {

In 1990, an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection occurred in 174 children in a nursery school in Saitama, Japan. The organism was isolated from tap water supplied from the well in the school. Clinical manifestations varied from asymptomatic infection to non-bloody diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and death. Among culture-confirmed 42 cases of E. coli O157:H7, 7 children were asymptomatic, 21 children had only diarrhoea, and 14 children developed HUS. Bloody diarrhoea with abdominal pain following initial frequent diarrhoea appeared to be associated with subsequent HUS. In patients with HUS, both leucocyte count and lactate dehydrogenase activity continued to increase in the early phase of the disease, and on day 3 of illness attained markedly higher levels than in patients without HUS. These two parameters seemed to be important as predictors of the development of HUS. CONCLUSION: E. coli O157:H7 is a common pathogen causing colitis. It should be kept in mind in paediatric practice and public health.

}, isbn = {0340-6199 (Print)0340-6199 (Linking)}, author = {Akashi, S and Joh, K and Tsuji, A and Ito, H and Hoshi, H and Hayakawa, T and Ihara, J and Abe, T and Hatori, M and Mori, T and et al.} } @article {13902, title = {A severe outbreak of haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 in {Japan}}, journal = {Eur J Pediatr}, volume = {153}, number = {9}, year = {1994}, pages = {650{\textendash}655}, abstract = {In 1990, an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection occurred in 174 children in a nursery school in Saitama, Japan. The organism was isolated from tap water supplied from the well in the school. Clinical manifestations varied from asymptomatic infection to non-bloody diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and death. Among culture-confirmed 42 cases of E. coli O157:H7, 7 children were asymptomatic, 21 children had only diarrhoea, and 14 children developed HUS. Bloody diarrhoea with abdominal pain following initial frequent diarrhoea appeared to be associated with subsequent HUS. In patients with HUS, both leucocyte count and lactate dehydrogenase activity continued to increase in the early phase of the disease, and on day 3 of illness attained markedly higher levels than in patients without HUS. These two parameters seemed to be important as predictors of the development of HUS. CONCLUSION: E. coli O157:H7 is a common pathogen causing colitis. It should be kept in mind in paediatric practice and public health.}, author = {Akashi, S and Joh, K and Tsuji, A and Ito, H and Hoshi, H and Hayakawa, T and Ihara, J and Abe, T and Hatori, M and Mori, T and Al, Et} } @mastersthesis {7423, title = {Sierra {Leone} and {World} {War} {I}}, year = {1994}, note = {U062457}, school = {University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Though Sierra Leone was not a theatre of war in 1914, World War 1 had significant consequences for the dependency. Convinced that the crisis was not just a {\textquoteleft}Whiteman{\textquoteright}s palaver{\textquoteright}, Sierra Leone supported the Allies against the Central Powers. Fearing reprisals from Germany, Governor Merewether warned against denuding the Protectorate of troops but the global emergency was, in the opinion of the Colonial Office, more important than the interests of the Colony. Thus between 1914 and 1917, Sierra Leoneans were recruited for service in Togoland and the Cameroons and to help fight Britain{\textquoteright}s {\textquoteleft}porters{\textquoteright} war{\textquoteright} in East Africa. If recruitment reduced the crime rate in Freetown it also took away able-bodied men from agriculture. Returnees from the Cameroons worsened the problems of unemployment and sanitation. The war exposed the vulnerability of Sierra Leone to the spread of disease. Congestion, increased international trade contacts and the lack of fumigation facilities for ships at Freetown{\textquoteright}s harbour, helped the spread of smallpox and influenza. Whilst smallpox threated whole villages, and dislocated farming, influenza paralysed education and arrested progress in the oil palm industry. Economically, the war arrested developments in the import and export sectors. By 1915 dwindling revenue returns pointed to the need for financial stringency. The problems of economic decline, high prices for imported goods and the manipulative tactics of foreign firms were felt mainly by indigenous producers and consumers. The chief variables governing economic activity were unfavourable climatic conditions, the high tariff rates on spirits, tax evasion in the Protectorate and the closure of the German market. Thus growth in revenue in 1918 did not indicate any widespread accumulation of wealth. Economic problems impinged significantly on the already depleted supplies of food in wartime. Rice smuggling over the frontier, the requisitioning of rice by the military authorities, the hoarding of rice by traders and the famine of 1919 aggravated food shortages and provided the triggers for rural and urban radicalism.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU062457, 0331:African history, African history, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301462580?accountid=14270}, author = {Cole, F} } @article {4350, title = {{The significance of viruses to mortality in aquatic microbial communities.}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, year = {1994}, month = {sep}, pages = {237{\textendash}43}, abstract = {

A variety of approaches including enumeration of visibly infected microbes, removal of viral particles, decay of viral infectivity, and measurements of viral production rates have been used to infer the impact of viruses on microbial mortality. The results are surprisingly consistent and suggest that, on average, about 20{\%} of marine heterotrophic bacteria are infected by viruses and 10-20{\%} of the bacterial community is lysed daily by viruses. The effect of viruses on phytoplankton is less certain, but ca. 3{\%} of Synechococcus biomass may be lysed daily. The fraction of primary productivity this represents depends upon the relative biomass and growth rate of Synechococcus. Virus enrichment experiments suggest that the productivity of eukaryotic phytoplankton would be ca. 2{\%} higher in the absence of viruses. Overall, probably about 2-3{\%} of primary productivity is lost to viral lysis. There is considerable variation about these estimates; however, they represent a starting point for incorporating viral-mediated processes into aquatic ecosystem models.

}, issn = {0095-3628}, doi = {10.1007/BF00166813}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24186450}, author = {Suttle, C A} } @article {11801, title = {{Sinopsis de los parasitos de peces marinos de la costa peruana}}, journal = {Biotempo}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {53{\textendash}101}, author = {Tantalean, M and Huiza, A} } @mastersthesis {7033, title = {Socioeconomic impact of a rural water supply programme in the {UpperEastRegion} of {Ghana}}, year = {1994}, note = {NN95147}, school = {University of Alberta (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Water is vital in an economy, not only in the urban-industrial countries, but also in rural areas through its more widespread use in productive activities, and its potential to improving living conditions. This recognition has led to substantial investments in rural water supply and sanitation projects in the developing world over the past years. Accompanying this, is the increased evaluation of such projects by developing countries, as well as by donors of foreign aid. However, most evaluations have concentrated on health impacts and the reliance on project staff for information on programmes{\textquoteright} impacts. The literature has failed to focus on rural people{\textquoteright}s knowledge, awareness, their practices related to the environment and impacts of issues related to programme objectives. Previous studies have also ignored the views of decision makers (government officials): their awareness, involvement and impacts of the programme on the beneficiaries. Based on the views of both programme beneficiaries and decision makers, this dissertation assessed the socio-economic impacts of a rural water supply programme in the Upper East Region of Ghana, in an effort to contribute to the methods of impact evaluations. Using this approach, seven main findings about the impacts of the rural water supply programme have been identified and explained in this dissertation. First, the programme has made a marginal impact on waste disposal practices of the beneficiaries. Second, the programme beneficiaries have limited knowledge on the transmission mechanisms of water-borne and water-washed diseases. Third, women have not effectively utilized excess waste water in productive economic activities to supplement their incomes. Fourth, the programme has resulted in improved social standing of women in the rural communities. There have been changes in attitude on the part of men towards women. Fifth, the rural people have problems paying the annual water tariff. Sixth, Community Water Organizers were more efficient than their Water User Committee counterparts in the performance of their duties. Seventh, the Radio Learning Group was the most effective medium in delivering health and hygiene education messages. Although this study did not add to the development of theory in impact evaluations, it did make a significant contribution to evaluation research. It did show the need to broaden the research methods and an exploration into what programme beneficiaries experience, and ways to reconcile with views of local and regional level decision makers, in order to strengthen the ties of impact studies with the human-environment research tradition in geography.}, keywords = {0366:Geography, Geography, Rural development, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/275878766?accountid=14270}, author = {Akuoko-Asibey, Augustine} } @article {9018, title = {Solar water disinfection: scope of the process and analysis of radiation experiments}, journal = {Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology AQUA}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, pages = {154-169}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0003-7214}, author = {Wegelin, Martin and Canonica, S. and Mechsner, K. and Fleischmann, T. and Pesaro, F. and Metzler, A.} } @mastersthesis {6686, title = {Streamland protection in agricultural landscapes: {Landowner} perceptions of conservation approaches}, year = {1994}, note = {9513476}, school = {University of Michigan}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This study examines agricultural landowners{\textquoteright} perceptions of existing streamland environmental conditions and streamland importance. These perceptions are analyzed in terms of the landowners{\textquoteright} acceptance of conservation approaches. Techniques such as conservation easements, public assistance, land-use restrictions, public recreational access, landowner participation in program development, and alternative taxation strategies are considered. Surveys were sent to 500 agricultural landowners in Dickinson County, Kansas. The majority of the 182 respondents were farm operators (77\%), as opposed to those who owned farmland but did not actively engage in farming operations. Results indicated that landowners did not believe agricultural nonpoint pollution impacts on local water quality are as serious as water quality studies would indicate. Landowners perceived streamlands as more important for the protection of environmental quality factors (wildlife habitat, stream water quality, and visual appearance) than for income production or recreation. The most preferred land management approaches were tax relief, cooperative agreements, and landowner participation in program development. Five of these approaches were perceived in a similar manner by respondents and labeled as Low-Risk Options due to the non-threatening and less risky nature of the items. Results indicated a strong connection between landowners{\textquoteright} perceptions and their acceptance of conservation approaches. Landowners who were more accepting of alternative conservation approaches felt that: (1) agricultural production and disturbance activities were a serious cause of water pollution; and (2) streamlands were very important for protecting environmental quality and providing recreation. Foremost among demographic factors was the dependence on the farm as the sole source of income. Respondents with a higher percentage of on-farm income perceived agricultural pollution to be less of a problem and streamlands to be less important for protecting environmental quality and providing recreation. To a much lesser extent, the age of landowner and size of farm were also predictive factors.}, keywords = {0473:Agriculture, 0478:Forestry, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Agriculture, Area planning \& development, Biological sciences, Forestry, landownership, Social sciences, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304118009?accountid=14270}, author = {Schrader, Charles C} } @article {7308, title = {Sunlight inactivation of enterococci and fecal coliforms in sewage effluent diluted in seawater}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {6}, year = {1994}, pages = {2049{\textendash}2058}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/60/6/2049.short}, author = {Davies-Colley, Robert J. and Bell, Robert G. and Donnison, Andrea M.} } @article {7744, title = {Survey of Campylobacter spp in sewage plants in the Netherlands}, journal = {Food Microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, note = {Feb; Survey of Campylobacter Spp in Sewage Plants in the Netherlands; ISI:A1994NB34800009; ID: 240}, pages = {65-73}, author = {Koenraad,Pmfj and Hazeleger,W. C. and Vanderlaan,T. and Beumer,R. R. and Rombouts,F. M.} } @article {3832, title = {Survival of enteric viruses on environmental fomites}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {10}, year = {1994}, pages = {3704 {\textendash} 3710}, author = {Abad, FX and Pinto, RM and Bosch, A} } @article {14851, title = {Survival of enteric viruses on environmental fomites}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {60}, year = {1994}, month = {oct}, pages = {3704{\textendash}10}, abstract = {The survival of human enteric viruses on several porous (paper and cotton cloth) and nonporous (aluminum, china, glazed tile, latex, and polystyrene) environmental surfaces has been evaluated. Viruses persisted for extended periods on several types of materials commonly found in institutions and domestic environments. The stability of the viruses was generally influenced by environmental factors such as relative humidity (RH), temperature, and the type of surface contaminated. Overall, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human rotavirus (HRV) were more resistant to inactivation than enteric adenovirus (ADV) and poliovirus (PV). The resistance to the desiccation step appears to be of major significance in determining the survival of a virus dried on fomites. ADV and PV showed a pronounced decrease in titer at this stage, whereas HAV and HRV displayed little decay at the desiccation step. HAV and HRV persistence was not affected by the presence of fecal material. On nonporous surfaces, PV and ADV persisted better in the presence of feces. However, on porous fomites the presence of fecal material had a negative influence on the survival of PV and ADV. Except for HRV, greater virus survival was observed at 4 degrees than at 20 degrees C. PV and HAV survival was enhanced at high RH; the survival of the latter was enhanced at least for nonporous materials. When dried on porous materials, HRV also exhibited greater persistence at high RH. The survival of ADV was not affected by RH. The validity of using bacteriophages of Bacteroides fragilis as indicators of human viruses dried on fomites was evaluated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, Adenoviruses, Bacteriophages/isolation \& purification, Bacteroides fragilis/virology, Desiccation, Enterovirus Infections/transmission, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Feces/microbiology, Hepatovirus/isolation \& purification, Human/isolation \& purification, Humans, Humidity, Poliovirus/isolation \& purification, Rotavirus/isolation \& purification, Surface Properties, Temperature, Time Factors}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Abad, F. X. and Pinto, R. M. and Bosch, A.} } @article {14431, title = {Survival of enteric viruses on environmental fomites}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {60}, year = {1994}, month = {oct}, pages = {3704{\textendash}10}, abstract = {The survival of human enteric viruses on several porous (paper and cotton cloth) and nonporous (aluminum, china, glazed tile, latex, and polystyrene) environmental surfaces has been evaluated. Viruses persisted for extended periods on several types of materials commonly found in institutions and domestic environments. The stability of the viruses was generally influenced by environmental factors such as relative humidity (RH), temperature, and the type of surface contaminated. Overall, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human rotavirus (HRV) were more resistant to inactivation than enteric adenovirus (ADV) and poliovirus (PV). The resistance to the desiccation step appears to be of major significance in determining the survival of a virus dried on fomites. ADV and PV showed a pronounced decrease in titer at this stage, whereas HAV and HRV displayed little decay at the desiccation step. HAV and HRV persistence was not affected by the presence of fecal material. On nonporous surfaces, PV and ADV persisted better in the presence of feces. However, on porous fomites the presence of fecal material had a negative influence on the survival of PV and ADV. Except for HRV, greater virus survival was observed at 4 degrees than at 20 degrees C. PV and HAV survival was enhanced at high RH; the survival of the latter was enhanced at least for nonporous materials. When dried on porous materials, HRV also exhibited greater persistence at high RH. The survival of ADV was not affected by RH. The validity of using bacteriophages of Bacteroides fragilis as indicators of human viruses dried on fomites was evaluated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, Adenoviruses, Bacteriophages/isolation \& purification, Bacteroides fragilis/virology, Desiccation, Enterovirus Infections/transmission, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Feces/microbiology, Hepatovirus/isolation \& purification, Human/isolation \& purification, Humans, Humidity, Poliovirus/isolation \& purification, Rotavirus/isolation \& purification, Surface Properties, Temperature, Time Factors}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Abad, F. X. and Pinto, R. M. and Bosch, A.} } @article {14225, title = {Survival, physiological response and recovery of enteric bacteria exposed to a polar marine environment.}, journal = {Appl. Envir. Microbiol.}, volume = {60}, number = {8}, year = {1994}, month = {aug}, pages = {2977{\textendash}2984}, abstract = {Survival, sublethal injury, and recoverability of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica were investigated by using diffusion chambers over 54 to 56 days of in situ exposure to a polar marine environment (-1.8 degrees C; salinity, 34.5 ppt) at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Plate counts were used to assess recoverability and injury, whereas direct viable counts (DVCs) and 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) reduction were utilized to determine substrate responsiveness and respiratory activity, respectively. T90 values (times for 10-fold decreases in numbers of recoverable cells) on nonselective medium were ca. 216 to 259 h for E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica and 432 h for E. faecalis. Sublethal injury was greater in populations of indicator bacteria than in pathogens. DVCs, CTC reduction, and plate counts indicated progressive increases in viable but nonculturable cells in E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica cultures throughout the 54-day exposure. Forty-eight-day exposure of E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica resulted in decreased optimal incubation temperatures for colony formation and inability to form colonies at 37 degrees C. The detection of responsive E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica by the DVC and CTC methods remained within 1\% of inoculum values during 54 days of exposure, indicating some long-term persistence in the viable-but-nonculturable state. Percentages of respiring E. coli and S. typhimurium increased significantly upon addition of nutrients at all temperatures tested, indicating that nutrient availability rather than temperature limited enteric bacterial activity in this very cold environment. Large nutrient inputs to low-temperature marine environments may thus allow for the long-term persistence of enteric bacteria in a nonrecoverable state.}, author = {Smith, J J and Howington, J P and McFeters, G A} } @article {8136, title = {{Survival, physiological response and recovery of enteric bacteria exposed to a polar marine environment.}}, journal = {Appl. Envir. Microbiol.}, volume = {60}, number = {8}, year = {1994}, month = {aug}, pages = {2977{\textendash}2984}, abstract = {Survival, sublethal injury, and recoverability of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica were investigated by using diffusion chambers over 54 to 56 days of in situ exposure to a polar marine environment (-1.8 degrees C; salinity, 34.5 ppt) at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Plate counts were used to assess recoverability and injury, whereas direct viable counts (DVCs) and 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) reduction were utilized to determine substrate responsiveness and respiratory activity, respectively. T90 values (times for 10-fold decreases in numbers of recoverable cells) on nonselective medium were ca. 216 to 259 h for E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica and 432 h for E. faecalis. Sublethal injury was greater in populations of indicator bacteria than in pathogens. DVCs, CTC reduction, and plate counts indicated progressive increases in viable but nonculturable cells in E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica cultures throughout the 54-day exposure. Forty-eight-day exposure of E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica resulted in decreased optimal incubation temperatures for colony formation and inability to form colonies at 37 degrees C. The detection of responsive E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica by the DVC and CTC methods remained within 1{\%} of inoculum values during 54 days of exposure, indicating some long-term persistence in the viable-but-nonculturable state. Percentages of respiring E. coli and S. typhimurium increased significantly upon addition of nutrients at all temperatures tested, indicating that nutrient availability rather than temperature limited enteric bacterial activity in this very cold environment. Large nutrient inputs to low-temperature marine environments may thus allow for the long-term persistence of enteric bacteria in a nonrecoverable state.}, author = {Smith, J J and Howington, J P and McFeters, G A} } @article {7086, title = {Survival, physiological response and recovery of enteric bacteria exposed to a polar marine environment.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {8}, year = {1994}, pages = {2977{\textendash}2984}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/60/8/2977.short}, author = {Smith, James J. and Howington, James P. and McFETERS, GORDON A.} } @article {2413, title = {{Survival, physiological response and recovery of enteric bacteria exposed to a polar marine environment.}}, journal = {Appl. Envir. Microbiol.}, volume = {60}, number = {8}, year = {1994}, month = {aug}, pages = {2977{\textendash}2984}, abstract = {Survival, sublethal injury, and recoverability of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica were investigated by using diffusion chambers over 54 to 56 days of in situ exposure to a polar marine environment (-1.8 degrees C; salinity, 34.5 ppt) at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Plate counts were used to assess recoverability and injury, whereas direct viable counts (DVCs) and 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) reduction were utilized to determine substrate responsiveness and respiratory activity, respectively. T90 values (times for 10-fold decreases in numbers of recoverable cells) on nonselective medium were ca. 216 to 259 h for E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica and 432 h for E. faecalis. Sublethal injury was greater in populations of indicator bacteria than in pathogens. DVCs, CTC reduction, and plate counts indicated progressive increases in viable but nonculturable cells in E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica cultures throughout the 54-day exposure. Forty-eight-day exposure of E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica resulted in decreased optimal incubation temperatures for colony formation and inability to form colonies at 37 degrees C. The detection of responsive E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica by the DVC and CTC methods remained within 1\% of inoculum values during 54 days of exposure, indicating some long-term persistence in the viable-but-nonculturable state. Percentages of respiring E. coli and S. typhimurium increased significantly upon addition of nutrients at all temperatures tested, indicating that nutrient availability rather than temperature limited enteric bacterial activity in this very cold environment. Large nutrient inputs to low-temperature marine environments may thus allow for the long-term persistence of enteric bacteria in a nonrecoverable state.}, author = {Smith, J J and Howington, J P and McFeters, G A} } @article {9126, title = {{Survival, Physiological-Response, and Recovery of Enteric Bacteria Exposed To a Polar Marine-Environment}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {60}, number = {8}, year = {1994}, pages = {2977{\textendash}2984}, abstract = {Survival, sublethal injury, and recoverability of Escherichia coli,{\$}\backslash{\$}nEnterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Yersinia{\$}\backslash{\$}nentercolitica were investigated by using diffusion chambers over 54 to{\$}\backslash{\$}n56 days of in situ exposure to a polar marine environment (-1.8 degrees{\$}\backslash{\$}nC; salinity, 34.5 ppt) at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Plate counts were{\$}\backslash{\$}nused to assess recoverability and injury, whereas direct viable counts{\$}\backslash{\$}n(DVCs) and 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) reduction were{\$}\backslash{\$}nutilized to determine substrate responsiveness and respiratory activity,{\$}\backslash{\$}nrespectively. T-90 values (times for 10 fold decreases in numbers of{\$}\backslash{\$}nrecoverable cells) on nonselective medium were ca. 216 to 259 h for E.{\$}\backslash{\$}ncoli, S. typhimurium, and Y. enterocolitica and 432 h for E. faecalis.{\$}\backslash{\$}nSublethal injury was greater in populations of indicator bacteria than{\$}\backslash{\$}nin pathogens. DVCs, CTC reduction, and plate counts indicated{\$}\backslash{\$}nprogressive increases in viable but nonculturable cells in E. coli, S.{\$}\backslash{\$}ntyphimurium, and Y. enterocolitica cultures throughout the 54-day{\$}\backslash{\$}nexposure. Forty-eight-day exposure off. coli, S. typhimurium, and Y.{\$}\backslash{\$}nenterocolitica resulted in decreased optimal incubation temperatures for{\$}\backslash{\$}ncolony formation and inability to form colonies at 37 degrees C. The{\$}\backslash{\$}ndetection of responsive E. coli, S. typhimurium and Y. enterocolitica by{\$}\backslash{\$}nthe DVC and CTC methods remained within 1{\{}{\%}{\}} of inoculum values during 54{\$}\backslash{\$}ndays of exposure, indicating some long-term persistence in the{\$}\backslash{\$}nviable-but-nonculturable state. Percentages of respiring E. coli and S.{\$}\backslash{\$}ntyphimurium increased significantly upon addition of nutrients at all{\$}\backslash{\$}ntemperatures tested, indicating that nutrient availability rather than{\$}\backslash{\$}ntemperature limited enteric bacterial activity in this very cold{\$}\backslash{\$}nenvironment. Large nutrient inputs to low-temperature marine{\$}\backslash{\$}nenvironments may thus allow for the long-term persistence of enteric{\$}\backslash{\$}nbacteria in a nonrecoverable state.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Smith, J J and Howington, J P and McFeters, G A} } @article {8056, title = {{A swimming-associated outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shigella sonnei}}, journal = {N Engl J Med}, volume = {331}, number = {9}, year = {1994}, pages = {579{\textendash}584}, edition = {1994/09/01}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the summer of 1991, simultaneous outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and of bloody diarrhea caused by Shigella sonnei were traced to a lakeside park near Portland, Oregon. METHODS: We identified cases primarily from routine surveillance reports. In case-control studies, the activities of persons with park-associated E. coli O157:H7 or S. sonnei infections were compared independently with those of three sets of controls. We also evaluated environmental conditions at the park and subtyped the bacterial isolates. RESULTS: We identified 21 persons with park-associated E. coli O157:H7 infections (all of them children; median age, six years) and 38 persons with S. sonnei infections (most of them children). These 59 people had visited the park over a 24-day period. Their illnesses were not associated with food or beverage consumption. All the case patients reported swimming, however, and in case-control studies swimming was strongly associated with both types of infection (P = 0.015 or less). The case patients were more likely than the controls to report having swallowed lake water, and they had spent more time in the lake. Numbers of enterococci indicative of substantial fecal contamination (geometric mean, {\textgreater} 50 per deciliter) were detected in the swimming area during some but not all of the outbreak period. Park-associated E. coli O157:H7 isolates were identical by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and were distinguishable from other isolates in the Portland area. CONCLUSIONS: Lake water that was fecally contaminated by bathers was the most likely vehicle for the transmission of both the E. coli O157:H7 and the S. sonnei infections. The unusually prolonged outbreak suggests both the survival of these enteric organisms in lake water and a low infectious dose.}, isbn = {0028-4793 (Print) 0028-4793 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1056/NEJM199409013310904}, author = {Keene, W E and McAnulty, J M and Hoesly, F C and Williams Jr., L P and Hedberg, K and Oxman, G L and Barrett, T J and Pfaller, M A and Fleming, D W} } @article {14106, title = {A swimming-associated outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis caused by {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 and {Shigella} sonnei}, journal = {N Engl J Med}, volume = {331}, number = {9}, year = {1994}, pages = {579{\textendash}584}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the summer of 1991, simultaneous outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and of bloody diarrhea caused by Shigella sonnei were traced to a lakeside park near Portland, Oregon. METHODS: We identified cases primarily from routine surveillance reports. In case-control studies, the activities of persons with park-associated E. coli O157:H7 or S. sonnei infections were compared independently with those of three sets of controls. We also evaluated environmental conditions at the park and subtyped the bacterial isolates. RESULTS: We identified 21 persons with park-associated E. coli O157:H7 infections (all of them children; median age, six years) and 38 persons with S. sonnei infections (most of them children). These 59 people had visited the park over a 24-day period. Their illnesses were not associated with food or beverage consumption. All the case patients reported swimming, however, and in case-control studies swimming was strongly associated with both types of infection (P = 0.015 or less). The case patients were more likely than the controls to report having swallowed lake water, and they had spent more time in the lake. Numbers of enterococci indicative of substantial fecal contamination (geometric mean, {\textbackslash}textgreater 50 per deciliter) were detected in the swimming area during some but not all of the outbreak period. Park-associated E. coli O157:H7 isolates were identical by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and were distinguishable from other isolates in the Portland area. CONCLUSIONS: Lake water that was fecally contaminated by bathers was the most likely vehicle for the transmission of both the E. coli O157:H7 and the S. sonnei infections. The unusually prolonged outbreak suggests both the survival of these enteric organisms in lake water and a low infectious dose.}, doi = {10.1056/NEJM199409013310904}, author = {Keene, W E and McAnulty, J M and Hoesly, F C and Williams Jr., L P and Hedberg, K and Oxman, G L and Barrett, T J and Pfaller, M A and Fleming, D W} } @article {2313, title = {{A swimming-associated outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shigella sonnei}}, journal = {N Engl J Med}, volume = {331}, number = {9}, year = {1994}, pages = {579{\textendash}584}, edition = {1994/09/01}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the summer of 1991, simultaneous outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and of bloody diarrhea caused by Shigella sonnei were traced to a lakeside park near Portland, Oregon. METHODS: We identified cases primarily from routine surveillance reports. In case-control studies, the activities of persons with park-associated E. coli O157:H7 or S. sonnei infections were compared independently with those of three sets of controls. We also evaluated environmental conditions at the park and subtyped the bacterial isolates. RESULTS: We identified 21 persons with park-associated E. coli O157:H7 infections (all of them children; median age, six years) and 38 persons with S. sonnei infections (most of them children). These 59 people had visited the park over a 24-day period. Their illnesses were not associated with food or beverage consumption. All the case patients reported swimming, however, and in case-control studies swimming was strongly associated with both types of infection (P = 0.015 or less). The case patients were more likely than the controls to report having swallowed lake water, and they had spent more time in the lake. Numbers of enterococci indicative of substantial fecal contamination (geometric mean, > 50 per deciliter) were detected in the swimming area during some but not all of the outbreak period. Park-associated E. coli O157:H7 isolates were identical by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and were distinguishable from other isolates in the Portland area. CONCLUSIONS: Lake water that was fecally contaminated by bathers was the most likely vehicle for the transmission of both the E. coli O157:H7 and the S. sonnei infections. The unusually prolonged outbreak suggests both the survival of these enteric organisms in lake water and a low infectious dose.}, isbn = {0028-4793 (Print) 0028-4793 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1056/NEJM199409013310904}, author = {Keene, W E and McAnulty, J M and Hoesly, F C and Williams Jr., L P and Hedberg, K and Oxman, G L and Barrett, T J and Pfaller, M A and Fleming, D W} } @article {14819, title = {A swimming-associated outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis caused by {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 and {Shigella} sonnei}, journal = {N Engl J Med}, volume = {331}, number = {9}, year = {1994}, pages = {579{\textendash}584}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the summer of 1991, simultaneous outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and of bloody diarrhea caused by Shigella sonnei were traced to a lakeside park near Portland, Oregon. METHODS: We identified cases primarily from routine surveillance reports. In case-control studies, the activities of persons with park-associated E. coli O157:H7 or S. sonnei infections were compared independently with those of three sets of controls. We also evaluated environmental conditions at the park and subtyped the bacterial isolates. RESULTS: We identified 21 persons with park-associated E. coli O157:H7 infections (all of them children; median age, six years) and 38 persons with S. sonnei infections (most of them children). These 59 people had visited the park over a 24-day period. Their illnesses were not associated with food or beverage consumption. All the case patients reported swimming, however, and in case-control studies swimming was strongly associated with both types of infection (P = 0.015 or less). The case patients were more likely than the controls to report having swallowed lake water, and they had spent more time in the lake. Numbers of enterococci indicative of substantial fecal contamination (geometric mean, {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater 50 per deciliter) were detected in the swimming area during some but not all of the outbreak period. Park-associated E. coli O157:H7 isolates were identical by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and were distinguishable from other isolates in the Portland area. CONCLUSIONS: Lake water that was fecally contaminated by bathers was the most likely vehicle for the transmission of both the E. coli O157:H7 and the S. sonnei infections. The unusually prolonged outbreak suggests both the survival of these enteric organisms in lake water and a low infectious dose.}, doi = {10.1056/NEJM199409013310904}, author = {Keene, W E and McAnulty, J M and Hoesly, F C and Williams Jr., L P and Hedberg, K and Oxman, G L and Barrett, T J and Pfaller, M A and Fleming, D W} } @mastersthesis {6666, title = {The synthesis and characterization of polymers to selectively remove phosphate from water}, year = {1994}, note = {9502764}, school = {Kansas State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Phosphate production is a major world industry. It is a vital component in the manufacture of fertilizers and cleaning products. Phosphate is used in soap because of its dispersing powers in aqueous suspensions of insoluble solids. It also softens wash water by complexing with metal cations, especially calcium and magnesium ions, which are characteristic of hard water. The ultimate destination for this and other chemicals are waste water streams that eventually find their way to lakes or other water bodies. Phosphate is the limiting nutrient for algal growth; consequently unprecedented growth and anoxification of these water bodies is the final result. The economic impact is obvious: death of game fish, and the loss of tourism to these water bodies due to the production of reeds that interfere with boating and unpleasant odors. Presently used methods for the removal of phosphate from water produce more waste or are expensive to implement. A method that is cost effective and has the ability to recycle the phosphate removed from waste streams is selective anion exchange chromatography. For this method to be effective, the resin would need to be selective towards phosphate, be regenerable, and have a high capacity. In an effort to create a resin that meets these requirements, N-4-vinylbenzyl-N\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}prime\$-octadecyl-1,4-diazabicyclo (2.2.2) octane was synthesized and polymerized alone and with styrene. The reagent{\textquoteright}s precipitating nature with 51 different anions was studied. When the reagent was polymerized it displayed an excellent capacity for phosphate and it had good regenerative capabilities. Competitive ion tests demonstrated that the resin was selective towards phosphate as well. Unfortunately, the equilibrium time was quite long. In an effort to show that this was due to the high density of functional groups present, the polymer was copolymerized with styrene. As expected the equilibrium time decreased significantly. These tests show that the resin has the potential to become a useful commercial product. To elucidate the mechanism of selectivity, molecular modeling was utilized to determine the reagent{\textquoteright}s equilibrium geometry. Correlations were made between the anion{\textquoteright}s geometric structure, thermochemical radii, and enthalpy of hydration, and the selectivity of the reagent towards phosphate.}, keywords = {0486:Analytical chemistry, 0554:Sanitation, 0768:Environmental science, Analytical chemistry, Applied sciences, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Pure sciences, sanitation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304126396?accountid=14270}, author = {Kopchinski, Anita Francine} } @inbook {10665, title = {{Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in food and water}}, booktitle = {Vibrio cholerae and Cholera: Molecular to Global Perspectives}, year = {1994}, pages = {27{\textendash}39}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, organization = {American Society for Microbiology}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Kaysner, CA and Hill, WE}, editor = {Wachsmuth, KI and Blake, PA and Olsvik, O} } @article {4870, title = {{Travellers diarrhea associated with Cyclospora sp}}, journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology}, volume = {41}, year = {1994}, pages = {32S}, author = {Deluol, AM and Junod, C and Poirot, JL and Heyer, F and N{\textquoteright}go, Y and Cosnes, J} } @article {5580, title = {{Upgrading a Low-cost Physicochemical Wastewater Treatment Plant to Solve Operational Problems}}, journal = {Water Science {\&} Technology}, volume = {29}, number = {12}, year = {1994}, pages = {247{\textendash}254}, author = {Taylor, Huw D and Gambrill, Martine P and Mara, Duncan D. and Silva, Salamao A} } @article {7152, title = {Urban environmental health and hygiene in sub-{Saharan} {Africa}}, year = {1994}, url = {http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:273469}, author = {Nordberg, Erik and Winblad, Uno} } @article {15681, title = {Variation in the enteric distribution of cryptosporidia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome}, journal = {American Journal of Clinical Pathology}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, month = {Oct}, pages = {420-5}, edition = {1994/10/01}, keywords = {Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*complications/mortality, Adult, Aged, Body Weight, Cryptosporidiosis/*complications/*parasitology/pathology, Female, Humans, Intestines/*parasitology/pathology/physiopathology, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Survival Analysis}, isbn = {0002-9173 (Print)
0002-9173}, author = {Clayton, F. and Heller, T. and Kotler, D. P.} } @book {10792, title = {{Vibrio cholerae and cholera: Molecular to global perspectives}}, year = {1994}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, organization = {American Society for Microbiology}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Wachsmuth, IK and Blake, PA and Olsvik, O} } @article {10794, title = {{The Vibrio cholerae O139 serogroup antigen includes an O-antigen capsule and lipopolysaccharide virulence determinants}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {91}, year = {1994}, pages = {11388{\textendash}11392}, author = {Waldor, MK and Colwell, RR and Mekalanos, JJ} } @mastersthesis {6588, title = {Wainwright {Shipyard}: {The} impact of a {World} {War} {II} war industry on {Panama} {City}, {Florida}}, year = {1994}, note = {9424775}, school = {The Florida State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Wainwright Shipyard: The Impact of a World War II War Industry on Panama City, Florida, studied a small town{\textquoteright}s conversion to an industrial center to meet the war emergency. The U.S. Maritime Commission selected Panama City as the location for a shipyard to build cargo vessels called Liberty Ships. The Liberty Ship{\textquoteright}s simple design made it possible to build with unskilled labor. Liberty shipyards used such mass production techniques as prefabrication, pre-assembly, and welding. J. A. Jones Construction Company, Incorporated, operators of the shipyard, had to recruit and train labor for industrial work. The manpower shortage necessitated the use of non-traditional workers, i.e., women and African-Americans. Panama City experienced a tripling of its population within a year. This population required housing and the infrastructure to support it{\textendash}utilities, water and sewage, and transportation facilities. The families who located here required additional child care and educational facilities and medical services. The population strained such local government facilities as police and fire protection and the tax collection agencies. The increased population severely strained the communities{\textquoteright} shopping and entertainment facilities. These problems required action by the local community leaders and appropriate governmental agencies such as the U.S. Maritime Commission, War Production Board, Office of Community War services, Federal Public Housing Authority, Federal Housing Administration, and the National Housing Agency to meet the community{\textquoteright}s war population needs. The presence of Wainwright Shipyard left a lasting legacy in the community in the form of the infrastructure built to accommodate the residents that remained when the shipyard closed.}, keywords = {0337:American history, American history, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304091244?accountid=14270}, author = {Pelt, Peggy Dorton} } @article {12532, title = {Workers{\textquoteright} exposure to airborne bacteria and endotoxins at industrial wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {American Industrial Hygiene AssociationAmerican Industrial Hygiene Association}, volume = {55}, number = {11}, year = {1994}, pages = {1055-1060}, isbn = {0002-8894}, author = {Laitinen, Sirpa and Kangas, Juhani and Kotimaa, Marjut and Liesivuori, Jyrki and Martikainen, Pertti J and Nevalainen, Aino and Sarantila, Riitta and Husman, Kaj} } @article {7060, title = {Worlds apart 1: {Tamil} {Nadu} and {Madhya} {Pradesh}. {Reaping} rewards of social development}, journal = {People \& the planet / IPPF, UNFPA, IUCN}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {1994}, pages = {16{\textendash}20}, keywords = {Asia, Case Studies, Critique, Demography, Developing Countries, Economic Factors, economics, Educational Status, Educational Status{\textendash}women, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Family Planning, Family Planning Programs, Family Planning Services, Health Planning, India, Multiregional Analysis, Organization and Administration, Program Effectiveness, Program Evaluation, Programs, Research, Research Methodology, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Socioeconomic Status, Southern Asia, Studies, Women{\textquoteright}s Rights, Women{\textquoteright}s Status}, issn = {0968-1655}, author = {Chhabra, R.} } @inbook {1705, title = {Acceptable risk and U.S microbial drinking water standards}, booktitle = {Safety of Water Disinfection}, year = {1993}, pages = {619-626}, publisher = {ILSI Press}, organization = {ILSI Press}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Washington DC}, author = {Macler, B.}, editor = {Graun, G. F.} } @article {11333, title = {The accumulation, distribution and viability of human parasitic nematode eggs in the sludge of a primary facultative waste stabilization pond}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {87}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, pages = {256-258}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0035-9203}, author = {Ayres, RM and Lee, DL and Mara, DD and Silva, SA} } @article {11157, title = {Algal blooms in the spread and persistence of cholera}, journal = {Biosystems}, volume = {31}, year = {1993}, pages = {209-221}, author = {Epstein, PR} } @mastersthesis {6911, title = {An analysis of the {Community} {Development} {Block} {Grant} {Program}: {A} case study of {Reno}, {Nevada}}, year = {1993}, note = {1355636}, school = {University of Nevada, Reno}, type = {phdM.{S}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The government of the United States of America through the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides grants to state and local governments. Community development efforts are funded by the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program as part of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974. There are many different types of grant programs associated with a variety of purposes in the United States. However, the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program resulted from the consolidation of seven previously established categorical grant programs for urban areas including: urban renewal, model cities, water and sewer facilities, open spaces, neighborhood facilities, rehabilitation loans, and public facility loans. The consolidation of those seven categorical grants into a single program, the CDBG program, was the result of long deliberations from 1971 to 1974 between the New Federalism and Congress. The CDBG program was finally signed into law by President Ford in 1974. In order to understand how the CDBG Program works to benefit the U.S. citizens, primarily those of low and moderate income, this thesis attempts to analyze the implementation of the program by presenting the City of Reno as a case study.}, keywords = {0508:Finance, 0617:Public administration, Finance, Public administration, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304052099?accountid=14270}, author = {Simorangkir, Marihot} } @article {5881, title = {{Arcobacter cryaerophilus and thermophilic campylobacters in a sewage treatment plant in Italy: two secondary treatments compared.}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, month = {jun}, pages = {633{\textendash}639}, author = {Stampi, S and Varoli, O and Zanetti, F and De Luca, G} } @article {7836, title = {Arcobacter cryaerophilus and thermophilic campylobacters in a sewage treatment plant in Italy: two secondary treatments compared}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, note = {J1: Epidemiol Infect}, month = {06}, pages = {633-639}, abstract = {

Microaerophilic organisms were monitored in sewage effluent undergoing two secondary treatments: air and oxygen-activated sludge. The mean numbers of Arcobacter cryaerophilus and thermophilic campylobacters detected in incoming sewage were 5639/100 ml and 1720/100 ml respectively. Secondary treatment in air tanks reduced the population of A. cryaerophilus by 97.1\% and of thermophilic campylobacters by 99.08\%, whereas treatment in oxygen tanks reduced the bacteria 97.8\% and 99.63\% respectively, showing that oxygen-activated sludge treatment was more effective. Subsequent tertiary treatment with 2 p.p.m. chlorine dioxide evidenced the removal of A. cryaerophilus to 99.9\% and eliminated thermophilic campylobacters. Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli constituted 54.1\% and 45.9\% of 74 thermophilic campylobacter strains isolated. In air-activated sludge effluent C. jejuni was found more often, thus appearing more sensitive to oxygen. The most probable number assay used for detection of campylobacters, blood medium for enrichment and blood-free medium for plating, also appeared to be fit for A. cryaerophilus, the high density of which in urban sewage may be due to inflows from slaughterhouses.

}, isbn = {0950-2688}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2272278/}, author = {Stampi,S. and Varoli,O. and Zanetti,F. and De Luca,G.} } @article {14398, title = {Arcobacter cryaerophilus and thermophilic campylobacters in a sewage treatment plant in {Italy}: two secondary treatments compared.}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {110}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, month = {jun}, pages = {633{\textendash}639}, author = {Stampi, S and Varoli, O and Zanetti, F and De Luca, G} } @article {15362, title = {[Arguments for the modification of the genome (introgression) of the human parasite Schistosoma haematobium by genes from S. bovis, in Niger]}, journal = {Comptes Rendus de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des Sciences - Series III}, volume = {316}, number = {7}, year = {1993}, note = {English Abstract
Journal Article
France}, month = {Jul}, pages = {667-70}, abstract = {

Characterization of schistosome populations from human in eastern Niger, through intra-uterine egg morphology of female parasites and phenotopic analyses of worms observed for acid phosphatase using electrophoretic separation, renders results that suggest an intogression of S. haematobium from man by genes of S. bovis, a parasite of domestic livestock. The origin of this introgression, that could implicate S. curassoni as well, another livestock parasite that hybridize with S. bovis, is discussed.

}, keywords = {*Genome, Animals, Cattle, Female, Humans, Hybridization, Genetic, Isoelectric Focusing, Male, Niger, Phenotype, Schistosoma haematobium/*genetics, Schistosoma/*genetics}, isbn = {0764-4469 (Print)
0764-4469 (Linking)}, author = {Br{\'e}mond, P. and Sellin, B. and Sellin, E. and Nameoua, B. and Labbo, R. and Th{\'e}ron, A. and Combes, C.} } @mastersthesis {6670, title = {Assessment of non-stormwater discharges to storm drainage systems in residential and commercial land use areas}, year = {1993}, note = {9416496}, school = {Vanderbilt University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The promulgation of the 1990 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit Application Requirements for Stormwater Discharges effectively prohibits non-stormwater discharges to municipal separate storm sewer systems. In an effort to achieve results in a cost effective manner, while placing high priority on pollution prevention activities, the EPA recognized the need for simple screening methods which would allow problem storm outfalls to be identified. A sampling scheme for outfall dry-weather flow, coupled with chemical testing and visual observation, was proposed. Very little field verification work had been completed when the EPA drafted, and subsequently adopted, the 1990 stormwater regulations, which established the minimum screening protocol to be carried out by municipalities. No information regarding appropriate analytical test methods or interpretation of results accompanied the regulations. This research addressed these deficiencies by testing appropriate analytical methods, while developing and testing a screening methodology for identifying storm sewer outfalls contaminated by inappropriate discharges in residential and commercial land use areas. Test parameters proposed by EPA were examined, along with additional parameters which seemed promising for work in residential and commercial areas. Interpretive methods were developed and tested, which allow results from outfall screenings to be interpreted at the local and state levels. The results of this investigation indicated that EPA{\textquoteright}s minimum testing requirements were sufficient to allow outfalls to be categorized as contaminated or uncontaminated, based on detergent measurements alone. Additional testing for fluoride, ammonia and potassium allowed the most contaminating source type contributing flow to an outfall to be correctly identified. Potential source types were grouped into four categories which were ranked from highest to lowest, based on potential for contamination, as follows: Sanitary wastewater sources, wash water sources, tap water sources, and natural water sources.}, keywords = {0543:Civil engineering, 0554:Sanitation, 0573:Public health, Applied sciences, Civil engineering, Health and environmental sciences, Public health, sanitation, sewer outfalls}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304080739?accountid=14270}, author = {Lalor, Melinda Marsh} } @article {8652, title = {{Biology of Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {AIDS}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, pages = {299{\textendash}316}, author = {Wong, SY and Remington, JS} } @article {9772, title = {{Blastocystis in humans and animals: morphology, biology, and epizootiology}}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {32}, year = {1993}, pages = {1{\textendash}70}, author = {Boreham, PFL and Stenzel, DJ} } @article {6099, title = {Bromide in the natural environment: occurrence and toxicity}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, year = {1993}, pages = {747{\textendash}758}, author = {Flury, Markus and Papritz, Andreas} } @article {7843, title = {Campylobacter Immunity and Quantitative Excretion Rates in Thai Children}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {168}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, month = {September 01}, pages = {754-758}, abstract = {{Campylobaeter species were isolated from 61 (15\%) of 416 Thai children <5 years old with diarrhea. Although the baseline levels of Campylobaeter-specific antibody increased with age, 80.3\% of Campylobaeter-infected children seroconverted compared with 12.9\% of 45 Shigellainfected patients used as controls. The response to acute infection was greatest in the 6- to 12-month-old group. Nonseroconverters had higher initial IgG levels than did seroconverters (P = .001). Quantitative cultures showed a range of 1{\textendash}8 loglo Campylobaeter cfu/g of stool (median, 6.0 log10), and the seroconversion rate was highest in those with the highest Campylobaeter excretion. Fecal Campylobaeter excretion was inversely related to age (x2 for trend}, author = {Taylor,David N. and Perlman,Daniel M. and Echeverria,Peter D. and Lexomboon,Udom and Blaser,Martin J.} } @article {12722, title = {{A case of severe paragonimiasis miyazakii with lung and skin lesions showing massive egg production in sputum and faeces}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {42}, year = {1993}, pages = {429{\textendash}433}, author = {Okamoto, M and Miyake, Y and Shouji, SI and Fujikawa, T and Tameda, Z and Nawa, Y} } @article {12754, title = {{Cerebral paragonimiasis}}, journal = {Seminars in Pediatric Neurology}, volume = {13}, year = {1993}, pages = {201{\textendash}208}, author = {Kusner, DR and King, CH} } @inbook {10762, title = {{Cholera}}, booktitle = {The Cambridge World History of Human Disease}, year = {1993}, pages = {642{\textendash}649}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, author = {Speck, RS}, editor = {Kiple, KF} } @article {4696, title = {{Clinical characteristics of seven cases of diarrhea associated with a novel acid-fast organisms in the stool}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {16}, year = {1993}, pages = {136{\textendash}138}, author = {Wurtz, RM and Kocka, FE and Peters, CS and Weldon-Linne, CM and Kuritza, A and Yungbluth, P} } @article {8170, title = {{Clonal relationships among Escherichia coli strains that cause hemorrhagic colitis and infantile diarrhea}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {61}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {1619{\textendash}1629}, edition = {1993/05/01}, abstract = {

The genetic relationships among 1,300 isolates of Escherichia coli representing 16 serotypes associated with enteric disease, including O157:H7 strains recovered from patients with hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome and O26:H11, O55:H6, O55:H7, O111:H2, and O128:H2 strains, many of which were isolated originally from infants with diarrhea, were estimated from allelic variation among 20 enzyme-encoding genes detected by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Multiple electrophoretic types were observed among isolates of each serotype, with isolates of the same O serogroup differing on average at 28{\%} of the enzyme loci. Comparisons of the multilocus enzyme profiles revealed that 72{\%} of the isolates belong to 15 major electrophoretic types, each of which corresponds to a bacterial clone with a wide geographic distribution. Genetically, the O157:H7 clone is most closely related to a clone of O55:H7 strains that has long been associated with worldwide outbreaks of infantile diarrhea. We propose that the new pathogen emerged when an O55:H7-like progenitor, already possessing a mechanism for adherence to intestinal cells, acquired secondary virulence factors (Shiga-like cytotoxins and plasmid-encoded adhesins) via horizontal transfer and recombination.

}, isbn = {0019-9567 (Print)0019-9567 (Linking)}, author = {Whittam, T S and Wolfe, M L and Wachsmuth, I K and Orskov, F and Orskov, I and Wilson, R A} } @article {14278, title = {Clonal relationships among {Escherichia} coli strains that cause hemorrhagic colitis and infantile diarrhea}, journal = {Infect Immun}, volume = {61}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {1619{\textendash}1629}, abstract = {The genetic relationships among 1,300 isolates of Escherichia coli representing 16 serotypes associated with enteric disease, including O157:H7 strains recovered from patients with hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome and O26:H11, O55:H6, O55:H7, O111:H2, and O128:H2 strains, many of which were isolated originally from infants with diarrhea, were estimated from allelic variation among 20 enzyme-encoding genes detected by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Multiple electrophoretic types were observed among isolates of each serotype, with isolates of the same O serogroup differing on average at 28\% of the enzyme loci. Comparisons of the multilocus enzyme profiles revealed that 72\% of the isolates belong to 15 major electrophoretic types, each of which corresponds to a bacterial clone with a wide geographic distribution. Genetically, the O157:H7 clone is most closely related to a clone of O55:H7 strains that has long been associated with worldwide outbreaks of infantile diarrhea. We propose that the new pathogen emerged when an O55:H7-like progenitor, already possessing a mechanism for adherence to intestinal cells, acquired secondary virulence factors (Shiga-like cytotoxins and plasmid-encoded adhesins) via horizontal transfer and recombination.}, author = {Whittam, T S and Wolfe, M L and Wachsmuth, I K and Orskov, F and Orskov, I and Wilson, R A} } @article {2462, title = {{Clonal relationships among Escherichia coli strains that cause hemorrhagic colitis and infantile diarrhea}}, journal = {Infect Immun}, volume = {61}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {1619{\textendash}1629}, edition = {1993/05/01}, abstract = {The genetic relationships among 1,300 isolates of Escherichia coli representing 16 serotypes associated with enteric disease, including O157:H7 strains recovered from patients with hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome and O26:H11, O55:H6, O55:H7, O111:H2, and O128:H2 strains, many of which were isolated originally from infants with diarrhea, were estimated from allelic variation among 20 enzyme-encoding genes detected by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Multiple electrophoretic types were observed among isolates of each serotype, with isolates of the same O serogroup differing on average at 28\% of the enzyme loci. Comparisons of the multilocus enzyme profiles revealed that 72\% of the isolates belong to 15 major electrophoretic types, each of which corresponds to a bacterial clone with a wide geographic distribution. Genetically, the O157:H7 clone is most closely related to a clone of O55:H7 strains that has long been associated with worldwide outbreaks of infantile diarrhea. We propose that the new pathogen emerged when an O55:H7-like progenitor, already possessing a mechanism for adherence to intestinal cells, acquired secondary virulence factors (Shiga-like cytotoxins and plasmid-encoded adhesins) via horizontal transfer and recombination.}, isbn = {0019-9567 (Print) 0019-9567 (Linking)}, author = {Whittam, T S and Wolfe, M L and Wachsmuth, I K and Orskov, F and Orskov, I and Wilson, R A} } @inbook {16857, title = {Clostridium perfringens and somatic coliphages as indicators of the efficiency of drinking water treatment for viruses and protozoan cysts.}, booktitle = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {8}, year = {1993}, pages = {2418{\textendash}2424}, author = {Payment, Pierre and Franco, Eduardo} } @mastersthesis {6765, title = {Combined convection in horizontal circular sector ducts of various cross-sectional orientations}, year = {1993}, note = {NN85971}, school = {The University of Manitoba (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {For laminar mixed convection in horizontal circular sector ducts with uniform heat input axially, fully developed Nusselt numbers (Nu) (and similarly for the product of friction factor (f) and Reynolds number (Re)) depend on duct apex angle (2\${\textbackslash}phi\$) and are functions of modified Grashof number (\$Gr{\textbackslash}sp+\$) (average heat flux level), Prandtl number (Pr) (fluid type) and duct orientation with respect to the gravity vector (as would occur, for example, in horizontal multi-passage tubes). A theoretical/numerical study was made of the fully developed results for the H1 thermal boundary condition. Nu and fRe were computed for various \${\textbackslash}phi\$, each at various orientations and Pr over a range of \$Gr{\textbackslash}sp+\$ up to approximately 5 \${\textbackslash}times\$ 10\${\textbackslash}sp7\$. For a fixed \$Gr{\textbackslash}sp+\$, Pr, and orientation, it was found that Nusselt ratios first increased rapidly with 2\${\textbackslash}phi\$ but tended to plateau between about 2\${\textbackslash}phi\$ = 120\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$ and 180\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$. In these plateau regions, enhancements, for example for \$Gr{\textbackslash}sp+\$ = 10\${\textbackslash}sp7\$ and Pr = 4, reached factors of between about 3.7 and 4.4 depending on orientation. On the other hand, under the same condition, fRe ratios fell in the range of about 1.4 to 1.6. For a given circular sector duct in a fixed orientation, it was found that buoyancy effects became progressively more influential as the heat flux level was increased. For a fixed duct and orientation, for a given \$Gr{\textbackslash}sp+\$, Nu increased with Pr whereas fRe decreased with Pr. These dependencies could be removed by scaling Nu on the product \$Gr{\textbackslash}sp+Pr\$ and fRe on the parameter \$Gr{\textbackslash}sp+/Pr{\textbackslash}sp2\$. Concerning the effect of orientation, for a fixed duct operating at fixed \$Gr{\textbackslash}sp+\$ and Pr, orientation was a fairly significant factor, being largest for large \${\textbackslash}phi\$. A series of experiments using a water loop were conducted on a semicircular duct oriented at 45\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$, 90\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$, 135\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$ and 180\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$ in addition to the 0\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$ orientation in the previous study. The various tests at different orientations spanned from Re of 500-1500 and Gr of 5 \${\textbackslash}times\$ 10\${\textbackslash}sp6\$-5 \${\textbackslash}times\$ 10\${\textbackslash}sp7\$. The magnitudes of local Nusselt numbers were observed to be steady in the region where x* was larger than about 0.01 consistently for all \${\textbackslash}alpha\$ and therefore the fully developed Nusselt numbers were determined in this region. Strong dependence between Nu and \$Gr{\textbackslash}sp+\$ were observed. The maximum Nusselt numbers were obtained with \${\textbackslash}alpha\$ = 90\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$ and 135\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$ whose magnitudes were similar. Similar Nu magnitudes were also observed for \${\textbackslash}alpha\$ = 45\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$ and 180\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$. Unlike the theoretical/numerical results, the correlation of Nu vs \$Gr{\textbackslash}sp+/Pr\$ showed little improvement as compared to Nu vs \$Gr{\textbackslash}sp+\$. The differences in Nusselt number magnitudes for \${\textbackslash}alpha\$ = 90\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$/135\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$ was about 10\% compared to \${\textbackslash}alpha\$ = 45\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$/180\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$ and about 40\% compared to \${\textbackslash}alpha\$ = 0\${\textbackslash}sp{\textbackslash}circ\$. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Mechanical engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304067271?accountid=14270}, author = {Chinporncharoenpong, Chaisin} } @article {7416, title = {Community financing of health care in {Africa}: an evaluation of the {Bamako} initiative}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)}, volume = {36}, number = {11}, year = {1993}, month = {jun}, pages = {1383{\textendash}1395}, abstract = {The Bamako Initiative, a controversial attempt to strengthen Primary Health Care using community financing and community participation and management was launched at a meeting of African Ministers of Health in 1987. This evaluation focuses particularly on the community financing aspects of the Initiative. Previous experiences of community financing highlight particular lessons for the development of the Initiative and issues likely to be encountered in implementation attempts. Four country case studies of the Initiative at its early stages of implementation (in June, July and August 1991) were conducted in Burundi, Guinea, Kenya, and Nigeria. Similar activities in Uganda were also studied. These were short studies of one month each and utilised methods of rapid evaluation. The studies aimed to direct implementers quickly to issues requiring attention rather than to reach overall conclusions regarding the success of the Initiative which would be premature at this stage. Price structures used by the Initiative need to consider the access of marginalised groups more than is the case at present. In addition, there is a need to ensure against over-prescription and commercialisation and to ensure that incentives for utilising most appropriate levels of care are maintained. The evidence suggests that most people do find amounts of money to pay for health services which are large in relation to their income. This is probably a tribute to extensive community support mechanisms. Nevertheless, it highlights the plight of those who fall through this safety net for whom even charges for very basic care may be prohibitive. On the other hand, it appears that in most cases, the Initiative{\textquoteright}s activities provide a service which is cheaper when all costs to the household are taken into account, than was available before. The quality of services included in the Initiative{\textquoteright}s activities in the five countries was highly variable. Success in raising substantial revenues has also been mixed. In some countries however, substantial funds have been generated and used to achieve real improvements in health services. Overall, the experiences of the five countries appear to have been highly dependent on a number of {\textquoteright}environmental{\textquoteright} characteristics: a tradition or not of {\textquoteright}free{\textquoteright} services; the adequacy of current resource availability and that immediately preceding the introduction of the Initiative; the existing stage and nature of decentralisation within the country; and the competition the Initiative{\textquoteright}s activities face with alternatives.}, keywords = {Burundi, Consumer Participation, Financing, Guinea, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Kenya, Nigeria, Organized, Prepaid Health Plans, primary health care, Quality of Health Care, Rate Setting and Review, Reimbursement Mechanisms, Uganda}, issn = {0277-9536}, author = {McPake, B. and Hanson, K. and Mills, A.} } @article {16837, title = {Comparative survival of E. coli, F+ bacteriophages, HAV and poliovirus 1 in wastewater and groundwater}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {27}, number = {3-4}, year = {1993}, pages = {401{\textendash}407}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Nasser, AM and Tchorch, Y and Fattal, B} } @article {16303, title = {{Comparative Survival of Indicator Viruses and Enteric Viruses in Seawater and Sediment}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {27}, number = {3-4}, year = {1993}, month = {feb}, pages = {425{\textendash}428}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, issn = {0273-1223}, doi = {10.2166/wst.1993.0385}, url = {https://iwaponline.com/wst/article/27/3-4/425-428/4819}, author = {Chung, H. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {14534, title = {Comparative survival of indicator viruses and enteric viruses in seawater and sediment}, journal = {Water Sci. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1993}, pages = {425{\textendash}428.}, author = {Chung, H. and Sobsey, M. D.} } @article {5052, title = {Comparative survival of indicator viruses and enteric viruses in seawater and sediment}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {27}, year = {1993}, pages = {425{\textendash}428}, author = {Chung, H and Sobsey, MD} } @article {4042, title = {{Comparison of Giardia lamblia and Giardia muris cyst inactivation by ozone}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {59}, year = {1993}, pages = {3674{\textendash}3680}, author = {Finch, GR and Black, EK and Labatiuk, CW and Gy{\"u}r{\'e}k, L and Belosevic, M} } @article {11593, title = {{The complete biological cycle of Diphyllobothrium erinaceieuropei (Cestoidea, Pseudophyllidea) under experimental conditions}}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {30}, year = {1993}, pages = {177{\textendash}179}, author = {Denegri, G M and Reisin, I L} } @article {15060, title = {The {Comprehensive} {Tex} {Archive} {Network} ({CTAN})}, journal = {TUGBoat}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, pages = {342{\textendash}351}, author = {Greenwade, George D.} } @mastersthesis {6649, title = {Computational radiative heat transfer in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous nonscattering media}, year = {1993}, note = {9315778}, school = {University of California, Irvine}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A computational methodology was developed for calculating radiative heat transfer is gaseous nonhomogeneous nonscattering media with complex emission and absorption spectra. The technique can be used in both equilibrium and nonequilibrium situations. Test cases applied to an Aeroassisted Orbital Transfer Vehicle (AOTV) were investigated, and results are presented herein. Nonequilibrium compositions and temperatures were taken from NASA-Langley three-dimensional hypersonic flowfield calculations that include real-gas effects and finite-rate chemical kinetics. This output was used as input to the NASA-Ames NEQAIR code to compute local values of spectral emission and absorption coefficients. For each spatial point considered, total (spectrally integrated) properties were computed, and these total properties were used to make the radiation calculations. Use of total properties was found to yield remarkably accurate values of total intensity when compared to exact results for the cases examined in the AOTV flowfield. Results are presented for three markedly different lines of sight along with heat flux calculations for six receiver locations. Also an examination of using the technique in a differential formulation for the calculation of the gradient of intensity at a point is conducted. A more accurate intensity and gradient of intensity calculation is made assuming linear spatial variations of spectral emission and absorption coefficients. The method is also compared to exact integration over the line structure of the 2143 cm\${\textbackslash}sp\{-1\}\$ band of CO for nonhomogeneous paths. These results are compared to calculations using the exponential wide-band model along with either the nonhomogeneous wide-band scaling or the transmission-path-adjustment algorithm. Finally, three nonhomogeneous lines of sight in water vapor were investigated using the exponential wide-band model. Water vapor was chosen due to its five bands which are spread throughout the spectrum. Comparison is made between wide-band scaling and the transmission-path-adjustment method.}, keywords = {0538:Aerospace materials, 0548:Mechanical engineering, Aerospace materials, Applied sciences, Mechanical engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304047334?accountid=14270}, author = {Fuehrer, Perry Lee} } @booklet {1883, title = {Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment and Wildlife Habitat}, year = {1993}, publisher = {USEPA https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CCEQFjAAahUKEwiuwP2K_oHHAhXHxRQKHYJJBcY\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.epa.gov\%2Fowow\%2Fwetlands\%2Fpdf\%2FConstructedWetlands-Complete.pdf\&ei=pqO5Va7VLseLU4KTlbAM\&usg=AFQjCNH8C7tBjNYnJrOdJw}, type = {Electronic Article} } @article {4846, title = {{Cyanobacteria-like body (CLB) in travellers with diarrhea}}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Disease}, volume = {25}, year = {1993}, pages = {253{\textendash}257}, author = {Gascon, J and Corachan, M and M E Valls and Gene, A and Bombi, JA} } @article {4769, title = {{Cyclospora species a new protozoan pathogen of humans}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {328}, year = {1993}, pages = {1308{\textendash}1312}, author = {Ortega, YR and Sterling, CR and Gilman, RH and Cama, VA and Diaz, F} } @article {14026, title = {Detection and characterization of the eae gene of {Shiga}-like toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli using polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {1268{\textendash}1274}, abstract = {In this study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in the detection of the attaching and effacing (eae) gene of Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli (SLT-EC). Oligonucleotide primers, complementary to the 5{\textquoteright} portion of the eae gene of the enteropathogenic E. coli E2348/69 (O127:H6) and of SLT-EC CL8 and EDL933 (O157:H7), generated PCR products of the predicted sizes with DNA from the majority of human clinical SLT-EC strains tested from O serogroups 5, 26, 103, 111, 121, 128, 145, and 157; all SLT-EC strains of O serogroups 5, 26, and 111 from cattle; and a minority of porcine SLT-EC strains (one strain each from O serogroups 107 and 130 and one rough strain). Five HaeIII digestion profiles were obtained for PCR products generated by amplification of a 2.3-kb DNA fragment from the 5{\textquoteright} end of eae. The HaeIII profiles for SLT-EC O serogroups, such as 26, 103, and 157, differed from each other but were consistent among strains within these O serogroups. Oligonucleotide primer pairs complementary to the 3{\textquoteright} end of either the O127:H6 E. coli or the O157:H7 eae nucleotide sequence only amplified DNA from E. coli strains from a few of the SLT-EC O serogroups examined. One primer pair with homology to the 3{\textquoteright} nucleotide sequence of eae from E. coli O157:H7 appeared to be relatively specific for this O serogroup by PCR. No PCR products were obtained in amplification experiments with the eae primers using DNA from human SLT-EC of O serogroups 38 (1 0f 1) and 91 (3 or 3), 15 of 15 SLT-EC strains from edema disease, or 29 of 29 non-SLT-EC strains from pigs and calves with diarrhea.}, author = {Gannon, V P and Rashed, M and King, R K and Thomas, E J} } @article {2246, title = {{Detection and characterization of the eae gene of Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli using polymerase chain reaction}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {1268{\textendash}1274}, edition = {1993/05/01}, abstract = {In this study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in the detection of the attaching and effacing (eae) gene of Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli (SLT-EC). Oligonucleotide primers, complementary to the 5{\textquoteright} portion of the eae gene of the enteropathogenic E. coli E2348/69 (O127:H6) and of SLT-EC CL8 and EDL933 (O157:H7), generated PCR products of the predicted sizes with DNA from the majority of human clinical SLT-EC strains tested from O serogroups 5, 26, 103, 111, 121, 128, 145, and 157; all SLT-EC strains of O serogroups 5, 26, and 111 from cattle; and a minority of porcine SLT-EC strains (one strain each from O serogroups 107 and 130 and one rough strain). Five HaeIII digestion profiles were obtained for PCR products generated by amplification of a 2.3-kb DNA fragment from the 5{\textquoteright} end of eae. The HaeIII profiles for SLT-EC O serogroups, such as 26, 103, and 157, differed from each other but were consistent among strains within these O serogroups. Oligonucleotide primer pairs complementary to the 3{\textquoteright} end of either the O127:H6 E. coli or the O157:H7 eae nucleotide sequence only amplified DNA from E. coli strains from a few of the SLT-EC O serogroups examined. One primer pair with homology to the 3{\textquoteright} nucleotide sequence of eae from E. coli O157:H7 appeared to be relatively specific for this O serogroup by PCR. No PCR products were obtained in amplification experiments with the eae primers using DNA from human SLT-EC of O serogroups 38 (1 0f 1) and 91 (3 or 3), 15 of 15 SLT-EC strains from edema disease, or 29 of 29 non-SLT-EC strains from pigs and calves with diarrhea.}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Gannon, V P and Rashed, M and King, R K and Thomas, E J} } @article {3906, title = {Detection and distribution of rotavirus in raw sewage and creeks in Sao Paulo, Brazil}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, year = {1993}, pages = {140{\textendash}143}, author = {Mehnert, DU and Stewien, KE} } @article {9700, title = {Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis DNA in fox faeces using DNA amplification.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {106}, year = {1993}, pages = {193-199}, author = {Bretagne, S. and Guillou, J.P. and Morand, M. and Houin, R} } @article {5965, title = {{Detection of hepatitis E virus in raw and treated wastewater with the polymerase chain reaction}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {8}, year = {1993}, pages = {2558{\textendash}2562}, author = {Jothikumar, N and Aparna, K and Kamatchiammal, S and Paulmurugan, R and Saravanadevi, S and Khanna, P} } @article {1670, title = {Detection of naturally occurring enteroviruses in waters by reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction, and hybridization}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, year = {1993}, note = {Kopecka, H Dubrou, S Prevot, J Marechal, J Lopez-Pila, J M eng Comparative Study 1993/04/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 Apr;59(4):1213-9.}, pages = {1213-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Comparison in virus-seeded mineral water of three detection methods for enteroviruses, direct hybridization, cell culture, and reverse transcription into cDNA followed by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization, showed that the last procedure was 10 to 1,000 times more sensitive than detection by cell culture and 10(5) to 10(7) times more sensitive than direct hybridization. The presence of naturally occurring enteroviruses was also demonstrated in activated sludge and in concentrated and non-concentrated surface water samples by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-hybridization. However, in activated sludge and in concentrated surface waters, enzymatic amplification was sometimes inhibited by contaminants.}, keywords = {Animals Base Sequence Cercopithecus aethiops DNA, Single-Stranded Enterovirus/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification HeLa Cells Humans Molecular Sequence Data Nucleic Acid Hybridization Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Viral/analysis RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism Sensitivity and Specificity *Sewage Vero Cells Virology/*methods Virus Cultivation *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7683857}, author = {Kopecka, H. and Dubrou, S. and Prevot, J. and Marechal, J. and Lopez-Pila, J. M.} } @article {9170, title = {{Differentiation of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica infections from nonpathogenic infections by detection of galactose-inhibitable adherence protein antigen in sera and feces}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {31}, number = {11}, year = {1993}, pages = {2845{\textendash}2850}, author = {Abd-Alla, MD and Jackson, TF and Gathiram, V and El-Hawey, AM and Ravdin, JI} } @article {11765, title = {{Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and Diphyllobothrium latum in fishes from southern Argentina: association, abundance, distribution, pathological effects, and risk of human infection}}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {79}, year = {1993}, pages = {379{\textendash}383}, author = {Revenga, J E} } @article {11796, title = {{Diplogonoporiasis in Kochi Prefecture between 1991-1992}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, pages = {123{\textendash}127}, author = {Suzuki, Noriji and Imamura, Kyoko and Kumazawa, Hideo} } @article {8915, title = {Disinfection of Wastewaters - High-Energy Electron Vs Gamma-Irradiation}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {27}, number = {7}, year = {1993}, pages = {1177-1184}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(93)90009-7}, url = {://WOS:A1993LF18000009}, author = {Farooq, S. and Kurucz, C. N. and Waite, T. D. and Cooper, W. J.} } @article {7734, title = {The effect of slurry storage and anaerobic digestion on survival of pathogenic bacteria}, journal = {The Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {74}, year = {1993}, pages = {86-93}, author = {Kearney,T. E. and Larkin,M. J. and Levett,P. N.} } @conference {10297, title = {Effectiveness of municipal sludge treatment processes in eliminating indicator organisms}, booktitle = {Joint Residuals Conference}, year = {1993}, author = {Malina, JF} } @article {4662, title = {Efficiancy of a disinfectant wipe method for the removal of adenovirus 8 from tonometer tips}, journal = {Ophthalmology}, volume = {100}, year = {1993}, pages = {1841-1845}, author = {Threlkeld, AB and Froggat, JW and Schein, OD and Forman, MS} } @book {13379, title = {{Environmental health engineering in the tropics: an introductory text}}, year = {1993}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons}, address = {New York}, author = {Cairncross, S and Feachem, R. G.} } @article {5101, title = {{An epidemiological study of metagonimiasis along the upper reaches of the Namhan River}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {31}, year = {1993}, pages = {99{\textendash}108}, author = {Chai, JY and Huh, S and Yu, JR and Kook, J and Jung, KC and Park, EC and Sohn, WM and Hong, ST and Lee, SH} } @article {4821, title = {{Epidemiology of diarrhoeal illness associated with coccidian-like organism among travellers and foreign residents in Nepal}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {341}, year = {1993}, pages = {1175{\textendash}1179}, author = {Hoge, CW and Shlim, DR and Rajah, R and Triplett, J and Shear, M and Rabold, JG and Echeverria, P} } @inbook {11228, title = {{The epidemiology of human toxocariasis}}, booktitle = {Toxocara and Toxocariasis, Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives}, year = {1993}, pages = {3-10}, publisher = {Institute of Biology and the British Society for Parasitology}, organization = {Institute of Biology and the British Society for Parasitology}, edition = {1}, author = {Glickman, L}, editor = {Lewis, J and Maizels, R} } @mastersthesis {7102, title = {Equity in health: the need for and the use of public and private health services in an urban area in {Thailand}}, year = {1993}, note = {U057049}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The {\textquoteleft}sun-rise{\textquoteright} industry of private health care, especially private hospitals, in Thailand throws many questions to the health policy forum. Will the growth of the private health sector reduce public health expenditure, or will it increase total expenditure on health? The focus of this study is on equity in health and health care: in a country where private expenditure dominates total health expenditure and the government lets the private health sector flourish, in this scenario, are the poor or the underprivileged the victims of this limited privatisation policy? The main research objective was to assess the equity of coverage of public and private health in an urban area in order to identify policies of promotion and regulation which would lead to an equitable and efficient health service system. The study used Phitsanulok municipal area as a model to develop policy recommendations for other urban areas. There were three main methods of data collection: general household survey, health diary plus household health interview and a one-day bed census of patients in public and private hospitals in the municipality. The first two methods employed multi-stage random sampling with clusters of 12 and 3 households, respectively, as smallest sampling units and these neighbourhood households were divided into three groups to represent each season in a year. The main findings were that inequalities in health existed among different household income, education and occupational groups, including these attributes of the education and occupational groups adjusted according to the household head. Unequal accessibility to health care seemed to affect both reported rates of illness within the past two weeks and hospitalisation during the past 12 months. Inequity of health care financing was obvious in that the underprivileged (the poor, the uninsured and underinsured) paid out of pocket as a percentage of their household income higher sums than the privileged groups.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU057049, 0573:Public health, Bibliographies, Health and environmental sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public health, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301510994?accountid=14270}, author = {Pannarunothai, S} } @article {9831, title = {{Evidence of an epidemic of Blastocystis hominis infection in preschool children in Northern Jordan}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {31}, year = {1993}, pages = {2706{\textendash}2708}, author = {Nimri, L} } @article {8723, title = {{Fate of coliforms and coliphages in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR)}}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {46}, year = {1993}, pages = {197{\textendash}205}, abstract = {Performance of the SBR in terms of commonly used physical, chemical and biological parameters has confirmed it to be a viable wastewater treatment option. This study further investigates the use of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and coliphages to evaluate the removal of selected microbiological indicators of potential pathogens by the SBR. Results from a pilot-scale SBR which received clarified sewage from a local treatment works treating a combined (domestic and industrial) sewage showed that increases in REACT time led to increases in the overall removal of the selected microorganisms. On average, up to 96{\%} of total coliform and fecal coliform removals and up to 90{\%} of coliphage removal was possible with the SBR operated with 2{\textperiodcentered}5 h of REACT. During FILL, a long FILL (3 h) resulted in reduction of coliforms while there was generally only a small reduction of coliphages. During REACT, a short REACT resulted in increase in selected microorganisms and the increase in coliphage numbers was sequential to that of coliforms. The SETTLE period was found to be crucial. An effective SETTLE could be achieved by operating the SBR with a REACT time of 2-2{\textperiodcentered}5 h. {\textcopyright} 1993.}, keywords = {Coliforms, Coliphages, combined sewage, pilot-scale, Removal efficiency, Sequencing batch reactor (SBR)}, issn = {09608524}, doi = {10.1016/0960-8524(93)90120-Z}, author = {Ng, W. J. and Sim, T. S. and Ong, S. L. and Ng, K. Y. and Ramasamy, M. and Tan, K. N.} } @mastersthesis {7133, title = {The fate of streamwater nitrate entering littoral areas of an {Amazonian} floodplain lake: {The} role of plankton, periphyton, inundated soils, and sediments}, year = {1993}, note = {9425170}, school = {University of Maryland College Park}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Lake Calado, a open body of water on the Amazon River floodplain, receives a substantial nitrate supply from adjacent upland watersheds. The inflow of local water onto the floodplain is delineated by the development of an important mixing front of stream and lake water, the stream/lake interface (SLI). Nitrate appears to be depleted within the SLI as a result of biological uptake and retention near the interface. The flooded forest (high water) and the adjacent lateral arm of the lake (low water) are two habitats at the interface of the uplands and the floodplain, which are strategically located to intercept inflowing nitrate. I measured the relative importance of losses of nitrate by periphyton, plankton, inundated soils, and sediments in the flooded forest and in the lateral arm compared to the nitrate delivered by a local watershed (Mota Brook). The inundated soil was the dominant sink in the flooded forest, contributing 72\% of the total nitrate removal, while uptake by the periphyton and plankton accounted for only 6\%. Across the lateral arm, the sediments acted as a net source of nitrate, adding ca. 10\% to the nitrate input by local runoff, and the lake plankton removed almost half (44\%) of the combined nitrate input. The flooded forest appears to be a more effective sink for incoming nitrate than the lateral arms along the interface of the upland and the floodplain at Lake Calado. Extrapolating the results at Mota Brook to the rest of Lake Calado, nitrate removal at the SLI represented a relatively small proportion (27\%) of the total nitrate input. The low removal rates computed at larger spatial scales were probably due to errors in scaling from a small watershed to the total upland drainage of Lake Calado. For instance, the ratio of the total upland drainage to interface area (SLI) increased by 2-5 times, which increased the nitrate loading to the interface at larger scales. Extrapolation of the data may have underestimated the actual area of the SLI and consequently the potential nitrate removal by the sinks investigated.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0793:Freshwater ecology, Biological sciences, Ecology, Freshwater ecology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304077774?accountid=14270}, author = {Alves, Luiz Fernando} } @mastersthesis {7036, title = {{\textquoteright}{The} fathers lived in the forests: {Their} children live off them{\textquoteright}; rural {New} {England} sawmilling and the timber trade, 1730-1870}, year = {1993}, note = {9331810}, school = {University of Pennsylvania}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In creating explanatory models for the transition to capitalism in nineteenth century rural New England, scholars{\textendash}both historians and archaeologists{\textendash}focused on agriculture, artisans, and larger scaled industries including textile factories, paper mills, shoe manufactories, and armories. Absent in the transformation scholarship is detailed attention to another sector of the economy, small agriculturally based sawmills, once ubiquitously present on the rural landscape. This dissertation investigates change in sawmilling in the two central Massachusetts towns of Sturbridge and Southbridge from 1730-1870. Demand for finished lumber and cordwood escalated with the emergence of factory villages and the expansion of town centers during the 1830s, 40s, and 50s. Expanded market opportunities pressured sawmill owners and operators to increase production, augment limited hydrological sources, improve water-power systems, and consolidate timber resources. As larger scaled lumber production replaced the custom operation of sawmills, the rural New England landscape itself was transformed by millponds flooding fields and clumps of sawdust clogging streams. The increased value of woodlots and trees is another consequence of industrialization and an essential element in the social and economic transformation of the nineteenth century New England countryside. Those owning woodlots or the means to acquire wooded land and stands of trees profited from the blossoming timber trade as factory villages and expanding town centers required construction materials and firewood during the building booms of the mid nineteenth century. Woodlot management and forest regeneration protected the local timber supply which sustained water-powered sawmilling until the close of the nineteenth century. Archaeological investigation of the thirty-eight sawmill sites identified in the two central Massachusetts towns of Sturbridge and Southbridge coupled with evaluation of land records, probate documents, census and tax records, and account books provides biographical detail for specific millsites and sawmill owners. Hydrological analysis based on data from the present environment, historic climate data, soil profiles, and topographical information combine with archaeological and documentary evidence for a physical description of change in the study area{\textquoteright}s landscape and in specific millsites through time.}, keywords = {0323:American studies, 0337:American history, American history, American studies, Massachusetts, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304066365?accountid=14270}, author = {Lance, Martha Blanchard} } @article {6115, title = {A field example of bacteriophage as tracers of fracture flow}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, year = {1993}, pages = {1075{\textendash}1079}, author = {McKay, Larry D and Cherry, John A and Bales, Roger C and Yahya, Moyasar T and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {3061, title = {First incidence of multilocular echinococcosis in a race horse in {Japan}}, journal = {The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science}, volume = {55}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, month = {oct}, pages = {869{\textendash}870}, abstract = {Nodular hepatic lesions caused by larval Echinococcus multilocularis were found in a four-year-old female thoroughbred race horse born and raised in Hokkaido. Before detection of the infection, the infected animal was transported around Honshu for racing. The present disclosure of hydatidosis in a race horse raises concern over the potential danger of spreading the infection throughout Japan by horses possibly infected in Hokkaido.}, keywords = {Adrenal Glands, Animals, Brain, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Female, Horse Diseases, Horses, Humans, Japan, Liver}, issn = {0916-7250}, author = {Kaji, Y. and Taniyama, H. and Matsukawa, K. and Okada, H. and Tsunoda, S. and Tagami, M. and Akita, H.} } @article {11733, title = {{First two cases of Diplogonoporiasis Grandis from Nagano Prefecture, Japan}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {42}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {434{\textendash}437}, author = {Nakamura, Naoshi and Nakayama, Jun and Shimazu, Takeshi and Kojima, Somei and Uchikawa, Kimitu} } @article {9180, title = {{Flux de la charge parasitaire dans cinq stations d{\textquoteright}{\'e}puration en Tunisie}}, journal = {Revue des sciences de leau}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {1993}, pages = {453}, author = {Alouni, Z} } @book {17011, title = {F-specific coliphages and their serogroups, and Bacteroides fragilis phages as indicators of estuarine water and shellfish quality}, year = {1993}, author = {Chung, Hyenmi} } @inbook {17094, title = {F-specific RNA bacteriophages are adequate model organisms for enteric viruses in fresh water.}, booktitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {9}, year = {1993}, pages = {2956{\textendash}2962}, author = {Havelaar, AH and Van Olphen, M and Drost, YC} } @inbook {1574, title = {Gerba CP, Rose JB. 1993. Estimating viral disease risk from drinking waters. In: Cothern CR (Eds), Comparative environmental risk assessment. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 117 {\textendash} 135.}, booktitle = {Comparative environmental risk assessment}, year = {1993}, note = {92002389 //r93 edited by C. Richard Cothern. ill., maps ; 25 cm. Based on a symposium held on Aug. 28, 1991 in New York City. Includes bibliographical references and index.}, pages = {117-135}, publisher = {Lewis Publishers}, organization = {Lewis Publishers}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Boca Raton}, keywords = {Environmental risk assessment Congresses.}, isbn = {0873716051 (acid-free paper)}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Rose, J. B.}, editor = {Cothern, C. R.} } @mastersthesis {6416, title = {Ghana{\textquoteright}s textile sector: cost structure and efficiency}, year = {1993}, note = {U062825}, school = {University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The Ghanaian textile sector, after decades of protection, is today operating in a free trade environment. This means that it is now having to compete with imports in terms of price and quality. Thus, in this study, it is argued that efficiency of production and cost cutting measures are important in aiding the textile sector in Ghana to become more competitive with imports. The efficiency and cost structure of the Ghanaian textile sector are therefore examined in an attempt to estimate the degree of technical inefficiency and the effect of cost cutting measure on the price of individual textile firms{\textquoteright} output. Technical inefficiency is estimated using a stochastic frontier approach. The main findings are that firms{\textquoteright} technical inefficiency declined to relatively low levels as they became more exposed to foreign competition. Also, the competitive position of Ghanaian textile firms, as far as competition with imports is concerned, can be greatly enhanced as a result of the various cost cutting measures looked at. This resulted in some firms achieving an export potential as a result of the potential reduction in their price. Finally, some policy options are explored. These include: change in tax policies; change in fuel water and power charges; a devaluation of the exchange rate; and incentives for capital investment.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU062825, 0501:Economics, Bibliographies, economics, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301530171?accountid=14270}, author = {Millet, A F} } @article {1908, title = {Glass Wool for Virus Concentration at Ambient Water pH Level}, journal = {Water Science \& Technology}, volume = {27}, number = {3-4}, year = {1993}, pages = {299-306}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Operating conditions for using oiled sodocalcic glass wool (Saint Gobain R. 725) to concentrate enteroviruses in 100 to 1000 liters samples were determined. These filters recovered from 62 to 75\% of several enteroviruses (laboratory strains or field isolates) and rotavirus SA11 that were added to tap water. The technique permitted the recovery of 62\% and 57\% of poliovirus added respectively to river water and treated waste water. The results of a 44 months survey of the Seine and Mame river waters are reported. Being efficient at ambient pH, the use of glass wool may permit continuous virological monitoring of water samples.}, author = {Vilagin{\`e}s, P and Sarrette, B. and Husson, G. and Vilagines, R.} } @article {2294, title = {{Growth and survival of Shigella flexneri in common Bangladeshi foods under various conditions of time and temperature}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, pages = {652{\textendash}654}, edition = {1993/02/01}, abstract = {Survival and growth of Shigella flexneri were assessed in various foods, including boiled rice, lentil soup, milk, cooked beef, cooked fish, mashed potato, mashed brinjal, and raw cucumber. Growth at 25 and 37 degrees C and survival at 5 degrees C were observed by viable counts on MacConkey agar. The organism grew well in all tested foods and growth increased from 10(5) to 10(8) to 10(10) cells per ml or g within 6 to 18 h after inoculation at 25 and 37 degrees C.}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Islam, M S and Hasan, M K and Khan, S I} } @article {14083, title = {Growth and survival of {Shigella} flexneri in common {Bangladeshi} foods under various conditions of time and temperature}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, pages = {652{\textendash}654}, abstract = {Survival and growth of Shigella flexneri were assessed in various foods, including boiled rice, lentil soup, milk, cooked beef, cooked fish, mashed potato, mashed brinjal, and raw cucumber. Growth at 25 and 37 degrees C and survival at 5 degrees C were observed by viable counts on MacConkey agar. The organism grew well in all tested foods and growth increased from 10(5) to 10(8) to 10(10) cells per ml or g within 6 to 18 h after inoculation at 25 and 37 degrees C.}, author = {Islam, M S and Hasan, M K and Khan, S I} } @book {9020, title = {Guidelines for drinking-water quality}, year = {1993}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook {11436, title = {Hazards from pathogenic microorganisms in land-disposed sewage sludge}, booktitle = {Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology}, year = {1993}, pages = {55-91}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Straub, Timothy M and Pepper, Ian L and Gerba, Charles P} } @article {7380, title = {Health for all: how it looks now}, journal = {World Health Forum}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, year = {1993}, pages = {333{\textendash}344}, keywords = {Child Health Services, Communicable Disease Control, Community Participation, Delivery of Health Care, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Economic Factors, Global Health, Health, Health Services, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Inequalities, Integrated Programs, International Agencies, International Cooperation, Maternal Health Services, Maternal-child Health Services, Obstacles, Organizations, Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care), primary health care, Program Evaluation, Programs, Progress Report, Resources, Socioeconomic Factors, Un, Who, World Health Organization}, issn = {0251-2432} } @article {5976, title = {{Hepatitis E and long-term antibody status}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {341}, number = {8856}, year = {1993}, pages = {1355}, author = {Khuroo, MS and Kamili, S} } @article {5926, title = {{Hepatitis E virus infection in Europe: regional situation regarding laboratory diagnosis and epidemiology}}, journal = {Clinical and Diagnostic Virology}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {1993}, pages = {1{\textendash}9}, author = {Balayan, MS} } @article {5938, title = {{Hepatitis E virus transmission to a volunteer}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {341}, number = {8838}, year = {1993}, pages = {149{\textendash}150}, author = {Chauhan, A and Jameel, S} } @article {10875, title = {Household membrane bioreactor in domestic wastewater treatment}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, year = {1993}, pages = {171{\textendash}178}, author = {Chiemchaisri, C and Yamamoto, K and Vigneswaran, S} } @book {1972, title = {Balantidium coli}, series = {Kreier, J.P., Baker, J.R. (Eds) Parasitic Protozoa, Second Edition, Volume 3. Academic Press Inc, San Diego}, year = {1993}, pages = {43-63}, author = {Zaman, V.} } @article {8185, title = {{Identification of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the mouths and stomachs of patients with gastritis using PCR.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Pathology}, volume = {46}, number = {6}, year = {1993}, pages = {540{\textendash}543}, abstract = {

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori colonisation in the mouths of patients with H pylori gastritis. METHODS: A nested polymerase chain reaction test for the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of H pylori was used on saliva, dental plaque, gastric juice and gastric biopsy specimens from patients attending a dyspepsia clinic. RESULTS: Thirteen patients had histologically confirmed Helicobacter associated gastritis. Twelve of these had positive gastric aspirates by PCR. Five had at least one positive oral specimen. Eight patients with normal gastric biopsy specimens had no PCR positive oral specimens or gastric aspirates. All, however, had PCR positive gastric biopsy specimens. In an attempt to determine the origin of these positive results in normal patients, it was shown that biopsy forceps could contaminate specimens with DNA from previous patients. CONCLUSION: The demonstration of the organism in the mouths of a substantial proportion of dyspeptic patients has major implications for the spread of H pylori and identifies a potential source for reinfection following eradication of the organism from the stomach.

}, isbn = {0021-9746}, issn = {0021-9746}, doi = {Doi 10.1136/Jcp.46.6.540}, author = {Mapstone, N P and D A Lynch and F A Lewis and A T Axon and Tompkins, D S and Dixon, M F and Quirke, P} } @article {13814, title = {Identification of {Helicobacter} pylori {DNA} in the mouths and stomachs of patients with gastritis using {PCR}.}, journal = {Journal of clinical pathology}, volume = {46}, number = {6}, year = {1993}, pages = {540{\textendash}543}, abstract = {AIMS: To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori colonisation in the mouths of patients with H pylori gastritis. METHODS: A nested polymerase chain reaction test for the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of H pylori was used on saliva, dental plaque, gastric juice and gastric biopsy specimens from patients attending a dyspepsia clinic. RESULTS: Thirteen patients had histologically confirmed Helicobacter associated gastritis. Twelve of these had positive gastric aspirates by PCR. Five had at least one positive oral specimen. Eight patients with normal gastric biopsy specimens had no PCR positive oral specimens or gastric aspirates. All, however, had PCR positive gastric biopsy specimens. In an attempt to determine the origin of these positive results in normal patients, it was shown that biopsy forceps could contaminate specimens with DNA from previous patients. CONCLUSION: The demonstration of the organism in the mouths of a substantial proportion of dyspeptic patients has major implications for the spread of H pylori and identifies a potential source for reinfection following eradication of the organism from the stomach.}, issn = {0021-9746}, doi = {Doi 10.1136/Jcp.46.6.540}, author = {Mapstone, N P and D A Lynch and F A Lewis and A T Axon and Tompkins, D S and Dixon, M F and Quirke, P} } @article {5753, title = {{In Situ Survival of Indicator Bacteria, MS-2 phage and Human Pathogenic Viruses in River Water}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {27}, number = {3-4}, year = {1993}, pages = {413{\textendash}420}, author = {Springthorpe, VS and Loh, CL and Robertson, WJ and Sattar, SA} } @article {9880, title = {{In vitro encystment and experimental infections of Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {79}, year = {1993}, pages = {456{\textendash}460}, author = {Suresh, K and Ng, G and Ramachandran, N and Ho, L and Yap, E and Singh, M} } @article {10715, title = {{Incidence of pathogenic Vibrio cholerae non-O1 in sewage contaminated ground water}}, journal = {Indian J Microbiol}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, year = {1993}, pages = {235{\textendash}239}, author = {Pathak, SP and Gantam, AR and Ranteke, PW and Bhattacherjee, JW} } @inbook {5108, title = {{Irradiation of fish to control the infectivity of the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini}}, booktitle = {Use of Irradiation to Control Infectivity of Food-borne Parasites}, year = {1993}, pages = {115{\textendash}127}, publisher = {International Atomic Energy Agency}, organization = {International Atomic Energy Agency}, address = {Vienna}, author = {Sornmani, S and Impand, P and Bundising, C} } @article {554, title = {Isolation of adenovirus type 11 from the brain of a neonate with pneumonia and encephalitis}, journal = {Eur J Pediatr}, volume = {152}, number = {6}, year = {1993}, note = {Osamura, T Mizuta, R Yoshioka, H Fushiki, S Case Reports Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Review Germany Eur J Pediatr. 1993 Jun;152(6):496-9.}, pages = {496-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {We describe a fatal case of adenovirus pneumonia accompanied by encephalitis in a neonate who showed lethargy on the 6th day and died on the 12th day. Adenoviral particles as well as viral intranuclear inclusions were noted in pulmonary alveolar epithelium cells. Neuropathological examination revealed diffuse oedema, perivascular cuffing and gliosis in the white matter. Adenovirus type 11 was isolated from lung, hilar lymph node, and brain tissue. This is the first instance of adenovirus isolation from brain tissue in a newborn infant. The virological and neuropathological findings suggest the invasion of neural tissue by adenovirus and substantiate the significance of neurological symptoms observed in neonatal adenovirus infection.}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Human/*microbiology Adenoviruses, Human/classification/*isolation \& purification Brain/*microbiology/pathology Encephalitis/*microbiology/pathology Humans Infant, Newborn Male Pneumonia, Viral/*microbiology}, issn = {0340-6199 (Print) 0340-6199}, author = {Osamura, T. and Mizuta, R. and Yoshioka, H. and Fushiki, S.} } @article {7909, title = {Isolation of Arcobacter butzleri from a drinking water reservoir in eastern Germany}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {193}, year = {1993}, pages = {121{\textendash}132}, author = {J Jacob and H Lior and I Feuerpfeil} } @mastersthesis {6857, title = {The jurisdictional decision to site a waste-to-energy facility in the {United} {States}: {A} public expenditure approach}, year = {1993}, note = {9404585}, school = {The University of Tennessee}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {An increasing number of waste-to-energy (WTE) facility cancellations have occurred since 1986 which has put into question the long viability of WTE in an integrated municipal solid waste management (MSW) plan. A total of 209 WTE initiatives in various stages of development were cancelled between 1986-1991; this compares with 158 operational facilities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the local government decision to investigate and proceed with WTE technology as a problem of public choice. The public choice problem was theoretically within a discrete choice-random utility framework. The empirical estimation was done within an augmented median voter expenditure model. Three sets of models were estimated in the study. A univariate probit and bivariate probit model were estimated, imposing alternative error structures on the model. A Heckman selectivity model was also estimated to account for the potential selection bias. Results from the bivariate probit model were insignificant and the focus was on the univariate probit model and the Heckman selectivity model with independent selection criteria. This study shows what type of jurisdictions are more likely to site and build a WTE facility. Several factors which are important in the decision process during the initial decision node disappear in the middle decision nodes (e.g. pre-conceptual or conceptual), only to reappear during the later decision nodes (e.g advanced planned). In general, a jurisdiction that is relatively higher income, a larger population, less educated, and has a fewer percentage of owner-occupied homes is most likely to first consider WTE. In addition, a jurisdiction is more likely to investigate WTE technology if there are presently MSW alternatives and there is a recognition of the disposal capacity problem. Of this group, a jurisdiction that is relatively higher income, has an older population, and has a larger percentage poor is most likely to site an operational WTE facility. In addition, a jurisdiction that is in better fiscal health, has a centralized decision-making process, and doesn{\textquoteright}t have an expenditure limitation on revenue bond financing is more likely to see a facility become operational.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0508:Finance, 0554:Sanitation, Applied sciences, economics, Finance, revenue bonds, sanitation, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304059230?accountid=14270}, author = {Kelsay, Michael Paul} } @article {6486, title = {Lessons from {Lithuania}: rethinking public health training}, journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed.)}, volume = {306}, number = {6882}, year = {1993}, month = {apr}, pages = {911{\textendash}914}, abstract = {Lithuania faces stark problems that are familiar to most countries in the former Soviet Union: high morbidity and mortality rates, pollution, an unstable economy, and rapid changes in the financing and organisation of health care. In this environment Moore and Dixon visited Kaunas Medical Academy to help identify how training in public health medicine could contribute towards improving the health of the population. Although over 200 hours are devoted to public health training for medical undergraduates, teaching is unfocused, fragmented, and includes little epidemiology{\textendash}the core subject for public health physicians. Teaching is mainly through long lectures with few group discussions. Student participation and motivation are low. As well as recommending redesign of the curriculum, Moore and Dixon suggested training in teaching methods for teachers. They also suggested that postgraduate training in public health should begin and should be targeted at hospital managers, teaching staff, and existing public health physicians.}, keywords = {Curriculum, Education, Graduate, Humans, Lithuania, Medical, Public health, Teaching, Undergraduate}, issn = {0959-8138}, author = {Moore, L. and Dixon, J.} } @article {11827, title = {{Light and scanning electron microscopy of Diphyllobothrium pacificum expelled from a man}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {42}, year = {1993}, pages = {422{\textendash}428}, author = {Tsuboi, T and Torii, M and Hirai, K} } @mastersthesis {6568, title = {Making rural drinking water supply programs work in {Ghana} and {Togo}: {The} role of community participation and the limits of the conventional program delivery approach}, year = {1993}, note = {9420335}, school = {Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Since the colonial period, Ghana and Togo{\textquoteright}s rural drinking water supply projects followed the top-down model. Decisionmakers at the national capital decided capital investment and cost recovery strategies without consulting the ultimate users. When community managed approaches were attempted, such as in Togo, the tendency for the center to control large aspects of the planning process persisted. With these constraining conditions in mind, this study examines the values and implementation challenges in securing a less centralized and more {\textquoteright}targeted{\textquoteright} approach to communities{\textquoteright} water needs. The research shows that a {\textquoteright}target group{\textquoteright} approach whereby the rural people are helped by the agents of development to design their own plans makes projects more intelligible to both planners and the rural people and promotes the application of the principle of user fees. Chapter 1 presents a model of the policy process focusing on widening the scope of involvement of target groups in all phases of project development. In chapter 2, the theoretical literature on implementation and participation are reviewed. Chapter 3 discusses the research procedure. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 were designed to answer the following questions: (1) In what ways were the rural communities of the Upper regions of Ghana and the Maritime area of Togo involved in the design and the implementation of the water supply projects over time? (2) What has been the effect of participation (or non-participation) on the utilization of the boreholes as the main source of drinking water supply at home and on the farm? How has it affected willingness to pay for water services? (3) What other factors in the rural environment affect the utilization of and willingness to pay for the water service? Chapter 7 itemizes the possible means of reform, including state initiatives to decentralize decision making, unified development education units, the use of local institutions in project planning and monitoring, and the training of local group leadership. By examining a "target" approach to public policy participation, the study illustrates how improvements in drinking water supply use and environmental management are possible through the appropriate use of technology and user-focused education.}, keywords = {0617:Public administration, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Area planning \& development, Public administration, rural communities, Social sciences, Urban planning, Water Supply}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304061936?accountid=14270}, author = {Kendie, Stephen Bugu} } @article {16616, title = {Modeling fecal coliform bacteria{\textemdash}{I}. {Field} and laboratory determination of loss kinetics}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, year = {1993}, pages = {693{\textendash}701}, author = {Auer, Martin T and Niehaus, Stephen L} } @article {12863, title = {Modeling fecal coliform bacteria{\textemdash}I. Field and laboratory determination of loss kinetics}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, year = {1993}, pages = {693{\textendash}701}, author = {Auer, Martin T and Niehaus, Stephen L} } @article {16125, title = {Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding OmpL1, a transmembrane outer membrane protein of pathogenic Leptospira spp.}, journal = { Infect. Immun. }, volume = {175}, year = {1993}, pages = {4225-4234.}, author = {Haake, D. A. and Champion, C. I. and Martinich, C. and Shang, E. S. and Blanco, D. R. and Miller, J. N. and Lovett, M. A.} } @article {5146, title = {{Monitoring full scale waste stabilisation ponds in Kenya for nematode egg removal}}, journal = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {14}, year = {1993}, pages = {295{\textendash}300}, isbn = {0959333930938}, author = {Ayres, R M and Mara, D D and Lee, D L and Thitai, W N} } @article {11050, title = {New {Approaches} to {Sanitation}: {A} {Process} of {Structural} {Learning}}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {22}, number = {7}, year = {1993}, pages = {456{\textendash}459}, issn = {00447447, 16547209}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314125}, author = {Briscoe, John and Andrew Steer} } @article {15113, title = {New approaches to sanitation � a process of structural learning}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {22}, number = {7}, year = {1993}, pages = {456}, author = {Briscoe, J. and Steer, A.} } @article {4701, title = {{A new method for the concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts from water}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {75}, year = {1993}, pages = {82{\textendash}86}, author = {Vesey, G and Slade, JS and Byrne, M and Shepherd, K and Fricker, CR} } @article {4798, title = {{Newly discovered organism behind diarrhea. All patients had recently been abroad}}, journal = {Lakartidningen}, volume = {90}, year = {1993}, pages = {951{\textendash}952}, author = {Lebbad, M and Linder, E} } @article {15523, title = {Non-human vertebrate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni and schistosomiasis transmission in Brazil}, journal = {Research and Reviews in Parasitology}, volume = {53}, year = {1993}, pages = {13-25}, keywords = {Oman, reservoir, Schistosoma}, author = {Rey, L.} } @article {965, title = {{Nonradioactive in situ hybridization in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy}}, journal = {Mayo Clin Proc}, volume = {68}, number = {9}, year = {1993}, pages = {899{\textendash}910}, abstract = {Biotinylated DNA:DNA in situ hybridization was used for determining the presence of JC virus in brain tissues of 67 patients thought to have progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Sixty patients had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or other illnesses that decreased the cell-mediated immunity. Two patients had no underlying disease, and five others had chronic illnesses not typically associated with reduced cell-mediated immunity. In situ hybridization with biotinylated probe provides specificity and ease of interpretation. The presence of virus can be correlated at the single-cell level with attendant pathologic changes in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Not only archival tissue but also tiny fragments of brain biopsy material can be evaluated successfully. Quantifying the technique suggests that the nucleus of a cell labeling for JC virus DNA averages 1,000 copies of replicating genome. Identification of an infected cell is pathologically significant even when only a few such cells are present in a biopsy specimen. Biotinylated DNA or RNA probes are equally effective in identifying infected cells. In situ hybridization will likely continue to be a useful adjunctive procedure for the evaluation of brain tissue from patients suspected of having progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.}, keywords = {*In Situ Hybridization/methods, Adult, Aged, Brain/pathology, DNA, DNA Probes, Female, Humans, JC Virus/*isolation \& purification, Leukoencephalopathy, Male, Middle Aged, Progressive Multifocal/*diagn, RNA, RNA Probes, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viral}, isbn = {0025-6196 (Print)$\backslash$r0025-6196 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list\_uids=8396702}, author = {Aksamit Jr., A J} } @article {10637, title = {{O-antigenic lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal, a new epidemic strain for recent cholera in the Indian subcontinent}}, journal = {Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications}, volume = {196}, year = {1993}, pages = {1309{\textendash}1315}, author = {Hisatsune, K and Kondo, S and Isshiki, Y and Iguchi, T and Y, Kawamata and Shimada, T} } @article {5170, title = {{Occurrence and removal of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts in Kenyan waste stabilisation ponds}}, journal = {Water Science {\&} Technology}, volume = {27}, number = {3-4}, year = {1993}, pages = {97{\textendash}104}, author = {Grimason, A M and Smith, H and Thitai, W N and Smith, P G and Jackson, M H and Girdwood, R W A} } @article {4784, title = {{Occurrence of human Cyclospora infection in sub-Saharan Africa}}, journal = {South African Medical Journal}, volume = {83}, year = {1993}, pages = {862{\textendash}863}, author = {Markus, MB and Frean, JA} } @article {16140, title = {Outbreak of leptospirosis associated with swimming}, journal = {Pediatr Infect Dis JPediatr Infect Dis JPediatr Infect Dis J}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {1993}, month = {Jan}, pages = {48-54}, edition = {1993/01/01}, keywords = {Adolescent, Animals, Animals, Domestic/microbiology, Animals, Wild/microbiology, Cohort Studies, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Reservoirs, Humans, Illinois/epidemiology, Leptospira interrogans/ isolation \& purification, Male, Swimming, Water Microbiology, Weil Disease/diagnosis/ epidemiology}, isbn = {0891-3668 (Print)
0891-3668 (Linking)}, author = {Jackson, L. A. and Kaufmann, A. F. and Adams, W. G. and Phelps, M. B. and Andreasen, C. and Langkop, C. W. and Francis, B. J. and Wenger, J. D.} } @article {9999, title = {{Outbreaks of astrovirus gastroenteritis in day care centers.}}, journal = {The Journal of pediatrics}, volume = {123}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {725{\textendash}32}, abstract = {This study evaluated astrovirus as a cause of diarrhea outbreaks among infants and toddlers in day care centers. DESIGN Stool specimens were collected weekly during four periods (from January 1986 through December 1991) from children 6 to 30 months of age who were enrolled in prospective studies of diarrhea in day care centers. All diarrheal stool specimens were tested for bacterial enteropathogens, rotavirus, enteric adenovirus, and Giardia lamblia. A total of 1365 stool specimens from 70 outbreaks in which no etiologic agent was identified and from another 11 outbreaks with a known cause were tested for astrovirus, by means of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay. Confirmatory testing was performed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with primers designed to produce an 89 base-pair product. RESULTS Astrovirus was detected in 6 (7{\%}) of the 81 outbreaks. Of 217 children tested, 73 (34{\%}) were infected with astrovirus; infections in 35 (48{\%}) were symptomatic and in 38 (52{\%}) asymptomatic. The six outbreaks lasted 11 to 44 days (median 22 days). Astrovirus excretion was detected for a duration of 2 to 30 days, with excretion occurring from 1 to 8 days (median 2 days) before diarrhea began to 1 to 20 days (median 2 days) after diarrhea ceased. Younger children ({\textless} or = 12 months) were at greater risk than older children (p = 0.011) of becoming infected with astrovirus during an outbreak and were more likely (p = 0.015) to have symptoms when infected. Of 24 specimens with astrovirus by enzyme immunoassay, 20 (83{\%}) were confirmed to have the virus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSION Astrovirus was an important cause of outbreaks of diarrhea among children attending day care centers, more frequently infected younger children, and often produced asymptomatic infections.}, url = {www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8229480}, author = {Mitchell, D and Van, R and Morrow, A and Monroe, S and Glass, R} } @article {8478, title = {{Ozone inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum in demand-free phosphate buffer determined by in vitro excystation and animal infectivity}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {59}, number = {12}, year = {1993}, pages = {4203{\textendash}4210}, author = {Finch, GR and Black, EK and Gy{\"u}r{\'e}k, L and Belosevic, M} } @conference {3229, title = {{Pathogens in wastewater sludge}}, booktitle = {15th Federal Convention of the Australian Water and Wastewater Association}, number = {18-23 April}, year = {1993}, pages = {355{\textendash}363}, address = {Queensland, Australia}, author = {Gibbs, R.A. and Ho, G.E.} } @article {10060, title = {{Phenotypic and genomic analyses of human strains belonging or related to Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Bifidobacterium breve}}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, pages = {565{\textendash}573}, author = {Bahaka, D and Neut, C and Khattabi, A and Monget, D and Gavini, F} } @book {17230, title = {<> practical handbook of compost engineering}, year = {1993}, pages = {717 S.}, publisher = {Lewis Publishers}, organization = {Lewis Publishers}, address = {Boca Raton etc.}, keywords = {abfallkompostierung, fachliche nachschlagewerke + fachlexika + handb{\"U}cher (dokumententyp)}, isbn = {0-87371-373-7}, author = {Haug, Roger T.} } @article {5999, title = {{Preliminary evidence that a trpE-HEV fusion protein protects cynomolgus macaques against challenge with wild-type hepatitis E virus (HEV)}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {1993}, pages = {90{\textendash}94}, author = {Purdy, MA and McCaustland, KA and Krawczynski, K and Spelbring, J and Reyes, GR and Bradley, DW} } @article {13515, title = {Premieres donnees sur la dispersion et le devenir des metacercaires flottantes de Fasciola hepatica L.}, journal = {Bull Soc Fr Parasitol}, volume = {11}, year = {1993}, pages = {63-69}, author = {Vareille-Morel, V. and Dreyfuss, G. and Rondelaud, D.} } @booklet {13456, title = {Present status of human fascioliasis in Iran. In: Food-borne Trematodes, World Health Organization, WHO Manual, Manila, Mimeogr.}, year = {1993}, publisher = {Rep. Sch/SG/93 w, p. 19}, author = {Massoud, J.} } @article {9836, title = {{Prevalence and characteristics of Blastocystis hominis infection in children}}, journal = {Clin Pediatr (Phila)}, volume = {32}, year = {1993}, pages = {91{\textendash}96}, author = {O{\textquoteright}gorman, MA and Orenstein, SR and Proujansky, R and Wadowsky, RM and Putnam, PE and Kocoshis, SA} } @article {9926, title = {Prevalence and characteristics of Blastocystis hominis infection in children}, journal = {Clin Pediatr (phila)}, volume = {32}, year = {1993}, pages = {91-96}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Gorman, M.A and Orenstein, S R and Proujansky, R and Wadowsky, RM and Putnam, PE and Kocoshis, SA} } @article {14223, title = {Prevalence of {Shigella} dysenteriae group {A} type in fresh water fishes and seafoods}, journal = {Journal of Food Science and Technology(Mysore)}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {1993}, pages = {52{\textendash}53}, author = {Singh, B R and Kulshrestha, S B} } @article {2411, title = {{Prevalence of Shigella dysenteriae group A type in fresh water fishes and seafoods}}, journal = {Journal of Food Science and Technology(Mysore)}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {1993}, pages = {52{\textendash}53}, isbn = {0022-1155}, author = {Singh, B R and Kulshrestha, S B} } @article {13422, title = {Prevalencia de fascoliasis en humanos, caballos, cerdos y conejos silvestres en tres provincias de Chile}, journal = {Bol Of Saint Panam}, volume = {115}, year = {1993}, pages = {405-414}, author = {Apt, W. and Aguilera, X. and Vega, F. and Alcaino, H. and Zulantay, I. and Apt, P. and Gonzalez, V. and Retamal, C. and Rodriguez, J. and Sandoval, J.} } @article {12767, title = {{Pulmonary paragonimiasis: clinical and experimental studies}}, journal = {Radiographics}, volume = {13}, year = {1993}, pages = {575{\textendash}586}, author = {Im, JG and Kong, Y and Shin, YM and Yang, SO and Song, JG and Han, MC and Kim, CW and Cho, SY and Ham, EK} } @article {17307, title = {A quantitative polymerase chain reaction method for the detection in avian faeces of salmonellas carrying the spvR gene}, journal = {Epidemiology \& InfectionEpidemiology \& Infection}, volume = {111}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, pages = {455-464}, isbn = {1469-4409}, author = {Mahon, J and Lax, AJ} } @article {8994, title = {Radiation Treatment of Municipal Effluent}, journal = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry}, volume = {42}, number = {4-6}, year = {1993}, pages = {723-726}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0146-5724}, doi = {10.1016/0969-806x(93)90360-7}, url = {://WOS:A1993LK32500034}, author = {Sawai, T. and Sekiguchi, M. and Shimokawa, T. and Sawai, T.} } @booklet {11093, title = {Recycling system}, year = {1993}, note = {Brochure}, publisher = {WM-Ekologen ab, Stockholm, Sweden.}, author = {Wolgast, M.} } @article {9238, title = {{A redescription of Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903 (Emended Walker, 1911) separating it from Entamoeba dispar Brumpt, 1925}}, journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, pages = {340{\textendash}344}, author = {Diamond, LS and Clark, CG} } @article {11816, title = {{Registro de nuevos casos de difilobotriasis humana en Chile (1981-1992), inclu{\'\i}do un caso de infecci{\'o}n m{\'u}ltiple por Diphyllobothrium latum}}, journal = {Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia}, volume = {48}, year = {1993}, pages = {39{\textendash}43}, author = {Torres, P and Franjola, R and Weitz, JC and Morales, G} } @article {4749, title = {{Repeated findings of unidentified small Isospora-like coccidia in faecal specimens from travellers returning to The Netherlands}}, journal = {Tropical and geographical medicine}, volume = {45}, year = {1993}, pages = {280{\textendash}282}, author = {Rijpstra, AC and Laarman, JJ} } @article {4246, title = {{Research on bacteriophages as indicators of water quality}}, journal = {Water Research Commission report}, year = {1993}, url = {https://scholar.google.com.br/scholar?q= Research on Bacteriophages as Indicators of Water Quality{\#}0}, author = {Grabow, WOK and Holtzhausen, CS and Villiers, JC De} } @book {17071, title = {Research on Bacteriophages as Indicators of Water Quality, 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1992: Final Report}, year = {1993}, publisher = {Water Research Commission}, organization = {Water Research Commission}, author = {Grabow, WOK and Holtzhausen, Catharina Susanna and De Villiers, Johanna Cornelia} } @mastersthesis {7078, title = {The resistance increase of a ship in waves}, year = {1993}, note = {C348217}, school = {Technische Universiteit Delft (The Netherlands)}, type = {phdDr.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In this thesis a detailed investigation is described of the resistance increase of a ship in waves. For a ship sailing on a stormy sea, resistance is increased due to contributions from a whole range of sources: waves, wind, rudder drag, and drift angle, as a result of which often the speed is reduced. One of the most important contributions to the resistance increase stems from the forces of the waves on the ship. This may either cause a speed loss or increased fuel consumption. It can be shown that the resistance increase due to waves, or the {\textquoteright}wave added resistance{\textquoteright}, is predominantly of potential origin, the frictional contribution being small. This opens up the possibility of invoking the Froude scaling law to convert experimental data from model scale to the full ship scale, and it allows the use of potential theory to describe the behaviour of the flow. It was hypothesized that the wave added resistance is for the most part the result of the relative water motions predominantly at the bow; and the study had the objective to validate this hypothesis. An extensive suite of model test programs was carried out to obtain insight into the behaviour of the flow, the pressures and the free surface around a ship model in motion in waves. A mathematical model based on linear potential theory was set up to describe the observed effects. Correlation computations were made for 4 hull forms, a slender and a beamy Wigley hull, a cargo ship and a frigate. The key aspects of the study are the analysis of the relative water motion at the bow in which a strong interaction between the stationary and the non-stationary flow field was discovered, leading to the definition of the {\textquoteright}dynamic swell-up{\textquoteright}. This {\textquoteright}swell-up{\textquoteright} is an effect brought about by the influence of local draft on the steady bow wave, and it was shown to be remarkably independent of frequency. The interaction was also shown to exist deeper in the fluid. The dynamic variations about the steady mean value contained a significant contribution of the swell-up. In the global sense the upper part of the bow of the model was found to contribute the greater part of the extra resistance, the lower bow and the stern making only minor contributions. Both the model experiments and the mathematical model based computations supported the hypothesis. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {0547:Ocean engineering, Applied sciences, Ocean engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304113712?accountid=14270}, author = {Blok, Jan Jacobus} } @booklet {16962, title = {Results of ozone disinfection pilot testing at Middlesex County. NJ Utilities Authoritiy{\textquoteright}s UNOX Activated Sludge Treatment Plant}, year = {1993}, publisher = {Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA, USA}, author = {Alam, A.M.Z.} } @article {6348, title = {Risk assessment of virus in drinking water}, journal = {Risk Analysis}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {545{\textendash}552}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb00013.x/abstract}, author = {Haas, Charles N. and Rose, Joan B. and Gerba, Charles and Regli, Stig} } @article {1596, title = {Risk assessment of virus in drinking water}, journal = {Risk Analysis: an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, note = {Haas, C N Rose, J B Gerba, C Regli, S eng 1993/10/01 Risk Anal. 1993 Oct;13(5):545-52.}, pages = {545-52}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The reevaluation of drinking water treatment practices in a desire to minimize the formation of disinfection byproducts while assuring minimum levels of public health protection against infectious organisms has caused it to become necessary to consider the problem of estimation of risks posed from exposure to low levels of microorganisms, such as virus or protozoans, found in treated drinking water. This paper outlines a methodology based on risk assessment principles to approach the problem. The methodology is validated by comparison with results obtained in a prospective epidemiological study. It is feasible to produce both point and interval estimates of infection, illness and perhaps mortality by this methodology. Areas of uncertainty which require future data are indicated.}, keywords = {Epidemiologic Methods Humans Monte Carlo Method Probability Prospective Studies Risk Factors Survival Analysis Virus Diseases/mortality/*prevention \& control *Water Microbiology *Water Supply}, issn = {0272-4332 (Print) 0272-4332 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8259444}, author = {Haas, C. N. and Rose, J. B. and Gerba, C. and Regli, S.} } @article {7240, title = {Risk assessment of virus in drinking water}, journal = {Risk analysis}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {545{\textendash}552}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb00013.x/full}, author = {Haas, Charles N. and Rose, Joan B. and Gerba, Charles and Regli, Stig} } @article {17085, title = {Role of physical heterogeneity in the interpretation of small-scale laboratory and field observations of bacteria, microbial-sized microsphere, and bromide transport through aquifer sediments}, journal = {Water Resources Research}, volume = {29}, number = {8}, year = {1993}, pages = {2713{\textendash}2721}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Harvey, Ronald W and Kinner, Nancy E and MacDonald, Dan and Metge, David W and Bunn, Amoret} } @mastersthesis {6589, title = {Romancing the elderly: {Place} characteristics as lures for retired potential immigrants}, year = {1993}, note = {9331705}, school = {The University of Tennessee}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {America{\textquoteright}s elderly are becoming an ever larger share of the nation{\textquoteright}s population. As this group continues to grow{\textendash}25 percent of America{\textquoteright}s population will be at least 55 years old by 2030{\textendash}along with the propensity toward interstate retirement migration, vast demographic shifts are likely to occur. This phenomenon will have, and has had, an important bearing on local economies due to both the contribution of older people to an area{\textquoteright}s economic and tax base and to the required composition of publicly provided goods and services necessitated by their presence or absence. Due to the relatively great wealth and human capital of the average elderly interstate migrant, it would behoove economic planners to attempt to attract elderly migrants to their areas as well as to encourage local senior citizens not to move away. To do so, knowledge about which place characteristics figure dominantly in elderly migration decisions is needed. The study reported on in this dissertation was designed to further such knowledge. In it place characteristics of areas that have attracted large numbers of elderly migrants in the past were examined in light of the personal characteristics of their residents in order to determine which area traits had a significant impact on retirement immigration decisions between 1975 and 1980. Seven characteristics were identified as significant factors in elderly migration decisions. These characteristics were a locality{\textquoteright}s (1) number of cold days annually; (2) residential property tax rate; (3) monthly median rent level; (4) rate of population growth between 1960 and 1970; (5) miles of coastline and square miles of inland water; (6) acres of national forests, parks, and wildlife refuges and number of state parks; and (7) percent of population resident in urban areas. Of the characteristics found to be significant to elderly potential migrants, only an area{\textquoteright}s residential property tax rate, median rent level, rate of population growth between 1960 and 1970, and percent of population resident in urban areas were shown to significantly affect the migration decisions of a younger control group of potential migrants that was examined.}, keywords = {0338:Marketing, 0366:Geography, 0501:Economics, economics, Geography, Marketing, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304062148?accountid=14270}, author = {Jenkins de Valerio, Lori Christine} } @article {11677, title = {{Routes whereby helminth ova become disseminated in the recreational areas and installations of the lower Don region}}, journal = {Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni}, volume = {3}, year = {1993}, pages = {29{\textendash}30}, author = {Khromenkova, EP} } @booklet {15371, title = {Schistosoma japonicum and S. japonicum-like infections: epidemiology, clinical and pathological aspects}, journal = {Human Schistosomiasis (ed. Jordan, P., Webbe, G. \& Sturrock, R.F.), CAB international.}, year = {1993}, author = {Chen, M.G.} } @article {14212, title = {Shiga-like toxin {II}-related cytotoxins in {Citrobacter} freundii strains from humans and beef samples.}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, month = {feb}, pages = {534{\textendash}43}, abstract = {By hybridizing colonies grown from 928 individual stool samples of patients suffering from diarrhea with oligonucleotide probes 772 and 849 complementary to Shiga-like toxin I (SLT-I) and SLT-II gene sequences, respectively, we identified two strains that hybridized with probe 849, which biochemical identification revealed as Citrobacter freundii. An additional five slt-II probe-positive isolates were screened from 81 beef samples. Polymerase chain reaction analysis and restriction of amplified products provided evidence for slt-II-related genes in all seven strains. From C. freundii LM 76, the genes encoding the A and B subunits were cloned in pUC 18 vectors and sequenced. The gene encoding the A subunit differed from that of Escherichia coli slt-IIvhc in 4 bases, resulting in two amino acid residue differences. In 11, 13, and 11 nucleotides, differentiation of slt-IIA, slt-IIcA, and vtx2haA, respectively, was found. These differences affected the predicted amino acid sequence as follows: there were six amino acid differences with SLT-IIA, five with SLT-IIcA, and four with VTx2haA. The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the B subunit is identical to slt-IIvhcB and differed from slt-IIcB and vtx2haB by only a single nucleotide base, but this resulted in a predicted amino acid sequence identical to that reported for these toxins. We therefore termed the toxin genes C. freundii slt-IIcA and slt-IIcB. Culture filtrates inoculated with material from the colonies from primary cultures were cytotoxic to Vero cells. Neutralization assays with antisera to E. coli SLT-I, SLT-II, and SLT-IIvhc revealed that antibodies against SLT-IIvhc reduced the C. freundii cytotoxic activity specifically and to the same degree as with the E. coli SLT-IIvhc control strain. In five of the seven strains tested, subcultivation on both a liquid or solid medium resulted in loss of cytotoxic activity. With polymerase chain reaction, we demonstrated that loss of cytotoxic activity ran parallel with the loss of slt genes. These data demonstrate the intergeneric occurrence of SLT-II-related toxins, which may well be a new marker of enteropathogenicity in C. freundii. Our findings that the toxin genes belong to the slt-II family plus their evident instability in the majority of strains should help pave the way to a better understanding of their role in diarrhea or food poisoning.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: genetics, Bacterial Toxins: toxicity, Base Sequence, Cattle, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter freundii: isolation \& purification, Citrobacter freundii: metabolism, Citrobacter freundii: pathogenicity, Cloning, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: genetics, Cytotoxins: toxicity, Feces, Feces: microbiology, HeLa Cells, Humans, Meat, Meat: microbiology, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Shiga Toxin 2}, issn = {0019-9567}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=302761\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Schmidt, H and Montag, M and Bockem{\"u}hl, J and Heesemann, J and Karch, H} } @article {8129, title = {{Shiga-like toxin II-related cytotoxins in Citrobacter freundii strains from humans and beef samples.}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, month = {feb}, pages = {534{\textendash}43}, abstract = {

By hybridizing colonies grown from 928 individual stool samples of patients suffering from diarrhea with oligonucleotide probes 772 and 849 complementary to Shiga-like toxin I (SLT-I) and SLT-II gene sequences, respectively, we identified two strains that hybridized with probe 849, which biochemical identification revealed as Citrobacter freundii. An additional five slt-II probe-positive isolates were screened from 81 beef samples. Polymerase chain reaction analysis and restriction of amplified products provided evidence for slt-II-related genes in all seven strains. From C. freundii LM 76, the genes encoding the A and B subunits were cloned in pUC 18 vectors and sequenced. The gene encoding the A subunit differed from that of Escherichia coli slt-IIvhc in 4 bases, resulting in two amino acid residue differences. In 11, 13, and 11 nucleotides, differentiation of slt-IIA, slt-IIcA, and vtx2haA, respectively, was found. These differences affected the predicted amino acid sequence as follows: there were six amino acid differences with SLT-IIA, five with SLT-IIcA, and four with VTx2haA. The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the B subunit is identical to slt-IIvhcB and differed from slt-IIcB and vtx2haB by only a single nucleotide base, but this resulted in a predicted amino acid sequence identical to that reported for these toxins. We therefore termed the toxin genes C. freundii slt-IIcA and slt-IIcB. Culture filtrates inoculated with material from the colonies from primary cultures were cytotoxic to Vero cells. Neutralization assays with antisera to E. coli SLT-I, SLT-II, and SLT-IIvhc revealed that antibodies against SLT-IIvhc reduced the C. freundii cytotoxic activity specifically and to the same degree as with the E. coli SLT-IIvhc control strain. In five of the seven strains tested, subcultivation on both a liquid or solid medium resulted in loss of cytotoxic activity. With polymerase chain reaction, we demonstrated that loss of cytotoxic activity ran parallel with the loss of slt genes. These data demonstrate the intergeneric occurrence of SLT-II-related toxins, which may well be a new marker of enteropathogenicity in C. freundii. Our findings that the toxin genes belong to the slt-II family plus their evident instability in the majority of strains should help pave the way to a better understanding of their role in diarrhea or food poisoning.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: genetics, Bacterial Toxins: toxicity, Base Sequence, Cattle, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter freundii: isolation {\&} purification, Citrobacter freundii: metabolism, Citrobacter freundii: pathogenicity, Cloning, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: genetics, Cytotoxins: toxicity, Feces, Feces: microbiology, HeLa Cells, Humans, Meat, Meat: microbiology, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Shiga Toxin 2}, issn = {0019-9567}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=302761{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Schmidt, H and Montag, M and Bockem{\"u}hl, J and Heesemann, J and Karch, H} } @article {2401, title = {{Shiga-like toxin II-related cytotoxins in Citrobacter freundii strains from humans and beef samples.}}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, month = {feb}, pages = {534{\textendash}43}, abstract = {By hybridizing colonies grown from 928 individual stool samples of patients suffering from diarrhea with oligonucleotide probes 772 and 849 complementary to Shiga-like toxin I (SLT-I) and SLT-II gene sequences, respectively, we identified two strains that hybridized with probe 849, which biochemical identification revealed as Citrobacter freundii. An additional five slt-II probe-positive isolates were screened from 81 beef samples. Polymerase chain reaction analysis and restriction of amplified products provided evidence for slt-II-related genes in all seven strains. From C. freundii LM 76, the genes encoding the A and B subunits were cloned in pUC 18 vectors and sequenced. The gene encoding the A subunit differed from that of Escherichia coli slt-IIvhc in 4 bases, resulting in two amino acid residue differences. In 11, 13, and 11 nucleotides, differentiation of slt-IIA, slt-IIcA, and vtx2haA, respectively, was found. These differences affected the predicted amino acid sequence as follows: there were six amino acid differences with SLT-IIA, five with SLT-IIcA, and four with VTx2haA. The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the B subunit is identical to slt-IIvhcB and differed from slt-IIcB and vtx2haB by only a single nucleotide base, but this resulted in a predicted amino acid sequence identical to that reported for these toxins. We therefore termed the toxin genes C. freundii slt-IIcA and slt-IIcB. Culture filtrates inoculated with material from the colonies from primary cultures were cytotoxic to Vero cells. Neutralization assays with antisera to E. coli SLT-I, SLT-II, and SLT-IIvhc revealed that antibodies against SLT-IIvhc reduced the C. freundii cytotoxic activity specifically and to the same degree as with the E. coli SLT-IIvhc control strain. In five of the seven strains tested, subcultivation on both a liquid or solid medium resulted in loss of cytotoxic activity. With polymerase chain reaction, we demonstrated that loss of cytotoxic activity ran parallel with the loss of slt genes. These data demonstrate the intergeneric occurrence of SLT-II-related toxins, which may well be a new marker of enteropathogenicity in C. freundii. Our findings that the toxin genes belong to the slt-II family plus their evident instability in the majority of strains should help pave the way to a better understanding of their role in diarrhea or food poisoning.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: genetics, Bacterial Toxins: toxicity, Base Sequence, Cattle, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter freundii: isolation \& purification, Citrobacter freundii: metabolism, Citrobacter freundii: pathogenicity, Cloning, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: genetics, Cytotoxins: toxicity, Feces, Feces: microbiology, HeLa Cells, Humans, Meat, Meat: microbiology, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Shiga Toxin 2}, issn = {0019-9567}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=302761\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Schmidt, H and Montag, M and Bockem{\"u}hl, J and Heesemann, J and Karch, H} } @article {14650, title = {Some factors affecting airborne survival of {Pseudomonas} fluorescens indoors}, journal = {J Appl Bacteriol}, volume = {75}, year = {1993}, month = {jul}, pages = {35{\textendash}42}, abstract = {The effect of relative humidity (RH) on the airborne survival of a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain was studied at 20, 40, 60 and 80\% RH indoors. The aero-stable spore of Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger, used as a tracer of physical losses was compared with a light scattering particle counter, as there were doubts about the reliability of the spore as tracer. The Rion counter was validated before use and found to give a good estimate of relative physical losses providing spray suspensions contained between 10(7) and 10(9) cfu ml-1 cells and that the humidity was not more than 80\% RH. Pseudomonas fluorescens, strain P+S+, suspended in distilled water survived best at mid humidities and least at 80\% RH. When suspended in 1\% glycerol there was an apparent {\textquoteright}increase{\textquoteright} in viability after an initial rapid reduction. This was thought to be due to delay in equilibration of glycerol in the cell membrane after concentration on dehydration. The cells were thought to be unstable and sensitive to the stress of rehydration before equilibration occurred. The findings are discussed in relation to Cox{\textquoteright}s theories of outer membrane damage on aerosolization.}, keywords = {*Air Microbiology, *Air Pollution, Aerosols, Colony Count, Humidity, Indoor, Microbial/methods, Pseudomonas fluorescens/*growth \& development, Time Factors}, issn = {0021-8847 (Print) 0021-8847 (Linking)}, author = {Handley, B. A. and Webster, A. J.} } @article {14973, title = {Some factors affecting airborne survival of {Pseudomonas} fluorescens indoors}, journal = {J Appl Bacteriol}, volume = {75}, year = {1993}, month = {jul}, pages = {35{\textendash}42}, abstract = {The effect of relative humidity (RH) on the airborne survival of a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain was studied at 20, 40, 60 and 80\% RH indoors. The aero-stable spore of Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger, used as a tracer of physical losses was compared with a light scattering particle counter, as there were doubts about the reliability of the spore as tracer. The Rion counter was validated before use and found to give a good estimate of relative physical losses providing spray suspensions contained between 10(7) and 10(9) cfu ml-1 cells and that the humidity was not more than 80\% RH. Pseudomonas fluorescens, strain P+S+, suspended in distilled water survived best at mid humidities and least at 80\% RH. When suspended in 1\% glycerol there was an apparent {\textquoteright}increase{\textquoteright} in viability after an initial rapid reduction. This was thought to be due to delay in equilibration of glycerol in the cell membrane after concentration on dehydration. The cells were thought to be unstable and sensitive to the stress of rehydration before equilibration occurred. The findings are discussed in relation to Cox{\textquoteright}s theories of outer membrane damage on aerosolization.}, keywords = {*Air Microbiology, *Air Pollution, Aerosols, Colony Count, Humidity, Indoor, Microbial/methods, Pseudomonas fluorescens/*growth \& development, Time Factors}, issn = {0021-8847 (Print) 0021-8847 (Linking)}, author = {Handley, B. A. and Webster, A. J.} } @article {17227, title = {THE SOURCE OF SALMONELLA CONTAMINATION OF SOIL ON GUAM}, journal = {Journal of Environmental HealthJournal of Environmental Health}, volume = {55}, number = {7}, year = {1993}, month = {May}, pages = {17-17}, author = {Haddock, R. L. and Nocon, F. A.} } @article {17421, title = {Specific detection of Salmonella spp. by multiplex polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {1473-1479}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Way, Judy S and Josephson, Karen L and Pillai, Suresh D and Abbaszadegan, Morteza and Gerba, Charles P and Pepper, Ian L} } @article {17359, title = {Survival of indicator organisms in Sonoran Desert soil amended with sewage sludge}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Environmental Science and EngineeringJournal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Environmental Science and Engineering}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, year = {1993}, pages = {1287-1302}, author = {Pepper, I. L. and Josephson, K. L. and Bailey, R. L. and Burr, M. D. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {12968, title = {Survival of indicator organisms in Sonoran Desert soil amended with sewage sludge}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology}, volume = {28}, number = {6}, year = {1993}, pages = {1287-1302}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, doi = {10.1080/10934529309375943}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529309375943}, author = {Ian L. Pepper and Karen L. Josephson and Rachel L. Bailey and Mark D. Burr and Charles P. Gerba} } @article {17268, title = {Survival of Pathogenic Bacteria during Mesophilic Anaerobic-Digestion of Animal Waste}, journal = {Journal of Applied BacteriologyJ Appl Bacteriol}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, month = {Sep}, pages = {215-219}, isbn = {0021-8847}, author = {Kearney, T. E. and Larkin, M. J. and Frost, J. P. and Levett, P. N.} } @inbook {11249, title = {{Toxocara canis: the dog}}, booktitle = {Toxocara and Toxocariasis; Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives}, year = {1993}, pages = {11{\textendash}24}, publisher = {Institute of Biology}, organization = {Institute of Biology}, edition = {1}, author = {Lloyd, S}, editor = {Lewis, J W and Maizels, R M} } @article {15544, title = {A trap for the detection of schistosome cercariae}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, note = {Shiff, C J
Chandiwana, S K
Graczyk, T
Chibatamoto, P
Bradley, M
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
1993/04/01
J Parasitol. 1993 Apr;79(2):149-54.}, month = {Apr}, pages = {149-54}, abstract = {A simple trap for schistosome cercariae has been developed using clear nail varnish as a matrix and linoleic acid as stimulant affixed to a 75 x 25-mm glass slide. Schistosoma mansoni cercariae will attach to the surface and easily can be visualized either stained or unstained. The trap works well under laboratory and field conditions where the retrieval rate varies from 30\% to 100\%. Under laboratory conditions there appears to be some form of affinity for cercariae to the surface.}, keywords = {*Fresh Water, Animals, Linoleic Acid, Linoleic Acids, Schistosoma mansoni/*isolation \& purification}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395 (Linking)}, author = {Shiff, C. J. and Chandiwana, S. K. and Graczyk, T. and Chibatamoto, P. and Bradley, M.} } @article {4788, title = {{Treatment of Cyclospora infections with co-trimoxazole}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {342}, year = {1993}, pages = {122{\textendash}123}, author = {Madico, G and Gilman, RH and Miranda, E and Cabrera, L and Sterling, CR} } @article {2476, title = {{Use of tellurite for the selection of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157}}, journal = {J Med Microbiol}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, pages = {155{\textendash}158}, edition = {1993/08/01}, abstract = {Potassium tellurite was assessed for the selection of verocytotoxigenic (VT+) Escherichia coli O157. MICs were higher for VT+ E. coli O157 than for other strains of E. coli and for Aeromonas spp. MacConkey medium containing sorbitol, tellurite and cefixime (TC-SMAC) permitted the growth of VT+ E. coli O157 and Shigella sonnei but partially or completely inhibited the growth of 67\% of other strains of E. coli and all or most strains of other sorbitol-non-fermenting species tested. Of 391 rectal swabs from cattle screened on TC-SMAC medium, 26 yielded isolates of VT+ E. coli O157 whereas sorbitol-MacConkey medium with cefixime and rhamnose yielded only nine isolates. Inclusion of potassium tellurite in sorbitol-MacConkey agar markedly increased the rate of isolation of VT+ E. coli O157 from cattle rectal swabs and may do so for other types of specimen.}, isbn = {0022-2615 (Print) 0022-2615 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1099/00222615-39-2-155}, author = {Zadik, P M and Chapman, P A and Siddons, C A} } @article {8176, title = {{Use of tellurite for the selection of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157}}, journal = {J Med Microbiol}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, pages = {155{\textendash}158}, edition = {1993/08/01}, abstract = {Potassium tellurite was assessed for the selection of verocytotoxigenic (VT+) Escherichia coli O157. MICs were higher for VT+ E. coli O157 than for other strains of E. coli and for Aeromonas spp. MacConkey medium containing sorbitol, tellurite and cefixime (TC-SMAC) permitted the growth of VT+ E. coli O157 and Shigella sonnei but partially or completely inhibited the growth of 67{\%} of other strains of E. coli and all or most strains of other sorbitol-non-fermenting species tested. Of 391 rectal swabs from cattle screened on TC-SMAC medium, 26 yielded isolates of VT+ E. coli O157 whereas sorbitol-MacConkey medium with cefixime and rhamnose yielded only nine isolates. Inclusion of potassium tellurite in sorbitol-MacConkey agar markedly increased the rate of isolation of VT+ E. coli O157 from cattle rectal swabs and may do so for other types of specimen.}, isbn = {0022-2615 (Print) 0022-2615 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1099/00222615-39-2-155}, author = {Zadik, P M and Chapman, P A and Siddons, C A} } @article {14292, title = {Use of tellurite for the selection of verocytotoxigenic {Escherichia} coli {O}157}, journal = {J Med Microbiol}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, pages = {155{\textendash}158}, abstract = {Potassium tellurite was assessed for the selection of verocytotoxigenic (VT+) Escherichia coli O157. MICs were higher for VT+ E. coli O157 than for other strains of E. coli and for Aeromonas spp. MacConkey medium containing sorbitol, tellurite and cefixime (TC-SMAC) permitted the growth of VT+ E. coli O157 and Shigella sonnei but partially or completely inhibited the growth of 67\% of other strains of E. coli and all or most strains of other sorbitol-non-fermenting species tested. Of 391 rectal swabs from cattle screened on TC-SMAC medium, 26 yielded isolates of VT+ E. coli O157 whereas sorbitol-MacConkey medium with cefixime and rhamnose yielded only nine isolates. Inclusion of potassium tellurite in sorbitol-MacConkey agar markedly increased the rate of isolation of VT+ E. coli O157 from cattle rectal swabs and may do so for other types of specimen.}, doi = {10.1099/00222615-39-2-155}, author = {Zadik, P M and Chapman, P A and Siddons, C A} } @article {10734, title = {{Vibrio cholerae O1 can assume a {\textquoteleft}rugose{\textquoteright} survival form that resists killing by chlorine, yet retains virulence}}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Health Research}, volume = {3}, year = {1993}, pages = {89{\textendash}98}, author = {E W Rice and Johnson, CH and Clark, RM and Fox, KR and Reasoner, DJ and Dunnigan, ME and Panigrahi, P and Johnson, JA and Morris, JG} } @article {6777, title = {Water cost and availability: key determinants of family hygiene in a {Peruvian} shantytown.}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {83}, number = {11}, year = {1993}, pages = {1554{\textendash}1558}, url = {http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.83.11.1554}, author = {Gilman, Robert H. and Marquis, Grace S. and Ventura, Gladys and Campos, Miguel and Spira, William and Diaz, Fernanto} } @article {7120, title = {Water, sanitation and diarrhoea: the limits of understanding}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {87}, number = {Supplement 3}, year = {1993}, pages = {43{\textendash}46}, url = {http://trstmh.oxfordjournals.org/content/87/Supplement_3/43.short}, author = {Kolsky, P. J.} } @article {10554, title = {{Waterborne cholera in Riohacha, Colombia, 1992}}, journal = {Bulletin of PAHO}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, year = {1993}, pages = {313{\textendash}330}, author = {Cardenas, W and Saad, C and Varona, M and Linero, M} } @article {7213, title = {When the cup is half full: {Improving} water and sanitation services in the developing world}, journal = {Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {1993}, pages = {6{\textendash}37}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929091}, author = {Briscoe, John} } @mastersthesis {6336, title = {Aggregation and scaling of spatially variable hydrological processes: {Local}, catchment-scale and macroscale models of water and energy balance}, year = {1992}, note = {9302050}, school = {Princeton University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis addresses aggregation and scaling issues in hydrological modeling while presenting water and energy balance models at the local, catchment, and macroscales. A local water and energy balance model is presented first. Local hydrologic fluxes are modeled by coupling simple representations of atmospheric forcing, vertical soil moisture transport, plant control of transpiration, and lateral subsurface flow. The sensitivity of evapotranspiration and runoff are investigated with respect to variable soil properties, vegetation characteristics, and initial root zone soil moisture. The local model is aggregated up to the catchment scale using a spatially-explicit geographic information system (GIS) approach. A catchment is discretized into a number of grid elements. A GIS is coregistered with the catchment grid elements. The local model is applied at each grid element of the catchment. Explicit spatial variability is incorporated into the model by allowing all model parameters, inputs, and outputs to vary between grid elements of the GIS. Catchment grid elements are coupled to each other using simple expressions for lateral subsurface flow. The catchment-scale hydrologic fluxes are simply the average of the individual grid-element fluxes. Modeled hydrologic fluxes are compared to those observed during the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE). A statistical aggregation procedure is also presented. Large-scale fluxes are determined by aggregating local fluxes with respect to a statistical distribution of combined soil and topographic parameters. The resulting statistical-dynamical model incorporates spatial variability in topography and soils, and thus soil moisture, canopy resistance, and the hydrologic fluxes. This model is proposed for use as a grid-scale land-hydrology parameterization in regional and global atmospheric models, as well as for off-line studies of water and energy balance. Model computed evapotranspiration and streamflow is compared to observed water and energy balance data collected at FIFE. The interrelationship between the aggregation and scale problems is explored. The scales at which spatially-variable hydrological processes must be represented explicitly, using the GIS approach (explicit aggregation), or statistically, using the statistical-dynamical approach (statistical aggregation), are investigated.}, keywords = {0388:Hydrology, Earth sciences, Hydrology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304006816?accountid=14270}, author = {Famiglietti, James Stephen} } @article {17368, title = {Amplification of an invA gene sequence of Salmonella typhimurium by polymerase chain reaction as a specific method of detection of Salmonella}, journal = {Molecular and cellular probesMolecular and cellular probes}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {271-279}, publisher = {Elsevier}, isbn = {0890-8508}, author = {Rahn, K. and De Grandis, S. A. and Clarke, R. C. and McEwen, S. A. and Galan, J. E. and Ginocchio, C. and Curtiss Iii, R. and Gyles, C. L.} } @article {13233, title = {Application of ribotyping for differentiating aeromonads isolated from clinical and environmental sources}, journal = {Applied Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {58}, year = {1992}, pages = {1940-1944}, author = {Moyer, N. P. and Luccini, G. M. and Holcomb, L. A. and Hall, N. H. and Altwegg, M.} } @article {10775, title = {{Association of Vibrio cholerae with fresh water amoebae}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology}, volume = {36}, year = {1992}, pages = {303{\textendash}306}, author = {Thom, S and Warhurst, D and Drasar, BS} } @article {15374, title = {Bilharzia in a small irrigation community: an assessment of water and toilet usage}, journal = {Cent Afr J Med}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, year = {1992}, month = {Dec}, pages = {451-8}, abstract = {A questionnaire study was conducted in the Mushandike small scale irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe to investigate the following: 1) to establish whether field latrines are used or not; 2) to find out why people visit natural water bodies for bathing and laundry instead of using water from boreholes for these purposes; 3) to assess people{\textquoteright}s knowledge on the transmission and control of schistosomiasis. Results of the study indicated that the field latrines are utilised and that the borehole water is not preferred for bathing and laundry because of its hardness and oily nature. The results further indicated that the community was aware of schistosomiasis but their knowledge on transmission and control of the disease was limited. Possible reasons for the observations made are discussed in the paper and recommendations emanating from the study are stated.}, keywords = {Agriculture, Animals, Baths, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Laundering, sanitation, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosomiasis haematobia/ epidemiology/prevention \& control/transmission, Surveys and Questionnaires, Toilet Facilities/statistics \& numerical data, water, Water Supply/ statistics \& numerical data, Zimbabwe}, isbn = {0008-9176 (Print)
0008-9176 (Linking)}, author = {Chimbari, M. and Ndlela, B. and Nyati, Z. and Thomson, A. and Chandiwana, S. K. and Bolton, P.} } @article {9892, title = {{Blastocystosis and other intestinal protozoan infections in human riverside communities of the Valdivia River Basin, Chile}}, journal = {Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S{\~a}o Paulo}, volume = {34}, year = {1992}, pages = {557{\textendash}564}, author = {Torres, P and Miranda, JC and Flores, L and Riquelme, J and Franjola, R and Perez, J and Auad, S and Hermosilla, C and Riquelme, S} } @article {14046, title = {Characterization of culturability, protistan grazing, and death of enteric bacteria in aquatic ecosystems.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, month = {mar}, pages = {998{\textendash}1004}, abstract = {Nonstained bacteria (NSB), rhodamine-stained bacteria (RSB), and fluorescence-labeled bacteria (FLB) were prepared from two enteric bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Counts of CFU of NSB and RSB and total numbers of RSB and FLB were monitored over time, both in the presence and in the absence of natural microbiota. In the presence of natural microbiota, no differences were observed between CFU counts of NSB and RSB, but RSB total numbers were 1 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than CFU numbers. Therefore, the use of standard bacteriological media causes an important underestimation of the total number of enteric bacteria. In the absence of natural microbiota, the total numbers of NSB, RSB, and FLB remained constant over time. These results showed that RSB are a reliable indicator of the decay in both the total number and the CFU of enteric bacteria in natural water samples. By using RSB, enteric bacteria were classified as culturable cells, nonculturable cells (or somnicells), and dead cells in the presence of natural microbiota. In the presence of natural microbiota, differences between RSB and FLB direct counts were detected for E. coli, but not for E. faecalis. These differences were explained by size-selective grazing. Thus, protistan grazing was found to be the main cause of the decrease in total numbers of enteric bacteria in our experiments.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Gonz{\'a}lez, J M and Iriberri, J and Egea, L and Barcina, I} } @article {2262, title = {{Characterization of culturability, protistan grazing, and death of enteric bacteria in aquatic ecosystems.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, month = {mar}, pages = {998{\textendash}1004}, abstract = {

Nonstained bacteria (NSB), rhodamine-stained bacteria (RSB), and fluorescence-labeled bacteria (FLB) were prepared from two enteric bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Counts of CFU of NSB and RSB and total numbers of RSB and FLB were monitored over time, both in the presence and in the absence of natural microbiota. In the presence of natural microbiota, no differences were observed between CFU counts of NSB and RSB, but RSB total numbers were 1 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than CFU numbers. Therefore, the use of standard bacteriological media causes an important underestimation of the total number of enteric bacteria. In the absence of natural microbiota, the total numbers of NSB, RSB, and FLB remained constant over time. These results showed that RSB are a reliable indicator of the decay in both the total number and the CFU of enteric bacteria in natural water samples. By using RSB, enteric bacteria were classified as culturable cells, nonculturable cells (or somnicells), and dead cells in the presence of natural microbiota. In the presence of natural microbiota, differences between RSB and FLB direct counts were detected for E. coli, but not for E. faecalis. These differences were explained by size-selective grazing. Thus, protistan grazing was found to be the main cause of the decrease in total numbers of enteric bacteria in our experiments.

}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Gonz{\'a}lez, J M and Iriberri, J and Egea, L and Barcina, I} } @article {10836, title = {Cholera epidemics in Bangladesh: 1985{\textendash}1991}, journal = {Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research}, volume = {10}, year = {1992}, pages = {79-86}, author = {Siddique, AK and Zaman, K and Baqui, AH and Akram, K and Mutsuddy, P and Eusuf, A and Haider, K and Islam, S and Sack, RB} } @article {10736, title = {{Cholera in Piura, Peru: a modern urban epidemic}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {166}, year = {1992}, pages = {1429{\textendash}1433}, author = {Ries, AA and Vugia, DJ and Beingolea, L and Palacios, AM and Vasquez, E and J G Wells and Garcia Baca, N and Swerdlow, DL and Pollack, M and Bean, NH} } @article {5710, title = {{Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus Infection}}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {10}, number = {Suppl 1}, year = {1992}, pages = {15{\textendash}17}, author = {R S Koff} } @mastersthesis {7443, title = {Community financing in {Sierra} {Leone}: equity and affordability of primary health care costs}, year = {1992}, note = {U063688}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Critics of user charges for government primary health care have focussed on the deterrent effect these charges might have on the poor, but there is little convincing empirical evidence that supports or contradicts these claims. The main research aims were to assess the equity effects of user charges for curative PHC services on households in 2 rural districts of Sierra Leone, a country that has suffered severe economic hardship in the last decade. Secondary objectives were to assess the feasibility of using objective means-testing to identify patients for exemption, and to recommend a simple methodology for acquiring the same information for local, operational purposes. A survey of 1156 households was carried out in the dry post-harvest season, and covered a range of household economic factors in addition to the actions taken in response to all reported illness episodes. A followup survey was made the following rainy season to assess seasonal effects. Supplementary information was obtained through focus groups and case studies. The data were analyzed within the framework of a conceptual model which assumed that preferences, access, and ability to pay were the main factors (for groups of factors) that determined which of several medical and non-medical treatment options would be used. Multiple regression models were used to assess the effects of each group of factors. The main findings were that, while wealthier households used cheap market drugs and expensive medical treatment options more than the poor, there was little difference in use of medium-priced PHC treatment. Household wealth and income factors correlated weakly with amount actually paid for treatment. The immediate availability of money in the household appeared to be the economic factor most affecting utilization, with wealthier households nearly as likely not to have the amounts needed for PHC treatment on hand as poorer ones. Distance was a much more important determinant of choice of treatment than was income or assets, as were certain preference factors. However, the poor spent a much higher proportion of household income on treatment than the wealthy, so a way of limiting total expenditure for the poor would be more important than limiting their deterrence. Several readily-ascertained household factors correlated well with household income, but means-testing was concluded to be an inefficient way to accomplish the objective or selectively limiting expenditures unless incorporated into a prepayment scheme.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU063688, 0573:Public health, Bibliographies, Health and environmental sciences, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public health, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301434907?accountid=14270}, author = {Fabricant, S J} } @inbook {5082, title = {Comparing the accuracy of equation formats for modeling microbial population decay rates}, booktitle = {Comparing the Accuracy of Equation Formats For Modeling Microbial Population Decay Rates}, year = {1992}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons}, author = {Hurst, Christon J and Wild, Deanna K and Clark, Robert M} } @inbook {14690, title = {Comparing the accuracy of equation formats for modeling microbial population decay rates}, booktitle = {Modeling the {Metabolic} and {Physiologic} {Activities} of {Microorganisms}}, year = {1992}, pages = {149{\textendash}175}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons}, address = {New York}, author = {Hurst, C. J. and Wild, D. K. and Clark, R. M.}, editor = {Hurst, C. J.} } @article {15463, title = {[Complement to the epidemiologic study of the focus of Schistosoma mansoni bilharziasis in Kara (northern Togo)]}, journal = {Bull Soc Pathol Exot}, volume = {85}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, note = {0037-9085 (Print)
Journal Article}, pages = {232-7}, abstract = {The present study on the focus of schistosomiasis mansoni of Kara (Northern Togo) complements a report already published in the Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique in 1988 (9). The following results were obtained through different experiments carried out with snails collected in Kara. According to the season, 3 to 15\% of the Biomphalaria pfeifferi studied, were infected. The maximal release of cercariae was observed between 11 am and 1 pm. The survival of cercariae and their ability to infect mice were not superior to 16 hours. Data obtained with the chaetotaxy of miracidia of the Kara strain were compatible with those obtained with african strains by other authors. Moreover, B. pfeifferi from Kara was more susceptible to the Kara strain of Schistosoma mansoni than B. pfeifferi collected in the south of Togo or than B. glabrata from the new world. On the contrary, B. pfeifferi from Kara was susceptible to a strain of S. mansoni from Brazil and was able to produce infectious cercariae. In addition, the search for an animal reservoir was carried out; 3 of the 112 (2.7\%) wild rodents captured around the river Kara, were infected. This relatively low number of infected rodents was compatible with the usual findings in Africa where the animal reservoir is considered from human origin and has no importance in the transmission of S. mansoni as it could have in South America and West Indies.}, keywords = {Animals, Biomphalaria/*parasitology, Disease Reservoirs, English Abstract, field, Mice, Muridae/parasitology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, reservoir, Schistosoma mansoni/*isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*epidemiology/transmission, Togo}, author = {Lapierre, J. and Tourte-Schaefer, C. and Dupouy-Camet, J. and Cot, M. and Heyer, F. and Faurant, C.} } @article {10697, title = {{Control of the transmission of Vibrio cholerae and other enteropathogens by foods originating from endemic areas in South America and elsewhere as a model situation}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {15}, year = {1992}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, author = {Mossel, DAA and Struijk, CB and Jansen, JT} } @article {11259, title = {{Covert toxocariasis{\textendash}a cause of recurrent abdominal pain in childhood}}, journal = {The British journal of clinical practice.}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {271}, author = {Nathwani, D and Laing, R B and Currie, P F} } @article {5145, title = {A Design Equation for Human Intestinal Nematode Egg Removal in Waste Stabilization Ponds}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, year = {1992}, pages = {863{\textendash}865}, abstract = {

The percentage removal (R) of human parasitic nematode eggs in waste stabilization ponds can be described by the empirical equation R = 100 [i - 0.14exp(-0.380)] where 0 is the mean hydraulic retention time (d). The lower 950 confidence limit of this equation. R = 100 [ I - 0.41 exp(-0.490+ 0.008502)] is recommended for the design of ponds to meet the WHO microbiological guideline ofs one egg per litre for restricted irrigation

}, keywords = {2.4 pathogens, design equation, Lagooning, nematode eggs, removal, reuse}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004313549290019Z}, author = {Ayres, R M and Alabaster, G P and Mara, D D and Lee, D L} } @article {14127, title = {Detection by {ELISA} of low numbers of {Shiga}-like toxin-producing {Escherichia} coli in mixed cultures after growth in the presence of mitomycin {C}}, journal = {J Med Microbiol}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, pages = {198{\textendash}202}, abstract = {Techniques currently available to detect Shiga-like toxin (SLT)-producing Escherichia coli lack sensitivity or require specialised equipment and facilities, and in some cases detect only strains belonging to serotype O157. We have used an ELISA technique, capable of detecting both SLTI and SLTII with crude P1 glycoprotein from hydatid cysts, in combination with enhancement of toxin production by culture with mitomycin C. Supernates of Tryptone Soya Broth cultures containing mitomycin C 200 ng/ml were tested for SLTII. For SLTI, cell lysates pre-treated with polymyxin B were tested. In tests with E. coli O157:H7 in mixed culture with E. coli strain C600 alone, or with E. coli C600, Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcus faecalis, SLTI could be detected when the proportion of toxigenic organisms represented 1\% of the mixture, and SLTII when the proportion was 0.025\%. When faecal samples with added E. coli O157:H7 were examined in this system, SLTII-producing strains were detected when they comprised less than 0.1\% of the coliform population. This technique is a sensitive and specific assay for detecting low numbers of SLT-producing organisms in mixed culture such as occurs in cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemorrhagic colitis.}, doi = {10.1099/00222615-36-3-198}, author = {Law, D and Ganguli, L A and Donohue-Rolfe, A and Acheson, D W} } @article {8070, title = {{Detection by ELISA of low numbers of Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli in mixed cultures after growth in the presence of mitomycin C}}, journal = {J Med Microbiol}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, pages = {198{\textendash}202}, edition = {1992/03/01}, abstract = {Techniques currently available to detect Shiga-like toxin (SLT)-producing Escherichia coli lack sensitivity or require specialised equipment and facilities, and in some cases detect only strains belonging to serotype O157. We have used an ELISA technique, capable of detecting both SLTI and SLTII with crude P1 glycoprotein from hydatid cysts, in combination with enhancement of toxin production by culture with mitomycin C. Supernates of Tryptone Soya Broth cultures containing mitomycin C 200 ng/ml were tested for SLTII. For SLTI, cell lysates pre-treated with polymyxin B were tested. In tests with E. coli O157:H7 in mixed culture with E. coli strain C600 alone, or with E. coli C600, Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcus faecalis, SLTI could be detected when the proportion of toxigenic organisms represented 1{\%} of the mixture, and SLTII when the proportion was 0.025{\%}. When faecal samples with added E. coli O157:H7 were examined in this system, SLTII-producing strains were detected when they comprised less than 0.1{\%} of the coliform population. This technique is a sensitive and specific assay for detecting low numbers of SLT-producing organisms in mixed culture such as occurs in cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemorrhagic colitis.}, isbn = {0022-2615 (Print) 0022-2615 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1099/00222615-36-3-198}, author = {Law, D and Ganguli, L A and Donohue-Rolfe, A and Acheson, D W} } @article {2330, title = {{Detection by ELISA of low numbers of Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli in mixed cultures after growth in the presence of mitomycin C}}, journal = {J Med Microbiol}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, pages = {198{\textendash}202}, edition = {1992/03/01}, abstract = {Techniques currently available to detect Shiga-like toxin (SLT)-producing Escherichia coli lack sensitivity or require specialised equipment and facilities, and in some cases detect only strains belonging to serotype O157. We have used an ELISA technique, capable of detecting both SLTI and SLTII with crude P1 glycoprotein from hydatid cysts, in combination with enhancement of toxin production by culture with mitomycin C. Supernates of Tryptone Soya Broth cultures containing mitomycin C 200 ng/ml were tested for SLTII. For SLTI, cell lysates pre-treated with polymyxin B were tested. In tests with E. coli O157:H7 in mixed culture with E. coli strain C600 alone, or with E. coli C600, Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcus faecalis, SLTI could be detected when the proportion of toxigenic organisms represented 1\% of the mixture, and SLTII when the proportion was 0.025\%. When faecal samples with added E. coli O157:H7 were examined in this system, SLTII-producing strains were detected when they comprised less than 0.1\% of the coliform population. This technique is a sensitive and specific assay for detecting low numbers of SLT-producing organisms in mixed culture such as occurs in cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemorrhagic colitis.}, isbn = {0022-2615 (Print) 0022-2615 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1099/00222615-36-3-198}, author = {Law, D and Ganguli, L A and Donohue-Rolfe, A and Acheson, D W} } @article {4408, title = {Detection of adenoviruses in stools from healthy persons and patients with diarrhea by two-step polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {J Med Virol}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, pages = {149-57}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0146-6615}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1629713}, author = {Allard, A. and Albinsson, B. and Wadell, G.} } @article {4435, title = {Detection of adenoviruses in stools from healthy persons and patients with diarrhea by two-step polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, pages = {149{\textendash}57}, issn = {0146-6615}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1629713}, author = {Allard, A. and Albinsson, B. and Wadell, G.} } @article {501, title = {Detection of adenoviruses in stools from healthy persons and patients with diarrhea by two-step polymerase chain reaction}, journal = {J Med Virol}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, pages = {149-57}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of human adenoviruses in diluted stool samples was investigated. Two sets of nested primers, including primers specific for the hexon-coding region and for the E1B region of enteric adenoviruses (EAd), were assessed by two-step amplification. The primers constitute two different PCR systems designed for the detection of adenoviruses belonging to all six subgenera (A-F), and the two EAds Ad40 and Ad41, respectively. In a two-step PCR mediated amplification a single virus particle was detected when the two sets of general hexon primers or EAd specific primers were used. Earlier results from PCR detection of adenoviruses in stool from children suffering from diarrhea gave indications that adenovirus particles are commonly shed in stools without being identified as the cause of illness [Allard et al.: Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28:2659-2667, 1990]. Therefore, the general and the EAd specific PCR assays were assessed on 150 stool specimens from three groups including 50 healthy children, 50 healthy adults, and 50 adults suffering from diarrhea. When the two sets of general hexon primers were used, 25 of the 50 specimens from the healthy children (mean age 21 months) were found positive by two-step PCR amplification. Nine of the 50 specimens from the healthy adults (mean age 32 years) were found positive whereas 12 of the 50 specimens from sick adults (mean age 31 years) gave amplification products, using the two sets of general hexon primers in a nested fashion. None of the 150 specimens were found to be positive by two-step PCR amplification using the two sets of EAd-specific primers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, keywords = {Adenovirus Infections, Human Adenoviruses, Human Adult Base Sequence Child, Preschool DNA, Viral Diarrhea Feces Humans Infant Middle Aged Molecular Sequence Data Polymerase Chain Reaction Sensitivity and Specificity}, issn = {0146-6615}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1629713}, author = {Allard, A. and Albinsson, B. and Wadell, G.} } @article {10669, title = {{The diagnosis and treatment of cholera}}, journal = {Nurse practitioner}, volume = {17}, number = {12}, year = {1992}, pages = {53{\textendash}56}, author = {Keen, MF and Bujalski, L} } @article {1960, title = {DIRECT ISOLATION OF YERSINIA-PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS FROM FRESH-WATER IN JAPAN}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {58}, number = {8}, year = {1992}, note = {16}, pages = {2688-2690}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {://WOS:A1992JF83900058}, author = {Fukushima, H.} } @article {2994, title = {Diseases and parasites of red foxes, gray foxes, and coyotes from commercial sources selling to fox-chasing enclosures}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, month = {oct}, pages = {581{\textendash}589}, abstract = {Fifty-six red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 18 gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 13 coyotes (Canis latrans) obtained by the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department during an investigation of suspected illegal wildlife translocation were examined for diseases and parasites. Red foxes and coyotes were confiscated from an animal dealer based in Ohio (USA), and gray foxes were purchased from an animal dealer in Indiana (USA). Emphasis was placed on detection of pathogens representing potential health risks to native wildlife, domestic animals, or humans. All animals were negative for rabies; however, 15 gray foxes were incubating canine distemper at necropsy. Serologic tests disclosed antibodies to canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, canine coronavirus, canine herpesvirus, and canine parainfluenza virus in one or more host species. Twenty-three species of parasites (two protozoans, three trematodes, four cestodes, eleven nematodes, and three arthropods) were found, including species with substantial pathogenic capabilities. Echinococcus multilocularis, a recognized human pathogen not enzootic in the southeastern United States, was found in red foxes. Based on this information, we conclude that the increasingly common practice of wild canid translocation for stocking fox-chasing enclosures poses potential health risks to indigenous wildlife, domestic animals, and humans and, therefore, is biologically hazardous.}, keywords = {Animal, Animals, Antibodies, Carnivora, Foxes, Health Status, Parasitic Diseases, Viral, Virus Diseases, Wounds and Injuries}, issn = {0090-3558}, doi = {10.7589/0090-3558-28.4.581}, author = {Davidson, W. R. and Appel, M. J. and Doster, G. L. and Baker, O. E. and Brown, J. F.} } @conference {13473, title = {Distribution and ecology of Lymnaea truncatula (Muller, 1774) (Gastropoda: Basommatophora: Lymnaeidae), intermediate host of Fasciolosis the island of Corsica (France)}, booktitle = {VIth European Multicolloquium of Parasitology (EMOP VI)}, year = {1992}, pages = {218}, publisher = {The Hague, The Netherlands, 7-11 September 1992, Abstracts No. P244, pp. 218}, organization = {The Hague, The Netherlands, 7-11 September 1992, Abstracts No. P244, pp. 218}, address = {In}, author = {Oviedo, J. A. and Mas-Coma, S. and Dominici, J. L. and Roche, B.} } @conference {13474, title = {Distribution and ecology of Lymnaea truncatula (Muller, 1774) (Gastropoda: Basommatophora: Lymnaeidae), intermediate host of Fasciolosis the island of Corsica (France)}, booktitle = {VIth European Multicolloquium of Parasitology (EMOP VI)}, year = {1992}, pages = {218}, publisher = {The Hague, The Netherlands, 7-11 September 1992, Abstracts No. P244}, organization = {The Hague, The Netherlands, 7-11 September 1992, Abstracts No. P244}, address = {In}, author = {Oviedo, J. A. and Mas-Coma, S. and Dominici, J. L. and Roche, B.} } @article {9233, title = {{A DNA probe specific to pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Arch Med Res}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, pages = {271{\textendash}275}, author = {Cruz-Reyes, JA and Ackers, JP} } @mastersthesis {6698, title = {The economics and policy implications of government investment in water and irrigation development in {Zimbabwe}}, year = {1992}, note = {U048698}, school = {University of London, London School of Economics (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The study examines and analyses the Government of Zimbabwe{\textquoteright}s investment policy in water and irrigation agriculture between 1980 and 1985 from an economic and policy approach. The approach emphasises both the economic and policy implications that result from such public investment. The major objective of the study is to assess whether or not public investment in water and irrigation has satisfied Government economic and policy objectives of {\textquoteright}growth and equity{\textquoteright}. The cost-benefit framework has been adopted in the assessment of the performance of the commercial irrigation sector. Using this framework, the study seeks to show whether chosen policies have optimized such economic benefits as economic growth, profitability, foreign exchange earnings, and employment creation, for the costs incurred. Small-scale peasant schemes are assessed using cost-effective analysis framework. On the basis of this method, the study examines the extent to which chosen policy strategies and projects have maximized equity objectives such as the increase in food production, improvement in standard of living, and increase in income earnings etc, at least cost of production. Throughout the analysis of the two sectors, the role played by public subsidies in all the cost structures is examined. In the case of peasant schemes the costs are compared with those of the rain-fed peasant agriculture in order to assess the incremental equity, or lack of it, due to irrigation. Social and environmental effects of these policies and their impact on costs and benefits are also discussed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The whole analysis takes place against the background of national economic decline, rising investment costs and rising public debt. The question of the economy{\textquoteright}s ability to support a subsidy-based investment policy is central in the whole study as this raises serious implications for future investment. Alternative investment strategies and future research areas are suggested.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU048698, 0341:Area Planning and Development, 0503:Agricultural economics, Agricultural economics, Area Planning and Development, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301434536?accountid=14270}, author = {Hove, Charles Jorobiah Gwenhamo} } @article {12710, title = {{Effect of cobalt-60 irradiation on the infectivity of Paragonimus westermani metacercariae}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {78}, number = {5}, year = {1992}, pages = {869{\textendash}871}, author = {Song, CC and Duan, YF and Shou, GC and Zhu, H} } @article {10723, title = {{Efficacy of copper and silver ions with iodine in the inactivation of Pseudomonas cepacia}}, journal = {J Appl Bacteriol}, volume = {72}, year = {1992}, pages = {71{\textendash}79}, author = {Pyle, BH and Broadaway, SC and McFeters, GA} } @article {15395, title = {Environmental, genetic and immunological factors in human resistance to Schistosoma mansoni}, journal = {Immunol Invest}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, year = {1992}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
United states}, month = {Aug}, pages = {423-53}, abstract = {The design of programs for the control of endemies requires the knowledge of the principal factors that determine parasite transmission and infection levels in exposed populations. In the studies summarized in this article, the role of environmental and host specific factors in the infection by S. mansoni have been evaluated. It is shown that a limited number of factors actually influences infection intensity: water contacts, age, and sex were shown to account for 20 to 25\% of infection variance, while 35 to 40\% of it was accounted for by the effect of a major codominant gene. A remarkable fact is the important weighting (around 55\% of the variance) of factors (the major gene and age) that influence human capacities of resistance. This observation strongly supports control measures aimed at increasing human resistance, such as vaccination. The effect of age on the development of resistance has now been observed in several studies on S. mansoni or S. haematobium. It is, therefore, a constant finding in schistosomiasis infections that resistance develops extremely slowly requiring a long period of exposure to the parasite and repeated infections. These studies provide strong incentives to increase efforts in the evaluation of the immune response of subjects living in endemic areas. Such evaluations are necessary to define vaccine and vaccination programs, and they are also urgently needed to evaluate the effects of chemotherapy on the development of immunity in children and adolescents, as well as on the persistence of protective immunity in adults. Immunological studies begin to provide a clearer picture of the role of acquired immunity in human protection against S. mansoni. It is increasingly clear that the slow development of resistance in children, as well as its alteration in certain age groups, are related to the maturation of parasite specific immunity and its alteration by specific immune factors. Thus, the development of resistance is associated with the maturation of IgE-dependent immunity, whereas blocking Ab may interfere in children and adolescents with the expression of full resistance. This finding raises the question as to whether a vaccine could include major allergens without triggering the well-known deleterious side effects associated with hypersensitivity reactions. The absence of such reactions in subjects with high parasite-specific IgE levels who are exposed to daily infections suggests that this may be feasible.}, keywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Disease Susceptibility, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Immunity, Innate/*genetics, Schistosoma mansoni/genetics/*immunology, T-Lymphocytes/immunology}, isbn = {0882-0139 (Print)
0882-0139 (Linking)}, author = {Dessein, A. J. and Couissinier, P. and Demeure, C. and Rihet, P. and Kohlstaedt, S. and Carneiro-Carvalho, D. and Ouattara, M. and Goudot-Crozel, V. and Dessein, H. and Bourgois, A. and et al.,} } @article {10771, title = {{Epidemic cholera in Latin America}}, journal = {The Journal of the American Medical Association}, volume = {267}, year = {1992}, pages = {1388{\textendash}1390}, author = {Tauxe, RV and Blake, PA} } @article {11425, title = {Epidemiological investigation of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in a rural village of Michoacan State, Mexico}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, year = {1992}, pages = {49-52}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B75GP-4C6T774-12R/2/17c4664625d81974995bdd4556289ece}, author = {Sarti, E and Schantz, PM and Plancarte, A and Wilson, M and Gutierrez, IO and Aguilera, J and Roberts, J and Flisser, A} } @inbook {10620, title = {{The epidemiology of cholera}}, booktitle = {Current Topics in Infectious Disease: Cholera}, year = {1992}, pages = {129{\textendash}154}, publisher = {Plenum Medical Book Co.}, organization = {Plenum Medical Book Co.}, address = {New York, NY}, author = {R I Glass and Black, RE}, editor = {Barua, D and Greenough, WB} } @inbook {15204, title = {Estudio preliminar de la remoci{\'o}n de {Vibrio} cholerae en aguas residuales tratadas mediante lagunas de estabilizaci{\'o}n}, booktitle = {CEPIS Informe T{\'e}cnico}, volume = {387}, year = {1992}, publisher = {CEPIS}, organization = {CEPIS}, author = {ML Castro de Esparza and Margarita Aurazo de Zumaeta and Piscoya, Z. and Le{\'o}n Suematsu, G.} } @inbook {4274, title = {{Evaluation of Bacteroides fragilis Bacteriophages, a Candidate Human-specific Indicator of Faecal Contamination from Shellfish Growing Waters. Final Report}}, year = {1992}, publisher = {Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Williams, Mary}, organization = {Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Williams, Mary}, address = {Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA}, author = {Kator, H and Rhodes, M} } @article {16834, title = {Evaluation of different bacteriophage groups as faecal indicators in contaminated natural waters in Southern England}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, pages = {267{\textendash}271}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Mori{\~n}igo, Miguel A and Wheeler, David and Berry, Christine and Jones, Caryn and Mu{\~n}oz, Maria A and Cornax, Roberto and Borrego, Juan J} } @article {16490, title = {Evaluation of the California wastewater reclamation criteria using enteric virus monitoring data}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {26}, year = {1992}, pages = {1513{\textendash}1524}, author = {Asano, T., L. Y. C. Leong, M. G. Rigby and R. H. Sakaji} } @article {16676, title = {Evaluation of the {California} wastewater reclamation criteria using enteric virus monitoring data}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {26}, year = {1992}, pages = {1513{\textendash}1524}, author = {Asano, T. and Leong, L.Y.C. and Rigby, M.G. and Sakaji, R.H.} } @article {12714, title = {{Experimental infection of wild boars with metacercariae of Paragonimus miyazakii (Trematoda: Troglotrematidae)}}, journal = {Japan J Parasitol}, volume = {41}, year = {1992}, pages = {274{\textendash}278}, author = {Shibahara, T and Nishida, H and Torii, M and Gyoten, J and Tsuboi, T and Sakai, M} } @article {3706, title = {A family outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by group C rotavirus}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {124}, number = {3-4}, year = {1992}, pages = {269{\textendash}278}, doi = {10.1007/BF01309808}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01309808}, author = {Maunula, L and Svensson, L and Bonsdorff, C H} } @mastersthesis {7088, title = {Fish and benthic invertebrate communities: {Analytical} approaches and community-environment relationships}, year = {1992}, note = {NN78757}, school = {University of Toronto (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {I studied the variation in the interpretation of ecological communities due to changes in the type of statistical analysis employed. Using information gained from these studies, I examined the questions of whether fish and benthic invertebrates in 40 lakes from central Ontario exhibited concordant patterns in among-lake associations, and whether similar relationships existed between these communities and the lake physical and chemical environments. Choices in data standardization, such as ratio variables, were found to alter inter-variable covariation, often inducing {\textquoteright}spurious{\textquoteright} correlations. A comparison of various data standardizations, distance measures, and ordination techniques showed correspondence analysis provided the most consistent ordination regardless of data standardization. The related method of detrended correspondence analysis produced unstable results when different degrees of axis segmentation were used in the detrending procedure. Data standardization and distance measures had a greater influence in ordinations from principal components, principal coordinates analysis, and non-metric multidimesional scaling. A comparison of methods for assessing the number of non-trivial eigenvalues from principal components analysis found the traditional Kaiser-Guttman approach (i.e., eigenvalue \${\textgreater}\$1.0) and various additional methods greatly over-estimate the dimensionality of simulated data. A method incorporating bootstrapped eigenvalues and eigenvector coefficients or a method based on a broken-stick distribution proved most reliable. The fish and invertebrate communities showed similar patterns of inter-lake association. This concordance was tested using a new statistical procedure based on a randomized Procrustes analysis. Fish communities were associated significantly with lake morphology, but not water chemistry. Invertebrate communities lacked association with lake morphology, but a significant relationship with water chemistry was found. Differences in relationships between each community and the physical and chemical environment were attributed to specific ecological characteristics of the taxa and the biotic interactions between the communities.}, keywords = {0329:Ecology, 0792:Aquaculture, 0792:Fish production, 0793:Freshwater ecology, Aquaculture, Biological sciences, Ecology, Fish production, Freshwater ecology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304024776?accountid=14270}, author = {Jackson, Donald Andrew} } @article {2145, title = {{Fluorescent antibody staining test for rapid diagnosis of Shigella dysenteriae 1 infection}}, journal = {Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {359{\textendash}361}, edition = {1992/05/01}, abstract = {An indirect fluorescent antibody test for rapid detection of Shigella dysenteriae 1 in diarrheal stools was developed. A diagnosis could be made within 90 min of submission of specimens to the laboratory. On comparison with culture results, the test had a sensitivity of 92\%, a specificity of 93\%, and positive and negative predictive values of 94\% and 92\%, respectively.}, isbn = {0732-8893 (Print) 0732-8893 (Linking)}, doi = {0732-8893(92)90024-N [pii]}, author = {Albert, M J and Ansaruzzaman, M and Alim, A R and Mitra, A K} } @article {7926, title = {{Fluorescent antibody staining test for rapid diagnosis of Shigella dysenteriae 1 infection}}, journal = {Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {359{\textendash}361}, edition = {1992/05/01}, abstract = {

An indirect fluorescent antibody test for rapid detection of Shigella dysenteriae 1 in diarrheal stools was developed. A diagnosis could be made within 90 min of submission of specimens to the laboratory. On comparison with culture results, the test had a sensitivity of 92{\%}, a specificity of 93{\%}, and positive and negative predictive values of 94{\%} and 92{\%}, respectively.

}, isbn = {0732-8893 (Print)0732-8893 (Linking)}, doi = {0732-8893(92)90024-N [pii]}, author = {Albert, M J and Ansaruzzaman, M and Alim, A R and Mitra, A K} } @article {13905, title = {Fluorescent antibody staining test for rapid diagnosis of {Shigella} dysenteriae 1 infection}, journal = {Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {359{\textendash}361}, abstract = {An indirect fluorescent antibody test for rapid detection of Shigella dysenteriae 1 in diarrheal stools was developed. A diagnosis could be made within 90 min of submission of specimens to the laboratory. On comparison with culture results, the test had a sensitivity of 92\%, a specificity of 93\%, and positive and negative predictive values of 94\% and 92\%, respectively.}, doi = {0732-8893(92)90024-N [pii]}, author = {Albert, M J and Ansaruzzaman, M and Alim, A R and Mitra, A K} } @article {17198, title = {Fluorometric Analysis of Alkaline-Phosphatase Inactivation Correlated to Salmonella and Listeria Inactivation}, journal = {Journal of Food ProtectionJournal of food protection}, volume = {55}, number = {12}, year = {1992}, month = {Dec}, pages = {960-963}, keywords = {fluid dairy-products, Milk, thermal-resistance}, isbn = {0362-028x}, author = {Eckner, K. F.} } @article {3107, title = {Frequency distribution of {Echinococcus} granulosus in dog populations in the {Xinjiang} {Uygur} {Autonomous} {Region}, {China}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {43}, number = {3-4}, year = {1992}, month = {jul}, pages = {233{\textendash}241}, abstract = {Age-prevalence and age-intensity data of Echinococcus granulosus in dog populations were collected in four counties in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China. The frequency distribution of the parasite per dog was adequately described by the negative binomial model, with parameter k being 0.0571. The mathematical model of the life cycle of E. granulosus constructed by Roberts et al. (1986{\textendash}Parasitology, Vol. 92, pages 621-641) was used to estimate the epidemiologic parameters of E. granulosus in Xinjiang. This model showed that the prevailing infection pressure on dogs was 0.4560 infectious insults year-1 and the mean length of an infection was 1.4975 years. The effect of acquired immunity on the prevalence of E. granulosus in dogs was considered to be insignificant.}, keywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Binomial Distribution, Biological, China, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Likelihood Functions, Models, prevalence}, issn = {0304-4017}, author = {Ming, R. and Tolley, H. D. and Andersen, F. L. and Chai, J. and Chang, Q.} } @article {16200, title = {Genetic characterization of pathogenic Leptospira species by DNA hybridization.}, journal = {Int J Syst BacteriolInt J Syst Bacteriol}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, pages = {215-219}, keywords = {Base Sequence, DNA, Bacterial/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal/ genetics, Leptospira/genetics/ isolation \& purification, Leptospiraceae/genetics/ isolation \& purification, Molecular Sequence Data, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Bacterial/genetics, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/ genetics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sp. nov., Weil Disease/microbiology}, isbn = {0378-1097 (Print)
0378-1097 (Linking)}, author = {Ramadass, P. and Jarvis, B.D. and Corner, R.J. and Penny, D. and Marshall, R.B.} } @article {16201, title = {Genetic characterization of pathogenic Leptospira species by DNA hybridization}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary MicrobiologyInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, pages = {215-219}, publisher = {Microbiology Society}, isbn = {1466-5034}, author = {Ramadass, P. and Jarvis, B. D. W. and Corner, R. J. and Penny, D. and Marshall, R. B.} } @article {5741, title = {{Genetic Relatedness of Hepatitis A Virus Strains Recovered from Different Geographical Regions}}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {73}, number = {Pt6}, year = {1992}, pages = {1365{\textendash}1377}, author = {Robertson, BH and Jansen, RW and Khanna, B and Totsuka, A and O V Nainan and Siegl, G and Widell, A. and H S Margolis and Isomura, S and Ito, K and Ishizu, T and Moritsugu, Y and Lemon, SM} } @article {16605, title = {A guide to the development of on-site sanitation}, year = {1992}, author = {Franceys, Richard and Pickford, John and Reed, Ronald and Organization, World Health and others} } @article {10282, title = {A guide to the development of on-site sanitation}, year = {1992}, institution = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {Franceys, Richard and Pickford, John and Reed, Ronald} } @booklet {10784, title = {{Guidelines for Water Reuse. United States Environmental Protection Authority (1992). EPA/625/R-92/004}}, year = {1992} } @article {11236, title = {{Helminth eggs in the sludge from three sewage treatment plants in Czechoslovakia}}, journal = {Folia Parasitologica (Praha)}, volume = {39}, year = {1992}, pages = {153{\textendash}157}, author = {Horak, P} } @article {5975, title = {{Hepatitis E: evidence for person-to-person transmission and inability of low dose immune serum globulin from an Indian source to prevent it}}, journal = {Indian Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, pages = {113{\textendash}116}, author = {Khuroo, MS and Dar, MY} } @article {15412, title = {Human immune responses during schistosomiasis mansoni}, journal = {Rev Soc Bras Med Trop}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, note = {Gazzinelli, G
Colley, D G
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
Review
BRAZIL
1992/04/01
Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1992 Apr-Jun;25(2):125-34.}, month = {Apr-Jun}, pages = {125-34}, abstract = {Studies of immune responses as they occur in patients with schistosomiasis appear to progress relative to cUrrent technological advances, and to advance despite the understandable inability to pursue in vivo manipulations in this host/parasite system. Emphasis is most often placed on making immunological comparisons between such patient groups as reinfected/non-reinfected, intestinal/hepatosplenic, high/low intensities of infection, infected/uninfected within endemic areas, and those born of infected/uninfected mothers. Based on these types of comparisons, reasonable conjectures can be made regarding the immunological occurrences during this chronic exposure condition. Some consideration is now being given to the immune mechanisms of some of the observations made, and while some of these must then be carried back to experimental models for further manipulation-based analysis, new technological developments continue to assist in the field/bench ability to ask questions that might assist our understanding to a point where this knowledge can be applied to shaping developmental approaches to vaccine development and the goal of alleviating morbidity.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Helminth/immunology, Antigen-Antibody Reactions/immunology, Antigens, Helminth/immunology, Cytokines/immunology, Humans, Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology, Recurrence, Schistosoma mansoni/immunology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology}, isbn = {0037-8682 (Print)
0037-8682 (Linking)}, author = {Gazzinelli, G. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {15510, title = {Human schistosomiasis mansoni: studies on in vitro granuloma modulation}, journal = {Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {87 Suppl 5}, year = {1992}, note = {Parra, J C
Doughty, B
Colley, D G
Gazzinelli, G
eng
AI 21776/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
Review
BRAZIL
1992/01/01
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1992;87 Suppl 5:79-81.}, pages = {79-81}, abstract = {Infection with Schistosoma mansoni induces humoral and T cell mediated responses and leads to a delayed hypersensitivity that results in granulomatous inflammatory disease around the parasite eggs. Regulation of these responses resulting in a reduction in this anti-egg inflammatory disease is apparently determined by idiotypic repertoires of the patient, associated with genetic background and multiple external factors. We have previously reported on idiotype/anti-idiotype-receptor interactions in clinical human schistosomiasis. These findings support a hypothesis that anti-SEA cross-reactive idiotypes develop in some patients during the course of a chronic infection and participate in regulation of anti-SEA cellular immune responses. We report here on experiments which extend those observations to the regulation of granulomatous hypersensitivity measured by an in vitro granuloma model. T cells from chronic intestinal schistosomiasis patients were stimulated in vitro with anti-SEA idiotypes and assayed in an autologous in vitro granuloma assay for modulation of granuloma formation. These anti-SEA idiotype reactive T cells were capable of regulating autologous in vitro granuloma formation. Both CD4 and CD8 T cells could be activated to regulate granuloma formation. This regulatory activity, initiated with stimulatory anti-SEA idiotypic antibodies, was antigenically specific and was dependent on the presence of intact (F(ab{\textquoteright})2) immunoglobulin molecules. The ability to elicit this regulatory activity appears to be dose dependent and is more easily demonstrated in chronically infected intestinal patients or SEA sensitized individuals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, keywords = {Antibodies, Helminth/immunology, Antigens, Helminth/*immunology, Cells, Cultured, Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic, Granuloma/immunology/*pathology, Helminth Proteins/*immunology, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology, Lymphocyte Activation, Models, Biological, Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology/*pathology, T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology}, isbn = {0074-0276 (Print)
0074-0276 (Linking)}, author = {Parra, J. C. and Doughty, B. and Colley, D. G. and Gazzinelli, G.} } @inbook {7654, title = {Human volunteer studies with Campylobacter jejuni}, booktitle = {Campylobacter jejuni. Current status and future trends.}, year = {1992}, note = {Human volunteer studies with Campylobacter jejuni; ID: 617}, publisher = {Americal Society for Microbiology}, organization = {Americal Society for Microbiology}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Black,R. E. and Perlman,D. and Clements,M. L. and Levine,M. M. and Blaser,M. J.}, editor = {Nachamkin,I. and Blaser,M. J. and Tompkins,L. S.} } @article {3688, title = {Identification of group A rotavirus gene 4 types by polymerase chain reaction.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {30}, year = {1992}, pages = {1365{\textendash}1373}, author = {R I Glass and Woods, P and Gouvea, V and Gorziglia, M and Flores, J and B K Das and J R Gentsch and M K Bhan} } @article {15505, title = {Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. XVIII. Immunologic status of pregnant women and their neonates}, journal = {Scand J Immunol}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, note = {Novato-Silva, E
Gazzinelli, G
Colley, D G
eng
AI-26505/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
ENGLAND
1992/04/01
Scand J Immunol. 1992 Apr;35(4):429-37.}, month = {Apr}, pages = {429-37}, abstract = {The immune status of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and sera of pregnant women infected with the helminth Schistosoma mansoni was studied during pregnancy and the cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) and sera from their offspring were studied at parturition. PBMC pokeweed mitogen-induced responses were maintained in gravid women, but the responses to both schistosome and non-schistosome antigenic preparations declined progressively during pregnancy. Schistosomal antigens stimulated proliferative responses by the CBMC of many neonates born of infected mothers, but not those of uninfected mothers. These specific responses by CBMC of only neonates born of infected mothers are indicative of in utero, cell-mediated sensitization of the neonates, which could be due either to circulating schistosomal antigens or to anti-idiotypic antibodies which cross the placenta during gestation. Sera from infected mothers and the cord blood sera from their babies showed the same levels of specific IgG anti-schistosomal activity. Anti-schistosomal IgM levels were maintained during pregnancy to some antigens and not to others, while such antibodies were rarely found in cord blood sera, and then only at very low levels.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Helminth/*analysis, Antigens, CD/analysis, Antigens, Helminth/*immunology, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn/*immunology, Leukocyte Count, Lymphocyte Activation, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*immunology, Schistosoma mansoni/*immunology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology}, isbn = {0300-9475 (Print)
0300-9475 (Linking)}, author = {Novato-Silva, E. and Gazzinelli, G. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {1941, title = {Inactivation of coliphage MS-2 and poliovirus by copper, silver, and chlorine}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {38}, number = {5}, year = {1992}, note = {Yahya, M T Straub, T M Gerba, C P eng CANADA 1992/05/01 Can J Microbiol. 1992 May;38(5):430-5.}, pages = {430-5}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The efficacy of electrolytically generated copper and silver ions (400 and 40 micrograms/L, respectively) was evaluated separately and in combination with free chlorine (0.2 and 0.3 mg/L) for the inactivation of coliphage MS-2 and poliovirus type 1 in water at pH 7.3. The inactivation rate was calculated as log10 reduction/min: k = -(log10 Ct/C0)/t. The inactivation of both viruses was at least 100 times slower in water containing 400 and 40 micrograms/L copper and silver, respectively (k = 0.023 and 0.0006 for MS-2 and poliovirus, respectively), compared with water containing 0.3 mg/L free chlorine (k = 4.88 and 0.036). Significant increases in the inactivation rates of both viruses were observed in test systems containing 400 and 40 micrograms/L copper and silver, respectively, with 0.3 mg/L free chlorine when compared with the water systems containing either metals or free chlorine alone. Poliovirus was approximately 10 times more resistant to the disinfectants than coliphage MS-2. This observation suggests either a synergistic or an additive effect between the metals and chlorine for inactivation of enteric viruses. Use of copper and silver ions in water systems currently used in swimming pools and spas may provide an alternative to high levels of chlorination.}, keywords = {Chlorine/*pharmacology Coliphages/drug effects/*growth \& development Copper/*pharmacology Drug Synergism Poliovirus/drug effects/*growth \& development Silver/*pharmacology Virus Activation/*drug effects Water Microbiology}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1322762}, author = {Yahya, M. T. and Straub, T. M. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {5118, title = {Inactivation of poliovirus type 1 in mixed human and swine wastes and by bacteria from swine manure.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {58}, year = {1992}, pages = {2016{\textendash}2021}, author = {Ming Y Deng and D O Cliver} } @book {12039, title = {Infectious diseases}, year = {1992}, note = {90009062
[edited by] Sherwood L. Gorbach, John G. Bartlett, Neil R. Blacklow.
ill. ; 29 cm.}, pages = {xxxvi, 2115 p.}, publisher = {Saunders}, organization = {Saunders}, address = {Philadelphia}, keywords = {Communicable diseases., Surgical wound infections.}, isbn = {0721641687}, author = {Gorbach, Sherwood L. and Bartlett, John G. and Blacklow, Neil R.} } @book {16531, title = {Infectious diseases}, year = {1992}, publisher = {Saunders}, organization = {Saunders}, address = {Philadelphia}, keywords = {Communicable diseases., Surgical wound infections.}, isbn = {0-7216-4168-7}, author = {Gorbach, Sherwood L. and Bartlett, John G. and Blacklow, Neil R.} } @article {2173, title = {{Influence of ecosystematic factors on survival of Escherichia coli after large-scale release into lake water mesocosms.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {58}, number = {7}, year = {1992}, month = {jul}, pages = {2201{\textendash}2210}, abstract = {

Mass cultures of an Escherichia coli K-12 strain were released into exposed mesocosms in a eutrophic lake. The release was performed with and without additional input of the E. coli culture medium to stimulate the scenario of leakage of a production fermenter on one hand and to compare the influence of the added organic nutrients with that of the added strain on the other hand. The survival of the introduced strain and the influence on ecological processes in the mesocosms were monitored for 10 weeks after release. For comparison, survival of the strain in microcosms with sterile lake water was also monitored. Survival of the strain was determined by means of immunofluorescence and growth on selective agar medium. In lake mesocosms, E. coli showed a rapid and constant dieback during the first week. After 4 days, cells were mostly restricted to particles, which seemed to provide niches for survival. From the second week onward, survival was improved in mesocosms with culture medium added. In microcosms with sterile lake water, plate counts of E. coli showed a strong decrease within 2 weeks, while total cell numbers remained approximately the same. The rapid elimination of E. coli from the free-water phase of the mesocosms was probably due to the combined effect of the inability to grow in lake water and grazing. The better survival of E. coli (mainly on particles) in mesocosms with added medium was attributed to the medium-induced enhancement of primary production, which was the source of a large quantity of particles. These particles, in turn, may have functioned as niches for prolonged survival as well as transport vehicles for sedimentation of the E. coli cells.

}, author = {Brettar, I and Hofle, M G} } @article {13940, title = {Influence of ecosystematic factors on survival of {Escherichia} coli after large-scale release into lake water mesocosms.}, journal = {Appl. Envir. Microbiol.}, volume = {58}, number = {7}, year = {1992}, month = {jul}, pages = {2201{\textendash}2210}, abstract = {Mass cultures of an Escherichia coli K-12 strain were released into exposed mesocosms in a eutrophic lake. The release was performed with and without additional input of the E. coli culture medium to stimulate the scenario of leakage of a production fermenter on one hand and to compare the influence of the added organic nutrients with that of the added strain on the other hand. The survival of the introduced strain and the influence on ecological processes in the mesocosms were monitored for 10 weeks after release. For comparison, survival of the strain in microcosms with sterile lake water was also monitored. Survival of the strain was determined by means of immunofluorescence and growth on selective agar medium. In lake mesocosms, E. coli showed a rapid and constant dieback during the first week. After 4 days, cells were mostly restricted to particles, which seemed to provide niches for survival. From the second week onward, survival was improved in mesocosms with culture medium added. In microcosms with sterile lake water, plate counts of E. coli showed a strong decrease within 2 weeks, while total cell numbers remained approximately the same. The rapid elimination of E. coli from the free-water phase of the mesocosms was probably due to the combined effect of the inability to grow in lake water and grazing. The better survival of E. coli (mainly on particles) in mesocosms with added medium was attributed to the medium-induced enhancement of primary production, which was the source of a large quantity of particles. These particles, in turn, may have functioned as niches for prolonged survival as well as transport vehicles for sedimentation of the E. coli cells.}, author = {Brettar, I and Hofle, M G} } @article {13977, title = {Influence of {pH}, {Oxygen}, and {Humic} {Substances} on {Ability} of {Sunlight} {To} {Damage} {Fecal} {Coliforms} in {Waste} {Stabilization} {Pond} {Water}.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, month = {apr}, pages = {1335{\textendash}43}, abstract = {Simple beaker experiments established that light damages fecal coliforms in waste stabilization ponds by an oxygen-mediated exogenous photosensitization. Wavelengths of up to 700 nm were able to damage bacteria. The ability of wavelengths of {\textbackslash}textgreater425 nm to damage fecal coliforms was dependent on the presence of dissolved sensitizers. The sensitizers were ubiquitous in raw sewage, unaffected by sewage treatment, not derivatives of bacteriochlorophyll or chlorophyll, absorbed well in UV light, and had a slight yellowish color; they are therefore believed to be humic substances. The ability of light to damage fecal coliforms was highly sensitive to, and completely dependent on, oxygen. Scavengers of H(2)O(2) and singlet oxygen could protect the bacteria from the effects of sunlight, but scavengers of hydroxyl radicals and superoxides could not. Light-mediated damage of fecal coliforms was highly sensitive to elevated pH values, which also enabled light with wavelengths of {\textbackslash}textgreater425 nm (in the presence of the sensitizer) to damage the bacteria. We conclude that humic substances, pH, and dissolved oxygen are important variables in the process by which light damages microorganisms in this and other environments and that these variables should be considered in future research on, and models of, the effects of light.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Curtis, T P and Mara, D D and Silva, S A} } @article {2206, title = {{Influence of pH, Oxygen, and Humic Substances on Ability of Sunlight To Damage Fecal Coliforms in Waste Stabilization Pond Water.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, month = {apr}, pages = {1335{\textendash}43}, abstract = {Simple beaker experiments established that light damages fecal coliforms in waste stabilization ponds by an oxygen-mediated exogenous photosensitization. Wavelengths of up to 700 nm were able to damage bacteria. The ability of wavelengths of >425 nm to damage fecal coliforms was dependent on the presence of dissolved sensitizers. The sensitizers were ubiquitous in raw sewage, unaffected by sewage treatment, not derivatives of bacteriochlorophyll or chlorophyll, absorbed well in UV light, and had a slight yellowish color; they are therefore believed to be humic substances. The ability of light to damage fecal coliforms was highly sensitive to, and completely dependent on, oxygen. Scavengers of H(2)O(2) and singlet oxygen could protect the bacteria from the effects of sunlight, but scavengers of hydroxyl radicals and superoxides could not. Light-mediated damage of fecal coliforms was highly sensitive to elevated pH values, which also enabled light with wavelengths of >425 nm (in the presence of the sensitizer) to damage the bacteria. We conclude that humic substances, pH, and dissolved oxygen are important variables in the process by which light damages microorganisms in this and other environments and that these variables should be considered in future research on, and models of, the effects of light.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Curtis, T P and Mara, D D and Silva, S A} } @article {7974, title = {{Influence of pH, Oxygen, and Humic Substances on Ability of Sunlight To Damage Fecal Coliforms in Waste Stabilization Pond Water.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, month = {apr}, pages = {1335{\textendash}43}, abstract = {

Simple beaker experiments established that light damages fecal coliforms in waste stabilization ponds by an oxygen-mediated exogenous photosensitization. Wavelengths of up to 700 nm were able to damage bacteria. The ability of wavelengths of {\textgreater}425 nm to damage fecal coliforms was dependent on the presence of dissolved sensitizers. The sensitizers were ubiquitous in raw sewage, unaffected by sewage treatment, not derivatives of bacteriochlorophyll or chlorophyll, absorbed well in UV light, and had a slight yellowish color; they are therefore believed to be humic substances. The ability of light to damage fecal coliforms was highly sensitive to, and completely dependent on, oxygen. Scavengers of H(2)O(2) and singlet oxygen could protect the bacteria from the effects of sunlight, but scavengers of hydroxyl radicals and superoxides could not. Light-mediated damage of fecal coliforms was highly sensitive to elevated pH values, which also enabled light with wavelengths of {\textgreater}425 nm (in the presence of the sensitizer) to damage the bacteria. We conclude that humic substances, pH, and dissolved oxygen are important variables in the process by which light damages microorganisms in this and other environments and that these variables should be considered in future research on, and models of, the effects of light.

}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Curtis, T P and Mara, D D and Silva, S A} } @article {14802, title = {Influence of {pH}, {Oxygen}, and {Humic} {Substances} on {Ability} of {Sunlight} {To} {Damage} {Fecal} {Coliforms} in {Waste} {Stabilization} {Pond} {Water}.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {58}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, month = {apr}, pages = {1335{\textendash}43}, abstract = {Simple beaker experiments established that light damages fecal coliforms in waste stabilization ponds by an oxygen-mediated exogenous photosensitization. Wavelengths of up to 700 nm were able to damage bacteria. The ability of wavelengths of {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater425 nm to damage fecal coliforms was dependent on the presence of dissolved sensitizers. The sensitizers were ubiquitous in raw sewage, unaffected by sewage treatment, not derivatives of bacteriochlorophyll or chlorophyll, absorbed well in UV light, and had a slight yellowish color; they are therefore believed to be humic substances. The ability of light to damage fecal coliforms was highly sensitive to, and completely dependent on, oxygen. Scavengers of H(2)O(2) and singlet oxygen could protect the bacteria from the effects of sunlight, but scavengers of hydroxyl radicals and superoxides could not. Light-mediated damage of fecal coliforms was highly sensitive to elevated pH values, which also enabled light with wavelengths of {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater425 nm (in the presence of the sensitizer) to damage the bacteria. We conclude that humic substances, pH, and dissolved oxygen are important variables in the process by which light damages microorganisms in this and other environments and that these variables should be considered in future research on, and models of, the effects of light.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Curtis, T P and Mara, D D and Silva, S A} } @article {8277, title = {Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from human faeces}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {340}, year = {1992}, pages = {1194{\textendash}1195}, author = {Thomas, JE and Gibson, GR and Darboe, MK and Weaver, LT and Dale, A} } @article {9695, title = {Land use patterns and types of common vole (Microtus arvalis) population kinetics}, journal = {Agriculture, Agrosystems and the Environment}, volume = {39}, year = {1992}, pages = {153-169}, author = {Delattre, P. and Giraudoux, P and Baudry, J. and Truchetet, D and Musard, P. and Toussaint, M. and Stahl, P and Poulle, M and Artois, M. and Damange, J. and Qu{\'e}r{\'e}, J} } @article {2985, title = {A large focus of alveolar echinococcosis in central {China}}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {340}, number = {8823}, year = {1992}, month = {oct}, pages = {826{\textendash}831}, abstract = {Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a rare and highly pathogenic helminthic zoonosis due to infection with the intermediate stage of the small fox tapeworm, Echinococcus multilocularis. Parasite transmission is restricted to northern latitudes, including central and north China, from where few clinical and no detailed community studies have been reported. In August, 1991, 65 (5\%) of 1312 people residing in three rural communes of Zhang County, Gansu Province, China were diagnosed as having hepatic AE after mass ultrasound scanning with serological back-up. This represents one of the highest prevalence rates of AE ever recorded. It is also the first time that mass ultrasound scanning and serology have been used together in an AE endemic region. The region was selected one year earlier, when a preliminary serosurvey on 606 unselected people in the same locality resulted in an 8.8\% serum antibody positive rate with a 76\% rate of confirmation of hepatic AE in 37 individuals who could be followed up in 1991. Seropositivity rates varied for villages between 0 and 20.5\%. Overall, females (7.8\%) had a significantly greater risk of infection than males (2.5\%), especially in the 31-50 age group, a difference which may be related to contact with dogs and dog faeces over many years. Age-specific prevalence of AE increased from 0\% in the under 5-year group to 8.2\% in those aged 31-50. The youngest case was 11 years and the mean age of diagnosis was 40 years. Adult tapeworms of E multilocularis were identified from the small intestines of 10\% of domestic dogs. Sylvatic animal hosts of the parasite have not yet been identified. The high prevalence of human AE in this region of central China is most probably due to semi-domestic transmission of E multilocularis between wild rodents and dogs, together with the poverty and poor hygiene in these rural communities.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, China, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Domestic, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hepatic, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, prevalence, Serologic Tests}, issn = {0140-6736}, author = {Craig, P. S. and Deshan, L. and MacPherson, C. N. and Dazhong, S. and Reynolds, D. and Barnish, G. and Gottstein, B. and Zhirong, W.} } @article {4970, title = {{Larval stages of medically important flukes (Trematoda) from Vientiane province, Laos. Part II. Cercariae}}, journal = {Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Compar{\'e}e}, volume = {67}, year = {1992}, pages = {75{\textendash}81}, author = {Ditrich, O and Nasincov{\'a}, V and Scholz, T and Giboda, M} } @booklet {10489, title = {{Marine Water Quality Regulations}}, year = {1992} } @article {15098, title = {Massive infestation by {Ascaris} lumbricoides of the biliary tract: report of a successfully treated case}, journal = {Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo}, volume = {31}, year = {1992}, pages = {71{\textendash}5}, author = {Andrade-junior, D. R. and Karam, J. A. and Wasth, M. P. T. and Marca, A. F. and Jukemura, J. and Machado, M. C. C. and Rocha, A. S.} } @article {11053, title = {Massive infestation by {Ascaris} lumbricoides of the biliary tract: report of a successfully treated case}, journal = {Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S{\~a}o Paulo}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {1992}, month = {feb}, pages = {71{\textendash}75}, abstract = {

This is a report of a 25 years old black woman from the city of S\ão Paulo, Brazil, who developed acute obstructive cholangitis of Ascaris lumbricoides with septicemia and multiple hepatic abscesses. The patient had sickle cell trait and normal delivery 3 months ago. Massive infestation of the biliary tract by Ascaris lumbricoides was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Sixty worms were removed from the common bile duct and hepatic abscesses were drained by surgery. The infectious process was polymicrobial. The patient\&$\#$39;s recovery was complete after a long evolution with a wide spectrum antibiotic therapy. New surgeries were needed to remove residual worms in the biliary tract. The diagnostic methods, clinical-biochemical features and also the clinical and surgical management are presented. The biliary ascariasis pathophysiology is commented.

}, keywords = {Adult, Animals, ascariasis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Cholangitis, Common Bile Duct, Female, Humans, Radiography, Ultrasonography}, issn = {0036-4665}, author = {de Andrade J{\'u}nior, D. R. and Karam, J. A. and Warth, M. do P. and de Marca, A. F. and Jukemura, J. and Machado, M. C. and Rocha, A. D.} } @article {5216, title = {{Modelling nematode egg elimination in wastewater stabilization ponds}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {26}, number = {7-8}, year = {1992}, pages = {1659{\textendash}1665}, keywords = {2.5 removal, effluent reuse, Eggs, Modelling, wastewater stabilization ponds}, author = {Saqqar, M M and Pescod, M B} } @article {3560, title = {Moderate to heavy infections of Trichuris trichiura affect cognitive function in Jamaican school children}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {104}, year = {1992}, pages = {539{\textendash}547}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182000063800.}, author = {Nokes, C and Grantham-McGregor, SM and Sawyer, AW and Cooper, ES and Robinson, BA and Bundy, DA} } @article {8922, title = {Modification of the radiation responses of microorganisms with respect to wastewater treatment}, journal = {Proceedings "Application of Isotopes and Radiation in Conservation of the Environment{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}}, year = {1992}, pages = {197}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Gazso, L. G.} } @article {3039, title = {Molecular and immunological diagnosis of echinococcosis}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, month = {jul}, pages = {248{\textendash}261}, abstract = {Echinococcosis is an infectious disease of humans caused by the larval (metacestode) stage of the cestode species Echinococcus granulosus (cystic echinococcosis or hydatid disease) or Echinococcus multilocularis (alveolar echinococcosis or alveolar hydatid disease). Clinical manifestations depend primarily on localization and size of hepatic lesions and may include hepatomegaly, obstructive jaundice, or cholangitis. Prognostically, alveolar echinococcosis is considered similar to liver malignancies, including a lethality rate of 90\% for untreated cases. Diagnosis is based on imaging techniques coupled with immunodiagnostic procedures. Antibody detection tests for E. multilocularis have markedly improved with the use of affinity-purified Em2 antigen and recombinant antigen II/3-10 in enzyme immunoassays. Antigens of corresponding quality for E. granulosus are still unavailable. The detection of circulating antigens and immune complexes in the sera of patients with cystic echinococcosis, the demonstration of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in response to stimulation with Echinococcus antigens, and the discrimination of serum immunoglobulin isotype activity to various Echinococcus antigens in both cystic and alveolar echinococcosis have been suggested for diagnostic purposes as well as for monitoring patients after treatment. New diagnostic molecular tools include DNA probes for Southern hybridization tests and polymerase chain reaction for the amplification of E. multilocularis and E. granulosus species-specific DNA fragments.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Antigens, Echinococcosis, Helminth, Humans, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Recombinant Proteins, Serologic Tests}, issn = {0893-8512}, author = {Gottstein, B.} } @article {1725, title = {The molecular biology of poliovaccines}, journal = {J Gen Virol}, volume = {73 ( Pt 12)}, year = {1992}, note = {Minor, P D England The Journal of general virology J Gen Virol. 1992 Dec;73 ( Pt 12):3065-77.}, pages = {3065-77}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Attenuated/immunology Viral Structural Proteins/genetics, Base Sequence Capsid/genetics/immunology Capsid Proteins Genes, Inactivated/immunology Poliovirus Vaccine, Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Oral/immunology RNA, Viral Hydrogen Bonding Molecular Sequence Data Mutation Poliovirus/*genetics/growth \& development/immunology/pathogenicity *Poliovirus Vaccine, Viral/genetics/ultrastructure Sequence Homology}, issn = {0022-1317 (Print) 0022-1317 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=PubMed\&dopt=Citation\&list_uids=1335021}, author = {Minor, P. D.} } @article {4367, title = {{Morbidity among bathers exposed to polluted seawater. A prospective epidemiological study.}}, journal = {South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde}, volume = {81}, number = {11}, year = {1992}, month = {jun}, pages = {543{\textendash}6}, abstract = {As the first phase of a major programme to develop epidemiologically derived recreational water quality criteria for South Africa, a preliminary epidemiological-microbiological study was conducted in Cape Town during February and March 1990. Serial trials were carried out at a clean and at a relatively polluted beach over weekends. Participants were recruited at the beach, at which time information on swimming status and sociodemography was obtained. This provided for a beach-going but non-swimming control group. Symptoms which developed subsequent to the beach visit were obtained by follow-up telephone interviews conducted 3-4 days later. Water samples collected on trial days both before and during maximum swimming activity, were analysed for enterococci, faecal coliforms, staphylococci, coliphages and F-male-specific bacteriophages. Significant differences in the indicator levels at the beaches were observed. An excess in gastro-intestinal, respiratory and skin symptoms were found among swimmers relative to non-swimmers at the polluted beach. Although not statistically significant, the results are suggestive of a relationship between swimming-associated illness and water quality. The study demonstrated the feasibility of the methodology and the results of the overall programme will form the basis for the development of epidemiologically derived recreational water quality criteria for South African beaches.}, keywords = {Bathing Beaches, Bathing Beaches: standards, Environmental monitoring, Epidemiologic Methods, Epidemiological Monitoring, Humans, Prospective Studies, Seawater, Seawater: adverse effects, South Africa, South Africa: epidemiology, Swimming, Water Pollution, Water Pollution: adverse effects}, issn = {0256-9574}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1598644}, author = {von Schirnding, Y E and Kfir, R and Cabelli, V and Franklin, L and Joubert, G} } @article {15545, title = {Natural infection of wild rodents by Schistosoma mansoni parasitological aspects}, journal = {Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {87}, year = {1992}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: KC679
Times Cited: 10
Cited Reference Count: 28
Suppl. 1}, pages = {271-276}, type = {Article}, abstract = {The evaluation of the role of rodents as natural hosts of Schistosoma mansoni was studied at the Pamparrao Valley, Sumidouro, RJ, with monthly captures and examination of the animals. Twenty-three Nectomys squamipes and 9 Akodon arviculoides with a schistosomal infection rate of 565\% and 22.2\% respectively eliminated a great majority of viable eggs. With a strain isolated from one of the naturally infected N. squamipes, we infected 75\% of simpatric Biomphalaria glabrata and in 100\% of albino Mus musculus mice. The adult worms, isolated from N. squamipes after perfusion were located mainly in the liver (91.5\%) and the mesenteric veins (8.5\%). The male/female proportion was of 2:1. The eggs were distributed on small intestine segments (proximal, medial and distal portions) and the large intestine without any significant differences in egg concentration Of these segments. In A. arviculoides, the few eggs eliminated by the stools were viable and there was little egg retention on intestinal segments. Considering the ease to complete S. mansoni biological cycle in the Nectomys/Biomphalaria/Nectomys system under laboratory conditions, probably the same is likely to occur in natural conditions. In support to this hypothesis there are also the facts that human mansonic schistosomiasis has a very low prevalence in Sumidouro and endemicity among the rodents has not changed even after repetead treatments of the local patients. Based on our experiments, we conclude that N. squamipes has become a natural host of S. mansoni and possibly may participate in keeping the cycle of schistosomiasis transmission at Pamparrao Valley.}, keywords = {AKODON-ARVICULOIDES, NATURAL INFECTION, NECTOMYS-SQUAMIPES, SCHISTOSOMA-MANSONI, WILD RODENTS}, isbn = {0074-0276}, author = {Silva, R. R. E. and Silva, Jrme and Faerstein, N. F. and Lenzi, H. L. and Rey, L.} } @booklet {10475, title = {{Norms for the Study and Design of Potable Water Systems and the Deposition of Wastewater for Populations Greater than 1000 Inhabitants}}, year = {1992}, publisher = {Instituto Ecuatoriano de Obras Sanitarias} } @article {11069, title = {Observations on therapeutic effects on treatment of 167 cases with biliary ascariasis with complex decoction of {Cotex} miliae toosendan.}, journal = {Human Journal of Traditional Medicine}, volume = {12}, year = {1992}, pages = {127}, author = {Lu, S.} } @article {16040, title = {Occupational hazard of unnoticed leptospirosis in water ways maintenance staff}, journal = {Eur J EpidemiolEur J EpidemiolEur J Epidemiol}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, note = {Andre-Fontaine, G
Peslerbe, X
Ganiere, J P
Comparative Study
Netherlands
Eur J Epidemiol. 1992 Mar;8(2):228-32.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {228-32}, edition = {1992/03/01}, abstract = {A serological survey was performed with M.A.T. on the maintenance staff of water ways and public works and lock keepers to study the occupational hazards of leptospirosis. The target population was 58 professional people, 40 working on French rivers and 18 on a channel in the same western area of France. When we compared serological tests between these two groups, no significant difference appeared. But when we linked fish handling to close contact with water, we found a higher number of positive tests in the channel group than in the rivers group (P less than 0.01). We conclude that people working on the channel were susceptible to unnoticed Leptospira infection.}, keywords = {Adult, Animals, Disease Reservoirs, France/epidemiology, Humans, Leptospirosis/epidemiology/ microbiology, Occupational Diseases/epidemiology/ microbiology, Recreation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {0393-2990 (Print)
0393-2990 (Linking)}, author = {Andre-Fontaine, G. and Peslerbe, X. and Ganiere, J. P.} } @article {7803, title = {Occurrence of thermotolerant campylobacters in fresh vegetables sold at farmers{\textquoteright} outdoor markets and supermarkets}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {38 (4)}, year = {1992}, pages = {313-316}, author = {Park, CE and Sanders, GW} } @article {7835, title = {Occurrence, removal and seasonal variation of thermophilic campylobacters in a sewage treatment plant in Italy}, journal = {Zentralblatt fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin = International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine}, volume = {193}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, month = {October}, pages = {199-210}, isbn = {0934-8859}, url = {http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/1457031}, author = {Stampi,S. and Varoli,O. and De Luca,G. and Zanetti,F.} } @article {9237, title = {{Outbreak of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infections in travellers returning from the tropics}}, journal = {Infection}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, pages = {78{\textendash}82}, author = {de Lalla, F and Rinaldi, E and Santoro, D and Nicolin, R and Tramarin, A} } @article {5897, title = {{Outbreak of recurrent abdominal cramps associated with Arcobacter butzleri in an Italian school.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {30}, number = {9}, year = {1992}, month = {sep}, pages = {2335{\textendash}2337}, author = {Vandamme, P and Pugina, P and Benzi, G and Van Etterijck, R and Vlaes, L and Kersters, K and Butzler, J-P and Lior, H and Lauwers, S} } @article {14414, title = {Outbreak of recurrent abdominal cramps associated with {Arcobacter} butzleri in an {Italian} school.}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {30}, number = {9}, year = {1992}, month = {sep}, pages = {2335{\textendash}2337}, author = {Vandamme, P and Pugina, P and Benzi, G and Van Etterijck, R and Vlaes, L and Kersters, K and Butzler, J-P and Lior, H and Lauwers, S} } @article {4622, title = {Outbreaks of human enteric adenovirus types 40 and 41 in {Houston} day care centers}, journal = {The Journal of Pediatrics}, volume = {120}, number = {4 Pt 1}, year = {1992}, pages = {516{\textendash}21}, issn = {0022-3476 (Print) 0022-3476 (Linking)}, author = {Van, R. and Wun, C. C. and O{\textquoteright}Ryan, M. L. and Matson, D. O. and Jackson, L. and Pickering, L. K.} } @article {3180, title = {Parasiticidal effect of chemotherapy in alveolar hydatid disease: review of experience with mebendazole and albendazole in {Alaskan} {Eskimos}}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, month = {aug}, pages = {234{\textendash}249}, abstract = {Evidence that the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis in humans is killed by chemotherapy is presented in a review of our 17-year experience with treatment of alveolar hydatid disease in Alaska. The efficacy of chemotherapy was assessed with use of an in vivo assay of parasite viability by means of inoculation of voles, immunohistochemical tests, and histopathologic findings. Of 14 tests performed for nine patients, 12 in vivo assays (86\%) were negative after chemotherapy, while only two (17\%) of 12 vole tests for seven untreated patients were negative. Regression of arrest of growth of metastatic and primary hepatic lesions, together with their partial-to-complete calcification and prolonged survival times has been observed among patients treated with the benzimidazole compounds. For six who received appropriate chemotherapy, treatment has been discontinued for an average of 4.6 years (range, 3-7 years) without an increase lesion size or other evidence of reactivation.}, keywords = {80 and over, Adult, Aged, Alaska, albendazole, Echinococcosis, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Inuits, Mebendazole, Middle Aged}, issn = {1058-4838}, author = {Wilson, J. F. and Rausch, R. L. and McMahon, B. J. and Schantz, P. M.} } @article {11809, title = {{Parasitismo en peces, aves piscivoras y comunidades ribere{\~n}as de los lagos Yelcho y Tagua Tagua, Xa Regi{\'o}n de Chile}}, journal = {Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria}, volume = {24}, year = {1992}, pages = {77{\textendash}92}, author = {Torres, P and Contreras, A and Cubillos, V and Gesche, W and Montefusco, A and Rebolledo, C and Mira, A and Arenas, J and Miranda, J C and Asenjo, A and Schlatter, R} } @article {15498, title = {Pattern of cercarial emergence of Schistosoma curassoni from Niger and comparison with three sympatric species of schistosomes}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {78}, number = {1}, year = {1992}, note = {Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United states}, month = {Feb}, pages = {61-3}, abstract = {The emergence pattern of Schistosoma curassoni cercariae from Bulinus umbilicatus, whose adult worms parasitize bovine, caprine, and ovine ungulates in Niger, is of a circadian type with a mean emission time at 0855 hr +/- 1 hr 6 min, characteristic of the schistosome species parasitizing domestic or wild cattle. The comparison of this cercarial emergence pattern with those of the other 3 sympatric species of schistosomes (Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma bovis, and Schistosoma mansoni) shows a significant difference between the chronobiology of the cercariae infective for human and those infective for bovine hosts. This difference may improve epidemiological surveys based on snail prevalences by allowing the distinction between bulinids infected with human and bovine parasites.}, keywords = {Animals, Bulinus/*parasitology, Circadian Rhythm, Niger, Schistosoma haematobium/physiology, Schistosoma/*physiology, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395 (Linking)}, author = {Mouchet, F. and Th{\'e}ron, A. and Br{\'e}mond, P. and Sellin, E. and Sellin, B.} } @article {12977, title = {Persistence of Viruses in Desert Soils Amended with Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, pages = {636{\textendash}641}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology Journals}, abstract = {Pima County, Ariz., is currently investigating the potential benefits of land application of sewage sludge. To assess risks associated with the presence of pathogenic enteric viruses present in the sludge, laboratory studies were conducted to measure the inactivation rate (k = log10 reduction per day) of poliovirus type 1 and bacteriophages MS2 and PRD-1 in two sludge-amended desert agricultural soils (Brazito Sandy Loam and Pima Clay Loam). Under constant moisture (approximately -0.05 {\texttimes} 105 Pa for both soils) and temperatures of 15, 27, and 40{\textdegree}C, the main factors controlling the inactivation of these viruses were soil temperature and texture. As the temperature increased from 15 to 40{\textdegree}C, the inactivation rate increased significantly for poliovirus and MS2, whereas, for PRD-1, a significant increase in the inactivation rate was observed only at 40{\textdegree}C. Clay loam soils afforded more protection to all three viruses than sandy soils. At 15{\textdegree}C, the inactivation rate for MS2 ranged from 0.366 to 0.394 log10 reduction per day in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. At 27{\textdegree}C, this rate increased to 0.629 log10 reduction per day in clay loam soil and to 0.652 in sandy loam soil. A similar trend was observed for poliovirus at 15{\textdegree}C (k = 0.064 log10 reduction per day, clay loam; k = 0.095 log10 reduction per day, sandy loam) and 27{\textdegree}C (k = 0.133 log10 reduction per day, clay loam; k = 0.154 log10 reduction per day, sandy loam). Neither MS2 nor poliovirus was recovered after 24 h at 40{\textdegree}C. No reduction of PRD-1 was observed after 28 days at 15{\textdegree}C and after 16 days at 27{\textdegree}C. At 40{\textdegree}C, the inactivation rates were 0.208 log10 reduction per day in amended clay loam soil and 0.282 log10 reduction per day in sandy loam soil. Evaporation to less than 5\% soil moisture completely inactivated all three viruses within 7 days at 15{\textdegree}C, within 3 days at 27{\textdegree}C, and within 2 days at 40{\textdegree}C regardless of soil type. This suggests that a combination of high soil temperature and rapid loss of soil moisture will significantly reduce risks caused by viruses in sludge.}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {https://aem.asm.org/content/58/2/636}, author = {Straub, Timothy M. and Pepper, Ian L. and Charles P Gerba} } @article {5843, title = {{Polyphasic taxonomic study of the emended genus Arcobacter with Arcobacter butzleri comb. nov. and Arcobacter skirrowii sp. nov., an aerotolerant bacterium isolated from veterinary specimens.}}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, month = {jul}, pages = {344{\textendash}356}, author = {Vandamme, P and Vancanneyt, M and Pot, B and Mels, L and Hoste, B and Dewettinck, D and Vlaes, L and van den Borre, C and Higgins, R and Hommez, J} } @article {14360, title = {Polyphasic taxonomic study of the emended genus {Arcobacter} with {Arcobacter} butzleri comb. nov. and {Arcobacter} skirrowii sp. nov., an aerotolerant bacterium isolated from veterinary specimens.}, journal = {International journal of systematic bacteriology}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, month = {jul}, pages = {344{\textendash}356}, author = {Vandamme, P and Vancanneyt, M and Pot, B and Mels, L and Hoste, B and Dewettinck, D and Vlaes, L and van den Borre, C and Higgins, R and Hommez, J} } @inbook {8420, title = {{Pregnancy}}, booktitle = {Human Toxoplasmosis}, year = {1992}, pages = {144{\textendash}183}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, author = {Chatterton, JMW}, editor = {Ho-Yen, DO and Joss, AW} } @mastersthesis {6956, title = {Projecting dental treatment needs of the {West} {Malaysian} population of dental caries and periodontal diseases}, year = {1992}, note = {9215923}, school = {University of Michigan, School of Public Health}, type = {phdDr.{P}.{H}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This study undertakes to develop a need-based model as an approach to study the potential impact of changes in the epidemiology of dental diseases in the West Malaysian population. A model of treatment needs was developed. Two sets of information, population and the prevalence of dental diseases (caries and periodontal diseases) on the West Malaysian population were collected. A trend analysis to look at the direction of caries and periodontal disease patterns was then performed. Following this, forecasts of dental caries and periodontal disease incidence were generated. This information was then combined with population projections to come up with projections of needs. Findings show that caries is declining for the age group below 19 years old. In terms of periodontal status, findings from this study indicate that healthy gingiva and gingivitis are becoming more prevalent among the younger age groups. Calculus appears to be widely distributed across all age groups. Pocket formation, initially observed on the 25 year-olds, appears to increase with increasing age. The total number of teeth and persons needing restorations and/or periodontal treatment is large enough to warrant some speculations on the impact it may have on the Malaysian dental scene. Under the current population growth, for the years 1990-1995, between 12.4 and 25 million hours are needed to treat 49.3 million teeth per year in West Malaysia for the effects of caries. By 2020 the figures are projected to have reached 25.1 million hours and 85.4 million teeth annually. As for periodontal status, if one assumes that every healthy individual and those with gingivitis require oral hygiene instruction as a prevention strategy, then the 6.5 million people falling into this category require at least 2.9 million hours per year of oral hygiene instruction, 7.2 million hours per year for prophylaxis and scaling and, another one million hours per year will be needed to correct the 6 mm or more pockets. The estimates are projected to be one and a half times more if the 70 million population size is realized. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)}, keywords = {0567:Dental care, 0573:Public health, Dental care, Health and environmental sciences, Malaysia, oral epidemiology, Public health}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304029185?accountid=14270}, author = {Abdul Kadir, Rahimah} } @article {4488, title = {Propagation of adenovirus types 40 and 41 in the PLC/PRF/5 primary liver carcinoma cell line}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, pages = {201{\textendash}7}, issn = {0166-0934 (Print) 0166-0934}, author = {Grabow, W. O. and Puttergill, D. L. and Bosch, A.} } @article {3174, title = {A rare case of mixed cystic and alveolar hydatidosis}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {86}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, month = {jun}, pages = {290{\textendash}291}, keywords = {Adult, albendazole, Echinococcosis, Hepatic, Humans, Liver, Male, Tomography, X-Ray Computed}, issn = {0035-9203}, author = {Wen, H. and Tian, W. L. and Zou, P. F. and Xiang, M. X.} } @booklet {10483, title = {{Reglamentacion de la Ley No. 1333 del Medioambiente}}, year = {1992}, publisher = {Gaceta Oficial de Bolivia} } @article {6461, title = {Risk-sharing in rural health care}, journal = {World Health Forum}, volume = {13}, number = {2-3}, year = {1992}, pages = {171{\textendash}175}, keywords = {Asia, Community Financing, Community Health Workers, Consumer Participation, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Delivery of Health Care, Developing Countries, Economic Factors, Financial Activities, Health, Health Facilities, Health Insurance, Health Services, Health Services Accessibility, Hospitals, Humans, India, Insurance, Medical Indigency, rural health, Rural Health Services, Southern Asia}, issn = {0251-2432}, author = {Jajoo, U. N.} } @article {10732, title = {{Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae in brackish water cultured tropical prawns}}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {16}, year = {1992}, pages = {293{\textendash}301}, author = {Reilly, PJA and Twiddy, DR} } @article {17151, title = {SALMONELLA DETECTION IN MARINE WATERS USING A SHORT STANDARD METHOD}, journal = {Water ResearchWater research}, volume = {26}, number = {7}, year = {1992}, month = {Jul}, pages = {973-978}, isbn = {0043-1354}, author = {Alonso, J. L. and Botella, M. S. and Amor{\'o}s, I. and Rambach, A.} } @article {17365, title = {Salmonella enteritidis and other Salmonella in laying hens and eggs from flocks with Salmonella in their environment}, journal = {Can J Vet ResCan J Vet Res}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, month = {Jul}, pages = {226-32}, keywords = {*Chickens/microbiology, Agglutination Tests, Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/blood, Antigens, Bacterial, Eggs/*microbiology, Environmental Microbiology, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Poultry Diseases/diagnosis/epidemiology/*microbiology, Predictive Value of Tests, prevalence, Salmonella enteritidis/immunology/*isolation \& purification, Salmonella Infections, Animal/diagnosis/epidemiology/*microbiology, Salmonella/immunology/isolation \& purification, Sensitivity and Specificity}, isbn = {0830-9000 (Print)
0830-9000 (Linking)}, author = {Poppe, C. and Johnson, R. P. and Forsberg, C. M. and Irwin, R. J.} } @article {13245, title = {Seasonal changes of microbial populations in the sediments of the basins of Lugano and Agno}, journal = {Aquatic Sciences}, volume = {54}, year = {1992}, pages = {331-337}, doi = {10.1007/BF00878145}, author = {Peduzzi, R. and Demarta, A. and Tonolla, M.} } @article {13189, title = {Seasonal incidence of and antibiotic resistance among Aeromonas species isolated from domestic wastewater before and after treatment in stabilization ponds}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {23}, year = {1992}, pages = {227-237}, author = {Hassani, L. and Imziln, B. and Boussaid, A. and Gauthier, M. J.} } @article {5174, title = {{Seasonal incidence of and antibiotic resistance among Aeromonas species isolated from domestic wastewater before and after treatment in stabilization ponds}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {1992}, pages = {227{\textendash}237}, abstract = {The efficiency of stabilization pond treatment of domestic wastewater in removing culturable cells of motile Aeromonas and its influence on the incidence of resistance to seven antibiotics were investigated in this study. Removal efficiency was higher (P {\textless} 0.001) in the warm months (98.8{\%}) than in the cold months (97{\%}). Among the 264 isolates, 163 were Aeromonas caviae, 24 were A. hydrophila, and 54 were A. sobria. Twenty-three isolates could not be identified to the species level. In the influent, A. caviae dominated in both cold and warm months. In the water samples originating from the influent, A. sobria was present at higher percentages in the warm period. All the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and most of them (73{\%}) exhibited resistance to cephalothin. Of the three species tested, A. sobria was more susceptible to antibiotics than either A. caviae or A. hydrophila. The most striking difference among the species was seen in resistance to cephalothin. There were 91 {\%} of A. caviae strains and 96{\%} of A. hydrophila isolates that were resistant to cephalothin. However, only 9{\%} of A. sobria strains exhibited resistance to this drug. The high incidence of resistance in raw sewage was connected with a high proportion of A. caviae, whereas in the water samples collected from the effluent during the warm months, a high proportion of A. sobria decreased the total amount of multiple-resistant bacteria. Results demonstrated the need for identification to the species level.}, issn = {00953628}, doi = {10.1007/BF00164098}, author = {Hassani, L. and Imziln, B. and Boussaid, A. and Gauthier, M. J.} } @article {8998, title = {Separate and combined effects of solar radiation, temperature, salinity, and pH on the survival of faecal coliforms in seawater}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {24}, number = {8}, year = {1992}, pages = {411-416}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0025-326X}, author = {{\v S}oli{\'c}, Mladen and Krstulovi{\'c}, Nada} } @article {11788, title = {{Sequential development of the immune response in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) to experimental plerocercoid infections of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824)}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {104}, number = {01}, year = {1992}, pages = {169{\textendash}178}, abstract = {

Development of the inflammatory response of rainbow trout to experimental infections with Diphyllobothrium dendriticum plerocercoids is described using light and electron microscopy. The cellular response to plerocercoids occurred within 2 weeks post-infection (p.i.). This was followed by an increase in leucocyte numbers during weeks 3-6 p.i., with full encapsulation of plerocercoids by week 6 p.i. Neutrophils were the first leucocytes to engage the developing plerocercoid, followed by large influxes of macrophages which transformed into epithelioid cells. With longer times p.i. the accumulation of different leucocyte types increased, and a blood vascular network developed. Full development of the composite cyst was characterized by fibroplasia, particularly at the periphery of the cyst, and the subsequent deposition of a collagenous tissue matrix. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay {\{}(ELISA){\}} examination of serum samples taken over the 20 week period showed that specific {\{}anti-D.{\}} dendriticum antibody titres were first detected at 5 weeks p.i. and increased to a maximum by 11 weeks p.i.

}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182000060911}, author = {Sharp, G and Pike, A and Secombes, C} } @article {5948, title = {{Serologic identification of hepatitis E virus infections in epidemic and endemic settings}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {246{\textendash}250}, author = {Favorov, MO and Fields, HA} } @mastersthesis {6395, title = {Solid-liquid mixing in mechanically agitated vessels}, year = {1992}, note = {U549855}, school = {University of London, University College London (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Experimental data are reported for solids suspension and distribution in four geometrically similar vessels with diameters equal to 0.31, 0.61, 1.83 and 2.67 m. Agitation was provided by a series of pitched blade turbines with impeller to vessel diameter ratios from 0.3 to 0.6 and pitched angles between 30{\textless}SUP{\textgreater}o{\textless}/SUP{\textgreater} and 90{\textless}SUP{\textgreater}o{\textless}/SUP{\textgreater}. The effect of impeller clearance on solids suspension was examined for a clearance range of T/4 to T/8. Dual impeller systems were also studied, covering two combinations (dual pitched and flat/pitched) and impeller spacing of half to two diameters apart. The majority of the experiments were carried out with 150-210 {\textless}IMG WIDTH=8 HEIGHT=14 ALIGN=MIDDLE SRC="/maths/mu.gif"{\textgreater}m round-grained sand (density: 2630 kg m{\textasciicircum}-3 and settling velocity: 0.015 m s{\textasciicircum}-1) and tap water. Solids concentration was varied between 0.1 to 40\&37 by weight.{\textless}p{\textgreater} Four parameters were measured; impeller speed, using an optical tachometer, power input, calculated from the shaft torque given by strain gauges, just suspension speed, ascertained both visually and by use of an ultrasonic Doppler flowmetering (UDF) technique and the local solids concentration, measured by a in-house solids concentration probe. In addition extensive flow visualisations were made with the 0.61 m vessel in order to establish both liquid and particles flow patterns during the experiments.{\textless}p{\textgreater} Results from this study were compared with previous publications in order to examine the effects of some of the important geometrical variables on solids suspension and distribution. This work revealed that for the range of parameters covered, the smallest (D/T\&\#61 0.3) and the largest (D/T\&\#61 0.6) impellers are the most and least efficient ones for solids suspension. Distribution tests with the three geometrically similar impellers show that the results are neither correlated in terms of tip speed nor power input but are best described by the thrust force generated by the impellers. In general, dual impeller systems improve solids distribution but require more power to just suspend solids compared with a single impeller. The scaling effect proposed by Zwietering (1958) for solids suspension has been confirmed by this study for vessel up to 267 m in diameter. The constant tip speed rule for solids distribution, which is based on one-dimensional dispersion models was found to underestimate the power requirement in large scale applications. This study indicates that equal power per unit volume is required to achieve the same degree of homogeneity.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU549855, 0542:Chemical engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Chemical engineering, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/899795381?accountid=14270}, author = {Mak, A.T-C.} } @article {5945, title = {{Solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hepatitis E virus IgG and IgM antibodies utilizing recombinant antigens and synthetic peptides}}, journal = {Journal of Virological Methods}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {1992}, pages = {175{\textendash}186}, author = {Dawson, GJ and Chau, KH} } @article {11738, title = {{Sparganum proliferum: an overview of its structure and ultrastructure}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, year = {1992}, pages = {631{\textendash}640}, abstract = {

Abstract Noya O., Alarc{\{}\ö{\}}n De Noya B., Arrechedera H., Torres J. and Arg{\{}\ü{\}}ello C. 1992. Sparganum proliferum: an overview of its structure and ultrastructure. International Journal for Parasitology22: 631\–640. A detailed study of the structure and ultrastructure of ...

}, author = {Noya, O and de Noya, B A and Arrechedera, H and Torres, J} } @book {5370, title = {{Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater}}, year = {1992}, edition = {18th}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {AMPH and AWWA} } @article {7661, title = {Survey of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp and Yersinia spp in 3 surface-water sources in Norway}, journal = {International Journal of Food Microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {3-4}, year = {1992}, note = {Survey of Thermotolerant Campylobacter Spp and Yersinia Spp in 3 Surface-Water Sources in Norway; 216; J English Article 28 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV AMSTERDAM NOT IN FILE 0168-1605 NATL INST PUBL HLTH,DEPT BACTERIOL,GEITUNYRSVEIEN 75,N-0462 OSLO,NORWAY. NORWEGIAN COLL VET MED,DEPT FOOD HYG,OSLO 1,NORWAY. NORWEGIAN FOOD CONTROL AUTHOR,OSLO,NORWAY.; ID: 28}, pages = {327-338}, abstract = {

We investigated the occurrence of thermotolerant Campylobacter and Yersinia spp. in three surface water sources in Norway which represented different levels of pollution and eutrophication. Samples were collected every fortnight during a 14-month period. In addition, samples from 100 private wells were examined for campylobacters only. Campylobacter was recovered from 42 (43.8\%) of the 96 samples of surface water, whereas Yersinia spp. were isolated from four (4.2\%) of the samples. Campylobacter was not isolated from the well water samples. The highest isolation rate of Campylobacter was obtained from the two most polluted water sources. The proportion of positive samples was significantly higher in the autumn (71.4\%) than in the spring (36.4\%) or summer (22.2\%). The highest overall isolation rate was obtained at water temperatures ranging from 2.1 to 8.0-degrees-C, and the lowest at temperatures greater than 15-degrees-C. Logistic regression analysis showed a highly significant relationship between the prevalence of Campylobacter and the number of three types of indicator bacteria: faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and sulphite-reducing clostridia. Of the 60 Campylobacter isolates obtained, 51.7\% belonged to C. jejuni biotype 1, 20.0\% belonged to C. jejuni biotype 2, 21.7\% to C. coli, 3.3\% to C. lari and 3.3\% were non-typable, All four Yersinia isolates were non-pathogenic variants

}, keywords = {bacteria, Campylobacter, CAMPYLOBACTERS, COLI, coliform, Coliforms, DRINKING-WATER, ENTERITIS, ENTEROCOLITICA-LIKE BACTERIA, Food, Indicator, Indicator bacteria, JEJUNI, Microbiology, Norway, OUTBREAK, pollution, RECOVERY, RIVER SYSTEM, SAMPLES, Surface, Survival, Technology, Temperature, THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTERS, THERMOTOLERANT CAMPYLOBACTER, THERMOTOLERANT CAMPYLOBACTER SPP, water, WELL, YERSINIA SPP}, author = {Brennhovd,O. and Kapperud,G. and Langeland,G.} } @article {15874, title = {Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts under various environmental pressures}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {58}, number = {11}, year = {1992}, month = {Nov}, pages = {3494-500}, edition = {1992/11/01}, keywords = {*Calcium Compounds, Animals, Calcium/pharmacology, Cryptosporidiosis/*prevention \& control, Cryptosporidium parvum/drug effects/*growth \& development/metabolism, Desiccation, Electrolytes/pharmacology, Feces/microbiology, Ferric Compounds/pharmacology, Freezing, Humans, Indoles/metabolism, Oxides/pharmacology, Propidium/metabolism, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Robertson, L. J. and Campbell, A. T. and Smith, H. V.} } @inbook {16921, title = {Technical Support Document for the Land Application of Sewage Sludge}, booktitle = {EPA 822-R-93-001}, year = {1992}, publisher = {US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA}, organization = {US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA}, author = {US EPA} } @article {12717, title = {{Therapeutic effect of triclabendazole in patients with paragonimiasis in Cameroon: a pilot study}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {86}, year = {1992}, pages = {417}, author = {Ripert, C and Couprie, B and Moyou, R and Gaillard, F and Appriou, M and Tribouley-Duret, J} } @article {12880, title = {Transport of pathogens through soils and aquifers}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {19}, year = {1992}, pages = {103{\textendash}123}, author = {Bitton, Gabriel and Harvey, Ronald W} } @article {16633, title = {Transport of pathogens through soils and aquifers}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {19}, year = {1992}, pages = {103{\textendash}123}, author = {Bitton, Gabriel and Harvey, Ronald W} } @article {4756, title = {{Traveller{\textquoteright}s diarrhoea associated with cyanobacterium-like bodies}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {340}, year = {1992}, pages = {556{\textendash}557}, author = {Pollok, RC and Bendall, RP and Moody, A and Chiodini, PL and Churchill, DR} } @mastersthesis {6429, title = {Treading water: {A} state college{\textquoteright}s response to budget cuts}, year = {1992}, note = {9228403}, school = {Harvard University}, type = {phdEd.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This analytic paper examines how a state college in Massachusetts responded to dramatic declines in state support between 1988 and 1992. During this period, the state appropriation for the college dropped from \$15.2 to {\textbackslash}\$9.9 million, a decrease of almost half in real terms. The study characterizes the college{\textquoteright}s approach to declining resources as treading water. The college implemented a number of strategies{\textendash}such as raising student fees, across-the-board hiring freezes, and reductions in travel, professional development, energy use, equipment purchasing, and maintenance{\textendash}aimed at "staying afloat" and preserving existing programs and staff. The study explores the factors, constraints, and values that led college administrators to adopt a strategy of treading water. The critical role of state policies is also examined. Four rationales are identified that help explain the college{\textquoteright}s orientation to decline: institutional identity and aspirations as a comprehensive college, the perceived absence of slack resources, the desire to preserve morale, and the immediacy of the financial crisis. In examining the consequences of retrenchment and the college{\textquoteright}s responses to it, the study found that while stresses and strains were readily apparent, neither access nor the academic program were substantially compromised in the short term. However, the emotional and economic toll of the fiscal crisis on Bay State employees was severe. The study concludes by arguing that treading water fails to address the long-term implications of declining resources and offering lessons for other states and institutions. The thesis is based on a review of the literature and a single-site case study involving approximately 70 interviews with faculty, administrators, trustees, and students of the college as well as documented data collected from the institution and from the state-wide governing agency for public higher education.}, keywords = {0277:School finance, 0514:School administration, 0745:Higher education, cutback management, Education, Higher education, School administration, School finance, state support}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303992783?accountid=14270}, author = {Layton, Daphne Niobe} } @article {17150, title = {URINARY-TRACT INFECTION CAUSED BY NONTYPHOIDAL SALMONELLA - REPORT OF 30 CASES}, journal = {Urologia InternationalisUrologia Internationalis}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {395-400}, isbn = {0042-1138}, author = {Allerberger, F. J. and Dierich, M. P. and Ebner, A. and Keating, M. R. and Steckelberg, J. M. and Yu, P. K. W. and Anhalt, J. P.} } @article {12983, title = {Use of a sentinel system for field measurements ofcryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation in soil and animal waste}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {65}, year = {1992}, pages = {1998-2005}, author = {Jenkins, MB and Walker, MJ and Bowman, DD and Anthony, LC and Ghiorse, W C} } @article {9386, title = {{Use of polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive DNA probes to diagnose Entamoeba histolytica in clinical samples}}, journal = {Arch Med Res}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, pages = {277{\textendash}279}, author = {Romero, JL and Descoteaux, S and Reed, S and Orozco, E and Santos, J and Samuelson, J} } @article {13528, title = {Use of the Falcon Assay Screening Test - Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (FAST-ELISA) and the Enzyme-Linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot (EITB) to determine the prevalence of human Fascioliasis in the Bolivian Altiplano}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {46}, year = {1992}, pages = {603-609}, author = {Hillyer, G. V. and Soler de Galanes, M. , Rodriguez-Perez, J. , Bjorland, J., Siva de Lagrava, M. , Ramirez Guzman, S. and Bryan, R.T.} } @article {10671, title = {{Vibrio cholerae non-O1 isolated from Ayu fish (Plecoglossus altivelis) in Japan}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {58}, year = {1992}, pages = {3078{\textendash}3082}, author = {Kiiyukia, C and Nakajima, A and Nakai, T and Muroga, K and Kawakami, H and Hashimoto, H} } @article {14457, title = {Wastewater reuse in agriculture and the risk of intestinal nematode infection}, journal = {Parasitol Today}, volume = {8}, year = {1992}, month = {jan}, pages = {32{\textendash}5}, abstract = {The increasing use of wastewater for crop irrigation in arid and semi-arid zones means that wastewater parasitology is becoming on important research area. The World Health Organization{\textquoteright}s (WHO) current guideline states that only treated wastewater containing no more than one human intestinal nematode egg per litre should be used for irrigation. This guideline was based on very limited epidemiological evidence. In this article Rachel Ayres, Rebecca Stott, Duncan Mara and Donald Lee describe their recent work in Yorkshire and northeast Brazil and suggest that their results may be the first evidence for relaxing the WHO guideline for restricted irrigation to no more than ten intestinal nematode eggs per litre.}, issn = {0169-4758 (Print) 0169-4758 (Linking)}, doi = {016947589290309P [pii]}, author = {Ayres, R. M. and Stott, R. and Mara, D. D. and Lee, D. L.} } @book {16573, title = {Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture}, series = {{FAO} irrigation and drainage paper}, number = {47}, year = {1992}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, keywords = {Fish ponds Fertilization., Sewage disposal Case studies., Sewage irrigation., Sewage Purification., Sewage sludge as fertilizer.}, isbn = {92-5-103135-5}, author = {Pescod, M. B.} } @book {12081, title = {Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture}, series = {FAO irrigation and drainage paper}, number = {47}, year = {1992}, note = {93194204
by M.B. Pescod.
ill. ; 30 cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-125).}, pages = {xiv, 125 p.}, publisher = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, keywords = {Fish ponds Fertilization., Sewage disposal Case studies., Sewage irrigation., Sewage Purification., Sewage sludge as fertilizer.}, isbn = {9251031355}, author = {Pescod, M. B.} } @article {14239, title = {A waterborne outbreak in {Missouri} of {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7 associated with bloody diarrhea and death.}, journal = {Annals of internal medicine}, volume = {117}, number = {10}, year = {1992}, month = {nov}, pages = {812{\textendash}9}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe and determine the source of a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ECO157) infections in Missouri. DESIGN: A case-control study and a household survey. SETTING: A small city in a rural Missouri township that had an unchlorinated water supply. PATIENTS: Case patients were residents of or visitors to Burdine Township with bloody diarrhea or diarrhea and abdominal cramps occurring between 15 December 1989 and 20 January 1990. MEASUREMENTS: Escherichia coli O157 was isolated from 21 stool specimens. All isolates were resistant to sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and streptomycin; produced Shiga-like toxins I and II; and had one 60-megadalton plasmid. RESULTS: Among the 243 case patients, 86 had bloody stools, 32 were hospitalized, 4 died, and 2 had the hemolytic uremic syndrome. In the case-control study, no food was associated with illness, but ill persons had drunk more municipal water than had controls (P = 0.04). The survey showed that, during the peak of the outbreak, bloody diarrhea was 18.2 times more likely to occur in persons living inside the city and using municipal water than in persons living outside the city and using private well water (P = 0.001). Shortly before the peak of the outbreak, 45 water meters were replaced, and two water mains ruptured. The number of new cases declined rapidly after residents were ordered to boil water and after chlorination of the water supply. CONCLUSIONS: This was the largest outbreak of ECO157 infections, the first due to a multiply resistant organism, and the first shown to be transmitted by water. System-wide chlorination as well as hyperchlorination during repairs might have prevented this outbreak. Both bloody and nonbloody diarrhea may be common manifestations of this infection, which is probably underdiagnosed because of the failure of routine stool cultures to identify the organism. Cities with deteriorating water systems using untreated water risk widespread illness from contaminated drinking water.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Chi-Square Distribution}, issn = {0003-4819}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1416555}, author = {D L Swerdlow and B A Woodruff and R C Brady and P M Griffin and S Tippen and H D Donnell and E Geldreich and B J Payne and A Jr Meyer and J G Wells} } @article {2427, title = {{A waterborne outbreak in Missouri of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with bloody diarrhea and death.}}, journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine}, volume = {117}, number = {10}, year = {1992}, month = {nov}, pages = {812{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To describe and determine the source of a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ECO157) infections in Missouri. DESIGN: A case-control study and a household survey. SETTING: A small city in a rural Missouri township that had an unchlorinated water supply. PATIENTS: Case patients were residents of or visitors to Burdine Township with bloody diarrhea or diarrhea and abdominal cramps occurring between 15 December 1989 and 20 January 1990. MEASUREMENTS: Escherichia coli O157 was isolated from 21 stool specimens. All isolates were resistant to sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and streptomycin; produced Shiga-like toxins I and II; and had one 60-megadalton plasmid. RESULTS: Among the 243 case patients, 86 had bloody stools, 32 were hospitalized, 4 died, and 2 had the hemolytic uremic syndrome. In the case-control study, no food was associated with illness, but ill persons had drunk more municipal water than had controls (P = 0.04). The survey showed that, during the peak of the outbreak, bloody diarrhea was 18.2 times more likely to occur in persons living inside the city and using municipal water than in persons living outside the city and using private well water (P = 0.001). Shortly before the peak of the outbreak, 45 water meters were replaced, and two water mains ruptured. The number of new cases declined rapidly after residents were ordered to boil water and after chlorination of the water supply. CONCLUSIONS: This was the largest outbreak of ECO157 infections, the first due to a multiply resistant organism, and the first shown to be transmitted by water. System-wide chlorination as well as hyperchlorination during repairs might have prevented this outbreak. Both bloody and nonbloody diarrhea may be common manifestations of this infection, which is probably underdiagnosed because of the failure of routine stool cultures to identify the organism. Cities with deteriorating water systems using untreated water risk widespread illness from contaminated drinking water.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Chi-Square Distribution}, issn = {0003-4819}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1416555}, author = {D L Swerdlow and B A Woodruff and R C Brady and P M Griffin and S Tippen and H D Donnell and E Geldreich and B J Payne and A Jr Meyer and J G Wells} } @article {10882, title = {Waterborne transmission of epidemic cholera in Trujillo, Peru: lessons for a continent at risk}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {340}, year = {1992}, pages = {28-32}, author = {Swerdlow, DL and Mintz, ED and Rodirguez, M and Tejada, M and Ocampo, C and Espejo, L and Katherine, D and Saldana, W and Seminario, L and Tauxe, RV} } @article {13149, title = {Aeromonas species in stabilization pond in the arid region of Marrakech (Morocco) and relation to faecal pollution and climatic factors}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {21}, year = {1991}, pages = {11-20}, author = {Boussaid, A. and Baleux, B. and Hassani, L. and Lesne, J.} } @article {13152, title = {Aeromonas trota sp. nov., an ampicillin-susceptible species isolated from clinical specimens}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {29}, year = {1991}, pages = {1206-1210}, author = {Carnahan, A. M. and Chakraborty, T. and Fanning, G. R. and Verma, D. and Ali, A. and Janda, J. M. and Joseph, S. W.} } @article {13153, title = {Aeromonas update: new species and global distribution}, journal = {Experientia.}, volume = {47}, year = {1991}, pages = {402-403}, author = {Carnahan, A. M. and Joseph, S. W.} } @article {13134, title = {Aeromonas-associated gastroenteritis after consumption of contaminated shrimp}, journal = {European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {10}, year = {1991}, pages = {44-45}, author = {Altwegg, M. and Martinetti-Lucchini, G. M. and Luthy-Hottenstein, J. and Rohrbach, M.} } @mastersthesis {6357, title = {Agri-environmental policy in the {U}.{S}. and {EC}: {The} effect of fertilizer policies on production and trade of wheat and corn}, year = {1991}, note = {9201661}, school = {The Ohio State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {For the past 30 years, agricultural policies in the U.S. and in the European Community have generated overproduction and costly budget outlays, resulting in a misallocation of resources. Producers have responded to the policy guarantees by increasing the use of chemical inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides to improve yields. This intensification of agricultural production has caused concern over the last 20 years because of the links of agricultural chemicals to environmental degradation, particularly with respect to the pollution of ground and/or surface water from the leaching and/or runoff of chemical fertilizers. The objectives of this study are to investigate how agri-environmental policies aimed at reducing fertilizer use affect cost of production, marginal costs, supply, welfare, and trade of wheat and corn of some of the major producing countries: the U.S. for wheat and corn, France for wheat and corn, and the U.K. for wheat. Two separate policy instruments are considered, a 100 percent tax on fertilizer, and a 33 percent quantitative restriction on its use. The analytical requirements for this study are two-fold: cost of production estimation, and international trade simulation. First, a method of estimating commodity supply elasticities with respect to fertilizer prices (the tax effect) and quantities of fertilizer used (the restriction effect) from cost estimation is developed. Second, these supply elasticities are used to shock a simulation model under alternative unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral fertilizer policy scenarios. The estimated supply elasticities support the hypothesis that fertilizer policy will adversely affect those producing countries that use the input most intensively. The impacts were larger for France and the U.K. (U.S.) relative to the U.S. (France and the U.K.) for wheat (corn), the more fertilizer using crop in the European countries (U.S.). The simulation exercises indicate that multilateral policy arrangements reduce the adverse effects of agri-environmental policy on country-level production and trade, and welfare to producers. The bilateral policy scenarios suggest that cooperative arrangements between countries within the European Community could prove beneficial when implementing environmental policy, particularly when accompanied by a tariff.}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, 0505:Business costs, Agricultural economics, Business costs, European Community, Social sciences, United States}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303944836?accountid=14270}, author = {Garcia, Roberto Javier} } @article {4731, title = {An alga-like organism associated with an outbreak of prolonged diarrhea among foreigners in Nepal}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {45}, year = {1991}, pages = {383{\textendash}389}, author = {Shlim, DR and Cohen, MT and Eaton, M and Rajah, R and Long, EG and Ungar, BL} } @article {15507, title = {Animal reservoirs of schistosomiasis}, journal = {Parasitic helminths and zoonoses in Africa}, volume = {8}, year = {1991}, note = {B 658}, pages = {224-236}, keywords = {reservoir}, author = {Ouma, J. H. and Fenwick, A.} } @book {3113, title = {Anthelmintics for cats and dogs}, year = {1991}, publisher = {Anpar Books}, organization = {Anpar Books}, address = {Berkhamsted, Herts., England}, author = {Oakley, GA} } @article {17108, title = {Bacteriophages as model viruses in water quality control.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {529{\textendash}545}, author = {Havelaar, AH} } @article {4264, title = {{Bacteriophages as model viruses in water quality controlag}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {25}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, month = {may}, pages = {529{\textendash}545}, abstract = {

The potential of using bacteriophages as models for the fate of viruses in natural waters and water treatment is reviewed with special attention to the somatic coliphages, the F-specific RNA phages and phages of Bacteroides fragilis. Enumeration from highly contaminated samples can be achieved by plaque counts or enrichment methods; for less polluted samples a variety of concentration procedures is available and has been derived mainly from techniques developed for enteroviruses. International standardization of methods is necessary to promote further development of the field. Bacteriophages have promise as process indicators for viruses. F-specific RNA bacteriophages are a more homogeneous group than somatic coliphages and have generally a greater resistance. The value of somatic coliphages is further limited by their ability to multiply in unpolluted waters. Both groups are an index of sewage contamination rather than faecal contamination, hence their ecology is different from human enteric viruses. Phages of Bacteroides fragilis have been reported to occur exclusively in human faeces but little is known about their behaviour in water treatment processes.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Disinfection, Ecology, indicator-index-model organisms, methods, Survival, Viruses, water treatment}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(91)90126-B}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004313549190126B} } @article {10040, title = {Blastocystis hominis {\textendash} past and future}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {61-79}, author = {Zierdt, C.H.} } @article {15495, title = {Cercarial shedding patterns of Schistosoma bovis and S. haematobium from single and mixed infections of Bulinus truncatus}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {65}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, note = {0022-149x
Journal Article}, month = {Mar}, pages = {8-14}, abstract = {

The cercarial shedding of Schistosoma bovis and S. haematobium were studied in single and mixed infections in the snail host Bulinus truncatus. The two species displayed a distinctive diurnal cercarial emergence with an earlier shedding pattern for S. bovis than S. haematobium (the average emergence peaks were respectively at 0800 h and 1200 h). In mixed infections, each species kept its own cercarial shedding rhythm with no marked alterations. The cercarial emergence pattern is proposed as a new method to identify natural mixed infections in the snail intermediate hosts. The interactions between the two parasites are discussed.

}, keywords = {*Disease Vectors, Animal, behaviour, bovis, Bulinus/*parasitology, cercaria, Circadian Rhythm, Host-Parasite Relations, mollusc, Morocco, sardaigne, Schistosoma haematobium/*physiology, Schistosoma/*physiology, Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, author = {Mouahid, A. and Mon{\'e}, H. and Chaib, A. and Th{\'e}ron, A.} } @article {16129, title = {Changes in the surface of Leptospira interrogans serovar Grippotyphosa during in vitro cultivation.}, journal = {Infect. Immun. Infect. Immun.}, volume = {59}, year = {1991}, pages = {1131-1140.}, author = {Haake, D. A. and Walker, E. M. and Blanco, D. R. and Bolin, C. A. and Miller, J. N. and Lovett, M. A.} } @article {16262, title = {Characterization of outer membrane and secreted proteins of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.}, journal = {Microb Pathog.Microb Pathog.}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {311-322.}, author = {Zuerner, R. L. and Knudtson, W. and Bolin, C. A. and Trueba, G.} } @article {10559, title = {{Cholera associated with imported frozen coconut milk-Maryland, 1991}}, journal = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}, volume = {40}, year = {1991}, pages = {844{\textendash}845} } @article {10596, title = {{Commission Decision of 19 March 1991 adopting protective measures against cholera in Peru in respect of imports (91/146/EEC)}}, journal = {Official Journal of the European Communities}, volume = {L 73}, year = {1991}, pages = {35}, author = {EEC} } @article {10939, title = {Community control of {Ascaris} lumbricoides in rural {Oyo} {State}, {Nigeria}: mass, targeted and selective treatment with levamisole}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {103}, number = {2}, year = {1991}, pages = {291{\textendash}298}, abstract = {A study to compare effects of mass, targeted and selective chemotherapy with levamisole (Ketrax) as an action for the control of Ascaris lumbricoides was carried out in three communities in rural Oyo State, Nigeria. Selective treatment was applied in one village by treating the most heavily infected 20\% of the inhabitants, targeted treatment in the second village involved children aged 2{\textendash}15 years, while mass treatment was offered to all inhabitants excluding infants under 1 year and pregnant women in the third village. Recommended doses of levamisole were given in the villages, as described above, at 3-monthly intervals during a period of 1 year. Prevalence and intensity (epg) of A. lumbricoides infection were determined immediately before and 3 months after the period of intervention using a modified Kato-Katz technique. In the selective treatment village, no significant differences were found between the pre- and post-treatment egg counts (mean({\textpm}S.D.) epg 6776{\textpm}10791 versus 4259{\textpm}10909 respectively) of A. lumbricoides in the total population. In the targeted treatment village, significant differences were recorded in pre- and post-treatment egg counts for the total population (9057 {\textpm} 15 797 versus 2579{\textpm}6529) among the children alone (10935{\textpm}20094 versus 992{\textpm}3175) and among the untreated adults (7742{\textpm}9782 versus 4561{\textpm}8798). In the mass treatment village, significant differences in pre- and post-treatment egg count values were also recorded (11 907{\textpm}17220 versus 1489{\textpm}5165). The intensity of Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections among the villagers before and after intervention were not observed to have changed significantly regardless of selective, targeted or mass treatment.}, keywords = {Ascaris lumbricoides, intensity, levamisole, mass, selective, targeted, treatment tactics}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182000059564}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/community-control-of-ascaris-lumbricoides-in-rural-oyo-state-nigeria-mass-targeted-and-selective-treatment-with-levamisole/8846BE474233E2008CE910590881D40C}, author = {Asaolu, S. O. and Holland, C. V. and Crompton, D. W. T.} } @article {15100, title = {Community control of {Ascaris} lumbricoides in rural {Oyo} {State}, {Nigeria}: mass, targeted and selective treatment with levamisole. journal =}, volume = {103}, year = {1991}, pages = {291{\textendash}296}, author = {Asaolu, S. O. and Holland, C. V. and Crompton, D. W. T.} } @mastersthesis {6469, title = {Community financing: the urban health card in {Chiangmai}, {Thailand}}, year = {1991}, note = {U555761}, school = {University of London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Urbanization and health of the urban poor in developing countries is an issue of growing importance. There is little research on the financing of urban health. The health card project, a voluntary community-based prepaid health insurance scheme was implemented for three years in two slums of Chiangmai, Thailand. 723 individuals from 179 households with different types of health insurance were non-proportionately randomly selected in order to examine their socio-economic characteristics, morbidity, consultation patterns, household expenses on health and demand for the health card. {\textless}p{\textgreater} A health interview survey, participatory observation, in-depth interviews and document analysis at the community and health providers were used. {\textless}p{\textgreater} The 20\&\#37 poorest in the slums earned 8\&\#37 and the 20\&\#37 richest earned 38\&\#37 of the total income. Slum dwellers had a lower income, higher morbidity, less consultation with physicians, and spent a higher proportion of household income on health than their counterparts outside slums. {\textless}p{\textgreater} Prevalence of acute and chronic illness in two-week period was 22.6\&\#37 and 25.4\&\#37 respectively. Per capita household expense on health was 21.3 Baht or 3\&\#37 of income in the last two weeks, mainly for chonic illness consultation. For acute illness, self-prescribed drugs and private clinics were commonly used. Insurance coverage did not relieve the household{\textquoteright}s financial burden as patients preferred to use private curative services not covered by the insurance scheme. {\textless}p{\textgreater} Future demand for the health card was governed by past experience and use of the health card. Potential card holders tend to be the ill and users of the card. This {\textquoteleft}selection bias{\textquoteright} decreases the enrolment rate and risk sharing. The scheme is thus financially non-sustainable although the average annual use rate was 1.2-1.5 services per card in three years. Despite this, it is recommended that the scheme continues to be subsidized as an alternative measure until a formal social security scheme is implemented to cover the urban poor engaged in the informal sector. The project{\textquoteright}s strength is in its potential as a community development approach to health.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU555761, 0630:Public policy, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Public policy, Social sciences, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/899770448?accountid=14270}, author = {Tangcharoensathien, V} } @article {17360, title = {Comparison between semisolid Rappaport and modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis media for the isolation of Salmonella spp. from foods and feeds}, journal = {Int J Food MicrobiolInt J Food Microbiol}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, month = {Oct}, pages = {51-7}, keywords = {*Animal Feed, *Food Microbiology, Animals, Cattle, Chickens, Culture Media, Meat, Meat Products, Salmonella/*isolation \& purification, Swine}, isbn = {0168-1605 (Print)
0168-1605 (Linking)}, author = {Perales, I. and Erkiaga, E.} } @article {2709, title = {Comparison of cloth, paper, and warm air drying in eliminating viruses and bacteria from washed hands}, year = {1991}, author = {Ansari, SA and Springthorpe, VS and Sattar, SA} } @article {7748, title = {Comparison of the survival of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in culturable form in surface water}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {37}, number = {7}, year = {1991}, note = {Jul; COMPARISON OF THE SURVIVAL OF CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI AND CAMPYLOBACTER-COLI IN CULTURABLE FORM IN SURFACE-WATER; ISI:A1991FY55500007; ID: 635}, pages = {530-533}, isbn = {0008-4166}, author = {Korhonen,L. K. and Martikainen,P. J.} } @mastersthesis {7293, title = {Cost recovery and local resource mobilization in irrigation systems in {Nepal}: {Three} case studies from the {Rapti} zone}, year = {1991}, note = {9204514}, school = {Syracuse University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This research concerns recurrent cost recovery and local resource mobilization in irrigation systems, emphasizing resource mobilization as a fundamental component of cost recovery. Positive, consistent institutional incentives are essential for cost recovery. Three hypotheses relate effectiveness of cost recovery to: (1) levels of farmer input into system decisions; (2) outside involvement in the system; and (3) reliability of water delivery. An analytic framework incorporating institutional factors and effective rates of taxation is developed and applied to three representative Nepali irrigation systems. Institutional, physical, resource mobilization and farm-budget data were gathered in the field. Detailed data analysis and the effective rate of taxation, defined as: \${\textbackslash}rm {\textbackslash}sp\{VALUE{\textbackslash} OF{\textbackslash} RESOURCES {\textbackslash} MOBILIZED\}{\textbackslash} /{\textbackslash} {\textbackslash}sb\{MARGINAL{\textbackslash} INCOME{\textbackslash} DUE{\textbackslash} TO{\textbackslash} IRRIGATION\}\$ are provided for each system. Further, patterns and clarity of incentives are outlined. The findings lend support to each of the three research hypotheses. First, the more direct control farmers have over their systems, the higher are the levels of resources which they mobilize. Second, indirect outside involvement in systems is associated with higher levels of resource mobilization than is direct outside involvement. Third, reliable water delivery appears to be a necessary condition for effective resource mobilization. These findings have both policy and theoretical implications. Three primary policy implications can be drawn from this research. First, resource mobilization is appropriately considered as a component of cost recovery. Second, in-kind resource mobilization can be analyzed through application of standard principles of tax analysis. Third, five incentives are important factors for effective resource mobilization in irrigation systems: farmers must have some degree of direct decision control within their system; systems must be tailored to meet farmers{\textquoteright} needs; farmers must receive reliable water deliveries; system rules must be clear; and systems must be operated primarily as production inputs rather than as political entities. Three theoretical contributions of the research are: explicit linking of resource mobilization and cost recovery; measurement of an irrigation system effective rate of taxation which incorporates in-kind contributions; and provision of a framework for comprehensive (institutional and fiscal) analysis which can be applied across irrigation systems.}, keywords = {0503:Agricultural economics, 0617:Public administration, Agricultural economics, Public administration, resource mobilization, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303939313?accountid=14270}, author = {Hilton, Rita Marie} } @article {11671, title = {{Current status of Food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Japan}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {22}, number = {Suppl}, year = {1991}, pages = {48{\textendash}53}, author = {Kamiya, M and Ooi, H K} } @article {9875, title = {{A cyst-like stage of Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {21}, year = {1991}, pages = {613{\textendash}615}, author = {Stenzel, DJ and Boreham, PF} } @article {15522, title = {The daily cercarial emission rhythm of Schistosoma margrebowiei with particular reference to dark period stimuli}, journal = {J Helminthol}, volume = {65}, number = {3}, year = {1991}, note = {Journal Article
England}, month = {Sep}, pages = {159-68}, abstract = {The cercariae of Schistosoma margrebowiei showed two peaks of emergence from Bulinus natalensis in a 12 h light/dark cycle. Peak emission occurred at 0700 h (one hour after the onset of light) and at 1900 h (one hour after the onset of darkness). Both peaks were of equal magnitude and were maintained during constant illumination indicating that the rhythm is innate. Delaying or advancing the timing of the dark period did not affect the timing of these two peaks. Following a five minute dark treatment elevation in cercarial output resulted irrespective of when the treatment was applied. Subjecting snails to various intensities of light only resulted in an elevation in output when a sudden change in intensity from 0 to 360 Lux or the reverse was applied. No response was seen to a gradual change in light intensity although the parasite could detect a change in light from 1 to 0 Lux. These responses appear to optimize the chances of host parasite contact.}, keywords = {*Periodicity, Animals, Bulinus/*parasitology, Darkness, Light, Schistosoma/*growth \& development}, isbn = {0022-149X (Print)
0022-149X (Linking)}, author = {Raymond, K. and Probert, A. J.} } @article {7127, title = {Decentralizing water supply services in developing countries: factors affecting the success of community management}, journal = {Public administration and development}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {415{\textendash}430}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pad.4230110502/full}, author = {Rondinelli, Dennis A.} } @article {4071, title = {Determining Giardiasis prevalence by examination of sewage}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {24}, year = {1991}, pages = {173{\textendash}178}, author = {Jakubowski, W and Sykora, JL and Sorber, CA and Casson, LW and Gavaghan, PD} } @article {15350, title = {Diagnosis of human schistosomiasis by detection of circulating cathodic antigen with a monoclonal antibody}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {164}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, note = {Barsoum, I S
Kamal, K A
Bassily, S
Deelder, A M
Colley, D G
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
1991/11/01
J Infect Dis. 1991 Nov;164(5):1010-3.}, month = {Nov}, pages = {1010-3}, abstract = {Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 5H11 reacted with repeating epitopes on Schistosoma mansoni circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) and detected CCA in sera of Egyptian S. mansoni-infected patients. MAb 5H11 was both capture and biotinylated detection antibody in a sandwich ELISA of trichloroacetic acid-pretreated serum samples. Sera of patients with 7-500 eggs/g of stool were positive by MAb 5H11-CCA sandwich ELISA. Stool egg counts and CCA serum levels correlated (r = .52), and CCA levels decreased by 4 weeks after praziquantel treatment in patients with pretreatment egg counts of greater than or equal to 50/g of stool (P less than .05). Sera of Schistosoma haematobium-infected patients, uninfected individuals, and most patients with other helminths were negative in this assay. The MAb 5H11-CCA sandwich ELISA appears sensitive and specific for immunodetection of active schistosomiasis mansoni and useful for monitoring its chemotherapy.}, keywords = {*Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology, Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Antibody Specificity, Antigens, Helminth/*blood/immunology, Child, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Feces/parasitology, Glycoproteins/*blood, Helminth Proteins/*blood, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parasite Egg Count, Praziquantel/therapeutic use, Schistosoma mansoni/*immunology/isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*diagnosis/drug therapy}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print)
0022-1899 (Linking)}, author = {Barsoum, I. S. and Kamal, K. A. and Bassily, S. and Deelder, A. M. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {11811, title = {{Difilobotriasis en salm{\'o}nidos introducidos en lagos del sur de Chile. Aspectos patol{\'o}gicos, relaci{\'o}n con infecci{\'o}n humana, animales dom{\'e}sticos y aves piscivoras}}, journal = {Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria}, volume = {23}, year = {1991}, pages = {165{\textendash}183}, author = {Torres, P and Cubillos, V and Gesche, W and Rebolledo, C and Montefusco, A and Miranda, J C and Arenas, J and Mira, A and Nilo, M and Abello, C} } @article {11768, title = {{Diphyllobohtirum sp. infections in freshwater reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)}}, journal = {Aquaculture}, volume = {95}, year = {1991}, pages = {7{\textendash}14}, author = {Rodger, HD} } @article {11588, title = {{Diphyllobothriasis: fish tapeworm disease in the curcumpolar north}}, journal = {Arctic medical research}, volume = {50}, year = {1991}, pages = {18{\textendash}25}, author = {Curtis, M A and Bylund, G} } @article {13855, title = {Direct {Polymerase} {Chain}-{Reaction} {Test} for {Detection} of {Helicobacter}-{Pylori} in {Humans} and {Animals}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {29}, number = {11}, year = {1991}, pages = {2543{\textendash}2549}, abstract = {We designed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplifying the Helicobacter pylori gene encoding 16S rRNA. Primers for the specific detection of H. pylori were designed for areas of the 16S rRNA gene in which there is the least sequence homology between H. pylori and its closest relatives. The specificity of detection was confirmed by ensuring that the primers did not amplify DNA extracts from the campylobacters H. cinaedi, H. mustelae, and Wolinella succinogenes, which are the closest relatives of H. pylori, as determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Serial dilution experiments revealed the detection of as little as 0.1 pg of DNA by PCR and 0.01 pg by nested PCR. H. pylori DNA was detected successfully in clinical paraffin-embedded and fresh gastric biopsy specimens from patients positive for the bacterium and also in fecal suspensions seeded with the organism. The DNA from the nonculturable coccoid form of H. pylori was also identified by the primers. Universal primers designed for highly conserved areas on the 16S rRNA gene enabled large amplification products to be produced for direct sequencing analysis. Gastric bacteria resembling H. pylori have been isolated from animals. DNA of these animal gastric bacteria amplified with H. pylori-specific primers yielded PCR products identical to those from human isolates of H. pylori, as confirmed by the use of a 20-base radiolabelled probe complementary to an internal sequence flanked by the H. pylori-specific primers. The results of PCR amplification and partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis strongly support the contention that the gastric organisms previously recovered from a pig, a baboon, and rhesus monkeys are H. pylori.}, keywords = {amplification, campylobacter-pylori, DNA-sequences, gastric-mucosa, Genes, genus campylobacter, IDENTIFICATION, ribosomal-rna, spiral bacterium, Tissue}, url = {\textlessGo to ISI\textgreater://A1991GK77700032}, author = {Ho, S A and Hoyle, J A and F A Lewis and Secker, A D and Cross, D and Mapstone, N P and Dixon, M F and Wyatt, J I and Tompkins, D S and Taylor, G R and Quirke, P} } @article {8227, title = {{Direct Polymerase Chain-Reaction Test for Detection of Helicobacter-Pylori in Humans and Animals}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {29}, number = {11}, year = {1991}, pages = {2543{\textendash}2549}, abstract = {We designed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplifying the Helicobacter pylori gene encoding 16S rRNA. Primers for the specific detection of H. pylori were designed for areas of the 16S rRNA gene in which there is the least sequence homology between H. pylori and its closest relatives. The specificity of detection was confirmed by ensuring that the primers did not amplify DNA extracts from the campylobacters H. cinaedi, H. mustelae, and Wolinella succinogenes, which are the closest relatives of H. pylori, as determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Serial dilution experiments revealed the detection of as little as 0.1 pg of DNA by PCR and 0.01 pg by nested PCR. H. pylori DNA was detected successfully in clinical paraffin-embedded and fresh gastric biopsy specimens from patients positive for the bacterium and also in fecal suspensions seeded with the organism. The DNA from the nonculturable coccoid form of H. pylori was also identified by the primers. Universal primers designed for highly conserved areas on the 16S rRNA gene enabled large amplification products to be produced for direct sequencing analysis. Gastric bacteria resembling H. pylori have been isolated from animals. DNA of these animal gastric bacteria amplified with H. pylori-specific primers yielded PCR products identical to those from human isolates of H. pylori, as confirmed by the use of a 20-base radiolabelled probe complementary to an internal sequence flanked by the H. pylori-specific primers. The results of PCR amplification and partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis strongly support the contention that the gastric organisms previously recovered from a pig, a baboon, and rhesus monkeys are H. pylori.}, keywords = {amplification, campylobacter-pylori, DNA-sequences, gastric-mucosa, Genes, genus campylobacter, IDENTIFICATION, ribosomal-rna, spiral bacterium, Tissue}, isbn = {0095-1137}, url = {{\textless}Go to ISI{\textgreater}://A1991GK77700032}, author = {Ho, S A and Hoyle, J A and F A Lewis and Secker, A D and Cross, D and Mapstone, N P and Dixon, M F and Wyatt, J I and Tompkins, D S and Taylor, G R and Quirke, P} } @book {13707, title = {Distomatosis hepatica en el Peru}, series = {Epidemiologia y control 2da edicion}, year = {1991}, publisher = {Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima}, organization = {Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima}, author = {Leguia, G} } @article {13230, title = {Distribution and survival of motile Aeromonas spp. in brackish water receiving sewage treatment effluent}, journal = {Applied Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {57}, year = {1991}, pages = {2459-2467}, author = {Monfort, P. and Baleux, B.} } @article {10323, title = {Distribution of Giardia cysts in wastewater}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, year = {1991}, pages = {187{\textendash}192}, author = {Sykora, Jan L and Sorber, Charles A and Jakubowski, Walter and Casson, Leonard W and Gavaghan, Patrick D and Shapiro, Maurice A and Schott, M James} } @article {1715, title = {Effect of relative humidity and air temperature on survival of hepatitis A virus on environmental surfaces}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {57}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, note = {Mbithi, J N Springthorpe, V S Sattar, S A Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United states Applied and environmental microbiology Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991 May;57(5):1394-9.}, pages = {1394-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Stainless steel disks (diameter, 1 cm) were contaminated with fecally suspended hepatitis A virus (HAV; strain HM-175) and held at low (25\% +/- 5\%), medium (55\% +/- 5\%), high (80\% +/- 5\%), or ultrahigh (95\% +/- 5\%) relative humidity (RH) at an air temperature of 5,20, or 35 degrees C. HAV survival was inversely proportional to the level of RH and temperature, and the half-lives of the virus ranged from greater than 7 days at the low RH and 5 degrees C to about 2 h at the ultrahigh RH and 35 degrees C. In parallel tests with fecally suspended Sabin poliovirus (PV) type 1 at the low and ultrahigh RH, all PV activity was lost within 4 h at the low RH whereas at the ultrahigh RH it remained detectable up to 12 h. HAV could therefore survive much better than PV on nonporous environmental surfaces. Moreover, the ability of HAV to survive better at low levels of RH is in direct contrast to the behavior of other enteroviruses. These findings should help in understanding the genesis of HAV outbreaks more clearly and in designing better measures for their control and prevention.

}, keywords = {Disease Outbreaks *Environmental Microbiology Hepatitis A/prevention \& control Hepatovirus/*growth \& development Hot Temperature *Humidity Poliovirus/growth \& development Stainless Steel Surface Properties *Temperature}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1649579}, author = {Mbithi, J. N. and Springthorpe, V. S. and Sattar, S. A.} } @article {16056, title = {Effect of vaccination with a monovalent Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis vaccine on type hardjo-bovis infection of cattle.}, journal = {Am J Vet Res.Am J Vet Res.}, volume = {52}, number = {10}, year = {1991}, pages = {1639-1643.}, author = {Bolin, C. A. and Cassells, J. A. and Zuerner, R. L. and Trueba, G.} } @article {16664, title = {Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health organization}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {609}, author = {Esrey, Steven A and Potash, James B and Roberts, Leslie and Shiff, Clive} } @article {12779, title = {{Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {609{\textendash}621}, author = {Esrey, J and Potash, JB and Roberts, L and Shiff, C} } @article {12918, title = {Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {609}, author = {Esrey, Steven A and Potash, James B and Roberts, Leslie and Shiff, Clive} } @article {13602, title = {Enquete sur la Distomatose a Fasciola hepatica en Corse}, journal = {Medit Med Marseille}, volume = {403}, year = {1991}, pages = {21-25}, author = {Gil-Benito, A. and Ciolkovitch, A. and Mas-Coma, S. and Quilici, M.} } @article {10768, title = {{Environmental spread of Vibrio cholerae in Peru}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {338}, year = {1991}, pages = {1216{\textendash}1217}, author = {Tamplin, ML and Parodi, CC} } @article {11341, title = {Epidemiologic study and control of Taenia solium infections with praziquantel in a rural village of Mexico}, journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {522-531}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Camacho, SPD and Ruiz, AC and Peraza, VS and Ramos, MLZ and Medina, MF and Lozano, R and Willms, K} } @article {17316, title = {Epidemiology of Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves: persistence of salmonellae on calf units}, journal = {Veterinary RecordVeterinary Record}, volume = {29}, number = {21}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {461-462}, isbn = {0042-4900}, author = {McLaren, I. M. and Wray, C.} } @article {4229, title = {{Evaluation of an Escherichia coli host strain for enumeration of F male-specific bacteriophages.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {57}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, month = {may}, pages = {1301{\textendash}5}, abstract = {

A method was developed for the selective enumeration of F male-specific bacteriophages in samples of environmental waters. The host strain for the phages, Escherichia coli HS(pFamp)R, has three antibiotic resistance markers, ampicillin on the Famp plasmid, which codes for pilus production, and streptomycin and nalidixic acid on the chromosome. The strain is resistant to coliphages T2 to T7 and phi X174. More than 95{\%} of the phages from environmental samples which plaqued on the host strain were F male specific. The host bacterium had a higher plaquing efficiency than E. coli K-12 Hfr for F-specific phages in stock suspensions and sewage effluents. The F male-specific phage levels in prechlorinated, secondary-treated sewage effluents generally were about 10(3) to 10(4) PFU/100 ml. The levels in the influents to the sewage treatment plants and in septic tank contents were about 10(5) PFU/100 ml. RNA-containing phages composed about 90{\%} of the total F-specific phage population in sewage effluents.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophage phi X 174, Bacteriophage phi X 174: genetics, Bacteriophage phi X 174: growth {\&} development, Bacteriophage phi X 174: isolation {\&} purification, Coliphages, Coliphages: genetics, Coliphages: growth {\&} development, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Colony Count, Drug Resistance, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: genetics, F Factor, Microbial, Sewage, Species Specificity, T-Phages, T-Phages: genetics, T-Phages: growth {\&} development, T-Phages: isolation {\&} purification, Viral Plaque Assay, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=182946{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Debartolomeis, J and Cabelli, V J} } @article {15336, title = {Evidence for the segregation of a major gene in human susceptibility/resistance to infection by Schistosoma mansoni}, journal = {American Journal of Human Genetics}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United states}, month = {May}, pages = {959-70}, abstract = {

Severe clinical disease caused by the major human parasite Schistosoma mansoni is the consequence of high and prolonged infections. Epidemiological studies indicate that, for individuals having frequent contacts with cercaria-infested waters, both infection intensities and reinfection after treatment depend, in large part, on their intrinsic susceptibility/resistance to infection, suggesting the role of genetic factors in human resistance to S. mansoni. To investigate whether a major gene controls human susceptibility/resistance to infection by S. mansoni, segregation analysis of infection intensities, adjusted for the factors relevant in schistosomiasis (water contact, age, sex), was performed on 20 Brazilian pedigrees (269 individuals), using both the unified mixed model and the regressive model of analysis. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a codominant major gene controlling human susceptibility/resistance to infection by S. mansoni. Parameter estimates indicate a frequency of .20-.25 for the deleterious allele; thus, about 5\% of the population is predisposed to high infections, 60\% is resistant, and 35\% has an intermediate, although fairly good, level of resistance. These findings provide a genetic basis for earlier observations on the lower resistance and the predisposition to reinfection of certain individuals. In addition to the detection of a major gene effect, the data suggest that immunity to S. mansoni develops progressively during childhood to reach a maximum around the age of puberty. The implications of these results for the strategy to be used in endemic areas to reduce morbidity and to control parasite transmission are discussed.

}, keywords = {Age Factors, Brazil, Genes, Dominant/*genetics, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Parasite Egg Count, Pedigree, Phenotype, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*genetics/transmission, Sex Factors}, isbn = {0002-9297 (Print)
0002-9297 (Linking)}, author = {Abel, L. and Demenais, F. and Prata, A. and Souza, A. E. and Dessein, A.} } @article {2615, title = {A family outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by group C rotavirus}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, year = {1991}, publisher = {springer}, abstract = {A family outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by group C rotavirus is described. All five members of the family, with children between 8 and 15 years of age, fell ill with diarrhea. The diagnosis was initially based on the detection of rotavirus {RNA} showing a typical group C profile in gel electrophoresis in stool samples, and it was serologically verified from patient sera using a cell culture adapted porcine group C rotavirus as a source of standard antigen. All collected serum samples from the family contained {IgM} and/or {IgG} class antibodies to group C rotavirus measurable by immunofluorescence antibody test {(IFAT).} Group C rotavirus specific {IgM} class antibodies were present in the early serum samples in 3/4 patients. A roller tube neutralization test {(NT)} was established to demonstrate neutralizing antibodies to porcine group C rotavirus in human sera. These methods can be used to detect serologically group C rotavirus infections.}, doi = {10.1007/BF01309808}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01309808}, author = {L. Maunula and L. Svensson and C. -H. v. Bonsdorff} } @article {6104, title = {Fate of viruses in treated sewage effluent during soil aquifer treatment designed for wastewater reclamation and reuse}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {24}, number = {9}, year = {1991}, pages = {95{\textendash}102}, author = {Gerba, Charles P and Powelson, David K and Yahya, Moyasar T and Wilson, Lorne G and Amy, Gary L} } @mastersthesis {6372, title = {Financial dimensions of local lake management: {A} case study of the {Yahara} watershed lakes}, year = {1991}, note = {9209250}, school = {The University of Wisconsin - Madison}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This dissertation is designed to evaluate the policy of using the general property tax to finance water resource management programs. As an application of the benefits principle of taxation, the property tax is a valid option for financing water resource management when the management program leads to an increase in property values. Within this context, the underlying assumption of the public policy and the basis of the research hypothesis is that there is a positive relationship between lake amenities and property values. The major objectives of the research are to develop a methodology to test the validity of the property tax and special assessment as financing options for local lake management, to identify the properties benefiting from lake resources, and to measure the proportion of property value attributed to lake resources. Using the Yahara watershed as a case study, and limiting the scope of analysis to all owner-occupied single family housing units that were sold between 1987 and 1989 and that were located within the Greater Madison Metropolitan Area, two hedonic models were developed to achieve the above objectives. A general interpretation of the research findings shows evidence of strong positive association between Lake amenities and housing values. When measuring the effects of lake amenities on housing values, the following results are found for non-lakefront housing units: 0.3\% of the total price of each house located between 100 and 200 feet from the lake is attributed to lake resources; the percentage is 0.2\% for houses located between 200 and 300 feet; and 0.1\% for houses located between 400 and 1200 feet from the lake. To translate these percentages into dollar amounts, for three \$100,000 houses located within each of these locations the values added to these houses are {\textbackslash}\$300, \$200, and {\textbackslash}\$100 respectively. Based on the distance variable, the value added to lakefront houses is 0.5\% of the total value of the house. However, based on the lakefront footage of the house, the house value increases by \$6,566 as its lakefront footage increases by one percent.}, keywords = {0366:Geography, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Area planning \& development, Geography, Property values, Social sciences, Urban planning, Wisconsin}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303928128?accountid=14270}, author = {Tealeb, Hamdy Ahmed} } @book {13603, title = {Focos de transmision de Fasciola hepatica en Corcega: distintos tipos y sus relaciones con la Fascioliasis humana durante el periodo 1984-1990}, year = {1991}, note = {p. 314}, publisher = {Parasitologia en el Sur-Oeste de Europa , Aguilar S.L., Valencia}, organization = {Parasitologia en el Sur-Oeste de Europa , Aguilar S.L., Valencia}, author = {Gil-Benito, A. and Mas-Coma, S. and Quilici, M. and Ciolkovitch, A.}, editor = {Mas-Coma S et al.} } @article {9383, title = {{Fulminant amebic colitis}}, journal = {World Journal of Surgery}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, year = {1991}, pages = {216{\textendash}221}, author = {Aristizabal, H and Acevedo, J and Botero, M} } @article {15788, title = {Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in filtered drinking water supplies}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {57}, number = {9}, year = {1991}, month = {Sep}, pages = {2617-21}, edition = {1991/09/01}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, *Water Supply, Animals, Cryptosporidium/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Disinfection/*instrumentation/standards, Filtration, Giardia/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Giardiasis/parasitology/prevention \& control, Nephelometry and Turbidimetry, Particle Size}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {LeChevallier, M. W. and Norton, W. D. and Lee, R. G.} } @article {15511, title = {Granulomatous hypersensitivity to Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens in human schistosomiasis. II. In vitro granuloma modulation induced by polyclonal idiotypic antibodies}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {147}, number = {11}, year = {1991}, note = {Parra, J C
Gazzinelli, G
Goes, A M
Moyes, R B
Rocha, R
Colley, D G
Doughty, B L
eng
AI21776/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
Baltimore, Md. : 1950
1991/12/01
J Immunol. 1991 Dec 1;147(11):3949-54.}, month = {Dec 1}, pages = {3949-54}, abstract = {We have previously reported on Id/anti-Id-receptor interactions in clinical human schistosomiasis. These findings support a hypothesis that anti-SEA cross-reactive Id develop in some patients during the course of a chronic infection and participate in regulation of anti-SEA cellular immune responses. We report here on experiments that extend those observations to the regulation of granulomatous hypersensitivity measured by an in vitro granuloma model. T cells from chronic intestinal schistosomiasis patients were stimulated in vitro with anti-SEA Id and assayed in an autologous in vitro granuloma assay for modulation of granuloma formation. These anti-SEA Id-reactive T cells were capable of regulating autologous in vitro granuloma formation. Both CD4 and CD8 T cells could be activated to regulate granuloma formation. This regulatory activity, initiated with stimulatory anti-SEA idiotypic antibodies, was antigenically specific and was dependent on the presence of intact F(ab{\textquoteright})2 Ig molecules. The ability to elicit this regulatory activity appears to be dose dependent and is more easily demonstrated in chronically infected intestinal patients or SEA-sensitized individuals. These data support the hypothesis that anti-SEA cross-reactive Id are important in regulating granulomatous hypersensitivity in chronic intestinal schistosomiasis patients and these cross-reactive Id appear to play a major role in cell-cell interactions that result in the regulation of anti-SEA cellular immune responses.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/*immunology, Antibodies, Helminth/immunology, Antigenic Modulation, Antigens, Helminth/*immunology, Granuloma/immunology, Humans, Hypersensitivity/*immunology, Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology, In Vitro Techniques, Lymphocyte Activation, Ovum, Schistosoma mansoni/*immunology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology, T-Lymphocytes/immunology}, isbn = {0022-1767 (Print)
0022-1767 (Linking)}, author = {Parra, J. C. and Gazzinelli, G. and Goes, A. M. and Moyes, R. B. and Rocha, R. and Colley, D. G. and Doughty, B. L.} } @booklet {1882, title = {Guidance Manual For Compliance With The Filtration And Disinfection Requirements For Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources}, year = {1991}, publisher = {USEPA https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CB0QFjAAahUKEwiAs6GR74nHAhXFa9sKHbKOD1Y\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwater.epa.gov\%2Flawsregs\%2Frulesregs\%2Fsdwa\%2Fswtr\%2Fupload\%2Fguidsws.pdf\&ei=t8W9VcD7EsXX7Qaynb6wBQ\&usg=AFQjCNEPDFchrAjUD}, type = {Electronic Article} } @article {10757, title = {{Health guidelines and standards for wastewater reuse in agriculture: historical perspectives}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {23}, year = {1991}, pages = {2073{\textendash}2080}, author = {Shuval, H} } @article {7282, title = {Health services reform in {Poland}: issues in recent developments}, journal = {Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, month = {jun}, pages = {11{\textendash}24}, abstract = {After ten years of debate and discussion, the political situation within Poland finally allows the possibility to implement basic reforms in the health care system. Parallel development of the political and technical aspects of the reform has now lead to a final proposal for fundamental reforms in health system responsibility, financing and management. This article describes the current conceptual developments and the political and social context for these final reform proposals at the time of their submission to the government. The primary changes suggested are aimed at increasing the awareness of local, regional and national administrations, health care professionals and the general public that health care has a cost, and that resources must be used carefully if they are to cover health needs. In addition, {\textquoteright}health care{\textquoteright} as a term must be extended to include factors and activities besides direct medical services. Such factors as air and water quality, diet, smoking and alcohol consumptions are examples of matters which will also be included in the focus of health system planners. A key element of the organisational reforms is decentralisation of responsibility for health care planning and administration within the framework of nationally set standards and priorities. Based on local decisions, the current basic organisation unit of health care delivery, the ZOZ or integrated health care units, will be redefined and either decomposed into their component services or receive newly defined responsibilities more adapted to the local realities of available manpower and medical facilities. In addition, the development of a private health care sector complementing and even competing with the public services sector will be actively encouraged.}, keywords = {Government, Health, Health Planning, Health Policy, Health Services Administration, Insurance, Models, National Health Programs, Planning Techniques, Poland, Theoretical}, issn = {0168-8510}, author = {Wlodarczyk, W. C. and Mierzewski, P.} } @article {16592, title = {Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in {Belgium}}, journal = {Vet Parasitol}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, month = {jan}, pages = {67{\textendash}73}, abstract = {This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2\% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4\%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1\%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4\%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0\%) and cestodes (2.1\%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2\% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9\%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9\% were infected with T. canis and 33.7\% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1\%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3\% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60\%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6\%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20\%) and coccidia (30\%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52\%). Toxoplasma was not observed.}, keywords = {*Helminthiasis, *Protozoan Infections, Animal, Animals, Belgium/epidemiology, Cat Diseases/*epidemiology, Cats, Dog Diseases/*epidemiology, Dogs, Feces/parasitology, Helminthiasis/epidemiology, prevalence, Protozoan Infections/epidemiology}, issn = {0304-4017 (Print) 0304-4017 (Linking)}, author = {Vanparijs, O. and Hermans, L. and van der Flaes, L.} } @article {12100, title = {Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, note = {Vanparijs, O
Hermans, L
van der Flaes, L
eng
Comparative Study
Netherlands
1991/01/01
Vet Parasitol. 1991 Jan;38(1):67-73.}, month = {Jan}, pages = {67-73}, abstract = {This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2\% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4\%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1\%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4\%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0\%) and cestodes (2.1\%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2\% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9\%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9\% were infected with T. canis and 33.7\% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1\%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3\% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60\%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6\%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20\%) and coccidia (30\%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52\%). Toxoplasma was not observed.}, keywords = {*Helminthiasis, Animal, *Protozoan Infections, Animal, Animals, Belgium/epidemiology, Cat Diseases/*epidemiology, Cats, Dog Diseases/*epidemiology, Dogs, Feces/parasitology, Helminthiasis/epidemiology, prevalence, Protozoan Infections/epidemiology}, isbn = {0304-4017 (Print)
0304-4017 (Linking)}, author = {Vanparijs, O. and Hermans, L. and van der Flaes, L.} } @article {6009, title = {{Hepatitis E virus (HEV): molecular cloning and sequencing of the full-length viral genome}}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {185}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {120{\textendash}131}, author = {Tam, AW and Smith, MM} } @article {15426, title = {Highly repeated short DNA sequences in the genome of Schistosoma mansoni recognized by a species-specific probe}, journal = {Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Netherlands}, month = {Jan}, pages = {73-80}, abstract = {

A cloned 0.64-kb DNA sequence of Schistosoma mansoni contains 121-bp tandem repeats and comprises at least 12\% of the schistosomal genome of both sexes. It exhibits a high degree of species specificity upon hybridization with Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma magrebowiei DNA, and could detect with high sensitivity schistosomal DNA sequences in infected snails.

}, keywords = {*DNA Probes, *Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Animals, Base Sequence, Cloning, Molecular, DNA/*analysis, Female, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Schistosoma mansoni/*genetics/isolation \& purification, Snails/parasitology, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0166-6851 (Print)
0166-6851 (Linking)}, author = {Hamburger, J. and Turetski, T. and Kapeller, I. and Deresiewicz, R.} } @article {12925, title = {Houseflies (Musca domestica) as mechanical vectors of shigellosis}, journal = {Reviews of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {688{\textendash}696}, publisher = {The University of Chicago Press}, author = {Levine, Orin S and Levine, Myron M} } @article {16671, title = {Houseflies ({Musca} domestica) as mechanical vectors of shigellosis}, journal = {Reviews of infectious diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {688{\textendash}696}, author = {Levine, Orin S and Levine, Myron M} } @book {11255, title = {{An Illustrated Book Of Helminthic Zoonoses}}, year = {1991}, pages = {494}, publisher = {International Medical Foundation of Japan}, organization = {International Medical Foundation of Japan}, edition = {1}, author = {Miyazaki, I} } @article {12738, title = {{An Illustrated Book of Helminthic Zoonoses}}, journal = {International Medical Foundation of Japan}, year = {1991}, pages = {76{\textendash}146}, author = {Miyazaki, I} } @proceedings {13376, title = {In Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli in a distribution system biofilm model}, journal = {Proceedings of the UK Symposium on Health-Related Water Microbiology}, year = {1991}, pages = {131-138}, publisher = {International Association Water Pollution Research Control}, address = {London }, author = {Mackerness, C.W. and Colbourne, J.S. and Keevil, C.W.} } @book {10937, title = {Infectious {Diseases} of {Humans}: {Dynamics} and {Control}}, series = {Dynamics and {Control}}, year = {1991}, publisher = {OUP Oxford}, organization = {OUP Oxford}, isbn = {978-0-19-854040-3}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=HT0{\textendash}xXBguQC}, author = {Anderson, R.M. and May, R.M.} } @book {15096, title = {Infectious diseases of humans: {Dynamics} and control}, year = {1991}, publisher = {Oxford Scientific Publications}, organization = {Oxford Scientific Publications}, author = {Anderson, R. M. and May, R. M.} } @article {15484, title = {Influence of non-target molluscs on the growth of Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni: correlation between growth and cercarial production}, journal = {Journal of Molluscan Studies}, volume = {57}, year = {1991}, pages = {1-10}, author = {Mon{\'e}, H.} } @article {5110, title = {{Intestinal fluke infections in Southeast Asia}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {22}, year = {1991}, pages = {158{\textendash}162}, author = {Waikagul, J} } @article {3904, title = {Isolation, characterization, and serial propagation of a bovine group {C} rotavirus in a monkey kidney cell line ({MA}104).}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Virology}, volume = {29}, number = {11}, year = {1991}, pages = {2609{\textendash}2613}, author = {Tsunemitsu, H and Saif, LJ and Jiang, BM and Shimizu, M and Hiro, M and Yamaguchi, H and Ishiyama, T and Hirai, T} } @article {17391, title = {Kinetics of Death of Salmonellae during Thermal Liquid Manure Disinfection}, journal = {Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin Reihe B-Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public HealthJournal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin Reihe B-Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public H}, volume = {38}, number = {8}, year = {1991}, month = {Oct}, pages = {561-574}, isbn = {0931-1793}, author = {Soldierer, W. and Strauch, D.} } @mastersthesis {6219, title = {The logistics of the {Roman} army in the {Jewish} {War}}, year = {1991}, note = {9209887}, school = {Columbia University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In the Jewish War (66-74 A.D.), the Romans foraged for fodder, firewood and water, but used supply lines to provide grain and other foodstuffs. A series of bases, connected by supply lines, were used to provision armies in the field. Chapter One surveys 1st century Palestine. Certain regions, e.g. Galilee, could theoretically support the army by foraging{\textendash}other areas, e.g. Idumaea, could not. Fluctuations in crop yield made it undesirable to utilize local resources. Chapter Two discusses the Roman army{\textquoteright}s organization. Two types of legion were utilized in the war, a 60-century and a 59-century legion, and they were smaller than is generally thought. Milliary auxiliary units were employed. Allied forces were generally organized along Roman lines. Chapter Three covers the military diet and the feeding of animals. Grain and other items were issued in regular rations. Grazing provided significant amounts of animals{\textquoteright} needs, thus not all fodder need be brought with the army. Chapter Four analyzes the collection system of the Roman army. Provisions were collected through taxes, compulsory purchase and requisition. There was an important distinction between collecting grain (frumentatio) done infrequently, and the daily collection of fodder (pabulatio), firewood (lignatio), and water (aquatio). Foraging is not always militarily desirable, even if theoretically possible. Chapter Five examines the distribution of provisions. Supplies were collected in operational bases, then moved to the army over supply lines, utilizing depots. Tactical bases supported the army in the field. Campaign logistics were administered on an ad hoc basis, but a permanent military accounting office probably existed. Chapter Six discusses transportation. Movement of supplies by sea was desirable, but the Roman{\textquoteright}s ability to move supplies by land has been underestimated. The factors limiting supply lines were more administrative and economic than technological. Chapter Seven explores the Jewish War. The affects of logistics on strategy are discussed, e.g. Cestius Gallus{\textquoteright} retreat in 66 and the anomalous "winter quartering" of Vespasian in July 68. Many Roman military decisions were determined by the need to secure supply lines to support the siege of Jerusalem.}, keywords = {0579:Ancient civilizations, Ancient civilizations, army, military history, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303940230?accountid=14270}, author = {Roth, Jonathan} } @article {5217, title = {{Microbiological performance of multi-stage stabilization ponds for effluent use in agriculture}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {23}, number = {7-9}, year = {1991}, pages = {1517{\textendash}1524}, keywords = {2.5 removal, Wastewater treatment}, author = {Saqqar, M M and Pescod, M B} } @article {16703, title = {Modeling the risk from {Giardia} and viruses in drinking water}, journal = {Journal American Water Works Association}, volume = {83}, number = {11}, year = {1991}, pages = {76{\textendash}84}, author = {Regli, S. and Rose, J. B. and Haas, C. N. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {1784, title = {Modeling the risk from Giardia and viruses in drinking water}, journal = {J.mAmerican Water Works Association}, volume = {83}, year = {1991}, pages = {76-84}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Regli, S. and Rose, J. B. and Haas, C. N. and Gerba, C. P.} } @book {2881, title = {Modelling the environmental fate of microorganisms.}, year = {1991}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, organization = {American Society for Microbiology}, author = {Hurst, Christon J and others} } @article {4792, title = {{Morphological and staining characteristics of a Cyanobacterium-like organism associated with diarrhea}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {164}, year = {1991}, pages = {199{\textendash}202}, author = {Long, EG and White, EH and Carmichael, WW and Quinlisk, PM and Raja, R and Swisher, BL and Daugharty, H and Cohen, MT} } @mastersthesis {6910, title = {Non conventional sewerage in developing countries}, year = {1991}, note = {U032673}, school = {Loughborough University (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdM.{Phil}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis reports the findings of a search of the literature on non conventional sewerage (NCS) systems in developing countries. The thesis also contains information obtained by personal communication with people and institutions having first hand experience of such systems. The opening chapter surveys the range of sanitation systems that have been implemented in low income urban areas in developing countries. It summarizes the problems associated with them, paying particular attention to those reported in connection with so-called {\textquoteleft}conventional{\textquoteright} sewerage schemes. The various sewerage systems put forward in the literature as being unconventional are introduced. It is noted that many of them have yet to be implemented. In the second chapter the technical design of NCS systems is examined in relation to the range of design values and practices used in conventional sewerage schemes. This leads to four broad conclusions. Firstly, the primary objective of nearly all NCS design has been the reduction of costs. Secondly, NCS systems may be divided into two categories according to whether or not they incorporate interceptor tanks designed to prevent the bulk of the solids contained in excreta and sullage from entering the sewer lines. Thirdly, both NCS and conventional systems have been designed according to a wide range of specifications, although the latter appear never to have been interceptor tanks. Fourthly, there is a substantial amount of common ground between NCS and conventional design practice, and in particular between NCS designs without interceptor tanks and conventional sewerage. The third chapter reports the social, institutional and financial aspects of NCS projects, although considerably less information was found on these matters compared with that available on technical design. A shared feature of many systems is the emphasis on the importance of achieving a high level of community involvement in one or more of the four stages of project planning, building, maintenance and financing. The penultimate chapter focuses on NCS costs and on how successful implemented NCS systems have been. Success is defined in terms of:- how widely they have been utilized;- how well they have functioned; and- their health and other impacts. For many systems, the available information is inadequate, particularly in relation to functioning and impact. The only places where NCS appears to have been at all widely utilized are Orangi Town, a large squatter settlement near Karachi in Pakistan, and the States of Rio Grande do Norte and Sao Paulo in Brazil. The final chapter contains conclusions about NCS design and about the relative success and failure achieved by the different NCS systems. Suggestions for further research are made in the light of the information gaps and the varied design, implementation and operating practices revealed during the course of the study.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU032673, 0554:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Civil engineering, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301458344?accountid=14270}, author = {Vines, M} } @mastersthesis {7119, title = {The nutritional impact of an integrated rural development project in {Haiti}: {A} quasi-experimental study}, year = {1991}, note = {9113322}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A study of the impact of a community-based primary health care intervention on mothers{\textquoteright} health and nutrition knowledge, child feeding practices and nutritional status of children was integrated into an ongoing rural development project in Haiti. The importance of participation in project activities on the impact of the intervention was also investigated. The study used a quasi-experimental design. Baseline data were collected in 1985 in 21 "intervention" localities and 21 "control" localities. The survey was repeated three years later. Analyses were done on households present at both surveys (281 and 287). Comparability of the two groups at the outset of the study was assessed and differences adjusted for in subsequent analyses. Weight gain, height gain and weight-for-height gain of children aged 3 to 36 months old at the baseline survey were used as anthropometric indicators. Mothers{\textquoteright} health and nutrition knowledge was determined from composite scores covering 10 topics. Score on child feeding practices was calculated using the Guttman scaling procedure. Results showed that the intervention had a highly significant effect on mothers{\textquoteright} health and nutrition knowledge in the intervention group when compared to the control group. The most important predictor of mothers{\textquoteright} knowledge was the attendance at monthly health education meetings. Use of a latrine was also a significant predictor. This was explained by the effective health education component of that program. Child feeding practices also improved significantly in the project area. Predictors of that outcome were education of parents and health and nutrition knowledge of mothers. A less significant effect of the intervention was observed on the nutritional status of children. Differences were observed between the weight gain and the weight-for-height gain of the two groups at a significance level of p \${\textless}\$.20. Significant predictors of child growth were: socioeconomic status for the three growth indicators; use of a more potable source of water for height gain; and participation in peasant organizations for weight gain and weight-for-height gain. Participation in peasant organization activities was a significant factor on the impact of the intervention on child weight-for-height gain. Use of a latrine had a significant effect on child weight gain and mothers{\textquoteright} health knowledge. Attendance at health education meetings was the most significant factor mediating the effect of the intervention on child height gain, child feeding practices and health and nutrition knowledge of mothers.}, keywords = {0570:Nutrition, 0573:Public health, child feeding practices, Health and environmental sciences, Nutrition, Public health}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303956742?accountid=14270}, author = {Pellerin, Agathe} } @article {9837, title = {{Occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in pigs}}, journal = {Folia Parasitologica}, volume = {38}, year = {1991}, pages = {297{\textendash}301}, author = {Pakandl, M} } @article {7337, title = {Occurrence of {Giardia} and {Cryptosporidium} spp. in surface water supplies.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {57}, number = {9}, year = {1991}, pages = {2610{\textendash}2616}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/57/9/2610.short}, author = {LeChevallier, Mark W. and Norton, William D. and Lee, Ramon G.} } @article {17387, title = {Oral immunisation against typhoid fever in Indonesia with Ty21a vaccine}, journal = {LancetLancet}, volume = {338}, number = {8774}, year = {1991}, month = {Oct 26}, pages = {1055-9}, edition = {1991/10/26}, keywords = {*Age Factors, *Bacterial And Fungal Diseases--prevention and control, *Clinical Research, *Control Groups, *Double-blind Studies, *Evaluation, *Immunity, *Immunization, *Incidence, *Vaccination, *Vaccination--side effects, *Vaccines--administraction and dosage, Administration, Oral, Adolescent, Adult, Asia, Biology, Child, Child, Preschool, Delivery of Health Care, Demographic Factors, Developing Countries, Diseases, Double-Blind Method, Follow-Up Studies, Health, Health Services, Humans, Indonesia, infections, Measurement, physiology, Population, Population Characteristics, primary health care, Research Methodology, Salmonella typhi/*immunology, Southeastern Asia, Studies, Tablets, Enteric-Coated, Typhoid Fever/immunology/*prevention \& control/transmission, Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/*administration \& dosage/immunology, Vaccines, Attenuated/administration \& dosage/immunology}, isbn = {0140-6736 (Print)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Simanjuntak, C. H. and Paleologo, F. P. and Punjabi, N. H. and Darmowigoto, R. and Soeprawoto, and Totosudirjo, H. and Haryanto, P. and Suprijanto, E. and Witham, N. D. and Hoffman, S. L.} } @article {2015, title = {Par{\'a}sitos intestinales del tepezcuinte, Agouti paca (Rodentia: Dasyproctidae) en Costa Rica}, journal = {Revista de Biolog{\'\i}a Tropical}, volume = {39}, year = {1991}, pages = {173-176}, author = {Matamoros, Y. and Velazquez, J. and Pashov, B.} } @article {11633, title = {{Parasitoses intestinales chez les habitants d{\textasciiacute}un archipel Equatorien}}, journal = {Bulletin of the Scandinavian Society for Parasitology}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, year = {1991}, pages = {219{\textendash}223}, author = {Gallegos, R and Brousselle, C} } @article {14574, title = {Poliomyelitis in {Oman}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {338}, year = {1991}, month = {nov}, pages = {1330{\textendash}1}, keywords = {Child, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Infant, Newborn, Oman/epidemiology, Oral/administration \& dosage, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Poliovirus Vaccine, Population Density, Preschool, Urban Health}, issn = {0140-6736 (Print) 0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Eggers, H. J. and Weyer, J.} } @article {14927, title = {Poliomyelitis in {Oman}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {338}, year = {1991}, month = {nov}, pages = {1330{\textendash}1}, keywords = {Child, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Infant, Newborn, Oman/epidemiology, Oral/administration \& dosage, Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Poliovirus Vaccine, Population Density, Preschool, Urban Health}, issn = {0140-6736 (Print) 0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Eggers, H. J. and Weyer, J.} } @mastersthesis {6452, title = {Prediction of nearshore currents using a second-order turbulence model}, year = {1991}, note = {9208548}, school = {University of Michigan}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A second order turbulent closure method is implemented in the development of a two-dimensional nearshore coastal hydrodynamic model. The model predicts the mean surface elevation and the vertical profiles of the horizontal currents and turbulent stresses along a cross-shore transect of a gently sloping beach with parallel bottom contours. Known inputs to the model include wind speed and direction, air-sea temperature difference, longshore surface slope, wave field and mean water level at an initial cross-shore position, bottom roughness, and bottom topography. Since we allow vertical shearing and employ a predictive turbulence model, bottom drag and eddy viscosity coefficients, although ubiquitous in the literature, are not needed in our formulation. Scaling arguments and commonly accepted assumptions yield a two point boundary value problem in the vertical coordinate; cross-shore variations enter parametrically through the boundary conditions and through the mean cross-shore surface slope. Standard linear wave techniques are used for simplicity in this initial effort. The response of the horizontal currents to a typical local storm condition as well as to various parameter settings is qualitatively discussed and a comparison of selected laboratory and field observations is given. The longshore current is predicted to be substantially depth independent apart from sharp gradients near the boundaries. Under the conditions tested and observations examined, wind and longshore pressure gradients are shown to provide nonnegligible effects in forcing longshore currents. When wind forcing dominates, the longshore profiles resemble turbulent Couette flow. As wave forcing increases, they are more akin to Poiseuille flow profiles. Satisfactory agreement with observations is found. The cross-shore current varies dramatically in the vertical, particularly in areas of substantial wave breaking. In the most seaward regions of our study, the wind can provide nonnegligible forcing in the cross-shore direction; nevertheless, this effect is smaller than in the longshore direction. The qualitative features of the vertical distribution inside and outside the surf zone are predicted; however, the numerical agreement with observations is less satisfactory than in the longshore direction. An inadequate description of the wave forcing near the surface is believed to be the cause.}, keywords = {0415:Oceanography, 0548:Mechanical engineering, Applied sciences, Earth sciences, Mechanical engineering, Oceanography, Turbulence}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303944428?accountid=14270}, author = {Gwinn, Allan William} } @article {3869, title = {Prevention of surface-to-human transmission of rotaviruses by treatment with disinfectant spray}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {29}, number = {9}, year = {1991}, pages = {1991{\textendash}1996}, author = {Ward, RL and Bernstein, DI and Knowlton, DR and Sherwood, JR and Young, EC and Cusack, TM and Rubino, JR and Schiff, GM} } @article {9362, title = {{Protection of gerbils from amebic liver abscess by immunization with the galactose-specific adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica}}, journal = {Infect Immun}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {97{\textendash}101}, author = {Petri, WA Jr and Ravdin, JI} } @article {16064, title = {Protein and antigen profiles of prevalent serovars of Leptospira interrogans.}, journal = {Infect Immun.Infect Immun.}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {1772-1777.}, author = {Brown, J. A. and LeFebvre, R. B. and Pan, M. J.} } @article {6236, title = {A randomized trial to evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal disease due to consumption of drinking water meeting current microbiological standards.}, journal = {American journal of public health}, volume = {81}, number = {6}, year = {1991}, pages = {703{\textendash}708}, url = {http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.81.6.703}, author = {Payment, Pierre and Richardson, Lesley and Siemiatycki, Jack and Dewar, Ron and Edwardes, Michael and Franco, Eduardo} } @article {1512, title = {Reduction of transmission of shigellosis by control of houseflies (Musca domestica)}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {337}, number = {8748}, year = {1991}, note = {Cohen, D Green, M Block, C Slepon, R Ambar, R Wasserman, S S Levine, M M eng Clinical Trial Controlled Clinical Trial Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. ENGLAND 1991/04/27 Lancet. 1991 Apr 27;337(8748):993-7.}, pages = {993-7}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The effect of control of houseflies on the incidence of diarrhoea and shigellosis was evaluated in a prospective crossover intervention study at two military field bases several kilometers apart. In early summer, 1988, intensive fly control measures (mainly bait and trap strategy) were introduced on one base, while the other served as a control. After 11 weeks, as new cohorts arrived, the intervention was abruptly discontinued in the first base and instituted in the second for the next 11 weeks. The study was repeated the next summer. Overall, fly counts were 64\% lower on the bases exposed to fly control measures (p = 0.024). Concomitantly, clinic visits dropped by 42\% (p = 0.146) for diarrhoeal diseases and by 85\% for shigellosis (p = 0.015), as did rates of seroconversion, by 76\% (p = 0.024) for antibodies to Shigella and by 57\% (p = 0.006) for antibodies to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The findings indicate that houseflies, acting as mechanical vectors, transmit Shigella (and possibly enterotoxigenic E coli) diarrhoeal infections.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Animals Cohort Studies Disease Reservoirs Dysentery, Bacillary/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention \& control/transmission *Environmental Microbiology Feces/microbiology Houseflies/*microbiology Humans Incidence Insect Control Insect Vectors/microbiology Israel/epidemiology Male Prospective Studies Seroepid}, issn = {0140-6736 (Print) 0140-6736 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1673210}, author = {Cohen, D. and Green, M. and Block, C. and Slepon, R. and Ambar, R. and Wasserman, S. S. and Levine, M. M.} } @article {14537, title = {Reduction of transmission of shigellosis by control of houseflies ({Musca} domestica)}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {337}, year = {1991}, month = {apr}, pages = {993{\textendash}7}, abstract = {The effect of control of houseflies on the incidence of diarrhoea and shigellosis was evaluated in a prospective crossover intervention study at two military field bases several kilometers apart. In early summer, 1988, intensive fly control measures (mainly bait and trap strategy) were introduced on one base, while the other served as a control. After 11 weeks, as new cohorts arrived, the intervention was abruptly discontinued in the first base and instituted in the second for the next 11 weeks. The study was repeated the next summer. Overall, fly counts were 64\% lower on the bases exposed to fly control measures (p = 0.024). Concomitantly, clinic visits dropped by 42\% (p = 0.146) for diarrhoeal diseases and by 85\% for shigellosis (p = 0.015), as did rates of seroconversion, by 76\% (p = 0.024) for antibodies to Shigella and by 57\% (p = 0.006) for antibodies to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The findings indicate that houseflies, acting as mechanical vectors, transmit Shigella (and possibly enterotoxigenic E coli) diarrhoeal infections.}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Bacillary/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention \& control/transmission, Cohort Studies, Disease Reservoirs, Dysentery, Feces/microbiology, Houseflies/*microbiology, Humans, Incidence, Insect Control, Insect Vectors/microbiology, Israel/epidemiology, Male, Prospective Studies, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Shigella/immunology/*isolation \& purification, Toilet Facilities}, issn = {0140-6736 (Print) 0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Cohen, D. and Green, M. and Block, C. and Slepon, R. and Ambar, R. and Wasserman, S. S. and Levine, M. M.} } @article {14906, title = {Reduction of transmission of shigellosis by control of houseflies ({Musca} domestica)}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {337}, year = {1991}, month = {apr}, pages = {993{\textendash}7}, abstract = {The effect of control of houseflies on the incidence of diarrhoea and shigellosis was evaluated in a prospective crossover intervention study at two military field bases several kilometers apart. In early summer, 1988, intensive fly control measures (mainly bait and trap strategy) were introduced on one base, while the other served as a control. After 11 weeks, as new cohorts arrived, the intervention was abruptly discontinued in the first base and instituted in the second for the next 11 weeks. The study was repeated the next summer. Overall, fly counts were 64\% lower on the bases exposed to fly control measures (p = 0.024). Concomitantly, clinic visits dropped by 42\% (p = 0.146) for diarrhoeal diseases and by 85\% for shigellosis (p = 0.015), as did rates of seroconversion, by 76\% (p = 0.024) for antibodies to Shigella and by 57\% (p = 0.006) for antibodies to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The findings indicate that houseflies, acting as mechanical vectors, transmit Shigella (and possibly enterotoxigenic E coli) diarrhoeal infections.}, keywords = {*Environmental Microbiology, Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Bacillary/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention \& control/transmission, Cohort Studies, Disease Reservoirs, Dysentery, Feces/microbiology, Houseflies/*microbiology, Humans, Incidence, Insect Control, Insect Vectors/microbiology, Israel/epidemiology, Male, Prospective Studies, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Shigella/immunology/*isolation \& purification, Toilet Facilities}, issn = {0140-6736 (Print) 0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Cohen, D. and Green, M. and Block, C. and Slepon, R. and Ambar, R. and Wasserman, S. S. and Levine, M. M.} } @booklet {10480, title = {{Regulations Concerning the Sanitary Quality of Drinking Water}}, year = {1991} } @article {5783, title = {{Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov.}}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {88{\textendash}103}, author = {Vandamme, P and Falsen, E and Rossau, R and Hoste, B and Segers, P and Tytgat, R and De Ley, J} } @article {14300, title = {Revision of {Campylobacter}, {Helicobacter}, and {Wolinella} taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of {Arcobacter} gen. nov.}, journal = {International journal of systematic bacteriology}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, month = {jan}, pages = {88{\textendash}103}, author = {Vandamme, P and Falsen, E and Rossau, R and Hoste, B and Segers, P and Tytgat, R and De Ley, J} } @article {13648, title = {Risk assessment and control of waterborne giardiasis}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {81}, year = {1991}, pages = {709-713}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Rose, J. B. and Haas, C. N. and Regli, S.} } @mastersthesis {6333, title = {Rural-urban migration and the urban public economy in a developing country}, year = {1991}, note = {9104370}, school = {Boston University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The most widely debated thesis concerning urban growth in the Third World is that of "over-urbanization". The thesis asserts that urbanization in most developing countries is demographic and not economic, being characterized by excessive rural-urban migration. It uses macro-theoretic models and ignores the role of regional factors specific to rural and urban economies. This dissertation argues that the empirical and theoretical foundations of the hypothesis are weak. Urbanization and migration problems ought to be approached regionally for two reasons. First, inter-regional migration patterns are extremely heterogeneous. Second, migration is complex, involving movements between origins and destinations in the presence of attractions and obstacles. Using a regional approach, this research emphasizes the importance of urban public economies in rural-urban migration. I show that in a regional framework, "over-migration" depends upon the returns to scale in urban and rural private production, returns to sharing in urban public good provision, and urban agglomeration economies and congestion diseconomies. Migration is likely to create positive and negative externalities for the urban public economy and is likely to affect public good supply by municipal governments. When municipalities are considered as economic agents, they may react to over-migration, causing it to disappear in the long run. The findings in this research have important policy implications for developing countries. Policies suggested by past research, namely, wage subsidies to urban private producers to encourage employment creation; liberally expanding employment in urban public projects; and stopping migration from rural areas may not only be unwarranted, but also costly. We stress the role of "agglomeration-augmenting" and "congestion-managing" policies and development of key public infrastructure such as water, sewer, electricity, and transportation networks in selected urban areas so as make them prospective centers of rural-to-urban as well as urban-to-urban migration. The methods for financing local public goods constitute important elements in such policies. Taxation on fixed property is shown to create larger municipal budget deficits compared to per capita or head taxes. Urbanization contributes to economic development in countries like India. The pessimistic conclusions by the over-urbanization theorists, for example, migration from rural areas in LDCs should be stopped or controlled do not have a sound empirical or theoretical basis.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0508:Finance, 0511:Economic theory, Economic theory, economics, Finance, public economy, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303973791?accountid=14270}, author = {Mohanty, Prasanna Kumar} } @article {17399, title = {Salmonella: A Postmodern Pathogen}, journal = {Journal of Food ProtectiJournal of Food Protecti}, volume = {54}, number = {7}, year = {1991}, pages = {563-568}, chapter = {563}, author = {Robert V Tauxe} } @article {3038, title = {Serological ({Em}2-{ELISA}) and parasitological examinations of fox populations for {Echinococcus} multilocularis infections}, journal = {Zentralblatt F{\"u}r Veterin{\"a}rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, year = {1991}, month = {may}, pages = {161{\textendash}168}, abstract = {Serum or body fluid samples of 1,006 foxes were investigated in an ELISA for antibodies against a highly sensitive and specific antigen (Em2-antigen) of Echinococcus multilocularis. Parasitological examinations of the intestines and simultaneous serological examinations were carried out in 505 foxes: A group of 98 blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) from Norwegian fox farms did not contain intestinal stages of E. multilocularis and was clearly sero-negative in Em2-ELISA. On the other hand in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) originating from European areas known to be endemic for E. multilocularis the following average prevalence rates were found: 244 foxes from Southern Germany, E. multilocularis prevalence 55\% and sero-prevalence 60\%; 139 foxes from Austria, E. multilocularis prevalence 4\% and sero-prevalence 12\%. Serological identification of individual foxes with or without intestinal E. multilocularis infection was not possible. Only serological (no parasitological) examination in 402 foxes originating from endemic areas in Switzerland resulted in a sero-prevalence rate of 37\%. Sero-prevalence was only 6\% and 4\% in 54 and 26 other foxes, respectively, originating from Swiss and German areas where E. multilocularis has not yet been reported. Negative control Norwegian (farmed) silver foxes (n = 43) were all sero-negative. The specificity of the Em2-ELISA was confirmed by negative Em2-serologies with sera from dogs infected with intestinal and tissue dwelling helminth species (with the exception of two from 24 dogs infected with E. granulosus).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Foxes, Helminth, Predictive Value of Tests}, issn = {0514-7166}, author = {Gottstein, B. and Deplazes, P. and Eckert, J. and M{\"u}ller, B. and Schott, E. and Helle, O. and Boujon, P. and Wolff, K. and Wandeler, A. and Schwiete, U.} } @article {8259, title = {{Seroprevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in couples.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, year = {1991}, month = {mar}, pages = {642{\textendash}644}, abstract = {

We investigated the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in 277 couples attending an infertility clinic. In total, 96 (17.3{\%}) of the 554 persons were positive; in only 18 (6.6{\%}) of the couples were both persons seropositive. Age was an important predictor for H. pylori infection. For 177 couples, information regarding birthplace, duration of cohabitation, history of ulcer or gastritis, and use of antacid or bismuth compounds was available. None of these variables correlated with H. pylori infection except place of birth; 69.1{\%} of 55 persons born outside the United States were seropositive compared with 8.7{\%} of persons born within the United States (P less than 0.0001). Being a partner of an H. pylori-infected person increased the risk of being infected; however, by multiple logistic regression analysis this effect was entirely explained by age and national origin. These data suggest that in young sexually active adults, person-to-person transmission of H. pylori does not occur or at most occurs infrequently.

}, keywords = {persona-persona en adultos muy infrequente}, url = {http://jcm.asm.org/content/29/3/642.short}, author = {Perez-Perez, G I and Witkin, S S and Decker, M D and Blaser, M J} } @article {13887, title = {Seroprevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in couples.}, journal = {J. Clin. Microbiol.}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, year = {1991}, month = {mar}, pages = {642{\textendash}644}, abstract = {We investigated the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in 277 couples attending an infertility clinic. In total, 96 (17.3\%) of the 554 persons were positive; in only 18 (6.6\%) of the couples were both persons seropositive. Age was an important predictor for H. pylori infection. For 177 couples, information regarding birthplace, duration of cohabitation, history of ulcer or gastritis, and use of antacid or bismuth compounds was available. None of these variables correlated with H. pylori infection except place of birth; 69.1\% of 55 persons born outside the United States were seropositive compared with 8.7\% of persons born within the United States (P less than 0.0001). Being a partner of an H. pylori-infected person increased the risk of being infected; however, by multiple logistic regression analysis this effect was entirely explained by age and national origin. These data suggest that in young sexually active adults, person-to-person transmission of H. pylori does not occur or at most occurs infrequently.}, keywords = {persona-persona en adultos muy infrequente}, url = {http://jcm.asm.org/content/29/3/642.short}, author = {Perez-Perez, G I and Witkin, S S and Decker, M D and Blaser, M J} } @article {13852, title = {Shuttle cloning and nucleotide sequences of {Helicobacter} pylori genes responsible for urease activity}, journal = {Journal of Bacteriology}, volume = {173}, number = {6}, year = {1991}, pages = {1920{\textendash}1931}, abstract = {Production of a potent urease has been described as a trait common to all Helicobacter pylori so far isolated from humans with gastritis as well as peptic ulceration. The detection of urease activity from genes cloned from H. pylori was made possible by use of a shuttle cosmid vector, allowing replication and movement of cloned DNA sequences in either Escherichia coli or Campylobacter jejuni. With this approach, we cloned a 44-kb portion of H. pylori chromosomal DNA which did not lead to urease activity when introduced into E. coli but permitted, although temporarily, biosynthesis of the urease when transferred by conjugation to C. jejuni. The recombinant cosmid (pILL585) expressing the urease phenotype was mapped and used to subclone an 8.1-kb fragment (pILL590) able to confer the same property to C. jejuni recipient strains. By a series of deletions and subclonings, the urease genes were localized to a 4.2-kb region of DNA and were sequenced by the dideoxy method. Four open reading frames were found, encoding polypeptides with predicted molecular weights of 26,500 (ureA), 61,600 (ureB), 49,200 (ureC), and 15,000 (ureD). The predicted UreA and UreB polypeptides correspond to the two structural subunits of the urease enzyme; they exhibit a high degree of homology with the three structural subunits of Proteus mirabilis (56\% exact matches) as well as with the unique structural subunit of jack bean urease (55.5\% exact matches). Although the UreD-predicted polypeptide has domains relevant to transmembrane proteins, no precise role could be attributed to this polypeptide or to the UreC polypeptide, which both mapped to a DNA sequence shown to be required to confer urease activity to a C. jejuni recipient strain.}, issn = {00219193}, author = {Labigne, A. and Cussac, V. and Courcoux, P.} } @article {8224, title = {{Shuttle cloning and nucleotide sequences of Helicobacter pylori genes responsible for urease activity}}, journal = {Journal of Bacteriology}, volume = {173}, number = {6}, year = {1991}, pages = {1920{\textendash}1931}, abstract = {Production of a potent urease has been described as a trait common to all Helicobacter pylori so far isolated from humans with gastritis as well as peptic ulceration. The detection of urease activity from genes cloned from H. pylori was made possible by use of a shuttle cosmid vector, allowing replication and movement of cloned DNA sequences in either Escherichia coli or Campylobacter jejuni. With this approach, we cloned a 44-kb portion of H. pylori chromosomal DNA which did not lead to urease activity when introduced into E. coli but permitted, although temporarily, biosynthesis of the urease when transferred by conjugation to C. jejuni. The recombinant cosmid (pILL585) expressing the urease phenotype was mapped and used to subclone an 8.1-kb fragment (pILL590) able to confer the same property to C. jejuni recipient strains. By a series of deletions and subclonings, the urease genes were localized to a 4.2-kb region of DNA and were sequenced by the dideoxy method. Four open reading frames were found, encoding polypeptides with predicted molecular weights of 26,500 (ureA), 61,600 (ureB), 49,200 (ureC), and 15,000 (ureD). The predicted UreA and UreB polypeptides correspond to the two structural subunits of the urease enzyme; they exhibit a high degree of homology with the three structural subunits of Proteus mirabilis (56{\%} exact matches) as well as with the unique structural subunit of jack bean urease (55.5{\%} exact matches). Although the UreD-predicted polypeptide has domains relevant to transmembrane proteins, no precise role could be attributed to this polypeptide or to the UreC polypeptide, which both mapped to a DNA sequence shown to be required to confer urease activity to a C. jejuni recipient strain.}, isbn = {0021-9193 (Print)$\backslash$r0021-9193}, issn = {00219193}, author = {Labigne, A. and Cussac, V. and Courcoux, P.} } @article {4227, title = {{Significance of several bacteriophage groups as indicators of sewage pollution in marine waters}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {25}, number = {6}, year = {1991}, month = {jun}, pages = {673{\textendash}678}, abstract = {Seawater samples collected from two beaches with different levels of pollution were studied for the presence of classically and newly proposed faecal indicators such as, total and faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, coliphages, F-specific phages and bacteriophages of Bacteroides fragilis. Total and faecal coliforms showed lower survival rates in seawater than faecal streptococci, F-specific bacteriophages and coliphages. On the other hand, total coliform concentrations were only higher than those of faecal coliforms in heavily polluted seawater, although in samples with a low level of pollution, faecal streptococci and Escherichia coli C phage counts were generally greater than those showed by faecal coliforms. The low concentration in which F-specific and B. fragilis bacteriophages were detected in marine waters compared to the E. coli bacteriophage levels, is an important shortcoming for the general use of the former microorganisms as universal indicators of faecal pollution. From the results obtained in this study, it may be concluded that faecal streptococci and E. coli C bacteriophages are the most appropriate indicators of the remote pollution in marine waters.}, keywords = {Bacteroides fragilis phages, Coliphages, F-specific bacteriophages, faecal and sewage pollution, indicator microorganisms}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(91)90042-O}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004313549190042O}, author = {Cornax, Roberto and Mori{\~n}igo, Miguel A. and Balebona, M.Carmen and Castro, Dolores and Borrego, Juan J.} } @mastersthesis {6937, title = {Solute transport across surfactant-laden interfaces: {Development} of a novel interferometric technique for measuring interfacial resistance}, year = {1991}, note = {0570427}, school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A novel technique was developed for the investigation of liquid-liquid interfacial transport in the absence of confounding bulk phase hydrodynamic effects. A unique diffusion cell was developed which permitted the introduction of a step change in concentration without disturbing the interface. The sensitivity of the technique was greatly improved by the use of photolithography techniques to selectively alter the wetting properties of the glass faces of the diffusion cell, eliminating the blind zone produced by the meniscus at the interface. In addition, the application of recently-developed video analysis techniques improved the precision with which the data could be analyzed. Our experimental investigation indicated that the resistance to mass transfer across an AOT-laden interface between water and heptane was dependent on the monolayer pressure, even when the monolayer coverage remained constant. This result could be explained in terms of the effect of monolayer pressure on the energetics of solute adsorption at the interface by using a thermodynamic model for adsorption kinetics. In studies of the transport of solute across an SDS-laden interface surface tension-driven convection occurred in systems containing no added salt. In contrast, when the aqueous phase contained 0.1M NaCl, no convection was observed. It appeared that the convection was related to the compressibility of the interface, although additional studies will be required to confirm that hypothesis. When the rate of solute transport across a C\${\textbackslash}sb\{12\}\$E\${\textbackslash}sb5\$-laden interface was measured, the observed resistance was essentially the same as that across a clean interface. A method of predicting trends in reversed micellar solubilization rates was developed by combining a linear stability analysis of the interface between a bulk aqueous phase and a reversed micellar phase with a scaling analysis of the reversed micellar solubilization process. Preliminary experiments on the rate of solubilization by reversed micellar phases indicated that, because of the complexity of the reversed micellar system, the interferometric technique was not adequate for determining interfacial transport rates. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.) (Abstract shortened with permission of school.)}, keywords = {0542:Chemical engineering, Applied sciences, Chemical engineering}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/304033610?accountid=14270}, author = {Aunins, Anne Hammons} } @article {7837, title = {A Study of Campylobacter in Sewage, Sewage Sludge and in River Water}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, year = {1991}, month = {07/01}, pages = {117}, abstract = {

This study is aimed at determining the occurrence of campylobacters in waste water, sewage sludge and in a river system. The selective medium for the isolation of campylobacter consists of blood agar supplemented with the antibiotics vancomycin (10 \Â\µg/ml), cephalexin (15 \Â\µg/ml), trimethoprim (5 \Â\µg/ml), polymycin B (2.5 \Â\µg/ml) and rifampicin (5 \Â\µg/ml). Raw sewage samples contained about 103 Campylobacter/100 ml while the effluent showed an average concentration of 1.3 \Ã\— 102/100 ml. Raw sewage from an oxidation pond treatment plant contained an average of 51 Campylobacter/100 ml while none were found in the effluent. No Campylobacter could be found in digested, conditioned sludge. The organism could be detected in 82.1\% of river waters examined with the majority showing \<10/100 ml. The presence of waterfowl and the faecal contamination from a poultry farm resulted in higher Campylobacter levels. About 50 \% of the isolates typed as C. coli were really confirmed as C. jejuni by electrophoretic pattern (whole cell protein profiles).

}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/24/2/117.abstract}, author = {Stelzer, W and Jacob, J} } @article {16704, title = {Survey of potable water supplies for {Cryptosporidium} and {Giardia}}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {25}, year = {1991}, pages = {1393{\textendash}1400}, author = {Rose, J. B. and Gerba, C. P. and Jakubowski, W.} } @article {3602, title = {Survival and vehicular spread of human rotaviruses: possible relation to seasonality of outbreaks.}, journal = {Review of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {1991}, pages = {448 {\textendash} 461}, author = {Ansari, SA and Springthorpe, VS and Sattar, SA} } @article {11017, title = {Survival of pathogenic micro-organisms and parasites in excreta, manure and sewage sludge}, journal = {Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {1991}, note = {DOI: 10.20506/rst.10.3.565}, month = {oct}, pages = {813{\textendash}846}, abstract = {The causative agents of many infectious diseases are excreted by the faecal route and also with other excretions or secretions of the body. Some pathogens are also excreted from clinically healthy animals, from those with latent infections and in cases of transmissible multifactorial diseases. In all types of livestock housing, the pathogens finally reach the floor with the installations for collecting manure as a solid or liquid. Under these conditions livestock owners do not realise that manure may contain pathogens, and therefore do not take precautions against possible spread of diseases by utilisation of manure. The pathogens do not survive very long in stored farmyard manure because of the temperatures and biological and biochemical activities prevailing in the middens. But the conditions in slurry are different because the temperature does not rise and biochemical activity is low. Therefore the pathogens survive for rather long periods in slurry. To avoid disease transfer by utilisation of manure and slurry as fertilisers, certain precautions are necessary and these are described in detail. The agricultural utilisation of municipal sewage sludge is common in many countries. However, these sludges contain pathogens which are excreted by the human population served by the sewers and sewage treatment plants. In the sewage purification processes most of the pathogens are reduced in number but not completely eliminated. They are enriched by sedimentation processes in the sewage sludge. To protect the livestock of farms utilising sewage sludge as fertiliser or for amending soils it is necessary to sanitise hygienically dubious sludges prior to their use. The epidemiological aspects of agricultural sludge utilisation are discussed and details of the available sanitation technologies are given.}, author = {Strauch, D} } @article {15940, title = {Threshold of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human stool specimens: evidence for low sensitivity of current diagnostic methods}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {29}, number = {7}, year = {1991}, month = {Jul}, pages = {1323-7}, edition = {1991/07/01}, keywords = {Animals, Cryptosporidiosis/*diagnosis/parasitology, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Feces/*parasitology, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Humans, Parasite Egg Count/*methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Staining and Labeling}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print)
0095-1137}, author = {Weber, R. and Bryan, R. T. and Bishop, H. S. and Wahlquist, S. P. and Sullivan, J. J. and Juranek, D. D.} } @mastersthesis {7190, title = {Town and gown, analysis of relationships: {Black} {Hills} {State} {University} and {Spearfish}, {South} {Dakota}, 1883 to 1991}, year = {1991}, note = {9126266}, school = {Iowa State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The primary purpose of this investigation is to develop a system of analysis to examine the relationship between an institution of higher education and the community in which it resides. A second purpose is to demonstrate the utility of the system by conducting a case study of the relationship between Black Hills State University (BHSU) and Spearfish, SD. The system of analysis includes: (a) five elements of interaction (i.e., event, purpose(s), participants, outcome(s), and interaction type(s); (b) five corresponding questions; (c) two constructed types from the literature; and (d) categorical and supplemental analyses. A list of BHSU and Spearfish events was compiled. A citizens{\textquoteright} panel, nominated to select events for study, chose six categories of events: (a) Institutional Survival, (b) Interaction with the Public Schools, (c) Growth and Expansion, (d) Education and Culture for Community, (e) Water, and (f) Economic Impact. Data were collected using multiple methods. Major findings: (a) The system of analysis produced findings consistent with the theoretical foundations. (b) Case study findings indicate that BHSU and Spearfish have a symbiotic relationship as they tend to cooperate for mutual benefit or exchange benefits. Purposes for interaction relate to primary functions (i.e., BHSU: teaching, service; Spearfish: education, finance, public works). Major participants in events for BHSU were the president and board; faculty and students were less evident. Community participants were selective in involvement. The major Spearfish groups are: (a) public school personnel, (b) mayor/council, (c) chamber/business, (d) general citizens, (e) influentials; the latter were most frequently involved. A general pattern of interaction was revealed and also patterns for each category. The findings demonstrate that the system of analysis may have utility as a research tool for the study of other town-gown relationships. The findings may be useful to BHSU and Spearfish in future interactions.}, keywords = {0340:Educational sociology, 0520:Education history, Education, Education history, Educational sociology}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303928374?accountid=14270}, author = {White, Suzanne Wrightfield} } @article {11068, title = {Treatment of 119 cases with biliary ascariasis with decoction of Artemisia capillariens and Coptis chinensis}, journal = {Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine}, volume = {22}, year = {1991}, pages = {9{\textendash}10}, author = {Li, D. and Sun, L. and Wu, D. and Jand, S.} } @article {6317, title = {Upper respiratory tract infections in young children: duration of and frequency of complications}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {87}, number = {2}, year = {1991}, pages = {129{\textendash}133}, url = {http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/87/2/129.short}, author = {Wald, Ellen R. and Guerra, Nancy and Byers, Carol} } @mastersthesis {6976, title = {Urban services in the {National} {Cities} of {India}: organization, financing, planning and delivery}, year = {1991}, note = {U040937}, school = {University of Sheffield (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The research presented in this dissertation was undertaken to explain why the National Cities of India (Delhi, Calcutta, Madras and Bombay) are deficient in providing urban services and what can be done to improve service delivery. The focus of the research was upon the organizational, financial, planning and management aspects of service delivery, rather than upon the technical and technological aspects, such as forecasting, service standards and infrastructure design. Three urban services, electricity, environmental sanitation and roads, are examined through case studies. Six main factors which contribute to service deficiencies are explored: (i) the historical processes of urbanization; (ii) the historical patterns of urban growth; (iii) the historical organization of urban government for service delivery; (iv) the structure of urban finance; (v) the nature of urban planning; and (vi) the internal dynamics of service delivery agencies in planning, producing, operating and distributing urban services. The research concludes that urban service deficiencies in the National Cities can be explained in terms of: (i) the development policies pursued by colonial and post colonial governments, policies which saddled the cities with a poverty stricken population because they discouraged urban industrial development, causing the growth of marginal employment in the bazaar sector; (ii) the growth of the National Cities as accretions of differentiated serviced and unserviced areas and the accommodation of rural migrants through densification and the proliferation of unauthorized settlements, which together have resulted in intractable physical patterns which pose problems for service delivery; (iii) the creation in the colonial period and the perpetuation during the post colonial era, of a weak and spatially, sectorally and functionally fragmented system of urban government, incapable of delivering services on a co-ordinated and city wide basis; (iv) the weak structure of urban finance caused by institutional and admnistrative barriers to local resource mobilization and by the lack of appropriate mechanisms for transfers and institutional finance; (v) the absence of city wide urban planning during the colonial period and the inadequacies of urban planning during the post colonial period, inadequacies caused by the application of western theory, faulty assumptions, the inability to deal with the informal sector, lack of comprehensiveness and lack of concern for the built up areas of the city; and (vi) deficiencies in service delivery agencies in planning, producing, operating and distributing services, inadequacies caused by weaknesses in organization and management, pathologies of third world administration (such as corruption) and inequitable distribution.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU040937, 0999:Urban planning, Bibliographies, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Social sciences, Statistics, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301440102?accountid=14270}, author = {Mathur, B} } @article {6108, title = {Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {178{\textendash}185}, author = {Harvey, Ronald W and Garabedian, Stephen P} } @article {16630, title = {Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer}, journal = {Environmental science \& technology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {178{\textendash}185}, author = {Harvey, Ronald W and Garabedian, Stephen P} } @inbook {14682, title = {Using linear and polynomial models to examine the environmental stability of viruses}, booktitle = {Modeling {The} {Environmental} {Fate} of {Microorganisms}}, year = {1991}, pages = {137{\textendash}159}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, organization = {American Society for Microbiology}, author = {Hurst, C. J.}, editor = {Hurst, C. J.} } @inbook {1627, title = {Using linear and polynomial models to examine the environmental stability of viruses}, booktitle = {Modeling The Environmental Fate of Microorganisms}, year = {1991}, pages = {137-159}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology}, organization = {American Society for Microbiology}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Hurst, C. J.}, editor = {Hurst, C. J.} } @mastersthesis {3036, title = {Utilisation de l{\textquoteright}espace par les h{\^o}tes du t{\'e}nia multiloculaire ({Echinococcus} multilocularis): cons{\'e}quences {\'e}pid{\'e}miologiques.}, year = {1991}, school = {Universit{\'e} de Bourgogne}, type = {phd}, address = {Besan{\c c}on}, author = {Giraudoux, Patrick} } @mastersthesis {6192, title = {The value of groundwater protection: {Measurement} of willingness-to-pay information, and its utilization by local government decisionmakers}, year = {1991}, note = {9113273}, school = {Cornell University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {A contingent valuation survey was conducted on households in 12 communities in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania. Each community relies on groundwater for its public water supply and seven have experienced public water supply contamination in the past ten years. Large differences in willingness-to-pay for increased water supply protection were found, both within and across communities. Significant differences in household willingness-to-pay were found between groups that have, and groups that have not, experienced water supply contamination. Regression analysis revealed that income, experience of a contamination incident, perception of water supply safety, and perception of potential sources of contamination, significantly affect household willingness-to-pay for increased protection. Personal interviews were conducted with key informants in each community to ascertain perceptions of the groundwater resource, and attitudes to contamination and protection of drinking water supplies. Content analysis of the interviews provided evidence that a contamination of public water supplies has little impact on the adoption of local ordinances to protect water sources. Water supply source protection was found to be the result of the interaction between hydrogeologic characteristics, local perception of those characteristics, state and local institutional organization, and the perceived level of community growth. Content analysis of the interviews supplied five water supply protection concepts which were used, along with willingness-to-pay for increased water supply protection, in a cognitive mapping technique. Results suggest that contingent value information has an impact on key informant{\textquoteright}s understanding of the causal relationships between the six concepts. It is proposed that the utility of contingent valuation information on public goods, lies in its capacity to enrich the decision-making environment, rather than in the dollar figures obtained.}, keywords = {0501:Economics, 0617:Public administration, 0630:Welfare, Contingent valuation method, economics, Public administration, Social sciences, Welfare}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303936818?accountid=14270}, author = {Powell, John Reed} } @mastersthesis {6250, title = {Water consumption and recycling of grey water in {Cyprus}}, year = {1991}, note = {C401316}, school = {Polytechnic of Wales (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The water resources of the Island of Cyprus are limited and they are almost fully developed. This means that any further significant water demands during the next decade will not be able to be met. The primary objective of this research project was to study in detail methods of recycling grey water from domestic sources (i.e., showers, baths, wash-basins and washing machines) for re-use. Initially the study was directed towards the assessment of actual information and other relevant data on water consumption. Every household and other water consumer is metered in Cyprus. Until this study was undertaken these figures were only used to generate revenue; no analysis was made. The current work has clearly identified an inverse scale effect between number of inhabitants in each property and water used. This phenomenon has been attributed to a relationship between personal water use and common water use. The first remains reasonably constant, the second reduces rapidly with increase in household size. The information obtained from this study of the water consumption characteristics enabled the design and construction of a laboratory based model treatment plant. This demonstrated that grey water can be recycled economically with a relatively simple system of operation to produce high quality water for irrigation purposes. The knowledge and scientific information obtained from this experimental work was applied in the design and construction of a full size prototype treatment plant. This was installed in a normal domestic situation and its use studied over a period of seven months. The data obtained from the installation and use of the prototype plant demonstrated that the system can be applied commercially with similar acceptable results to those obtained in the laboratory. One of the unique features of the Grey Water Treatment Plant is the use of foam as a filtration medium. For this reason the project was extended to enable a further detailed in depth study of the filtration process. The results indicated that the efficiency of the foam filter compares favourably with that of the granular filters. The study also demonstrated that the foam filter is more practical, efficient and economical in use.}, keywords = {0554:Sanitation, Applied sciences, sanitation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303952052?accountid=14270}, author = {Kambanellas, Chrysostomos Andreou} } @mastersthesis {6388, title = {Water consumption and recycling of grey water in {Cyprus}}, year = {1991}, note = {U032237}, school = {Polytechnic of Wales (United Kingdom)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The water resources of the Island of Cyprus are limited and they are almost fully developed. This effectively means that any further significant water demands from the tourist industry, agriculture and domestic sectors during the next decade will not be able to be met. The Government therefore has developed a policy for further research towards establishing systems and methods for water recycling and conservation. The primary objective of this research project was to study in detail methods of recycling Grey Water from domestic sources (i.e. showers, baths, wash-basins and washing machines) for re-use. Initially the study was directed towards the assessment of actual information and other relevant data on water consumption. Every household and other water consumer is metered in Cyprus. Until this study was undertaken these figures were only used to generate revenue; no analysis was made. The current work has clearly identified an inverse scale effect between number of inhabitants in each property and water used. This phenomenon has been attributed to a relationship between personal water use and common water use. The first remains reasonably constant, the second reduces rapidly with increase in household size. The information obtained from this study of the water consumption characteristics enabled the design and construction of a laboratory based model treatment plant. This demonstrated that grey water can be recycled economically with a relatively simple system of operation to produce high quality water for irrigation purposes. The knowledge and scientific information obtained from this experimental work was applied in the design and construction of a full size prototype treatment plant. This was installed in a normal domestic situation and its use studied over a period of seven months. The data obtained from the installation and use of the prototype plant demonstrated that the system can be applied commercially with similar acceptable results to those obtained in the laboratory. One of the unique features of the Grey Water Treatment Plant is the use of polyurethane foam as a filtration medium. For this reason the project was extended to enable a further detailed in depth study of the filtration process. The results indicated that the efficiency of the foam filter compares favourably with that of the granular filters. The study also demonstrated that the foam filter is more practical, efficient and economical in use. The practicability and commercial viability of the grey water treatment plant has been considered by two United Kingdom based firms, who are currently negotiating for the commercial exploitation of the project. The use and commercial viability of the prototype have also been considered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources of the Government of Cyprus who has submitted at the invitation of the Commission of the European Communities an application for funding towards further development.}, keywords = {(UMI)AAIU032237, 0554:Civil engineering, Applied sciences, Bibliographies, Civil engineering, Psychology{\textendash}Abstracting, Statistics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/301483432?accountid=14270}, author = {Kambanellas, C A} } @article {9316, title = {{Water quality for potable reuse}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {23}, number = {10-12}, year = {1991}, pages = {2171{\textendash}2180}, author = {Lauer, WC} } @article {13989, title = {Waterborne outbreak of {Escherichia} coli {O}157.}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {337}, number = {8754}, year = {1991}, month = {jun}, pages = {1412}, keywords = {Adult, Child, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Female, Humans, Male, Preschool, Scotland, Scotland: epidemiology, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {0140-6736}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1674781}, author = {Dev, V J and Main, M and Gould, I} } @article {7983, title = {{Waterborne outbreak of Escherichia coli O157.}}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {337}, number = {8754}, year = {1991}, month = {jun}, pages = {1412}, keywords = {Adult, Child, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Female, Humans, Male, Preschool, Scotland, Scotland: epidemiology, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {0140-6736}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1674781}, author = {Dev, V J and Main, M and Gould, I} } @article {2215, title = {{Waterborne outbreak of Escherichia coli O157.}}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {337}, number = {8754}, year = {1991}, pages = {1412}, keywords = {Adult, Child, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli: classification, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Female, Humans, Male, Preschool, Scotland, Scotland: epidemiology, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {0140-6736}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1674781}, author = {Dev, V J and Main, M and Gould, I} } @article {5660, title = {{Waterborne Viruses Associated With Hepatitis Outbreak}}, journal = {Journal American Water Works Association}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, year = {1991}, pages = {80{\textendash}83}, author = {Bosch, A and Lucena, F and Diez, JM and Gajardo, R and Blasi, M and Jofre, J} } @article {10974, title = {Ascariasis in {Nigeria}}, journal = {Parasitology Today}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, year = {1990}, month = {may}, pages = {143{\textendash}147}, abstract = {Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and projections for the future indicate that the population could reach about 165 million by the year 20001. A high proportion of the population is under 15 years of age and the majority of people still live in rural areas1. These characteristics, in combination with a socioeconomic environment influenced by poverty, poor housing, insufficient sanitation and a need for health education, favour the transmission of the human roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. In 1986, a WHO report on the prevalence of ascariasis in Africa singled out Nigeria for special comment: 15 million Nigerians are estimated to harbour Ascaris. In this context, and that of their own recent field studies, Celia Holland and Samuel Asaolu review the present state of knowledge of ascariasis in Nigeria.}, issn = {0169-4758}, doi = {10.1016/0169-4758(90)90331-W}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016947589090331W}, author = {Holland, C.V. and Asaolu, S.O.} } @article {4036, title = {{Axenic culture and characterization of Giardia ardeae from the great blue heron (Ardea herodias)}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {76}, number = {5}, year = {1990}, pages = {717{\textendash}724}, author = {Erlandsen, SL and Bemrick, WJ and Wells, CL and Feely, DE and Knudson, L and Campbell, SR and van Keulen, H and Jarroll, EL} } @article {11375, title = {Bovine cysticercosis in Denmark}, journal = {Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica}, volume = {31}, year = {1990}, pages = {159-168}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Ilsoe, B and Kyvsgaard, NC and Nansen, P and Henriksen, SA} } @mastersthesis {6738, title = {Building electronic social support networks: {The} process and the costs}, year = {1990}, note = {9107522}, school = {The RAND Graduate School}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Seventy-nine, middle aged managers and professionals from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (DWP) were monitored as they wrote a retirement policy paper. Half were randomly assigned to a computer equipped, electronic group. The other half, (the standard group), worked with traditional office resources. The electronic group{\textquoteright}s computers were programmed to gather data, to track work patterns. Respecting personal privacy, only keystroke counts and minutes of software use were collected. From March 1987 through March 1988, RAND paid all electrical and telephone expenses. These subsidies were withdrawn during the second year, to assess how costs influence network participation. The dissertation also examined activity patterns, the importance of technical and organization support, and the socioeconomic determinants of activity. Activity. The electronic retirees were the most active. This was not simply because retirees had more "free time". Retirees without computers were the study{\textquoteright}s least active participants. Networked computers helped overcome isolation and disparate schedules. Individuals could be grouped by the characteristic number of keystrokes and minutes expended among their programs. These patterns differed statistically with respect to organization roles. Committee chairs dominated system activity. Support. After learning to use the computers, users needed to integrate this technology into their work processes. Organization, software and hardware requests accounted for 58\%, 34\% and 8\% respectively. Organization requests came primarily through Email. Hardware calls came over the telephone. Software questions arrived with equal frequency over the telephone or Email. Telephone use. When telephone calls were not free, there was a shift toward inexpensive night calls. This tendency increased with distance from the host computer. Participants{\textquoteright} call frequencies also dropped from 95\% (free period) to 60\% when they paid for the calls. Socioeconomic issues. Participation was not correlated with education, income, professional training or attitudes. Project commitment and organizational roles had more to do with activity than socioeconomic endowments. Policy recommendations. General recommendations are given for encouraging computer networks in the general public. An implementation checklist of hardware and organizational prerequisites is given for retiree electronic social support networks. The trade offs of technology and levels of network participation are summarized by a matrix of appropriate technologies and organizational structures.}, keywords = {0351:Gerontology, 0708:Mass media, 0710:Educational software, Communication and the arts, Education, Educational software, Gerontology, Mass media, Social sciences, social support networks}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303867303?accountid=14270}, author = {Hahm, Wendell Kwan Lee} } @article {10576, title = {{A case control study of the impact of improved sanitation on diarrhoea morbidity in Lesotho}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {68}, year = {1990}, pages = {455{\textendash}463}, author = {Daniels, DL and Cousens, SN and Makoae, LN and Feachem, RG} } @article {12928, title = {A case-control study of the impact of improved sanitation on diarrhoea morbidity in Lesotho.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {455}, author = {Daniels, Daniel L and Cousens, Sim{\'o}n N and Makoae, LN and Feachem, Richard G} } @article {16674, title = {A case-control study of the impact of improved sanitation on diarrhoea morbidity in {Lesotho}.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {455}, author = {Daniels, Daniel L and Cousens, Sim{\'o}n N and Makoae, LN and Feachem, Richard G} } @book {16508, title = {Chapter 46. {Trichuriasis}. {In}: {Warren}, {Kenneth} {S}. \& {Mahmoud}, {Adel} {A}. {F}.{Tropical} and geographical medicine.}, year = {1990}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, edition = {2nd}, address = {New York}, keywords = {Epidemiology., Tropical Medicine.}, isbn = {0-07-068328-X}, author = {Bundy, D. A. P. and Cooper, E. S.} } @book {12016, title = {Chapter 46. Trichuriasis. In: Warren, Kenneth S. \& Mahmoud, Adel A. F.Tropical and geographical medicine.}, year = {1990}, note = {89012967
[edited by] Kenneth S. Warren, Adel A.F. Mahmoud.
ill. ; 27 cm.
Includes bibliographical references.}, pages = {xviii, 1159 p.}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, edition = {2nd}, address = {New York}, keywords = {Epidemiology., Tropical Medicine.}, isbn = {007068328X}, author = {Bundy, D.A.P. and Cooper, E.S.} } @article {9407, title = {{Cloning and expression of a membrane antigen of Entamoeba histolytica possessing multiple tandem repeats}}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA}, volume = {87}, number = {13}, year = {1990}, pages = {4976{\textendash}4980}, author = {Stanley, SL Jr and Becker, A and Kunz-Jenkins, C and Foster, L and Li, E} } @article {5008, title = {{Clonorchiasis in Korea}}, journal = {Kisaengchunghak Chapchi}, volume = {28S}, year = {1990}, pages = {63{\textendash}78}, author = {Rim, HJ.} } @article {4316, title = {{Coliphages and bacteriophages in canadian drinking waters}}, journal = {Water International}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, month = {jan}, pages = {157{\textendash}159}, publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis Group}, abstract = {

ABSTRACT Eighteen samples of treated drinking water and their source waters in three Canadian cities were tested for coliphage, bacteriophage and bacterial content. In the source waters, bacterial concentrations varied from nondetectable to over 5,500 total coliforms per 100 mL, but they were all found to contain coliphage and bacteriophage. After treatment all the drinking waters were found to have residual total and free chlorine levels, to be negative for bacterial indicators, however, all contained coliphage and bacteriophage. Implications of these findings are discussed.

}, issn = {0250-8060}, doi = {10.1080/02508069008687132}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02508069008687132}, author = {Palmateer, G. A. and Dutka, B. J. and Janzen, E. M. and Meissner, S. M. and Sakellaris, M.} } @mastersthesis {6915, title = {Community valuations of water uses in the {Yukon} {Territory}}, year = {1990}, note = {MM62232}, school = {University of Guelph (Canada)}, type = {phdM.{A}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to contribute toward an understanding of values as they relate to water uses and to public policy directing water uses. This study assumed a social-psychological approach to values and valuing, based on the works of Milton Rokeach and George A. Kelly whose theories offer explanations of the concepts of "socially shared values" and "the cognitive process involved in making sense of and acting within one{\textquoteright}s world". Data were collected in three Yukon communities: Haines Junction, Mayo, and Teslin. A total of forty-three community leaders and long term residents were interviewed with a photoquestionnaire. The study then explored the relationships between societal values and water uses, with multidimensional scaling (MDS). Results and analyses were discussed in the following areas: (1) community valuations of water uses; (2) underlying dimensions which contributed to the valuations; (3) cognitive differences between questionnaire respondents in relation to community, years of residency, and ethnic background; and (4) verbal descriptions of water use pictures. Within the field of water policy and planning, this study offers a cognitive explanation of relationships between values and water. The study provides a foundation and method to identify "the value(s) of water" without relying on objective and indirect value measurements. Implications of the study results were found in the areas of policy and planning; community development; and local water issues. Twenty-four recommendations were directed at Yukon public agencies whose mandates transcend sectoral interests in water.}, keywords = {0451:Social psychology, 0768:Environmental science, 0999:Area planning \& development, 0999:Urban planning, Area planning \& development, Environmental science, Health and environmental sciences, Psychology, Social psychology, Social sciences, Urban planning}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303874535?accountid=14270}, author = {Walker, Kim V} } @article {2996, title = {Cons{\'e}quences {\'e}pid{\'e}miologiques de la r{\'e}ceptivit{\'e} d{\textquoteright}un nouvel h{\^o}te interm{\'e}diaire du {T{\'e}nia} multiloculaire ({Echinococcus} multilocularis) et de la localisation spatio-temporelle des rongeurs infest{\'e}s.}, journal = {Comptes Rendus de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des Sciences (Paris)}, volume = {310}, year = {1990}, pages = {339{\textendash}344}, author = {Delattre, P and Giraudoux, P and Qu{\'e}r{\'e}, JP} } @article {10950, title = {Control of geohelminths by delivery of targeted chemotherapy through schools}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {115{\textendash}120}, issn = {0035-9203}, doi = {10.1016/0035-9203(90)90399-Y}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003592039090399Y}, author = {Bundy, D.A.P. and Wong, M.S. and Lewis, L.L. and Horton, J.} } @article {2979, title = {Cysticercus bovis in cattle in {New} {South} {Wales}}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {67}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {228{\textendash}229}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Cysticercosis, New South Wales, prevalence}, issn = {0005-0423}, author = {Collins, G. H. and Pope, S. E.} } @book {3081, title = {Der {Rotfuchs}}, series = {Naturgeschichte, {\"O}kologie und Verhalten dieses erstaunlichen Jagdwildes}, year = {1990}, address = {Hamburg}, author = {Labhardt, F} } @article {2243, title = {{Detection of Shigella in feces using DNA amplification}}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {161}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {1252{\textendash}1256}, edition = {1990/06/01}, abstract = {A rapid diagnostic method employing a polymerase chain reaction procedure (PCR) was used to identify Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. This procedure amplified a region of the invasive-associated locus (ial) from a crude DNA extract of feces. A synthetic 21-base oligonucleotide corresponding to the ial gene sequence was shown to specifically hybridize only with enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) strains and Shigella species. Upon PCR amplification, a 320-base pair fragment was generated in DNA extracted from feces reconstituted with EIEC or Shigella flexneri but not in DNA from 70 normal stools lacking these organisms and could be readily detected by the ial probe. For identifying Shigella and EIEC, the PCR assay was 10(5)- and 10(2)-fold more sensitive than standard biochemical tests and the macrocolony hybridization assay, respectively. These findings demonstrate a novel methodology for rapid, sensitive, and culture-independent diagnosis of diarrhea caused by these pathogens and underscores the utility of PCR in the diagnostic laboratory.}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899 (Linking)}, author = {Frankel, G and Riley, L and Giron, J A and Valmassoi, J and Friedmann, A and Strockbine, N and Falkow, S and Schoolnik, G K} } @article {14021, title = {Detection of {Shigella} in feces using {DNA} amplification}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {161}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {1252{\textendash}1256}, abstract = {A rapid diagnostic method employing a polymerase chain reaction procedure (PCR) was used to identify Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. This procedure amplified a region of the invasive-associated locus (ial) from a crude DNA extract of feces. A synthetic 21-base oligonucleotide corresponding to the ial gene sequence was shown to specifically hybridize only with enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) strains and Shigella species. Upon PCR amplification, a 320-base pair fragment was generated in DNA extracted from feces reconstituted with EIEC or Shigella flexneri but not in DNA from 70 normal stools lacking these organisms and could be readily detected by the ial probe. For identifying Shigella and EIEC, the PCR assay was 10(5)- and 10(2)-fold more sensitive than standard biochemical tests and the macrocolony hybridization assay, respectively. These findings demonstrate a novel methodology for rapid, sensitive, and culture-independent diagnosis of diarrhea caused by these pathogens and underscores the utility of PCR in the diagnostic laboratory.}, author = {Frankel, G and Riley, L and Giron, J A and Valmassoi, J and Friedmann, A and Strockbine, N and Falkow, S and Schoolnik, G K} } @article {3908, title = {Diagnosis of astrovirus gastroenteritis by antigen detection with monoclonal antibodies.}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Disease}, volume = {161}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {226{\textendash}229}, author = {Herrmann, JE and Nowak, NA and Perron-Henry, DM and Hudson, RW and Cubitt, WD and N R Blacklow} } @article {9216, title = {{Differentiation of clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica by using specific DNA probes}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {680{\textendash}684}, author = {Bracha, R and Diamond, LS and Ackers, JP and Burchard, GD and Mirelman, D} } @article {4315, title = {{Dynamic interactions ofPseudomonas aeruginosa and bacteriophages in lake water.}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {mar}, pages = {171{\textendash}85}, abstract = {

The persistence and interaction between newly isolated strains ofPseudomonas aeruginosa and resident bacteriophages indigenous to a freshwater environment was monitored over 45 days in lake water microcosms. The interaction between susceptible and resistant bacteria with pure phage (UT1) particles or a mixed phage population (M1) was investigated by following temporal changes in host density, phage-to-bacteria ratio (PBR), and the appearance of apparent prophage carriers within the host population. Decay rates of the phage (UT1) ranged from 0.054 hour(-1) in natural water to 0.027 hour(-1) in filtered lake water. About 45{\%} of sensitive bacteria incubated with phase UT1 were pseudolysogenic within 12 hours of incubation in natural lake water. This process was delayed until 72 hours in the steile lake water control, suggesting that host-phage interaction is promoted in the presence of a viable natural microbial community. Phage UT1 appeared to stabilize the density of host bacteria in lake water at a level of 10(4) colony-forming units (cfu) ml(-1). Bacterial coexistence with the mixed phage (M1) population resulted in an oscillating equilibrium with the PBR stabilizing at about 3. The presence of extraneous homoimmune phages appeared to be detrimental to the stability of the pseudolysogens, which were maintained at a lower population density than prophage-free cells in lake water containing the mixed phage (M1) population.

}, issn = {0095-3628}, doi = {10.1007/BF02012098}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24196310}, author = {Ogunseitan, O A and Sayler, G S and Miller, R V} } @article {13229, title = {Dynamics of Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, and Aeromonas caviae in a sewage treatment pond}, journal = {Applied Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {56}, year = {1990}, pages = {1999-2006}, author = {Monfort, P. and Baleux, B.} } @article {13135, title = {The effect of terrestrial effluents on the incidence of Aeromonas spp. in coastal waters}, journal = {Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {69}, year = {1990}, pages = {439-444}, author = {Araujo, R. M. and Pares, R. and Lucena, F.} } @article {15780, title = {Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, year = {1990}, month = {May}, pages = {1423-8}, edition = {1990/05/01}, keywords = {*Chlorine Compounds, Animals, Chloramines/*pharmacology, Chlorine/*pharmacology, Coccidia/*drug effects, Cryptosporidium/*drug effects/physiology, Disinfectants/*pharmacology, Oxides/*pharmacology, Ozone/*pharmacology}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240}, author = {Korich, D. G. and Mead, J. R. and Madore, M. S. and Sinclair, N. A. and Sterling, C. R.} } @article {697, title = {Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {56}, year = {1990}, pages = {1423{\textendash}1428}, author = {Korich, DG and Mead, JR and Madore, MS and Sinclair, NA and Sterling, Charles R} } @article {8793, title = {{Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, year = {1990}, month = {may}, pages = {1423{\textendash}8}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology (ASM)}, abstract = {Purified Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were exposed to ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine. Excystation and mouse infectivity were comparatively evaluated to assess oocyst viability. Ozone and chlorine dioxide more effectively inactivated oocysts than chlorine and monochloramine did. Greater than 90{\%} inactivation as measured by infectivity was achieved by treating oocysts with 1 ppm of ozone (1 mg/liter) for 5 min. Exposure to 1.3 ppm of chlorine dioxide yielded 90{\%} inactivation after 1 h, while 80 ppm of chlorine and 80 ppm of monochloramine required approximately 90 min for 90{\%} inactivation. The data indicate that C. parvum oocysts are 30 times more resistant to ozone and 14 times more resistant to chlorine dioxide than Giardia cysts exposed to these disinfectants under the same conditions. With the possible exception of ozone, the use of disinfectants alone should not be expected to inactivate C. parvum oocysts in drinking water.}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2339894 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC184422}, author = {Korich, D G and Mead, J R and Madore, M S and Sinclair, N A and Sterling, C R} } @article {9382, title = {{Effets des irrigations avec des eaux us{\'e}es brutes et {\'e}pur{\'e}es sur le sol, le rendement d{\textquoteright}une culture de tomate et la qualit{\'e} hygi{\'e}nique de la r{\'e}colte}}, journal = {Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {1990}, pages = {57{\textendash}66}, author = {Rhallabi, N and Moundib, R and Maaroufy, M and Marghich, M and Khalaayoune, KH and Bouzooba, K and Agoumi, A and Etalibi, M and Berdai, H and Jellal, N and Touzani, M and Mekrane, M and Handouf, A and Ben Chokroum, T and El Hamouri, B} } @article {10063, title = {{An Elective and Selective Isolation Medium for Bifidobacterium spp}}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {155{\textendash}157}, author = {Beerens, H} } @article {9090, title = {{Enhanced thermal destruction of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus by the lactoperoxidase system.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {9}, year = {1990}, month = {sep}, pages = {2711{\textendash}2716}, abstract = {

The lactoperoxidase system (LPS) enhanced thermal destruction of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. After LPS activation, biphasic survival curves were observed for L. monocytogenes at 57.8 degrees C and for S. aureus at 55.2 degrees C. The data were consistent with a model that assumed two bacterial populations differing in heat sensitivity. The more heat-sensitive fractions (93{\%} of the L. monocytogenes, 92{\%} of the S. aureus) were killed almost instantly. For these biphasic survival curves, D values were based on the much smaller, less-heat-sensitive fractions. For L. monocytogenes, the D52.2 degrees C values were 30.2 min (untreated milk) and 10.7 min (LPS activated); corresponding D55.2 degrees C values were 8.2 and 1.6 min; corresponding D57.8 degrees C values were 2.3 and 0.5 min. For S. aureus, the D52.2 degrees C values were 33.3 min (untreated milk) and 2.2 min (LPS activated), and the corresponding D55.2 degrees C values were 7.6 and 1.1 min, respectively. The most rapid killing of L. monocytogenes occurred when samples were heated soon after activation of the LPS. Activation of the LPS followed by heating can increase the margin of safety with respect to milkborne pathogens.

}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/long/56/9/2711}, author = {Kamau, D N and Doores, S and Pruitt, K M} } @article {1809, title = {Enzymatic RNA amplification of the enteroviruses}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, note = {Rotbart, H A eng P01AGNSO7347-02/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S. 1990/03/01 J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Mar;28(3):438-42.}, pages = {438-42}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Enteroviruses are among the most common causes of childhood infection. Current diagnostic techniques are often too slow and too insensitive to benefit the patient optimally. This report describes a modified polymerase chain reaction technique by which enteroviral RNA can be amplified, over a few hours, to a level detectable by agarose mini-gel electrophoresis or nucleic acid hybridization or both. Three oligomeric regions of great homology among the enteroviruses were identified and designated as a potential primer pair and probe. With this combination, all 11 of the enterovirus serotypes tested, representing the major subgroups of these pathogens, were successfully amplified and detected. The sensitivity and rapidity of this new assay speak to its potential clinical applicability in the diagnosis of enterovirus infections.}, keywords = {Agar Gel Enterovirus/*genetics/isolation \& purification Gene Amplification Humans Molecular Sequence Data Nucleic Acid Hybridization Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Base Sequence Electrophoresis, Genetic, Viral/*analysis/genetics Transcription}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2157735}, author = {Rotbart, H. A.} } @article {11697, title = {{Experimental life history of Spirometra erinacei}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {28}, year = {1990}, pages = {161{\textendash}173}, author = {Lee, SH and We, JS and Sohn, WM and Hong, ST and Chai, JY} } @article {13455, title = {Fascioliasis outbreak of man and drug test (Triclabendazol) in Caspian littoral, northern part of Iran, 1989.}, journal = {Bull Soc Fr Parasitol}, volume = {8}, number = {Suppl. 1}, year = {1990}, pages = {438}, author = {Massoud, J.} } @article {4257, title = {{F-specific RNA bacteriophages and sensitive host strains in faeces and wastewater of human and animal origin.}}, journal = {The Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, month = {jul}, pages = {30{\textendash}7}, abstract = {

Faeces of humans, pigs, cattle and chickens were investigated for the presence of somatic coliphages, F-specific bacteriophages and Escherichia coli strains sensitive to infection by F-specific phages. Attention was given to the possible effect of age and use of antibiotics on the prevalence of the FRNA phages and sensitive E. coli strains. Somatic coliphages were often detected in high numbers in all types of faeces. In contrast, FRNA phages were rarely detected in faeces from humans and cattle but more often in faeces from pigs and adult chickens. Samples from young chickens (with or without antibiotics) were consistently positive for FRNA phages (up to 3 x 10(6) pfu/g). F-specific RNA phages were found in substantial numbers (greater than 10(3) pfu/ml) in a variety of wastewaters: domestic, hospital, slaughterhouses and occasionally in \&$\#$39;grey water\&$\#$39;. Their origin in wastewater was not clear. Strains from faeces usually belonged to serogroups I and IV. These types were also found in wastewater, as were group II and III strains. Serogroup II phages were abundant in wastewater of human origin but rare in faeces. Escherichia coli strains sensitive to infection by F-specific phages were common in faeces (overall 290/1081: 27{\%}). No strains with fully depressed F-pilus synthesis were detected among the sensitive strains. It is concluded that the occurrence of F-specific RNA bacteriophages in water points to sewage pollution rather than faecal pollution; the mechanism of replication of these organisms in wastewater is not understood.

}, keywords = {Aging, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents: therapeutic use, Cattle, Chickens, Coliphages, Coliphages: classification, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Colony Count, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: genetics, Escherichia coli: physiology, F Factor, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Humans, Microbial, Serotyping, Sewage, Swine, Viral Plaque Assay, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0021-8847}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2204615}, author = {Havelaar, A H and Pot-Hogeboom, W M and Furuse, K and Pot, R and Hormann, M P} } @article {17096, title = {F-specific RNA bacteriophages and sensitive host strains in faeces and wastewater of human and animal origin}, journal = {Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {30{\textendash}37}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Havelaar, AH and Pot-Hogeboom, WM and Furuse, K and Pot, R and Hormann, MP} } @article {2820, title = {Is genital human papillomavirus infection always sexually transmitted?}, journal = {The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstretics and Gyneacology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {240-242}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {adult ASSOCIATION Colposcopy Condylomata Acuminata CRITERIA DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY etiology Female Genital Diseases, Female Hospital human humans INFECTION male Papillomavirus prevalence prospective studies Sexual Behavior Sexually Transmitted Diseases Singapore transmission}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2256864}, author = {Tay, S.K. and Ho, T.H. and Lim-Tan, S.K.} } @article {8682, title = {{Giardia in Wastewater-Effect of Treatment Giardia in wastewater?}, journal = {Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation}, volume = {62}, number = {5}, year = {1990}, pages = {670{\textendash}675}, abstract = {

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. ABSTRACT: Giardiasis is one of the most commonly identified wa terborne intestinal diseases in the U. S. A person infected with Giardia lamblia may shed on the order of 108 cysts /day, which may be collected in wastewater. The objective of this research was to study the removal of Giardia cysts by selected unit processes during wastewater treatment at three wastewater treatment plants in the U. S. Background data were obtained during a nationwide study of cyst

}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25043897 http://about.jstor.org/terms}, author = {Casson, Leonard W and Sorber, Charles A and Sykora, Jan L and Gavaghan, Patrick D and Shapiro, Maurice A and Jakubowski, Walter} } @article {2522, title = {Global seasonality of rotavirus infections.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {171-177}, abstract = {Data from 34 studies of the etiology of childhood diarrhoea were compiled in order to investigate the seasonal patterns of rotavirus gastroenteritis and consider their implications for transmission of the virus. Rotavirus was detected in 11-71\% of children with diarrhoea, and the median rate of detection (33\%) was independent of the level of economic development or geographical region of the study area, as well as of the method of detection used. While rotavirus infections have been called a winter disease in the temperate zones, we found that their incidence peaked in winter primarily in the Americas and that peaks in the autumn or spring are common in other parts of the world. In the tropics, the seasonality of such infections is less distinct and within 10 degrees latitude (north or south) of the equator, eight of the ten locations exhibited no seasonal trend. Throughout most of the world, rotavirus is present all the year round, which suggests that low-level transmission could maintain the chain of infection. The virus is spread by the faecal-oral route but airborne or droplet transmission has also been postulated. The epidemiology of rotavirus{\textendash}its seasonality in the cooler months, its universal spread in temperate and tropical zones in developed and less developed settings{\textendash}more closely resembles that of childhood viruses that are spread by the respiratory route (such as measles) than that of common enteric pathogens that are spread predominantly by the faecal-oral route.}, author = {Cook, SM and R I Glass and LeBaron, CW and Ho, MS} } @article {769, title = {Global seasonality of rotavirus infections.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {171-177}, abstract = {Data from 34 studies of the etiology of childhood diarrhoea were compiled in order to investigate the seasonal patterns of rotavirus gastroenteritis and consider their implications for transmission of the virus. Rotavirus was detected in 11-71\% of children with diarrhoea, and the median rate of detection (33\%) was independent of the level of economic development or geographical region of the study area, as well as of the method of detection used. While rotavirus infections have been called a winter disease in the temperate zones, we found that their incidence peaked in winter primarily in the Americas and that peaks in the autumn or spring are common in other parts of the world. In the tropics, the seasonality of such infections is less distinct and within 10 degrees latitude (north or south) of the equator, eight of the ten locations exhibited no seasonal trend. Throughout most of the world, rotavirus is present all the year round, which suggests that low-level transmission could maintain the chain of infection. The virus is spread by the faecal-oral route but airborne or droplet transmission has also been postulated. The epidemiology of rotavirus{\textendash}its seasonality in the cooler months, its universal spread in temperate and tropical zones in developed and less developed settings{\textendash}more closely resembles that of childhood viruses that are spread by the respiratory route (such as measles) than that of common enteric pathogens that are spread predominantly by the faecal-oral route.}, author = {Cook, SM and R I Glass and LeBaron, CW and Ho, MS} } @article {3701, title = {Global seasonality of rotavirus infections.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {171{\textendash}177}, abstract = {Data from 34 studies of the etiology of childhood diarrhoea were compiled in order to investigate the seasonal patterns of rotavirus gastroenteritis and consider their implications for transmission of the virus. Rotavirus was detected in 11-71\{\%\} of children with diarrhoea, and the median rate of detection (33\{\%\}) was independent of the level of economic development or geographical region of the study area, as well as of the method of detection used. While rotavirus infections have been called a winter disease in the temperate zones, we found that their incidence peaked in winter primarily in the Americas and that peaks in the autumn or spring are common in other parts of the world. In the tropics, the seasonality of such infections is less distinct and within 10 degrees latitude (north or south) of the equator, eight of the ten locations exhibited no seasonal trend. Throughout most of the world, rotavirus is present all the year round, which suggests that low-level transmission could maintain the chain of infection. The virus is spread by the faecal-oral route but airborne or droplet transmission has also been postulated. The epidemiology of rotavirus\{\{\}\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textendash\{\}\}its seasonality in the cooler months, its universal spread in temperate and tropical zones in developed and less developed settings\{\{\}\${\textbackslash}backslash\$textendash\{\}\}more closely resembles that of childhood viruses that are spread by the respiratory route (such as measles) than that of common enteric pathogens that are spread predominantly by the faecal-oral route.}, author = {Cook, S M and Glass, R I and LeBaron, C W and Ho, M S} } @article {3890, title = {Group C rotavirus associated with fatal enteritis in a family outbreak}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {201{\textendash}205}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.1890300311}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890300311}, author = {Caul, E O and Ashley, C R and Darville, J M and Bridger, JC} } @article {15587, title = {The hatching of schistosome eggs}, journal = {Exp Parasitol}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, note = {Xu, Y Z
Dresden, M H
eng
AI 13802/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
Review
1990/02/01
Exp Parasitol. 1990 Feb;70(2):236-40.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {236-40}, keywords = {Animals, Female, Ovum/*physiology, Schistosoma mansoni/*physiology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*parasitology}, isbn = {0014-4894 (Print)
0014-4894 (Linking)}, author = {Xu, Y. Z. and Dresden, M. H.} } @article {6419, title = {Health benefits from improvements in water supply and sanitation: survey and analysis of the literature on selected diseases.}, journal = {WASH Technical Report. United States Agency for International Development}, number = {66}, year = {1990}, url = {http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19916710763.html}, author = {Esrey, Steven A. and Potash, James B. and Roberts, Leslie and Shiff, Clive and others} } @article {7198, title = {Health impacts in developing countries: new evidence and new prospects}, journal = {Water and Environment Journal}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {571{\textendash}575}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01471.x/pdf}, author = {Cairncross, A. M.} } @article {11734, title = {{Human proliferative sparganosis. A new japanese case}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {224{\textendash}228}, author = {Nakamura, T and Hara, M and Matsuoka, M and Kawabata, M and Tsuji, M} } @article {9411, title = {{Human waste use in agriculture and aquaculture. Utilization, practices and health perspectives, executive summary}}, journal = {International Reference Center for Waste Disposal Report}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {90}, author = {Strauss, M and Blumenthal, UJ} } @article {4519, title = {Importance of rotavirus and adenovirus types 40 and 41 in acute gastroenteritis in Korean children}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {10}, year = {1990}, pages = {2279{\textendash}84}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Kim, K. H. and Yang, J. M. and Joo, S. I. and Cho, Y. G. and Glass, R. I. and Cho, Y. J.} } @mastersthesis {6563, title = {Income and severity of functional impairment in functionally impaired elderly living in the community}, year = {1990}, note = {9238741}, school = {The Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health and Hygiene}, type = {phdDr.{P}.{H}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {This thesis examines the association between income and severity of functional impairment in a national sample of community-resident functionally impaired elderly aged 65 years and over. Data from the 1982 National Long-Term Care survey were analyzed (n = 4410). The survey was cosponsored by the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) of the Department of Health and Human Services. The federal poverty index (FPL) was used to categorize the study sample into four income groups; poor (below 100\% of FPL), near-poor (100-149\% of FPL), modest (150-199\% of FPL), and high (200\% of FPL and above). Functional impairment was assessed in terms of seven"basic activities of daily living" (BADL) and ten "instrumental activities of daily living" (IADL). BADL and IADL assess functional impairment in self-care, mobility, and home-management. The study examined the relationship between income and number of BADL functional impairments and between income and probability of impairment in each BADL and IADL. Results indicated that income was not associated with severity of functional impairment among impaired elderly living in the community. The study results indicated that certain health conditions (hip fracture, stroke, and neurological conditions) and some demographic factors (living with spouse or others, advanced age, having Medicare and Medicaid health insurance, and infrequent phone contacts with friends and relatives) were associated with a statistically significantly higher number of BADL functional impairment and with a higher odds of impairment in each BADL and IADL. Results of this study are only generalizable to the population of community-resident functionally impaired elderly and cannot be generalized to the population of both impaired and unimpaired elderly. This study is based on cross-sectional data. It does not take into consideration the effects of differential institutionalization and mortality rates by income on the relationship between income and functional impairment in the community-resident functionally impaired elderly population. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between income prior to age 65 and functional impairment after age 65. Policy implications of the study address eligibility for and program components of community-based long-term care programs.}, keywords = {0351:Gerontology, 0573:Public health, Gerontology, Health and environmental sciences, Public health, Social sciences}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303939353?accountid=14270}, author = {Semaan, Salam Joseph} } @article {15508, title = {Schistosoma intercalatum from Cameroon and Zaire: chronobiological differentiation of cercarial emergence}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {76}, number = {5}, year = {1990}, note = {Comparative Study
Journal Article
United states}, month = {Oct}, pages = {743-5}, abstract = {An experimental study of the cercarial emergence rhythm was conducted to compare 2 geographical strains of Schistosoma intercalatum from Cameroon and Zaire. For the Cameroon strain, the peak emergence time was between 1300 hr and 1400 hr, and the mean emergence time was 1359 hr. For the Zaire strain, the peak emergence time was between 1200 hr and 1300 hr, and the mean emergence time was 1213 hr. These results were shown to be significantly different by statistical analysis. Thus, the chronobiology of the emergence rhythms of the cercariae seems to be an additional marker to estimate the genetic variability of this species and to characterize the 2 strains.}, keywords = {Animals, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Schistosoma/*physiology, Snails/*parasitology}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395 (Linking)}, author = {Pag{\`e}s, J. R. and Th{\'e}ron, A.} } @inbook {16953, title = {Isolation of a possible archetypal JC virus DNA sequence from nonimmunocompromised individuals.}, booktitle = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {64}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {3139{\textendash}3143}, author = {Yogo, Y and Kitamura, T and Sugimoto, C and Ueki, T and Aso, Y and Hara, K and Taguchi, F} } @article {976, title = {Isolation of a possible archetypal JC virus DNA sequence from nonimmunocompromised individuals}, journal = {Journal of Virology}, volume = {64}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {3139{\textendash}3143}, abstract = {

We molecularly cloned JC polyomavirus DNAs from urine samples of eight nonimmunosuppressed patients and two healthy individuals. The cloned viral DNAs all contained an archetypal regulatory sequence from which various regulatory sequences of JC polyomavirus isolates derived from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy could have evolved by deletion and amplification.

}, isbn = {0022-538X (Print)$\backslash$r0022-538X (Linking)}, issn = {0022-538X}, author = {Yogo, Y and Kitamura, T and Sugimoto, C and Ueki, T and Aso, Y and Hara, K and Taguchi, F} } @article {11787, title = {{The laboratory maintenance of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824)}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {101}, year = {1990}, pages = {153{\textendash}161}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {Pr{\'e}sentation d{\textquoteright}un protocole de maintenance du cycle de vie de D. dendriticum avec L. argentatus, C. abyssorum et O. mykiss comme h{\^o}tes interm{\'e}diaires}, keywords = {Arthropoda, Aves, Cestoda, Ciclo evolutivo, Copepoda, Crustacea, Cycle {\'e}volutif, Cyclops abyssorum, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, Estudio en laboratorio, Etude en laboratoire, Helmintha, Invertebrata, Laboratory study, Larus argentatus, Life history, Lorus argentatus, MAINTENANCE, Mantenimiento, Method, M{\'e}thode, M{\'e}todo, Oncorhynchus mykiss, parasite, Par{\'a}sito, Pisces, Plathelmintha, Vertebrata}, issn = {0031-1820}, url = {http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN{\&}cpsidt=19829128}, author = {Sharp, G. J. E. and Secombes, C. J. and Pike, A. W.} } @article {10155, title = {{The life and times of the Enterococcus}}, journal = {Clinical Microbiology Reviews}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {46{\textendash}65}, author = {Murray, BE} } @article {10650, title = {{Long-term persistence of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae 01 in the mucilaginous sheath of a blue green alga, Anabaena variabilis}}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {93}, year = {1990}, pages = {133{\textendash}139}, author = {Islam, MS and Drasar, BS and Bradley, DJ} } @article {11032, title = {Management of biliary ascariasis in children}, journal = {Indian Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {321}, author = {Zargar, S. A. and Khuroo, M. S.} } @article {9038, title = {{Mathematical Model of Thermal Destruction of Bacillus stearothermophilus Spores}}, journal = {Appl. Envir. Microbiol.}, volume = {56}, number = {10}, year = {1990}, month = {oct}, pages = {3073{\textendash}3080}, abstract = {The experimental survival curves of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores in aqueous suspension, for six constant temperatures ranging from 105 to 130{\{}degrees{\}}C, displayed an initial shoulder before a linear decline. To interpret these observations, we supposed that, before the heat treatment, the designated spore suspension contained a countable and mortal N0 population of activated spores and an M0 population of dormant spores which remained masked during spore counting and had to be activated before being destroyed by heat. We also hypothesized that the mechanisms of both activation and destruction are, at constant temperature, ruled by first-order kinetics, with velocity constants kA and kD, respectively. Mathematical analysis showed that this model could represent not only our experimental survival curves, but also all other shapes (linear and biphasic) of survival curves found in the literature; also, there is an inherent symmetry in the model formulation between the activation and destruction reactions, and we showed that the dormancy rate ({\{}tau{\}} = M0/N0) is the only parameter which permits a distinction between the two reactions. By applying the model to our experimental data and considering that the dormancy rate is not dependent on the treatment temperature, we showed that, for the studied suspension, the limiting reaction was the activation reaction.}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/long/56/10/3073}, author = {Abraham, Gerard and Debray, Emile and Candau, Yves and Piar, Georges} } @article {9140, title = {{Modeling of the bacterial growth curve.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {1875{\textendash}1881}, abstract = {

Several sigmoidal functions (logistic, Gompertz, Richards, Schnute, and Stannard) were compared to describe a bacterial growth curve. They were compared statistically by using the model of Schnute, which is a comprehensive model, encompassing all other models. The t test and the F test were used. With the t test, confidence intervals for parameters can be calculated and can be used to distinguish between models. In the F test, the lack of fit of the models is compared with the measuring error. Moreover, the models were compared with respect to their ease of use. All sigmoidal functions were modified so that they contained biologically relevant parameters. The models of Richards, Schnute, and Stannard appeared to be basically the same equation. In the cases tested, the modified Gompertz equation was statistically sufficient to describe the growth data of Lactobacillus plantarum and was easy to use.

}, isbn = {0099-2240}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02537.x}, author = {Zwietering, M H and Jongenburger, I and Rombouts, F M and van {\textquoteright}t Riet, K} } @article {2879, title = {Modelling microbial transport in soil and groundwater.}, journal = {ASM News (Washington)}, volume = {54}, year = {1990}, pages = {324{\textendash}327}, author = {Yates, Marylynn V and Yates, SR and others} } @article {15345, title = {Natural Schistosoma mansoni infection in Arvicanthis niloticus in Ismailia, Egypt}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, note = {Journal Article
Egypt}, month = {Dec}, pages = {775-8}, abstract = {

In a Survey for Zoonotic helminthic infection in rodents Schistosoma mansoni eggs were detected in the large intestine and liver of Arvicanthis niloticus.

}, keywords = {*Disease Reservoirs, Animals, Egypt/epidemiology, Muridae/*parasitology, Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/epidemiology/*veterinary}, isbn = {0253-5890 (Print)}, author = {Arafa, M. A. and Massoud, M. M.} } @booklet {10461, title = {{Norms and Standards for Potable Water Destined for Human Consumption}}, year = {1990} } @article {15530, title = {Observations on natural and experimental interactions between Schistosoma bovis and S. curassoni from West Africa}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, month = {Feb}, pages = {101-14}, abstract = {Surveys of 332 naturally infected bovines at eight abattoirs in Senegal, The Gambia and Mali were carried out to determine the prevalence of infection with Schistosoma bovis and S. curassoni and to pinpoint areas where the distribution of the species overlap. S. bovis was the commonest schistosome of cattle in Senegal and Mali being found in animals at seven abattoirs, the highest prevalence of 85.1\% occurred at Mopti in Mali. S. bovis was the only bovine schistosome observed in The Gambia. S. curassoni was isolated from a cow at Bamako and shown to have similar glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and acid phosphatase profiles to those described for a Senegalese isolate. Evidence of interaction of S. bovis with S. curassoni was found in cattle from Senegal, at Tambacounda and Kolda, and from Mali, at Bamako and Mopti. A mixed experimental infection of both species in a sheep showed the lack of any specific mate recognition system: identification of the worms was facilitated by analysis of acid phosphatase by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Viable hybrid parasites were produced in the laboratory and were maintained up until the F4 generation. Comparisons of egg morphology, surface structure of adult male worms and enzyme profiles have been made between experimental hybrid lines and field isolates. Possible mechanisms maintaining species integrity are discussed.}, keywords = {Abattoirs, Animals, Bulinus, Cattle, Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/ parasitology, Cricetinae, Female, Gambia/epidemiology, Goat Diseases/epidemiology/ parasitology, Goats, Male, Mali/epidemiology, Mesocricetus, Mice, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Schistosoma/ growth \& development/physiology/ultrastructure, Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/parasitology/ veterinary, Senegal/epidemiology, Sheep, Sheep Diseases/epidemiology/ parasitology}, isbn = {0001-706X (Print)
0001-706X (Linking)}, author = {Rollinson, D. and Southgate, V. R. and Vercruysse, J. and Moore, P. J.} } @article {12784, title = {{Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Korea}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {28}, year = {1990}, pages = {79{\textendash}102}, author = {Choi, DW} } @article {11334, title = {Parasitic hazard with sewage sludge applied to land}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, year = {1990}, pages = {1420-1422}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Barbier, Dominique and Perrine, Daniel and Duhamel, Chantal and Doublet, Rene and Georges, Pierre} } @article {11821, title = {{Parasitismo en peces y comunidades humanas ribere{\~n}as de los lagos Huillinco y Natri (Isla Grande de Chilo{\'e}), Chile}}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n Chileno de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {45}, year = {1990}, pages = {47{\textendash}55}, author = {Torres, P and Ruiz, E and Rebolledo, C and Mira, A and Cubillos, V and Navarrete, N and Gesche, W and Montefusco, A and Vald{\'e}s, L and Alberdi, A} } @unpublished {5213, title = {{Persistence of Pathogens in Lagoon-Stored Sludge}}, journal = {Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory}, year = {1990}, publisher = {US Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Cincinnati, Ohio}, author = {Reimers, R.S. and Little, M.D. and Akers, T.G. and Henriques, W.D. and Badeaux, R.C. and McDonnell, D.B. and Mbela, K.K.} } @article {3805, title = {Polymerase chain reaction amplification and typing of rotavirus nucleic acid from stool specimens.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {276{\textendash}82}, author = {Gouvea, V and Glass, RI and Woods, P and Taniguchi, K and Clark, HF and Forrester, B and Z Y Fang} } @article {12777, title = {{Prevalence of metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani in Cambaroides similis on Kanghwa Island, Korea, with special reference to survival and infectivity of metacercariae kept at low temperature for a long period}}, journal = {Parasitology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University}, volume = {21}, year = {1990}, pages = {9{\textendash}17}, author = {Fan, PC and King, DC and Lee, JH} } @article {13907, title = {Prevalence of {Salmonella}, {Shigella} and intestinal parasites in food handlers in {Irbid}, {Jordan}}, journal = {J Diarrhoeal Dis Res}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {160{\textendash}162}, abstract = {During a one-year period, 283 food handlers in Irbid, Jordan were investigated for the presence of potential enteropathogens in their stools. The prevalence rate of enteropathogens among non-Jordanian food handlers (48.0\%) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than that of the Jordanian group (12.3\%). The isolation rates of Salmonella and Shigella were 6\% and 1.4\% respectively. Multi-drug resistance was frequent among isolates of Salmonella group B and Shigella spp. Intestinal parasites detected in the stools of food handlers included Ascaris lumbricoides (4.9\%), Giardia lamblia (3.9\%), Schistosoma mansoni, (2.8\%), hookworms 2.5\%, Hymenolyepis nana (1.8\%), Trichuris trichiura (1.1\%), Entamoeba histolytica (0.7\%), and Taenia saginata (0.4\%). This study emphasises the importance of food handlers, particularly the non-Jordanians, in Jordan, as potential source of food-borne infection.}, author = {Al-Lahham, A B and Abu-Saud, M and Shehabi, A A} } @article {7928, title = {{Prevalence of Salmonella, Shigella and intestinal parasites in food handlers in Irbid, Jordan}}, journal = {Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {160{\textendash}162}, edition = {1990/12/01}, abstract = {

During a one-year period, 283 food handlers in Irbid, Jordan were investigated for the presence of potential enteropathogens in their stools. The prevalence rate of enteropathogens among non-Jordanian food handlers (48.0{\%}) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than that of the Jordanian group (12.3{\%}). The isolation rates of Salmonella and Shigella were 6{\%} and 1.4{\%} respectively. Multi-drug resistance was frequent among isolates of Salmonella group B and Shigella spp. Intestinal parasites detected in the stools of food handlers included Ascaris lumbricoides (4.9{\%}), Giardia lamblia (3.9{\%}), Schistosoma mansoni, (2.8{\%}), hookworms 2.5{\%}, Hymenolyepis nana (1.8{\%}), Trichuris trichiura (1.1{\%}), Entamoeba histolytica (0.7{\%}), and Taenia saginata (0.4{\%}). This study emphasises the importance of food handlers, particularly the non-Jordanians, in Jordan, as potential source of food-borne infection.

}, isbn = {0253-8768 (Print)0253-8768 (Linking)}, author = {Al-Lahham, A B and Abu-Saud, M and Shehabi, A A} } @article {2146, title = {{Prevalence of Salmonella, Shigella and intestinal parasites in food handlers in Irbid, Jordan}}, journal = {J Diarrhoeal Dis Res}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {160{\textendash}162}, edition = {1990/12/01}, abstract = {During a one-year period, 283 food handlers in Irbid, Jordan were investigated for the presence of potential enteropathogens in their stools. The prevalence rate of enteropathogens among non-Jordanian food handlers (48.0\%) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than that of the Jordanian group (12.3\%). The isolation rates of Salmonella and Shigella were 6\% and 1.4\% respectively. Multi-drug resistance was frequent among isolates of Salmonella group B and Shigella spp. Intestinal parasites detected in the stools of food handlers included Ascaris lumbricoides (4.9\%), Giardia lamblia (3.9\%), Schistosoma mansoni, (2.8\%), hookworms 2.5\%, Hymenolyepis nana (1.8\%), Trichuris trichiura (1.1\%), Entamoeba histolytica (0.7\%), and Taenia saginata (0.4\%). This study emphasises the importance of food handlers, particularly the non-Jordanians, in Jordan, as potential source of food-borne infection.}, isbn = {0253-8768 (Print) 0253-8768 (Linking)}, author = {Al-Lahham, A B and Abu-Saud, M and Shehabi, A A} } @article {11808, title = {{Primeros registros de endohelmintos par{\'a}sitos en el salmon coho, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), introducidos en Chile}}, journal = {Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {105{\textendash}107}, author = {Torres, P} } @article {13572, title = {Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Fasciola hepatica infection: a review of recent literature}, journal = {Trop Dis Bull}, volume = {87}, year = {1990}, pages = {R1-R38}, author = {Chen, M. G. and Mott, K. E.} } @article {17142, title = {Recoveries of Salmonella from soil in Eastern region of Saudi Arabia Kingdom}, journal = {The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health AssociationThe Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association}, volume = {65}, number = {1-2}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {61-75}, isbn = {0013-2446}, author = {Abdel-Monem, M. H. and Dowidar, A.} } @article {5656, title = {{Recovery of Hepatitis A Virus from a Water Supply Responsible for a Common Source Outbreak of Hepatitis A}}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {80}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {428{\textendash}430}, author = {Bloch, AB and Stramer, SL and Smith, JD and H S Margolis and Fields, HA and McKinley, TW and C P Gerba and Maynard, JE and Sikes, RK} } @inbook {13495, title = {Revision de los casos humanos de Fascioliasis en Espana entre los anos 1970 y 1989}, booktitle = {Congreso de Zoonosis}, year = {1990}, pages = {186}, publisher = {1{\textordmasculine} Interautonomico. Reunion de la International Zoonoses Association (IZA)}, organization = {1{\textordmasculine} Interautonomico. Reunion de la International Zoonoses Association (IZA)}, address = {Valencia, Spain}, author = {Sorribes, J. and Aubary, M. J. and Bargues, M. D. and Mas-Coma, S.}, editor = {Resumenes} } @article {12603, title = {The role of genes in biological processes. Part 2}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {162-169}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Smets, Barth F and Rittmann, Bruce E and Stahl, David A} } @article {3918, title = {Rotavirus diarrhoea in {Apache} children: a case-control study.}, journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {715{\textendash}721}, author = {S Menon and M Santosham and Almeido-Hill, J and R Reid and Sack, RB and Comstock, GW} } @article {7727, title = {Seasonal variation of thermophilic campylobacters in sewage sludge}, journal = {The Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {69 (2)}, year = {1990}, pages = {292-300}, author = {Jones, K and Betaieb, M and Telford, DR} } @mastersthesis {6479, title = {The sense of loss: {A} comparative study of careers and work of {Henry} {Adams} and {Mark} {Twain}}, year = {1990}, note = {9107856}, school = {Tulane University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The sense of loss present in the works of Henry Adams and Mark Twain presents a curious parallel. That two men of such different backgrounds and temperaments should reach nearly identical conclusions about American society and the universe at the end of the nineteenth century creates a strong impression that their despair was not entirely personal but also had a basis in their observation of historical changes in the world around them. Moving chronologically, this study seeks to understand the struggle of the two writers to make sense of their changing world. Nurtured in the Adams family with a typical patrician sensibility, Adams early decided to wash his hands of politics. Dissatisfied and disillusioned with the life after the Civil War, Adams began wandering around the world. The panic of 1893 made Adams see his own suffering in relation to a cosmic scheme. He found a "meaning" of the Middle Ages among French cathedrals, but he also realized that the unity of the Virgin necessarily belonged to the past. Consciously depicting his as a representative American experience, Adams wrote the Education in order to record the failure of everything in America. Mark Twain achieved the American dream in the midst of changes after the Civil War. To him writing was one of the means of making money, and even after Huckleberry Finn, he never had enough confidence in himself as writer. Beginning with the panic of 1893, Twain was hard hit by a series of personal tragedies, and he started his long wandering through the world. Because he lacked a sense of direction and dedication in his art, Twain left most of his later work unfinished and unpublished, but in his confusion and despair, he also left works that are true records of the travails of the human spirit in a rapidly changing world. The works of Adams and Twain in their last years show their faithful recording of the intellectual climate of their age and their distinctive responses to their sense of loss.}, keywords = {0304:Biographies, 0323:American studies, 0591:American literature, Adams, American literature, American studies, Biographies, Henry, Language, literature and linguistics, Mark, Social sciences, Twain}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303892902?accountid=14270}, author = {Kim, Kathryn Jongsoon} } @article {537, title = {Serological studies of adenoviral hepatitis following pediatric liver transplantation}, journal = {Transplant Proc}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, note = {Koneru, B Atchison, R Jaffe, R Cassavilla, A Van Thiel, D H Starzl, T E R01 DK029961-19/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States Journal Article United states Transplant Proc. 1990 Aug;22(4):1547-8.}, pages = {1547-8}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Adenoviridae Infections/diagnosis/*etiology Antibodies, Human/diagnosis/*etiology Humans Liver Transplantation/*adverse effects/physiology Neutralization Tests, Viral, Viral/analysis Cell Line Child Hepatitis}, issn = {0041-1345 (Print) 0041-1345}, author = {Koneru, B. and Atchison, R. and Jaffe, R. and Cassavilla, A. and Van Thiel, D. H. and Starzl, T. E.} } @article {4344, title = {{A Simple Membrane Filter Method to Concentrate and Enumerate Male-Specific RNA Coliphages (PDF)}}, journal = {Journal - American Water Works Association}, volume = {82}, number = {9}, year = {1990}, month = {sep}, pages = {52{\textendash}59}, publisher = {American Water Works Association}, keywords = {Analysis, bacteria, Coliphages, drinking water, Membrane Filters, Viruses, Water quality, Water Quality Monitoring, Water Supply}, issn = {0003-150X}, url = {http://www.awwa.org/publications/journal-awwa/abstract/articleid/12504.aspx}, author = {Sobsey, Mark D. and Kellogg J Schwab and Handzel, Thomas R.} } @article {10265, title = {Sludge removal from some wastewater stabilization ponds}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {22}, number = {3-4}, year = {1990}, pages = {247{\textendash}252}, author = {Carre, J and Laigre, MP and Legeas, M} } @article {2256, title = {{Survival in seawater of Escherichia coli cells grown in marine sediments containing glycine betaine.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {9}, year = {1990}, month = {sep}, pages = {2915{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Considering both the protective effect of glycine betaine (GB) on enteric bacteria grown at high osmolarity and the possible presence of GB in marine sediments, we have analyzed the survival, in nutrient-free seawater, of Escherichia coli cells incubated in sediments supplemented with GB or not supplemented and measured the efficiency of GB uptake systems and the expression of proP and proU genes in both seawater and sediments. We did this by using strains harboring proP-lacZ and proU-lacZ operon or gene fusions. We found that the uptake of GB and the expression of both proP and proU were very weak in seawater. The survival ability of cells in seawater supplemented with GB was a linear function of GB concentration, although the overall protection by the osmolyte was low. In sediments, proP expression was weak and GB uptake and proU expression were variable, possibly depending on the availability of organic nutrients. In a sediment with a high total organic carbon content, GB uptake was very high and proU expression was enhanced; cells previously incubated in this sediment showed a higher resistance to decay in seawater. GB might therefore play a significant role in the long-term maintenance of enteric bacterial cells in some marine sediments.

}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Gauthier, M J and Le Rudulier, D} } @article {14037, title = {Survival in seawater of {Escherichia} coli cells grown in marine sediments containing glycine betaine.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {56}, number = {9}, year = {1990}, month = {sep}, pages = {2915{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Considering both the protective effect of glycine betaine (GB) on enteric bacteria grown at high osmolarity and the possible presence of GB in marine sediments, we have analyzed the survival, in nutrient-free seawater, of Escherichia coli cells incubated in sediments supplemented with GB or not supplemented and measured the efficiency of GB uptake systems and the expression of proP and proU genes in both seawater and sediments. We did this by using strains harboring proP-lacZ and proU-lacZ operon or gene fusions. We found that the uptake of GB and the expression of both proP and proU were very weak in seawater. The survival ability of cells in seawater supplemented with GB was a linear function of GB concentration, although the overall protection by the osmolyte was low. In sediments, proP expression was weak and GB uptake and proU expression were variable, possibly depending on the availability of organic nutrients. In a sediment with a high total organic carbon content, GB uptake was very high and proU expression was enhanced; cells previously incubated in this sediment showed a higher resistance to decay in seawater. GB might therefore play a significant role in the long-term maintenance of enteric bacterial cells in some marine sediments.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Gauthier, M J and Le Rudulier, D} } @article {13876, title = {Survival of {Helicobacter} pylori in water and saline.}, journal = {Journal of clinical pathology}, volume = {43}, number = {7}, year = {1990}, month = {jul}, pages = {609}, keywords = {Bacteriological Techniques, Campylobacter, Campylobacter: physiology, Colony Count, Microbial, Sodium Chloride, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0021-9746}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=502595\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {West, A P and Millar, M R and Tompkins, D S} } @article {8248, title = {{Survival of Helicobacter pylori in water and saline.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Pathology}, volume = {43}, number = {7}, year = {1990}, month = {jul}, pages = {609}, keywords = {Bacteriological Techniques, Campylobacter, Campylobacter: physiology, Colony Count, Microbial, Sodium Chloride, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0021-9746}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=502595{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {West, A P and Millar, M R and Tompkins, D S} } @mastersthesis {6437, title = {Suspension-feeding behaviour of black fly larvae ({Diptera}: {Simuliidae}): {Hydrodynamical} perspectives}, year = {1990}, note = {NN60326}, school = {University of Alberta (Canada)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Hydrodynamics of suspension feeding and concurrent microenvironment selection by aquatic larvae of the black fly Simulium vittatum Zett. are investigated under laboratory conditions, and a compact and versatile flume for studying influence of hydrodynamical factors on benthic invertebrate behaviour is described. Detailed study of the suspension-feeding stance and examination of water flow through filtering appendages (i.e., labral fans) demonstrate that change in body deflection with increasing water velocity is most likely passive. However, overall feeding stance is the outcome of active feedback between flow forces and behavioural reactions to maintain the fans at optimal filtering position. Unexpectedly, labral-fans react to velocity increases with structural reconfiguration resulting in aperture expansion. An increasing fraction of the water directly approaching the fan aperture flows around its perimeter as velocity decreases; no flow through the fans is observed below 2.5 cm/s, and fluid transmissivity never exceeds 30-35\%, even at flows up to 50 cm/s. Calculations of suspension-feeding efficiency are reformulated to reflect labral fan transmissivity and behavioural components of the feeding process. Accordingly, S. vittatum larvae are shown to be ca. 4 to 26 times more efficient at suspension feeding than previously assessed. Larvae did not assume stances nor select positions along the flat substrate demonstrating any significant response to changing boundary layer thickness, leading me to reject the hypothesis that simuliid larvae hide entirely in the boundary layer to reduce direct influence of the mainstream current. Contrary to general belief, larvae do not necessarily seek maximum velocity in a longitudinal velocity gradient. Larvae preferably gather along the separation zone where the thin boundary layer detaches from the curved substrate{\textquoteright}s surface. Larvae always avoid zones of maximum surface shear stress. Larval reaction to changes in flow conditions is immediate, and it is suggested that larvae scan the velocity profile at the substrate to cue on a sharp difference experienced between the abdomen and labral fan level, hence maximizing particle-flux through the fans while minimizing drag forces on the bulbous portion of the body. Scaling microdistribution studies to the organismal level enables isolation of the proximal factors affecting formation of local assemblages.}, keywords = {0353:Entomology, 0793:Freshwater ecology, Biological sciences, Entomology, Freshwater ecology, Simulium vittatum}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/219868224?accountid=14270}, author = {Lacoursiere, Jean O} } @article {11711, title = {{Ten cases of Dilogonoporiasis in Sanin and Kyushu Districts}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {198{\textendash}203}, author = {Maejima, Joji and Yazaki, Seiichi and Fukumoto, Soji and Miyahara, Michiaki} } @article {7651, title = {Thermophilic Campylobacters in two sewage treatment plants in Libya}, journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, pages = {93-95}, author = {Betaieb, M and Jones, BK} } @article {3090, title = {Transmission of taeniid tapeworm eggs via blowflies to intermediate hosts}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {100 Pt 1}, year = {1990}, month = {feb}, pages = {143{\textendash}146}, abstract = {Experiments showed that dead blowflies containing eggs of Taenia hydatigena can transmit infection if ingested by lambs during grazing. Rabbits became infected with T. pisiformis after grazing grass exposed to blowflies that had been in contact with dog faeces containing the eggs of this parasite. When captive blowflies were exposed first to dog faeces containing proglottids of T. hydatigena and then to cooked meat, 100\% of pigs fed on this meat became infected. The experiments are intended to model the transmission dynamics that result in human larval tapeworm infections. The implications of the results to the epidemiology of human hydatid diseases caused by Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis as well as of T. solium cysticercosis are discussed.}, keywords = {Animals, Diptera, Dogs, Feces, Food Contamination, Insect Vectors, Meat, Rabbits, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, Swine, Swine Diseases, Taenia, Taeniasis}, issn = {0031-1820}, author = {Lawson, J. R. and Gemmell, M. A.} } @article {7895, title = {{Viability of Salmonella spp and indicator microorganisms in seawater using membrane diffusion chambers}}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {57}, year = {1990}, pages = {109{\textendash}117}, author = {Mori{\~n}igo, MA and Cornax, R and Castro, D and Martinez-Manzanares, E and Borrego, JJ} } @article {16083, title = {A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis among United States military personnel in Okinawa, Japan.}, journal = { Int J Epidemiol.}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {743-748.}, author = {Corwin, A. and Ryan, A. and Bloys, W. and Thomas, R. and Deniega, B. and Watts, D.} } @article {10566, title = {{ABO blood groups and cholera: new observations on specificity of risk and modification of vaccine efficacy}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {159}, year = {1989}, pages = {770{\textendash}773}, author = {J D Clemens and D A Sack and J R Harris and Chakraborty, J and M R Khan and Huda, S and Ahmed, F and Gomes, J and M R Rao and A M Svennerholm and Holmgren, J} } @article {13133, title = {Aeromonas as a human pathogen}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Microbiology}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {235-286}, doi = {10.3109/10408418909105478}, author = {Altwegg, M. and Geiss, H. K.} } @article {15398, title = {Anti-idiotypic T cells in human schistosomiasis}, journal = {Immunol Invest}, volume = {18}, number = {1-4}, year = {1989}, note = {Doughty, B L
Goes, A M
Parra, J C
Rocha, R
Cone, J C
Colley, D G
Gazzinelli, G
eng
1989/01/01
Immunol Invest. 1989 Jan-May;18(1-4):373-88.}, month = {Jan-May}, pages = {373-88}, abstract = {We have developed an in vitro model of granuloma formation for the purpose of studying the immunological components of granulomatous hypersensitivity in patients infected with S. mansoni. Our previous studies have shown that 1) granulomatous hypersensitivity can be studied by examining the cellular reactivity manifested as multiple cell layers surrounding antigen-conjugated polyacrylamide beads; and 2) this reactivity is a CD4 T cell dependent, macrophage dependent, B cell independent response which is antigenically specific for parasite egg antigens. We report here on idiotype - anti-idiotype receptor interactions involved in the regulation of granulomatous hypersensitivity in patients and former patients infected with S. mansoni. Five human monoclonal antibodies specific for parasite egg antigens were used to activate CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets. These activated anti-idiotypic T cells were then assayed for regulatory effector functions in an autologous in vitro granuloma model.}, keywords = {*Immunoglobulin Idiotypes, Adult, Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antigens, CD8, Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte, Antigens, Helminth, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology, Granuloma/immunology, Humans, Interferon-gamma/metabolism, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology, T-Lymphocytes/*immunology}, isbn = {0882-0139 (Print)
0882-0139 (Linking)}, author = {Doughty, B. L. and Goes, A. M. and Parra, J. C. and Rocha, R. and Cone, J. C. and Colley, D. G. and Gazzinelli, G.} } @inbook {11055, title = {Biology of {Ascariasis}}, booktitle = {Ascariasis and its {Prevention} and {Control}}, year = {1989}, pages = {9{\textendash}44}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {London}, author = {Crompton, D.W. T. and Pawlowski, Z. S.} } @inbook {11056, title = {Biology of {Ascariasis}}, booktitle = {Ascariasis and its {Prevention} and {Control}}, year = {1989}, pages = {9{\textendash}44}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {London}, author = {Crompton, D.W. T.}, editor = {Crompton, D.W. T. and Nesheim, M. C. and Pawlowski, Z. S.} } @article {9203, title = {{Circular DNA of Entamoeba histolytica encodes ribosomal RNA}}, journal = {Journal of Protozoology}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, year = {1989}, pages = {455{\textendash}458}, author = {Bhattacharya, S and Bhattacharya, A and Diamond, LS and Soldo, AT} } @article {12706, title = {{Clinical field trials of praziquantel in pulmonary paragonimiasis due to Paragonimus uterobilateralis in endemic populations of the Igwun basin, Nigeria}}, journal = {Trop Med Parasitol}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {65{\textendash}68}, author = {Udonski, JK} } @article {11591, title = {{Differentiation between Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and D. latum using isozimes restriction profiles and ribosomal gene probes}}, journal = {Systematic Parasitology}, volume = {13}, year = {1989}, pages = {161{\textendash}166}, author = {De Vos, T and Dick, TA} } @article {8786, title = {{Disinfection of sewage effluent with peracetica acid}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {203{\textendash}206}, author = {Baldry, M G C and French, M S} } @article {12747, title = {{Effect of praziquantel treatment on pulmonary lesions of rats infected with Paragonimus iloktsuenensis}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {119{\textendash}130}, author = {Lee, SH and Kim, SY and Han, YC and Lee, YS and Hong, ST and Sohn, WM and Chai, JY} } @article {16340, title = {Effluent characteristics of dairy shed oxidation ponds and their potential impacts on rivers}, journal = {New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research}, volume = {23}, year = {1989}, pages = {569-584}, author = {Hickey, C.W. and Quinn, J.M. and Davies-Colley, R.J.} } @article {2280, title = {{Effluent characteristics of domestic sewage oxidation ponds and their potential impacts on rivers}}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research}, volume = {23}, year = {1989}, pages = {585{\textendash}600}, author = {Hickey Christopher W., Quinn John M. and R J Davies-Colley} } @article {8030, title = {{Effluent characteristics of domestic sewage oxidation ponds and their potential impacts on rivers}}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research}, volume = {23}, year = {1989}, pages = {585{\textendash}600}, author = {Christophe W Hickey and John M Quinn and R J Davies-Colley} } @article {14066, title = {Effluent characteristics of domestic sewage oxidation ponds and their potential impacts on rivers}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research}, volume = {23}, year = {1989}, pages = {585{\textendash}600}, author = {Hickey Christopher W., Quinn John M. and R J Davies-Colley} } @article {11830, title = {{El ciclo evolutivo experimental de Diphyllobothrium erinaceieuropei en Paracyclops fimbriatus, {\{}larvas de Bufo arenarum y caninos}}}, journal = {Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S{\~a}o Paulo}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {1989}, pages = {308{\textendash}312}, abstract = {

{\{}RESUMEN{\}} El objetivo del trabajo fue lograr la reproducci{\{}\ó{\}}n experimental del ciclo evolutivo de Diphyllobothrium erinaceieuropei Rudolphi 1819 {\{}(Cestoda,{\}} Pseudophyllidea) con la intervenci{\{}\ó{\}}n de Paracyclops fimbriatus y larvas de Bufo arenarum como hospedadores ...

}, author = {Venturini, L} } @article {11825, title = {{Epidemiolog{\'\i}a de la difilobotriasis en la cuenca del r{\'\i}o Valdivia, Chile}}, journal = {Revista de Sa{\'u}de P{\'u}blica}, volume = {23}, year = {1989}, month = {feb}, pages = {45{\textendash}57}, issn = {0034-8910}, doi = {10.1590/S0034-89101989000100007}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S0034-89101989000100007{\&}lng=es{\&}nrm=iso{\&}tlng=es}, author = {Torres, Patricio and Franjola, Ren{\'e} and P{\'e}rez, Jos{\'e} and Auad, Sadi and Uherek, Fernando and Miranda, Juan C. and Flores, Luisa and Riquelme, Javier and Salazar, Samuel and Hermosilla, Claudia and Rojo, Rub{\'e}n} } @article {3925, title = {The epidemiology of rotavirus gastroenteritis.}, journal = {Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii, i Immunobiologii}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, year = {1989}, pages = {43{\textendash}8}, author = {Solodovnikov, IuP and Nechiporenko, NG and Tregub, AV and Kuz{\textquoteright}mina, NA and Balandin, AI} } @article {11121, title = {Evaluation of a sanitation programme using eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides in household yard soils as indicators}, journal = {Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {92}, year = {1989}, pages = {10-16}, author = {Muller, M. and Sanchez, R.M. and Suswillo, R.R.} } @article {12901, title = {Evaluation of a sanitation programme using eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides in household yard soils as indicators.}, journal = {The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, year = {1989}, pages = {10{\textendash}16}, author = {Muller, Mike and Sanchez, R Machin and Suswillo, RR} } @article {16647, title = {Evaluation of a sanitation programme using eggs of {Ascaris} lumbricoides in household yard soils as indicators.}, journal = {The Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, year = {1989}, pages = {10{\textendash}16}, author = {Muller, Mike and Sanchez, R Machin and Suswillo, RR} } @article {13959, title = {Evaluation of commercial latex slide test for identifying {Escherichia} coli {O}157}, journal = {J Clin Pathol}, volume = {42}, number = {10}, year = {1989}, pages = {1109{\textendash}1110}, abstract = {A commercial latex slide test (Oxoid DR 620) for the identification of Escherichia coli O157 was compared with a standard tube agglutination method using E coli O157 antiserum (Difco). Thirty isolates previously confirmed as E coli O157 were positive by both methods: 30 isolates of E coli of serogroups other than O157, 30 isolates of non-sorbitol fermenting organisms from various genera, and one isolate of E hermanii were all negative by both methods. It is concluded that the latex slide test offers a rapid and economical alternative to tube agglutination for the identification of E coli O157.}, author = {Chapman, P A} } @article {2190, title = {{Evaluation of commercial latex slide test for identifying Escherichia coli O157}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Pathology}, volume = {42}, number = {10}, year = {1989}, pages = {1109{\textendash}1110}, edition = {1989/10/01}, abstract = {

A commercial latex slide test (Oxoid DR 620) for the identification of Escherichia coli O157 was compared with a standard tube agglutination method using E coli O157 antiserum (Difco). Thirty isolates previously confirmed as E coli O157 were positive by both methods: 30 isolates of E coli of serogroups other than O157, 30 isolates of non-sorbitol fermenting organisms from various genera, and one isolate of E hermanii were all negative by both methods. It is concluded that the latex slide test offers a rapid and economical alternative to tube agglutination for the identification of E coli O157.

}, isbn = {0021-9746 (Print)0021-9746 (Linking)}, author = {Chapman, P A} } @article {12748, title = {{Experimental infection of Paragonimus iloktsuenensis to albino rats, dogs and cats}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {197{\textendash}202}, author = {Lee, SH and Koo, KH and Chai, JY and Hong, ST and Sohn, WM} } @article {9806, title = {{Family outbreak of Blastocystis hominis associated gastroenteritis}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {1394}, author = {Guglielmetti, P and Cellesi, C and Figura, N and Rossolini, A} } @article {9679, title = {Genetic heterogeneity within Echinococcus granulosus: isolates from different hosts and geographical areas characterized with DNA probes.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {99 pt 1}, year = {1989}, pages = {17-29}, author = {McManus, D.P and Rishi, A.K} } @booklet {11074, title = {Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, and excreta in agriculture and agriculture measures for public health protection}, year = {1989}, pages = {187}, publisher = {WHO}, address = {Geneva}, author = {Mara, D. and Cairu, C.S.} } @booklet {12700, title = {{Health guidelines for the use of waste water in aquaculture. WHO Techn. Rep. Ser. No. 778}}, year = {1989}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {WHO} } @book {11292, title = {{Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture}}, year = {1989}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, organization = {World Health Organization}, edition = {1}, author = {WHO} } @article {15575, title = {Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture}, year = {1989} } @book {13903, title = {Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture}, year = {1989}, abstract = {The use of wastewater in agriculture - often untreated or inadequately treated - is occurring more frequently because of water scarcity and population growth. Often the poorest households rely on this resource for their livelihood and food security needs. However, there are negative health implications of this practice that need to be addressed. In 1989 the World Health Organisation (WHO) developed guidelines forthe safe use of wastewater in agriculture, which are currently being revised based on new data from epidemiological studies, quantitative microbial risk assessments and other relevant information. The revisions being developed are in accordance with the Stockholm Framework that provides a tool for managing health risks from all water-related microbial exposures. The Stockholdm Framework encourages a flexible approach to setting guidelines, allowing countries to adapt the guidelines to their own social, cultural, economic and environmental circumstances. It is important to recognise that in many situations where wastewater is used in agriculture, the effective treatment of such wastewater may now be available for many years. WHO guidelines must therefore be practical and offer feasible risk-management solutions that will minimise health threats and allow for the beneficial use of scarce resources. To acheive the greatest impact on health, guidelines should be implemented with such other health promoting measures as: health education, hygiene promotion, provision of adequate drinking water and sanitation, etc.}, isbn = {978-0-85199-823-7}, author = {Akin, E. and Al-Salem, S. and Cairncross, A. and Schwartzbrod, J. and Shuval, H. I. and Singh, C. N. and Yanez, F.} } @booklet {2143, title = {{Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture}}, journal = {World Health Organization - Technical Report Series}, year = {1989}, pages = {1{\textendash}74}, abstract = {The use of wastewater in agriculture - often untreated or inadequately treated - is occurring more frequently because of water scarcity and population growth. Often the poorest households rely on this resource for their livelihood and food security needs. However, there are negative health implications of this practice that need to be addressed. In 1989 the World Health Organisation (WHO) developed guidelines forthe safe use of wastewater in agriculture, which are currently being revised based on new data from epidemiological studies, quantitative microbial risk assessments and other relevant information. The revisions being developed are in accordance with the Stockholm Framework that provides a tool for managing health risks from all water-related microbial exposures. The Stockholdm Framework encourages a flexible approach to setting guidelines, allowing countries to adapt the guidelines to their own social, cultural, economic and environmental circumstances. It is important to recognise that in many situations where wastewater is used in agriculture, the effective treatment of such wastewater may now be available for many years. WHO guidelines must therefore be practical and offer feasible risk-management solutions that will minimise health threats and allow for the beneficial use of scarce resources. To acheive the greatest impact on health, guidelines should be implemented with such other health promoting measures as: health education, hygiene promotion, provision of adequate drinking water and sanitation, etc.}, isbn = {9780851998237}, issn = {05123054}, doi = {10.1016/0921-3449(92)90045-4}, author = {Akin, E. and Al-Salem, S. and Cairncross, A. and Schwartzbrod, J. and Shuval, H. I. and Singh, C. N. and Yanez, F.} } @article {16937, title = {Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture: report of a WHO scientific group [meeting held in Geneva from 18 to 23 November 1987]}, year = {1989}, publisher = {Geneva: World Health Organization}, author = {World Health Organization and others} } @inbook {16912, title = {Human origin of Bacteroides fragilis bacteriophages present in the environment.}, booktitle = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {55}, number = {10}, year = {1989}, pages = {2696{\textendash}2701}, author = {Tartera, C and Lucena, Fi and Jofre, J} } @article {10798, title = {{The human pathogenic vibrios, a public health update with environmental perspectives}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {103}, year = {1989}, pages = {1{\textendash}34}, author = {West, PA} } @article {15556, title = {Hybrids between Schistosoma mansoni and S. rodhaini: characterization by cercarial emergence rhythms}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {99 Pt 2}, year = {1989}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England}, month = {Oct}, pages = {225-8}, abstract = {Hybridization between Schistosoma mansoni, with a diurnal cercarial emergence rhythm and S. rodhaini, with a nocturnal cercarial shedding pattern leads to F1 and F2 generations, hybrid schistosomes whose chronobiological phenotype of cercariae is characterized by two unequal emergence peaks, one diurnal and the other nocturnal. The relative importance of diurnal and nocturnal peaks depends upon which S. mansoni strain (early or late) is used for the hybridization with S. rodhaini. The results are compared and discussed with those resulting from crosses between intraspecific sympatric and allopatric chronobiological variants (early and late) of S. mansoni. The genetic determinism of the cercarial emergence of schistosomes and the significant differences observed between cercarial shedding patterns of parental species and their hybrids allow the use of this behavioural marker in biological and genetical studies in schistosome populations.}, keywords = {*Circadian Rhythm, *Crosses, Genetic, Animals, Female, Hybridization, Genetic/physiology, Male, Phenotype, Schistosoma mansoni/*genetics/physiology, Schistosoma/*genetics/physiology}, isbn = {0031-1820 (Print)
0031-1820 (Linking)}, author = {Th{\'e}ron, A.} } @article {11786, title = {{The immune response of wild rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, to naturally acquired plerocercoid infections of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824)}}, journal = {Journal of Fish Biology}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {1989}, pages = {781{\textendash}794}, abstract = {

Abstract Natural infections of rainbow trout with two species {\{}ofDiphyllobothrium{\}} result in a host inflammatory response encapsulating the plerocercoid. The encapsulating cyst, observed by light and electron microscopy, comprises leucocytes, fibroblasts and ...

}, issn = {0020-7519}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03029.x}, author = {Sharp, G J and Pike, A W and Secombes, C J} } @article {15492, title = {Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. XVI. Idiotypic differences in antibody preparations from patients with different clinical forms of infection}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {142}, number = {7}, year = {1989}, note = {Montesano, M A
Lima, M S
Correa-Oliveira, R
Gazzinelli, G
Colley, D G
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
Baltimore, Md. : 1950
1989/04/01
J Immunol. 1989 Apr 1;142(7):2501-6.}, month = {Apr 1}, pages = {2501-6}, abstract = {Antibodies were purified from pooled sera from patients with different clinical forms of schistosomiasis mansoni on immunoaffinity columns of schistosome soluble egg Ag (SEA). As previously reported, T lymphocytes in PBMC preparations from schistosomiasis patients (but not control subjects who have never been infected) proliferate when cultured in the presence of certain of these anti-SEA purified antibodies. We now show that PBMC from most patients with chronic schistosomiasis, regardless of the clinical form of their infection, respond to anti-SEA antibodies from sera of asymptomatic (intestinal) or hepatointestinal patients. In stark contrast, none responds to anti-SEA antibodies purified from sera of acute or hepatosplenic patients. All of these multiclonal anti-SEA antibody preparations were active in anti-SEA ELISA assays and gave comparable patterns of reactivity with SEA upon immunoblotting analysis. Immunization of rabbits with some of these anti-SEA antibody preparations, followed by absorption of the rabbit antisera on absorbents of normal Ig, produced specific anti-Id reagents. Use of these reagents in competitive ELISA systems demonstrated that the Id in stimulatory and nonstimulatory anti-SEA antibody preparations differ with regard to the proportion of the serologically defined Id expressed by each. It appears possible to screen patients{\textquoteright} plasmas for the presence of shared Id by use of suitable Id/anti-Id competitive ELISA assays. Taken together these data indicate that only certain Id-positive preparations are stimulatory to patients{\textquoteright} PBMC, and the expression of these T cell stimulatory, immunoregulatory Id on anti-SEA antibodies correlates with the clinical form of a patient{\textquoteright}s infection.}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Animals, Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/biosynthesis, Antibodies, Helminth/administration \& dosage/*biosynthesis/isolation \&, Antibody Specificity, Antigens, Helminth/immunology, Binding, Competitive, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/analysis/*biosynthesis, Immunosorbent Techniques, Liver Diseases, Parasitic/immunology, Lymphocyte Activation, Ovum/immunology, purification, Rabbits, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology, Splenic Diseases/immunology/parasitology}, isbn = {0022-1767 (Print)
0022-1767 (Linking)}, author = {Montesano, M. A. and Lima, M. S. and Correa-Oliveira, R. and Gazzinelli, G. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {12749, title = {{Immunohistochemical study on the antigenicity of body compartments of Paragonimus westermani}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {109{\textendash}117}, author = {Lee, SH and Sung, SH and Chai, JY} } @article {12921, title = {The impact of improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities on diarrhea and intestinal parasites: a Brazilian experience with children in two low-income urban communities}, journal = {Revista de Sa{\'u}de P{\'u}blica}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {214{\textendash}220}, publisher = {SciELO Public Health}, author = {Gross, Rainer and Schell, Bernd and Molina, Maria Carmen Bisi and Le{\~a}o, Maria Antonia Cuelho and Strack, Ulrike} } @article {10625, title = {{The impact of improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities on diarrhoea and intestinal parasites: A Brazilian experience with children in two low-income urban communities}}, journal = {Revista Costarricense de Salud P{\'u}blica}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {214{\textendash}220}, author = {Gross, R and Schell, B and Molina, MCB and Leao, MAC and Strack, U} } @article {3827, title = {The impact of improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities on diarrhea and intestinal parasites: a {Brazilian} experience with children in two low-income urban communities.}, journal = {Revista de sa{\'u}de p{\'u}blica}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {214{\textendash}220}, abstract = {During the second half of 1986 the impact of the improvement of water supply and excreta disposal facilities on diarrheal diseases and intestinal parasitosis was studied in 254 children up to six years of age from two favelas (shanty towns) of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The estimated incidence of diarrhea was 6.2 episodes/child year and the estimated period prevalence reached 31.0 episode days/child/year. The point prevalence of parasitosis was 70.7\{\%\} \{\{\}(Ascaris\{\}\} lumbricoides: 55.4\{\%\}, Trichuris trichiura: 19.6\{\%\}, Giardia lamblia: 17.9\{\%\}). The estimated prevalence of diarrhea decreased with improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities to 45\{\%\} and 44\{\%\} respectively, but no statistically significant impact was observed in the case of parasitosis. School education and weaning practice were found to be other important determinants of diarrhea.}, author = {Gross, R and Schell, B and Molina, M C and Le{\~a}o, M A and Strack, U} } @article {3909, title = {The impact of improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities on diarrhea and intestinal parasites: a {Brazilian} experience with children in two low-income urban communities.}, journal = {Revista de sa\{\{\}\{{\'u}\}\{\}\}de p\{\{\}\{{\'u}\}\{\}\}blica}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {214{\textendash}220}, abstract = {During the second half of 1986 the impact of the improvement of water supply and excreta disposal facilities on diarrheal diseases and intestinal parasitosis was studied in 254 children up to six years of age from two favelas (shanty towns) of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The estimated incidence of diarrhea was 6.2 episodes/child year and the estimated period prevalence reached 31.0 episode days/child/year. The point prevalence of parasitosis was 70.7\{\%\} \{\{\}(Ascaris\{\}\} lumbricoides: 55.4\{\%\}, Trichuris trichiura: 19.6\{\%\}, Giardia lamblia: 17.9\{\%\}). The estimated prevalence of diarrhea decreased with improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities to 45\{\%\} and 44\{\%\} respectively, but no statistically significant impact was observed in the case of parasitosis. School education and weaning practice were found to be other important determinants of diarrhea.}, author = {Gross, R and Schell, B and Molina, M C and Le{\~a}o, M A and Strack, U} } @article {2557, title = {The impact of improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities on diarrhea and intestinal parasites: a Brazilian experience with children in two low-income urban communities.}, journal = {Revista de sa{\'u}de p{\'u}blica}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {214-220}, abstract = {During the second half of 1986 the impact of the improvement of water supply and excreta disposal facilities on diarrheal diseases and intestinal parasitosis was studied in 254 children up to six years of age from two favelas (shanty towns) of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The estimated incidence of diarrhea was 6.2 episodes/child year and the estimated period prevalence reached 31.0 episode days/child/year. The point prevalence of parasitosis was 70.7\% {(Ascaris} lumbricoides: 55.4\%, Trichuris trichiura: 19.6\%, Giardia lamblia: 17.9\%). The estimated prevalence of diarrhea decreased with improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities to 45\% and 44\% respectively, but no statistically significant impact was observed in the case of parasitosis. School education and weaning practice were found to be other important determinants of diarrhea.}, author = {Gross, R and Schell, B and Molina, MC and Le{\~a}o, MA and Strack, U} } @article {803, title = {The impact of improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities on diarrhea and intestinal parasites: a Brazilian experience with children in two low-income urban communities.}, journal = {Revista de sa{\'u}de p{\'u}blica}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {214-220}, abstract = {During the second half of 1986 the impact of the improvement of water supply and excreta disposal facilities on diarrheal diseases and intestinal parasitosis was studied in 254 children up to six years of age from two favelas (shanty towns) of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The estimated incidence of diarrhea was 6.2 episodes/child year and the estimated period prevalence reached 31.0 episode days/child/year. The point prevalence of parasitosis was 70.7\% {(Ascaris} lumbricoides: 55.4\%, Trichuris trichiura: 19.6\%, Giardia lamblia: 17.9\%). The estimated prevalence of diarrhea decreased with improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities to 45\% and 44\% respectively, but no statistically significant impact was observed in the case of parasitosis. School education and weaning practice were found to be other important determinants of diarrhea.}, author = {Gross, R and Schell, B and Molina, MC and Le{\~a}o, MA and Strack, U} } @article {16667, title = {The impact of improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities on diarrhea and intestinal parasites: a {Brazilian} experience with children in two low-income urban communities}, journal = {Revista de Sa{\'u}de P{\'u}blica}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {214{\textendash}220}, author = {Gross, Rainer and Schell, Bernd and Molina, Maria Carmen Bisi and Le{\~a}o, Maria Antonia Cuelho and Strack, Ulrike} } @article {5220, title = {{Impact of Wastewater Treatment on Helminth Eggs}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {295{\textendash}297}, keywords = {eggs - lagoon treament, sand filtration - activated, sewage treatment - helminth, Sludge}, author = {Schwartzbrod, J and Stien, J L and Bouhoum, K and Baleux, B} } @article {8787, title = {{Inactivation of Health Related Microorganisms in Water by Disinfetion Processes}}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {179{\textendash}195}, author = {Sobsey, Mark D.} } @article {14767, title = {Inactivation of poliovirus 1, as a function of temperature, in mixed human and dairy animal wastes}, journal = {Waste Management Res}, volume = {7}, year = {1989}, pages = {135{\textendash}142}, author = {Snowden, AT and D O Cliver and Converse, JC} } @article {5063, title = {Inactivation of poliovirus 1, as a function of temperature, in mixed human and dairy animal wastes}, journal = {Waste Management and Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {135{\textendash}142}, author = {J Α Snowdon and D O Cliver and Converse, JC} } @article {2220, title = {{Inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {159}, year = {1989}, pages = {1126-8}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print)0022-1899 (Linking)}, author = {DuPont, H L and Levine, M M and Hornick, R B and Formal, S B} } @article {13996, title = {Inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission}, journal = {J Infect Dis. Jun;159(6):1126-8.}, year = {1989}, author = {DuPont, H L and Levine, M M and Hornick, R B and Formal, S B} } @article {17065, title = {Integrated wastewater treatment using artificial wetlands: a gravel marsh case study}, journal = {Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, USA}, year = {1989}, pages = {145{\textendash}152}, author = {Gersberg, Richard M and Lyon, Stephen R and Brenner, Robert and Elkins, Bert V} } @article {11822, title = {{Investigaciones sobre Pseudophyllidea (Carus, 1813) en el sur de Chile. X Observaciones experimentales sobre la coexistencia de plerocercoides de Dipylllobothrium latum (L.) y Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch) en salm{\'o}nidos de la cuenca del}, journal = {Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria}, volume = {21}, year = {1989}, pages = {51{\textendash}57}, author = {Torres, P and Torres, J and Garrido, O and Thibaut, J} } @article {11543, title = {{A key to three species of larval Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) occurring in European and North American freshwater fishes}}, journal = {Systematic Parasitology}, volume = {13}, year = {1989}, pages = {3{\textendash}9}, author = {Andersen, KI and Gibson, DI} } @article {13428, title = {Les emissions cercariennes de Fasciola hepatica L. chez le mollusque Lymnaea truncatula Muller. A propos de quelques observations chronobiologiques}, journal = {Bull Soc Fr Parasitol}, volume = {7}, year = {1989}, pages = {217-224}, author = {Audousset, J. C. and Rondelaud, D. and Dreyfuss, G. and Vareille-Morel, C.} } @article {5104, title = {{Low- temperature regimes for decontamination of fish of the larvae Opisthorchis (in Russian)}}, journal = {Medicine Parazitology (Mosk)}, volume = {5}, year = {1989}, pages = {63{\textendash}65}, author = {Fattakhov, RG} } @article {8576, title = {{The major surface antigen, P30, of Toxoplasma gondii is anchored by a glycolipid}}, journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry}, volume = {264}, number = {10}, year = {1989}, pages = {5569{\textendash}5574}, author = {Nagel, SD and Boothroyd, JC} } @article {1980, title = {Occasional parasitic infections of man in Papua New Guinea and Iran Jaya (New Guinea)}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {83}, year = {1989}, pages = {121-135}, author = {Barnish, G. and Ashford, R. W.} } @article {8489, title = {{Oocyst-induced Toxoplasma gondii infections in cats}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {75}, number = {5}, year = {1989}, pages = {750{\textendash}755}, author = {Freyre, A and Dubey, JP and Smith, DD and Frenkel, JK} } @article {9345, title = {{An outbreak of amebiasis in an institution for the mentally retarded in Japan}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {63{\textendash}76}, author = {Nagakura, K and Tachibana, H and Tanaka, T and Kaneda, Y and Tokunaga, M and Sasao, M and Takeuchi, T} } @article {9182, title = {{An outbreak of giardiasis and amoebiasis at a ski resort in Sweden}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {143{\textendash}146}, author = {Andersson, Y and De Jong, B} } @article {4326, title = {{Potable water safety assessed by coliphage and bacterial tests}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, month = {feb}, pages = {253{\textendash}255}, abstract = {Twenty samples of drinking water from five different distribution line sources in Lima, Peru, were tested for coliphage content. Bacteriological quality of these waters was assessed by a variety of techniques, Presence/Absence (P/A) test, H2S paper strip test and total and fecal coliform MPN tests. In 47{\%} of the samples, coliphage were the only indicator organisms present. The incidence of coliphage in these potable water supplies reflects the probability of human pathogenic virus also surviving the treatment process. In the bacteriological tests the P/A and H2S paper strip techniques were found to be equally or more sensitive indicators of the presence of coliform/fecal coliform bacteria than the TC/FC MPN tests were.}, keywords = {coliphage, developing country, H2S tests, P/A test, potable water}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(89)90050-X}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004313548990050X}, author = {Ratto, A. and Dutka, B.J. and Vega, C. and Lopez, C. and El-Shaarawi, A.} } @article {8514, title = {{The prevalence and source of Toxoplasma infection in the environment}}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {28}, year = {1989}, pages = {55{\textendash}105}, author = {Jackson, MH and Hutchinson, WM} } @article {5373, title = {{Quantification of helminth eggs in wastewater}}, journal = {Zent. bl. Hyg Umweltmed}, volume = {188}, year = {1989}, pages = {322{\textendash}330}, author = {Bouhoum, K and Schartzbrod, J} } @article {15907, title = {Reactive arthritis complicating cryptosporidial infection}, journal = {Archives of Disease in Childhood}, volume = {64}, number = {5}, year = {1989}, month = {May}, pages = {743-4}, edition = {1989/05/01}, keywords = {Animals, Arthritis, Infectious/*etiology/parasitology, Child, Preschool, Cryptosporidiosis/*complications/parasitology, Cryptosporidium/isolation \& purification, Diarrhea/*etiology/parasitology, Feces/parasitology, Female, Humans}, isbn = {0003-9888}, author = {Shepherd, R. C. and Smail, P. J. and Sinha, G. P.} } @article {4531, title = {Recovery of viruses and bacteria in waters off Bondi beach: a pilot study}, journal = {The Medical Journal of Australia}, volume = {151}, number = {11-12}, year = {1989}, pages = {632{\textendash}8}, issn = {0025-729X (Print) 0025-729X (Linking)}, author = {Kueh, C. S. and Grohmann, G. S.} } @article {1251, title = {Recovery of viruses and bacteria in waters off Bondi beach: a pilot study}, journal = {Med J Aust}, volume = {151}, number = {11-12}, year = {1989}, note = {Kueh, C S Grohmann, G S Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Australia The Medical journal of Australia Med J Aust. 1989 Dec 4-18;151(11-12):632-8.}, pages = {632-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A pilot study was conducted between February and April, 1989, on the occurrence of sewage-derived viruses and bacteria in the beach and nearshore waters off Bondi, Sydney. Enteroviruses were isolated from 41\% of a total of 66 sewage, sea-water, grease and sediment samples. Poliovirus vaccine strains accounted for 78\% of the isolates. Adenoviruses were isolated four times and coxsackievirus B was isolated twice in samples that were collected away from the bathing area. Rotavirus and hepatitis A virus were not detected. The number of faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, Aeromonas hydrophila and Clostridium perfringens in the sewage ranged from 10(4) to 10(7) cfu/100 mL. An initial reduction of 10(2)-10(3) in bacterial counts was observed in the plume (the effluent{\textquoteright}s initial dilution zone) and a further reduction of 10(2)-10(4) in counts in samples that were collected away from the plume. Salmonella spp. were detected in one-third of the samples and low numbers of Campylobacter jejuni were found in the sewage and plume. Salmonella serotypes that were associated with the sewage and plume were distinct from those in the stormwater and beachwater, indicating that stormwater may be an important source of pollution on Bondi beach.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Aeromonas/growth \& development/isolation \& purification Australia Clostridium perfringens/growth \& development/isolation \& purification Colony Count, Microbial Enterovirus/isolation \& purification Pilot Projects Poliovirus/isolation \& purification Salmonella/growth \& development/isolation \& purification Seawater Sewage Streptococcus/growth \& development/isolation \& purification Water Microbiology}, issn = {0025-729X (Print) 0025-729X (Linking)}, author = {Kueh, C. S. and Grohmann, G. S.} } @article {11846, title = {{Scanning electron microscopic study of four Diphyllobothrium species}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {75}, year = {1989}, pages = {238{\textendash}244}, author = {Yamane, Y and Bylund, G and Abe, K and Osaki, Y and Okamoto, T} } @article {13105, title = {Septic Tank Setback Distances: A Way to Minimize Virus Contamination of Drinking Water a}, journal = {Groundwater}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {202{\textendash}208}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Yates, Marylynn V and Yates, SR} } @article {11014, title = {Soil-transmitted helminth infections in school children from {Cocle} {Province}, {Republic} of {Panama}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {287{\textendash}292}, abstract = {SummaryA survey was carried out to determine values for the prevalence and intensity of infection of intestinal helminths in children living in Cocle Province, Republic of Panama. The data set consisted of the results of microscopic examinations (modified Kato Katz technique) of stool samples collected in November 1987 from 661 children attending primary schools in 4 communities in the province. The overall prevalences of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura infections were found to be 18{\textperiodcentered}2, 12{\textperiodcentered}0 and 27{\textperiodcentered}5\% respectively. There were significant differences between the infection prevalence values for children attending the different schools, but not with respect to age or sex. Positive associations were detected between particular pairs of infections and these were most evident when Trichuris trichiura was involved. The data revealed evidence of a positive association between siblings at one school only for each helminth infection.}, keywords = {Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, infection intensity, intestinal helminths, prevalence, Trichuris trichiura}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182000058741}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/soiltransmitted-helminth-infections-in-school-children-from-cocle-province-republic-of-panama/0724A7DEA7FB10E72AFD0FEA0476C2B8}, author = {Robertson, L. J. and Crompton, D. W. T. and Walters, D. E. and Nesheim, M. C. and Sanjur, D. and Walsh, E. A.} } @article {13188, title = {Some observations on the faecal carriage of mesophilic Aeromonas species in cows and pigs.}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {103}, year = {1989}, pages = {523-537}, author = {Gray, S. J. and Stickler, D. J.} } @article {10788, title = {{Studies on the incidence of Vibrio cholerae in fishery product}}, journal = {Journal of Food Science and Technology}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, year = {1989}, pages = {341{\textendash}342}, author = {Verma, PRG and Iyer, TSG and Joseph, MA and Zacharia, S} } @article {12085, title = {A survey of intestinal helminths of well-cared-for dogs in Jamaica, and their potential public health significance}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, year = {1989}, note = {Robinson, R D
Thompson, D L
Lindo, J F
eng
England
1989/03/01
J Helminthol. 1989 Mar;63(1):32-8.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {32-8}, abstract = {

This study investigates the level of helminthic infestation in better-cared-for dogs in a middle-class community in suburban Kingston. A canine zoographic study was conducted, and fresh faecal deposits were collected and analysed for helminth life-cycle stages. The survey indicated that 73\% (n = 93) of households in the study area owned one dog or more (mean = 1.4). Resident\&$\#$39;s attitudes towards canine management suggested that the dog population was, in general, restricted to the residential estate, and most owners claimed to have dewormed their dogs at least as young animals. Of 141 faecal specimens, 58\% contained eggs or larvae of one or more of eight helminths: Uncinaria stenocephala (26\%), Ancylostoma sp. (23\%), Trichuris vulpis (9\%), Toxocara canis (8\%), Spirocerca lupi (6\%), Strongyloides sp. (6\%), Apophallus sp. (4\%) and taeniids (1\%). There was a high level of multiple infection in the host animals, with approximately one fifth of the infected samples containing three or more helminth types. Infection intensity was apparently low, but some dogs harboured heavy worm loads.

}, keywords = {*Helminthiasis, Animal, Animals, control/transmission/*veterinary, Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/prevention \& control/transmission, Dogs, Feces/parasitology, Helminthiasis/epidemiology/prevention \& control/transmission, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology/prevention \&, Jamaica, Zoonoses}, isbn = {0022-149X (Print)
0022-149X (Linking)}, author = {Robinson, R. D. and Thompson, D. L. and Lindo, J. F.} } @article {16577, title = {A survey of intestinal helminths of well-cared-for dogs in {Jamaica}, and their potential public health significance}, journal = {J Helminthol}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, year = {1989}, month = {mar}, pages = {32{\textendash}8}, abstract = {This study investigates the level of helminthic infestation in better-cared-for dogs in a middle-class community in suburban Kingston. A canine zoographic study was conducted, and fresh faecal deposits were collected and analysed for helminth life-cycle stages. The survey indicated that 73\% (n = 93) of households in the study area owned one dog or more (mean = 1.4). Resident{\textquoteright}s attitudes towards canine management suggested that the dog population was, in general, restricted to the residential estate, and most owners claimed to have dewormed their dogs at least as young animals. Of 141 faecal specimens, 58\% contained eggs or larvae of one or more of eight helminths: Uncinaria stenocephala (26\%), Ancylostoma sp. (23\%), Trichuris vulpis (9\%), Toxocara canis (8\%), Spirocerca lupi (6\%), Strongyloides sp. (6\%), Apophallus sp. (4\%) and taeniids (1\%). There was a high level of multiple infection in the host animals, with approximately one fifth of the infected samples containing three or more helminth types. Infection intensity was apparently low, but some dogs harboured heavy worm loads.}, keywords = {*Helminthiasis, Animal, Animals, control/transmission/*veterinary, Dog Diseases/*epidemiology/prevention \& control/transmission, Dogs, Feces/parasitology, Helminthiasis/epidemiology/prevention \& control/transmission, Intestinal Diseases, Jamaica, Parasitic/epidemiology/prevention \&, Zoonoses}, issn = {0022-149X (Print) 0022-149X (Linking)}, author = {Robinson, R. D. and Thompson, D. L. and Lindo, J. F.} } @article {17285, title = {Survival and activity of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli in tropical freshwater}, journal = {Journal of Applied MicrobiologyJournal of applied microbiology}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, year = {1989}, pages = {61-69}, isbn = {1365-2672}, author = {L. Jim{\'e}nez, I. Mu{\~n}iz G. A. Toranzos T. C. Hazen} } @inbook {3020, title = {Survival of {Echinococcus} multilocularis eggs in the environment and potential modes of transmission}, booktitle = {World {Health} {Organization} {Informal} {Consultation} on {Alveolar} {Echinococcosis}. {WHO} document {VPH}/{Echin}.{Res}/{WP}/89}, year = {1989}, pages = {1{\textendash}5}, edition = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {Frank, W} } @article {11847, title = {{The taxonomic differences of embrionic hooks in Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense, D. latum and D. dendriticum}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {75}, year = {1989}, pages = {549{\textendash}553}, author = {Yamane, Y and Shiwaku, K and Abe, K and Osaki, Y and Okamoto, T} } @booklet {8631, title = {{Technical Support document for pathogen reduction in sewagw sludge}}, year = {1989}, publisher = {National Technical Information Service}, address = {Springfield, VA} } @article {14684, title = {Thermal and water source effects upon the stability of enteroviruses in surface freshwaters}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {35}, year = {1989}, month = {apr}, pages = {474{\textendash}80}, abstract = {The long-term survival of three human enterovirus serotypes, Coxsackievirus B3, echovirus 7, and poliovirus 1 was examined in samples of surface freshwater collected from five sites of physically different character. These were an artificial lake created by damming a creek, a small groundwater outlet pond, both a large- and a medium-sized river, and a small suburban creek. Survival was studied at temperatures of -20, 1, and 22 degrees C. The average amount of viral inactivation was 6.5-7.0 log10 units over 8 weeks at 22 degrees C, 4-5 log10 units over 12 weeks at 1 degree C, and 0.4-0.8 log10 units over 12 weeks at -20 degrees C. The effect of incubation temperature upon viral inactivation rate was statistically significant (p less than 0.00001). As determined by pairing tests, survival was also significantly related to both viral serotype and water source at each of the three incubation temperatures (p less than or equal to 0.05). Efforts were made to determine whether the rate of viral inactivation observed at the different incubation temperatures was related to characteristics inherent to the water that was collected from the different locations. The characteristics examined included physical and chemical parameters, indigenous bacterial counts, and the amount of bacterial growth that the waters would support (measured as the maximum number of generations which seeded bacteria could undergo after being placed into either pasteurized or sterile-filtered water samples). Analysis of viral inactivation rate versus these characteristics revealed three apparent effectors of viral persistence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Analysis of Variance, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*growth \& development, Fresh Water, Human/growth \& development, Humans, Ohio, Poliovirus/growth \& development, Regression Analysis, Temperature}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, author = {Hurst, C. J. and Benton, W. H. and McClellan, K. A.} } @article {14991, title = {Thermal and water source effects upon the stability of enteroviruses in surface freshwaters}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {35}, year = {1989}, month = {apr}, pages = {474{\textendash}80}, abstract = {The long-term survival of three human enterovirus serotypes, Coxsackievirus B3, echovirus 7, and poliovirus 1 was examined in samples of surface freshwater collected from five sites of physically different character. These were an artificial lake created by damming a creek, a small groundwater outlet pond, both a large- and a medium-sized river, and a small suburban creek. Survival was studied at temperatures of -20, 1, and 22 degrees C. The average amount of viral inactivation was 6.5-7.0 log10 units over 8 weeks at 22 degrees C, 4-5 log10 units over 12 weeks at 1 degree C, and 0.4-0.8 log10 units over 12 weeks at -20 degrees C. The effect of incubation temperature upon viral inactivation rate was statistically significant (p less than 0.00001). As determined by pairing tests, survival was also significantly related to both viral serotype and water source at each of the three incubation temperatures (p less than or equal to 0.05). Efforts were made to determine whether the rate of viral inactivation observed at the different incubation temperatures was related to characteristics inherent to the water that was collected from the different locations. The characteristics examined included physical and chemical parameters, indigenous bacterial counts, and the amount of bacterial growth that the waters would support (measured as the maximum number of generations which seeded bacteria could undergo after being placed into either pasteurized or sterile-filtered water samples). Analysis of viral inactivation rate versus these characteristics revealed three apparent effectors of viral persistence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Analysis of Variance, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*growth \& development, Fresh Water, Human/growth \& development, Humans, Ohio, Poliovirus/growth \& development, Regression Analysis, Temperature}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, author = {Hurst, C. J. and Benton, W. H. and McClellan, K. A.} } @article {11269, title = {{Toxocara pteropodis and visceral Larva migrans}}, journal = {Parasitology Today}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, year = {1989}, pages = {106{\textendash}109}, doi = {10.1016/0169-4758(89)90047-1}, author = {Prociv, P} } @article {11258, title = {{Toxocariasis Possibly Caused by Ingesting Raw Chicken}}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {160}, number = {4}, year = {1989}, pages = {735{\textendash}736}, doi = {10.1093/infdis/160.4.735}, author = {Nagakura, K and Tachibana, H and Kaneda, Y and Kato, Y} } @conference {17084, title = {Transport of bacteria in a contaminated aquifer}, booktitle = {US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TOXIC SUBSTANCES HYDROLOGY PROGRAM-PROCEEDINGS OF THE TECHNICAL MEETING, PHOENIX, ARIZONA, SEPTEMBER 26-30, 1988}, volume = {88}, year = {1989}, pages = {183}, publisher = {Citeseer}, organization = {Citeseer}, author = {Harvey, Ronald W} } @article {6109, title = {Transport of microspheres and indigenous bacteria through a sandy aquifer: results of natural-and forced-gradient tracer experiments}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, year = {1989}, pages = {51{\textendash}56}, author = {Harvey, Ronald W and George, Leah H and Smith, Richard L and LeBlanc, Denis R} } @article {2804, title = {The use of polymerase chain reaction amplification for the detection of genital human papillomaviruses}, journal = {Cancer Cells}, volume = {7}, year = {1989}, pages = {209-214}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {POLYMERASE Polymerase chain polymerase chain reaction POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION reaction REACTION AMPLIFICATION AMPLIFICATION detection human}, author = {Manos, M.M. and Ting, Y and Wright, D.K and Lewis, J. and Broker, T.R. and Wolinsky, S.M.} } @article {9066, title = {{Viability of Giardia cysts suspended in lake, river, and tap water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {55}, number = {5}, year = {1989}, pages = {1223{\textendash}1229}, abstract = {Numerous waterborne outbreaks of giardiasis have occurred since 1965, yet little or no information has been reported on the viability of Giardia cysts in different aquatic environments. We have studied the viability of Giardia muris cysts suspended in lake, river, and tap water, while also monitoring water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and other water quality parameters. Fecal pellets containing G. muris cysts were placed in glass vials covered with filter paper and exposed to (i) lake water at 15 ft (ca. 4.6 m) and 30 ft (ca. 9.2 m), (ii) river water, (iii) tap water, and (iv) distilled water stored under laboratory conditions. At 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 84 days, two vials from each environment were removed, and cyst viability was determined by (i) fluorogenic dye exclusion, (ii) production of giardiasis in an animal, and (iii) cyst morphology by Nomarski microscopy. In the fall, the cysts suspended at 30 ft in lake water remained viable for up to 56 days whereas cysts stored at 15 ft were nonviable after day 28. The G. muris cysts exposed to river water remained viable up to 28 days as determined by the production of giardiasis in mice. G. muris cysts suspended in tap water showed no signs of viability after 14 days, while cysts serving as controls (exposed to refrigerated distilled water) remained viable for up to 56 days. In the winter, Giardia cysts suspended in either lake or river water were viable for 56 to 84 days whereas cysts exposed to tap water were nonviable by day 14.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print){\$}\backslash{\$}r0099-2240}, issn = {00992240}, author = {DeRegnier, D P and Cole, L and Schupp, D G and Erlandsen, S L} } @article {4024, title = {{Viability of Giardia cysts suspended in lake, river, and tap water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {55}, year = {1989}, pages = {1223{\textendash}1229}, author = {de Regnier, DP and Cole, L and Schupp, DG and Erlandsen, SL} } @booklet {16497, title = {Zentralblatt f{\"u}r {Bakteriologie} : international journal of medical microbiology}, year = {1989}, publisher = {Gustav Fischer}, keywords = {Bacterial Infections., Communicable Diseases microbiology., Geneeskunde., Medical microbiology Periodicals., Medical microbiology., Microbiologie., Parasitic Diseases., Periodicals., Viruses.} } @booklet {12005, title = {Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie : international journal of medical microbiology}, year = {1989}, note = {90643752
ZEBAE8
illustrations ; 24 cm
Eight issues a year, -1999
Vol. 271/1-v. 289/8 (Jan. 2000).
Title from cover.
Published: Jena, Germany : Urban \& Fischer, 19 -1999.
Four issues per vol., 1989- ; 8 issues per v., -1999.
SERBIB/SERLOC merged record
Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A, Medical microbiology, infectious diseases, virology, parasitology 0176-6724 (DLC) 90643753 (OCoLC)10642688
International journal of medical microbiology 1438-4221 (DLC) 00244530 (OCoLC)44107614
Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie.}, pages = {19 volumes}, publisher = {Gustav Fischer}, address = {Stuttgart ; New York}, keywords = {Bacterial Infections., Communicable Diseases microbiology., Geneeskunde., Medical microbiology Periodicals., Medical microbiology., Microbiologie., Parasitic Diseases., Periodicals., Viruses.}, isbn = {0934-8840} } @article {11795, title = {{Additional eight cases of diplogonoporiasis in Kochi prefecture}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {16}, year = {1988}, pages = {285{\textendash}291}, author = {Suzuki, N and Imamura, K and Kumazawa, H and Okamura, Y and Naragawa, Y} } @booklet {6122, title = {Application of dye-tracing techniques for determining solute-transport characteristics of ground water in karst terranes}, year = {1988}, publisher = {Environmental Protection Agency, Atlanta, GA (United States). Region IV}, author = {Mull, Donald S and Liebermann, TD and Smoot, JL and Woosley, LH} } @inbook {1571, title = {Assessment of Risks Associated with Enteric Viruses in Contaminated Drinking Water}, booktitle = {Chemical and Biological Characterization of Municipal Sludges, Sediments, Dredge Spoils, and Drilling Muds ASTM STP976-EB}, year = {1988}, pages = {489-494}, publisher = {American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)}, organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)}, type = {Book Section}, address = {Philadelphia}, abstract = {It is now well established that enteric viruses, such as hepatitis A, Norwalk, rotavirus, and so forth, can be transmitted by sewage-contaminated water and food. Standards for viruses in water have been suggested by the World Health Organization and several other organizations. Few attempts have been made to assess the risks associated with exposure to low numbers of enteric viruses in the environment. To determine the risks that may be associated with exposure to human enteric viruses, the literature on minimum infectious dose, incidence of clinical illness, and mortality was reviewed. This information was then used to assess the probability of infection, illness, and mortality for individuals consuming drinking water containing various concentrations of enteric viruses. Risks were determined on a daily, annual, and lifetime basis. This analysis suggested that significant risks of illness (>1:10 000) and mortality (>1:1 000 000) may arise from the exposure to low levels of the enteric virus.}, author = {Gerba, C. P. and Haas, C. N.}, editor = {Lichtenberg, J. J. and Winter, J. A. and Weber, C.I. and Fradkin, L.} } @article {17009, title = {Bacterial transport in fractured rock{\textendash}A field-scale tracer test at the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {20}, number = {11-12}, year = {1988}, pages = {81{\textendash}87}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Champ, DR and Schroeter, J} } @article {2998, title = {Caract{\'e}ristiques {\'e}cologiques et {\'e}pid{\'e}miologiques de l{\textquoteright}{Echinococcus} multilocularis au cours d{\textquoteright}un cycle complet des populations d{\textquoteright}un h{\^o}te interm{\'e}diaire ({Microtus} arvalis).}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {66}, year = {1988}, pages = {2740{\textendash}2750}, author = {Delattre, P and Pascal, M and Le Pesteur, MH and Giraudoux, P and Damange, JP} } @article {12708, title = {{Clinical use of praziquantel in China}}, journal = {Parasitology Today}, volume = {4}, year = {1988}, pages = {312{\textendash}315}, author = {Sui, F and Shu-hua, X and Catto, BA} } @mastersthesis {6571, title = {Cogeneration of methane and microbial protein from the anaerobic treatment of rendering waste}, year = {1988}, note = {8824637}, school = {The Ohio State University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to characterize the by-products formed during the anaerobic treatment of animal rendering waste, and to evaluate the possibilities of energy recovery and feed supplement production. Three lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors were utilized to anaerobically treat two combinations of rendering wastewater. Raw blood/cooker condensate was digester feed for the first phase of experiments. Wash-up water/condensate was tested as feed for the second phase of the study. Both mixtures were characterized as concentrated influents with low chemical oxygen demand (COD) to total nitrogen ratios. The phase 1 experiments utilized COD loading rates ranging from 0.17 to 1.68 g/L-d. The phase 2 trials encompassed COD loading rates varying from 0.34 to 1.01 g/L-d at a feed strength of 5300 mg COD/L. The COD removal efficiencies for the COD loading rates utilized in phase 1 varied from 28 to 74\%, while the removal percentages for the four phase 2 trials ranged from 72 to 86\%. At identical COD loading rates of 1.01 g/L-d (5300 mg/L), the digesters receiving the mixture of 56\% wash-up water/44\% condensate removed double the COD compared to the UASB reactors treating 2\% raw blood/98\% condensate. The difference in COD removal was attributed to a phosphorus deficiency in the phase 1 trials and the physical entrapment of suspended COD within the sludge bed for the phase 2 trials. The biogas produced from all trials contained over 75\% methane and traces of hydrogen sulfide. The methane production for phase 1 trials ranged from 0.16 to 0.23 L/gCOD\${\textbackslash}sb\{{\textbackslash}rm c o n v\}\$, while the phase 2 trials averaged 0.31 L/gCOD\${\textbackslash}sb\{{\textbackslash}rm c o n v\}\$. Observed yields varied from 0.06 to 0.15 gVSS/gCOD\${\textbackslash}sb\{{\textbackslash}rm c o n v\}\$. A dark, medium to finely ground protein meal was prepared from the biomass collected at the end of each trial. The phase 1 protein meal contained 6.79\% crude fat, 22.31\% ash, 46.25\% crude protein, and 25.94\% amino acids; phase two protein was 11.94\% crude fat, 22.98\% ash, 42.04\% crude protein, and 40.01\% amino acids. Both protein meals were noticeably high in arginine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine, which was a direct influence from the digester feed type.}, keywords = {0554:Sanitation, Applied sciences, sanitation}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303699386?accountid=14270}, author = {West, Gregory Thomas} } @article {16856, title = {Coliphages and enteric viruses in the particulate phase of river water}, journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {7}, year = {1988}, pages = {907{\textendash}910}, publisher = {NRC Research Press}, author = {Payment, Pierre and Morin, Eric and Trudel, Michel} } @article {1508, title = {Comparison of cell cultures for rapid isolation of enteroviruses}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {26}, number = {12}, year = {1988}, note = {Chonmaitree, T Ford, C Sanders, C Lucia, H L eng RR-00073/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ Comparative Study Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S. 1988/12/01 J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Dec;26(12):2576-80.}, pages = {2576-80}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Cell culture isolation is still the most reliable method for the detection of enteroviruses from clinical specimens. Rapid diagnosis of enterovirus infection affects patient management. To increase yield and enhance the rapidity of enterovirus isolation in cell cultures, we used Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGM) cells and subpassages of primary human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells in addition to the human diploid fibroblast (MRC-5) cells and primary cynomolgus or rhesus monkey kidney (MK) cells routinely used for enterovirus culturing. Growth characteristics of enteroviruses from 421 specimens were studied. All specimens were cultured in MRC-5, MK, and BGM cells, and 204 of these specimens were also cultured in HEK cells. Forty-two percent of the enteroviruses became positive within 3 days, and 85\% did so within 7 days. MRC-5 cells provided the highest yield of enteroviruses overall and were the best cell type for the recovery of poliovirus and echovirus. MK cells provided the second best yield but were more useful than MRC-5 cells for coxsackievirus. BGM cells supported the growth of additional isolates of coxsackievirus and enhanced the speed of isolation. HEK cells supported the growth of additional isolates of both coxsackievirus and echovirus, but subculturing was always required for definite enterovirus cytopathic effects. The recovery rate increased 11\% when two additional cell lines were used. The use of two tubes of MK cells significantly increased the yield of all enterovirus types. We conclude that the use of multiple appropriate cell lines increases yield and enhances the rapidity of enterovirus isolation.}, keywords = {Animals Cell Line Enterovirus/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus B, Human/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification Humans Poliovirus/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification Virus Cultivation/methods}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2852672}, author = {Chonmaitree, T. and Ford, C. and Sanders, C. and Lucia, H. L.} } @article {14528, title = {Comparison of cell cultures for rapid isolation of enteroviruses}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {26}, year = {1988}, month = {dec}, pages = {2576{\textendash}80}, abstract = {Cell culture isolation is still the most reliable method for the detection of enteroviruses from clinical specimens. Rapid diagnosis of enterovirus infection affects patient management. To increase yield and enhance the rapidity of enterovirus isolation in cell cultures, we used Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGM) cells and subpassages of primary human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells in addition to the human diploid fibroblast (MRC-5) cells and primary cynomolgus or rhesus monkey kidney (MK) cells routinely used for enterovirus culturing. Growth characteristics of enteroviruses from 421 specimens were studied. All specimens were cultured in MRC-5, MK, and BGM cells, and 204 of these specimens were also cultured in HEK cells. Forty-two percent of the enteroviruses became positive within 3 days, and 85\% did so within 7 days. MRC-5 cells provided the highest yield of enteroviruses overall and were the best cell type for the recovery of poliovirus and echovirus. MK cells provided the second best yield but were more useful than MRC-5 cells for coxsackievirus. BGM cells supported the growth of additional isolates of coxsackievirus and enhanced the speed of isolation. HEK cells supported the growth of additional isolates of both coxsackievirus and echovirus, but subculturing was always required for definite enterovirus cytopathic effects. The recovery rate increased 11\% when two additional cell lines were used. The use of two tubes of MK cells significantly increased the yield of all enterovirus types. We conclude that the use of multiple appropriate cell lines increases yield and enhances the rapidity of enterovirus isolation.}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Line, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Human/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Poliovirus/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Virus Cultivation/methods}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Chonmaitree, T. and Ford, C. and Sanders, C. and Lucia, H. L.} } @article {14899, title = {Comparison of cell cultures for rapid isolation of enteroviruses}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {26}, year = {1988}, month = {dec}, pages = {2576{\textendash}80}, abstract = {Cell culture isolation is still the most reliable method for the detection of enteroviruses from clinical specimens. Rapid diagnosis of enterovirus infection affects patient management. To increase yield and enhance the rapidity of enterovirus isolation in cell cultures, we used Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGM) cells and subpassages of primary human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells in addition to the human diploid fibroblast (MRC-5) cells and primary cynomolgus or rhesus monkey kidney (MK) cells routinely used for enterovirus culturing. Growth characteristics of enteroviruses from 421 specimens were studied. All specimens were cultured in MRC-5, MK, and BGM cells, and 204 of these specimens were also cultured in HEK cells. Forty-two percent of the enteroviruses became positive within 3 days, and 85\% did so within 7 days. MRC-5 cells provided the highest yield of enteroviruses overall and were the best cell type for the recovery of poliovirus and echovirus. MK cells provided the second best yield but were more useful than MRC-5 cells for coxsackievirus. BGM cells supported the growth of additional isolates of coxsackievirus and enhanced the speed of isolation. HEK cells supported the growth of additional isolates of both coxsackievirus and echovirus, but subculturing was always required for definite enterovirus cytopathic effects. The recovery rate increased 11\% when two additional cell lines were used. The use of two tubes of MK cells significantly increased the yield of all enterovirus types. We conclude that the use of multiple appropriate cell lines increases yield and enhances the rapidity of enterovirus isolation.}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Line, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Human/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Humans, Poliovirus/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Virus Cultivation/methods}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Chonmaitree, T. and Ford, C. and Sanders, C. and Lucia, H. L.} } @article {14607, title = {Comparison of immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassay, and {Western} blot (immunoblot) methods for detection of antibody to human {T}-cell leukemia virus type {I}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {26}, year = {1988}, month = {aug}, pages = {1487{\textendash}91}, abstract = {A total of 3,349 serum samples were screened by the immunofluorescence (IF) method for antibody to human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). Only 9 of 2,409 specimens from selected individuals, blood bank donors, patients with encephalitis-meningitis, and human immunodeficiency virus antibody-positive homosexual or bisexual men were reactive by IF. In addition, 940 serum samples from intravenous drug abusers were tested by IF and also by an HTLV-I enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method. Of these, 222 (24\%) were positive for both HTLV-I and HTLV-II antigens by IF, and 191 of these 222 were also reactive in the HTLV-I EIA. Of the 31 IF-positive, EIA-negative serum samples, 20 exhibited optical density readings greater than or equal to 70\% of the positive cutoff in the EIA, and 29 samples reacted with 1 or more bands in the Western blot (immunoblot) test. An additional 10 specimens that were EIA negative reacted only with HTLV-I by IF. Differences in staining morphology and in reactions on HTLV-I and HTLV-II antigens before and after absorption of the serum specimens with HTLV-I and HTLV-II-infected cell pellets revealed six distinct serological patterns by IF. These results indicate that infections by HTLV-I or by another closely related retrovirus(es) occur in California. Further studies utilizing statistically valid sampling methods are needed to estimate true prevalence rates among various groups. IF and Western blot tests should supplement the EIA method to maximize sensitivity and specificity of test procedures.}, keywords = {Blotting, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, HTLV-I Antibodies/*analysis, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Predictive Value of Tests, Western}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Gallo, D. and Hoffman, M. N. and Cossen, C. K. and Diggs, J. L. and Hurst, J. W. and Penning, L. M.} } @article {14949, title = {Comparison of immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassay, and {Western} blot (immunoblot) methods for detection of antibody to human {T}-cell leukemia virus type {I}}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {26}, year = {1988}, month = {aug}, pages = {1487{\textendash}91}, abstract = {A total of 3,349 serum samples were screened by the immunofluorescence (IF) method for antibody to human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). Only 9 of 2,409 specimens from selected individuals, blood bank donors, patients with encephalitis-meningitis, and human immunodeficiency virus antibody-positive homosexual or bisexual men were reactive by IF. In addition, 940 serum samples from intravenous drug abusers were tested by IF and also by an HTLV-I enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method. Of these, 222 (24\%) were positive for both HTLV-I and HTLV-II antigens by IF, and 191 of these 222 were also reactive in the HTLV-I EIA. Of the 31 IF-positive, EIA-negative serum samples, 20 exhibited optical density readings greater than or equal to 70\% of the positive cutoff in the EIA, and 29 samples reacted with 1 or more bands in the Western blot (immunoblot) test. An additional 10 specimens that were EIA negative reacted only with HTLV-I by IF. Differences in staining morphology and in reactions on HTLV-I and HTLV-II antigens before and after absorption of the serum specimens with HTLV-I and HTLV-II-infected cell pellets revealed six distinct serological patterns by IF. These results indicate that infections by HTLV-I or by another closely related retrovirus(es) occur in California. Further studies utilizing statistically valid sampling methods are needed to estimate true prevalence rates among various groups. IF and Western blot tests should supplement the EIA method to maximize sensitivity and specificity of test procedures.}, keywords = {Blotting, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, HTLV-I Antibodies/*analysis, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Predictive Value of Tests, Western}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Gallo, D. and Hoffman, M. N. and Cossen, C. K. and Diggs, J. L. and Hurst, J. W. and Penning, L. M.} } @article {9202, title = {{Comparison of repeated DNA from strains of Entamoeba histolytica and other Entamoeba}}, journal = {Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology}, volume = {27}, number = {2-3}, year = {1988}, pages = {257{\textendash}262}, author = {Bhattacharya, S and Bhattacharya, A and Diamond, LS} } @article {9163, title = {Comparison of virus survival in freshwater sources}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {20}, year = {1988}, pages = {467-71}, author = {Kutz, SM and C P Gerba} } @article {11196, title = {{A critical look at the importance, prevalence and control of toxocariasis and the possibilities of immunological control}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {29}, number = {2-3}, year = {1988}, pages = {195{\textendash}234}, doi = {10.1016/0304-4017(88)90126-4}, author = {Barriga, Omar O} } @booklet {5452, title = {{Design Manual: Constructed wetlands and aquatic plant systems for municipal wastewater treatment. EPA/625/1-88/022.}}, year = {1988}, publisher = {Center for Environmental Research}, address = {Cincinnati, OH} } @article {4630, title = {Detection of environmental viruses in sludge: Enhancement of enterovirus plaque assay titers with 5-iodo-2{\textquoteright}-deoxyuridine and comparison to adenovirus and coliphage titers.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {22}, number = {7}, year = {1988}, pages = {847{\textendash}851}, author = {F P Williams and C Hurst} } @article {3209, title = {{Detection of human rotavirus in sewage through two concentration procedures}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, year = {1988}, pages = {343{\textendash}348}, abstract = {Two different methodologies for the detection of human rotavirus in water were compared. Simian rotavirus SA11 was used to develop these procedures in the laboratory with distilled water, tap water and raw sewage. The adsorption to and elution from glass powder method was used to concentrate seeded rotavirus from 20-1. samples of water and yielded satisfactory recoveries of viruses from distilled and tap water (54 and 46{\%} respectively) but poor recovery (5{\%}) from raw sewage. In the second concentration methodology, rotaviruses were concentrated from 600-ml samples by ammonium sulfate flocculation after the addition to samples of beef extract up to a 10{\%} final concentration. Rotaviruses were recovered from raw sewage without any substantial loss compared to distilled and tap water (67{\%} in raw sewage, and 70 and 73{\%} in distilled and tap water). The ammonium sulfate method consistently yielded greater viral recoveries than the adsorption-elution method, although the latter enables the processing of larger volume samples. Both methodologies were applied to detect human rotavirus in raw sewage at two Barcelona wastewater effluents. Human rotavirus in sewage isolates was quantitated by immunofluorescence in the MA-104 cell line. Indigenous rotavirus was detected in 100{\%} of sewage samples using both different concentration procedures; rotaviruses were also found in 69{\%} of nonconcentrated samples. The level of rotaviruses found in Barcelona sewage was very high (up to 14,000 fluorescent foci 1-1), being of the same magnitude as the level of enteroviruses, although no correlation was found with the levels of human enteric viruses. {\textcopyright} 1988 Pergamon Press plc.}, keywords = {concentration, Detection, human rotavirus, SA11, Sewage, water}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(88)90200-X}, author = {Bosch, Albert and Rosa M Pinto and Blanch, Anicet R. and Jofre, Juan T.} } @article {10556, title = {{Differences among marine and hospital strains of Vibrio cholerae during Peruvian epidemic}}, journal = {J Gen Appl Microbiol}, volume = {144}, year = {1988}, pages = {27{\textendash}33}, author = {Carvajal, GH and Sanchez, J and Ayala, ME and Hase, A} } @article {11578, title = {{The distribution of plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch) in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerku) smolts from Great Central Lake, British Columbia}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {129}, year = {1988}, pages = {19{\textendash}21}, author = {Ching, Hilda L} } @article {9931, title = {DNA probes for Shiga-like toxins I and II and for toxin-converting bacteriophages}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {26}, year = {1988}, pages = {1292-1297}, author = {Newland, JW and Neill, RJ} } @article {12702, title = {{The effects of triclabendazole on the lung fluke, Paragonimus uterobilateralis in the experimental host Sigmodon hispidus}}, journal = {Trop Med Parasitol}, volume = {39}, year = {1988}, pages = {322{\textendash}324}, author = {Weber, P and B{\"u}scher, G and B{\"u}ttner, DW} } @article {4310, title = {{Elimination of micro-organisms from wastewater by tertiary precipitation and simultaneous precipitation followed by filtration}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {22}, number = {11}, year = {1988}, month = {nov}, pages = {1389{\textendash}1397}, abstract = {The removal of micro-organisms from wastewater by activated sludge and precipitation processes was studied in two parallel pilot plants (4{\textendash}7m3 h-1). Activated sludge treatment removed vegetative bacteria (E. coli, faecal streptococci) by 96{\textendash}97{\%} (1.4{\textendash}1.5 log10 units), bacterial spores (sulphite reducing clostridia) by 75{\%} (0.6 log10 units), bacteriophages (somatic coliphages and F-specific phages) by 94{\textendash}98{\%} (1.2{\textendash}1.8 log10 units) and enteroviruses by 94 (1.2 log10 units). Simultaneous precipitation [25 gFe m-3 as iron(III)chloride] had no added effect on the removal of micro-organisms. Filtration of the effluent of the simultaneous precipitation process highly improved the removal of micro-organisms, in particular when 3{\textendash}7 gFe m-3 was added before filtration. Tertiary precipitation (25 gFe m-3) also resulted in improved removal of all micro-organisms. Addition of an anionic flocculation aid did further improve this effect for vegetative bacteria and bacterial spores, but not for bacteriophages (viruses not tested). On average, both complete treatment processes (activated sludge with post-precipitation using a flocculation aid or simultaneous precipitation with post-filtration using iron addition) removed vegetative bacteria, bacterial spores, bacteriophages and enteroviruses by 99.9, 99.8, 99.6 and 99.85{\%} (3.0, 2.7, 2.4 and 2.8 log10 units), respectively. The effects of precipitation processes were equal to or better than those of marginal chlorination of the activated sludge effluent of the same pilot plant. After the full treatment, both effluents had almost the same physico-chemical quality with BOD 3{\textendash}5 g m-3, total phosphate 0.06-0.4 gP m-3, suspended solids 5{\textendash}7 gm-3 and turbidity 1.4{\textendash}2.0 FTU.}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Disinfection, enterovirusses, Filtration, micro-organism removal, phosphate removal, simultaneous precipitation, tertiary precipitation, Wastewater treatment}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(88)90095-4}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135488900954}, author = {Nieuwstad, Th.J. and Mulder, E.P. and Havelaar, A.H. and Van Olphen, M.} } @article {16843, title = {Elimination of micro-organisms from wastewater by tertiary precipitation and simultaneous precipitation followed by filtration}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {22}, number = {11}, year = {1988}, pages = {1389{\textendash}1397}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Nieuwstad, Th J and Mulder, EP and Havelaar, AH and Van Olphen, M} } @article {11903, title = {Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in humans}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {157}, number = {3}, year = {1988}, pages = {472-9}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899}, author = {Black, R. E. and Levine, M. M. and Clements, M. L. and Hughes, T. P. and Blaser, M. J.} } @article {7653, title = {Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in humans}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {157}, year = {1988}, pages = {472-479}, author = {Black, RE and Levine, MM and Clements, ML and Hughes, TP and Blaser, MJ} } @article {5056, title = {Fate of viruses during waste-water sludge treatment processes}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Control}, volume = {18}, year = {1988}, pages = {317{\textendash}345}, author = {Hurst, CJ} } @article {14681, title = {Fate of viruses during waste-water sludge treatment processes}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Control}, volume = {18}, year = {1988}, pages = {317{\textendash}345.}, author = {Hurst, C. J.} } @book {2884, title = {Fresh fish{\textendash}quality and quality changes: a training manual prepared for the FAO/DANIDA Training Programme on Fish Technology and Quality Control}, number = {29}, year = {1988}, publisher = {Food \& Agriculture Org.}, organization = {Food \& Agriculture Org.}, author = {Huss, Hans Henrik} } @article {4258, title = {{F-Specific RNA-Bacteriophages as Model Viruses in Water Hygiene: Ecological Aspects}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {20}, number = {11-12}, year = {1988}, month = {nov}, pages = {399{\textendash}407}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, issn = {1996-9732}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/20/11-12/399.abstract}, author = {Havelaar, A. H. and Pot-Hogeboom, W. M.} } @article {15557, title = {Genetic analysis of cercarial emergence rhythms of Schistosoma mansoni}, journal = {Behavior Genetics}, volume = {18}, year = {1988}, note = {Ch 24}, pages = {201-209}, keywords = {behaviour, cercaria, genetics, hybrid, Schistosoma}, author = {Th{\'e}ron, A. and Combes, C.} } @article {15512, title = {Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. XV. Anti-idiotypic T cells can recognize and respond to anti-SEA idiotypes directly}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {140}, number = {7}, year = {1988}, note = {Parra, J C
Lima, M S
Gazzinelli, G
Colley, D G
eng
AI-11289/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
Baltimore, Md. : 1950
1988/04/01
J Immunol. 1988 Apr 1;140(7):2401-5.}, month = {Apr 1}, pages = {2401-5}, abstract = {We previously have shown that former patients and patients with active cases of schistosomiasis mansoni have T lymphocytes in their PBMC that proliferate when exposed to immunoaffinity-purified antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SEA). These T cell anti-idiotypic responses required the participation of adherent cells, but the role of these cells in the response to the Id has been unclear. We now show that chloroquine does not interfere with Id-elicited stimulation of cells from former patients but completely inhibits their response to the SEA. F(ab{\textquoteright})2 fragments of anti-SEA Id are stimulatory, and excess normal human IgG does not alter anti-Id responses. Soluble Id F(ab) fragments are not stimulatory, but rather inhibit stimulation by the intact Id from which they were made. Either intact Id or their F(ab{\textquoteright})2 fragments can stimulate non-adherent T cells in the absence of adherent cells if an exogenous source of purified or recombinant human IL-1 is supplied. Nonstimulatory F(ab) fragments can stimulate nonadherent cells if they are bound first to Sepharose 4B and presented in conjunction with IL-1. Thus, T cells from former schistosomiasis patients can react with polyclonal anti-SEA-related Id directly. Under these conditions T cell proliferation requires receptor cross-linking and a source of IL-1 but does not require either "processing" of Id or MHC co-presentation.}, keywords = {Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/*biosynthesis/physiology, Antibodies, Helminth/*immunology/physiology, Cell Adhesion, Chloroquine/pharmacology, Humans, Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/physiology, Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/*immunology, Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology, T-Lymphocytes/*classification/immunology}, isbn = {0022-1767 (Print)
0022-1767 (Linking)}, author = {Parra, J. C. and Lima, M. S. and Gazzinelli, G. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {2988, title = {Immunodetection of {Echinococcus} eggs from naturally infected dogs and from environmental contamination sites in settlements in {Turkana}, {Kenya}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {82}, number = {2}, year = {1988}, pages = {268{\textendash}274}, abstract = {A species-specific indirect immunofluorescence test using an anti-Echinococcus oncosphere monoclonal antibody (EgOH6-4E5) was applied to identify Echinococcus oncospheres released from taeniid eggs collected in environmental soil and water samples, and from perianal or faecal samples of naturally infected dogs, in northern Turkana, Kenya. The specificity of immunodetection of Echinococcus eggs by specific fluorescence of Echinococcus oncospheres from naturally infected dogs was 100\% when compared to Taenia hydatigena infections, and a sensitivity of 73\% was obtained in the detection of dogs infected with Echinococcus using perianal Scotch tape swabs. Taeniid eggs were recovered from various soil samples inside Turkana manyattas (settlements) and from waterhole samples. Some oncospheres obtained from taeniid eggs recovered from all sampled areas, but particularly from inside Turkana huts (akai) and from water samples from open waterholes used by the people and their livestock, reacted positively with the Echinococcus 4E5 monoclonal antibody. The potential importance of contamination of such sites with Echinococcus eggs is discussed in relation to the transmission of echinococcosis in this hyperendemic region of northern Kenya.}, keywords = {Animals, Dogs, Echinococcus, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Kenya, Parasite Egg Count, Soil Pollutants, Water Pollutants}, issn = {0035-9203}, author = {Craig, P. S. and MacPherson, C. N. and Watson-Jones, D. L. and Nelson, G. S.} } @article {4236, title = {{Incidence of coliphage in potable water supplies.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {jun}, pages = {1632{\textendash}3}, abstract = {

Samples of drinking water from different sources in greater Cairo, Egypt, and bottled drinking water were tested for total coliform, fecal coliform, and coliphage populations. Of the 147 samples tested, 4 samples were positive for both total coliforms and coliphage, 65 samples were negative for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and coliphage, and 78 samples were positive for coliphage and negative for total coliforms and fecal coliforms. The incidence of coliphage in these potable water supplies reflects the probability of human pathogenic virus survival in these waters also.

}, keywords = {Coliphages, Coliphages: growth {\&} development, Egypt, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: growth {\&} development, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=202713{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {El-Abagy, M M and Dutka, B J and Kamel, M and el Zanfaly, H T} } @article {1626, title = {Influence of aerobic microorganisms upon virus survival in soil}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, year = {1988}, note = {Hurst, C J eng CANADA 1988/05/01 Can J Microbiol. 1988 May;34(5):696-9.}, pages = {696-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Survival of human poliovirus type 1 in a sandy loam soil appeared to be deleteriously influenced by aerobic microorganisms. This effect was determined by comparing the survival of virus in soil under four different possible combinations of aerobic versus anaerobic (H2-CO2) atmosphere and sterile versus nonsterile condition. Storage of samples was done in humid chambers to prevent soil desiccation. The effect attributed to aerobic microorganisms was measurable and statistically significant at all three incubation temperatures used in the study (1, 23, and 37 degrees C), with the increase in inactivation rate attributable to aerobic microorganisms generally being two to threefold. No comparable effect was observed to occur for anaerobic microorganisms under the sets of conditions employed in the study.

}, keywords = {Aerobic/*growth \& development Cell Line Fungi/*growth \& development Humans Poliovirus/*growth \& development *Soil Microbiology Temperature, Aerobiosis Anaerobiosis Animals Bacteria}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2850101}, author = {Hurst, C. J.} } @article {14680, title = {Influence of aerobic microorganisms upon virus survival in soil}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {34}, year = {1988}, month = {may}, pages = {696{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Survival of human poliovirus type 1 in a sandy loam soil appeared to be deleteriously influenced by aerobic microorganisms. This effect was determined by comparing the survival of virus in soil under four different possible combinations of aerobic versus anaerobic (H2-CO2) atmosphere and sterile versus nonsterile condition. Storage of samples was done in humid chambers to prevent soil desiccation. The effect attributed to aerobic microorganisms was measurable and statistically significant at all three incubation temperatures used in the study (1, 23, and 37 degrees C), with the increase in inactivation rate attributable to aerobic microorganisms generally being two to threefold. No comparable effect was observed to occur for anaerobic microorganisms under the sets of conditions employed in the study.}, keywords = {*Soil Microbiology, Aerobic/*growth \& development, Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Animals, bacteria, Cell Line, Fungi/*growth \& development, Humans, Poliovirus/*growth \& development, Temperature}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, author = {Hurst, C. J.} } @article {14990, title = {Influence of aerobic microorganisms upon virus survival in soil}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {34}, year = {1988}, month = {may}, pages = {696{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Survival of human poliovirus type 1 in a sandy loam soil appeared to be deleteriously influenced by aerobic microorganisms. This effect was determined by comparing the survival of virus in soil under four different possible combinations of aerobic versus anaerobic (H2-CO2) atmosphere and sterile versus nonsterile condition. Storage of samples was done in humid chambers to prevent soil desiccation. The effect attributed to aerobic microorganisms was measurable and statistically significant at all three incubation temperatures used in the study (1, 23, and 37 degrees C), with the increase in inactivation rate attributable to aerobic microorganisms generally being two to threefold. No comparable effect was observed to occur for anaerobic microorganisms under the sets of conditions employed in the study.}, keywords = {*Soil Microbiology, Aerobic/*growth \& development, Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Animals, bacteria, Cell Line, Fungi/*growth \& development, Humans, Poliovirus/*growth \& development, Temperature}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, author = {Hurst, C. J.} } @article {10275, title = {Influence of feeding procedure on microbial reductions and performance of anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation)}, year = {1988}, pages = {635{\textendash}644}, publisher = {JSTOR}, author = {Farrell, Joseph B and Erlap, Atal E and Rickabaugh, Janet and Freedman, David and Hayes, Samuel} } @article {12074, title = {Trichuris vulpis infection in slum children}, journal = {Indian Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {17}, year = {1988}, pages = {154}, author = {Mirdha, B. R. and Singh, Y. G. and Samantray, J. C. and Mishra, B.} } @article {14481, title = {Long-term survival of hepatitis {A} virus and poliovirus type 1 in mineral water}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {54}, year = {1988}, month = {nov}, pages = {2705{\textendash}10}, abstract = {The survival in mineral water of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and poliovirus type 1 was compared, under controlled experimental conditions, at 4 degrees C and room temperature. Viral infectivity titers were determined by cell culture titration, while HAV antigenicity was monitored by radioimmunoassay-endpoint titration. Both viruses persisted longest at 4 degrees C. At this temperature, after 1 year of exposure, the inactivation of either HAV or poliovirus type 1 was not important. At room temperature, poliovirus type 1 was not detected after 300 days, whereas HAV was still infectious. For both temperatures, the computed regression coefficients of best-fit lines for inactivation rates for the two viruses were significantly different. The survival of HAV was also studied at 4 degrees C and room temperature in mineral water with 5- and 50-micrograms/ml protein concentrations (i.e., purity of the virus suspension) for 120 days. As shown by a comparison of the regression coefficients for the inactivation rates, the stability of HAV in mineral water depends on protein concentration and temperature. Radioimmunoassay-endpoint titration results showed inactivation patterns similar to those of cell culture titration, with the most significant reduction in HAV antigenicity at room temperature. At the two temperatures, the infectivity of HAV declined at a faster rate than the antigenicity.}, keywords = {*Mineral Waters, *Water Microbiology, Antigens, Carcinoma, Cultured, Hepatitis A Antigens, Hepatocellular, Hepatovirus/*growth \& development/immunology, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Liver Neoplasms, Poliovirus/*growth \& development, Radioimmunoassay, Regression Analysis, Temperature, Tumor Cells, Viral/analysis}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Biziagos, E. and Passagot, J. and Crance, J. M. and Deloince, R.} } @article {14874, title = {Long-term survival of hepatitis {A} virus and poliovirus type 1 in mineral water}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {54}, year = {1988}, month = {nov}, pages = {2705{\textendash}10}, abstract = {The survival in mineral water of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and poliovirus type 1 was compared, under controlled experimental conditions, at 4 degrees C and room temperature. Viral infectivity titers were determined by cell culture titration, while HAV antigenicity was monitored by radioimmunoassay-endpoint titration. Both viruses persisted longest at 4 degrees C. At this temperature, after 1 year of exposure, the inactivation of either HAV or poliovirus type 1 was not important. At room temperature, poliovirus type 1 was not detected after 300 days, whereas HAV was still infectious. For both temperatures, the computed regression coefficients of best-fit lines for inactivation rates for the two viruses were significantly different. The survival of HAV was also studied at 4 degrees C and room temperature in mineral water with 5- and 50-micrograms/ml protein concentrations (i.e., purity of the virus suspension) for 120 days. As shown by a comparison of the regression coefficients for the inactivation rates, the stability of HAV in mineral water depends on protein concentration and temperature. Radioimmunoassay-endpoint titration results showed inactivation patterns similar to those of cell culture titration, with the most significant reduction in HAV antigenicity at room temperature. At the two temperatures, the infectivity of HAV declined at a faster rate than the antigenicity.}, keywords = {*Mineral Waters, *Water Microbiology, Antigens, Carcinoma, Cultured, Hepatitis A Antigens, Hepatocellular, Hepatovirus/*growth \& development/immunology, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Liver Neoplasms, Poliovirus/*growth \& development, Radioimmunoassay, Regression Analysis, Temperature, Tumor Cells, Viral/analysis}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Biziagos, E. and Passagot, J. and Crance, J. M. and Deloince, R.} } @article {5045, title = {Long-term survival of hepatitis {A} virus and poliovirus type 1 in mineral water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {11}, year = {1988}, pages = {2705{\textendash}2710}, author = {Biziagos, E and Passagot, J and Crance, JM and Deloince, R} } @article {5654, title = {{Long-term Survival of Hepatitis A Virus and Poliovirus Type 1 in Mineral Water}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {54}, number = {11}, year = {1988}, pages = {2705{\textendash}2710}, author = {Biziagos, E and Passagot, J and Crance, JM and Deloince, R} } @article {1469, title = {Low-temperature stability of viruses in sludges}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, year = {1988}, note = {Berg, G Sullivan, G Venosa, A D eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1988/03/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1988 Mar;54(3):839-41.}, pages = {839-41}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Enteroviruses survived for up to 38 days without diminishing in numbers in extended-aeration sludges maintained at 5 degrees C. In oxidation ditch sludges similarly maintained, enteroviruses survived for up to 17 days without diminishing in numbers. The pHs of the sludges in this study were well inside the pH 6 to 8 corridor in which destruction of enteroviruses by the detergents and ammonia present in sludges reportedly does not occur. Unexplained, however, was the survival of large numbers of enteroviruses in sludges at pH 3.5, a pH at which some anionic detergents commonly present in sewage are rapidly virucidal. The long survival of enteroviruses in these sludges at 5 degrees C indicates that such sludges can probably be stored under refrigeration in the laboratory for extended periods while awaiting processing without suffering significant losses in enterovirus numbers.}, keywords = {Cold Temperature Enterovirus/*growth \& development Hydrogen-Ion Concentration *Sewage}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2837146}, author = {Berg, G. and Sullivan, G. and Venosa, A. D.} } @article {8903, title = {Microbial death}, journal = {Physiological Models in Microbiology}, volume = {2}, year = {1988}, pages = {1-44}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Casolari, Antonio} } @article {5357, title = {Modeling microbial fate in the subsurface environment}, journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Control}, volume = {17}, year = {1988}, pages = {307-344}, author = {Yates, M.V. and Yates, S.R. and Gerba, C.P.} } @article {4038, title = {{Morphology of the cyst of Giardia microti by light and electron microscopy}}, journal = {Journal of Protozoology}, volume = {35}, year = {1988}, pages = {52{\textendash}54}, author = {Feely, DE} } @article {16120, title = {Motility of the spirochete Leptospira.}, journal = {Cell Motil CytoskeletCell Motil Cytoskelet}, volume = {9}, year = {1988}, pages = {101{\textendash}110.}, author = {Goldstein, S. F. and Charon, N. W.} } @article {11616, title = {Nuevos hallazgos de larvas plerocercoides de Diphyllobothrium pacificum en peces marinos del Per{\'u}}, journal = {Revista de investigaci{\'o}n cient{\'\i}fica}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {1988}, pages = {7{\textendash}16}, author = {Escalante, H and Jara, C and Chico-Ruiz, J} } @article {16315, title = {{Numerical index of the discriminatory ability of typing systems: an application of Simpson{\textquoteright}s index of diversity.}}, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, year = {1988}, month = {nov}, pages = {2465{\textendash}6}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology (ASM)}, abstract = {An index of discrimination for typing methods is described, based on the probability of two unrelated strains being characterized as the same type. This index may be used to compare typing methods and select the most discriminatory system.}, issn = {0095-1137}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3069867 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC266921}, author = {Hunter, P R and Gaston, M A} } @article {13490, title = {[Occurrence of Fasciola in deceased individuals in the Samarkand region]}, journal = {Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni}, volume = {4}, year = {1988}, pages = {71-73}, author = {Sadykov, V. M.} } @booklet {1881, title = {Occurrence of pathogens in distribution and marketing municipal sludges EPA/600/S1-87/014}, year = {1988}, publisher = {USEPA http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/2000TRVA.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument\&Client=EPA\&Index=1986+Thru+1990\&Docs=\&Query=\&Time=\&EndTime=\&SearchMethod=1\&TocRestrict=n\&Toc=\&TocEntry=\&QField=\&QFieldYear=\&QFieldMonth=\&QFieldDay=\&IntQFieldOp=0\&ExtQFieldOp=0\&XmlQ}, type = {Electronic Article} } @article {7642, title = {Occurrence of {\textquoteright}thermophilic{\textquoteright} campylobacters in sewage and their removal by treatment processes}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {101}, year = {1988}, pages = {279-286}, author = {Arimi,S. M. and Fricker,C. R. and Park,R. W.} } @article {13695, title = {Parasitic diseases: hepatic distomiasis caused by Fasciola hepatica.}, journal = {Weekly Epidemiol Rec WHO}, volume = {63}, year = {1988}, pages = {109 - 111}, author = {Anonymous} } @article {1974, title = {Pathogenic micro-organisms and helminths in sewage products, Arabian Gulf, country of Bahrain}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {78}, number = {3}, year = {1988}, month = {1988/03}, pages = {314-315}, isbn = {0090-0036
1541-0048}, author = {Amin, OM} } @article {17409, title = {PERSISTENCE OF S TYPHIMURIUM IN CALF REARING PREMISES}, journal = {Veterinary RecordVeterinary Record}, volume = {122}, number = {16}, year = {1988}, month = {Apr 16}, pages = {399-399}, isbn = {0042-4900}, author = {Twiddy, N. and Hopper, D. W. and Wray, C. and McLaren, I.} } @article {16780, title = {Polyethylene glycol precipitation for recovery of pathogenic viruses, including Hepatitis A virus and human rotavirus, from oyster, water, and sediment samples}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {54}, year = {1988}, pages = {1983-1988}, author = {Lewis, G. and Metcalf, T.G.} } @article {14161, title = {Production of a {Shiga}-like cytotoxin by {Campylobacter}.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {jun}, pages = {455{\textendash}62}, abstract = {Cell lysates and culture supernatants of 36 Campylobacter isolates from patients with enteritis were tested for cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells. Cytotoxic activity was considered Shiga-like if neutralized by monoclonal antibody to the B subunit of Shiga-like toxin I of Escherichia coli and rabbit anti-Shiga toxin. Fifteen of the Campylobacter isolates produced no detectable cytotoxin, 10 produced a non-neutralizable cytotoxin, and 11 produced low levels of a cell-associated SLT. However, under low stringency conditions no hybridization was observed between a DNA fragment containing cloned SLT-I genes and restriction enzyme-digested total DNA from a Campylobacter strain that produced low levels of a Shiga-like toxin I. The Shiga-like toxin neutralizing titers in sera from 15 patients with C. jejuni infections, 5 patients infected with S. sonnei, and 20 healthy persons were then determined. No rise in neutralizing titer between acute and convalescent sera of patients with C. jejuni infection or S. sonnei infection was observed, although 27\% of C. jejuni-infected patients, 40\% of S. sonnei-infected patients, and 30\% of the healthy controls had neutralizing activity in their sera. These data indicate that low levels of Shiga-like toxin are produced by some Campylobacter isolates but that SLT is genetically distinct from the SLT-I toxin produced at high levels by certain E. coli. The findings also suggest that exposure to SLTs is common in the adult population but not as a consequence of infection with C. jejuni or S. sonnei.}, keywords = {Adult, Antibodies, Bacterial, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: biosynthesis, Bacterial Toxins: immunology, Blotting, Campylobacter, Campylobacter: metabolism, Campylobacter: pathogenicity, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: biosynthesis, Cytotoxins: immunology, DNA, HeLa Cells, Humans, Monoclonal, Monoclonal: diagnostic use, Neutralization Tests, Nucleic Acid, Sequence Homology, Shiga Toxin 1, Southern, Species Specificity}, issn = {0882-4010}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3193876}, author = {Moore, M A and Blaser, M J and Perez-Perez, G I and O{\textquoteright}Brien, A D} } @article {8096, title = {{Production of a Shiga-like cytotoxin by Campylobacter.}}, journal = {Microbial Pathogenesis}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {jun}, pages = {455{\textendash}62}, abstract = {

Cell lysates and culture supernatants of 36 Campylobacter isolates from patients with enteritis were tested for cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells. Cytotoxic activity was considered Shiga-like if neutralized by monoclonal antibody to the B subunit of Shiga-like toxin I of Escherichia coli and rabbit anti-Shiga toxin. Fifteen of the Campylobacter isolates produced no detectable cytotoxin, 10 produced a non-neutralizable cytotoxin, and 11 produced low levels of a cell-associated SLT. However, under low stringency conditions no hybridization was observed between a DNA fragment containing cloned SLT-I genes and restriction enzyme-digested total DNA from a Campylobacter strain that produced low levels of a Shiga-like toxin I. The Shiga-like toxin neutralizing titers in sera from 15 patients with C. jejuni infections, 5 patients infected with S. sonnei, and 20 healthy persons were then determined. No rise in neutralizing titer between acute and convalescent sera of patients with C. jejuni infection or S. sonnei infection was observed, although 27{\%} of C. jejuni-infected patients, 40{\%} of S. sonnei-infected patients, and 30{\%} of the healthy controls had neutralizing activity in their sera. These data indicate that low levels of Shiga-like toxin are produced by some Campylobacter isolates but that SLT is genetically distinct from the SLT-I toxin produced at high levels by certain E. coli. The findings also suggest that exposure to SLTs is common in the adult population but not as a consequence of infection with C. jejuni or S. sonnei.

}, keywords = {Adult, Antibodies, Bacterial, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: biosynthesis, Bacterial Toxins: immunology, Blotting, Campylobacter, Campylobacter: metabolism, Campylobacter: pathogenicity, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: biosynthesis, Cytotoxins: immunology, DNA, HeLa Cells, Humans, Monoclonal, Monoclonal: diagnostic use, Neutralization Tests, Nucleic Acid, Sequence Homology, Shiga Toxin 1, Southern, Species Specificity}, issn = {0882-4010}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3193876}, author = {Moore, M A and Blaser, M J and Perez-Perez, G I and O{\textquoteright}Brien, A D} } @article {2356, title = {{Production of a Shiga-like cytotoxin by Campylobacter.}}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {4}, number = {6}, year = {1988}, month = {jun}, pages = {455{\textendash}62}, abstract = {Cell lysates and culture supernatants of 36 Campylobacter isolates from patients with enteritis were tested for cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells. Cytotoxic activity was considered Shiga-like if neutralized by monoclonal antibody to the B subunit of Shiga-like toxin I of Escherichia coli and rabbit anti-Shiga toxin. Fifteen of the Campylobacter isolates produced no detectable cytotoxin, 10 produced a non-neutralizable cytotoxin, and 11 produced low levels of a cell-associated SLT. However, under low stringency conditions no hybridization was observed between a DNA fragment containing cloned SLT-I genes and restriction enzyme-digested total DNA from a Campylobacter strain that produced low levels of a Shiga-like toxin I. The Shiga-like toxin neutralizing titers in sera from 15 patients with C. jejuni infections, 5 patients infected with S. sonnei, and 20 healthy persons were then determined. No rise in neutralizing titer between acute and convalescent sera of patients with C. jejuni infection or S. sonnei infection was observed, although 27\% of C. jejuni-infected patients, 40\% of S. sonnei-infected patients, and 30\% of the healthy controls had neutralizing activity in their sera. These data indicate that low levels of Shiga-like toxin are produced by some Campylobacter isolates but that SLT is genetically distinct from the SLT-I toxin produced at high levels by certain E. coli. The findings also suggest that exposure to SLTs is common in the adult population but not as a consequence of infection with C. jejuni or S. sonnei.}, keywords = {Adult, Antibodies, Bacterial, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: biosynthesis, Bacterial Toxins: immunology, Blotting, Campylobacter, Campylobacter: metabolism, Campylobacter: pathogenicity, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: biosynthesis, Cytotoxins: immunology, DNA, HeLa Cells, Humans, Monoclonal, Monoclonal: diagnostic use, Neutralization Tests, Nucleic Acid, Sequence Homology, Shiga Toxin 1, Southern, Species Specificity}, issn = {0882-4010}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3193876}, author = {Moore, M A and Blaser, M J and Perez-Perez, G I and O{\textquoteright}Brien, A D} } @article {13278, title = {Properties of aeromonads and their occurrence and hygienic significance in drinking water}, journal = {Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene B.}, volume = {187}, year = {1988}, pages = {1-17}, author = {van der Kooij, D.} } @article {7715, title = {[Quantitative and qualitative studies of Campylobacter in a sewage treatment plant] German}, journal = {Zentralblatt f{\"u}r Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1 Abt. Originale B.}, volume = {185(4-5)}, year = {1988}, pages = {326-339}, author = {H{\"o}ller, C} } @article {4049, title = {{Rapid reinfection by Giardia lamblia after treatment in a hyperendemic Third World community}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {1}, year = {1988}, pages = {343{\textendash}345}, author = {Gilman, RH and Marquis, GS and Miranda, E and Vestegui, M and Martinez, H} } @article {5024, title = {{Rate of re-infection by Opisthorchis viverrini in an endemic northeast Thai community after chemotherapy}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {18}, year = {1988}, pages = {643{\textendash}649}, author = {Upatham, ES and Viyanant, V and Brockelman, WY and Kurathong, S and Lee, P and Kraengraeng, R} } @article {14437, title = {Recovery of virus from sludge}, journal = {Z Gesamte Hyg}, volume = {34}, year = {1988}, month = {sep}, pages = {516{\textendash}8}, keywords = {*Sewage, *Virus Cultivation, *Water Microbiology, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Humans}, issn = {0049-8610 (Print) 0049-8610 (Linking)}, author = {Albert, M. and Goulon, C. and Schwartzbrod, L.} } @booklet {10473, title = {{Regulation for Water Pollution Control}}, year = {1988}, author = {Government of Turkey} } @article {10973, title = {Reinfection with {Ascaris} lumbricoides after chemotherapy: a comparative study in three villages with varying sanitation}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, year = {1988}, month = {may}, pages = {460{\textendash}464}, abstract = {This study examined the effect of the 2 major means of control of Ascaris lumbricoides{\textemdash}chemotherapy and sanitation. About 200 pre-school Caribbean children living in 3 villages with varying sanitation were studied by quantitative stool examination for the presence of the eggs of helminths. Children with Ascaris eggs were treated with piperazine. Over a 2-year period this procedure was repeated after every 6 months of natural re-infection. Results showed that (i) the rate of reinfection was on average 20\% higher than the rate of new infection; (ii) there was a highly significant correlation between the result of children{\textquoteright}s initial stool examination and that 6 months later; (iii) children with high Ascaris egg counts also frequently had high Trichuris egg counts; (iv) during the 6-month intervals, 36\% of the infected children were not reinfected after treatment; the difference in reinfection rates between villages with and without sanitation was 48\%. Regression analysis indicated that, after several socio-economic variables were controlled, only sanitation and crowding remained significantly associated with reinfection. The implications of these findings in formulating control strategies are discussed.}, issn = {0035-9203}, doi = {10.1016/0035-9203(88)90162-9}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0035920388901629}, author = {Henry, Fitzroy J.} } @inbook {16911, title = {Relationship between numbers of enteroviruses and bacteriophages infecting bacterowes fragilis in different environmental samples}, booktitle = {Environmental Technology}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {1988}, pages = {407{\textendash}410}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, author = {Tartera, C and Jofre, J and Lucena, F} } @article {13776, title = {Removal of viruses in sewage treatment: {Assessment} of feasibility}, journal = {Microbiological Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {9}, year = {1988}, author = {Lewis, D. and Metcalf, T.G.} } @article {7576, title = {{Removal of viruses in sewage treatment: Assessment of feasibility}}, journal = {Microbiological Sciences}, volume = {5}, number = {9}, year = {1988}, pages = {260-264}, author = {Lewis, D. and Metcalf, T.G.} } @article {3631, title = {Rotavirus survival on human hands and transfer of infectious virus to animate and nonporous inanimate surfaces.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {26}, number = {8}, year = {1988}, pages = {1513{\textendash}1518}, abstract = {We tested the survival of the Wa strain of human rotavirus on the hands of volunteers and also studied infectious virus transfer between animate and inanimate (stainless steel disks) surfaces. The virus was diluted in a 10\{\%\} suspension of feces, and 10 microliters (1 X 10(3) to 4 X 10(4) \{\{\}PFU)\{\}\} was placed on each of the four fingerpads of the left hand. One milliliter of 20\{\%\} tryptose phosphate broth in Earle balanced salt solution was used for virus elution from each fingerpad, and the hands were disinfected with 70\{\%\} ethanol before they were washed with an antiseptic soap and water. At 20, 60, and 260 min after inoculation, approximately 57, 43, and 7\{\%\}, respectively, of the input infectious virus could be recovered. For virus transfer, the inoculum (2 X 10(4) to 8 X 10(4) \{\{\}PFU)\{\}\} was allowed to dry, and the donor surface was kept in contact with the recipient surface for 10 s at a pressure of approximately 1 kg/cm2. At 20 and 60 min after virus inoculation, 16.1 and 1.8\{\%\}, respectively, of the input infectious virus could be transferred from the contaminated hand to a clean disk; when a clean hand was pressed against a contaminated disk, virus transfer was 16.8 and 1.6\{\%\}, respectively. Contact between a contaminated and a clean hand 20 and 60 min after virus inoculation resulted in the transfer of 6.6 and 2.8\{\%\}, respectively, of the input infectious virus. These findings indicate the potential vehicular role for human hands in the spread of rotaviral infections.}, author = {Ansari, S A and Sattar, S A and Springthorpe, V S and Wells, G A and Tostowaryk, W} } @article {10154, title = {{Selective medium for isolation and enumeration of Bifidobacterium spp}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {7}, year = {1988}, pages = {1715{\textendash}1718}, author = {Munoa, FJ and R, Pares} } @article {16343, title = {Sensitivity of pathogenic and free-living Leptospira spp. to UV radiation and mitomycin C}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbi}, volume = {54}, year = {1988}, pages = {728-33}, author = {Stamm, L.V. and Charon, N.W.} } @article {13555, title = {Small mammals as natural definitive hosts of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 (Trematoda: Fasciolidae): a review and two new records of epidemiologic interest on the island of Corsica}, journal = {Riv Parassitol}, volume = {5}, number = {49}, year = {1988}, pages = {73-78}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Fons, R. and Feliu, C. and Bargues, M. D. and Valero, M. A. and Galan-Puchades, M. T.} } @article {2989, title = {Sodium hypochlorite as an ovicide for {Echinococcus}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {82}, number = {2}, year = {1988}, month = {apr}, pages = {211{\textendash}213}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcus, Ovum, Sodium Hypochlorite}, issn = {0003-4983}, author = {Craig, P. S. and MacPherson, C. N.} } @article {2316, title = {{Survival of coliforms and bacterial pathogens within protozoa during chlorination.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {12}, year = {1988}, month = {dec}, pages = {3023{\textendash}33}, abstract = {The susceptibility of coliform bacteria and bacterial pathogens to free chlorine residuals was determined before and after incubation with amoebae and ciliate protozoa. Viability of bacteria was quantified to determine their resistance to free chlorine residuals when ingested by laboratory strains of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Tetrahymena pyriformis. Cocultures of bacteria and protozoa were incubated to facilitate ingestion of the bacteria and then were chlorinated, neutralized, and sonicated to release intracellular bacteria. Qualitative susceptibility of protozoan strains to free chlorine was also assessed. Protozoa were shown to survive and grow after exposure to levels of free chlorine residuals that killed free-living bacteria. Ingested coliforms Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Klebsiella oxytoca and bacterial pathogens Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella sonnei, Legionella gormanii, and Campylobacter jejuni had increased resistance to free chlorine residuals. Bacteria could be cultured from within treated protozoans well after the time required for 99\% inactivation of free-living cells. All bacterial pathogens were greater than 50-fold more resistant to free chlorine when ingested by T. pyriformis. Escherichia coli ingested by a Cyclidium sp., a ciliate isolated from a drinking water reservoir, were also shown to be more resistant to free chlorine. The mechanism that increased resistance appeared to be survival within protozoan cells. This study indicates that bacteria can survive ingestion by protozoa. This bacterium-protozoan association provides bacteria with increased resistance to free chlorine residuals which can lead to persistence of bacteria in chlorine-treated water. We propose that resistance to digestion by predatory protozoa was an evolutionary precursor of pathogenicity in bacteria and that today it is a mechanism for survival of fastidious bacteria in dilute and inhospitable aquatic environments.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {King, C H and Shotts, E B and Wooley, R E and Porter, K G} } @article {14111, title = {Survival of coliforms and bacterial pathogens within protozoa during chlorination.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {12}, year = {1988}, month = {dec}, pages = {3023{\textendash}33}, abstract = {The susceptibility of coliform bacteria and bacterial pathogens to free chlorine residuals was determined before and after incubation with amoebae and ciliate protozoa. Viability of bacteria was quantified to determine their resistance to free chlorine residuals when ingested by laboratory strains of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Tetrahymena pyriformis. Cocultures of bacteria and protozoa were incubated to facilitate ingestion of the bacteria and then were chlorinated, neutralized, and sonicated to release intracellular bacteria. Qualitative susceptibility of protozoan strains to free chlorine was also assessed. Protozoa were shown to survive and grow after exposure to levels of free chlorine residuals that killed free-living bacteria. Ingested coliforms Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Klebsiella oxytoca and bacterial pathogens Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella sonnei, Legionella gormanii, and Campylobacter jejuni had increased resistance to free chlorine residuals. Bacteria could be cultured from within treated protozoans well after the time required for 99\% inactivation of free-living cells. All bacterial pathogens were greater than 50-fold more resistant to free chlorine when ingested by T. pyriformis. Escherichia coli ingested by a Cyclidium sp., a ciliate isolated from a drinking water reservoir, were also shown to be more resistant to free chlorine. The mechanism that increased resistance appeared to be survival within protozoan cells. This study indicates that bacteria can survive ingestion by protozoa. This bacterium-protozoan association provides bacteria with increased resistance to free chlorine residuals which can lead to persistence of bacteria in chlorine-treated water. We propose that resistance to digestion by predatory protozoa was an evolutionary precursor of pathogenicity in bacteria and that today it is a mechanism for survival of fastidious bacteria in dilute and inhospitable aquatic environments.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {King, C H and Shotts, E B and Wooley, R E and Porter, K G} } @article {8060, title = {{Survival of coliforms and bacterial pathogens within protozoa during chlorination.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {12}, year = {1988}, month = {dec}, pages = {3023{\textendash}33}, abstract = {

The susceptibility of coliform bacteria and bacterial pathogens to free chlorine residuals was determined before and after incubation with amoebae and ciliate protozoa. Viability of bacteria was quantified to determine their resistance to free chlorine residuals when ingested by laboratory strains of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Tetrahymena pyriformis. Cocultures of bacteria and protozoa were incubated to facilitate ingestion of the bacteria and then were chlorinated, neutralized, and sonicated to release intracellular bacteria. Qualitative susceptibility of protozoan strains to free chlorine was also assessed. Protozoa were shown to survive and grow after exposure to levels of free chlorine residuals that killed free-living bacteria. Ingested coliforms Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Klebsiella oxytoca and bacterial pathogens Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella sonnei, Legionella gormanii, and Campylobacter jejuni had increased resistance to free chlorine residuals. Bacteria could be cultured from within treated protozoans well after the time required for 99{\%} inactivation of free-living cells. All bacterial pathogens were greater than 50-fold more resistant to free chlorine when ingested by T. pyriformis. Escherichia coli ingested by a Cyclidium sp., a ciliate isolated from a drinking water reservoir, were also shown to be more resistant to free chlorine. The mechanism that increased resistance appeared to be survival within protozoan cells. This study indicates that bacteria can survive ingestion by protozoa. This bacterium-protozoan association provides bacteria with increased resistance to free chlorine residuals which can lead to persistence of bacteria in chlorine-treated water. We propose that resistance to digestion by predatory protozoa was an evolutionary precursor of pathogenicity in bacteria and that today it is a mechanism for survival of fastidious bacteria in dilute and inhospitable aquatic environments.

}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {King, C H and Shotts, E B and Wooley, R E and Porter, K G} } @article {17371, title = {Survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in estuarine environments}, journal = {Appl Environ MicrobiolAppl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {54}, number = {12}, year = {1988}, month = {Dec}, pages = {2902-7}, edition = {1988/12/01}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Escherichia coli/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water, Salmonella/*isolation \& purification, Seasons, Temperature, Waste Disposal, Fluid}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)
0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Rhodes, M. W. and Kator, H.} } @article {16566, title = {\textit{{Trichuris} vulpis }infection in slum children}, journal = {Indian Journal of Gastroenterology}, volume = {17}, year = {1988}, pages = {154}, author = {Mirdha, B. R. and Singh, Y. G. and Samantray, J. C. and Mishra, B.} } @article {11211, title = {{Toxocariasis: A practical approach to management of ocular disease}}, journal = {Eye}, volume = {2}, number = {5}, year = {1988}, pages = {580{\textendash}582}, doi = {10.1038/eye.1988.108}, author = {Dinning, W J and Gillespie, S H and Cooling, R J and Maizels, R M} } @book {12098, title = {Veterinary Parasitology ELBS, Bath Press Avon Great Britain}, year = {1988}, author = {Urquhart, G. M. and Dunn, A. M. and Jennings, F. W. and Duncna, J.L. and Armour, J.} } @book {16590, title = {Veterinary {Parasitology} {ELBS}, {Bath} {Press} {Avon} {Great} {Britain}}, year = {1988}, author = {Urquhart, G. M. and Dunn, A. M. and Jennings, F. W. and Duncna, J. L. and Armour, J.} } @article {11615, title = {{Viabilidad e infectividad de las larvas plerocercoides de Diphyllobothrium pacificum expuestas al "cebiche"}}, journal = {Revista de investigaci{\'o}n cient{\'\i}fica}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {1988}, pages = {1{\textendash}8}, author = {Escalante, H and Chico-Ruiz, J} } @article {1943, title = {Virus survival and transport in groundwater}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {20}, number = {11/12}, year = {1988}, pages = {301-307}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Viruses are a significant cause of waterborne disease in the United States; it has been estimated that they may be responsible for as much as 50\% of the reported outbreaks. This fact has led the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to propose a maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) for viruses in drinking water. Septic tanks, which contribute over one trillion gallons of waste to the subsurface every year, are a major source of viruses in soils and ground water. The purpose of this research was to develop a model which could be used to estimate safe distances between septic tanks, or other sources of contamination, and drinking-water wells. The model was based on ground-water flow characteristics and the length of time that viruses remain infective in the subsurface environment. Water samples were collected from 71 continuously pumping municipal drinking-water wells. Viruses were inoculated into the water samples, and the rate at which the viruses were inactivated was calculated for each sample. The inactivation rates were determined to be spatially correlated by calculating a semivariogram. Kriging, a geostatistical technique, was used to estimate virus inactivation rates at unsampled locations using the measured values at nearby locations. The measured and kriged virus inactivation rates were used in conjunction with the regional ground-water flow characteristics to calculate septic tank setback distances over a city-wide area. The setback distance was defined as the distance required for a 7-log reduction in virus number in the time that the water traveled from the source of contamination to a drinking-water well. The model has been extended to account for alterations in the flow field caused by the presence of pumping wells. Setback distances of less than 15 m to greater than 300 m have been calculated using these models. The results of this research may be useful for community planning purposes, because areas with higher potentials for viral contamination of ground water may be identified based on the maps generated by the model. In addition, the models may be useful in granting variances from the mandatory ground-water disinfection requirement under consideration by the Environmental Protection Agency.

}, author = {Yates, M. V. and Yates, S. R.} } @article {13315, title = {Ampicillin-dextrin agar medium for the enumeration of Aeromonas species in water by membrane filtration}, journal = {Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {62}, year = {1987}, pages = {279 - 287}, author = {A H Havelaar and During, M and Versteegh, JFM} } @article {11198, title = {{Asymptomatic Toxocariasis in Children}}, journal = {Clinical Pediatrics}, volume = {26}, number = {9}, year = {1987}, pages = {441{\textendash}446}, doi = {10.1177/000992288702600902}, author = {Bass, Joel L and Mehta, Kishor A and Glickman, Lawrence T and Blocker, Richard and Eppes, Bonnie M} } @article {17346, title = {Bacterial Decimation Times in Anaerobic Digestions of Animal Slurries}, journal = {Biological WastesBiological WastesBiological Wastes}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, year = {1987}, pages = {153-168}, isbn = {0269-7483}, author = {Olsen, J. E. and Larsen, H. E.} } @inbook {16910, title = {Bacteriophages active against Bacteroides fragilis in sewage-polluted waters.}, booktitle = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {7}, year = {1987}, pages = {1632{\textendash}1637}, author = {Tartera, C and Jofre, Juan} } @article {4351, title = {{Bacteriophages active against Bacteroides fragilis in sewage-polluted waters.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {7}, year = {1987}, month = {jul}, pages = {1632{\textendash}7}, abstract = {

Twelve strains of different Bacteroides species were tested for their efficiency of detection of bacteriophages from sewage. The host range of several isolated phages was investigated. The results indicated that there was a high degree of strain specificity. Then, by using Bacteroides fragilis HSP 40 as the host, which proved to be the most efficient for the detection of phages, feces from humans and several animal species and raw sewage, river water, water from lagoons, seawater, groundwater, and sediments were tested for the presence of bacteriophages that were active against B. fragilis HSP 40. Phages were detected in feces of 10{\%} of the human fecal samples tested and was never detected in feces of the other animal species studied. Moreover, bacteriophages were always recovered from sewage and sewage-polluted samples of waters and sediments, but not from nonpolluted samples. The titers recovered were dependent on the degree of pollution in analyzed waters and sediments.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides fragilis, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Fresh Water, Humans, Seawater, Sewage, Species Specificity, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution, Water Pollution: analysis}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=203922{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Tartera, C and Jofre, J} } @article {17097, title = {Bacteriophages as model organisms in water treatment.}, journal = {Microbiological Sciences}, volume = {4}, number = {12}, year = {1987}, pages = {362{\textendash}364}, author = {Havelaar, AH} } @book {15528, title = {The biology of Schistosomes. From genes to latrines}, year = {1987}, note = {Bibliographie de 5 pages}, pages = {446}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {London}, isbn = {0-12-593692-3}, author = {Rollinson, D. and Simpson, A.J.G.} } @article {13937, title = {Bovine reservoir for verotoxin-producing {Escherichia} coli {O}157:{H}7}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {1}, number = {8524}, year = {1987}, pages = {98}, author = {Borczyk, A A and Karmali, M A and Lior, H and Duncan, L M} } @article {2170, title = {{Bovine reservoir for verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7}}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {329}, year = {1987}, pages = {98}, isbn = {0140-6736 (Print)0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Borczyk, A A and Karmali, M A and Lior, H and Duncan, L M} } @article {12062, title = {[A case of infestation with Trichuris (Trichocephalus vulpis Froelich, 1789 (Nematoda, Enoplida) in Poland]}, journal = {Wiadomo{\'s}ci parazytologiczne}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, year = {1987}, note = {Lineburg, A
Jastrzebski, M
pol
Case Reports
English Abstract
Poland
1987/01/01
Wiad Parazytol. 1987;33(2):181-4.}, pages = {181-4}, keywords = {Animals, Dog Diseases/*parasitology, Dogs, Female, Male, Poland, Trichuriasis/parasitology/*veterinary, Trichuris/anatomy \& histology}, isbn = {0043-5163 (Print)
0043-5163 (Linking)}, author = {Lineburg, A. and Jastrzebski, M.} } @article {16554, title = {[{A} case of infestation with {Trichuris} ({Trichocephalus} vulpis {Froelich}, 1789 ({Nematoda}, {Enoplida}) in {Poland}]}, journal = {Wiad Parazytol}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, year = {1987}, pages = {181{\textendash}4}, keywords = {Animals, Dog Diseases/*parasitology, Dogs, Female, Male, Poland, Trichuriasis/parasitology/*veterinary, Trichuris/anatomy \& histology}, issn = {0043-5163 (Print) 0043-5163 (Linking)}, author = {Lineburg, A. and Jastrzebski, M.} } @article {11306, title = {Clinical features of covert toxocariasis}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {19}, year = {1987}, pages = {693-696}, author = {Taylor, M and Keane, C and O{\textquoteright}Connor, P and Girdwood, AR and Smith, H} } @article {13554, title = {Consequences des phenomenes lies a l{\textquoteright}insularite dans les maladies parasitaires. La Grande douve du foie (Fasciola hepatica) et les Murides en Corse.}, journal = {Bull Soc Neuchatel Sc Nat}, volume = {110}, year = {1987}, pages = {57-62}, author = {Mas-Coma, S. and Fons, R. and Feliu, C. and Bargues, M. D. and Valero, M. A. and Galan-Puchades, M. T.} } @article {16257, title = {Deoxyribonucleic Acid Relatedness between Serogroups and Serovars in the Family Leptospiraceae with Proposals for Seven New Leptospira Species}, journal = {Int J Syst BacteriolInt J Syst Bacteriol}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, pages = {407-415}, keywords = {Leptospira, Sp. nov.}, author = {Yasuda, P.H. and Steigerwalt, A. G. and Sulzer, K.R. and Kaufmann, A.F. and Rogers, F. and Brenner, D. J.} } @article {16258, title = {Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with proposals for seven new Leptospira species}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary MicrobiologyInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, pages = {407-415}, publisher = {Microbiology Society}, isbn = {1466-5034}, author = {Yasuda, Paulo H. and Steigerwalt, Arnold G. and Sulzer, Katherine R. and Kaufmann, Arnold F. and Rogers, Faye and Brenner, Don J.} } @article {14693, title = {Development of methods to study the survival of airborne viruses}, journal = {J Virol Methods}, volume = {18}, year = {1987}, month = {nov}, pages = {87{\textendash}106}, abstract = {A number of viruses have been shown to be transmitted by the airborne route. It is the ability of these viruses to retain their infectivity for living hosts which play a key role in their aerial dissemination. Data generated by a number of workers on the airborne survival of viruses varies considerably because laboratory techniques have not been standardized. About 5 yr ago we started studies on the airborne survival of a number of animal and human viruses. This paper describes the methodology developed to study the aerobiology of these viruses. These methods should be useful in the aerobiological work of other viruses.}, keywords = {*Air Microbiology, Aerosols, Animals, Cell Line, Humans, Humidity, Poliovirus/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Rotavirus/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Viral Plaque Assay}, issn = {0166-0934 (Print) 0166-0934 (Linking)}, author = {Ijaz, M. K. and Karim, Y. G. and Sattar, S. A. and Johnson-Lussenburg, C. M.} } @article {9405, title = {{Differential clinical features and stool findings in shigellosis and amoebic dysentery}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {81}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, pages = {549{\textendash}551}, author = {Speelman, P and McGlaughlin, R and Kabir, I and Butler, T} } @article {13601, title = {Distomatose hepatique a Fasciola hepatica}, journal = {Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Universite de Bordeaux II}, volume = {74}, year = {1987}, author = {Giap, L. H.} } @inbook {4240, title = {{Distribution of coliphages in the environment: general considerations}}, booktitle = {Phage Ecology}, year = {1987}, pages = {87{\textendash}123}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons}, chapter = {Distributi}, address = {New York, NY, USA }, author = {Furuse, K.}, editor = {Goyal, S.M. and Gerba, C.P. and Bitton, G.} } @article {13265, title = {Does Aeromonas hydrophila preferentially colonize the bowels of patients with hematologic malignancies?}, journal = {Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, volume = {7}, year = {1987}, pages = {63-68}, doi = {10.1016/0732-8893(87)90072-1}, author = {Sherlock, C. H. and Burdge, D. R. and Smith, J. A.} } @article {17384, title = {Ecological Benefits of Anaerobic-Digestion}, journal = {Poultry SciencePoultry science}, volume = {66}, number = {6}, year = {1987}, month = {Jun}, pages = {946-950}, isbn = {0032-5791}, author = {Shih, J. C. H.} } @article {7061, title = {An educational intervention for altering water-sanitation behaviors to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban {Bangladesh} {II}. {A} randomized trial to assess the impact of the intervention on hygienic behaviors and rates of diarrhea}, journal = {American journal of epidemiology}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, year = {1987}, pages = {292{\textendash}301}, url = {http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/125/2/292.short}, author = {Stanton, Bonita F. and Clemens, John D.} } @article {5219, title = {{Effects of lagoon treatment on helminth eggs}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {19}, number = {12}, year = {1987}, pages = {369{\textendash}371}, isbn = {0080355986}, issn = {02731223}, author = {Schwartzbrod, J. and Bouhoum, K. and Baleux, B.} } @article {8735, title = {{Effects of lagoon treatment on helminth eggs}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, year = {1987}, pages = {33{\textendash}40}, isbn = {0080355986}, issn = {02731223}, author = {Schwartzbrod, J. and Bouhoum, K. and Baleux, B.} } @article {11202, title = {{Effects of various disinfectants on the development and survival possibilities of the pre-parasitic stages of Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora, and Ascaris suum.}}, journal = {Tijdschr Diergeneeskd.}, volume = {112}, year = {1987}, pages = {769-778}, author = {Burge, W and Borgsteede, F} } @article {10548, title = {{Enumeration of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladesh waters by fluorescent antibody direct viable count}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {12}, year = {1987}, pages = {2862{\textendash}2863}, author = {Brayton, PP and Tamplin, ML and Huq, A and Colwell, RR} } @article {13483, title = {Epidemiologie de la fasciolose humaine dans le sud ouest de la France}, journal = {Bull Soc Fr Parasitol}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, pages = {227-230}, author = {Ripert, C. and Tribouley, J. and Luang Dinh Giap, G. and Combe A. and Laborde, M.} } @article {10139, title = {{Escherichia coli that cause diarrhea: enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic, and enteroadherent}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {155}, number = {3}, year = {1987}, pages = {377{\textendash}389}, author = {Levine, MM} } @article {11637, title = {Establishing the routes of contamination of the water of the Krasnoyarsk reservoir by Diphyllobothrium latum ova as a basis for elaborating prophylactic measures}, journal = {Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni}, volume = {5}, year = {1987}, pages = {72{\textendash}75}, author = {Gerasimov, I.V.} } @article {10703, title = {{Evaluation of the multitest medium for rapid presumptive identification of Vibrio cholerae from environmental sources}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {53}, year = {1987}, pages = {1203{\textendash}1205}, author = {Nair, GB and Misra, S and Bhadra, RK and Pal, SC} } @article {3208, title = {{Fate of human enteric viruses (rotaviruses and enteroviruses) in sewage after primary sedimentation}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, year = {1987}, pages = {47{\textendash}52}, author = {Bosch, A and Lucena, F and Jofre, J.} } @article {6578, title = {Fate of viruses in artificial wetlands.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, pages = {731{\textendash}736}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/53/4/731.short}, author = {Gersberg, R. M. and Lyon, S. R. and Brenner, R. and Elkins, B. V.} } @article {1577, title = {Fate of viruses in artificial wetlands}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, note = {Gersberg, R M Lyon, S R Brenner, R Elkins, B V Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United states Applied and environmental microbiology Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987 Apr;53(4):731-6.}, pages = {731-6}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Little is known about the ability of wetlands to remove disease-causing viruses from municipal wastewater. In this study we examined the survival of several indicators of viral pollution (indigenous F-specific bacteriophages, seeded MS2 bacteriophage, and seeded human poliovirus type 1) applied in primary municipal wastewater to artificial wetland ecosystems. Only about 1\% of the indigenous F-specific RNA bacteriophages survived flow through the vegetated wetland beds at a 5-cm-day-1 hydraulic application rate during the period from June through December 1985. The total number of indigenous F-specific bacteriophages (F-specific RNA and F-specific DNA phages) was also reduced by about 99\% by wetland treatment, with the mean inflow concentration over the period of an entire year reduced from 3,129 to 33 PFU ml-1 in the outflow of a vegetated bed and to 174 PFU ml-1 in the outflow of an unvegetated bed. Such superior treatment by the vegetated bed demonstrates the significant role of higher aquatic plants in the removal process. Seeded MS2 bacteriophage and seeded poliovirus were removed more efficiently than were the indigenous bacteriophages, with less than 0.2\% of MS2 and 0.1\% of the poliovirus surviving flow at the same hydraulic application rate. The decay rate (k) of MS2 in a stagnant wetlands (k = 0.012 to 0.028 h-1) was lower than that for flowing systems (k = 0.44 to 0.052 h-1), reflecting the enhanced capacity for filtration or adsorption of viruses by the root-substrate complex (and associated biofilm).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, keywords = {Bacteriophages/physiology Poliovirus/physiology *Sewage *Virus Physiological Phenomena *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3034155}, author = {Gersberg, R. M. and Lyon, S. R. and Brenner, R. and Elkins, B. V.} } @article {9075, title = {{Fate of viruses in Artificial wetlands.pdf}}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, pages = {731{\textendash}736}, author = {Gersberg, Richard M and Lyon, Stephen R and Brenner, Robert and Elkins, Bert V} } @inbook {15529, title = {The genus Schistosoma: a taxonomic appraisal}, booktitle = {The biology of schistosomes. From genes to latrines}, year = {1987}, pages = {1-49}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, chapter = {1}, address = {London}, author = {Rollinson, D. and Southgate, V. R.}, editor = {Rollinson, D. and Simpson, A.J.G.} } @article {15399, title = {Granulomatous hypersensitivity to Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens in human schistosomiasis. I. Granuloma formation and modulation around polyacrylamide antigen-conjugated beads}, journal = {Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {82 Suppl 4}, year = {1987}, note = {Doughty, B L
Goes, A M
Parra, J C
Rocha, R S
Katz, N
Colley, D G
Gazzinelli, G
eng
AI 21776/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
BRAZIL
1987/01/01
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1987;82 Suppl 4:47-54.}, pages = {47-54}, abstract = {We have developed an in vitro model of granuloma formation for the purpose of studying the immunological components of delayed type hypersensitivity granuloma formation in patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Our data show that 1) granulomatous hypersensitivity can be studied by examining the cellular reactivity manifested as multiple cell layers surrounding the antigen conjugated beads; 2) this reactivity is a CD4 cell dependent, macrophage dependent, B cell independent response and 3) the in vitro granuloma response is antigenically specific for parasite egg antigens. Studies designed to investigate the immune regulation of granulomatous hypersensitivity using purified populations of either CD4 or CD8 T cells have demonstrated the complexity of cellular interactions in the suppression of granulomatous hypersensitivity. The anti-S. mansoni egg immune responses of individual patients with chronic intestinal schistosomiasis can be classified either as soluble egg antigen (SEA) hypersensitive with maximal granulomatous hypersensitivity or SEA suppressive with activation of the T cell suppressor pathway with effective SEA granuloma modulation. Our data suggest that T cell network interactions are active in the generation of effective granuloma modulation in chronic intestinal schistosomiasis patients.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, Helminth/*immunology, Granuloma/*immunology, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Delayed/*immunology/pathology, Immunity, Cellular, Macrophages/immunology, Microspheres, Schistosoma mansoni/*immunology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology/pathology, T-Lymphocytes/classification/immunology}, isbn = {0074-0276 (Print)
0074-0276 (Linking)}, author = {Doughty, B. L. and Goes, A. M. and Parra, J. C. and Rocha, R. S. and Katz, N. and Colley, D. G. and Gazzinelli, G.} } @article {8475, title = {{The host-parasite relationship of Toxoplasma gondii in the brains of chronically infected mice}}, journal = {Virchows Archiv: European Journal of Pathology}, volume = {411}, number = {1}, year = {1987}, pages = {39{\textendash}43}, author = {Ferguson, DJ and Hutchinson, WM} } @article {15387, title = {Immunoregulation in human schistosomiasis by idiotypic interactions and lymphokine-mediated mechanisms}, journal = {Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {82 Suppl 4}, year = {1987}, note = {Colley, D G
Parra, J C
Montesano, M A
Lima, M
Nascimento, E
Doughty, B L
Goes, A
Gazzinelli, G
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
BRAZIL
1987/01/01
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1987;82 Suppl 4:105-9.}, pages = {105-9}, abstract = {Anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) T cells from schistosomiasis patients or former patients proliferate upon exposure to polyclonal or monoclonal anti-soluble egg antigen (SEA) antibodies. Chloroquine does not inhibit, the response, which is induced by F(ab{\textquoteright})2 (but not soluble Fab) fragments of these antibodies. Purified T cells from former patients require macrophages or exogenous IL-1 to respond to anti-SEA Ids and can respond to matrix-bound Fab fragments in the presence of IL-1. These anti-Id T cells recognize the Ids directly. Chronic schistosomiasis patients immunoregulate the production of a non-IL-2 lymphokine that stimulates IL-2 receptor expression on resting T cells. This regulation is reversed upon chemotherapeutic cure.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Helminth/*immunology, Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology, Antigens, Helminth/*immunology, Humans, Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology, Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology, Interleukin-1/pharmacology, Lymphokines/immunology, Ovum/immunology, Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis, Schistosoma mansoni/*immunology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology, T-Lymphocytes/immunology}, isbn = {0074-0276 (Print)
0074-0276 (Linking)}, author = {Colley, D. G. and Parra, J. C. and Montesano, M. A. and Lima, M. and Nascimento, E. and Doughty, B. L. and Goes, A. and Gazzinelli, G.} } @article {12750, title = {{In vitro effect of praziquantel on Paragonimus westermani by light and scanning electron microscopic observation}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, year = {1987}, pages = {24{\textendash}36}, author = {Lee, SH and Park, HJ and Hong, SJ and Chai, JY and Hong, ST} } @article {10667, title = {{Incidence of Vibrio cholerae from estuaries of the United States west coast}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {53}, year = {1987}, pages = {1344{\textendash}1348}, author = {Kaysner, CA and Abeyta, Jr C and Wekell, MM and DePaola, Jr A and Stott, RF and Leitch, JM} } @article {5140, title = {{An initial evaluation of Al Sumra waste stabilisation ponds (Jordan)}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {19}, number = {12}, year = {1987}, pages = {33{\textendash}37}, isbn = {0080355986}, issn = {02731223}, author = {Al-Salem, S. S. and Lumbers, J. P.} } @article {15468, title = {Schistosoma mansoni: male-biased sex ratios in snails and mice}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {64}, number = {2}, year = {1987}, note = {Liberatos, J D
eng
1987/10/01
Exp Parasitol. 1987 Oct;64(2):165-77.}, month = {Oct}, pages = {165-77}, abstract = {

Adult sex ratios of Schistosoma mansoni, in mice, were shown to be biased toward males (3:1) despite the finding that sex ratios of miracidia were 50:50. The adult male bias was caused by greater male infectivity of miracidia for snails and cercariae for mice. A significantly higher percentage of male miracidia developed to cercarial production in unimiracidial infections (57 male, 34 female), and a significantly higher percentage of male cercariae developed to adulthood in mice (143 male, 79 female worms resulted from 900 male and 900 female cercariae). No significant differences were found between male and female parasites for longevity of miracidia (both sexes, 10 hr) and cercariae (males 21.3 +/- 5.75 hr, females 25.0 +/- 7.02 hr), prepatent periods in snail hosts (male 34 +/- 2.92 days, females 33 +/- 2.36 days), longevity of snail infections (males 96.6 +/- 25.15 days, females 115.2 +/- 82.43 days), and the numbers of cercariae produced per snail lifetime (males 30,751.44 +/- 18,064.33, females 34,083.00 +/- 33,732.82). Present results provide a better understanding of the life cycle of S. mansoni, are of theoretical significance for theories of biased sex ratios (which at present cannot account for the male-biased ratio of S. mansoni), and also suggest that schistosomiasis transmission models assuming a 50:50 sex ratio at all stages of the life cycle should be reassessed.

}, keywords = {Animals, Female, Life Expectancy, Male, Mice/parasitology, Schistosoma mansoni/*physiology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*parasitology, Sex Ratio, Snails/parasitology, Time Factors}, isbn = {0014-4894 (Print)
0014-4894 (Linking)}, author = {Liberatos, J. D.} } @article {3531, title = {Isolation of an atypical rotavirus causing diarrhea in neonatal ferrets.}, journal = {Laboratory Animal Science}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {1987}, pages = {167{\textendash}171}, abstract = {

A rotavirus was isolated from neonatal ferrets \{\{\}(Mustela\{\}\} putorius furo) with diarrhea at a large commercial farm. This virus is classified as an atypical rotavirus, probably belonging to the group C rotaviruses. This classification is based on the lack of the rotavirus group A common antigen and on its distinct \{\{\}dsRNA\{\}\} electropherotype pattern in polyacrylamide gels. The diarrheal disease was reproduced experimentally in neonatal ferrets.

}, author = {A Torres-Medina} } @article {3062, title = {Isolation of {Echinococcus} multilocularis from the liver of swine in {Hokkaido}, {Japan}}, journal = {The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, year = {1987}, month = {apr}, pages = {99{\textendash}107}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Female, Gerbillinae, Hepatic, Swine, Swine Diseases}, issn = {0047-1917}, author = {Kamiya, M. and Ooi, H. K. and Oku, Y. and Okamoto, M. and Ohbayashi, M. and Seki, N.} } @inbook {15444, title = {Larval development: eggs to cercariae}, booktitle = {The biology of schistosomes. From genes to latrines}, year = {1987}, pages = {83-113}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, chapter = {3}, address = {London}, author = {Jourdane, J. and Th{\'e}ron, A.}, editor = {Rollinson, D. and Simpson, A.J.G.} } @article {16149, title = {Leptospirosis: a newly identified disease in Korea}, journal = {Asia Pac J Public HealthAsia Pac J Public Health}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {1987}, pages = {61-8}, isbn = {0004-0037 (Print)
0004-0037 (Linking)}, author = {Kim, J. S.} } @article {2239, title = {{The long-term survival of Escherichia coli in river water}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, year = {1987}, month = {sep}, pages = {261{\textendash}270}, issn = {00218847}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.1987.tb04945.x}, author = {Flint, K. P.} } @article {14017, title = {The long-term survival of {Escherichia} coli in river water}, journal = {Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, year = {1987}, month = {sep}, pages = {261{\textendash}270}, issn = {00218847}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2672.1987.tb04945.x}, author = {Flint, K. P.} } @article {16081, title = {A new serovar mogdeni of serogroup Tarassovi of Leptospira interrogans isolated from a sewage plant in England}, journal = {Epidemiol InfectEpidemiol InfectEpidemiol Infect}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, year = {1987}, month = {Oct}, pages = {373-7}, edition = {1987/10/01}, keywords = {Agglutination Tests, Animals, England, Humans, Leptospira interrogans/ classification/isolation \& purification, Serotyping, Sewage}, isbn = {0950-2688 (Print)
0950-2688 (Linking)}, author = {Coghlan, J. D. and Kmety, E.} } @conference {11617, title = {{Obtencion de coracidios de Diphyllobothrium pacificum bajo condiciones experimentales}}, booktitle = {Decimo Congreso Latinoamericano de Microbiologia}, year = {1987}, pages = {Pp 68}, address = {Trujillo, Per{\'u}}, author = {Escalante, H and Jara, Cesar A and Chico-Ruiz, J} } @article {15801, title = {Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in sewage effluents and selected surface waters}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {73}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, month = {Aug}, pages = {702-5}, edition = {1987/08/01}, keywords = {*Sewage, *Water, Animals, Arizona, Coccidia/*isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Fresh Water}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395}, author = {Madore, M. S. and Rose, J. B. and Gerba, C. P. and Arrowood, M. J. and Sterling, C. R.} } @article {11110, title = {Occurrence of pathogens in distribution and marketing municipal sludges}, number = {EPA-600/1-87-014}, year = {1987}, institution = {National Technical Information Service}, address = {Springfield, Virginia}, author = {Yanko, W.A.} } @article {16112, title = {Opsonic monoclonal antibodies against lipopolysaccharide antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.}, journal = {J Med Microbiol.J Med Microbiol.}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, year = {1987}, pages = {1-7.}, author = {Farrelly, H. E. and Adler, B. and Faine, S.} } @article {11516, title = {Population dynamics in echinococcosis and cysticercosis: evaluation of the biological parameters of Taenia hydatigena and T. ovis and comparison with those of Echinococcus granulosus}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {94}, year = {1987}, pages = {161-180}, author = {Gemmell, MA and Lawson, JR and Roberts, MG} } @article {11517, title = {Population dynamics in echinococcosis and cysticercosis: evaluation of the biological parameters of Taenia hydatigena and T. ovis and comparison with those of Echinococcus granulosus}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {94}, year = {1987}, pages = {161-180}, author = {Gemmell, MA and Lawson, JR and Roberts, MG} } @article {7848, title = {Prevalence and characterization of hippurate-negative Campylobacter jejuni in King County, Washington.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {9}, year = {1987}, month = {September 01}, pages = {1747-1752}, abstract = {

A total of 593 strains of thermophilic Campylobacter species were isolated either from humans with diarrhea or from poultry in King County, Washington. Of these strains, 98 (52 hippurate-positive strains and all 46 of the hippurate-negative strains) were selected for further phenotypic characterization and genetic classification. Hippurate hydrolysis, the test typically used to differentiate Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli, did not always correlate with the genetic classification. All hippurate-positive strains were classified as C. jejuni. Of the hippurate-negative strains, 20\% were C. jejuni, 78\% were C. coli, and 2\% were C. laridis. Assuming that the remaining hippurate-positive strains were all C. jejuni, then hippurate-negative C. jejuni represented a small percentage (9 of 556 or 1.6\%) of C. jejuni strains but a significant percentage (9 of 46 or 20\%) of hippurate-negative strains. This finding suggests that hippurate hydrolysis should not be used as the sole criterion for differentiating thermophilic Campylobacter species, particularly when describing the disease states associated with these organisms.

}, author = {Totten,P. A. and Patton,C. M. and Tenover,F. C. and Barrett,T. J. and Stamm,W. E. and Steigerwalt,A. G. and Lin,J. Y. and Holmes,K. K. and Brenner,D. J.} } @booklet {11088, title = {Prevention and control of parasitic infections}, year = {1987}, pages = {88}, publisher = {WHO}, address = {Geneva} } @book {270, title = {Principles of surface water quality modeling and control}, year = {1987}, publisher = {Harper \& Row New York}, organization = {Harper \& Row New York}, author = {Thomann, Robert V and Mueller, John A and a Mueller, J} } @article {15747, title = {Reactive arthritis associated with cryptosporidium enteritis}, journal = {British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.)}, volume = {295}, number = {6592}, year = {1987}, month = {Jul 25}, pages = {248}, edition = {1987/07/25}, keywords = {Adult, Arthritis/*etiology, Cryptosporidiosis/*complications, Diarrhea/etiology, Enteritis/*complications, Humans, Knee Joint/microbiology, Male}, isbn = {0267-0623 (Print)
0267-0623}, author = {Hay, E. M. and Winfield, J. and McKendrick, M. W.} } @article {11019, title = {Reinfection of people with {Ascaris} lumbricoides following single, 6-month and 12-month interval mass chemotherapy in {Okpo} village, rural {Burma}}, journal = {Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {81}, number = {1}, year = {1987}, month = {jan}, pages = {140{\textendash}146}, abstract = {A longitudinal study on reinfection with Ascaris lumbricoides was continued on a random sample of 50\% of the infected population following a horizontal cross-sectional study in Okpo village, near Rangoon. The study sample was again randomly divided into two subsamples, the six-month interval worming group and the 12-month interval worming group. Microscopic examination of stool for Ascaris eggs on the 7th day and 30th day, combined with counting eggs and worming with levamisole, were carried out at two successive six-month intervals on the first subsample. Stools were examined and eggs counted on the 7th day and then monthly up to 12 months, followed by worming, in the second subsample. The worms expelled in the first 72 hours after treatment were counted. The findings over a 12-month follow-up period after one treatment included: mean monthly incidence of 20\%, higher and more rapid return to previous prevalence and intensity of infection in children or {\textquoteleft}wormy{\textquoteright} persons than in adults or {\textquoteleft}non-wormy{\textquoteright} persons. Six-monthly chemotherapy definitely reduced intensity of infection in the children and adults whereas 12-monthly treatment lowered intensity in adults only. Predisposition to acquisition of high or low intensity of infection was also observed. Other findings and the implications of this study for strategies for control of ascariasis are discussed.}, issn = {0035-9203}, doi = {10.1016/0035-9203(87)90306-3}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(87)90306-3}, author = {Hlaing, Thein and Saw, Than and Lwin, Myint} } @article {5067, title = {The removal of excreted bacteria and viruses in deep waste stabilization ponds}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {19}, year = {1987}, pages = {569{\textendash}573}, author = {Oragui, JI and Curtis, TP and Silva, SA and Mara, DD} } @article {11541, title = {{A review of freshwater species of Diphyllobothrium with redescriptions and the distribution of D. dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) and D. ditremum (Creplin, 1825) development in different hosts.}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, pages = {2216{\textendash}2228}, abstract = {

Plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium were studied from fish samples representing eight species of salmonids from British Columbia, Wyoming, Quebec, and Maine. Adults were studied mainly from experimental infections of golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus ( ...

}, issn = {0014-4894}, doi = {10.1139/z87-336}, author = {Andersen, K and Ching, H L and Vik, R} } @article {12932, title = {Salmonella regrowth in compost as influenced by substrate (Salmonella regrowth in compost)}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, year = {1987}, pages = {243{\textendash}253}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Burge, Wylie D and Enkiri, Nancy K and Hussong, David} } @article {4035, title = {{SEM evidence for a new species, Giardia psittaci}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {73}, year = {1987}, pages = {623{\textendash}629}, author = {Erlandsen, SL and Bemrick, WJ} } @article {8137, title = {{Shigella as a Food borne Pathogen}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {50}, number = {9}, year = {1987}, pages = {788{\textendash}801}, abstract = {Shigellosis is classically thought of as a waterborne disease; however, public health data suggest that foodborne outbreaks are a significant, if not the major cause of the disease in the United States. The role of {\textless}i{\textgreater}Shigella{\textless}/i{\textgreater} as a foodborne pathogen is reviewed, including discussions of taxonomy, epidemiology, virulence factors, growth and survival in foods and model systems, and methods for detection/identification in food products.}, author = {Smith, J L} } @article {14839, title = {Shigella as a {Food} borne {Pathogen}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {50}, number = {9}, year = {1987}, pages = {788{\textendash}801}, abstract = {Shigellosis is classically thought of as a waterborne disease; however, public health data suggest that foodborne outbreaks are a significant, if not the major cause of the disease in the United States. The role of {\textbackslash}textbackslashtextlessi{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreaterShigella{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextless/i{\textbackslash}textbackslashtextgreater as a foodborne pathogen is reviewed, including discussions of taxonomy, epidemiology, virulence factors, growth and survival in foods and model systems, and methods for detection/identification in food products.}, author = {Smith, J L} } @article {14226, title = {Shigella as a {Food} borne {Pathogen}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {50}, number = {9}, year = {1987}, pages = {788{\textendash}801}, abstract = {Shigellosis is classically thought of as a waterborne disease; however, public health data suggest that foodborne outbreaks are a significant, if not the major cause of the disease in the United States. The role of {\textbackslash}textlessi{\textbackslash}textgreaterShigella{\textbackslash}textless/i{\textbackslash}textgreater as a foodborne pathogen is reviewed, including discussions of taxonomy, epidemiology, virulence factors, growth and survival in foods and model systems, and methods for detection/identification in food products.}, author = {Smith, J L} } @article {2414, title = {{Shigella as a Food borne Pathogen}}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {50}, number = {9}, year = {1987}, pages = {788{\textendash}801}, abstract = {Shigellosis is classically thought of as a waterborne disease; however, public health data suggest that foodborne outbreaks are a significant, if not the major cause of the disease in the United States. The role of Shigella as a foodborne pathogen is reviewed, including discussions of taxonomy, epidemiology, virulence factors, growth and survival in foods and model systems, and methods for detection/identification in food products.}, author = {Smith, J L} } @article {2409, title = {{Structure and biology of Shigella flexneri O antigens.}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, month = {jun}, pages = {289{\textendash}302}, issn = {0022-2615}, doi = {10.1099/00222615-23-4-289}, author = {Simmons, D A and Romanowska, E} } @article {14221, title = {Structure and biology of {Shigella} flexneri {O} antigens.}, journal = {Journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, month = {jun}, pages = {289{\textendash}302}, issn = {0022-2615}, doi = {10.1099/00222615-23-4-289}, author = {Simmons, D A and Romanowska, E} } @article {5724, title = {{Studies on Heat Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus with Special Reference to Shellfish. Part 1. Procedures for Infection and Recovery of Virus from Laboratory-Maintained Cockles}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {98}, number = {3}, year = {1987}, pages = {397{\textendash}414}, author = {Millard, J and Appleton, H and Parry, JV} } @article {7657, title = {A study of thermophilic campylobacters in a river system}, journal = {Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, year = {1987}, note = {Feb; A STUDY OF THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTERS IN A RIVER SYSTEM; ISI:A1987G529200010; ID: 636}, pages = {167-176}, isbn = {0021-8847}, author = {Bolton,F. J. and Coates,D. and Hutchinson,D. N. and Godfree,A. F.} } @inbook {12976, title = {Survival and transport of pathogens in sludge-amended soil: a critical literature review}, booktitle = {Survival and transport of pathogens in sludge-amended soil: a critical literature review}, year = {1987}, publisher = {EPA. Water Engineering Research Laboratory}, organization = {EPA. Water Engineering Research Laboratory}, author = {Sorber, Charles A and Moore, Barbara E} } @article {7958, title = {{Survival of pathogenic bacteria in various freshwater sediments.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, month = {apr}, pages = {633{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

Four human-associated bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella newport, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were tested for survival in five freshwater sediments. Bacterial survival in continuous-flow chambers was monitored over 14-day periods on sediments ranging from organically rich high-clay fractions to organically poor sandy fractions. Bacterial die-off ranged from 1 to 5 orders of magnitude in sediments. E. coli survived as long as or longer than S. newport. P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae tended to survive longer than E. coli. Survival of E. coli and S. newport was greater in sediments containing at least 25{\%} clay. Good reproducibility allowed the development of linear models to describe die-off rates.

}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Burton, G A and Gunnison, D and Lanza, G R} } @article {13945, title = {Survival of pathogenic bacteria in various freshwater sediments.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, month = {apr}, pages = {633{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Four human-associated bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella newport, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were tested for survival in five freshwater sediments. Bacterial survival in continuous-flow chambers was monitored over 14-day periods on sediments ranging from organically rich high-clay fractions to organically poor sandy fractions. Bacterial die-off ranged from 1 to 5 orders of magnitude in sediments. E. coli survived as long as or longer than S. newport. P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae tended to survive longer than E. coli. Survival of E. coli and S. newport was greater in sediments containing at least 25\% clay. Good reproducibility allowed the development of linear models to describe die-off rates.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Burton, G A and Gunnison, D and Lanza, G R} } @article {2178, title = {{Survival of pathogenic bacteria in various freshwater sediments.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, year = {1987}, month = {apr}, pages = {633{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Four human-associated bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella newport, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were tested for survival in five freshwater sediments. Bacterial survival in continuous-flow chambers was monitored over 14-day periods on sediments ranging from organically rich high-clay fractions to organically poor sandy fractions. Bacterial die-off ranged from 1 to 5 orders of magnitude in sediments. E. coli survived as long as or longer than S. newport. P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae tended to survive longer than E. coli. Survival of E. coli and S. newport was greater in sediments containing at least 25\% clay. Good reproducibility allowed the development of linear models to describe die-off rates.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Burton, G A and Gunnison, D and Lanza, G R} } @article {11435, title = {Survival of tapeworm eggs, free and in proglottids, during simulated sewage treatment processes}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, year = {1987}, pages = {199-203}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, author = {Storey, GW} } @article {7667, title = {Susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Yersinia enterocolitica to UV radiation}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {53 (2)}, year = {1987}, pages = {375-378}, author = {Butler, RC and Lund, V and Carlson, DA} } @article {3028, title = {Towards global control of cystic and alveolar hydatid diseases}, journal = {Parasitology Today (Personal Ed.)}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, year = {1987}, month = {may}, pages = {144{\textendash}151}, abstract = {Control programmes against Echinococcus granulosus in its dog-sheep transmission cycle (Fig. 1) have been successful in many parts of the world{\textquoteright}. In contrast, the related E. multilocularis presents a much more complex problem for control authorities. Unlike E. granulosus, the life cycle of E. multilocularis predominantly involves sylvatic hosts (e.g. rodents and foxes) (Fig. 2) and the control of wild life echinococcosis presents a formidable challenge to ecologists and epidemiologists. This review contrasts the two parasites, explaining why E. granulosus in its domestic dog-sheep life cycle has been so responsive to control, and examines the prospects for control of E. multilocularis.}, issn = {0169-4758}, author = {Gemmell, M. A. and Lawson, J. R. and Roberts, M. G.} } @article {8476, title = {{An ultrastructural study of the early development and tissue cyst formation of Toxoplasma gondii in the brains of mice}}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {73}, number = {6}, year = {1987}, pages = {483{\textendash}491}, author = {Ferguson, DJ and Hutchison, WM} } @article {9133, title = {{Virus survival on vegetables spray-irrigated with wastewater}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {1987}, pages = {57{\textendash}63}, abstract = {A method, developed to detect low concentrations of virus on vegetables, irrigated with wastewater, was investigated in the field. Celery, spinach, lettuce and tomato crops, grown at an experimental station near Melbourne, Victoria, were spray-irrigated with stored wastewater, which had been seeded with either poliovirus or adenovirus. At specified intervals after irrigation, vegetables were harvested, washed to remove virus and the washings concentrated into a small volume which was inoculated into cell cultures for virus isolation. The method demonstrated rapid inactivation, within 48 h, of poliovirus on crops and low level persistence of this virus for up to 13 days. Adenovirus could not be detected on a lettuce crop as early as 24 h after irrigation. On crops harvested immediately after irrigation and stored at 4??C in a humid atmosphere in the dark, the method was able to demonstrate more gradual inactivation of poliovirus than under field conditions and virus persistence for up to 76 days. Since seeded virus concentrations were similar to those commonly detected in wastewater before storage, results indicate that this is a practical method for assessing viral contamination of vegetable crops spray-irrigated with wastewater. ?? 1987.}, keywords = {Adenovirus, Poliovirus, spray-irrigation, Survival, Vegetables, wastewater}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(87)90099-6}, author = {Ward, Bryan K and Irving, Louise G} } @article {4628, title = {Virus survival on vegetables spray-irrigated with wastewater.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {1987}, pages = {57{\textendash}63}, author = {Ward, Bryan K and Irving, Louise G} } @article {1223, title = {Virus survival on vegetables spray-irrigated with wastewater.}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, year = {1987}, pages = {57-63}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {BK, Ward and LG, Irving} } @article {11229, title = {{Visceral Larva Migrans in French Adults: A New Disease Syndrome?}}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {125}, number = {6}, year = {1987}, pages = {1019{\textendash}1034}, doi = {10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114618}, author = {Glickman, Lawrence T and Magnaval, JF and Domanski, LM and Shofer, FS and Lauria, SS and Gottstien, B and Brochier, B} } @article {3255, title = {{Wastewater sludge: Parasitological and virological contamination}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, year = {1987}, pages = {33{\textendash}40}, author = {Schwartzbrod, J. and Mathieu, C. and Th{\'e}venot, M.T. and Baradel, J.M. and Schwartzbrod, L.} } @article {16067, title = { A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis.}, journal = {Am J Epidemiol.Am J Epidemiol.}, volume = {126}, number = {3}, year = {1987}, pages = {535-545.}, author = {Cacciapuoti, B. and Ciceroni, L. and Maffei, C. and Di Stanislao, F. and Strusi, P. and Calegari, L. and Lupidi, R. and Scalise, G. and Cagnoni, G. and Renga, G.} } @article {16427, title = {Ambient water quality criteria; availability}, journal = {Federal Register}, volume = {51 (45)}, year = {1986}, pages = {8012-8016}, publisher = {Federal Register} } @article {13238, title = {Bacterial flora associated with an organic manure-aquaculture system in Kainji Lake Basin area, Nigeria}, journal = {International Journal of Zoonoses.}, volume = {13}, year = {1986}, pages = {54-58}, author = {Ogbondeminu, F. S. and Okaeme, A. N.} } @article {4254, title = {{Bacteriophages and indicator bacteria in human and animal faeces.}}, journal = {The Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, year = {1986}, month = {mar}, pages = {255{\textendash}62}, abstract = {

In an attempt to explain the presence of F-specific (RNA) bacteriophages in waste-water, faecal material from humans and a variety of animals was examined. The phages were detected in appreciable numbers only in faeces from pigs, broiler chickens, sheep and calves but not from dogs, cows, horses and humans. Parallel examinations for somatic coliphages, thermotolerant coliforms, faecal streptococci and spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia revealed the consistent presence of these organisms in all types of samples, albeit in variable numbers. The number of F-specific bacteriophages was related to the total number of somatic coliphages, but phage counts were unrelated to bacterial counts. F-specific RNA phages were grouped by serotyping and all animal isolates were found to belong to either group I (MS2 subtype) or IV (four different subtypes). Among the group IV isolates, most belonged to well-known subtypes SP (24 isolates) or FI (18 isolates) but five isolates were related to phage ID2 and one isolate was a new subtype. In contrast with animal isolates, 19 isolates from hospital wastewater belonged to serogroups II or III.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: classification, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Cattle, Cattle: microbiology, Chickens, Chickens: microbiology, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Dogs, Dogs: microbiology, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Horses, Horses: microbiology, Humans, Salmonella Phages, Salmonella Phages: isolation {\&} purification, Serotyping, Sheep, Sheep: microbiology, Swine, Swine: microbiology}, issn = {0021-8847}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3710943}, author = {Havelaar, A H and Furuse, K and Hogeboom, W M} } @article {17093, title = {Bacteriophages and indicator bacteria in human and animal faeces}, journal = {Journal of applied bacteriology}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, year = {1986}, pages = {255{\textendash}262}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Havelaar, AH and Furuse, K and Hogeboom, WM} } @article {5191, title = {{Biologically active compounds from microalgae}}, journal = {Enzyme and Microbial Technology}, volume = {8}, number = {7}, year = {1986}, pages = {386{\textendash}394}, author = {Metting, B. and Pyne, J.W.} } @article {16105, title = {Boars as carriers of leptospires of the Australis serogroup on farms with an abortion problem}, journal = {Vet RecVet Rec}, volume = {118}, number = {20}, year = {1986}, month = {May 17}, pages = {563}, keywords = {Abortion, Veterinary/etiology, Animals, Carrier State/*veterinary, Female, Leptospira/classification, Leptospirosis/transmission/*veterinary, Male, Pregnancy, Swine Diseases/*transmission, Swine/*microbiology}, isbn = {0042-4900 (Print)
0042-4900 (Linking)}, author = {Ellis, W. A. and McParland, P. J. and Bryson, D. G. and Cassells, J. A.} } @article {4276, title = {{Characteristics of Bacteroides fragilis bacteriophages and comparison of their DNAs}}, journal = {Current Microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {jul}, pages = {199{\textendash}203}, issn = {0343-8651}, doi = {10.1007/BF01568518}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01568518}, author = {Kory, Martha M. and Booth, S. James} } @article {15714, title = {Cryptosporidium Spp and Cryptosporidiosis}, journal = {Microbiological Reviews}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {Dec}, pages = {458-483}, isbn = {0146-0749}, author = {Fayer, R. and Ungar, B. L. P.} } @article {8820, title = {{Design Manual, Municipal Wastewater Disinfection.}}, journal = {EPA/625/1-86/021}, number = {October}, year = {1986} } @booklet {10115, title = {{Detection and enumeration of the spores of sulfite-reducing anaerobes (clostridia) - Part 1: Method by enrichment in a liquid medium}}, year = {1986}, publisher = {International Standardization Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @booklet {10116, title = {{Detection and enumeration of the spores of sulfite-reducing anaerobes (clostridia) - Part 2: Method by membrane filtration}}, year = {1986}, publisher = {International Standardization Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland} } @article {11848, title = {{Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense sp. nov. (Cestoda: diphyllobothriidae) - revised identification of japanese broad tapeworm}}, journal = {Shimane Journal of Medical Science}, volume = {10}, year = {1986}, pages = {28{\textendash}48}, author = {Yamane, Yosuke and Kamo, Hajime and Bylund, Goran and Wikgren, Bo Jungar P} } @article {11618, title = {{Diphyllobothrium pacificum: Hallazgo de larvas plerocercoides en peces marinos del Per{\'u} y desarrollo de formas adultas del par{\'a}sito en Canis familiaris}}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n Chileno de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {41}, year = {1986}, pages = {7{\textendash}13}, author = {Escalante, H and Miranda, H} } @article {8935, title = {Disinfection of sewage sludge cake by an electron accelerator}, journal = {Journal of Fermentation Technology}, volume = {64}, number = {4}, year = {1986}, pages = {299-304}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0385-6380}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0385-6380(86)90122-6}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0385638086901226}, author = {Hashimoto, Shoji and Nishimura, Koichi and Kawakami, Waichiro and Watanabe, Hiroshi} } @article {9008, title = {Disinfection with Ultraviolet Light- Design, Construct, and Operate for Success}, year = {1986}, type = {Journal Article} } @article {15416, title = {An ecological study on some aspects of schistosomiasis in the Mid-Western region of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {The Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {1986}, pages = {203-219}, keywords = {Oman, reservoir, Schistosoma, Snail}, author = {Ghandour, A. M. and Al-Robai, A. and El Gohary, M.} } @article {16849, title = {Effect of sunlight on coliphages in an oxidation pond}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, year = {1986}, pages = {37{\textendash}46}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Ohgaki, Shinichiro and Ketratanakul, Awrapin and Prasertsom, Uthaiphun} } @article {5204, title = {{Effect of sunlight on coliphages in an oxidation pond}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, year = {1986}, pages = {37{\textendash}46}, keywords = {coliphage, oxidation pond}, author = {Ohgaki, Shinichiro and Ketratanakul, Awrapin and Prasertsom, Uthaiphun} } @article {11011, title = {Effectiveness of {Wastewater} {Sludge} {Treatment} {Processes} to {Inactivate} {Parasites}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {18}, number = {7-8}, year = {1986}, month = {jul}, pages = {397{\textendash}404}, abstract = {

In the United States, Ascaris spp., Trichuris trichiura, Trichuris vulpis and Toxocara spp. are the most commonly found viable parasites in both treated and untreated municipal sludges. As expected, heat treatment, thermophilic digestion (aerobic and anaerobic) and thermophilic composting were effective in parasite inactivation, and with good sludge digestion (both aerobic and anaerobic), the effectiveness of sludge lagoon storage and sludge drying beds to inactivate parasites and pathogens is greatly enhanced. At present two commercial sludge processes, Chemfixation and Ozonics treatment have shown potential to inactivate parasites.

}, url = {http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/18/7-8/397.abstract}, author = {Reimers, R. S. and McDonell, D. B. and Little, M. D. and Bowman, D. D. and Englande, A. J. and Henriques, W. D.} } @article {17494, title = {{Enterovirus removal from sewage: The effectiveness of four different treatment plants}}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, year = {1986}, pages = {1291 {\textendash} 1297}, author = {Lewis, G.D and Austin, F.J and Loutit, M.W} } @article {5255, title = {{Enterovirus removal from sewage: The effectiveness of four different treatment plants}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, year = {1986}, pages = {1291{\textendash}1297}, keywords = {enterovirus, Sewage, Wastewater treatment}, author = {Lewis, G.D. and Austin, F.J. and Loutit, M.W. and Sharples, K.} } @booklet {10481, title = {{Environmental quality standards regarding water pollution No. 59, amended by Environment Agency Notification No. 63 of 1974, no. 3 of 1975, No. 41 of 1982, No. 140 of 1982, No. 29 of 1985 and No. 1 of 1986}}, year = {1986} } @article {3102, title = {[{Epidemiological} characteristics of echinococcosis in the population centers of the {Yakutsk} {ASSR} with different types of water supply]}, journal = {Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia I Parazitarnye Bolezni}, number = {3}, year = {1986}, month = {jun}, pages = {11{\textendash}14}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, Disease Vectors, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Feces, Helminth, Humans, Parasite Egg Count, Siberia, Urban Population, Water Supply}, issn = {0025-8326}, author = {Martynenko, V. B. and Romanenko, N. A. and Starkova, T. V. and Loseva, T. A. and Ballad, N. E.} } @article {17114, title = {Evaluation of Bacteroides fragilis bacteriophages as indicators of the virological quality of water}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, year = {1986}, pages = {167{\textendash}173}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Jofre, J and Bosch, Andrew and Lucena, F and Girones, R and Tartera, C} } @article {11674, title = {{Evidence of egg-discharging periodicity in experimental human infection with Diphyllobothrium latum (Linn{\'e}, 1758)}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {1986}, pages = {53{\textendash}57}, author = {Kamo, Hajime and Yazaki, Seiichi and Fukomoto, Soki and Maejima, Joji and Kawasaki, Hironaka} } @article {10942, title = {Fatal {Human} {Ascariasis} {Following} {Secondary} {Massive} {Infection}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, year = {1986}, pages = {314{\textendash}318}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.314}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.314}, author = {Baird, J. K. and Mistrey, M. and Pimsler, M. and Connor, D. H.} } @article {15106, title = {Fatal human ascariasis following secondary massive infection}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, year = {1986}, pages = {314{\textendash}318}, author = {Baird, J. K. and Mistrey, M. and Pimsler, M. and Connor, D. H.} } @article {15068, title = {Fate of {Human} {Enteric} {Viruses} ({Rotaviruses} and {Entero} {Viruses}) in {Sewage} after {Primary} {Sedimentation}}, journal = {Water science and technology}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, year = {1986}, pages = {47{\textendash}52}, author = {Bosch, Andrew and Lucena, F and Jofre, J} } @article {10393, title = {Fate of Human Enteric Viruses (Rotaviruses and Entero Viruses) in Sewage after Primary Sedimentation}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, year = {1986}, pages = {47{\textendash}52}, author = {Bosch, Andrew and Lucena, F and Jofre, J} } @article {5757, title = {{Fecal Excretion of Greek Strains of Hepatitis A Virus in Patients with Hepatitis A and in Experimentally Infected Chimpanzees}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {154}, number = {2}, year = {1986}, pages = {231{\textendash}237}, author = {N C Tassopoulos and G J Papaevangelou and J R Ticehurst and R H Purcell} } @article {4960, title = {{Field studies on the transmission of the human liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, in northeast Thailand: population changes of the snail intermediate host}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {16}, year = {1986}, pages = {545{\textendash}552}, author = {Brockelman, WY and Upatham, ES and Viyanant, V and Ardsungnoen, S and Chantanawat, R} } @article {10961, title = {Health risks associated with wastewater irrigation: an epidemiological study.}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {76}, number = {8}, year = {1986}, month = {aug}, pages = {977{\textendash}979}, abstract = {An analysis of morbidity was made in 11 kibbutzim (cooperative agricultural settlements), with a total population of 3,040, that had switched from nonwastewater to wastewater sprinkler irrigation or vice versa. Generally, partially treated stabilization pond effluent of poor microbial quality was used for irrigation. Vegetables or salad crops were not irrigated with effluent. The results showed that a seasonal, twofold, excess risk of "enteric" disease was found in the 0 to 4 year-old age group during the summer irrigation months in those years in which wastewater was used for irrigation, compared with the parallel summer months of nonwastewater irrigation years in the same kibbutz. On the year round rates basis, little or no excess enteric disease was found in wastewater irrigating communities.}, issn = {0090-0036}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646656/}, author = {Fattal, B and Wax, Y and Davies, M and Shuval, H I} } @article {12051, title = {Human cases of infection with canine whipworms, Trichuris vulpis (Froelich, 1789), in Japan}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {1986}, note = {Kagei, N
Hayashi, S
Kato, K
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Japan
1986/08/01
Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1986 Aug;39(4):177-84.}, month = {Aug}, pages = {177-84}, abstract = {

The eggs of Trichuris, detected in the feces of 19 persons who had stayed in institutions for mentally retarded and/or multi-handicapped patients, were identified as those of T. vulpis (Froelich, 1789) on the basis of morphological features. This is the first record of human infection with the canine whipworm in Japan.

}, keywords = {Feces/parasitology, Humans, Intellectual Disability/parasitology, Japan, Parasite Egg Count, Pica/parasitology, Trichuriasis/*epidemiology, Trichuris}, isbn = {0021-5112 (Print)
0021-5112 (Linking)}, author = {Kagei, N. and Hayashi, S. and Kato, K.} } @article {16543, title = {Human cases of infection with canine whipworms, {Trichuris} vulpis ({Froelich}, 1789), in {Japan}}, journal = {Jpn J Med Sci Biol}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {1986}, month = {aug}, pages = {177{\textendash}84}, abstract = {The eggs of Trichuris, detected in the feces of 19 persons who had stayed in institutions for mentally retarded and/or multi-handicapped patients, were identified as those of T. vulpis (Froelich, 1789) on the basis of morphological features. This is the first record of human infection with the canine whipworm in Japan.}, keywords = {Feces/parasitology, Humans, Intellectual Disability/parasitology, Japan, Parasite Egg Count, Pica/parasitology, Trichuriasis/*epidemiology, Trichuris}, issn = {0021-5112 (Print) 0021-5112 (Linking)}, author = {Kagei, N. and Hayashi, S. and Kato, K.} } @article {12742, title = {{A human infection with Paragonimus kellicotti (lung fluke) in the Unites States}}, journal = {American Journal of Clinical Pathology}, volume = {86}, year = {1986}, pages = {685{\textendash}687}, author = {Mariano, EG and Borja, SB and Vruno, MJ} } @article {15279, title = {Human rotavirus studies in volunteers: Determination of infectious dose and serological response to infection}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {154}, year = {1986}, pages = {871}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {Ward, R. L. and Bernstein, D. I. and Young, E. C.} } @article {11979, title = {Human rotavirus studies in volunteers: determination of infectious dose and serological response to infection}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {154}, number = {5}, year = {1986}, pages = {871-80}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899}, author = {Ward, R. L. and Bernstein, D. I. and Young, E. C. and Sherwood, J. R. and Knowlton, D. R. and Schiff, G. M.} } @article {232, title = {Human rotavirus studies in volunteers: determination of infectious dose and serological response to infection}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {154}, number = {5}, year = {1986}, note = {Ward, R L Bernstein, D I Young, E C Sherwood, J R Knowlton, D R Schiff, G M Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. United states J Infect Dis. 1986 Nov;154(5):871-80.}, pages = {871-80}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {An unpassaged, safety-tested strain (CJN) of human rotavirus from a stool specimen of a hospitalized child was administered orally to 62 adult volunteers for determination of the dose required to produce infection with or without illness. Subjects ingested doses ranging from 9 X 10(-3) to 9 X 10(4) focus-forming units in buffered salt solution after consumption of 50 ml of 4\% NaHCO3. The amount of virus in the inoculum required to cause infection (shedding of virus, seroconversion, or both) in study subjects was comparable to the minimum detectable in cultures of primary monkey kidney cells. Seventeen of 30 infected subjects became ill with doses equivalent to that required for infection. Although the preinoculation titers of serum neutralizing antibody to the challenge virus in study subjects ranged from less than 1:2 to 1:1,600, the concentration of serum antibody could not be correlated with protection from infection or illness in subjects given an infectious dose of virus.}, keywords = {Adult Animals Antibodies, Polyacrylamide Gel Feces/microbiology Guinea Pigs Humans Rotavirus/*pathogenicity Rotavirus Infections/*immunology, Viral/analysis Child Electrophoresis}, issn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899}, url = {http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/154/5/871.full.pdf}, author = {Ward, R. L. and Bernstein, D. I. and Young, E. C. and Sherwood, J. R. and Knowlton, D. R. and Schiff, G. M.} } @article {1266, title = {Human viruses in sediments, sludges, and soils}, journal = {Bull World Health Organ}, volume = {64}, number = {1}, year = {1986}, note = {Rao, V C Metcalf, T G Melnick, J L Review Switzerland Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, pages = {1-13}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Recent studies have provided a greater understanding of the movement of viruses in the environment by their attachment to solids. These studies have focused on solids-associated viruses present in wastewater discharged into the ocean and on viruses in sludge and wastewater that may be retained in soil following their land disposal. Such ocean or land disposal of wastewater and sludge may result in a discharge of one or more of 120 human enteric virus pathogens including those causing poliomyelitis, viral hepatitis A and acute gastroenteritis.Solids-associated viruses in effluents discharged into coastal waters accumulate in bottom sediments, which may contain 10 to 10 000 more virus per unit volume than the overlying seawater. Solids-associated viruses resuspended by water turbulence may be transported from polluted to distant non-polluted recreational or shellfish-growing water. Transmission of viruses causing hepatitis or gastroenteritis may result from contact by bathers or swimmers with these viruses in recreational waters, or from ingestion of raw or improperly cooked shellfish in which the solids-associated virus had been bioaccumulated.The land disposal of sludge and wastewater has a potential of causing infections in farm workers, contamination of crops, pollution of raw potable water sources or infiltration of ground water. Viruses retained on soils can be released by rain water and may contaminate ground water through lateral and vertical movements.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Adult Child Disease Outbreaks/transmission Enterovirus/isolation \& purification Enterovirus B, Human/isolation \& purification Gastroenteritis/transmission Hepatitis A/transmission Hepatovirus/isolation \& purification Humans Norwalk virus/isolation \& purification Rotavirus/isolation \& purification Seawater/adverse effects Sewage Shellfish/adverse e}, issn = {0042-9686 (Print) 0042-9686 (Linking)}, author = {Rao, V. C. and Metcalf, T. G. and Melnick, J. L.} } @article {1782, title = {Human viruses in sediments, sludges, and soils}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {64}, number = {1}, year = {1986}, note = {Rao, V C Metcalf, T G Melnick, J L Review Switzerland Bulletin of the World Health Organization Bull World Health Organ. 1986;64(1):1-13.}, pages = {1-13}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Recent studies have provided a greater understanding of the movement of viruses in the environment by their attachment to solids. These studies have focused on solids-associated viruses present in wastewater discharged into the ocean and on viruses in sludge and wastewater that may be retained in soil following their land disposal. Such ocean or land disposal of wastewater and sludge may result in a discharge of one or more of 120 human enteric virus pathogens including those causing poliomyelitis, viral hepatitis A and acute gastroenteritis.Solids-associated viruses in effluents discharged into coastal waters accumulate in bottom sediments, which may contain 10 to 10 000 more virus per unit volume than the overlying seawater. Solids-associated viruses resuspended by water turbulence may be transported from polluted to distant non-polluted recreational or shellfish-growing water. Transmission of viruses causing hepatitis or gastroenteritis may result from contact by bathers or swimmers with these viruses in recreational waters, or from ingestion of raw or improperly cooked shellfish in which the solids-associated virus had been bioaccumulated.The land disposal of sludge and wastewater has a potential of causing infections in farm workers, contamination of crops, pollution of raw potable water sources or infiltration of ground water. Viruses retained on soils can be released by rain water and may contaminate ground water through lateral and vertical movements.

}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Adult Child Disease Outbreaks/transmission Enterovirus/isolation \& purification Enterovirus B, Human/isolation \& purification Gastroenteritis/transmission Hepatitis A/transmission Hepatovirus/isolation \& purification Humans Norwalk virus/isolation \& purification Rotavirus/isolation \& purification Seawater/adverse effects *Sewage Shellfish/adverse}, issn = {0042-9686 (Print) 0042-9686 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3015442}, author = {Rao, V. C. and Metcalf, T. G. and Melnick, J. L.} } @article {2987, title = {The identification of eggs of {Echinococcus} by immunofluorescence using a specific anti-oncospheral monoclonal antibody}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {1986}, month = {jan}, pages = {152{\textendash}158}, abstract = {A relatively simple and specific test has been developed to distinguish eggs of Echinococcus from those of other morphologically identical taeniid species. A specific anti-Echinococcus oncosphere monoclonal antibody was produced which binds in an indirect immunofluorescence test to egg-derived oncospheres of E. granulosus but not to those of other taeniid species, such as Taenia hydatigena, T. saginata, T. pisiformis, T. ovis, T. multiceps, or T. taeniaeformis. Specific fluorescence was obtained with oncospheres of E. granulosus derived from either hatch/activated viable eggs using artificial intestinal fluid or from hypochlorite/detergent treated eggs. The potential use of this test in the study of the transmission of Echinococcus in Turkana, Kenya, is discussed.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibodies, Antibody Formation, Antibody Specificity, Antigens, Echinococcus, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Helminth, Immunization, Mice, Monoclonal, Ovum, Species Specificity, Taenia}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Craig, P. S. and MacPherson, C. N. and Nelson, G. S.} } @article {15381, title = {Immune responses and immunoregulation in relation to human schistosomiasis in Egypt. III. Immunity and longitudinal studies of in vitro responsiveness after treatment}, journal = {Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {80}, number = {6}, year = {1986}, note = {Colley, D G
Barsoum, I S
Dahawi, H S
Gamil, F
Habib, M
el Alamy, M A
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
ENGLAND
1986/01/01
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1986;80(6):952-7.}, pages = {952-7}, abstract = {Immune responsiveness of schistosomiasis patients was assayed longitudinally, before and for two years after chemotherapeutic treatment with praziquantel, by in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMN) proliferation upon exposure to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), or soluble schistosomal antigenic preparations from eggs (SEA), adult worms (SWAP) or cercariae (CAP). Parallel faecal and urine examinations documented the infection status of the patients during this time. Treatment resulted in substantially increased responsiveness to the schistosome-derived materials but not to PHA or C. albicans extract. The responses to SEA, SWAP, and CAP often remained elevated for one to two years after treatment. However, those patients who became reinfected had significantly lower PBMN responses to SEA or CAP at the time of the last blastogenesis assay before the observation that they were again stool-positive for Schistosoma mansoni eggs. No other demonstrable differences (such as age, sex, household location, pre-treatment intensities of infection or occupation) were observed between those who remained uninfected for at least two years (resistant?) and those who became reinfected during this time (susceptible?).}, keywords = {*Lymphocyte Activation, Adolescent, Adult, Antigens, Helminth/immunology, Child, Female, Humans, Immunity, Longitudinal Studies, Lymphocytes/immunology, Male, Praziquantel/*therapeutic use, Schistosomiasis haematobia/drug therapy/*immunology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/drug therapy/*immunology}, isbn = {0035-9203 (Print)
0035-9203 (Linking)}, author = {Colley, D. G. and Barsoum, I. S. and Dahawi, H. S. and Gamil, F. and Habib, M. and El Alamy, M. A.} } @article {15469, title = {Immune responses during human Schistosomiasis mansoni. Evidence for antiidiotypic T lymphocyte responsiveness}, journal = {J Clin Invest}, volume = {78}, number = {4}, year = {1986}, note = {Lima, M S
Gazzinelli, G
Nascimento, E
Parra, J C
Montesano, M A
Colley, D G
eng
AI-11289/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
1986/10/01
J Clin Invest. 1986 Oct;78(4):983-8.}, month = {Oct}, pages = {983-8}, abstract = {We present a method for the examination of antiidiotypic cell-mediated reactivity during chronic human infections. Pooled and individual sera from patients with schistosomiasis mansoni were purified on immunoaffinity columns of schistosomal egg antigens (SEA). The eluates contained anti-SEA antibodies, but not SEA. These antibody preparations, and their F(ab)2 fragments, stimulated dose-dependent proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMN) and T lymphocytes from some, but not all active or former schistosomiasis mansoni patients, and could do so autologously. Stimulation required presentation by plastic-adherent cells. The eluates did not stimulate PBMN from persons who had never had schistosomiasis. Affinity-purified anti-SEA antibodies from former patients (cured for greater than 10 yr) did not stimulate PBMN from patients with active infections. Reabsorption on SEA columns removed stimulatory activity from the eluates. We propose that multiclonal, SEA-related idiotypes expressed by some anti-SEA antibodies stimulate proliferation of T lymphocytes that express antiidiotypic specificities.}, keywords = {*Antibody Formation, Cell Division, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/analysis, Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/*analysis, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology, T-Lymphocytes/*immunology}, isbn = {0021-9738 (Print)
0021-9738 (Linking)}, author = {Lima, M. S. and Gazzinelli, G. and Nascimento, E. and Parra, J. C. and Montesano, M. A. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {15411, title = {Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. XIII. Immunological status of spleen cells from hospital patients with hepatosplenic disease}, journal = {Scand J Immunol}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, year = {1986}, note = {Garcia, A A
da Silva, A L
de Oliveira, L R
Katz, N
Gazzinelli, G
Colley, D G
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
ENGLAND
1986/10/01
Scand J Immunol. 1986 Oct;24(4):413-20.}, month = {Oct}, pages = {413-20}, abstract = {Splenocytes from 25 patients with severe hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni were obtained after therapeutic splenectomy. Spleen cells were phenotyped and analysed for responsiveness to mitogens or heterogeneous schistosome-derived antigenic preparations (eggs, SEA; adult worms, SWAP; cercariae, CERC) in blastogenesis assays and lymphokine production systems, and were compared with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMN). Splenic lymphocytes were 55\% T lymphocytes (sheep erythrocyte rosette-positive) and 37\% surface immunoglobulin-positive B lymphocytes. The mean T4+:T8+ ratio of these splenocytes was 1.0. Phytohaemagglutinin stimulated spleen cell production of the lymphokine mitogenic factor, but exposure to SEA or SWAP did not. Spleen cell and PBMN blastogenic responses to SEA and SWAP were sometimes, but not always in accord. Removal of plastic adherent cells allowed the non-adherent spleen cells of 30-40\% of the patients to respond substantially more vigorously to SEA, SWAP and CERC. Spleen cells from a subgroup of 20-30\% of the patients failed to respond to the schistosomal antigens regardless of removal of adherent cells. Spleen cell responses to gram-negative lipopolysaccharide peaked on day 5 or 6 of culture, and were augmented by adherent cell removal. Pokeweek mitogen-stimulated responses were optimal on day 5 of culture. Spleen cells from most severe, hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni patients do not respond well to schistosomal antigens or B-cell mitogens. The splenic responses of many of these patients were elevated by the removal of adherent spleen cells.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects, Lymphocytes/classification/*immunology, Male, Middle Aged, Mitogens/pharmacology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology, Spleen/*immunology}, isbn = {0300-9475 (Print)
0300-9475 (Linking)}, author = {Garcia, A. A. and da Silva, A. L. and de Oliveira, L. R. and Katz, N. and Gazzinelli, G. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {15384, title = {Immune responses during human schistosomiasis. XII. Differential responsiveness in patients with hepatosplenic disease}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {1986}, note = {Colley, D G
Garcia, A A
Lambertucci, J R
Parra, J C
Katz, N
Rocha, R S
Gazzinelli, G
eng
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
1986/07/01
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986 Jul;35(4):793-802.}, month = {Jul}, pages = {793-802}, abstract = {Thirty-four hospitalized patients and 12 ambulatory patients, all with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni were evaluated in regard to their peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMN) cell responses to schistosomal antigenic preparations and compared with groups of 40 patients with the hepatointestinal form and 39 patients with the more common, chronic intestinal form of schistosomiasis mansoni. PBMN cell blastogenic responses were measured upon exposure to schistosomal egg antigens (SEA), adult worm antigens (SWAP) and a cercarial antigenic preparation (CERC). All groups had some individuals who did not respond to some or all of these preparations. In the hospitalized hepatosplenic group greater than 50\% did not respond to SEA. Analysis of the responses in each group revealed that all responders could be subdivided into moderate and high responders. High responders to SEA had experimental minus control values of greater than 8,000 counts per minute (CPM). For SWAP and CERC, this arbitrary cut-off value was greater than 25,000 CPM and greater than 11,000 CPM, respectively. The percent of high SEA responders in the groups differed considerably. This was 23\% in the chronic intestinal group, 40\% in the chronic hepatointestinal group, 67\% for ambulatory hepatosplenic patients and 20\% for hospitalized hepatosplenic patients. Previous studies had demonstrated that 94\% of patients with early (2-3 month) acute schistosomiasis mansoni were high responders to SEA and none were nonresponders. Furthermore, at the other end of the spectrum, 100\% of former schistosomiasis mansoni patients (treated and cured 7-35 years previously) were high responders to SEA. None were nonresponders to any of the antigen preparations. It is proposed that during acute infection all patients express vigorous responses to SEA. Upon continued infection most patients (75\%) modulate this florid response. However, continued high responders comprise 40\% of the chronic hepatointestinal cases and almost 70\% of the ambulatory hepatosplenic patients. These latter 2 groups may likely represent early forms of the severe clinical disease found in the hospitalized hepatosplenic patient population. Fifty percent of the hospitalized group appear anergic and no longer respond to SEA, while only 20\% are high responders. Long after chemotherapy it appears that the anti-SEA regulatory mechanisms of former chronic patients have subsided, leaving strong anti-SEA responsiveness.}, keywords = {*Lymphocyte Activation, Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Antigens, Helminth/immunology, Child, Chronic Disease, Female, Humans, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology, Liver Diseases, Parasitic/*immunology, Male, Middle Aged, Ovum/immunology, Schistosoma mansoni/immunology, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology, Splenic Diseases/*immunology, T-Lymphocytes/immunology}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Colley, D. G. and Garcia, A. A. and Lambertucci, J. R. and Parra, J. C. and Katz, N. and Rocha, R. S. and Gazzinelli, G.} } @article {7655, title = {Inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni by chlorine and monochloramine}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {51 (2)}, year = {1986}, pages = {307-311}, author = {Blaser, MJ and Smith, PF and Wang, WL and Hoff, JC} } @article {13541, title = {Infectious Tropical Diseases of Domestic Animals}, journal = {Longman Scientific \& Technical, Essex}, year = {1986}, pages = {938}, author = {Losos, G. J.} } @article {5109, title = {{Infectivity and survivorship of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae in fermented fish}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology of the Tropical Medical Association Thailand}, volume = {9}, year = {1986}, pages = {21{\textendash}30}, author = {Tesana, S and Kaewkes, S and Phinlaor, S} } @article {15490, title = {Interaction between the Biomphalaria glabrata-Schistosoma mansoni host-parasite system and the non-target molluscs: influence on cercarial production}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, year = {1986}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United states}, month = {Jun}, pages = {410-6}, abstract = {The cercarial production of Schistosoma mansoni by Biomphalaria glabrata (target mollusc: TM) was studied in relation to the presence of non-target molluscs (NTM). Nine species of NTM were tested. Whatever the type of TM-NTM association (lasting association, during prepatent period and production period, association only during the exposure of the molluscs to the miracidia), the presence of NTM involved a significant increase of S. mansoni cercarial production. This increased cercarial production was more or less pronounced according to the NTM species present.}, keywords = {Animals, Biomphalaria/*parasitology, Host-Parasite Interactions, Mollusca/*physiology, Schistosoma mansoni/*growth \& development, Snails/*physiology}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395 (Linking)}, author = {Mon{\'e}, H. and Th{\'e}ron, A. and Combes, C.} } @article {11120, title = {Investigation of Parasites in Sludges and Disinfection Techniques}, year = {1986}, pages = {234}, institution = {US Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Cincinatti, OH}, author = {Reimers, R.S. and Little, M.D. and Englande, A.J. and McDonell, D.B. and Bowman, D.D. and Hughes, J.M.} } @article {15496, title = {Schistosoma bovis: patterns of cercarial emergence from snails of the genera Bulinus and Planorbarius}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, year = {1986}, note = {Comparative Study
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United states}, month = {Dec}, pages = {389-93}, abstract = {

A comparative experimental study of the rhythmic shedding of two geographic strains of Schistosoma bovis cercariae by Bulinus truncatus and Planorbarius metidjensis did not show any differences in emergence patterns. In our opinion, the results support the hypothesis that cercarial emission rhythms are determined primarily by the parasite in these snail/parasite associations.

}, keywords = {Animals, Bulinus/parasitology, Schistosoma/*growth \& development, Snails/*parasitology, Species Specificity, Time Factors}, isbn = {0014-4894 (Print)
0014-4894 (Linking)}, author = {Mouahid, A. and Th{\'e}ron, A.} } @article {3605, title = {Mechanism of inactivation of enteric viruses in fresh water.}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, year = {1986}, pages = {450{\textendash}459}, author = {Ward, RL and Knowlton, DR and PE, Winston} } @article {11600, title = {{Megaloblastic anemia secondary to infection by Diphyllobothrium latum}}, journal = {Revista Medica de Chile}, volume = {114}, number = {2}, year = {1986}, pages = {1171{\textendash}1174}, author = {Donoso-Scroppo, M and Raposo, L and Reyes, H and Godorecci, S and Castillo, G} } @article {13983, title = {Microorganism removal from wastewater by rapid mixed media filtration}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {1986}, month = {may}, pages = {583{\textendash}587}, abstract = {Reuse of domestic sewage effluents in Arizona requires that certain microbiological standards be met. The purpose of this project was to determine the effectiveness of rapid mixed media filtration in the removal of enteric viruses, fecal coliforms and roundworm eggs from sewage destined for reuse as irrigation water. Two surrogate viruses, the simian rotavirus SA-11, used in place of human rotavirus which is pathogenic to man, and f2 coliphage, known to adsorb poorly to surfaces, were used to evaluate filter performance. No significant removal of coliphages occurred by the filters. Addition of ferric chloride and anionic polymer did not enhance virus removal. When small amounts of alum and polymer were added, removal of colliphage increased to 37{\textendash}40\%. Average removal of rotavirus ranged from 21 to 27\% after addition of alum and polymer. Mixed media filtration effectively reduced coliform numbers. The removal of Ascaris ova by filtration was essentially complete.}, keywords = {coagulation, coliform, coliphage, enterovirus, microorganism regrowth, mixed media filtration, rotavirus, secondary effluent}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(86)90022-9}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135486900229}, author = {De Leon, R. and Singh, S.N. and Rose, J.B. and Mullinax, R.L. and Musial, C.E. and Kutz, S.M. and Sinclair, N.A. and Gerba, C.P.} } @article {2211, title = {{Microorganism removal from wastewater by rapid mixed media filtration}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {1986}, month = {may}, pages = {583{\textendash}587}, abstract = {Reuse of domestic sewage effluents in Arizona requires that certain microbiological standards be met. The purpose of this project was to determine the effectiveness of rapid mixed media filtration in the removal of enteric viruses, fecal coliforms and roundworm eggs from sewage destined for reuse as irrigation water. Two surrogate viruses, the simian rotavirus SA-11, used in place of human rotavirus which is pathogenic to man, and f2 coliphage, known to adsorb poorly to surfaces, were used to evaluate filter performance. No significant removal of coliphages occurred by the filters. Addition of ferric chloride and anionic polymer did not enhance virus removal. When small amounts of alum and polymer were added, removal of colliphage increased to 37{\textendash}40\%. Average removal of rotavirus ranged from 21 to 27\% after addition of alum and polymer. Mixed media filtration effectively reduced coliform numbers. The removal of Ascaris ova by filtration was essentially complete.}, keywords = {coagulation, coliform, coliphage, enterovirus, microorganism regrowth, mixed media filtration, rotavirus, secondary effluent}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(86)90022-9}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135486900229}, author = {De Leon, R. and Singh, S.N. and Rose, J.B. and Mullinax, R.L. and Musial, C.E. and Kutz, S.M. and Sinclair, N.A. and Gerba, C.P.} } @article {7978, title = {{Microorganism removal from wastewater by rapid mixed media filtration}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {1986}, month = {may}, pages = {583{\textendash}587}, abstract = {Reuse of domestic sewage effluents in Arizona requires that certain microbiological standards be met. The purpose of this project was to determine the effectiveness of rapid mixed media filtration in the removal of enteric viruses, fecal coliforms and roundworm eggs from sewage destined for reuse as irrigation water. Two surrogate viruses, the simian rotavirus SA-11, used in place of human rotavirus which is pathogenic to man, and f2 coliphage, known to adsorb poorly to surfaces, were used to evaluate filter performance. No significant removal of coliphages occurred by the filters. Addition of ferric chloride and anionic polymer did not enhance virus removal. When small amounts of alum and polymer were added, removal of colliphage increased to 37{\textendash}40{\%}. Average removal of rotavirus ranged from 21 to 27{\%} after addition of alum and polymer. Mixed media filtration effectively reduced coliform numbers. The removal of Ascaris ova by filtration was essentially complete.}, keywords = {coagulation, coliform, coliphage, enterovirus, microorganism regrowth, mixed media filtration, rotavirus, secondary effluent}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(86)90022-9}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135486900229}, author = {De Leon, R. and Singh, S.N. and Rose, J.B. and Mullinax, R.L. and Musial, C.E. and Kutz, S.M. and Sinclair, N.A. and Gerba, C.P.} } @article {5291, title = {Modeling the liquid flow in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors}, journal = {Biotechnology and Βioengineering}, volume = {28}, number = {11}, year = {1986}, pages = {1615{\textendash}1620}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Bolle, WL and Van Breugel, J and Van Eybergen, GC and Kossen, NWF and Zoetemeyer, RJ} } @article {16144, title = {A monoclonal antibody reacting with a determinant on leptospiral lipopolysaccharide protects guinea pigs against leptospirosis.}, journal = {J Med Microbiol.J Med Microbiol.}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, year = {1986}, pages = {269-275.}, author = {Jost, B. H. and Adler, B. and Vinh, T. and Faine, S.} } @article {4726, title = {{A new intestinal pathogen?}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Research}, volume = {34}, year = {1986}, pages = {533A}, author = {Soave, R and Dubey, JP and Ramos, LJ and Tummings, M} } @article {16213, title = {Newly recognized Leptospira species ("Leptospira inadai" serovar lyme) isolated from human skin}, journal = {J Clin MicrobiolJ Clin MicrobiolJ Clin Microbiol}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, year = {1986}, month = {Sep}, pages = {484-6}, keywords = {Aged, Animals, Biopsy, Cebidae, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cricetinae, Guinea Pigs, Humans, Leptospira/*classification/isolation \&, Lyme Disease/*microbiology, Male, Microscopy, Electron, purification/pathogenicity/ultrastructure, Skin/*microbiology/pathology, Virulence}, isbn = {0095-1137 (Print)
0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Schmid, G. P. and Steere, A. C. and Kornblatt, A. N. and Kaufmann, A. F. and Moss, C. W. and Johnson, R. C. and Hovind-Hougen, K. and Brenner, D. J.} } @article {6047, title = {Particle transport through porous media}, journal = {Water Resources Research}, volume = {22}, number = {13}, year = {1986}, pages = {1901{\textendash}1921}, author = {McDowell-Boyer, Laura M and Hunt, James R and Sitar, Nicholas} } @article {3027, title = {Population dynamics in echinococcosis and cysticercosis: biological parameters of {Echinococcus} granulosus in dogs and sheep}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {92 ( Pt 3)}, year = {1986}, month = {jun}, pages = {599{\textendash}620}, abstract = {The numerical distributions of Echinococcus granulosus in an experimental dog population are described. At all dose rates of protoscoleces from 10 to 175000 the distribution of worms was over-dispersed. Host age had no effect. There was a direct proportionality between the infective-stage density and rate of infection, and between the latter and the index of clumping. The worm burdens were significantly higher in the proximal than distal portions of the small intestine. Lengths of the 3- and 4-segmented worms increased from 4 to 10 and 4 to 8 weeks of age, respectively. Thereafter apolysis was asynchronous and could not be determined. Eggs were first detected in the faeces at 6 weeks and the mean age at oogenesis was 7.26 weeks. Retarded growth of the whole population of worms was observed in some dogs. For the first few infections, worm burdens varied widely in the same dog, but by the 6th infection 50\% of the dog population had developed a relative insusceptibility to infection. Growth or oogenesis of the worms were not affected. A short-acting immune response was artificially induced in some dogs following the parenteral injection of activated embryos of E. granulosus, Taenia hydatigena, T. ovis, T. multiceps, T. pisiformis and T. serialis. The response affected either the number of worms established, growth or oogenesis or all three parameters. There was a strong positive correlation between numbers and lengths of worms in dogs with acquired and induced immunity, indicating that no {\textquoteright}crowding{\textquoteright} effects were involved. In sheep populations the mean number of cysts which established was directly proportional to the number of eggs given, implying that there was no negative feedback mechanism operating at this stage of the life-cycle. The distribution of the larval population in sheep was over-dispersed and the index of clumping increased with the size of the egg dose from 25 to 2500 eggs. Protoscoleces were first observed in cysts at 2 years and the proportion producing them increased with age, with an estimate of 50\% of cysts containing protoscoleces at 6.29 years. No deaths were observed in dogs or sheep even when high parasite burdens were present, implying that E. granulosus does not regulate the population of its hosts.}, keywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Arecoline, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Sheep, Sheep Diseases}, issn = {0031-1820}, author = {Gemmell, M. A. and Lawson, J. R. and Roberts, M. G.} } @article {3128, title = {Population dynamics in echinococcosis and cysticercosis: mathematical model of the life-cycle of {Echinococcus} granulosus}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {92 ( Pt 3)}, year = {1986}, month = {jun}, pages = {621{\textendash}641}, abstract = {A mathematical model of the life-cycle of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs and sheep in New Zealand is constructed and used to discuss previously published experimental and survey data. The model is then used to describe the dynamics of transmission of the parasite, and the means by which it may be destabilized. It is found that under the conditions that prevailed in New Zealand during the late 1950s, at the time of surveys of this parasite, the dog-sheep life-cycle was not regulated by any effective density-dependent constraint. In contrast there was evidence for an effective acquisition of immunity to reinfection by cattle. The long time to maturity of the cyst in sheep, together with the practice of feeding aged sheep to dogs, provides a time delay in the intermediate host. By comparison, the time to maturity of the adult stage in dogs is short, but it is of sufficient magnitude to be a key factor in the destabilization of the system by a regular dog-dosing programme. The model used to describe the life-cycle is a linear integrodifferential equation of the Volterra type. Such equations are intrinsically unstable in that a small perturbation in parameters can drive a previous equilibrium solution to zero. At the time of the surveys, the value of the basic reproductive rate, R0, was close to 1, and it has since been reduced below 1 by control measures.}, keywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Biological, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Female, Male, Mathematics, Models, New Zealand, Sex Factors, Sheep, Sheep Diseases}, issn = {0031-1820}, author = {Roberts, M. G. and Lawson, J. R. and Gemmell, M. A.} } @article {16106, title = {Prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in the genital and urinary tracts of non-pregnant cattle}, journal = {Vet RecVet Rec}, volume = {118}, number = {1}, year = {1986}, month = {Jan 4}, pages = {11-3}, keywords = {Abattoirs, Agglutination Tests, Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis, Bacteriological Techniques, Blood/microbiology, Carrier State/microbiology/veterinary, Cattle Diseases/microbiology, Cattle/*microbiology, Culture Media, Female, Genital Diseases, Female/microbiology/veterinary, Genitalia, Female/*microbiology, Kidney Diseases/microbiology/veterinary, Leptospira interrogans/immunology/*isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/microbiology/veterinary, Urinary Tract/*microbiology}, author = {Ellis, W. A. and Songer, J. G. and Montgomery, J. and Cassells, J. A.} } @article {14099, title = {Prevalence of {Salmonella}, {Shigella},{EPEC} and {Campylobacter} species in children{\textquoteright}s feces.}, journal = {Deltion Ellenikes Mikrobiologikes Etaireias}, volume = {31(3-4)}, year = {1986}, author = {Kallergi, C and Kouppari, G and Frangou, A and Foustoukou, M and Mavromati, L and Kremastinou, J} } @article {2307, title = {{Prevalence of Salmonella, Shigella,EPEC and Campylobacter species in children{\textquoteright}s feces.}}, journal = {Deltion Ellenikes Mikrobiologikes Etaireias}, volume = {31(3-4)}, year = {1986}, chapter = {103-115}, author = {Kallergi, C and Kouppari, G and Frangou, A and Foustoukou, M and Mavromati, L and Kremastinou, J} } @article {12770, title = {{Primary rhabdomyosarcoma combined with chronic paragonimiasis in the cerebrum: a necropsy case and review of the literature}}, journal = {Acta Neuropathologica}, volume = {72}, year = {1986}, pages = {170{\textendash}177}, author = {Hayashi, K and Ohtsuki, Y and Ikehara, I and Akagi, T and Murakami, M and Date, I and Bukeo, T and Yagyu, Y} } @article {9428, title = {{Problems in recognition and diagnosis of amebiasis: estimation of the global magnitude of morbidity and mortality}}, journal = {Review of infectious diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, year = {1986}, pages = {228{\textendash}238}, author = {Walsh, JA} } @article {7941, title = {{Production of Shiga toxin and other cytotoxins by serogroups of Shigella.}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {154}, number = {6}, year = {1986}, month = {dec}, pages = {996{\textendash}1002}, abstract = {

We measured the cytotoxic activity of 119 strains of Shigella by using a quantitative [3H]thymidine-labeled HeLa cell assay. We assayed 13 strains of Shigella dysenteriae 1; 18 strains of S. dysenteriae types 2 and 3; and 88 strains of Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella boydii. Strains of S. dysenteriae 1 demonstrated high levels of cytotoxicity (geometric mean, 10(5.04) CD50/mg of protein; range, 10(3.95)-10(6.10). Cytotoxic activities of the non-type 1 strains of S. dysenteriae and of the other Shigella serogroups were approximately 1/1,000 that of the S. dysenteriae 1 strains (range, 10(1.09)-10(3.11) CD50/mg of protein). Neutralization of cytotoxicity by using rabbit antiserum to purified Shiga toxin revealed that in all strains of S. dysenteriae 1, greater than or equal to 99.5{\%} of cytotoxic activity was attributable to Shiga toxin. In contrast, 88 of the other Shigella strains produced only nonneutralizable cytotoxic activity. Six of 18 strains of non-type 1 S. dysenteriae and 12 of 88 strains from other Shigella serogroups produced both Shiga toxin and nonneutralizable toxin.

}, keywords = {Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: biosynthesis, Bacterial Toxins: immunology, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: biosynthesis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, HeLa Cells, shiga toxins, Shigella, Shigella: classification, Shigella: pathogenicity, Species Specificity}, issn = {0022-1899}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3537154}, author = {Bartlett, A V and Prado, D and Cleary, T G and Pickering, L K} } @article {2157, title = {{Production of Shiga toxin and other cytotoxins by serogroups of Shigella.}}, journal = {The Journal of infectious diseases}, volume = {154}, number = {6}, year = {1986}, pages = {996{\textendash}1002}, abstract = {We measured the cytotoxic activity of 119 strains of Shigella by using a quantitative [3H]thymidine-labeled HeLa cell assay. We assayed 13 strains of Shigella dysenteriae 1; 18 strains of S. dysenteriae types 2 and 3; and 88 strains of Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella boydii. Strains of S. dysenteriae 1 demonstrated high levels of cytotoxicity (geometric mean, 10(5.04) CD50/mg of protein; range, 10(3.95)-10(6.10). Cytotoxic activities of the non-type 1 strains of S. dysenteriae and of the other Shigella serogroups were approximately 1/1,000 that of the S. dysenteriae 1 strains (range, 10(1.09)-10(3.11) CD50/mg of protein). Neutralization of cytotoxicity by using rabbit antiserum to purified Shiga toxin revealed that in all strains of S. dysenteriae 1, greater than or equal to 99.5\% of cytotoxic activity was attributable to Shiga toxin. In contrast, 88 of the other Shigella strains produced only nonneutralizable cytotoxic activity. Six of 18 strains of non-type 1 S. dysenteriae and 12 of 88 strains from other Shigella serogroups produced both Shiga toxin and nonneutralizable toxin.}, keywords = {Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: biosynthesis, Bacterial Toxins: immunology, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: biosynthesis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, HeLa Cells, shiga toxins, Shigella, Shigella: classification, Shigella: pathogenicity, Species Specificity}, issn = {0022-1899}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3537154}, author = {Bartlett, A V and Prado, D and Cleary, T G and Pickering, L K} } @article {13922, title = {Production of {Shiga} toxin and other cytotoxins by serogroups of {Shigella}.}, journal = {The Journal of infectious diseases}, volume = {154}, number = {6}, year = {1986}, month = {dec}, pages = {996{\textendash}1002}, abstract = {We measured the cytotoxic activity of 119 strains of Shigella by using a quantitative [3H]thymidine-labeled HeLa cell assay. We assayed 13 strains of Shigella dysenteriae 1; 18 strains of S. dysenteriae types 2 and 3; and 88 strains of Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella boydii. Strains of S. dysenteriae 1 demonstrated high levels of cytotoxicity (geometric mean, 10(5.04) CD50/mg of protein; range, 10(3.95)-10(6.10). Cytotoxic activities of the non-type 1 strains of S. dysenteriae and of the other Shigella serogroups were approximately 1/1,000 that of the S. dysenteriae 1 strains (range, 10(1.09)-10(3.11) CD50/mg of protein). Neutralization of cytotoxicity by using rabbit antiserum to purified Shiga toxin revealed that in all strains of S. dysenteriae 1, greater than or equal to 99.5\% of cytotoxic activity was attributable to Shiga toxin. In contrast, 88 of the other Shigella strains produced only nonneutralizable cytotoxic activity. Six of 18 strains of non-type 1 S. dysenteriae and 12 of 88 strains from other Shigella serogroups produced both Shiga toxin and nonneutralizable toxin.}, keywords = {Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: biosynthesis, Bacterial Toxins: immunology, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: biosynthesis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: pathogenicity, HeLa Cells, shiga toxins, Shigella, Shigella: classification, Shigella: pathogenicity, Species Specificity}, issn = {0022-1899}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3537154}, author = {Bartlett, A V and Prado, D and Cleary, T G and Pickering, L K} } @article {14545, title = {Recovery of viruses from water by a modified flocculation procedure for second-step concentration}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {51}, year = {1986}, month = {jun}, pages = {1326{\textendash}31}, abstract = {A reduction in virus recovery efficiencies stemming from a change in the commercial processing of powdered beef extract was reversed by the addition of Celite analytical filter aid. Supplementing beef extract with this silicate is recommended as a modification to the organic flocculation procedure for second-step concentration in monitoring for waterborne viruses. Considerable differences in virus recovery were found among lots of beef extract and Celite preparations; this indicates that the performance of each lot of these substances should be checked before use.}, keywords = {*Calcium Compounds, *Magnesium Silicates, *Silicates, *Water Microbiology, Animals, Cell Line, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Human/*isolation \& purification, Kaolin, Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification, Silicic Acid, Silicon Dioxide, Virology/methods}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Dahling, D. R. and Wright, B. A.} } @article {14910, title = {Recovery of viruses from water by a modified flocculation procedure for second-step concentration}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {51}, year = {1986}, month = {jun}, pages = {1326{\textendash}31}, abstract = {A reduction in virus recovery efficiencies stemming from a change in the commercial processing of powdered beef extract was reversed by the addition of Celite analytical filter aid. Supplementing beef extract with this silicate is recommended as a modification to the organic flocculation procedure for second-step concentration in monitoring for waterborne viruses. Considerable differences in virus recovery were found among lots of beef extract and Celite preparations; this indicates that the performance of each lot of these substances should be checked before use.}, keywords = {*Calcium Compounds, *Magnesium Silicates, *Silicates, *Water Microbiology, Animals, Cell Line, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Human/*isolation \& purification, Kaolin, Poliovirus/*isolation \& purification, Silicic Acid, Silicon Dioxide, Virology/methods}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Dahling, D. R. and Wright, B. A.} } @article {5188, title = {{Removal of intestinal nematode eggs in tropical waste stabilization ponds}}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {89}, year = {1986}, pages = {71{\textendash}74}, author = {Mara, D.D. and Silva, S.A.} } @article {17226, title = {SALMONELLA CONTAMINATION OF SOIL IN CHILDRENS PLAY AREAS ON GUAM}, journal = {Journal of Environmental HealthJournal of Environmental Health}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, year = {1986}, month = {Nov-Dec}, pages = {158-160}, author = {Haddock, R. L. and Nocon, F. A.} } @article {14686, title = {Stability of viruses in waste water sludge eluates}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {32}, year = {1986}, month = {aug}, pages = {649{\textendash}53}, abstract = {The survival of indigenous enteric viruses in samples of unconcentrated and concentrated waste water sludge eluates, which had been prepared using a combination beef extract elution - organic flocculation concentration procedure, was studied at 2, 23, and -70 degrees C. Changes of virus titer occurring in the samples were followed during an 84-day observation period, with rates of change then calculated by least-squares regression. Virus survival in both types of eluates was statistically dependent (p less than or equal to 0.05) upon storage temperature. Based upon the observed rates of inactivation the average times which would be required for a 90\% decrease (one log10 unit) in virus titer for unconcentrated eluates are 27 days at 23 degrees C, 198 days at 2 degrees C, and 375 days at -70 degrees C. The calculated average times required for a 90\% decrease in virus titer for concentrated eluates are 22 days at 23 degrees C, 132 days at 2 degrees C, and 246 days at -70 degrees C. In both types of eluates the rates of virus inactivation at 2 degrees C were statistically different from those observed at 23 degrees C, but not different from those observed at -70 degrees C. The three study temperatures were selected to approximate holding of samples in an air-conditioned room, fluid on wet ice (H2O), and frozen on dry ice (CO2).}, keywords = {*Sewage, *Water Microbiology, Enterovirus/*growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Humans, Ohio, Temperature, Time Factors, Virus Activation}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, author = {Hurst, C. J. and Goyke, T.} } @article {5752, title = {{Survival and Transport of Hepatitis A Virus in Soils, Groundwater and Wastewater}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, year = {1986}, pages = {97{\textendash}106}, author = {Sobsey, MD and Shields, PA and Hauchman, FH and Hazard, RL and Caton, LW} } @article {14687, title = {Survival of indigenous enteric viruses during storage of waste water sludge samples}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {32}, year = {1986}, month = {aug}, pages = {645{\textendash}8}, abstract = {The stability of indigenous enteric viruses in samples of settled primary and mixed-liquor activated sludges was studied at 2, 23, and -70 degrees C. Changes of virus titer which occurred in these samples were followed during an 84-day observation period, with rates of change then calculated by least-squares regression. Virus survival was found to be statistically dependent (p less than or equal to 0.05) upon storage temperature but not sludge solids content. Based upon the observed rates of inactivation, the average times which would be required for a 90\% decrease in virus titer are 26 days at 23 degrees C, 180 days at 2 degrees C, and 163 days at -70 degrees C. As a group, the rates of virus inactivation observed at 2 degrees C were statistically different (p less than or equal to 0.05) from those observed at 23 degrees C, but not different from those observed at -70 degrees C. The three study temperatures were selected to approximate holding of samples in an air-conditioned room, on wet ice (H2O), and on dry ice (CO2).}, keywords = {*Sewage, *Water Microbiology, Enterovirus/*growth \& development/isolation \& purification, Humans, Ohio, Virus Activation}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, author = {Hurst, C. J. and Goyke, T.} } @booklet {11073, title = {Survival of parasite eggs in stored sludge}, year = {1986}, note = {EPA Research Document EPA/600/S2-85/142}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, publisher = {United States Environmental Protection Agency}, type = {Research {Document}}, author = {Kaneshiro, E. S. and Stern, G.} } @article {15765, title = {Timing of symptoms and oocyst excretion in human cryptosporidiosis}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {315}, number = {26}, year = {1986}, month = {Dec 25}, pages = {1643-7}, edition = {1986/12/25}, keywords = {Abdomen, Adult, Coccidia/*isolation \& purification, Cryptosporidiosis/*parasitology/physiopathology, Cryptosporidium/*isolation \& purification, Diarrhea/etiology, Feces/*parasitology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Pain/etiology, Staining and Labeling, Time Factors}, isbn = {0028-4793 (Print)
0028-4793}, author = {Jokipii, L. and Jokipii, A. M.} } @article {8646, title = {{Toxoplasmosis and lupus. A review of the literature apropos of 4 cases}}, journal = {Annales de M{\'e}decine Interne}, volume = {137}, number = {4}, year = {1986}, pages = {324{\textendash}330}, author = {Wechsler, B and Le Thi Huong, D and Vignes, B and Piette, JC and Chomette, G and Godeau, P} } @article {2266, title = {{Viability and virulence of Escherichia coli suspended by membrane chamber in semitropical ocean water}}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {36}, number = {2-3}, year = {1986}, month = {sep}, pages = {324{\textendash}324}, issn = {03781097}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01719.x}, author = {Grimes, D.J. and Colwell, R.R.} } @article {14051, title = {Viability and virulence of {Escherichia} coli suspended by membrane chamber in semitropical ocean water}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {36}, number = {2-3}, year = {1986}, month = {sep}, pages = {324{\textendash}324}, issn = {03781097}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01719.x}, author = {Grimes, D.J. and Colwell, R.R.} } @article {7819, title = {Viable but nonculturable stage of Campylobacter jejuni and its role in survival in the natural aquatic environment}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, year = {1986}, note = {Sep; VIABLE BUT NONCULTURABLE STAGE OF CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI AND ITS ROLE IN SURVIVAL IN THE NATURAL AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ISI:A1986D891100022; ID: 628}, pages = {531-538}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Rollins,D. M. and Colwell,R. R.} } @article {1823, title = {Virus recovery from wastewater treatment plant sludges}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, year = {1986}, pages = {1011-1013}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {A virus extraction method which combines elution with a 10\% beef-extract with agitation and sonication, was used to recover enteric viruses from 4 types of sludge sampled at a treatment plant and from 2 types of stored sludge. Titers were measured using BGM continuous cell line with the plaque technique. No viruses were recovered from any of the 16 stored sludge samples analysed. All samples of fresh mixed sludge and of activated sludge contained viruses. 44\% of digested sludge and 10\% of dehydrated sludge samples were positives for virus.}, author = {Schwartzbrod, L. and Mathieu, C.} } @article {10881, title = {Wastewater irrigation in developing countries. Health effects and sanitation solutions, World Bank Technical Paper 51, World Bank, Washington DC, USA}, year = {1986}, author = {Shuval, HI and Adin, A and Fattal, B and Raawitz, E and Yekutiel, P} } @article {15104, title = {Acute pancreatitis caused by biliary {Ascaris} in pregnancy}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {15}, year = {1985}, pages = {326{\textendash}332}, author = {Astral, T. and Rogers, N.} } @article {13184, title = {Aeromonas-related diarrhea in adults}, journal = {Archives of Internal Medicine}, volume = {145}, year = {1985}, pages = {2207-2211}, author = {George, W. L. and Nakata, M. M. and Thompson, J. and White, M. L.} } @inbook {15121, title = {Allergy and immunopathology of ascariasis}, booktitle = {Ascariasis and its {Public} {Health} {Significance} edited by {D}. {W}. {T}. {Crompton}, {M}. {C}. {Nesheim} and {Z}. {S}. {Pawlowski}. {London} and {Philadelphia}. {Taylor} and {Francis}}, year = {1985}, pages = {167{\textendash}184}, author = {Coles, G. C.} } @inbook {11054, title = {Allergy and immunopathology of ascariasis}, booktitle = {Ascariasis and its {Public} {Health} {Significance}}, year = {1985}, pages = {167{\textendash}184}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {London}, author = {Coles, G.C.}, editor = {Crompton, D. W. T. and Nesheim, M. C. and Pawlowski, Z. S.} } @article {10959, title = {Ascaris in rural {England}: a reply to {Dr}. {Denham}}, journal = {Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {79}, number = {5}, year = {1985}, month = {jan}, pages = {732{\textendash}733}, issn = {0035-9203}, doi = {10.1016/0035-9203(85)90206-8}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(85)90206-8}, author = {Eddy, T.P.} } @article {16317, title = {{Biochemical fingerprinting of Escherichia coli: a simple method for epidemiological investigations}}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods}, volume = {3}, number = {3-4}, year = {1985}, month = {apr}, pages = {159{\textendash}170}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {Epidemiological characterization of E. coli-isolates can be performed by a new method, {\textquoteleft}biochemical finger-printing{\textquoteright}. The kinetics of 24 biochemical reactions, performed in microtiter plates, are measured, and the results are used for computerized calculations of similarities among the isolates. The method is very simple to use and is suitable for testing large numbers of isolates. It has been used for several studies of E. coli, where the aim was to establish identity or non-identity between unknown isolates.}, issn = {0167-7012}, doi = {10.1016/0167-7012(85)90043-0}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167701285900430}, author = {K{\"u}hn, Inger} } @article {9334, title = {{The biochemistry and functional morphology of the Entamoeba}}, journal = {Journal of Protozoology}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {1985}, pages = {221{\textendash}240}, author = {McLaughlin, J and Aley, S} } @inbook {11034, title = {Chapter 41, {Ascariasis}}, booktitle = {Tropical and {Geographical} {Medicine}}, year = {1985}, pages = {347{\textendash}358}, publisher = {McGraw Hill}, organization = {McGraw Hill}, address = {New York}, author = {Pawlowski, Z. S. and Arfaa, R}, editor = {Warren, K.S and Mahmoud, A. A. F.} } @article {3147, title = {Comparative development of {Australian} strains of {Echinococcus} granulosus in dingoes ({Canis} familiaris dingo) and domestic dogs ({C}.{F}. familiaris), with further evidence for the origin of the {Australian} sylvatic strain}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, year = {1985}, month = {oct}, pages = {535{\textendash}542}, keywords = {Animals, Australia, Carnivora, Dogs, Echinococcus, Species Specificity}, issn = {0020-7519}, author = {Thompson, R. C. and Kumaratilake, L. M.} } @article {4231, title = {{Comparative disinfection of treated sewage with chlorine and ozone}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {19}, number = {9}, year = {1985}, month = {jan}, pages = {1129{\textendash}1140}, abstract = {Chlorine and ozone were compared in pilot plants (capacity about 3.2 m3 h-1), which were fed with the same activated sludge treated and filtered water. Together with physico-chemical analysis the water was analysed for different types of microorganisms, including vegetative bacteria (total and thermotolerant coliforms, faecal streptococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), bacterial spores (spores of aerobic bacteria at 37{\textdegree}C and sulphite reducing clostridia) and bacterial viruses (somatic coliphages and F-specific bacteriophages). The average chlorine and ozone dose were, respectively, 3.65 and 15.3 mg l-1 of water, while after a contact time for both of about 25 min the average residual concentrations were 1.79 and 0.35 mg l-1 of water. These residuals were measured with the DPD-method. The ammonia-N concentration varied greatly (0.06{\textendash}72.0 mg l-1) and was used to group the data into four classes: (1) non-nitrified water, defined as water in which nitrate-N was smaller than ammonia-N; (2) moderately nitrified water, in which nitrate-N was larger than ammonia-N and the ammonia-N was higher than 2 mg l-1; (3) well nitrified water, defined as water in which ammonia-N was lower than 2 mg l-1; (4) very well nitrified water, in which ammonia-N was smaller than 0.5 mg l-1. This classification indicated that the concentrations of most other impurities decreased with a better nitrification. Statistical analysis of the data showed also that ozone was a better disinfectant than chlorine in the case where the disinfection is based upon their residual content. The degree of nitrification had a greater effect on chlorine disinfection than on ozone disinfection. During chlorination the total residual chlorine decreased, with better nitrification; the chlorine demand increased; the composition of the residual chlorine changed very much and the inactivation of bacterial viruses improved. The vegetative bacteria showed a varying pattern; most were inactivated in moderately nitrified water, when the dichloramine concentration was highest and false positive FAC concentration was lowest of the four classes. Reduction of bacterial spores was not observed. During ozonization other effects were indicated. Reductions of most organims increased slightly with better nitrification; only reductions of F-specific bacteriophages decreased. There was also a small decrease of bacterial spores. The treated effluent had a high ozone consumption and the inactivation of the organisms was low in relation to ozone dose and residual ozone. The bromide concentration (0.3{\textendash}2.9 mg l-1) effected the chemistry of chlorine and ozone and had a positive effect on chlorine and ozone disinfection of total coliforms. For most types of micoorganisms the disinfection coefficients of the Selleck model and the germicidal efficiencies could be determined.}, keywords = {bacterial viruses, bromide, bromine compounds, Chlorine, design, Disinfection, Indicator bacteria, Models, nitrification, ozone, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, spores}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(85)90349-5}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135485903495}, author = {den Blanken, John G} } @article {14694, title = {Comparison of the airborne survival of calf rotavirus and poliovirus type 1 ({Sabin}) aerosolized as a mixture}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {49}, year = {1985}, month = {feb}, pages = {289{\textendash}93}, abstract = {A mixture of a cell culture-adapted strain (C-486) of calf rotavirus and poliovirus type 1 (Sabin) was prepared in tryptose phosphate broth containing 0.1\% uranine (physical tracer) and antifoam at a final concentration of 0.001\%. By using a six-jet Collison nebulizer, the mixture was aerosolized into a 300-liter stainless-steel rotating (4 rpm) drum. The temperature of the air inside the drum was kept at 20 +/- 1 degrees C, and the virus aerosols were held at the following three levels of relative humidity (RH): low (30 +/- 5\%), medium (50 +/- 5\%), and high (80 +/- 5\%). An all-glass impinger, containing 10.0 ml of tryptose phosphate broth with antifoam, was used to collect samples of air from the drum. Both viruses were propagated and quantitated in MA-104 cells. The calf rotavirus was found to survive well at mid-range RH, where 60\% of the infectious virus could be detected even after 24 h of virus aerosolization. At the low RH, the half-life of the infectious rotavirus was ca. 14 h. On the other hand, no infectious poliovirus could be recovered from the drum air at the low and medium RH. At the high RH, more than 50\% of the infectious rotavirus became undetectable within 90 min of aerosolization. In contrast to this, the half-life of the poliovirus at the high RH was about 10 h. These data, based on the aerosolization of virus mixtures, therefore suggest that there is a pronounced difference in the way RH influences the airborne survival of these two types of viruses held under identical experimental conditions.}, keywords = {*Air Microbiology, Aerosols, Animals, Antifoaming Agents/pharmacology, Cattle, Fluorescein, Fluoresceins/pharmacology, Humidity, Poliovirus/*growth \& development, Rotavirus/*growth \& development, Viral Interference, Viral Plaque Assay}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Ijaz, M. K. and Sattar, S. A. and Johnson-Lussenburg, C. M. and Springthorpe, V. S.} } @article {15574, title = {The control of schistosomiasis}, journal = {Technical Report Series}, volume = {728}, year = {1985}, author = {WHO} } @article {15470, title = {Demonstration of leukocyte inhibitory factor in human Schistosomiasis mansoni and its evaluation from patients in an endemic setting}, journal = {Clin Immunol Immunopathol}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, year = {1985}, note = {Lima, M S
Gazzinelli, G
Rocha, R S
Katz, N
Colley, D G
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
1985/12/01
Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1985 Dec;37(3):351-9.}, month = {Dec}, pages = {351-9}, abstract = {Leukocyte migration inhibitory Factor (LIF) is produced by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMN) of most patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection upon their exposure to soluble egg antigens (SEA). PBMN of some patients also respond to adult worm (SWAP) antigens by LIF production. LIF is stable at 37 degrees C for 60 min but is sensitive to heating at 56 degrees C for even 30 min. The serine protease inhibitor PMSF destroyed LIF activity at concentrations of 10(-2) to 10(-3) M. Concanavalin A stimulated production of detectable levels of LIF by 8 hr, while SEA and SWAP did so by 15 and 39 hr, respectively. PBMN of healthy normal controls did not produce LIF upon exposure to SEA or SWAP. PBMN of a few field controls (stool negative subjects from an endemic area) produced detectable LIF activity when exposed to SEA or SWAP. PBMN from most infected (stool positive) patients from an endemic area produced LIF when exposed to SEA and only occasionally did so to SWAP. Previous studies have shown that most often only the PBMN of former, cured patients, and not chronically infected patients, produce the lymphokine activity termed mitogenic factor (MF). The current data indicate that because LIF is primarily produced by actively infected patients, its production may be controlled by different immunoregulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, although most SEA-related responses are highly immunoregulated in active, chronically infected patients, SEA appears to be a better stimulus for patient PBMN production of LIF than SWAP.}, keywords = {Chronic Disease, Humans, Kinetics, Leukocyte Migration-Inhibitory Factors/*biosynthesis, Lymphokines/analysis/*biosynthesis, Schistosomiasis mansoni/*immunology}, isbn = {0090-1229 (Print)
0090-1229 (Linking)}, author = {Lima, M. S. and Gazzinelli, G. and Rocha, R. S. and Katz, N. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {7693, title = {Dessication resistance in thermotolerant Campylobacter species}, journal = {Infection}, volume = {13}, year = {1985}, pages = {197}, author = {Fern{\'a}ndez,H. and Vergara,M. and Tapia,F.} } @article {15449, title = {Domestic and wild animals naturally infected with Schistosoma mansoni in the Gezira Irrigated Scheme, Sudan}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {88}, year = {1985}, note = {B 121}, pages = {83-89}, author = {Karoum, K. O. and Amin, M. A.} } @article {2959, title = {Echinococcus granulosus in farm dogs and dingoes in south eastern {Queensland}}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {62}, number = {10}, year = {1985}, pages = {335{\textendash}337}, abstract = {Twenty-nine farms with a prevalence of greater than 20\% of hydatidosis in cattle were visited in south eastern Queensland between August and December 1982. All farms carried beef cattle but none sheep. Twenty-four had dingoes and wallabies but only 8 had feral pigs. On 17 farms either macropods were killed for dog food or dogs were suspected of hunting macropods or scavenging their carcases. Purge samples were collected from 45 dogs from 23 of the 29 farms visited. The Australian sylvatic strain of Echinococcus granulosus was found in low numbers in purged intestinal content from one dog from each of 2 farms. Also, 50 intestinal tracts from dingoes from southern Queensland were examined between October 1981 and November 1983. The sylvatic strain of E. granulosus was found in 36 dingoes, the Australian mainland domestic strain in 4, and a further 5 dingoes were infected but the strain was not identified. This work indicates that domestic dogs are probably not important definitive hosts for E. granulosus in south eastern Queensland but could be an occasional source of infection for man. Dingoes are the major definitive host and worm numbers can be very high. Small foci of the domestic strain of E. granulosus may be maintained in a cycle involving dingoes, macropods and possibly feral pigs in cattle raising areas of coastal Queensland.}, keywords = {Animals, Australia, Carnivora, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis}, issn = {0005-0423}, author = {Baldock, F. C. and Thompson, R. C. and Kumaratilake, L. M. and Shield, J.} } @article {8688, title = {{Effect of an Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant on Ambient Air Densities of Aerosols Containing Bacteria and Viruses}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {1985}, pages = {1191{\textendash}1196}, abstract = {Bacteria- and virus-containing aerosols were studied during the late summer and fall seasons in a midwestern suburb of the United States before and during the start-up and operation of an unenclosed activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. The study showed that the air in this suburban area contained low-level densities of indicator microorganisms. After the plant began operating, the densities of total aerobic bacteria-containing particles, standard plate count bacteria, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and coliphages increased significantly in the air within the perimeter of the plant. Before plant operations, bacteria were detected from five genera, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Salmonella, and Aeromonas. During plant operations, the number of genera identified increased to 11. In addition to those genera found before plant operations, Escherichia, Providencia, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, Pasteurella, and Proteus, were also identified. Enteric viruses were detected in low densities from the air emissions of this plant. Only standard plate count bacteria remained at significantly higher than base-line densities beyond 250 m downwind from the center of the aeration tanks. Fecal streptococci and coliphages appeared to be more stable in aerosols than the other indicator microorganisms studied. In general, the densities of microorganism-containing aerosols were higher at night than during the day. The techniques used in this study may be employed to establish microorganism-containing aerosol exposure during epidemiological investigations.}, author = {Fannin, Kerby F and Vana, Stanley C and Jakubowski, Walter} } @article {14727, title = {Effect of relative humidity on the airborne survival of rhinovirus-14}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {31}, year = {1985}, month = {nov}, pages = {1058{\textendash}61}, abstract = {Rhinovirus-14, suspended in tryptose phosphate broth supplemented with uranine (physical tracer) and an antifoam, was aerosolized by use of a Collison nebulizer. The aerosols were held in a rotating drum with the relative humidity at either the low (30 +/- 5\%), medium (50 +/- 5\%), or high (80 +/- 5\%) level at 20 +/- 1 degrees C. An all-glass impinger was used to recover the virus from the air in the drum, with the first air sample being collected after a 15-min period of aerosol stabilization. Subsequent air samples were withdrawn at 2, 4, 8, and 14 h after stabilization of the aerosol. At the low and medium relative humidity levels, the infectivity of the airborne virus was rapidly lost and less than 0.25\% could be detected in the first air sample. At the high RH level, however, the airborne virus had a half-life of 13.7 +/- 1.91 h and nearly 30\% of the input infectious virus could be detected in the drum air even after 24 h of aerosolization. These findings suggest that under certain environmental conditions, notably high relative humidity, air may act as a vehicle for the spread of rhinovirus infections.}, keywords = {*Air Microbiology, *Humidity, Fluorescein, Fluoresceins, HeLa Cells, Humans, Rhinovirus/*growth \& development, Seasons}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, author = {Karim, Y. G. and Ijaz, M. K. and Sattar, S. A. and Johnson-Lussenburg, C. M.} } @article {5066, title = {Elimination of viruses and indicator bacteria at each step of treatment during preparation of drinking water at seven water treatment plants}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, year = {1985}, pages = {1418{\textendash}1428}, author = {Payment, P and Trudel, M and Plante, R} } @inbook {16855, title = {Elimination of viruses and indicator bacteria at each step of treatment during preparation of drinking water at seven water treatment plants.}, booktitle = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, year = {1985}, pages = {1418{\textendash}1428}, author = {Payment, Pierre and Trudel, Michel and Plante, Robert} } @article {6022, title = {Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia}, journal = {Science}, volume = {80}, year = {1985}, pages = {1350 LP-1354}, author = {Saiki, RK and Scharf, S and Faloona, F and Mullis, KB and Horn, GT and Erlich, HA and Arnheim, N} } @booklet {10044, title = {{Essais des eaux - Recherche et d{\'e}nombrement des coliformes et des coliformes thermotol{\'e}rants - M{\'e}thode g{\'e}n{\'e}rale par ensemencement en milieu liquide (NPP)}}, year = {1985}, address = {Paris, France} } @article {17095, title = {F specific RNA bacteriophages in sewage: methodology and occurrence}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {17}, number = {4-5}, year = {1985}, pages = {645{\textendash}655}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, author = {Havelaar, AH and Hogeboom, WM and Pot, R} } @article {4818, title = {{The first reported outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cyclospora in the United States}}, journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine}, volume = {123}, year = {1985}, pages = {409{\textendash}414}, author = {Huang, P and Weber, JT and Sosin, DM and Griffin, PM and Long, EG and Murphy, JJ and Kocka, F and Peters, C and Kallick, C} } @inbook {13440, title = {Flukes of domestic animals}, booktitle = {Parasites, Pests and Predators}, year = {1985}, pages = {179-218}, publisher = {Elsevier, New York}, organization = {Elsevier, New York}, author = {Boray, J. C.}, editor = {M. Gaafar, W.E. Howard, R.E. Marsh} } @article {2919, title = {Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: correlative {US} and {CT} study}, journal = {Radiology}, volume = {154}, number = {1}, year = {1985}, month = {jan}, pages = {179{\textendash}186}, abstract = {A total of 24 cases of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) due to Echinococcus multilocularis was assessed by US and CT. The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by immunologic and histologic study. Both US and CT patterns of HAE showed changes of liver morphology in both contour and size. Abnormal areas of parenchyma were nodular or in fields, irregular, heterogeneous, and basically echogenic. On CT these lesions were hypodense (30 to 40 HU) and did not show enhancement after administration of intravenous contrast medium. Clustered microcalcifications were encountered within the abnormal parenchymal fields in 50\% of cases, and necrotized zones occurred in 40\% of cases. Dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts was commonly seen, especially on US; hilar involvement was frequent. Follow-up by both techniques can display increases of primary lesions, occurrence of new foci, and local or regional extensions. Precise evaluation of the lesions arising from correlative use of US and CT permits adequate therapeutic management.}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Echinococcosis, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Tomography, Ultrasonography, X-Ray Computed}, issn = {0033-8419}, doi = {10.1148/radiology.154.1.3880602}, author = {Didier, D. and Weiler, S. and Rohmer, P. and Lassegue, A. and Deschamps, J. P. and Vuitton, D. and Miguet, J. P. and Weill, F.} } @article {4959, title = {{Human infection with Bertiella studeri in Thailand}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {16}, year = {1985}, pages = {505{\textendash}507}, author = {Bhaibulaya, M} } @article {16187, title = {Identification and characterization of the protein antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.}, journal = {Infect Immun.Infect Immun.}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, year = {1985}, pages = {492-497.}, author = {Nunes-Edwards, P. L. and Thiermann, A. B. and Bassford, P. J. Jr. and Stamm, L. V.} } @article {11599, title = {{Identification of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and Diphyllobothrium latum from some freshwater fishes of central Canada}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {63}, year = {1985}, pages = {196{\textendash}201}, abstract = {

Two species of Diphyllobothrium occurred in Quigly Lake, Manitoba: plerocercoids of D. dendriticum encapsulated on the viscera of shallow water cisco {\{}(Coregonus{\}} artedii) and lake whitefish {\{}(Coregonus{\}} clupeaformis) and plerocercoids of D. latum unencapsulated in ...

}, doi = {10.1139/z85-030}, author = {Dick, T A and Poole, B C} } @article {15414, title = {Immune responses during human Schistosomiasis mansoni. XI. Immunologic status of patients with acute infections and after treatment}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {135}, number = {3}, year = {1985}, note = {Gazzinelli, G
Lambertucci, J R
Katz, N
Rocha, R S
Lima, M S
Colley, D G
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
Baltimore, Md. : 1950
1985/09/01
J Immunol. 1985 Sep;135(3):2121-7.}, month = {Sep}, pages = {2121-7}, abstract = {Sixteen patients, 8 to 30 yr of age, with acute (toxemic) phase schistosomiasis mansoni were studied immunologically within 2 to 3 mo of their exposure to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, and were monitored after chemotherapy. Total leukocyte levels and peripheral blood eosinophilias were higher in these patients than in similar individuals with chronic schistosomiasis mansoni. In contrast to chronic patients, the eosinophilias of the acute cases were decreased rather than elevated upon treatment. Total lymphocyte population (T and B cell) percentages were not altered during acute infection. Lymphoid subset (T3+, T4+, and T8+) analysis revealed elevated levels of both T4+ and T8+ cells. In vitro blastogenic responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMN) to heterogeneous schistosome-derived antigens (eggs, SEA; adult worms, AW; and cercariae, CERC) were evaluated. SEA responsiveness was considerably higher than that of patients with chronic S. mansoni infections. The ratios of SEA to AW responses in acute cases gave a mean of 2.0, as opposed to 0.5 for a comparable group of chronically infected patients. The sera of most acute patients already contained suppressive factors that specifically decreased schistosomal antigen-induced PBMN blastogenesis. Chemotherapy of acute cases lead to a diminution of PBMN responsiveness to SEA and CERC. Treatment of patients with chronic infections lead to the elevation of such responses. PBMN from patients with acute infections produced lymphokine leukocyte inhibition factor upon exposure of the cells to SEA but not AW. A similar pattern was true for production of the lymphokine activity mitogenic factor. Levels of antibody in sera of acutely infected patients against SEA, CERC, and AW were considerably higher than levels in sera of chronically infected patients matched for age and intensity of their infections. These high antibody titers persisted for at least 6 mo after treatment, and were unrelated to the intensity of infection. The immunologic status of these patients with acute schistosomiasis mansoni differed considerably from patients with chronic infections. These findings re-emphasize the immunoregulatory events that apparently develop upon continued exposure to schistosomes and their products during chronic infection.}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Antibodies/analysis, Child, Chronic Disease, Female, Humans, Leukocyte Count, Leukocytes/immunology, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocytes/immunology, Lymphokines/biosynthesis, Male, Neutrophils/immunology, Schistosomiasis/drug therapy/*immunology}, isbn = {0022-1767 (Print)
0022-1767 (Linking)}, author = {Gazzinelli, G. and Lambertucci, J. R. and Katz, N. and Rocha, R. S. and Lima, M. S. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {5964, title = {{Immunoprophylaxis of epidemic non-A non-B hepatitis}}, journal = {The Indian Journal of Medical Research}, volume = {81}, year = {1985}, pages = {18{\textendash}19}, author = {Joshi, YK and Babu, S and Sarin, S and Tandon, BN and Gandhi, BM and Chaturvedi, VC} } @article {5589, title = {{Inactivation of Norwalk virus in drinking water by chlorine}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {1985}, pages = {261{\textendash}264}, abstract = {

Norwalk virus in water was found to be more resistant to chlorine inactivation than poliovirus type 1 (LSc2Ab), human rotavirus (Wa), simian rotavirus (SA11), or f2 bacteriophage. A 3.75 mg/liter dose of chlorine was found to be effective against other viruses but failed to inactivate Norwalk virus. The Norwalk virus inoculum remained infectious for five of eight volunteers, despite the initial presence of free residual chlorine. Infectivity in volunteers was demonstrated by seroconversion to Norwalk virus. Fourteen of 16 subjects receiving untreated inoculum seroconverted to Norwalk virus. Illness was produced in four of the eight volunteers and in 11 of 16 control subjects. A similar Norwalk virus inoculum treated with a 10 mg/liter dose of chlorine produced illness in only one and failed to induce seroconversion in any of eight volunteers. Free chlorine (5 to 6 mg/liter) was measured in the reaction vessel after a 30-minute contact period. Norwalk virus appears to be very resistant to chlorine which may explain its importance in outbreaks of waterborne disease.

}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)0099-2240 (Linking)}, issn = {00992240}, author = {Keswick, B. H. and Satterwhite, T. K. and Johnson, PC and DuPont, HL and Secor, SL and Bitsura, JA and Gary, GW and Hoff, JC} } @article {13994, title = {Intestinal {Microbiology}. {American} {Society} for {Microbiology}, {Washington}, {DC}.}, year = {1985}, author = {Drasar, B S and Barrow, P A} } @article {2218, title = {{Intestinal Microbiology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.}}, year = {1985}, author = {Drasar, B S and Barrow, P A} } @article {13575, title = {La distomatose a Fasciola hepatica II: La fasciolose humaine en France}, journal = {Action Veterinaire.}, volume = {907}, number = {VII-VIII}, year = {1985}, author = {Danis, M. and Nozais, J. P. and Chandenier, J.} } @book {15127, title = {Life history and development of {Ascaris} lumbricoides and the persistence of human ascariasis: {In}: {Ascariasis} and its {Public} {Health} {Significance} edited by {D}}, year = {1985}, address = {London and Philadelphia. Taylor and Francis}, author = {Crompton, D. W. T. and Pawlowski, Z. S.} } @inbook {11057, title = {Life history and development of {Ascaris} lumbricoides and the persistence of human ascariasis}, booktitle = {Ascariasis and its {Public} {Health} {Significance}}, year = {1985}, pages = {9{\textendash}44}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {London}, author = {Crompton, D.W. T. and Pawlowski, Z. S.}, editor = {Crompton, D.W. T. and Nesheim, M.C. and Pawlowski, Z. S.} } @article {3943, title = {Long-term survival of human rotavirus in raw and treated river water.}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, year = {1985}, pages = {124{\textendash}34}, author = {Raphael, RA and Sattar, SA and Springthorpe, VS} } @article {4374, title = {{Minimum bacterial density for bacteriophage replication: implications for significance of bacteriophages in natural ecosystems.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {1985}, month = {jan}, pages = {19{\textendash}23}, abstract = {

Bacteriophage 80 alpha did not increase in number in cultures containing less than about 1.0 X 10(4) to 1.5 X 10(4) CFU of Staphylococcus aureus per ml, but bacteriophage replication did occur when the number of bacteria exceeded this density, either initially or as a result of host cell multiplication. The minimum density of an asporogenous strain of Bacillus subtilis required for an increase in the number of bacteriophage SP beta cI was about 3 X 10(4) CFU/ml. The threshold density of Escherichia coli for the multiplication of bacteriophage T4 was about 7 X 10(3) CFU/ml. In the presence of montmorillonite, bacteriophage T4 did not increase in number until the E. coli population exceeded 10(4) CFU/ml. The mineralization of glucose was not affected in E. coli cultures inoculated with a low number of bacteriophage T4, but it could not be detected in cultures inoculated with a large number of phage. The numbers of bacteriophage T4 and a bacteriophage that lyses Pseudomonas putida declined rapidly after being added to lake water or sewage. We suggest that bacteriophages do not affect the number or activity of bacteria in environments where the density of the host species is below the host cell threshold of about 10(4) CFU/ml.

}, keywords = {Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus subtilis: cytology, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: growth {\&} development, Culture Media, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: cytology, Escherichia coli: metabolism, Fresh Water, Lysogeny, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus: cytology, Staphylococcus Phages, Staphylococcus Phages: growth {\&} development, T-Phages, T-Phages: growth {\&} development, Virus Replication, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=238337{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Wiggins, B A and Alexander, M} } @article {580, title = {Molecular epidemiology of adenoviruses: global distribution of adenovirus 7 genome types}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, year = {1985}, note = {Wadell, G Cooney, M K da Costa Linhares, A de Silva, L Kennett, M L Kono, R Gui-Fang, R Lindman, K Nascimento, J P Schoub, B D Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United states J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Mar;21(3):403-8.}, pages = {403-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Adenovirus 7 (Ad7) is the adenovirus species that most frequently has been associated with severe illness. Seven distinct genome types of adenovirus 7, Ad7p, Ad7a, Ad7b, Ad7c, Ad7d, Ad7e, and Ad7f, can be identified by using restriction endonucleases BamHI and SmaI. We analyzed the distribution of the different Ad7 genome types among 314 isolates from patients and healthy shedders. The Ad7b and Ad7c genome types accounted for 90\% of the isolates from patients and appeared to be mutually exclusive. A shift from Ad7c to Ad7b genome types occurred in 1969 in Europe and in 1975 in Australia. During the last decade, Ad7b genome types predominated in Australia, Europe, and North America. Ad7c was detected in South Africa, Ad7d was detected in China, Ad7e was detected in Brazil, and Ad7f was detected in Australia. The Ad7p and Ad7a genome types dominated among isolates obtained from healthy shedders and appeared scattered through the years and the geographical areas. The prevalence of Ad7 infections is high in Japan as judged by the herd immunity. However, the low percentage (2\%) of Ad7 isolates among all adenovirus isolates chiefly from patients, coupled with 30 to 50\% antibody prevalence, argues for a high proportion of inapparent infections and, hence, Ad7 strain(s) of low pathogenicity.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/*genetics/pathogenicity Adult Africa Australia Brazil Child Child, Preschool China DNA, Viral Humans Infant Japan Male United States, Viral/*analysis Europe Female *Genes}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137}, author = {Wadell, G. and Cooney, M. K. and da Costa Linhares, A. and de Silva, L. and Kennett, M. L. and Kono, R. and Gui-Fang, R. and Lindman, K. and Nascimento, J. P. and Schoub, B. D. and et al.} } @article {11415, title = {Niclosamide therapy for tapeworm infections}, journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, year = {1985}, pages = {550-1}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0003-4819}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3977200}, author = {Pearson, RD and Hewlett, EL} } @article {3089, title = {The potential role of blowflies in the transmission of taeniid tapeworm eggs}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {91 (Pt.1)}, year = {1985}, pages = {129{\textendash}143}, abstract = {

In laboratory studies with 3 species of Calliphora more than half were shown to ingest eggs of Taenia hydatigena from the surface of dog faeces with a maximum of over 5000 eggs in 1 fly. Most eggs were voided within 48 h and between 38 and 48\% of these eggs had lost their embryophores. In field studies carried out in the South Island of New Zealand, traps baited with dog faeces captured the following blowfly species in decreasing order of abundance: Hybopygia varia, Calliphora quadrimaculata, C. hortona and C. stygia. Peak numbers were trapped in January, February and March. Almost 25\% of wild flies, caught after feeding for up to 3 min on dog faeces naturally contaminated with taeniid eggs, had eggs in their intestine. When administered to lambs all 4 species of fly transferred infection. Lambs grazed in winter on plots near kennels that had housed dogs with patent infections of T. hydatigena acquired higher worm burdens than those grazed further away. The burdens were greater downwind of the prevailing wind. After removal of the dogs, blowflies caught in the vicinity contained taeniid eggs but the contents of pitfall traps did not. Blowflies, and to a much lesser degree the insects and dust caught on sticky traps during the presence of the dogs, transferred infection when administered to naive lambs.

}, keywords = {Animals, Diptera, Dogs, Dust, Feces, Feeding Behavior, Female, Ovum, Parasite Egg Count, Rabbits, Seasons, Sheep, Sheep Diseases, Taenia, Taeniasis, Time Factors, Wind}, issn = {0031-1820}, author = {Lawson, J. R. and Gemmell, MA} } @article {12751, title = {{Praziquantel in the treatment of trematode and cestode infections}}, journal = {Journal of the Korean Society for Chemotherapy}, volume = {3}, year = {1985}, pages = {95{\textendash}118}, author = {Lee, SH and Chai, JY} } @article {10621, title = {{Predisposition for cholera of individuals with O blood group. Possible evolutionary significance}}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {121}, year = {1985}, pages = {791{\textendash}796}, author = {R I Glass and Holmgren, J and Haley, CE and M R Khan and A M Svennerholm and Stoll, BJ and Hossain, KMB and Black, RE and Yunus, M and Barua, D} } @article {3617, title = {Preliminary evaluation of the {ELISA} as a tool for the detection of rotaviruses in activated sewage sludge.}, journal = {Zentralblatt f{\"u}r Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1 Abt. Originale B.}, volume = {180}, number = {5-6}, year = {1985}, pages = {534{\textendash}539}, author = {Agbalika, F and Wullenweber, M and Pr{\'e}vot, J} } @article {11203, title = {{Prenatal and lactational transmission of Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum: Experimental infection of the bitch at midpregnancy and at parturition}}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, year = {1985}, pages = {485{\textendash}490}, doi = {10.1016/0020-7519(85)90041-4}, author = {Burke, T.Michael and Roberson, Edward L} } @article {10932, title = {Prevalence of {Ascaris} lumbricoides in children admitted to the paediatric observation ward, {Kenyatta} {National} {Hospital}, {Kenya}.}, journal = {MM Degree Thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya}, year = {1985}, author = {Adoko, F} } @inbook {15090, title = {Prevalence of {Ascaris} lumbricoides in children admitted to the paediatric observation ward, {Kenyatta} {National} {Hospital}, {Kenya}}, booktitle = {{MM} {Degree} {Thesis}, {University} of {Nairobi}, {Kenya}}, year = {1985}, pages = {432}, author = {Adoko, F. A. U.} } @article {15365, title = {Probable hybridization between S. intercalatum and S. haematobium in western Gabun}, journal = {Tropical and geographical medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {1985}, month = {Jun}, pages = {119-23}, abstract = {

Cases of intestinal schistosomiasis due to S. intercalatum were compared in an area of high prevalence of S. haematobium (Palmeveas) with those in an area of low prevalence of S. haematobium (Lambarene) in the Gabon. The patients with intestinal schistosomiasis in the area with high prevalence of S. haematobium excreted more eggs resembling S. intercalatum in the urine than those in the low S. haematobium prevalence area. It is suggested that the eggs resembling morphologically S. intercalatum might be hybrids between S. intercalatum and S. haematobium.

}, keywords = {Child, Humans, Hybridization, Genetic, Rectum/parasitology, Schistosoma haematobium/ genetics, Schistosoma/ genetics, Urine/parasitology}, isbn = {0041-3232 (Print)
0041-3232 (Linking)}, author = {Burchard, G. D. and Kern, P.} } @article {1764, title = {Relative resistance to chlorine of poliovirus and coxsackievirus isolates from environmental sources and drinking water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, year = {1985}, note = {Payment, P Tremblay, M Trudel, M eng 1985/04/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985 Apr;49(4):981-3.}, pages = {981-3}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Several poliovirus and coxsackievirus isolates from environmental sources were compared with laboratory strains to determine their rate of inactivation by chlorine. All viruses were tested for up to 1,000 min in the presence of an initial free residual chlorine level of ca. 0.4 mg/liter. Coxsackievirus B5 (CB-5) isolates were found to be more resistant to chlorine than coxsackievirus B4 (CB-4), followed by poliovirus 1, 2, and 3 in order of decreasing resistance to chlorine. Environmental isolates of CB-5 were more resistant than the laboratory strain tested, and for two strains 12 and 22\% of the input virus was still infectious after 100 min in the presence of free residual chlorine. Although CB-4 isolates were less resistant to chlorine than CB-5 isolates, after 1,000 min of contact 0.01\% of the input virus was still infectious. Except for CB-5 isolates, isolates from environmental sources did not appear to be more resistant to chlorine than laboratory strains. Viruses isolated at different phases during the preparation of drinking water were not more resistant to chlorine and must thus have been protected by other mechanisms.}, keywords = {Chlorine/*toxicity Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Enterovirus/*drug effects Poliovirus/*drug effects Sewage *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2988441}, author = {Payment, P. and Tremblay, M. and Trudel, M.} } @article {14762, title = {Seasonal distribution of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in domestic sewage}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {31}, year = {1985}, month = {jan}, pages = {24{\textendash}5}, abstract = {A seasonal distribution of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in raw sewage effluents of Athens, Greece, was observed over a 15-month surveillance period. All 36 samples tested were positive for both virus groups. Adenovirus concentration levels ranged from 70 to 3200 cytopathic units per litre of sample, whereas the corresponding values for enteroviruses were 90-900 cytopathic units per litre. Peak values for adenoviruses were recorded during the months of April and June 1983, whereas for enteroviruses the peak was recorded in September 1983. All three types of poliovirus were present. Coxsackievirus types B-1, B-2, B-4, and B-5 and echovirus type 7 were also isolated. Adenovirus types 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 15 were detected as well.}, keywords = {*Sewage, Adenoviruses, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Greece, Human/*isolation \& purification, Human/isolation \& purification, Poliovirus/isolation \& purification, Seasons}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, author = {Krikelis, V. and Spyrou, N. and Markoulatos, P. and Serie, C.} } @article {15025, title = {Seasonal distribution of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in domestic sewage}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {31}, year = {1985}, month = {jan}, pages = {24{\textendash}5}, abstract = {A seasonal distribution of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in raw sewage effluents of Athens, Greece, was observed over a 15-month surveillance period. All 36 samples tested were positive for both virus groups. Adenovirus concentration levels ranged from 70 to 3200 cytopathic units per litre of sample, whereas the corresponding values for enteroviruses were 90-900 cytopathic units per litre. Peak values for adenoviruses were recorded during the months of April and June 1983, whereas for enteroviruses the peak was recorded in September 1983. All three types of poliovirus were present. Coxsackievirus types B-1, B-2, B-4, and B-5 and echovirus type 7 were also isolated. Adenovirus types 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 15 were detected as well.}, keywords = {*Sewage, Adenoviruses, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Greece, Human/*isolation \& purification, Human/isolation \& purification, Poliovirus/isolation \& purification, Seasons}, issn = {0008-4166 (Print) 0008-4166 (Linking)}, author = {Krikelis, V. and Spyrou, N. and Markoulatos, P. and Serie, C.} } @article {15160, title = {Septic tank density and ground-water contamination}, journal = {Groundwater}, volume = {23}, number = {5}, year = {1985}, pages = {586{\textendash}591}, author = {Yates, Marylynn V} } @book {5049, title = {Septic tank systems effects on ground water quality}, year = {1985}, publisher = {Lewis Publishers}, organization = {Lewis Publishers}, address = {Chelsea, Michigan}, author = {Canter, LW and Knox, RC} } @book {5402, title = {{Solar-UV Actions on Living Cells}}, year = {1985}, publisher = {Praeger Publishers}, organization = {Praeger Publishers}, address = {New York}, author = {Jagger, J} } @article {13243, title = {Starch-ampicillin agar for the quantitative detection of Aeromonas hydrophila}, journal = {Applied Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {50}, year = {1985}, pages = {1027-1030}, author = {Palumbo, S. A. and Maxino, F. and Williams, A. C. and Buchanan, R. L. and Thayer, Dw.} } @article {16130, title = {Studies on equine recurrent uveitis. II: The role of infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona}, journal = {Curr Eye ResCurr Eye ResCurr Eye Res}, volume = {4}, number = {10}, year = {1985}, month = {Oct}, pages = {1033-40}, keywords = {*Horse Diseases, *Weil Disease, Agglutination Tests/veterinary, Animals, Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/analysis/biosynthesis, Aqueous Humor/immunology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Eye/immunology, Horses, Immunoglobulin G/immunology, Immunoglobulin M/immunology, Leptospira interrogans/immunology, Recurrence, Uveitis/etiology/*veterinary}, isbn = {0271-3683 (Print)
0271-3683 (Linking)}, author = {Halliwell, R. E. and Brim, T. A. and Hines, M. T. and Wolf, D. and White, F. H.} } @article {11550, title = {{Studies on parasites of masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou-observations on the seasonal occurrence of Diphyllobothrium latum plerocercoid}}, journal = {Scientific reports of the Hokkaido Fish Hatchery}, volume = {40}, year = {1985}, pages = {57{\textendash}67}, author = {Awakura, T and Sakaguchi, S and Hara, T} } @article {15501, title = {A study of the biological characteristics of a hybrid line between male Schistosoma haematobium (Dar es Salaam, Tanzania) and female S. intercalatum (Edea, Cameroun)}, journal = {Acta Trop}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {1985}, month = {Dec}, pages = {319-31}, abstract = {The viability of a hybrid between male Schistosoma haematobium (Dar es Salaam, Tanzania) and female S. intercalatum (Edea, Cameroun) was studied for up to the F7 hybrid generation and the biological characteristics of the hybrid were compared with those of each of the parental species. Using the total cercarial production/100 exposed snails/5 weeks value (TCP) as an index the hybrid miracidial infectivity to Bulinus forskalii (Kinshasa, Zaire), the host snail for S. intercalatum, remained comparable to that of S. intercalatum for up to at least the F5 generation and the TCP values for the hybrid/B. wrighti combination remained for up to the F7 generation intermediate between those of the parental species in B. wrighti. The hybrid also retained the infectivity for up to at least the F5 generation to B. globosus (Mazeras, Kenya), the host snail for S. haematobium, but the TCP values for the hybrid/B. globosus combination remained consistently lower than that of the S. haematobium/B. globosus combination. The hybrid cercarial infectivity to hamsters was for up to the F7 generation comparable to that of both parental species and the egg production capacity/worm pair/day of production of the F1 hybrid generation exceeded in both hamsters and mice that of both parental species. However, the egg production capacity subsequently decreased with that of the F3 to F6 generations in hamsters and with that of the F2 and F5 generations in mice being comparable to that of S. intercalatum. The pattern of distribution of eggs in tissue of hamsters of the F1 and F2 generations resembled that of S. haematobium and S. intercalatum, respectively, but the distributional pattern of the F3 to F6 generations deviated markedly from that of both the parental species and the preceding hybrid generations. The hybrid cercarial infectivity to mice and the pattern of egg distribution corresponded to that of S. intercalatum. The egg morphology of the P1 generation corresponded to that of S. intercalatum while that of the F1, F2 and F3 hybrid generations exhibited great polymorphism with a range of shapes through those of the parental species but with most eggs being intermediate in shape. However, the eggs of the F4 to F7 hybrid generations exhibited less polymorphism and resembled those of S. bovis in both size and shape.}, keywords = {Animals, Bulinus/ parasitology, Cricetinae, Female, Host-Parasite Interactions, Hybridization, Genetic, Male, Mice, Ovum/cytology, Reproduction, Schistosoma haematobium/cytology/genetics/ physiology, Schistosoma/cytology/genetics/ physiology, Schistosomiasis haematobia/parasitology, Schistosomiasis/parasitology}, isbn = {0001-706X (Print)
0001-706X (Linking)}, author = {Mutani, A. and Christensen, N. O. and Frandsen, F.} } @article {14692, title = {Survival characteristics of airborne human coronavirus 229E}, journal = {J Gen Virol}, volume = {66 ( Pt 12)}, year = {1985}, month = {dec}, pages = {2743{\textendash}8}, abstract = {The survival of airborne human coronavirus 229E (HCV/229E) was studied under different conditions of temperature (20 +/- 1 degree C and 6 +/- 1 degree C) and low (30 +/- 5\%), medium (50 +/- 5\%) or high (80 +/- 5\%) relative humidities (RH). At 20 +/- 1 degree C, aerosolized HCV/229E was found to survive best at 50\% RH with a half-life of 67.33 +/- 8.24 h while at 30\% RH the virus half-life was 26.76 +/- 6.21 h. At 50\% RH nearly 20\% infectious virus was still detectable at 6 days. High RH at 20 +/- 1 degree C, on the other hand, was found to be the least favourable to the survival of aerosolized virus and under these conditions the virus half-life was only about 3 h; no virus could be detected after 24 h in aerosol. At 6 +/- 1 degree C, in either 50\% or 30\% RH conditions, the survival of HCV/229E was significantly enhanced, with the decay pattern essentially similar to that seen at 20 +/- 1 degree C. At low temperature and high RH (80\%), however, the survival pattern was completely reversed, with the HCV/229E half-life increasing to 86.01 +/- 5.28 h, nearly 30 times that found at 20 +/- 1 degree C and high RH. Although optimal survival at 6 degree C still occurred at 50\% RH, the pronounced stabilizing effect of low temperature on the survival of HCV/229E at high RH indicates that the role of the environment on the survival of viruses in air may be more complex and significant than previously thought.}, keywords = {*Air Microbiology, Aerosols, Coronaviridae/*growth \& development, Humidity, Poliovirus/growth \& development, Temperature, Time Factors}, issn = {0022-1317 (Print) 0022-1317 (Linking)}, author = {Ijaz, M. K. and Brunner, A. H. and Sattar, S. A. and Nair, R. C. and Johnson-Lussenburg, C. M.} } @article {11519, title = {The survival of parasite eggs throughout the soil profile}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {91}, year = {1985}, pages = {585-590}, author = {Storey, GW and Phillips, RA} } @article {16699, title = {Uncertainty in risk assessment}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {19}, year = {1985}, pages = {662{\textendash}667}, author = {Morgan, M.G. and Universiry, C. and Morris, S.C. and Deborah, A.L.} } @book {2013, title = {Veterinary Protozoology}, series = {Iowa State University Press, Ames.}, year = {1985}, author = {Levine, N. D.} } @article {13970, title = {Viable but {Non}-{Culturable} {Vibrio} cholerae and {Related} {Pathogens} in the {Environment}: {Implications} for {Release} of {Genetically} {Engineered} {Microorganisms}}, journal = {Nat Biotech}, volume = {3}, number = {9}, year = {1985}, pages = {817{\textendash}820}, author = {Colwell, R R and Brayton, P R and Grimes, D J and Roszak, D B and Huq, S A and Palmer, L M} } @article {2200, title = {{Viable but Non-Culturable Vibrio cholerae and Related Pathogens in the Environment: Implications for Release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms}}, journal = {Nature Biotechnology}, volume = {3}, number = {9}, year = {1985}, pages = {817{\textendash}820}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Company}, author = {Colwell, R R and Brayton, P R and Grimes, D J and Roszak, D B and Huq, S A and Palmer, L M} } @article {6308, title = {Virus persistence in groundwater.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, year = {1985}, pages = {778{\textendash}781}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/49/4/778.short}, author = {Marylynn V Yates and Charles P Gerba and Lee M Kelley} } @article {11369, title = {Absorption of cysticerci in cattle after treatment of taenia saginata cysticercosis with praziquantel}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, pages = {378-380}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0034-5288}, author = {Harrison, LJ and Gallie, GJ and Sewell, MM} } @article {12720, title = {{American paragonimiasis treated with praziquantel}}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {311}, year = {1984}, pages = {582{\textendash}583}, author = {Pachucki, CT and Levandowski, RA and Brown, VA and Sonnenkalb, BH and Vruno, MJ} } @article {1320, title = {Applied and theoretical aspects of virus adsorption to surfaces}, journal = {Adv Appl Microbiol}, volume = {30}, year = {1984}, note = {Gerba, C P Review United states Advances in applied microbiology Adv Appl Microbiol. 1984;30:133-68.}, pages = {133-68}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Adsorption Disinfectants/pharmacology Disinfection Enterovirus/physiology Filtration Humans Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Ions Minerals Sewage Soil Microbiology Virus Diseases/transmission Virus Physiological Phenomena Viruses/drug effects/isolation \& purifi, Fluid Water Microbiology}, issn = {0065-2164 (Print) 0065-2164 (Linking)}, author = {Gerba, C. P.} } @mastersthesis {6217, title = {{ASPECTS} {OF} {THE} {DYNAMIC} {PROPERTIES} {OF} {KERATIN} {FIBRES}}, year = {1984}, note = {0558011}, school = {University of New South Wales (Australia)}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Wool belongs to a class of proteins called keratins which are known for their high extensibility. From x-ray diffraction experiments this property has been attributed to the unfolding of one semi-crystalline molecular structure ((alpha)-keratin) into another ((beta)-keratin). A dynamic mechanical tester which measures the complex modulus of a fibre as a continuous function of extension in different temperature and humidity environments has been modified, improved and used to examine the (alpha) ({\textless}{\textendash}-{\textgreater}) (beta) transformation under different conditions. The improvements included techniques to eliminate noise, updating the apparatus with more precise equipment and extending its capacity to be used in a variety of viscoelastic applications, adaption of the conditioning chamber to accommodate a rapid change of environmental fluid and a re-evaluation of the limits of validity of the data in view of new experimental conditions. The dynamic modulus of wet and dry wool were measured (at 116 Hz., 25(DEGREES)C.) in the Hookean and Yield regions and compared by viscoelastic transformation with published results obtained on a different time scale. Wool, in the Hookean region, is linear viscoelastic up to about 1\% strain; beyond that, non-linear phenomena prevail, and a non-linear mechanism is proposed which explains the change in dynamic modulus with extension in terms of a stress transfer from the microfibrils to the thixotropic matrix. The mechanism enables calculation of dynamic moduli for the different components of a wool fibre during extension. Measurement of the dynamic modulus in wool fibres set in boiling water at 10\% strain for different time periods shows progressive damage to the crystalline microfibrillar portion of the fibre with time, but very little modification to the amorphous matrix. The dynamic modulus of wool was measured in aqueous HC1 at pH1 and in the presence of alcohols. Water does not interfere with the microfibrils, but acid and the alcohols do interact with these ordered structures. HC1 weakens the microfibrils by about 50\%. These plasticizers wash out without leaving any measureable change. Their influence on the matrix is, also, one of weakening, which depends upon the particular plasticizer or combination of plasticizers in use.}, keywords = {0994:Textile research, Applied sciences, Textile research}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303314631?accountid=14270}, author = {DUBRO, DENNIS WAYNE} } @article {3769, title = {Atypical rotaviruses in pigs and cattle.}, journal = {The Veterinary Record}, volume = {114}, number = {1}, year = {1984}, pages = {16{\textendash}17}, author = {Chasey, D and Davies, P} } @article {4659, title = {Characterization of adenovirus isolates from AIDS patients}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, volume = {437}, year = {1984}, pages = {161-174}, author = {Horwitz, MS and Valderrama, G and Hatcher, V and Korn, R and deJong, P and Spigland, I} } @article {15558, title = {Chronobiological aspects of the host-parasite relationships between Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni: cercarial production and infectivity, and growth kinetics of the host}, journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, year = {1984}, note = {Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
United states}, month = {Sep}, pages = {209-13}, keywords = {Animals, Biomphalaria/growth \& development/*parasitology, Host-Parasite Interactions, Periodicity, Schistosoma mansoni/*growth \& development}, isbn = {0022-2011 (Print)
0022-2011 (Linking)}, author = {Th{\'e}ron, A. and Mon{\'e}, H.} } @article {4347, title = {{Coliphages as indicators of enteroviruses.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, month = {sep}, pages = {668{\textendash}70}, abstract = {

Coliphages were monitored in conjunction with indicator bacteria and enteroviruses in a drinking-water plant modified to reduce trihalomethane production. Coliphages could be detected in the source water by direct inoculation, and sufficient coliphages were detected in enterovirus concentrates to permit following the coliphage levels through different water treatment processes. The recovery efficiency by different filter types ranged from 1 to 53{\%}. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that enterovirus isolates were better correlated with coliphages than with total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, or standard plate count organisms. Coliphages were not detected in finished water.

}, keywords = {Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae: isolation {\&} purification, enterovirus, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Feces, Feces: microbiology, Streptococcus, Streptococcus: isolation {\&} purification, Water Microbiology, Water Supply}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=241584{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Stetler, R E} } @inbook {16905, title = {Coliphages as indicators of enteroviruses.}, booktitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, pages = {668{\textendash}670}, author = {Stetler, Ronald E} } @article {3895, title = {A community waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak: evidence for rotavirus as the agent.}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, pages = {263{\textendash}265}, author = {R S Hopkins and G B Gaspard and Williams, FP Jr and R J Karlin and Cukor, G and N R Blacklow} } @article {3739, title = {Comparison of atypical rotaviruses from calves, piglets, lambs and man.}, journal = {The Journal of General Virology}, volume = {65 ( Pt 5)}, year = {1984}, pages = {909{\textendash}914}, abstract = {

Some rotaviruses from calves, piglets, and lambs were detected by electron microscopic examination of faeces but not by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay which relies on detection of group antigen. On further examination by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, these viruses had 11 segments of \{\{\}dsRNA,\{\}\} as had typical rotaviruses, but arranged in atypical patterns. From humans, three rotaviruses with atypical electrophoretypes were also detected. Gnotobiotic animals were infected with atypical calf, piglet and lamb rotaviruses, and used to provide antigen and antiserum for an immunofluorescent comparison of these rotaviruses with conventional rotaviruses and other previously described atypical rotaviruses from piglets and chickens. Two atypical rotaviruses from humans failed to infect gnotobiotic piglets. The atypical rotaviruses could be tentatively categorized into two groups serologically distinct from each other and from conventional rotaviruses, and these distinctions were consistent with electrophoretypes . The atypical chicken rotavirus may form a fourth distinct group. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that rotaviruses belong to at least four separate groups definable by serology and electrophoretype .

}, author = {Snodgrass, D R and Herring, A J and Campbell, I and Inglis, J M and Hargreaves, F D} } @article {2758, title = {Detection of enteric viruses in treated drinking water.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, year = {1984}, pages = {1290-1294}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Keswick, Bruce H and Gerba, Charles P and DuPont, Herbert L and Rose, Joan B} } @article {4226, title = {{Differentiation of Bacteroides ovatus and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron by means of bacteriophage.}}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, year = {1984}, month = {dec}, pages = {1122{\textendash}5}, abstract = {

Two members of the Bacteroides fragilis group, B. ovatus and B. thetaiotaomicron, are difficult to distinguish by biochemical methods. They are currently identified on the basis of their variable ability to ferment salicin. We studied a method of identification for these two species by using cell lysis by bacteriophages. A total of 38 bacteriophages were used to distinguish the two species. Identification by bacteriophages was compared with species identification by prereduced anaerobically sterilized biochemical testing with salicin as the differentiating test. A total of 215 clinical isolates biochemically identified as B. ovatus or B. thetaiotaomicron were tested. A total of 100{\%} of the strains identified as B. ovatus by bacteriophages produced strong acid in salicin (pH less than or equal to 5.4). However, 40{\%} of the strains identified as B. thetaiotaomicron by bacteriophages also produced strong acid in salicin, and an additional 39{\%} produced weak acid (pH 5.5 to 5.7). This study demonstrates that salicin fermentation is an inadequate test for the differentiation of B. ovatus and B. thetaiotaomicron.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophage Typing, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Bacteroides, Bacteroides: classification}, issn = {0095-1137}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=271530{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Cooper, S W and Szymczak, E G and Jacobus, N V and Tally, F P} } @article {12565, title = {Effect of chlorination on antibiotic resistance profiles of sewage-related bacteria}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiologyApplied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, year = {1984}, pages = {73-77}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Murray, GE and Tobin, Richard S and Junkins, B and Kushner, DJ} } @article {3868, title = {Effect of relative humidity on the airborne survival of rotavirus SA11.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, year = {1984}, pages = {879{\textendash}881}, author = {Sattar, S A and Ijaz, M K and Johnson-Lussenburg, C M and Springthorpe, V S} } @article {7025, title = {Endemic {Campylobacter} jejuni infection in {Colorado}: identified risk factors.}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, pages = {249{\textendash}250}, url = {http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.74.3.249}, author = {Hopkins, Richard S. and Olmsted, Russell and Istre, Gregory R.} } @article {4454, title = {Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: report of an outbreak in an ophthalmology practice and recommendations for prevention}, journal = {Infection Control}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, year = {1984}, pages = {390{\textendash}4}, issn = {0195-9417 (Print) 0195-9417 (Linking)}, author = {Buehler, J. W. and Finton, R. J. and Goodman, R. A. and Choi, K. and Hierholzer, J. C. and Sikes, R. K. and Elsea, W. R.} } @article {508, title = {Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: report of an outbreak in an ophthalmology practice and recommendations for prevention}, journal = {Infect Control}, volume = {5}, number = {8}, year = {1984}, note = {Buehler, J W Finton, R J Goodman, R A Choi, K Hierholzer, J C Sikes, R K Elsea, W R Journal Article United states Infect Control. 1984 Aug;5(8):390-4.}, pages = {390-4}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In Fall 1981, an outbreak of acute infectious conjunctivitis with keratitis (EKC) occurred in patients who had visited a private ophthalmology clinic just prior to onset of illness. Among an estimated 2,200 patient visits to the office from August 10 to October 15, 1981 for problems unrelated to infectious conjunctivitis, 39 (1.8\%) persons subsequently developed EKC. The median incubation period was 6.5 days (range, 1 to 14 days). A case-control study was done to identify risk factors associated with contracting EKC; patients with EKC were more likely than control patients to have been examined by one or the other of two of the four ophthalmologists at the clinic and to have undergone procedures such as tonometry or foreign body removal. Adenovirus was isolated from conjunctival swabs from four of five persons with conjunctivitis; three were type 8 and one was type 7. Recognition of the problem and improved handwashing practices were associated with terminating the outbreak. This outbreak illustrates the potential for transmission of adenovirus infection during the provision of eye care. Infection control practitioners should be familiar with measures for the prevention of such infections among ophthalmology patients.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/*epidemiology Adenovirus Infections, Human/*epidemiology/transmission Adolescent Adult Aged Child Child, Ocular/instrumentation, Preschool Disease Outbreaks/*epidemiology Female Georgia Hand Disinfection Humans Keratoconjunctivitis/*epidemiology/transmission Male Middle Aged *Office Visits *Ophthalmology Risk Tonometry}, issn = {0195-9417 (Print) 0195-9417}, author = {Buehler, J. W. and Finton, R. J. and Goodman, R. A. and Choi, K. and Hierholzer, J. C. and Sikes, R. K. and Elsea, W. R.} } @mastersthesis {6214, title = {{EVALUATION} {OF} {CARE} {PROCEDURES} {OF} {ALL}-{COTTON} {SWEATERS} {UNDER} {THE} {AMENDED} {CARE} {LABELING} {RULE}}, year = {1984}, note = {8509224}, school = {Texas Woman{\textquoteright}s University}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to evaluate permanent care instructions on all-cotton sweaters and to develop and evaluate a refurbishing procedure that would be satisfactory. Ten different care labels currently on all-cotton sweaters were selected. Instructions varied in water temperature, and/or washing and drying method. Seven women{\textquoteright}s sweaters were purchased of each of the ten care labels. Three sweaters for each label were used in Phase I and II. One sweater of each was reversed for a control. Sweaters varied in color, design, gauge, knit construction, brand and price. Sweaters in Phase I were refurbished 15 times according to the care lable. In Phase II, sweaters were refurbished as follows: MACHINE WASH COLD, KNIT OR GENTLE CYCLE, TUMBLE DRY, LOW HEAT. All dark and bright colored sweaters were laundered inside out. Sweaters were evaluated in both phases for color difference, dimensional stability, durable press appearance, seam appearance, snags and broken yarn count after 1, 5, 10 and 15 launderings. Consumer acceptance of hand and general appearance (color, shape, wrinkling and pilling) were evaluated after 15 launderings. A two-factor analysis of variance and a Newman-Keuls Mutiple Range Test were used to analyze the data. Only three of the ten groups showed a significant difference between phases in color difference. Generally, sweaters in Phase I had less dimensional change in length dimensions when machine washed and dried flat rather than when hand washed and dried flat, or machine washed and tumble dried. Machine dried sweaters tended to shrink and the hand wash sweaters stretched. In Phase II, sweaters with jacquard or raschel knit construction showed greater shrinkage than the jersey knit sweaters. Evaluations for durable press, seam appearance, snagging, broken yarns and pilling were satisfactory in both phases. Three groups were significantly "softer" when tumble dried in Phase II. The hypothesis, that there would be no significant differences between means of evaluations determined in Phase I and Phase II, was rejected for all groups except one. Of the nine categories compared (color difference, dimensional stability of six areas, hand and general appearance), six care label groups had significant differences between phases in three or less areas, and one had no significant differences.}, keywords = {0386:Home economics, Health and environmental sciences, Home economics}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303348371?accountid=14270}, author = {DeVries, Dianne Kay} } @mastersthesis {6478, title = {{EVALUATION} {OF} {REDUCED} {WASHING} {AND} {HOT} {PACKING} {AS} {SHELF}-{LIFE} {EXTENDERS} {OF} {CREAMED} {COTTAGE} {CHEESE}}, year = {1984}, note = {8515149}, school = {Louisiana State University and Agricultural \& Mechanical College}, type = {phdPh.{D}.}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {Cottage cheese coagulum, formed by direct acidification of 189 liters of 12.00\% reconstituted nonfat dry milk (NFDM), was cut, cooked and drained. Without washing, curd was creamed with hot dressing, held for various times to allow cream absorption, packaged, cooled and stored at 5(DEGREES)C. Dressing temperatures of 60, 71 or 82(DEGREES)C and holding times of 0, 30 or 60 min were investigated in order to determine the best combination for unwashed curd. Such parameters as yield, curd-to-cream ratio, amount of free cream, total solids, fat, microbiology, organoleptic properties and shelf-life were used to evaluate creamed unwashed cottage cheese quality. No-washing treatment resulted in good yields and high total solids, but all combinations of dressing temperatures and holding times were not considerably different in cheese quality. However, organoleptic properties were comparable to those found in conventional cheese, but shelf-life was much longer. The combination of 71(DEGREES)C dressing and zero-holding was selected as most suitable for unwashed curd. Samples from this combination attained a 47d shelf-life, while receiving flavor ratings of 7.0 (1-10 scale) at 0d, 7.0 at 7d, 6.8 at 14d, 6.3 at 21d and 5.3 at shelf-life. On using 71(DEGREES)C dressing and zero-holding combination in conjunction with different curd forming methods, cheese quality was not significantly different. However, samples from hot dressing were much better in some attributes than their conventional counterparts. Hot packed samples attained 50d shelf-life, whereas control (conventional) cheese barely survived 35d. Comparisons involving zero, one and two washes with the combination showed that zero wash samples were not different from one wash in flavor, but were somehow lower than two washes. One and two washes were not different flavorwise. Cheese treated with 71(DEGREES)C dressing containing added starter distillate received higher flavor ratings than untreated samples through 35d during storage, thenceforth scores were about the same through shelf-life.}, keywords = {0359:Food Science, Biological sciences, Food Science}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/303305273?accountid=14270}, author = {OAMEN, EDWARD E} } @article {11853, title = {{Experimental Infection to Japanese men with Diphyllobothrium latum (Linn{\'e}, 1758) from Finland}}, journal = {Yonago Acta Medica}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, year = {1984}, pages = {19{\textendash}30}, author = {Yazaki, Seiichi and Kamo, Hajime and Kawasaki, Hironaka and Yamane, Yosuke} } @article {15521, title = {A field-evolved differential filtration method for recovery of schistosome cercariae}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {78}, number = {2}, year = {1984}, note = {Prentice, M A
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
ENGLAND
1984/04/01
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1984 Apr;78(2):117-27.}, month = {Apr}, pages = {117-27}, abstract = {Modifications to Theron {\textquoteright}s (1979) differential filtration technique are described which improve both sensitivity and reliability. Following pre-filtration to remove larger debris and some plankton, the sample is formalized; constant stirring prevents losses due to the cercarial stickiness normally caused by the fixation process. Once fixed, Schistosoma mansoni cercariae are reliably retained and well displayed on nylon monofilament cloth of 50 micrometers pore size. Such a coarse recovery filter permits very large samples to be processed and results in filters which are easy to read. Field comparison showed the method improved sensitivity by a factor of more than 20 times and laboratory evaluation indicated a recovery rate of over 80\%.}, keywords = {*Fresh Water, *Water, Animals, Filtration/instrumentation/*methods, Schistosoma mansoni/*isolation \& purification}, isbn = {0003-4983 (Print)
0003-4983 (Linking)}, author = {Prentice, M. A.} } @article {11626, title = {{The finding of eggs of Diphyllobothrium in human coprolites (4, 100-1,950 B.C.) from northern Chile}}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {79}, year = {1984}, pages = {175{\textendash}180}, author = {Ferreira, L F and Ara{\'u}jo, A J G and Confalonieri, U E C and Nu{\~n}ez, L} } @article {11759, title = {{Fish tapeworm, a disappearing health problem in Finland}}, journal = {Scandinavian journal of social medicine}, volume = {12}, year = {1984}, pages = {3{\textendash}5}, author = {Raisanen, S and Puska, P} } @article {10943, title = {Gastrografin treatment of intestinal obstruction due to ascaris lumbricoides}, journal = {Journal of Pediatric Surgery}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {1984}, pages = {174{\textendash}176}, abstract = {Gastrografin was used to relieve subacute intestinal obstruction due to Ascaris lumbricoides in children. This hyperosmolar and wetting agent proved to be highly efficient to achieve this goal. Statistical evaluation of the hospital stay and first bowel action showed a significant difference between the treated {\textquotedblleft}gastrografin group{\textquotedblright} and the untreated by gastrografin {\textquotedblleft}control group,{\textquotedblright} in favor of the {\textquotedblleft}gastrografin group.{\textquotedblright} Our data strongly suggest the use of Gastrografin in subacute intestinal obstruction due to Ascaris lumbricoides. This treatment should be instituted provided the patient has been adequately hydrated prior to administration.}, keywords = {Ascaris intestinal obstruction, gastrografin treatment}, issn = {0022-3468}, doi = {10.1016/S0022-3468(84)80442-X}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002234688480442X}, author = {Bar-Maor, J.A. and de Carvalho, J.L.A.F. and Chappell, J.} } @article {15107, title = {Gastrografin treatment of intestinal obstruction due to {Ascaris} lumbricoides}, journal = {Journal of Paediatric Surgery}, volume = {19}, year = {1984}, pages = {174{\textendash}176}, author = {Bar-Maor, J. A. and Carvalio, De and A, J. L. and Chappell, J.} } @inbook {10539, title = {{Genus Photobacterium}}, booktitle = {Bergey{\textquoteright}s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology}, year = {1984}, pages = {539{\textendash}545}, publisher = {The Williams and Wilkins Co.}, organization = {The Williams and Wilkins Co.}, edition = {Vol. 1}, address = {Baltimore}, author = {Baumann, P and Baumann, L}, editor = {Krieg, NR and Holt, JC} } @article {2973, title = {[{Hepatic} hydatidosis associated with a probable immune deficiency]}, journal = {Presse M{\'e}dicale (Paris, France: 1983)}, volume = {13}, number = {32}, year = {1984}, month = {sep}, pages = {1965}, keywords = {Echinococcosis, Female, Hepatic, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Immunosuppression}, issn = {0755-4982}, author = {Capdevielle, P.} } @article {15348, title = {Immune responses and immunoregulation in relation to human schistosomiasis in Egypt. II. Cimetidine reversal of histamine-mediated suppression of antigen-induced blastogenesis}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {133}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, note = {Barsoum, I S
Dahawi, H S
Gamil, F M
Habib, M
El Alamy, M A
Colley, D G
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
Baltimore, Md. : 1950
1984/09/01
J Immunol. 1984 Sep;133(3):1576-80.}, month = {Sep}, pages = {1576-80}, abstract = {The effect of histamine on cell-mediated immune responses of chronic schistosomiasis patients was tested by peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMN) reactions to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) and soluble schistosomal antigenic preparations derived from eggs (SEA) or adult worms (SWAP). PBMN responses to PHA were suppressed by exogenous histamine (10(-5)M), and the addition of cimetidine (CIM) (10(-4)M), an H2-receptor antagonist, reversed this suppressive effect. Histamine primarily suppressed PBMN responses to suboptimal and optimal PHA concentrations. Exogenous histamine (10(-5)M) also suppressed PBMN responses of 27 schistosomiasis patients to SEA and SWAP, respectively. The addition of CIM (10(-4)M) to suppressed cultures reversed the effect of exogenous histamine. Most importantly, the addition of CIM to schistosomal antigen-induced cultures, without exogenous histamine, significantly increased patients{\textquoteright} PBMN responses to SEA and SWAP. The mean optimal increase in SEA responses of 19 patients was 390\%. With SWAP-induced responses of 21 patients this increase was 165\%. The use of 10(-4)M diphenhydramine (DPH), an H1-receptor antagonist, resulted in general suppression of both PHA-induced and schistosomal antigen-induced PBMN responses. Lower concentrations of DPH lead to variable responses but did not result in consistent abrogation of the histamine-induced suppression. These data imply that an histamine-induced, H2-receptor-mediated suppressor circuit often helps modulate antigen-specific responsiveness of PBMN from patients with chronic schistosomiasis.}, keywords = {Adult, Antigens/immunology, Cimetidine/*pharmacology, Egypt, Female, Histamine/*pharmacology, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents/*pharmacology, Larva/immunology, Lymphocyte Activation/*drug effects, Ovum/immunology, Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacology, Schistosoma haematobium/immunology, Schistosoma mansoni/immunology, Schistosomiasis/*immunology}, isbn = {0022-1767 (Print)
0022-1767 (Linking)}, author = {Barsoum, I. S. and Dahawi, H. S. and Gamil, F. M. and Habib, M. and El Alamy, M. A. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {7017, title = {Importance of enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, pages = {365{\textendash}372}, url = {http://jcm.asm.org/content/20/3/365.short}, author = {Uhnoo, I. and Wadell, G. and Svensson, L. and Johansson, M. E.} } @article {575, title = {Importance of enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, note = {Uhnoo, I Wadell, G Svensson, L Johansson, M E Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United states Journal of clinical microbiology}, pages = {365-72}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In a prospective 1-year study of acute infantile gastroenteritis, adenoviruses were detected in the stools or by seroconversions, or both, in 56 of 416 (13.5\%) ill children. By use of DNA restriction enzyme analysis, enzyme immunoassay, and culture techniques, 33 of 56 (59\%) adenovirus specimens were identified as enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 (Ad40 and Ad41). They were found as the sole recognizable cause of diarrhea in 30 of 416 (7.2\%) ill children and in 0 of 200 controls. Three additional ill children had enteric adenoviruses as a part of a dual infection. Evidence for established adenoviruses (Ad1 through Ad39) in gastroenteritis was found in 15 of 416 (3.6\%) ill children but also in 3 of 200 (1.5\%) controls. Eight adenovirus specimens remained untyped. Seroconversions were demonstrated in 17 of 18 (94\%) paired serum samples from patients shedding enteric adenoviruses. The predominant symptom of infections with enteric adenoviruses was diarrhea, with a mean duration of 8.6 days (Ad40) and 12.2 days (Ad41). One-third of the children with Ad41 infections had prolonged symptoms (greater than or equal to 14 days). The frequency of respiratory symptoms was low (21\%). The established adenoviruses presented a different clinical picture, characterized by diarrhea of shorter duration, higher fever, and significantly increased occurrence of respiratory symptoms (79\%). In conclusion, enteric adenoviruses appear to be an important cause of acute infantile gastroenteritis, second only to rotaviruses in this study.}, keywords = {Acute Disease Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification Adenoviridae Infections/ etiology Adenovirus Infections, Electron Prospective Studies Rotavirus/immunology Seasons Sex Factors, Human/blood/ etiology Adolescent Age Factors Antibodies, Newborn Male Microscopy, Preschool DNA, Viral/analysis Antigens, Viral/analysis Child Child, Viral/analysis Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Feces/microbiology Female Gastroenteritis/ etiology Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests Humans Infant Infant}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Uhnoo, I. and Wadell, G. and Svensson, L. and Johansson, M. E.} } @article {4618, title = {Importance of enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, pages = {365{\textendash}72}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Uhnoo, I. and Wadell, G. and Svensson, L. and Johansson, M. E.} } @article {4164, title = {{Inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts with ozone}}, journal = {Appl. Environ. Microbiol}, volume = {48}, year = {1984}, pages = {671{\textendash}672}, author = {Wickramanayake, GB and Rubin, AJ and Sproul, OJ} } @article {5020, title = {Infection and re-infection rates of opisthorchiasis in the water resource development area of Nam Pong project, Khon Kaen Province, northeast Thailand}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {78}, year = {1984}, pages = {649{\textendash}656}, author = {Sornmani, S and Vivatanasesth, P and Impand, P and Phatihatakorn, W and Sitabutra, P and Schelp, FP} } @inbook {11083, title = {Influence of sewage sludge with and without lime treatment on the development of {Ascaris} suum eggs}, year = {1984}, pages = {100{\textendash}110}, publisher = {Elsevier Applied Science Publishers}, organization = {Elsevier Applied Science Publishers}, address = {London}, author = {Schuh, R. and Philipp, W. and Strauch, D.}, editor = {Strauch, D. and Havelaar, A. H. and L{\textquoteright}Hermite, P.} } @article {1783, title = {Isolation of enteroviruses from water, suspended solids, and sediments from Galveston Bay: survival of poliovirus and rotavirus adsorbed to sediments}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, year = {1984}, note = {Rao, V C Seidel, K M Goyal, S M Metcalf, T G Melnick, J L eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1984/08/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984 Aug;48(2):404-9.}, pages = {404-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The distribution and quantitation of enteroviruses among water, suspended solids, and compact sediments in a polluted estuary are described. Samples were collected sequentially from water, suspended solids, fluffy sediments (uppermost layer of bottom sediments), and compact sediment. A total of 103 samples were examined of which 27 (26\%) were positive for virus. Polioviruses were recovered most often, followed by coxsackie B viruses and echoviruses 7 and 29. Virus was found most often attached to suspended solids: 72\% of these samples were positive, whereas only 14\% of water samples without solids yielded virus. Fluffy sediments yielded virus in 47\% of the samples, whereas only 5\% of compact bottom-sediment samples were positive. When associated with solids, poliovirus and rotavirus retained their infectious quality for 19 days. The same viruses remained infectious for only 9 days when freely suspended in seawater. Collection of suspended solids at ambient water pH appears to be very useful for the detection of virus; it has advantages over collecting and processing large volumes of water, with accompanying pH adjustment and salt addition for processing.}, keywords = {Animals Cells, Cultured Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Fresh Water Kidney Macaca mulatta Poliovirus/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification Rotavirus/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6091548}, author = {Rao, V. C. and Seidel, K. M. and Goyal, S. M. and Metcalf, T. G. and Melnick, J. L.} } @article {13446, title = {La fascioliasis en Jamaica: aspectos epidemiologicos y economicos de una zoonosis parasitaria transmitida por caracoles}, journal = {Boleton de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana}, volume = {96}, number = {1}, year = {1984}, pages = {1-19}, author = {Bundy, D. A. P. and Arambulo III , P. V. and Grey, C. L.} } @article {10153, title = {{Methanogens and anaerobes in a colon segment isolated from the normal fecal stream}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, year = {1984}, pages = {449{\textendash}450}, author = {Miller, TL and Weaver, GA and Wolin, MJ} } @article {4255, title = {{A method for the enumeration of male-specific bacteriophages in sewage.}}, journal = {The Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, month = {jun}, pages = {439{\textendash}47}, abstract = {

Male-specific bacteriophages adsorb to F-pili and thus can only infect male host strains. A method was developed for the selective enumeration of these phages, based on the observation that in sewage there are few phages capable of infecting F- -salmonellas\–usually less than 10 pfu/ml. Using a male Salmonella strain, constructed by the introduction of the plasmid F\&$\#$39;42 lac::Tn5 into Salmonella typhimurium phage type 3, plaque counts in secondary effluent were found to be in the range of 60-8200 pfu/ml. Practically all the phages detected had a host range restricted to male Salmonella or Escherichia coli strains, were resistant to chloroform and their infectivity was inhibited by RNase. Electron microscopy of lysates revealed phage particles that were morphologically identical to the male-specific single-strand RNA phages. Similar results were obtained with a strain of Salm. indiana carrying F\&$\#$39;42 lac. A derivative of the Salm. typhimurium LT2 strain carrying an F-plasmid (F\&$\#$39;42 lac fin P301) derepressed for fertility inhibition by the resident plasmid pSLT was equally sensitive to male-specific phages, but from sewage samples many other phages infecting F- E. coli but not F- Salmonella were isolated using this host strain.

}, keywords = {Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli, F Factor, Salmonella, Sewage, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0021-8847}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6378873}, author = {Havelaar, A H and Hogeboom, W M} } @article {17092, title = {A method for the enumeration of male-specific bacteriophages in sewage}, journal = {Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, pages = {439{\textendash}447}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Havelaar, AH and Hogeboom, WM} } @article {10624, title = {{Microbiological effects of wastewater effluent discharge into coastal waters of Puerto Rico}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {18}, year = {1984}, pages = {613{\textendash}619}, author = {Grimes, DJ and Singleton, FL and Stemmler, J and Palmer, LM and Brayton, P and Colwell, RR} } @article {17398, title = {A modified medium for Salmonella-isolation by the selective motility test}, journal = {Zentralbl Veterinarmed BZentralbl Veterinarmed B}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {1984}, month = {Jun}, pages = {396-9}, keywords = {*Culture Media, Animals, Bacteriological Techniques/*veterinary, Movement, Salmonella/*isolation \& purification/physiology}, isbn = {0514-7166 (Print)
0514-7166 (Linking)}, author = {Svastova, A. and Skalka, B. and Smola, J.} } @booklet {10476, title = {{Norma Chilena Oficial 409/1.Of.84. Drinking Water - Part 1: Requirements}}, year = {1984} } @article {3684, title = {Occurrence of rota- and enteroviruses in drinking and environmental water in a developing nation.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, year = {1984}, pages = {567{\textendash}571}, author = {Deetz, T and Smith, E and Goyal, M and Gerba, C and Vollet, J and Tsai, L and DuPont, H and Keswick, B} } @article {12760, title = {{Paragonimus westermani: life cycle, intermediate hosts, transmission to man and geographical distribution in Korea}}, journal = {Arzneimittel Forschung - Drug Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {1984}, pages = {1180{\textendash}1183}, author = {Kim, DC} } @article {14557, title = {Penetration of different human pathogenic viruses into sand columns percolated with distilled water, groundwater, or wastewater}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {47}, year = {1984}, month = {feb}, pages = {409{\textendash}15}, abstract = {The adsorption of several enteroviruses and rotavirus SA11 to sand from an aquifer in the Federal Republic of Germany was estimated in sand-filled columns loaded with ca. 10(7) PFU and run at a velocity of 2.5 m/day for 12 h. After either distilled water, groundwater, secondary effluent, or tertiary effluent was percolated, the sand core was slowly extruded out of the column and cut in 1-cm slices. The slices were eluted with nutrient broth, and the amount of viruses in the broth was estimated. The best adsorption was promoted by groundwater and tertiary effluent, followed by distilled water and secondary effluent. Similar experiments, carried out at different percolation rates, indicated that a 50-day underground stay of recharged water probably suffices to eliminate viruses in the groundwater-recharged tertiary effluent. However, when viruses and sand were incubated in the presence of the surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate, nonyl phenol, dodigen 226, or alkylbenzylsulfonate, the adsorption of the viruses was substantially diminished. Experiments in the presence of nonyl phenol seem to indicate that hydrophobic interactions are involved in the adsorption of viruses to sand.}, keywords = {*Silicon Dioxide, *Water, Adsorption, Enterovirus/*physiology, Filtration, Fluid/*methods, Magnesium/pharmacology, Rotavirus/*physiology, Sewage/*methods, Surface-Active Agents/pharmacology, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Dizer, H. and Nasser, A. and Lopez, J. M.} } @article {14919, title = {Penetration of different human pathogenic viruses into sand columns percolated with distilled water, groundwater, or wastewater}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {47}, year = {1984}, month = {feb}, pages = {409{\textendash}15}, abstract = {The adsorption of several enteroviruses and rotavirus SA11 to sand from an aquifer in the Federal Republic of Germany was estimated in sand-filled columns loaded with ca. 10(7) PFU and run at a velocity of 2.5 m/day for 12 h. After either distilled water, groundwater, secondary effluent, or tertiary effluent was percolated, the sand core was slowly extruded out of the column and cut in 1-cm slices. The slices were eluted with nutrient broth, and the amount of viruses in the broth was estimated. The best adsorption was promoted by groundwater and tertiary effluent, followed by distilled water and secondary effluent. Similar experiments, carried out at different percolation rates, indicated that a 50-day underground stay of recharged water probably suffices to eliminate viruses in the groundwater-recharged tertiary effluent. However, when viruses and sand were incubated in the presence of the surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate, nonyl phenol, dodigen 226, or alkylbenzylsulfonate, the adsorption of the viruses was substantially diminished. Experiments in the presence of nonyl phenol seem to indicate that hydrophobic interactions are involved in the adsorption of viruses to sand.}, keywords = {*Silicon Dioxide, *Water, Adsorption, Enterovirus/*physiology, Filtration, Fluid/*methods, Magnesium/pharmacology, Rotavirus/*physiology, Sewage/*methods, Surface-Active Agents/pharmacology, Waste Disposal}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Dizer, H. and Nasser, A. and Lopez, J. M.} } @article {11213, title = {{Prevalence and survival of Toxocara canis eggs in the urban environment of Perth, Australia}}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {16}, number = {3-4}, year = {1984}, pages = {303{\textendash}311}, doi = {10.1016/0304-4017(84)90048-7}, author = {Dunsmore, J D and Thompson, R C A and Bates, I A} } @article {4452, title = {Rapid presumptive recognition of diarrhea-associated adenoviruses}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {1984}, pages = {1008{\textendash}9}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Brandt, C. D. and Rodriguez, W. J. and Kim, H. W. and Arrobio, J. O. and Jeffries, B. C. and Parrott, R. H.} } @article {507, title = {Rapid presumptive recognition of diarrhea-associated adenoviruses}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {1984}, note = {Brandt, C D Rodriguez, W J Kim, H W Arrobio, J O Jeffries, B C Parrott, R H AI 17757/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S. United states Journal of clinical microbiology}, pages = {1008-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The quantity of adenoviruses in a diarrhea stool provided a strong presumptive indication of the presence or absence of an adenovirus from subgenus F or G (proposed species 40 or 41). These adenoviruses were found in the stools of 91\% of 56 acutely ill diarrhea patients with one or more than one adenovirus particle per min of direct electron microscopic viewing, as compared with 40\% of 20 acutely ill diarrhea patients with less than one detected adenovirus particle per min of viewing.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Human/ isolation \& purification Diarrhea/ etiology Feces/microbiology Humans}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, author = {Brandt, C. D. and Rodriguez, W. J. and Kim, H. W. and Arrobio, J. O. and Jeffries, B. C. and Parrott, R. H.} } @article {11254, title = {{Repeated patent infection of adult dogs with Toxocara canis}}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {58}, number = {04}, year = {1984}, pages = {327}, doi = {10.1017/s0022149x00025219}, author = {Maizels, R M and Meghji, M} } @inbook {8942, title = {Resistance of cysts to disinfection agents}, booktitle = {Giardia and Giardiasis}, year = {1984}, pages = {311-328}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, type = {Book Section}, author = {Jarroll, Edward L. and Hoff, John C. and Meyer, Ernest A.} } @article {6139, title = {A review of the toxicity of twelve fluorescent dyes used for water tracing}, journal = {National Speleological Society Bulletin}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, year = {1984}, pages = {21{\textendash}33}, author = {Smart, Peter L} } @article {1588, title = {Round robin investigation of methods for recovering human enteric viruses from sludge}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, note = {Goyal, S M Schaub, S A Wellings, F M Berman, D Glass, J S Hurst, C J Brashear, D A Sorber, C A Moore, B E Bitton, G eng Comparative Study Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1984/09/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984 Sep;48(3):531-8.}, pages = {531-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {To select a tentative standard method for detection of viruses in sludge the American Society for Testing and Materials D19:24:04:04 Subcommittee Task Group initiated round robin comparative testing of two procedures that, after initial screening of several methodologies, were found to meet the basic criteria considered essential by the task group. Eight task group member laboratories agreed to perform round robin testing of the two candidate methods, namely, The Environmental Protection Agency or low pH-AlCl3 method and the Glass or sonication-extraction method. Five different types of sludge were tested. For each particular type of sludge, a single laboratory was designated to collect the sludge in a single sampling, make samples, and ship it to the participating laboratories. In most cases, participating laboratories completed all the tests within 48 h of sample arrival. To establish the reproducibility of the methods, each laboratory tested each sludge sample in triplicate for the two candidate virus methods. Each processed sludge sample was quantitatively assayed for viruses by the procedures of each individual round robin laboratory. To attain a more uniform standard of comparison, a sample of each processed sample from all laboratories was reassayed with one cell line and passage number by a single laboratory (Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio). When the data were statistically analyzed, the Environmental Protection Agency method was found to yield slightly higher virus recoveries for all sludge types, except the dewatered sludge. The precisions of both methods were not significantly different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, keywords = {Aluminum *Aluminum Compounds Analysis of Variance *Chlorides Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Microbiological Techniques/standards *Sewage Sonication}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6093689}, author = {Goyal, S. M. and Schaub, S. A. and Wellings, F. M. and Berman, D. and Glass, J. S. and Hurst, C. J. and Brashear, D. A. and Sorber, C. A. and Moore, B. E. and Bitton, G. and et al.} } @article {3232, title = {{Round robin investigation of methods for recovering human enteric viruses from sludge}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, pages = {531{\textendash}538}, issn = {00992240}, author = {Goyal, S. M. and Schaub, S. A. and Wellings, F. M. and Berman, D. and Glass, J. S. and Hurst, C. J. and Brashear, D. A. and Sorber, C. A. and Moore, B. E. and Bitton, G.} } @article {15211, title = {Sanitation and {Disease}-{Health} {Aspects} of {Excreta} and {Waste}-water {Management}}, journal = {JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {1984}, pages = {803{\textendash}803}, author = {Atlas, Ronald M} } @article {12862, title = {Sanitation and Disease-Health Aspects of Excreta and Waste-water Management}, journal = {JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, year = {1984}, pages = {803{\textendash}803}, publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, author = {Atlas, Ronald M} } @article {3878, title = {Seasonal occurrence of rotavirus in sewage.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, pages = {588{\textendash}590}, author = {Hejkal, TW and Smith, EM and C P Gerba} } @article {10938, title = {Selective {Primary} {Health} {Care}: {Strategies} for {Control} of {Disease} in the {Developing} {World}. {XII}. {Ascariasis} and {Trichuriasis}}, journal = {Reviews of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, pages = {364{\textendash}373}, abstract = {Ascariasis and trichuriasis are the most prevalent and widespread intestinal helminthiases. Transmission of disease occurs by ingestion or inhalation of Ascaris and Trichuris eggs embryonated in the soil. During the migration of Ascaris to the lungs, pneumonic symptoms may develop. The intestinal stage of the parasite can cause severe symptoms and complications when the worm burden is high. High numbers of Trichuris may cause diarrhea. The poor standard of hygiene, the biology of the parasite (which is such that a high number of very resistant eggs are produced), and the habits of the host (such as the use of night soil) are factors causing a high prevalence of infection in many countries in Asia, Africa, South America, and Europe. The mechanism of the transmission of Ascaris varies in different communities. The peak of infection is among children aged four to 14 years. Worm burden is normally low, and only a small segment of the population harbors a high proportion of the worms present in a community. Control of infections due to Ascaris and Trichuris is feasible by a combination of mass chemotherapy with the effective drugs now available, safe disposal of excreta, destruction of the eggs, and health education.}, issn = {01620886}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4453347}, author = {Arfaa, Fereydoun} } @article {15099, title = {Selective {Primary} {Health} care strategies for control of diseases in the developing world xii}, volume = {6}, year = {1984}, pages = {364{\textendash}73}, author = {Arfaa, F.} } @article {2365, title = {{Shiga-like toxin-converting phages from Escherichia coli strains that cause hemorrhagic colitis or infantile diarrhea.}}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {226}, number = {4675}, year = {1984}, month = {nov}, pages = {694{\textendash}6}, abstract = {Escherichia coli K-12 acquired the ability to produce a high titer of Shiga-like toxin after lysogenization by either of two different bacteriophages isolated from a highly toxinogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain that causes hemorrhagic colitis. One of these phages and another Shiga-like toxin-converting phage from an Escherichia coli O26 isolate associated with infantile diarrhea were closely related in terms of morphology, virion polypeptides, DNA restriction fragments, lysogenic immunity, and heat stability, although a difference in host range was noted. These phages are currently the best-characterized representatives from a broader family of Shiga-like toxin-converting phages.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: metabolism, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: metabolism, Colitis, Diarrhea, DNA, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: metabolism, Humans, Infantile, Infantile: microbiology, Rabbits, shiga toxins, Ulcerative, Ulcerative: microbiology, Viral, Viral: metabolism}, issn = {0036-8075}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6387911}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, A D and Newland, J W and Miller, S F and Holmes, R K and Smith, H W and Formal, S B} } @article {14173, title = {Shiga-like toxin-converting phages from {Escherichia} coli strains that cause hemorrhagic colitis or infantile diarrhea.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {226}, number = {4675}, year = {1984}, month = {nov}, pages = {694{\textendash}6}, abstract = {Escherichia coli K-12 acquired the ability to produce a high titer of Shiga-like toxin after lysogenization by either of two different bacteriophages isolated from a highly toxinogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain that causes hemorrhagic colitis. One of these phages and another Shiga-like toxin-converting phage from an Escherichia coli O26 isolate associated with infantile diarrhea were closely related in terms of morphology, virion polypeptides, DNA restriction fragments, lysogenic immunity, and heat stability, although a difference in host range was noted. These phages are currently the best-characterized representatives from a broader family of Shiga-like toxin-converting phages.}, keywords = {Animals, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: metabolism, Bacteriophages, Bacteriophages: metabolism, Colitis, Diarrhea, DNA, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: metabolism, Humans, Infantile, Infantile: microbiology, Rabbits, shiga toxins, Ulcerative, Ulcerative: microbiology, Viral, Viral: metabolism}, issn = {0036-8075}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6387911}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, A D and Newland, J W and Miller, S F and Holmes, R K and Smith, H W and Formal, S B} } @article {11968, title = {Studies of echovirus-12 in volunteers: determination of minimal infectious dose and the effect of previous infection on infectious dose}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {150}, number = {6}, year = {1984}, pages = {858-66}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899}, author = {Schiff, G. M. and Stefanovic, G. M. and Young, E. C. and Sander, D. S. and Pennekamp, J. K. and Ward, R. L.} } @article {17501, title = {{Survival of parasite eggs upon storage in sludge}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, year = {1984}, pages = {618{\textendash}625}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/aem.48.3.618-625.1984}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Donnell, C. J. and Meyer, K. B. and Jones, J. V. and Benton, T. and Kaneshiro, E. S. and Nichols, J. S. and Schaefer, F. W.} } @article {16881, title = {Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the Genus Enterococcus nom. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov.}, journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {1984}, pages = {31{\textendash}34}, publisher = {Microbiology Society}, author = {Schleifer, Karl H and Kilpper-B{\"a}lz, Renate} } @article {16629, title = {Transport and fate of microorganisms in porous media: a theoretical investigation}, journal = {Journal of Hydrology}, volume = {72}, number = {1-2}, year = {1984}, pages = {149{\textendash}169}, author = {M Y Corapcioglu and Haridas, A} } @inbook {12877, title = {Transport and fate of microorganisms in porous media: a theoretical investigation}, booktitle = {Journal of Hydrology}, volume = {72}, number = {1-2}, year = {1984}, pages = {149{\textendash}169}, author = {M Y Corapcioglu and Haridas, A} } @article {11094, title = {Treatment of 155 cases with biliary ascariasis with decoction of {Fructus} mume.}, journal = {Zhejiang Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine}, volume = {1}, year = {1984}, pages = {14}, author = {Yi, W.} } @article {11696, title = {{Two cases of human infection by adult of Spirometra erinacei}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, year = {1984}, pages = {66{\textendash}71}, author = {Lee, SH and Chai, JY and BS, Seo} } @article {11635, title = {{Una aproximaci{\'o}n ecol{\'o}gica al estudio del parasitismo en el congrio negro Genipterus maculatus (Tschudi) (Pisces: Ophidiidae)}}, journal = {Biologia Pesquera}, volume = {13}, year = {1984}, pages = {23{\textendash}30}, author = {George-Nascimento, M and Huet, B} } @article {13882, title = {{UNIDENTIFIED} {CURVED} {BACILLI} {IN} {THE} {STOMACH} {OF} {PATIENTS} {WITH} {GASTRITIS} {AND} {PEPTIC} {ULCERATION}}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {323}, number = {8390}, year = {1984}, month = {jun}, pages = {1311{\textendash}1315}, issn = {01406736}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6}, url = {http://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140673684918166/fulltext}, author = {Marshall, BarryJ and Warren, J.Robin} } @article {8254, title = {Unidentified Curved Bacilli In The Stomach Of Patients With Gastritis And Peptic Ulceration}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {323}, number = {8390}, year = {1984}, month = {jun}, pages = {1311{\textendash}1315}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {01406736}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6}, url = {http://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140673684918166/fulltext}, author = {Marshall, BarryJ and Warren, J.Robin} } @booklet {1468, title = {USEPA MANUAL OF METHODS FOR VIROLOGY - EPA publication EPA/600/4-84/013.}, year = {1984}, month = {June 20, 2014}, publisher = {USEPA}, type = {Electronic Book}, url = {http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/about.html}, author = {Berg, G. and Safferman, R. S. and Dahling, D. R. and Berman, D. and Hurst, C. J.} } @book {10571, title = {{Vibrios in the Environment}}, year = {1984}, publisher = {John Wiley {\&} Sons}, organization = {John Wiley {\&} Sons}, address = {New York, NY}, author = {Cowell, RR} } @article {12931, title = {Virus transport and survival after land application of sewage sludge.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {5}, year = {1984}, pages = {905{\textendash}909}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Bitton, G and Pancorbo, OC and Farrah, SR} } @article {9324, title = {{Waterborne disease outbreaks{\textemdash}1946-1980: a thirty-five-year perspective}}, journal = {Journal(American Water Works Association)}, year = {1984}, pages = {60{\textendash}67}, author = {Lippy, EC and Waltrip, SC} } @article {3898, title = {Waterborne outbreak of rotavirus diarrhoea in adults in China caused by a novel rotavirus.}, journal = {Lancet.}, volume = {1}, number = {8387}, year = {1984}, pages = {1139{\textendash}1142}, author = {Hung, T and G M Chen and C G Wang and H L Yao and Z Y Fang and Chao, TX and Chou, ZY and Ye, W and Chang, XJ and Den, SS} } @article {7877, title = {{6 seasonal variation in survival of Escherichia coli exposed in situ in membrane diffusion chambers containing filtered and nonfiltered estuarine waters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {45}, year = {1983}, pages = {1877{\textendash}1883}, author = {Anderson, IC and Rhodes, MW and Kator, HI} } @inbook {14587, title = {9. {Enteroviruses}, {Poliomyelitis}, and {Similar} {Viral} {Infetions}}, booktitle = {Sanitation and disease : health aspects of excreta and wastewater management.}, year = {1983}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons. World Bank studies in water supply and sanitation ; no. 3 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1983/01/439534/sanitation-disease-health-aspects-excreta-wastewater-management Last accessed Dec 2015}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons. World Bank studies in water supply and sanitation ; no. 3 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1983/01/439534/sanitation-disease-health-aspects-excreta-wastewater-management Last accessed Dec 2015}, address = {New York, NY}, author = {Feachem, R. G. and Bradley, D. J. and Garelick, H. and Mara, D. D.}, editor = {Feachem, R. G. and Bradley, D. J. and Garelick, H. and Mara, D. D.} } @article {12964, title = {Alternative prey: a mechanism for elimination of bacterial species by protozoa.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, year = {1983}, pages = {1073{\textendash}1079}, publisher = {American Society for Microbiology Journals}, abstract = {Antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae died readily after their addition to raw sewage, but they grew in sterilized sewage. The decline was not a result of abiotic stresses, and because the bacteria were able to survive in large numbers for at least 15 days in solutions containing no organic nutrients, it was not a result of competition. Toxin production, bacteriophages, and Bdellovibrio sp. did not cause the disappearance of the two bacterial species. A decline was also evident if the sewage was first passed through a 3-micron (pore size) filter or treated with cycloheximide or cycloheximide plus nystatin, but protozoa developed under these conditions. Little or no decline occurred if the sewage was filtered and treated with the eucaryotic inhibitors before the addition of S. typhimurium or K. pneumoniae, and protozoa were not detected. S. typhimurium increased in abundance if cycloheximide, streptomycin, and erythromycin or large amounts of glucose were added to sewage. Tetrahymena thermophilus did not significantly reduce the population of S. typhimurium in buffer when the density of the bacterium was about 10(4)/ml. However, when more than 10(8) Enterobacter agglomerans cells per ml were added to the buffer, T. thermophilus reduced the abundance of E. agglomerans and S. typhimurium to 10(6) and 10/ml, respectively. The density of S. typhimurium was further decreased by a second increment of E. agglomerans cells. The disappearance of S. typhimurium and K. pneumoniae from sewage thus is the result of predation by protozoa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {https://aem.asm.org/content/46/5/1073}, author = {Mallory, L M and Yuk, C S and Liang, L N and Alexander, M} } @article {9430, title = {{Amibiasis invasora asintomatica en la mujer embarazada}}, journal = {Revista Ginecolog{\'\i}a y Obstetricia de M{\'e}xico}, volume = {51}, number = {318}, year = {1983}, pages = {277{\textendash}279}, author = {Weingerz Mehl, S and Avila Ramos, J} } @article {9071, title = {{Bacterial survival and association with sludge flocs during aerobic and anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge under laboratory conditions . Bacterial Survival and Association with Sludge Flocs During Aerobic and Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater Sludg}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, year = {1983}, pages = {174{\textendash}181}, author = {Farrah, Samuel R and Bitton, Gabriel} } @article {7111, title = {Bacterial survival and association with sludge flocs during aerobic and anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge under laboratory conditions.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, year = {1983}, pages = {174{\textendash}181}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/45/1/174.short}, author = {Farrah, Samuel R. and Bitton, G.} } @article {11197, title = {{Clinically Inapparent Toxocara Infection in Children}}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {308}, number = {12}, year = {1983}, pages = {723{\textendash}724}, doi = {10.1056/nejm198303243081216}, author = {Bass, J L and Mehta, K A and Glickman, L T and Eppes, B M} } @article {4337, title = {{Concentration of coliphages from drinking water by Mg(OH)2 flocculation.}}, journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {70}, number = {12}, year = {1983}, month = {dec}, pages = {612{\textendash}3}, keywords = {Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Flocculation, Magnesium Hydroxide, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis}, issn = {0028-1042}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6674815}, author = {Schulze, E and Lenk, J} } @booklet {8964, title = {Design manual: Municipal wastewater stabilization ponds}, year = {1983}, publisher = {Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH (USA). Center for Environmental Research Information}, type = {Report}, author = {Middlebrooks, E. Joe and Reynolds, J. H. and Montgomery, J. M. and Middlebrooks, C. and Schneiter, R. W.} } @article {11356, title = {Duration of immunity and absorption of cysticerci in calves after treatment of Taenia saginata cysticercosis with praziquantel}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, year = {1983}, pages = {127-130}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0034-5288}, author = {Gallie, GJ and Sewell, MM} } @article {10646, title = {{Ecological relationships between Vibrio cholerae and planktonic crustacean copepods}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, year = {1983}, pages = {275{\textendash}283}, author = {Huq, A and Small, EB and West, PA and Huq, MI and Rahman, R and Colwell, RR} } @article {10647, title = {{Ecological relationships between Vibrio cholerae and planktonic crustacean copepods}}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {45}, year = {1983}, pages = {275{\textendash}283}, author = {Huq, A and Small, EB and West, PA and Huq, MI and Rahman, R and Colwell, RR} } @article {5152, title = {{Effect of Heat on Virus Inactivation by Ammonia}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, year = {1983}, pages = {446{\textendash}451}, author = {Burge, W.D. and Cramer, W.N. and Kawata, K.} } @article {5292, title = {Effect of heat on virus inactivation by ammonia}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, year = {1983}, pages = {446{\textendash}451}, author = {Burge, WD and Cramer, WN and Kawata, K} } @article {15351, title = {The effects of indomethacin on in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell reactivity in human schistosomiasis}, journal = {Parasite Immunol}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, year = {1983}, note = {Barsoum, I S
Todd, C W
Habib, M
El Alamy, M A
Colley, D G
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
ENGLAND
1983/09/01
Parasite Immunol. 1983 Sep;5(5):441-7.}, month = {Sep}, pages = {441-7}, abstract = {The peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMN) proliferative responses of cells from patients with schistosomiasis were studied in the presence and absence of indomethacin in the culture medium. PBMN cultures were exposed to antigenic extracts of either adult S. mansoni worms (SWAP) or cercariae (CAP), and assayed for the incorporation of tritiated thymidine. More than 70\% of the 48 patients studied with SWAP and the 40 patients studied with CAP, were not substantially effected by the addition of indomethacin to the cultures. The remainder (less than 30\%) was augmented more than 50\% by indomethacin and comprise a group which gave initially low responses to these antigenic preparations. Further analysis indicated that in some schistosomal patients the effect of an adherent suppressor cell population may, in part, be based on a prostaglandin-mediated, indomethacin-sensitive suppressive mechanism. However, the majority of patients, most of whom display adherent suppressor cells, are unaffected by indomethacin. Apparently, other adherent cell suppressor mechanisms are responsible for the regulation observed.}, keywords = {*Lymphocyte Activation, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cells, Cultured, Child, Humans, Indomethacin/*pharmacology, Macrophages/*immunology, Middle Aged, Schistosoma mansoni/*immunology, Schistosomiasis/*immunology}, isbn = {0141-9838 (Print)
0141-9838 (Linking)}, author = {Barsoum, I. S. and Todd, C. W. and Habib, M. and El Alamy, M. A. and Colley, D. G.} } @booklet {5148, title = {{Enteric Virus Removal in Wastewater Treatment Lagoon Systems}}, year = {1983}, publisher = {EPA-600/S1-83-012}, address = {Research Triangle Park, NC}, author = {Bausum, H.T. and Schaub, S.A. and Rose, W.E. and Gibbs, P.H.} } @article {3101, title = {[{Epidemiology} of alveolar hydatid disease in the taiga zone of {Yakutia}. {Water} as one of the possible intermediate factors in the transmission of the infestation]}, journal = {Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia I Parazitarnye Bolezni}, number = {6}, year = {1983}, month = {dec}, pages = {38{\textendash}40}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Humans, Larva, Siberia, Water Supply}, issn = {0025-8326}, author = {Martynenko, V. B. and Maiorova, L. A. and Zorikhina, V. I. and Suvorina, V. I.} } @article {11745, title = {{Epidemiology of Diphyllobothrium latum infection in Japan, with special reference to infection of cherry salmon}}, journal = {The Japanese Journal of Antibiotics}, volume = {36}, year = {1983}, pages = {566{\textendash}572}, author = {Oshima, T and Wakai, R} } @article {2398, title = {{Escherichia coli Habitats, Cell Types, and Molecular Mechanisms of Gene Control}}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, volume = {122}, number = {6}, year = {1983}, pages = {732{\textendash}744}, author = {Savageau, M.A.} } @article {14208, title = {Escherichia coli {Habitats}, {Cell} {Types}, and {Molecular} {Mechanisms} of {Gene} {Control}}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, volume = {122}, number = {6}, year = {1983}, pages = {732{\textendash}744}, author = {Savageau, M.A.} } @article {11016, title = {Evaluation of a {Four} {Year} {Project} to {Control} {Ascaris} {Infection} in {Children} in {Two} {Kenyan} {Villages}}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Pediatrics}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, year = {1983}, month = {jun}, pages = {175{\textendash}184}, issn = {0142-6338}, doi = {10.1093/tropej/29.3.175}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/29.3.175}, author = {Stephenson, L.S. and Crompton, D. W. T. and Latham, MC and Arnold, SE and Jansen, AAJ} } @article {5927, title = {{Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route}}, journal = {Intervirology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, year = {1983}, pages = {23{\textendash}31}, author = {Balayan, MS and Andjaparidze, AG} } @article {4256, title = {{Factors affecting the enumeration of coliphages in sewage and sewage-polluted waters.}}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {49}, number = {4-5}, year = {1983}, month = {nov}, pages = {387{\textendash}97}, abstract = {The count of coliphages in naturally polluted waters was found to be dependent on many experimental factors. If Escherichia coli C was used as a host strain, consistently higher counts were obtained than with other strains (B,K-12-derivatives). This could be explained partly by the absence of a restriction system in C. A nutrient medium (modified Scholtens{\textquoteright} agar, MSA) was developed with optimal concentrations of calcium- and magnesium-ions. MSA was compared with other media used for phage work and was found to give higher counts than all but one medium, Phage Assay Agar (PAA), which performed equally. If plating was done in a single agar layer in a large-size Petri-dish, higher counts were found than with the well-known double-agar-layer method.}, keywords = {Coliphages, Escherichia coli, Microbiological Techniques, Sewage, Water Microbiology, Water Pollution}, issn = {0003-6072}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6360041}, author = {Havelaar, A H and Hogeboom, W M} } @article {11015, title = {Fatal {Case} of {Multiple} {Liver} {Abscesses} caused by {Adult} {Ascaris} {Lumbricoides}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, year = {1983}, pages = {523{\textendash}525}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.523}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.523}, author = {Rossi, Marcos A. and Bisson, Frank W.} } @inbook {16998, title = {Health effects criteria for marine recreational waters}, booktitle = {EPA 600}, volume = {1}, year = {1983}, publisher = {EPA}, organization = {EPA}, author = {Cabelli, Victor J} } @article {14199, title = {Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare {Escherichia} coli serotype.}, journal = {The New England journal of medicine}, volume = {308}, number = {12}, year = {1983}, month = {mar}, pages = {681{\textendash}5}, abstract = {We investigated two outbreaks of an unusual gastrointestinal illness that affected at least 47 people in Oregon and Michigan in February through March and May through June 1982. The illness was characterized by severe crampy abdominal pain, initially watery diarrhea followed by grossly bloody diarrhea, and little or no fever. It was associated with eating at restaurants belonging to the same fast-food restaurant chain in Oregon (P less than 0.005) and Michigan (P = 0.0005) and with eating any of three sandwiches containing three ingredients in common (beef patty, rehydrated onions, and pickles). Stool cultures did not yield previously recognized pathogens. However, a rare Escherichia coli serotype, O157:H7, that was not invasive or toxigenic by standard tests was isolated from 9 of 12 stools collected within four days of onset of illness in both outbreaks combined, and from a beef patty from a suspected lot of meat in Michigan. The only known previous isolation of this serotype was from a sporadic case of hemorrhagic colitis in 1975. This report describes a clinically distinctive gastrointestinal illness associated with E. coli O157:H7, apparently transmitted by undercooked meat.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Colitis, Colitis: etiology, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: etiology, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli: classification, Female, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: etiology, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: etiology, Humans, Male, Meat, Meat: poisoning, Michigan, Middle Aged, Oregon}, issn = {0028-4793}, doi = {10.1056/NEJM198303243081203}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6338386}, author = {Riley, L W and Remis, R S and Helgerson, S D and McGee, H B and Wells, J G and Davis, B R and Hebert, R J and Olcott, E S and Johnson, L M and Hargrett, N T and Blake, P A and Cohen, M L} } @article {2389, title = {{Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype.}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {308}, number = {12}, year = {1983}, month = {mar}, pages = {681{\textendash}5}, abstract = {

We investigated two outbreaks of an unusual gastrointestinal illness that affected at least 47 people in Oregon and Michigan in February through March and May through June 1982. The illness was characterized by severe crampy abdominal pain, initially watery diarrhea followed by grossly bloody diarrhea, and little or no fever. It was associated with eating at restaurants belonging to the same fast-food restaurant chain in Oregon (P less than 0.005) and Michigan (P = 0.0005) and with eating any of three sandwiches containing three ingredients in common (beef patty, rehydrated onions, and pickles). Stool cultures did not yield previously recognized pathogens. However, a rare Escherichia coli serotype, O157:H7, that was not invasive or toxigenic by standard tests was isolated from 9 of 12 stools collected within four days of onset of illness in both outbreaks combined, and from a beef patty from a suspected lot of meat in Michigan. The only known previous isolation of this serotype was from a sporadic case of hemorrhagic colitis in 1975. This report describes a clinically distinctive gastrointestinal illness associated with E. coli O157:H7, apparently transmitted by undercooked meat.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Colitis, Colitis: etiology, Diarrhea, Diarrhea: etiology, Disease Outbreaks, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Escherichia coli Infections: epidemiology, Escherichia coli: classification, Female, Foodborne Diseases, Foodborne Diseases: epidemiology, Foodborne Diseases: etiology, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: etiology, Humans, Male, Meat, Meat: poisoning, Michigan, Middle Aged, Oregon}, issn = {0028-4793}, doi = {10.1056/NEJM198303243081203}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6338386}, author = {Riley, L W and Remis, R S and Helgerson, S D and McGee, H B and Wells, J G and Davis, B R and Hebert, R J and Olcott, E S and Johnson, L M and Hargrett, N T and Blake, P A and Cohen, M L} } @article {3088, title = {Hydatidosis and cysticercosis: the dynamics of transmission}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {22}, year = {1983}, pages = {261{\textendash}308}, abstract = {The infective pattern of taeniids in their intermediate hosts is determined by the complex interaction of parasite- and host-related factors. Many of these have been examined in this review, but particular emphasis has been placed on environmental factors that affect the free-living egg. While number, infectivity and distribution of eggs are among the important factors determining the infective pattern, the dynamics of this aspect of transmission have been previously neglected. The biotic potential of the large taeniid tapeworms is enormous. Eggs deposited on pasture are subjected to the microclimatic effects of the environment. They seem to tolerate a relatively wide temperature range. Heat down to -30 degrees C. However, they are rapidly killed by low humidity at all temperatures. Under more favourable conditions, they have finite life spans largely determined by the environmental temperature. At deposition, the egg population seems to be at various stages of maturity. Immature eggs appear to be able to mature under suitable environmental conditions and to become infective. They then age, and their infectivity to the intermediate host declines. At the population level, the changes in infectivity with time are determined by the relative stages of maturity within the egg population and the temperatures that it experiences. Under certain circumstances the infectivity of a given population may increase temporarily. The movements and defaecation habits of the definitive host determine the primary site of egg deposition. However, evidence is accumulating that considerable dispersion occurs almost immediately afterwards. Eggs have been shown to disperse up to 80 m within 10 days and there are indications that small numbers travel much further. Intermediate hosts, such as cattle and sheep, generally avoid grazing areas contaminated with faeces. Thus, dispersal enhances the chance of the eggs being ingested. The combination of high biotic potential and long-range dispersal means that individual infected definitive hosts can be responsible for infecting intermediate hosts over a very wide area. Although various possible agents have been suggested, the mechanisms responsible for disseminating eggs are still uncertain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, keywords = {Animals, Cattle, Cysticercosis, Cysticercus, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Immunity}, issn = {0065-308X}, author = {Lawson, J. R. and Gemmell, M. A.} } @article {15385, title = {Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. IX. T-lymphocyte subset analysis by monoclonal antibodies in hepatosplenic disease}, journal = {Scand J Immunol}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, year = {1983}, note = {Colley, D G
Katz, N
Rocha, R S
Abrantes, W
da Silva, A L
Gazzinelli, G
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
NORWAY
1983/04/01
Scand J Immunol. 1983 Apr;17(4):297-302.}, month = {Apr}, pages = {297-302}, abstract = {T lymphocyte immunoregulatory subsets (T4+ and T8+ cells) have been analysed in eight cases of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni, and compared to parallel analyses of seven intestinal Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients and four uninfected control subjects. The mean T4+:T8+ ratio in hepatosplenic cases was markedly less than observed in other groups (0.94 vs 1.86 vs 2.22, respectively). Proliferative responses stimulated by a soluble adult worm extract correlated directly with the observed T4:T8 ratios. Normal levels of E rosette-positive and surface immunoglobulin-bearing lymphoid cells were observed in intestinal patients, while hepatosplenic patients demonstrated normal B lymphocyte proportions but highly erratic E rosette-positive percentages. Curiously, in hepatosplenic patients the percentage of E rosette-positive cells often did not correlate with the proportion of T3+ cells.}, keywords = {Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology, Antibody Formation, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology, Liver Diseases, Parasitic/*immunology, Monocytes/cytology, Rosette Formation, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosomiasis/*immunology, Splenic Diseases/*immunology, T-Lymphocytes/*classification}, isbn = {0300-9475 (Print)
0300-9475 (Linking)}, author = {Colley, D. G. and Katz, N. and Rocha, R. S. and Abrantes, W. and da Silva, A. L. and Gazzinelli, G.} } @article {15413, title = {Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. X. Production and standardization of an antigen-induced mitogenic activity by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from treated, but not active cases of schistosomiasis}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {130}, number = {6}, year = {1983}, note = {Gazzinelli, G
Katz, N
Rocha, R S
Colley, D G
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
Baltimore, Md. : 1950
1983/06/01
J Immunol. 1983 Jun;130(6):2891-5.}, month = {Jun}, pages = {2891-5}, abstract = {Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMN) from patients with active schistosomiasis mansoni are generally induced to proliferate upon exposure to a soluble worm antigenic preparation (SWAP). In contrast, only 25\% of such patients responded to SWAP exposure by the production of detectable levels of a mitogenic factor (MF) activity capable of stimulating proliferation of resting cultures of allogeneic PBMN. When former schistosomal patients (chemotherapeutically cured 10 to 40 yr previously) were tested for these two responses to SWAP, all manifested blastogenesis; 80\% also responded by the production of MF activity. Only 9\% of control subjects with no history of schistosomiasis produced MF activity when exposed to SWAP. The production and assay of MF activity by former schistosomiasis patients was standardized. Reliable, optimal production was achieved by using 6 X 10(6) PBMN in 2-ml cultures upon exposure to 15 micrograms protein SWAP/ml. The cells were incubated for 20 hr in the presence or absence of SWAP, at which time they were washed and recultured in fresh medium for at least 28 more hours. Subject to subject variability occurred in the optimal time of detection of MF activity in culture supernatant fluids, but detection was assured between 24 and 48 hr after the wash. The assay system for MF detection required a 5 to 7-day culture. The consistent production of MF activity by former schistosomal patients emphasized the longevity of immunologic memory to SWAP, and may indicate a post-treatment decline of immunoregulatory mechanisms that are operative in patients with active schistosome infections.}, keywords = {*Lymphocyte Activation, Antigens/*immunology, Chronic Disease, Humans, Immunologic Techniques/standards, Interleukin-2/analysis/*biosynthesis, Schistosoma mansoni/immunology, Schistosomiasis/drug therapy/*immunology/parasitology}, isbn = {0022-1767 (Print)
0022-1767 (Linking)}, author = {Gazzinelli, G. and Katz, N. and Rocha, R. S. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {10041, title = {In vitro response of Blastocystis hominis to antiprotozoal drugs.}, journal = {Journal of Protozoology}, volume = {30}, year = {1983}, pages = {332-334}, author = {Zierdt, C.H. and Swan, J.C. and Hosseini, J} } @article {11614, title = {{Larvas plerocercoides de Diphyllobothriidae L{\"u}he, 1910: Hallazgo en peces marinos de consumo humano en la costa peruana}}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n Chileno de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {38}, year = {1983}, pages = {50{\textendash}52}, author = {Escalante, H} } @article {16178, title = {Leptospirosis in poikilothermic vertebrates. A review}, journal = {Int J ZoonosesInt J ZoonosesInt J Zoonoses}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {1983}, month = {Dec}, pages = {111-21}, keywords = {Amphibians/*microbiology, Animals, Disease Reservoirs, Fish Diseases/microbiology, Fishes/microbiology, Leptospira/classification/isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary, Mice, Reptiles/*microbiology, Serotyping}, isbn = {0377-0168 (Print)}, author = {Minette, H. P.} } @article {9054, title = {{A model and program for study of a tolerance curve: Application to lactose absorption tests}}, journal = {International Journal of Bio-Medical Computing}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {1983}, pages = {31{\textendash}41}, issn = {0020-7101}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7101(83)90084-3}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0020710183900843}, author = {Cavalli-Sforza, Luca Tommaso and Menozzi, Paolo and Strata, Andrea} } @article {9172, title = {{Natural Entamoeba histolytica infection in domestic animals and rodents in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt}}, journal = {J Egypt Soc Parasitol}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {1983}, pages = {125{\textendash}128}, author = {Abo-Shady, AF and Ali, MM and Hegazi, MM} } @article {3146, title = {Observations on {Echinococcus} multilocularis in the definitive host}, journal = {Zeitschrift F{\"u}r Parasitenkunde (Berlin, Germany)}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, year = {1983}, pages = {335{\textendash}345}, abstract = {Six dogs were found to be susceptible to experimental infections with a European isolate of Echinococcus multilocularis from southern Germany. Two cats were only poorly susceptible. Adult worms were not evenly distributed throughout the small intestine and the majority of parasites were found in the posterior region. The mode of attachment of E. multilocularis in the dog was similar to that for E. granulosus with the adult worm extending its rostellum deep within a crypt of Lieberk{\"u}hn. In cats only few worms were found to have penetrated deeply between the villi. E. multilocularis was found to possess a modified group of rostellar tegumental cells, morphologically and functionally identical to those described in E. granulosus and previously referred to as the "rostellar gland". By studying development in vivo and in vitro, the time required for the production of shelled eggs was demonstrated to be only 28 days. Concurrent experimental infections in dogs with E. multilocularis and E. granulosus revealed that both species will develop together in the same host. Their development was not retarded in any way by the presence of the other and both species were able to coexist in the same area of the intestine.}, keywords = {Animals, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus}, issn = {0044-3255}, author = {Thompson, R. C. and Eckert, J.} } @article {11414, title = {Praziquantel: a major advance in anthelminthic therapy}, journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine}, volume = {99}, number = {2}, year = {1983}, pages = {195-8}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0003-4819}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6881777}, author = {Pearson, RD and Guerrant, RL} } @article {11814, title = {{Pseudophyllidea in south of Chile. IX Plerocercoids in trouts from five lakes and new cases of Diphyllobothrium latum in man and D. pacificum in a dog}}, journal = {International Journal for Zoonoses}, volume = {10}, year = {1983}, pages = {15{\textendash}21}, author = {Torres, P and Figueroa, L and Franjola, R} } @article {2364, title = {{Purification and characterization of a Shigella dysenteriae 1-like toxin produced by Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, year = {1983}, month = {may}, pages = {675{\textendash}83}, abstract = {A toxin from an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli H30) was purified to apparent homogeneity from cell lysates. The steps used to isolate the E. coli H30 toxin included French pressure-cell disruption of bacteria grown in iron-depleted media. Affi-Gel Blue chromatography, chromatofocusing, and anti-Shiga toxin affinity chromatography. The mobilities of the subunits of radioiodinated E. coli H30 toxin and Shiga toxin observed after the two toxins were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were identical. In the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol, a narrow band was seen at Mr 31,500 (+/- 1,000), and a wide heavy band was observed between Mr 4,000 and 15,000. In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, bands were seen at Mr 31,500 (+/- 1,000), 27,000, and 4,000 to 15,000. Other similarities between purified E. coli H30 and Shiga 60R toxins included identical isoelectric points (7.03 +/- 0.02); comparable biological activities, i.e., cytotoxicity, lethality for mice, and enterotoxicity; and the same relative heat stabilities (up to 65 degrees C for 30 min). Nevertheless, the two toxins had apparently different molecular weights as determined by sucrose gradient analysis, by gel filtration, and by cross-linking experiments with dimethyl suberimidate. The Mr of native E. coli H30 toxin estimated from cross-linking studies was 48,000, whereas the estimated Mr of Shiga 60R toxin was 58,000. These results suggest that like the cholera-E. coli-heat-labile toxin family, a family of Shiga-like toxins exists.}, keywords = {Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: isolation \& purification, Bacterial Toxins: pharmacology, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Enterotoxins, Enterotoxins: analysis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: analysis, Hot Temperature, Isoelectric Point, Macromolecular Substances, Molecular Weight, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella dysenteriae: analysis}, issn = {0019-9567}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=264908\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, A D and LaVeck, G D} } @article {8105, title = {{Purification and characterization of a Shigella dysenteriae 1-like toxin produced by Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, year = {1983}, month = {may}, pages = {675{\textendash}83}, abstract = {

A toxin from an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli H30) was purified to apparent homogeneity from cell lysates. The steps used to isolate the E. coli H30 toxin included French pressure-cell disruption of bacteria grown in iron-depleted media. Affi-Gel Blue chromatography, chromatofocusing, and anti-Shiga toxin affinity chromatography. The mobilities of the subunits of radioiodinated E. coli H30 toxin and Shiga toxin observed after the two toxins were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were identical. In the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol, a narrow band was seen at Mr 31,500 (+/- 1,000), and a wide heavy band was observed between Mr 4,000 and 15,000. In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, bands were seen at Mr 31,500 (+/- 1,000), 27,000, and 4,000 to 15,000. Other similarities between purified E. coli H30 and Shiga 60R toxins included identical isoelectric points (7.03 +/- 0.02); comparable biological activities, i.e., cytotoxicity, lethality for mice, and enterotoxicity; and the same relative heat stabilities (up to 65 degrees C for 30 min). Nevertheless, the two toxins had apparently different molecular weights as determined by sucrose gradient analysis, by gel filtration, and by cross-linking experiments with dimethyl suberimidate. The Mr of native E. coli H30 toxin estimated from cross-linking studies was 48,000, whereas the estimated Mr of Shiga 60R toxin was 58,000. These results suggest that like the cholera-E. coli-heat-labile toxin family, a family of Shiga-like toxins exists.

}, keywords = {Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: isolation {\&} purification, Bacterial Toxins: pharmacology, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Enterotoxins, Enterotoxins: analysis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: analysis, Hot Temperature, Isoelectric Point, Macromolecular Substances, Molecular Weight, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella dysenteriae: analysis}, issn = {0019-9567}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=264908{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, A D and LaVeck, G D} } @article {14172, title = {Purification and characterization of a {Shigella} dysenteriae 1-like toxin produced by {Escherichia} coli.}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, year = {1983}, month = {may}, pages = {675{\textendash}83}, abstract = {A toxin from an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli H30) was purified to apparent homogeneity from cell lysates. The steps used to isolate the E. coli H30 toxin included French pressure-cell disruption of bacteria grown in iron-depleted media. Affi-Gel Blue chromatography, chromatofocusing, and anti-Shiga toxin affinity chromatography. The mobilities of the subunits of radioiodinated E. coli H30 toxin and Shiga toxin observed after the two toxins were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were identical. In the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol, a narrow band was seen at Mr 31,500 (+/- 1,000), and a wide heavy band was observed between Mr 4,000 and 15,000. In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, bands were seen at Mr 31,500 (+/- 1,000), 27,000, and 4,000 to 15,000. Other similarities between purified E. coli H30 and Shiga 60R toxins included identical isoelectric points (7.03 +/- 0.02); comparable biological activities, i.e., cytotoxicity, lethality for mice, and enterotoxicity; and the same relative heat stabilities (up to 65 degrees C for 30 min). Nevertheless, the two toxins had apparently different molecular weights as determined by sucrose gradient analysis, by gel filtration, and by cross-linking experiments with dimethyl suberimidate. The Mr of native E. coli H30 toxin estimated from cross-linking studies was 48,000, whereas the estimated Mr of Shiga 60R toxin was 58,000. These results suggest that like the cholera-E. coli-heat-labile toxin family, a family of Shiga-like toxins exists.}, keywords = {Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: isolation \& purification, Bacterial Toxins: pharmacology, Cell Survival, Cell Survival: drug effects, Enterotoxins, Enterotoxins: analysis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: analysis, Hot Temperature, Isoelectric Point, Macromolecular Substances, Molecular Weight, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella dysenteriae: analysis}, issn = {0019-9567}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=264908\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, A D and LaVeck, G D} } @article {9320, title = {{Removal and inactivation of viruses by treatment processes for potable water and wastewater{\textendash}a review}}, journal = {Water Science and Technology}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, year = {1983}, pages = {91{\textendash}114}, author = {Leong, L} } @inbook {9962, title = {{Rotaviruses: A Review}}, booktitle = {Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology}, year = {1983}, pages = {123{\textendash}184}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, organization = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg }, isbn = {978-3-642-69159-1}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-69159-1_3}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69159-1{\_}3}, author = {Estes, M. K and Palmer, E.L and Obijeski, J.F}, editor = {Cooper, M and Hofschneider, P H and Koprowski, H and Melchers, F and Rott, R and Schweiger, H G and Vogt, P K and Zinkernagel, R} } @book {10278, title = {Sanitation and disease}, year = {1983}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Washington DC, USA}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons Washington DC, USA}, author = {Feachem, R.G. and Mara, D.D. and Bradley, D.J.} } @book {8916, title = {Sanitation and disease}, year = {1983}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Washington DC, USA:}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons Washington DC, USA:}, type = {Book}, isbn = {047190094X}, author = {Feachem, Richard and Mara, D. Duncan and Bradley, David J.} } @book {9251, title = {{Sanitation and disease}}, year = {1983}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons}, address = {Washington DC}, author = {Feachem, R and Mara, DD and Bradley, DJ} } @book {11352, title = {Sanitation and disease}, year = {1983}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons}, type = {Book}, address = {Washington DC, USA}, isbn = {047190094X}, author = {Feachem, R and Mara, D and Bradley, DJ} } @book {11624, title = {{Sanitation and Disease: health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management}}, series = {World Bank Studies in Water Supply and Sanitation 3}, year = {1983}, pages = {501}, abstract = {Public health is of central importance in the design and implementation of excreta disposal projects, and better health is the main social and economic benefit that planners and economists hope to gain by investing in excreta disposal systems. To achieve this gain as much information as possible is needed about the interactions between excreta and health - information not only about broad epidemiological issues of disease prevention through improved excreta disposal, but also about the effect of particular excreta disposal and reuse technologies on the survival and dissemination of particular pathogens. This book sets out to provide such information for a broad readership. It is intended for the wide spectrum of professionals concerned with sanitation and public health. The book has two parts. Part one, entitled "The Health Hazards of Excreta: Theory and Control," presents a distillation of available knowledge about excreta, night soil, and sewage and their effects on health. Part two, entitled "Environmental Biology and Epidemiology of Specific Excreted Pathogens," contains twenty eight chapters, each describing the environmental properties of a specific excreted pathogen or group of excreted pathogens and the epidemiology and control of the infections these pathogens cause.}, keywords = {and, health aspects of excreta, sanitation and disease, Wastewater management}, isbn = {047190094X}, issn = {00359203}, doi = {10.1016/0035-9203(84)90011-7}, url = {http://go.worldbank.org/ZS7F3M9XG1}, author = {Feachem, Richard G. and Bradley, David J. and Garelick, Hemda and Mara, D. Duncan} } @book {8383, title = {Sanitation and Disease: Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management}, series = {World Bank}, year = {1983}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons}, address = {New York}, author = {Feachem, R.G. and Bradley, D.J. and Garelick, H. and Mara, D.D.} } @book {13417, title = {{Sanitation and Disease: Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management}}, series = {World Bank}, year = {1983}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons}, address = {New York}, author = {Feachem, Richard G and Bradley, David J and Garelick, Hemda and Mara, D Duncan} } @book {10471, title = {{Sanitation and Disease: Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management}}, year = {1983}, publisher = {John Wiley {\&} Sons}, organization = {John Wiley {\&} Sons}, address = {Chichester, England}, author = {Feachem, RG and Bradley, DJ and Garelick, H and Mara, DD} } @book {5165, title = {{Sanitation and Disease: Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management}}, year = {1983}, pages = {501}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons}, address = {Chichester, England}, author = {Feachem, Richard G and Bradley, David J and Garelick, Hemda and Mara, D Duncan} } @book {1549, title = {Sanitation and Disease Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management}, year = {1983}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc}, type = {Electronic Book}, author = {Feachem, R. G. and Bradley, D. J. and Garelick, H. and Mara, D. D.} } @book {12776, title = {{Sanitation and Disease {\textendash} Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewter Management}}, year = {1983}, publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, organization = {John Wiley and Sons}, address = {Chichester, UK}, author = {Feachem, RG and Breadley, DJ and Garelick, H and Mara, DD} } @article {10143, title = {{Sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria as specific indicators of human faecal pollution}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, year = {1983}, pages = {349{\textendash}357}, author = {Mara, DD and Oragui, JI} } @inbook {6090, title = {Study on the toxicity of sodium bromide to different freshwater organisms}, booktitle = {Food and Chemical Toxicology}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, year = {1983}, pages = {369{\textendash}378}, author = {Canton, JH and Wester, PW and Mathijssen-Spiekman, EAM} } @article {6198, title = {Survival of natural sewage populations of enteric bacteria in diffusion and batch chambers in the marine environment}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {1983}, pages = {950{\textendash}959}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/45/3/950.short}, author = {Lessard, Evelyn J. and Sieburth, John McN} } @article {12740, title = {{Ultrastructural investigations on the effects of praziquantel on human trematodes from Asia: Clonorchis sinensis, Metagonimus yokogawai, Opisthorchis viverrini, Paragonimus westermani and Schistosoma japonicum}}, journal = {Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res}, volume = {33}, year = {1983}, pages = {91{\textendash}98}, author = {Mehlhorn, H and Kojima, S and Rim, HJ and Ruenwongsa, P and Andrews, P and Thomas, H and Bunnag, B} } @inbook {2043, title = {Balantidiasis}, booktitle = {CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses. Section C. Parasitic Zoonoses Editor in Chief: J. J. Steele. Vol. I. Ed. L. Jacobs and P. Arambulo}, year = {1982}, pages = {15-24}, publisher = {CRC Press, Inc}, organization = {CRC Press, Inc}, author = {Walzer, P. D. and Healy, G. R.} } @article {12768, title = {{A case of systemic paragonimiasis with ovarian involvement}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {20}, year = {1982}, pages = {53{\textendash}59}, author = {Hong, ST and Lee, SH and Chi, JG and Jin, YS and Kim, CS and Chang, YS} } @article {12795, title = {{Cerebral hemorrhagic lesions produced by Paragonimus mexicanus: report of three cases in Costa Rica}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {31}, year = {1982}, pages = {522{\textendash}526}, author = {Brenes, RR and Rodriguez-Ortiz, B and Vargas Solano, G and Ocamp Obando, EM and Ruiz Sotela, PJ} } @conference {13096, title = {Design of Low-Pressure Pipe Wastewater Treatment Systems}, booktitle = {1982 Southeastern On-Site Sewage Treatment Conference Proceedings. North Carolina Division of Health Services and the Soil Science Department. North Carolina State University}, year = {1982}, author = {Uebler, RL} } @article {3812, title = {Detection of a rotavirus-like agent associated with diarrhea in an infant.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, year = {1982}, pages = {724{\textendash}726}, abstract = {

A rotavirus-like agent was detected in the feces of a child with diarrhea. Although morphologically indistinguishable from rotavirus, the agent was serologically distinct, and electrophoresis of its nucleic acid also showed that it was dissimilar.

}, author = {Rodger, S M and Bishop, R F and Holmes, I H} } @article {15072, title = {Determination of the specific gravity of certain helminth eggs using sucrose density gradient centrifugation}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, year = {1982}, pages = {916{\textendash}919}, author = {David, Erwin D and Lindquist, William D} } @article {5297, title = {Determination of the specific gravity of certain helminth eggs using sucrose density gradient centrifugation}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, year = {1982}, pages = {916{\textendash}919}, publisher = {JSTOR}, author = {David, Erwin D and Lindquist, William D} } @article {10397, title = {Determination of the specific gravity of certain helminth eggs using sucrose density gradient centrifugation}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, year = {1982}, pages = {916{\textendash}919}, publisher = {JSTOR}, author = {David, Erwin D and Lindquist, William D} } @article {11556, title = {{The ecology of Diphyllobothrium latum}}, journal = {Ecology of Diseases}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {1982}, pages = {26{\textendash}26}, author = {von Bonsdorff, Bertel and Bylund, Goran} } @article {5106, title = {{Effects of physico-chemical factors on the infection of hamsters by metacercariae of Opisthorchis viverrini}}, journal = {Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {13}, year = {1982}, pages = {614{\textendash}617}, author = {Kruatrachue, M and Chitramvong, YP and Upatham, ES and Vichari, S and Viyanant, V} } @article {17488, title = {{The Effects of Relative Humidity and Temperature on the Survival of Human Rotavirus in Faeces}}, journal = {Archives of Virology}, volume = {72}, year = {1982}, pages = {179{\textendash}186}, abstract = {The effects of relative humidity and temperature on the survival of human rotavirus in a thin layer of faeces on an impervious surface and on absorbent material was investigated using the indirect immunofluorescence technique in LLC-MK2 cells to titrate infectivity. l{\~{}}otavirus was found to be very stable at low and high re]ative humidities but not in the medium range of relative humidity. Rotavirus infectivity was lost more rapidly under all humidities at 37 {\textdegree} C than at 4 {\textdegree} or 20 {\textdegree} C.}, url = {http://download.springer.com.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/static/pdf/334/art{\%}253A10.1007{\%}252FBF01348963.pdf?originUrl=http{\%}3A{\%}2F{\%}2Flink.springer.com{\%}2Farticle{\%}2F10.1007{\%}2FBF01348963{\&}token2=exp=1492277433{~}acl={\%}2Fstatic{\%}2Fpdf{\%}2F334{\%}2Far}, author = {Moe, K. and Shirley, J.} } @article {3534, title = {Elimination of bacteria and viruses by flocculation in treated sewage.}, journal = {Zentralblatt f{\"u}r Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1 Abt. Originale B}, volume = {176}, number = {5-6}, year = {1982}, pages = {546{\textendash}552}, author = {Steinmann, J and Havemeister, G} } @article {10619, title = {{Endemic cholera in rural Bangladesh, 1966-1980}}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {116}, year = {1982}, pages = {959{\textendash}970}, author = {R I Glass and Becker, S and Huq, MJ and SIofl, BJ and Khan, MU and Meraon, MH and Lee, JV and Black, RE} } @article {16827, title = {Enterococci and other microbial indicators in municipal wastewater effluents}, journal = {Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation)}, year = {1982}, pages = {1599{\textendash}1606}, publisher = {JSTOR}, author = {Miescier, John J and Cabelli, Victor J} } @article {10642, title = {{Epidemiology of El Tor cholera in rural Bangladesh: Importance of surface water in transmission}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {60}, year = {1982}, pages = {395{\textendash}404}, author = {Hughes, JM and Boyce, JM and Boyce, JM and Levine, RJ and Khan, M and Aziz, KMA and Huq, MI and Curlin, GT} } @article {9974, title = {{Epidemiology of Norwalk gastro- enteritis and the role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis.}, journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine}, volume = {96}, year = {1982}, pages = {756{\textendash}761}, doi = {20557901}, author = {Kaplan, J.E. and Gary, G.W. and Baron, R. C.} } @article {10290, title = {Fate of pathogens in thermophilic aerobic sludge digestion}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, year = {1982}, pages = {1051{\textendash}1060}, author = {Kabrick, Randolph M and Jewell, William J} } @article {11691, title = {{The fine structure of frontal glands in adult cestodes}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {1982}, pages = {285{\textendash}293}, abstract = {Kuperman B. I. {\&} Davydov V. G. 1982. The fine structure of frontal glands in adult cestodes. International Journal for Parasitology12: 285{\textendash}293. The localization and structure of frontal glands of adult cestodes of 20 species from 4 orders: Caryophyllidea, Pseudophyllidea, Proteocephalidea and Cyclophyllidea were studied by light and electron microscopy. In cestodes of various orders there was evidence of differences in the ultrastructure of secretory cells, in the character of the secretion, and in the method of its discharge. The localization of glands in most adult cestodes is in the scolex. In Cyatocephalus, Ligulidae, Bothriocephalus claviceps, they are distributed also in the anterior and middle part of the body. In the species Caryophylleus {\{}(C.{\}} laticeps) and Khawia sinensis a major gland complex previously not described was discovered. The glands of the cestodes investigated may be divided into three main groups by their structure, localization and functional role in ontogenesis: (1) penetration glands in oncospheres which develop into procercoids and plerocercoids; (2) glands of plerocercoids and adult cestodes which develop in the gut; (3) gland complexes in the representatives of the order Caryophyllidea. The secretion is usually discharged at the scolex region and less frequently on the lateral surface. Three different ways of discharging secretory material from the cestodes body are described.}, issn = {0020-7519}, doi = {10.1016/0020-7519(82)90031-5}, author = {Kuperman, B I and Davydov, V G} } @article {11725, title = {{Human proliferative sparganosis in Venezuela, report of a case}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, year = {1982}, pages = {358{\textendash}363}, author = {Moulinier, R and Martinez, E and Torres, J and Noya, O and de Noya, B A and Reyes, O} } @article {15349, title = {Immune responses and immunoregulation in relation to human schistosomiasis in Egypt. I. Effect of treatment on in vitro cellular responsiveness}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, year = {1982}, note = {Barsoum, I S
Gamil, F M
Al-Khafif, M A
Ramzy, R M
El Alamy, M A
Colley, D G
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
1982/11/01
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1982 Nov;31(6):1181-7.}, month = {Nov}, pages = {1181-7}, abstract = {Cell mediated immune reactivity of chronic schistosomiasis patients was tested in vitro by peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMN) responses against phytohemagglutinin P (PHA), Candida albicans extract, soluble schistosomal antigenic preparations derived from eggs (SEA), adult worms (SWAP) and cercariae (CAP), before and after treatment of the patients with parziquantel. The patient population was from villages in the Qalyub province, Egypt, that are endemic for Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. Patients were studied immediately before, and at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months after chemotherapy. Egg counts were done on stool and urine specimens taken simultaneously with blood samples. There was a significant increase in PBMN responses to SWAP and CAP but not to SEA, PHA or C. albicans in 27 patients (age 8-65) 1 month after treatment. Eleven patients treated 1.5 years previously did not show such elevated responses 1 month after re-treatment. Three months after treatment higher mean responses were observed to SWAP, CAP, SEA, and PHA, but not to C. albicans in 24 patients (age 6-26). Significant increases in PBMN responses to SWAP and CAP, but not to SEA, PHA or C. albicans were obtained at 6 months after treatment in 12 patients (age 6-30). By 9 months after treatment in a group of 11 patients (age 8-25) SWAP and CAP responses were still elevated as were SEA and C. albicans induced reactivities. The PBMN responses of 10 patients were followed longitudinally at pretreatment, 3-, 6-, and 9-month post-treatment times. In general, elevated responses were maintained throughout this period to the schistosomal preparations. Unrelated responses occasionally fluctuated but were not consistently altered over time.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Antigens/immunology, Child, Egypt, Female, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Isoquinolines/*therapeutic use, Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects, Middle Aged, Ovum/immunology, Parasite Egg Count, Praziquantel/*therapeutic use, Schistosoma haematobium/immunology, Schistosoma mansoni/immunology, Schistosomiasis/drug therapy/epidemiology/*immunology}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Barsoum, I. S. and Gamil, F. M. and Al-Khafif, M. A. and Ramzy, R. M. and El Alamy, M. A. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {7876, title = {{In situ studies with membrane diffusion chambers of antibiotic resistance transfer in Escherichia coli}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, year = {1982}, pages = {838{\textendash}843}, author = {Altherr, MR and Kasweck, KL} } @article {17175, title = {Inactivation of Salmonella during Anaerobic-Digestion of Sewage-Sludge}, journal = {Journal of Applied BacteriologyJ Appl Bacteriol}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, year = {1982}, pages = {331-334}, isbn = {0021-8847}, author = {Carrington, E. G. and Harman, S. A. and Pike, E. B.} } @article {15436, title = {Infestation naturelle des rats sauvages par Schistosoma mansoni en Guadeloupe : donn{\'e}es quantitatives sur le d{\'e}veloppement et la fertilit{\'e} du parasite}, journal = {Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Compar{\'e}e}, volume = {57}, year = {1982}, note = {G 17}, pages = {573-585}, keywords = {Parasite on vertebrate}, author = {Imbert-Establet, D.} } @article {10760, title = {{Influence of salinity and organic nutrient concentration on survival and growth of Vibrio cholerae in aquatic microcosms}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {43}, year = {1982}, pages = {1080{\textendash}1085}, author = {Singleton, FL and Attwell, RW and Jangi, MS and Colwell, RR} } @article {5762, title = {{Isolation of Enteroviruses from Oxidation Pond Waters}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, year = {1982}, pages = {971{\textendash}974}, author = {Vithalbhai, LS and Ellender, RD and Johnson, RA} } @article {8426, title = {{Isolation of Toxoplasma from the soil during an outbreak of Toxoplasmosis in a rural area in Brazil}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {68}, number = {5}, year = {1982}, pages = {866{\textendash}868}, author = {Coutinho, SG and Lobo, R and Dutra, G} } @booklet {15494, title = {S. japonicum and S. japonicum-like infections}, journal = {Schistosomiasis. Epidemiology, treatment and control}, year = {1982}, pages = {128-149}, publisher = {William Heinemann Medical Books}, address = {London}, author = {Mott, K.E.} } @article {7496, title = {A {Knowledge}, {Attitudes}, and {Practices} {Survey} of {Water} and {Sanitation} in {Swaziland}.}, year = {1982}, url = {http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED223432}, author = {Green, Edward C.} } @article {15456, title = {Laboratory and field evaluation of a direct filtration technique for recovery of schistosome cercariae}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {1982}, note = {Kloos, H
Gardiner, C H
Selim, A
Higashi, G I
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
1982/01/01
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1982 Jan;31(1):122-7.}, month = {Jan}, pages = {122-7}, abstract = {The use of cercariometry in epidemiological studies has been limited by turbidity, difficulty of recovering cercariae at low concentrations in natural waters, and by complex apparatus that requires a power source. The technique of differential filtration developed by Theron has been modified and tested in the laboratory and in the field in Upper Egypt for detection of Schistosoma haematobium cercariae. A recovery filter with a pore size of 30 micrometer was found to give the best results. The recovery rate in the laboratory was 51\% on filtration of 5-liter samples of formalin-treated water, and 19-30\% with 10- and 20-liter samples. This moderate efficiency is offset by simplicity of the technique, rapid filtration, and ease of reading the recovery filter, permitting sampling of large volumes of water in the field by persons with little training. Average densities of 0.024 cercariae per liter of water were found at the Nile and 0.029 cercariae per liter in the irrigation canals. Most cercariae were recovered between 0.700 and 0900 hours.}, keywords = {*Fresh Water, *Water, Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Egypt, Filtration/instrumentation, Formaldehyde, methods, Schistosoma haematobium/*isolation \& purification}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Kloos, H. and Gardiner, C. H. and Selim, A. and Higashi, G. I.} } @article {3554, title = {An outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by both rotavirus and {Shigella} sonnei in a private school in {Rio} de {Janeiro}.}, journal = {J Hyg (Lond)}, volume = {88}, number = {2}, year = {1982}, pages = {285{\textendash}293}, author = {Sutmoller, F and Azeredo, RS and Lacerda, MD and Barth, OM and Pereira, HG and Hoffer, E and Schatzmayr, HG} } @article {15125, title = {The population biology and control of {Ascaris} lumbricoides in a rural community in {Iran}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {76}, year = {1982}, pages = {187{\textendash}197}, author = {Croll, N. A. and Anderson, R. M. Gyorkos and W, T. and Ghadiran, E.} } @article {10954, title = {The population biology and control of {Ascaris} lumbricoides in a rural community in {Iran}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {76}, number = {2}, year = {1982}, month = {jan}, pages = {187{\textendash}197}, abstract = {Adults of Ascaris lumbricoides were recovered from 252 persons in the village of Jazin near Esfahan, Iran after treatment with pyrantel pamoate. This horizontal study provides information on age-specific prevalence rates, intensities of infection, frequency distributions, sex ratios and eggs per gram of stool at different parasite intensities. Recruitment of A. lumbricoides was then monitored at 7, 30, 60, 90 and 365 days after treatment in 110 persons. A separate sample population was examined at monthly intervals and, in addition, the stool of each member of a nine-person family was examined for 10 consecutive days. These data are analysed and used to describe the dynamics of transmissions and recruitment of A. lumbricoides in Jazin. The population dynamics of ascariasis are discussed in the context of R the basic reproductive rate of the parasite. The relationships of R with frequency distributions, prevalencies and worm burdens are discussed. Because of the considerable potential of A. lumbricoides to re-infect man in endemic areas, it is shown that it will be difficult to eradicate ascariasis by the use of chemotherapy, even when drugs with a high efficacy are used repeatedly.}, issn = {0035-9203}, doi = {10.1016/0035-9203(82)90272-3}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0035920382902723}, author = {Croll, N.A. and Anderson, R.M. and Gyorkos, T.W. and Ghadirian, E.} } @booklet {12745, title = {{The risk of groundwater pollution by on-site sanitation in developing countries: a literature review. IRCWD Report No. 01/82}}, year = {1982}, publisher = {International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal (IRCWD)}, address = {Duebendorf, Switzerland}, author = {Lewis, WJ and Foster, SSD and Drasar, BS} } @article {12882, title = {Risk of groundwater pollution by on-site sanitation in developing countries; a literature review}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {1982}, institution = {World Health Organization (WHO)}, author = {Lewis, W John and Stephen D Foster and Drasar, Bohumil S} } @article {10675, title = {{Studies on the growth of Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor and biotype classical in foods}}, journal = {Epidemiology and Infection}, volume = {89}, year = {1982}, pages = {243{\textendash}252}, author = {Kolvin, JL and Roberts, D} } @article {2473, title = {{Survival and viability of nonculturableEscherichia coli andVibrio cholerae in the estuarine and marine environment}}, journal = {Microb Ecol}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {1982}, pages = {313{\textendash}323}, edition = {1982/12/01}, abstract = {Plating methods for estimating survival of indicator organisms, such asEscherichia coli, and water-borne pathogens includingVibrio cholerae, have severe limitations when used to estimate viable populations of these organisms in the aquatic environment. By combining the methods of immunofluorescent microscopy, acridine orange direct counting, and direct viable counting, with culture methods such as indirect enumeration by most probable number (MPN) estimation and direct plating, it was shown that bothE. coli andV. cholerae undergo a "nonrecoverable" stage of existence, but remain viable. Following 2-week incubations in saltwater (5-25\%o NaCl) microcosms, total counts, measured by direct microscopic examination of fluorescent antibody and acridine orange stained cells, remained unchanged, whereas MPN estimates and plate counts exhibited rapid decline. Results of direct viable counting, a procedure permitting estimate of substrate-responsive viable cells by microscopic examination, revealed that a significant proportion of the nonculturable cells were, indeed, viable. Thus, survival of pathogens in the aquatic environment must be re-assessed. The "die-off" or "decay" concept may not be completely valid. Furthermore, the usefulness of the coliform and fecal coliform indices for evaluating water quality for public health purposes may be seriously compromised, in the light of the finding reported here.}, isbn = {0095-3628 (Print) 0095-3628 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/BF02010671}, author = {Xu, H S and Roberts, N and Singleton, F L and Attwell, R W and Grimes, D J and Colwell, R R} } @article {8174, title = {{Survival and viability of nonculturableEscherichia coli andVibrio cholerae in the estuarine and marine environment}}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {1982}, pages = {313{\textendash}323}, edition = {1982/12/01}, abstract = {

Plating methods for estimating survival of indicator organisms, such asEscherichia coli, and water-borne pathogens includingVibrio cholerae, have severe limitations when used to estimate viable populations of these organisms in the aquatic environment. By combining the methods of immunofluorescent microscopy, acridine orange direct counting, and direct viable counting, with culture methods such as indirect enumeration by most probable number (MPN) estimation and direct plating, it was shown that bothE. coli andV. cholerae undergo a \"nonrecoverable\" stage of existence, but remain viable. Following 2-week incubations in saltwater (5-25{\%}o NaCl) microcosms, total counts, measured by direct microscopic examination of fluorescent antibody and acridine orange stained cells, remained unchanged, whereas MPN estimates and plate counts exhibited rapid decline. Results of direct viable counting, a procedure permitting estimate of substrate-responsive viable cells by microscopic examination, revealed that a significant proportion of the nonculturable cells were, indeed, viable. Thus, survival of pathogens in the aquatic environment must be re-assessed. The \"die-off\" or \"decay\" concept may not be completely valid. Furthermore, the usefulness of the coliform and fecal coliform indices for evaluating water quality for public health purposes may be seriously compromised, in the light of the finding reported here.

}, isbn = {0095-3628 (Print)0095-3628 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1007/BF02010671}, author = {Xu, H S and Roberts, N and Singleton, F L and Attwell, R W and Grimes, D J and Colwell, R R} } @article {14289, title = {Survival and viability of {nonculturableEscherichia} coli {andVibrio} cholerae in the estuarine and marine environment}, journal = {Microb Ecol}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {1982}, pages = {313{\textendash}323}, abstract = {Plating methods for estimating survival of indicator organisms, such asEscherichia coli, and water-borne pathogens includingVibrio cholerae, have severe limitations when used to estimate viable populations of these organisms in the aquatic environment. By combining the methods of immunofluorescent microscopy, acridine orange direct counting, and direct viable counting, with culture methods such as indirect enumeration by most probable number (MPN) estimation and direct plating, it was shown that bothE. coli andV. cholerae undergo a "nonrecoverable" stage of existence, but remain viable. Following 2-week incubations in saltwater (5-25\%o NaCl) microcosms, total counts, measured by direct microscopic examination of fluorescent antibody and acridine orange stained cells, remained unchanged, whereas MPN estimates and plate counts exhibited rapid decline. Results of direct viable counting, a procedure permitting estimate of substrate-responsive viable cells by microscopic examination, revealed that a significant proportion of the nonculturable cells were, indeed, viable. Thus, survival of pathogens in the aquatic environment must be re-assessed. The "die-off" or "decay" concept may not be completely valid. Furthermore, the usefulness of the coliform and fecal coliform indices for evaluating water quality for public health purposes may be seriously compromised, in the light of the finding reported here.}, doi = {10.1007/BF02010671}, author = {Xu, H S and Roberts, N and Singleton, F L and Attwell, R W and Grimes, D J and Colwell, R R} } @article {1716, title = {Survival of hepatitis A virus in feces after drying and storage for 1 month}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, year = {1982}, note = {McCaustland, K A Bond, W W Bradley, D W Ebert, J W Maynard, J E eng 1982/11/01 J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Nov;16(5):957-8.}, pages = {957-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Hepatitis A virus in feces remained viable after being dried and then stored at 25 degrees C and 42\% relative humidity for 30 days, as evidenced by infection of two marmosets inoculated with 1 ml of the treated fecal material. The virus was excreted in stool specimens from these animals, and seroconversion to antibody to hepatitis A virus occurred 28 and 35 days post-inoculation.}, keywords = {Animals Callitrichinae Feces/*microbiology Hepatovirus/*growth \& development/pathogenicity Humans Pan troglodytes Specimen Handling Time Factors Virulence}, issn = {0095-1137 (Print) 0095-1137 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6296198}, author = {McCaustland, K. A. and Bond, W. W. and Bradley, D. W. and Ebert, J. W. and Maynard, J. E.} } @article {11868, title = {Survival Rates of Parasite Eggs in Sludge During Aerobic and Anaerobic-Digestion}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {44}, year = {1982}, pages = {1138-1143}, author = {Black, M.I. and Scarpino, P.V. and ODonnell, C.J. and Meyer, K.B. and Jones, J.V. and Kaneshiro, E.S.} } @article {16999, title = {SWIMMING-ASSOCIATED GASTROENTERITIS AND WATER QUALITY1}, journal = {American journal of epidemiology}, volume = {115}, number = {4}, year = {1982}, pages = {606{\textendash}616}, publisher = {Oxford Univ Press}, author = {Cabelli, Victor J and Dufour, Alfred P and McCabe, LJ and Levin, MA} } @article {5007, title = {{Therapeutic field trial with praziquantel (Biltricide(R)) in a rural population infected with Clonorchis sinensis}}, journal = {Kisaengchunghak Chapchi}, volume = {20}, year = {1982}, pages = {1{\textendash}8}, author = {Rim, HJ and Lee, YM and Lee, JS and Joo, KH} } @article {15344, title = {Transmission of Schistosoma mansoni from man to snail: experimental studies of miracidial survival and infectivity in relation to larval age, water temperature, host size and host age}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {85 (Pt 2)}, year = {1982}, note = {Anderson, R M
Mercer, J G
Wilson, R A
Carter, N P
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
ENGLAND
1982/10/01
Parasitology. 1982 Oct;85 (Pt 2):339-60.}, month = {Oct}, pages = {339-60}, abstract = {We report the results of experimental work on (a) the influence of temperature on the age-dependent survival and infectivity of the miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and (b) the relationship between snail age, snail size and susceptibility to infection. The death rate of miracidia declined exponentially with age where life-expectancy was maximal (approximately 16 h) at 15 degrees C. Infectivity also declined rapidly with larval age but, in contrast to larval survival, the rate of infection was at a maximum at 25 degrees C. Snail susceptibility was shown to be more closely correlated with host size rather than host age. Susceptibility declined exponentially with increased host size. Size-dependent susceptibility was shown to generate concave age-prevalence curves for infection within snail populations, where the maximum prevalence is generated in snails of intermediary age. Simple mathematical models are developed to aid estimation of larval survival and infection rates and experimental results are discussed in relation to the overall transmission success of the parasite from man to snail.}, keywords = {Aging, Animals, Biomphalaria/anatomy \& histology/*parasitology/physiology, Humans, Mathematics, Probability, Schistosoma mansoni/*growth \& development, Temperature, water}, isbn = {0031-1820 (Print)
0031-1820 (Linking)}, author = {Anderson, R. M. and Mercer, J. G. and Wilson, R. A. and Carter, N. P.} } @article {5059, title = {The {Use} of {Microorganisms} as {Groundwater} {Tracers}: {A} review}, journal = {Groundwater}, volume = {20}, year = {1982}, pages = {142{\textendash}149}, author = {Keswick, BH and Wang, D-S and C P Gerba} } @article {1443, title = {Waterborne outbreak control: which disinfectant?}, journal = {Environmental Health Perspectives}, volume = {46}, year = {1982}, note = {Akin, E W Hoff, J C Lippy, E C United states Environmental health perspectives Environ Health Perspect. 1982 Dec;46:7-12.}, pages = {7-12}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Drinking water disinfection was shown to be an important public health measure around the turn of the century. In the United States, it was perhaps the single most important factor in controlling typhoid fever, a waterborne disease that was rampant throughout the world during the last century. It may also be assumed that disinfection was important in limiting the number of cases of other diseases known to be capable of waterborne transmission, i.e., cholera, amebiasis, shigellosis, salmonellosis, and hepatitis A. Even though modern treatment has eliminated water as a major vehicle of infectious disease transmission, outbreaks still occur. In fact, the annual number has been increasing since 1966. Interruption in chlorination or failure to achieve adequate levels of chlorine residual is the most often identified deficiency of the involved water supplies. This finding indicates that waterborne microbial pathogens remain as a potential health threat and underscores the importance of disinfection. From the outset, chlorination has been the drinking water disinfectant of choice in the country. Numerous studies have demonstrated its ability to inactivate bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens when applied under proper conditions. However, the finding that chlorinated organics that are potentially carcinogenic are formed has prompted an evaluation of alternative disinfectants. The viable alternatives to chlorine currently under consideration for widespread use are ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines. In terms of biocidal efficiency, ozone is the most potent of the three. Chlorine dioxide is about the equivalent of free chlorine in the hypochlorous acid form but much more efficient than the hypochlorite form of free chlorine. The chloramines are weaker biocides than hypochlorite. Although this general order of ranking of efficiency holds for diverse types of microorganisms, quantitative comparisons vary with different microorganisms and experimental conditions.

}, keywords = {Communicable Disease Control Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology/transmission Disease Outbreaks/*epidemiology/prevention \& control *Disinfectants Humans Time Factors United States *Water Supply}, issn = {0091-6765 (Print) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7151768}, author = {Akin, E. W. and Hoff, J. C. and Lippy, E. C.} } @article {14435, title = {Waterborne outbreak control: which disinfectant?}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, volume = {46}, year = {1982}, month = {dec}, pages = {7{\textendash}12}, abstract = {Drinking water disinfection was shown to be an important public health measure around the turn of the century. In the United States, it was perhaps the single most important factor in controlling typhoid fever, a waterborne disease that was rampant throughout the world during the last century. It may also be assumed that disinfection was important in limiting the number of cases of other diseases known to be capable of waterborne transmission, i.e., cholera, amebiasis, shigellosis, salmonellosis, and hepatitis A. Even though modern treatment has eliminated water as a major vehicle of infectious disease transmission, outbreaks still occur. In fact, the annual number has been increasing since 1966. Interruption in chlorination or failure to achieve adequate levels of chlorine residual is the most often identified deficiency of the involved water supplies. This finding indicates that waterborne microbial pathogens remain as a potential health threat and underscores the importance of disinfection. From the outset, chlorination has been the drinking water disinfectant of choice in the country. Numerous studies have demonstrated its ability to inactivate bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens when applied under proper conditions. However, the finding that chlorinated organics that are potentially carcinogenic are formed has prompted an evaluation of alternative disinfectants. The viable alternatives to chlorine currently under consideration for widespread use are ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines. In terms of biocidal efficiency, ozone is the most potent of the three. Chlorine dioxide is about the equivalent of free chlorine in the hypochlorous acid form but much more efficient than the hypochlorite form of free chlorine. The chloramines are weaker biocides than hypochlorite. Although this general order of ranking of efficiency holds for diverse types of microorganisms, quantitative comparisons vary with different microorganisms and experimental conditions.}, keywords = {*Disinfectants, *Water Supply, Communicable Disease Control, Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology/transmission, Disease Outbreaks/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Humans, Time Factors, United States}, issn = {0091-6765 (Print) 0091-6765 (Linking)}, author = {Akin, E. W. and Hoff, J. C. and Lippy, E. C.} } @booklet {5164, title = {{Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation: Health Aspects of Excreta and Sullage Management{\textendash}A State-of-the-Art Review}}, year = {1981}, publisher = {World Bank}, author = {Feachem, Richard G and Bradley, David J and Garelick, Hemda and Mara, D Duncan} } @book {8382, title = {{Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation: Health Aspects of Excreta and Sullage Management- A State-of-the-Art Review}}, series = {World Bank}, year = {1981}, author = {Feachem, R.G. and Bradley, D.J. and Garelick, H. and Mara, D.D.} } @article {15210, title = {Appropriate technology for water supply and sanitation. Vol. 3. Health aspects of excreta and sullage management: a state-of-the-art review}, journal = {World Bank}, volume = {3}, year = {1981}, author = {Feachem, R.G. and Bradley, D.J. and Garelick, H. and Mara, D.D.} } @article {12718, title = {{Clinical evaluation of praziquantel (Embay 8440; Biltricide{\textregistered}) in the treatment of Paragonimus westermani}}, journal = {Korean Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {19}, year = {1981}, pages = {27{\textendash}37}, author = {Rim, HJ and Chang, YS and Lee, JS and Joo, KH and Suh, WH and Tsuji, M} } @article {10681, title = {{Duration of infection-derived immunity to cholera}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {143}, number = {6}, year = {1981}, pages = {818{\textendash}820}, author = {Levine, MM and Black, RE and Clements, ML and Cisneros, L and Nalin, DR and Young, CR} } @article {9696, title = {Echinococcus infections in Colombian animals}, journal = {Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.}, volume = {30}, year = {1981}, month = {1276}, pages = {1263}, author = {D{\textquoteright}Alessandro, A and Rausch, R.L and Morales, G.A and Collet, S. and Angel, D} } @article {2992, title = {Echinococcus infections in {Colombian} animals}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, year = {1981}, month = {nov}, pages = {1263{\textendash}1276}, abstract = {The results of a survey involving more than 4,000 Colombian mammals, carried out to detect Echinococcus infections, are presented. Adult worms were found in 5 of 121 carnivores: E. oligarthrus in 1 of 11 ocelots, 2 of 9 jaguarundi cats and single puma; and E. vogeli in 1 of 15 domestic dogs. Although bush dogs were present, none could be examined. Polycystic larvae were found in 96 of 325 pacas (29.5\%) and in 6 of 1,168 (0.5\%) spiny rats, Proechimys spp. None of the 118 agouti showed hydatids but an infected heart was provided by hunters. The paca{\textquoteright}s infection rate increased with age but was not related to sex or geographic region. In 73 of 96 pacas the infection was due to E. vogeli, and the cysts were located in the liver. In 3 it was due to E. oligarthrus and the hydatids were extrahepatic, mainly attached to muscles. In the remaining 20, the species involved could not be determined. The parasites in two of the spiny rats, and in the agouti heart were E. oligarthrus. Although most of the infected animals were collected in the eastern plains, other records and verbal information indicate that, at least in Colombia where man has not exterminated pacas, agoutis, wild canids and felids, one still can find enzootic neotropical Echinococcus infection. The cycle of E. vogeli involves the bush dog and paca as hosts, and that of E. oligarthrus, the paca, agouti, spiny rat, and several species of wild felids.}, keywords = {Animal Population Groups, Animals, Carnivora, Colombia, Domestic, Echinococcosis, Marsupialia, Primates, Rodentia, Wild, Xenarthra}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {D{\textquoteright}Alessandro, A. and Rausch, R. L. and Morales, G. A. and Collet, S. and Angel, D.} } @article {7054, title = {Effect of sunlight on survival of indicator bacteria in seawater.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, year = {1981}, pages = {690{\textendash}696}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/41/3/690.short}, author = {Fujioka, Roger S. and Hashimoto, Harlan H. and Siwak, Edward B. and Young, Reginald H.} } @article {9137, title = {{Effects of moisture content on long term survival and regrowth of bacteria in wastewater sludge}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, year = {1981}, pages = {1117{\textendash}1122}, abstract = {The effects of moisture content on the survival and regrowth of seeded and indigenous enteric bacteria in raw sludge were determined. Cultures of six strains of fecally associated bacteria grown in sterilized, liquid sludge (5{\{}{\%}{\}} solids) were all quite stable at this moisture level for over 90 days at 21 degrees C. When the moisture content of the sludge containing these organisms was reduced by evaporation and the samples were stored at 21 degrees C for extended periods, bacterial inactivation rates were generally proportional to the moisture losses of the samples. A dramatic reversal in this effect was observed in samples containing more than 90{\{}{\%}{\}} solids. In this dried sludge, every bacterial species studied except Proteus mirabilis was found to be extremely stable. Bacteria indigenous to sludge were also found to survive for long periods in dried sludge. Regrowth of bacterial isolates in sterilized raw sludge was found to occur readily at 37 degrees C in samples containing less than or equal to 75{\{}{\%}{\}} solids, but no growth was observed in samples with greater than or equal to 85{\{}{\%}{\}} solids. Some growth, but to less than saturation densities, occurred with 80{\{}{\%}{\}} solids. Growth of seeded Salmonella typhimurium was also found to occur in the presence of indigenous organisms in both liquid and dewatered raw sludges. However, the population density attained was well below that found in sterilized samples of the same sludges. In addition, the number of salmonellae dropped below detectable limits within a few days in sludges containing viable indigenous organisms, whereas little decrease occurred during this time with salmonellae grown in previously sterilized sludges.}, keywords = {bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecalis: growth {\{}{\&}{\}} development, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus mirabilis: growth {\{}{\&}{\}} development, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhimurium: growth {\{}{\&}{\}} development, Sewage, Sludge, Survival, Temperature, Time Factors, water}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=243876{\%}7B{\&}{\%}7Dtool=pmcentrez{\%}7B{\&}{\%}7Drendertype=abstract}, author = {Yeager, J G and Ward, R L} } @article {6203, title = {Effects of moisture content on long-term survival and regrowth of bacteria in wastewater sludge.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, year = {1981}, pages = {1117{\textendash}1122}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/41/5/1117.short}, author = {Yeager, J. GARY and Ward, R. L.} } @article {17511, title = {{Effects of moisture content on long-term survival and regrowth of bacteria in wastewater sludge}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, year = {1981}, pages = {1117{\textendash}1122}, abstract = {The effects of moisture content on the survival and regrowth of seeded and indigenous enteric bacteria in raw sludge were determined. Cultures of six strains of fecally associated bacteria grown in sterilized, liquid sludge (5{\%} solids) were all quite stable at this moisture level for over 90 days at 21{\textdegree}C. When the moisture content of the sludge containing these organisms was reduced by evaporation and the samples were stored at 21{\textdegree}C for extended periods, bacterial inactivation rates were generally proportional to the moisture losses of the samples. A dramatic reversal in this effect was observed in samples containing more than 90{\%} solids. In this dried sludge, every bacterial species studied except Proteus mirabilis was found to be extremely stable. Bacteria indigenous to sludge were also found to survive for long periods in dried sludge. Regrowth of bacterial isolates in sterilized raw sludge was found to occur readily at 37{\textdegree}C in samples containing <=75{\%} solids, but no growth was observed in samples with >=85{\%} solids. Some growth, but to less than saturation densities, occurred with 80{\%} solids. Growth of seeded Salmonella typhimurium was also found to occur in the presence of indigenous organisms in both liquid and dewatered raw sludges. However, the population density attained was well below that found in sterilized samples of the same sludges. In addition, the number of salmonellae dropped below detectable limits within a few days in sludges containing viable indigenous organisms, whereas little decrease occurred during this time with salmonellae grown in previously sterilized sludges.}, issn = {00992240}, doi = {10.1128/aem.41.5.1117-1122.1981}, author = {Yeager, J. G. and Ward, R. L.} } @article {16291, title = {Ein Zweistufenverfahren zur Virusanreicherung aus L{\"o}sungen mit geringem Virustiter}, journal = {Journal of hygiene, epidemiology, microbiology, and immunology}, volume = {25}, year = {1981}, pages = {71{\textendash}81}, author = {Walter, R. and R{\"u}diger, S.} } @article {8487, title = {{Endemicity of toxoplasmosis in Costa Rica}}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {113}, number = {3}, year = {1981}, pages = {254{\textendash}269}, author = {Frenkel, JK and Ruiz, A} } @article {10972, title = {Environmental sanitation infection and nutritional status of infants in rural {St}. {Lucia}, {West} {Indies}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, year = {1981}, month = {jan}, pages = {507{\textendash}513}, abstract = {About 75 babies in each of three valleys were followed up for two years. The valleys had different levels of water supplies and latrine facilities, whereas socio-economic conditions and feeding patterns were similar. Results show that the prevalence of diarrhoea and intestinal helminths reduced as sanitation improved. Ascaris and Trichuris infections dropped 30 and 50\% respectively after water supplies and latrines were installed. The growth of the children was significantly better in the improved areas. The possibility of malnutrition being secondary to illness, rather than primary, is included in the discussion.}, issn = {0035-9203}, doi = {10.1016/0035-9203(81)90187-5}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0035920381901875}, author = {Henry, Fitzroy J.} } @article {11230, title = {{Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Zoonotic Toxocariasis}}, journal = {Epidemiologic Reviews}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {1981}, pages = {230{\textendash}250}, doi = {10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036235}, author = {Glickman, Lawrence T and Schantz, PETER M} } @article {11910, title = {Experimental Infection by Waterborne Enteroviruses}, journal = {Journal of Food Protection}, volume = {44}, number = {11}, year = {1981}, pages = {861-865}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.4315/0362-028x-44.11.861}, url = {http://jfoodprotection.org/doi/abs/10.4315/0362-028X-44.11.861}, author = {Cliver, Dean O.} } @article {13526, title = {Fascioliasis in Puerto Rico: A review}, journal = {Bol Asoc Med Puerto Rico}, volume = {73}, year = {1981}, pages = {94-101}, author = {Hillyer, G. V.} } @article {11007, title = {Hatching mechanisms of nematodes}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {83}, number = {2}, year = {1981}, pages = {435{\textendash}449}, abstract = {Investigations of nematode hatching have concentrated on the parasitic forms, especially on synchronization between host and parasite life-cycles which, in some species, is so close that the parasite is dependent on the host for the hatching stimulus. Research into nematode hatching reflects the artificial separations created throughout nematology by defining research groups and their activities in terms of the host; consequently, useful comparisons between hatching of plant and animal parasitic nematodes have been few. With the increasing use by geneticists of nematodes as model animals and the interest in them by neuro-physiologists, molecular biologists and others, we hope that such distinctions will be lessened.}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182000085413}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/hatching-mechanisms-of-nematodes/059EFA3C5FC49A710181AEA57C74DDCB}, author = {Perry, R. N. and Clarke, A. J.} } @article {15540, title = {Helminths in the induction of cancer II. Schistosoma haematobium and bladder cancer}, journal = {Tropical and geographical medicine}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {1981}, note = {Schwartz, D A
eng
Review
NETHERLANDS
1981/03/01
Trop Geogr Med. 1981 Mar;33(1):1-7.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {1-7}, abstract = {

This article reviews the association between bilharziasis and bladder cancer. Cancer of the bladder is a well documented sequelae of chronic infection with Schistosoma haematobium. Bilharzial bladder cancer is a major cause of morbidity in many countries; it remains the most commonly diagnosed cancer of Egyptian men. Bilharzial tumors may be differentiated from non-bilharzial tumors by their younger age of onset, greater male/female ratio, pathology and clinical presentation. Bladder tumors have been successfully induced in animals exposed to S. haematobium cercariae. Dietary nitrosamines may exacerbate the induction of bladder cancer in the presence of S. haematobium. The exact mechanism of bilharzial bladder carcinogenesis remains unknown.

}, keywords = {Africa, Age Factors, Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosomiasis/*complications, Sex Factors, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/epidemiology/*etiology}, isbn = {0041-3232 (Print)
0041-3232 (Linking)}, author = {Schwartz, D. A.} } @article {7816, title = {Infective dose of Campylobacter jejuni in milk}, journal = {BMJ}, volume = {282}, number = {6276}, year = {1981}, month = {05/16}, pages = {1584}, abstract = {300 Multiple ChoicesThis is a pdf-only article and there is no markup to show you.full-text.pdf}, url = {http://www.bmj.com/content/282/6276/1584.1.abstract}, author = {Robinson,D. A.} } @article {11813, title = {{Investigaciones sobre Pseudophyllidea (Carus, 1813) en el sur de Chile. VIII Desarrollo experimental de Diphyllobothrium dendriticum Nitzch en Larus maculipennis Lichtenstein}}, journal = {Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia}, volume = {36}, year = {1981}, pages = {74{\textendash}75}, author = {Torres, P and Figueroa, L and Franjola, R} } @article {1810, title = {Mechanism of enteroviral inactivation by ozone}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, year = {1981}, note = {Roy, D Wong, P K Engelbrecht, R S Chian, E S eng 1981/03/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981 Mar;41(3):718-23.}, pages = {718-23}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The mechanism of enteroviral inactivation by ozone was investigated with poliovirus 1 (Mahoney) as the model virus. Ozone was observed to alter two of the four polypeptide chains present in the viral protein coat of poliovirus 1. However, the alteration of the protein coat did not significantly impair virus adsorption or alter the integrity of the virus particle. Damage to the viral RNA after exposure to ozone was demonstrated by velocity sedimentation analysis. It was concluded that the damage to the viral nucleic acid is the major cause of poliovirus 1 inactivation by ozone.}, keywords = {Ozone/*pharmacology Poliovirus/analysis/*drug effects/physiology RNA, Viral Viral Envelope Proteins Viral Proteins}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6261692}, author = {Roy, D. and Wong, P. K. and Engelbrecht, R. S. and Chian, E. S.} } @article {11710, title = {{Morphological observation of Diphyllobothrium pacificum (Nybelin, 1931) Margolis, 1956 from fur seals, Callorhynus ursinus in Japan}}, journal = {Yοnago Acta Medica}, volume = {25}, year = {1981}, pages = {69{\textendash}79}, author = {Maejima, J and Yazaki, S and Fukumoto, S and Hiraga, M and Kamo, H} } @article {16235, title = {The Norway rat as a selective chronic carrier of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae}, journal = {J Wildl DisJ Wildl DisJ Wildl Dis}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {1981}, month = {Jan}, pages = {39-43}, keywords = {Animals, Carrier State/microbiology/*veterinary, Leptospira interrogans/isolation \& purification, Leptospira/isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/microbiology/*veterinary, Rats/*microbiology, Rodent Diseases/*microbiology}, isbn = {0090-3558 (Print)}, author = {Thiermann, A. B.} } @article {16143, title = {The occurrence and significance to animal health of Leptospira, Mycobacterium, Escherichia coli, Brucella abortus and Bacillus anthracis in sewage and sewage sludges}, journal = {J Hyg (Lond)J Hyg (Lond)J Hyg (Lond)}, volume = {86}, number = {1}, year = {1981}, month = {Feb}, pages = {129-37}, edition = {1981/02/01}, keywords = {Animal Diseases/prevention \& control, Animals, Animals, Domestic, Bacillus anthracis/ isolation \& purification, Bacteriological Techniques, Brucella abortus/ isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli/ isolation \& purification, Leptospira/ isolation \& purification, Mycobacterium/ isolation \& purification, Sewage/ analysis, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {0022-1724 (Print)
0022-1724 (Linking)}, author = {Jones, P. W. and Rennison, L. M. and Matthews, P. R. and Collins, P. and Brown, A.} } @article {10570, title = {{Occurrence of Vibrio cholerae serotype O1 in Maryland and Louisiana estuaries}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {41}, year = {1981}, pages = {555{\textendash}558}, author = {Colwell, RR and Seidler, RJ and Kaper, J and S W Joseph and Garges, S and Lockman, H and Maneval, D and Bradford, H and Roberts, N and Remmers, E and Huq, I and Huq, A} } @article {1635, title = {One-year survey of enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and reoviruses isolated from effluent at an activated-sludge purification plant}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {1981}, note = {Irving, L G Smith, F A eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 1981/01/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981 Jan;41(1):51-9.}, pages = {51-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Samples of raw sewage, primary effluent, and secondary effluent from a large activated-sludge purification plant near Melbourne (Victoria, Australia) were collected every second week for 1 year. Viruses were detected in all secondary effluent samples and in six of seven samples obtained after final chlorination. Adenoviruses (85\% reduction) and reoviruses (28\% reduction) were removed less efficiently by this treatment process than were enteroviruses (93\% reduction). In addition, 57 of 171 samples of effluent tested were positive for either adenoviruses or reoviruses, or both, when enteroviruses were not isolated. This clearly shows that the use of enteroviruses as sole indicators of viruses in water may miss up to one-third of instances of viral contamination. Enteroviruses and adenoviruses were isolated most frequently in HeLa-R cell cultures, whereas reoviruses were most often isolated in primary monkey kidney cells.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/*isolation \& purification Australia Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Reoviridae/*isolation \& purification *Sewage *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6261687}, author = {Irving, L. G. and Smith, F. A.} } @article {11193, title = {{Parasite ova in anaerobically digested sludge}}, journal = {Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation)}, volume = {53}, number = {8}, year = {1981}, pages = {1334{\textendash}1338}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25041480}, author = {Arther, R G and Fitzgerald, P R and Fox, J C} } @article {11109, title = {Parasites in southern sludges and disinfection by standard sludge treatment}, number = {EPA 600152-81-166 NTIS Report P.B.}, year = {1981}, pages = {82-1023}, institution = {USEPA}, author = {Reimers, R.S. and Little, M.D. and Englande, A.J. and McDonell, D.B. and Bowman, D.B. and Hughes, J.M. and Wilkinson, R.F.} } @article {11423, title = {A preliminary field trial to evaluate the use of immunisation for the control of naturally acquired Taenia saginata infection in cattle}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {1981}, pages = {104-108}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0034-5288}, author = {Rickard, MD and Arundel, JH and Adolph, AJ} } @article {1880, title = {Process Design Manual for Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater EPA 625/1-81-013}, year = {1981}, institution = {USEPA}, type = {Electronic Article} } @article {11553, title = {{Proliferating larval cestode in a man in Paraguay: a case report and review}}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {30}, year = {1981}, pages = {625{\textendash}637}, author = {Beaver, PC and Rolon, FA} } @article {10171, title = {{Quantitative procedure for enumeration of bifidobacteria}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, year = {1981}, pages = {427{\textendash}432}, author = {Resnick, IG and Levin, MA} } @article {12690, title = {{Recent progress in studies of Paragonimus and paragonimiasis control in China}}, journal = {Chinese Medical Journal}, volume = {94}, year = {1981}, pages = {483{\textendash}494}, author = {Zhong, HL and He, LY and Xu, ZB and Cao, WJ} } @article {1585, title = {Recovery of indigenous enteroviruses from raw and digested sewage sludges}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, year = {1981}, note = {Goddard, M R Bates, J Butler, M eng Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t 1981/12/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981 Dec;42(6):1023-8.}, pages = {1023-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {We examined different types of raw sewage sludge treatment, including consolidation, anaerobic mesophilic digestion with subsequent consolidation, and aerobic-thermophilic digestion. Of these, the most efficient reduction in infectious virus titer was achieved by mesophilic digestion with subsequent consolidation, although a pilot-scale aerobic-thermophilic digester was extremely time effective, producing sludges with similarly low virus titers in a small fraction of the time. Although none of the treatments examined consistently produced a sludge with undetectable virus levels, mesophilic digestion alone was found to be particularly unreliable in reducing the levels of infectious virus present in the raw sludge.}, keywords = {Aerobiosis Anaerobiosis Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Hot Temperature *Sewage}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6274258}, author = {Goddard, M. R. and Bates, J. and Butler, M.} } @article {14632, title = {Recovery of indigenous enteroviruses from raw and digested sewage sludges}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {42}, year = {1981}, month = {dec}, pages = {1023{\textendash}8}, abstract = {We examined different types of raw sewage sludge treatment, including consolidation, anaerobic mesophilic digestion with subsequent consolidation, and aerobic-thermophilic digestion. Of these, the most efficient reduction in infectious virus titer was achieved by mesophilic digestion with subsequent consolidation, although a pilot-scale aerobic-thermophilic digester was extremely time effective, producing sludges with similarly low virus titers in a small fraction of the time. Although none of the treatments examined consistently produced a sludge with undetectable virus levels, mesophilic digestion alone was found to be particularly unreliable in reducing the levels of infectious virus present in the raw sludge.}, keywords = {*Sewage, Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification, Hot Temperature}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Goddard, M. R. and Bates, J. and Butler, M.} } @article {11815, title = {{Researches on Pseudophyllidea (Carus,1813) in the south of Chile. IV: Occurrence of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch)}}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {55}, year = {1981}, pages = {173{\textendash}188}, author = {Torres, P and Franjola, R and Figueroa, L and Schlatter, R and Gonz{\'a}lez, H and Contreras, B and Martin, R} } @article {7249, title = {Response of bacteria in wastewater sludge to moisture loss by evaporation and effect of moisture content on bacterial inactivation by ionizing radiation.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, year = {1981}, pages = {1123{\textendash}1127}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/41/5/1123.short}, author = {Ward, R. L. and Yeager, J. G. and Ashley, C. S.} } @article {11466, title = {{The role of coprophagous beetles in the dissemination of taeniasis in Kenya}}, journal = {International Journal of Tropical Insect Science}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, year = {1981}, pages = {379{\textendash}382}, author = {Mutinga, MMG} } @article {13075, title = {Sand-Filter Trenches for Purification of Septic Tank Effluent: I. The Clogging Mechanism and Soil Physical Environment 1}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {1981}, pages = {353{\textendash}357}, author = {Kristiansen, Rolv} } @article {6869, title = {Survival of enteroviruses and coliform bacteria in a sludge lagoon.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, year = {1981}, pages = {459{\textendash}465}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/41/2/459.short}, author = {Farrah, S. R. and Bitton, G. and Hoffmann, E. M. and Lanni, O. and Pancorbo, O. C. and Lutrick, M. C. and Bertrand, J. E.} } @article {9070, title = {{Survival of enteroviruses and coliform bacteria in a sludge lagoon}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, year = {1981}, pages = {459{\textendash}465}, abstract = {Enteroviruses associate with aerobically and anaerobically digested sludge were determined before the addition of the sludge to a sludge lagoon. The fate of sludge-associated viruses was followed during detention of sludge in the lagoon and after application of sludge to land for disposal. While digested sludge was being added to the lagoon, enteroviruses were readily detected in grab samples of sludge from the lagoon. Sludge-associated viruses dropped to low or undetectable levels after disposal of sludge on land and during periods when addition of digested sludge to the lagoon was suspended. Changes in the levels of fecal coliforms in the lagooned sludge paralleled changes in the numbers of enteroviruses. Enteroviruses were not detected in water from deep wells located on the sludge disposal site or near the lagoon. During the initial part of the study, poliovirus serotypes accounted for greater than 90{\{}{\%}{\}} of the viruses identified. Later, poliovirus serotypes comprised less than 40{\{}{\%}{\}} of the virus isolates, and echoviruses and Coxsackieviruses were the most common enteroviruses identified.}, issn = {00992240}, author = {Farrah, S R and Bitton, G and Hoffmann, E M and Lanni, O and Pancorbo, O C and Lutrick, M C and Bertrand, J E} } @article {6617, title = {Systems thinking, systems practice}, year = {1981}, url = {http://cumincad.scix.net/cgi-bin/works/Show?91c4}, author = {Checkland, Peter} } @article {11643, title = {{Two types of frontal glands in Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea) and their fate during the maturation of the worm}}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Parasitenkunde}, volume = {66}, year = {1981}, pages = {145{\textendash}154}, author = {Gustafsson, M and Vaihela, B} } @article {10763, title = {{Uptake of Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor from contaminated water by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {42}, year = {1981}, pages = {550{\textendash}553}, author = {Spira, WM and Huo, A and Ahmed, O and Saeed, YA} } @article {10582, title = {{Vibrio cholerae in marine foods and environmental waters: a literature review}}, journal = {Journal of Food Science}, volume = {46}, year = {1981}, pages = {66{\textendash}70}, author = {DePaola, A} } @article {5212, title = {{Virus removal in waste stabilization ponds in India}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {15}, year = {1981}, pages = {773{\textendash}778}, author = {Rao, VC and Lakhe, S B and Waghmare, S V} } @book {12652, title = {Wastewater treatment and disposal; engineering and ecology in pollution control}, volume = {15}, year = {1981}, publisher = {M. Dekker}, organization = {M. Dekker}, author = {Arceivala, Soli J} } @booklet {10558, title = {{Water-Related Disease Outbreaks: Annual Summary 1981}}, year = {1981}, publisher = {Centers for Disease Control}, address = {Atlanta, GA}, author = {CDC} } @article {2751, year = {1980}, author = {Saif, LJ and Bohl, EH and Theil, KW and Cross, RF} } @article {860, journal = {Journal of clinical microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {1980}, pages = {105-111}, abstract = {Virus particles morphologically similar to caliciviruses and rotaviruses were detected by electron microscopy {(EM)} in the intestinal contents of a 27-day-old diarrheic nursing pig. A third small spherical 23-nm virus-like particle was also observed. Calicivirus-like particles averaged 33 nm in diameter. Similar to rotaviruses, rotavirus-like particles were present as single-capsid 55-nm forms or double-capsid 70-nm particles. Most gnotobiotic pigs orally exposed to samples containing these three viruses developed diarrhea and villous atrophy of the small intestine, and all shed the three viruses in their intestinal contents. Attempts to propagate these viruses in cell culture were unsuccessful. The antigenic relationship of the rotavirus-like particles to known rotaviruses was explored by immune {EM} and immunofluorescent staining. By these techniques, the rotavirus-like particles did not cross-react with antisera to porcine, bovine, or human rotaviruses or to reovirus type 3. Antisera from gnotobiotic pigs exposed to all three viruses had enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus neutralization titers of \<4 against porcine rotavirus. Previous infection of gnotobiotic pigs with the mixture containing rotavirus-like particles failed to protect them against a subsequent challenge with porcine rotavirus. The antigenic relationship of the calicivirus-like particles to known caliciviruses was investigated by immune {EM} and virus neutralization. By these tests, the calicivirus-like particles did not react with antisera against feline calicivirus strain 255 or M-8. In a study conducted at Plum Island Animal Disease Center, antiserum against the three combined agents did not specifically neutralize any serotype of swine vesicular exanthema virus.}, author = {Saif, LJ and Bohl, EH and Theil, KW and Cross, RF and House, JA} } @article {3540, title = {The action of alcohols on rotavirus, astrovirus and enterovirus.}, journal = {Journal of Hospital Infection}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, year = {1980}, pages = {321{\textendash}325}, author = {J B Kurtz and T W Lee and A J Parsons} } @article {7656, title = {Campylobacter infections in human beings}, journal = {Journal of Pediatrics}, volume = {96}, year = {1980}, pages = {343}, author = {Blaser,M. J. and Wang,W. L.} } @article {12728, title = {{A case of pulmonary paragonimiasis in Mindanao, Philippines}}, journal = {The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health}, volume = {11}, year = {1980}, pages = {67{\textendash}69}, author = {Micozzi, MS and Ongchangco, MN} } @article {5973, title = {{Chronic liver disease after non-A, non-B hepatitis}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {2}, number = {8199}, year = {1980}, pages = {860{\textendash}861}, author = {Khuroo, MS} } @article {6330, title = {Community participation in appropriate water supply and sanitation technologies: {The} mythology for the decade}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences}, volume = {209}, number = {1174}, year = {1980}, pages = {15{\textendash}29}, url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/209/1174/15.short}, author = {Feachem, Richard G.} } @article {1546, title = {Comparative inactivation of viruses by chlorine}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, year = {1980}, note = {Engelbrecht, R S Weber, M J Salter, B L Schmidt, C A eng Comparative Study Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1980/08/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1980 Aug;40(2):249-56.}, pages = {249-56}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The kinetics of inactivation of six enteric viruses plus simian virus 40 and Kilham rat virus by free available chlorine was studied under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. It was found that the different virus types demonstrated a wide range of susceptibility to chlorine disinfection. The rate of inactivation was greater at pH 6 than at pH 10; however, the relative susceptibilities of the different viruses were affected differently by a change in pH, suggesting that the pH influenced both the species of chlorine present and the susceptibility of the different viruses to chlorine. The presence of potassium chloride also affected the susceptibility of viruses to chlorine.}, keywords = {Antiviral Agents/pharmacology Chlorine/*pharmacology Enterovirus/*drug effects Enterovirus B, Human/drug effects Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Parvoviridae/*drug effects Parvovirus/*drug effects Poliovirus/drug effects Simian virus 40/*drug effects Species Specificity Time Factors}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6258473}, author = {Engelbrecht, R. S. and Weber, M. J. and Salter, B. L. and Schmidt, C. A.} } @article {14580, title = {Comparative inactivation of viruses by chlorine}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {40}, year = {1980}, month = {aug}, pages = {249{\textendash}56}, abstract = {The kinetics of inactivation of six enteric viruses plus simian virus 40 and Kilham rat virus by free available chlorine was studied under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. It was found that the different virus types demonstrated a wide range of susceptibility to chlorine disinfection. The rate of inactivation was greater at pH 6 than at pH 10; however, the relative susceptibilities of the different viruses were affected differently by a change in pH, suggesting that the pH influenced both the species of chlorine present and the susceptibility of the different viruses to chlorine. The presence of potassium chloride also affected the susceptibility of viruses to chlorine.}, keywords = {Antiviral Agents/pharmacology, Chlorine/*pharmacology, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*drug effects, Human/drug effects, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Parvoviridae/*drug effects, Parvovirus/*drug effects, Poliovirus/drug effects, Simian virus 40/*drug effects, Species Specificity, Time Factors}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Engelbrecht, R. S. and Weber, M. J. and Salter, B. L. and Schmidt, C. A.} } @article {14931, title = {Comparative inactivation of viruses by chlorine}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {40}, year = {1980}, month = {aug}, pages = {249{\textendash}56}, abstract = {The kinetics of inactivation of six enteric viruses plus simian virus 40 and Kilham rat virus by free available chlorine was studied under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. It was found that the different virus types demonstrated a wide range of susceptibility to chlorine disinfection. The rate of inactivation was greater at pH 6 than at pH 10; however, the relative susceptibilities of the different viruses were affected differently by a change in pH, suggesting that the pH influenced both the species of chlorine present and the susceptibility of the different viruses to chlorine. The presence of potassium chloride also affected the susceptibility of viruses to chlorine.}, keywords = {Antiviral Agents/pharmacology, Chlorine/*pharmacology, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*drug effects, Human/drug effects, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Parvoviridae/*drug effects, Parvovirus/*drug effects, Poliovirus/drug effects, Simian virus 40/*drug effects, Species Specificity, Time Factors}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Engelbrecht, R. S. and Weber, M. J. and Salter, B. L. and Schmidt, C. A.} } @article {3683, title = {Comparative study on the mechanisms of rotavirus inactivation by sodium dodecyl sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetate.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, year = {1980}, pages = {1148{\textendash}1153}, abstract = {This report describes a comparative study on the effects of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate and the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetate on purified rotavirus \{\{\}SA-11\{\}\} particles. Both chemicals readily inactivated rotavirus at quite low concentrations and under very mild conditions. In addition, both agents modified the viral capsid and prevented the adsorption of inactivated virions to cells. Capsid damage by ethylenediaminetetraacetate caused a shift in the densities of rotavirions from about 1.35 to about 1.37 g/ml and a reduction in their sedimentation coefficients. Sodium dodecyl sulfate, on the other hand, did not detectably alter either of these physical properties of rotavirions. Both agents caused some alteration of the isoelectric points of the virions. Finally, analysis of rotavirus proteins showed that ethylenediaminetetraacetate caused the loss of two protein peaks from the electrophoretic pattern of virions but sodium dodecyl sulfate caused the loss of only one of these same protein peaks.}, author = {Ward, R L and Ashley, C S} } @article {11467, title = {{Dermestes maculatus de Geer, 1774 (Coleoptera, Dermestidae) as potential distributor of Taenia saginata Goeze, 1782 eggs}}, journal = {Folia Parasitol (Praha)}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, year = {1980}, pages = {37{\textendash}38}, author = {Prokopic, J and Minar, J} } @article {13083, title = {Design manual onsite wastewater treatment and disposal systems}, number = {EPA-625/1-80-012}, year = {1980}, pages = {412}, institution = {US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory}, address = {Cincinnati, OH, USA}, author = {Otis, Richard J and Boyle, WC and Clements, EV and Schmidt, CJ} } @article {1467, title = {Destruction by anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of viruses and indicator bacteria indigenous to domestic sludges}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {1980}, note = {Berg, G Berman, D eng 1980/02/01 00:00 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1980 Feb;39(2):361-8.}, pages = {361-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {In raw sludges and in mesophilically and thermophilically digested anaerobic sludges, large variations in numbers of viruses occurred over narrow ranges of numbers of fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and fecal streptococci, demonstrating that the bacteria were poor quantitative reflectors of the numbers of the viruses detected. Mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of anaerobic sludges destroyed all three indicator bacteria more rapidly than such digestion destroyed the viruses. The relative rates for the destruction of viruses, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci in the digested sludges were consistent over the 17-month study. Fecal coliforms were 7 to 8 times more sensitive than the viruses to mesophilic digestion and 9 to 10 times more sensitive to thermophilic digestion. Total coliforms were even more sensitive. The rates at which fecal streptococci were destroyed by mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of anaerobic sludges approached those at which the viruses were destroyed by those processes; this suggested that the rates at which fecal streptococci in sludges are destroyed by those processes may serve as useful indicators for the rates at which viruses in sludges are destroyed by those processes.}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16345510}, author = {Berg, G. and Berman, D.} } @article {16985, title = {Destruction by anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of viruses and indicator bacteria indigenous to domestic sludges}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {1980}, pages = {361{\textendash}368}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Berg, Gerald and Berman, Donald} } @article {3206, title = {{Destruction by anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of viruses and indicator bacteria indigenous to domestic sludges}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {1980}, pages = {361{\textendash}368}, abstract = {In raw sludges and in mesophilically and thermophilically digested anaerobic sludges, large variations in numbers of viruses occurred over narrow ranges of numbers of fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and fecal streptococci, demonstrating that the bacteria were poor quantitative reflectors of the numbers of the viruses detected. Mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of anaerobic sludges destroyed all three indicator bacteria more rapidly than such digestion destroyed the viruses. The relative rates for the destruction of viruses, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci in the digested sludges were consistent over the 17-month study. Fecal coliforms were 7 to 8 times more sensitive than the viruses to mesophilic digestion and 9 to 10 times more sensitive to thermophilic digestion. Total coliforms were even more sensitive. The rates at which fecal streptococci were destroyed by mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of anaerobic sludges approached those at which the viruses were destroyed by those processes; this suggested that the rates at which fecal streptococci in sludges are destroyed by those processes may serve as useful indicators for the rates at which viruses in sludges are destroyed by those processes.}, issn = {00992240}, author = {Berg, G. and Berman, D.} } @article {14467, title = {Destruction by anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of viruses and indicator bacteria indigenous to domestic sludges}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {39}, year = {1980}, month = {feb}, pages = {361{\textendash}8}, abstract = {In raw sludges and in mesophilically and thermophilically digested anaerobic sludges, large variations in numbers of viruses occurred over narrow ranges of numbers of fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and fecal streptococci, demonstrating that the bacteria were poor quantitative reflectors of the numbers of the viruses detected. Mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of anaerobic sludges destroyed all three indicator bacteria more rapidly than such digestion destroyed the viruses. The relative rates for the destruction of viruses, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci in the digested sludges were consistent over the 17-month study. Fecal coliforms were 7 to 8 times more sensitive than the viruses to mesophilic digestion and 9 to 10 times more sensitive to thermophilic digestion. Total coliforms were even more sensitive. The rates at which fecal streptococci were destroyed by mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of anaerobic sludges approached those at which the viruses were destroyed by those processes; this suggested that the rates at which fecal streptococci in sludges are destroyed by those processes may serve as useful indicators for the rates at which viruses in sludges are destroyed by those processes.}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Berg, G. and Berman, D.} } @article {11798, title = {{Detection of parasite eggs in surplus sludges from night-soil disposal plants. Distribution survey of parasite eggs in Kochi Prefecture}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {4}, year = {1980}, pages = {319{\textendash}324}, author = {Takenouchi, H and Katoaka, I and Yamamoto, S and Nagasaki, S} } @article {4338, title = {{The Effect of Temperature on the Ecology of Aquatic Bacteriophages}}, journal = {Journal of General Virology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {1980}, month = {jan}, pages = {87{\textendash}95}, publisher = {Microbiology Society}, abstract = {Summary Three physiological types of coliphage were recognized on the basis of the effect of temperature on their e.o.p. High temperature (HT) phages plated at or above 25 {\textdegree}C, low temperature (LT) phages at or below 30 {\textdegree}C and mid-temperature (MT) phages in the range 15 to 42 {\textdegree}C. Only LT phages were found for Aeromonas hydrophila, an indigenous water organism. The maximum and minimum plating temperatures were stable properties of the virus and were not influenced by the growth temperature of the host. Temperature was found to affect the adsorption of two phages and to affect multiplication, but not adsorption, of another two. The distribution of the three types of phage correlated closely with the temperature of the environment from which they were isolated. The ecological implication of these results is discussed.}, issn = {0022-1317}, doi = {10.1099/0022-1317-46-1-87}, url = {http://jgv.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-46-1-87}, author = {Seeley, N. D. and Primrose, S. B.} } @article {14685, title = {Effects of environmental variables and soil characteristics on virus survival in soil}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {40}, year = {1980}, month = {dec}, pages = {1067{\textendash}79}, abstract = {Because of the increasing emphasis placed upon land application as a means of wastewater disposal, it is important to evaluate the influences of different factors upon virus survival in soil. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of various environmental variables on virus persistence. Test samples of soil were placed in vials, and the soil was wetted with suspensions of virus in either distilled water, unchlorinated secondary sewage effluent, or mixtures of effluent and water. The viruses used were coxsackieviruses A9 and B3, echovirus 1, poliovirus 2, rotavirus SA11, and bacteriophages T2 and MS2. The rate of virus inactivation was evaluated statistically with regard to conditions under which the vials were incubated and to the soil characteristics. The factors that were found to influence virus survival were temperature, soil moisture content, presence of aerobic microorganisms, degree of virus adsorption to the soil, soil levels of resin-extractable phosphorus, exchangeable aluminium, and soil pH. Overall, temperature and virus adsorption to soil appeared to be the most important factors affecting virus survival.}, keywords = {*Sewage, *Soil Microbiology, Adsorption, Aluminum/analysis, Coliphages/*physiology, Enterovirus/*physiology, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Phosphorus/analysis, Reoviridae/*physiology, Rotavirus/*physiology, Temperature, water}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Hurst, C. J. and Gerba, C. P. and Cech, I.} } @article {12948, title = {Effects of environmental variables and soil characteristics on virus survival in soil.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, year = {1980}, pages = {1067{\textendash}1079}, publisher = {Am Soc Microbiol}, author = {Hurst, Christon J and Gerba, Charles P and Cech, Irina} } @article {1629, title = {Effects of environmental variables and soil characteristics on virus survival in soil}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, year = {1980}, note = {Hurst, C J Gerba, C P Cech, I eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1980/12/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1980 Dec;40(6):1067-79.}, pages = {1067-79}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Because of the increasing emphasis placed upon land application as a means of wastewater disposal, it is important to evaluate the influences of different factors upon virus survival in soil. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of various environmental variables on virus persistence. Test samples of soil were placed in vials, and the soil was wetted with suspensions of virus in either distilled water, unchlorinated secondary sewage effluent, or mixtures of effluent and water. The viruses used were coxsackieviruses A9 and B3, echovirus 1, poliovirus 2, rotavirus SA11, and bacteriophages T2 and MS2. The rate of virus inactivation was evaluated statistically with regard to conditions under which the vials were incubated and to the soil characteristics. The factors that were found to influence virus survival were temperature, soil moisture content, presence of aerobic microorganisms, degree of virus adsorption to the soil, soil levels of resin-extractable phosphorus, exchangeable aluminium, and soil pH. Overall, temperature and virus adsorption to soil appeared to be the most important factors affecting virus survival.}, keywords = {Adsorption Aluminum/analysis Coliphages/*physiology Enterovirus/*physiology Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Phosphorus/analysis Reoviridae/*physiology Rotavirus/*physiology *Sewage *Soil Microbiology Temperature Water}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6257161}, author = {Hurst, C. J. and Gerba, C. P. and Cech, I.} } @article {3652, title = {Effects of wastewater sludge and its detergents on the stability of rotavirus.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, year = {1980}, pages = {1154{\textendash}1158}, author = {Ward, RL and Ashley, CS} } @article {13995, title = {Enumeration of potentially pathogenic bacteria from sewage sludges.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, year = {1980}, month = {jan}, pages = {118{\textendash}26}, abstract = {To ascertain the health risks that may be posed by the land application of sewage sludges, a scheme was devised to determine the types and numbers of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria present in sludges. A processing treatment was adapted to sludge to give a homogenate which yielded the greatest numbers of viable bacteria. Conventional methods were successful in enumerating Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, gram-negative enteric bacteria, and commonly used indicator organisms. Modifications of conventional methods improved the enumeration of Salmonella, Mycobacterium sp., fluorescent Pseudomonas sp., and Clostridium perfringens. However, Shigella methodology yielded only one isolate. Utilizing the proposed scheme, the population densities of these organisms were estimated in three domestic wastewater sludges. In light of these results, the potential impact of land application of sewage sludges is discussed.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Dudley, D J and Guentzel, M N and Ibarra, M J and Moore, B E and Sagik, B P} } @article {2219, title = {{Enumeration of potentially pathogenic bacteria from sewage sludges.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, year = {1980}, month = {jan}, pages = {118{\textendash}26}, abstract = {To ascertain the health risks that may be posed by the land application of sewage sludges, a scheme was devised to determine the types and numbers of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria present in sludges. A processing treatment was adapted to sludge to give a homogenate which yielded the greatest numbers of viable bacteria. Conventional methods were successful in enumerating Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, gram-negative enteric bacteria, and commonly used indicator organisms. Modifications of conventional methods improved the enumeration of Salmonella, Mycobacterium sp., fluorescent Pseudomonas sp., and Clostridium perfringens. However, Shigella methodology yielded only one isolate. Utilizing the proposed scheme, the population densities of these organisms were estimated in three domestic wastewater sludges. In light of these results, the potential impact of land application of sewage sludges is discussed.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Dudley, D J and Guentzel, M N and Ibarra, M J and Moore, B E and Sagik, B P} } @article {3219, title = {{Enumeration of potentially pathogenic bacteria from sewage sludges}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, year = {1980}, pages = {118{\textendash}126}, abstract = {To ascertain the health risks that may be posed by the land application of sewage sludges, a scheme was devised to determine the types and numbers of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria present in sludges. A processing treatment was adapted to sludge to give a homogenate which yielded the greatest numbers of viable bacteria. Conventional methods were successful in enumerating Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, gram-negative enteric bacteria, and commonly used indicator organisms. Modifications of conventional methods improved the enumeration of Salmonella, Mycobacterium sp., fluorescent Pseudomonas sp., and Clostridium perfringens. However, Shigella methodology yielded only one isolate. Utilizing the proposed scheme, the population densities of these organisms were estimated in three domestic wastewater sludges. In light of these results, the potential impact of land application of sewage sludges is discussed.}, issn = {00992240}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/39/1/118.abstract}, author = {Dudley, D J and Guentzel, M N and Ibarra, M J and Moore, B E and Sagik, B P} } @article {6016, title = {{Epidemic and endemic hepatitis in India: evidence for a non-A, non-B hepatitis virus aetiology}}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {2}, year = {1980}, pages = {876{\textendash}879}, author = {Wong, DC and R H Purcell and Sreenivasan, MA and Prasad, SR and Pavri, KM} } @inbook {15548, title = {Epidemiology of Mekong schistosomiasis}, booktitle = {The Mekong schistosome}, volume = {2}, year = {1980}, pages = {9-18}, publisher = {Malacological Review}, organization = {Malacological Review}, address = {Michigan}, author = {Sornmani, S. and Kitikoon, V. and Thirachantra, S. and Harinasuta, C.}, editor = {Bruce, E. J. and Sornmani, S.} } @article {1816, title = {Evaluation of the overland runoff mode of land wastewater treatment for virus removal}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, year = {1980}, note = {Schaub, S A Kenyon, K F Bledsoe, B Thomas, R E eng 1980/01/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1980 Jan;39(1):127-34.}, pages = {127-34}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The removal of enteric and tracer viruses by the overland runoff mode of domestic wastewater treatment was evaluated. Raw and primary and secondary treated wastewaters were sprayed onto grass-covered, 36-m soil plots of fine, sandy loam overlying an impermeable clay subsoil. Tracer bacteriophage f2 was seeded into the applied wastewaters, which were subsequently sampled at several points along the length of the plots. Assay of effluent samples revealed modest tracer virus removals of 30 to 60\%. Data from timed experiments indicated that advancement of tracer virus to the bottom of the slopes proceeded at the same rate as wastewater, reaching the plot effluents within 50 to 90 min after application. Indigenous enteric virus levels were reduced by approximately 68 to 85\% during migration down the treatment slopes. Soil sampling revealed that, although some f2 virus was found associated with the wastewater-saturated topsoil, little penetration of virus into the soil profile occurred. Laboratory soil adsorption studies revealed that poliovirus I was adsorbed much more readily than f2 virus. Comparison of virus removal characteristics during overland runoff with chemical removal characteristics of wastewater did not reveal any obvious correlations that could be used to predict virus removal.}, keywords = {Adsorption Coliphages/metabolism Poliovirus/metabolism *Sewage Soil Microbiology *Viruses *Waste Disposal, Fluid *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6243901}, author = {Schaub, S. A. and Kenyon, K. F. and Bledsoe, B. and Thomas, R. E.} } @article {13478, title = {Fasciolasis en Arequipa}, journal = {Bol Peru Parasitol}, volume = {2}, year = {1980}, pages = {1-11}, author = {Picoaga, J. and Lopera, J. and Montes, J.} } @book {14586, title = {Health {Aspects} of {Excreta} and {Sullage} {Management} - {A} {State}-of-the-art {Review}}, series = {Appropriate {Technology} for {Water} {Supply} and {Sanitation}}, volume = {3}, year = {1980}, publisher = {World Bank, Transportation, Water, and Telecommunications Department}, organization = {World Bank, Transportation, Water, and Telecommunications Department}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, author = {Feachem, R. G. and Bradley, D. J. and Garelick, H. and Mara, D.} } @book {5054, title = {Health {Aspects} of {Excreta} and {Sullage} {Management} - {A} {State}-of-the-art {Review}}, year = {1980}, publisher = {World Bank, Transportation, Water, and Telecommunications Department}, organization = {World Bank, Transportation, Water, and Telecommunications Department}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, author = {Feachem, RG and Bradley, DJ and Garelick, H and Mara, D} } @article {10277, title = {Health aspects of excreta and sullage management{\textendash}a state-of-the-art review.}, journal = {Health aspects of excreta and sullage management{\textendash}a state-of-the-art review.}, year = {1980}, publisher = {World Bank Publications Unit}, author = {Feachem, Richard G and Bradley, David J and Garelick, Hemda and Mara, DD and others} } @book {1815, title = {Human enteric virus survival in soil following irrigation with sewage plant effluents}, series = {Research Reporting Series 1, Environmental Health Effects Research}, year = {1980}, note = {by Bernard P. Sagik, Barbara E. Moore and Charles A. Sorber. ill. ; 28 cm. "Center for Applied Research and Technology, the University of Texas at San Antonio." "Field Studies Division, Health Effects Research Laboratory." "June 1980." Bibliography: p. 129-134. "Grant no. R-803844-03."}, pages = {xiii, 138 p.}, publisher = {Health Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development Available to the public through the National Technical Information Service}, organization = {Health Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development Available to the public through the National Technical Information Service}, type = {Book}, address = {Cincinnati, Ohio Springfield, Va.}, keywords = {Sewage irrigation. Enteroviruses. Pathogenic microorganisms. Water reuse.}, author = {Sagik, B. P. and Moore, B. E. and Sorber, C. A.} } @article {15561, title = {Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. VII. Further analysis of the interactions between patient sera and lymphocytes during in vitro blastogenesis to schistosome antigen preparations}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, year = {1980}, note = {Todd, C W
Goodgame, R W
Colley, D G
eng
AI 11289/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
1980/09/01
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1980 Sep;29(5):875-81.}, month = {Sep}, pages = {875-81}, abstract = {The lymphocyte blastogenic responses of chronic schistosomiasis mansoni patients were tested in vitro in medium supplemented with either normal human serum or patients{\textquoteright} serum (either autologous or third party). As expected, when patients{\textquoteright} lymphocytes were cultured in patient sera, many of them (75--78\%) displayed reduced responsiveness to schistosome antigens (derived from either the cercariae, adult worms or eggs of Schistosoma mansoni), but not to Candida albicans extract. For decreased blastogenesis to be manifest, a combination of both suppressive sera and suppressible cells was required; however, some patients had nonsuppressible cells and not all sera were suppressive. In an attempt at classification, four categories of patient responsiveness concerning serosuppression are proposed. The categories depend on the suppressive capabilities of patient sera and the response of patient lymphocytes to suppressive sera. By individually testing the capabilities of each patient{\textquoteright}s lymphocytes and sera in relationship to each antigenic preparation, we were able to assign the majority of patient responses to a given category. It is hoped that by using these categories, a better understanding of the mechanisms concerning serosuppression will be obtained.}, keywords = {*Lymphocyte Activation, Antigens/*immunology, Chronic Disease, Humans, Lymphocytes/immunology, Schistosoma mansoni/immunology, Schistosomiasis/*immunology, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Todd, C. W. and Goodgame, R. W. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {1717, title = {Infectivity titers of enterovirus as found in human stools}, journal = {J Med Virol}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {1980}, note = {Melnick, J L Rennick, V eng 1980/01/01 J Med Virol. 1980;5(3):205-20.}, pages = {205-20}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Data have been gathered and collated from a variety of sources both published and unpublished, dealing with the concentration of enteroviruses in human stools. For polioviruses, a general range of 3.0-6.5 log10 TCD50 per gram of stool was reported, whereas for coxsackieviruses and echoviruses the range has been from 2.0-5.5 log10 TCD50. As human stools average about 100 gm, it is not unusual for an infected person to excrete as much as 10-300 million TCD50 of virus daily. The results of enterovirus titrations are significantly affected by the types of cultures in which the tests are conducted. With certain kinds of cultures (eg, human kidney for polioviruses), comparative tests showed titers to be at least one log unit higher per gram of stoll than the titers of the same strains titrated in monkey kidney cultures. Since almost all of the titrations included in this report were carried out in monkey kidney cultures, the concentration of virus in many cases may be assumed to be ten times higher than that reported. Some of the data collected also contributed information on the duration of enterovirus excretion. These data reemphasize the fact that a person in the course of an asymptomatic enterovirus infection may excrete the virus over a period of many weeks, with about 50\% of those infected continuing to shed virus into the third and fourth weeks of infection.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Carrier State/microbiology Child Child, Human/isolation \& purification Enterovirus Infections/microbiology/transmission Feces/*microbiology Humans Infant Middle Aged Poliovirus/isolation \& purification, Preschool Culture Techniques Echovirus 9/isolation \& purification Enterovirus/*isolation \& purification Enterovirus B}, issn = {0146-6615 (Print) 0146-6615 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6262449}, author = {Melnick, J. L. and Rennick, V.} } @article {9996, title = {{Infectivity titers of enterovirus as found in human stools.}}, journal = {Journal of Medical Virology}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {1980}, pages = {205{\textendash}20}, abstract = {Data have been gathered and collated from a variety of sources both published and unpublished, dealing with the concentration of enteroviruses in human stools. For polioviruses, a general range of 3.0-6.5 log10 TCD50 per gram of stool was reported, whereas for coxsackieviruses and echoviruses the range has been from 2.0-5.5 log10 TCD50. As human stools average about 100 gm, it is not unusual for an infected person to excrete as much as 10-300 million TCD50 of virus daily. The results of enterovirus titrations are significantly affected by the types of cultures in which the tests are conducted. With certain kinds of cultures (eg, human kidney for polioviruses), comparative tests showed titers to be at least one log unit higher per gram of stoll than the titers of the same strains titrated in monkey kidney cultures. Since almost all of the titrations included in this report were carried out in monkey kidney cultures, the concentration of virus in many cases may be assumed to be ten times higher than that reported. Some of the data collected also contributed information on the duration of enterovirus excretion. These data reemphasize the fact that a person in the course of an asymptomatic enterovirus infection may excrete the virus over a period of many weeks, with about 50{\%} of those infected continuing to shed virus into the third and fourth weeks of infection.}, doi = {16167509}, url = {www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6262449}, author = {Melnick, J. and Rennick, V.} } @article {1680, title = {Influence of estuarine sediment on virus survival under field conditions}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {1980}, note = {LaBelle, R L Gerba, C P eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1980/04/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1980 Apr;39(4):749-55.}, pages = {749-55}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The survival of poliovirus 1 (LSc) and echovirus 1 (Farouk) in estuarine water and sediment was studied in Galveston Bay, Texas. Viruses were suspended in estuarine water and sediment both in dialysis tubing and in chambers constructed with polycarbonate membrane walls. Virus inactivation rates in seawater were similar in both types of chambers. Virus adsorption to sediment greatly increased survival time. The time required to inactivate 99\% (T-99) of poliovirus increased from 1.4 days in seawater alone to 6.0 days for virus adsorbed to sediment at a relatively nonpolluted site. At a more polluted site, poliovirus T-99 was increased from approximately 1 h to 4925 days by virus adsorption to sediment. This study demonstrates that under field conditions virus association with estuarine sediment acts to prolong its survival in the marine environment.}, keywords = {Enterovirus B, Human/*growth \& development Poliovirus/*growth \& development *Seawater Time Factors *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6246838}, author = {LaBelle, R. L. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {5751, title = {{Interactions and Survival of Enteric Viruses in Soil Materials}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, year = {1980}, pages = {92{\textendash}101}, author = {Sobsey, MD and Dean, CH and Knuckles, ME and Wagner, RA} } @article {16646, title = {Interactions and survival of enteric viruses in soil materials}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, year = {1980}, pages = {92{\textendash}101}, author = {Sobsey, Mark D and Dean, Cheryl H and Knuckles, Maurice E and Wagner, Ray A} } @article {12900, title = {Interactions and survival of enteric viruses in soil materials}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, year = {1980}, pages = {92{\textendash}101}, author = {Sobsey, Mark D and Dean, Cheryl H and Knuckles, Maurice E and Wagner, Ray A} } @article {11627, title = {{Investigaciones sobre Pseudophyllidea (Carus, 1813) en el sur de Chile. VI. Infecci{\'o}n por Diphyllobothrium (Cobbold) en Larus maculipennis Lichtenstein en el lago Calafqu{\'e}n}}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n Chileno de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {35}, year = {1980}, pages = {71{\textendash}73}, author = {Figueroa, L and Torres, P and Franjola, R and Schlatter, R} } @article {10574, title = {{Microbiological studies on two Oxfam sanitation units operating in Bengali refugee camps}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {14}, year = {1980}, pages = {1567{\textendash}1571}, author = {Daniel, RR and Lloyd, B} } @article {11031, title = {Nematode egg-shells}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {81}, number = {2}, year = {1980}, pages = {447{\textendash}463}, abstract = {SUMMARYThe transmission of parasites often involves a high mortality of free-living stages in the environment outside the host. This may be offset by a high biotic potential. In addition, adaptations of nematode eggs and larvae that ensure their survival or increase their chances of infecting a host will reduce the potential wastage rate. Increasing transmission will have an effect equivalent to increasing the fecundity of the parasite and, energetically, may be the more favourable strategy.}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S003118200005616X}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/nematode-eggshells/C3A4B626D05CC7F80F8AF6BA762AF92A}, author = {Wharton, David} } @article {12934, title = {Relationship of soil moisture to survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in soils}, journal = {Australian Journal of Agricultural Research}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, year = {1980}, pages = {547{\textendash}555}, publisher = {CSIRO}, author = {Chandler, DS and Craven, JA} } @article {3548, title = {Rotavirus-like, calicivirus-like, and 23-nm virus-like particles associated with diarrhea in young pigs.}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {1980}, pages = {105{\textendash}111}, author = {Saif, LJ and Bohl, EH and Theil, KW and Cross, RF and House, JA} } @article {11580, title = {{Seasonal occurrence of Helminths in freshwater fishes Part {\{}III.{\}} Larval Cestoda and Nematoda}}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {18}, year = {1980}, pages = {1{\textendash}120}, author = {Chubb, J C} } @article {11270, title = {{Studies on the incidence of Toxocara and Toxascaris spp. ova in the environment. 1. A comparison of flotation procedures for recovering Toxocara spp. ova from soil}}, journal = {Journal of Hygiene}, volume = {84}, number = {01}, year = {1980}, pages = {83{\textendash}89}, doi = {10.1017/s0022172400026553}, author = {Quinn, R and Smith, H V and Bruce, R G and Girdwood, R W A} } @article {1559, title = {Survival of human enteroviruses in the Hawaiian ocean environment: evidence for virus-inactivating microorganisms}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {39}, number = {6}, year = {1980}, note = {Fujioka, R S Loh, P C Lau, L S United states Applied and environmental microbiology Appl Environ Microbiol. 1980 Jun;39(6):1105-10.}, pages = {1105-10}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The stability of certain human enteroviruses in the Hawaiian ocean environment was examined. The present data indicated that the time for 90\% reduction of poliovirus type 1 at 24 +/- 1 degree C in seawater samples obtained from different sites in Hawaii ranged from 24 to 48 h, and complete inactivation occurred within 72 to 96 h. The accumulated evidence also strongly indicated that a virus-inactivating agent(s) of a microbiological nature was present in both clean and sewage-polluted seawaters, but not in fresh, mountain stream waters. The antiviral activity was lost when the seawater samples were subjected to boiling, autoclaving, or filtration through a 0.22- or 0.45-micrometer, but not a 1.0-micrometer, membrane filter. That the antiviral activity of the seawater was related to the growth activities of microorganisms was corroborated by the observed effects of added nutrients, a lower temperature of incubation, and the presence of certain antibiotics. Other enteric viruses, such as coxsackie virus B-4 and echo virus-7, were also shown to be similarly inactivated in seawater.}, keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology Enterovirus/*growth \& development Enterovirus B, Human/growth \& development Hawaii Hot Temperature Humans Marine Biology Poliovirus/growth \& development *Seawater Sewage Ultrafiltration *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6250472}, author = {Fujioka, R. S. and Loh, P. C. and Lau, L. S.} } @article {14602, title = {Survival of human enteroviruses in the {Hawaiian} ocean environment: evidence for virus-inactivating microorganisms}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {39}, year = {1980}, month = {jun}, pages = {1105{\textendash}10}, abstract = {The stability of certain human enteroviruses in the Hawaiian ocean environment was examined. The present data indicated that the time for 90\% reduction of poliovirus type 1 at 24 +/- 1 degree C in seawater samples obtained from different sites in Hawaii ranged from 24 to 48 h, and complete inactivation occurred within 72 to 96 h. The accumulated evidence also strongly indicated that a virus-inactivating agent(s) of a microbiological nature was present in both clean and sewage-polluted seawaters, but not in fresh, mountain stream waters. The antiviral activity was lost when the seawater samples were subjected to boiling, autoclaving, or filtration through a 0.22- or 0.45-micrometer, but not a 1.0-micrometer, membrane filter. That the antiviral activity of the seawater was related to the growth activities of microorganisms was corroborated by the observed effects of added nutrients, a lower temperature of incubation, and the presence of certain antibiotics. Other enteric viruses, such as coxsackie virus B-4 and echo virus-7, were also shown to be similarly inactivated in seawater.}, keywords = {*Seawater, *Water Microbiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*growth \& development, Hawaii, Hot Temperature, Human/growth \& development, Humans, Marine Biology, Poliovirus/growth \& development, Sewage, ultrafiltration}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Fujioka, R. S. and Loh, P. C. and Lau, L. S.} } @article {14946, title = {Survival of human enteroviruses in the {Hawaiian} ocean environment: evidence for virus-inactivating microorganisms}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {39}, year = {1980}, month = {jun}, pages = {1105{\textendash}10}, abstract = {The stability of certain human enteroviruses in the Hawaiian ocean environment was examined. The present data indicated that the time for 90\% reduction of poliovirus type 1 at 24 +/- 1 degree C in seawater samples obtained from different sites in Hawaii ranged from 24 to 48 h, and complete inactivation occurred within 72 to 96 h. The accumulated evidence also strongly indicated that a virus-inactivating agent(s) of a microbiological nature was present in both clean and sewage-polluted seawaters, but not in fresh, mountain stream waters. The antiviral activity was lost when the seawater samples were subjected to boiling, autoclaving, or filtration through a 0.22- or 0.45-micrometer, but not a 1.0-micrometer, membrane filter. That the antiviral activity of the seawater was related to the growth activities of microorganisms was corroborated by the observed effects of added nutrients, a lower temperature of incubation, and the presence of certain antibiotics. Other enteric viruses, such as coxsackie virus B-4 and echo virus-7, were also shown to be similarly inactivated in seawater.}, keywords = {*Seawater, *Water Microbiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus/*growth \& development, Hawaii, Hot Temperature, Human/growth \& development, Humans, Marine Biology, Poliovirus/growth \& development, Sewage, ultrafiltration}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Fujioka, R. S. and Loh, P. C. and Lau, L. S.} } @article {1694, title = {Thermostabilization of enteroviruses by estuarine sediment}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, year = {1980}, note = {Liew, P F Gerba, C P eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1980/08/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1980 Aug;40(2):305-8.}, pages = {305-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The effect of estuarine sediment on the thermoinactivation of poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 1 was evaluated. Poliovirus survival was prolonged at 24 and 37 degrees C but not at 4 degrees C in the presence of sediment over the time periods observed. Further inactivation studies were performed at 50 and 55 degrees C to maximize the thermal effects, and similar protection was observed. The supernatant fluid from a mixture of seawater and sediment lacked the protective effect against thermoinactivation, suggesting that prolonged virus survival in the presence of sediment was due to adsorption to particulates. From these observations, it appears that the adsorption of enteroviruses to estuarine sediments may play a significant role in protecting them against thermoinactivation.}, keywords = {Adsorption Enterovirus/*growth \& development Poliovirus/*growth \& development Seawater Temperature *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6258475}, author = {Liew, P. F. and Gerba, C. P.} } @book {9260, title = {{Burrows textbook of microbiology}}, year = {1979}, publisher = {Saunders WB Co}, organization = {Saunders WB Co}, edition = {21st}, address = {Philadelphia, PA}, author = {Freeman, BA} } @article {10678, title = {{Cholera in the Gilbert Island. I. Epidemiological features}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {28}, year = {1979}, pages = {677{\textendash}684}, author = {Kuberski, T and Flood, T and Tera, T} } @article {15555, title = {A differential filtration technique for the measurement of schistosome cercarial densities in standing waters}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {57}, number = {6}, year = {1979}, note = {Theron, A
eng
SWITZERLAND
1979/01/01
Bull World Health Organ. 1979;57(6):971-5.}, pages = {971-5}, abstract = {The technique of differential filtration allows the detection of schistosome cercariae, with a recovery greater than 80\%, in natural waters with a high concentration of microorganisms. This technique makes use of a new type of monofilament polyamide filter Nytrel-TI, with a pore size of 40 mum, allowing filtration of turbid water without clogging of the filter. A three-level prefiltration column (1000, 500 and 200 mum), which retains organisms larger than cercariae, facilitates reading of the filter. The apparatus used weighs less than 3.5 kg; it requires no power supply and can easily be used in the field.}, keywords = {*Water, Animals, Filtration/instrumentation/methods, Schistosoma/*isolation \& purification, Water Supply}, isbn = {0042-9686 (Print)
0042-9686 (Linking)}, author = {Th{\'e}ron, A.} } @article {3145, title = {Echinococcus granulosus: ovicidal activity of praziquantel and bunamidine hydrochloride}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, year = {1979}, month = {apr}, pages = {131{\textendash}133}, keywords = {Amidines, Animals, Anticestodal Agents, Echinococcus, Female, Gerbillinae, Ovum, Rats}, issn = {0014-4894}, author = {Thakur, A. S. and Prezioso, U. and Marchevsky, N.} } @article {9355, title = {{The epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica in a Nigerian urban population}}, journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {1979}, pages = {55{\textendash}59}, author = {Oyerinde, JP and Alonge, AA and Adegbite-Hollist, AF and Ogunbi, O} } @article {10314, title = {Fate of poliovirus during anaerobic digestion}, journal = {Journal Water Pollution Control Federation}, volume = {51}, year = {1979}, pages = {333{\textendash}343}, author = {Sanders, DA and Malina, JF and Moore, Barbara E and Sagik, Bernard P and Sorber, Charles A} } @article {4006, title = {{Giardia sp.: physical factors of excystation in vitro, and excystation vs. eosin exclusion as determinants of viability}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {47}, year = {1979}, pages = {284{\textendash}291}, author = {Bingham, AK and Jarroll, EL and Meyer, EA} } @article {15560, title = {Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. V. Suppression of schistosome antigen-specific lymphocyte blastogenesis by adherent/phagocytic cells}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {122}, number = {4}, year = {1979}, note = {Todd, C W
Goodgame, R W
Colley, D G
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
Baltimore, Md. : 1950
1979/04/01
J Immunol. 1979 Apr;122(4):1440-6.}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1440-6}, keywords = {*Epitopes, *Immunosuppression, *Lymphocyte Activation, Antigens, Cell Adhesion, Cell Separation, Humans, Phagocytes/*immunology, Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacology, Schistosoma mansoni/immunology, Schistosomiasis/*immunology}, isbn = {0022-1767 (Print)
0022-1767 (Linking)}, author = {Todd, C. W. and Goodgame, R. W. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {15389, title = {Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. VI. In vitro nonspecific suppression of phytohemagglutinin responsiveness induced by exposure to certain schistosomal preparations}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {122}, number = {4}, year = {1979}, note = {Colley, D G
Todd, C W
Lewis, F A
Goodgame, R W
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
Baltimore, Md. : 1950
1979/04/01
J Immunol. 1979 Apr;122(4):1447-53.}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1447-53}, abstract = {Simultaneous in vitro exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) and either soluble schistosomal egg antigenic preparation (SEA) or soluble cercarial antigenic preparation (CAP) obtained from Schistosoma mansoni resulted in decreased responsiveness as compared to exposure to PHA alone. The addition of a soluble adult worm antigenic preparation (SWAP) did not predictably alter PHA responses in this system. The suppression due to in vitro exposure to either SEA or CAP was expressed whether the lymphocyte donors were S. mansoni patients (early infection, chronic, or treated), or uninfected subjects. The degree of suppression was related to the concentration of SEA used, and the timing of exposure. Preexposure to SEA for 3 days before the addition of PHA resulted in more potent suppression. However, a delay in the time of the addition of SEA of 6 and 24 hr after PHA exposure decreased and eliminated, respectively, its suppressive capacity. SEA and CAP were not directly toxic to responding cells, and appeared to exert their nonspecific suppressive influences through T lymphocyte-related mechanisms. It was observed that although these suppressive events could be induced and observed in vitro, the responsiveness of S. mansoni patient lymphocytes to PHA was equal with that of uninfected controls.}, keywords = {*Immunity, Innate, *Immunosuppression, *Lymphocyte Activation, Antigens, B-Lymphocytes/immunology, Chronic Disease, Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic, Humans, Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacology, Schistosoma mansoni/*immunology, Schistosomiasis/*immunology, T-Lymphocytes/immunology, Time Factors}, isbn = {0022-1767 (Print)
0022-1767 (Linking)}, author = {Colley, D. G. and Todd, C. W. and Lewis, F. A. and Goodgame, R. W.} } @article {11628, title = {{Investigaciones sobre Pseudophyllidea (Carus, 1813) en el sur de Chile III: Estudio sobre Diphyllobothrium sp. en aves del Lago Calafqu{\'e}n (39{\textdegree} 32{\textasciiacute}S 72{\textdegree} 09{\textasciiacute}W)}}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n Chileno de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {34}, year = {1979}, pages = {13{\textendash}20}, author = {Figueroa, L and Torres, P and Schlatter, R and Asenjo, F and Franjola, R and Contreras, B} } @book {16205, title = {The isolation of leptospires from an air-conditioning plant}, year = {1979}, publisher = {N Z Med J. 1979 Sep 12;90(643):212.}, organization = {N Z Med J. 1979 Sep 12;90(643):212.}, author = {Ris, D. R. and Hamel, K. L.} } @article {1657, title = {Measurement of the inactivation kinetics of poliovirus by ozone in a fast-flow mixer}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {1979}, note = {Katzenelson, E Koerner, G Biedermann, N Peleg, M Shuval, H I eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1979/04/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Apr;37(4):715-8.}, pages = {715-8}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Inactivation kinetics of poliovirus type 1 in ozone demand-free water was investigated by utilizing a fast-flow mixing apparatus. Ozonated water and a solution of ozone demand-free water containing a known quantity of poliovirus type 1 were introduced simultaneously into a mixing chamber, both at a constant rate. This mixture was then passed through a narrow tube of known length and diameter into a neutralizing solution. By altering the rate of introduction and/or tube length, different contact periods between ozone and virus could be determined with an accuracy of 0.01 s. Inactivation of the poliovirus occurred in two steps. During the first step, which lasted for 0.2 to 1.0 s, 95 to 99\% of the virus was inactivated, depending on the ozone concentration (which ranged from 0.1 to 2.0 mg/liter). The second step apparently continued for several minutes; in this period the remainder of the virus was inactivated. An obvious dose-response relationship was demonstrated during the first step of the inactivation curve. The pH of the water slightly affected the viral inactivation rate, but these small differences seem to have no practical value.}, keywords = {Buffers Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Ozone/*pharmacology Poliovirus/*drug effects/physiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36847}, author = {Katzenelson, E. and Koerner, G. and Biedermann, N. and Peleg, M. and Shuval, H. I.} } @book {16986, title = {Membrane filter enumeration method for Clostridium perfringens.}, series = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {1979}, pages = {55{\textendash}66}, author = {Bisson, JW and Cabelli, VJ} } @article {11843, title = {{The occrurrence of plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium spp. in wild and cultured salmonids from The Loch Awe area}}, journal = {Scottish Fisheries Research Report}, volume = {13}, year = {1979}, pages = {1{\textendash}8}, author = {Wootten, R and Smith, J W} } @article {4915, title = {{Occurrence of an undescribed coccidian in man in Papua New Guinea}}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {73}, year = {1979}, pages = {497{\textendash}500}, author = {Ashford, RW} } @article {2022, title = {Osservazioni su di un focolaio endemico di balantidiasi (studio di 80 casi)}, journal = {Annali di Medicina Navale}, volume = {196}, year = {1979}, pages = {641-646}, author = {Nuti, M. and Sanguigni, S. and de Bac, C.} } @booklet {5111, title = {Parasitic zoonoses. Report of a WHO Expert Committee with Participation of FAO}, year = {1979}, publisher = {World Health Organization. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 637}, address = {Geneva} } @article {11836, title = {Parasitic zoonoses. Report of a WHO expert committee with the participation of FAO}, journal = {World Health Organization technical report series}, number = {637}, year = {1979}, pages = {1{\textendash}107}, issn = {0512-3054}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/112785} } @book {2046, title = {Parasitic zoonoses. Report of a WHO Expert Committee with the participation of FAO}, series = {World Health Organization Tecnical Report Series n{\textordmasculine} 637, Geneva}, year = {1979}, pages = {107 pp} } @article {15424, title = {Rats: important natural reservoir hosts of Bilharzia in Egypt? (Preliminary report)}, journal = {The Medical Journal of Cairo University}, volume = {47}, year = {1979}, pages = {87-89}, keywords = {Africa, reservoir, Schistosoma}, author = {G{\"u}nther, S.} } @article {5262, title = {{The removal of salmonellas in conventional sewage treatment processes}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Bacteriology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {1979}, pages = {131{\textendash}142}, author = {Yaziz, M. I. and Lloyd, B. J.} } @article {17510, title = {{The removal of salmonellas in conventional sewage treatment processes}}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {1979}, pages = {131 {\textendash} 142}, author = {Yaziz, M.I and Lloyd, B.J} } @article {10575, title = {{Sanitation and disease in Bangladesh urban slums and refugee camps}}, journal = {Progress in Water Technology}, volume = {11}, year = {1979}, pages = {191{\textendash}200}, author = {Daniel, RR and Lloyd, B} } @article {11087, title = {Selective primary health care}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {301}, year = {1979}, pages = {967{\textendash}974}, author = {Walsh, J. A. and Warren, K. S.} } @article {9572, title = {{Sensitivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi to various temperatures, disinfectants and drugs}}, journal = {Laboratory Animals}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {1979}, pages = {227{\textendash}230}, author = {Waller, T} } @article {2741, title = {Simian rotavirus {SA11} replication in cell cultures.}, year = {1979}, author = {Estes, MK and Graham, DY and C P Gerba and Smith, EM} } @article {11209, title = {{Studies on flotation techniques for the recovery of helminth eggs from soil and the prevalence of eggs of Toxocara spp in some Kansas public places.}}, journal = {Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, volume = {174}, number = {11}, year = {1979}, pages = {1208{\textendash}1210}, author = {Dada, B J and Lindquist, W D} } @article {9739, title = {Successful treatment of symptomatic Entamoeba polecki infection}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {28}, year = {1979}, pages = {190-193}, author = {Salaki, JS and Shirey, JL and Strickland, GT} } @article {11215, title = {{Toxocara canis et toxocarose humaine}}, journal = {Bulletin de l{\textquoteright}Institut Pasteur}, volume = {77}, year = {1979}, pages = {225{\textendash}287}, author = {Ehrhard, T and Kernbaum, S} } @article {13537, title = {Viability of Fasciola gigantica metacercariae}, journal = {Nippon Juigaku Zasshi.}, volume = {40}, year = {1979}, pages = {357-359}, author = {Kimura, S. and Shimizu, A.} } @article {2894, title = {Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal, re-use}, journal = {McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York, 2 nd Edition,(07 A MET)}, year = {1979}, pages = {938}, author = {Tchobanoglous, Metcalf Eddy Inc} } @article {9314, title = {{Amebiasis: epidemiologic studies in the United States, 1971-1974}}, journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, year = {1978}, pages = {89{\textendash}97}, author = {Krogstad, DJ and Spencer, HC Jr and Healy, GR and Gleason, NN and Sexton, DJ and Herron, CA} } @inbook {10472, title = {{Bacterial populations and indicator concepts in feces, sewage, stormwater and solid wastes}}, booktitle = {Indicators of Viruses in Water and Foo}, year = {1978}, publisher = {Ann Arbor Science}, organization = {Ann Arbor Science}, address = {Ann Arbor, Mi}, author = {Geldreich, EE}, editor = {Berg, G} } @inbook {9750, title = {Balantidium coli}, booktitle = {Paratic Protozoa}, volume = {2}, year = {1978}, pages = {663-653}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, edition = {ed J.P. Kreier}, address = {New York, USA}, author = {Zaman, V.} } @article {14412, title = {The biochemical characteristics of {Campylobacter}-like organisms from cattle and pigs.}, journal = {Research in veterinary science}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, year = {1978}, month = {nov}, pages = {368{\textendash}372}, author = {Neill, S D and Ellis, W A and O{\textquoteright}Brien, J J} } @article {5895, title = {{The biochemical characteristics of Campylobacter-like organisms from cattle and pigs.}}, journal = {Research in Veterinary Science}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, year = {1978}, month = {nov}, pages = {368{\textendash}372}, author = {Neill, S D and Ellis, W A and O{\textquoteright}Brien, J J} } @article {12715, title = {{Clinical Parasitology}}, journal = {Il-Cho-Kak, Seoul, Korea}, year = {1978}, pages = {244{\textendash}256}, author = {Seo, BS} } @article {14757, title = {Coliphage survival as viral indicator in various wastewater quality effluents.}, journal = {Progress in Water Technology}, volume = {10}, year = {1978}, pages = {337{\textendash}346}, author = {Kott, Y. and Ben-Ari, H. and Vinokur, L.} } @article {5081, title = {Coliphages survival as viral indicator in various wastewater quality effluents}, journal = {Progress in Water Technology}, volume = {10}, year = {1978}, pages = {337{\textendash}346}, author = {Kott, Y and Vinokur, L} } @book {16175, title = {Compost, fertilizer, and biogas production from human and farm wastes in the People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China}, year = {1978}, publisher = {IDRC, Ottawa, ON, CA}, organization = {IDRC, Ottawa, ON, CA}, isbn = {0889361401}, author = {McGarry, Michael G. and Stainforth, Jill} } @article {16133, title = {Distribution of the genus Leptospira in soil and water}, journal = {Appl Environ MicrobiolAppl Environ MicrobiolAppl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, year = {1978}, month = {Mar}, pages = {492-9}, keywords = {*Soil Microbiology, *Water Microbiology, Amphibia/microbiology, Animals, Cricetinae, Fishes/microbiology, Fresh Water, Leptospira/*isolation \& purification, Mesocricetus, Seasons, Turtles/microbiology}, isbn = {0099-2240 (Print)}, author = {Henry, R. A. and Johnson, R. C.} } @article {13164, title = {Effect of ozonation on microbial pathogens, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and BOD in simulated reuse hatchery water.}, journal = {Journal of Fish Research Board of Canada}, volume = {35}, year = {1978}, pages = {1290-1296}, author = {Colberg, P. J. and Lingg, A. J.} } @article {11412, title = {The efficacy of mebendazole and praziquantel againstTaenia saginata cysticercosis in cattle}, journal = {Veterinary Science Communications}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {1978}, pages = {137-139}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0378-4312}, author = {Pawlowski, Z and Kozakeiwicz, B and Wroblewski, H} } @article {11438, title = {[The efficacy of praziquantel against experimental cysticercosis and hydatidosis (author{\textquoteright}s transl)]}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde (Berlin, Germany)}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, year = {1978}, pages = {165-179}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0044-3255}, author = {Thomas, H and G{\"o}nnert, R} } @article {11542, title = {{Egg size and form as taxonomic criteria in Diphyllobothrium (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea)}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {76}, year = {1978}, pages = {229{\textendash}240}, author = {Andersen, K and Halvorsen, O} } @article {9357, title = {{Elimination of enteric parasites during sewage treatment processes}}, journal = {International Association for Water Pollution, Technical Annual}, year = {1978}, pages = {130{\textendash}138}, author = {Panicker, P and Krishnamoorthi, K} } @article {2705, title = {Epidemic acute diarrhoea in adults associated with infantile gastroenteritis virus.}, journal = {Lancet {(London,} England)}, volume = {2}, number = {8098}, year = {1978}, pages = {1056-1057}, author = {Lycke, E and Blomberg, J and Berg, G and Eriksson, A and Madsen, L} } @article {2010, title = {Giardiasis, isosporidiasis and balantidiasis}, journal = {Clinics in Gastroenterology}, volume = {7}, year = {1978}, pages = {31-47}, author = {Knight, R.} } @article {8593, title = {{Hallazgo del ciclo ontogenico selvatico del Toxoplasma gondii en felidos salvages (Oncifelis geofroyi, Felis colocolo y Felis eira) de la Provincia de Cordoba}}, journal = {Revista Militar de veterinaria}, number = {25}, year = {1978}, pages = {293{\textendash}300}, author = {Pizzi, HL and Rico, CM and Pessat, OAN} } @article {9016, title = {Heat inactivation of enteric viruses in dewatered wastewater sludge}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, year = {1978}, pages = {898-905}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/36/6/898.full.pdf}, author = {Ward, R. L. and Ashley, C. S.} } @article {15418, title = {Humoral immune responses in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, year = {1978}, note = {Goodgame, R W
Colley, D G
Draper, C C
Lewis, F A
McLaren, M L
Pelley, R P
eng
Comparative Study
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
1978/11/01
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1978 Nov;27(6):1174-80.}, month = {Nov}, pages = {1174-80}, abstract = {The development of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in humans cannot always be related to the intensity of infection. A study was designed to identify different humoral immunologic responses to Schistosoma mansoni in patients with and without hepatosplenic disease. Twenty-four patients with active hepatosplenic disease were closely matched for age, sex, and fecal egg counts with twenty-four patients with only intestinal disease. A serum sample from each of these patients was tested for antibodies to the major soluble egg antigen (MSA1) by radioimmunoassay, for total and IgM antibodies to egg and worm antigenic preparations by ELISA, and for its ability to suppress antigen stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis. No difference was found using these assays between the hepatosplenic and the intestinal schistosomiasis patients.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Immunity, Liver Diseases, Parasitic/etiology/*immunology, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosomiasis/*immunology, Splenic Diseases/etiology/*immunology}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Goodgame, R. W. and Colley, D. G. and Draper, C. C. and Lewis, F. A. and McLaren, M. L. and Pelley, R. P.} } @article {15386, title = {Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. IV. Induction of suppressor cell activity by schistosome antigen preparations and concanavalin A}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {120}, number = {4}, year = {1978}, note = {Colley, D G
Lewis, F A
Goodgame, R W
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
Baltimore, Md. : 1950
1978/04/01
J Immunol. 1978 Apr;120(4):1225-32.}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1225-32}, keywords = {*Antigens, *Immunity, Cellular, *Immunosuppression, Chronic Disease, Concanavalin A/*pharmacology, Culture Media, Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic, Female, Humans, Lectins/pharmacology, Lymphocyte Activation, Ovum/immunology, Schistosoma mansoni/immunology, Schistosomiasis/*immunology}, isbn = {0022-1767 (Print)
0022-1767 (Linking)}, author = {Colley, D. G. and Lewis, F. A. and Goodgame, R. W.} } @book {16984, title = {Indicators of viruses in water and food}, year = {1978}, publisher = {Ann Arbor Science}, organization = {Ann Arbor Science}, author = {Berg, Gerald} } @article {9557, title = {{Isolation of the causative organism of canine encephalitozoonosis}}, journal = {Veterinary Pathology}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {1978}, pages = {449{\textendash}460}, author = {Shadduck, JA and Bendele, R and Robinson, GT} } @book {12874, title = {Management of small waste flows. Small scale waste management project, University of Wisconsin, USA}, year = {1978}, publisher = {Environmental Protection Agency}, organization = {Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {United States}, author = {J F Kreissl} } @article {16626, title = {Management of small waste flows. {Small} scale waste management project, {University} of {Wisconsin}, {USA}}, journal = {Environmental}, year = {1978}, author = {J F Kreissl} } @article {15475, title = {Natural schistosome infection in rodents from endemic areas near Cairo and their possible role in the transmission of schistosomiasis}, journal = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Schistosomiasis}, year = {1978}, pages = {157-164}, author = {Mansour, N. S.} } @article {2326, title = {{The occurrence of halophilic and non-agglutinable vibrios in shellfish.}}, journal = {Asian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {1978}, pages = {231{\textendash}234}, author = {Lam, S. and Hwee, K. K.} } @article {14123, title = {The occurrence of halophilic and non-agglutinable vibrios in shellfish.}, journal = {Asian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {1978}, pages = {231{\textendash}234}, author = {Lam, S. and Hwee, K. K.} } @article {15397, title = {Parasitological and ecological aspects of schistosomiasis mansoni in Valley of Paraiba do Sul River (Sao-Paulo-State, Brazil). 1. Natural infection of small mammals with Schistosoma mansoni}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {72}, number = {5}, year = {1978}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: FW419
Times Cited: 8
Cited Reference Count: 20}, pages = {496-500}, type = {Article}, isbn = {0035-9203}, author = {Dias, L. C. S. and Avilapires, F. D. and Pinto, A. C. M.} } @article {11212, title = {{Patent Toxocara canis Infection in Ascarid-Naive Dogs}}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {64}, number = {6}, year = {1978}, pages = {1021}, doi = {10.2307/3279714}, author = {Dubey, J P} } @article {11640, title = {{Researches on Pseudophyllidea (Carus, 1813) in the South of Chile. II Hepatic and splenic: Pathology by plerocercoids infections of Diphyllobothrium spp. in Salmo gairdnerii Richardson, 1836 of Calafquen Lake.}}, journal = {Indian Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {1978}, pages = {127{\textendash}129}, author = {Gonz{\'a}lez, H and Torres, P and Figueroa, L and Contreras, B and Franjola, R} } @article {11512, title = {Results of an artificial feeding of eggs of Taenia saginata Goeze, 1782 to various beetle species}, journal = {Folia Parasitol (Praha)}, volume = {25}, year = {1978}, pages = {257-260}, author = {B{\'\i}l{\'y}, S and Sterba, J and Dykov{\'a}, I} } @article {14047, title = {Role of lime treatment in the removal of bacteria, enteric viruses, and coliphages in a wastewater reclamation plant.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {1978}, month = {apr}, pages = {663{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Lime flocculation/sedimentation in the first process unit of a 4,500-m3/day wastewater reclamation plant reduced numbers of microorganisms extensively when operated at pH 11.2. The efficiency was much less at lower pH values, and some bacteria even multiplied at pH 9.6. Data on reduction in the number of microorganisms in the lime treatment and subsequent units indicate that inactivation by hydroxide alkalinity plays an important role in the efficiency of lime treatment. Reductions in the numbers of enteric viruses were higher than those of coliphages, enterococci, and total plate and coliform bacteria, which indicate that lime treatment can be monitored by means of coliphage and conventional bacteriological tests. This paper illustrates the valuable role of high-pH lime treatment in reducing the load of pathogenic microorganisms on subsequent units, including ultimate disinfection processes, which is important in the multiple safety barrier concept of wastewater reclamation processes.}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: isolation \& purification, Calcium, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation \& purification, Disinfection, enterovirus, Enterovirus: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Flocculation, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oxides, Sewage, Sterilization, Streptococcus, Streptococcus: isolation \& purification, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25621}, author = {Grabow, W O and Middendorff, I G and Basson, N C} } @article {2263, title = {{Role of lime treatment in the removal of bacteria, enteric viruses, and coliphages in a wastewater reclamation plant.}}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {1978}, month = {apr}, pages = {663{\textendash}9}, abstract = {Lime flocculation/sedimentation in the first process unit of a 4,500-m3/day wastewater reclamation plant reduced numbers of microorganisms extensively when operated at pH 11.2. The efficiency was much less at lower pH values, and some bacteria even multiplied at pH 9.6. Data on reduction in the number of microorganisms in the lime treatment and subsequent units indicate that inactivation by hydroxide alkalinity plays an important role in the efficiency of lime treatment. Reductions in the numbers of enteric viruses were higher than those of coliphages, enterococci, and total plate and coliform bacteria, which indicate that lime treatment can be monitored by means of coliphage and conventional bacteriological tests. This paper illustrates the valuable role of high-pH lime treatment in reducing the load of pathogenic microorganisms on subsequent units, including ultimate disinfection processes, which is important in the multiple safety barrier concept of wastewater reclamation processes.}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: isolation \& purification, Calcium, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation \& purification, Disinfection, enterovirus, Enterovirus: isolation \& purification, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation \& purification, Flocculation, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oxides, Sewage, Sterilization, Streptococcus, Streptococcus: isolation \& purification, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25621}, author = {Grabow, W O and Middendorff, I G and Basson, N C} } @article {8020, title = {{Role of lime treatment in the removal of bacteria, enteric viruses, and coliphages in a wastewater reclamation plant.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {1978}, month = {apr}, pages = {663{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

Lime flocculation/sedimentation in the first process unit of a 4,500-m3/day wastewater reclamation plant reduced numbers of microorganisms extensively when operated at pH 11.2. The efficiency was much less at lower pH values, and some bacteria even multiplied at pH 9.6. Data on reduction in the number of microorganisms in the lime treatment and subsequent units indicate that inactivation by hydroxide alkalinity plays an important role in the efficiency of lime treatment. Reductions in the numbers of enteric viruses were higher than those of coliphages, enterococci, and total plate and coliform bacteria, which indicate that lime treatment can be monitored by means of coliphage and conventional bacteriological tests. This paper illustrates the valuable role of high-pH lime treatment in reducing the load of pathogenic microorganisms on subsequent units, including ultimate disinfection processes, which is important in the multiple safety barrier concept of wastewater reclamation processes.

}, keywords = {bacteria, Bacteria: isolation {\&} purification, Calcium, Coliphages, Coliphages: isolation {\&} purification, Disinfection, enterovirus, Enterovirus: isolation {\&} purification, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: isolation {\&} purification, Flocculation, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oxides, Sewage, Sterilization, Streptococcus, Streptococcus: isolation {\&} purification, Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25621}, author = {Grabow, W O and Middendorff, I G and Basson, N C} } @inbook {17068, title = {Role of lime treatment in the removal of bacteria, enteric viruses, and coliphages in a wastewater reclamation plant.}, booktitle = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {1978}, pages = {663{\textendash}669}, author = {Grabow, WO and Middendorff, IG and Basson, NC} } @article {1843, title = {Role of sediment in the persistence of enteroviruses in the estuarine environment}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {1978}, note = {Smith, E M Gerba, C P Melnick, J L eng Comparative Study Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1978/04/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1978 Apr;35(4):685-9.}, pages = {685-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The survival of four enteroviruses commonly found in sewage effluents was examined when the viruses were adsorped to marine sediments in estuarine water and compared with virus survival in estuarine water alone. Echovirus 1, coxsackieviruses B3 and A9, and poliovirus 1 survived longer when associated with marine sediment. When the estuarine water was polluted with secondarily treated sewage effluent, virus survived for prolonged periods in sediments, but not in the overlaying estuarine water.}, keywords = {*Enterovirus/isolation \& purification Enterovirus B, Human/isolation \& purification Poliovirus/isolation \& purification Seawater Sewage *Soil Microbiology *Water Microbiology Water Pollution}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/206204}, author = {Smith, E. M. and Gerba, C. P. and Melnick, J. L.} } @article {15364, title = {Sewage stabilization pond: The effects on Schistosoma Mansoni transmission}, journal = {Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {1978}, note = {Journal Article
Thailand}, month = {Mar}, pages = {41-7}, abstract = {The "facultative" sewage-stabilization pond was investigated with respect to transmission of S. mansoni. The results of field and laboratory experiments suggest that the ecologic factors i.e., physical and chemical play important roles in a combined interplay affecting the hatchability of S. mansoni eggs, infectivity of miracidia of S. mansioni and the potential existence of the planorbid snails host, B. glabrata. The results seem to indicate the successful reduction of S. mansoni transmission in the pond itself. If the pond is designed properly in terms of depth, detention time, etc., it will serve as an efficient barrier for transmission of S. mansoni. It is expected that the same would be true for other human schistosomes.}, keywords = {*Sewage, Animals, Biomphalaria/growth \& development/*parasitology, Schistosoma mansoni/*growth \& development}, isbn = {0125-1562 (Print)
0125-1562 (Linking)}, author = {Bunnag, T. and Rabello de Freitas, J. and Scott, H. G.} } @article {15408, title = {Sheep as a potential reservoir host for Schistosoma intercalatum}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {64}, number = {6}, year = {1978}, note = {Journal Article
United states}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1136}, keywords = {Animals, Disease Reservoirs/*veterinary, Schistosoma/*growth \& development, Schistosomiasis/parasitology/*veterinary, Sheep Diseases/*parasitology, Sheep/*parasitology, Snails/parasitology}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395 (Linking)}, author = {Frandsen, F. and Monrad, J. and Christensen, N. O. and Nansen, P.} } @article {9558, title = {{Some factors influencing the in vitro infectivity and replication of Encephalitozoon cuniculi}}, journal = {Journal of Protozoology}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, year = {1978}, pages = {491{\textendash}496}, author = {Shadduck, JA and Polley, MB} } @article {11799, title = {{A study of the efficacy of small plants in decontaminating sewage waters from helminth ova}}, journal = {Gigienicheskie Aspekty Okhrany Okruzhayushchei Sredy}, volume = {6}, year = {1978}, pages = {101}, author = {Talapa, I A} } @article {16132, title = {Survival of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in an acidic soil under simulated New Zealand field conditions}, journal = {Res Vet SciRes Vet SciRes Vet Sci}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, year = {1978}, note = {Hellstrom, J S
Marshall, R B
ENGLAND
Res Vet Sci. 1978 Jul;25(1):29-33.}, month = {Jul}, pages = {29-33}, edition = {1978/07/01}, abstract = {Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was found to survive for at least 42 days in a typical New Zealand soil under simulated winter field conditions. The soil was markedly acidic with a pH of 5.5 and survival times were not reduced even when its water content was only 23\%. The values of both these parameters are considerably less than previously recorded for the survival of leptospires in soil. Two methods were used to recover leptospires from the soil microflora. One was the culture of a membrane filtrate in EMJH media with or without contaminant-suppressing additives and the other was the direct inoculation of soil-washings into hamsters. Both techniques proved to equally sensitive. It was estimated that following the addition of 5 X 10(8) leptospires to the soil samples less than 2 X 10(4) were present after six weeks.}, keywords = {*Soil Microbiology, Animals, Cricetinae, Culture Media, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Leptospira interrogans/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, New Zealand}, isbn = {0034-5288 (Print)
0034-5288 (Linking)}, author = {Hellstrom, J. S. and Marshall, R. B.} } @article {8434, title = {{Ultrastructural localization of basic proteins on the conoid, rhoptries and micronemes of Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {Z Parasitenkd}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, year = {1978}, pages = {123{\textendash}129}, author = {de Souza, W and Souto-Padr{\'o}n, T} } @article {16643, title = {Use of fecal streptococci as indicators of pollution in soil.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {1978}, pages = {711{\textendash}717}, author = {Kibbey, HJ and Hagedorn, C and McCoy, EL} } @article {12895, title = {Use of fecal streptococci as indicators of pollution in soil.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, year = {1978}, pages = {711{\textendash}717}, author = {Kibbey, HJ and Hagedorn, C and McCoy, EL} } @article {3634, title = {Viruses in water.}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {56}, number = {4}, year = {1978}, pages = {499{\textendash}508}, author = {Melnick, JL and C P Gerba and Wallis, C} } @article {11655, title = {{The abundance and distribution of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch) and D. ditremum (Creplin) in the Char Salvelinus alpinus (L.) in Sweden}}, journal = {Journal Of Fish Biology}, volume = {11}, year = {1977}, pages = {231{\textendash}248}, abstract = {A total of 654 char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.) and 33 brown trout, Salmo trutta L., were examined for the plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) and D. ditremum (Creplin, 1825). Only char were found to be infected. Both parasitic species were abundant. The incidence and mean intensity of infection for D. dendriticum were 83.2{\%} and 8.8, respectively; for D. ditremum 93.7{\%} and 45.0. There was no variation in the intensity of infection between different parts of the lake. The incidence and intensity of infection increased with the age of the fish to age 8+ for both species. From this age the intensity of infection leveled off or decreased. No differences in intensity of infection between the sexes were found. The frequency distribution of parasite counts were overdispersed and fitted the negative binomial distribution even within single age-groups. The two parasite species showed a high positive correlation in intensity of infection, D. ditremum was concentrated in the stomach and pyloric caeca. D. dendriticum was more widely distributed within the host and was supposed to kill heavily infected fish.}, keywords = {charr, host-mortality, mean-variance ratio, overdispersion, parasites, trout}, issn = {0022-1112}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8649.1977.tb04116.x}, author = {Henricson, J} } @article {14174, title = {Biological properties of {Shigella} flexneri 2A toxin and its serological relationship to {Shigella} dysenteriae 1 toxin.}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {1977}, month = {mar}, pages = {796{\textendash}8}, abstract = {A toxin extracted from heat-inactivated, alkaline-treated Shigella flexneri 2a showed biological properties similar to those of Shigella dysenteria 1 toxin. The S, flexneri 2a toxin was lethal to mice, enterotoxic for ileal loops of rabbits, and cytotoxic for HeLa cells. A serological relationship between S. flexneri 2a and S. dysenteriae 1 toxin was shown with cross neutralization tests.}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Toxins, Cross Reactions, Neutralization Tests, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella dysenteriae: immunology, Shigella flexneri, Shigella flexneri: immunology}, issn = {0019-9567}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=421442\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, A D and Thompson, M R and Gemski, P and Doctor, B P and Formal, S B} } @article {8106, title = {{Biological properties of Shigella flexneri 2A toxin and its serological relationship to Shigella dysenteriae 1 toxin.}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {1977}, month = {mar}, pages = {796{\textendash}8}, abstract = {

A toxin extracted from heat-inactivated, alkaline-treated Shigella flexneri 2a showed biological properties similar to those of Shigella dysenteria 1 toxin. The S, flexneri 2a toxin was lethal to mice, enterotoxic for ileal loops of rabbits, and cytotoxic for HeLa cells. A serological relationship between S. flexneri 2a and S. dysenteriae 1 toxin was shown with cross neutralization tests.

}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Toxins, Cross Reactions, Neutralization Tests, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella dysenteriae: immunology, Shigella flexneri, Shigella flexneri: immunology}, issn = {0019-9567}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=421442{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, A D and Thompson, M R and Gemski, P and Doctor, B P and Formal, S B} } @article {2366, title = {{Biological properties of Shigella flexneri 2A toxin and its serological relationship to Shigella dysenteriae 1 toxin.}}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {1977}, month = {mar}, pages = {796{\textendash}8}, abstract = {A toxin extracted from heat-inactivated, alkaline-treated Shigella flexneri 2a showed biological properties similar to those of Shigella dysenteria 1 toxin. The S, flexneri 2a toxin was lethal to mice, enterotoxic for ileal loops of rabbits, and cytotoxic for HeLa cells. A serological relationship between S. flexneri 2a and S. dysenteriae 1 toxin was shown with cross neutralization tests.}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Toxins, Cross Reactions, Neutralization Tests, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella dysenteriae: immunology, Shigella flexneri, Shigella flexneri: immunology}, issn = {0019-9567}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=421442\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Brien, A D and Thompson, M R and Gemski, P and Doctor, B P and Formal, S B} } @article {7832, title = {Campylobacter enteritis: a "new" disease}, journal = {British Medical Journal}, volume = {2}, number = {6078}, year = {1977}, note = {CAMPYLOBACTER ENTERITIS - NEW DISEASE; ISI:A1977DL57500009; ID: 610}, pages = {9-11}, isbn = {0959-8138}, author = {Skirrow,M. B.} } @article {15516, title = {A check list of definitive hosts exhibiting evidence of the genus Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 acquired naturally in Africa and the Middle East}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {51}, number = {3}, year = {1977}, note = {G 44}, month = {Sep}, pages = {229-52}, keywords = {Africa, Animals, Artiodactyla, Asia, Western, Carnivora, Humans, Insectivora, Perissodactyla, Primates, Schistosoma, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosomiasis/*epidemiology/veterinary, specificity}, isbn = {0022-149X (Print)
0022-149X (Linking)}, author = {Pitchford, R. J.} } @article {16976, title = {Coliphages in sewage and the marine environment}, journal = {Aquatic microbiology. Academic Press, Inc., New York}, year = {1977}, pages = {275{\textendash}298}, author = {Ayres, PA} } @book {11555, title = {Diphyllobothriasis in man}, year = {1977}, pages = {189}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {New York}, author = {Bonsdorff, B. von} } @article {3026, title = {The effect of praziquantel on {Echinococcus} granulosus, {Taenia} hydatigena and {Taenia} ovis infections in dogs}, journal = {Research in Veterinary Science}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, year = {1977}, month = {jul}, pages = {121{\textendash}123}, abstract = {The effect of praziquantel on Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and T ovis was investigated in a trial involving 360 dogs. The drug was found to be highly toxic to tapeworms. Few dogs remained infected after a single treatment within the range of dose rates tested (0-31 mg/kg to 10-0 mg/kg body weight). No toxicity to dogs was observed.}, keywords = {Animals, Anthelmintics, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Echinococcosis, Isoquinolines, Pyrazines, Taeniasis}, issn = {0034-5288}, author = {Gemmell, M. A. and Johnstone, P. D. and Oudemans, G.} } @article {12972, title = {Effects of a clay mineral on microbial predation and parasitism ofEscherichia coli}, journal = {Microbial Ecology}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, year = {1977}, month = {Dec}, pages = {279{\textendash}289}, abstract = {Montmorillonitic clay influences the biological control ofEscherichia coli in aquatic systems, the magnitude of the effects being dependent on the state of the clay and the type of host-antagonist interaction. The interaction ofBdellovibrio andE. coli was partially inhibited by the presence of montmorillonite. Because it is highly motile,Bdellovibrio apparently could penetrate any colloidal clay barrier aroundE. coli if the clay envelope was thin enough. Colloidal clay had little effect on predation ofE. coli by the myxobacteriumPolyangium, and had no effect on the activity of the amoebaVexillifera. Crude clay, on the other hand, resulted in a physical separation of predator and prey, and this completely inhibited theE. coli-Polyangium interaction and slowed the rate of engulfment ofE. coli byVexillifera.}, issn = {1432-184X}, doi = {10.1007/BF02013272}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02013272}, author = {Roper, Margaret M. and Marshall, K. C.} } @article {9217, title = {{The epidemiology of infection with Entamoeba histolytica in the Gambia, West Africa}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, year = {1977}, pages = {401{\textendash}407}, author = {Bray, RS and Harris, WG} } @article {6138, title = {An evaluation of some fluorescent dyes for water tracing}, journal = {Water Resources Research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {1977}, pages = {15{\textendash}33}, author = {Smart, PL and Laidlaw, IMS} } @article {15465, title = {Failure of plasma from human schistosomiasis mansoni patients to protect mice from Schistosoma mansoni cercarial challenge}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, year = {1977}, note = {Lewis, F A
Sher, A
Colley, D G
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
1977/07/01
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1977 Jul;26(4):723-6.}, month = {Jul}, pages = {723-6}, abstract = {Plasma samples obtained from patients with well defined Schistosoma mansoni infections, or control subjects, were passively transferred to CF1 mice. Three, 12, or 24 hours after passive transfer, the recipient and control mice were challenged with either 200 or 600 live cercariae, and the adult worm burdens or schistosomula lung recoveries, respectively, were determined 7 weeks or 6 days after challenge. None of the human plasmas afforded the recipient mice protection against the development of schistosomes. Worm and larval yields were equivalent in all cases, even though many of the patient plasmas were shown, as assessed by an in vitro eosinophil-dependent cytotoxic antibody assay, to contain high levels of antischistosomular antibody.}, keywords = {*Immunity, Maternally-Acquired, Animals, Eosinophils/immunology, Humans, Immunization, Passive, Mice, Plasma/*immunology, Schistosoma mansoni/immunology, Schistosomiasis/*immunology}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Lewis, F. A. and Sher, A. and Colley, D. G.} } @article {11148, title = {{Gangarosa EJ. 1977. Cholera on Guam, 1974: epidemiologic findings and isolation of non-toxinogenic strains}}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, year = {1977}, pages = {349{\textendash}361}, author = {Merson, MH and Martin, WT and Craig, JP and Morris, GK and Blake, PA and Craun, GF and Feeley, JC and Camacho, JC and Gangarosa, EJ} } @article {11569, title = {{Helmintofauna de Chile: V. Primer hallazgo de Diphyllobothrium pacificum (Nybelin 1931) Margolis 1956, en lobos marinos de la costa chilena}}, journal = {Revista Ib{\'e}rica de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {37}, year = {1977}, pages = {285{\textendash}290}, author = {Cattan, PE and Atias, A and Babero, BB and Torres, D} } @article {10546, title = {{I. Cholera in Portugal, 1974. II. Transmission by bottled mineral water}}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {105}, year = {1977}, pages = {344{\textendash}348}, author = {Blake, PA and Rosenberg, ML and Florencia, J and Costa, JB and Quintino, LDP and Gangarosa, EJ} } @article {15383, title = {Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. I. In vitro lymphocyte blastogenic responses to heterogeneous antigenic preparations from schistosome eggs, worms and cercariae}, journal = {Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, year = {1977}, note = {Colley, D G
Cook, J A
Freeman, G L Jr
Bartholomew, R K
Jordan, P
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
SWITZERLAND
1977/01/01
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1977;53(5):420-33.}, pages = {420-33}, abstract = {In vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis assays were performed using peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. Their infection was well characterized both clinically and in regard to the duration and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Subjects who were either not infected with any helminths or who were negative for S. mansoni but infected with other helminths provided two control groups. Cultures were exposed to various concentrations of heterogeneous soluble antigens prepared either from S. mansoni eggs, worms, or cercariae. In this series there was no statistical correlation between the intensity of infection (as determined by eggs/ml of feces) and the degree of cell-mediated reactivity observed by lymphocyte blastogenesis to any of the antigenic preparations. Individual patient lymphocyte responsiveness varied considerably. However, analysis of the data by groups, based upon the longevity of their S. mansoni infection, demonstrated different patterns of reactivity in regard to the antigen preparations. Responses to the egg antigens were only present early in infection. In contrast, reactivities stimulated by either the worm or cercarial preparations increased in a direct relationship to the duration of S. mansoni infection.}, keywords = {*Antigens, Heterophile, *Lymphocyte Activation, Female, Humans, Lymphocytes/immunology, Ovum/immunology, Schistosoma mansoni/*immunology, Schistosomiasis/*immunology/pathology}, isbn = {0020-5915 (Print)
0020-5915 (Linking)}, author = {Colley, D. G. and Cook, J. A. and Freeman, G. L., Jr. and Bartholomew, R. K. and Jordan, P.} } @article {15543, title = {Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. II. Occurrence of eosinophil-dependent cytotoxic antibodies in relation to intensity and duration of infection}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {26}, number = {5 Pt 1}, year = {1977}, note = {Sher, A
Butterworth, A E
Colley, D G
Cook, J A
Freeman, G L Jr
Jordan, P
eng
1977/09/01
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1977 Sep;26(5 Pt 1):909-16.}, month = {Sep}, pages = {909-16}, abstract = {Plasma samples from St. Lucians were tested for the presence of antibodies which cooperate in vitro with normal human leukocytes in causing cytotoxic damage to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. The in vitro antibody activity, which has been previously shown to depend on eosinophil effector cells was detected in 56\% of the individuals with known, current S. mansoni infections and in 14\% of control subjects from the same endemic area. Quantitatively, eosinophil dependent cytotoxic antibody (EDCA) activity, when expressed as the maximum amount of damage to schistosomula induced at high plasma concentration, correlated significantly with the intensity of S. mansoni infection as determined by fecal egg count, the highest levels of activity occurring in patients with stool counts of 60 eggs/ml or greater. In addition, plasma EDCA activity was found to correlate with the in vitro blastogenic responsiveness of patients{\textquoteright} lymphocytes to three different parasite antigen preparations. In contrast, titrations of EDCA activity failed to reveal a relationship between EDCA titer and the most recent egg count performed on each subject. However, a significant correlation was observed when titers were compared to egg counts averaged over a 3-year period. Neither maximal EDCA activity nor titer was found to correlate with the duration of known schistosome infection.}, keywords = {*Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic, Antibodies/*analysis, Eosinophils/*immunology, Humans, Lymphocyte Activation, Parasite Egg Count, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosomiasis/*immunology, Time Factors, West Indies}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Sher, A. and Butterworth, A. E. and Colley, D. G. and Cook, J. A. and Freeman, G. L., Jr. and Jordan, P.} } @article {17404, title = {INCREASED RECOVERY OF SALMONELLAE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES ENRICHED WITH BUFFERED PEPTONE WATER}, journal = {Applied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {270-273}, isbn = {0099-2240}, author = {Thomason, B. M. and Dodd, D. J. and Cherry, W. B.} } @article {14748, title = {Interferences and recovery of digitalis glycoside preparations using commercial radioimmunoassay kits for digoxin and digitoxin}, journal = {J Med}, volume = {8}, year = {1977}, pages = {425{\textendash}34}, abstract = {The authors compare and discuss sensitivity and reproducibility of commercial RIA kits of digoxin and digitoxin commonly used in routine hospital laboratories and in emergency. Cross reactivity and recovery of these kits with different digitalis preparations currently prescribed in medical practice are studied with a view to practical application in patients receiving digitalis glycosides and derivatives.}, keywords = {Digitoxin/*blood, Digoxin/*blood, Female, Humans, Male, Radioimmunoassay/*instrumentation}, issn = {0025-7850 (Print) 0025-7850 (Linking)}, author = {Kinsun, H. and Moulin, M. A.} } @article {11810, title = {{Investigaciones sobre Pseudophyllidea (Carus 1813) en el sur de Chile. I estudio preliminar sobre infecci{\'o}n por plerocercoides de Diphyllobothrium sp. en Salmo gairdneri Richardson 1836 del lago calafqu{\'e}n (39{\textdegree}32{\textasciiacute}S, 78{\textdegree}09{\textasciiacute}O), Chile}}, journal = {Boletin Chileno de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {32}, year = {1977}, pages = {73{\textendash}80}, author = {Torres, P and Contreras, B and Figueroa, L and Franjola, R and Gonz{\'a}lez, H and Martin, R} } @article {1945, title = {Poliovirus aggregates and their survival in water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {1977}, note = {Young, D C Sharp, D G eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1977/01/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1977 Jan;33(1):168-77.}, pages = {168-77}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Inactivation of aggregated poliovirus by bromine is characterized by a continuously decreasing reaction rate. Poliovirus released from infected cells in these experiments by alternate freezing and thawing in water without electrolytes has always been aggregated. The aggregates persist even on 7,000-fold dilution in ion-free water. Virus similarly released into phosphate-buffered saline solution may be well dispersed, but it aggregates when sedimented into a salt-free sucrose gradient or when it is diluted as little as 10-fold in water. Large one-step dilutions of dispersed virus in water remain dispersed. Aggregated virus was not dispersed by one-step dilution (7,000-fold) in distilled or untreated lake water but was dispersed if phosphate-buffered saline or clarified secondary sewage plant effluent was used as diluent. Dispersed virus aggregates at all dilutions in alum-treated, finished water from the city filter plant. This may be the result of complex formation with insoluble material rather than virion-virion aggregation. A simple procedure is described for rendering a very dilute suspension of mixed virion aggregates into a three-part spectrum of sizes.}, keywords = {Bromine/pharmacology Methods Poliovirus/*growth \& development/physiology/ultrastructure Sewage Sonication Viral Plaque Assay *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/189686}, author = {Young, D. C. and Sharp, D. G.} } @article {10971, title = {Potential for parasitic disease transmission with land application of sewage plant effluents and sludges}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, year = {1977}, month = {jan}, pages = {583{\textendash}595}, abstract = {Land application of sewage plant effluents and sludges is being considered by planners because of environmental problems arising from alternative approaches and as a means of recovering the soil enrichment qualities of sewage effluents and sludges. A review of the literature shows that primary and secondary treatment, anaerobic sludge digestion, and routine disinfection (chlorine or ozone) do not destroy completely parasitic forms. Because of their weight most cysts and eggs are found in the sludge. Sludge digestion does destroy protozoan cysts but not all metazoan eggs. These cysts and eggs are extremely resistant in field conditions and some can persist infective for long periods. Documented disease transmission to humans from land application programs is related only to use of raw, not treated, sewage on land. Some animal disease transmission has been found related to untreated and partially treated sewage. Those who have examined sewage plant effluents and sludges for parasitic cysts and eggs have found them present. The most commonly reported species are: E. histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Hymenolepis spp, Taenia sp. Enteroblus vermicularis, Ancylostoma and Necator. Destruction of all pathogenic forms can be assured by adequate heating of material to pasteurization temperatures of 60{\textdegree}C or more for 30+ min. Direct heating or composting can accomplish this. Parasitic disease transmission can be reduced by controlling the types of land to which these sewage plant products are applied. Parasitic disease transmission should be considered in developing the technology and/or management approaches to land application of sewage plant products for soil enrichment purposes.}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(77)90170-1}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135477901701}, author = {Hays, Barbara D.} } @article {11371, title = {Potential for parasitic disease transmission with land application of sewage plant effluents and sludges}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, year = {1977}, pages = {583-595}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0043-1354}, author = {Hays, Barbara D} } @booklet {2444, title = {{Process Design Manual for Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters}}, year = {1977}, publisher = {United States Environmental protection Agency}, address = {Cincinnati} } @booklet {14258, title = {Process {Design} {Manual} for {Land} {Treatment} of {Municipal} {Wastewaters}}, year = {1977}, publisher = {United States Environmental protection Agency}, address = {Cincinnati}, author = {USEPA} } @article {16147, title = {Results of the investigation of soil for contamination with pathogenic leptospires}, journal = {Folia Parasitol (Praha)Folia Parasitol (Praha)Folia Parasitol (Praha)}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, year = {1977}, note = {Karaseva, E V
Chernukha YuG
Sakhartseva, T F
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Folia Parasitol (Praha). 1977;24(4):301-4.}, pages = {301-4}, edition = {1977/01/01}, abstract = {In the natural focus of leptospirosis at the lake Nero (Yaroslav region, USSR) 630 samples of soil were investigated for the presence of leptospires. Seven cultures of leptospires were isolated from the soil; five of them were pathogenic (four belonged to the serogroup Grippotyphosa and one to the serogroup Hebdomadis) and two were saprophytic. Among the cultures of pathogenic leptospires isolated from the soil there was observed the same quantitative ratio of serogroups as among cultures obtained from rodents, which suggests that the leptospires circulate from mammals to soil and vice versa.}, keywords = {*Soil Microbiology, Animals, Arvicolinae, Cricetinae, Disease Vectors, Leptospira/*isolation \& purification}, isbn = {0015-5683 (Print)
0015-5683 (Linking)}, author = {Karaseva, E. V. and Chernukha Yu, G. and Sakhartseva, T. F.} } @article {11548, title = {{Role of parasite irrigation with sewage effluent in the epizootiology of cattle cysticercosis}}, journal = {Fyulleten Vsesoyuznogo Instituta Gel{\textasciiacute}mintologii}, volume = {21}, year = {1977}, pages = {10{\textendash}16}, author = {Arkhipova, NS} } @article {4476, title = {The Seattle Virus Watch. VII. Observations of adenovirus infections}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, year = {1977}, pages = {362{\textendash}86}, issn = {0002-9262 (Print) 0002-9262}, author = {Fox, J. P. and Hall, C. E. and Cooney, M. K.} } @article {519, title = {The Seattle Virus Watch. VII. Observations of adenovirus infections}, journal = {Am J Epidemiol}, volume = {105}, number = {4}, year = {1977}, note = {Fox, J P Hall, C E Cooney, M K Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S. United states Am J Epidemiol. 1977 Apr;105(4):362-86.}, pages = {362-86}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The following findings were made from observations of adenovirus (AV) infections in Seattle VW families, 1965-1969, which extended the 1961-1965 New York VW studies: That infections are predominantly enteric, may be abortive or invasive and followed by persistent intermittent excretion was confirmed. That such excretion is most characteristic of types 1, 2, 3 and 5 viruses may explain why these types were usually endemic. However, since observed duration of excretion was not increased despite a longer average observation period, persistent excretion appears not to continue indefinitely and generation-to-generation transmission now seems improbable. Unilike New York, alternate cycling of types 1 and 2 viruses was not seen. Among homotypic susceptibles, infection rates for the endemic types were highest in infants (greater than 90\% for types 1 and 2), decreased with age in older children but increased in parents, perhaps because of closer contact with infants. Development of serum neutralizing antibody was most frequent (about 90\%) after types 1 and 2 infection; in all cases, titers decayed over time. While delayed virus spread related to persistent intermittent excretion did occur, spread closely following new or renewed (after larger than or equal to 3 months) excretion was more important. Sibling introducers were more effective spreaders than infants, and duration of excretion was more important than mode. These data indicate that homotypic immunity is 85\% protective against infection. A protective effect of heterotypic immunity could not be shown. Illness (chiefly respiratory and often febrile) was associated with 49\% of infections in susceptibles and with 65\% when respiratory shedding occurred. The contribution of AV to all infectious illness, based on virus-positive infections only, was 5\% in infants and 3\% in the 2-4-year age group; for febrile illness, the corresponding contributions were about 10\% and 5\%. Inclusion of infections discovered only be serology (49\% of all infections) would greatly increase the contribution of AV to illness.}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/isolation \& purification *Adenoviridae Infections/epidemiology/immunology/microbiology *Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology/immunology/microbiology Adolescent Adult Aged Antibodies, Preschool Feces/microbiology Female Humans Infant Male Middle Aged New York Recurrence Respiratory System/microbiology Seasons Time Factors Washington, Viral/analysis Child Child}, issn = {0002-9262 (Print) 0002-9262}, author = {Fox, J. P. and Hall, C. E. and Cooney, M. K.} } @article {3032, title = {Taeniidae: modification to the life span of the egg and the regulation of tapeworm populations}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, year = {1977}, month = {apr}, pages = {314{\textendash}328}, keywords = {Animals, Body Fluids, Cell Survival, Cestoda, Dogs, Echinococcus, Female, Gastric Juice, Intestines, Life Expectancy, Ovum, Taenia, Temperature}, issn = {0014-4894}, author = {Gemmell, M. A.} } @article {11564, title = {{Tests with a new compound (Praziquantel) against Diphyllobothrium latum}}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, year = {1977}, pages = {115{\textendash}119}, author = {Bylund, G and Bang, B and Wilgren, K} } @article {2319, title = {{Vero response to a cytotoxin of Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, year = {1977}, month = {dec}, pages = {775{\textendash}9}, abstract = {A cytotoxin was found in culture filtrates of a number of Escherichia coli strains that differed from the known heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins of E. coli. It was cytotoxic for Vero but not for Y-1 or CHO cells, and its effect on Vero was distinctly different from that of heat-labile enterotoxin. It was labile to heat and antigenically different from heat-labile enterotoxin, and membrane filtration indicated a molecular weight of 10,000 to 30,000.}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: immunology, Bacterial Toxins: pharmacology, Cell Line, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: immunology, Cytotoxins: pharmacology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: immunology, Hot Temperature, Molecular Weight, Neutralization Tests}, issn = {0019-9567}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=421302\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Konowalchuk, J and Speirs, J I and Stavric, S} } @article {14114, title = {Vero response to a cytotoxin of {Escherichia} coli.}, journal = {Infection and immunity}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, year = {1977}, month = {dec}, pages = {775{\textendash}9}, abstract = {A cytotoxin was found in culture filtrates of a number of Escherichia coli strains that differed from the known heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins of E. coli. It was cytotoxic for Vero but not for Y-1 or CHO cells, and its effect on Vero was distinctly different from that of heat-labile enterotoxin. It was labile to heat and antigenically different from heat-labile enterotoxin, and membrane filtration indicated a molecular weight of 10,000 to 30,000.}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: immunology, Bacterial Toxins: pharmacology, Cell Line, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: immunology, Cytotoxins: pharmacology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: immunology, Hot Temperature, Molecular Weight, Neutralization Tests}, issn = {0019-9567}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=421302\&tool=pmcentrez\&rendertype=abstract}, author = {Konowalchuk, J and Speirs, J I and Stavric, S} } @article {8062, title = {{Vero response to a cytotoxin of Escherichia coli.}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, year = {1977}, month = {dec}, pages = {775{\textendash}9}, abstract = {

A cytotoxin was found in culture filtrates of a number of Escherichia coli strains that differed from the known heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins of E. coli. It was cytotoxic for Vero but not for Y-1 or CHO cells, and its effect on Vero was distinctly different from that of heat-labile enterotoxin. It was labile to heat and antigenically different from heat-labile enterotoxin, and membrane filtration indicated a molecular weight of 10,000 to 30,000.

}, keywords = {Antigens, Bacterial, Bacterial Toxins, Bacterial Toxins: immunology, Bacterial Toxins: pharmacology, Cell Line, Cytotoxins, Cytotoxins: immunology, Cytotoxins: pharmacology, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli: immunology, Hot Temperature, Molecular Weight, Neutralization Tests}, issn = {0019-9567}, url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=421302{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract}, author = {Konowalchuk, J and Speirs, J I and Stavric, S} } @article {10569, title = {{Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other vibrios: occurrence and distribution in Chesapeake Bay}}, journal = {Science}, volume = {198}, year = {1977}, pages = {394{\textendash}396}, author = {Colwell, RR and Kaper, J and S W Joseph} } @article {11586, title = {{Anemia megalobl{\'a}stica por Diphyllobothrium latum}}, journal = {Revista Medica de Chile}, volume = {104}, year = {1976}, pages = {921{\textendash}924}, author = {Cristoffanini, A and Ibarra, H and Vega, I and Martinez, A and Bertoglio, J} } @article {16182, title = {Canine leptospirosis: an immunopathological study of interstitial nephritis due to Leptospira canicola}, journal = {J PatholJ PatholJ Pathol}, volume = {120}, number = {2}, year = {1976}, month = {Oct}, pages = {83-9}, keywords = {*Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola, Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis, Antigens, Bacterial/analysis, Dog Diseases/*immunology/pathology, Dogs, Female, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Immunoglobulin G/analysis, Immunoglobulin M/analysis, Kidney/immunology/pathology, Leptospirosis/immunology/pathology/*veterinary, Male, Nephritis, Interstitial/immunology/pathology/*veterinary}, isbn = {0022-3417 (Print)
0022-3417 (Linking)}, author = {Morrison, W. I. and Wright, N. G.} } @inbook {12739, title = {{Chapter 3. Paragonimiasis}}, booktitle = {Pathology of Tropical and Extraordinary Diseases}, year = {1976}, publisher = {Armed Forces Institute of Pathology}, organization = {Armed Forces Institute of Pathology}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Washington, DC}, author = {Meyers, WM and Neafie, RN}, editor = {Binford, CH and Conner, DH} } @article {17018, title = {Chlorination and Iodination of Poliovirus and}, journal = {Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation)}, year = {1976}, pages = {61{\textendash}76}, publisher = {JSTOR}, author = {Cramer, William N and Kawata, Kazuyoshi and Krus{\'e}, Cornelius W} } @booklet {10462, title = {{Classifying domestic water courses in order to protect their quality}}, year = {1976}, author = {Brazilian Ministry of Health} } @article {14583, title = {The {Council} of {European} {Economic} {Communities} {Directive} of 8 {December}, 1975 concerning the quality of bathing waters. {Directive} 76/160/{EEC}}, year = {1976}, author = {European Economic Commission} } @article {14934, title = {The {Council} of {European} {Economic} {Communities} {Directive} of 8 {December}, 1975 concerning the quality of bathing waters. {Directive} 76/160/{EEC}}, year = {1976}, author = {Commission, European Economic} } @article {1656, title = {Disinfection of Viruses in Sewage by Ozone}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, year = {1976}, pages = {629-31}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {The action of ozone on poliovirus was examined employing two different methods. In the first, the filtered sewage together with a virus inoculum was added to a buffer solution which contained known concentrations of ozone. The most outstanding finding was the complete disappearance of the ozone immediately after the addition of the effluent. At the same time. there was a rapid reduction in virus titer. However. after the initial reduction, the virus titer remained unchanged. The degree of virus inactivation was dependent on ozone concentration and on the amount of organic matter in the effluent. With increased ozone concentration and decreased organic matter, a larger percentage of viruses were inactivated. With the second method, ozone was bubbled into filtered sewage containing a virus inocult, m. Inactivation of the virus started after a lag period of about 30 s. even before ozone residual in the sewage was detected. Inactivation of 99.999\% of the virus was obtained when the ozone residual was about 0.6 mg/l. In similar experiments performed with buffer instead of sewage, the entire process took place at a much faster rate. When ozone concentrations reached about 1.0 mg/l, 99.999\% of the virus was inactivated. In conclusion, ozone was found to be a very potent viral disinfectant, even in contaminated water.}, author = {Katzenelson, E. and Biedermann, N.} } @article {11044, title = {Effect of {NADP} on light-induced cytochrome changes in membrane fragments from a blue-green alga}, journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta}, volume = {423}, number = {2}, year = {1976}, month = {feb}, pages = {303{\textendash}312}, abstract = {The effect of NADP+ on light-induced steady-state redox changes of membrane-bound cytochromes was investigated in membrane fragements prepared from the blue-green algae Nostoc muscorum (Strain 7119) that had high rates of electron transport from water to NADP+ and from an artificial electron donor, reduced dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIPH2) to NDAP+. The membrane fragments contained very little phycocyanin and had excellent optical properties for spectrophotometric assays. With DCIPH2 as the electron donor, NADP+ had no effect on the light-induced redox changes of cytochromes: with or without NADP+, 715- or 664-nm illumination resulted mainly in the oxidation of cytochrome f and of other component(s) which may include a c-type cytochrome with an alpha peak at 549nm. With 664 nm illumination and water as the electron donor, NADP+ had a pronounced effect on the redox state of cytochromes, causing a shift toward oxidation of a component with a peak at 549 nm (possibly a c-type cytochrome), cytochrome f, and particularly cytochrome b559. Cytochrome b559 appeared to be a component of the main noncyclic electron transport chain and was photooxidized at physiological temperatures by Photosystem II. This photooxidation was apparent only in the presence of a terminal acceptor (NADP+) for the electron flow from water.}, keywords = {Cell Membrane, Cyanobacteria, Cytochromes, Diuron, Electron Transport, Light, NADP, Spectrophotometry}, issn = {0006-3002}, author = {Tsujimoto, H. Y. and McSwain, B. D. and Hiyama, T. and Arnon, D. I.} } @article {14040, title = {Effect of sediments on the survival of {Escherichia} coli in marine waters.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, year = {1976}, month = {jul}, pages = {114{\textendash}20}, abstract = {Escherichia coli, a fecal coliform, was found to survive for longer periods of time in unsterile natural seawater when sediment material was present than in seawater alone, and at least on one occasion growth was observed to occur. This enteric bacterium was found to increase rapidly in number in autoclaved natural seawater and autoclaved sediment taken from areas receiving domestic wastes, even when the seawater had salinities as high as 34 g/kg. However, in autoclaved seawater, growth was always more gradual and never reached numbers as high as those observed when sediment was present. It was found that nutrients were easily eluted from the sediment after autoclaving or upon addition to artificial seawater, but little elution occured during mixing of the sediments with unsterile natural seawater. The longer survival of E. coli in the sediment is attributed to the greater content of organic matter present in the sediment than the sweater. These laboratory results, in part, could explain why on a volume basis larger numbers of coliforms and fecal coliforms and fecal coliforms were found in estuarine sediments than the overlaying water at field sites.}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Gerba, C P and McLeod, J S} } @article {2258, title = {{Effect of sediments on the survival of Escherichia coli in marine waters.}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, year = {1976}, month = {jul}, pages = {114{\textendash}20}, abstract = {

Escherichia coli, a fecal coliform, was found to survive for longer periods of time in unsterile natural seawater when sediment material was present than in seawater alone, and at least on one occasion growth was observed to occur. This enteric bacterium was found to increase rapidly in number in autoclaved natural seawater and autoclaved sediment taken from areas receiving domestic wastes, even when the seawater had salinities as high as 34 g/kg. However, in autoclaved seawater, growth was always more gradual and never reached numbers as high as those observed when sediment was present. It was found that nutrients were easily eluted from the sediment after autoclaving or upon addition to artificial seawater, but little elution occured during mixing of the sediments with unsterile natural seawater. The longer survival of E. coli in the sediment is attributed to the greater content of organic matter present in the sediment than the sweater. These laboratory results, in part, could explain why on a volume basis larger numbers of coliforms and fecal coliforms and fecal coliforms were found in estuarine sediments than the overlaying water at field sites.

}, issn = {0099-2240}, author = {Gerba, C P and McLeod, J S} } @article {11549, title = {{The effect of sewage on the rate of infection of yearling fish by Diphyllobothrium latum plerocercoids in the Kama reservoir}}, journal = {Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal}, volume = {12}, year = {1976}, pages = {89{\textendash}91}, author = {Artamoshin, AS and Khodakova, VI} } @article {11081, title = {Electrofocusing and kinetic studies of adult and embryonic chicken pyruvate kinases}, journal = {Biochemistry}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, year = {1976}, month = {mar}, pages = {1064{\textendash}1073}, abstract = {Chicken embryos less than 15 days old contain only the K isozyme of pyruvate kinase, which appears to exist in vivo as an R,T conformational set with pI values of 7.2 and 6.6, respectively. Sets of lower pI and higher pI K-isozyme variants also are obtained. Whole embryos of 15 days or more of development show progressively increasing amounts of higher pI, lower K0.5S enzymatic variants. Tissue distribution and kinetic properties suggest that the highest pI form (pH 8.8-9.0) is an M-isozyme analogue. The intermediate forms are postulated to be hybrids. Adult liver extracts contain only the embryonic K isozyme; no evidence for an L-isozyme analogue was obtained. All major forms of the enzymes are compared with respect to saturation by phosphoenolpyruvate in the absence of effector and in the presence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, alanine, serine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and/or Mg-ATP.}, keywords = {Aging, Animals, Brain, Chick Embryo, Fertilization, Heart, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Isoelectric Focusing, Isoenzymes, Kinetics, Liver, Male, Muscle Development, Muscles, Myocardium, Organ Specificity, Pyruvate Kinase, Time Factors}, issn = {0006-2960}, author = {Ibsen, K. H. and Murray, L. and Marles, S. W.} } @article {9434, title = {{Entamoeba histolytica infection in a German shepherd dog}}, journal = {Can Vet J}, volume = {17}, number = {10}, year = {1976}, pages = {259{\textendash}263}, author = {Wittnich, C} } @article {8460, title = {{Feline toxoplasmosis from acutely infected mice and the development of Toxoplasma cysts}}, journal = {Journal of Protozoology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {1976}, pages = {537{\textendash}546}, author = {Dubey, JP and Frenkel, JK} } @article {9017, title = {Heat inactivation of poliovirus in wastewater sludge}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, year = {1976}, pages = {339-346}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0099-2240}, url = {http://aem.asm.org/content/32/3/339.full.pdf}, author = {Ward, Richard L. and Ashley, Carol S. and Moseley, Richard H.} } @article {11592, title = {{Larvas plerocercoides de Spirometra (Dibothriocephalidae) en el hombre y en animales silvestres de Uruguay}}, journal = {Revista Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo}, volume = {18}, year = {1976}, pages = {165{\textendash}172}, author = {Dei-Cas, E and Rodriguez, Nelson and Botto, Carlos and Osimani, Juan Jos{\'e}} } @article {6539, title = {Maturation of neuroblastoma cells in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, year = {1976}, month = {feb}, pages = {462{\textendash}466}, abstract = {Addition of dimethylsulfoxide at concentrations of 1\% and 2\% (vol/vol) to cells of mouse neuroblastoma clone NIE-115 in the confluent phase of growth resulted in the production of morphologically differentiated cultures with extensive process formation. Cell maintained in 2\% dimethylsulfoxide remained in a stable nondividing condition for periods of up to 4 weeks. A high degree of electrical excitability was found in these cells, but there was no clear correlation of this property with the level of induction of either acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.7) or tyrosine hydroxylase [L-tyrosine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating); EC 1.14.16.2]. In addition, intracellular levels of cyclic 3{\textquoteright}:5{\textquoteright}-AMP were not elevated in fully morphologically and electrically differentiated cells. While cell division was markedly inhibited by 2\% or higher concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide, at 1\% growth continued at a somewhat slowed rate and such cultures exhibited enhanced process formation and electrical activity for a relatively short period. High concentrations (3\% or 4\%) of dimethylsulfoxide totally suppressed process formation and did not result in increased excitability, but cells maintained high resting potentials. The results suggest that the development of the excitable membrane in neuroblastoma cells may be expressed independently of neurospecific enzyme induction, and does not require a sustained elevation of cyclic 3{\textquoteright}:5{\textquoteright}-AMP levels.}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Action Potentials, Cell Differentiation, Cell Line, Cyclic AMP, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Evoked Potentials, Membrane Potentials, Neuroblastoma, Neurons, Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase}, issn = {0027-8424}, author = {Kimhi, Y. and Palfrey, C. and Spector, I. and Barak, Y. and Littauer, U. Z.} } @article {16341, title = {Morphological characteristics of a spirochete present in activated sludge}, journal = {Can J Microbiol}, volume = {22}, year = {1976}, pages = {1768-1771}, author = {Deinema, M.H.} } @article {12733, title = {{A newly recognized mode of human infection with lung flukes, Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert, 1878)}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {48}, year = {1976}, pages = {23{\textendash}24}, author = {Miyazaki, I and Habe, S} } @article {13768, title = {Organic flocculation: an efficient second step concentration method for the detection of viruses in tap water}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, year = {1976}, abstract = {A method is described for second step concentration of viruses from water. This method, combined with an adsorption elution method, yields a mean recovery of about 75\%.}, author = {Katzenelson, E. and Fattal, B. and Hostovesky, T.} } @article {7568, title = {{Organic flocculation: an efficient second step concentration method for the detection of viruses in tap water}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, year = {1976}, pages = {638-639}, abstract = {

A method is described for second step concentration of viruses from water. This method, combined with an adsorption elution method, yields a mean recovery of about 75{\%}.

}, author = {Katzenelson, E. and Fattal, B. and Hostovesky, T.} } @article {1537, title = {Poliovirus survival and movement in a sandy forest soil}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, year = {1976}, note = {Duboise, S M Moore, B E Sagik, B P eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1976/04/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1976 Apr;31(4):536-43.}, pages = {536-43}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Movement of poliovirus I (Chat) through nonsterile core samples of a sandy forest soil was monitored, using several regimens of loading with either dechlorinated final effluent from an operating activated sludge treatment plant or distilled water. Stimulated cycles of rainfall and effluent applications, resulting in ionic gradients, were shown to affect virus movement. Such studies indicate that poliovirus applied in effluents may move considerable distances through this soil after rainfall. Survival of poliovirus in the soil at 4 and 20 C has been monitored for 84 days. During this period, the capacity of the virus to migrate is unchanged.}, keywords = {Hydrogen-Ion Concentration *Poliovirus/isolation \& purification *Soil Microbiology Temperature Trees Water}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5057}, author = {Duboise, S. M. and Moore, B. E. and Sagik, B. P.} } @article {14565, title = {Poliovirus survival and movement in a sandy forest soil}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {31}, year = {1976}, month = {apr}, pages = {536{\textendash}43}, abstract = {Movement of poliovirus I (Chat) through nonsterile core samples of a sandy forest soil was monitored, using several regimens of loading with either dechlorinated final effluent from an operating activated sludge treatment plant or distilled water. Stimulated cycles of rainfall and effluent applications, resulting in ionic gradients, were shown to affect virus movement. Such studies indicate that poliovirus applied in effluents may move considerable distances through this soil after rainfall. Survival of poliovirus in the soil at 4 and 20 C has been monitored for 84 days. During this period, the capacity of the virus to migrate is unchanged.}, keywords = {*Poliovirus/isolation \& purification, *Soil Microbiology, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Temperature, Trees, water}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Duboise, S. M. and Moore, B. E. and Sagik, B. P.} } @article {8562, title = {{Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in wild and domestic animals of New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado}}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {1976}, pages = {226{\textendash}232}, author = {Marchiondo, AA and Duszynski, DW and Maupin, GO} } @article {8449, title = {{Reshedding of Toxoplasma oocysts by chronically infected cats}}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {262}, number = {5565}, year = {1976}, pages = {213{\textendash}214}, author = {Dubey, JP} } @article {11770, title = {{The role of agricultural irrigated areas in the spread of helminth infections in the Kaliningrad region}}, journal = {Voprosy meditsinskoi gel{\textasciiacute}mintologii (nauchnye trudy). Moscow. Tsentral{\textasciiacute}nyi Institut Usovershenstvovaniya Vrachei}, year = {1976}, pages = {55{\textendash}57}, author = {Romanenko, N A and Bobyshev, N M and Yachmenev, N I and Smirnova, Z M and Voinova, V P} } @article {15549, title = {Schistosomiasis at Loum, Cameroun; Schistosoma haematobium, S. intercalatum and their natural hybrid}, journal = {Z Parasitenkd}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {1976}, month = {Apr 30}, pages = {145-59}, abstract = {A survey of 500 schoolchildren in Loum in 1968 revealed an overall infection rate of 54.2\% with Schistosoma intercalatum and this was the only species of schistosome encountered. In 1972 a number of children were found to be passing schistosome eggs in their urine and these eggs ranged in shape and size from the forms characteristic for S. haematobium to those of S. intercalatum. Preliminary laboratory studies demonstrated that hybridisation between the two species was occurring. Subsequent field surveys showed that the snail hosts for the two parasites (B. rohlfsi for S. haematobium and B. forskali for S. intercalatum) were both present in the river Mbette and its tributaries in Loum and the distribution of the two snail species coincided closely with the distribution of the schistosomes in the human population. Detailed study of a small group of children passing hybrid eggs in their urine revealed that few of them were passing eggs in their faeces and that those eggs which were found in faeces were not viable. Analysis of schistosome egg-shape by plotting cumulative size-frequency data on probability paper demonstrated that the graph obtained from a natural hybrid series was different from that given by a known mixture of the two separate species. The hybrid series included a number of exceptionally large eggs resembling those of S. bovis but isolation of these eggs and subsequent laboratory passage of the parasites showed that they were part of the series and were not evidence of the presence of a third species. Hybridisation experiments in the laboratory showed that the cross S. haematobium male X S. intercalatum femal is fully viable but that the reverse mating is not successful, thus accounting for the failure of the faecal eggs recovered from children with hybrid infections. Histological results from laboratory passaged hybrids suggest that the Ziehl-positive staining reaction of the egg-shells of S. intercalatum may be a recessive character. The observations reported here indicate that S. haematobium has only recently become established in Loum and that it is, through introgressive hybridisation, replacing the indigenous S. intercalatum. A suggested explanation for the change in the parasite fauna is offered and this depends upon ecological changes resulting from forest clearance and agricultural development providing improved conditions for the spread of B. rohlfsi, the snail host for S. haematobium. It is suggested that, in contrast to recent reports on the spread of S. intercalatum, this species is in fact retreating and being replaced by S. haematobium in areas where forest clearance is taking place. In conclusion it is suggested that introgressive hybridisation of this kind may have been responsible for the evolution of certain characteristic local strains of African schistosomes.}, keywords = {Bulinus, Cameroon, Child, Ecology, Humans, Hybridization, Genetic, Schistosoma, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/ parasitology, School Health Services}, isbn = {0044-3255 (Print)
0044-3255 (Linking)}, author = {Southgate, V. R. and van Wijk, H. B. and Wright, C. A.} } @article {15517, title = {The shedding pattern of three little known African schistosomes under outdoor conditions}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {70}, number = {2}, year = {1976}, note = {Journal Article
England}, month = {Jun}, pages = {181-7}, keywords = {*Schistosoma, Animals, Bulinus/parasitology, Schistosoma haematobium, Seasons, Snails/*parasitology, South Africa}, isbn = {0003-4983 (Print)
0003-4983 (Linking)}, author = {Pitchford, R. J. and Du Toit, J. F.} } @article {2391, title = {{Shigellosis from swimming}}, journal = {JAMA}, volume = {236}, number = {16}, year = {1976}, pages = {1849{\textendash}1852}, edition = {1976/10/18}, abstract = {In Augsut 1974, 31 of 45 cases of Shigella sonnei infection in Dubuque, Iowa, were traced to swimming in an 8-km stretch of the Mississippi River. Comparison of the first case in each affected family with neighborhood controls showed a significant correlation between swimming and illness (P less than .0001). A significant association between diarrheal illness and swimming (P less than .0001) was also demonstrated by a retrospective survey of 60 families who had camped at a park beside the river; the attack rate for swimmers who got water in their mouths while swimming was 18\%. They had been swimming in water where the mean fecal coliform count was 17,500 organisms per 100 ml; the federal recommended upper limit for swimming water is 200 per 100 ml. A water sample obtained at the park swimming area one month after authorities had banned swimming in the area yielded S sonnei with the same antibiogram, colicin type, and phage type as the isolates from six swimmers. inverted question mark}, isbn = {0098-7484 (Print) 0098-7484 (Linking)}, author = {Rosenberg, M L and Hazlet, K K and Schaefer, J and Wells, J G and Pruneda, R C} } @article {8122, title = {{Shigellosis from swimming}}, journal = {JAMA}, volume = {236}, number = {16}, year = {1976}, pages = {1849{\textendash}1852}, edition = {1976/10/18}, abstract = {In Augsut 1974, 31 of 45 cases of Shigella sonnei infection in Dubuque, Iowa, were traced to swimming in an 8-km stretch of the Mississippi River. Comparison of the first case in each affected family with neighborhood controls showed a significant correlation between swimming and illness (P less than .0001). A significant association between diarrheal illness and swimming (P less than .0001) was also demonstrated by a retrospective survey of 60 families who had camped at a park beside the river; the attack rate for swimmers who got water in their mouths while swimming was 18{\%}. They had been swimming in water where the mean fecal coliform count was 17,500 organisms per 100 ml; the federal recommended upper limit for swimming water is 200 per 100 ml. A water sample obtained at the park swimming area one month after authorities had banned swimming in the area yielded S sonnei with the same antibiogram, colicin type, and phage type as the isolates from six swimmers. inverted question mark}, isbn = {0098-7484 (Print) 0098-7484 (Linking)}, author = {Rosenberg, M L and Hazlet, K K and Schaefer, J and Wells, J G and Pruneda, R C} } @article {14201, title = {Shigellosis from swimming}, journal = {JAMA}, volume = {236}, number = {16}, year = {1976}, pages = {1849{\textendash}1852}, abstract = {In Augsut 1974, 31 of 45 cases of Shigella sonnei infection in Dubuque, Iowa, were traced to swimming in an 8-km stretch of the Mississippi River. Comparison of the first case in each affected family with neighborhood controls showed a significant correlation between swimming and illness (P less than .0001). A significant association between diarrheal illness and swimming (P less than .0001) was also demonstrated by a retrospective survey of 60 families who had camped at a park beside the river; the attack rate for swimmers who got water in their mouths while swimming was 18\%. They had been swimming in water where the mean fecal coliform count was 17,500 organisms per 100 ml; the federal recommended upper limit for swimming water is 200 per 100 ml. A water sample obtained at the park swimming area one month after authorities had banned swimming in the area yielded S sonnei with the same antibiogram, colicin type, and phage type as the isolates from six swimmers. inverted question mark}, author = {Rosenberg, M L and Hazlet, K K and Schaefer, J and Wells, J G and Pruneda, R C} } @article {8626, title = {{Some observations on the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Canada}}, journal = {Journal of Hygiene}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, year = {1976}, pages = {11{\textendash}21}, author = {Tizard, IR and FIsh, A and Quinn, JP} } @article {1698, title = {Stability of human enteroviruses in estuarine and marine waters}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {1976}, note = {Lo, S Gilbert, J Hetrick, F eng Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S. 1976/08/01 Appl Environ Microbiol. 1976 Aug;32(2):245-9.}, pages = {245-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Studies of the effects of temperature and salinity on the survival of three enteric viruses (poliomyelitis type 1, echovirus-6, and coxsackievirus B-5) under controlled laboratory conditions and in situ indicate that temperature rather than salinity is the critical factor affecting their stability, in that the higher the temperature the more rapid was the loss of viral infectivity. In the laboratory studies, all three viruses were quite stable at 4 degrees C, with infectious virus still detectable after 46 weeks of incubation. In situ studies on virus survival in free-flowing estuarine or marine waters showed that, although the viruses were more labile in natural waters than in the laboratory studies, they persisted for several months, in some cases during the winter months. At all temperatures and salinities, coxsackievirus B-5 was the most stable, echovirus-6 was intermediate, and poliovirus 1 was the least stable of the viruses tested.}, keywords = {Cells, Cultured Echovirus 6, Human/*pathogenicity Enterovirus/*pathogenicity Enterovirus B, Human/*pathogenicity Fresh Water Poliovirus/*pathogenicity Seawater Temperature Time Factors *Water Microbiology}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/184736}, author = {Lo, S. and Gilbert, J. and Hetrick, F.} } @article {6064, title = {Trajectory analysis of deep-bed filtration with the sphere-in-cell porous media model}, journal = {AIChE Journal}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, year = {1976}, pages = {523{\textendash}533}, author = {Rajagopalan, Rajamani and Tien, Chi} } @article {9913, title = {{Ultrastructure and light microscope appearance of Blastocystis hominis in a patient with enteric disease}}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Parasitenkunde}, volume = {50}, year = {1976}, pages = {277{\textendash}283}, author = {Zierdt, CH and Tan, HK} } @article {9919, title = {Ultrastructure and light microscope appearance of Blastocystis hominis in a patient with enteric disease}, journal = {Z Parasitenkd}, volume = {50}, year = {1976}, pages = {277-283}, author = {Zierdt, C.H and Tan, H.K} } @article {4363, title = {{Coliphages as indicators of enteric viruses in shellfish and shellfish raising estuarine waters}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, year = {1975}, month = {jul}, pages = {613{\textendash}616}, abstract = {The practicality of a coliphage indicator system for human enterovirus in polluted waters was studied. Parallel examinations of sewage effluents, shellfish and shellfish growing waters for coliphage and enteric virus indicated a wide dissemination of coliphage throughout the estuary, generally occurring in the absence of detectable enteric virus activity. A majority of the enteric virus isolations were observed in samples yielding no coliphage activity. Under controlled conditions, oysters were observed to accumulate more coliphage than enteric virus. Replication of coliphage in the estuary during the summer months was shown to occur when proper host cell was present. Two major coliphage types were observed in field samples based on their reactivity with different Escherichia coli strains. A shift in dominant coliphage type was seen to occur during the study. Survival times of coliphage and enteric virus in estuary waters along with retention values in oysters were shown to be similar with a slight advantage shown by coliphage. Inability to correlate accurately coliphage and enteric virus occurrence in field samples along with the potential for the presence of more than one dominant coliphage type indicated the serious shortcomings of the coliphage indicator system as a method of enteric virus detection, leaving its overall use in the polluted environment subject to grave doubt.}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(75)90165-7}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135475901657}, author = {Vaughn, James M. and Metcalf, Theodore G.} } @article {15115, title = {Control of geohelminths by delivery of targeted chemotherapy through schools}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {84}, year = {1975}, pages = {115{\textendash}120}, author = {Bundy, D. A. P. and Wong, M. S. and Lewis, L. L. and Horton, J.} } @article {8513, title = {{Detection and confirmation of Toxoplasma oocysts in soil}}, journal = {Japanese journal of Veterinary Science}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, year = {1975}, pages = {549{\textendash}554}, author = {Ito, S and Tsunoda, K and Tsutsumi, Y and Matsui, T and Nishikawa, H and Iida, T and Sasaki, Y} } @article {17403, title = {DETECTION OF SALMONELLAE IN ENVIRONMENT}, journal = {Applied MicrobiologyApplied Microbiology}, volume = {30}, number = {5}, year = {1975}, month = {1975}, pages = {764-767}, isbn = {0003-6919}, author = {Thomason, B. M. and Biddle, J. W. and Cherry, W. B.} } @article {6675, title = {The dissipation and accumulation of {Aldrin} and dieldrin residues in soil}, journal = {Environmental Quality and Safety. Supplement}, volume = {3}, year = {1975}, pages = {250{\textendash}257}, keywords = {Aldrin, Climate, Dieldrin, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oxidation-Reduction, Pesticide Residues, Soil, Time Factors}, issn = {0340-4714}, author = {Elgar, K. E.} } @article {17405, title = {EVALUATION OF A SEMIAUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR DIRECT FLUORESCENT-ANTIBODY DETECTION OF SALMONELLAE}, journal = {Applied MicrobiologyApplied Microbiology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, year = {1975}, month = {1975}, pages = {557-564}, isbn = {0003-6919}, author = {Thomason, B. M. and Hebert, G. A. and Cherry, W. B.} } @inbook {12879, title = {Fate of wastewater bacteria and viruses in soil}, booktitle = {J. Irrigat. Drainage Div. Asce}, year = {1975}, author = {Gerba, Charles P and Wallis, Craig and Melnick, JL} } @inbook {16632, title = {Fate of wastewater bacteria and viruses in soil}, booktitle = {J. {IRRIGAT}. {DRAINAGE} {DIV}. {ASCE}}, year = {1975}, author = {Gerba, Charles P and Wallis, Craig and Melnick, JL} } @article {11670, title = {{First Intermediate Host of Diphyllobothrium sebago (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) in Nature}}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {61}, number = {1}, year = {1975}, pages = {74}, author = {Johnson, Scott} } @article {15120, title = {Gastrointestinal allergy to nematodes ({Letter})}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {69}, year = {1975}, pages = {362{\textendash}363}, author = {Coles, G. C.} } @article {705, title = {Giardia in water}, journal = {Annals of internal medicine}, volume = {82}, year = {1975}, pages = {280{\textendash}281}, author = {Rendtorff, RC} } @article {11800, title = {{Hallazgo de larvas plerocercoides de Diphyllobothriidae L{\"u}he, 1910 (Cestoda) en peces del mar peruano}}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n Chileno de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {30}, year = {1975}, pages = {18{\textendash}20}, author = {Tantalean, M} } @article {16309, title = {{An improved role for faecal coliform to faecal streptococci ratios in the differentiation between human and non-human pollution sources}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {9}, number = {7}, year = {1975}, month = {jul}, pages = {689{\textendash}690}, publisher = {Pergamon}, abstract = {The use of faecal coliform to faecal streptococci ratios as indicators of the source of faecal pollution has become popular. However, this methodology has been attacked on the grounds that the differential die-away rates of FC and FS invalidate the use of the ratio. Data is presented here to show that this differential die-away can in fact strengthen the value of the FC:FS ratio as a means of distinguishing human from non-human pollution. It is concluded that initially high FC:FS values which fall indicate human contamination, whereas initially low ratios which subsequently rise suggest a non-human faecal source.}, issn = {0043-1354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(75)90178-5}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135475901785}, author = {Feachem, R.} } @article {10946, title = {Incidence of {Intestinal} {Obstruction} in {Children} {Infected} with {Ascaris} {Lumbricoides}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, year = {1975}, pages = {801{\textendash}805}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1975.24.801}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1975.24.801}, author = {Blumenthal, Daniel S. and Schultz, Myron G.} } @article {15110, title = {Incidence of intestinal obstruction in children infected with {Ascaris} lumbricoides}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {24}, year = {1975}, pages = {801{\textendash}805}, author = {Blumenthal, D. S. and Schultz, M. G.} } @inbook {13471, title = {Infection rhythm in fascioliassis}, booktitle = {Facts and Reflections II}, year = {1975}, pages = {9-17}, publisher = {Lelystad Workshop on Fascioliasis}, organization = {Lelystad Workshop on Fascioliasis}, author = {Over, H. J. and Dijkstra, J.}, editor = {Over, H. J. and Armour, J.} } @article {6207, title = {Interstitial fluid pressure and alkaline gastric secretion}, journal = {The American Journal of Physiology}, volume = {229}, number = {5}, year = {1975}, pages = {1421{\textendash}1426}, abstract = {The interstitial fluid pressure of the submucosa of the gastric fundus was monitored by means of Guyton{\textquoteright}s capsules in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. The intracapsular pressure (ICP) was measured during secretion produced by: a) hypertonic solutions placed inside the stomach; b) arterial hypertension (200 mmHg) applied during intra-arterial infusion of histamine, and c) intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine. The first procedure did not modify the ICP. On the other hand, whenever interstitial fluid appeared in the gastric lumen during hypertension plus histamine, the mean ICP increased, mostly due to augmented capillary filtration. The hydraulic coefficient measured in these experiments was at least 4 orders of magnitude larger than the respective osmotic coefficient. The action of acetylcholine was complex: large doses enlarged the net capillary filtration, but small doses increased the mean ICP by muscle stimulation only. Contraction of the muscularis mucosae might be the most important mechanism underlying bulk flow of interstitial fluid in physiological conditions. It is concluded that hydraulic gradients across the epithelium might account for the "secretion" of "alkaline" juice.}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Animals, Blood Pressure, Dogs, Extracellular Space, Gastric Mucosa, Gastrointestinal Motility, Histamine, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Hypertonic Solutions, Injections, Intra-Arterial, Pressure}, issn = {0002-9513}, author = {Altamirano, M. and Requena, null and P{\'e}rez, T. C.} } @article {11045, title = {Investigations of the excretion of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase into the urine}, journal = {Int Urol Nephrol}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, year = {1975}, pages = {205{\textendash}214}, abstract = {The excretion of the enzyme gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase and its isoenzymes into the urine was investigated in patients with renal diseases and compared with the excretion of the enzymes leucine-aminopeptidase and lactate-dehydrogenase. In animal experiments an increased excretion of these enzymes was found after autotransplantation. Increased excretion of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase was also found in patients with glomerulonephritis and in the polyuric phase of acute tubular necrosis, but not in cases of pyelonephritis and in the oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis. The alterations of the isoenzyme pattern during diseases with increased enzyme excretion are in accordance with the hypothesis that the enzymes are liberated from the kidney tissue into the urine, and only a minority stems from the blood. Investigation of the excretion of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase and its isoenzymes into the urine seems to be of both scientific and clinical interest.}, keywords = {Animals, Autologous, gamma-Glutamyltransferase, Humans, Isoenzymes, Kidney Transplantation, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase, Leucyl Aminopeptidase, Nephritis, Swine, Transplantation}, issn = {0301-1623}, author = {Jacyszyn, K. and Kemp, E. and Laursen, T. and Rasmussen, F.} } @article {3933, title = {Letter: 28 nm particles in faeces in infantile gastroenteritis.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {2}, number = {7932}, year = {1975}, pages = {451{\textendash}452}, author = {C R Madeley and B P Cosgrove} } @article {11047, title = {Letter: {Gastro}-intestinal allergy to nematodes}, journal = {Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, year = {1975}, pages = {362{\textendash}363}, keywords = {Allergens, ascaris, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Nematoda}, issn = {0035-9203}, author = {Coles, G. C.} } @article {12734, title = {{A newly recognized mode of infection with the lung fluke}}, journal = {Risho to kenkyo}, volume = {52}, year = {1975}, pages = {3606=3609}, author = {Miyazaki, I and Habe, S} } @book {10641, title = {{Oxfam{\textquoteright}s Sanitation Unit: The design and testing of a sanitation and sewage treatment unit for disasters and long term use}}, year = {1975}, publisher = {Oxfam Technical Paper}, organization = {Oxfam Technical Paper}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Oxfam, UK}, author = {Howard, J and Lloyd, B and Webber, D} } @article {16037, title = {Pathogenic Leptospiras Isolated from Malaysian Surface Waters}, journal = {Appl MicrobiolAppl Microbiol}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, year = {1975}, pages = {30-33}, keywords = {environment, Leptospira}, author = {Alexander, A.D. and Evans, L.B. and Baker, M.F. and Ellison, D. and Marriapan, M.} } @article {7112, title = {[{A} pharmacologic analysis of preparatory mechanisms of stereotyped activity in dogs]}, journal = {Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deiatelnosti Imeni I P Pavlova}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, year = {1975}, month = {feb}, pages = {87{\textendash}94}, abstract = {In dogs with elaborated rhythmic and mozaic stereotypes of secretory and motor situational conditioned reflexes specific features were revealed in the action of some neurotropic drugs (amizyl, amedine, diphacil, pediphene, chlorpromazine and sodium oxybutyrate) on preparatory (latent) conditions of excitation and inhibition, appearing in the stabilized systems of reflexes. Pharmacological analysis has pointed to the predominantly cholinergic nature of preparatory and trigger mechanisms of alimentary conditioned activity. The blockade of M-cholinoreceptors (by means of amizyl and amedine) weakens or eliminates the preparatory conditions appearing in a dynamic stereotype and disturbs the trigger reactions within three to ten days. A pediphene blockade of H-cholinoreceptors intensifies the preparatory states.}, keywords = {Animals, Behavior, Benactyzine, Chlorpromazine, Classical, Conditioning, Diphenylacetic Acids, Dogs, Food, Humans, Hydroxybutyrates, Parasympatholytics, Salivation, Sound, Stereotyped Behavior, Sympatholytics}, issn = {0044-4677}, author = {Selivanova, A. T.} } @article {13981, title = {[{Shigella} in seawater and in an estuary. {III}. {Determination} in vitro of the survival time of {S}. sonnei {YCD} in seawater]}, journal = {Ann Microbiol (Paris)}, volume = {126B}, number = {1}, year = {1975}, pages = {101{\textendash}103}, author = {Dartevelle, Z and Desmet, L} } @article {2209, title = {{[Shigella in seawater and in an estuary. III. Determination in vitro of the survival time of S. sonnei YCD in seawater]}}, journal = {Annales de Microbiologie}, volume = {126B}, number = {1}, year = {1975}, pages = {101{\textendash}103}, edition = {1975/07/01}, isbn = {0300-5410 (Print)0300-5410 (Linking)}, author = {Dartevelle, Z and Desmet, L} } @article {8488, title = {{Soil survival of Toxoplasma oocysts in Kansas and Costa-Rica}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, year = {1975}, pages = {439{\textendash}443}, author = {Frenkel, JK and Ruiz, A and Chinchilla, M} } @article {11539, title = {{Studies of the helminth fauna of Norway. XXXIV. The morphological stability of Diphyllobothrium Cobbold. A comparison of adult D. dendriticum (Nitzsch). D. latum (L.) and D. ditremum (Creplin) development in different hosts}}, journal = {North-Western Journal of Zoology}, volume = {23}, year = {1975}, pages = {45{\textendash}53}, author = {Andersen, K} } @article {11562, title = {{The taxonomic significance of embryonic hooks in four european Diphyllobothrium species (Cestoda, Diphyllobothriidae)}}, journal = {Acta Zoologica Fennica}, volume = {142}, year = {1975}, pages = {1{\textendash}22}, author = {Bylund, G} } @article {11746, title = {{Anemia megalobl{\'a}stica grave por Diphyllobothrium latum}}, journal = {Revista Medica de Chile}, volume = {102}, year = {1974}, pages = {700{\textendash}703}, author = {Osorio, G and Daiber, A and Donckaster, R and Ubilla, M and Con, I and Anguita, T and Pinto, R} } @article {4277, title = {{Bacteriophages as viral pollution indicators}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {1974}, month = {mar}, pages = {165{\textendash}171}, abstract = {f2 Phage, attenuated Polio I (LSC) strain introduced daily to a 350 l. experimental oxidation pond showed no decrease in bacterial viruses f2 or other coliphages or Polio I strain. Ratios of coliphages to human enteric viruses ranged in flood waters from concentrations as low as 1:1 to as high as 103:1; in wastewater at various seasons the ratio was 105:1; in trickling filter effluents in winter it was 104:1; in spring 105:1, in summer and fall 104:1, in oxidation pond effluents in winter 103:1; in spring 104:1; and in summer and fall 103:1. Out of three epidemics in small communities caused by failure of water supply, coliphages were found to be positive. At the same time only two samples of human enteric viruses were positive (the third was contaminated with yeasts). Chlorination experiments using the experimental oxidation pond showed that f2 was most resistant, MS2 was very resistant, and coliphages were more resistant than attenuated Polio I virus. Experiments with the oxidation pond effluents showed that coliphages were at least as or even more resistant to chlorine than human enteric viruses.}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(74)90039-6}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135474900396}, author = {Kott, Y and Roze, N and Sperber, S and Betzer, N} } @article {11729, title = {{The biology of Spirometra}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, year = {1974}, pages = {3{\textendash}14}, author = {Mueller, Justus F} } @inbook {10583, title = {{Cholera carriers}}, booktitle = {Cholera}, year = {1974}, pages = {367{\textendash}379}, publisher = {Saunders WB Co}, organization = {Saunders WB Co}, address = {Philadelphia, PA}, author = {Dizon, JJ}, editor = {Barua, D and Burrows, W} } @inbook {16819, title = {Comparative survival of indicator bacteria and enteric pathogens in well water}, booktitle = {Applied microbiology}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, year = {1974}, pages = {823{\textendash}829}, author = {McFeters, Gordon A and Bissonnette, Gary K and Jezeski, James J and Thomson, Carole A and Stuart, David G} } @article {3733, title = {Detection of a new virus by electron microscopy of faecal extracts from children with acute gastroenteritis.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {1}, number = {7849}, year = {1974}, pages = {149{\textendash}151}, author = {Bishop, R F and Davidson, G P and Holmes, I H and Ruck, B J} } @article {2629, title = {Detection of a new virus by electron microscopy of faecal extracts from children with acute gastroenteritis.}, journal = {Lancet {(London,} England)}, volume = {1}, number = {7849}, year = {1974}, pages = {149-151}, author = {Bishop, RF and Davidson, GP and Holmes, IH and Ruck, BJ} } @article {871, title = {Detection of a new virus by electron microscopy of faecal extracts from children with acute gastroenteritis.}, journal = {Lancet {(London,} England)}, volume = {1}, number = {7849}, year = {1974}, pages = {149-151}, author = {Bishop, RF and Davidson, GP and Holmes, IH and Ruck, BJ} } @article {15586, title = {Hybrids between Schistosoma haematobium and S. intercalatum in Cameroon}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {68}, number = {5}, year = {1974}, pages = {413-4}, keywords = {Adolescent, Animals, Bulinus, Cameroon, Child, Child, Preschool, Disease Reservoirs/parasitology, Humans, Hybridization, Genetic, Schistosoma, Schistosoma haematobium, Species Specificity, Urine/parasitology}, isbn = {0035-9203 (Print)
0035-9203 (Linking)}, author = {Wright, C. A. and Southgate, V. R. and van Wijk, H. B. and Moore, P. J.} } @article {8459, title = {{Immunity to feline toxoplasmosis: modification by administration of corticosteroids}}, journal = {Veterinary Pathology}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {1974}, pages = {350{\textendash}379}, author = {Dubey, JP and Frenkel, JK} } @article {3119, title = {The ovicidal effect of selected chemicals against eggs of {Echinococcus} granulosus}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {51}, number = {5}, year = {1974}, pages = {550{\textendash}551}, abstract = {The ovicidal activity of various chemicals against eggs of E. granulosus was evaluated by measuring infectivity to CF(1) mice after exposing the eggs to aqueous solutions of the chemicals for 1 h at room temperature. Significant reductions in infectivity were observed in eggs treated with Lugol{\textquoteright}s iodine, 0.015\% ammonium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, 70\% ethanol, or 5\% or 10\% glutaraldehyde. No cysts developed in 10 mice that received doses of 1 000 eggs treated with 5\% glutaraldehyde, and only 1 of 10 mice developed cysts after exposure to eggs treated with 10\% glutaraldehyde.}, keywords = {Animals, Benzenesulfonates, Disinfectants, Echinococcus, Ethanol, Female, Formaldehyde, Glutaral, Iodine, Mice, Ovum, Polysorbates, Potassium Permanganate, Sodium Hypochlorite}, issn = {0042-9686}, author = {P{\'e}rez-Esandi, M. V. and Colli, C. W. and Schantz, P. M.} } @article {12693, title = {{Paragonimus miyazakii infections in man first found in Kanto district, Japan}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {23}, year = {1974}, pages = {167{\textendash}179}, author = {Yokogawa, M and Araki, K and Saito, K and Momose, T and Kimura, M and Suzuki, S and Chiba, N and Kutsumi, H and Minai, M} } @article {10557, title = {{Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. II. Protection from illness afforded by previous disease and vaccine}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {130}, year = {1974}, pages = {325{\textendash}333}, author = {Cash, RA and Music, SI and Libonati, JP and Craig, JP and Pierce, NF and Hornick, RB} } @article {12763, title = {{Studies on Paragonimus ohirai Miyazaki, 1939, found in Is. Yakushima, Kagoshima Precture, Japan}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {23}, year = {1974}, pages = {369{\textendash}375}, author = {Kawashima, K and Miyahara, M} } @article {2044, title = {Balantidiasis outbreak in Truk}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {22}, year = {1973}, pages = {33-41}, author = {Walzer, P. D. and Judson, F. N. and Murphy, K. B. and Healy, G. R. and English, D. K. and Schultz, M. C.} } @article {11642, title = {{Differentiation of the tegument and associated structures in Diphyllobothrium dendriticum Nitsch (1824) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea). An electron microscopical study.}}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {1973}, pages = {321{\textendash}327}, abstract = {Grammeltvedt {\{}Anne-Fran{\{}{\c c}{\}}ois{\}} 1973. Differentiation of the tegument and associated structures in Diphyllobothrium dendriticum Nitsch 1824 {\{}(Cestoda{\}} : Pseudophyllidea). An electron microscopical study. International Journal for Parasitology3: 321{\textendash}327. The differentiation of the tegument and associated structures of the coracidium, procercoid, plerocercoid and adult is described. The embryophore is composed of four zones and is covered by a fibrous layer resembling a glycocalyx. The oncospheral plasma membrane is extensively folded. A typical cestode tegument, with a distal and perinuclear cytoplasm, is probably already existing in the coracidium. The formation of the microvilli starts after about three days in the copepod host. In young procercoids ribosomes and Golgi complexes were observed in the distal cytoplasm. These organelles disappear at later stages. The infective procercoid has a typical tegument. The microvilli are shaped like a thorn compressed from the sides. They have an electron dense tip and a less dense base in which microfilaments are seen. Bodies, called disc-shaped and lamellated bodies, are described. The microvilli of the plerocercoid are characterized by a great variation in shape. The villi are bounded by two unit membranes. The lamellated bodies are especially well developed. The adult microvilli are uniform in shape. The lamellated bodies are few in young adults and disappear in mature worms.}, issn = {0020-7519}, doi = {10.1016/0020-7519(73)90110-0}, author = {Grammeltvedt, A} } @article {3018, title = {The ecology of {Echinococcus} multiocularis {Leuckart}, 1863, ({Cestoda}: {Taeniidae}) on {St}. {Lawrence} {Island}, {Alaska}. {I}. {Background} and rationale}, journal = {Annales De Parasitologie Humaine Et Compar{\'e}e}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, year = {1973}, month = {aug}, pages = {523{\textendash}542}, keywords = {Alaska, Animals, Disease Reservoirs, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Ecology, Foxes, Population Density, Rodentia}, issn = {0003-4150}, author = {Fay, F. H.} } @article {8485, title = {{Effects of freezing on viability of Toxoplasma oocysts}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, year = {1973}, pages = {587{\textendash}588}, author = {Frenkel, JK and Dubey, JP} } @article {5177, title = {{Elimination of Salmonella in stabilization ponds}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {7}, year = {1973}, pages = {1357{\textendash}1365}, author = {Joshi, S.R. and Parhad, N.M. and Rao, N.U.} } @article {5232, title = {{Enteric virus survival in algal-bacterial wastewater treatment systems{\textemdash}I}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {7}, number = {5}, year = {1973}, month = {may}, pages = {669{\textendash}685}, issn = {00431354}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(73)90085-7}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0043135473900857}, author = {Sobsey, Mark D. and Cooper, Robert C.} } @article {5441, title = {{Enteric virus survival in algal-bacterial wastewater treatment systems{\textemdash}I}}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {7}, year = {1973}, pages = {669{\textendash}685}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(73)90085-7}, author = {Sobsey, MD and Cooper, RC} } @article {11672, title = {{Experimental studies on the life cycle of Diplogonoporus grandis II. Experimental infection of marine copepods with coracidia}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {22}, year = {1973}, pages = {79{\textendash}89}, author = {Kamo, H and Iwata, S and Htasushika, R and Maejima, J} } @article {12101, title = {Functional antigens of Trichuris muris. The stimulation of immunity by vaccination of mice with somatic antigen preparations}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {3}, number = {6}, year = {1973}, note = {Wakelin, D
Selby, G R
eng
England
1973/11/01
Int J Parasitol. 1973 Nov;3(6):711-5.}, month = {Nov}, pages = {711-5}, keywords = {*Antigens/administration \& dosage/isolation \& purification, *Immunity, *Vaccination, Animals, Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant/administration \& dosage, Injections, Intraperitoneal, Injections, Subcutaneous, Larva/immunology, Male, Mice, Trichuriasis/immunology, Trichuris/*immunology}, isbn = {0020-7519 (Print)
0020-7519 (Linking)}, author = {Wakelin, D. and Selby, G. R.} } @article {16593, title = {Functional antigens of {Trichuris} muris. {The} stimulation of immunity by vaccination of mice with somatic antigen preparations}, journal = {Int J Parasitol}, volume = {3}, number = {6}, year = {1973}, month = {nov}, pages = {711{\textendash}5}, keywords = {*Antigens/administration \& dosage/isolation \& purification, *Immunity, *Vaccination, Animals, Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant/administration \& dosage, Injections, Intraperitoneal, Larva/immunology, Male, Mice, Subcutaneous, Trichuriasis/immunology, Trichuris/*immunology}, issn = {0020-7519 (Print) 0020-7519 (Linking)}, author = {Wakelin, D. and Selby, G. R.} } @article {8643, title = {{Intermediate and transport hosts in the natural history of Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, year = {1973}, pages = {456{\textendash}464}, author = {Wallace, GD} } @article {15474, title = {Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium natural infection in the Nile-rat, Arvicanthis n. niloticus from an endemic area in Egypt}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association}, volume = {48}, number = {1-2}, year = {1973}, note = {Journal Article
Egypt}, pages = {94-100}, keywords = {*Rats, *Schistosoma haematobium/isolation \& purification, *Schistosoma mansoni/isolation \& purification, Animals, Disease Reservoirs, Egypt, Humans, Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology, Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary}, isbn = {0013-2446 (Print)
0013-2446 (Linking)}, author = {Mansour, N. S.} } @article {8604, title = {{Isolation of Toxoplasma from soil}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {59}, number = {1}, year = {1973}, pages = {204{\textendash}206}, author = {Ruiz, A and Frenkel, JK and Cerdas, L} } @article {9385, title = {{Naturally occurring gastric amebiasis in the wallaroo}}, journal = {Veterinary Pathology}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {1973}, pages = {323{\textendash}329}, author = {Roberts, ED and Williams, JC and Pirie, G} } @article {1466, title = {Removal of viruses from sewage, effluents and waters. 2. Present and future trends}, journal = {Bull World Health Organ}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, year = {1973}, note = {Berg, G eng SWITZERLAND 1973/01/01 Bull World Health Organ. 1973;49(5):461-9.}, pages = {461-9}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Because large variations occur in the concentrations of viruses that enter treatment plants from season to season and from place to place, and even during a 24-hour period, field studies on the removal of viruses by treatment processes require temporal coordination of sampling. Quantitative methods for concentrating viruses must be developed to measure accurately the efficiency of virus removal by treatment processes in field situations. Extended settling, and storage of sewage and raw waters, reduce virus levels and deserve further study. Oxidation ponds must be reevaluated with regard to temporal matching of influent and effluent samples and with special care to prevent short-circuiting. Conventional and modified activated sludge plants must be reassessed with temporal matching of samples. Coagulation of viruses with metal ions requires field evaluation, and virus removal by filtration through sand and other media, under constant salt and organic loadings, needs both laboratory and field evaluation. A comparative study of water disinfectants related to specific conditions is needed. The toxicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity of products resulting from disinfection must also be assessed. Other matters for investigation are: methods for quantitatively detecting viruses adsorbed on solids, the virus-removal capability of soils, better virus indicators, virus concentration in shellfish, the frequency of infection in man brought about by swallowing small numbers of viruses in water, the epidemiology of virus infection in man by the water route, the effect of viruses of nonhuman origin on man, and the occurrence of tumour-inducing agents in water.}, keywords = {Disinfectants Disinfection Filtration Sanitary Engineering/*methods *Sewage *Viruses *Water Microbiology Water Pollution Water Supply}, issn = {0042-9686 (Print) 0042-9686 (Linking)}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4547291}, author = {Berg, G.} } @article {16146, title = {Results of studying the time of survival of pathogenic leptospira under natural conditions}, journal = {J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol ImmunolJ Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol ImmunolJ Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {1973}, note = {Karaseva, E V
Chernukha, Y G
Piskunova, L A
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1973 Mar;17(3):339-45.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {339-45}, edition = {1973/03/01}, keywords = {*Soil Microbiology, Animals, Disease Reservoirs, Disease Vectors, Environmental Exposure, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Leptospira/*growth \& development, Rodentia, Time Factors, Urine/microbiology, water}, isbn = {0022-1732 (Print)
0022-1732 (Linking)}, author = {Karaseva, E. V. and Chernukha, Y. G. and Piskunova, L. A.} } @article {15346, title = {Schistosoma mansoni: factors affecting hatching of eggs}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {1973}, note = {Bair, R D
Etges, F J
eng
1973/02/01
Exp Parasitol. 1973 Feb;33(1):155-67.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {155-67}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology, Carbon Dioxide/pharmacology, Culture Media, Cysteine/pharmacology, Female, Light, Mice, Nitrogen/pharmacology, Ovum/drug effects/physiology, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen/pharmacology, Schistosoma mansoni/drug effects/*physiology, Temperature}, isbn = {0014-4894 (Print)
0014-4894 (Linking)}, author = {Bair, R. D. and Etges, F. J.} } @article {11652, title = {{Studies on the helminth fauna of Norway XXVIII: An eperimental study of the ability of Diphyllobothrium latum (L.), D. dendriticum (Nitzsch), and D. ditremum (Creplin) (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea) to infect paratenic hosts}}, journal = {Norwegian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {21}, year = {1973}, pages = {201{\textendash}210}, author = {Halvorsen, O and Wissler, K} } @article {8483, title = {{Toxoplasma in and around}}, journal = {BioScience}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, year = {1973}, pages = {343{\textendash}352}, author = {Frenkel, JK} } @article {3567, title = {Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {2}, number = {7841}, year = {1973}, pages = {1281{\textendash}1283}, author = {Bishop, R F and Davidson, G P and Holmes, I H and Ruck, B J} } @article {7680, title = {Acute Enteritis Due to Related Vibrio: First Positive Stool Cultures}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {125}, number = {4}, year = {1972}, note = {Acute Enteritis Due to Related Vibrio: First Positive Stool Cultures; ID: 609}, pages = {390-392}, author = {Dekeyser,P. and Gossuin-Detrain,M. and Butzler,J. P. and Sternon,J.} } @book {11980, title = {Drawers of water domestic water use in East Africa}, year = {1972}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.}, organization = {University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.}, type = {Book}, author = {White, G.F. and Bradley, D.J. and White, A.U.} } @article {8655, title = {{Effects of different conditions on duration of infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, year = {1972}, pages = {938{\textendash}939}, author = {Yilmaz, SM and Hopkins, SH} } @article {15535, title = {Evaluation of an overlay technique for the recovery of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, year = {1972}, note = {Sandt, D G
eng
SWITZERLAND
1972/01/01
Bull World Health Organ. 1972;47(1):125-7.}, pages = {125-7}, abstract = {The consistent recovery of schistosome cercariae from turbid water may be an important observation in the study of schistosomiasis transmission. The phototactic behaviour of cercariae was used as the basis of a technique in which cercariae were induced to migrate into a layer of clear water overlying the turbid sample; the clear layer was then filtered and the cercariae counted. The recovery rate, however, does not appear to justify the use of this technique, at least in the field.}, keywords = {*Schistosoma mansoni, Animals, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Larva, methods, Photic Stimulation, water}, isbn = {0042-9686 (Print)
0042-9686 (Linking)}, author = {Sandt, D. G.} } @article {10677, title = {{The fate of Vibrio cholerae (El Tor) in oxidation pond effluents}}, journal = {Israel Journal of Medical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {1972}, pages = {1912{\textendash}1916}, author = {Kott, Y and Betzer, N} } @article {11920, title = {Immunity in shigellosis. I. Response of man to attenuated strains of Shigella}, journal = {J Infect Dis}, volume = {125}, number = {1}, year = {1972}, pages = {5-11}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0022-1899 (Print) 0022-1899}, author = {DuPont, H. L. and Hornick, R. B. and Snyder, M. J. and Libonati, J. P. and Formal, S. B. and Gangarosa, E. J.} } @article {3179, title = {Influence of ionizing irradiation on infectivity of eggs of {Echinococcus} granulosus in laboratory rodents}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, year = {1972}, month = {jun}, pages = {427{\textendash}430}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcus, Female, Inbred Strains, Injections, Intraperitoneal, Laboratory, Mice, Ovum, Radiation Dosage, Radiation Effects, Rodentia, Time Factors, Ultraviolet Rays}, issn = {0022-3395}, author = {Williams, J. F. and Colli, C. W.} } @article {16079, title = {Isolation and classification of water leptospira strains: identification of three new serotypes}, journal = {ExperientiaExperientia}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, year = {1972}, note = {Using Smart Source Parsing
May 15}, pages = {598-600}, abstract = {5 souches de l{\'e}ptospires saprophytes ont {\'e}t{\'e} isol{\'e}es et classifi{\'e}es, avec l{\textquoteright}identification de 3 nouveaux s{\'e}rotypes (Orvenco, Udine, Valderio) et de 2 nouveaux s{\'e}rogroupes (Orvenco, Udine). Une des souches isol{\'e}es fut incapable de se d{\'e}velopper {\`a} la temperature de 20{\textdegree}C ou au dessus.}, isbn = {0021-9193 (Print)
0021-9193 (Linking)}, author = {Cinco, M. and Faidutti, B. M.} } @article {11020, title = {Malabsorption syndrome in ascariasis}, journal = {The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}, volume = {25}, number = {11}, year = {1972}, month = {nov}, pages = {1276{\textendash}1281}, abstract = {The effect of Ascaris lumbricoides infection on intestinal absorption was studied in five children hospitalized on a metabolic ward. Absorption studies and peroral jejunal biopsies were performed before and immediately after de-worming. In addition, pre- and posttreatment jejunal biopsy samples were obtained in two other children while they received de-worming treatment at home. In four or five children, there was reduced fecal nitrogen excretion; the mean reduction represented 6.5\% of dietary nitrogen. Steatorrhea was present in four children; de-worming resulted in a mean reduction of fecal fat from 9.9 to 2.3\% of dietary fat. Three children demonstrated an impairment in d-xylose excretion, but only in one did it return to normal following de-worming. The jejunal morphology was found to be abnormal in all seven children. In each case a significant improvement was noted soon after de-worming.The results of this study strongly suggest that there is a cause and effect relationship between Ascaris infection and intestinal lesions in children.}, url = {http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/25/11/1276.abstract}, author = {Tripathy, Kshetrabasi and Duque, Edgar and Bola{\~n}os, Oscar and Lotero, Hernan and Mayoral, Luis Guillermo} } @article {8433, title = {{Mise en {\'e}vidence et structure du syst{\`e}me microtubulaire de Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s{\'e}ances de l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie des sciencesS{\'e}rie D: Sciences naturelles}, volume = {275}, number = {25}, year = {1972}, pages = {2899{\textendash}2901}, author = {de Souza, W} } @article {15347, title = {Natural infection with Schistosoma mansoni in small mammals trapped in the course of a schistosomiasis control project in Brazil}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, year = {1972}, note = {Journal Article
United states}, month = {Apr}, pages = {405-7}, keywords = {Animals, Biomphalaria, Brazil, Feces/microbiology, Guinea Pigs, Marsupialia, Mice, Opossums, Parasite Egg Count, Rats, Rodent Diseases/epidemiology, Rodentia, Schistosoma mansoni/*isolation \& purification, Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/prevention \& control/*veterinary, Zoonoses}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395 (Linking)}, author = {Barbosa, F. S.} } @inbook {11631, title = {{Parasites of Eskimos at Igloolik and Hall Beach, Northwest Territories}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Circumpolar Health}, year = {1972}, pages = {306{\textendash}315}, publisher = {University of Toronto Press}, organization = {University of Toronto Press}, address = {Toronto}, author = {Freeman, R S and Jameison, J}, editor = {Shaphard, R J and Ioth, S} } @article {11561, title = {{Pathogenic effects of a diphyllobothriid plerocercoid on its hosts}}, journal = {Communications Biology}, volume = {58}, year = {1972}, pages = {1{\textendash}11}, author = {Bylund, G} } @article {7953, title = {{Polynucleotide Sequence Relatedness Among Three Groups of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains}}, journal = {Infection and Immunity}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {1972}, month = {sep}, pages = {308{\textendash}315}, abstract = {

Escherichia coli strains that cause dysentery-like disease, parenteral infection, and infantile diarrhea form specific groups based on mobility of O and K antigens in immunoelectrophoresis. Members from each of these groups were assayed for gross nucleotide sequence relatedness. The method used was interspecific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) reassociation reactions carried out free in solution. Reassociated DNA was separated from unreacted DNA by passage through hydroxyapatite. DNA relatedness between these groups was approximately 80{\%}. The groups containing those strains causing parenteral infection and those responsible for dysentery-like disease showed preferentially high intragroup DNA relatedness. The group containing strains responsible for infantile diarrhea did not show preferentially high intragroup DNA relatedness with the reference strain employed. These strains, however, did exhibit preferentially high DNA relatedness to a second reference strain.

}, author = {Brenner, Don J. and Fanning, G. R. and Steigerwalt, A. G. and Orskov, I. and Orskov, F.} } @article {13939, title = {Polynucleotide {Sequence} {Relatedness} {Among} {Three} {Groups} of {Pathogenic} {Escherichia} coli {Strains}}, journal = {Infect. Immun.}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {1972}, month = {sep}, pages = {308{\textendash}315}, abstract = {Escherichia coli strains that cause dysentery-like disease, parenteral infection, and infantile diarrhea form specific groups based on mobility of O and K antigens in immunoelectrophoresis. Members from each of these groups were assayed for gross nucleotide sequence relatedness. The method used was interspecific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) reassociation reactions carried out free in solution. Reassociated DNA was separated from unreacted DNA by passage through hydroxyapatite. DNA relatedness between these groups was approximately 80\%. The groups containing those strains causing parenteral infection and those responsible for dysentery-like disease showed preferentially high intragroup DNA relatedness. The group containing strains responsible for infantile diarrhea did not show preferentially high intragroup DNA relatedness with the reference strain employed. These strains, however, did exhibit preferentially high DNA relatedness to a second reference strain.}, author = {Brenner, Don J. and Fanning, G. R. and Steigerwalt, A. G. and Orskov, I. and Orskov, F.} } @article {2172, title = {{Polynucleotide Sequence Relatedness Among Three Groups of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains}}, journal = {Infect. Immun.}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {1972}, month = {sep}, pages = {308{\textendash}315}, abstract = {Escherichia coli strains that cause dysentery-like disease, parenteral infection, and infantile diarrhea form specific groups based on mobility of O and K antigens in immunoelectrophoresis. Members from each of these groups were assayed for gross nucleotide sequence relatedness. The method used was interspecific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) reassociation reactions carried out free in solution. Reassociated DNA was separated from unreacted DNA by passage through hydroxyapatite. DNA relatedness between these groups was approximately 80\%. The groups containing those strains causing parenteral infection and those responsible for dysentery-like disease showed preferentially high intragroup DNA relatedness. The group containing strains responsible for infantile diarrhea did not show preferentially high intragroup DNA relatedness with the reference strain employed. These strains, however, did exhibit preferentially high DNA relatedness to a second reference strain.}, author = {Brenner, Don J. and Fanning, G. R. and Steigerwalt, A. G. and Orskov, I. and Orskov, F.} } @article {8421, title = {{Reactivation of Toxoplasma oocyst production in the cat by infection with Isospora felis}}, journal = {British Veterinary Journal}, volume = {128}, number = {7}, year = {1972}, pages = {33{\textendash}36}, author = {Chessum, BS} } @article {10696, title = {{Report of the 1966{\textendash}67 cholera vaccine trial in rural East Pakistan}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {47}, year = {1972}, pages = {229{\textendash}238}, author = {Mosley, WH and Aziz, KM and Mizanur Rahman, AS and Alauddin Chowdhury, AK and Ahmed, A and Fahimuddin, M} } @article {11779, title = {{Sparganosis in the Masailand}}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, year = {1972}, pages = {218{\textendash}230}, author = {Schmid, H and Watschinger, H} } @article {11602, title = {{Studies on the sedimentation of eggs of the fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum using the flocculating agent aluminium sulphate. Thesis}}, journal = {Ludwig Maximilians Universitat}, year = {1972}, pages = {70}, author = {Doschi, R} } @article {7892, title = {{Survival of coliform bacteria in natural waters: field and laboratory studies with membrane-filter chambers}}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, year = {1972}, pages = {805{\textendash}811}, author = {McFeters, GA and Stuart, DG} } @article {8484, title = {{Toxoplasmosis and its prevention in cats and man}}, journal = {The Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {126}, number = {6}, year = {1972}, pages = {664{\textendash}673}, author = {Frenkel, JK and Dubey, JP} } @article {15585, title = {What is Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934 ?}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {66}, year = {1972}, note = {B 416}, pages = {28-64}, keywords = {Adult, cercaria, compatibility, egg, infectivity, life traits, mollusc, morphology, reservoir, Schistosoma, sex}, author = {Wright, C. A. and Southgate, V. R. and Knowles, R. J.} } @article {5375, title = {{Bacteria and actinomycetes antagonistic to fungal root pathogens in Australia soils}}, journal = {Australian Journal of Biological Sciences}, volume = {24}, year = {1971}, pages = {925{\textendash}944}, author = {Broadbent, P and Bakker, KF and Waterworth, Y} } @article {5349, title = {Bacteria and actinomycetes antogonistic to fungal root pathogens in Australian soils}, journal = {Australian Journal of Biological Sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, year = {1971}, pages = {925{\textendash}944}, publisher = {CSIRO}, author = {Broadbent, Patricia and Baker, KF and Waterworth, Yvonne} } @article {11930, title = {The Broad Street pump revisited: response of volunteers to ingested cholera vibrios}, journal = {Bull N Y Acad Med}, volume = {47}, number = {10}, year = {1971}, pages = {1181-91}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0028-7091 (Print) 0028-7091}, author = {Hornick, R. B. and Music, S. I. and Wenzel, R. and Cash, R. and Libonati, J. P. and Snyder, M. J. and Woodward, T. E.} } @article {571, title = {Control of respiratory disease in recruits with types 4 and 7 adenovirus vaccines}, journal = {Am J Epidemiol}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, year = {1971}, note = {Top, F H Jr Dudding, B A Russell, P K Buescher, E L Journal Article United states Am J Epidemiol. 1971 Aug;94(2):142-6.}, pages = {142-6}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Adenoviridae Infections/*prevention \& control Adult Humans Immunization Male *Military Medicine Respiratory Tract Infections/*prevention \& control *Viral Vaccines}, issn = {0002-9262 (Print) 0002-9262}, author = {F H Top and Dudding, B. A. and Russell, P. K. and Buescher, E. L.} } @article {4616, title = {Control of respiratory disease in recruits with types 4 and 7 adenovirus vaccines}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {94}, number = {2}, year = {1971}, pages = {142{\textendash}6}, issn = {0002-9262 (Print) 0002-9262}, author = {F H Top and Dudding, BA and Russell, PK and Buescher, EL} } @article {967, title = {Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {1}, year = {1971}, pages = {1257{\textendash}1260}, author = {Padgett, BL and Walker DL} } @article {16226, title = {Duration of immunity in cattle in response to a viable, avirulent Leptospira pomona vaccine.}, journal = {Am J Vet Res.Am J Vet Res.}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, year = {1971}, pages = {851-854.}, author = {Stalheim, OH.} } @article {11021, title = {Effects of {Ascaris} {Infection} on {Human} {Nutrition}*}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, year = {1971}, pages = {212{\textendash}218}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1971.20.212}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1971.20.212}, author = {Tripathy, Kshetrabasi and Gonz{\'a}lez, Francisco and Lotero, Hernan and Bola{\~n}os, Oscar} } @article {16090, title = {Human infections associated with waterborne Leptospires, and survival studies on serotype pomona}, journal = {J Am Vet Med AssocJ Am Vet Med AssocJ Am Vet Med Assoc}, volume = {159}, number = {11}, year = {1971}, note = {Crawford, R P
Heinemann, J M
McCulloch, W F
Diesch, S L
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1971 Dec 1;159(11):1477-84.}, month = {Dec 1}, pages = {1477-84}, edition = {1971/12/01}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Blood/microbiology, Child, Female, Guinea Pigs, Hardness, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Kidney/microbiology, Leptospira interrogans/isolation \& purification, Leptospira/growth \& development/*isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/*epidemiology/etiology, Male, Middle Aged, Time Factors, United States, Virulence, Zoonoses}, isbn = {0003-1488 (Print)
0003-1488 (Linking)}, author = {Crawford, R. P. and Heinemann, J. M. and McCulloch, W. F. and Diesch, S. L.} } @article {992, title = {New human polyomavirus (B.K) isolated from urine after renal transplantation}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {1}, year = {1971}, pages = {1253{\textendash}1257}, author = {Gardner, SD and Field, A and Coleman, DV and Hulme, B} } @article {3123, title = {Observations on parasite-host relationships of {Echinococcus} multilocularis {Leuckart}, 1863, in {North} {Dakota}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {49}, number = {10}, year = {1971}, month = {oct}, pages = {1317{\textendash}1330}, keywords = {Animal Diseases, Animals, Disease Reservoirs, Echinococcosis, Foxes, Larva, Mice, North Dakota, Rodent Diseases, Rodentia}, issn = {0008-4301}, author = {Rausch, R. L. and Richards, S. H.} } @article {11714, title = {{On the procercoid protonephridial systems on three Diphyllobothrium species (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea) and Janicki cercomer theory}}, journal = {Zoologica Scripta}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {1971}, pages = {43{\textendash}56}, author = {Malmberg, G} } @article {12022, title = {Repeated infestations, presumable, of Trichuris vulpis in a child living in an endemic region of trichocephalosis}, journal = {Rivista di Parassitologia}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {1971}, note = {De Carneri, I
Gazzola, E
Biagi, F
ita
Italy
1971/06/01
Riv Parassitol. 1971 Jun;32(2):135-6.}, month = {Jun}, pages = {135-6}, keywords = {*Trichuriasis, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Italy, Recurrence}, isbn = {0035-6387 (Print)
0035-6387 (Linking)}, author = {De Carneri, I. and Gazzola, E. and Biagi, F.} } @article {16514, title = {[{Repeated} infestations, presumable, of {Trichuris} vulpis in a child living in an endemic region of trichocephalosis]}, journal = {Riv Parassitol}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {1971}, month = {jun}, pages = {135{\textendash}6}, keywords = {*Trichuriasis, Child, Female, Humans, Italy, Preschool, Recurrence}, issn = {0035-6387 (Print) 0035-6387 (Linking)}, author = {De Carneri, I. and Gazzola, E. and Biagi, F.} } @article {14867, title = {Some factors affecting the survival of airborne viruses}, journal = {J Gen Virol}, volume = {10}, year = {1971}, month = {mar}, pages = {209{\textendash}20}, keywords = {*Aerosols, *Air Microbiology, *Humidity, Coliphages/drug effects/*pathogenicity, Encephalitis Viruses, Glucose/pharmacology, Oxygen, Phosphorus Isotopes, Poliovirus/drug effects/*pathogenicity, Proteins/pharmacology, Semliki forest virus/drug effects/*pathogenicity, Sodium Chloride/pharmacology, Species Specificity, Tick-Borne/drug effects/*pathogenicity, Time Factors}, issn = {0022-1317 (Print) 0022-1317 (Linking)}, author = {Benbough, J. E.} } @article {14465, title = {Some factors affecting the survival of airborne viruses}, journal = {J Gen Virol}, volume = {10}, year = {1971}, month = {mar}, pages = {209{\textendash}20}, keywords = {*Aerosols, *Air Microbiology, *Humidity, Coliphages/drug effects/*pathogenicity, Encephalitis Viruses, Glucose/pharmacology, Oxygen, Phosphorus Isotopes, Poliovirus/drug effects/*pathogenicity, Proteins/pharmacology, Semliki forest virus/drug effects/*pathogenicity, Sodium Chloride/pharmacology, Species Specificity, Tick-Borne/drug effects/*pathogenicity, Time Factors}, issn = {0022-1317 (Print) 0022-1317 (Linking)}, author = {Benbough, J. E.} } @article {11540, title = {{Studies of the helminth fauna of Norway XVII: Morphological comparison of Dipyllobobothrium dendriticum Nitzch 1824, D. norvegicum Vik 1957 and D. latum (Linne 1758) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)}}, journal = {Norwegian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {19}, year = {1971}, pages = {21{\textendash}36}, author = {Andersen, K} } @article {16098, title = {Survival of leptospires in cattle manure}, journal = {J Am Vet Med AssocJ Am Vet Med AssocJ Am Vet Med Assoc}, volume = {159}, number = {11}, year = {1971}, note = {Diesch, S L
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1971 Dec 1;159(11):1513-7.}, month = {Dec 1}, pages = {1513-1517}, edition = {1971/12/01}, keywords = {*Cattle, Animals, Cattle Diseases/microbiology, Cricetinae, Feces/*microbiology, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Leptospira/growth \& development/immunology/*isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/microbiology/veterinary, Public health, Seasons, Temperature, Time Factors, Zoonoses}, isbn = {0003-1488 (Print)
0003-1488 (Linking)}, author = {Diesch, S. L.} } @article {6079, title = {Water and waste water filtration. Concepts and applications}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {5}, number = {11}, year = {1971}, pages = {1105{\textendash}1112}, author = {Kuan M Yao and Habibian, Mohammad T and O{\textquoteright}Melia, Charles R} } @article {8448, title = {{Characterization of the new fecal form of Toxoplasma gondii}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, year = {1970}, pages = {447{\textendash}456}, author = {Dubey, JK and Miller, NL and Frenkel, JK} } @article {4980, title = {{Control methods for snail-borne zoonoses}}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {6}, year = {1970}, pages = {262{\textendash}265}, author = {Hoffman, GL} } @article {16150, title = {Correlation of bedrock type with the geography of leptospirosis}, journal = {Can J Comp MedCan J Comp MedCan J Comp Med}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {1970}, note = {Journal Article
Canada}, month = {Jan}, pages = {31-7}, abstract = {Leptospirosis occurs enzootically over most of Southern Ontario. Leptospira pomona is the serotype most commonly found in outbreaks. Antibodies to L. pomona occur frequently in the sera of deer in wilderness areas. The geographic location of leptospirosis presents a pattern which closely parallels the distribution of Paleozoic bedrock. By contrast, L. pomona infection is absent from areas underlain by Precambrian bedrock. Comparisons of water chemistry, soil type, habitat, and host and pathogen availability in these two geologically distinct environments have not defined the mechanisms involved in the disease pattern. Leptospires resembling saphophytic strains occur widely, regardless of bedrock type. High titers to L. biflexa, a saprophytic serotype, were found frequently in deer sera from a Precambrian area which was surveyed intensively. Antibodies to L. hardjo and L. sejroe occur in many bovine sera from a predominantly Precambrian area where Paleozoic outliers are numerous. Colloidal clay is common to leptospiral habitats. A microenvironment structured by the surface activity of clay is likely to be a key ecological factor in the landscape epizootiology of leptospirosis. In Ontario, bedrock composed of limestone and dolomite formed in the Paleozoic era appears to be a reliable ecological marker for Leptospira pomona infection.}, keywords = {*Disease Reservoirs, *Geography, *Geology, Animal Diseases/*epidemiology, Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases/epidemiology, Deer, Disease Outbreaks, Hemagglutination Tests, Leptospira/classification, Leptospirosis/*veterinary, Ontario, Soil/analysis, Swine, Swine Diseases/epidemiology, Water/analysis}, isbn = {0008-4050 (Print)}, author = {Kingscote, B. F.} } @inbook {9379, title = {{Health aspects}}, booktitle = {Waste Stabilization Ponds: Design, Construction and Operation in India, Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India}, year = {1970}, pages = {87{\textendash}95}, author = {Rceivala, S and Lakshminarayana, J and Alagarsamy, S and Sastry, C} } @article {10537, title = {{Isolation of Vibrio cholerae from nightsoil during epidemics of classical and El Tor cholera in East Pakistan}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {43}, year = {1970}, pages = {421{\textendash}429}, author = {Bart, KJ and Khan, M and Mosley, WH} } @article {16049, title = {Pathogenic Leptospira in Malaysian surface waters. I. A method of survey for Leptospira in natural waters and soils}, journal = {Am J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med HygAm J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {1970}, month = {May}, pages = {485-92}, edition = {1970/05/01}, keywords = {Animals, Cricetinae, Leptospira/*pathogenicity, Malaysia, methods, Soil Microbiology, Time Factors, Water Microbiology}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Baker, M. F. and Baker, H. J.} } @article {16080, title = {Serogroups and serotypes in Water-Leptospira strains}, journal = {Trop Geogr MedTrop Geogr Med}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, year = {1970}, note = {Using Smart Source Parsing
Jun}, pages = {237-44}, abstract = {A start has already been made in studying the systematics of saprophytic or "water" leptospirae. This investigation takes the matter further by isolating and studying some more strains from the Trieste area, from which the Patoc 1 strain was isolated a few years ago.
This investigation confirms the validity of the division of the complex of saprophytic leptospirae into serogroups and serotypes, as in the complex of parasitic leptospirae: like them also some water leptospirae of the same serogroup have been isolated at different times and in widely separated places.
15 strains were isolated from fresh water in the Trieste region by a filtration and culture technique which is described in detail. These were studied and compared with the water leptospirae already classified, by cross-agglutination and cross-absorption tests. The results are given in two detailed tables and a third sets out the classification of water leptospirae thus brought up to date, viz. 8 serogroups, 16 serotypes and 24 strains. [It is not made clear which are the new strains.]}, isbn = {0022-1732 (Print)
0022-1732 (Linking)}, author = {Cinco, M. and Petelin, N.} } @article {11762, title = {{Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska. XLIX. The occurrence of Diphyllobothrium latum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in Alaska, with notes on other species}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, year = {1970}, pages = {1201{\textendash}1219}, abstract = {

Cestodes representing six species of the genus Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858, were collected from naturally infected terrestrial mammals in Alaska during the period 1949\–1970. Additional specimens were reared in experimentally infected animals. Of the species identified, viz., D. latum {\{}(Linnaeus,{\}} 1758), D. dendriticum {\{}(Nitzsch,{\}} 1824), D. lanceolatum {\{}(Krabbe,{\}} 1865), D. ursi Rausch, 1954, D. dalliae Rausch, 1956, and D. alascense Rausch and Williamson, 1958, all but D. alascense were obtained from man after treatment with quinacrine. D. latum occurred most commonly in man; D. ursi is reported for the first time from this host, and D. lanceolatum in man was represented by a single plerocercoid. D. lanceolatum, a characteristic parasite of phocids, was found also in dogs; D. alascense was obtained only from dogs. In man, rates of infection by Diphyllobothrium spp. were highest in the delta region of the Kuskokwim and Yukon Rivers, western Alaska. Included is a description of D. latum and a discussion of morphologic variation, based upon specimens from Alaska, with a consideration of differential characters of the other species reported. Some biological characteristics of these cestodes are briefly {\{}discussed.Cestodes{\}} representing six species of the genus Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858, were collected from naturally infected terrestrial mammals in Alaska during the period 1949\–1970. Additional specimens were reared in experimentally infected animals. Of the species identified, viz., D. latum {\{}(Linnaeus,{\}} 1758), D. dendriticum {\{}(Nitzsch,{\}} 1824), D. lanceolatum {\{}(Krabbe,{\}} 1865), D. ursi Rausch, 1954, D. dalliae Rausch, 1956, and D. alascense Rausch and Williamson, 1958, all but D. alascense were obtained from man after treatment with quinacrine. D. latum occurred most commonly in man; D. ursi is reported for the first time from this host, and D. lanceolatum in man was represented by a single plerocercoid. D. lanceolatum, a characteristic parasite of phocids, was found also in dogs; D. alascense was obtained only from dogs. In man, rates of infection by Diphyllobothrium spp. were highest in the delta region of the Kuskokwim and Yukon Rivers, western Alaska. Included is a description of D. latum and a discussion of morphologic variation, based upon specimens from Alaska, with a consideration of differential characters of the other species reported. Some biological characteristics of these cestodes are briefly discussed.

}, issn = {0008-4301}, doi = {10.1139/z70-210}, author = {Rausch, R and Hilliard, D} } @article {11653, title = {{Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Norway XV: On the taxonomy and biology of plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858 (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea) from North-western Europe}}, journal = {Nytt Magasin for Zoologi}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, year = {1970}, pages = {113{\textendash}174}, author = {Halvorsen, Odd} } @article {11929, title = {Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and immunologic control}, journal = {N Engl J Med}, volume = {283}, number = {13}, year = {1970}, pages = {686-91}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0028-4793 (Print) 0028-4793}, doi = {10.1056/nejm197009242831306}, author = {Hornick, R. B. and Greisman, S. E. and Woodward, T. E. and DuPont, H. L. and Dawkins, A. T. and Snyder, M. J.} } @article {5199, title = {{Virus studies on the windhoek waste-water reclamation plant (South-West Africa)}}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {4}, year = {1970}, pages = {661{\textendash}672}, author = {Nupen, Ethel M} } @article {15518, title = {Cercarial shedding patterns of various schistosome species under outdoor conditions in the Transvaal}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, year = {1969}, note = {Journal Article
England}, month = {Sep}, pages = {359-71}, keywords = {Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Ecology, Schistosoma/*physiology, Seasons, Snails, South Africa, Species Specificity, Temperature}, isbn = {0003-4983 (Print)
0003-4983 (Linking)}, author = {Pitchford, R. J. and Meyling, A. H. and Meyling, J. and Du Toit, J. F.} } @article {12724, title = {{Cerebral and spinal pragonimiasis. A histopathological study}}, journal = {J Neurol Sci}, volume = {9}, year = {1969}, pages = {205{\textendash}236}, author = {Oh, SJ} } @article {16089, title = {Characterization of leptospires isolated from surface waters in Iowa}, journal = {Wildlife diseaseWildlife disease}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {1969}, pages = {157-165}, type = {Article}, author = {Crawford Jr, R. P. and Braun, J. L. and McCulloch, W. F. and Diesch, S. L.} } @article {16306, title = {{Concepts of fecal streptococci in stream pollution.}}, journal = {Journal - Water Pollution Control Federation}, volume = {41}, number = {8}, year = {1969}, month = {aug}, pages = {Suppl:R336+}, issn = {0043-1303}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4900708}, author = {Geldreich, E E and Kenner, B A} } @article {11563, title = {{Experimental undersokning av Diphyllobothrium dendriticum and D. norvegicum fran norra Finland}}, journal = {Parasitol Inst Soc Scient Fenn Tiedoksianto - Information}, volume = {10}, year = {1969}, pages = {3{\textendash}17}, author = {Bylund, G} } @article {14667, title = {Inactivation of poliovirus type 1 by the {Kelly}-{Purdy} ultraviolet seawater treatment unit}, journal = {Appl Microbiol}, volume = {17}, year = {1969}, month = {jan}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, abstract = {Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on poliovirus-contaminated seawater. In two of the experiments, the effectiveness of the Kelly-Purdy UV Seawater Treatment Unit to inactivate poliovirus type 1 (T(1)) suspended in continuously flowing seawater was determined. In experiment 1, the observed survival ratio of poliovirus T(1) was 2.3 x 10(-4) (99.98\% reduction) in 15.7 sec. No virus was detected ({\textless}0.2 plaque-forming unit/ml) in 20.6 seconds. The calculated half-life value was 1.29 sec. In experiment 2, the observed survival ratio of poliovirus T(1) was 5.9 x 10(-4) (99.94\% reduction) in 11.7 sec. No virus was detected in 15.7 sec. The calculated half-life value was 1.37 sec. In experiment 3, a laboratory-controlled UV experiment designed to closely simulate the geometry of the continuously flowing seawater system, the observed survival ratios of poliovirus T(1) were 9.7 x 10(-3) (99.03\% reduction) and 3.6 x 10(-4) (99.96\% reduction) in 15 and 30 sec, respectively; the calculated half-life value was 2.38 sec. A statistically significant difference was found between the inactivation rates of poliovirus T(1) in the two test systems. This rate difference was attributed primarily to UV dosage and stirring effects. The data indicated that UV radiation effectively inactivated poliovirus T(1) in flowing seawater. These results validate the efficacy of the Kelly-Purdy UV Seawater Treatment Unit for use in commercial depuration systems.}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, *Water Microbiology, Bacteriological Techniques, Culture Techniques, Marine Biology, Poliovirus/*radiation effects}, issn = {0003-6919 (Print) 0003-6919 (Linking)}, author = {Hill, W. F. and Hamblet, F. E. and Benton, W. H.} } @article {14982, title = {Inactivation of poliovirus type 1 by the {Kelly}-{Purdy} ultraviolet seawater treatment unit}, journal = {Appl Microbiol}, volume = {17}, year = {1969}, month = {jan}, pages = {1{\textendash}6}, abstract = {Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on poliovirus-contaminated seawater. In two of the experiments, the effectiveness of the Kelly-Purdy UV Seawater Treatment Unit to inactivate poliovirus type 1 (T(1)) suspended in continuously flowing seawater was determined. In experiment 1, the observed survival ratio of poliovirus T(1) was 2.3 x 10(-4) (99.98\% reduction) in 15.7 sec. No virus was detected ({\textbackslash}textless0.2 plaque-forming unit/ml) in 20.6 seconds. The calculated half-life value was 1.29 sec. In experiment 2, the observed survival ratio of poliovirus T(1) was 5.9 x 10(-4) (99.94\% reduction) in 11.7 sec. No virus was detected in 15.7 sec. The calculated half-life value was 1.37 sec. In experiment 3, a laboratory-controlled UV experiment designed to closely simulate the geometry of the continuously flowing seawater system, the observed survival ratios of poliovirus T(1) were 9.7 x 10(-3) (99.03\% reduction) and 3.6 x 10(-4) (99.96\% reduction) in 15 and 30 sec, respectively; the calculated half-life value was 2.38 sec. A statistically significant difference was found between the inactivation rates of poliovirus T(1) in the two test systems. This rate difference was attributed primarily to UV dosage and stirring effects. The data indicated that UV radiation effectively inactivated poliovirus T(1) in flowing seawater. These results validate the efficacy of the Kelly-Purdy UV Seawater Treatment Unit for use in commercial depuration systems.}, keywords = {*Ultraviolet Rays, *Water Microbiology, Bacteriological Techniques, Culture Techniques, Marine Biology, Poliovirus/*radiation effects}, issn = {0003-6919 (Print) 0003-6919 (Linking)}, author = {Hill, W. F. and Hamblet, F. E. and Benton, W. H.} } @article {8572, title = {{Late parasitemia in asymptomatic acquired toxoplasmosis}}, journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, year = {1969}, pages = {139{\textendash}145}, author = {Miller, MJ and Aronson, WJ and Remington, JS} } @article {13435, title = {Liver fluke in humans}, journal = {Vet Rec}, volume = {85}, year = {1969}, pages = {532-533}, author = {Bendezu, P.} } @article {11835, title = {{Mechanism of action of reagents that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation}}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {221}, year = {1969}, pages = {1016{\textendash}1018}, author = {Weinbach, E and Garbus, J} } @article {12694, title = {{Paragonimus and paragonimiasis}}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {7}, year = {1969}, pages = {375{\textendash}387}, author = {Yokogawa, M} } @article {12764, title = {{Paragonimus siamensis: the fourth lung fluke reported from Ceylon}}, journal = {Ceylon Journal of Medical Science}, volume = {18}, year = {1969}, pages = {61{\textendash}65}, author = {Kannagara, DWW and Karunaratne, GMS} } @book {11456, title = {The phisiology and biochemistry of Cestodes}, year = {1969}, publisher = {Cambridge University Pres}, organization = {Cambridge University Pres}, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Smith, JMD} } @article {10964, title = {Development of {Human} and {Pig} {Ascaris} in the {Pig} and {Rabbit}}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {54}, number = {6}, year = {1968}, pages = {1085{\textendash}1091}, abstract = {Pigs on balanced rations were given single inocula of 100, 500 or 5,000 infective eggs of pig ascaris (A. suum) or human ascaris (A. lumbricoides) and examined 9 to 91 days later. Rabbits were similarly inoculated. At 9, 11, and 22 days of infection in rabbits more larvae of A. lumbricoides than of A. suum were recovered, while in pigs more larvae of A. suum usually were recovered. A. suum had a more rapid rate of tracheal migration in both pigs and rabbits and, with few exceptions, a shorter prepatent period in pigs (40 to 53 days) than did A. lumbricoides (54 to 61 days). At 45 to 91 days of infection, 20 of 21 pigs inoculated with A. suum harbored 3 to 669 worms, and 8 of 11 pigs inoculated with A. lumbricoides harbored 1 to 23 worms; among 15 uninoculated controls, two harbored 1 and 4 worms, respectively. The observations indicate that in the pig A. lumbricoides is capable of producing patent infection, though it differs markedly from A. suum in the rate and frequency of development to sexual maturity.}, issn = {00223395, 19372345}, doi = {10.2307/3276967}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3276967}, author = {Galvin, Thomas J.} } @article {11721, title = {{Diphyllobothriasis investigaci{\'o}n de Diphyllobothrium pacificum (Nybelin, 1931) Margolis, 1956, en Otaria byronia (Sin Otaria flavescens)y en peces marinos}}, journal = {Archivos Peruanos de Patolog{\'\i}a Clinica}, volume = {22}, year = {1968}, pages = {9{\textendash}24}, author = {Miranda, H and Fernandez, W and Iba{\~n}ez, N} } @article {11845, title = {{On the fine structure of Diphyllobothrium erinacei with special reference to the tegument.}}, journal = {Yonago Acta Medica}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {1968}, pages = {169{\textendash}181}, abstract = {

Abstract The fine structure of Diphyllobothrium erinacei plerocercoids from mice and snakes, and of adults from dogs, was investigated by electron microscopy. The microthrix consists of electron-dense spines and was assumed to develop as the worm grows. Electron-dense ...

}, author = {Yamane, Y} } @article {16060, title = {A method for isolating leptospires from natural surface waters}, journal = {Can J MicrobiolCan J Microbiol}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, year = {1968}, note = {Using Smart Source Parsing
Sep}, pages = {1011-2}, abstract = {A method for isolation of leptospirae from natural surface waters with initial inoculation under field conditions is described. Leptospirae were isolated from 19 of 51 water samples obtained from five Iowa streams. The problem of coincidental contamination was successfully resolved by using Millipore filtration schema and serum containing liquid and semisolid media.}, isbn = {1873-2976 (Electronic)
0960-8524 (Linking)}, author = {Braun, J. L. and Diesch, S. L. and McCulloch, W. F.} } @article {4582, title = {Method for recovery of viruses from milk and milk products}, journal = {Journal of dairy science}, volume = {51}, number = {11}, year = {1968}, pages = {1748{\textendash}1751}, author = {R, Sullivan and Read Jr, RB} } @article {1341, title = {Method for recovery of viruses from milk and milk products}, journal = {Journal of dairy science}, volume = {51}, number = {11}, year = {1968}, pages = {1748-1751}, type = {Journal Article}, author = {R, Sullivan and Read Jr, RB} } @article {4667, title = {Method of recovery of viruses from milk and milk products}, journal = {Journal of Dairy Science}, volume = {51}, year = {1968}, pages = {1748-1751}, author = {Sullivan, R and Read, RB} } @article {12727, title = {{Paragonimus meningitis}}, journal = {Journal of the Neurological Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {1968}, pages = {419{\textendash}433}, author = {Oh, SJ} } @article {10695, title = {{The relationship of vibriocidal antibody titre to susceptibility to cholera in family contacts of cholera patients}}, journal = {Bull World Health Organ}, volume = {38}, year = {1968}, pages = {777{\textendash}785}, author = {Mosley, WH and Ahmad, S and Benenson, AS and Ahmed, A} } @article {11681, title = {{Respiration of Eudiaptomus gracilis infected with Diphyllobothrium latum}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {22}, year = {1968}, pages = {279{\textendash}287}, author = {Klekowski, R and Guttowa, A} } @article {12725, title = {{Roentgen findings in cerebral paragonimiasis}}, journal = {Radiology}, volume = {90}, year = {1968}, pages = {292{\textendash}299}, author = {Oh, SJ} } @article {4521, title = {Role of adenovirus antigens in the induction of virus neutralizing antibody}, journal = {The Journal of General Virology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {1968}, pages = {177{\textendash}85}, issn = {0022-1317 (Print) 0022-1317 (Linking)}, author = {Kjellen, L. and Pereira, H. G.} } @article {535, title = {Role of adenovirus antigens in the induction of virus neutralizing antibody}, journal = {J Gen Virol}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, year = {1968}, note = {Kjellen, L Pereira, H G England The Journal of general virology J Gen Virol. 1968 Jan;2(1):177-85.}, pages = {177-85}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ immunology Antibody Formation Antigen-Antibody Reactions/drug effects Antigens/analysis Complement Fixation Tests Immunodiffusion Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology Neutralization Tests}, issn = {0022-1317 (Print) 0022-1317 (Linking)}, author = {Kjellen, L. and Pereira, H. G.} } @article {3031, title = {Safe handling of infected definitive hosts and eggs of {Echinococcus} spp}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, year = {1968}, pages = {122{\textendash}125}, keywords = {Animals, Echinococcosis, Echinococcus, Female, Humans, Occupational Diseases, Ovum, Specimen Handling, Zoonoses}, issn = {0042-9686}, author = {Gemmell, M. A.} } @article {13543, title = {Seasonal availability of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae in a temperate Mediterranean area (Madrid, Spain)}, journal = {J Vet Med}, volume = {B42}, year = {1968}, pages = {577-585}, author = {Luzon Pena and M. , Rojo-Vazquez, F.A. and Gomez-Bautista, M.} } @article {12726, title = {{Spinal paragonimiasis}}, journal = {Journal of the Neurological Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {1968}, pages = {125{\textendash}140}, author = {Oh, SJ} } @article {12735, title = {{Studies on the Mexican lung flukes, with special reference to a description of Paragonimus mexicanus spp. nov. (Trematoda: Troglotrematidae)}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {17}, year = {1968}, pages = {445{\textendash}453}, author = {Miyazaki, I and Ishii, Y} } @article {16225, title = {Vaccination of hamsters, swine, and cattle with viable, avirulent Leptospira pomona.}, journal = {Am J Vet Res.Am J Vet Res.}, volume = {29}, number = {7}, year = {1968}, pages = {1463-1468.}, author = {Stalheim, OH.} } @article {14048, title = {Water-borne outbreak of viral gastroenteritis and {Sonne} dysentery.}, journal = {The Journal of hygiene}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, year = {1968}, month = {sep}, pages = {383{\textendash}392}, issn = {0022-1724}, doi = {10.1017/S0022172400041255}, author = {Green, D M and Scott, S S and Mowat, D A and Shearer, E J and Thomson, J M} } @article {2264, title = {{Water-borne outbreak of viral gastroenteritis and Sonne dysentery.}}, journal = {The Journal of Hygiene}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, year = {1968}, month = {sep}, pages = {383{\textendash}392}, issn = {0022-1724}, doi = {10.1017/S0022172400041255}, author = {Green, D M and Scott, S S and Mowat, D A and Shearer, E J and Thomson, J M} } @book {11834, title = {{The zoology of tapeworms}}, year = {1968}, pages = {780}, publisher = {Hafner Publishing Company}, organization = {Hafner Publishing Company}, address = {New York}, author = {Wardle, R and McLeod, J} } @article {684, title = {Absceso hep{\'a}tico producido por el balantidium coli}, journal = {Kasmera}, volume = {2}, year = {1967}, author = {Wenger, Franz} } @article {10682, title = {{Antibiotic therapy of cholera}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {36}, year = {1967}, pages = {871{\textendash}883}, author = {Lindenbaum, J and Greenough, WB and Islam, MR} } @article {3087, title = {Chemical ovacidal measures as applied to {Taenia} hydatigena, {Taenia} ovis, {Taenia} pisiformis, and {Echinococcus} granulosus}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, year = {1967}, month = {feb}, pages = {27{\textendash}37}, keywords = {Adsorption, Alkalies, Anesthetics, Animals, Echinococcus, Female, Halogens, Local, Ovum, Potassium, Silver Nitrate, Sodium Hypochlorite, Solvents, Taenia}, issn = {0014-4894}, author = {Laws, G. F.} } @book {10609, title = {{The cholera problem}}, year = {1967}, pages = {165}, address = {St. Louis, MO}, author = {Felsenfeld, O}, editor = {Green, WH} } @article {8993, title = {Effects of high electric fields on microorganisms: I. Killing of bacteria and yeasts}, journal = {Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects}, volume = {148}, number = {3}, year = {1967}, pages = {781-788}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-4165}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(67)90052-9}, url = {//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304416567900529}, author = {Sale, A. J. H. and Hamilton, W. A.} } @article {8933, title = {Effects of high electric fields on microorganisms: II. Mechanism of action of the lethal effect}, journal = {Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects}, volume = {148}, number = {3}, year = {1967}, pages = {789-800}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0304-4165}, author = {Hamilton, W. A. and Sale, A. J. H.} } @article {11551, title = {{Human diphyllobothriasis in Peru}}, journal = {Zeitschrift Parasiten}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, year = {1967}, pages = {277{\textendash}289}, abstract = {Diphyllobothrium pacificum, a tapeworm from seals, is reported for the first time from man in Peru. Seven further cases are described from people living along the coast and whose food includes various species of sea fish. The very complicated history of the parasite which involves numerous synonyms has been established. This is also first report of human diphyllobothriasis other than D. latum from the Southern Hemisphere.}, issn = {0044-3255}, doi = {10.1007/BF00260267}, author = {Baer, J G and Miranda, H and Fernandez, W and Medina, J} } @article {10534, title = {{A long-term carrier of cholera: cholera Dolores}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {37}, year = {1967}, pages = {745{\textendash}749}, author = {Azurin, JC and Kobari, K and Alvero, M. and Gomez, CZ and Dizon, JJ and Nakano, E.I and Suplido, R and Ledesma, L} } @article {11654, title = {{The occurrence of procercoids of Diphyllobothrium norvegicum Vik in the abdomen of copepod hosts}}, journal = {Nytt Magasin for Zoologi}, volume = {14}, year = {1967}, pages = {142{\textendash}146}, author = {Halvorsen, Odd} } @article {12736, title = {{Occurrence of the lung fluke Paragonimus heterotremus Chen et Hsia, 1964, in Thailand}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {53}, year = {1967}, pages = {207}, author = {Miyazaki, I and Vajrasthira, S} } @article {9912, title = {{Protozoan characteristics of Blastocystis hominis}}, journal = {American Journal of Clinical Pathology}, volume = {48}, year = {1967}, pages = {495{\textendash}501}, author = {Zierdt, CH and Rude, WS and Bull, BS} } @article {10967, title = {Seasonal {Pneumonitis} with {Eosinophilia}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, year = {1967}, pages = {646{\textendash}657}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1967.16.646}, url = {http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1967.16.646}, author = {Gelpi, A. P. and Mustafa, A.} } @article {10584, title = {{Studies on cholera carriers}}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {37}, year = {1967}, pages = {737{\textendash}743}, author = {Dizon, JJ and Fukumi, H and Barua, D and Valera, J and Jayme, F and Gomez, F and Yamamoto, S and Wake, A and Gomez, CZ and Takahira, Y and Paraan, A and Rolda, L and Alvero, M and Abou-Gareeb, AH and Kobari, K and Azurin, JC} } @article {11043, title = {Ultrastructural {Aspects} of {Oocyte} {Development} and {Shell} {Formation} in {Ascaris} lumbricoides}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, year = {1967}, month = {dec}, pages = {1245{\textendash}1261}, issn = {00223395}, doi = {10.2307/3276689}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3276689?origin=crossref}, author = {Foor, W. Eugene} } @article {8802, title = {{The Acid Ionization Constant of HOCl from 5 to 35{\textdegree}}}, journal = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry}, volume = {70}, number = {12}, year = {1966}, month = {dec}, pages = {3798{\textendash}3805}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, issn = {0022-3654}, doi = {10.1021/j100884a007}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/j100884a007}, author = {Morris, JC} } @article {12125, title = {Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method}, journal = {American Journal of Clinical Pathology}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, year = {1966}, note = {Times Cited: 8769
290
9189}, month = {1966}, pages = {493-496}, isbn = {0002-9173}, author = {Bauer, A. W. and Kirby, W. M. M. and Sherris, J. C. and Turck, M.} } @article {4987, title = {{Clonorchis and clonorchiasis}}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {4}, year = {1966}, pages = {53{\textendash}106}, author = {Komiya, Y} } @article {11913, title = {Effect of route of inoculation on experimental respiratory viral disease in volunteers and evidence for airborne transmission}, journal = {Bacteriological Reviews}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {1966}, pages = {517-529}, type = {Journal Article}, url = {http://mmbr.asm.org/content/30/3/517.short}, author = {Couch, R. B. and Cate, T. R. and Douglas, R. G. and Gerone, P. J. and Knight, V.} } @article {15450, title = {The effect of sewage stabilization ponds on the eggs and miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, year = {1966}, note = {Journal Article
United states}, month = {Nov}, pages = {896-901}, abstract = {Sewage ponds are divided into " anaerobic ", which are deep, heavily loaded ponds, " aerobic ", which are wide and 1 foot deep, and " facultative ", which are 3-5 feet deep, moderately aerobic in the upper layers and anaerobic below. Laboratory experiments were made to reproduce the conditions in such ponds and the survival of Schistosoma mansoni eggs and miracidia in them at 20-29{\textdegree}C. was investigated. It was concluded that the anaerobic pond is unfavourable but not completely destructive to eggs, miracidia and snails; under tropical conditions passage of sewage material through a preliminary anaerobic chamber should effectively remove eggs and miracidia of S. mansoni. Absence of oxygen and other factors in raw sewage inhibited hatching and reduced the viability of eggs. Eggs remaining in the bottom sludge of sewage ponds for more than 9 hours became non-hatchable. Miracidia survived a mean time of 4 hours in " aerobic pond " water and only 2 hours in " anaerobic pond " water.}, keywords = {*Sewage, Animals, Disease Vectors, Schistosoma/*growth \& development, Snails}, isbn = {0002-9637 (Print)
0002-9637 (Linking)}, author = {Kawata, K. and Kruse, C. W.} } @article {14513, title = {The effect of ultraviolet light on the infectivity and enzyme-inducing capacity of papovavirus {SV}40}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {29}, year = {1966}, month = {jul}, pages = {503{\textendash}9}, keywords = {*Radiation Effects, *Ultraviolet Rays, Simian virus 40/*enzymology/*pathogenicity/*radiation effects, Thymidine Kinase/*analysis}, issn = {0042-6822 (Print) 0042-6822 (Linking)}, author = {Carp, R. I. and Kit, S. and Melnick, J. L.} } @article {15404, title = {The epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections in the Egypt-49 project area. 3. Prevalence of bilharziasis in relation to certain environmental factors}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, year = {1966}, note = {Journal Article
Switzerland}, pages = {319-30}, abstract = {The influence of the size and location of communities in relation to the different types of watercourse, the availability of a protected water supply, types of housing and the presence of other sanitary facilities on the prevalence of bilharziasis in the Egypt-49 project area has been studied. There is no direct relationship between the size of village and the prevalence of bilharziasis. Main drains and distributaries are potent sources of infection and, in terms of the total population exposed, distributaries play the most significant role in the transmission of infection. Of the other factors, the availability of a protected water supply seems to have the greatest effect on the prevalence. Although the presence of a latrine in the dwelling does not of itself influence the extent of schistosome infection, which is caught from polluted water, the installation of latrines assists in the cultivation of healthy habits, thereby lessening the prevalence not only of bilharziasis but also of certain other infections.}, keywords = {*Water Supply, Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Egypt, environment, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Schistosomiasis/*epidemiology, Toilet Facilities}, isbn = {0042-9686 (Print)
0042-9686 (Linking)}, author = {Farooq, M. and Nielsen, J. and Samaan, S. A. and Mallah, M. B. and Allam, A. A.} } @article {11646, title = {{Experimental coinfection of Copepoda natural infected Protocephalus sp. with the larvae of Diphyllobothrium latum}}, journal = {Acta Parasitologica Polonica}, volume = {14}, year = {1966}, pages = {339{\textendash}404}, author = {Guttowa, A} } @article {15376, title = {Host-parasite relationship of Bulinus truncatus and Schistosoma haematobium in Iran. 1. Effect of the age of B. truncatus on the development of S. haematobium}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {1966}, note = {Chu, K Y
Massoud, J
Sabbaghian, H
eng
SWITZERLAND
1966/01/01
Bull World Health Organ. 1966;34(1):113-9.}, pages = {113-9}, abstract = {This paper is the first of a series of four on various aspects of the interaction between Bulinus truncatus and the bilharziasis parasite Schistosoma haematobium. It describes laboratory studies conducted to determine the effect of the age of B. truncatus on the development of S. haematobium. The results indicated (1) that the young snails could be infected even if they were one day old; (2) that the infection rates were higher in the snails of two to five weeks of age than in those of one week; (3) that the cercarial-incubation period was shorter in the young snails than in the older ones; (4) that the survival rate of the snails in the cercarial-incubation period was lower in the young snails than in the older ones; (5) that the survival rate of the cercaria-shedding snails was also apparently lower in the young ones than in the older ones; (6) that the maximum life-span for a cercaria-positive snail extended to 329 days after the date of exposure to infection.}, keywords = {*Schistosoma, *Snails, Aging, Animals, Iran}, isbn = {0042-9686 (Print)
0042-9686 (Linking)}, author = {Chu, K. Y. and Massoud, J. and Sabbaghian, H.} } @article {16099, title = {Isolation of pathogenic leptospires from waters used for recreation}, journal = {Public Health RepPublic Health RepPublic Health Rep}, volume = {81}, number = {4}, year = {1966}, month = {Apr}, pages = {299-304}, edition = {1966/04/01}, keywords = {*Swimming Pools, *Water Microbiology, Animals, Humans, Iowa, Leptospira/*isolation \& purification, Leptospirosis/*epidemiology, Zoonoses/epidemiology}, isbn = {0094-6214 (Print)
0094-6214 (Linking)}, author = {Diesch, S. L. and McCulloch, W. F.} } @article {11730, title = {{The laboratory propagation of Spirometra mansonoides (Mueller, 1935) as an experimental tool. VII. Improved techniques and additional notes on the biology of the cestode}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, year = {1966}, pages = {437{\textendash}443}, abstract = {Improvements are given for techniques originally described by the author in 1959. These have to do with collecting and hatching the eggs, rearing of copepods, the optimum time of harvesting and feeding out parasitized copepod cultures, prevention of fungus ...}, doi = {10.2307/3276304}, author = {Mueller, Justus F} } @article {10288, title = {Manual de tratamento de {\'a}guas residuais}, journal = {Edgard Blucher}, year = {1966}, author = {Imhoff, Karl and Max L Hess} } @article {12058, title = {Parasites of baboons (Papio doguera [Pucheran, 1856]) captured in Kenya and Tanzania, East Africa.}, journal = {Primates}, volume = {7}, year = {1966}, pages = {27-32}, author = {Kuntz, R. E. and Meyers, B. J.} } @article {16550, title = {Parasites of baboons (\textit{{Papio} doguera }[{Pucheran}, 1856]) captured in {Kenya} and {Tanzania}, {East} {Africa}.}, journal = {Primates}, volume = {7}, year = {1966}, pages = {27{\textendash}32}, author = {Kuntz, R. E. and Meyers, B. J.} } @inbook {17061, title = {Sanitary significance of fecal coliformes in the environment}, booktitle = {Sanitary significance of fecal coliformes in the environment}, year = {1966}, publisher = {Department of the Interior}, organization = {Department of the Interior}, author = {Geldreich, Edwin E} } @article {11584, title = {{Sparganosis in some vertebrates of Louisiana and observations on a Human infection}}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {52}, year = {1966}, pages = {444{\textendash}448}, author = {Corkum, Kenneth} } @article {11651, title = {{Studies on the helminth fauna of Norway. VIII an experimental investigation of copepods as first intermediate hosts for Diphyllobothrium norvegicum vik}}, journal = {Nytt Magasin for Zoologi}, volume = {13}, year = {1966}, pages = {83{\textendash}117}, author = {Halvorsen, O} } @article {16088, title = {Studies on the isolation and growth of Leptospira from surface waters}, journal = {Ann Soc Belges Med Trop Parasitol MycolAnn Soc Belges Med Trop Parasitol MycolAnn Soc Belges Med Trop Parasitol Mycol}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, year = {1966}, note = {Cox, C D
BELGIUM
Ann Soc Belges Med Trop Parasitol Mycol. 1966;46(2):193-202.}, pages = {193-202}, type = {In Vitro}, edition = {1966/01/01}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Culture Media, Leptospira/*isolation \& purification, United States}, isbn = {0037-9638 (Print)
0037-9638 (Linking)}, author = {Cox, C. D.} } @article {11931, title = {Study of induced typhoid fever in man. I. Evaluation of vaccine effectiveness}, journal = {Trans Assoc Am Physicians}, volume = {79}, year = {1966}, pages = {361-7}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0066-9458 (Print) 0066-9458}, author = {Hornick, R. B. and Woodward, T. E. and McCrumb, F. R. and Snyder, M. J. and Dawkins, A. T. and Bulkeley, J. T. and De la Macorra, F. and Corozza, F. A.} } @article {8516, title = {{Toxoplasmosis in chickens}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, year = {1966}, pages = {1158{\textendash}1162}, author = {Jacobs, L and Melton, ML} } @article {16207, title = {The viability of leptospires in the summer paddy water}, journal = {Jpn J MicrobiolJpn J MicrobiolJpn J Microbiol}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, year = {1966}, month = {Apr}, pages = {51-7}, edition = {1966/04/01}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Animals, Cattle, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Leptospira/*growth \& development/isolation \& purification/*physiology, Seasons, Taiwan, Temperature, Zoonoses}, isbn = {0021-5139 (Print)
0021-5139 (Linking)}, author = {Ryu, E. and Liu, C. K.} } @article {1969, title = {YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA (PASTEURELLA X) IN HUMAN ENTERIC INFECTIONS}, journal = {British Medical Journal}, volume = {2}, number = {5526}, year = {1966}, note = {191}, pages = {1363-\&}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0959-8138}, url = {://WOS:A19668583200015}, author = {Winblad, S. and Nilehn, B. and Sternby, N. H.} } @article {11650, title = {{Copepoda as intermediate hosts of Diphyllobothrium latum (L) in European foci of infection}}, journal = {Bulletin du Museum National d{\textasciiacute}Histoire Naturelle}, volume = {37}, year = {1965}, pages = {528{\textendash}532}, author = {Guttowa, A} } @article {8442, title = {{Epidemiological study on toxoplasmosis: the influence of cooking slaughter-animal meat on the incidence of human infection}}, journal = {Revue europeenne d{\textquoteright}etude clinique et biologique}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, year = {1965}, pages = {952{\textendash}958}, author = {Desmonts, G and Couvreur, J and Alison, F and Baudelot, J and Gerbeaux, J and Lelong, M} } @article {2199, title = {{Isolation and frequency of occurrence of Salmonella and Shigella in stabilization ponds}}, journal = {Water Pollution Control Federation}, volume = {37}, number = {10}, year = {1965}, pages = {1399{\textendash}1403}, edition = {1965/10/01}, isbn = {0043-1303 (Print)0043-1303 (Linking)}, author = {Cody, R M and Tischer, R G} } @article {13969, title = {Isolation and frequency of occurrence of {Salmonella} and {Shigella} in stabilization ponds}, journal = {J Water Pollut Control Fed}, volume = {37}, number = {10}, year = {1965}, pages = {1399{\textendash}1403}, author = {Cody, R M and Tischer, R G} } @article {8598, title = {{Isolation of the encysted form of Toxoplasma gondii from human skeletal muscle and brain}}, journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {273}, number = {24}, year = {1965}, pages = {1308{\textendash}1310}, author = {Remington, JS and Cavanaugh, EN} } @article {16042, title = {Leptospiral Agglutinins in Sera from Southern Illinois Herpetofauna}, journal = {J. Wildl. Dis.J. Wildl. Dis.}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, year = {1965}, pages = {55-59}, keywords = {Animals, Leptospira, Wild fauna}, author = {Andrews, R.D. and Reilly, J.R. and Ferris, D.H. and Hanson, L.E.} } @article {12737, title = {{On a new lung fluke Paragonimus siamensis n. sp. found in Thailand (Trematoda: Troglotrematidae)}}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {14}, year = {1965}, pages = {251{\textendash}257}, author = {Miyazaki, I and Wykoff, DE} } @article {12695, title = {{Paragonimus and paragonimiasis}}, journal = {Advances in Parasitology}, volume = {3}, year = {1965}, pages = {99{\textendash}158}, author = {Yokogawa, M} } @article {3117, title = {Some observations on taeniid ovicides: screening techniques, and the effects of some inorganic compounds}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {39}, year = {1965}, pages = {257{\textendash}272}, author = {Parnell, IW} } @inbook {11162, title = {Studies on the viability of El Tor vibrios in food stuffs, fomites, and in waters}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Vibrio cholera Research Symposium}, year = {1965}, pages = {317-332}, author = {Pesigan, TP} } @article {17485, title = {{Survival of Shigella in Biological Materials}}, journal = {Health Laboratory Science}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {1965}, pages = {220 {\textendash}226}, author = {Nakamura, M.;Taylor, B.} } @article {16142, title = {5-Fluorouracil as a Selective Agent for Growth of Leptospirae}, journal = {J BacteriolJ Bacteriol}, volume = {87}, year = {1964}, month = {Feb}, pages = {422-6}, keywords = {*Carbon Isotopes, *Culture Media, *Dogs, *Fluorouracil, *Leptospira, *Leptospirosis, *Metabolism, *Pharmacology, *Research, *Urine}, isbn = {0021-9193 (Print)}, author = {Johnson, R. C. and Rogers, P.} } @article {13581, title = {Excystment of metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica in vitro}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {202}, year = {1964}, pages = {1240-1241}, author = {Dixon, K. E.} } @article {13441, title = {Laboratory studies on the survival and infectivity of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica metacercariae}, journal = {Z Tropenmed Parasitol.}, volume = {15}, year = {1964}, pages = {324-331}, author = {Boray, J. C. and Enigk, K.} } @article {12778, title = {{Relationship of food habits to human infection with Paragonimus westermani. I. Experimental infection with metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani of {\textquoteleft}drunken crabs{\textquoteright}, Eriocheir japonicus in cats}}, journal = {Journal of the Chinese Medical Association}, volume = {11}, year = {1964}, pages = {262{\textendash}276}, author = {Fan, PC and Khaw, OK} } @article {13698, title = {The relative suitability of sheep and cattle as hosts for the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica}, journal = {L.J. Helminthol}, volume = {38}, year = {1964}, pages = {203 - 212}, author = {Dixon, KE} } @article {15534, title = {Sewage treatment and schistosome eggs}, journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {13}, year = {1964}, pages = {572-576}, author = {Rowan, W.B.} } @article {11760, title = {{Studies on the Helminth fauna of Alaska XLI. Observations on Cestodes or the genus Diplogonoporus L{\"o}nnberg, 1892}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {42}, year = {1964}, pages = {1049{\textendash}1069}, abstract = {

The study of a collection of cestodes assigned to the genus Diplogonoporus L{\{}\ö{\}}nnberg, 1892 disclosed but two species, D. balaenopterae L{\{}\ö{\}}nnberg, 1892, and D. tetrapterus (von Siebold, 1848)(provis.). These cestodes occur characteristically in marine mammals but ...

}, doi = {10.1139/z64-103}, author = {Rausch, R L} } @article {12930, title = {Survival of Viruses of the Enterovirus Group (Poliomyelitis, ECHO, Coxsackie) in Soil and on Vegetables.}, journal = {Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {1964}, pages = {497{\textendash}505}, publisher = {Prague.}, author = {Bagdasaryan, GA and others} } @article {10718, title = {{Water and electrolyte losses in cholera}}, journal = {Federation Proceedings. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology}, volume = {23}, year = {1964}, pages = {705{\textendash}712}, author = {Phillips, RA} } @article {11641, title = {{Effect of light stimulus on hatching of coracidia of Diphyllobothrium latum (L)}}, journal = {Acta Parasitol Pol}, volume = {11}, year = {1963}, pages = {229{\textendash}238}, author = {Grabiec, S and Guttowa, A and Michajlow, Q} } @book {10544, title = {{An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita}}, year = {1963}, pages = {352{\textendash}356}, publisher = {Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office}, organization = {Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office}, address = {Varanasi, India}, author = {Bishagratna, K} } @article {16119, title = {Epidemiology of Leptospirosis}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health and the Nations HealthAmerican Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, year = {1963}, pages = {950-955}, isbn = {0002-9572}, author = {Gillespie, R. W. H. and Ryno, Joanne} } @article {16165, title = {[Leptospira in Surface Waters in Algeria. Ii. The Waters of Petite Kabylie; Identification of 2 Strains]}, journal = {Arch Inst Pasteur AlgerArch Inst Pasteur Alger}, volume = {41}, year = {1963}, note = {Using Smart Source Parsing}, pages = {4-6}, isbn = {0020-2460 (Print)
0020-2460 (Linking)}, author = {Mailloux, M.} } @article {11719, title = {{The life cycle of Diphyllobothrium sebago (Ward, 1910)}}, journal = {The Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {49}, year = {1963}, pages = {962{\textendash}968}, author = {Meyer, M and Vik, R} } @article {11649, title = {{Natural focus of infection of plankon crustaceans with preocercoids of Diphyllobothrium latum L. in Finland}}, journal = {Acta Parasitologica Polonica}, volume = {11}, year = {1963}, pages = {145{\textendash}153}, author = {Guttowa, A} } @article {4976, title = {{Die Opisthorchiasis, hervorgerufen durch den Katzenleberegel Opisthorchis felineus (Riv.)}}, journal = {Parasitologische Schriftenreihe. Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena}, year = {1962}, author = {Erhardt, A and Germer, WD and H{\"o}rning, B} } @article {12785, title = {{The etiologic agent of human paragonimiasis in China}}, journal = {Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine}, volume = {81}, year = {1962}, pages = {345{\textendash}353}, author = {Chen, HT} } @article {3106, title = {Host-parasite relationships in echinococcosis. {VII}. {Resistance} of the ova of {Echinococcus} granulosus to germicides}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {11}, year = {1962}, month = {may}, pages = {360{\textendash}364}, keywords = {Ammonium Compounds, Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, ANTISEPTICS, Cresols, CRESOLS/pharmacology, Detergents, DETERGENTS/pharmacology, Echinococcosis, ECHINOCOCCOSIS/experimental, Echinococcus granulosus, Host-Parasite Interactions, Local, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM/pharmacology}, issn = {0002-9637}, author = {Meymarian, E. and Schwabe, C. W.} } @article {16164, title = {[Leptospira of surface waters in Algeria. I. Preliminary survey on the waters of the Algiers area and of the plain of Mitidja]}, journal = {Arch Inst Pasteur AlgerArch Inst Pasteur Alger}, volume = {40}, year = {1962}, note = {Using Smart Source Parsing
Mar}, pages = {16-24}, isbn = {0020-2460 (Print)
0020-2460 (Linking)}, author = {Mailloux, M.} } @article {12782, title = {{Paragonimus westermani (Szechuan variety) and a new species of lung fluke-Paragonimus szechuanensis. II. Studies on clinical aspects of paragonimasis szechuanensis-a new clinical entity}}, journal = {Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine}, volume = {81}, year = {1962}, pages = {419{\textendash}434}, author = {Chung, HL and Taso, WC} } @article {3006, title = {The production of immunity to {Cysticercus} fasciolaris, using x-irradiated oncospheres}, journal = {American Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {23}, year = {1962}, month = {jan}, pages = {146{\textendash}149}, keywords = {Animals, Cysticercosis, CYSTICERCOSIS/immunology, Cysticercus, Taenia, TAENIA/radiation effects}, issn = {0002-9645}, author = {Dow, G. and Jarrett, W. F. and Jennings, F. W. and McINTYRE, W. I. and Mulligan, W.} } @article {15519, title = {The role of naturally infected wild rodents in the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the eastern Transvaal}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {56}, year = {1962}, note = {B 332}, month = {Mar}, pages = {126-35}, keywords = {Rodentia/*parasitology, Schistosomiasis/*transmission}, isbn = {0035-9203 (Print)
0035-9203 (Linking)}, author = {Pitchford, R. J. and Visser, P. S.} } @article {4972, title = {{Survival of Opisthorchis felineus eggs (Rivolta, 1884) in various environmental conditions}}, journal = {Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia}, volume = {31}, year = {1962}, pages = {323{\textendash}336}, author = {Drozdov, VN} } @article {3048, title = {A warning that formalin is not a hydatid ovicide}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {74}, number = {51}, year = {1962}, pages = {1515}, author = {Hercus, CE and Williams, RJ and Gemmell, MA and Parnell, IW} } @article {16220, title = {The effect of pH on the survival of leptospires in water.}, journal = {Bulletin WHOBulletin WHO}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, year = {1961}, pages = {35-43}, keywords = {Ecology, Leptospira, pH, Survival}, author = {Smith, C.E.G. and Turner, L.H.} } @article {11648, title = {Experimental investigations on the systems, procercoids of Diphyllobothrium latum (L.) - Copepoda}, journal = {Acta Parasitologica Polonica}, volume = {9}, year = {1961}, pages = {371{\textendash}408}, author = {Guttowa, A} } @article {11726, title = {{The laboratory propagation of Spirometra mansonoides as an experimental tool. IV Experimental inversion of the primary axis in the developing egg}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {11}, year = {1961}, pages = {311{\textendash}318}, abstract = {

When the eggs of Spirometra are incubated at 37{\{}$\backslash$textdegree{\}} C instead of the customary room temperature or lower, a heavy loss of eggs ensues, and of those that develop, as many as 20{\%} show inversion of the coracidium within the egg envelope. Eggs incubated for 3 to 4 1/2 days at {\{}37{\{}$\backslash$textdegree{\}}C{\}} and then withdrawn to room temperature develop proportionately fewer inversions. This inversion occurs naturally in about 1 egg in 300 in eggs incubated at room temperatures throughout. A similar effect is noted, but in lesser degree, in eggs where incubation in started at room temperature, and the eggs then transferred to 37{\{}$\backslash$textdegree{\}} C to complete incubation.

}, author = {Mueller, J F} } @article {15515, title = {Observations on a possible hybrid between the two schistosomes S. haematobium and S. mattheei}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {55}, year = {1961}, month = {Jan}, pages = {44-51}, keywords = {Schistosoma/ genetics, SCHISTOSOMA/genetics}, isbn = {0035-9203 (Print)
0035-9203 (Linking)}, author = {Pitchford, R. J.} } @article {12765, title = {{On the occurrence of a new lung fluke, Paragonimus miyazakii n. sp. in Japan (Trematoda: Troglotrematidae)}}, journal = {Yonago Acta Medica}, volume = {5}, year = {1961}, pages = {43{\textendash}52}, author = {Kamo, H and Nishida, H and Hatsushika, R and Tomimura, T} } @book {2012, title = {Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man}, year = {1961}, publisher = {Smithsonian Institution}, organization = {Smithsonian Institution}, author = {Levine, Norman D.} } @article {11739, title = {{Serun vitamin B12 levels and incidence of tapeworm anemia in a population heavily infected with Diphyllobothrium latum}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {9}, year = {1961}, pages = {606{\textendash}612}, author = {Nyberg, W and Grasbeck, R and Saarni, M and Von Bonsdroff, B} } @article {13449, title = {Surgical removal of liver flukes from the common bile duct}, journal = {J Am Med Assoc}, volume = {177}, number = {11}, year = {1961}, month = {Sept.}, pages = {16}, author = {Clay, R. C. and Straight, W. M.} } @article {441, title = {SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SUCKLING MICE TO VARIOLA VIRUS}, journal = {Journal of Bacteriology}, volume = {82 }, year = {1961}, pages = {15-19}, chapter = {15}, author = {RG Marshall and PJ Gerone} } @article {560, title = {A hemagglutination-inhibition technique for typing adenoviruses}, journal = {Am J Hyg}, volume = {71}, year = {1960}, note = {Rosen, l Not Available American journal of hygiene Am J Hyg. 1960 Jan;71:120-8.}, pages = {120-8}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Adenoviridae/ immunology}, issn = {0096-5294 (Print) 0096-5294 (Linking)}, author = {Rosen, L.} } @article {4590, title = {A hemagglutination-inhibition technique for typing adenoviruses}, journal = {American Journal of Hygiene}, volume = {71}, year = {1960}, pages = {120{\textendash}8}, issn = {0096-5294 (Print) 0096-5294 (Linking)}, author = {Rosen, L.} } @article {12692, title = {{Paragonimus and paragonimiasis}}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {10}, year = {1960}, pages = {81{\textendash}137, 139{\textendash}205}, author = {Yokogawa, S and Cort, WW and Yokogawa, M} } @article {11657, title = {{Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska. XXXVIII. The taxonomic significance of eggs and coracidia of some diphyllobothriid cestodes}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {46}, year = {1960}, pages = {703{\textendash}716}, author = {Hilliard, D K} } @article {1003, title = {The vacuolating virus, S.V. 40}, journal = {Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine}, volume = {105}, year = {1960}, pages = {420{\textendash}427}, author = {B H Sweet and M R Hilleman} } @article {12819, title = {Achievements in the fight against parasitic diseases in New China}, journal = {Chinese Medical Journal}, volume = {79}, year = {1959}, pages = {493-520}, author = {Hou, TC and Chung, HL and Ho, LY and Weng, HC} } @inbook {4200, title = {{Bacteriophages}}, booktitle = {Bacteriophages}, year = {1959}, pages = {592}, publisher = {Interscience Publishers, Inc.}, organization = {Interscience Publishers, Inc.}, address = {New York, NY }, abstract = {

This book is the first to give a comprehensive account of every aspect of the biology of bacteriophages which has so far been studied as well as a rather briefer account of the use of these organisms in typing their bacterial hosts. It is based on a manuscript by Mark Adams, brought up to date by an editional panel after his death. A few chapters, contributed by other authors, were added to complete Adams\&$\#$39;s original plan. The author has presented each aspect of the biology of phages in relation to the experimental methods used in its study and also described the results which have followed from each kind of experimental approach. Thus, there are chapters on the enumeration, size and morphology of phage particles; on the effects of physical and chemical agents on them; on their chemical composition, antigenic properties, nutrtional requirements and host specificity; and on the phage\&$\#$39;s life cycle. Other chapters describe cytological observations on the infected host cell, experiments using radio-isotopes to study the fate of infecting phage particles, the use of chemical inhibitors of phage growth (a chapter contributed by J. S. Gots), and mixed infection experiments in which different phages simultaneously infect the same host. This treatment inevitably leads to some repetition and overlapping between chapters and, where this occurs, there are careful cross-references. However, it succeeds admirably in fulfilling the author\&$\#$39;s evident aim of assessing each experimental result critically in the light of the methods used and of defining what each method is capable of achieving. Further chapters are concerned with mutation and phenotypic variation and phage genetics. Two chapters contributed by F. Jacob and E.-L. Wollman deal with lysogeny and bacteriocins. These last, although they are not phages, have enough properties in common with phages to justify their inclusion in this book. E. S. Anderson\&$\#$39;s chapter on the use of phages in epidemiological studies gives a brief survey of the phage-typing systems in current use and discusses the principles involved in each of them. A final chapter discusses the problems of phage taxonomy. Throughout the book each technical term is defined when it is first used and, in addition, there is a glossary, of particular help to those unfamiliar with phage jargon. There is an appendix on experimental methods for studying phages but this does not deal with methods of phage typing. This book may confidently be recommended both to the student and to the specialist since, although no previous knowledge of the subject is assumed, the wealth of information presented is nowhere else available in one volume. It is to be hoped that further editions will follow so that those interested may be kept up to date in a rapidly developing subject.

}, author = {Adams, M. H.} } @booklet {10720, title = {{Cholera. Monograph Series 43}}, year = {1959}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, author = {Pollitzer, R} } @article {11647, title = {{The dog as the host of Diphyllobothrium latum (L.)}}, journal = {Wiadomosci Parazytologiezne}, volume = {5}, year = {1959}, pages = {585{\textendash}590}, author = {Guttowa, A} } @article {11728, title = {{The laboratory propagation of Spirometra mansonoides as an experimental tool. I. Collecting, incubation and hatching of the eggs}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, year = {1959}, pages = {353{\textendash}361}, author = {Mueller, Justus F} } @article {15514, title = {Natural schistosome infections in South African rodents}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {53}, number = {2}, year = {1959}, pages = {213}, author = {Pitchford, R. J.} } @article {17446, title = {Removal of Pathogenic Microorganisms by Sewage Treatment Processes}, journal = {Sewage and Industrial Wastes}, volume = {31}, year = {1959}, pages = {1373-1382}, author = {Kabler, P.} } @article {8597, title = {{Toxoplasmosis; a dye-test survey on sera from vegetarians and meat eaters in Bombay}}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, year = {1959}, pages = {61{\textendash}63}, author = {Rawal, BD} } @article {16274, title = {Application of the Most Probable Number Method for Estimating Concentrations of Animal Viruses by the Tissue Culture Technique}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {1958}, pages = {27-42}, isbn = {0042-6822}, author = {Chang, S. L. and Berg, G. and Busch, K. A. and Stevenson, R. E. and Clarke, N. A. and Kabler, P. W.} } @booklet {3417, title = {{Excreta Disposal for Rural Areas and Small Communities.}}, year = {1958}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {Wagner, EG and Lanoix, JN} } @booklet {3547, title = {Excreta {Disposal} for {Rural} {Areas} and {Small} {Communities}.}, year = {1958}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, address = {Geneva}, author = {Wagner, EG and Lanoix, JN} } @article {15460, title = {Schistosoma sp in shrews in Lower Egypt}, journal = {Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington}, volume = {25}, year = {1958}, pages = {37-40}, author = {Kuntz, R. E.} } @article {12875, title = {Movement of coliform bacteria through porous media}, journal = {Sewage and Industrial Wastes}, volume = {30}, year = {1958}, pages = {1-13}, author = {Krone, R and Orlob, GT and Hodgkinson, C} } @article {11282, title = {{Observations on the development of Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) in the dog}}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {48}, number = {1-2}, year = {1958}, pages = {184{\textendash}209}, doi = {10.1017/s0031182000021168}, author = {Sprent, J F A} } @article {11841, title = {{Pseudophyllidea (Diphyllobothrium y Diplogonoporus) en Chile}}, journal = {Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepcion}, volume = {33}, year = {1958}, pages = {125{\textendash}130}, author = {Wilhelm, O} } @article {13565, title = {Recherche sur l{\textquoteright}epidemiologie de la distomatose humaine a Fasciola hepatica. A propos d{\textquoteright}une epidemie recente de 500 cas.}, journal = {Rev Hyg Med Sociale}, volume = {6}, year = {1958}, pages = {840-864}, author = {Coudert, J. and Triozon, F.} } @article {11291, title = {{A Report on Toxocara Canis (Werner, 1782)}}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science}, volume = {22}, number = {8}, year = {1958}, pages = {272{\textendash}274}, author = {Webster, Gloria A} } @article {16627, title = {Sewage and {Industrial} {Wastes} 30, 1}, journal = {Google Scholar}, year = {1958}, author = {Krone, R and Orlob, GT and Hodgkinson, C} } @article {15513, title = {Studies on Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Philippines. 2. The molluscan host}, journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, year = {1958}, note = {PESIGAN, T P
HAIRSTON, N G
JAUREGUI, J J
GARCIA, E G
SANTOS, A T
SANTOS, B C
BESA, A A
eng
Not Available
1958/01/01
Bull World Health Organ. 1958;18(4):481-578.}, pages = {481-578}, abstract = {This study of the molluscan host (Oncomelania quadrasi) of bilharziasis in the Philippines is divided into two parts, the first dealing with the biology of the host and the second with the interrelationship between the host and Schistosoma japonicum.In the first part, the snail{\textquoteright}s distribution and habitat are considered in some detail, and then field and laboratory studies on its behaviour and activity are reported on. A section on the life history of O. quadrasi covers its growth, reproduction, egg-laying and survival. This is followed by a study of the population dynamics of the snail.In the second part, the laboratory procedures used for infecting snails and for obtaining cercariae are described, and the finding that more female than male snails are seen infected is discussed. A section is devoted to the effect of infection on the reproduction, growth and longevity of the snail, and an account is given of cercarial output, of the distribution of cercariae in a snail colony and of their presence downstream from snail colonies. The final section deals with natural fluctuations in snail infection rates, which appear to show a cycle related to rainfall.}, keywords = {*Ecosystem, *Population Dynamics, *Schistosoma japonicum, *Snails, Animals, Female, Male, Philippines, Schistosomiasis/*transmission}, isbn = {0042-9686 (Print)
0042-9686 (Linking)}, author = {Pesigan, T. P. and Hairston, N. G. and Jauregui, J. J. and Garcia, E. G. and Santos, A. T. and Santos, B. C. and Besa, A. A.} } @article {2006, title = {Balantidial dysentery: A human case in Northern Ireland}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {51}, number = {6}, year = {1957}, month = {1957/11}, pages = {549-558}, isbn = {0035-9203}, author = {Kennedy, CC and Stewart, RC} } @article {11552, title = {{Experimental vectors of the first larval stage of Dibothriocephalus latus (Cestoda) in Australia}}, journal = {The Australian Journal Experimental Biology and Medical Science}, volume = {35}, year = {1957}, pages = {187{\textendash}192}, author = {Bearup, AJ} } @article {15964, title = {Intermediate hosts of Schistosoma. African Biomphalaria and Bulinus: 2. Bulinus. Bulletin of the World Health Organization}, volume = {17}, year = {1957}, pages = {1-65}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, author = {Mandahl-Barth, G.} } @article {8515, title = {{The interrelation of toxoplasmosis in swine, cattle, dogs, and man}}, journal = {Public Health Reports}, volume = {72}, number = {10}, year = {1957}, pages = {827{\textendash}882}, author = {Jacobs, L} } @article {11831, title = {{Studies on the helminth fauna of Norway I. Taxonomy and ecology of Diphyllobothrium latum (L.)}}, journal = {Nytt Magasin for Zoology}, volume = {5}, year = {1957}, pages = {25{\textendash}93}, author = {Vik, R} } @article {12042, title = {An apparent case of human infection with the whipworm of dogs, Trichuris vulpis (Froelich, 1789)}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, year = {1956}, note = {HALL, J E
SONNENBERG, B
eng
1956/04/01
J Parasitol. 1956 Apr;42(2):197-9.}, month = {Apr}, pages = {197-9}, keywords = {*TRICHOCEPHALIASIS/in infant and child, *Trichuriasis, *Trichuris, Animals, Child, Dogs, Humans, Infant}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395 (Linking)}, author = {Hall, J. E. and Sonnenberg, B.} } @article {16534, title = {An apparent case of human infection with the whipworm of dogs, {Trichuris} vulpis ({Froelich}, 1789)}, journal = {J Parasitol}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, year = {1956}, month = {apr}, pages = {197{\textendash}9}, keywords = {*TRICHOCEPHALIASIS/in infant and child, *Trichuriasis, *Trichuris, Animals, Child, Dogs, Humans, Infant}, issn = {0022-3395 (Print) 0022-3395 (Linking)}, author = {Hall, J. E. and Sonnenberg, B.} } @article {1976, title = {Balantidiasis: a review and report of cases}, journal = {American Journal of Hygiene}, volume = {32}, year = {1956}, pages = {1089-1115}, author = {Are{\'a}n, V. M. and Koppisch, E.} } @article {11261, title = {{The etiology of visceral larva migrans: I. Diagnostic morphology of infective second-stage Toxocara larvae}}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology.}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {1956}, pages = {349{\textendash}362}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13346427}, author = {Nichols, R L} } @article {11942, title = {Immunization against poliomyelitis with living attenuated virus}, journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {1956}, pages = {440-52}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0002-9637 (Print) 0002-9637}, author = {Koprowski, H.} } @book {6729, title = {Ground {Water} {Resources} of {Bucks} {County}, {Pennsylvania}}, number = {11}, year = {1955}, publisher = {Dept. of Internal Affairs, Topographic and Geologic Survey}, organization = {Dept. of Internal Affairs, Topographic and Geologic Survey}, author = {Greenman, David W.} } @article {16221, title = {Observations on the survival of Leptospira australis A in soil and water}, journal = {J Hyg (Lond)J Hyg (Lond)J Hyg (Lond)}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, year = {1955}, month = {Dec}, pages = {436-44}, keywords = {*Leptospira, *Soil Microbiology, Water Supply/*microbiology}, isbn = {0022-1724 (Print)}, author = {Smith, D. J. and Self, H. R.} } @article {11432, title = {A review of methods of sewage disposal in Great Britain, with special reference to the epizootiology of Cysticercus bovis}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine \& Parasitology}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, year = {1955}, pages = {436-450}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0003-4983}, author = {Silverman, PH and Griffiths, RB} } @article {1983, title = {Spontaneous balantidiasis in rats}, journal = {Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia I Parazitarnye Bolezni}, volume = {24}, year = {1955}, pages = {326-329}, author = {Bogdanovich, VV} } @article {14594, title = {Ultraviolet light inactivation of poliomyelitis virus}, journal = {Proc Soc Exp Biol Med}, volume = {89}, year = {1955}, month = {jul}, pages = {464{\textendash}5}, keywords = {Poliovirus/*radiation effects}, issn = {0037-9727 (Print) 0037-9727 (Linking)}, author = {Fogh, J.} } @article {11965, title = {The experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites. II. Giardia lamblia cysts given in capsules}, journal = {Am J Hyg}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, year = {1954}, pages = {209-20}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0096-5294 (Print) 0096-5294}, author = {Rendtorff, R. C.} } @article {4119, title = {{he experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites. II. Giardia lamblia cysts given in capsules}}, journal = {American Journal of Hygiene}, volume = {59}, year = {1954}, pages = {209{\textendash}220}, author = {Rendtorff, RC} } @article {13469, title = {I. Preventive study of Fasciola hepatica infection. II. Effects on metacercariae of various environmental conditions and drugs}, journal = {J Japan Vet Med Ass}, volume = {7}, year = {1954}, pages = {153-155}, author = {Ono, Y. and Isoda, M. and Matsumura, S.} } @article {3136, title = {Studies on the helminth fauna of {Alaska}. {XIX}. {An} experimental study on blowflow ({Phormia} regina) transmission of hydatid disease}, journal = {Experimental Parasitology}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, year = {1954}, month = {mar}, pages = {161{\textendash}166}, keywords = {Alaska, Animals, Diptera, Echinococcosis, ECHINOCOCCOSIS/experimental, Echinococcus, FLIES, Helminths}, issn = {0014-4894}, author = {Schiller, E. L.} } @article {8647, title = {{Toxoplasmosis in swine and rodents; reciprocal oral infection and potential human hazard}}, journal = {Experimental Biology and Medicine}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, year = {1954}, pages = {211{\textendash}216}, author = {Weinman, D and Chandler, AH} } @article {1992, title = {Balantidial dysentery}, journal = {Canadian Medical Association JournalCanadian Medical Association Journal}, volume = {69}, year = {1953}, pages = {317-319}, type = {JOUR}, author = {Elliot, G.B. and Hotson, R.} } @article {16727, title = {The experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites}, journal = {Oxford Journals}, volume = {59}, year = {1953}, pages = {209-220}, author = {Rendtorff, R.C.} } @article {561, title = {Isolation of a cytopathogenic agent from human adenoids undergoing spontaneous degeneration in tissue culture}, journal = {Proc Soc Exp Biol Med}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, year = {1953}, note = {Rowe, w p Huebner, r j Gilmore, l k Parrott, r h Ward, t g Not Available Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1953 Dec;84(3):570-3.}, pages = {570-3}, type = {Journal Article}, keywords = {Adenoids Tissue Culture Techniques}, issn = {0037-9727 (Print) 0037-9727 (Linking)}, author = {Rowe, W. P. and Huebner, R. J. and Gilmore, L. K. and Parrott, R. H. and Ward, T. G.} } @article {4591, title = {Isolation of a cytopathogenic agent from human adenoids undergoing spontaneous degeneration in tissue culture}, journal = {Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, year = {1953}, pages = {570{\textendash}3}, issn = {0037-9727 (Print) 0037-9727 (Linking)}, author = {Rowe, W. P. and Huebner, R. J. and Gilmore, L. K. and Parrott, R. H. and Ward, T. G.} } @article {11062, title = {[{Present} biochemical aspects of the mode of action of penicillin]}, journal = {J Med Bord}, volume = {130}, number = {2}, year = {1953}, month = {feb}, pages = {368{\textendash}392}, keywords = {Inactivation, Metabolic, Nucleic Acids, PENICILLIN/metabolism, Penicillins, Proteins, PROTEINS/metabolism}, issn = {0368-3001}, author = {Macheboeuf, M. and Gros, F.} } @article {11689, title = {{{\"U}ber die Entwicklung und anatomie von Diphyllobothrium dendriticum Nitzsch 1824}}, journal = {Z f Parasitenkunde}, volume = {16}, year = {1953}, pages = {1{\textendash}35}, abstract = {Diphyllobothrium dendriticum wurde zum ersten Male yon {\{}NITZSCE{\}} in Norddeutschland bei Greifswald in der {\{}LachmSwe{\}} {\{}(Larus{\}} ridibundus) und der Dreizehenm6we {\{}(L.{\}} tridactylus) gefunden und 1824 kurz beschrieben. Eine etwas genauere Kennzeichnung dieser Art ...}, author = {Kuhlow, F} } @book {2016, title = {Balantidiasis in South Persia}, series = {The BMJ}, volume = {1}, number = {4759}, year = {1952}, month = {1952/03/22}, pages = {629-631}, isbn = {0959-8138
1468-5833}, author = {McCarey, A. G.} } @article {11200, title = {{Chronic eosinophilia due to visceral larva migrans; report of three cases}}, journal = {Pediatrics.}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {1952}, pages = {7{\textendash}19}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14911260}, author = {Beaver, P C and Snyder, C H and Carrera, G M and Dent, J H and Lafferty, J W} } @article {15459, title = {Natural infection of an Egyptian gerbil with Schistosoma mansoni}, journal = {Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {1952}, pages = {123-124}, keywords = {Oman, reservoir, Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology/transmission, Schistosoma}, author = {Kuntz, R. E.} } @article {11199, title = {{An ascaris larva in the brain in association with acute anterior poliomyelitis}}, journal = {The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology}, volume = {63}, number = {4}, year = {1951}, pages = {635{\textendash}647}, doi = {10.1002/path.1700630410}, author = {Beautyman, W and Woolf, A L} } @article {16542, title = {Clinical observations on {Trichocephalus} trichiurus (whipworm) infestation in children}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {1951}, month = {oct}, pages = {548{\textendash}57}, keywords = {*Communicable Diseases, *DIARRHEA/etiology and pathogenesis, *Disease, *DYSENTERY/etiology and pathogenesis, *Parasitic Diseases, *Rectal Diseases, *Rectum, *RECTUM/diseases, *Trichocephaliasis, *Trichuriasis, *Trichuris, Animals, Child, Diarrhea/*etiology, Dysentery/*etiology, Humans}, issn = {0031-4005 (Print) 0031-4005 (Linking)}, author = {Jung, R. C. and Beaver, P. C.} } @article {12050, title = {Clinical observations on Trichocephalus trichiurus (whipworm) infestation in children}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, year = {1951}, note = {JUNG, R C
BEAVER, P C
eng
1951/10/01
Pediatrics. 1951 Oct;8(4):548-57.}, month = {Oct}, pages = {548-57}, keywords = {*Communicable Diseases, *DIARRHEA/etiology and pathogenesis, *Disease, *DYSENTERY/etiology and pathogenesis, *Parasitic Diseases, *Rectal Diseases, *Rectum, *RECTUM/diseases, *Trichocephaliasis, *Trichuriasis, *Trichuris, Animals, Child, Diarrhea/*etiology, Dysentery/*etiology, Humans}, isbn = {0031-4005 (Print)
0031-4005 (Linking)}, author = {Jung, R. C. and Beaver, P. C.} } @article {16725, title = {Experimental human salmonellosis II: immunity studies following experimental illness with salmonella meleagridis and salmonella anatum}, journal = {The Journal of Immunology}, volume = {66}, year = {1951}, pages = {595-608}, author = {McCullough, MC and Eisele, C.W.} } @article {10712, title = {{The probable role of the hilsa fish, Hilsa ilisa (Ham) in maintaining cholera endemicity in India}}, journal = {Indian J Med Sci}, volume = {15}, year = {1951}, pages = {343{\textendash}356}, author = {Pandit, CG and Hora, SL} } @article {15473, title = {Biological studies on the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni. III. The role of light and temperature in hatching}, journal = {The Puerto Rico Journal of Public Health and Tropical Medicine}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, year = {1950}, note = {Journal Article
United States}, month = {Jun}, pages = {359-66; Spanish transl 367-76}, keywords = {*Light, *Parturition, *Schistosoma, *Schistosoma mansoni, *Temperature, Animals, Female, Humans}, isbn = {0370-1506 (Print)
0370-1506 (Linking)}, author = {Maldonado, J. F. and Acosta Matienzo, J. and Velez Herrera, F.} } @article {11735, title = {{Diphyllobothrium latum en Chile}}, journal = {Revista Medica de Chile}, volume = {78}, year = {1950}, pages = {410{\textendash}411}, author = {Neghme, A and Donckaster, R and Silva, R} } @article {11294, title = {{Nematode endophthalmitis}}, journal = {Transactions of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otorlaryngology}, volume = {55}, year = {1950}, pages = {99{\textendash}109}, author = {Wilder, H C} } @article {15539, title = {Experimental infection of the snail Australorbis glabratus with the trematode Schistosoma mansoni and the production of cercariae}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {1949}, note = {SCHREIBER, F G
SCHUBERT, M
eng
Not Available
1949/02/01 00:00
J Parasitol. 1949 Feb;35(1):91-100.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {91-100}, keywords = {*Biomphalaria, *Cercaria, *Heterophyidae, *Parasites, *Schistosoma, *Schistosoma mansoni, *Trematoda, *Trematode Infections, Animals, Snails/*parasitology}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395 (Linking)}, author = {Schreiber, F. G. and Schubert, M.} } @book {12033, title = {Human helminthology, a manual for physicians, sanitarians, and medical zoologists}, year = {1949}, note = {49004805
thoroughly rev. With 313 engravings.
illus., maps. 24 cm.
Bibliography: p. [666]-707.}, pages = {744 p.}, publisher = {Lea and Febiger}, organization = {Lea and Febiger}, edition = {3d}, address = {Philadelphia}, keywords = {Helminths., Parasites Man., Parasites., Parasitic Diseases.}, author = {Faust, EC} } @book {16525, title = {Human helminthology, a manual for physicians, sanitarians, and medical zoologists}, year = {1949}, publisher = {Lea \& Febiger}, organization = {Lea \& Febiger}, edition = {3d}, address = {Philadelphia}, keywords = {Helminths., Parasites Man., Parasites., Parasitic Diseases.}, author = {Faust, Ernest Carroll} } @article {15438, title = {The molluscan intermediate host and schistosomiasis japonica; observations on the conditions governing the hatching of the eggs of Schistosoma japonicum}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, year = {1949}, note = {Journal Article
United States}, month = {Apr}, pages = {147-51}, keywords = {*Schistosoma, *Schistosoma japonicum, *Schistosomiasis japonica, Animals, Humans}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395 (Linking)}, author = {Ingalls, J. W., Jr. and Hunter, G. W., 3rd and et al.,} } @article {11403, title = {Observations on the effects of various sewage treatment processes upon eggs of Taenia saginata}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, year = {1949}, pages = {166-175}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0002-9262}, author = {Newton, Walter L and Bennett, Harry J and Figgat, William B} } @article {11515, title = {Observations on the effects of various sewage treatment processes upon eggs of Taenia saginata}, journal = {Am J Hy}, volume = {49}, year = {1949}, pages = {166-175}, author = {Newton, WL and Bennett, HH and Figgat, WB} } @article {701, title = {Dyes as microchemical indicators of a new immunity phenomenon affecting a protozoon parasite (Toxoplasma)}, journal = {Science}, volume = {108}, year = {1948}, pages = {660{\textendash}663}, author = {Sabin, Albert B and Feldman, Harry A} } @article {16077, title = {Studies on Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae; survival in water and sewage; destruction in water by halogen compounds, synthetic detergents, and heat}, journal = {J Infect DisJ Infect DisJ Infect Dis}, volume = {82}, number = {3}, year = {1948}, month = {May-Jun}, pages = {256-66}, edition = {1948/05/01}, isbn = {0022-1899 (Print)
0022-1899 (Linking)}, author = {Chang, S. L. and Buckingham, M. and Taylor, M. P.} } @article {15442, title = {The effect of chlorine and chloramine on schistosome ova and miracidia}, journal = {Bulletin of National Institute of Health Sciences}, volume = {2}, number = {189}, year = {1947}, note = {Journal Article
Not Available}, pages = {173-9}, abstract = {

\" Hatched miracidia of S. yaponicum were killed within 30 minutes after chlorination with total 30-minute residuals of 0.2 and 0.4 p.p.m. Similarly, they were killed in chloramine solutions with 30-minute chloramine residuals of 0.3 and 0.4 p.p.m. S. mansoni miracidia were killed within 30 minutes after chlorination which resulted in total residuals at 30 minutes varying from 0.2 p.p.m. to 0.6 p.p.m. and less than 0.1 p.p.m. free chlorine present.

\" Ova of S. japonicum are more resistant to chlorination than are miracidia. Ova were consistently killed within 30 minutes only in tests in which the 30-minute total residuals varied from 3.9 to 11 p.p.m.

\" A few ova survived 2-hour treatment with chlorine and chloramine concentrations of 1.52 and 1.65 p.p.m. and 30-minute residuals of 0.75 and 1.1 p.p.m. respectively. No ova survived in one test after an applied chloramine concentration of 1.9 p.p.m. and a 2-hour chloramine residual of 0.5 p.p.m. Ova were killed in tests with an applied chlorine of approximately 2 p.p.m. and 2-hours residuals varying from 0.7 to 1.4 p.p.m.

}, keywords = {*Chloramines, *Chlorine, *Ions, *Mechlorethamine, *Schistosoma, *Schistosomatidae, Animals, Humans}, author = {Jones, M. F. and Hummel, M. S.} } @article {15443, title = {The effects of sewage treatment processes on the ova and miracidia of Schistosoma japonicum}, journal = {Bulletin of National Institute of Health Sciences}, volume = {2}, number = {189}, year = {1947}, note = {Journal Article
Not Available}, pages = {137-72}, keywords = {*Schistosoma, *Schistosoma japonicum, *Sewage, Animals, Humans}, author = {Jones, M. F. and Newton, W. L.} } @article {15441, title = {Effects of water treatment processes on schistosome cercariae}, journal = {Bulletin of National Institute of Health Sciences}, volume = {2}, number = {189}, year = {1947}, note = {Journal Article
Not Available}, pages = {109-30}, abstract = {

Various laboratory tests were carried out with regard to the effects, on cercariae of S. japonicum and S. mansoni, of the water treatment processes (1) clarification, (2) filtration and (3) chlorination.

(1) The effect of coagulation with alum and soda ash on cercariae of S. japonicum was tested in a variety of concentrations and it was concluded that the addition of as much as 32 grains of ammonium alum per gallon, with appropriate amounts of soda ash, was inadequate against the cercariae. This amount of alum is in excess of that used in municipal water plants.

(2) The effect of filtration through Seitz-type filter pads was tested on cercariae of S. mansoni. With the use of heavy concentrations of cercariae in three experiments, none was recovered in any of the effluents.

(3) The following chlorine compounds were tested: High test calcium hypochlorite (HTH powder); chloramine solutions, formed by adding HTH powder to water containing the ammonium ion; Halazone tablets; and succinchlorimide.

The results of all these tests, in which both S. mansoni and S. japonicum cercariae were generally used, are described in detail and cannot satisfactorily be summarized. In general, the cercaricidal value of the chlorine compounds used was favourably reported upon.

In addition to chlorine compounds, two iodine-containing compounds were tested; namely, potassium permanganate/iodide/iodate-citric acid tablets and \" Bursoline \" tablets. The former compound, when used at the prescribed dose of one tablet per litre of water, killed cercariae in 5 minutes or less. In testing the compound \" Bursoline \", particular attention was given to the type of water used in the experiment, e.g., filtered river water; unaltered river water; water to which leaf infusions had been added; water from an aquarium in which Bulinus snails had been kept. This compound was effective at a rate of one tablet per litre in clear water but its action diminished in water having increased organic content. It is remarked that this factor might also affect the cercaricidal value of chlorine compounds.

Miscellaneous cercaricidal tests were carried out with several other chemical agents; a germicidal rinse, Mikroklene; the surface active agents Aerosol OT, Nacconol, and Roccal; copper sulfate; and a DDT emulsion.

Mikroklene.-In a concentration of 1 gm. per litre, all cercariae were killed in 3 to 5 minutes. The presence of organic matter appeared to have little influence on its action.

Nacconol (alkyl-aryl sodium sulphonate).-Killed cercariae in 3 minutes in a concentration of 0.4 gm. per litre (active Nacconol) and within 10 minutes at 0.02 gm. per litre. At 0.01 gm. per litre (10 p.p.m), cercariae were killed within 25 minutes.

Roccal (alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride).-In the higher concentrations, 1: 5, 000 and 1: 10, 000, cercariae were killed in 5 minutes. At 1: 100, 000 (10 p.p.m), all were dead within 30 minutes in filtered river water at 30\° to 31 \°C. It is concluded that Roccal is an effective cercaricide, especially with alkaline waters such as S. mansoni cercariae would occur in naturally.

Aerosol OT (dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate).-The tests showed that only in relatively concentrated solutions was this compound effective but that in nonlethal concentrations it might enhance or accelerate the effects of other cercaricides.

Copper sulphate-Tested in concentrations of 5, 10 and 50 p.p.m, it proved effective only at 50 p.p.m, or more. It could not be relied upon at 5 or 10 p.p.m to kill cercariae within a reasonable time.

DDT in emulsion with Triton and xylene.-In limited tests this proved to be not an effective cercaricide in concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 p.p.m, but at 10 p.p.m killed cercariae within 75 minutes

}, keywords = {*Cercaria, *Heterophyidae, *Schistosoma, *Schistosomatidae, *Schistosomiasis, *Trematode Infections, *Water Purification, Animals}, author = {Jones, M. F. and Brady, F. J.} } @article {11656, title = {{Progress of the Diphyllobothrium epizootic at Poulaphouca reservoir, Co. Wicklow, Ireland}}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, year = {1947}, pages = {13{\textendash}28}, author = {Hickey, M and Harris, J} } @article {15461, title = {Effects of DDT on cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, year = {1946}, note = {KUNTZ, R E
STIREWALT, M A
eng
Not Available
1946/12/01 00:00
J Parasitol. 1946 Dec;32(6):529-38.}, month = {Dec}, pages = {529-38}, keywords = {*Cercaria, *Ddt, *Ethyl Chloride, *Heterophyidae, *Schistosoma mansoni, *Trematode Infections, Animals, Humans, Schistosomiasis/*prevention \& control}, isbn = {0022-3395 (Print)
0022-3395 (Linking)}, author = {Kuntz, R. E. and Stirewalt, M. A.} } @article {8919, title = {Effect of high-frequency fields on micro-organisms}, journal = {Electrical Engineering}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, year = {1944}, pages = {18-21}, type = {Journal Article}, issn = {0095-9197}, doi = {10.1109/EE.1944.6440109}, author = {Fleming, H.} } @article {8798, title = {{Relation of Ammonia-Nitrogen to Break-Point Chlorination.}}, journal = {American journal of public health and the nation{\textquoteright}s health}, volume = {31}, number = {8}, year = {1941}, month = {aug}, pages = {803{\textendash}8}, publisher = {American Public Health Association}, issn = {0002-9572}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18015474 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC1531590}, author = {Griffin, A E and Chamberlin, N S} } @article {2011, title = {Changes in the dimensions of Balantidium from swine upon cultivation}, journal = {American Journal of Hygiene}, volume = {32}, year = {1940}, pages = {1-7}, author = {Levine, N. D.} } @article {9777, title = {{A new hypothesis on the nature of Blastocystis}}, journal = {Myconpathologia}, volume = {1}, year = {1938}, pages = {3{\textendash}6}, author = {Ciferri, R and Redaelli, P} } @article {9920, title = {A new hypothesis on the nature of Blastocystis}, journal = {Mycopathologia}, volume = {1}, year = {1938}, pages = {3-6}, author = {Ciferri, R and Redaelli, P} } @article {13420, title = {Observations on the life history of Fasciola gigantica, the common liver fluke of cattle in Hawaii, and the intermediate host, Fossaria ollula}, journal = {Hawaii Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin}, volume = {80}, year = {1938}, pages = {1-22}, author = {Alicata, J. E.} } @article {11727, title = {{A repartition of the genus Diphyllobothrium}}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {1937}, pages = {308{\textendash}310}, author = {Mueller, JF} } @article {1977, title = {Studies on the intestinal protozoa of rats. II. Rats as carriers of Balantidium.}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {1937}, month = {1937/06}, pages = {93-98}, isbn = {0035-9203}, author = {Awakian, A} } @article {9312, title = {{Influence of salts on Entamoeba histolytica cysts}}, journal = {Trudy Leningradskogo Instituta Epidemiologii i Bakteriologii imeni Pastera}, volume = {2}, year = {1935}, pages = {22{\textendash}31}, author = {Kheissin, EM and Dmitriev, EK} } @article {16038, title = {Leptospiral Jaundice Among Sewer-workers}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {225}, number = {5823}, year = {1935}, pages = {806-809}, isbn = {0140-6736}, author = {Alston, J. M.} } @article {11803, title = {{Das schwein und der Hund als endg{\"u}ltige Tr{\"a}ger des Diphyllobothrium latum}}, journal = {Archiv fur Schiffs- und Tropen-Hygiene}, volume = {38}, year = {1934}, pages = {156{\textendash}159}, author = {Tarassow, W} } @article {1998, title = {Specifity in the genus Balantidium based on size and shape of body and macronucleus, with descriptions of six new species}, journal = {American Journal of Hygiene}, volume = {19}, year = {1934}, pages = {38-67}, author = {Hegner, R. W.} } @article {13538, title = {La distomatodsis hepatica en Cuba}, journal = {Habana, Tomo I}, year = {1932}, pages = {1-173}, author = {Kouri, P. and Arernas, R.} } @article {11619, title = {{A comparison of the viability of ova of the broad fish tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium latum, from man and dogs: its bearing on the spread of infestation with this parasite}}, journal = {American Journal of Hygiene}, volume = {24}, year = {1931}, pages = {698{\textendash}704}, author = {Essex, H E and Magath, T B} } @article {1973, title = {Sur quelques particularit{\'e}s de structure de Balantioides (nom. nov.) coli (Malmsten)}, journal = {Comptes Rendus des s{\'e}ances de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} de BiologieComptes Rendus des s{\'e}ances de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} de Biologie}, volume = {107}, year = {1931}, pages = {210-211}, author = {Alexeief, A.} } @article {2031, title = {Balantidium coli: host specificity and relation to the diet of an experimental host}, journal = {American Journal of Hygiene}, volume = {12}, year = {1930}, pages = {341-365}, author = {Schumaker, E.} } @article {13488, title = {The bionomics of Fasciola hepatica in New South Wales and of the intermediate host Limnaea brazieri (Smith)}, journal = {Bull Counc Sc Industr Res Australia}, volume = {43}, year = {1929}, pages = {1-62}, author = {Ross, I. C. and Mckay, A. C.} } @article {11712, title = {{Experimental studies on Diphyllobothrium latum}}, journal = {The American Journal of Tropical Medicine}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, year = {1929}, pages = {17{\textendash}48}, author = {Magath, Thomas B} } @article {11622, title = {{Morphological and biological studies on the species of Diphyllobothrium in China}}, journal = {American Journal of Hygiene}, volume = {9}, year = {1929}, pages = {560{\textendash}583}, author = {Faust, EC and Campbell, HE and Kellog, CR} } @article {2029, title = {Balantidia from pigs and guinea-pigs: their viability, cyst production and cultivation}, journal = {Science}, volume = {66}, number = {1699}, year = {1927}, month = {1927/07/22}, pages = {89-91}, isbn = {0036-8075
1095-9203}, author = {Rees, CW} } @article {13494, title = {The biological observations on the cysts of Fasciola hepatica and the route of migration of young worms in the final host}, journal = {Scientific Reports from the Government Institute for Infectious Diseases, Tokyo}, volume = {6}, year = {1927}, pages = {511-523}, author = {Shirai, M.} } @article {4977, title = {{Studies on Clonorchis sinensis (Cobbold).}}, journal = {American Journal of Hygiene Monographic Series}, volume = {8}, year = {1927}, author = {Faust, EC and Khaw, OK} } @article {2002, title = {A Ciliate, Buxtonella sulcata n.g., n.sp., from the caecum of cattle}, journal = {ParasitologyParasitology}, volume = {18}, number = {02}, year = {1926}, month = {1926/06}, pages = {182}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, isbn = {0031-1820
1469-8161}, author = {Jameson, A. Pringle} } @article {11610, title = {{Studies on Dibothriocephalus latus, with special reference to its life history in Japan}}, journal = {Byorigaku Kiyo}, volume = {3}, year = {1926}, pages = {1{\textendash}66}, author = {Eguchi, S} } @article {9741, title = {{\'E}tude sommaire de l{\textquoteright}Entamoeba dispar n. sp. Amibe {\`a} kystes quadrinucl{\'e}{\'e}s, parasite de l{\textquoteright}homme}, journal = {Bulletin de L{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie Nationale de M{\'e}decine}, volume = {94}, year = {1925}, pages = {943-952}, author = {Brumpt, E} } @article {9220, title = {{{\'E}tude sommaire de l{\textquoteright}Entamoeba dispar n. sp. Amibe {\`a} kystes quadrinucl{\'e}{\'e}s, parasite de l{\textquoteright}homme}}, journal = {Bull Acad Med}, volume = {94}, number = {943-952}, year = {1925}, author = {Brumpt, E} } @article {2017, title = {On Balantidium coli (Malmsten) and Balantidium suis (sp. nov.) with an account of their neuromotor apparatus}, journal = {University of California Publications in Zoology}, volume = {20}, year = {1922}, pages = {243-300}, author = {McDonald, JD} } @article {10613, title = {{Investigations of the duration of life of cholera vibriones and typhoid in septic tanks at Batavia}}, journal = {Mededeelingen van den Burgerlijken Geneeskundigen Dienst in Nederlandsch-Indie}, volume = {3}, year = {1921}, pages = {178{\textendash}187}, author = {Flu, PC} } @article {16186, title = {The Survival of Leptospira (Spirochaeta) Icterohaemorrhagiae in Nature; Observations Concerning Microchemical Reactions and Intermediary Hosts}, journal = {J Exp MedJ Exp MedJ Exp Med}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, year = {1918}, month = {May 1}, pages = {609-25}, edition = {1918/05/01}, isbn = {0022-1007 (Print)
0022-1007 (Linking)}, author = {Noguchi, H.} } @article {11664, title = {{Le cycle evolutif du Dibothriocephalus latus L.}}, journal = {Bulletin de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} vaudoise des sciences}, volume = {42}, year = {1917}, pages = {19{\textendash}53}, author = {Janicki, C and Rosen, F} } @article {16137, title = {The prophylaxis of Weil{\textquoteright}s disease (Spirochaetosis Icterohaemorrhagica).}, journal = {J Exp MedJ Exp MedJ Exp Med}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, year = {1916}, note = {Ido, Y
Hoki, R
Ito, H
Wani, H
United States
J Exp Med. 1916 Nov 1;24(5):471-83.}, month = {Nov 1}, pages = {471-83}, edition = {1916/11/01}, abstract = {We have already described briefly the portals of entry and of excretion of the pathogenic spirochetes. We may mention here that we have twice prevented epidemics by disinfection of the ground and the removal of the inundated water in certain places in coal mines. In one mine 19 out of 50 workmen, and in another 9 out of 30 workmen came down with Weil{\textquoteright}s disease in about 2 weeks. We have already pointed out that the period during which the pathogenic spirochetes are excreted in the urine continues, as a rule, for 40 days, and that we must, therefore, apply disinfection for at least 40 days after the first appearance of the disease. Lately we have found that in 21 cases out of 24 the spirochetes were excreted in the urine for 40 days, in one case until the 42nd day, in one case until the 45th day, and in still another case until the 63rd day. Another important fact concerning the prophylaxis which has been brought out is that both house and ditch rats (brown) carry virulent Spirochaeta icterohamorrhagae, the causal spirochete of Weil{\textquoteright}s disease, in their kidneys. Miyajima has reported that field rats have the pathogenic organisms in their kidneys; he will report these findings in detail later. The spirochetes which he described are less virulent than ours. On his advice we have carefully examined house and ditch rats in the city and rats in the coal mines of Kyushu, where Weil{\textquoteright}s disease prevails, and found that 39.5 per cent carried highly virulent pathogenic spirochetes in their kidneys, thus confirming Miyajima{\textquoteright}s experiments. The kidneys were examined microscopically under the dark-field microscope, and in the cases in which we did not find the pathogenic spirochete, we made inoculations into guinea pigs. Thus we found Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae microscopically in the kidneys or in the urine in 32.4 per cent, and by means of inoculation in 7 per cent, making a total of 39.5 per cent carrying the pathogenic organisms, out of a total number of 86 rats examined. In some instances, rats were made to bite guinea pigs and in two instances caused Weil{\textquoteright}s disease. Among fifty-five patients in our clinic, twelve were cooks; and in Europe many cases arise among butchers-indicating the relation of the disease to rats. Moreover, during the present year we observed two patients who acquired Weil{\textquoteright}s disease, one in 1 week, the other 8 to 9 days after they had been bitten by rats. These facts point to a relation between Weil{\textquoteright}s disease and rats. The infection is transmitted probably from rats to man by means of the urine of the rats, directly or indirectly. On the injection of 0.1 gm. of rat urine which contains Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae into the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs, the infection arises, while the injection of the liver or the blood of the rats into guinea pigs does not produce the typical disease. The finding that the kidneys of rats contain the pathogenic organisms of the disease is important from the point of view of prophylaxis. The large number of rats in the trenches of the European battle-fields suggests the possibility that many cases of Weil{\textquoteright}s disease may arise. We shall report on this point in more detail later.}, isbn = {0022-1007 (Print)
0022-1007 (Linking)}, author = {Ido, Y. and Hoki, R. and Ito, H. and Wani, H.} } @article {2021, title = {Contribui{\c c}{\~o}es Parazitolojicas: I}, journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo CruzMemorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {1914}, pages = {180-191}, publisher = {FapUNIFESP (SciELO)}, isbn = {0074-0276}, author = {Neiva, A. and Cunha, A.M. and Travassos, L.} } @article {9059, title = {{An Investigation of the Laws of Disinfection.}}, journal = {The Journal of Hygiene}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {1908}, pages = {92{\textendash}158}, abstract = {

{\{} Classic in symbolic logic, showing that classical logic can$\backslash$nbe treated algebraically. Timeless introduction. {\}}

}, author = {Chick, H} } @article {10634, title = {{Some considerations on the frequent reappearance of cholera in the Philippine Islands, with statistics beginning with the outbreak in 1902 to January 1, 1908}}, journal = {The Philippine Journal of Science}, volume = {3}, year = {1908}, pages = {89}, author = {Heiser, VG} } @article {10586, title = {{Bemerkungen zur Cholerafrage}}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Hygiene}, volume = {1}, year = {1892}, pages = {405}, author = {Donitz, W} } @article {10086, title = {{Die Darmbacterien des Neugeborenen und S{\"a}uglings}}, journal = {Fortschr Med}, volume = {3}, year = {1885}, author = {Escherich, T} } @article {14011, title = {Die {Darmbakterien} des {Neugeboren} und {Sauglings}}, journal = {Fortschr. Med.}, number = {3}, year = {1885}, pages = {515{\textendash}522 and 547{\textendash}554}, author = {Escherich, T.} } @article {2234, title = {{Die Darmbakterien des Neugeboren und Sauglings}}, journal = {Fortschritte der Medizin}, number = {3}, year = {1885}, pages = {515{\textendash}522 and 547{\textendash}554}, author = {Escherich, T} } @article {2039, title = {Ueber Paramecium (?) coli Malmsten}, journal = {Amtl. Berl. Dtsch. Chem. Gest.Amtl. Berl. Dtsch. Chem. Gest.}, volume = {37}, year = {1863}, pages = {165}, author = {Stein, F.} } @article {9733, title = {Ueber Paramecium (?) coli Malmsten}, journal = {Chemische Berichte Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft }, volume = {37}, year = {1863}, pages = {165}, author = {Stein, F} } @article {2014, title = {Infusorien als Intestinal-Thiere beim Menschen}, journal = {Archiv f{\"u}r pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und f{\"u}r klinische Medicin}, volume = {12}, number = {2-3}, year = {1857}, month = {1857/08}, pages = {302-309}, isbn = {0945-6317
1432-2307}, author = {Malmsten, PH} } @article {4878, title = {{The complete mitochondrial genome of the foodborne parasitic pathogen Cyclospora cayetanensis}}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {10}, year = {1015}, pages = {e0128645}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0128645}, author = {Cinar, HN and Gopinath, GK and Jarvis, K and Murphy, HR} } @article {5442, title = {{Indicator microorganisms and pathogen removal function performed by copepods in constructed wetlands}}, journal = {Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol}, volume = {81}, year = {1008}, pages = {459{\textendash}463}, author = {Song, ZW and Wu, L and Yang, G and Xu, M and Wen, SP} } @article {3873, title = {Detection of enteric viruses in treated drinking water.}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {47}, number = {6}, year = {984}, pages = {1290{\textendash}1294}, author = {Keswick, BH and C P Gerba and DuPont, HL and J B Rose} } @article {5726, title = {{Microbial Quality of Wastewater: Detection of Hepatitis A Virus by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction}}, journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology}, volume = {92}, number = {5}, year = {202}, pages = {828{\textendash}836}, author = {Morace, G and Aulicino, FA and Angelozzi, C and Costanzo, L and Donadio, F and Rapicetta, M} } @article {8544, title = {{Presumed congenital ocular toxoplasmosis in two successive siblings}}, journal = {Opthalmologica}, volume = {213}, number = {5}, year = {199}, pages = {320{\textendash}322}, author = {Ladas, ID and Rallatos, CL and Kanaki, CS and Damanakis, AG and Zafirakis, PK and Rallatos, G} } @booklet {11928, type = {Web Page}, url = {http://qmrawiki.canr.msu.edu/index.php/Dose_Response} } @booklet {17246, title = {19250 Water quality -- Detection of Salmonella spp.}, author = {ISO} } @article {12587, title = {Advanced treatment of urban wastewater by UV radiation: Effect on antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains}, journal = {ChemosphereChemosphereChemosphere}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, month = {Jun}, pages = {171-6}, keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Microbial, *Ultraviolet Rays, Amoxicillin/pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology, Disinfection/methods, Escherichia coli/*drug effects/*radiation effects, Halogenation, Photolysis, Sulfamethoxazole/pharmacology, Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods, Waste Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation \& purification, Water Purification/*methods}, isbn = {1879-1298 (Electronic)
0045-6535 (Linking)}, author = {Rizzo, L. and Fiorentino, A. and Anselmo, A.} } @article {12484, title = {Aerobic digestion reduces the quantity of antibiotic resistance genes in residual municipal wastewater solids}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiologyFrontiers in microbiology}, volume = {4}, pages = {17}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {Burch, Tucker R and Sadowsky, Michael J and LaPara, Timothy M} } @article {12483, title = {Air-drying beds reduce the quantities of antibiotic resistance genes and class 1 integrons in residual municipal wastewater solids}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {47}, number = {17}, pages = {9965-9971}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Burch, Tucker R and Sadowsky, Michael J and LaPara, Timothy M} } @article {12543, title = {Antibiotic-resistant genes and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the effluent of urban residential areas, hospitals, and a municipal wastewater treatment plant system}, journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution ResearchEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {4587-4596}, isbn = {0944-1344}, author = {Li, Jianan and Cheng, Weixiao and Xu, Like and Strong, PJ and Chen, Hong} } @article {12547, title = {Can chlorination co-select antibiotic-resistance genes?}, journal = {ChemosphereChemosphere}, volume = {156}, month = {Aug}, pages = {412-9}, keywords = {Antibiotic-resistance genes, chlorination, Co-selection, High capacity quantitative PCR analysis, Mobile genetic elements, water treatment}, isbn = {1879-1298 (Electronic)
0045-6535 (Linking)}, author = {Lin, W. and Zhang, M. and ZHANG, S. and Yu, X.} } @article {1344, title = {Chlorine inactivation of adenovirus type 40 and feline calicivirus}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, note = {Thurston-Enriquez, Jeanette A Haas, Charles N Jacangelo, Joseph Gerba, Charles P Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {3979-85}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Ct values, the concentration of free chlorine multiplied by time of contact with virus, were determined for free-chlorine inactivation experiments carried out with chloroform-extracted (dispersed) and non-chloroform-extracted (aggregated) feline calicivirus (FCV), adenovirus type 40 (AD40), and polio virus type 1 (PV-1). Experiments were carried out with high and low pH and temperature conditions. Ct values were calculated directly from bench-scale free-chlorine inactivation experiments and from application of the efficiency factor Hom model. For each experimental condition, Ct values were higher at pH 8 than at pH 6, higher at 5 degrees C than at 15 degrees C, and higher for dispersed AD40 (dAD40) than for dispersed FCV (dFCV). dFCV and dAD40 were more sensitive to free chlorine than dispersed PV-1 (dPV-1). Cts for 2 log inactivation of aggregated FCV (aFCV) and aggregated PV-1 (aPV-1) were 31.0 and 2.8 orders of magnitude higher than those calculated from experiments carried out with dispersed virus. Cts for 2 log inactivation of dFCV and dAD40 in treated groundwater at 15 degrees C were 1.2 and 13.7 times greater than in buffered-demand-free (BDF) water experiments at 5 degrees C. Ct values listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Guidance Manual were close to, or lower than, Ct values generated for experiments conducted with dispersed and aggregated viruses suspended in BDF water and for dispersed viruses suspended in treated groundwater. Since the state of viruses in water is most likely to be aggregated and associated with organic or inorganic matter, reevaluation of the EPA Guidance Manual Ct values is necessary, since they would not be useful for ensuring inactivation of viruses in these states. Under the tested conditions, dAD40, dFCV, aFCV, dPV-1, and aPV-1 particles would be inactivated by commonly used free chlorine concentrations (1 mg/liter) and contact times (60 to 237 min) applied for drinking water treatment in the United States.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Feline/ drug effects Cats Chlorine/ pharmacology Disinfection/ methods Humans Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Kinetics Poliovirus/drug effects Temperature Time Factors Virus Inactivation Water Supply/standards, Human/ drug effects Animals Calicivirus}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Thurston-Enriquez, J. A. and Haas, C. N. and Jacangelo, J. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {12644, title = {Class 1 integronase gene and tetracycline resistance genes tetA and tetC in different water environments of Jiangsu Province, China}, journal = {EcotoxicologyEcotoxicology}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {652-660}, isbn = {0963-9292}, author = {Zhang, Xuxiang and Wu, Bing and Zhang, Yan and Zhang, Tong and Yang, Liuyan and Fang, Herbert HP and Ford, Tim and Cheng, Shupei} } @article {13569, title = {Clinical signs and household characteristics associated with human fascioliasis among rural population in Egypt: a case-control study}, journal = {Parassitologia}, volume = {45}, pages = {5-11}, author = {Curtale, F. and Mas-Coma, S. and Hassanein, Y. A. E. and Barduagni, P. and Pezzotti, P. and Savioli, L.} } @article {12626, title = {Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine - 5th revison}, address = {Geneva. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255027/1/9789241512220-eng.pdf?ua=1}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {12624, title = {Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine: ranking of antimicrobial agents for risk management of antimicrobial resistance due to non-human use}, publisher = {World Health Organization}, isbn = {9241512229}, author = {WHO} } @article {7855, title = {Distribution and Ecology of Campylobacters in Coastal Plain Streams (Georgia, United States of America)}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {5}, month = {March 1, 2007}, pages = {1395-1403}, abstract = {Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterium-associated diarrhea in the United States and most developed countries. While this disease is considered a food-borne disease, many clinical cases cannot be linked to a food source. In rural and agrarian areas environmental transmission may be an important factor contributing to case loads. Here we investigated the waterborne prevalence of campylobacters in a mixed-use rural watershed in the coastal plain of southern Georgia (United States). Six sites representing various degrees of agricultural and human influence were surveyed biweekly to monthly for 1 year for the presence of culturable thermophilic campylobacters and other measures of water quality. Campylobacters were frequently present in agriculture- and sewage-impacted stretches of streams. The mean campylobacter counts and overall prevalence were highest downstream from a wastewater treatment plant that handled both human and poultry slaughterhouse waste (<=595 CFU ml-1; 100\% positive); the concentrations were significantly higher than those for the four upstream sites (P < 0.05). The counts were significantly correlated with the number of fecal coliform bacteria, conductivity, pH, and concentrations of nutrients (NO3-, PO43-, and NH3). Campylobacters were isolated more frequently and larger numbers were present during the summer months, similar to the occurrence of clinical cases of campylobacteriosis in this region. A multivariate model showed that the levels were significantly influenced by increasing precipitation, which also peaked in the summer. The results indicate that loading from both human and domestic animal waste may be high in the watershed studied during the summer months. Mixed-use watersheds supporting agriculture production, human populations, and wildlife may be at risk for contamination by campylobacters and may be an important route for human exposure.}, author = {Vereen,Ethell and Lowrance,R. R. and Cole,Dana J. and Lipp,Erin K.} } @article {12479, title = {Distribution, numbers, and diversity of ESBL-producing E. coli in the poultry farm environment}, journal = {PLoS OnePLoS One}, volume = {10}, number = {8}, pages = {e0135402}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Blaak, H. and van Hoek, A. H. and Hamidjaja, R. A. and van der Plaats, R. Q. and Kerkhof-de Heer, L. and A M De Roda Husman and Schets, F. M.} } @article {13568, title = {Distribution of human fascioliasis by age and gender among rural population in the Nile Delta, Egypt}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Pediatrics}, volume = {49}, pages = {264-268}, author = {Curtale, F., Hassanein, Y. A. E., El Wakeel, A., Mas-Coma, S. and Montresor, A.} } @article {12642, title = {Effect of temperature on removal of antibiotic resistance genes by anaerobic digestion of activated sludge revealed by metagenomic approach}, journal = {Applied Microbiology and BiotechnologyApplied microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {99}, number = {18}, note = {Zhang, Tong Yang, Ying Pruden, Amy
Zhang, Tong/C-6786-2008
1432-0614}, month = {Sep}, pages = {7771-7779}, abstract = {As antibiotic resistance continues to spread globally, there is growing interest in the potential to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from wastewater sources. In particular, operational conditions during sludge digestion may serve to discourage selection of resistant bacteria, reduce horizontal transfer of ARGs, and aid in hydrolysis of DNA. This study applied metagenomic analysis to examine the removal efficiency of ARGs through thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digestion using bench-scale reactors. Although the relative abundance of various ARGs shifted from influent to effluent sludge, there was no measureable change in the abundance of total ARGs or their diversity in either the thermophilic or mesophilic treatment. Among the 35 major ARG subtypes detected in feed sludge, substantial reductions (removal efficiency > 90 \%) of 8 and 13 ARGs were achieved by thermophilic and mesophilic digestion, respectively. However, resistance genes of aadA, macB, and sul1 were enriched during the thermophilic anaerobic digestion, while resistance genes of erythromycin esterase type I, sul1, and tetM were enriched during the mesophilic anaerobic digestion. Efflux pump remained to be the major antibiotic resistance mechanism in sludge samples, but the portion of ARGs encoding resistance via target modification increased in the anaerobically digested sludge relative to the feed. Metagenomic analysis provided insight into the potential for anaerobic digestion to mitigate a broad array of ARGs.}, isbn = {0175-7598}, author = {Zhang, T. and Yang, Y. and Pruden, A.} } @article {15377, title = {Efficacy of Bilhvax in Association With Praziquantel for Prevention of Clinical Recurrences of Schistosoma haematobium (Bilhvax3)}, author = {ClinicalTrials.gov} } @article {7684, title = {The efficacy of subsurface flow reed bed treatment in the removal of Campylobacter spp., faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli from poultry litter}, journal = {Int J Environ Health Res}, volume = {168-180}, author = {Duggan,J. and Bates,M. P. and Phillips,C. A.} } @booklet {12625, title = {Emergencies preparedness, response}, address = {http://www.who.int/csr/don/archive/disease/cholera/en/}, author = {WHO} } @booklet {1888, title = {Environmental Regulations and Technology Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge. EPA/625/R-92/013 Revised July 2003}, publisher = {USEPA https://www.google.co.il/url?sa=t\&rct=j\&q=\&esrc=s\&source=web\&cd=1\&ved=0CCcQFjAAahUKEwic8rG504LIAhUpKtsKHXf1D78\&url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwater.epa.gov\%2Fscitech\%2Fwastetech\%2Fbiosolids\%2Fupload\%2F2007_05_31_625r92013_625R92013.pdf\&usg=AFQjCNGhNr1JlQG7jfHMYUp}, type = {Electronic Article}, author = {USEPA} } @article {8288, title = {Evaluation of the effect of temperature and nutrients on the survival of Campylobacter spp. in water microcosms}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {86}, pages = {1024-1032}, author = {Thomas,C. and Hill,D. J. and Mabey,M.} } @article {12539, title = {Exploring antibiotic resistance genes and metal resistance genes in plasmid metagenomes from wastewater treatment plants}, journal = {Frontiers in MicrobiologyFrontiers in microbiology}, volume = {6}, note = {Li, An-Dong Li, Li-Guan Zhang, Tong
Zhang, Tong/C-6786-2008}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {Plasmids operate as independent genetic elements in microorganism communities. Through horizontal gene transfer (HGT), they can provide their host microorganisms with important functions such as antibiotic resistance and heavy metal resistance. In this study, six metagenomic libraries were constructed with plasmid DNA extracted from influent, activated sludge (AS) and digested sludge (DS) of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Compared with the metagenomes of the total DNA extracted from the same sectors of the wastewater treatment plant, the plasmid metagenomes had significantly higher annotation rates, indicating that the functional genes on plasmids are commonly shared by those studied microorganisms. Meanwhile, the plasmid metagenomes also encoded many more genes related to defense mechanisms, including ARGs. Searching against an antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) database and a metal resistance genes (MRGs) database revealed a broad-spectrum of antibiotic (323 out of a total 618 subtypes) and MRGs (23 out of a total 23 types) on these plasmid metagenomes. The influent plasmid metagenomes contained many more resistance genes (both ARGs and MRGs) than the AS and the DS metagenomes. Sixteen novel plasmids with a complete circular structure that carried these resistance genes were assembled from the plasmid metagenomes. The results of this study demonstrated that the plasmids in WWTPs could be important reservoirs for resistance genes, and may play a significant role in the horizontal transfer of these genes.}, isbn = {1664-302X}, author = {Li, A. D. and Li, L. G. and Zhang, T.} } @article {13551, title = {Human fascioliasis: epidemiological patterns in human endemic areas of South America, Africa and Asia}, journal = {Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Health}, volume = {35}, number = {Suppl. 1}, pages = {1-11}, author = {Mas-Coma, S.} } @inbook {2768, title = {Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in theWorld. Summary Report 2015-04-08.}, keywords = {human Papillomavirus DISEASES DISEASE}, url = {http://www.hpvcentre.net/statistics/reports/XWX.pdf}, author = {Bruni, L. and Barrionuevo-Rosas, L. and Albero, G. and Aldea, M. and Serrano, B. and Valencia, S. and Brontos, M. and Mena, M. and Cosano, R. and Munoz, J. and F.X., Bosch and de Sanjos{\`e}, S. and Castellsague, X. and Centre), ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPVInformation} } @article {12646, title = {Inactivation of antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater effluent by chlorination and sequential UV/chlorination disinfection}, journal = {Sci Total Environ}, volume = {512-513}, month = {Apr 15}, pages = {125-32}, keywords = {*Water Microbiology, Ammonia nitrogen, Antibiotic resistance genes, Bacteria/genetics, chlorination, Chlorine, Disinfection/*methods, Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics, Halogenation, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sequential UV/chlorination, Ultraviolet Rays, UV disinfection, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods, Waste Water/*microbiology}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic)
0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Zhang, Y. and Zhuang, Y. and Geng, J. and Ren, H. and Zhang, Y. and Ding, L. and Xu, K.} } @article {1346, title = {Inactivation of feline calicivirus and adenovirus type 40 by UV radiation}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {69}, number = {1}, note = {Thurston-Enriquez, Jeanette A Haas, Charles N Jacangelo, Joseph Riley, Kelley Gerba, Charles P Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t United States Applied and environmental microbiology}, pages = {577-82}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {Little information regarding the effectiveness of UV radiation on the inactivation of caliciviruses and enteric adenoviruses is available. Analysis of human calicivirus resistance to disinfectants is hampered by the lack of animal or cell culture methods that can determine the viruses{\textquoteright} infectivity. The inactivation kinetics of enteric adenovirus type 40 (AD40), coliphage MS-2, and feline calicivirus (FCV), closely related to the human caliciviruses based on nucleic acid organization and capsid architecture, were determined after exposure to low-pressure UV radiation in buffered demand-free (BDF) water at room temperature. In addition, UV disinfection experiments were also carried out in treated groundwater with FCV and AD40. AD40 was more resistant than either FCV or coliphage MS-2 in both BDF water and groundwater. The doses of UV required to achieve 99\% inactivation of AD40, coliphage MS-2, and FCV in BDF water were 109, 55, and 16 mJ/cm(2), respectively. The doses of UV required to achieve 99\% inactivation of AD40, coliphage MS-2, and FCV in groundwater were slightly lower than those in BDF water. FCV was inactivated by 99\% by 13 mJ/cm(2) in treated groundwater. A dose of 103 mJ/cm(2) was required for 99\% inactivation of AD40 in treated groundwater. The results of this study indicate that if FCV is an adequate surrogate for human caliciviruses, then their inactivation by UV radiation is similar to those of other single-stranded RNA enteric viruses, such as poliovirus. In addition, AD40 appears to be more resistant to UV disinfection than previously reported.}, keywords = {Adenoviruses, Feline/ radiation effects Cats Disinfection/ methods Dose-Response Relationship, Human/ radiation effects Animals Calicivirus, Radiation Fresh Water/ virology Humans Levivirus/radiation effects Ultraviolet Rays Water Supply}, issn = {0099-2240 (Print) 0099-2240 (Linking)}, author = {Thurston-Enriquez, J. A. and Haas, C. N. and Jacangelo, J. and Riley, K. and Gerba, C. P.} } @article {443, title = { Intracerebral Inoculation of Experimental Animals in Pathogenetical Studies of Hartmannella Castellanii }, journal = { Folia Parastologica}, volume = {14}, pages = {171-176}, chapter = {171}, author = {Cerva, L} } @article {12638, title = {Kinetics and modeling of sulfonamide antibiotic degradation in wastewater and human urine by UV/H2O2 and UV/PDS}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {103}, month = {Oct 15}, pages = {283-92}, keywords = {Advanced oxidation processes, Carbonate radical, Energy-cost evaluation, Kinetic modeling, Source separated urine, Sulfonamide antibiotics}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Zhang, R. and Yang, Y. and Huang, C. H. and ZHAO, L. and Sun, P.} } @article {12551, title = {Metagenomic assembly reveals hosts of antibiotic resistance genes and the shared resistome in pig, chicken, and human feces}, journal = {Environ Sci Technol}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, month = {Jan 5}, pages = {420-7}, isbn = {1520-5851 (Electronic)
0013-936X (Linking)}, author = {Ma, L. and Xia, Y. and Li, B. and Yang, Y. and Li, L. G. and Tiedje, J. M. and Zhang, T.} } @article {12478, title = {Multidrug-resistant and extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Dutch surface water and wastewater}, journal = {PLoS OnePLoS One}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0127752}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, author = {Blaak, H. and Lynch, G. and Italiaander, R. and Hamidjaja, R. A. and Schets, F. M. and A M De Roda Husman} } @article {15378, title = {A Phase I Study of the Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of Sm-TSP-2/Alhydrogel{\textregistered} With or Without GLA-AF for Intestinal Schistosomiasis in Healthy Adults}, author = {ClinicalTrials.gov} } @article {13588, title = {A population-based coprological study of human fascioliasis in a hyperendemic area of the Bolivian Altiplano}, journal = {Trop Med Int Health}, volume = {2}, pages = {695-699}, author = {Esteban, J. G. and Flores, A. and Angles, R. and Strauss, W. and Aguirre, C. and Mas-Coma, S.} } @article {12546, title = {Reduction in horizontal transfer of conjugative plasmid by UV irradiation and low-level chlorination}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {91}, month = {Jan 12}, pages = {331-338}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistant genes, chlorination, Conjugative gene transfer, UV irradiation}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Lin, W. and Li, S. and ZHANG, S. and Yu, X.} } @article {13580, title = {The relative suitability of sheep and cattle as hosts for the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica L}, journal = {J. Helminthol.}, volume = {38}, pages = {203-212}, author = {Dixon, K. E.} } @book {12571, title = {The review on antimicrobial resistance. Infection prevention, control and surveillance: limiting the development and spread of drug resistance}, address = {London, UK}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Neill, J} } @book {12574, title = {The review on antimicrobial resistance. Infection prevention, control and surveillance: limiting the development and spread of drug resistance. London, UK.}, address = {London, UK}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Neill, J.} } @article {12575, title = {Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally}, institution = {Welcome Trust and HM Government}, address = {London, England}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Neill, J.} } @article {12553, title = {Shift in antibiotic resistance gene profiles associated with nanosilver during wastewater treatment}, journal = {Fems Microbiology Ecology}, volume = {92}, number = {3}, note = {Ma, Yanjun Metch, Jacob W. Yang, Ying Pruden, Amy Zhang, Tong
Zhang, Tong/C-6786-2008
1574-6941}, month = {Mar}, abstract = {This study investigated the response of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to nanosilver (Ag) in lab-scale nitrifying sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), compared to Ag+-dosed and undosed controls. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) targeting sul1, tet(O), ermB and the class I integron gene intI1 and corresponding RNA expression did not indicate measureable effects of nanoAg or Ag+ on abundance or expression of these genes. However, high-throughput sequencing based metagenomic analysis provided a much broader profile of gene responses and revealed a greater abundance of aminoglycoside resistance genes (mainly strA) in reactors dosed with nanoAg. In contrast, bacitracin and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) resistance genes were more abundant in the SBRs dosed with Ag+. The distinct ARG profiles associated with nanoAg and Ag+ were correlated with the taxonomic composition of the microbial communities. This study indicates that nanoAg may interact with bacteria differently from Ag+ during biological wastewater treatment. Therefore, it cannot necessarily be assumed that nanosilver behaves identically as Ag+ when conducting a risk assessment for release into the environment.}, isbn = {0168-6496}, author = {Ma, Y. J. and Metch, J. W. and Yang, Y. and Pruden, A. and Zhang, T.} } @article {12637, title = {Sludge bio-drying: Effective to reduce both antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements}, journal = {Water Res}, volume = {106}, month = {Sep 28}, pages = {62-70}, keywords = {Aeration strategy, Antibiotic resistance genes, Mobile genetic elements, Sludge bio-drying}, isbn = {1879-2448 (Electronic)
0043-1354 (Linking)}, author = {Zhang, J. and Sui, Q. and Tong, J. and Buhe, C. and Wang, R. and Chen, M. and Wei, Y.} } @article {15379, title = {Study to Evaluate the Safety of the Vaccine Prepared sm14 Against Schistosomiasis}, author = {ClinicalTrials.gov} } @article {12643, title = {Tetracycline resistance genes and tetracycline resistant lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae in activated sludge of sewage treatment plants}, journal = {Environmental science \& technologyEnvironmental Science \& Technology}, volume = {43}, number = {10}, pages = {3455-3460}, isbn = {0013-936X}, author = {Zhang, Tong and Zhang, Ming and Zhang, Xuxiang and Fang, Herbert Hanping} } @article {12097, title = {Trichuriasis}, volume = {2017}, author = {The Center for Food Security and Public Health. Iowa State University.} } @article {12589, title = {Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review}, journal = {Sci Total Environ}, volume = {447}, month = {Mar 1}, pages = {345-60}, keywords = {*Genes, Bacterial/drug effects, Animals, Bacteria/*drug effects/*genetics, Disinfection/methods, Drug Resistance, Bacterial/*genetics, Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics, environment, Environmental monitoring, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Humans, Risk Factors, Urbanization, Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods, Waste Water/*microbiology}, isbn = {1879-1026 (Electronic)
0048-9697 (Linking)}, author = {Rizzo, L. and Manaia, C. and Merlin, C. and Schwartz, T. and Dagot, C. and Ploy, M. C. and Michael, I. and Fatta-Kassinos, D.} } @article {9922, title = {Viable Blastocystis cysts in Scottish and Malaysian sewage samples.}, journal = {71}, pages = {5619-5620}, author = {K, Suresh. and Smith, HV and Tan, T.C.} }